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JOHNSON'S 
 
 GARDENER'S DICTIONARY. 
 
I (> I; l: 1 1 I 
 JOHNSON'S t.'i'im;tnv 
 
 '' r,/,l;V 
 
 GARDENEE'S DICTIONARY 
 
 A NEW EDITION THOROUGHLY REVISED 
 AND CONSIDERABLY ENLARGED 
 
 BY 
 
 C. H. WRIGHT, r.R.M.S., 
 
 AND 
 
 D. DEWAR, 
 
 CURATOR OF THE GLASGOW BOTANIC GARDEN. 
 
 LONDON 
 
 GEORGE BELL & SONS/ YORK ST., CO VENT GARDEN 
 
 AND NEW TOEK 
 
 1894 
 
 e, 
 

 CHISWICK PRESS : C. WHITTINGHAM AND CO., TOOKS COURT, 
 CHANCERY LANE. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Johnson's " Cottage Gardener's Dictionary " was first pub- 
 lished in 1846, and immediately took the position as the leading 
 work on the subject. During the forty-eight years that have 
 elapsed since that date the book has been issued in several forms 
 and at various prices. No thoroughly revised edition has, how- 
 ever, been published since 1863, though new supplements have 
 twice been added. 
 
 In the present edition the whole of the matter has been care- 
 fully revised, and while the arrangement followed in previous 
 editions has, in the main, been adhered to, several important 
 alterations have been made. The limitation of genera laid down 
 in Bentham and Hooker's " Genera Plantarum " has, in most 
 cases, been taken as the standard ; but some genera which are 
 there united have here been retained as distinct, e.g., Azalea 
 is here kept up as sufficiently distinct from Rhododendron for 
 horticultural purposes. Synonyms are quoted in the body of the 
 work, instead of forming a separate list. The translation of a 
 specific name was previously given whenever such name occurred, 
 the result being that a name frequently used (e.g., angustifolius) 
 was translated several hundred times in the course of the work. 
 This repeated translation has been abolished as unnecessary, and 
 replaced by a list at the end of the work, giving those names 
 most frequently met with and their meanings, proper and geo- 
 graphical names being omitted, Keference has been made to 
 standard botanical and horticultural works, where reliable figures 
 of the plants mentioned can be found, and in some cases to the 
 
vi PREFACE. 
 
 places where the species were originally described. A list of 
 these works is placed at the end of this volume. The cultural 
 directions have been rewritten or amended in accordance with 
 the improved systems of culture now in vogue. Additional 
 insects have been described and figures of some of them given. 
 
 The editors gratefully acknowledge assistance readily given 
 upon various points by Messrs. J. G. Baker, F.E.S., N. E. 
 Brown, A.L.S., B. Daydon Jackson, Sec. L.S., Maxwell T. 
 Masters, M.D., F.E.S., G. Nicholson, A.L.S., and E. A. 
 Eolfe, A.L.S. 
 
 C. H. Weight. 
 
 D. Dewae. 
 
 EiCHMOND, Surrey, 
 
 April, 1894. 
 
EXPLANATIONS. 
 
 It seems only necessary to observe that, to facilitate the proper pro- 
 nunciation of the -names, the vowel in the syllable on which the 
 emphasis is to be laid is denoted by an accent placed after the 
 vowel : — Thus, in Abe'lia, the emphasis is laid upon the be ; and in 
 floribu'nda on the bun. The other particulars scarcely need any ex- 
 planation. The specific name is followed by the height of the plant 
 (where the figure or figures stand alone, either feet or the fraction of 
 a foot being intended) ; the colour of the flower ; the month when it 
 begins to bloom ; the native country ; the year of introduction ; and, in 
 many cases, a reference to some standard work, in which a figure of 
 the plant occurs, or in the case of some of the orchids (especially 
 those described by the late Professor Eeichenbach) to the original 
 description. The abbreviated titles of such works referred to are 
 fully explained at the end of this volume. 
 
THE 
 
 GAEDENEE8' DICTIONAEY. 
 
 ABE 
 
 Abele Tree. The White Poplar. 
 {Populus alba. ) 
 
 Abelia. (After Dr. Abel, Physician 
 to the embassage of Lord Amherst to 
 China. Nat. ord., Capri/oliacece.) 
 
 Ornamental shrubs, suitable for cool green- 
 houses. Hardy in southern counties in sheltered 
 spots ; may be turned out in summer in less 
 favourable localities. Cuttings in summer, layers 
 in spring. 
 
 A. JUynhu'nda. 3. Kosy-purple. March. Mexico. 
 1842. B. M. t. 4316. 
 
 — rupdstris. 5. Pink and white. September. 
 
 China. 1844. B. B. 1846, t. 8. 
 
 grwndifio'ra. A garden variety. Hardy. 
 
 Rev. Hort. 1886, p. 488. 
 
 — spathvla'ta. White. Japan. 1881. B. M. 
 
 t. 6601. 
 
 — trifio'ra. 5. Pale red. September. Hindo. 
 
 Stan. Pax. PI. Gard. t. 91. 
 
 — unijMra. 3. China. B. M. t. 4694. Syn., 
 
 A. serrata. 
 
 Abelmo'schus. See Hibiscus. 
 Aberrant. Deviating from a typical 
 form. 
 
 A'bies. Spruce Fir. (From aheo, 
 to rise ; on account of the tall habit of 
 the trees. Nat. ord., Corei/er-ce.) 
 
 A genus of ornamental evergreen trees, mostly 
 hardy. Per culture see PiNUs. Comparatively 
 young plants ripen seed freely. 
 A. Ajandm. Large tree. Siberia. 
 ^ aJlba. 60. May. N. Amer. 1700. Pin. Wob. t. 33. 
 — . — ■ na'na. May. 
 
 — Albertia'na. See Tsuga Mertensicma. 
 
 — ama'bUis. 180. April. New California. 1831. 
 
 G. C. 1880, v. 14, p. 136. 
 
 — armnalUea. 100. Oregon. 
 
 — tahordimi. 40 to 60. Algeria. 1864. Syn., 
 
 A. nwmidica. 
 
 — halm'mea. 45. May. N. Amer. 1696. Pin. 
 
 Wob. t. 37. Balm of Gilead. 
 
 hucLso'nica. N. Amer. Syn., A. Fraseri 
 
 hudsonica. 
 
 — H'fda. Japan. 1861. This is merely a form 
 
 of A. jlrma. 
 
 — brachyphyflla. 120. Japan. 1879. G. C. 
 
 1879, V. 12, p. 656. 
 T-ltraetea'ta. 120. California. 1863. V. M. C. 
 p. 90. 
 
 — Brunonia'na. See Tsvga Brunoniana. 
 
 — canade!nsis. See Tiuga ca/nadensis. 
 
 — eephaldnwa. 60. May. Mountains of Greece. 
 
 1824. Syn., A. BegvruB AmalicB. 
 
 — eili'cvM. 40 to 60. Asia Minor. 
 
 ABI 
 
 80 to 150. 
 p.. 178. 
 
 California. 1851. J. 
 Syns., A. Utswewrpoi 
 
 A. eo'ncolor. 
 L. S. 
 and Pa/r'svnii. 
 
 — Dtmgla'sii. See Paeudotsiiga Douglagii. 
 
 — dumo'sa. See Tsuga Brunoniana. 
 
 — Mi'chleH. 100. Caucasus. 
 
 — Engekna'rmi, and var. cmiMdA'ssima. See 
 
 Picea Mngelmarmi. 
 
 — exce^lsa. See Picea excelsa. 
 — falca'ta. 85. Oregon. 
 
 —fi'rma. 100. MountainsofJapan. V.M.C.,p.96. 
 1881. ' Syns., A. KJida and homolepis. 
 
 — Fortu'nei. 30 to 40. China. 1850. Syn., 
 
 Keteleeria, Fortunei. G. C. 1884, v. 21, 
 p. 348. 
 
 — Frasefri. 30. May. Pennsylvania. 1811. 
 
 hudso^nica. See A. baZsa/mcea hudsonica. 
 
 — na'na. Dwarf. 
 
 — gra'ndis. 170. May. New California. 1831. 
 
 V. M. C, p. 97. 
 
 — heterophj^lla. See Tsiiga Mertemiana. 
 
 — AojMoJe'jpis. See A. Jirma. 
 ■ — iTisviwn^. See Pinus. 
 
 — Jezoe'nsis. 66. Japan. 
 
 — Kh-uitraw. See Picea Morind/t. 
 
 — lasiocafrpa. See A. eoncolor. 
 
 — nutgniflea. See A. nobilis robusta. 
 
 — Marie^sii. Japan. 1879. G. C. 1879, v. 12, p. 189. 
 
 — Memie^sii. See Picea Menziesii. 
 
 — merku'sii. See Pinus. 
 
 — MertenMna. See Tsmga Mertenslana. 
 
 — microphy'lla. 180. Oregon. 
 
 — tninia'ta. See Picea erettiita. 
 
 — Mori'nda. See Pieea Morimda, 
 
 — mucrona'ta. 180. Oregon. 
 
 — nigra. 60. May. N. Amer. 
 
 Wob. t. 34. 
 
 — m/bilis. 200 to 300. California. 
 
 1886, V. 24, p. 663. 
 rdbu'gta. 200. California. 
 
 — Nordjmwmvia'na. 80. Crimea. 
 
 t. 6992. 
 horizoMa'lis. Gai den variety. 
 
 — rvuirmfdica. See A. baboreims. 
 
 — obova'ta. See Picea obovata. 
 
 — orierUa'lis. See Picea orientalis. 
 
 — Parso'nii. See A. concojor. 
 
 — Patto'ni. Mt. Baker, Washington. 
 
 1881, V. 16, p. 822. 
 
 — pectina'ta. 80 to 100. Central Europe. 1603. 
 
 — pi'ceay with vars. ApolWnis and leiocla'da. 
 
 See Picea excelsa. 
 
 — pi'chta. See A. sitmica. 
 
 — Pindmm, 100. May. Himalayas. 
 
 G. C. 1886, V. 26, p. 689. 
 
 — Pinsa'po. 65. Spam. 1838. 
 
 V. 24, p. 465. 
 — poli'ta. See Picea polita. 
 
 — Regi'nm Ama'lice. See A. cephalonica. 
 " ' 'sa. 160. Mexico. 1839. B. 
 
 t. 6763. 
 
 B 
 
 1700. Pin. 
 1831. G.C. 
 
 1851. 
 1848. 
 
 B. M. 
 
 G. C. 
 
 1837. 
 
 G. C. 1886, 
 
 M 
 
ABO 
 
 [2] 
 
 ABR 
 
 A. Eoe'zlii. 50. Mexico. 1870. 
 
 — ru'bra, with vars. arctica and violacea. See 
 
 Picea rubra. 
 
 — sadhalme'nsis. Island of Yesso. 1879. G. 6. 
 
 1879, V. 12, p. 589. 
 
 — Schrenhia'na. See Picea Schrenkiana. 
 
 — sM'rica. 50. May. Siberia. 1820. Syn., 
 
 A.pickta. 
 
 — Sitchefnsis. See Picea Menziem. 
 
 — Smithia'na. See Picea Morinda. 
 
 — sutalpi'na. 80 to 100. High mountains of 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 — trigo'na. See Sequoia Rafinesquei. 
 
 — Tsu'ga. See Tsiiga Sieboldii. 
 
 ~ Tm'na. See Tsuga Sieboldii nana. 
 
 — Vei'tchii. 140. Japan. 1861. J. L. S. 18, t. 20. 
 
 — Webbia'na. 90. Himalayas. 1822. G. C. 
 
 1886, V. 25, pp. 688 and 788. 
 
 — William&o'ni. See Tsuga Pattoniatm. 
 
 Abo'bra. (Its native name. Nat. 
 ord., Cucurbitacece.) 
 
 Stove or greenhouse plant. Seeds sown in 
 light soil in April. The tubers can be stored 
 during winter. 
 
 A. viridifio'ra. Climbing perennial. Pale green. 
 Brazil. 
 
 Abo'rtion. An imperfect develop- 
 ment. In fruit, this frequently occurs 
 from a defect in the male or female 
 organs. If from the first, it may be 
 remedied by using pollen from other 
 plants. 
 
 Abra'xas grossvlaria'ta. Magpie 
 Moth. The caterpillar of this moth 
 often infests the leaves of the goose- 
 berry bush, as well as of the currant, 
 sloe, and even the peach, in early sum- 
 mer. It is common during the evenings 
 of July and August. Usually about one 
 and a half -inch across the expanded fore- 
 wings, which are very slightly yellowish- 
 white, variously shotted with black, more 
 or less like those in our drawing, for the 
 marks are never uniform ; and there is 
 a band of pale orange across each of the 
 fore- wings. The hind-wings are of the 
 same colours, but without any orange 
 colouring. The body is orange, spotted 
 with black. The feinale deposits her 
 eggs upon the leaf of a gooseberry or 
 currant-tree in summer, and from these 
 little looping catei pillars come forth in 
 
 September, and surviving the winter, 
 begin to feed again upon the leaves as 
 soon as these open in the spring. They 
 are full-grown towards the end of May, 
 and enter the chrysalis state between 
 that time and the end of June. In this 
 state they remain for about thi'ee weeks, 
 
 and then the perfect moth comes forth. 
 The caterpillar is yellowish white, with 
 an orange stripe, more or less complete, 
 on each side, and with numerous black 
 spots, the largest on the back. The 
 chrysalis is yellow at first, but after- 
 wards black, with orange circles round 
 the pointed end. The caterpillar pre- 
 fers the leaves of the gooseberry and red 
 currant ; but, after stripping these to 
 their very stalks, it will feed upon those 
 of the sloe, peach, and almond. The 
 best method of getting rid of this insect 
 is to gather up the fallen leaves, together 
 with a little of the surface soil, from 
 beneath the bushes in winter, and burn 
 them, by which means the caterpillars 
 (then in a dormant state) are destroyed. 
 A ring of ashes and tar placed round 
 each gooseberry stem, at a short distance 
 from it, in spring, will prevent cater- 
 pillars reaching it to feed upon the young 
 leaves. 
 
 A'bricock. An old mode of spelling 
 Apricot. 
 
 Abro'ma. (From a, not, hroma, 
 food ; on account of its deleterious 
 qualities. Nat. ord., Sterculmcem.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Seeds in March in heat ; 
 or cuttings of hall-ripe wood, April, in strong 
 heat, under a bell-glass. 
 
 A. angu'sta. 10. Purple. August. B. Ind. 
 
 1770. B. E. t. 518. 
 —fastuo'sa. 10. Purple. June to October. 
 
 N.S.Wales. 1800. Jacq. Vind. vol. 3, t.l. 
 
 — latifo'lia. B. M. t. 6546. 
 
 — sinw/sa. Madagascar. 1884. 
 
 Abro'nia. .(From abros, delicate; 
 its involucre being so. Nat. ord. , Nycta- 
 ginecB. AUied to Mirabilis. ) 
 
 Half-hardy perennial trailers. Young cuttings 
 in spring in sandy soil. Seeds in spring in hot- 
 bed, or in autumn in cold frame, and planted 
 out in May. 
 
 A.fra'grans. 1. White. Eocky Mountains. 
 1866. Night blooming. B. M. t. 5544. 
 latifo'lia. li. Yellow. August. N. W, 
 America. B. M. t. 6546. Syn., A. 
 arenaria. 
 
 — melli'fera. i. Orange. July. California. 
 
 1826. B. M. t. 2879. 
 
 — pvXcMlla. i. Pinlc. July. California. 1848. 
 
 — ro'sea. J. Kose. California. 1847. 
 umbellata. i. Pink. April and May. Cali- 
 fornia. 1823. 
 
 A'brus. Wild Liquorice. (From 
 abros, delicate ; the leaves being soft 
 and delicate. Nat. ord. , Legwminosce. ) 
 Deciduous stove climber. Cuttings in sand 
 under a glass. Seeds in heat. The seeds are 
 used for rosaries, also as weights, called Retti 
 whence (according to some authorities) comes 
 the word carat. It is also a reputed weather 
 plant. 
 
 A. precato'rius. 12. Pale purple, or varying 
 from rose to white. Native of India 
 now cultivated in the W. Indies and 
 other tropical countries. 
 
ABU 
 
 [3] 
 
 ACA 
 
 Abu'ta. (Native name. Nat. ord., 
 _Melasto'macecB. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen climber. Mixture of loam 
 land peat. Cuttings in sand in heat. 
 A. rufe'scens. 10. Grey outside, purple inside. 
 March. Cayenne. 1820. 
 
 Abu'tilon. (Arabic name for a plant 
 like a Mallow. Nat. ord., Malvacem.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of 
 young wood, spring and autumn, in sand, under 
 a close frame or a glass. Light turfy loam, peat, 
 and sand. 
 A. auramti'aeiiin. Orange. Brazil. 
 
 — Bedfordia'num. 16. Yellow and red. Novem- 
 
 ber. BrazU. 1838. B. M. t. 3892. 
 
 — brazUie'nse. G. C. 1882, vol. 18, p. 498. 
 
 — Darwi'nii. 4. Orange-red, veins blood-red. 
 
 AprU. S. Brazil. 1871. . B. M. t. 6917. 
 There are many handsome varieties of 
 this. 
 
 — escwle'ntwm. Yellow. Brazil. 1880. 
 
 — fiaribu'ndAMn. Orange-red. Eev. Hort. 1881, 
 p. 350. 
 
 — grave' olens. 6. Orange and red, E. Ind. 
 
 1842. Stove. 
 '- insi'gne. White and carmine. January. New 
 Grenada. Pax. Fl. Gard. vol. 1, p. 93, 
 f. 66. 
 
 — intege/rrimv/m. 14. Yellow. May. New 
 
 Grenada. Stove. B. M. t. 4360. 
 
 — fnegapotcdmicwm. 3. Yellow, with scarlet 
 
 calyx. Spring. Eio Grande. 1864. Syn., 
 
 A. vexiUariv/m. 
 
 — vcmniflo'rwm. Pink. January. Brazil. 1846. 
 
 B. M. t. 4170. 
 
 — machdllwm,. 8. White; May. N.S.Wales. 
 
 1821. 
 
 — mfine'rve. Pale yellow. August. Bio Janeiro. 
 
 1845. 
 
 — strialtum. 10. Orange and red stripes. Con- 
 
 tinually blooming. Brazil. 1837. B. 
 M. t. 3840. In Hampshire and south of 
 England, large old plants flower freely 
 turned out under a south wall, being 
 there all but hardy. 
 
 Thomso'ni. Leaves green, mottled with yellow 
 
 and cream-white. 1868. Eev. Hort. 
 1886, p. 324. 
 
 — veno'sum. Orange and red stripes. July. B. 
 
 M. t. 4463. 
 
 — vitifo'lium. 6. White. July. Chili. 1837. 
 
 liis is more hardy than the other 
 species. B. M. t. 4227. 
 
 Abyssinian Primrose. Primula 
 ■Boveana. 
 
 Jlcaca'llis. (Derfvation uncertain. 
 Kat. ord., Orchidacece.) 
 ■ For cultivation, see Aganisia. 
 A. eya'nea. 1. Light blue ; lip blue with pale 
 veins. Brazil. Syn., Aganisia cyanea. 
 Lindenia, 1. 110. 
 
 Aca'cia. (From akazo, to sharpen, 
 -on account of the prickUness of the 
 species first noticed. Nat. ord., Legu- 
 minosce.) — 
 
 This genus is composed almost exclusively of 
 greenhouse or stove shrubs and trees, variable 
 in habit and leaves. Sandy loam and turfy 
 peat ; cuttings of the shoots taken off at a joint, 
 in sand and peat, under a glass, in bottom-heat. 
 Seeds ; this is the best mode of propagating 
 them. Sow in a slight hotbed in February or 
 March ; soak the seeds in warm water for 
 several hours before sovring. Although the 
 Acacias are all more or less beautiful, yet most 
 of them are so seldom seen in cultivation, that 
 
 we have omitted great numbers. Those marked 
 thus * are most desirable. 
 
 STOVE SPECIES. 
 
 A. acanthoca'rpa. See Mivnosa acanthocarpa. 
 
 — acapulce^nHs. See Lysoloma acapulcerms. 
 
 — ara/Mca. 12. White. July. Egypt. 1596. 
 
 Syn., A. vera. Gum Arabic. 
 
 — Baneroftia'na. See Cceaalpinea bijuga. 
 
 — brachyac'a'ntha. See Mvmosa acanthocarpa. 
 
 — burmarmia'na. 6. Ceylon. 1818. 
 
 — cce^sia. 20. Yellow. E. Ind. 1773. Syn., 
 
 A. Intsia. 
 
 — catechu'. 40. Pale yellow. B. Ind. 1790. 
 
 This tree produces that most powerful 
 astringent, catechu. The bark of all the 
 other species also abounds in astringent 
 principles, useful for tanning. Bent, and 
 Tr. t. 96. 
 —-centrophy'Ua. 20. White. Jainaica, 1818. 
 
 — cerato'nia. See Mimom ceraionia. 
 
 — chry^osta'chys. See Piptadenia chrysostachys. 
 
 — conei'rma. 20. White. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 — Comiordia'na. 12. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — eopalli'na. 20. 1825. 
 
 — comi'gera. See A. spacidigera. 
 
 — coranillcefo'lia. 10. N. Amer. 1817. 
 
 — di'ptera. See Prosf^is jiUiflora. 
 
 — dvmo'sa. See A. latronum. 
 
 — ebu'mea. 5. Yellow. E. Ind. 1792. 
 — - e'dulis. See Prosopis ediUis. 
 —farnegia'na. 20. S. Amer. 1824. Syn., A, 
 
 leptophylla. 
 —ferrugi'nea. E. Ind. 1818. 
 — filiaina. 20. Mexico. 1825. 
 —fmmo'sa. See Calliandra formosa. 
 — froncLo'&a. See Leiiccena ^laitca, 
 — frutico'sa. See Piptadenia laxa. 
 
 — gira'ffoB. 40. Cape of Good Hope. 1816 
 
 Camel-thorn. 
 
 — gra'ta. See Piptadenia macrocarpa. 
 
 — guayaqvMelnm. 10. Guayaquil. 1818. 
 
 — guiwneims. See Stryphnodendrmi guiansTise. 
 
 — haemato'xylon. 20. Yellow, white. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 — hetermna'lla. Yellow. June. Australia. 
 
 J1818. 
 
 — Pntsia. See A. ccesia. 
 
 — *J(i£ara'nd<iB. 20. Yellow, white. S. Amer. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — kalko'ra. 46. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — kermesi'na. Purple. 
 
 — latisHligua, See Lysoloma, latisUiq'ua. 
 
 — latro'nvm. 20. E. Ind. 1818. Syn., A. 
 
 dumosa. 
 
 — laurifo'lia. 4. Yellow. May. Tanna. 1775. 
 
 — le'bbeh. See Albizzia lebbek. 
 
 — lentise^fo'lia. 20. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 — lepr&aa. Yellow. Australia. 1817. B. E. 
 
 t. 1441. 
 termifoflia. 1883. 
 
 — leptophy'lla. See A. .famfsirma. 
 
 — leucophloe!a. 12. Pale yellow. B. Ind. 1812 . 
 
 Bedd. Fl. Syl. t. 48. 
 
 — longifl&ra. 1884. 
 
 — lu'dda. 40. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — macramthaHAes. 20.' Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 — ma'ngium. 10. YeUow. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — mi<yrophy'Ua. See Piptadenia peregrina. 
 
 — rmdijlo'ra. 30. White. 1823. Syn., A. Rohriana. 
 
 — odarati'ssima. Syn., AlWzaa odoratissima. 
 
 — oligophy'lla. 4. Yellow. 1817. 
 
 — pifo'sa. 30. White. Jamaica. 1800. 
 
 — jnnna'ta. See A. tamarindifolia. 
 
 — plvmu/sa. 20. YeUow. A climber. B. M. 
 
 t. 3366. 
 
 — portiyrice'nsis. See CdlUandra portoricerms. 
 
 — prixmaltvM. 6. YeUow. 1818. 
 
 ~ puichelrrima. Syn., Stryphnodendran fiori- 
 
 bund'u/m. 
 ^ quadrangula'ris. Syn., Calliandra tetragona. 
 ~ ripa'ria. 10. W. Ind. 1820. A climber. 
 
 Syn., A. sarmentosa. 
 
ACA 
 
 [4] 
 
 ACA 
 
 A. Mohna'na. See A. madiflora. 
 
 — Ro'sdi. 40. 1822. 
 
 — sarrmnto'sa. See A. riparia. 
 
 — sca'ndens. See Parkia accmdens, 
 
 — semicorda'ta. 40. B. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — Senega'l. 30. White. W. Africa. 1823. Bent. 
 
 and Tr. t. 94. 
 
 — Seri'ssa. 20. E. Ind. 1822. 
 
 — *spacidi'gera. 15. Pale yellow. S. Amer. 
 
 1692. Syn., A. eomigera. 
 
 — speci(/sa. See Albizzia lebbek, 
 
 — gpini. 15. Bed, yellow. Guadeloupe. 
 
 — stipvJa'ta. See Albizzia stipulata. 
 
 — su'ma. 10. E. Ind. 1820. Syn., A. WaX- 
 
 lichia/na, 
 
 — tamari'ndifo'Ka. i. White. W. Ind. 1774. 
 
 Jacq. H. Sohoenb. t. 396. Syn., A. pin- 
 nata. 
 
 — tomento'm. 20. B. Ind. 1816. 
 
 — trich&des. See Leuccena trichodes, 
 
 — va'ga. 40. White. Brazil. 1818. 
 
 — vervu'sta. See Callicmdra portwicensis. 
 
 — vefra. See A. aroMca. 
 
 — mrdseens. 20. S. Amer. 1829. 
 
 — WaUvihia'na, See A, Suma. 
 
 GREENHOUSE SPECIES. 
 A. aMetHrm. See A. limifotta. 
 
 — *afflim. 5. Yellow. May. Australia. 1822. 
 
 Green Wattle Mimosa. 
 
 — ala'ta. 6. Yellow. May. Australia. 1803. 
 
 B. E. t. 396. 
 
 — amoe^na. 3. Yellow. May. Australia. 1820. 
 
 — wngvita'ta. See A. discolor. 
 
 — a/ngust\ft/lia, SeeA.loTWifolia, y&v.Jlor^mnda. 
 
 — argyrophy'lla. See A, brachybotrya. 
 
 — *arma'ta. 10. Yellow. May. Australia. 
 
 1803. B. M. t. 1653. Syns., A. hybrida 
 and A. iristis. 
 
 — a'spera, 4. Yellow. May. Australia. 1824. 
 
 Syns., A. Au^eldii and A. defmSolm. 
 
 — biJMra. S. Yellow. May. Australia. 1803. 
 
 — Imervalta. 8. Yellow. May. Australia. 1824. 
 
 — brachyb&trya, 8. Yellow. April. Swan River. 
 
 B. M. t. 4384. Syn., A. argyrophylla. 
 
 — Jyrer^o'lia. 3. Yellow. May. Australia. 1820. 
 
 Perhaps the same as A. lunata. 
 
 — brdvipee. See A. Melcmoxjjlon. 
 
 — Imxifdlia. 4. Yellow. April. Australia. 1824. 
 
 Ic. PI. 1. 164. 
 
 — calami^o'lia. Yellow, May. Australia, 1823. 
 
 B. B. t. 839. 
 
 — ca/iidlicula'ta. Yellow. May. Australia. 1824. 
 
 — cetastri^o'lia. A variety of A. rmyrti^olioj, 
 
 — dlialta. See A. strigosa. 
 
 — cinera'scens. See A. glwucescene. 
 
 — cochlea'ris. 4. Yellow. May. Australia. 1818. 
 
 Pax. Fl. Gard. 2, p. 67, f. 164. 
 
 — eotifefrta. Yellow. April. Australia. 1824. 
 
 — coHa'cea. 5. Yellow. May. Australia. 1825. 
 
 — crassica'rpa. 6. Yellow. April. Australia. 1824. 
 
 — Gultra'ta. 15. Yellow. April. Australia. 1820. 
 
 Ic. PI. 1. 170. Syn., A. cultriformis. 
 
 — ewma'ta. Yellow. April. Swan Biver. 1837. 
 
 — cuspida'ta. See A. da,ffusa. 
 
 — eyanophy'Ua,. Yellow. April. Swan Biver. 
 
 1838. 
 
 — Cyaldps. 4. Yellow. May. Australia. 1824. 
 
 — eycwfrwm. See A. obscura. 
 
 — Daviesiotfo'lia. 6. Yellow. June. Australia. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — *de<dba'ta. 10. Yellow. May. Australia. 
 
 1823. B. C. 1. 1928. Silver Wattle. 
 
 — *deci'pien^ prcenu/rsa. 3. Yellow. May. 
 
 Australia. 1830. 
 
 — *deeu'rrens. 6. Yellow. June. N. S. Wales. 
 
 1790. B. E. t. 371. 
 
 — deTisifo'lia, See A. tispera. 
 
 — denU'fera. Yellow. April. Swan Biver. 1839. 
 
 Maund Bot. 4, 1. 179. 
 '— depefndens. SeeA.longifoUajVSir.'rmteronata. 
 
 — detinens. 3. Yellow. May. Australia. 1828. 
 
 A. diffu'sa. Yellow. May. Tasmama. B. E. 
 t. 634. Syn., A. cuspidata. 
 
 — *J)Ulwynictfo'lia. 3. Yellow. May. Australia. 
 
 1828. 
 
 — di'pteraeriofptera. Yellow. September. Swan 
 
 Eiver. 1840. B. M. t. 3939. 
 
 — di'scolor. 10. YeUow. May. N. S. Wales, 
 
 1784. Syn., A. angulata. 
 
 — divarica'ta. See I/gsoloma Schiedewna, 
 
 — *dolabHfo'rmis. 6. Yellow. June. Australia, 
 
 1814. 
 
 — Drvmmo'ndii. 10. Yellow. April. Swan 
 
 Eiver. 
 
 — echi'ifmla. See A. juniperina. 
 
 — elonga'ta. 6. Yellow. May. Australia. 1824. 
 
 B. M. t. 3337. 
 
 — ema/rgina'ta. See A. stricta. 
 
 — erioea'rpa. Pale yellow. April. Australia. 
 
 1846. 
 
 — eriocla'da. Yellow, June. Australia. 1849. 
 
 — Eaterha'zia. i. YeUow. May. Australia. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — *f<aea'ta. 6. Yellow. May. N. S. Wales. 
 
 1790. B. C. 1. 1115. 
 — faldfo'rmiB. See A. penninervis^ var. /did- 
 
 fomhis. 
 — fixirdmlnda. See A. longifolia, var. Jloribunda, , 
 
 — glmt'ca. See Leuecena gloMca. 
 
 — glauce/scens. 5. Yellow. May. N. S. Wales. 
 
 Syns., A. einerascens and A. h&mmnaMa^ 
 
 — gra'ndi8,_ See A. pulchella, var. grandis, 
 
 — graved olens. See A. vemicijlua. 
 
 — gwmmifera. 30. Guinea. 1823. 
 
 — hattvla'ta. 4. Yellow. May. Australia. 
 
 1824. B. M. t. 3341. 
 
 — heteraca'Titha. 15. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 — heterophy'lla. 5. Yellow. May. Australia. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — hispidi'ssvma. See A. pulchella var, hispidis^ 
 
 — *hologeri'cea. Yellow. April. Australia. 1820. 
 
 Syns., A. leMcophylta and A.neurocarpa^ 
 Ic. PI. 1. 168. 
 
 — hommna'Ua. See A. glattcescens. 
 
 — *Huege!lii. Pale yeUow. February. Australia. 
 
 1846. 
 
 — hwmitfu'sa, Australia. 1820. 
 
 — hy'hnda. See A. armata. 
 
 — intermedia. See A. longifolia, var. JloribuTida^ 
 
 — interte'xta. See A. longifolia. 
 
 — *juniperi'na. 6. Yellow. N. S. Wales. B. C. 
 
 t. 398. Syn., A. echirmla. 
 
 — Lambertia'na. See Calliand/ra Lambertiana, 
 
 — IwnSgera. 6. Yellow. April. Australia. 1824. 
 
 B. M. t. 2922. 
 
 — Iid/msdni. N. S. Wales. 
 
 — Uptocdrpa, 6. Yellow. April. Australia. 
 
 1821. 
 
 — leptoneu'ra. 6. Yellow. April. Swan Biver. 
 
 B. M. t. 4860. 
 
 — letKophy'lla. See A. holosericea. 
 
 — ligula'ta. See A. salicina. 
 
 — limea'ris. 3. Yellow. May. N. S. Wales. 
 
 1820. B. C. t. 595. Syn., A. longissima. 
 
 ■—linifollia. 4. Yellow. May. N. S. Wales. 
 
 1790. Syns., .4. a&ietmaand .4. discolor. 
 
 — longifo'lia. 6. Yellow. May. Australia. 1792. 
 
 B. M. t. 2166. Syn., A. intertexta. 
 flonbvinda. 6. Yellow. April. N. S. 
 
 Wales. 1816. Syns., A. angustifolia and 
 
 A. intermedia. 
 mim-ona'ta. Yellow. March. Taismania. 
 
 1819. Syn., A. dependens. 
 *So'phorce. 10. Yellow. May. Tasmania, 
 
 1805. Syn., A. Sophorce. 
 
 — longi'ssinM. See A. liTiearis. 
 
 — Imm'ta. 2. Yellow. April. N. S. Wales. 
 
 Syn., A. olemfolia. 
 
 — Mei'enerii. Yellow. May. S. W. Australia. 
 
 — melcmo'xylon. 6. Yellow. N. S. Wales, B. 
 
 M. 1. 1669. Syn., A. brevipee. 
 
 — Tn&llis. See Albizzia Julibrismi. 
 
AC^ 
 
 [5] 
 
 ACA 
 
 A. myHifo'lia. 3. May. N. S. Wales. 1789. 
 
 B. M. t. 302. 
 celastrifo'Ka. 6. Yellow. May. Swan 
 
 River. 1842. 
 
 — N'e^Tmi. See Aibizzui Julibriasin. 
 
 — ni'grioans. 6. Yellow. April. King George's 
 
 Sound. B. M. t. 2188. 
 
 — oiseu'ra. 2J. Yellow. Swan Eiver. 1862. 
 
 Syn., A. Cfycnorum. 
 
 — oUc^</lia. See A. lunata. 
 
 — Qxycddrus. 10. Yellow. May. N. S. Wales. 
 
 B. M. t. 2928. 
 
 — p&wnme'rvis ^alcij'o'rmis. 6. Yellow. May. 
 
 Australia. 1818. Byn., A. faMfarmis. 
 
 — pentade'nia. 10. Yellow. May. N. S. Wales. 
 
 B. E. 1. 1621. 
 — plaiyphy'lla. 10. Yellow. June. Australia. 
 
 1820. 
 —puMie'lla gra'nMs. Golden yellow. Maich. 
 
 Australia. 1846. Syn., A. grandis. 
 hispuLi'ssirrui, 3. Yellow. Swan River. 
 
 1800. B. M.t. 4588. Syn., A. hispidismna. 
 
 — Ricea'na. Yellow. May. Tasmania. Maund 
 
 Bot. 1. 135. 
 
 — Rwhardso'ni. 10. Yellow. June. Australia. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — ruBGiffflia. See A. vertunllata lati^olia. 
 '-salid'na. Yellow. March. N. S. Wales. 
 
 1818. Sya., A, ligulata. 
 
 — serwa'ta. Yellow. April. Australia. 1820. 
 
 — Si'msii. Yellow. April. Australia. 1819. 
 
 — S&phorce. See A. longi/olia, var. Sophtyroe. 
 
 — * specta'biiis. Yellow. April. N. S. Wales. 
 
 1837. B. B. 1843, t. 46. 
 
 — squama'ta. Yellow. April. Australia. 1836. 
 
 Ic. PI. t. 367. 
 
 — stenophy'lla. Yellow. March. N. S. Wales. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — striata. 2. Yellow. March. N*. S. Wales. 
 
 1790. B. M. 1. 1121. Syn., A. emarginata. 
 
 — ttrigo'sa. 4. Yellow. W. Australia. Syn., 
 
 A. cUiaAa. 
 
 — strombulUfera. See Prompis stromhulyfera. 
 
 — suave^olens. 4. Yellow. April. N. S, Wales. 
 
 1790. Bl C. t. 730. 
 
 — suTyida'ta. 4. Yellow. May. Australia. 1824. 
 
 — svUcdta. 2. Yellow. July. Australia. 1803. 
 
 B. R. t. 928. 
 
 — *taxif&lia. 4. Yellow. May. Australia. 1823. 
 
 — trapezoi'des. 4. Yellow. April. Australia. 
 
 1840. 
 
 — triiierBa'ta. 6. Yellow. April. Australia. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — tri'stis. See A. armata. 
 
 — urnbella'ta. Yellow. April. Australia. 1819. 
 
 — wncina'ta. See A. undulatifol'M. 
 
 — uneinophy'tta. 7. Yellow. April. Swan 
 
 River. 
 
 — undulatif&lia. 4. Yellow. May. Australia. 
 
 1824. B. M. t. 3394. Syn., A. uncinata. 
 
 — urophy'lla. Pale yellow. April. Swan River. 
 
 18S6. B. M. t. 4673. 
 
 — vemiei'fiua. 6. Yellow. April. Australia. 
 
 1818. B. M. t. 3266. Syns., A. graveolene 
 and A. virgata. 
 
 — *vertieiUa'ta. 10. Yellow. April. Tasmania. 
 
 1780. B. C. t. 635. 
 angu'sta. 10. Yellow. April. Australia. 
 
 1780. 
 *latiifoUa. 10. Yellow. April. Australia. 
 
 1780. Syn., A. ruseifolia. B. M. t. 3195. 
 
 — vestilta. 6. Yellow. June. Australia. 1820. 
 
 B. B. t. 698. 
 
 — vimina'lia. Yellow. April. Australia. 1820. 
 
 — virga'ta. See A. vemmflua. 
 
 ^- vi-ndira'mis. See Xerocladia Zeyheri. 
 
 — msWdula. Extra-tropical E. Australia. Gfl. 
 
 1. 1109. 
 
 — vamerifi/rmis. Yellow. April. Australia. 
 
 1818. 
 Acsa'na. (From akaina, a thorn ; 
 on account of the slender spines on the 
 
 calyx. Nat. ord., Rosaeem. Allied to 
 Poterium.) 
 
 Hardy perennial sub-shrubs, with pinnate or 
 pmnatlfid leaves, and heads of inconspicuous 
 flowers. Suitable for rock-work. Divisions, 
 seeds. 
 
 A. rrdermhy'Ua. i. Green. Summer. New 
 Zea,laiid.Syn., A. N^ovceZelandice. Avery 
 beautiful plant, furnished with bunches 
 of crimson spines. 
 
 — ovcilifo'lia. J. Green. Summer. Chili. 1868. 
 
 — pinnati'flda. 1. Green, stamens purple. May. 
 
 Chili. 1828. B. B. 1. 1271. 
 
 — pulche^lla. Leaves bronzy. 
 
 — sangmso'rhx. New Zeala,nd. 
 
 Aca'lypha. (From ahdepe, a nettle. 
 Nat. ord., Euphorhiacece.) 
 
 Stove, ornamental-leaved shrubs, with incon- 
 spicuous flowers. Cuttings in sandy soil under 
 glass in spring. 
 
 A. Macfeea'na. Leaves red, blotched with bronzy- 
 crimson. 1877. Rev. Hort. 1882, p. 288. 
 
 — maeroph.y'Ua. Leaves blackish-green and 
 
 crimson. 1876. 
 
 — musa'iea. Leaves bronzy-green, variegated 
 
 with orange and coppery-red. Polynesia. 
 
 — otova'ta. Leaves green or bronzy, with cream 
 
 or crimson margins. S. Sea Islands. 
 1884. 
 
 — t</rta. 1 to 2. Leaves contorted, olive-green. 
 
 Samoa. 
 
 — WUkeia'na. Leaves stained coppery and red. 
 
 New Hebrides. 1866. Syn., A. tricolor. 
 
 Tnargina'ta. Leaves lar^e, olive-brown, 
 
 margined with rosy-carmme. Fijilsland. 
 1875. 
 
 Aca'mpe, (From aJcampes, in- 
 flexible ; in allusion to their very 
 brittle, inflexible flowers. Nat. ord., 
 OrchidecB; Tribe, Vandem, Sub-tribe, 
 SarcantheoB. Allied to Saccolabium.) 
 
 Epiphytal orchids, requiring stove tempera- 
 ture. For cultivation, see Orchids. 
 A. denta'ta. Whitish - yellow, blotched with 
 brown. Sikkim, Moulmein. 1873. 
 
 — rmiltiflo'ra. Yellow, crimson. China. Syn., 
 
 Va/nda Tn/ultiflora. 
 — papUlo'sa. Yellow, spotted red, lip whitish. 
 August. India. Syn., Saoeolabiwm 
 B. B. t. 1652. 
 
 Acanthephi'ppium. (From acan- 
 tha, a thorn, ana ippion, a horse ; but 
 why, is not apparent. Nat. ord.. Or- 
 chmecB.) 
 Sandy peat in a rough state ; propagation by 
 pseudo-bulbs as soon as growth com- 
 mences. See Orchids. 
 A. Keolor. Yellow and red. June. Ceylon. 
 1833. B. R. 1. 1730. 
 
 — Curti'sii. light rose, yellow, white, purple. 
 
 Malay Archipelago. 
 — java'niffwm. Crimson, rose. August. Java. 
 1844. B. M.t. 4492. 
 
 — gtria'twm. White-striped. June, Nepal. 
 
 — gylhMnse. White. June. Sylhet. 1837. 
 
 Aeantho'dium. See Blepharis. 
 
 Acantholi'mon. (Derivation not 
 stated; and uncertain, probably mean- 
 ing prickly Statice. Nat. ord., Plv/m- 
 baginem. Allied to Statice.) 
 
 Hardy evergreen pereimials of dwarf tufted 
 habit, with narrow prickly-pointed leaves. Re- 
 
ACA 
 
 [6] 
 
 ACA 
 
 quire a dry soil. Cuttings in autumn, layers in 
 
 spring, seeds. 
 
 A. acero'mmi. Armenia. Syn., Statiee acerosa. 
 
 — gluma'ceum. ^. Finfe. Asia Minor. 1851. 
 
 H. Ser. t. 677. Syn., Statw Ararati. 
 
 — venu'stum. J. Pint. Gilicia. 1873.' Rev. 
 
 Hort. 1866, p. 451. 
 
 Acanthomi'ntha. (From akantha, 
 a thorn, minthe, mint. Nat. ord., La- 
 biatcE. ) 
 
 Half-hardy border annual. Seeds sown in 
 frame in spring. 
 
 A. Uidfo'lia.' Purple, yellow, white. July. 
 California. 1883. B. M. t. 6760. 
 
 Acanthone'ma. (From akantha, 
 a spine, and nema, a filament ; the fila- 
 ments of the two lower stamens are pro- 
 duced into a spine-like process behind 
 the anther. Nat. ord., Gesneracece. 
 Allied to Streptocarpus. ) 
 
 Stove perennial herbj with the habit of Strep- 
 TOCABPUS. Seeds. Bich sandy loam, with a 
 little peat. Shade and moisture. 
 A. strigo'sum. i. Deep purple, with whitish 
 
 tube. Fernando Po. 1862. B. M. 
 
 t. 5339. 
 
 Acanthopa'nax. 
 
 A. varidgatmn. 1884. 
 
 Acanthophoe'nix. (From akantha, 
 a spine, and phoinix, the Date Palm. 
 Nat. ord., PatmecB. Allied to Areca.) 
 
 Palms, with thorny stems. For cultivation, 
 see Areca. 
 
 A. erini'ta. Seychelles. 1868. Fl. Ser. 1. 1706. 
 
 — rvJbra. Madagascar. 1861. Syns., Calamus 
 
 dealbatus and C. Verfschaffelti. 
 
 Acanthorhi'za. (Fiom akantha, a, 
 spine, and rhiza, a root ; the stem is 
 fuTnished with ascending spiny rootlets. 
 Nat. ord., Palmacece.) 
 
 Stove Palms. For cultivation, see Thrinax. 
 A. aculBa'ta. Mexico. 1864. Syn., ChaTncerops 
 stauracoffitha. Kerch. Palm. t. 24. 
 
 — WaXKsii. Tropical America. 1879. Gfl. 
 
 t. 977, f . 2. 
 
 — Warscemlczii. Chiriqui. Gfl. t. 860, f. 3. 
 
 Acanthosta'chys. See Ananas. 
 
 Aca'nthus. Bear's Breech. (From 
 akantha, a spine; some being prickly. 
 Nat. ord., Acanthacece.) 
 
 Herbaceous ornamental-leaved perennials. 
 Seeds, and root division in autumn or spring ; 
 light, rich garden-soil. The hardy species are 
 very effective as isolated tufts on lawns. 
 A. ca;pe'nsi8a/ndcardu'i^o'lvus. SeeBlephaHs. 
 
 — Ca'roli-Alexa'nctiri. 1-1}. White, rosy. Greece. 
 
 1886. 
 
 — hispa'nicus. 2. "White. August. Spain. 1700. 
 
 — longifo'lius. 3} to 5. Purple-rose. Dalmatia. 
 
 1869. Stove species. 
 
 — mo'Uis. 3. White. August. Italy. 1648. 
 
 The leaves of this are said to have given 
 rise to the Corinthian style of architec- 
 ture. Sibth. FI. Gr. t. 610. 
 
 — monta'mua. Bose. W. Africa. 1866. B. M. 
 
 t. 5516. Stove species. 
 
 — ni'ger. 8. White. August. Portugal. 1759. 
 
 — spvnosi'ssimus. 3. White. August. South of 
 
 Europe. 1629. 
 
 — Bipino'sus. 8. White. August. Italy. 1629. 
 
 A'carus. The Mite. Those most 
 frequent in our gardens are the follow- 
 ing : ■ 
 
 A. tdla'rius. The Red Spider. This 
 is one of the gardener's greatest pests,. 
 
 though so small as to be scarcely visible 
 to the naked eye ; yet when a plant 
 is much infested by it, it has the ap- 
 pearance of being scorched. Colour 
 sometimes yellowish, at others brown, 
 but oftener a dull red ; on each side of 
 its back is a blackish spot. In Novem- 
 ber it may be found under the bark of 
 the lime-tree ; but at all times it is to 
 be found in greenhouses and hothouses, 
 that have been kept too hot and dry. 
 In the summer-time it may be found, 
 occasionally in myriads, upon the under 
 sides of the leaves of kidney-beans and 
 limes. Even the apple, pear, and plum 
 suffer much from its ravages, as well as 
 various in-door plants. The injury they 
 occasion by sucking chiefly the elabo- 
 rated sap, and by their webs embarras- 
 sing the breathing of the plant through 
 the pores of its leaves, is told by the 
 brown colour which these assume. To 
 destroy these insects in the greenhouse, 
 or hothouse, or cucumber-frame — for 
 they attack this plant also — there is no 
 plan so effectual as heating the hot- 
 water pipes of the houses, or having 
 hot-water plates, filled with boiling 
 water, placed in the frames, sprinkling, 
 upon them flowers of sulphur, which 
 begin to vaporize at a heat of 170 deg.^ 
 and then shutting up the houses or 
 frames. The vapour of sulphur is 
 fatal to these insects where the air is 
 thoroughly impregnated with it; and 
 the Work of destroying them is com- 
 pleted by syiinging the infested plants 
 with water, continuing rather frequently 
 the operation. This last is the most 
 practical remedy to plants in our borders, 
 unless they can be covered over so that 
 the fumes of the sulphur may be con- 
 
ACC 
 
 [7] 
 
 ACC 
 
 fined whilst the sulphur is volatilized 
 over a hot-water plate. Potted plants 
 may be submitted to the vapour of sul- 
 phur in a similar way ; but in every in- 
 stance be cautious that the sulphur does 
 not burn, or you wiU kill your plants. 
 The vapour of spirit of turpentine is said 
 to be as effectual as sulphur. On walls, 
 the best plan is to beat up soft soap in 
 warm water, three ounces to the gallon ; 
 and to add as much finely -dissolved clay 
 as will make the whole a thick paint. 
 To this add three or four handfuls of 
 sulphur, and keep the mixture well 
 stirred whilst applying it. Let it be 
 daubed on every open space of walling 
 the brush can reach ; and, if colour is an 
 object, the glaring yellow can be readily 
 subdued by adding plenty of soot, which 
 by some is considered a necessary in- 
 gredient. A similar mixture may be 
 daubed over the stems of ordinary fruit- 
 trees, choosing in this, as well as in the 
 former, the beginning of April for the 
 operation. Most good gardeners mix a 
 considerable quantity of sulphur with 
 the lime-wash which is applied to hot 
 house walls. 
 
 A. holoseri' ceits is another species, dis" 
 tinguishable to an unscienced eye chiefly 
 by their scarlet colour. To destroy them 
 there is no plan equal to subjecting them 
 to the vapour of sulphur. 
 
 A. horte'nsis. The Garden Mite. Tho- 
 rax ochreous, abdomen white ; has been 
 found upon the roots of the cucumber, 
 upon which it is said to prey. We be- 
 lieve it to be the same Acarus often so 
 abundant upon the root of cabbages 
 affected wi& the Ambury. 
 
 A. genicula'tus is a minute, brownish- 
 red, shining mite, congregating, during 
 spring, in prodigious numbers upon the 
 bark of the plum and other fruit trees, 
 near the base of the small branches, 
 'and looking like a gummy exudation. 
 They all injure the plants they infest 
 by sucking their juices ; and, where the 
 fumes of sulphur cannot be applied, as 
 to the stems of trees, and to the soil, we 
 recommend an application of spirit of 
 turpentine, or gas ammoniacal liquor. 
 
 Accli'ma'tiza'tion is rendering a 
 plant capable of yielding the production 
 desired from it, in a climate differing 
 from that in which it is a native. In 
 our climate it is usually required to 
 enable a plant to endure lower tempera- 
 tures than those to which it has oeen 
 accustomed ; and this, though most are 
 intractable, is more easy than inducing 
 the natives of colder regions to live in 
 our latitudes. When a new plant 
 
 arrives from a tropical country it is 
 desirable to use every precaution to 
 avoid its loss ; but so soon as it has 
 been propagated from, and the danger 
 of sucn loss is removed, from that mo- 
 ment ought experiments to commence, 
 to ascertain whether its acclimatization 
 is attainable. This should be done, be- 
 cause the nearer such a desirable point 
 can be attained the cheaper wiU be 
 its cultivation, and, consequently, the 
 greater will be the number of those who 
 will be able to derive pleasure from its 
 growth. Hence it is very desirable that 
 an extended series of experiments should 
 be instituted, to ascertain decisively 
 whether many of our present green- 
 house and stove plants would not endure 
 exposure to our winters if but slightly, 
 or not at all protected. It may be laid 
 down as a rule, that all Japan plants 
 will do so in the southern-coast counties 
 of England ; but it remains unascer- 
 tained to what degree of northern lati- 
 tude in our islands this general power of 
 endurance extends. Experiment, and 
 experiment only, ought to be relied 
 upon ; for we know that the larch was 
 once kept in a greenhouse ; and such 
 South American plants as Tropoi'olum 
 pentaphy'llum and Gesne'ra Doucfla'sii 
 nave been found to survive our winters 
 in our garden-borders ; the first in Scot- 
 land and Suffolk, and the second in 
 Herefordshire. Many tropical plants, of 
 various orders, have been found to suc- 
 ceed with much less heat during the 
 day, and more especially during the 
 night, than gardeners of a previous cen- 
 tury believed to be necessary. Many 
 other plants have passed from the tropics 
 to our parterres, and even to those of 
 higher northern latitudes. The horse 
 chestnut was originally a native of the 
 tropics; but it now endures uninjured 
 the stem climate of Sweden. Aucuba 
 japonica and Pceonia Moutan have 
 passed from stove to greenhouse, and 
 thence to the open air. Every year ren- 
 ders us acquainted with instances of 
 plants being acclimatized. There is no 
 doubt that aU the conifers of Mexico, 
 which flourish there at an elevation of 
 more than 8,000 feet above the sea's 
 level, win survive our winters in the 
 open au-. Among these are Pi'nus 
 Llavea'na, P. Teoco'te, P. pa'tula, P. 
 Hartwdgii, Cupre'ssus thwrvfera, Juni'- 
 perus Jla'ccida, and some others. We 
 have kept Plum'hago Larpdntm in an 
 open border at Winchester during the 
 severe winter of 1849-50 ; and we now 
 know that it is quite hardy. In this 
 instance — and the course should be pur- 
 
ACE 
 
 [8] 
 
 ACE 
 
 sued in all other cases — we selected a 
 light soil, thoroughly well drained ; and 
 we began early to introduce the plant to 
 our climate by bedding it out in May. 
 As to all plants of shrubby or tree 
 character, there can be little doubt that 
 a proper solidification of the wood — ^by 
 
 fardeners termed ripening — is the true 
 asis of acclimatization. The way to 
 effect this is by encouraging a somewhat 
 early and free growth, and an early 
 and decided rest. Light, shallow soils, 
 thoroughly drained, necessarily accom- 
 plish this, by promoting an earlier root- 
 action, and by exposing the roots more 
 to the influences of the atmosphere, 
 whereby the very droughts of summer 
 become beneficial, by checking luxuri- 
 ance, and bringing on the resting period 
 betimes. In annual plants, it must be 
 confessed that scarcely so much progress 
 has been made as in those of a woody 
 character. It is not quite plain that 
 our kidney-beans, cucumbers, capsi- 
 cums, tomatoes, etc., are any hardier 
 than they were a century ago. Such 
 facts, however, should by no means 
 deter those who possess opportunities 
 from trying every new plant as above 
 
 A'eer. The Maple. {Acer, hard, or 
 sharp; because the wood was used for 
 lances. Nat. ord., Sapindacece.) 
 
 Nearly all hardy deciduous trees and shrubs, 
 with trivial flowers. Propagated by seeds sown 
 as soon as ripe ; layers in autumn, and grafting 
 or budding on the common maple. Cuttmgs will 
 strike in open ground if inserted in sprmg or 
 autumn. Sandy loam. 
 
 A. austri'acwm. See A. caw/pestrey var. austria,- 
 cum. 
 
 — baria'twm. 16. Green and yellow. April. 
 
 N. Amer. 1812. Timber. 
 
 — campe'stre. 26. Green and yellow. May. 
 
 Britain. 
 austri'acum. 30. Green and yellow. 
 
 June. Austria. 1812. 
 colli'Tmm:. 25. Green and yellow. April. 
 
 France. 
 hebeca'rpwm. 26. Green and yellow. 
 
 June. Britain. 
 
 Icemga'tum. 30. Green and yellow. June. 
 
 na'nwm. 6. Green and yellow. June. 
 
 tau'rumm. Leaveslargerandless divided. 
 
 — va/riega'tum. 25. Green and yellow. May. 
 
 Britain. Must be grafted or budded. 
 
 — circina'tum. 30. Green and yellow. April. 
 
 North West America. 1827. 
 
 — cre^ticit/m. 6. May. Levant. 1752. 
 
 — dasyca'rpwm. Green and yellow. April. N. 
 
 Amer. 1725. Timber. Syns., A. erio- 
 carpon, A. glauGwm. 
 
 pulverule:ntum. Leaves spotted white; 
 
 young shoots tipped with red. 
 
 — di^ita'turti. Japan. 1864. 
 
 — disie^ctwm. Leaves cut into narrow segments, 
 
 bronzy-red. Japan. 1864. 
 
 — Dougla'sii. See A. gtabrum. 
 
 — erioca'rpon. See A. dasycairpum. 
 
 — Omna'la. Leaf-stalks and midribs deeply 
 
 coloured. Sometimes regarded as a 
 variety of A. tartariawm. 
 
 A. gla'brvm. IB to SO. Greenish-yellow. June. 
 N. W. America. Syns., A. DouglaMi 
 and A. trvpartUv/m. 
 
 — glan'cmn. See A. daeycmpwm. 
 
 — Heldrei'chii. Gfl. 1. 1186. 
 
 — heterophy'llum. Green and yellow. May 
 
 Levant, 1759. Evergreen. Syn., A. sent- 
 permvBTis. 
 
 — ibefrmm. 40. Green. Asiatic. Georgia. 
 
 Yellow. 1826. 
 
 — mnigne. B. M. t. 6697. 
 — japo'Tdeum. Japan. 
 
 vWiJ'o'Kimi. Japan. 1874. Syn., A. ja^ 
 
 poniffum com^actv/m of gardens. 
 There are several other varieties, such as Fre- 
 derici, GhUielTniy jucwndwrn, polymwphum, prinr 
 cepSy 8a/nguineum: var. argenteum is a garden 
 name for A. rujvnerve albo-Umbatv/m. 
 A. laurifo'lium. See A. oblongtHm. 
 
 — loba'twm. 20. Green. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 — lobeHii. Five-lobed, slightly heart-shaped. 
 
 — Tnacrophyfllwrn. 25. Green. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1812. 
 
 — mamwfra'tum. Leaves with pale yellow varie- 
 
 gation. Japan. 1872. 
 
 — Mi'cets. Japan. 1864. 
 
 — Tnonspes&ulanum. 8. Green and yellow. May. 
 
 France. 1739. 
 
 — monta'num. 26. Green and yellow. N. Amer. 
 
 1760. 
 
 — Negu'ndo. See Negimdo fraxinifoUum. 
 
 — ni'grwm. 40. Green and yellow. April. N. 
 
 Amer. 1812. Timber. 
 
 — oblo'Tigum. 20. Green and white. Nepaul. 1824. 
 
 — obtu^a't'wm. 40. Green and yellow. May. 
 
 Hungary. 1826. This is the naipolita'- 
 num of the Italians, and the hy'tridum 
 of London nurseries. 
 
 — obtusifo'livm,. 4. Green and yellow. May. 
 
 Crete. 
 
 — opalifo'lium. 20. Green and yellow. May. 
 
 France. 1823. 
 
 — o'paius. 50. Green and yellow. May. Italy. 
 
 1762. 
 
 — OTTia'tuTn. Leaves dull red, mixed with 
 
 coppery-red, afterwards greenish-red. 
 
 Japan. 1867. 
 — palma'tum. 10. Green. Japan. 1820. 
 
 atropvjrpu'reum. Japan. 
 
 cri'spuTn. Japan. 1871. 
 
 disse'ctwm. 30. Eed. May. Japan. 1845. 
 
 —— roseo-pi'ctmn. 1886. Garden variety. 
 
 (yma'tvmi. Leaves brownish-red, vrith 
 
 yellowish-green midribs. Japan. 1871. 
 palmatiljidwm. Leaves deeply palmately 
 
 cut ; light green. 1875. 
 reticvZcetum. Leaves emerald-green, with 
 
 dark-green veins. Japan. 1865. 
 ro'seo-Tnargina'tv/m. Leaves light-green, 
 
 edged rose. Japan. 1875. 
 sangui'nemn. Leaves deep reddish- 
 crimson. 1874. 
 septemlo'bitm. Purplish. Spring. Japan. 
 
 1864. 
 
 — pennsylva'nimim. 20. Green and yellow. 
 
 May. N. Amer. 1755. A variety of 
 this, stria'tum, must be increased by 
 grafting or budding. 
 —pi'ctum. Temperate Asia. 1879. Syn.y A. col- 
 chicum rubrvmi. 
 
 — plaianoi'deB and pseu'do-pZa'taniis : of these 
 
 there are numerous garden varieties in 
 cultivation. The best of the former are 
 aureo-variegatum, mtegrUobuniy Schwed- 
 leriy undvZatimh, and variegatwm; of the 
 later albo-variegatumy flavo-variegatum, 
 and longifoliv/m. 
 
 — platanoi'dee. 50. Green and yellow. June. 
 
 Europe. 1683. Timber. 
 
 lacmia'twm. 30. Green and yellow. June. 
 
 Europe. 1683. Must 'be grafted or 
 budded. Timber. 
 
ACE 
 
 [9] 
 
 ACH 
 
 A. platanoi'des Loie'lli. 60. Green and yellow. 
 
 May. Naples. 
 variega'twin. 30. Green and yellow. June. 
 
 Europe. 1683. Must be grafted or 
 
 budded. 
 
 — pseu'do-pla'tanus. 50. Green and yellow. 
 
 April. BritaJn. 
 
 purpu'reum. Purple. May. 1828. 
 
 subobtu'sum. 50. Green and yellow. May. 
 
 variega'tum. 50. Green and yellow. 
 
 Apru. Britain. Must be grafted or 
 
 budded. 
 
 — ru'brum. There are two varieties, one with 
 
 leaves variegated with white, and the 
 other with yellow. 20. E«d. April. 
 N. Amer. 1666. 
 
 — rufin^'rve albo-limba'tum. Green. May. Japan. 
 
 1869. 
 .— saceharinvmi. 40. Yellow. April. N. Amer. 
 
 1735. Timber. Sugarismadefromitssap. 
 
 . nUgrwrn. 40. April. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 .— sempervi'reTis. See A. heterophyllum, 
 
 — Semeno'm. Turkestan. 1879. 
 
 — septemZo'bwm, Japan. 1864. 
 
 bi! color. Leaves variegated with bronze- 
 red and rose. Japan. 1874. 
 
 e'legans. Leaves tipped with red when 
 
 young. Japan. 1874. 
 
 margina'twn. Leaves green, vrith pale 
 
 reticulated edges. Japan. 1874. 
 
 — Sieboldia'nwm. 
 
 — tarta'ricum. 20. Green and yellow. May. 
 
 Tartary. 1759. Timber. 
 
 — Vam Volxe'mii. Greenish. Leaves silvery be- 
 
 neath. Caucasus. 1877. 
 
 — veluti'num. 
 
 A'ceras. (From a, without, and 
 keras, a horn ; the lip has no spur. Nat. 
 ord., OrehidacecB. Allied to Orchis.) 
 
 A. cmthrop&phora, the Green Man-Orchis, is 
 an interesting terrestrial orchid, not uncommon 
 on the chalk in the South of England, and will 
 not thrive in any other soil under cultivation, 
 shade. 
 
 A. semmdijU/ra. B. E. t. 1525. See Habenaria 
 intacta. 
 
 Aceta'rious Plants. Salading. 
 
 Achille'a. Milfoil. (^cAiWes, pupil 
 of Chiron, first used it in medicine. 
 Nat. ord., Compositce.) 
 
 All hardy herbaceous plants, except A. aegyp- 
 Waca, which is a greenhouse evergreen shrub. 
 This is propagated by cuttings, and the others by 
 root division, cuttings, and seed. Common soil. 
 A. abrotanifo'lia. 2. Yellow. July. Levant. 
 1739. 
 
 — aeumina'ta. 2. White. August. 1830. 
 
 — cegypti'aca. 1. Pale yellow. August. Levant. 
 
 1640. 
 
 — ageratifdlia. i. White. May. Greece. 1874. 
 
 — agera'twm. 2. Yellow. Septelnber. South 
 
 of Europe. 1570. 
 
 — al'bida. 1. Pale yellow. July. 1819. _ 
 
 — alpi'na. 6 inches. White. September. Siberia. 
 
 1731. 
 
 — aspUnifo'lia. Ih Pink. July. N. Amer. 1803. 
 
 — atra'ta. White. August. Austria. 1596. 
 
 — au'rea. 1. YeUow. July. Levant. 1739. 
 
 — auricmla'ta. 1. Yellow. July. Asia Minor. 
 
 1827 
 
 — chamcemelifo'lia. 9 inches. White. July. 
 
 France. 1826. ^ „ i,, * 
 
 — coa/rcta'ta. 4. YeUow. August. South of 
 
 Europe. 1816. 
 
 — eomva'cta. 1. Pale yellow. July. 1803. 
 -erf!twa. 1. White. July. Candia. 1739. 
 
 — msta'ta. Cinches. White. July. Italy. 1784. 
 
 — deco'lorans. 1. White, yellow. July. 1798. 
 
 A. dem'mbeng. 6 inches. Yellow. July. Kamt- 
 schatka. 1816. 
 
 — Eupato'rmm. 4. Yellow. July. Caspian 
 
 shore. 1803. One of the best, continuing 
 long in flower. Syn., A. filipendula. 
 
 —falca'ta. 6 inches. Pale yellow. July. Levant. 
 1739. 
 
 — JUipe^ndula. G. C. 1881, vol. 16, p. 429. See 
 
 A. Eupaiorvwm. 
 
 — glomera'ta. 1. Yellow. July. Caucasus. 1818. 
 
 — grcmdiflo'ra. 1. White. July. Caucasus. 1818. 
 
 — holoseri'cea. IJ. White. August. Parnassus. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — impa'tiens. 2. White. August. Siberia. 1759. 
 
 — kma'ta. 1. White. July. 1804. 
 
 — leptophy'lla. Pale yellow. July. Tauria. 1816. 
 
 — macrophy'Ua. 3. White. July. Italy. 1710. 
 
 — mUlefo'lium. 2. White. August. Britain. 
 
 Found sometimes with reddish flowers. 
 
 — mong&Kca. IJ. White. July. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 — moseha'ta. 2. White. June. Italy. 1775. 
 
 — myriophy'lla. IJ. White. August. 1798. 
 
 — na'na. 6 inches. White. July. Italy. 1759. 
 
 — nc/bilis. 2. White. Germany. 1640. 
 
 — oehroleu'ca. Ih. Pale yellow. August. 1804. 
 
 — odora'ta. 6 inches. White. July. Spain. 1729. 
 
 — pectina'ta. IJ. Pale yellow. August. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1801. Thought by some to be the 
 same as oehroleu'ca. 
 
 — pta'rmwajloreple^no. 1. White. August. 
 
 — jmbe'ecem. 1. Light yellow. August. Levant. 
 
 1739. 
 
 — puru^a'ta. 1. Straw. July. Naples. 1820. 
 
 — recurmfo'lia. 1^. White. July. Pyrenees. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — rupe'stris. J. White. South Italy. 1887. 
 
 B. M. t. 6905. 
 
 — samtoli'na. 1. Pale yellow. July. Levant. 1759. 
 
 — santoliTWi'des. 1. White. July. Spain. 
 
 — seta'cea. 1. White. July. Hungary. 1806. 
 
 — spedo'sa. IJ. White. August. 1804. 
 
 — sguarro'sa. 1. White. July. 1755. 
 
 — tau'rica. 1. Pale yellow. July. Taurisl. 1818. 
 
 — tenuifo'lia. 1. Yellow. July. Switzerland. 
 
 1658. 
 
 — t&mento'sa. 2. Yellow. July. Britain. 
 
 — vermicida'ris. IJ. Yellow. August. Bussia. 
 
 1836. 
 
 Achime'nes. (-From cheimaino, to 
 suffer from cold, and a prefixed as an 
 augmentive ; alluding to the tenderness 
 of the genus. Nat. ord., GesneracecB.) 
 
 These are all beautiful, and are stove herba- 
 ceous perennials, unless otherwise distinguished 
 in the following list. When done flowering, and 
 the tops die down, allow the tubers to remain in 
 the pots, laid on their sides, where frost and 
 wet cannot reach them, until the latter part of 
 January ; then begin to place in a gentle heat ; 
 where a steady, moist heat can be maintained. 
 Shade in hot days. Place the pots upon others, 
 inverted, and keep the bottom of the pit moist, 
 closing up early in the afternoon, and giving air, 
 in clear weather, about eight in the morning. 
 This beautiful genus is becoming overloaded 
 with varieties. 
 A. ama'biUs. White. Mexico. 
 
 argyrosti'gma: White and rose. June. 
 
 Grenada. This is a hardy herbaceous 
 plant. Not worth growing. 
 
 — atrosangui'nea. IJ. Crimson. August. 
 
 — ca'ndida. IJ. July. White. Guatemala. 
 
 1848. 
 
 — chontale'nm. See Spiaem. 
 
 — coeei'nea. Scarlet. August. Jamaica. 1778. 
 
 A variety, major, is good. 
 
 — cuprea'ta. Scarlet. July. New Grenada. 
 
 — Esche'rii. Purple, crimson. June. Gardens. 
 
 1849. 
 
ACH 
 
 [10] 
 
 AGO 
 
 A. fltn-ibu'nda e'legcms. Purple, crimson. Octo- 
 ber. Gardens. 1848. 
 
 —formo'm. Eose. September. 
 
 JMra. BuB-spottea. December. 
 Mexico. 1848. 
 
 '\'i'ra. Pale crimson. October. Mexico. 
 1842. This is a greenhouse herbaceous 
 plant. A variety of this, Skinn&rii, is a 
 stove plant. Guatemala. Shaded scarlet. 
 1847. 
 
 — heterophyilla. Scarlet. Van Houtte. July. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. 2J. Kose. September. Guatemala. 
 
 1844. 
 
 — intermedia. 1. Scarlet. Au^st. Gardens. 
 
 1847. 
 
 — Jaure'guice. 1. White. Carmine eye, striped. 
 
 October. Mexico, 1848. 
 
 — Jay'ii. Violet purple. June. Gardens. 1848. 
 
 — Kledi. \. August. Pink and purple. Guate- 
 
 mala. 1848. 
 
 — Lwpma'md. 1^. Pale crimson. July. 
 
 — lilacvne^lla. Lilac. 1880. Syn., £Incodonia 
 
 liZoffinella. 
 
 — longijl&ra. This is a greenhouse herbaceous 
 
 plant. Violet August. Guatemala. 
 
 1841. A stove variety, major, is good. 
 a'lba. White. October. Guatemala, 
 
 1849. Sajae&aA.JwtireguieB? 
 
 latifiyiia. Lilac. Guatemala. 
 
 — 'ma'jor. Violet. Guatemala. 
 
 — magni'Jica. 2. Scarlet, New Grenada. 
 
 — ma/rga'rita. White. Ceutral America. 
 
 — mi'sera. 1. White and purple. July. Guatc 
 
 mala. 1848. 
 
 — JUoimtfiyrdii. Scarlet. August. Garden. 1847. 
 
 — mvZtiflcfra. 1. Lilac. October. Brazil. 1843. 
 
 — ncegelioi'des and na'na multijl&ra, are garden 
 
 hybrids of 1870. 
 
 — oeMa'ta. IJ. Bed. July. Panama. 1847. 
 
 — pa! tens. 1. Violet. June. Mexico. 1846. 
 
 A small variety of this is not worth 
 growing. 
 — pedunada'ta. 2. Scarlet, yellow. June. 
 Guatemala. 1840. 
 
 — pi'cta. IJ. Scarlet, yellow. June. Mexico. 
 
 1844. 
 
 — pyropoE!a. 1. Crimson. May. Mexico, 1848. 
 
 — ro'sea. 1. Pink. June. Guatemala. 1841. 
 
 — SHnn^ri. 2. Bose. July. 1847. 
 
 — apU'ndem. Violet. Guatemala. 
 
 — Tyrianthi'na. IJ. Violet-blue. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1849. 
 
 — venu'sta. IJ. Purple. July. Hybrid. 1848. 
 
 — VerachaffeHtii. White. Garden hybrid. 
 
 Achyra'nthes Verschaflfeltii. 
 See Iresine Herbstii. 
 
 Acine'ta. (From ahmeta, immo- 
 vable ; the lip being jointless. Nat. 
 ord., Orehidacew.) 
 
 Allied to Periate'ria. Intermediate or cool 
 house orchids, cultivated in baskets lightly filled 
 with sphagnum and fibrous peat. The flowers 
 grow through the bottom of the baskets. 
 A. A'rcei. Yellow. Central America. 1866. 
 
 — Barke!H. 2. Yellow. May. Mexico. 1837 
 
 Pax. Mag., vol. 14, p. 145. Syn,, Peri- 
 steria Barkeri. 
 
 — de'nsa. IJ. Golden yellow, speckled red. 
 
 October. Central America. 1889. B. M. 
 t. 7143. 
 
 — Hrubya'na. White, purple. New Grenada, 
 
 1882. 
 
 — Humho'ldtii. 2. Chocolate and crimson. May. 
 
 Venezuela. 1841. Syns., B. R. 1843. 
 1. 18, Piristeria Bumboldtii, and Angu- 
 lotisup&rha. 
 
 straminea. Straw, dotted. Columbia. 
 
 1872. 
 
 — svlca'ta. Columbia? 1879. 
 
 — WH'ghtii. See Lacama spectabilis. 
 
 Acio'tiS. {Akis, a point, and ous, an 
 ear ; from shape of petals. Nat, ord., 
 Melastomacece. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen plants, allied to Osbeckia, 
 but may be grown in a warm pit or frame until 
 the spring, and then put into a greenhouse. Cut- 
 tings in sand, under a beU-glass ; equal parts 
 rich loam and peat. 
 A. ama'tica. 9 inches. White and red. June. 
 
 S. Amer. 1793. Pots stood in shallow 
 
 pans of water. 
 
 — di'seotor. 1. White and red. June. Tnnidad. 
 
 1816. 
 
 Aeiphy'Ua. (From ake, a point, 
 and phyllon, a leaf ; in allusion to the 
 sharply pointed leaf segments. Nat. 
 ord., Umbdliferce. Allied to Angelica. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials suitable for 
 rock-work ; remarkable for their rigid leaves, 
 which are pinnate, and sharp-pointed. There 
 are several species, all equally ornamental, but 
 only three have yet been introduced ; all are 
 natives of New Zealand. Seeds. Light soil. 
 A. Colem(/i. 6. White. New Zealand. 1876. 
 
 — Lya'tli. New Zealand. 1889. 
 
 — squarro'sa. 6. White. New Zealand. G. C. 
 
 1884, vol. 22, p. 328. The Bayonet 
 Plant. 
 
 A'cis. See Leucoium. 
 
 Acisanthe'ra. {AMs, a point ; an- 
 thera, an anther ; having pointed an- 
 thers. Nat. ord., Melastomacece.) 
 
 An evergreen stove-shrub ; allied to Cuphea ;, 
 cultivated like Aciotis. 
 A. quadra'ta. 3. Jamaica. 1804. 
 
 Acmade'uia. (Acme, a point ; aden,. 
 a gland ; the anthers having glands. 
 Nat. ord., Butacem.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; allied to Diosma. 
 Cuttings of young wood two inches long, planted 
 in sand, under a bell-glass ; turfy loam and 
 sand. 
 A. tetra'gona. 2. White. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1798. Syn., Adenandra tetra- 
 
 gona. 
 
 Acme'na. See Eugenia. A.flori- 
 hwnda is most conspicuous from its 
 bright purple berries. A. ovata was in- 
 troduced in 1882. 
 
 Acmospo'rium trice'phalum. 
 
 A fungus parasitic on Cryptomeria 
 japonica, which see. 
 
 Acoka'nthera. (FromaAoAe, amu- 
 cron, and anthera, an anther ; the an- 
 thers are mucronate. Nat. ord., Apo- 
 cynacece. Allied to Carissa. ) 
 
 Greenhouse shrubs. Seeds, cuttings in bottom- 
 heat. Any rich, light soil, with top dressings of 
 manure, or occasional watering with manure 
 water. The members of this genus are all very- 
 poisonous ; a decoction of the bark was used by 
 the Bushmen of South Africa for poisoning 
 their arrows. 
 
 A. lyeM'des. 6. White. Summer. S. Africa. 
 1824. 
 
 — specta'Ulis. 10. White. Spring. Natal. 1872. 
 
 Syn., Toxicophloea: spectabilis. B, M. 
 t. 6369, 
 
 — veliena'ta. 6, White, S, Africa, 1787, Syn,, 
 
 Toximphlwa Thuniergii. Gfl, 940. 
 
AGO 
 
 [11] 
 
 AGO 
 
 Aconio'pteris. (From akonobo, 
 sharp, and pteris, a fern ; alluding to 
 the junction of the veins. Nat. ord., 
 FUices — PolypodiacecE. ) 
 
 Stove fern. Spores and division of roots. 
 A, sub-dia'phana. 1. St. Helena. 
 
 Aconi'tum. (Being plentiful near 
 Acona. Nat. ord., Mammculacece.) 
 
 All hardy herbaceous plants. Many are very 
 beautiful, and will do well in plantations, even 
 if a little shaded by the trees. Division of the 
 roots and seeds ; common garden-soil. 
 
 TUBEROUS ROOTED. 
 
 A. acumvua'tum. 3. Blue. July. Switzerland. 
 1819. 
 
 — acu!tv,m. i. Blue. June. South of Europe. 
 
 1821. 
 
 — alH'd/wm. 3. White. June. Europe. 1824. 
 
 — amoelnwm. 4. Blue. June. South of Europe. 
 ■ — amvglifio'rvjm. 4. Blue. June. Austria. 1823. 
 
 — angustifo'liutn. 4. Blue. June. Europe. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — B&nih.ardia'nu'm. 4. Blue. June. Europe. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — Mfio'rwm. J. Pale blue. June. Siberia. 1817. 
 
 — Bravlnii. 4. Blue. July. Switzerland. 1821. 
 
 — ccUlybo'tryon. 4. Blue. June. South of 
 
 Europe. 
 
 — CaJtrnnarv/m. 3. Purple. August. Austria. 
 
 1752. 
 
 — ce'muvm,. 3. Blue. July. Switzerland. 1800. 
 Jlexicau'le. 3. Blue. July. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 paueiflo'rwm. 3. Blue. July. Switzer- 
 land. 1821. 
 
 ramdawm. 3. Blue. July. 
 
 — Clu'm. 3. Blue. July. Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 — camrrmta'tum. 3. Blue. June. South of 
 
 Europe. 1823. 
 
 — delphinifo'lvwm. IJ. Blue. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1804. 
 
 — ela'tum. 4. Blue. June. Europe. 1822. 
 
 — ^minens. 4. Blue. June. Europe. 1800. 
 
 — erwstdnKm. 4. Blue. June. Europe. 1821. 
 
 — eiista'chyon. 4. Blue. June. Europe. 1824. 
 
 — exalta'tv/m. 6. Blue. June. Siberia. 1819. 
 — fl^'cffidfwm. 5. Blue. July. Siberia. 1822. 
 
 — Florkea'num. 8. Blue. July. Siberia. 1822. 
 bi'colm: 3. Blue, white. June. Switzer- 
 land. 1801. 
 
 —farmo'sum. 4. Blue. June. South of Europe. 
 1824. 
 
 — Fu'rHdi. 3. Blue. June. Switzerland. 1825. 
 
 — gaUctanwin. 4. Blue. June. Hungary. 1822. 
 
 — gibbo'mm. 4. Blue. July. Caucasus. 1818. 
 
 — Bmdtni. 4. Blue. July. Siberia. 1821. 
 
 — gra'eiU. 2. Blue. July. Switzerland. 1821. 
 
 — McUle'ri. 4. Blue. June. South of Europe. 
 
 1821. 
 
 — bi' color. 4. Blue. June. Switzerland. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — hama'tum. 4. Pale blue. July. Italy. 1810. 
 
 — hebdgynum. 3. Purple. July. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 mvMi'fidum. 3. Purple. July. Switzer- 
 land. 1819. 
 
 — heteraphy'llum. Greenish - yellow, violet. 
 
 Himalayas. 1874. Unlike most mem- 
 bers of this genus, its roots are not 
 poisonous, being used as a tonic in 
 India, where it is called Atees. 
 
 — Warn. 4. Blue. June. South of Europe. 1823. 
 
 — Ho'ppii. 4. Blue. June. Carinthia. 1823. 
 
 — aUni'tum. 4. Blue. July. 1821. 
 
 — interme'dimn. 6. Blue. July. 1820. 
 
 — inu'netwm. 4. Blue. July. Europe. 1822. 
 
 — iapc/nicum. 6. Flesh. August. Japan. 1790. 
 eceru'leum. 4. Blue. July. Japan. 
 
 1700. 
 
 A. Kcelea'num. 4. Blue. June. South'of Europe. 
 1820. 
 
 wm. 2. Blue. June. South of 
 Europe. 1822. 
 
 — Kohldri. 4. Blue. June. Europe. 1824. 
 
 — lacinio'eum. 3. Blue. July. Switzerland. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — Itsltvmi. 4. Blue. June. South of Europe. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — la'xum. 4. Blue. June. South of Europe. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — UtKointhum. 3. White. June. 1823. 
 
 — ma'ximum. 6. Blue. July. Kamtschatka. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — Tneliyctonum. 4. Blue. June. 1821. 
 
 — Ueyflri. 3. Blue. June. Switzerland. 1826. 
 
 — mo'ne. 5. Blue. July. 1820. 
 
 — napeHlvui. 4. Blue. June. Europe. 1596. 
 
 Of this there are numerous varieties, 
 such as : bwolar, grcmdifoUimi, pyrami- 
 dcUe, pyreTiawum, rubrv/m, and undna- 
 tv/m. 
 
 a'Unis. 4. White. June. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 rvhe'llus. 4. Blue. June. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — nmu'twn. 3. Purple. July. Siberia. 1818- 
 
 — neonhontalnwin. 3. Blue. July. Europe. 1799. 
 
 — neMberge'nse. 4. Blue. June. South of 
 
 Europe. 1822. 
 
 — nitidum. 3. Blue. June. Switzerland. 1825. 
 
 — oligocalrpwin. 4. Blue. July. Europe. 1823. 
 
 — Ottimio^nwrn. 4. Blue. June. Europe. 1824. 
 
 — panicula'tmn. 3. Pale blue. July. France. 
 
 1815. 
 
 — plwa'tum. 3. Blue. June. Switzerland. 1825. 
 
 — produ'ctum. 1. Blue. July. Siberia. 1821. 
 
 — pubefieens. 4. Blue. June. Europe. 1824. 
 
 — reeo'gnitum. 4. Blue. June. 1824. 
 
 — rhyncha'nthum. 4. Purplish -blue. July. 
 
 Switzerland. 1821. 
 bi' color. 4. Whitish-blue. July. Switzer- 
 land. 1819. 
 
 — rigidwm. 3. Blue. June. Switzerland. 1826. 
 grandijlo'rwm. 3. Blue. June. 1826. 
 
 — rostra'tum. 3. Blue. July. Switzerland. 1810. 
 pilosiu'saulimi. 3. Purple. July. Car- 
 pathian mountains. 1800. 
 
 — Sclileichdri. 2. Blue. June. Switzerland. 
 
 1821. 
 
 — s&migalea'tv/m. 1. Blue. July. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 — meeio'sum. 3. Blue. July. 1823. 
 
 — Spren^e!Ui. 4. Blue. June. Europe. 1824. 
 
 — squarro'swm. 4. Blue. August. Siberia. 1822. 
 
 — stri'ctwm. 4. Blue. June. Siberia. 1824. 
 
 — tau'ricwm. 4. Blue. June. Tauria. 1752. 
 
 — tartuo'smn. 6. Purplish-blue. June. 1812. 
 
 — to'xiewm. 3. Blue. June. Switzerland. 1825. 
 
 — umbro'sum. 3. Blue. July. Switzerland. 1825. 
 
 — wrmrwitum. 2. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1768. 
 MichawKia'num. 2. Blue. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1800. 
 
 — variega'twrn. 6. Purplish-white. Jtily. South 
 
 of Europe. 1697. 
 
 albiflo'rum. 4. White. July. Switzer- 
 land. 1819. 
 
 bi'color. 4. Whitish-blue. July. Switzer- 
 land. 1821. 
 
 cosru'lewm. 4. Blue. July. Switzer- 
 land. 1819. 
 
 — venu'stwrn. 3. Blue. June. • Switzerland. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — mrga'ttmi. 4. Blue. June. South of Europe. 
 
 1822 
 
 — volu'bile. ' 6. Blue. July. Siberia. 1799. 
 
 — WiUderw'vii. 3. Blue. June. Europe. 1823. 
 
 — zoo'ctomim. 3. Blue. June. Switzerland. 
 
 1825. 
 
 FIBROUS ROOTED. 
 
 A. a'lbmn. 4. AVhlte. July. Levant. 1762. 
 
 — A'nthora. 1}. Pale yellow. July. Pyrenees. 
 
 1596. 
 
AGO 
 
 [12] 
 
 ACR 
 
 A. Anthoroi'deum. li. Pale yellow. July. Jura. 
 1821. 
 
 — austra'le. 2^. Purple. July. Denmark. 1821. 
 
 — aittwrmia'le. IJ. Lilac, white. November. 
 
 N. China. 1846. 
 
 — barWtiim. 2. Pale yellow. June. Siberia. 
 
 1807. 
 
 — carpa'ticwm. 2J. Purple. July. Carpathian 
 
 mountains. 1810. 
 
 — chine^nse. 4. Blue. September. China. 1833. 
 
 — cyn&ctonum, 3. Pale yellow. July. France. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — Decandcfllii. IJ. Pale yellow. July. Siberia. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — decc/rum. i. Blue. June. Pyrenees. 1824. 
 
 — eu'lophum. IJ. Pale yellow. June. Caucasus. 
 
 1821. 
 
 — gramdifio'rwm. IJ. Pale yellow. July. Jura. 
 
 1821. 
 
 — hi'spidmm. 2. Pale yellow. June. Siberia. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — Jacqui'ni. IJ. Pale yellow. June. Austria. 
 
 1800. 
 
 — LiX/ma'rckii. 2. Pale yellow. July. Pyrenees. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — laxifio'rwm. 3. Pale yellow. July. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1823. 
 
 — Iwpy^dwm, 2. Pale yellow. July. Europe. 
 
 1821. 
 
 — lyco'cUymmh. 3. Purple. July. Alps. Europe. 
 
 1696. 
 
 — Ttiaerophy'llum. 2. Pale yellow. July. 
 
 — molda'vicmn. 6. Purplish. August. Mol- 
 
 davia. 1830. 
 
 — nemordiwm. 2. Pale yellow. July. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1823. 
 
 — Nutta'Uii. 6. Pale blue. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1829 
 
 — ochra'nthwm. 4. Yellow. August. Russia. 
 
 1834. 
 
 — ochroleu'cum. 3. Light yellow. July. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1794. 
 
 — ova'twn. 2J. Purple, green. June. Cash- 
 
 mere. 1839. 
 
 — Palla'sii. 2. Pale ytUow. July. Siberia. 
 
 1821. 
 
 — pyrena'icv/m. 4. Yellow. June. Pyrenees. 
 
 1739. 
 
 — refctum. S. Pale yellow. July. Europe. 1824. 
 
 — rubieu'ruLv/m. 2^. Purple. July. Siberia. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — septentriona'le. 4. Blue. July. North of 
 
 Europe. 1800. 
 
 — StoercUa'rmm,. 4. Blue. August. Austria. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — therio'phonum. Zi. Pale yellow. June. 
 
 Europe. 1824. 
 
 — tragc^cton/u/m. 2J. Pale yellow. July. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1822. 
 
 — verH'color. Blue and white. August. Siberia. 
 
 1820. About the best. 
 
 — milpa'ria. 3. Pale yellow. July. Alps. 
 
 Europe. 1821. 
 
 Aco'ntias. See Xanthoso'ma. 
 
 A'corus. (From a, privative, and 
 kore, the pupil of the eye ; referring to 
 its medical qualities. Nat. ord., 
 Aroidew.) 
 
 A small genus of evergreen plants, having 
 sword-like leaves. A. calamus is a useful medi- 
 cinal plant — a native of our marshes. Hardy 
 marsh perennials. 
 A. ca'lamus. 2. June. Britain. Eng. Bot. t. 891. 
 
 ■ variega'tus. A handsome garden variety. 
 
 terreitris. 1. June. China. 1822. Sch. 
 
 Gen. Ar. t. 98. 
 — grand'neus. J. February. China. 1796. 
 
 variega'tus. A garden variety, useful for 
 
 rockeries. 
 
 Acrade'nia. (From aJcros, the top, 
 and aden, a gland ; there are five glands 
 on the top of the ovary. Nat. ord., 
 Butaeece.) 
 
 Cool greenhouse evergreen shrub, with oppo- 
 site trifoliolate, gland-dotted leaves, and clusters 
 of white flowers at the ends of the branchlets. 
 Seeds, cuttings under a bell-glass. Rich loam 
 and leaf -mould. 
 A. Frankli'nioe. 8. White. Tasmania. 1846. 
 
 Acre is the usual land measure in 
 Great Britain. The Statute Acre 
 throughout the United Kingdom now 
 contains 4 square roods; a rood con- 
 tains 160 sqaare perches, rods, poles, or 
 luc/s ; and a perch contains SOj square 
 yards. A Statute Acre, therefore, con- 
 tains 4840 square yards. The Irish 
 Acre contains 7840 square yards, or 
 nearly equal to 1 acre, 2 roods, and 19 
 perches, Statute measure. The Scotch 
 Acre contains 6150 square yards. 
 
 Aeridoca'lTpUS. (From akris, a 
 locust, and karpos, fruit ; on account of 
 some fancied resemblance of the fruit to 
 a locust. Nat. ord. , Malpighiace(B. ) 
 
 Handsome evergreen climber, suitable for 
 stove or warm greenhouse. Imported seeds, 
 cuttings in bottom-heat. Rich loam and sand ; 
 requires plenty of water, but must have free 
 
 A. natali'Hus. Yellow. July. Natal. 1867. 
 B. M. t. 6738. 
 
 Acrio'psis. (From ahros, top, and 
 opsis, eye. Nat. ord., OrchidecB.) 
 
 A small genus of pretty stove epiphytal or- 
 chids. 
 A. densifl^ra. Green and pink. Borneo. 1846. 
 
 — i'ndiea. Ochre and light brown. Wight loon. 
 
 1. 1748. 
 —java'nica. White; green, and purple. August. 
 Bantam. 1842. Syn., A. picta. 
 
 AorOChse'ne. (From akros, top, 
 and chaino, to gape. Nat. ord., Orchi- 
 decB ; Tribe, Eptdendrece ; Sub -tribe, 
 DendrohiecB. ) 
 A, Rima'nni. Lilac purple. Tropical Asia. 
 
 Acrocli'nium. See Helipterum. 
 
 Acroeo'mia. (From akros, top, and 
 kome, a tuft ; referring to the way 
 the leaves are produced. Nat. ord., 
 Palmem. ) 
 
 A genus of South American Palms ; a race of 
 plants including some of the most majestic speci, 
 mens of the vegetable kingdom, whose products, 
 of fruit, root, stems, and leaves are applied tg 
 numerous economical purposes. Suckers ; ricli 
 sandy loam. Warm greenhouse. 
 A. euhdmie. See A. lasiospatha. 
 —fimfo'rmis. 40. Trinidad. 1731. 
 
 — gloio'sa. 20. St. Vincent. 1824. 
 
 — guiane'mis. 30. Demerara. 1824. 
 
 — ho'rrida. 30. Trinidad. 1820. 
 
 — laHospa'tha. Para. 1846 Syn., A. cubensis. 
 
 — mi'nor. 20. Trinidad. 1820. 
 
 — seleroea'rpa. 40. W. Ind. 1731. Syn., A. 
 
 acvleata, 
 
 — tenviifo'lia. 30. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 Acrony'chia. See Medicosma. 
 
ACR 
 
 [13] 
 
 ACT 
 
 Acrope'ra. See Gongora. 
 
 A. Loddig^sii. E. M. t. 3563. See Gongora 
 galeata. 
 
 Acro'phorus. See Davallia. 
 
 Acrophy'llum. (From akros, top, 
 and phyllon, a leaf ; referring to the 
 way m which the leaves are produced 
 at the summit of the branches above 
 the flowers. 'i^Sit. oxd.., Saxifragece.) 
 
 Cool greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings 
 of young shoots in July ; soil, sandy peat and 
 loam. 
 
 A. veTto'mm. 6. Pink and white. May. Aus- 
 tralia. 1836. B. M. t. 4060. Syn., A. 
 iiertieillatwrn. 
 
 Acro'pteris. (From akros, a point, 
 and pteris, a fern. Nat. ord., Filices 
 — Polypodiacece. ) 
 
 Allied to Asplenium, the Spleenwort. Stove 
 Ferns, propagated by division ; soil, light loam 
 and peat. See Asplenium. 
 A. austra'lis. Brown. Australia. 
 
 — caTiarie'nsis. Brown. Canaries. 1824. 
 
 — cauda'ta. Brown. I. of Luzon. 1824. 
 
 — falca'ta. 1. Brovm. India. 1843. 
 
 — las&rpibifdlia. Brown. I. of Luzon. 1843. 
 
 — oxyphy'lla. Brown, yellow. I. of Luzon. 
 
 1843. 
 
 — pellu*cida. Brown. I. of Luzon. 1843. 
 
 — platyphy'Ua. Brovm, yellow. Malacca. 1843. 
 
 — prcem&rmm. |. Brown. Jamaica. 1793. 
 
 — radia'ta. Brown. N. Amer. 1793. 
 
 ~~ ru'ta nmra'lia. i. Brown. Britain. 1793. 
 
 — se'rra. Brown. North of Europe. 1844. 
 
 — septentriona'le. i. Brown. Britain. 1844. 
 
 — spathuli'na. I. of Luzon. 1844. 
 
 — va'riaTis. I. of Luzon. 1844. 
 
 Acro'stichum. (From akros, top, 
 and sUchos, order ; in reference to the 
 lines on the back of the leaves ; but the 
 application is not very obvious. Linn., 
 FUices — Polypodiacece. ) 
 
 Nearly all stove Ferns. Seed and root division ; 
 loam and peat, equal parts. Winter temp, not 
 below 600. 
 
 A. alcico'rne. 1. September. N. S. Wales. 
 1808. 
 
 — appendicula'twm. 2. W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 — asplenifo'lium. 1. Brown, yellow. July. 
 
 Braail. 1833. 
 
 — au'reum. 4. August. W. Ind. 1815. 
 
 — citrifo'Hum. J. Yellow, brown. September. 
 
 W. Ind. 
 
 — erini'tum. 1. July. W. Ind. 1793. 
 — finilyna'tum,. Brazil. 1824. 
 —flagelKfenum. 2. E. Ind. 1828. 
 —fvxifo'rme. 1. Brown, yellow. July. Ma- 
 lacca. 
 
 — glcmdvlo'sfu/m. 1. Jamaica. 1826. 
 
 — granlde. 6. Moreton Bay. 1828. 
 
 — Herminie'ri. Tropical America. 1871. 
 
 — jugUmdifo'lmm. 2. Yellow, brown. August. 
 Surinam. 1832. 
 
 — latifo'lium. 1. Yellow, blue. Jamaica. 
 
 — longifolium. 1. August. Jamaica. 1817. 
 
 — nieotiami/o'Uum. 2. Brown. October. W. Ind. 
 
 — pHoselloi'des. 2. Brown, yellow. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1822. „ ^ , 
 
 — scolopefndrivm. 2. Brown. August. E. Ind. 
 
 — sSw/plex. 1. Jamaica. 1793. 
 
 — Stema'ria. 1. July. Guinea. 1823. 
 
 — evbdialpha/na. Brown. India. 
 
 AcrQtre'ma. (From akros, a point, 
 and trema, a perforation. Nat. ord.^ 
 Dilleniacece. ) 
 Stove evergreen plants. For culture, see DOLio, 
 
 CAMPUS. 
 
 A. Walkefri. Yellow. June. Ceylon. 1861. 
 B. M. t. 6363. Warm greenhouse. 
 
 Acro'triohe. (From akros, top, and 
 thrix, hair ; referring to the hairs on 
 the sepals. Nat. ord., Epacridece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of 
 young shoots in sandy peat, under a bell-glass,. 
 in cool house or frame. 
 
 A. divarica'ta, i. White. May. Australia.. 
 1824. 
 
 — ovalifo'lia. J. White. May. Australia. 
 
 1823. B. M. t. 3171. Syn., A. cordata. 
 
 Actse'a. (From aktaia, the elder ; re- 
 ferring to the leaves. Nat. ord., Banun- 
 culacecB. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, useful for rock- 
 ery or vrild garden, shady positions. Propaga- 
 tion by division and seed. 
 
 A. spica'ta. 3. White. May. Britain. Eng. 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 49. 
 
 ru'bra. 
 
 nigra. 
 
 Actine'lla. (From aktin, a ray. 
 Nftt. ord., Compositoe.) 
 A. grandifio'ra. ^. Yellow. Colorado. 
 
 — lana'ta. See Erwsperimi'm coBspitorum. 
 
 Actini'dia. (From aktm, a ray ;. 
 the styles radiate like the spokes of a 
 wheel. Nat. ord., Temstrcemiacece.) 
 
 The species of this genus are ornamental de- 
 ciduous climbing shrubs, and perfectly hardy ; in 
 autumn the leaves of A. Kolamicta change to- 
 white and redj when it is very handsome and 
 effective, and is especially suitable for trellis- 
 work, or a verandah. Any light soil. Seeds, 
 layers, or cuttings. 
 A. Kolomi'cta. White. N. E. Asia. 1880. Eev. 
 
 Hort. 1874, f. 395. 
 —poli/gama. White. Japan. 187-0. 
 
 — volu!bUU. White. Japan. 1874. Kev. Hort. 
 
 1874, f. 395. 
 
 Aetinoca'rpus. See Dama- 
 so'nium. 
 
 Actinole'pis. (From aktin, a ray, 
 and lepis, a scale. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positce. ) 
 
 A. corona'ria. 1. Yellow. California. Sep- 
 tember. 1839. Syns., Eceria coronaria, 
 and HyTnenoxys califomica. B. M. 
 t. 3828. 
 
 Actinome'ris. (From aktin, a ray, 
 and meris, a part ; referring to the 
 radiated aspect of the plants. Nat. ord., 
 Compositce ; Tribe, Helianthoidem. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous plants, allied to Helianthus, 
 and of easy culture. Propagated by division 
 and seed. 
 
 A. aia'ta, with its var. alba, and A. helioM- 
 thai'des. See Verbesina. 
 
 — sQuarro'sa. 3. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1640. Jacq. Vind. 1. 110. Svas.,A.pro- 
 cera and Coreopsis alternifolia. 
 
ACT 
 
 [14] 
 
 ADE 
 
 Actinio'pteris. (From ahtin, a ray, 
 and pteris, a fern ; the fronds are radi- 
 ately cut into narrow segments. Nat. 
 ord. , Filices — A spleniece. ) 
 
 Beautiful stove ferns, with fan-shaped fronds, 
 cut into narrow segments ; the type is somewhat 
 difiScult to cultivate, but thefollowingnnethodis 
 given in the Florist and Pomologist for 1869. For 
 soil, break up crocks and charcoal in equal parts, 
 and as small as peas, and put with them a good 
 bit of silver sand, and a very small portion of 
 loam and peat, or little bits of turfy loam, but 
 only sufficient to set this rough sharp compost. 
 Half fill the pots with broken crocks, on which 
 place a small bit of sphagnum moss ; fill up with 
 the aboye compost, and plant. Syringe the plants 
 two or three times a day, and give plenty of water ; 
 the atmosphere must also be kept veryTnoist. In 
 summer keep them in a mean temp, of 780 to 80", 
 not letting the night temp, fall below 650 ; in 
 winter a mean temp, of about 73", the night temp, 
 not below 600. 
 
 A. radia'ta. India. 1869. Ic. PI. t. 975. 
 austra'lis. lo. PI. t. 976. 
 
 Actino'tns. (From actinotos, mean- 
 ing radiated, on account of the form of 
 the involuerum. Nat. ord., Umbelli- 
 ferce. ) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennials. Seeds 
 and root division ; loam and peat. They may be 
 grown in the open air in summer. 
 A. helia'nthi. 2. White. June. Australia. 
 
 1821. B. B. t. 664. 
 — Uueocelphalvs. Swan Eiver. 1837. Ic. PI. 
 
 t. 847. 
 
 Aculeate. Armed with prickles. 
 
 Acil'minate. Having along, slender 
 point. 
 
 Acu'te. Sharp pointed. 
 Acy'nos. See Calami'ntha. 
 
 A'da. (A complimentary name. Nat. 
 ord., OrchidacecB.) 
 
 Cool stove orchid. Peat and sphagnum in 
 
 equal parts. Thorough drainage, and plenty of 
 
 water. Division as soon as growth commences. 
 
 A. aurtmti'aca. Orange. New Grenada. 1864. 
 
 B. M. t. 6436. There is a variety mesoa- 
 
 pmidiwm, 
 
 Adam's Needle. See Yu'cca. 
 Ada'mia. See Dichro'a. 
 Ada'msia sdUoi'des. See Pusch- 
 Isi'nia. 
 
 A. rotwndifo'lia, and glacialis. See Geum. 
 
 Adanso'nia. (In honour of Adan- 
 son, a French naturalist, who travelled 
 in Africa. Nat. ord., Malvacem.) 
 
 A. digita'ta. White. Senegal. 1724. B. M. 
 t. 2791-2. This tree, known as the Bao- 
 bab or Monkey-bread, is a native of the 
 warmer parts of Africa, and is remark- 
 able for the immense diameter, some- 
 times 30 feet, which its trunk attains 
 in proportion to its height. A second 
 species, A. Gregorii, is a native of North 
 Australia. 
 
 A'dder's - Tongue. A genus of 
 Perns. Ophioglo' ssum. 
 
 Adela'ster albive'nis is probably a 
 species of Eranthe/nwrn,. It is a hand- 
 some foliage plant, with leaves of a very 
 dark green, veined with white. 
 
 Ade'lges aliie'tis. Spmce Gall 
 Chermes. At the ends of the shoots of 
 the Larch, Spruce Fir, and some of the 
 allied species, are often to be found 
 swoUen structures, which much resemble 
 miniature cones (Fig. 1). These are galls 
 formed by the Adelges. This insect 
 seems to have two distinct generations, 
 though the connection between the two 
 does not seem to have been thoroughly 
 
 worked out. In the first generation the 
 insect is blackish, with a cottony cover- 
 ing. It is of a roundish form, and wing- 
 less, with six very short legs, and a long 
 slender sucker, with which it pierces 
 the young buds between the scales, and 
 sucks their juices. The eggs are de- 
 posited outside the bud in clusters, and 
 are stalked ; from them are developed 
 minute, six-legged, active larvae, which 
 crawl about over the leaves, and attack 
 the bud ; and it is from their attacks, 
 probably united with the sucking of the 
 juices of the bud by the mother insect, 
 that the formation of the gaU is caused. 
 In the second generation the female 
 Adelges (Fig. 3, magnified), according 
 to a wnter in the Gardeners' Chronicle, 
 1874, n. s. I., p. 635, deposits her eggs 
 in April at the base of the gall, which 
 has already grown to a considerable 
 size ; the eggs are yeUowish-green or 
 grey. The larvae are covered with a 
 wool-like secretion ; ^t first they are 
 OTeenish, afterwards changing to a red- 
 dish hue, and have conspicuous dark 
 eyes. Soon after they are hatched, they 
 crawl over the gall, and place them- 
 selves in lines along the sutures of its 
 scales, effecting an entrance to the in- 
 ternal cavities of the gall (which are 
 
ADE 
 
 [13] 
 
 ADE 
 
 already formed) by means of small hori- 
 zontal slits, ■which, after the entrance of 
 the larvae, close up and do not open 
 again until the insects are full grown, 
 when the lips of the cavities separate, 
 and the pupte creep out and become 
 transformed into winged insects. Fig. 2 
 represents a section through two cavi- 
 ties containing pupse, magnified. This 
 insect often commits great havoc in Fir 
 plantations, checking growth, and en- 
 tirely spoiling the beauty of the trees 
 attacked. The only remedy is to cut 
 off the infested branches and burn 
 them. 
 
 Ade'lia. (From a, not, and delos, 
 visible ; in reference to the minute parts 
 of fructification. Nat. orA., Euphorbia- 
 ce(B.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Peat and loam ; cut- 
 tings in san<^ loam, after their cut end is dry. 
 A. addo'ton. 3. Greenish-white. June. Ja- 
 maica. 1768. 
 
 — Bema'rdia. 6. Green. July. Jamaica. 1768. 
 
 — rieine'Ua. 6. Greenish-white. July. Jamaica. 
 
 1768. 
 
 Adelobo'trys. (From adelos, ob- 
 scure, and botrys, a cluster. Nat. ord. , 
 MelastomacecB. ) 
 
 Stove epiphytes. 
 A. Limde'ni. White, changing to purple. Brazil. 
 1866. 
 
 — sealndens. White. Guiana. 
 
 Adena'ndra. (From aden, a gland, 
 and aner, the stamen or male organ ; re- 
 ferring to the aspect of the anthers. Nat. 
 ord., ButacecB. Thisgenus was formerly 
 included in Diosma, imder which name 
 most of the figures cited below will be 
 found. ) 
 
 Dwarf greenhouse shmhg. Turfy loam. Peat, 
 and sand cuttings of the young tops, in sand 
 under a bell-glass, in cool house. Seed. 
 A. ama'na. 2. Red or white. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1798. B. K. t. 563. Syn., 
 
 A. acwminata. 
 
 — mria'cea. 2. Pink. June. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1720. 
 —fra'grans. 3. Pink. June. , Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1812. B. M. t. 1519. 
 
 — marginata. 2. Pink. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1806. 
 
 — tetra'gona. See Acnuidenia tetragona. 
 
 — vmbdla'ta. 2. Pink. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1790. 
 
 gpeci&sa. 2. Pink. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1789. liere are two forms of this, 
 viz. , multiflo'ra and pauetjlo'ra. 
 
 — unifio'ra. 1. Pink. June. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1775. B. M. t. 273. 
 
 " I'ris. 1. White. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1800. 
 
 pute'seens. 2. Pink. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1786. Syn., A. mllosa. 
 
 Adena'nthera. (From aden, a 
 gland, a,nd anthera, an anther; referring 
 to the gland on each anther. Nat. ord., 
 LeguminoscB. Allied to Mimosa.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Loam and peat ; cut- 
 tings in sand under a bell-glass. 
 A. chryiosta'chys. See Piptadenia. 
 — falca'ta. See Albizzia procera. 
 
 — pavoni'na. 5. Yellow, white. July. B. Ind 
 
 1759. Wight, HI. t. 84. 
 
 — sca'ndens. See Entada. 
 
 Adena'nthos. (From aden, a gland, 
 and anthos, a flower ; referring to the 
 glands on the flowers. Nat. ord., Pro- 
 teacece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Sandy peat 
 cuttings in spring, under a glass, in sand in gentle 
 bottom-heat ; soil, peat, and loam. 
 A. ba/rbi'gera. Swan River. 
 
 — cuneata. 5. Red. July. West Australia. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — obova'ta. 5. Red. July. West Australia. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — seri'cea. 5. Red. West Australia. 1824. 
 
 — termina'lis. Swan Eiver. 
 
 Ade'niuin. (From Aden, where it 
 is native. Nat. ord. , Apocynacece. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub, allied to Alstonia, 
 It is propagated from cutting of the young 
 shoots in sand, under a glass, with bottom-heat, 
 in spring. Soil, sandy loam and peat, in equal 
 proportions. 
 
 A. obe'swm. 3. June. Pinky-crimson. Aden. 
 1845. B. M. t. 6418. Syn., A. houghel 
 of B. R. 1846, t. 54, but not of De 
 Candolle. 
 
 Adenocaly'mna. (From aden, a 
 gland, and calymna, a covering ; refer- 
 ring to the conspicuous glands on the 
 leaves and floral coverings. Nat. ord., 
 BignoniacecB. ) 
 
 A. genus of stove evergreen climbers. Loam 
 and peat ; cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass 
 with Dottom-heat. 
 
 A. cmrw'swm. 20. October. Yellow. Brazil. 
 1841. B. M. t. 4210. 
 
 — Irnigeracemo'suvfi. Yellow. October. Brazil 
 
 — ni'tidAim. Yellow. Brazil? 1869. Pax. El. 
 
 Gard. t. 2. 
 
 Adenoea'rpus. (From aden, a 
 gland, and carpus, fruit ; referring to 
 the glands on the fruit. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminosm ; Tribe, Genistem. Allied 
 to Laburnum.) 
 
 All are yellow-flowered. The first two green- 
 house plants, the remainder deciduous and 
 hardy ; sandy loam. Seeds sown in March, and 
 cuttings any time in spring and summer. 
 A. deco'rticam. May. Sierra Nevada. Kev. 
 Hort. 1883, p. 166. 
 
 — foliolo'sus. 6. May. Canaries. 1629. B. M. 
 
 t. 426. Syn., Cytisus foliolosus. 
 —frarikenioi'des. 2. June. Canaries. 1815. 
 These two are evergreen, and require 
 protection from frost. 
 
 — hispa'nvyus. 3. June. Spain. 1816. 
 
 — imterme'dms. i. June. Sicily. 
 
 — parvifo'lms. 4. June. South of France. 1800. 
 
 — telone'rms. S.June. South of France. 1800. 
 Adeno'phora. (FromarfcTO,agland, 
 
 a,ni phoreo, to bear. Nat. ord., Cam- 
 panulacecB. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous plants, like Campanula, in 
 which genus some of the species wete formerly 
 placed Ordinary garden-soil. ='""'= ah h=va 
 blue or bluish flowers. 
 
 Seeds. All have 
 
ADE 
 
 [16] 
 
 ADI 
 
 A. mrona'ta. 2. July. 1818. B. E. 1. 149. Syn., 
 .4. mairswpifiora. 
 
 — corimopiifcnia. 1. June. Dahuria. 1822. 
 
 Swt. H. G. 104. 
 
 — denticvla'ta. 1. July. Siberia. 1817. Swt. 
 
 H. G. 116. Syn., A. tricuspidata. 
 
 — Fieche'H. 2. August. Siberia. 1819. 
 
 — Gmeli'ni. 2. June. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 — intermedia. 2. August. Siberia. 1819. 
 
 Swt. Fl. G. ser. 2, 1. 108. 
 
 — Lama'rcHi. 2. July. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 — liliifcflia. 4. July. Siberia. 1810. B. E. 
 
 t. 236. ,Syn., A. convmunie. 
 
 hy'brida. 2. June. Siberia. 1816. 
 
 suave^olens. 2. June. Siberia. 1816. 
 
 — peresicicBfo'lia. 2. June. Siberia. 1821. 
 
 — periplocifo'lia. 1. August. Siberia. 1824. 
 
 — Sabelaisia'na. 2. August. Siberia. 1823. 
 
 — reticula'ta. 2. July. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 — styl&m. 2. May. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 — vertiffiUa'ta. 2. June.^ Siberia. 1783. Swt. 
 
 Fl. G. n. 160. 
 
 Adeno'stoma. (From aden, aglarid, 
 and stoma, a pore. Nat. ord., Bosacece; 
 Tribe, SpirmecB. Ahardy evergreenshrub, 
 allied to the Lady 's Mantle (AlchemUla). ) 
 Propagated by cuttings of the young shoots in 
 spring or autumn, under a glass, in sand. Soil, 
 nch loam and peat, in equal proportions. 
 A. fascicula'ta. 3. White. California. 1848. 
 J. Hort. Soc, vol. 6, p. 66. 
 
 Adenotri'ehia. See Sene'cio. 
 
 Ade'smia. (From a, not, or without, 
 and desmos, a bond ; in reference to the 
 stamens being ffee. Nat. ord., Legumi- 
 noscB ; Tribe, Hedysarem. Greenhouse 
 and half-hardy plants, allied to Hedy- 
 sarum, all more or less of a trailing 
 habit. ) 
 
 Annuals only grown in botanical collections. 
 The others are greenhouse shrubs or climbers. 
 Soil, loam, peat and sand. Cuttings, in summer, 
 in sandy loam, under a glass. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 A. rmmca'ta. 1. Yellow. June. Patagonia. 
 1793. 
 
 — pajypo'm. 1. Yellow. June. Chili. 1823. 
 
 — pe'ndula. 1. Yellow. June. Buenos Ayres. 
 
 1826. Swt. Fl. G. Ser. 2, t. 322. 
 
 EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 
 A. baXsa'mica. Yellow. March. Chili. B. M. 
 t. 6921. 
 
 — glutino'sa. Yellow. Chili. 1831. 
 
 — Loudo'nii. 2. Yellow. May. Valparaiso. 
 
 1830. B. E. 1. 1720. 
 
 — microphy'tta. Yellow. Valparaiso. 1830. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1692. 
 
 — uspallate'nsis. 1. Yellow. July. Chili. 
 
 1832. Swt. Fl. G. ser. 2, t. 222. 
 
 — visco'sa. 12. Yellow. August. Chili. 1831. 
 
 Swt. Fl. G. ser. 2, t. 230. 
 
 Adhato'da. (Native name. Nat. 
 ord,, Acanthacece. Allied to Justicia.) 
 
 Small ornamental stove shrubs. Soil, loam, 
 fibry peat and sand. Cuttings of young shoots 
 in spring, in sand under a bell-glass, with bottom- 
 heat. 
 
 A. cydonieefo'lia. 5. Purple, white. August. 
 BrazU. 186B. B. M. t. 4962. 
 
 — Va'Hca. 10. Purple. July. E. Indies. 1699. 
 
 B. M. t. 861. Syn., juetieia Adhatoda. 
 
 Adianto'psis. (From adiantum and 
 opsis, like ; resembling the Maidenhair. 
 
 Nat. onA.., Filices—PolypodiacecB.) This 
 genus is sometimes regarded as a section 
 of Cheilanthes. 
 
 Stove ferns. 
 A. ptero'ides. Java. 
 
 — radia'ta. 1.- S. America. 
 
 Adia'ntum. Maidenhair. (From 
 adiantos, dry, as if plunged .in water, 
 yet remaining dry. Nat. oxA.., FUiees — 
 rolypodiacecB. ) 
 
 Greenhouse and stove Ferns. Loam and peat. 
 Boot division, or seeds scattered on a moist shady- 
 surface. Greenhouse temp, in winter, 40° to 45% 
 and stove winter temp., 50° to 55°. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 A. aff!n6. 1. New Zealand. 
 
 — assi'mile. Same as A. oethiopicum. There is 
 
 a variety eristatum, from Victoria. 
 
 — Bou'mei. 1882. 
 
 — Bu'mii. Garden variety. 1887. 
 
 — capl'llus Veneris, f . July. Britain. Ca^il- 
 
 laire is so called from being made with 
 
 this plant. 
 
 digUa'tum. Dwarf. 1887. 
 
 imbrica'timi. A garden variety with com- 
 
 pact'habit. 1887. 
 
 — chilelnee. 1. Chili. 1862. 
 
 — Colli'sii. See A. lunvlatum. 
 
 — cwnea'twm. 1. August. Brazil. 1820. 
 disse'ctvm,. 1879. 
 
 gra'ndiceps. 
 
 Latho'mi. 
 
 — cycloso'rwm. IJ. Ecuador. 1887. 
 
 — Jja'dd^i. Hybrid between A. cuneatum and 
 
 A. amaWle. 1887. 
 
 — doldbriffo'rme. 1882. 
 
 — fdstum. Hybrid between A. cuneatum and 
 
 A. a/mabUe. 1887. 
 — folio' sv/m. August. 
 —foTTno'sum. 1. July. Australia. 1820. 
 —fragramU'smnwm. 2. Garden variety. 1887. 
 — fu'timm. New Zealand. 
 
 — Mams. New Caledonia. 1887. 
 
 — hispi'dAtlvim. 1. August. Australia. 1822. 
 teneHlwm. J. 
 
 — Legra'ndii. 1882. 
 
 — Mairi'sii. Hybrid. 1885. Syn., A. Roperi, 
 
 — Marie' sii. Central China. 1880. 
 
 — Cweni. Hybrid between A. amabile and A. 
 
 euTieatwm. IJ. 1887. 
 
 — Paet/ttii. Deep green. 1882. 
 
 — Paradi'aece. i. S. Africa. 1889. 
 
 — puhe:seens. 1. April. Australia. 1830. 
 
 — pulvenMntum. 2. July. W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 — nnifo'rme. |. July. Madeira. 1699. 
 
 — rhodophy'llvim. Young fronds rosy-purple. 
 
 A hybrid (?). 1884. 
 
 — rhmiiboi'dewm. 1. July. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 Syn., A. variv/m of gardens. 
 
 — sudlyrwm. Chili. 1862. 
 
 — sulphvJrewm. 1. Chili. 1862. 
 
 — titwtwm. Peru. 1862. 
 
 — Vioto'rim. 1882. A form of A. tenerum. 
 
 — Walto'ni. Garden variety, probably derived 
 
 from A. amabUe. ,1887. 
 
 — Weiga'ndii. 1. America. 1883. 
 
 — Willia'meii. Mountains of Peru. 1877. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 A. (s^nrndv/m. Brazil. 1877. 
 
 — cethi&picum. 2. September. 1838. 
 
 — ama'bUe. Peru. 1868. 
 
 — aneite!nse. Aneiteum Isles. 1880. 
 
 — asarifo'lium. I. of Bourbon. 
 
 — Bau'sei is a garden hybrid. 1879. 
 
 — be'Uvm. Bermuda. 1879. 
 
 — brazilie'nse. 2. Brazil. 1844. 
 
 — cardioehlc^na. See A. polyphyllum. 
 
 — cauda'twm. B. Indies. 
 
ADI 
 
 [17] 
 
 ^C 
 
 A. colpo'des. Ecuador. 1865. 
 
 — amci'nnum. 2. June. Australia. 
 la'tum. Muna. 1868. 
 
 — corda'tum. Brown. Yellow. Mindenao. 
 
 — crista'tum, 1. Brown. Jamaica. 1844, 
 
 — cidtra'tv/m, 2. W. Indies. 
 
 — curva'twm, 2. Brazil. 1841. 
 
 — deco'rwm. Peru. 1868. 
 
 — deltoi'deum. 1. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 — denticula'timi. Brown. July. W. Indies. 
 
 — Farley ef nee. Barbadoes. 1865. Syn., A. teiie- 
 
 ru/m Farleyense. 
 Moritzia'num. 1. S. Amer. 1838. 
 
 — Fergmo'ni. Ceylon. 1884. 
 —flabeUifafliwm. 1. Brown. September. Ja- 
 maica. 
 
 — flabellula'tum. E. Ind. 
 
 — Jlave'scem. Yellow. June. W. Ind. 
 
 — folio' sum. 1. Brown. August. 
 
 — Foma'num. 1. Brown. May. W. Ind. 1840. 
 
 — Ghwsbre'ghtii. 
 
 — graei'llimum. 1. Fronds yeUowish-olive- 
 
 green. 1874. 
 
 — Benderso'ni. Young fronds rosy -tinted. 
 
 Columbia. 1873. 
 
 — BeTisloma'num. Columbia, Peru. 1873. Syns., 
 
 A. sessUifolvum and A. Rekhenbiwhii. 
 
 — hirsu'twm. Luzon. 
 
 — vnterme-diwm: 1. Brazil. 
 
 — lAnde'ni. Amazons. 1866. 
 
 — lu'ddum. 1. Brown. August. S. Amer. 
 
 — luna'tum. J. July. Mexico. 1823. 
 cdelKaim. Celebes. • 1879. Syn., A. 
 
 celeiense. 
 
 — lunula'tum. Luzon. Syn., A. dolabrifomw. 
 
 — macrophy'Uum. 1. July. Jamaica. 1793. 
 glau'cum. New Grenada. 1875. 
 
 — Moo'rei, 3. Pinnules very large, trapeziform. 
 
 Peru. 1870. Syn., A. peruvianum of 
 some gardens. 
 
 — Moritzut'mmi is a variety of A. Farleyense. 
 
 — nrnlndvlwrn. ^. 1879. 
 
 ~~ neoguinef^nse. New Guinea. 1877. 
 
 — TUjvoB-caledo'nioB. 1883. 
 
 ^ obli'quwm. 1. April. W. Ind. 1826. 
 
 — palma'tum. Peru. 1877. 
 
 — pa'teng. 1. July. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 — peda'tuvfh. 1. N. Amer. 1640. 
 
 — pentada'ctylon. July. Brazil. 1828. 
 
 — p&ruvia'nwm. Peru. 1869. 
 
 — polyphj/llum. 3. Peru. Syn., A. ea/rdio- 
 ' chltsnii. 
 
 — pri'nceps. Fronds 3 ft. long, drooping. New 
 
 Grenada. 
 
 — prianophy'llum. Tropical America. 
 
 — radia'twm. f . July. W. Ind. 1776. 
 
 — rube'llum. J. Younger fronds reddish. 
 
 Bolivia. 1868. 
 
 — Seema'nni. Central America. 1868. Syn., 
 
 A. Zahnii of gardens. 
 
 — semda'twm. 1. August. Jamaica. 1822, 
 
 — sessilifo'lium. Peru. 1870. 
 
 — setulo'sv/m. 1. Norfolk Island. 1805. 
 
 — apecio'sum. A scajident species, Peru, Ecua- 
 
 dor. 1873. 
 
 — stria'tum. June. W. Ind. 1822. 
 
 — tdnerum. 1. July. Jamaica. 1793. 
 
 — temaltwm. \. July. S. Amer. 1819. 
 
 — tetraphj/ Hum. Tropical America. 1879. 
 oUu'sum. |. Congo. Dl. Hort. 1889, 
 
 t. 86. 
 
 — trapeafo/rme. 1^. June. W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 — tnaungvXaltwm. July. Trinidad. 1824. 
 
 — va'rium. 1. July. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 — VeUchia'num. Young fronds red. Peruvian 
 
 Andes. 1868. 
 ~veluti'imm. Columbia. 1866. 
 
 — villo'sum. 1. July. Jamaica. 1775, 
 
 — WUesia'nv/m. Jamaica. 
 
 — WUso'ni. i. Jamaica. Syn., A. Seemarmi of 
 
 some gardens, but not the true plant. 
 
 Adi'na. (From adinos, crowded ; the 
 
 flowers being crowded into a head. Nat. 
 ord. , Rubiacew. ) 
 
 A pretty little evergreen shrub, requiring a 
 
 cool stove. Cuttings in sandy loam, under a 
 
 bell-glass. Sou, sandy loam and peat. 
 
 A. gloUfio'ra. 3. White. July. China. 1804 
 
 Par. Lond. 1. 116. S^n., NoAuHea Adina. 
 
 Adlu'mia. (Named after Adlum, an 
 American author. Nat. ord., Fwma- 
 riacece. ) 
 
 A hardy herbaceous climber, requiring com- 
 mon soil. Seeds. 
 
 A. elrrho'm. 15. White, August. N. America 
 1778. 
 
 Ado'nis. (Named after Adonis of 
 the Classics. Nat. otA.., BanunculacecB.) 
 Pretty hardy herbaceous plants ; common gar- 
 den soil ; the annual species from seeds, and the 
 Eerennial from seed or root division. Useful 
 order or rock plants. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 A. cestiva'lis. 2. Scarlet. June. South of Europe. 
 1629. Echb. Ic. Crit. IV. 317. Syn., A. 
 vniniata. 
 
 — cmtumma'lis. 1. Crimson. July. Britain. 
 
 Echb, Ic, Crit. IV. 319. Pheasant's eye. 
 
 — citn'na. 1, Orange. June. South of Europe. 
 
 1819. 
 —Jla'Tnmea. 1. Scarlet. Austria. 
 
 PERENNIALS. 
 
 — disto'rta. 1. April. Yellow. Naples. 1827. 
 
 — pyrena'wa. IJ. July. Yellow. Pyrenees. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — verna'lia. 1. March. Yellow. Europe. 1629. 
 
 B. M. t. 134, Syns., A. appenina and 
 
 Mentzelii. 
 ma'jor. Dwarfer, flowers larger. 1879. 
 
 G. C. 1879, v. 11, p. 621. 
 sibi rica. 2. April. Yellow. Siberia. 
 
 1827, 
 
 — volgefnsis. 1, April. Yellow. Russia. 1818. 
 
 Syn., A. davurica. 
 
 .^clinie'a. (From aichme, a point ; 
 in reference to the rigid points on the 
 calices or flower-envelopes. Nat. ord., 
 BromeliacecB. ) 
 
 Suckers ; light turfy loam and leaf mould ; 
 very handsome. Stove herbaceous perennials, 
 -tfi. Barle'ei. 3. Primrose. Brit. Honduras, 
 1877. 
 
 — bractea'ta. Yellow, bracts crimson. W. Ind. 
 
 1873. 
 
 — calycula'ta. J. Yellow, bracts red. 1862. 
 
 Syns., Eohenbergia calyculata, Hoplo- 
 phytum calyculatuTn, and Macrochor- 
 dium IwteuTn. 
 
 — caeU'stis. Sky-blue. Brazil, Syns,, Hopla- 
 
 phytum cceleste and Hohenbergia co&lestis. 
 
 — Cisrule^scens. 1, Bluish, S. America. 1870. 
 
 Syns., AE. ecerulea, Ltmiprococcus, and 
 JSoplophytum ccerutesceTitt. 
 
 — Co'mui. A form of nudicaulis. Rev. Hort. 
 
 1886, p. 36. 
 
 — di'scolor. 2. Scarlet, purple. June. 1844. 
 
 — disticha'ntha. 1. Ked-purple. S, Brazil. 
 
 1852, Syn,, Hohenbergia distichantha. 
 
 — erythrosta'chya. Rose, red. Brazil. 1864, 
 
 Syn,, Hohenbergia erythrostachya. 
 
 — exsu'dans. 2, White. W. Ind. 1824. Syns., 
 
 Bromelia exsudans, Hohenbergia exsu^ 
 dans, H. cantata. The flowers exude a 
 white greasy substance. 
 fasna'ta. l|. Pink, bracts rose. Rio Janeiro. 
 1826. Syns., Billbergia fasciata smd £. 
 rhodocyanea. 
 
 C 
 
MC 
 
 [18] 
 
 AEE 
 
 A. Fema'ndce. 2. Yellowish. Para. 1872. Syns., 
 Ananas Mensdorfiana and Brcrmelia Fer- 
 nandce. 
 
 —flemw'sa. See ^. apectaKlis. 
 
 —fu'lgens. 1. Scarlet, blue. September. Cay- 
 enne. 1842. 
 
 ■^ Furstenbe'rgii. 1. Eose. Bahia. 1879. 
 
 ^ Germinya'na. 2. Beddish - white. New 
 Grenada. Syna., Bromelia daguenns and 
 Ch&valiera Germmyana. 
 
 — Glazw'vi. 7. Eed-purple. S. Brazil. 1880. 
 
 Belg. Hort. 1881, 1. 13. 
 
 — glamera'ta. Violet, bracts crimson. Bahia. 
 
 1866. Syn., Pironneava glomerata. 
 
 — Hookdri. Scarlet, purple, yellow. Brazil. 
 
 1864. ' 
 
 — hy'strix. 2J. Violet, bracts scarlet. Feb- 
 
 ruary. Cayenne. 1880. 
 
 — Lali'ndei. HI. Hort. t. 481. 
 
 — Legrellia'na. J. Eed-purple. 1866. Syn., 
 
 Hohenbergia LegreUiana. 
 
 — Linde'ni. 1. Yellow, bracts red. S. Brazil. 
 
 1864. Syn., Hoplovhytum Lvndmi. 
 
 — Luddemannia'na. Red, green. S. America. 
 
 1866. Syn., Piron/neavaLuddemanniaTia. 
 
 — ma&raca'Titha. See jE. Schiedeana. 
 Pettie'ri. 3 to 4. Whitish, bracts carmine. 
 
 1880. 
 
 — Mari'oB Regilrue. Blue, white, bracts car- 
 
 mine. April. Costa Eica. 1863. 
 
 — Melino'nii. 1. Crimson, pink. S. America. 
 
 — Merte'nsii. 2. Green, red. March. Demerara. 
 
 1830. 
 
 — 'mexiea'na. 2. Green, crimson. Mexico. 
 
 — Marrenia'na. 2. Purple. S.America. 1875. 
 
 Syn., Piro7ineava Morrenniana. 
 
 — mueronifto'ra. J. Yellow. Demerara. 1855. 
 
 — myruiphy'lla. 2*. Pink, fading to lilac. 
 
 Trop. America. 1887. B. M. t. 6939. 
 
 — nudicau'tu. 1. Yellow. Tropical America. 
 
 1825. Syns., Billbergia and Hohenbergia 
 nudicaulis. 
 
 — o'dora. 7. Yellowish. Guiana. 1879. 
 
 — Ortgie'sii. Bed. 1860. Syn., Ortgiesla til- 
 
 landsioid^. 
 
 — panicMla'ta. 2. Eosy purple, bracts white, 
 
 woolly. Summer. Mexico. 1877. 
 
 — pamcuWgera. 3. Eed-purple. Jamaica. 1882. 
 
 Syn., Hohenbergia paniculigera. 
 
 — Pinelia'rM. 1. Yellow, bracts red. Brazil. 
 
 1862. Syns._, Echviwstaehys and Macro- 
 chordium Pineliam/um. 
 
 — purpu'rea. 1 to 1^. Leaves, crimson-purple. 
 
 Columbia. 1889. 
 
 — reguia'rie. 1. White, bracts "red. S. Brazil. 
 
 1873. 
 
 — Schiedea'na. Pale yellow. Central Mexico. 
 
 1880. Syn., j^, ma^aeantha. 
 ^~ apecta'bUis. Eose-crimson. Guatemala. 1875. 
 Syn., ^. Jlexuosa. 
 
 — suavflolens. 2J. Pink. April. Brazil. 1838. 
 
 Syn., Billbergia melanacantha. 
 
 — Vei'tchii. 1. Scarlet. Columbia. 1877. 
 
 Syn., Chevalliera Veitchii. 
 
 — Weilbachii. IJ. Pink, light violet ; scape 
 
 and bracts scarlet. Brazil. 1854. 
 
 leodie'nsis. Scarlet, violet, green. Brazil. 
 
 1887. 
 
 .ZEjCi'dium. A genus of minute cup- 
 shaped fungi, parasitic on the leaves and 
 stems of various plants. The best known 
 species is .M. berberidis, which lives on 
 the leaves of the common Berberry. 
 Puccinia graminis, parasitic upon wheat, 
 has been shown to be but a phase in the 
 life history of .^. berberidis, and the 
 same is probably true of the numerous 
 (ither species, such as ^. convallarim, 
 '-M, ficaria, and jE. violce, of which men- 
 
 tion will be made under the plants in- 
 fested by them. 
 
 .^gi'ceras. (From aix, a goat, and 
 kerbs, a horn ; alluding to the shape of 
 its fruit. Nat. ord., Myrsinacece.) 
 
 Small greenhouse evergreen tree. Propagated 
 from cuttings of the half-ripe shoots in summer, 
 under a glass, in sand, and gentle heat. Soil, 
 sandy loam and peat ; flowers, fragrant. 
 jS. ma'jus. White. Australia. 1824. Wight 
 111. 1. 146. Syn., ^. fragrans. 
 
 .^gi'phila. (From aix, a goat, and 
 philos, dear ; referring to its being a 
 favourite with goats. JJat. ord., Ver- 
 benacece. ) 
 
 Ornamental stove evergreen shrubs. Eich 
 sandy loam ; cuttings in sand, under a glass, 
 with bottom-heat. 
 M. arbore'scens. 10. White. Trinidad. 1823. 
 
 — diffu'sa. 2. Yellow. July. W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 Andr. Eep. vol. 9, p. 678, f. 1. 
 
 — ela'ta. 12. Pale yellow. August. Jamaica. 
 
 1823. B. E. t. 946. 
 —fce'tida. 2. Lilac. July. W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — grandifio'ra. 2. Yellow. November. Ha- 
 
 vannah. 1843. B. M. t. 4230. Syn., 
 j^. verrucosa. 
 
 — If^ms. June. Yellow. Guinea. 1824. 
 
 — martinist^nsis. 6. White. W. Ind. 1780. 
 
 Jacq. Fr. t. 46. 
 
 — obova'ta. 2. Yellow. September. W. Ind. 
 
 1804. Andr. Eep. yol. 9, p. 678, f. 2. 
 
 — tri'Jlda. 4. White. June. Jamaica. 1826. 
 
 .^'gle. Bengal Quince. (From .tSgle, 
 one ofthe Hesperides. Nat. ord. Euia- 
 cece.) 
 
 The Marmelos or Bael is a delicious Indian 
 fruit, possessing high medi«inal qualities. Stove 
 evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe- wooded shoots, 
 in sand, under a bell-^ass, with bottom-heat ; 
 rich loam. 
 
 jS. ma'rmelos. 6. Whitish red. E. Ind. 1759. 
 Bedd. Fl. Syl. 1. 161. 
 
 .ffigochlo'a. See Navarre'tia. 
 
 .^oUa'nthuS. (From aiolo, to vary, 
 and anthos, a flower ; referring to the 
 variableness of the flowers. Nat. ord., 
 LabiatcB. ) 
 
 Stove annual. Sandy loam ; seeds. 
 JE. Livingsto'nii. Brown. E. Africa. 1869. 
 
 — suave' olens. 1. White. July. Brazil. 1825. 
 
 .fflo'nium. See Sempervi'vum. 
 
 .fflra'nthus. (From aer, air, and 
 anthos, a flower ; referring to the way 
 in which the plant grows. Nat. ord. , Or- 
 chidacem; Tribe, Vandece, Sarcanthece.) 
 
 Stove orchid. Division of root ; on wood, or 
 in a basket. 
 yE. arachni'tis. J. Green. Madagascar. 1873. 
 
 — Curnowia'nus. Madagascar. 1883. 
 
 — grandiflo'rus. 1. Yellow, green. June. Mada- 
 
 gascar. 1823. 
 
 Aera'tion. Exposing soil to the air. 
 
 Ae'rides. (From aer, the air : in 
 reference to the power these have of 
 living on the air. Nat. ord., Orchidacew; 
 Tribe, Vandece, Sarcanthece.) 
 
AER 
 
 [19] 
 
 ^S 
 
 Stove orchids. These all require a summer 
 temp, of 60° to 85°; winter, er to 66°. Grow 
 best in baskets filled with sphagnum or ^hite 
 bog-moss. 
 
 A. agi'ne. Rosy. India. Syn., A. rosewm. A. 
 afflne, of B. M. t. 4049, is A. multifiorum. 
 
 — Burbi'dgeisplefndens. Rich purple, ochre. 1886. 
 
 — eraamfalium. Purplish. Burmah. 1877. 
 
 — cri'spum. 1. White, rose. May. B. Ind. 1840. 
 
 Syns., A. Brookii, lAndieymvwm^ and 
 Wameri. 
 
 — eyli'ndricum. B. M. t. 4982. SeeA.vandarum. 
 
 — dasyca'rpum. Brownish, rosy. India ? 1866. 
 
 — diffo'rme. See Omithoohilusfuscus. 
 
 — Erne' rial. 4. Pale lilac. May. Andaman 
 
 Islands. 1882. B. M. t. 6728. 
 
 — expa'nswm. White, light rose. 1882, Syn., 
 
 A.faleatum, var. expansutm, 
 
 Leo'niae. Spur green. 
 
 — falca'tvmi. White, pale violet. Tenass'erim. 
 
 1862. SYas.,A.Larpent<e3,-aA1Mendalii. 
 
 — Farmelri. IJ. White, yellow. June. E. Ind. 
 
 — FieUXngH. Purple, white. India. 1856, 
 Wuliolmsli. White, rose. India. 
 
 — formo'sum. 1882. 
 
 *— gutta'tutn. See Shynchostylis retuia. 
 
 »— HouUetia'nwm. Yellow, purple, lip white and 
 
 amethyst. E. Tropical Asia? 
 ■— Sutto'ni. See Saccolabiwm. 
 
 — illu'stre. White. India. 1882. 
 
 •— japo'nicwm. i. Vellowish, white, purple. 
 June. Japan. 1862. Greenhouse. 
 
 — Lavyrencia'num. White, carmine. Trop. Asia. 
 
 1883. 
 
 — lelpUmn. White. India. 1883. 
 
 — Lvndleya'n'wm. 1. White, iiink. E. Ind. 
 
 — macula' turn formo'suTn. Whitish, rose. June. 
 
 — Tnaculo'swrn. IJ. Purple spotted. May. 
 
 Bombay. 1840. 
 
 — margina'tum. Yellow, blotohedpurple, brown. 
 
 1885. 
 
 — mitra'tum. White, lip violet. April, Moul- 
 
 mein. 1864. 
 
 — multyfio'nmi. 1. White, rose. India. 1837. 
 
 Syns. A. agme-, B. M. t. 4049, Lobbii, 
 trigonum, and Veitohii. 
 
 — odont&ckilwm. 2. Sylhet. 1837. 
 
 — odora'tum. IJ. White. August. E. Ind. 1800. 
 
 Syn., A. comutum. 
 iirma'nicum. Light purple line on tips 
 
 of the lateral sepals ; mid lobe of lip, 
 
 purple. Burmah. 
 
 Demido'Ji. White, rose. Lindenia 1. 14. 
 
 purpura' scene. G. C. 1881, vol. 16, p. 596. 
 
 — Ortgiesia'num. White, purple. 1885. 
 
 — pachyphy'llum. Crimson-laKe. Burmah. ISiJO. 
 
 — panicula'tmm. B. R. t. 220. See Sa/rcanthus. 
 
 — Pico'ti. Cochin-China. Orch. 1890, f . 288. 
 
 — quingv^vu'lnera. i. Pink. June. Philippines. 
 
 1838. 
 
 Schadenbergia'na. More compact than 
 
 the type. 1886. 
 
 — RoebeUnii. Greenish, rosy, yellow. 1884. 
 
 — Scmderia'nwm. White, purple, yellow. E. 
 
 Tropical Africa? 1884. 
 
 — Schrodderi. IJ. White, pink. E. Ind. 
 
 — suavi'ssimum. White, lilac. June. Malacca. 
 
 Syns., A. Balla/ntia/auYn,,7U}lyUe, Rcichen- 
 bachii, and JRohaniatvum. 
 
 — tessela'tum. White, green, and purple. June. 
 
 E. Ind. 1838. 
 
 — testa'ceum. See Vanda. 
 
 — Thibautia'nvm. White, amethyst. Polynesia. 
 
 1866. 
 
 — vanda'rum. White, yellow. India. 1867. 
 
 Syn,, A. cylindHewm. 
 ~~ vi'rens. Whitish, purple. April. Java. 1843. 
 ■ Mli'sii. White, tinged with rose. Warn. 
 
 Orch. Alb. t. 298. 
 
 — Wightia'nvm. See Yamda parmflora. 
 There are also the following garden hybrids :— 
 
 A. Dominia'na (1866), A. hybri'dmm (1861). 
 
 .ffi'nia. (From eroua, its Arabic 
 name. Nat. ord., Amarantacece.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous plants ; flowering in June. 
 Propagated by dividing roots. 
 JEJava'raca. 2. White. E. Ind. 1768. Wight 
 Icon. t. 876. 
 
 — loma'ta. 1. White. E. Ind. 1691. 
 
 .ffischyna'nthus. (From aischuno, 
 to be ashamed, and anthos, a flower. 
 Nat. ord., Oesneracece.) 
 
 Handsome twining stove shrubs ; often grown 
 on blocks with green moss, but they are more 
 satisfactory as pot or basket plants. Seeds, and 
 cuttinea of half -ripened wood, with all but a few 
 of the top leaves removed. In sand under a bell- 
 glass with bottom-heat. Soil, light rich loam, 
 sand, and well-decayed leaf -soil. 
 JB. atropurpu'reus. Java. 1846. B. M. t. 6131. 
 
 — atroswngui'Ticus. Dark red. July. Guate- 
 
 mala. 1848. 
 
 — Boschia'nus. Scarlet. July. Java. 1843. 
 
 — cordifo'lius. Red. Borneo. 
 
 — F^e'i. Mexico. Scandent. 
 
 —fu'lgens. Crimson, yellow. October. E. 
 Indies. B. M. t. 4891. 
 
 — grwndiflo'nus. 5. Scarlet. August. E. Ind. 
 
 1837. 
 
 — Horsfi'eldii. 2. Pale scarlet. August. Java. 
 
 1844. Gfl. t. 297. 
 — ja/va'nicus. Red, yellow. Java. 1849. B. M- 
 t. 4503. 
 
 — Li'ndeni. Amazons. 1866. 
 
 — Lobbia'rms. 1. Scarlet. June. Java. 1845. 
 
 B. M. t. 4260. 
 
 — longifio'rus. 2. Scarlet. June. 1846. B. M. 
 
 t. 4328. 
 
 — macula'tu^. 3. Scarlet: August. India. 
 
 1839. 
 
 — marmora'tue. 1882. 
 
 — miniaftus. 1^. Scarlet. June. Java. 1846. 
 
 Pax. Mag. vol. 16, p. 66. 
 
 — Paxto'nii. Scarlet. April. Khasea. 1839. 
 
 J. Hort. Soc. vol. 4, p. 79. 
 
 — pu'lcher^ Scarlet. 1. July. Java. 1845. 
 
 Pax. Mag. vol. 16, p. 161. 
 
 — purpura' scans. 1. Purple, yellow. March. 
 
 Java. 1845. B. M. t. 4236. 
 
 — radi'cans. Red. August. Sumatra. 1845. 
 
 — rainosi'ssvmus. 3. Scarlet. June. Khasea. 
 
 1837. B. M. t. 4264. 
 
 — Roxbu'rghii. Scarlet. July. E. Ind. 1837. 
 
 — spealo'sue. 2. May. Orange. Java. 1846. 
 
 B. M. t. 4320. Syn., .M. Aucklandi. 
 
 — sple^ndid/us. 1881. 
 
 — tricolor. Red, yellow, black. Borneo. B. 
 
 M. t. 6031. 
 
 — veluti'numi. Columbia. 1866. 
 
 — zebri'nus. Green, brown. Autumn. Java. 
 
 1846. 
 
 iEschyno'mene. (From aischuno, 
 to be ashamed ; in reference to the sup- 
 posed sensitiveness in the leaves. Nat. 
 ord., LegummoscB. Allied to Hedysa- 
 rum.) 
 
 Herbaceous and shrubby stove plants. The 
 annuals by seed in a high temperature, and the 
 shrubs by cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 a good bottom-heat ; rich sandy loam. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 JB. america'na. 2. Yellow. July. Jamaica. 
 1732. 
 
 — a'spera. 2. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 1769. 
 
 Wight Icon. t. 299. 
 
 — hi'spida. 2. Yellow. N. Amer. 1803. 
 
 — i'ndiea. 2. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 1799. 
 
 Wight Icon. t. 405. 
 
^s 
 
 [20] 
 
 AGA 
 
 JE.pu'mila. 3. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — aubvmo'sa. 1. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1816. 
 
 — irisci'dMla. 1. Yellow. July. Florida. 1816. 
 
 SHRUBS. 
 
 ^. ere'pitans. 4. Yellow. July. Caraocas. 
 1820. Jacq. Framn. t. 42, f. 2. 
 
 — pa'tttla. 4. Yellow. .July. Mauritius. 1820. 
 
 — pe'nclMla. 3. Yellow. July. Mauritius. 1826. 
 
 — sensiti'va. 3. White. W. Ind. 1733. 
 
 .ffi'sculus. (A name given by Pliny 
 to a kind of oak, having an edible fruit. 
 Nat. ord., Sapindaeece.) 
 
 Hardy, showy, deciduous trees for pleasure 
 Itarks or lawns. They thrive best in a deep, 
 rich, loamy soil. Seeds, or layers of the branches 
 in spring. Also grafts or buds on the common 
 horse chestnut. 
 
 .1®. califo'mica. 20. White. July. California. 
 B. M. t. 6077. 
 
 — ca'mea. See JE. rvMcunda. 
 
 — chine'nsis. China. 1889. 
 
 — gla'bra. 12. Greenish-yellow. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1812. Grafts. Syn., JB. oliio- 
 ensis. B. B. 24, t. 61, and ^. pallida. 
 
 — hippoca' sternum. 40. White. May. Asia. 1629. 
 
 Seeds. Common Horse C. 
 
 Jlo're-pUlno. 40. White. May. Gardens. 
 
 Grafts. 
 
 fo'liw arge!rvteis. 40. White. May. Gar- 
 dens. Grafts. 
 
 variega'tum. 16. White. May. Asia. 
 
 1629. Layers. 
 
 — i'ndica. 40. White. July. B. Indies. B. M. 
 
 t. 5117. 
 
 — oKioe/nsis. See .X. glabra. 
 
 — pa'Uida. See JBI. glalbra. 
 
 ~parnjl&ra. 2 to 4. White. July. United 
 States. 1786. Syn., .iE. ■macrostachya. 
 B. M. t. 2118. 
 
 ^rvMeu'nda. 12. Bed. June. N. Amer. 1820. 
 B. O. t. 1242. Syn., .Ol. camea. 
 
 i^thione'ma. (From aitho, to 
 scorch, Aninema, a filament ; in reference 
 to some burnt appearance in the stamens. 
 Nat. ord., Crucy^erce.) 
 
 A pretty genus of annual, biennial and peren- 
 nial plants ; the latter suitable for the rockery. 
 Common light soil ; seeds and cuttings. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 .M. Bwcbau'mii. ^. Pale red. June. Levant. 
 1823. 
 
 — gra'cUe. i. Pale red. June. Camiola. 1823. 
 
 — saxa'tile. }. Flesh. June. South of Europe 
 
 1769. 
 
 BIENNIAL. 
 
 jE. monospe^rmam. J. Pale purple. July. Spain. 
 1778. 
 
 .PERENNIALS. 
 
 JE. coridifo'lium. Rosy-purple. May. Asia 
 Minor. 1871. Gff. 1. 1160. 
 
 — grandiflo'rum, IJ. Bose. May. 1879. Gfl. 
 
 t. 1102. 
 
 — heteroca'rpvm. J. Purple. July. Armenia. 
 
 1837. 
 
 — membrcma'cev/m. J. Lilac. July. Persia. 1829. 
 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 69. 
 
 — parviflo'rum. i. Lilac. July. Persia. 1830. 
 ^ pulchefUuTn. Very much like coridifolium. 
 
 1884. 
 
 ^tho'nia. See To'lpis. 
 
 African Almond. Srabe'j'um std- 
 la'tifoUwn. 
 
 African Fleabane. Tarehona'n- 
 
 thus. 
 
 African Lily. Agapa'nthus. 
 
 African Marigold. Tage'tesere'cta. 
 
 Afzelia. (In honour of Dr. A. Afze- 
 Kus. T!ia,t. Old., Legwminosce. Allied ta 
 Amherstia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Sandy peat and leaf- 
 soil. Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, with 
 good bottomJieat. 
 
 A. afruM'na. Crimson. June. Sierra Leone.. 
 1821. 
 
 Aga'lma. (From agalma, an orna- 
 ment. Nat. ord., AraliaoecB.) 
 A, vitie^nsis. Leaves digitate ; leaflets entire.. 
 Fiji. 1887. 
 
 Aga'lmyla. (From agalma, an orna- 
 ment; and hule, a forest. Nat. ord., 
 Gesneracew.) 
 
 Handsome stove plants^ with scarlet and crim- 
 son tubular flowers, suitable for growing in 
 baskets or pots, in the moist stove. Cuttings of 
 ripened wood, under a bell-glass. Sandy fibrous 
 peat, moss, charcoal, and a little leaf -soil. 
 A. longisty'la. Crimson. Java. 1873. Rev. 
 Hort. 1873, p. 271. 
 
 — sta/mi'nea. Scarlet. Summer. Java, 1846. 
 
 B. M. t. 6747. 
 
 Agani'sia. (From aganos, desirable j 
 in reference to the beauty of these neat 
 little plants. Nat. ord., Orchidew.) 
 
 Epiphytal orchids, requiring to be grown on 
 blocks in moist atmosphere m tropical house. 
 Division of roots previous to commencement of 
 growth. 
 
 A. cceru'lea. Blue, with darker blue blotches. 
 Brazil. 1876. 
 
 — cya'nea. 1. White, blue. August. Columbia. 
 
 1843. Syns., Warrea eyanea, B. E. 1845, 
 t. 28. Lindeniat. 100 is Acaeallis cyanea.. 
 —flmbria'ta. White, lip blue, fringed. i>eme- 
 rara. 1874. 
 
 — grami'nea. J. Yellow, red. January. Guiana. 
 
 1836. SyTis.,Ma!i!illariaa,ndEoeUenstemiat 
 graminea. B. M. t. 6338. 
 
 — iom/ptera. White, violet. Peru. 1871. Syn., 
 
 Koellensteinm ionoptera. 
 
 — pvXchiUla. J. Cream-coloured. June. Deme- 
 
 rara. 1838. B. R. 1840, t. 32. 
 
 — tri'color. Yellow, faint blue, lip red and 
 
 orange. Amazon. 1888. 
 
 Agano'sma. See Ichnooarpus. 
 
 Agapa'nthus. (From agape, love, 
 and anthos, flo-wer. Nat. ord. , Liliacece. > 
 
 Half-hardy plants from the Cape of Good 
 Hope, standing in sheltered places in the open 
 air m mUd seasons. Useful for greenhouse or 
 conservatory, either planted out, or in pots 
 Offsets. 
 
 A. umbella'tus. 3. Blue. April. 1692. B. M. 
 t. 500. 
 
 a'lMdus. 2. Whitish. September. 
 
 aUrifio'rus. White. Maund Bot. vol. 2, t. 86. 
 
 ca'ndidus. White. S. Africa. 1880. 
 
 fio're-a'lbo. 1879. 
 
 giga'nteus. 3. Dark-blue. 1879. 
 
 interme'dius. 
 
 Lewhtlilnii. 1. Blue. 1879. 
 
 Tfia'xvmus. B. R. 1843, t. 7. 
 
 mi'nimus. B. R. t. 699. 
 
 Moorea'nus. Blue. September. S. Africa. 
 
 1872. 
 
 mUnar. IJ. Dark blue. 1879, 
 
 mriega'tus. 2. Blue. April. 
 
AGA 
 
 [21] 
 
 AGA 
 
 Agape'tes. (From agapetos, ad- 
 mired ; alluding to the brilliant flowers. 
 Nat. ord., Vacciniacem.) 
 
 Intermediate, or stove evergreen shrubs. Cut- 
 tings in sand, under a bell-glass with good 
 bottom-heat. Sand, peat, and turfy loam. 
 A. Imxifo'lia. 5. Red. Bootan. B. M. t. 6012. 
 
 — seti'gera. Scarlet. Khasia. 1837. 
 
 — vaccina'cea. Khasia. 1837. 
 
 — variega'ta. Scarlet. Khasia. 1837. Syn., 
 
 Thiebaudia variegata. 
 
 Aga'ricus. (From Agaria, the name 
 of a town in Sarmatia. Nat. ord. , Fungi. ) 
 
 A genus of fungi, consisting of numerous 
 species, which are more or less umbrella-shaped, 
 and bear on their under side radiating gills, 
 whose surfaces are covered with minute spores, 
 by which the plants are reproduced. The best- 
 known species in this country is A. campestris, 
 the Mushroom, which see. 
 
 Agari'sta. (A name in mythology, 
 the beautiful daughter of Clisthenes ; on 
 account of the beauty of the flowers. 
 Nat. ord., Ericacece.) 
 _ Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the half- 
 ripened wood, in sand, under a bell-glass. Sandy 
 loam and peat about half and half. Summer 
 temp. 70° to 76° ; winter, 65° to 70°. 
 A. caUiopsi'dm. Ij. Orange. California. 
 
 Agasta'chys. (From agastos, ad- 
 mirable, and stachys, a spike. Nat. 
 ord., Proteaeece.) 
 
 A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of 
 
 ripe wood in sand, under a glass, and placed in 
 
 a cool house ; equal parts loam, sand, and peat. 
 
 A. odwa'ta, 3. Pale yellow. June. Tasmania. 
 
 1826. Ic. PI. t. 1266. 
 
 Agathse'a. See Peli'cia. 
 
 Agathe'lpiS. (From agathos, plea- 
 sant, and thelis, a woman. Nat. ord., 
 SelaginecB.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of 
 half-ripe shoots in April, in sandy loam, under 
 a glass without heat. Soil, peat and sandy 
 loam, equal parts. 
 
 A. angustifo'lia. White. May. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1823. 
 
 — parvifo'ha. White. May. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1816. 
 
 Agathophy'Uum. See Raven- 
 sa'ra. 
 
 Agatho'sma. (From agathos, plea- 
 sant, and osma, smell. Nat. ord., JRuta- 
 cem. Allied to Diosma. ) 
 
 Handsome heath-like greenhouse evergreen 
 shrubs, all from the Cape of Good Hope, and all 
 blooming in May and June. Peat and sand ; 
 cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a glass, 
 in coolhouse. Winter temp. 40° to 45°. In sum- 
 mer they require a rather snady place. 
 A. acu/mina'ta. 5. Violet. 1812. 
 
 — amid'gua. 2. White. 1810. 
 
 — brevifo'lia. 2. Purple. 1818. 
 
 — Bruni'ades. 2. Purple. 1820. 
 
 — eerefo'lia. 2. White. 1774. 
 
 — eilia'ta. 2. White. 1774. B. E. t. 366. 
 
 — ere: eta. 2. Blue, white. 1816. 
 
 — Mrta. 2. Purple. 1794. B. R. t. 369. 
 exsicca'ta. 2. Purple. 1718. 
 
 A. hi'rta pwrpu'rea. 2. Purple. 1791. 
 Ventenatia'na. 2. Purple. 1794. 
 
 — M'mida. 1. Violet. 1786. 
 
 — vmorica'ta. 3. Pink. 1774. 
 
 rejle'xa. 2. Purple. 1820. 
 
 rugo'sa. 2. White. 1790. 
 
 — linifo'lia. 2. White. 1823. 
 
 — orbmUa'ris. 2. White. 1800. 
 
 — proH'fera. 2. White. 1790. 
 
 — pulte'seens. 1. White. 1798. 
 
 — vesti'ta. 2. White. 1824. 
 
 — iMlo'sa. 2. Violet. 1786. 
 
 Agathy'rsus. See Laotu'ca. 
 
 Aga'ti. See Sesba'nia. 
 
 A'gave. Aloe. (From agavos, ad- 
 mirable ; referring to the stately form in 
 which some of them flower. Nat. ord., 
 AmaryllideoB ; T-nbe, Agavece.) 
 
 The fibre of some species of aloe has been 
 manufactured into ropes and paper, and the 
 juice into an intoxicatmg liquor called pulque, 
 from which, in its turn, brandy is distilled. 
 Stove and greenhouse succulent plants. Rich 
 loamj soil, decayed vegetable mould, and brick 
 rubbish ; suckers. 
 A. a'lhicans. 4. Greenish-yellow. Mexico. 1860. 
 
 — AUiie/rti. 4. Mexico? 1882. Syiis., AUibertia 
 
 intermedia and Agave intermedia. 
 
 — ameriea'na. 24 to 36. Yellowish. Tropical 
 
 America. About 1654. B. M. t. 3654. 
 
 MiOe'ri. A dwarf variety. 1768. 
 
 pi: eta. Leaves variegated. Syn., .4. or- 
 
 nata. 
 varkga'ta. 12. Yellow. August. S. 
 
 Amer. 1640. 
 
 — wmoina. See A. Seolymms. 
 
 — amMre'nsis. A dwarf form of A. xylonaecmtha. 
 
 — applana'ta. Mexico. 1869. 
 
 — aspflrrima. 2. Yellow. Mexico. 1864. 
 
 — atrmii:rem. 26-30. Yellow. Mexico. Syn , 
 
 A. SaUfma/im. 
 
 — attenuiCta. 12. Greenish-yellow. Mexico. 
 
 1834. Syns., A. glaucescens and A. spec. 
 tabUis. 
 
 — awica'ntha. A form of A. Scolymus. 
 
 — Baxt^ri. 8-10. Yellow. Mexico? 1888. 
 
 — Beauca'mei. Mexico. 
 
 — Bemha'rdii. Mexico. 1868. 
 
 — Besseria'na. 2. Green. Mexico. 1869. There 
 
 are two' forms of this : one, vi'ridis, vrith 
 green leaves : the other, glau'oa, with 
 glaucous leaves. B. M. t. 6940. This is 
 the same as A. macrantha. 
 hj/strix. S. America. 1869. 
 
 — Botte^rii. 6-. Greenish. Mexico. 1875. 
 
 — Bou'ch&i. 6. Yellowish-green. Mexico. 1861. 
 
 — brachysta'chys. 3. Green. Mexico. 1820. 
 
 — bracte&sa. 3-4. N. Mexico. 1881. 
 
 — BrawiMna. Mexico. 1866. 
 
 — bromeliaefdlia. Mexico. 1834. 
 
 — butbo'sa. Columbia. 1871.*' 
 
 — califo'mica. 3 to 8. N. Mexico. 1869. 
 
 — camdela'brwm. 20. Green. Mexico. 1877. 
 
 — caTibbce:a. Martinique. 1877. 
 
 — Celsia'na. 4. Green. May. Mexico. 1839. 
 a'Unda. Mexico. 1871. 
 
 — chloraca'ntha. 6. Green. Mexico. 1842. 
 
 — cocci'nea. 2. Mexico. 1859. 
 
 — cochlea'rU. 25. Yellowish-green. Mexico. 
 
 1867. 
 
 — coeruWscens. Mexico. 
 
 — cimeinna. Mexico. 1877. 
 
 — cmvduplica'ta. Mexico. 1866. 
 
 — Ctyrdero'yi. Mexico. 1872. 
 
 — <yrena'ta. Mexico. 
 
 — ewnilla'ta. Mexico. 1860. Closely allied to 
 
 this are A. Simsii, A. Croucheri, and 
 ' A. rotwndifolia. 
 
 — dasylirioi'det. 10. Green. Mexico. 1846. 
 
AGA 
 
 [22] 
 
 AGA 
 
 A. dealba'ta. 10. Mexico. 1865. 
 
 angustifo'lia, Mexico. 1871. 
 
 comipa'ata. Mexico. 1871. 
 
 — Secaisnea'na. Mexico. 1689. 
 
 — Bemeest&ria'na. Mexico. 
 
 — cLmdfio'ra. 6. Green. September. Mexico. 
 
 1867. 
 
 — Desefrti. 4 to 10. Yellow. California. 1877. 
 
 — JOesmetia'na. S. America? 1869. 
 
 — diplaca'ntha. Mexico. 
 
 — echinoi'des. Mexico. 1869. 
 
 — JEhrenbe'rgii. 5. Mexico. 1864. 
 
 — Elemeetia'na. 14. Yellowish-green. Mexico. 
 
 1864. 
 
 — elonga'ta. Mexico. 
 
 — enHfera. Mexico. 
 ~ exce^lsa. Honduras. 
 
 — ea^a'nsa. Mexico ? 
 
 — Fenzliaina. Allied to A. Hookeii, but liaving 
 
 smaller pricl^les. 
 —felrox. Mexico. 1861. 
 
 — fila/ment&sa, 10. Green, purplish. Mexico. 
 — fili'fera. 6. Greenish. Summer. Mexico. 
 
 variega'ta. 1881. 
 
 — fia'eeHa. Mexico ? 1872. 
 
 — jiave^ scens. See A. Tnacrantha. 
 
 — fcetuUt. See FurcroBa gigantea, 
 
 — Fuerstenbe^rgii. Mexico. 
 
 — Fv/nkia'TM. Mexico. 
 
 — Galeo'ttii. Mexico. 1877. 
 
 — gemina'ta. 
 
 Willia'tnsii. Tropical America. 1872. 
 
 — geminifio'ra. 16. Beddish-brown. Mexico. 
 
 1810. 
 
 — Ohiesbre^ghtii. Mexico. 1862. 
 
 — Oi'lbeyi. Mexico. 1873. 
 
 — glauee^scffns. B, M. t. 5333. See A. attenuata. 
 
 — Ooeppertia'na, 8. Mexico. 1865. 
 
 — Quedeney'ri, 12. Yellowish-green. Mexico. 
 
 1875. 
 
 — gutta'ta. Mexico. 1860. 
 
 — Haselo'ffl. 7. Grepn. Mexico. 1864. 
 
 — Bayna'ldii. 10. Pale green. Autumn. 1879. 
 
 — Henrique! zii. 12. Green, tinged brown. 
 
 Mexico. 1887. 
 glormiliflo'ra. 
 
 — heteraca'ntha. 6. Olive-green. Mexico. 
 
 — Hookdri. 30. Greenish. Mexico. B.M.t.6639. 
 
 — horizomta'lie. 6. Beddish-brown. Mexico? 
 
 1865. 
 
 — h&rrida. 6 to 8. Yellowish-green. Spring. 
 
 Mexico. 1862. 
 le'viar. Leaves longer and narrower. 
 
 Mexico. 1870. 
 
 inacrodo'nta, Mexico. 1876. 
 
 mwraca'ntha. Mexico. 1876. 
 
 — HmiUe'tii. Mexico ? 1866. 
 
 — Euwtioldtia'na. Mexico. 1865. 
 
 — vnr^trica'ta. Mexico. 
 
 — iTw'rmis. Mexico. 
 
 — intermedia. See A. AUbertii. 
 
 — i'xtli. 10. Greenish. Mexico. 
 
 — ixtlioi'des. 10. Yellowish-green. Summer, 
 
 Mexico. 1871. 
 
 — Jacguinia'na. 14. Green. September. Hon- 
 
 duras. 1843. 
 
 — Kara'tto. 6. Green. S. Amer. 1768. 
 
 — Kercho'vei, Mexico. 1864. 
 
 — keioe'n.sis. Mexico. 1865. 
 
 — latici'ncta. Mexico. 1869. 
 
 — lati'seima. Mexico. 
 
 — La/urentia'na. Mexico. 1865. 
 
 — la'xa. 1834. 
 
 — Legrellia'na. Mexico. 1865. 
 
 — Leguaya'Tia. Mexico. 1862. 
 
 — Li'ndleyi. Mexico ? 1867 
 
 — longifouia. Mexico. 
 
 — lopha'ntha. 10 to 12. Mexico. 
 
 -^ lu'rida. 8. Green. June. Vera Cruz. 1731. 
 
 — maeraca'ntha. 8. Greenish. Mountains of 
 
 Mexico. 1830. Sjn., A. flaveicent. 
 
 — maerodo'nta. Mexico. 
 
 A.maciUa'ta. l}to3. Purplish-green. Texas> 
 
 1856. Syn., A. maculosa. 
 tni'Twr. 6. Leaves entire. 1869. 
 
 — Maigretia'na. Mexico. 
 
 — Martia'na. Mexico. 1864. 
 
 — MammMia'na. Mexico. Syn., A. QuatavUma, 
 
 — Mamnuyuriezia'na. 6J. Green. 1889. 
 
 — melanaca'ntha. Mexico. 1863. 
 
 — Me' seal. Mexico. 
 
 — mexica'na. 6. Green. Mexico. 1817. 
 
 — mioraca'ntha. 6. Greenish-yellow. Mexico. 
 
 1860. 
 
 — wdradore'nsis. 20. Yellowish-green. Summer. 
 
 Mexico. 1869. 
 
 — mi'tis. 10. Yellowish. Mexico. 1860. 
 
 — Moorea'na. New Grenada. 1873. 
 
 — Morri'sii. 15 to 20. Bright yeUow. Jamaica. 
 
 1887. 
 
 — Afuilma'nni. 5. Mexico. 1871. 
 
 — Nisso'ni. Mexico? 1874. 
 
 — oblonga'ta. 8. Mexico. 1868. 
 
 — Ogoya'na. Mexico. 1862. 
 
 — oligophi/lla. Mexico ? 1878. 
 
 — Ortgiesia'na. Mexico. 1876. 
 
 — Pmry'i. 8 to 12. Yellow-green. New Mexico 
 
 1868. 
 
 — pamafo'lla, 5. Green. Spring. Mexico? 1877, 
 
 — Peaco'ckii. Mexico. 1873. 
 — peetinalta. Mexico. 1869. 
 
 — polyaca'ntha. 6. Green. August. 1800. 
 
 — polyaeanthoi'des. Mexico. 1835. 
 
 — Foselge^ri. 6 to 10. Purplish. Texas. 
 
 — potat&rtmi. 12. Greenish-yellow. Mexico, 
 1830. 
 
 — pruiTi&Stt. Mexico. 1863. 
 ■—puie'scens. 3. Greenish. Mexico. 1870. 
 — pugi&nif{/rmi8. Mexico. 1830. 
 
 — putche^rnma. Mexico. 1836. 
 
 — recu'rva. Mexico. 
 
 — BegeHii. Mexico. 1865. 
 
 — re'gto. Mexico ? 1872. 
 
 — revolu'ta, 4. Greenish. Mexico. 1840. 
 
 — ri'gida. Mexico. 
 
 — Roezlia'n^. Mexico. 1869. 
 
 — Roha'nii. Mexico. 1862. 
 
 — rvielseenB, Mexico. 1834. 
 
 — ru'dis. Mexico. 1864. 
 
 — rupicola. 8. Yellowish. Mexico. . 1858. 
 
 — Salmaa'TM. 20 to 30. Greenish-yellow. Mexico.. 
 
 Syns., A. atrovirenSt A. tehuacensis, A, 
 Jacobiana. 
 
 — sapona'ria. Brown. July. Peru. 1838. 
 
 — Sarto'rii. 6. Green. Mexico. 1860. Syns.,. 
 
 A. Seachii, A. ccespitosa, A. pendula. 
 
 — Saunde'rsii. 14. Green. Mexico. 1865. 
 
 — schidi'gera. 6. Greenish. Mexico. 1861. 
 
 — Schnittspa'hni. Mexico. 
 
 — Sco'lynms. 14. Greenish-yellow. Mexico.. 
 
 1830, Syns., A. a/moena and A. auri- 
 cantha. 
 
 — Seema'tmi. 6. Nicaragua. 1868. 
 
 acu'ta. Nicaragua. 1869. 
 
 papUlo'sa. Nicaragua. 1869. 
 
 poirvispi'na. Nicaragua. 1869. 
 
 — semda'ta. Mexico. 1842. 
 
 — Sha'wii. 10. Yellowish-green. California. 
 
 1877. 
 
 — Si'msii. Mexico. 1871. 
 
 — Smithia'nat Mexico. 1866. 
 
 — soboli'fera. 10. Yellow. W. Indies. 1678, 
 
 — spica'ta. 15. Greenish. Cuba. 1802. 
 
 — sple!ndens. Mexico. 
 
 — stria'ta. 6. YeUow, green. Mexico. 1856.. 
 Richa'rdni. Mexico. 
 
 — etri'cta. Mexico. 1869. 
 
 — Theome'tel. 10. Yellowish-green. Mexico, 
 
 — Thamsonia'na. Mexico. 1865. 
 
 — Tonelia'na. 2. Mexico ? 1881. 
 
 — tria/ngyla'rit. Mexico. 1869, 
 
 — VMdma'ta. 3, Mexico, 1840, 
 
 — uni-mUa!ta. Green. Mexico. 1830.. 
 
 — Yatidermlnneni. Mexico. 
 
AGE 
 
 [23] 
 
 AIR 
 
 A. variega'ta. IJ. Green. Leaves gieen, with 
 dark blotches. Texas. 1865. 
 
 — Verachaffe'ltii. 12. Green. Mexico. 1868. 
 variega'ta. Leaves with a central yellow 
 
 stripe. Mexico. 1871. 
 
 — Victo'rice Begi'noe. 8. Mexico. 1876. Syn., 
 
 A. consideranti. 
 
 — mlla'rum. Garden hybrid. 1886. 
 
 — virgi'nica. 3. Purple. N. Amer. 1765. 
 
 — viriM'ssima. Mexico. 1877. 
 
 — vivi'^ara. 15. Green. September. S. Amer. 
 
 1731. Syns., A. cantvZa, A. bidbifera. 
 
 — Walli'sii. Columbia. 1867. 
 
 — Warellia'na. Mexico ? 
 
 — Weisseniurge'nais. 8. Greenish-yellow. 
 
 Mexico? 1885. 
 
 — Wisliz^ni. 12, Mexico. 
 
 — xalape^nsis. 13. Mexico, 1875. 
 
 — xylaca'ntha. 8. Green. Mexico. Syn., A. 
 
 Vanderdonokii. 
 vitta'ta. Syn., A. hybrida. 
 
 — yuecoefo'lia. 6. Yellow. 1816. 
 
 Ageno'ra. See Seri'ola. 
 
 Agera'tum. (From a, not, and geras, 
 old ; in reference to the flowers being 
 always clear. Nat. ord., Compositce.) 
 
 Half-hardy annual, biennial, and perennial 
 herbs, but may be kept perennials if not allowed 
 to ripen seeds. Light rich soil ; seeds and cut- 
 tings in autumn. A. mexicanum is largely used 
 for summer beddings. 
 
 A. amgvMWiiliwin. 1. White. July. Monte 
 Video. 1827. 
 
 — coervHewm. 1. July. W. Ind. 1800. 
 
 — cot^leatinum. 4. Blue. B. M. 1. 1730. 
 
 — C(myz(n!d68. 1. Light blue. July. America. 
 
 1714. 
 
 — LasReau'xii. Bose. Monte Video. 1870. Rev. 
 
 Hort. 1870, p. 90. 
 
 — latifo'livm. 2. White. July. Peru. 1800. 
 
 — jnexica'nwm. 2. Blue. June. Mexico. Swt. 
 
 Fl. Gard. t. 89. 
 
 The best of the garden varieties are, 
 Snowflake, Cupid, Swanley blue, Queen, 
 Imperial dwarf. Lady Jane, and the 
 white flowered and variegated forms. 
 
 — pwncta'tum. Jacq. H. Schcenb. t. 300. See 
 
 Stevia. 
 
 — stri'ctum. 2. White. June. Nepaul. 1821. 
 
 — suffrutico'swm. Gfl. 1. 108. 
 
 — Wendla'ndi. i. Blue. Mexico. 1886. 
 
 Agla'ia. (The name of one of The 
 Three Graces. Nat. ord., Meliacem.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree or shrub. Light loam, 
 decayed dung, and peat ; half-ripe cuttings in 
 sand, under a glass, m a cool house. 
 A. odmra'ta. Striped. February. China. 1810. 
 Wight Icon. t. 511. 
 
 Aglaomo'rpha. 
 diuiu. 
 
 Aglaone'ma. (From aglaos, bright, 
 and nema-, a thread ; probably referring 
 to the shining stamens. Nat. ord., 
 AroidecB. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen perennials ; leaves often varie- 
 gated. Moist atmosphere. Sandy loam and 
 peat. Seeds, divisions, or by cuttings of the 
 stem, under a hand-glass in heat. 
 A. acutispa'thum. Light green; leaves dark 
 green, paler beneath. Canton? 
 
 — commuta'twn. 1. White ; leaves blotched 
 
 with greyish. Philippines. 1863. Syn., 
 A. maranteefolium maoulatwm. B. M. 
 t. 6600. 
 
 See Polypo- 
 
 A. Bookerittlnum. Spathe green, paler inside. 
 Cachar. 1874. 
 
 — Lava'lleei. See Sakismatoglottis Lavalleei. 
 
 — Ma'nnii. IJ. Whitish. Victoria Mountains, 
 
 W. Africa. 1868. B. M, t. 6760. 
 
 — Tieiulo'sum. Leaves bright dark green, irre- 
 
 gularly blotched with whitish-green. 
 Java. 1887. 
 
 — ni'tiduTn. 4. Cream colour. Penang. 
 
 — pi'ctum. 1 to 2. White; leaves blotched. 
 
 August. Borneo. 1880, 
 compa'ctum,. Shining green, Java, 1888. 
 
 — si'mplex. 2 to 3. White. July. Java. 
 
 Agno'stus. See Stenoca'rpus. 
 
 Agonio'pteris. See Acro'sti- 
 chum. 
 
 Agrimo'nia. Agrimony. (From 
 agremone, a plant used by the Greeks in 
 cataract of the eye. Nat. ord.., Bosacem.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous plants. Seeds or division ; 
 common garden-soil. 
 
 A. Eupatc/ria. 3. Yellow. June. Britain. 
 Eng. Bot. ed, 3, t, 417, 
 
 — nepalefnsis. 3, Yellow, June, Nepaul, 1820 
 
 — odora'ta. 4, Yellow, July, Italy, 1640, 
 
 Eng, Bot. ed, 3, t, 418, 
 
 — siMve'olms. 3, Yellow. July. Virginia. 1810 
 
 Agromy'za Vio'lse. PanSy Fly. 
 Attacks the flower by puncturing the 
 petals, and extracting the juice; the 
 puncture causes the colouring matter to 
 fade. Very minute ; shining black ; 
 bristly ; eyes green ; head orange. Ap- 
 pears in May. 
 
 Agro'stemma. See Ly'chnis. 
 
 Agro'stiS. Bent grass. (Fiom agros, 
 a field; the Greek name for a kind of 
 grass. Nat. ord., Graminece.) 
 
 Seeds in spring, in ordinary soil, in the open. 
 A. e'legans. 1. Russia. 1834. 
 
 — nebulo'sa. IJ. 
 
 — pulche'lla. J to 1, Russia. 
 
 — spica-ve'Titi. England. 
 
 Agro'tis. The Turnip Moth. See 
 Turnip. 
 
 Aila'nthus. (From ailanto, tree of 
 heaven ; referring to its lofty growth. 
 Nat. ord., Simarubem.) 
 
 Tall deciduous trees, effective on lawns, etc. 
 Cuttings of the roots in pots of sand with bottom- 
 heat ; sandy loam and peat for stove species. 
 The hardy ones thrive best in light humid soil, 
 and are best in sheltered situations. 
 A. erythrooa'rpa. Fruit, coral red. Hardy. 1867. 
 
 — exce'lsa. 60. Green. E. Ind. 1800. Stove. 
 
 — glwndiMsa. 20. Green. China. 1761. Hardy. 
 
 Ainslse'a. (In honour of Br. White- 
 law Ainslie, author of a work on Indian 
 drugs. Nat. ord., Compositce.) 
 
 Pretty, herbaceous perennials, which, although 
 tolerably hardy, require protection from severe 
 frosts. Light rich soil. Seeds or division. 
 A. a'ptera. Purple. Sikkim Himalaya. 1882. 
 
 — WalMH. 1, White. Hong Kong. 1875. 
 
 ••> B. M. t. 6225. 
 
 Air is the name popularly applied to 
 the gaseous envelope surrounding the 
 
AIR 
 
 [24] 
 
 ALB 
 
 earth, and extending to a distance of 
 about 45 miles above sea-level. It con- 
 sists of a mixture of gases, existing in 
 an almost unvarying proportion, from 
 whatever station taken, viz :— 
 
 Oxygen, by weight, 23 parts ; by 
 volume, 20-8 parts. 
 
 Nitrogen, by weight, 77 parts ; by 
 volume, 79 '2 parts. 
 
 Carbonic anhydride (incorrectly called 
 carbonic acid), although present to only 
 an average proportion of '03 per cent. , is 
 of immense importance to plant life, 
 being the chief source whence the plant 
 derives carbon, which forms such a large 
 proportion of its substance. Watery 
 vapour and ammonia gas are also con- 
 stantlypresent, but in varying quantities, 
 in atmospheric air. From the ammonia 
 the plant derives part of its nitrogen. 
 It is of great importance that plants 
 should have a constant supply of pure 
 air. 
 
 Air (Giving) is a term commonly 
 used by gardeners to denote lowering 
 the upper sashes of the house, pit, or 
 frame, to allow the escape of excessive 
 heat, bad air, and vapour, and opening, 
 at the same time, the front sashes to 
 admit fresh air. The openings should 
 be so regulated as to equalize the escape 
 and supply, according to the require- 
 ments of the plants under treatment. 
 
 Ai'ra. (From aira, the Greek name 
 for Solium, tremulentwm. Nat. ord., 
 Graminem. ) 
 
 Hardy grasses. Ordinary garden-soil. Seeds 
 in spring. 
 
 A.Jlexuo'sa. IJ. Shining brown. Engla,nd. 
 
 — pulche'Ua. i. South Europe. 
 
 Air-plant. Aerides, and other Epi- 
 phytes. 
 
 Aito'nia. (In honour of Mr. W. 
 Alton, once head - gardener at Kew. 
 Nat. ord., Sapindace(B.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Loam and peat ; 
 cuttings of young wood, in sandy loam, under a 
 glass, with bottom-heat. Care must be exer- 
 cised, as they are apt to damp off. 
 A. cape'nsis. 2. Pink. July. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1777. B. M. 1. 173. 
 
 Aizo'on. (From aei, always, and 
 zoos, alive. The plants are fleshy, and 
 retain their vitality for a long time. ' 
 Nat. ord., Ficoidece.) 
 
 Greenhouse succulent annuals, biennials, or 
 evergreen sub-shrubs, chiefly natives of S. Africa. 
 Seeds, cuttings. Light sandy soil. Dry atmo- 
 sphere, no shade. 
 
 A. sarmento'eum-. Greenish-white. S. Africa. 
 1862. Bef. Bot. t. 6. 
 
 Ajar. Used to denote the smallest 
 amount ot opening to allow the entrance 
 
 of air, and usually applied to the front 
 sashes or lights. 
 
 A'juga. Bugle. (From a, not, and 
 zugon, a yoke ; in reference to the 
 calyx being one-leaved. Nat. ord., 
 Labiatce. ) 
 
 Hardy plants. Common garden-soil ; division, 
 or seeds. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 A. chamce'pitys. 1. Yellow. July. England. 
 
 — I'va. 1. Yellow. May. South of Europe. 
 
 1759. 
 
 PERENNIALS. 
 
 A. austra'lis. 1. Blue. July. Australia. 1822 
 —folio'sa. 1. Blue August. Switzerland. 1826. 
 r~furca'ta. See Anisomeles. 
 
 — geneve^nsis. 1. Flesh. July. Switzerland. 
 
 1656. Syns., A. alpina and A, rugosa. 
 
 — integrifo'lia. 1. Blue. June. Nepaul. 1821. 
 
 — mienta'lis. 2. Blue. June. Levant. 1762. 
 
 — pyranvida'lis. J. Blue. May. Britain. A 
 
 beautiful plant. 
 
 — re'ptans. ^ to 1. Blue purple. May. Britain. 
 
 Some forms have dark leaves. Eng. Bot. 
 ed. 3, t. 1088. 
 
 — ru'bra. 1. Red. May. Britain. 
 variega'ta. 1. Blue. Ai>ril. Britain. 
 
 — rupe'stris. 1. Blue. May. Switzerland. 1826. 
 
 Ake'bia. (The name it bears in 
 Japan, where the fruit is used as an 
 emollient medicine. Nat. ord., Ber- 
 beridecB. ) 
 
 A. quina'ta. Lilac-pink. March. Chusan. 1845. 
 B. M. t. 4864. Evergreen twiner, hardy 
 in the southern counties of England 
 against walls. May be grown in the 
 open in Scotland, but requires protection, 
 in severe weather. Useful as twiner for 
 cool greenhouse or conservatory. Boot 
 division, cuttings, and seed. Sandy 
 loam, peat, and leaf -soil. 
 
 Akee-tree. BU'ghia sa'pida. 
 
 Ala'ngium. (The Malayan name 
 for two trees, bearing fruit not palatable 
 to Europeans. Nat. ord. , Cornacem. ) 
 
 Showy stove evergreen trees. Loam and peat ; 
 cuttings under glass, with bottom-heat. 
 A. decape'talwm. 10. Pale purple. E. Ind. 
 1779. Wight Icon. t. 194. 
 
 — hexape'talum. 15. Purple. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 Wight 111. t. 96. 
 
 Alate'rnus. Bha'mnus alate'rnus. 
 
 Albi'zzia. (In honour of an Italian 
 gentleman. Nat. ord., Leguminosce. 
 Allied to Acacia. ) 
 
 Handsome greenhouse or hardy trees and 
 shrubs. For cultivation, see Acacia, under 
 which genus the species were formerly included. 
 A. lophantha is a fine greenhouse plant, largely 
 used in window gardening, and house decora- 
 tion. 
 
 A. JuUbn'ssin. Pink. Sub-tropical and Tem- 
 perate Asia. 1745. Syns., A. rosea, 
 Acacia mollis, and A. Nemu. 
 
 Le'bbek. White. Tropical Africa and Asia 
 1786. Bedd. Fl. Syl. t. 53. Syns., Acacia 
 Lebbek and A. spedosa, 
 
 lopha'ntha. White. S. W. Australia. 1803 
 B. E. t. 361. 
 
 — odorati'ssima. 40. White. E. Ind. 1790. 
 Syn., Acacia odoratissima. 
 
ALB 
 
 [25] 
 
 ALE 
 
 1812. 
 
 Syn., 
 1800. Syn., 
 
 -4. prdcera. 5. Yellow. E. Ind. 
 4(2ena7itAera falcata, 
 
 — gtipw^a'ta. 20. White. Bengal. 
 
 Acacia stipula'ta. 
 
 Albu'ca. (From albicans, or albus, 
 white ; referring to the prevalence of 
 white flowers in the genus. Nat. ord., 
 LUiacem. ) 
 
 A genus of beautifiil bulbous plants requiring 
 creenhouse treatment ; all from the Cape of 
 Good Hope, except the flrst-named. Sandy loam 
 and leaf -soil ; offsets from the old bulbs, or seeds. 
 Well adapted for planting out in a border of 
 light loam, in front of a greenhouse ; to be covered 
 from frost like Ixias. 
 
 A. aiyssi'nica. 2. White. August. 1818. Jacq. 
 Ic. t. 64. 
 
 — AUe'n(e. 3. Greenish-white. Zanzibar. 1887. 
 
 — alti'ssima. i. White. May. 1789. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 63. 
 
 — angole'nsis. 3. Yellow, green. Angola. Eef. 
 
 Bot. t. 336. 
 
 — au'rea. 2. Greenish-yellow. June. 1818. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 441. 
 
 — cauda'ta. 2. Yellow. June. 1791. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 442. 
 
 — coarcta'ta. 2. White. June. 1774. 
 
 — Coope'ri. |. Yellowish-green. S. Africa. 
 
 1862. Bef. Bot. t. 334 as A.Jlaccida. 
 
 — carymbo'sa. 1. Yellow, banded green. Port 
 
 Elizabeth. 1886. 
 
 — exuvia'ta. See Urginea exuviata. 
 —fastigia'ta. 2. Wliite. June. 1774. B. R. 
 
 t. 277. 
 
 — jibro'sa. 1. Yellow, green. S. Africa. 
 
 — filifo'lia. See Urginea filifolia. 
 —fla'ccida. 2. Yellow, green. June. 1791. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 444. 
 —fra'grans. 1. Yellow, green. July. 1791. 
 
 Jacq. H. Schcen. t. 84. 
 — fu'gax. See Urginea fugax. 
 
 — GarAdni. B. M. t. 4842. See Speirantha 
 
 Gardeni. 
 
 — glandul&sa. J. White, green, yellowish. 
 
 S. Africa. 
 
 — nmcifo'lia. 1. Yellow, green. S. Africa. 1876. 
 
 B. M. t. 6395. 
 
 — ma' jar. 3. Green, yellow. May. 1759. B. M. 
 
 t. 804. 
 
 — mUnor. 1. Yellow. May. 1768. B.M.t.720. 
 
 — Nelso'ni. 4. White, dull-red. June. Natal. 
 
 1880. A very fine plant. 
 
 — physo'des. See Urginea physodes. 
 
 — pdlyphy'lla. J. White, green. March. S. 
 
 Africa. 1872. 
 
 — seto'sa. 1. Green. June. 1795. Jacq. Ic. 
 
 t. 440. 
 
 — spiralis. 1. White. June. 1795. Jaoq.Ic. 
 
 t. 439. 
 
 — tenuifo'lia. i. Pale yellow, green. S. Africa. 
 
 Eef. Bot. t. 336. 
 
 — tricophy'lla. Bright yellow. Natal. 1889. 
 ^ viridiflo'ra. 1. Green. June. 1794. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 446. 
 
 — viico'sa. 1. AVhite, green. June. 1779. 
 ^ vitta'ta. See Omithogalum vittatum. 
 
 — Wakefie'ldii. 1. Green. Summer. E. Tropical 
 
 Africa. 1879. Syn., A. Elwem. B. M. 
 t. 6429. 
 
 Albu'mum. The layers of young 
 wood next beneath the bark, in which 
 layers the vessels are situated for con- 
 veying the sap from the roots to the 
 leaves. 
 
 Alchemi'Ua. Lady'sMantle. (From 
 alkemelyeh, its Arabic name. Nat. ord., 
 JRosacecB. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous or greenhouse perennials. 
 Adapted for rockeries or borders. Ordinary 
 garden-soil ; seeds, or divisions. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 A. cape'nsis. 1. Green. June. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1818. 
 
 — sibhaldioBfo'lia. 1. White. June. Mexico. 
 1823. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 A. alpi'na. 1. Green. June. Britain. Fl. Dan. 
 
 1. 1. 49. 
 —fl'ssa. 1. Green. July. Switzerland. 1826. 
 
 Echb. Ic. Crit. t. 4. 
 
 — pentaphy'lla. 1. White. July. Switzerland. 
 1784. 
 
 — pube^scens. 1. Green. July. Caucasus. 1813. 
 Echb. Ic. Crit. t. 4. 
 
 — seri'cea. 1. Green. July. Caucasus. 1813. 
 
 Alco've. A recess with seats, an 
 ornamental building. 
 
 A'lder. See A'lnus. 
 
 Ale'tris. (From aleiar, wheaten- 
 flour ; referring to the powdery appear- 
 ance of the whole plant. Nat. ord., 
 ScBmodoracece.) 
 
 A. fa/rino'sa is the most intense of bitters 
 known. Hardy herbaceous perennials. Shady 
 situation. Peat or loam and leaf -soil ; offsets, 
 
 A. au'rea. 1. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 — cape'nsis. See Veltheiniia viridijlora. 
 —farino'sa. 1. White. June. N. Amer. 1768. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1418. Star grass. Colic root. 
 
 Aleuri'tes. (The name is the Greek 
 word for meal'y ; in reference to the 
 mealy appearance of the plants. Nat. 
 ord., EuphorbiacecB. Allied to Croton.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Loamy soil. Eipe cut- 
 tings root readily in sand, under a glass, in heat. 
 A. corda'ta. Japan. 1818. 
 
 — tri'loba. 10. October. Society Islands. 1793. 
 
 Aleyro'des prolete'Ua. The Cab- 
 bage Powdered-wing is produced some 
 years in such innumerable quantities as 
 to become a very troublesome pest, as it 
 deteriorates the value and quality of the 
 various kinds of cabbages it attacks, 
 weakening or destroying their leaves by 
 sucking their juices. The perfect insect 
 (Fig. 1, magnified) is about one-tenth of 
 an inch in length, the head and thorax 
 are blackish, the abdomen yellowish, and 
 the legs black, powdered with white. 
 All the wings are snowy white; the two 
 front ones are marked with one or two 
 spots of pale grey. In places where they 
 are abundant, when disturbed they rise 
 in the air and resemble miniature snow- 
 flakes. The eggs are deposited upon 
 the under side of the leaf. The larvse, 
 soon after hatching, form a scale (iver 
 themselves, and thus resemble a scale 
 insect (Fig. 3 A, magnified), and produce 
 the dull yellow-and-white incrustation 
 which cover the infested part of the cab- 
 bage-leaf. The larva changes to the pupa 
 state (Figs. 3 and 4, magnified) under 
 
ALE 
 
 [26] 
 
 ALL 
 
 the protection of its scale-like shield, 
 and the perfect insect emerges through 
 the shield in rather less than a month 
 (according to Curtis) from the deposi- 
 tion of the egg. The only remedy likely 
 
 to be of avail in badly affected places is 
 complete rotation of crops. For our illus- 
 tration, we are indebted to the proprie- 
 tors of the Gardeners' Chronicle. Fig. 5 
 represents a portion of a cabbage leaf, 
 with larvae, pupae, and perfect insects 
 (natural size). 
 Alexander or Alisander. (Smy'r- 
 
 nium olusa'trum) received its common 
 name from the Greek, which means " a 
 defender of man," because formerly be- 
 lieved to possess powerful medicinal 
 properties. It was jilso much cultivated 
 for its stems, when blanched, to be eaten 
 as celery, which it slightly resembles in 
 flavour. 
 
 Hardy perennial, not ornamental, propagated 
 by division or seeds. 
 
 Alexandrian Laurel. Bu'seus 
 raceino'sus. 
 
 A'lhagi. (The Arabic name of the 
 plant. Nat. ord., Leguniinoace ; Tribe, 
 Hedysarece. ) 
 
 The secretion from the leaves and branches of 
 A. Mawrarwm, due to their being punctured by 
 an insect, is supposed by some to be the manna 
 oi Scripture. It is worthy of remark, that 
 this secretion is found only in northern Persia, 
 where it is highly esteemed as food for camels, 
 whence it is called camel-thorn. Greenhouse 
 shrubs or sub-shrubs. Sandy loam and peat; 
 young cuttings and seeds, the first in sand. 
 A. avmeWrvm,. 2. Red. July. Siberia. 1816. 
 — Uauro'rum. 2. Bed. July. Egypt. 1714. 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 720. Syn., 
 
 Alhagi. 
 
 Alibe'rtia. (In honour of Alibert,. 
 a French chemist. Nat. ord. , Bubiacew. )■ 
 
 Ornamental stove evergreen tree. Cuttings in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, in moist heat ; sandy 
 peat. 
 A. eHMU. 12. Cream-coloured. Guiana. 1823. 
 
 Alibre'xia tomento'sa. See 
 Dolia. 
 Alisa'nder. See Alexander. 
 
 Ali'sma. Water Plantain. (From 
 the Celtic word aiis, water. Nat. ord., 
 Alismacece. ) 
 
 Hardy agnatios. Division or seed, loamy soil 
 immersed m water. 
 A. Damaso'nium. See Damasonium. 
 
 — na'tcms. See Eliema. . 
 
 — planta'go. 2. Pure white. July. Britain. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1437. Syns., A. par- 
 
 vijwra and trvmUie. . . . 
 
 _ latweola'ta. 2. Pure white. July. Bntam. 
 
 — ranuncvloides. 1. White. August. Britain. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1439. 
 
 Alkane't. Anchu'sa tincto'ria. 
 
 AUama'nda. (In honour of Dr. 
 Allamand, of Leyden. Nat. ord., Apo-. 
 cynacecB. ) 
 
 This order is remarkable for handsome flower- 
 ing plants, with deleterious qualities. An infu- 
 sion of the leaves of A. cathartica, is a valuable 
 purgative. Handsome stove evergreen climbers. 
 Eicn loam ; cuttings root readily in sand, with 
 good bottom-heat and moist air. 
 A. Aiible'tii. Yellow. Guiana. 1848. B. M., 
 t. 4411. 
 
 — cafha'rtiea. 12. Yellow. July. Guiana. 
 
 1785. B. M. t. 338 and t. 4351. 
 
 — Chelso'ni. Yellow. West coast of Africa. 1871.; 
 
 — granciijio'ra,. Same as A. cathartica. 
 
 — Uenderso'ni. Yellow. British Guiana. 1865. 
 
 111. Hort. vol. 12, t. 452. Syn., A. cathar- 
 tica, var. Hendersoni. Gfl. 1887, p. 554. 
 
 — ■magnHjica. Clear yellow, throat orange. A 
 
 variety of A. Schottii. 
 
 — nerii/o'lia. Yellow. June. 1851. B. M, 
 
 t. 4694. 
 
 — no'iilis. Yellow. July. Brazil. 1867. B. 
 
 M. t. 6764. 
 
 — Scho'ttii. Yellow. September. Brazil. 1847. 
 
 — verticilla'ta. June. E. Indies. 1812. 
 
 — viola' cea. Purple. Brazil. 1869. Ee-intro- 
 
 duced 1889. B. M. t. 7122. 
 
 — Wardlea'na. Yellow, outside maroon. New 
 
 Grenada. 1881. 
 
 Allanto'dia. (From allantos, a 
 sausage ; in reference to the cylindrical 
 form of the indusium, or the case which 
 incloses the seeds of ferns. Nat. ord., 
 Filices — Polypodiacece. ) 
 
 Greenhouse ferns; division of the roots, or 
 sowing spores ; equal parts, turfy peat and loam. 
 A. austra'Us. Brown. Van Diemen's Land. 
 1820. 
 
 — aceUa'ris. 2. Brown. Madeira. 1779. 
 
 — strigo'sOf, 2. Brown. Madeira. 
 
 — te^nera, 1. Brown. Australia. 1820. 
 
 — wmiro'sa. 4. Brown. Madeira. 1779. 
 
 AUa'rdtia. See Tilla'ndsia. 
 
 Alleys are of two kinds : — 1. The 
 narrow walks which divide the com- 
 partments of the kitchen-garden ; and. 
 
ALL 
 
 [27] 
 
 ALL 
 
 2. Narrow walks in the shrubberies and 
 pleasure-grounds, closely bounded and 
 overshadowed by the shrubs and trees. 
 
 Alligator Pear. Pe'rseagrati'ssima. 
 
 AUio'nia. (In honour of C. Allioni, 
 an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Nycta- 
 ginaeew. Allied to the Marvel of Peru, 
 Mirabilis. ) 
 Hardy annual. Seeds ; sandy loam. 
 
 A. incama'ta. 1. Flesh. August. Cumana. 
 1820. 
 
 — am'ta. See Oxyia'phus floribu'ndiis. 
 
 — mola'cea. See Oxyba'phus viola'cetis. 
 
 Allium. (From the Celtic all, mean- 
 ing hot, or burning; referring to the 
 well-known qualities of the onion. Nat. 
 ord., LUiacece.) 
 
 Hardy bulbs of easy culture. Many of them 
 are showy, and useful for the borders of rockery. 
 Seeds and offsets ; ordinary soil. A. neapolita- 
 num is largely imported for forcing in early 
 spring. 
 
 A. acumina'tum. J. Deep rose. July. N. W. 
 
 America. 1840. 
 ru'irum. Deep red-purple. California. 
 
 — Alexia'nwm. Whitish, striped brownish- 
 
 purple. Turkestan. 1890. 
 — amblyophy'Uum. 2. Purple. Turkestan. 1885. 
 Gfl. 1. 1190. 
 
 — aw/m&philuTn, Whitish-yellow, with red 
 
 nerves. Austria. 1890. 
 
 — ampelopra/etimy. 2. Purple. May. England. 
 
 — a'nceps. J. Purple. May. California. 1876. 
 
 — Anders&nii. 1. Purple. July. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 — angul&swm. 1. Light purple. June. Ger- 
 
 many. 1739. 
 
 — ascaZi/nicum. 1. Purple. June. Palestine. 
 
 1546. 
 
 ma'jus. 1. Purple. July. South of 
 
 Europe. 
 
 — a'sperum. 1. Purple. August. South of 
 
 Europe. 1800. 
 
 — azu'reum. 1. Blue. October. 1830. 
 
 — Backhmma'num. 3. Himalayas. 1886. 
 
 — Baueria'num. 1. Pale red. Cyprus. 1874. 
 
 — Bidwi'Uioe. |. Bright rose. July. Sierra 
 
 Nevada. 1880. 
 
 — brachystf^mon. 1. "White. June. Europe. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — Brewe^ri. f. Deep rose. July. California. 
 
 1882. 
 
 — ccETu'leum. Blue. June. Kussia. 1840. 
 
 — ca'ipium. 3. Green. May. Astrachan. 
 
 — ce/pa. 3. White. June. The Onion. 
 
 aggrega'tUTti 1. White. June. 
 
 pauci/lo'ruTn. 2. White. June. 
 
 — cepaefdrme. 2. White. August. 1824. 
 
 — cme!reu7n. 1. Straw. July. Siberia. 1829. 
 
 — confe'rtum. i. Purple. August. Europe. 
 
 — cong^stutn. 1. Purple. May. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 — controvefrsuTn. 1. Purple. 1816. 
 
 — eya'neum. Blue. Kansu, N. China. 1890. 
 
 Syn., A. cyaTieum, var. fnacrostemon, 
 
 — descdmens. 1. July. Purple. Switzerland. 
 
 1796. 
 
 — Dioscdridis. 
 
 Sicily. 
 culuTn. 
 
 — ela'twm. 3. 
 
 Purple, green, white. June. 
 1832. Syn., Nectaroscordum Si- 
 B. B. 1. 1913. 
 
 Purple. Central Asia. 1887. 
 Gfl. 1. 1251. 
 
 — ErdeHii. J. White. Palestine. 1879. 
 —falcnfdlivm. i. Pale rose. August. N. W. 
 
 America. 1880. 
 —faleifdrme. J. White. California. 1882. 
 
 — Fetiso'wii. Bosy-lilac. Turkestan. 1879. 
 
 A. Fischdri. 1. tilac. July. Siberia. 1829. 
 
 — fistuldsum. 2. Green, yellow. April. Siberia. 
 
 —fla'mtm. 1. Yellow. Italy. 1759. 
 —fra'grans. B. E. t. 898. See Nothoscordvm 
 
 — giga'ntewm. IJ. Rose lilac. Merv, not Hima- 
 
 layas. 1883. Gfl. 1. 1113. 
 
 — glau'cum. Pink. June. Siberia. 1800. 
 
 — gra'cUe. Andr. Rep. 1. 107. See Nothoscordum. 
 
 — gutta'tum. 1. White, purple. Tauria. 
 
 — hierosdlymcB. J. White. Palestine. 1889. 
 
 — BoUzdn. IJ. White, anthers rose. Turkestan. 
 
 1880. Gfl. t. 1169. 
 
 — illy'ricum. 1. Purple. July. Austria. 1820. 
 
 — inddarum. B. M. t. 1129. See Nothoacordum. 
 
 — interim' dium. 2. White. August. South 
 
 of Europe. 1827. 
 
 — Itaneudnse. Blue. Kjinsu, N. China. 1890. 
 
 Syn., A. eyaneum, var. brachystetnon. 
 
 — kanatavie'nse. i. White. Turkestan. May. 
 
 1878. 
 
 — littdreum. 2. Purple. Italy. 1818. 
 
 — Imgi/dlium. 1. Dark purple. July. Mexico. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — Maclea'nii. Mauve, purple. Cabul. Summer. 
 
 1882. B. M. t. 6707. 
 
 — Macnabia'num. 1. Deep rose. N. America. 
 
 — maora'nth'mii. 2 to 3. Deep purple. E. Hima- 
 
 layas. 1883. B. M. t. 6789. 
 
 — Tna'gicum. See A. nigrum. 
 
 — •nwldivm. 1. White. June. Hungary. 1820.. 
 
 — mdly. 1. Yellow. June. South of Europe. 
 
 1604. 
 
 — Murray al num. 1. Lilac. N. America. 
 
 — mutttlhUe. 1 to 2. White or rose. July. N.. 
 
 America. 1824. 
 
 — narcissijldrum. f. Deep purple. Italy. 1875. 
 
 — neapoMalnvim. \\. White. S. Europe. 1823.. 
 
 — jieuode'jise. J. White or rose. Sierra Nevada. 
 
 1882. 
 
 — ni'grura. 3. Violet or whitish. June. S.. 
 
 Europe. Syn., A. m,agieum. 
 
 — ddorum. 1. White, pink. July. Siberia. 
 
 — ophioscdrodon, 4. Pale red. August. Greece. 
 
 — oredphilvm,. 1. Reddish-purple. Turkestan. 
 
 — orienta'le rubdlltmi. Bright rose. 1889. 
 
 — Ostrowsleia''num. 2. Purple. W. Turkestan. 
 
 1882. Gfl. 1. 1089. 
 
 — ovtjldrum,. 8. Dark lilac. Tibet and Sikkim. 
 
 Gfl. 1. 1134. 
 
 — oxypdtalum. 2. White. August. South of 
 
 Europe. 1818. 
 
 — paraddicum. 1. White. Siberia. 
 
 — parcifldrum. f. Purple. Corsica and Sar- 
 
 dinia. 1888. 
 — pedertwnta'num. 1. Eeddish-violet Pied- 
 mont. 1879. 
 
 — pdrrum. 2. White. Switzerland. 1562. Th& 
 
 Leek. 
 
 — proli'ferum. 3. White. 1820. 
 
 — Priewalskia'num. Rosy-Ulac. Kansu, China. 
 
 1890. 
 
 — pu'lchrum. Yellow. June. South of Europe. 
 
 — Pu'rshii. 2. Pink. August. N. Amer. 1818. 
 
 — ramdswm. 2. Pale yellow. June. Siberia. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — reticula'tum. 1. Pink or white. Summer. 
 
 N. W. America. 1882. 
 altemifdliuwy. N. W. America. 
 
 — ro'seum,. 1. Pale rose. Summer. S. Europe. 
 
 1762. 
 
 — sati'vum. 2. White. June. Sicily. 1648. 
 
 The Garlic. 
 
 — achcmopra'sum. i. Flesh. May. Britain. 
 
 — acorodopra'mm. 3. Light purple. July. 
 
 Denmark. 1696. 
 
 — gcorzoneraifdiium. 1. Yellow. June. South 
 
 of Europe. 1820. 
 
 — SerrmM'm. Yellow. Alatan Mts. 1884. Gfl. 
 
 1. 1166. 
 
 — semiretsehenekia'nmn. Flesh-coloured. Wer- 
 
 uoe. 1879. 
 
ALL 
 
 [28] 
 
 ALO 
 
 ■A. aphceroce'phalum. 2. Beddish-purple. S. 
 Europe. 1759. 
 
 — Sprenge'ri. Yellowish. Jaffa. 1889. 
 
 — gpidrium. 1. Purple. June. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 — stipUa'tv/m. 6. Purple violet. Bokhara. 1881. 
 
 — strami'n£um. 1. Straw-yellow. Manchuria. 
 
 1877. 
 
 — stria'tum: B. M. tt. 1035, 1524. See Nothos- 
 
 cordum. 
 
 — stibhirsu'him. 2. White. July. S. Europe. 
 
 — trique'trum. IJ. White, green. S. Europe. 
 
 — umfo'lium. 1 to 2. Mauve-pink. July. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1873. 
 
 — urtXnum. 1. White. Summer. Britain. 
 
 — vaUHum. 2. White or rose. Summer. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1881. 
 
 — Victoria'lis. 2. Green, yellow. May. Aus- 
 
 tria. 1789. 
 angustifo'lium. 1. Green, yellow. April. 
 
 Scotland. 
 ~ viola' eeim. 1. Violet. Jane. Europe. 1823. 
 
 — WalcUtetlnii. 2. June. Hungary. 1826. 
 
 AUople'ctus. (From alios, diverse, 
 and plekein, to plait ; in reference to the 
 leaves. Nat. ord., Gesneracece.) 
 
 Pretty stove evergreen shrubs. Light, rich 
 soil ; cuttings. 
 
 A. W color. Leaves velvety-green, with a cen- 
 tral silvery -grey band. S. America. 1869. 
 
 — capita'tus. 3. Red, yellow. March. S. 
 
 America. 1848. B. M. t. 4452. 
 
 — chrysa'nthus. Yellow. Columbia. 1853. 
 
 — co'ncolor. Bed. Brazil. 1846. B. M. t. 4371. 
 
 — dichro'us. 2. Purple, yellow. Brazil. 1845. 
 
 B. M. t. 4216. Syns., Hypocysta discolor, 
 A . Schottiif and aparsijlorus. 
 
 — pelta'tus. 1. Yellow. August. Costa Eica. 
 
 1877. 
 
 — re'pens. Yellow, brown. February. St. 
 
 Martha. 1845. This is a climbing plant. 
 
 — Schli'mii. Purple, yellow. N. Grenada. 1851. 
 
 Fl. Ser. t. 827. 
 
 — vitta'tus. Yellow, calyx crimson. Peru. 1870. 
 
 — za'more'nsis. 1. Yellow, calyx orange-red. 
 
 Columbia. 1875. 
 
 AUoso'rus. (Nat. ord., Filices.) 
 A. acrostichoi'des. See Cryptogrmmne eri$pa var. 
 
 — calomellcmos. B. M. t. 4769. See Pteris calo- 
 
 Tnela/nos. ■ 
 
 — corda'tus. B. M. t. 4698. See Pdlaia, cordata. 
 
 — cri'spus. See Cryptogramme erUpa. 
 
 — jlexiio'sus. See Pellcea cordata fiexuosa. 
 ^ imbruia'tus. See Jo/mesonia. 
 -^ Karvn'nskii. See Llaved cordi^olia. 
 
 Allotment. A space of land divided 
 amongst so many labourers or artisans, 
 and generally at the same price as that 
 Vvhicri the farmer pays. It may just be 
 such a piece of ground as a man and his 
 family may successfully cultivate in 
 their over-hours, after attending to their 
 usual employment during the day. The 
 term allotment thus becomes synony- 
 mous with garden ; and, if near to the 
 occupier's home, such a piece of ground 
 is of great importance to him, socially 
 and morally. These allotments are let 
 for one year only, and may be re-let to 
 the same occupier, if his character has 
 been satisfactory, and his allotment has 
 leen kept clean, and well cultivated 
 during the preceding year. 
 
 Allseed. Polyca'rpon. 
 
 Allspice. Calyca'nthus. 
 
 Allspice-tree. Pime'nta. 
 
 Alluvial Soil is so called from the 
 Latin word alluere, to wash down ; be- 
 cause the soil so named is that rich de- 
 posit of finely-divided earths and decom- 
 posing vegetable matters which, forming 
 the land in valleys, and on the banks of 
 rivers, is evidently formed of the richest 
 and finest portions, washed down from 
 higher-situated soils. Alluvial soils are 
 usually very fertile, and excellent for 
 pasturage. 
 
 Almei'dea. (After J. B. P. de Al- 
 meida, a Brazilian. Nat. ord. , Mutacece. ) 
 Evergreen stove shrub. Light loam, sand and 
 
 Eeat. Cuttings of half-ripened wood under a 
 ell-glass In heat. 
 A. ru'bra. 5. Pink. September. Brazil. 1850. 
 B. M. t. 4648. 
 
 Almond. Prunus Amygdalus, also 
 known as Amygdalus oowrniiimis. 
 
 A'lnus. The Alder-tree. (From al, 
 near, and Idn, the bank of a river ; in 
 reference to the situationwhere the Alder 
 delights to grow. Nat. ord., Cupuliferm; 
 Tribe, Betulem.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees. The flowers have no 
 petals. Layers, or seeds ; light loam, in moist 
 situation. 
 A. harba'ta. March. Bussia. 1838. 
 
 — canade'Tms. June. Canada. 
 
 — card^fo'lia. June. Naples. 1818. 
 — fi'rma. Japan. 
 
 — glalnca. June. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 — glutmdsa. April. Britain. 
 
 avlreob. Leaves golden -coloured. 
 
 emargina'ta. April. Britain. 
 
 f&liie varkga'tis. April. Britain. 
 
 inci'sa. April. Brirain. 
 
 lacinia'ta, April. Britain. 
 
 qu&rcifo'lia. April. Britain. 1838. 
 
 — inca'na. 20. June. Europe. 1780. 
 a/ngula'ta. 20. 
 
 pmnafta. 26. June. Europe. 
 
 — japo'nica. Japan. 1886. 
 
 — JcmUle^neis. Mexico. 
 
 — macroca'rpa, 20. June. 
 
 — inaGTophylla. 20. June. Naples. 
 
 — obcorda'ta. March. Bussia. 
 
 — oblonga'ta. 20. June. South of Europe. 1730. 
 elli'ptica, 20. June. 
 
 — oxyacanthifo'lia. 20. June. 
 
 — pu'TnUa, 10. June. 
 
 — rhomMfo'lia. California. 1886. 
 
 — ru'bra. 20. June. 
 
 — rv^o'sa. March. N. Amer. 
 
 — serrulalta. 20. June. N. Amer. 1769. 
 
 — sibi'rica, Siberia. 1820. 
 
 — subrotu'nda. 23. April. 
 
 — vi'ridie. Mountains of the N. Temperate Zone. 
 
 Aloca'sia. (From a, without, and 
 Colocasia. Nat. ord., Aracem. Allied 
 to Colocasia. ) 
 
 Stove perennials, usually with large and hand- 
 somely variegated leaves. Natives of India, 
 Indian Archipelago, and' Pacific Isles. Bich 
 sandy loam, fibrous peat, sphagnum, and small 
 pieces of charcoal, well drained ; moist atmo- 
 sphere, with shade. Seeds, and division of the 
 stem or rhizome. See also Caladium. 
 
ALO [ 29 ] 
 
 A. a'lba. IJ. White. Java. 1854. 
 
 — ama'bUis. 1. Whitish. Borneo. 1877. 
 
 — Auguttia'na. Bright green above, paler be- 
 
 neath. Papua. 111. Hort. t. 693. 
 
 — euculla'ta. 2. Green, whitish. Spring. India. 
 
 1826. , 
 
 — cu'prm. 1 to 1}. Purplish, white. Borneo. 
 
 1860. Syns., A. metallica, A. plumbea, 
 and Xanthoaoma jptumbea. 
 
 — e^miTiens, Leaf dark green above, purple, 
 
 with pale green veins beneath. Spathe 
 green. E. Indies. 1887. 
 
 — Gaulai'nii. Leaves dark green, vyith silvery 
 
 nerves above ; light violet, with blackish 
 nerves beneath. 1890. 
 
 — gra'ndis. 5. Spathes white, striped carmine 
 
 outside. E. Indian Archipelago. 
 
 — gutta'ta, 2J. Spathe white, spotted with 
 
 purple. Leaf-stalkalsospotted. January. 
 Borneo. 1879. 
 
 — illu'stris. Leaves rich green, with oUve-black 
 
 patches. India. 1873. 
 
 — i'ndica. 2. Whitish, green. India. 
 
 — Jenni'Tigsii. Leaves green, with blackish 
 
 patches between the veins. India. 1867. 
 
 — JohTisto'ni. Leaves red-veined, stalks spiney. 
 
 Solomon Isles. 1876. See Cyrtosperma 
 Johnstoni, 
 
 — lAerva'lii, Leaves bright green. Philippines. 
 
 1869. 
 
 — lAncie'ni. Spathe pale green, gpadix white. 
 
 Papua. HI. Hort. t. 60S. 
 ■ — longilo'ba. li. Green^ whitish. Leaves green, 
 with silvery veins. Java. 1864. Syn., 
 A. gigantea of ^rdens. 
 
 — L&vni. 1. White ; leaves dark green above, 
 
 with the midrib, veins, and margin 
 whitish, under side deep purple. Borneo. 
 1862. Syn., Caladimn Lowii. 
 
 — macrorhi'za. 5. Green, whitish. Polynesia. 
 variegalta. Leaves blotched with cream. 
 
 — mwgariftoB. Dark green. Java, 1886. 111. 
 
 Hort. t. 611. 
 
 — margina'ta. 8J. Dark green. Spathe greenish, 
 
 with dark lines and dots. Brazil. 1887. 
 
 — Marsha'Uii. Leaves green, with dark blotches, 
 
 and broad central silvery band. India. 
 1871. 
 
 — namcula'ris. 1. Whitish. May. India. 1856. 
 
 — ^ri'ncepg. Leaves olive green, greyish beneath, 
 
 with prominent chocolate-brown veins. 
 Malay Archipelago. 1888. 
 
 — pu'mila. i. Green. January. Borneo. 1879. 
 
 — Putze'ysi. Leaves dark green above, purple 
 
 beneath ; veins pale green. Sumatra. 
 1882. m. Hort. t. 439. 
 
 — Eegi'nce. Leaves dark green above, brownish- 
 
 purplebeneath. Spathewhitish. Borneo. 
 1884. m. Hort. t. 644. 
 
 — revdrsa. 1. Leaves grey-green, veins darker. 
 
 Philippine Islands. 1890. 
 
 — Jioe^zlii. See Caladiwm Tnarmoratwm. 
 
 — Sanderia'na. Leaves metallic blue, veins 
 
 white. Indian Archipelago. 1884. Gfl. 
 1886, p. 462. 
 
 — scabriu' scuta. Spathe and spadix white. N.W. 
 
 Borneo. 1878. 
 
 — singaporefTisis. 1^. Penang. 
 
 — sinua'ta. Spathe green, spadix white. Philip- 
 
 pines. 1886. 
 
 — Thibautia'na. 2. Leaves dark green, with 
 
 white venation above, purple beneath. 
 Borneo. 1878. 
 
 — variega'ta. 1. Whitish. India. 1864. Leaf- 
 
 stalk mottled with violet. 
 
 — VillaTieu'vei. Dark green. Borneo. 1886. 
 
 ni. Hort. vol. 34, t. 21. 
 
 — zebrilna. 3. White. June. Philippine Isles. 
 
 1862. 
 There are besides several garden hybrids, as : 
 A. Chantri'eri (Eev. Hort. 1887, t. 92), Chelso'm, 
 A.gi'gas,A.hy'bncla,A.mtermefdia,A. Lucia'na 
 
 ALO 
 
 (111. Hort. vol. 34; t. 27), A. Pucmiia'm CRey^ 
 Hort. 1887, p. 466), A. Sede'nii. 
 
 Aloe. (From alloch, its Arabic name. 
 Nat. ord,, Liliacece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen succulents, chiefly from 
 the Cape of Good Hope: Sandy loam and peat, 
 with a little decomposed manure, and plenty of 
 broken bricks and lime-rubbish, to insure good 
 drainage. Give very little water in winter. Pro- 
 pagated from suckers or leaves, inserted in sandy 
 soil. As purgatives, the Juice of the tree-aloes is. 
 exclusivelyused,particularlythatof.4.goco(ri»ia, 
 vulgariSy purpvrascens, and spicata. 
 A. abyssi'nica. 3. Yellow. Abyssinia. 1777. 
 
 Peaco'ckii. Yellow. Abyssinia. 1879. 
 
 percra'ssa. Eed. Abyssinia. 1873. 
 
 — acuTn/ina'ta. A variety of A. humilii. 
 
 — africa'na. 1. Yellow. October. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1823. B. M. t. 2617. 
 
 — agavefo'lia. Eed, green. Autumn. 1879. 
 
 — otbispi'tM. Scarlet. June. 1796. 
 
 — albod'ruita. Orange. June. 1812, 
 
 — arbort! scens. Eed. June. 1731. B. M. 1. 1306.. 
 
 — arista'ta. Eed. 1824. G. C. vol. 19 (1883), 
 p. 284. Syn., A. langiaristata. 
 
 leiophy'Ua. 1879. 
 
 — Athersto'nei. S. Africa. 1878. 
 
 — otrovi'reTis. See Haworthia. 
 
 — Ba'rberoB. 60. Kaffraria. Syns., A. Bainesii 
 and .A. Zeyheri. 
 
 — Bayfie'lcLii. See Qasteria. 
 
 — Boyji'ea. Pale green, tinged with red. 1822.- 
 Syn., Bovyiea africmia. 
 
 — Bolu'sii. S. Africa. 1878. 
 
 — brei^o'lia. Orange. June. 1810. B. E. o. ^96. 
 
 — casfsia. 2. Orange. July. 1818. 
 ela'tior. 9. Eed. June. 1821. 
 
 — chinelnm. Yellow. June. 1821. B. M. t. 6301. 
 
 — chloroleu'ca. 6 to 10. Pale yellowish. S.Africa.. 
 1877. 
 
 — ComTnelUni. 
 
 — commuta'ta, 
 1877. 
 
 — consobri'na. 
 1846. 
 
 — Coope!ri. 1. Orange, greenish. Natal. 1862.. 
 Syn., A. SchTnidtiana. B. M. t. 6377. 
 
 — depre'sm. Orange. August. 1831. 
 
 — dicho'toTna. Eed. July. 1781. 
 
 — dis'tans. 6. Eed. July. 1732. 
 
 depre'ssa. 6. Eed. .July. 1820. 
 
 refie'xa. 4. Eed. July. 1820. 
 
 — drepanophy'lla. 8 to 10. Whitish, green. S.. 
 Africa. 1862. 
 
 — echina'ta. 6. 1820. 
 — JUtvispi'na. Eed. August. 1793. 
 — frvte'seens. Eed. June. 1818. 
 
 — gasterwi'des. 1. Scarlet. S. Africa. 1875. 
 
 — gla'uca. Eed. April. 1731. B. M. t. 1278. 
 rhodaca'ntha. i. Eed., May. 1731. 
 
 — gra'cilis. Orange. June. 1822. 
 
 — Gree'nii. 2. Eed. S. Africa. 1875. B. M.. 
 t. 6620. 
 
 — BoMburyd'na. 2 to 3. Coral-red. Kaffraria.. 
 1876. 
 
 — heteraca'ntha. 3. Bright red, whitish. B. M. 
 t. 6863. See A. inermis. 
 
 — midbra'ndtii. i. Coral red, yellowish, green.. 
 E. Trop. Africa. 1888. B. M. t. 6981. 
 
 — hu'milis. Orange. April. 1731. Jacq. H. 
 Schoenb. t. 420. 
 
 acvmina'ta. Orange. April. 1796. B.. 
 
 M. t. 767. 
 iruyulrva. Orange. May. 1731. B. M.. 
 
 t. 828. 
 
 macUe'nta. Leaves tinged with purple. - 
 
 mbtubercula'ta. Orange. June. 1620. 
 
 ine'rmis. Arabia. Probably the same as A^ 
 
 heteracantha. 
 
 — iim'gnis. Coral red to whitish. April. 1886- 
 Garden hybrid. 
 
 See A. ndtraiformis. 
 2. Coral-red. May. S. Africa. 
 
 2. Eeddish-yellow. S. Africa.. 
 
ALO 
 
 [30] 
 
 ALP 
 
 Abys- 
 
 B. M. 
 
 1889. 
 Cape 
 
 A. latifdlia. Scarlet. July. 1795. 
 
 — linea'ta. Scarlet. 1789. 
 ffUmee' scene. Scarlet. 1789. 
 
 — langiansta'ta. See A. aristata. 
 
 — longiflo'ra. IJ. Pale yellow, green. 1888. 
 
 — liynehii. 2i. Pale yellow, greenish. 1881. 
 
 Hybrid between A. stnata and Qasteria 
 verrucosa. 
 
 — maora'ntha. Yellow, red. March. 1862. B. 
 
 M. t. 6580. 
 
 — maeroaa'rpa. 1. Coral-red. April 
 
 sinia. 1870. 
 •— rmi/rginallis. See Somatophyllv/m. 
 
 — 7nitrc^(/rmis. Red. August. 1731. 
 
 1. 1270. Syn., A, Cormnelini. 
 • — pachyphf/Ua. S. Africa. 1862. 
 
 — Morvtei'rm. Dull red. Delagoa Bay. 
 •— myriaca'ntha. 2. Bed, green, May. 
 
 of Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 — ni'tens. S. Africa. 1878. 
 
 — no'bilis. Blue. August. 1800. 
 
 — palle'scens. Bed. July. 1820. 
 
 — panieuZa'ta. See A. striata. 
 
 — penduUjU/ra. Pale yellow. Zanzibar. 1888. 
 
 — percra'ssa. Coral-red. May. Mountains of 
 
 Abyssinia. 1879. 
 
 — Pdrryi. li. Green. Socotra. 1879. B.M. 
 
 t. 6596. 
 
 — platyUlpis. 10. Coral-red or yellow. S. Africa. 
 
 1877. 
 
 — plmaJtxIAs. 10. Beddish-yellow. 1731. Syn., 
 
 A. distwhavar. 
 
 — plu'ridens. Red. July. 1823. 
 
 — prate^nsis. IJ. Scarlet. S. Africa. 1862. B. 
 
 M. t. 6706. 
 
 — proU'fera. Orange. April. 1819. 
 Tna'jor. Orange. April. 1819. 
 
 — pit/rpura'scens. Purple. August. 1789. 
 
 — rhodaca'ntha. See A. glaiiea var. 
 
 — sapona'ria. Red. July, 1727. 
 iuteostria'ta. Red. July. 1821. 
 
 — Schimpe'ri. 2. Orange-acarlet. June. Abys- 
 
 sinia. 1876. 
 
 — se!rra. Orange. July. 1818. 
 
 — sigrula'ta. Red. July. 1789. 
 
 — s&mwi'dea. 4. Kaffraria. 1862. 
 
 — socotri'na. Red. March, 1731. 
 
 — spica'ta. Red. 1795. 
 
 — spin&sior. Red. April. 1820. 
 
 — stria! ta. Scarlet. July- 1796. Syn., A. pani- 
 
 culata. 
 
 — stria'tvia. Bed. June. 1821. 
 
 — suierefcta. Scarlet. April. 1789. 
 serrdgutta'ta. Orange. May. 1819. 
 
 — stiMiibercula'ta. Orange. June. 1620. 
 
 — tenmfo'Ua. Orange. June. 1881, 
 
 — term'ior. Orange. June. 1821. 
 
 — Thra'sUi. 5. S. Africa. 1860. 
 
 — tri'color. IJ. Coral-red, flesh, yellow. Spring. 
 
 S. Africa. 1875. B. M. t. 6324. 
 
 — fubercula'ta. Orange. April. 1796. 
 
 — variega'ta. Pink. June. 1790. 
 
 — vi'rens. J. Red. Autumn. B. M. 1. 1365. 
 ■ macile^nta. 
 
 — xanthaca'ntha. Orange. June. 1817. 
 
 — Zeyhdri. See A, Baroaaroe. 
 
 Alo'mia. (From a, not, and loma, 
 a fringe. Nat. ord. , CompositcB. ) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen. Sandy loam ; cuttings ; 
 temp, not below 36° in winter. 
 A. ageratoi^des, IJ. White. July. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 Alo'na. (Letters of the primitive 
 name, Nolana, transposed from Nola, a 
 little bell; in reference to the form of 
 the flowers. Nat. ord., Convolvulaeeoe ; 
 Tribe, Nolanece.) 
 
 A small order of pretty Chilian sub-shrubby 
 greenhouse evergreens, with large flowers ; cut- 
 
 tings root freely in sandy loam, with bottom- 
 heat ; peat and loam. 
 a:, baeca'ta. Yellow. Coquimbo. 
 
 — cceMstis. 2. Blue. Chili. 1843. B. B. 30, 
 
 t. 46. 
 
 — eamo'sa. Blue. Coquimbo. 
 
 — glandrulo'sa. Blue. Valparaiso. 
 
 — long^o'lia. See Nola/na. 
 
 — obtu'sa. Blue. July. Coquimbo. 
 
 — revolu'ta. See Dolia. 
 
 — rostra'ta. Blue. July. Coquimbo. 
 
 — tomento'sa. See Dolia. 
 
 Alonso'a. (In honoiir of Z. Alonzo, 
 a Spaniard. Nat. ord. , ScrophMlariacecE. ) 
 
 A genus of half-hardy shrubs, herbaceous pe- 
 rennials or annuals. Cuttings, or seeds, the 
 first in sandy loam in August or- March ; the 
 seeds in March in gentle heat, or in open air in 
 April. 
 
 A. aeatifo'lia. 3. Scarlet. June. Peru. 1790. 
 Gfl. t. 849. 
 
 — albifio'ra. 2. White, yellow. Mexico. 1877. 
 
 — cavXiala'ta. 3. Scarlet. June. Chili. 1823. 
 
 — imsieifo'lia. 2. Scarlet. June. Chili. 1796. 
 
 — mterme'dia. 2. Scarlet. June. Hybrid. Lodd. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1466. 
 
 — Hnea'ris. 2. Scarlet. June. Peru. 1790. Swt. 
 
 m. Gard. vol. 6, t. 240. 
 
 — Knifo'Ka. IJ. Scarlet. Australia. 
 
 — Matthe!wsii, 1, Scarlet. Peru. Bef. Bot. 
 
 1. 158. 
 
 — myrtifo'lia. Scarlet. 
 
 — Warscewi'czii. 1^. Crimson. July. Central 
 
 America. 1868. Gfl. t. 978. 
 
 Aloy'sia. See Li'ppia. 
 
 Alpi'nes, strictly speaking, are plants 
 from alpine, that is, Inountainous dis- 
 tricts ; as a rule perfectly hardy in our 
 gardens, but requiring a specially pre- 
 pared rock garden, which see. 
 
 Alpi'nia, (In honour of Alpini, an 
 Italian botanist. Nat. ord., ScitaminecB; 
 Tribe, Zingiberem.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials, except A.peni- 
 eillatat which does well with greenhouse treat- 
 ment. Rich sandy loam and peat, leaf-soil, or 
 well rotted manure and sand. They like plenty 
 of moisture and pot-room in the growing season ; 
 root division after the plants have started into 
 growth in spring. 
 A. ala'ta. 3. Bed. May. E. Ind. 1823. Syn., 
 
 A. Hoecoeana, 
 
 — albolinea'ta. 3. Leaves banded with white. 
 
 New Guinea. 1880. 
 
 — AUu'ghes. 2. Red. February. E. Ind. 1796. 
 
 Andr. Rep. t. 601. 
 
 — OMtUla'rvm. 4. Flesh. May. W. Ind. 1826. 
 
 — auricula'ta. 5. Reddish-yellow. E. Ind. I8I4! 
 
 — bractea'ta. See A, Boxbwrgii. 
 
 — calcara'ta. 3. White. September. E. Ind 
 
 1800. B. R. t. 141. 
 
 — Cardamdmwm. See Elettaria. 
 
 — ce'rniM. 6. Pink. April. E. Ind. 1804. E. M 
 
 t. 1900. 
 
 — como'sa. See Costus. 
 
 — difflssa. 6. Purple-blue, yellow. April. E. 
 
 Ind. 1818. 
 
 — exalta'ta. See Renealmia. 
 
 — Gala'nga. 6. White, yelloTV. October. E. Irid. 
 ■— limgucefo'rmis. See Blettaria. 
 
 — magntjim. See Ammnum. 
 
 — rmlacee!nsis. 6. White. April. E. Ind 1799 
 
 B. B. t. 328. 
 
 — me'dia. See JElettaria costata. 
 
 — mu'tioa. 5. White, red, yellow. August. 
 
 Borneo. 1811. B. M. t. 6908. 
 
ALS 
 
 [31] 
 
 ALT 
 
 A. nu'tans. 13. Pink. May, E. Ind. 1792. 
 B. M. 1. 1903. Syn., Eenealmia nutans. 
 
 — occiden;ta'lis. See RenealTnia januticensis. 
 
 — ofinna'rum. White, red. S. China. B. M. 
 
 t. 6995. Chinese Galangal. 
 
 — penid,Ua'ta. 3. Pint. May. China. 
 
 — pumi la. Pink. April, E. China. 1883. B. M. 
 
 t. 6832. 
 
 — puni'cea. See Elettaria. 
 
 — racemo'sa. 5. White. August. W. Ind, 1762. 
 
 — Soscoea'na. See A. alata. 
 
 — Roxbu'rgii. 3. White. May. E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 Syn., A. bracteata. 
 
 — spico'to. 2. Sumatra. 1822. 
 
 — spira'lis. See Costus Pisonis. 
 
 — stria'ta. i. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — tubula'ta. 2. Red. July. Demerara. 1820. 
 
 — vitta'ta. Leaves green, striped with white, 
 
 Polynesia, 
 
 — zingiieri'na. 6. Greenish -yellow, white, crim- 
 
 son. Siam. 1886. B. M. t. 6944. 
 
 Alseno'smia. (From alsos, a grove, 
 and eu-osme, a perfume, Nat. ord.; 
 " •"'■ E.) 
 
 A. macrophy'Ua. 10. Creamy white, red. New 
 Zealand. 1884. B. M. t. 6961, 
 
 Alsi'ne. See Arena'ria. 
 
 Alsodei'a. (From alsodes, leafy, 
 Nat, ord., Violarim.) 
 
 Ornamental stove evergreen shruhs. Rich 
 loam and sand.; cuttings in sand, under a bell- 
 glass. 
 A. latifo'lia. White. Madagascar. 1824. 
 
 — pauc^'ra. White. Madagascar. 1824. 
 
 Alsomi'tra. (From alsos, a grove, 
 and mitra, a mitre ; here probably mean- 
 ing covering, or the cap of the wood. 
 Nat. ord., Cucurhitacece.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climber. Seeds, cuttings in 
 bottom-heat. Rich loam. Give more water 
 during the growing and flowering season than at 
 other times. 
 
 A. ia/rcophy'lla. White. Winter. Burmah, Siam. 
 1870. Syn., Zanonia sarcophylla. 
 
 Also'phila. (From alsos, a grove, 
 and phileo, to love ; in reference to the 
 situation best suited for the plants. 
 Nat. ord,, Filices — PolypodiacetB.) 
 ' Greenhouse tree ferns. Peat and loam ; divi- 
 sion, 
 
 A. aculea'ta. S. America, 
 ^ a'spera. W. Indies, 
 
 — atrovirens Keria'na. 2. S. Brazil, 1887, 
 
 — austra'lis. Australia. 1833. 
 Willia'msii. 1874. 
 
 — conta'minans. S. E. Asia. HI. Hort, t, 458. 
 
 — gla'uca. Manilla, 1862, 
 
 — hi'spida. New Grenada, 1881, 
 
 — Hostma'nni. Guiana, 
 
 — lateva'ga/ns. New Grenada, 1881, 
 
 — Leichardtia'na. Australia, 1867, Syn., A 
 
 MacaHhuri. 
 
 — lumda'ta. 25, Fiji. 1880, 
 
 — Mique'lii. Java, 
 
 — Moorea'na. N. S, Wales, 1847. 
 
 — podophy'lla. New Grenada, 1881, 
 
 — ra'dens. Brazil, 
 
 — Rebe'eciB. 8, Queensland. 1882. 
 
 — sagittifo'Ua, Trinidad. 1872. 
 
 — Scottia'na. Sikkim. 1872. 
 
 — ToenHtis denticula'ta. Brazil. 
 
 Alsto'nia. (In honour of Dr. Alston. 
 Nat. ord., Apocynacem.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs or trees, allied to the 
 Oleander. Loam, peat, and sand ; cuttings root 
 readily in moist bottom-heat. 
 A. schola'ris. 8. White. May. E. Ind. 1825. 
 Wight Icon. t. 422. 
 
 — venena:ta. 6, White. June. E. Ind. 1825. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1180. 
 
 Alstrome'ria, (In honour of Baron 
 Alstromer, a Swedish botanist. Nat. 
 ord., AmaryllidaceCB.) 
 
 All the species of this beautiful genus live out 
 of doors with us, with a slight protection from 
 frost, excmt A.oaryophyllcBa, erroneously called 
 ligtu, in B, M. t. 125 ; and this requires stove 
 heat and absolute rest in winter. AU the spO' 
 cies, also, have one uniform mode of upright 
 growth, by which they are easily distinguished 
 from Bomai-eas, the species of which are all 
 twiners. The golden Alstromer from Chiloe (,A. 
 aurantUtca), is perfectly hardy in England, and 
 prefers a damp situation and strong loam ; the 
 other species are chiefly from the alpine regions 
 of Chin, and require sunshine and lighter soil— 
 their long fascicled (or tufted) roots are not well 
 adapted for pot cultivation. They succeed in 
 deep, rich, light loam, or loam, peat, and sand," 
 ana should be planted eight or ten inches deep, 
 and receive abundance of water while they are 
 growing. Alstromerias have a strong natural 
 tendency to variation, but will not cross with 
 Bomareas, as has been asserted. No limits can 
 be assigned between species and varieties in this 
 family ; a race of endless variations has been ob- 
 tained from A. hcema'ntha and its varieties. 
 These are called Van Soutte's seedlings. The 
 following are the most distinct forms of the genus 
 in our gardens ; but many more are recorded and 
 described, which remain to be introduced : — 
 A. auramti'a^M. 2. June. Orange. Chili. 1831. 
 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 206. Syn., A. 
 
 aurea, 
 
 — ca/ryophy'llaea. 1. Scarlet. February. Brazil. 
 
 1776. Jacq. Hort. Schoenb. t. 465. Syn., 
 A. ligtu of B. M. 1. 125. 
 
 — chUefnsis. 2. Yellow, red. July. Chili. 1849. 
 
 — Cwmmingia'na. Chili. A variety of A. revo- 
 
 luta. 
 
 — densi^ra. Scarlet. Peru. 1866, 
 
 — haemAtlnAha. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 168. 
 
 Syns., A. pulchella (B. M, t. 2364) and 
 
 A. Simsii. 
 
 Barclaya'na. 2^. Crimson, July, Chili, 
 
 1830. 
 
 — Wgtu. 2. Whitish or pale red. Chili. B. R. 
 
 1889, t. 3. 
 
 pu'lchra. B. M. t. 2421. Syns., A. bicolar 
 
 (B. C. t. 1147 and 1497) and A. Flos- 
 Martini (B. R. t. 731). 
 Many forms of this species are in cultivation, 
 
 and have been described as distinct species. 
 
 Amongst these are ; A. angustifolia, A. Hookeri 
 
 (B. C. 1. 1272), A. Hookeriana, A pallida (B. M. 
 
 t. 3040), A. pulchra, A. rosea, and A. tricolor. 
 
 A. (yva'ta. See Boma/rea edulis, var. ovata. 
 
 — peregrilna. 1, Striped, July, Chili, 1754, 
 
 B. M, t, 139, 
 
 a'lba. White, yellow. 1877. 
 
 — perwma'na. Crimson, white, green, black. 
 
 Peru. 1876. 
 nHveo-margina'ta. Leaves white mar- 
 gined. 1876. 
 
 — psUtaeilna. Crimson. September. Brazil. 
 
 1827. 
 ■ Erembou'ldtii. 
 
 — spathula'ta. i to 1. Reddish. Chili. 
 . Neniii. B. M. t. 3106. 
 
 Altema'nthera, (Alluding to the 
 alternate stamens being barren. Nat. 
 ord., Amarantacece.) 
 
ALT 
 
 [32] 
 
 ALY 
 
 Well-known stove and greenhouse perennial, 
 biennial, and annual ornamental Joliaged plants, 
 largely used at the present time in carpet bed- 
 ding, etc. light rich loam. Cuttings root 
 readily, end of March and April, in hot bed, 
 with a steady bottom-heat of 76° to 80". 
 A. achyra'Titha. 1. White. July. Buenos Ayres. 
 1732. 
 
 — ama'bilis. Leaves rose coloured, shading off 
 
 to green at the margin. Brazil. 111. 
 Hort. 1868, t. 568. 
 
 — cant^scens and caracasa'rM. See Telanthera. 
 
 — denticvla'ta. White. July. 1822. 
 
 — ficoi'dea. Leaves green and red. India. 1866. 
 versil color. White. Leaves claret-coloured, 
 
 when young pink with darker veins. HI. 
 
 Hort. 12, t. 440. 
 ~ fiUfo'rmii. White. July. E. Ind. 
 —frute'scens. White. July. Peru. 1820. This 
 
 will do in a greenhouse. 
 
 — nodijlo'ra. ^Vhite. May. Australia, 1826. 
 
 — paronychioi'des. i. 
 au'rea. 
 
 — procu'mbens. 4. White. July. Brazil. 1818. 
 
 — seri'cea. See G&mphrena. 
 
 — se'ssilis. J. July. Brown. E. Ind. 1778. A 
 
 biennial. 
 
 amos'na. Lower leaves dark green, upper 
 
 reddish. 111. Hort. 1865, t. 447. 
 
 — spathula'ta. Leaves reddish-brown. HI. Hort. 
 
 1866, t. 445. 
 
 — spiru/sa. Yellow. June. 1823. Stove annual. 
 
 Althse'a. Marsh-mallow. (From 
 altheo, to cure ; in reference to the me- 
 dicinal qualities. Nat. ord. , Malvacem. ) 
 
 Hardy ornamental annual, biennial, and pe- 
 rennial herbaceous plants. Increased by divi- 
 sion or seeds. Those of the annual and biennial 
 in spring where intended to bloom. Seed of the 
 perennials sown as soon as ripe often produce 
 flowering plants the following year. Ordinary 
 garden soil. A . ro'sea is the Hollyhock, which see. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 A. acau'lie. 2. Purple. July. Aleppo. 1680. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. 2. White. July. Britain. Rchb. Ic. 
 
 1. 172. 
 
 — Ludwi'gii. 2. Pink. July. Sicily. 1791. 
 
 — chindnsis. 1. Red. July. China. 1818. 
 
 HARDY BIENNIALS. 
 
 A, caribce'a. 3. Pink. Stove. April. W. Ind. 
 1816. 
 
 — fieifo'lia. 6. Orange. July. Levant. 1697. 
 
 — FrolcmMna. 3. July. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 — pa'Uida. 6. Pale purple. July. Hungary. 
 
 1805. Kchb. Ic. 1. 176. 
 
 — ro'sea. Bed. August. China. 1573. Rchb. 
 
 Ic. 1. 175. The Hollyhock. 
 
 bilo'ba. 8. Red. July. Syn., A. grandi- 
 
 fiora. 
 
 — Siebe'ri. 4. Purple. July. Sicily. 1829. 
 
 — stria'ta. 6. White. July. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 A, cannabi'na. 6. Purple. July. South of 
 
 Europe. 1697. Rchb. Ic. 1. 173. 
 — fleaeuo'sa. 3. Pink. July. B. Ind. 1803. 
 
 — fru'tex. SeeHibi'scus syri'atyus. 
 
 — narboTie'nsis. 6. Pink. August. South of 
 
 Europe. 1780. 
 
 — nudyflo'ra. 6. White. July. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 Syn., A. levxantka. 
 
 — offlcina'lis. 4. Flesh. July. Britain. Rchb. 
 
 Ic. 1. 173. Marsh-mallow. 
 
 — taurine^nsis. 4. Red, August. Turin. 1817. 
 
 Rchb. Ic. 1. 174. 
 
 Alti'ngia. See Arauoaria. 
 
 Altitude, or elevation above the sea, 
 has a great influence over vegetation. 
 
 The greater the altitude the greater the 
 reduction of temperature ; so much so 
 that every 600 feet of altitude are be- 
 lieved to reduce the annual temperature 
 as much as receding a degree from the 
 equator, either to the north or to the 
 south. But this rule is far from uni- 
 versally applicable ; for the limit of per- 
 petual snow at the equator is at a height 
 of 15,000 feet, whereas in the 35th de- 
 gree of N. latitude the limit is at 11,000 
 feet, being an average of about 120 feet 
 of altitude for every degree of recession 
 from the equator. In the 45th degree 
 the limit is 8,400 feet, being an average 
 of 146 feet for every degree ; in the 50th 
 degree 6,000 feet, or 180 feet for each 
 degree ; in the 60th, 3,000 feet, or 20a 
 feet for a degree ; and in the 70th, from 
 1,200 to 2,000 feet, or about the same 
 for each degree as to the 60th degree of 
 latitude. Now we know of no reason 
 why the temperature of elevations be- 
 low the snow-line should not follow the 
 same gradations ; and if this be so, these 
 may be taken as a rule. All plant* 
 growing above 7,000 feet under the 
 equator ought to grow in the open air 
 in London. 
 
 Alu'minous, applied to land, means 
 heavy, owing to the presence of clay. 
 
 Aly'ssum. Madwort. (From a, 
 not, and lyssa, rage ; in reference to a. 
 fable that the plant allayed anger. Nat. 
 ord., Cruciferm.) 
 
 Annual or dwarf shrubby perennial plants. 
 The flowers are usually produced in spring, and 
 add much interest to the Rockery or mixed 
 border. 
 
 A. alpe'stre. 1. June. S. Europe. 1825. 
 
 — arge'nteum. 1. April. Switzerland. 
 
 — atla'nticum. 1. Yellow. April. Crete. 1817. 
 
 — Bertolo'nii. 1. July. Switzerland. 1823. 
 
 — awneifo'Uwm,. 1. July. Italy. 1820. 
 
 — dasyca'rpum. J. Yellow. July. Siberia. 1819. 
 
 Syn., Anodontea dasycarpa. 
 
 — diffu'mm. 1. July. Italy. 1820. 
 
 — ede'ntvlwm. 1. Yellow. July. Hungary. 
 
 1820. Syn., Anodontea edentulum. 
 
 — gemone'nse. 1. Rich yellow. April. Europe. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 603. 
 
 — hirm'twm. 1. June. Tauria. 1817. 
 
 — macroca'rpum. |. White. June. France. 1823. 
 
 Syn., Anodontea vmerocarpa. 
 
 — marltimvm. White. S. Europe. 1722. Syns., 
 
 A. halimifolium, B. M. t. 101, and Ano- 
 dontea halimifolia, 
 
 — marschallia'num. 1. April. Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 Syn., A. alpestre Bieb. not Linn. ' 
 
 — miera'nthum. 1. August. Russia. 1836. 
 
 — mieropeftalum procu'mbens. Iberia. 
 monta'num. 1. Yellow. June. Germany. 
 
 1713. B. M. t. 419. 
 
 — mura'le. 1. July. Hungary. 1820. 
 obova'tvm. \. Yellow. June. France. 1830. 
 
 Syn., Aifwdontea obovata. 
 oUu^fo'liwm. 1. April. Tauria. 1828. 
 
 — olympwum. 1. Deep yellow. June. 1700. 
 
 — onenta'le. 1. Yellow. April. Crete. 
 variega'tum. Onrden variety. 
 
ALY 
 
 [33] 
 
 AMA 
 
 A. rwpe'stre. J. White. June. Naples. 1825. 
 Syn., Anodontea rupestre. 
 
 — saxa'tUe. 1. May. Crete. 1710. B. M. t. 1B9. 
 — vwriega'twrn. 
 
 — serpyllifol,ium. 1. Pale yellow. August. S. 
 
 Europe. 1822. 
 
 — gpathvla'tum. 1. April. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 — spinxt'sy/m. i. "White. June. South of Europe. 
 
 1683. Syn., Aiiodontea spinosa. 
 
 — tortuo'sum, 1. Yellow. April. Hungary. 
 
 1804. 
 
 — umlella'tum. 1. July. Tauria. 1821. 
 
 — utrieula'tum. Ydlow. April to June. Levant. 
 
 1739. B. M. 1. 130. 
 
 — vemafle. 1. June. 1819. 
 
 — Waraeha'Ui. June. Yellow. S. Europe. 1847. 
 
 — Wiersie'cldi. IJ. Deep yellow. Summer. 
 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 — Wulfenia'nimi,. J. Golden-yellow. April. 
 
 Carinthia. 1819. 
 A. PodoHcum, see SchvverecJcia. A. cheiranthi- 
 folium, Farsetia. A. llnifolius, Meniocus, A. 
 Tesicaria, Vesicaria reticulata. 
 
 Aly'xia. (From aluxis, grief ; in 
 allusion to the deep, sombre green of 
 several species. Nat. ord., Apocymce.) 
 
 Stove shrubs, cuttings of ripened shoots in 
 sand under a bell-glass. Soil, sandy loam and 
 peat. 
 
 A. bracteol&m. Climber. Pale yellow. Kji. 
 1887. 
 
 — da/phnoi*des. A low shrub. White, tube 
 
 yellovrish. Norfolk Island. 1830. B. M. 
 t. 3313. 
 
 — ruseifo'Ua. A low shrub. Flesh-colour. Scent 
 
 like Jasmine. New South Wales. 1820. 
 Syn., A. Riehardsoni, B. M. t. 3312. 
 
 Alza'tea. (in honour of a Spanish 
 naturalist, named Alzaty. Nat. ord., 
 CelastrinecE. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings in hot- 
 bed ; sandy peat. 
 A. vertieilla'ta. 20. Peru. 1824. 
 
 Amarabo'ya. (Nat. ord., Mdasto- 
 
 maceee.) 
 
 Stove, or warm greenhouse evergreen shrubs ; 
 cuttings of young shoots in brisk bottom-heat 
 under a bell-glass. Soil, turfy loam, and a little 
 peat. 
 
 A, ama'bilig. Pinkish -white, edged with car- 
 mine. New Grenada. 1871. 111. Hort. 
 6. 34, t. 9. 
 
 — pri'nceps. Bright carmine; stamens white. 
 
 New Grenada. 1871. 111. Hort. 5. 34, 
 t. 4. 
 
 — spldndida. Carmine shading into white. 
 
 New Grenada. 1871. HI. Hort. 6. 34, 
 
 t. 3^. 
 Amara'nthUS. -Amaranth. (From 
 a, not, and maraino, to waste away; 
 in reference to the durabiKty or " ever- 
 lasting " quality of the flowers of some 
 species. li&%. otA.., Amaranthacew.) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Eich loam ; seeds sown in 
 hotbed in March, or in open ground in April. 
 A. atropwmu'reus. 3. Purple. September. B. 
 
 Ind. 1820. Fl. Ser. t. 2860. 
 
 — Wcolcrr. 2. Bed, green. August. E. Ind. 
 
 1802. 
 
 — cauda'tus. i. Bed. August. E. Ind. 1B96. 
 ma'xinms. 6. Bed. August. 1820. 
 
 — fastyia'tus. 2. July. E. Ind. 1816. Wight 
 
 Icon. t. 717. ^ , ^. 
 
 — Jto'ws. 4. Light yellow. August. India. 
 1759. 
 
 A. Bende'ri. 3. Orange, carmine, golden yellow, 
 green golden hybrid, pyramidal. 
 
 — hypochondn'aeue. 2. Pume or green. Brazil. 
 
 — lancec^o'liiis. 3. Bed. July. E. Ind. 1816. 
 
 Wight Icon. t. 716. Syn., Euxolws 
 liTieatus. 
 
 — MargarHtce. Garden variety. 1887. 
 
 — mela/ncho'lieus ru'ber. Leaves crimson purple, 
 
 Japan. Half-hardy. 
 
 tricolor. 2. Beddish-violet, green. August. 
 
 E. Ind. 1648. 
 
 — olera'ceus. 6. Pale red. July. E. Ind. 1764. 
 
 Syn., Evaxlus oleraceus. 
 
 — panicula'tus. 5. Bed, green, or yellow. July. 
 
 India. Syn., A. speciosits, B. M. t. 2227. 
 erudntus. 3. Dark red. July. China. 1728. 
 
 — salic^o'Hus. 2*. Leaves ^een, bronzy, or 
 
 orange-red. Philippine Isles. 1871. 
 II. Ser. 1. 1929. 
 
 — sungui'neuB. 3. Bed. August. Bahama. 
 
 1775. 
 
 — specMsus. See A. paniculatus. 
 
 Ama'ryllis. (A classical name, after 
 Virgil's Amaryllis. Nat. ord., Ama- 
 ryllidece.) A large number of species, 
 formerly placed in this genus, are now 
 referred to Hippeasirum, which see. 
 
 Half-hardy or hardy, deciduous bulbs. Equal 
 parts of fibrous loam, leaf mould, and sand ; 
 well-drained. 
 A. adve'na and au'lica. See Hippeastrwm. 
 
 — Atama'sco. B. M. t. 239. See Zephyrwnthes 
 
 Atamasco. 
 
 — australa'sica. B. B. t. 426. SeeCrinwmfiaeci- 
 
 dwm. 
 
 — Bankeia'na. B. B. 1842, t. 11. See Brwm- 
 
 vigia Slateriana. 
 
 — Bellad&nna. Ih. March. Bose-red. Cape 
 
 Colony. 1712. B. M. t. 783. Syns., A. 
 
 pwdioa, A. rosea, Coburgia Belladonna, 
 
 and Belladonna purpurascens. 
 bla'nda. 3. Pale rose. March. 17B4. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1460. Syn., Coburgia blanda. 
 pa'llida. 2. Flesh. August. 1712. Bed. 
 
 LU. t. 479. 
 
 — Brougaon^tii. B. M. t. 2121. See Crinum 
 
 — ca'ndvia. B. B. 724. See Zephyranthes Can- 
 
 dida. 
 
 — colchidfio'ra. See Stembergia colchicifiora. 
 
 — Colefnsoi. See Crinum Moorei. 
 
 — coracina. B. B. t. 139, and var. pallida, 
 
 B. B. 1. 1219. See Ammocharis falcata. 
 
 — coru'sca. See Nerine samienHs, var. corusca. 
 
 — cri'spa. Jacq. Hort. Schaenb. t. 72. See 
 
 Sessea crispa. 
 
 — ewrvifo'lia. B. M. t. 725. See Nerine eurvi- 
 
 folia. 
 
 — di'sticha. See Buphane dieticka. 
 
 — du'bUt. See Nerine samiensia. 
 
 — falca'ta. See Ammocharis falcata. 
 
 — formosi'ssima. See Svrekelia formoeissima. 
 
 — FatherglUi. Andr. Bep. 1. 163. See Nerine 
 
 eurvifolia, var. Fothergilli. 
 
 — giga/ntea. See Crinwm gigantewm. 
 
 — hu'milie. B. M. t. 726. See Nerine humilis; 
 
 ■ B. M. 1. 1089, N. samiensia, var. corusca. 
 
 — hyaeinthi'rui. B. E. t. 163. See Qriffinia 
 
 hyacinthina. 
 
 — vngi'gnia. B. E. t. 679. See Crinum lati- 
 
 folium. 
 
 — Joaephi'nce and Joaephima'oa. See Bruns- 
 
 vigia Joaephince. 
 —Jatico'Tna. B. M. t. 497. See Nerine lueida. 
 
 — Leea'na. Garden variety. 1888. 
 
 — longifo'lia. B. M. t. 661. See Crinvm Imgi- 
 
 folium. 
 
 longifio'ra. B. B. t. 303. See Crinum 
 
 longiftorum. 
 
 — Jfacfte'mi. See Crinum Hoarei. 
 
 D 
 
AMA 
 
 [34] 
 
 AME 
 
 A. margina'ta. See NervM marginata. 
 
 — nataWnsis. See Crirmm Moorei. 
 
 — orienta'lis. Jacq. Hort. Schoenb. t. 74. See 
 
 B, tmsvigia gigantea. 
 
 — orna'ta. B. M. 1. 1171. , See Crinum zeylani- 
 
 cum; B. M. t. 1263, C. distichum; 
 B. M. t. 923, C. gigamteum. 
 
 — pa'Uida. A variety of A, Belladonna'. 
 
 — jmldica. See A. Belladorma. 
 
 — pwrpwra'scens. H. Ser. t. 911. is probably a 
 
 variety oi A. Belladonna. 
 
 — purpu'rea. See Vallota purpurea. 
 
 — Ba'dula. Jacq. Hort. Schoenb. t. 68. See 
 
 Brv/nsvigia Badula. 
 
 — reticula'ta. See Hijppeastrum. 
 
 — revolu'ta. B. M. 915, and var. gracilior, 
 
 B. M. t 623. See Crinum Hneare. 
 
 rohu'stior. B. M. t. 615. See Crinum 
 
 variabile. 
 
 — ro'sea of Lamarck Is A. Belladonna; of 
 
 Sprengel is Zephyrantbes rosea. 
 
 — Rougielri. See Hippeastrum aulicum. 
 
 — ru'bra. Fl. Ser. 1. 1416 is probably a form of 
 
 A. Belladonna. 
 
 — — sanm'nsis. B. M. t. 294. See Nerme sar- 
 
 niensis. 
 
 — specta'hilis, Andr. Eep. t. 390. See Crinum 
 
 yuccaflorum; B. C. t. 159, is a hybrid 
 Hippeastrum. 
 
 — stella'ris. Jacq. Hort. Schoenb. t. 71. See 
 
 Hesaea stellaris. 
 
 — stria'ta. Jacq. Hort. Schcenb. t. 70. See 
 
 Brunsvigia striata. 
 
 — Tetta'ni. Garden variety. 1888. 
 
 — Trea'tii. See Zephyranthes Treatii. 
 
 — tubispa'tha. B. M. 1. 1686. See Zephyranthes 
 
 tubispatha. 
 
 — undula'ta. B. M. t. 369. SeeNerineundulata. 
 
 — varia'bilis. Jacq. Hort. Schoenb. t. 429. See 
 
 Crinwin variabile. 
 
 — versi'color. See Zephyranthes versicolor, 
 
 — vivi'para. See Crinum dejvffu/m. 
 
 — z&yla'nica. See Crmum zeylanicuTn. 
 
 For A. Alber'ti, A. pardi'na, A. pro'cera, A. 
 Ray'Tieri, and A. Solandrifio'ra, see Hippeas- 
 trum. 
 
 Amaso'nia. (In honour of an Ame- 
 rican traveller, named Amason. Nat. 
 ord., VerbenacecB.) 
 
 Stove sub-shrubs. Sandy loam and leaf-soil. 
 Offsets. 
 
 A. calyei'na. 2. Bracts large, red ; calyx red ; 
 corolla sulphur yellow. September. 
 British Guiana. 1885. B. M. t. 6916. 
 Syn., A. punicea. 
 
 — ere'-cta. 2. Yellow. September. Maranhao. 
 
 Brazil. 1823. 
 
 Amate'ur. As the true qualifica- 
 tion of an amateur sometimes is ques- 
 tioned at local horticultural shows, we 
 give our definition. We consider that 
 person is an amateur who has a taste 
 for a pursuit (floriculture, or horticul- 
 ture, for instance), but who neither fol- 
 lows it as a profession, nor for pecuniary 
 advantage. 
 
 Amatungnla. Carissagrandiflora. 
 
 Amber, Sweet. Hypericum An- 
 droscemum. 
 
 Amber Tree. Anthospermwm mthi- 
 fipicum. 
 
 Amblosto'ma. (From amUos, 
 blunt, and stoma, a mouth. Nat. ord., 
 
 Orchidece; Tribe, Epidendreco; Sub-tribe, 
 Stenoglossea. ) 
 
 A. cdmuwm. 1. Yellowish-green. Brazil. Eef. 
 Bot. t. 101. Syn., A. tridactylum. 
 
 Amblyole'pis. (From amhhts, 
 blunt, and hpis, a scale ; involucre scales 
 being blunt. 'Hat. orA.., Compositm.) 
 
 Hardy annual, flowering all through the 
 summer. Seeds sown in spring in ordinary 
 garden-soil ; sunny position. 
 A. seti'gera. 1-2. Golden-yellow. July. Prairies 
 of Texas. Syn., Heleniwm setigerwm. 
 
 Ambrosi'nia. (Commemorative of 
 Professor Giacinti Ambrosini, of Bo- 
 logna. Nat. ord., Aracem.) 
 
 Half-hardy tuberous perennials, remarkable 
 for the curious structure of their inflorescence. 
 In A. Bassii the spathe is divided lengthwise 
 into two compartments, the solitary ovary being 
 in the front compartment, and the anthers in 
 the hinder one, attached in two rows to the 
 back of the partition^ which has a small hole at 
 the top through which insects can crawl, by 
 whose means only the pollen can be transmitted 
 to the stigma, and fertilization effected. Seeds 
 sown as soon as ripe in warm greenhouse division, 
 as growth commences in spring. Any light soil ; 
 must be protected in winter. 
 A. Ba'ssii. J. Green. Spring. Corsica, Sardinia. 
 1879. 
 
 There are three varieties of this plant, 
 viz., angustifo'lia, leaves narrow ; m^acu- 
 la'ta, leaves spotted, veins red; and 
 retieiUa'ta, pale leaves, with dark-green 
 venation. 
 
 — cilia'ta. See Cryptocoryne. 
 
 AmburVj also known as Anbury, 
 Club, and Finger and Toe., is a disease 
 in the cabbage and turnip caused by a 
 fungus, Plasmodiophora l>rassic(B, and 
 not by a weevil as was previously 
 thought. See Cabbage. 
 
 Amela'nchier. (This is the Savoy 
 name for the Medlar, to which this genus 
 is closely allied. Nat. ord., Bosacew.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs, closely allied to the 
 Medlar, and cultivated for their, showy white 
 flowers, which are produced in early spring. 
 Layers ; common rich loam. They are also 
 propagated by grafting on the hawthorn, or on 
 the quince. 
 
 A. alnifo'lia. 6. Dark purple. N. W. Americi. 
 1888. 
 
 — asia'tica. White. 1879. 
 
 — botrya'piwm. 12. N. Amer. 1746. 
 
 — canadensis. White. April. Canada. 1746. 
 
 Syn., Pyrus botryapium-. 
 
 — flo'rida. 12. N. Amer. 1826. B. E. t. 16S9. 
 parvif&lia. 3. 
 
 — oligoca'rpa. 2 to 4. Blue-purple. E. United 
 
 States. 1888. 
 
 — ova'lis. 8. N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 semi-mtegrifo'lia. N. Amer. 
 
 suboordata. N. Amer. 
 
 — samgui'nea. i. White. Fruit deep purple. 
 
 N. Amer. 1800. B. E. 1. 1171. 
 
 — mdga'ris. 6. South of Europe. 1696. G. C. 
 
 1878, p. 793. 
 
 Ame'Uus. (A name employed by 
 Virgil for a blue aster-lookmg plant 
 
 f rowing on the banks of the river Mella. 
 [at. ord. , CompositcB; Tribe, Asteroidew. ) 
 
AME 
 
 [35] 
 
 AME 
 
 Allied to Aster. A greenhouse evergreen 
 "trailer. Loamy soil ; cuttings in a bell-glass in 
 spring. 
 
 A. lychni'tis. 1. Violet. July. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1768. B. E. t. 586. 
 
 — sinnulo'sus. See Haplcrpmppus spinulosus, 
 
 — vill&sus. See Chrysopsis vUlosus. 
 
 American Aloe. A'gave ameri- 
 4M'na. 
 
 American Blight. The insect at- 
 tacking our apple-trees, and known by 
 this name, is the Schizoneura lanigera, 
 belonging to that group of Aphides, 
 which is not provided with honey tubes, 
 has the third vein of the front wing with 
 a single fork, the antennae, or horns, 
 short and thread form, and the whole 
 body more or less cottony or tomentose. 
 The presence of these insects is shown 
 by the white cottony matter in the 
 cracks and excrescences of apple-tree 
 
 branches in the spring. When crushed 
 they extrude a reddish fluid. These 
 insects are iniurious by piercing the 
 sap- vessels of the tree, sucking the juice, 
 and causing wounds which ulcerate, and 
 finally destroy the branch attacked, by 
 corrodingthroughallthesaprvessels. The 
 cottony matter is abundant ; and being 
 wafted to other trees, conveys to them 
 infection by bearing with it the eggs or 
 embryo insects. The females are wing- 
 less ; the males are winged, and appear 
 in July and August. These insects 
 sometimes retire underground, and prey 
 •upon the roots of the apple-tree. A tree 
 thus ravaged at all seasons will soon be 
 killed, if prompt and vigorous remedies 
 are not adopted. The affected roots 
 may be bared and left exposed for a few 
 days to the cold, and the earth, before 
 being returned, be saturated with am- 
 moniacal liquor from the gas-works. In 
 early March the branches should be 
 scraped and scrubbed with the same 
 ammoniacal liquid, or a strong brine of 
 common salt ; but, whatever liquid is 
 employed, the scraping and hard bristles 
 of tne brush should penetrate every crack 
 in the bark. We nave found spirit of 
 
 turpentine, applied thoroughly to every 
 patch of the insect by means of an old 
 brush, the most effective destroyer of 
 these insects. The spirit must be ap- 
 plied carefully;, because it kills every 
 leaf on which it falls. The codlin and 
 June eating-apple trees are particularly 
 liable to be infected ; but we never ob- 
 served it irpon any one of the russet 
 apples ; ahdT the Crofton pippin is also 
 said to be exempted. Our woodcut re- 
 presents the insect of its natural size as 
 well as magnified. The head, antennae, 
 and proboscis, by which it wounds the 
 sap-vessels, are stUl further magnified. 
 
 American Cowslip. Dodeca'- 
 
 American Cranberry. Vacci'- 
 niwm maeroca'rpon. Soil hght, and oc- 
 casionally manured with rotten leaves. 
 Peat has been considered indispensable 
 by some cultivators ; but we much ques- 
 tion whether this be not a mistaken im- 
 pression,, and should not be allowed to 
 deter persons from planting in any ordi- 
 nary dark vegetable matters, soft allu- 
 vium, or humus which may happen to 
 be within reach. On making an artificial 
 compost, we would advise one-third peaty 
 or other dark and unctuous material, 
 one-third leaf -soil, or old decayed weeds, 
 and one-third light and sandy loam or 
 ordinary soil. Situation : They require 
 a constant supply of water ; and, on a 
 south bank, where this supply can be 
 obtained, they may be planted in rows 
 four feet apart each way, and the water 
 made to circulate ina smallditchbetween 
 the rows. But the edge of a pond will 
 suit them almost as well, provided that a 
 little soil of a proper character is intro- 
 duced round the margin. It is well to 
 state, however, that a very considerable 
 amount of success has been attained in 
 beds of a peaty soil, without any system 
 of irrigation. After-culture: The shrubs 
 require no other attention than to be 
 kept free from weeds. A top-dressing 
 annuaHy, in November, of heath-soil or 
 rotten, leaves has been stated to prove 
 of much service. The American cran- 
 benyis considered of easier culture than 
 the English, or Oxyco'ccuspalu'stris, the 
 latter requiring more moisture than its 
 American ally. Produce: The fruit, 
 used for tarts and preserving, is so abun- 
 dant, that a bed six yards long is suffi- 
 cient for the largest family. Propaga- 
 tion : Suckers, cuttings, or seeds ; the 
 two former planted eany in the autumn. 
 
 American Cress. Barha'reapre'- 
 cox. Soil and situation : For the winter 
 standing crops, a Hght, dry soil, in an 
 
AME 
 
 [36] 
 
 AMO 
 
 open but warm situation ; and, for the 
 summer, a rather moister and shady bor- 
 der — in neither instance rich. Sow every 
 six weeks from March to August, for 
 summer and autumn ; and one sowing, 
 either at the end of August or beginning 
 of September, for a supply during winter 
 and spring. Sow in drills nine inches 
 apart. vulture: Water occasionally 
 during dry weather, both before and 
 after the appearance of the plants. Thin 
 to three inches apart. In winter, shelter 
 with a little litter or other light cover- 
 ing, supported by some twigs bent over 
 the bed, or some bushy branches laid 
 among the plants ; keep clear of weeds. 
 In gathering, strip off the outside leaves, 
 which enables suocessional crops to be- 
 come rapidly fit for use. When the 
 plants begin to run, their centres must 
 be cut away, which causes them to shoot 
 afresh. To obtain Seed, a few of the 
 strongest plants, raised from the first 
 spring sowing, are left ungathered from. 
 They flower m June or July, and perfect 
 their seed before the commencement of 
 autumn. 
 
 Ameri'num Bro'vmei and strigu- 
 lo'sum. See Dalbergia AEaerinum. 
 
 Amethy'stea. (From amethystos, 
 the amethyst ; in reference to the blue 
 colour of the flower. Nat. ol-d., Labi- 
 atcB.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seed ; ordinary garden-9oiI. 
 A. cteru'lea. 2. Blue. July. Siberia. 1769. 
 
 Amhe'rstia, (In honour of the 
 Countess Amherst. Nat. ord., Legumi- 
 nosce; Tribe, Amherstiece.) 
 
 This splendid flowering tree was first flowered 
 in England, by Mrs. Lawrence, in 1849. The in- 
 dividual flowers sustain the praise lavished on 
 them ; but they are so ephemeral, lasting hardly 
 three days, as to render its cultivation less de- 
 sirable. Stove evergreen tree. Bichj strong 
 loam ; cuttings of half-ripened wood, in sand, 
 under a bell-^ass, in a strong bottom-heat. 
 A. no'bilis. 40. Rich vermilion. Burmah. 1837. 
 B. M. t. 4453. 
 
 Ami'cia. (in honour of John Bap- 
 tiste Amici, of Modena. Nat. ord., Le- 
 ffuminoscB ; Tribe, Hedysa/rem. ) 
 
 A greenhouse or half-hardy perennial, may be 
 planted in sheltered spots in the open. Rough 
 sandy loam ; cuttings m sand, under a bell-glass 
 in heat. 
 
 A. zygo'Ttieris. 8. Yellow. June. Mexico. 
 1826. B. M. t. 4008. 
 
 Amia'nthium. See Helo'nias. 
 
 Ammo'bittin. (From ammos, sand, 
 and bio, to live ; in reference to the sandy 
 soil in which it thrives. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positas.) 
 
 Half-hardy annual or biennial everlasting. 
 Seed ; common garden-soil. 
 
 A. ala'twm. 2. White. June. Australia. 1822. 
 B. M. t. 2469. 
 
 grwndifit/rum. The heads nearly twice- 
 larger than the type. It comes true from 
 seed. 
 
 — plrnitagi'Tieum. 1. White. August. Aus- 
 
 tralia. 1827. 
 
 Ammo'charis. (Derivation un- 
 certain. Nat. ord., Amaryllidece.) 
 
 Showy greenhouse bulbous plants. For culture,, 
 see Brunsvigia. 
 
 A.faka'ta. }. Bright red. Winter. Cape 
 Colony. Syns., A. eoranica, Amaryllis^ 
 coranica, B. R. 1. 139, a,nAfalcdta, Crinum 
 faXcalum, Jacq. Hort. Vind. t. 60. There 
 is also a variety pallUa, figured in B. B.. 
 1. 1219. 
 
 — Slate^riana. See BruTisvigia Slateriana. 
 
 Ammode'ndron. (From ammos,. 
 sand, and dendron, a tree ; in reference: 
 to the situation it grows in. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminosoe ; Tribe, Sophorem. ) 
 
 A hardy evergreen silky leaved shrub, layers^ 
 and seed. Allied to Sophora. 
 
 A. Sieve'rsii. 4. Purple. June. Siberia. 1837. 
 
 Syn., Sophora bifolia. 
 
 Ammoge'ton scorzonerifo'- 
 lium. See Troximon glaucum.. 
 
 B. M. t. 3462 ; also a variety, B. M.. 
 t. 1667. 
 
 Ammy'rsine. See Leiophy'l- 
 luiu. 
 
 Amomopliy'llum. See Spathi- 
 phylliun. 
 
 Amo'mum. (From a, not, and ttio- 
 mos, impurity ; in reference to the^ 
 quality of counteracting poison. Nat. 
 ord., ScitaminecB ; Tribe, Zingiberacete.) 
 
 Stove deciduous herbaceous perennials. For^ 
 merly used in embalming ; whence the word 
 nmmmny on account of their aroma. Root divi- 
 sion ; nch, light loam ; require, when growing, a 
 high, moist heat. 
 
 A. aeulea'tum,. 10. Orange. May. E. Ind. 
 1819. 
 
 — AJzellU. 3. Pink. May. Sierra Leone. 
 
 1796. This is regarded by some to be the 
 same as A. Chmi. 
 
 — emgustifo'lium. 8. Bed. June. Madagascar. 
 
 — aroma' ticrnn. 3. Purplish-yellow. June. 
 
 E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 — eardamjo'miwm. 4. Pale brown. June. E. 
 
 Ind. 1823. 
 
 — Clu'eii. Yellow. Fernando Po. B. M., 
 
 t. 6250. 
 
 purpw'reum. 2J. Red. W.Africa. Syn.,. 
 
 A. Da/nielli. 
 
 — dealba'trnm. 3. White. April. Bengal. 1819 
 
 — gra'na pmadi'si. 3. Red. Match. Mada- 
 
 ffiiscar. B. M. t. 4603. 
 
 — gramMjlo'rum. 3. White. July. Sierra. 
 
 Leone. 1795. 
 
 — latifdliAim. 4. Purplish-yellow. June. 
 
 Sierra Leone. 1824. 
 
 — magni'jkum. 10. Bed. July. Mauritius. 
 
 1830. Syns., Alpinia magnijusa, B. M. 
 t. 3192 ; Nicolaia irni/perialis. 
 
 — ma'ximum. 5. White. June. E. Ind. B 
 
 E. t. 929. 
 
 — Melegm!ta mi'nor. Pale pint. May. Sierra 
 
 Leone. 1869. B. M. t. 6987. 
 
 — soe'ptrum. 5. Bose purple. January. Oldi 
 
 Calabar. 1863. B. M. t. 6761. 
 
AMO 
 
 [37] 
 
 AMP 
 
 A. seri'ceum. 6. White. July. B.Incl. 1819. 
 
 — mbula'tum. 3. Yellow. April. Bengal. 1822. 
 
 — ti/lv^stre. 1. White. April. W. Ind. 1819. 
 
 — viteUi'num. 2. Yellow. May. E. Indies. 
 
 — Zi'Tigiber. See Zingiber oJfuHnale. 
 
 Amoo'ra. ( Amoor of the Bengalese. 
 Nat. ord., Meliacew.) 
 
 Stove ever^een shrub. Cuttings in sand, under 
 a bell-glass, in a hotbed ; soil, light, rich loam. 
 A. eueuMa'ta. Yellow. May. Delta ot the 
 Ganges. 1884. Eoxb. PI. Corom. vol. 3, 
 t. 268. 
 
 — Sohitu'ka. Yellow. E. Indies. Bedd. 11. 
 
 Syl. 1. 132. 
 
 Amo'rpha. Bastard Indigo. (From 
 •a, not, and morpha, form ; in reference 
 to the irregularity of the flowers. Nat. 
 ord., LeguminoscB ; Tribe, Galegece.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs. Common soil ; layers 
 •or cuttings of the ripe wood in autumn, and 
 .suckers. 
 
 A. cane^scens. 3. Blue. July. Missouri. 1812. 
 B. M. t. 6618. 
 
 — ero'ceo-lana'ta. 5. Purple. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1820. 
 — fra'grams is A. nana of B. M. t. 2112, but not 
 
 of others. 
 — friMtieo'sa. 6. Purple. July. Carolina. 1724. 
 
 B. B. t. 427. 
 ar)^itst\fo'lia. 9. Purple. June. South 
 
 Carolina. 1812. 
 
 ciem'lea. 9. Blue. June. South Carolina. 
 
 emwrgina'ta. 6. Purple. July. Carolina. 
 
 1724. 
 miaropliy'Ua, 2. Purple. June. Carolina. 
 
 — gla'bra. 3. Purple. July. N.Amer. 1818. 
 
 — herta'cea. 3. Blue. July. Carolina. 1803. 
 
 Syn., A. puieseens. B. C. t. 689. 
 
 — Leim'sii. 3. Purple. July. N. Amer. 1818. 
 
 — Tnicrophy'Ua. A synonym of A. nana. 
 
 — na'^Aa. 2. Blue. August. Missouri. 1811. 
 
 B. M. t. 2112. These last three require 
 a little protection in winter. 
 
 Amorphopha'llus. (From amor- 
 jphos, deformed, and phallos, a mace ; 
 referring to the misshapen, barren ap- 
 pendix of the spadix. Nat. ord. Aracece.) 
 
 Stove or greenhouse tuberous-rooted plants, 
 natives of Sonthem Asia and the Indian Archi- 
 pelago. The solitary branched leaf usually ap- 
 pearing after the flowers, which are generally 
 extremely fetid. Eich loam and leaf -mould, with 
 a dash of sand. They require shade, and to go 
 to rest during part of the year, during which 
 time they require to be kept dry, and warm. 
 When growing give abundance of water ; A. catn- 
 panulatus thrives best if its roots are allowed to 
 descend into a tank of water. Imported seeds 
 or tubers. They rarely make tubers, or produce 
 seeds under cultivation. 
 
 A. cmrvpamda'tus. 2. Lurid purple. India. 1817. ' 
 Syn., Arwm ea/mpanulatum. HI. Hort. 
 1865, t. 424. 
 
 — Cha'tty. 3. India. 1872. 
 
 — du'Uns. 2. Purple. June. Ceylon. 1857. 
 
 B. M. t. 6187. 
 .— Ei'ehUri. H. Purple, white ; spadix brown. 
 W. Trop. Africa. B. M. t. 7091. 
 
 — gra'nais. 3. Spathe green, white inside ; 
 
 spadixpurpUsh. Java. 1865. 
 •— Laamrii. Leaves marked with round white 
 
 spots. Cochin China. 1879. 111. Hort. 
 
 h. s. t. 316. 
 ,— Jeome'Tms. Spathe and spadix purplish brown. 
 
 Sierra Leone. 1845. CorynophaUus? 
 
 — •nivc/sus. See DrOAxmtium aigpervm. 
 
 A. no'bilis. Spathe livid purple, spotted with 
 white. Java. 1867. 
 
 — papiZlo'ms. Greenish and dark brown 
 
 — pictua. Java. 1865. 
 
 — Sivie'ri. Spathe and spadix lurid purple. 
 
 Cochin China. Syns., Proteinophallus 
 Bivieri and .4 . Eonjac. Eev. Hort. 1871 
 t. 573. 
 
 — specio'sus. Java. 1865. 
 
 — Ttta'num. 10. Spathe and spadix black 
 
 purple. W. Sumatra. 1879. An extra- 
 ordinary plant, of gigantic dimensions, 
 the leaf -stalk being 10 ft. high, and the 
 divided blade covermg an area of 46 ft. ; 
 the spathe is about 3 ft. across, and 
 the spadix 5 ft. high, l^is species 
 flowered for the first tune at Kew in 1890. 
 B. M. tt. 7153-7165. 
 
 — viro'sus. Spathe pale green outside with a 
 
 broad purple margin ; Inside, purple in 
 lower and upper part, cream-c(uoured in 
 the middle. Siam. B. M. t. 6978. 
 
 — WcUli'sii. Brazil. 1862. Gfl. 1862, t. 360. 
 
 — zebri'nus. Java. 1865. 
 
 Ampelo'psis. (From ampelos, a 
 vine, and opsis, resemblance, in reference 
 to its resemblance to the grape-vine. 
 Nat. ord., Ampelidem.) 
 
 Nearly allied to VitiS. Quick growing, orna- 
 mental, hardy deciduous climbers. Flowers in- 
 conspicuous, but on account of their handsome 
 leaves some of the species are very popular for 
 walls and buildings. Cuttings in sand under 
 a handlight in September in the open border, 
 will be fit to plant out in spring. They may 
 also be Increased by layers. Ordinary garden- 
 soil. 
 A. acanitifo'lia. Leaves much divided. China. 
 
 1868. Syns., A. lu'cida, A. trilo'ba, A. 
 
 triparti'ttit and Vitis disse'cta. 
 
 — Hprnna'ta. Green. June. N. America. 1700. 
 
 — eitrullai'des. 16. Greenish. Eev. Hort 
 
 1868, p. 10. 
 
 — na^fo'rmiis. Greenish. China. 1870. 
 
 — quinquefo'lia. Greenish-purple. N.America. 
 
 1629. The Virginian Creeper. Syn., A. 
 hedera'cea. 
 hi/nvlta. May. N. America. 1806. 
 
 — aempervi'rems. An evergreen species. 1881. 
 
 — eerjanifo'lia. Green. Japan. 1867. Gfl. 1867, 
 
 p. 451. Syns., A. t'u3)ero'sa, li'ssue, and 
 vttidf&lia. 
 
 — tricuspida'ta. Japan. 1868. Syns., A, 
 
 Vei'tchii, and Vi'tis japo'nica, 
 
 Ampelovi'tis. (Nat. ord., Ampe- 
 lidecB. ) 
 
 A deciduous climber, probably hardy in the 
 Southern Counties. 
 
 A. Dawi'di. Leaves shining green above, glau- 
 cous below. N. China. Eev. Hort. 
 1889, p. 204. 
 
 Ampely'gonum chme'nse. See 
 Polygonum chinense. 
 
 Amphere'phis. See Centran- 
 theraiu. 
 
 A. arista'ta. See Centrcmtherum, punctatum. 
 
 Amphible'mma cymo'sum. See 
 Melastoma corymbosum. 
 
 Amphicarpse'a. _ (From ampM, 
 aromnd, or on either side, and karpos, 
 fruit ; in reference to the plant bearing 
 pods on the stem and on the shoots. 
 
AMP 
 
 [38] 
 
 ANA 
 
 Nat. otA., Leguminosce J- Tiihe, Phase- 
 olece. ) 
 
 Curious twining, hardyperennial plants ; allied 
 to Wistaria readily increased by seeds, or root 
 tubers, in common soil. 
 A. rmmoi'ca. 4. September. N. Amer. 1781. 
 
 — sarmenMsa. 2. September. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 Amplli'COIUe. (From amphi, 
 around, and kome, hair ; in reference to 
 the winged seed. Nat. ord., Bigno- 
 niaeex. Syn., IncarvUlea.) 
 
 Ornamental greenhouse herbaceous plants. 
 They may be increased by seeds, or by cuttings, 
 which root readily in sandy peat, in spring, if 
 placed under glass. Loam, leaf -soil, and sand. 
 A. argu'ta. 1. Lilac. August. Himalaya 
 Mountains. B. B. 1838, 1. 19. 
 
 — Emo'di. IJ. Bose, orange. October. E. 
 
 Indies. 1852. B. M. t. 4890. 
 
 Amphilo'phium. (From amphi- 
 lophos, encompassing the neck. Nat. 
 ord., BignoniacecB.) 
 
 A handsome stove evergreen climber, requiring 
 the same treatment as Bignonia. Cuttings root 
 readily under glass, on bottom-heat, in the spring 
 months. Soil, loam and peat. 
 A.panicula'tum. 20. Purple. W. Ind. 1738. 
 Syn., Bigntmia panwulata. 
 
 Amiphisco'pia PoMia'na. See 
 Dianthera. 
 
 Amphitha'lia. (Nat. ord., Legu- 
 minosce. ) 
 
 A. erwifo'lia. 2, Pink. January. S. Africa. 
 1821. Syn., Borbonia erici/olia. 
 
 Amso'nia. (In honour of Charles 
 Amson, a scientific traveller in America. 
 Nat. ord., Apocynacece.) 
 
 These are handsome herbaceous perennials, 
 with blue flowers, and will grow in any garden- 
 soil ; rooting readily from cuttings durmg the 
 summer months, or they may be divided at the 
 root in autumn or spring, seeds. 
 A. wng'mtifQ'lia. 2. N. Amer. 1774. 
 
 — TabermKfmoytAaJnn. 2. N. Amer. 1759. B. M. 
 
 t. 1873. Syns., A. latifoUa and salwi- 
 folia. 
 
 Amy'gdalus. (From amysso, to 
 lacerate, in reference to the fissured 
 channels in the stone of the fruit ; but 
 some suppose from a Hebrew word sig- 
 nifying vigilant, as its early flowers an- 
 nounce the return of spring. Nat. ord., 
 BosacecE.) This genusi and Persica 
 should be united to Prunus, of which 
 they are but sections. 
 
 These are very ornamental plants ; the tall tree 
 kinds are very pretty in the middle or back 
 ground of shrubberies ; the dwarf kinds, also, as 
 front plants to the same. The true varieties are 
 
 increased by budding them upon seedling plum- 
 stocks. In the south of France, Italy, Spain, 
 and' different parts of the Levant, they are 
 cultivEtted for their fruit. Almost any soil suits 
 them. 
 A. BoisMH. Pale rose. Asia Minor. 1879. 
 
 — cochmchmefnsis. Pink. March. Cochin 
 
 China. 1826. 
 
 — eommm'nia. 16. Red. April. Barbary. 1648. 
 ama'ra. 1. Red. April. Barbary. 1648. 
 
 A. commM'nit du'lcis. 16. Bed. March. 1548.. 
 
 — flore-ple'no. 16. Red. March. 1548. 
 
 fo'liw variega'tis. 16. Red. March. 
 
 1548. 
 fra'gUis. 16. Red. April. Barbary. 
 
 1548. 
 gramdiflo'raro'sea. 16. Rose. March. 
 
 1648. 
 maerom'rpa. 15. Red. April. Barbary. 
 
 1648. B. B. 1. 1160. 
 persieoi'des. 16. Bed. April. Barbary. 
 
 1548. 
 
 p^ndMla. 16. White. March. 1648. 
 
 salicifo'lia. 15. White. March. 1648. 
 
 — vncaJna. 2. Red. April. Caucasus. B. B. 
 
 1839, t. 58. •* 
 campelstris. 2. Bed. April. Podolia. 
 
 1818. 
 geo'rgiea. 3. Red. April. Georgia. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — rm'na. Pink. Russia. B. M. 1. 161. 
 
 — arienta'lis. 10. Red. April. Levant. 1766. 
 
 — pedMneuMta. 10. Bed. April. Levant. 
 
 1833. 
 
 — pelriica. See P&rtAca. 
 
 ru'bra. Leaves deep redin spring. White. 
 
 1874. 
 
 — pvImOa. 4. Red. April. China. 1683. 
 
 B. M. t. 2176. 
 
 — prostra'ta. 2. Red. April. Crete. 1802. 
 
 — giti'rica. 6. Red. April. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1699. 
 
 Amy lis. (From a, intensive, and 
 myrrha, myrrh ; in reference to its 
 powerful perfume. Nat. ord., Burse- 
 racecB. ) 
 
 This genus is famed forits resinous gum. The 
 species are all ornamental, white-flowered, ever- 
 green stove trees, growing well in loam and peat, 
 and readily increased by cuttings in sand and 
 peat, on bottom-heat, under a hand-glass, in the 
 spring months. 
 A. acwndna'ta. See Bwsera. 
 
 — brazilidTms. 20. August. Brazil. 1823. 
 
 — heptaphy'lla. 10. E.lnd. 1820. 
 
 — Luna'ni. 12. July. Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 — Tnari'tima. 12. S. Amer. 1810. 
 
 — na'na. 5. E. Ind. 1822. 
 
 — Plumie^H. 20. W. Ind. 1820. Syn., A, 
 
 — eylva'tica. 16. July. Carthage. 1793. 
 
 — tecoma'ca. 20. Mexico. 1827. 
 
 — toxi'fera. 10. W. Ind. 1818. Syn., A^ 
 
 balsamifera. 
 
 — zeylalnica. See BaUa/modendron. 
 
 Ana'basis. (From the Greek, re- 
 ferring to its upright habit. Nat. ord., 
 ChenopodiaceK. ) 
 
 Hardy shrub. 
 A. aimmode!nilron. Yellow. Central Asia. 1888. 
 
 Anaca'mpseros. (From anak- 
 ampto, to cause to return, and eros, love ; 
 an ancient name for a plant fabled to 
 possess the virtue of restoring the soft 
 passion. Nat; ord., Poriulacece.) 
 
 These are very pretty little succulent green- 
 house plants ; do well in sand and loam, mixed 
 with a little lime-rubbish, and are increased 
 either from seeds sown in spring, or from cuttings 
 at any time ; even a single leaf will make a plant. 
 The cuttings should be laid to dry a day or twc 
 before planting. 
 
 A. cmgustifo'lia. 1. Pink. July. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 — arachnoi'des. IJ. Pink. August. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1790. B. M. t. 1368. 
 
ANA 
 
 [39] 
 
 ANA 
 
 A. fitamento'sa. 1. Pink. September. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1796. B. M. 1. 1367. 
 
 — interme^dia. Pink. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1824. 
 
 — loMceola'ta. 1. Pink. September. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1796. 
 
 — polyphy'Ua. 1. Pink. August. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1818. 
 
 — rotwndifo'lia. 1. Pink. August. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1732. B. C. t. 691. 
 
 — ru'bens. 1. Bed. August. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1796. 
 
 — rufe'scens. 1. Pink. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1818. 
 
 — va'riarui. 1. Pink. August. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1818. 
 
 Anaca'rdillin. (From ana, like, 
 and kardia, the heart ; in reference to 
 the form of the nut. Nat. ord., Ana- 
 eardiacem. ) 
 
 A. occidenta'le produces the Cashew-nut. A 
 stove evergreen tree, ornamental^ producing 
 panicled corymbs of sweet-smelling flowers. 
 Soil, rich loam ; ripe cuttings root readily, with 
 their leaves on, in a pot of sand, under a glass, 
 in heat. 
 A. oeeidenta'le. 20. Green, red. W. Ind. 1699. 
 
 Bedd. Fl. Syl. 1. 163. 
 i'ndicwm. 20. Green, red. E. Ind. 1699. 
 
 Anacardium langifoliwm and Cassuvium. See 
 Semecarpus anacardiv/m, 
 
 Anacy'clus. (From ana, like, and 
 kyklos, a circle ; in reference to the rows 
 of ovaries in circles round the disc. Nat. 
 ord. , CompositcE ; Tribe, Anthemidece. ) 
 
 Pretty hardy annuals allied to Anthemis. 
 They should be sown in the open ground in 
 April. 
 
 A. alexandri'rms. Yellow. June. Egypt. 1828. 
 Syn., Cyrtolejns alexandrina, 
 
 — au'reus. See Anthemis aurea. 
 
 — elava'tus. 2. White. August. Barbary. 
 
 1810. Syn., Anthemis incrassata. 
 
 — pyr^ thrum. 2. White. August. Barbary. 
 
 1837. B. M. t. 462. Syn., Anthemis 
 pyrethrum. 
 
 — radia'tus. 2. Yellow. August. South of 
 
 Europe. 1596. 
 
 purpura' seens. Outer rays purple. Gfl. 
 
 t. 1074. 
 
 — tOTTCento'sMS. 1. White. July. South of 
 
 Europe. 1803. Sya.tAnthemispvbescens. 
 
 Anade'nia, See Grevillea. 
 
 Anaga'llis. Pimpernel. (From ana- 
 gelao, to laugh ; fabled to possess a vir- 
 tue to remove sadness. Nat. ord., Pri- 
 mvlacecB. ) 
 
 A favourite genus with gardeners. They are 
 very interesting plants, of easy culture ; all the 
 perennial kinds, with the exception otA. tenella, 
 require greenhouse protection during winter, 
 and are readily increased by cuttings, in spring, 
 in the hotbeds. The whole of them make excel- 
 lent rock and border plants for the summer. 
 Seeds of the annuals may be sown in April in 
 open border. 
 
 A. altemifo'lia. Yellow, pink. April. Rio 
 Janeiro. 1839. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 — a/rvelnsis. Bright red. June. Europe. 
 
 Syns., 4 cornea B,ni phaenuiea. 
 
 — ewru'lea. Blue. June. Europe. 
 
 — coUi'na. 3. Vermilion. August. Morocco. 
 
 1803. Greenhouse biennial. Syn., A. 
 grandiflara. Andr. Bot. Kep. t. 367. 
 
 A. colli'na a'lba compa'cta. White. 1883 Gfl 
 
 t. 1126. 
 WillwM'ea'na. i. Purple. August. 
 
 Madeira. 1834. 
 —frutieo'sa. 3. Red. August. Morocco. 1802. 
 Phili'msii. Deep blue. 1889. 
 
 — i'ndiea. 1. Blue. July. Nepaul. 1824. 
 
 Hardy annual. 
 
 — lati/o'lia. 1. Purple. August. Spain. 1769. 
 
 Greenhouse biennial. 
 
 — limif&lia. Blue. August. Portugal. 1796. 
 
 Greenhouse biennial. 
 
 — Marrya'ttoe. 1. Copper. July. Hybrid. 1828. 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen trailer. 
 
 — Mone'lli. 1. Blue. July. Italy. 1648. This 
 
 and the next five are greenhouse herba- 
 ceous trailers. B. M.t. 319. 
 
 Brewe!ri. }. Bed. June. Gardens. 1648. 
 
 lilad'na. 1. Lilac. May. 1836. 
 
 Phceni'eea. Scarlet. May. Morocco. 
 
 1803. 
 
 Phili'psii. }. Rich blue. June. Gardens. 
 
 1803. 
 
 — Willmorea'na. A variety of A, collina. 
 
 B. M. t. 3380. 
 
 — tene'lla. J. Rose colour. July. Britain. 
 
 A creeper. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1148. 
 
 — Webbia'na. 1. Blue. July. Portugal. 1828. 
 
 Half-hardy trailer. 
 
 — Wellsia'na. 1. Copper. August. English 
 
 hybrid. 1830. Half-hardy trailer. 
 
 Ana'gyris. (From ana, like, and 
 gyros, a spiral, or turning in a circle ; in 
 reference to its curved pods. Nat. ord., 
 LeguminoscB.) 
 
 Small ornamental shrubs or trees, allied to 
 Podalyria ; requu-e the protection of the green- 
 house ; soil, loam and peat ; young cuttings root 
 readily in sand and peat, under glass, planted in 
 July. 
 A, foe'tida. 9. Yellow. April. Spain. 1750. 
 
 B. C. t. 740. 
 glau'ca. 6. Yellow. April. South of 
 
 Europe. 1800. 
 
 — latifo'lia. 19. Yellow. April. Teneriffe. 1815. 
 
 Anaphalis. (Altered from Gna- 
 phalium. Nat. ord. , Compositm ; Tribe, 
 InuloidecB.) 
 
 A.Eoylea'na. White, yellow. September. India. 
 1882. 
 
 A'nanas. (From nanas, the local 
 name for the pine-apple in South Ame- 
 rica. Nat. ord., Bromeliacew. Syn., 
 Ananassa.) 
 
 For culture, see Pine- Apple. 
 A. bracamore'nsis. Brazil. 1879. 
 
 — bractea'ta. 3. Crimson. April. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 B. R. 1. 1081. 
 
 — ddWlis. 3. Crimson. April. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 — lu'cMa. 3. Pink. April. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 — sativa. 3. Purple. April. S. Amer. 1690. 
 
 The Pine-apple. 
 variega'ta; 
 
 — macrodo'ntas. Reddish. Belg. Hort. 1878, 
 
 t. 5. Syn., Bromelia imdulata. 
 
 — MordiZo'na. Columbia. 1869. 
 
 — M&nsdorfia'na. A synonym of JEchmea Fer- 
 
 iwJndcB. 
 
 — Pmiea'na. Philippines. 1866. Leaves yellow- 
 
 banded. Belg. Hort. 1872, 1. 16 to 19. 
 
 Ana'ntherix viridis. See Gom- 
 phocarpus. 
 
 Anarrhi'num. (From a, not, and 
 nose. The snout-like form of the 
 
ANA 
 
 [40] 
 
 AND 
 
 allied genus Antirrhinum is wanting in 
 this. Nat. ord., Scrophulariacem.) 
 
 Allied to Snapdragon. These plants are half- 
 hardy annuals or perennials, and are very pretty. 
 Seeds maybe sown in the open borders in spring. 
 The perennials may be perpetuated by cuttings. 
 A. bellidifo'Hwm. 2. Blue. July. France. 1629. 
 
 B. M. t. 2056. 
 — frutic(/sum. 2. White. August. South of 
 
 Europe. 1826. 
 
 — Mrm'tum. IJ. Whitish. Portugal. 1818. 
 
 Syn., A. Duritniniurn. 
 
 — pube^scem. 12. White. August. South, of 
 
 Europe. 
 
 Anasta'tica. (From anastasis, re- 
 surrection ; in reference to its hygro- 
 metrical property. Nat. ord. , Cruciferce. ) 
 
 An annual plant, native of the Egyptian and 
 Syrian deserts, and called the Rose of Jericho. 
 When full grown it contracts its rigid branches 
 into a round ball, and is then tossed about by 
 the wind. When it alights in water, or on damp 
 ^ound, the branches relax and open out, as if 
 its life was renewed ; hence its name of Resurrec- 
 tion Plant, Among the superstitious tales told 
 of it is, that ' ' it first bloomed on Christmas Eve, 
 to salute the birth of the Kedeemer, and paid 
 homage to his resurrection by remaining ex- 
 panded till Easter." The seeds of this curious 
 annual, must be sown in a warm pit, where it 
 may be kept until early summer, when it should 
 be planted out in a warm border. 
 A. Hierochu'ntiGa. . 1. White. July. Levant. 
 1697. B. M. t. 4400. Bose of Jericho. 
 
 Anasce'tum crassi folium. See 
 Polypodium (Drynaria). 
 
 Anchie'ta. (In honour of a Brazilian 
 •writer on plants of that name. Nat. ord., 
 ViolacecB. ) 
 
 An ornamental evergreen stove climber. Loam, 
 peat, and sand. Young cuttings under a bell- 
 glass in a gentle heat. 
 
 A. pyrifo'lia. 3. White, with red veins. July. 
 Brazil. 1822. 
 
 Aneho'vy-pear. See Grias. 
 
 Anchoma'nes. (An ancient name 
 for some plant. Nat. ord., Araceoe. 
 Allied to Amorphophallus.) 
 
 Stove tuberous pereanials. Like Aristema, 
 Amorphophallus, etc the leaf dies to the 
 ground every autumn ; the tuber should then be 
 repotted in rich sandy loam, and leaf -soil ; free 
 drainage, and very little water given it until the 
 following spring. During growth give abundance 
 of water and keep in a moist atmosphere. Seeds, 
 and offsets from the tubers. Summer temp. 60° 
 to 85° ; winter, 55° to 60°. 
 A. du'bius. Spathe purplish outside, cream- 
 coloured within. G. C. vol. IS (1885), 
 p. 669. 
 
 — Hooke'ri. 3. Spathe purple, spadix whitish. 
 
 June. Eeriiando Po. 1832. Syn., Cala- 
 dium petiolatwm. 
 
 pa'llida. Spathe paler. 1862. B. M. 
 
 t. 6394. 
 
 Anchu'sa. (From anchousa, a cos- 
 metic paint, formerly made from A. 
 tincto'ria, for staining the skin. Nat. 
 ord., BoragmecB.) 
 
 A reddish-brown substance, thought to be a 
 peculiar chemical principle, used by dyers, is ob- 
 tained from the roots of A. tincto'ria, oralkanet. 
 
 Ornamental hardy annual, biennial, or perennial 
 plants of the easiest culture. Propagation, either 
 by seeds in early spring, or division in autumn. 
 A. eape'nm requires a little frame-protection 
 during the winter months. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 A. aggrega'ta. J. Blue. June. Levant. 1827. 
 
 — ffmos'na. 1. Blue. June. South of Europe. 
 
 1817. A form of A. italiea. 
 
 — Ky'brida. 2. White, blue. July. Italy. 1820. 
 
 — XUlelri. IJ. Blue. May. Mount Sinai and 
 
 Egypt. 1824. 
 
 — parviflora. 1. Blue. June. Levant. 1827. 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 167. 
 
 — stylo'sa. 1. Blue. May. Siberia. 1802. 
 
 — tene'Ua. See Bothriosperm/um tenellum. 
 
 — verruco'sa. See Lycopsis orientalist. 
 
 BIENNIALS. 
 
 A. aspe'rrinui. See Arnebia hiapidissima. 
 
 — capflnm. 1. Blue. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1830. B. M. 1. 1822. 
 
 — Omeli'ni. 2. Blue. August. Podolia. 1817. 
 
 — latifo'lia. See Nonnea rosea. 
 
 PERENNIALS. 
 
 1. Blue. August. Siberia. 
 
 A. Aga'rdhii. 
 1820. 
 
 — Bwrrelie'ri, 
 
 1820. 
 
 — tcespito'sa. 
 
 2. Blue. July. South of Europe. 
 B. M. t. 2349. 
 
 i. Blue. June. Levant. 1833. 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. 1. 169. 
 
 — cri'spa. 1. Blue. June. Corsica. 1835. 
 
 — hi'spida. 2. Blue. July. Egypt. 1817. 
 
 — incarna'ta. 2. Flesh. August. South of 
 
 Europe. 1816. 
 
 — ita'lica, 3. Bright blue or purple. Summer. 
 
 S. Europe, 1810. Syns., A. azurea and 
 pamculata. B. B. t. 483. 
 
 — la/na'ta. See Solenanthus lanatus. 
 
 — longifo'lia. 3. Blue. July. Italy. 1819. 
 
 — macula'ta. 2. Blue. May. Bussia. 1824. 
 
 — myosotidifio'ra. 1. Pink. August. Levant. 
 
 1713. Syn., Wyosotis macrophylla. 
 
 — officina'Ug. 2. Blue. August. Tauria. 1825. 
 angustifo'Ua. 2. Purple. May. S. 
 
 Europe. 1640. Syn., A. procera of 
 B. M. 1. 1897. 
 inewmaHa. Flowers flesh-coloured. 
 
 — ochroleu'ca. 2. Purple. July. Britain. 
 leptophy'lla. 2. Purple. August. Europe. 
 
 1640. Syn., 4. procera of Bchb. Ic. Crit. 
 t. 471, not B. M. 1897, which is A. offici- 
 nalis, var. angustifolia. 
 
 — peiiola'ta. See Cynoglossum petiolatum. 
 
 — rupe'stris. See M-itrichium rupestre. 
 
 — serKpenfi'rens. IJ. Blue. Europe. 
 
 — seri'eea. See Myosotis scrwea. 
 
 — tinclo'ria. 2. White. August. Montpelier. 
 
 1596. Syn., AVcanna tinctoria. 
 
 — undula'ta. 2. Purple. July. Spain. 1752. 
 
 — zeyla'nwa. See Bothri^sper'mAmi tenellum. 
 
 Ancylo'gyne. (Prom anhylos, 
 curved, and gyne, a female ; ihe pistil is 
 curved. 'S&t. oii., Acanthotcece. Syn., 
 Sanchezia. ) 
 
 Stove sub-shrub. For culture, see Bahleria. 
 A. longifio'ra. Purple. April. Guayaquil. 1866. 
 B. M. t. 6588. 
 
 — no'bUis. Yellow, bracts red. June. Ecuador. 
 
 1863. B. M. t. 6594. 
 
 AMerso'nia. (In honourof William 
 Anderson, surgeon, who accompanied 
 Captain Cook on two voyages ; also of 
 Dr. Alexander Anderson, Prefect of the 
 Botanic Gardens at St. Vincents. Nat. 
 ord., MpaeridacecB.) 
 
AND 
 
 [41] 
 
 AND 
 
 Very pretty and delicate gr^enhotise shrnts. 
 Sandy peat; cuttings root readily, in autumn 
 or spring, under a bell-glass in gentle heat. 
 ^. axru'lea. 2 Calyx pink, corolla blue. King 
 
 George's Sound, W. Australia, aff 
 
 1. 1180, fig. 2. 
 
 — depre'ssa. j. Blue and white. W.Australia. 
 
 Gfl. 1. 1180, f. 1. 
 
 — homalosto'ma. 1. Calyx pink, corolla blue. 
 
 King George's Sound, W. Australia. 
 Gfl. 1. 1180, fig. 3. 
 
 — sprengeloi'des. 2. Pink. March. Australia. 
 
 1803. B. M. t. 1645. Syn., Sprmgelia 
 Andersoni, 
 
 Andi'ra. (Its local name in the 
 Brazils. Nat. ord., Leguminos(B.) 
 
 Large ornamental stove evergreen trees. Soil, 
 loam and peat ; cuttings root readily under a 
 bell-glass, in heat. 
 
 A. ine'rmis. 20. Purple. Jamaica. 1773. The 
 Cabbage Tree. 
 
 — racemo'sa. 20. Purple. Brazil. 1818. 
 
 Androcy-'mbium. (From aner, a 
 man, and cymhos, a cavity; the stamens 
 are inclosed in a hollow formed by the 
 folding of the limb of the petals. Nat. 
 ord., Liliacece ; Tribe, Anguillariece.) 
 
 Greenhouse bulbs of curious habit ; the leaves 
 spread out upon the ground, and the flowers are 
 sessile in the middle of the tuft. Light sandy 
 soil, dry atmosphere, and no shade; they re- 
 quire a season of rest, during which theyrequire 
 scarcely any water. Seeds, and oflfsets. 
 A. eueomoi'des. 1. Green. April. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1794. B. M. t. 641. Syn., 
 
 M&lanthiwm eucomoides. 
 
 — leuca'nthum. White. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 Syn., A. eucomoides, Swt. Fl. Gard. 
 t. 166. 
 
 — Ttielanthoi'des. 1. White. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 — puncta'tum. Whitish. S. Africa. 1874. 
 
 — voluta're. 1. White. April. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1816. 
 
 Androle'pis. (From aner, a man, 
 and lepis, a scale ; referring to the scaly 
 stamens. Nat. ord., Bromeliaceee. This 
 genus is now placed in yEchmea. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen epiphyte. Seeds, and ofi^sets, 
 
 which are produced abundantly after flowering. 
 
 Tor culture, see ./Schmea. 
 
 A. Skinnelri. IJ. Calyx green ; corolla yellow. 
 
 Guatemala. 1850. Syns., Billbergia 
 
 Skirmeri and JBehmea Skinneri. 
 
 Androma'chia. (Nat. ord., Com- 
 positce. ) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. 
 A. Mar&ni. 2. Pale yellow. Brazil. 1887. 
 
 Andro'meda. (A classical name, 
 after the daughter of Cepheus and Cas- 
 siope. King and Queen of ^Ethiopia. 
 Nat. ord., Ericacece.) 
 
 Dwarf hardy shrubs, requiring peaty soil. 
 Showy. Seeds sown when ripe, or by layers 
 pegged down in autumn. The majority of the 
 aptcies are now removed to other genera. 
 A. a/yumina'ta. See Leueothoe acuminata. 
 
 — angustifo'lia. See Cassandra angustifolia. 
 
 — arbo'rea. See Oxydendj'on a/rboreum. 
 
 — axilla'ris. S6e Leueothoe axillaris. 
 
 — huxifo'lia. See Agwuria. 
 
 — calycula'ta. See (jassandra. 
 
 A. eamparmla'ta. Greenish-white, tinted with 
 red. Japan. 
 
 — cane' seem. 3. White. June. N. America. 
 
 — CatesbaH. See Leueothoe spinulosa. 
 
 — chinelnsis. Pink, white. August. Canton 
 
 . 1829. B. C. 1. 1648. 
 
 — coria'cea. See Leueothoe eoriacea. 
 
 — eri'spa. See Cassaridra angustifolia. 
 
 — deaUia'ta. 2. Pink. April. N. America. 
 
 1824. B. E. 1. 1010. See Zenobia speciosa. 
 —faseieula'ta. See Lyonia/asciculata. 
 ..-fastigia'ta. See Cassiopefastigiata. 
 -^fioriWnda. B. M. t. 1666. See Pieris flori- 
 
 bunda. 
 
 — glavMphy'lla. Is a form of A. polifolia. 
 
 — hypnoi'des. B. M. t. 2936. See Casmope hyp- 
 
 noides. 
 — jamaice'mis. B. C. t. 1873. See Lyonia jo- 
 
 maicensis. 
 —japo'nica. With its var. elegant! ssma. See 
 
 Pieris japonica. 
 
 — Ufaria'na. B. M. 1. 1679. See Leueothoe eori- 
 
 acea. 
 
 — Turiife'lia. See Leueothoe neriifolia,. 
 
 — oval^o'lia. See Pieris ovalifolia. 
 
 — phillyrec^oflia. B. B. 1844, t. 36. See Pieris. 
 
 — pHuU'fera. 3. White. June. Florida. 1842. 
 
 — polifoflia. 1. Pink. July. Arctic and Alpine 
 
 Europe. 1842. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 883. 
 
 glaucophy'lla. 1. Pmk. July. N. Ame- 
 rica. 1812. 
 
 grandifio'ra. 1. Pink. April. Ingria. 
 
 1790. 
 
 latifo'lia. 3. Pink. July. N. America. 
 
 1790. 
 
 m^dia. 1. White. July. Britain. 1799. 
 
 rminima. 1. Pink. April. Britain. 1790. 
 
 oleifo'lia. 1. Pink. April. Britain. 1790. 
 
 revolu'ta. 1. Pink. April. N. of Eu- 
 rope. 1783. 
 
 Tosmariniftilia. 2. Pink. July. N. 
 
 America. 1736. 
 
 ' — srabuloltB,. 1. Pink. July. N. of Eu- 
 rope. 1783. 
 
 —^aeemdsa, with varieties latifo'lia and stri'eta. 
 See Zenobia racemosa. 
 
 — rubigino'sa. See Lyonia rubiginosa. 
 
 — salicifo'lia, B. M. 3286. See Agauria. 
 
 — sineinsis. 2. Beddish. June. China. 1826? 
 
 — specio'sa. B. G. t. 551, with varieties glauea, 
 
 nitida, pulverulenta, and spicata- See 
 Pieris speciosa. 
 
 — tetra'gona. See Cassiope tetragona. 
 
 Andromy'cia. SeeXanthosoma- 
 
 Andro'pogon. (From aner, a man, 
 and pogon, a beard. Nat. ord., Gra- 
 minecB.) 
 
 A large genus of grasses, of little horticultural 
 value. A few may be used in sub-tropical 
 bedding. Seeds, or division. 
 A.farmdsus. March. 1882. 
 — furca'tws. N. America. 
 
 — halepe'nm. See Holms halepensis. 
 
 — muriea'tus. India. 
 
 — pube^scens. Dalmatia. 
 
 — Schoma'nthus. 2. India. 1786. Syn., .4. 
 
 eitratum. Lemon grass ; very fragrant 
 when bruised. 
 
 — squarro'sus. 
 
 — stri'atus. Malabar. 
 
 Androsa'ce. (From aner, a man, 
 and sakos, buckler ; in reference to the 
 resemblance of the anther to an ancient 
 buckler. Nat. ord., Primulacece.) 
 
 A favourite family of small alpine plants. All 
 do well in tlie, open air ; they are very interesting 
 plants for rockeries, etc. ; increased by seeds ; 
 
AND 
 
 [42] 
 
 ANE 
 
 and the perennials by division, stolons, or by 
 
 cuttings. 
 
 A. alpi'na. J. Rose, with yellow throat. June. 
 
 Switzerland. 1776. Syns., A. glcuiialis 
 
 and Hem^smanni, Leyd. 
 
 — arge/ntea. i. White. June. Pyrenees. 1826. 
 
 Syn., A. vmbricata. 
 
 — britalnnica. One-tenth. White. 1890. 
 
 — ca'mea. 1. Flesh. July. Europe. 1768. 
 
 Syns., A. Lachenalii and ^. pube-rula. 
 
 exHrtiia. Rose-purple. Spring. Auvergne 
 
 Alps. 1871. B. M. t. 6906. 
 
 — carina'ta. 1. Yellow. April. N. America. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — cha/mceja'ftme. i. Pink, with yellow eye. 
 
 July. Austria. 1768. Syn., A. villosa, 
 Jacq. 
 
 — cilia'ta. f . Carmine, white. June. Pyrenees. 
 
 — coronop^{/Ha. 1. White. April. Russia. 
 
 1756. B. M. t. 2022. 
 
 — elonga'ta. 1. White. April. Austria. 1776. 
 
 Tholna. 1. White. April. Denmark. 1803. 
 
 — filifo'rmie. 1. White. May. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 — folio' sa. Lilac. May to September. W. 
 
 Himalaya. B. M. t. 6661. 
 
 — HoAissma'nni, Leyd. See A, alpiTM. 
 
 — helve^tica. White, yellow. May. Switzerland. 
 
 1775. Syn., A. aretia. 
 
 — la'ctea. 1. White. July. Austria. 1752. 
 
 Syn., A, pattaiflora, B. M. t. 981. 
 
 — lactifio'ra. 1. Wbite. August. Siberia. 
 
 1806. Syn._, A. alismoides. 
 
 — Laggdri. J. Pmk. Pyrenees. 1879. 
 
 — Icmugino'sa. i. Rose, lilac. June. Hima- 
 
 layas. 1842. 
 Lei'chtlini. White, with red eye. 1890. 
 
 — linea'ris. J. White. April. N. America. 1806. 
 
 — maeroca'rpa. 1. White. July. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 — mm'xima. 1. White. April. Europe, Asia, 
 
 Africa. 1797. 
 
 — na'na. A variety of A. elongata. 
 
 — oUun^tilia. 1. Pink. April. Italy. 1817. 
 
 Syns., A. aretioides and A. brevifoUa. 
 
 — pube'scena. White, with yellow eye. June. 
 
 Central Tyrolese Alps. 1869. B. M. 
 t. 6808. 
 
 — pyrenai'ca. One-twelfth. White, with yellow 
 
 eye. Summer. Pyrenees. 
 
 — rotvndifo'lia maeroca'lyx. Pale rose. June. 
 
 Himalayas. 1796. B. M. 6617. 
 
 — sarment&m. J. Rosy purple. April. Hima- 
 
 layas. 1876. B. M. t. 6210. 
 
 — septentruma'lis. 1. White. July. Siberia. 
 
 1825. B. M. 2021. Syn., A. aeaulis. 
 
 — viUo'sa. Pink. June Pyrenees. 1790. Syn., 
 
 A. penicillata. B. M. t. 743. 
 
 — Vitalia'na. J. Yellow. Alps. 1787. Syn., 
 
 Oregoria Vitalicma. 
 
 — Wulfenia'Tm. i. Rosy. Summer. Styria. 
 
 Perhaps a form of A. alpitia. 
 
 Androsse'muin officinale. See 
 Hypericum Androssemum. 
 
 Androste'phium. (From aner, a 
 man, and Stephanos, a crown ; some of the 
 stamens are barren and petaloid, forming 
 a corona. Nat. ord., LUiacece. Allied 
 to Brodisea.) 
 
 Hardy bulb of dwarf habit, with umbellate 
 flowers. Seeds, offsets. Rich sandy loam. Pro- 
 tection of a frame in winter. 
 A. viola' cernn. J. Violet-blue. Spring. Texas. 
 1874. 
 
 Andry'ala. (Of unknown meaning. 
 Nat. ord., CompositCB. Allied to Hiera- 
 cium. ) 
 
 Both the greenhouse and hardy species are 
 rather pretty, and will grow in any common 
 
 soil ; they are increased by seeds and root di- 
 vision. All are hardy, except those otherwise- 
 described. 
 
 A. arg^ntea. 1. Yellow. August. Pyrenees; 
 1817. Biennial. 
 
 — che.iram,thifo'Ua. 2. Yellow. June. Madeira. 
 
 1777. Greenhouse perennial. 
 
 — crithmifo'tia. 1. Yellow. August. Madeira. 
 
 1778. Greenhouse biennial. 
 
 — inca'na. 1. Yellow. June. Pyrenees. 1818. 
 
 Biennial. 
 
 — integrifo'lia. 1. Yellow. August. S. of 
 
 Europe. 1711. Biennial. 
 
 — mogadordnm. 2. Yellow. April. Morocco. 
 
 1871. ^ ^ 
 
 — ni'gricatis. 1. Yellow. August. Barbary. 
 
 1804. Annual. 
 
 — pim,nati'fida. 1. Yellow. July. Madeira. 
 
 1778. Greenhouse biennial. 
 
 — Ragusi'na. 1. Yellow. August. Grecian 
 
 Archipelago. 1753. Greenhouse peren- 
 nial. 
 
 — runeina'ta. 1. Yellow. July. S. of Europe. ' 
 
 1711. Biennial. 
 
 — va'ria. lto3. Yellow. 1882. 
 
 Aneile'ma. (Froma,not,ande«7em«, 
 involucrum ; in reference to the absence 
 of the involucrum. Nat. ord., Comme- 
 UnacecB. ) 
 
 Greenhouse and stove perennials and pretty 
 little trailing-plants, except A. gigcmtewm and 
 A. si'nicum. They are increased by seed and 
 root division ; soil, loam, peat, leaf -mould, and 
 sand. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 A. Mflo'rum. 1. Blue. August. Australia. 
 1829. Evergreen. 
 
 — grami'neum affi'Tie. 1. Blue. August. Aus- 
 
 tralia. 1820. Evergreen. 
 
 — nndiflo'rum. 1. Blue. July. E. Indies. 
 
 1824. Biennial. Rchb. Ic. Exot. 1. 136. 
 Syn., Commelina nudifiora. 
 
 — si'nicum. 1. Purple-blue. May. China. 
 
 1820. Herbaceous perennial. Syn., A. 
 secundum. Wight Ic. t. 2075. 
 
 — spira'twm. 1. Blue. July. E. Ind. 1783. 
 
 Evergreen. Wight Ic. t. 2077. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 A. atyumiTia'twn. 1. Blue. August. Australia. 
 1822. Evergreen. 
 
 — cequi/noctia'le. 1. Blue. July. Guinea. 1820. 
 
 Evergreen. 
 
 — ambi'guum. 3. Blue. July. Sierra Leone. 
 
 1822. Herbaceous. 
 
 — crispa'tum. See Pollia mspata. 
 
 — gigalntewm, 1. Blue. July. Mozambique. 
 
 1826. Herbaceous perennial. Wightlc. 
 t. 2074. Syns., A. ermfolium and A. Ian- 
 gifolium. 
 
 — nudifl&rum. 1. Blue. July. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 Evergreen. Syn., A. nudicaule. 
 
 — serrvHa'ta. 1. Blue. July. Trinidad. 1824. 
 
 Evergreen. 
 
 Ane'mia. (From aneimon, naked ; 
 in reference to the naked inflorescence. 
 Nat. ord., Filices — PolypodiacecB.) 
 
 Handsome stove and greenhouse ferns, allied 
 to Schizsea; soil, loam, fibrous peat, leaf -soil, 
 and sand. See Feens, for general culture. 
 A. adicmtifo'lia. 3. August. W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 — cocci'nea. 1. August. W. Ind. 1830. 
 
 — coUi'na. 1. August. Brazil. 1824. Syn. 
 
 A. hirta. 
 
 — deltoi'dea. See A. tom^ntosa. 
 
 — Dregea'na. J. Natal. 
 
 — fi^mio'sa. ^&Q A. mmentosa, 
 
 — hilrta. See A. collirui. 
 
ANE 
 
 [43] 
 
 ANE 
 
 A. hirsu'ta. 3. June. Jamaica. 1704. Syn., 
 
 A. repens. 
 tene'Ua. 1. May. W. Ind. 1843. 
 
 — hu'milis, 1. July. S. America. 1823. 
 
 — mandiocca'na. 1. Mandiocca district, near 
 
 Eio Janeiro. Hook. Gard. Ferns, t. 36. 
 
 radi'cana. 1. Yellow. May. Brazil. 
 
 1831. 
 
 — Phylli'tidis. 1. June. Trinidad. 1830. Syn., 
 
 ATiemidictyon PhyllitiMs. 
 
 frasAniJo'l'm. 1. June. Brazil. 1828. 
 
 lacmiata. 1. August. W. Ind. 1794. 
 
 lanceola'ta. 2. Au^st. "W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 Knea'ta. Fronds, with a yellowiah-green 
 
 central stripe. S. America. 1868. 
 
 longifo'lia. 1. August. Brazil. 1831. 
 
 teseella'ta. Pinnse dark green, with bright- 
 green centre, and leaden-grey border. 
 Brazil. 1876. Syn., A. phyUitidis 
 pluTtibea. 
 
 — radi'cana. See A, matidioccanat var. radicans. 
 
 — re'peTis. See A. hirsuta. 
 
 — tene^Ua. See A. hirsuta, var. tenella. 
 
 — tomento'sa. 1. Tropical America. Syns., 
 
 A, deltoidea, A. Jiexuosa, and A, villosa. 
 
 — villo'sa. See A. tomentosa. 
 
 Anemidi'ctyon. See Anemia. 
 
 Anemio'psis. (From aneimon, 
 naked, and opsis, like ; stems almost 
 leafless. Nat. ord., Saururacece.) This 
 genus is referred to Houttnynia in the 
 Genera Plantarum. 
 
 Hardy sub-aquatic perennial. See Aquarium. 
 A. ccUifofmica. White. California. 1862. B. 
 M. t. 5292. 
 
 Anemo'ne. Wind-flower. (From 
 anemos, the wind ; inhabiting exposed 
 places. Nat. ord., Banunculacew. Syn., 
 Jlepatica.) 
 
 They are all hardy, except A. cape'nsis, which 
 requires the protection of a greenhouse in winter. 
 The tuberous-rooted are propagated from offsets ; 
 and tlie herbaceous from divisions of the roots ; 
 and, both from seeds. They all require a light, 
 rich, and well-drained loam. 
 
 TUBEROUS ROOTED. 
 
 A. apmni'na. i- Blue. April. England. Eng. 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 10. 
 
 — haJde'Tms. J. White. May. Switzerland. 
 
 1792. 
 
 — hla'nda. J. Deep blue. Winter. Eastern 
 
 Europe. 
 
 — cceru'lea. IJ. Blue. May. Siberia. 1826. A 
 
 form of A. nemorosa. 
 
 — carolinia'na. 1. White. May. Carolina. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — earcmaJria. J. Striped. June. Levant. 1596. 
 a76a. White. 1882. 
 
 plefna. J. Striped. April. 
 
 — Fitcheria'na. J. White. Apnl. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 — hort^nsie. |. Striped. April. Italy. 1697. 
 
 Forms of this are A. fulgens, pavonia, 
 and stellata. 
 minia'ta. J. Bed. May. Gardens. 
 
 — hmcifdlia. J. White. April. N. Amer. 1822. 
 
 — nemor(^sa. J. White, red. April. Britain. 
 
 Eng. Bot ed. 3, 1. 11. 
 cceru'lm. J. Light blue. May. Gardens. 
 
 Syn., A. nenwrosa Robinsoniana. 
 flo're-pliirw. i. White, red. April. 
 
 Briton. 
 
 ro'sea. Bose-coloured. 
 
 —palma'ta. i. Yellow. May. Portugal. 1697. 
 
 pire-dVtndo. J. Whitish. May. 
 
 ju>' re-fa' vo. \. Yellow. May. Portugal. 
 
 1697. 
 fio're-pUno. |. Yellow. May. 
 
 A. pwniific/ra. }. WMte. May. N. Amer 1824 
 
 — qmngvgo'lia. i. White. AprU. N. Amerl 
 
 — ranunculoi'dei. J. Yellow. April. Enfflanrl 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 8, 1. 12. 
 -rf^xa. i YeUow. April. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 — Stella ta. See A. hortemis. 
 
 fio're-pUno. I. Bed. May. Europe. 
 
 /« mns. 1. Bed. May. South of Europe- 
 
 ^I^'^"^- *■ I'i'Tle. April. Italy., 
 
 — umbella'ta. 1. Blue. April. Levant. 1824. 
 
 HERBACEOUS. 
 
 A. acutipe'tala. J. Blue. May. Switzerland. 
 1819. 
 
 — a'lba. i. White. June. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 — alba'na. i. White. May. Caucasus. 1821. 
 
 — alpi'na. J. White. Austria. 1658. 
 sulphu'rea. J. Sulphur. May. Europe. 
 
 1816. J i- 
 
 — amguMsa. }. Blue. March. N. Amer. Syn.,. 
 
 JSepatica angulosa. 
 
 — eapdnxis. 1. Purple. April. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1795. Greenhouse. 
 
 — ce'rmua. i. Bed, white. May. Japan. 1806. 
 
 — deeape'tala. 1. Creamy. May. N. W. Amer., 
 
 — deltai'dea. White. May. Columbia.! 1827. 
 
 — dicho'toma. 1. Bed, white. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1768. 
 
 — Fanni'nii. White. Natal. 
 — fu'lgens. See A. hortensis. 
 
 — Gavamia'na. Nepaul. 1844. 
 
 — BalUri. J. Purple. April. Switzerland. 
 
 1816. Syn., Pulsatilla Balleri. 
 
 — Jiepa'tica. J. Blue. March. N. America., 
 
 1800. Syns., Hepatica americana and 
 
 H. triloba. 
 acutilo'ba. i. Blue. March. N. Amer. 
 
 1818. 
 
 a'lba. i. White. March. N. Amer. 1835. 
 
 marmora'ta. J. Blue. Leaves blotched 
 
 with greyish-green. Mentone. 
 ru'bra. J. Bed. March. N. Amer. 
 
 1835. 
 — japdniea. 2. Bose. September. Japan.. 
 
 1844. 
 
 a!lba. White. August. 
 
 fllegans. Pale rose. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — langisca'pa. White. June. North India. 1839. 
 
 Half-hardy. 
 
 — miera'ntha. J. White, purple. April. Austria. 
 
 1800. 
 
 — monta'na. 1. Purple. June. Switzerland. 
 
 1830. 
 
 — multi'fida. 1. Red or yellow. June. N. Amer. 
 
 Syn., A. Hudsoniana. 
 ~ narciiSiJWra. 1. White. May. Siberia. 1773. 
 
 — obsole^ta. 4. Purple. May. Germany. 
 
 — obtusifo'lia. White. June. Himalaya. 1844. 
 
 — obtusilo'ba. i. White. June. Himalaya. 
 
 1843. 
 
 — pa' tens. 1. Purple or light yellow. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1752. 
 Nuttallia'na. J. White. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1827. 
 ochroleu'ca. 1. Cream. April. Siberia. 
 
 1762. 
 
 — Paw'nia. See A. hortensis. 
 
 — pennsylva'nica. 1. Green. May. N. Amer. 
 1766. 
 
 — polya'nthes. White. Himalayas. B. M. 
 
 t. 6840. 
 
 — prate: nsis. J. Dark purple. May. Germany. 
 
 1731. Syn., Pulsatilla pratensis. 
 
 — puisataila. J. Violet. May. England. Eng., 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 9. 
 a'lbida. i. Whitish. April. Germany. 
 
 1834. 
 dahu'rica. J. Flesh. May. Dahuna. 
 
 1819. 
 lilaci'na. Lilac. 
 
ANE 
 
 [44] 
 
 ANE 
 
 A vulsati'llaru'bra. Beddish-purple. May. Ger- 
 many. 1834. 
 
 — Riohardso'nia i. Yellow June. N. Amei. 
 
 1827. 
 
 — ridula'ris, 2. White. 1882. 
 
 — rivula'ris. IJ. White. June. North Ind. 
 
 1840. 
 
 — sibi'riea. J. White. June. Siberia. 1804. 
 
 — sylve'stris. i. White. May. Germany. 1596. 
 
 — trifo'lia. i. White. April. Central and S. 
 
 Europe. 1697. B. M. t. 6846. 
 
 — uriite'rms. J. Blue. May. Siberia. 1824. 
 
 — veuM'lis. J. Purple. April. Switzerland. 
 
 1752. Syn., Pulsatilla vemalis. 
 
 fio're-lu'teo. J. Yellow. April. South 
 
 of Europe. 
 
 — Virginia' na. J. White. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1772. 
 
 — vitifo'lia. 3. White. September. Nepaul. 
 
 1829. 
 
 The anemone, the florist's flower of our 
 gardens, is the offspring of the A. coro- 
 na'ria (poppy anemone). 
 
 Characteristics of a good single ane- 
 mone.— The stem strong, elastic, and 
 erect, not less than nine inches high ; 
 the flower at least two inches and a half 
 in diameter, consisting of large, substan- 
 tial, well-rounded petals, at fust horizon- 
 tally extended, and then turning a little 
 upwards, so as to form a broad, shallow 
 ■cup ; the colour clear and distinct when 
 diversified in the same flower, or brilliant 
 and striking if it consists only of one 
 •colour, as blue, crimson, or scarlet, etc. 
 
 A double anemone should have the 
 outer petals quite flat, the second series 
 a little shorter, the third shorter still, 
 and so on till the centre "is quite full, 
 when the whole should form a rather 
 flat hemisphere. Every double flower 
 should be of one full colour. 
 
 Propagation. — Offsets from the root, 
 and new varieties from seed. 
 
 By offsets, all the best kinds should be 
 taken up annually at the decay of the 
 leaf, and the root divided into as many 
 pieces or knobs as are furnished with an 
 ■eye or bud, observing, however, that if 
 they are divided very small, they flower 
 Tenr weak the first year. 
 
 The time for taking up the roots is 
 May and June, when the leaf and stalk 
 are withered ; for then the roots cease 
 to grow for a month or six weeks. 
 
 Take them up in dry weather, spread 
 in an airy place out of the sun for about 
 a week, then clear from earth, and store 
 in bags or boxes. 
 
 The seed. — Sow from the best single or 
 semi-double flowers. 
 
 Somng. — Make the beds in a sheltered 
 part of your garden, facing the south ; 
 trenching them to the depth of sixteen 
 or eighteen inches. If it is low and 
 swampy, with a wet, clay bottom, drain 
 well, and do not dig so deep ; if high and 
 dry, or with a sandy or gravelly subsoil, 
 
 you may go a little deeper. Make the 
 surface very fine, and then sow. Ane- 
 mone-seed requires to be well rubbed 
 with the hand, either amongst some 
 sharp sand, or finely-sifted coal-ashes, to 
 separate the seeds. When the seed is 
 sown, cover it immediately with some 
 sifted, light, sandy soil, half an inch. It 
 will soon come up, and should be fre- 
 quently watered in dry weather. Beds 
 so made will flower the same year; mark 
 the best, and preserve them for planting 
 the next year. 
 
 Time for planting is October, or early 
 in November, and the plants will come 
 into flower in April and beginning of 
 May ; but if some are planted in the 
 middle of September, and a second parcel 
 towards the middle or latter end of Oc- 
 tober, they will afford a succession of 
 bloom from the beginning of April until 
 the middle of May ; and, if a third plan- 
 tation is made in February or beginning 
 of March, they will come into flower 
 about the middle of May, and continue 
 until the middle of June. 
 
 Soil and site. — The situation should 
 be thoroughly drained, and open to the 
 south. Any common, moderately light 
 earth suits the anemone ; overmoist and 
 stiff soils rot the roots in winter. 
 
 Planting in borders. — Plant five roots 
 together, in a patch of five or six inches 
 in Dreadth, two or three inches deep. 
 
 B&is should be three feet and a half 
 broad, with alleys eighteen inches wide 
 between bed and bed, and fifteen or 
 eighteen inches deeg; break the earth 
 small, but do not sift it; elevate the beds 
 three inches above the general surface ; 
 but, if there is danger of moisture stand- 
 ing in winter, double or .treble that is a 
 proper height, working the whole a little 
 rounded, and after planting, rake the 
 surface smooth. 
 
 Plant six rows lengthwise, the roots 
 at six inches distance in each row, and 
 two inches deep. 
 
 The autumn plantation comes in leaf 
 in November ; but, as the plants are 
 hardy, nothing is required to be done 
 till the bloom begins to appear, and then 
 arch the beds with hoops , to support 
 mats, to protect them from frost. 
 
 Forcing. — Double anemones, potted in 
 September or in October, in some com- 
 post, as above particularized, may be 
 E laced in a cold frame or pit, and watered 
 ut sparingly until the following spring, 
 when they may be put into a warmer 
 place. They will not stand much forcing. 
 A second blooming may be obtained, by 
 planting more roots, in a similar way, in 
 December. 
 
ANE 
 
 [45] 
 
 ANG 
 
 Mildew. — This disease first appears as 
 pale spots on the under sides of the 
 leaves. These spots gradually rise into 
 tubercles, and a minute fungus bursts 
 through. This parasite is Mci'dium 
 quadri'fidum. Sea-sand, or a little salt 
 mixed with the compost of the bed, is a 
 good preventive ; and sprinkling with 
 sulphur is the best remedy. Anemones 
 are liable to have distorted, swollen 
 leaves, the cure for which is to render 
 the soil more free from stagnant 
 moisture. 
 
 Anemono'psis. (From anemone, 
 and opsis, resemblance ; on account of 
 its Anemone-like flowers. Nat. ord., 
 RanwheulacecB. Allied to Cimicifuga.) 
 
 Hardy perennial herb, with handsome flowers 
 resembling Anennone japonica. Seeds, division 
 of the root-stock. Any light rich soil. 
 A. rruierophy'lla. 2 to 3. Lilac. July. Japan. 
 1879. B. M. t. 6413. 
 
 Anemopse'gma. (From areemo*, the 
 wind, and paigma, sport. Nat. ord., 
 BignoniacecB.) 
 
 Handsome stove climbing shrubs. For culti- 
 vation, see BlONONIA. 
 A. rcKemo'sum. Buff. Brazil. 1879. 
 
 — cUmaWdeum, See Pithecoctenium clemati- 
 
 deum. 
 Bianonia Chamberlaynii, figured in B. R. t. 741, 
 and B. M. t. 2148, is probably a species of this 
 genus. 
 
 Ane'thum. Dili, or Fennel. (From 
 ana, upwards, and theo, to run ; in 
 reference to its quick growth. Nat. 
 ord., UmhelKferce.) United with Pen- 
 cedanum in the Genera Plantarum. 
 
 A genus of no garden value, except the species 
 A. graveolens, which is called Dill. It is used 
 for flavouring soups, sauces, etc. The seeds 
 should be sown broadcast or in drills in March 
 or April. Only the young leaves are used. All 
 hardy, readily increased by seed or root division. 
 A. fa&mcvla'eeum. See Fc&niculaeeu7n mUgare. 
 du'lce. See F(»niculaeeum dulce. 
 
 — gravefolens. 3. Yellow. July. Spain. 1670. 
 
 — pipera'tum. 6. Yellow. July. Italy. 1824. 
 
 — sege'tum. 1. Yellow. July. S. Europe. 
 
 Jacq. Hort. Vind. t. 132. Syn., A. pu- 
 silluTn, Hort. 
 
 — So'wa. 1. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1810. 
 
 Angelica. (In reference to its fabled 
 angelic virtues in medecine. Nat. ord., 
 UmhelKferce.) 
 
 A genus of no particular garden value. A. ofi- 
 cinalis was at one time used in confectionery, and 
 was supposed to have medicinal properties. 
 A. officina'lis. 4. July. Green. England. Syn., 
 A. arehamgelica. 
 
 — songo'riea. White. Central Asia. 1879. 
 
 Ange'lica-tree. Ara'lia spino'sa. 
 
 Angelo'nia. (From angelon, its 
 local name in South America. Nat. 
 ord., Scrophidariace(B. Allied to Hemi- 
 meris.) 
 
 Pretty stove herbaceous perennials ; seed in 
 heat, sown in February ; division of the roots of 
 
 several kmds, and cuttings of young shoots in 
 April, mserted in sand under a bell-glass ; must 
 not be kept too damp, air must be given daily - 
 loam and peat. 
 
 A. ajngvxtijo'lia,. IJ. Deep violet. June. Mexico. 
 1846. 
 
 — eomi'gera. 1. Purple. August. Brazil. 1839. 
 
 B. M. t. 3848. 
 
 — floribu'nda. 1. Purple. August. Brazil. 1839. 
 
 — Qardnelri. 1. Purplish-white. May. Per- 
 
 nambuco. 1838. B. M. t. 3764. 
 
 — grandiflo'Ta. 1. Purplish-white. May. Per- 
 
 nambuco. 1838. 
 
 — minia'ta. 1. Purplish-white. May. Per- 
 
 nambuco. 1838. 
 
 — salicarioefo'lia. 2. Light blue. August. S. 
 
 Amer. 1818. B. M. 2478. 
 
 Angia'uthus. (From aggeion, a 
 vase, and anthos, a flower ; referring to 
 the inflorescence. Nat. ord., Compositce; 
 Tribe, Inuloidece.) 
 
 A. au'reus. See Cassinia aurea. 
 
 — pusi'Uus.^ Dark straw-coloured. July. Aus- 
 
 tralia. 1868. Syn., Chrysocoryne cmgmn- 
 thoides. 
 
 Angio'pteris. (From aggeion, a 
 vessel, and pteris, a wing. Nat. ord., 
 FUices.) 
 
 Stove ferns, requiring plenty of room to fully 
 develop, and a plentiful supply of water. Soil 
 loam, peat and sand, with tliorough drainage. 
 A. evdcta. 2 to 6. June. Tropics of Old World.. 
 Hook. Fil. Exot. t. 76. 
 
 — pruino'm. Java. 
 
 — Teysw/mnia'TM. Java. 
 
 Ango'phora. (From aggos, a ves- 
 sel, and phero, to bear ; in reference tO' 
 the shape of the fruit. Nat. ofd., 
 Myrtabece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen ornamental shrubs ; cut- 
 tings of ripened shoots under a bell-glass ; loam, 
 leaf-soil, peat anjl sharp sand. 
 A. cordifo'lia. 6. Yellow. August. Australia.. 
 1789. Syns., Eucalyptus hirsuta^ Metro- 
 sideros aTuymala, M. hirsuta, and Jf. his- 
 pida (B. M. 1. 1960). 
 
 — lanceola'ta. 6. Yellow. May, Australia. 
 
 1816. 
 
 Angrse'cum. (From angweh, the 
 Malayan term for air-plants. Nat. ord., 
 OrchidaceoB ; Tribe, vandew, Sarcan- 
 them. ) 
 
 By offsets in spring, sphagnum moss, and 
 broken potsherds, and pieces of wood ; kept 
 moist and hot when growing in summer ; cool m 
 winter ; hot and dry when coming into bloom. 
 Summer temp. 70° to 86° ; winter, 65° to 60°. 
 A. apicula'tum. B. M. t. 4169. See A. bilobum. 
 itorma/ma'nwni. Ovaries and tips of se- 
 pals flaked vermilion. 
 
 — areualtwm. J. White. Natal. Syn., Listro- 
 
 stachys areuata. 
 
 — armem'acum. Yellowish-pink. Sierra Leone. 
 
 1838. 
 
 — articula'tum. White. Madagascar. 1872. 
 
 — ash(mte'nse. i. Cinnamon. June. Ashantee. 
 
 1843. 
 
 — avicula'rium. i. White. 1887. 
 
 — Inlo'bum. J. White. September. Cape Coast. 
 
 1841. Syn., A. apiculatum. 
 
 Ki'rhei. Zanzibar. 1875. 
 
 eaUi'gerum. White. 1887. 
 
 — eauda'tum. Ih White, green. August. 
 
 Sierra Leone. 1834. 
 
ANG 
 
 [46] 
 
 ANI 
 
 A. caulefseens. IJ. Green, white. September. 
 India. 1834. 
 
 — cephalo'tee. White. Tropical Africa. 1873. 
 
 Syn., Listrostachys cephalotes. 
 
 — Ckaillua'num. White. Gaboon, W. Africa. 
 
 1866. 
 
 — Christya'tmm. Whitish. 1880. 
 
 — citra'tum. Cream. Madagascar. 1866. B. M. 
 
 t. 6624. 
 ^, clanddttinum. \. Green, white. September. 
 Sierra Leone. 1835. 
 
 — cri/ptodon. White. Madagascar. 1S83. 
 
 — descelndens. G. C. 1882, voh 17, p. 668. 
 
 — di'stwhum. E. M. 1. 1781. See Mystaeidiwm. 
 
 — ebu'meum. 1}. Whitish. Madagascar. 1826. 
 vi'rens. Lip green in the centre. B. M. 
 
 t. 5170. A. ebm'neum, of B. R. 1622, and 
 B. M. 4761, is A. iuperbmn. 
 
 — SichleriaJnwm. Light green, lip white. 
 
 Loango, W. Africa, 1882. 
 
 — Mli'sii. 1. White, buSE. Madagascar. 1870. 
 — falca'tum. Pure white. Japan. 1815. B. M. 
 
 t. 2097. Syn., Limodorumfalcatum. 
 
 — fastuo'svm,. White. Madagascar. 1881. 
 
 — florule/ntum. G. C. 1885, vol. 23, p. 787. 
 
 — fra' grans. White. January. Bourbon. 1887. 
 B. M. t. 7161. 
 
 — fwna'le. B. M. t. 4295. See Dendrophylax 
 
 fumalis. 
 — fusca'tvmi. Ochre, white. Madagascar. 1882. 
 
 — Germinya'nuTn. Pure white. Madagascar. 
 
 1889. B. M. t. 7061. 
 
 — gladiifo'lium. White. February. Bourbon. 
 
 B. B. 1840, t. 68. 
 
 — glomera'titm. White. Sierra Leone. 1884. 
 
 — Gra/ndidi&ria'num. Ivory white. Comoro Is- 
 
 lands. Eev. Hort. 1887, p. 42, f. 9. Syn., 
 Aercmthus Grandidieranus. 
 
 — hyaloi'des. Whitish. Madagascar, 1880. 
 
 — ichTieumo'Tiewm, Ochreous-white. W. Tropical 
 
 Africa. Syn. ^ Listrostachys ichneumonea. 
 
 — imbrica'tum. Creamy-white ; lip orange and 
 
 yellow. 1887. 
 
 — Kimiallia'num. See A. polystachys. 
 
 — Ko'tschyi. White. Zanzibar. 1880. 
 
 — micra'nthum. B. B. 1772. See Campylocen- 
 
 tron Tmcra/nthum. 
 
 — mode^stumy. White, April. Madagascar. 
 
 B. M. 6693. 
 
 — odffrati' ssim/um. White. Sierra Leone. 1832. 
 
 — ophiople'etron. Greenish-yellow, spur, ochre- 
 
 reddish. Madagascar. Syn., Aeram,thus 
 ophioplectron. 
 
 — omithorrhy'ruihimi,. See Aeranthm amithor- 
 
 rhynchus. 
 
 — pellvleidum. J-. White. November. Sierra 
 
 Leone, 1842. 
 — pertu'sum. J. White. October. Sierra 
 Leone. 1836. B. M. t. 4782. 
 
 — Pescatorea'nv/m. White. Bourbon. 
 
 — polysta'chyum. See Aermithus polystachyus. 
 
 — polysta'ohys. Whitish-green. 1889. Syn., A. 
 
 Kvmballianwm. 
 
 — ri'ngens. Yellowish-white. Cameroons. 1878. 
 
 Syn., Listrostachys ri'ngens. 
 
 — rostella're. G. C. 1886, vol. 23, p. 726. 
 
 — Sanderia'num. White. Comoro Islands. 1888. 
 
 Eev. Hort. 1888, p. 516. 
 
 — Soottia'num. White. Comoro Islands. 1878. 
 
 B. M. t. 6723. 
 
 — Seddni. B. Tropical Africa. 1878. Syn., 
 
 Listrostachys Sedeni. 
 
 — sesquipeda'le. 2. White. Madagascar. 1867. 
 
 B. M. t. 5113. 
 
 — subula'tum. Wliite. Sierra Leone. 1832. 
 
 — supe'rhum. Green ; lip white. Madagascar. 
 
 Syn., A. eburneum of B. R. t. 1622, and 
 B. M. t. 4761. 
 
 — tt!nue. Syn., A. purpuraseens. G. C. 1862, 
 
 p. 390. A doubtful plant. 
 
 — teretijo'liuTn. White. Sierra Leone. 
 
 — tmdactyliltes, Bult Sierra Leone. 1888. 
 
 Anguilla'ria. (From anguilla, an 
 eel ; in reference to the twisted seeds. 
 Nat. ord., Melanthacece. Allied to 
 Veratrnm. ) 
 
 Half-hardj; herbaceous plants, requiring a 
 little protection in winter ; division of roots, and 
 cuttings, under a hand-light ; peat and loam. 
 A. dioi'ca. 1. Purple. May. N. S. Wales. 
 
 1826. 
 higlandulo'sa. 1. Purple. May. Aus- 
 tralia. 1826. 
 
 — i'Tidica. See Iphigenia indica. 
 
 Angulo'a. (In honour of Angulo, a 
 Spanish naturalist, Nat, ord., Orchi- 
 dacecB. ) 
 
 Stove orchids, requiring the same culture as 
 Angrsecum. 
 
 A. Clowe'sii. IJ. May. Sepals and petals 
 yellow, lip white. Columbi?i. 1842. 
 
 fl</ribus fia'vie. IJ. May. Pale yellow. 
 
 1845. 
 
 — du'Ha, White, blotched with purple, U. S. 
 
 of Columbia. 1882. 
 
 — grandifio'ra. 1. July. S. Amer. 1823. 
 purpu'rea. 
 
 — interme'dia. Garden hybrid. 1888. 
 
 — Bu'ckeri. IJ. Yellow, crimson. May. 1845. 
 a'lba. White. 1888. 
 
 rn^dia. Yellow, spotted crimson, lip 
 
 crimson. Columbia. 1887. 
 
 retu'sa. Lemon, blotched purple, 1883. 
 
 sarmui'nea. Bed. May. 
 
 — supe'rba. See Adneta Hurnboldtii. 
 
 — vmifto'ra. Cream-coloured. Columbia. 1844. 
 
 There is a variety with pink flowers. 
 
 ebn'mea. White, lip spotted with pink. 
 
 New Grenada. Will. Oroh. Alb. t, 133. 
 
 Angu'ria. (One of the Greek names 
 for the cucumber, Nat. ord., Cucurbi- 
 tacecB. ) , 
 
 Stove evergreen climbers ; seed and cuttings ; 
 peat and loam. 
 
 A. Maekaya'na. Vermilion. Guatemala. 1846. 
 Fl. Ser. t. 222. 
 
 — pedalta. 20. Yellow. July. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 — triloba' ta. 20. Pink. July. Carthage. 1793. 
 
 — trifolia'ta. 10. Yellow. July. St. Domingo. 
 
 1793. 
 
 — vmbro'sa. 10. Yellow. July. S. Amer. 1827. 
 
 — Warscewi'czii. Scarlet. Panama. 1862. B. 
 
 M. t. 5304. 
 
 AnhalO'nium. (From an, without, 
 and helos, a nail or spike, Nat, ord., 
 Cacfacece.) 
 
 Warm greenhouse succulent perennials ; soil, 
 sandy loam and finely broken bricks ; full ex- 
 posure to sun ; seeds. 
 
 A. prisma' ticum. J. St. Louis, Potosi. Berl. 
 Gart. Zeit. 1885, p. 541. 
 
 — Engelma'nni. lU. Hort. 1869, t. 605a. 
 —fissma'twrn. Wien. Gart. Zeit. 1887, p. 428. 
 
 — Lewi'nii. Dwarf. Pale rose. Mexico. Gfl. 
 
 1888, p. 411. 
 
 — prisma' ticum. See Mammillaria aloides. 
 
 — WUliamsii. Gfl. 1888, p. 411. 
 
 A'nia bieo'mis. B. R, i844, t, 8, 
 See Tainia. 
 
 Anigoza'nthus, (Fiom anoigo, to 
 expand, and anthos, flower ; in reference 
 to the branching expansion of the 
 flower. Nat. oiA. ,,Hmmodoraccce.) 
 
ANI 
 
 [47] 
 
 ANI 
 
 Cool greenhouse herbaceous plants, with 
 
 curious elongated woolly flowers. Division of 
 
 roots in spring ; one part loam to three of peat. 
 
 A. bi'color. S. Scarlet, green. May. Swan 
 
 River. 1837. 
 
 — eocei'nea. 6. Crimson. June, Swan Eiver. 
 
 1837. 
 
 — fla'vida. 3. Yellowish-green. May. Austra- 
 lia. 1808. Red. Lil. t. 176. Syns., A. 
 coccinea, A. gromdifioray and A. Man- 
 ghsii, Maund Bot. t. 67, but not of Don. 
 
 — fuligino'sa. See Macropodiafuliginosa, 
 
 — hu'wfilis. Red or yellow. Swan River. 
 
 — Mangle' Hi Don. 3. Green. May. Swan 
 
 River. 1833. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 
 t. 265. 
 angustifo'Ka. 3. Green, red. July. Aus- 
 tralia. 1836. B. R. t. 2012. 
 
 — pulche'rrima. 2^. May. Yellow, white. 
 
 Swan River. 1840. 
 
 — ru'fa. 2. Purple. June. Australia. 1824. 
 
 — tyriantMna. 3. Purple, white. May. Swan 
 
 River. B. M. t. 4607. 
 
 Animal Matters, without any ex- 
 ception, are beneficial as manures ; for 
 they all yield, during putrefaction, gases 
 and soluble substances, that are taken 
 up by the roots of plants. That this is 
 the case, affords no cause for wonder, 
 because animal matters and vegetable 
 matters are alike compounded of carbon, 
 hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, with a 
 small addition of saline matters. The 
 
 feneral consideration of Manures will 
 e found under that title, and other 
 relative information imder the heads 
 Dung and Vegetable Matters; and 
 in this place, we shall confine our atten- 
 tion to some of the most available of 
 strictly aifimal matters. See, also, the 
 article Bones. 
 
 • Fish, generally, such as sprats, her- 
 rings, pilchards, five-fingers, and shell- 
 fish, owe their powerful fertilizing quali- 
 ties not only to the oilthey contain, but 
 also to the phosphate of lime in their, 
 bones. From 25 to 45 bushels per acre 
 are the extreme quantities to be applied 
 broadcast ; but if in the drills, with the 
 crop, 16 bushels are ample. They are 
 beneficial to all the gardener's crops, but 
 especially to asparagus, parsnips, car- 
 rots, beets, onions, and beans. Shell- 
 fish should be smashed before being 
 applied. 
 
 Blood is a very rich manure, and has 
 been applied with especial benefit to 
 vines and other fruit-trees. The blood 
 of the ox contains about eighty per cent, 
 of water, and twenty per cent, solid 
 matter. The latter contains, in IGO 
 parts, when dried — 
 
 Carbon 
 
 61.950 
 
 Hydrogen . 
 
 7.165 
 
 Nitrogen . 
 
 17.172 
 
 Oxygen . 
 
 19.295 
 
 Ashes 
 
 4:418 
 
 of lime, with a little oxide of iron. 
 Sugar-haker's skimmings owe their chief 
 fertilizing qualities to the blood used in 
 clarifying the sugar, and which is com- 
 bined with vegetable albumen, and ex- 
 tractive. 
 
 _ Woollen Bags, cut into very small 
 pieces, are a good manure, decomposing 
 slowly, and benefiting the second as 
 much as the first crop. Hops and tur- 
 nips have been the crops to which they 
 have been chiefly applied. Half a ton 
 per acre is a fair dressing. "Wool is 
 composed of — 
 
 Carbon 50.663 
 
 Hydrogen 7.029 
 
 Nitrogen 17.710 
 
 fuYpfu"r \ . . . . 24.608 
 It leaves a very slight ash, containing 
 minute quantities of muriate of potash, 
 lime, and probably phosphate of lime. 
 Feathers and hair closely resemble it in 
 their components. Horns are composed 
 of — 
 
 Carbon 
 Hydrogen . 
 Nitrogen . 
 Oxygen ) 
 Sulphur J 
 
 61.578 
 6.712 
 17.284 
 
 24.426 
 
 besides minute proportions Of sulphate, 
 muriate and phosphate of potash, phos- 
 phate of lime, and other less important 
 matters. 
 
 Shells. — Those of the following are 
 thus composed : — 
 
 Oyster 
 Lobster . 
 Hen's Eggs 
 
 Phos- 
 phate of 
 lime. 
 
 Carbo- 
 nate of 
 lime. 
 
 Animal 
 
 matter. 
 
 1.2 
 7.0 
 5.7 
 
 98.3 
 63.0 
 89.6 
 
 0.5 
 
 30.0 
 
 4.7 
 
 The ashes contain various salts, as chlo- 
 ride of sodium (common salt), phosphate 
 
 They have all been found good, in a 
 pounded form, as manures for turnips, 
 and must be for aU other plants, and on 
 all soils where calcareous matters are 
 deficient. 
 
 Anisa'nthus. See Antholyza. 
 
 A. sple'ndeng. See Antholyza caffra. 
 
 Anisca'ntha. (From anisos, un- 
 equal, 3,ndLa:kantha, a spine. Nat. ord., 
 Ghenopodiacece. ) 
 
 Cool greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings of 
 young snoots, a little hard at bottom, in April ; 
 peat and loam. 
 A. divarica'ta. 2. N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 Ani'se. Pimpine'lla ani'sum. 
 
 Hardy annual, used for garnishing or season 
 ing Sow during latter end of April on warm 
 south border, and when large enough to handle, 
 thin the plants to six inches apart. The seed is 
 ripe in August or September. It does not bear 
 transplanting well. 
 
 A'niseed-tree. llU'dum anisa'tum. 
 
ANI 
 
 [48] 
 
 ANCE 
 
 Anisochi'lus. (From anisos, un- 
 equal, and cheilos, lip, referring to the 
 unequal lips of calyx and corolla. Nat. 
 ord., Labiates.) 
 
 Stove ornamental biennial ; seeds in heat, or 
 cuttings in sandy soil, under a bell-glass. 
 A. camo'm. 2. lilac. June to September. 
 E. Ind. 1778. 
 
 Aniso'meles. (From anisos, un- 
 equal, and melos, a member. Nat. ord., 
 Labiafw.) 
 
 Chiefly evergreen stove or greenhouse orna- 
 mental shrubs ; cuttings of stove species in 
 April, in heat, under a bell-glass. Greenhouse 
 species, under glass, without heat. Sow the 
 annual in March, in heat ; loam and peat. 
 A.furca'ta. 1. Blue. August. Nepaul. 1824. 
 ■ Greenhouse. Syn., Ajuga furcata. 
 
 — malaba'rica. 2. Violet. July. E. Ind. 1817. 
 
 B. M. t. 2071. 
 
 — moscha'ta. 2. Purple. August. K. Holland. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — ova'ta. 2. Pink. August. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 Stove annual. Wight Icon. t. 865. 
 
 Anisope'talum Careya'num. 
 See Bulbophyllum. 
 
 Aniso'pia horticola, is a beetle 
 which often attacks the rose-flowers 
 about June. Its maggots live under 
 turf, and feed on its roots. 
 
 Annuals are plants which live but 
 one year, and, consequently, require to 
 be raised from seed annually. 
 
 Hardy Annuals, or those requiring 
 no protection, are sown where they are 
 to remain in the open borders, from the 
 end of February to the beginning of 
 May. To flower late in autumn, some 
 may be sown in the middle of June. 
 Whether sown in patches or broad 
 masses, whether mixed or separate, 
 must be left to the taste of the sower, 
 guided by his knowledge of the colours 
 of the flowers, which should be well 
 contrasted. Every patch should be pro- 
 perlj labelled, which is easily done by 
 having some deal laths, one inch broacl, 
 planed smooth, cut into nine - inch 
 lengths, and painted white. On these 
 the name can be written with a lead 
 pencil. 
 
 Half-hardy Annuals, such as require 
 artificial heat while seedlings, are sown 
 in a gentle hotbed in March and April. 
 The seedlings, when an inch or two 
 high, to be transplanted into another 
 gentle hotbed, or greenhouse, to remain 
 until the middle of May, then to be 
 transplanted into the borders, and at- 
 tended like other annuals. 
 
 Tender or Greenhouse Annuals, re- 
 quiring artificial heat and shelter during 
 their whole growth are sown early in 
 March on a hotbed, transplanted when 
 ready to handle, and finally into pots to 
 
 bloom in the greenhouse. Some of them 
 if planted out on a warm border in 
 June, will bloom freely and even ripen 
 
 Anne'slia gravdiflo'ra is a synonym 
 of Calliandra grandiflora, and A. 
 spinosa of Euryaleye^'oa;. 
 
 Ano'da. (From a«0(^as, impervious; 
 cells more united than in Sida. Nat. 
 ord., MalvacecB.) 
 
 Half-hardy sub-shrub. For culture, see Cris- 
 
 TASIA. 
 
 A. Grenatifio'ra. Mexico. Syn., A. parviJUyra. 
 
 — BUlenia'na. 3. Purple. July. Mexico. 1755. 
 Syn., Sida cristata. B. M. t. 330. 
 
 — Ochse'ni. Purple. Chili. 1866. 
 
 — hOfSta'tOr. White or purple. Mexico. 1799. 
 
 Anodo'ntea. (From a, not, and 
 odontos, a tooth ; in reference to the 
 stamens. Nat. ord., Cruci/ercB.) The 
 following species of this genus, which 
 have been in cultivation, are now re- 
 ferred to Alyssum, viz., Anodontea. 
 dasycarpa, A. edentula, A. halimifolia, 
 A. macrocarpa, A. obovata, A. rupesfris, 
 and A. spinosa. 
 
 Anoectochi'lus. (From anoikios, 
 open, and cheilos, a lip ; in reference to 
 the spreading apex of the lip. Nat. ord. , 
 OrchtdacecE.) 
 
 Very handsome stove terrestrial orchids, re- 
 quiring to be grown under glass-oases or bell- 
 glasses, giving air occasionally to prevent the 
 plants drawing or damping oSE. The flowers as 
 a rule small and inconspicuous, should be re- 
 moved as soon as they appear, this will assist 
 colouring of the leaves, which are the chief 
 attraction in these charming and delicate sub- 
 jects ; soil, flbry peat, finely chopped sphagnum, 
 a little loam and sand ; propagation by stem 
 cuttings. A strong plant should be selected, 
 cutting below the first joint, and with a root, 
 keeping close until established. Thorough drain- 
 age is essential to success, great care being 
 required in watering, etc. 
 A. a/rge'nteus pi'ctus. See Phymrus pictus. 
 
 — argyrce:us. Brazil. Physurus ? 
 
 — argyronetura. Java. 
 
 — JBoi/lei. Olive-green vrith golden veins. India. 
 
 — Bulle^nii. Leaves coppery-red striped. Bor- 
 neo. 1861. 
 
 — chryso'prasm. Leaves become coppery and 
 green-veined. Java. 
 
 — coruA'nwm. Dark olive-green, veins coppery 
 red. Assam. 
 
 — Dawsonia'nus, and var. pi'ctw. See Hcemeria, 
 discolor Bawsonianus. 
 
 — Day'i. See Bossvnia ma/rmorata JDayi. 
 
 — Domi'nii. Dark olive-green, main ribs pale. 
 A hybrid between Ooodyera discolor and 
 A. Friderici Augusti, 
 
 — Eldora'do. Dark green, veins lighter. Cen- 
 tral America. 
 
 — Fri'derici Augu'sti. Dark green with broad 
 orange stripe down the centre. Syn., 
 
 _ A. xanthophyllus. 
 
 — Herio'tii. Dark mahogany colour with golden 
 veins. India. 1881. 
 
 — hierogh/phims. Dark green with silver grey 
 blotches. Assam. 
 
 — interme'dijis. Dark olive-green, veins gold. 
 — jam'iiictut. Pink. Leaves olive-green, pinkish 
 
 beneath. Java. 
 
ANO 
 
 [49] 
 
 ANO 
 
 A. Lansbe'rgice. Dark green, central nerves 
 lighter green, the more external reddish. 
 Malaya. HI. Hort. 1887, 1. 1. 
 
 — latima'culatiis. Dark green with silver mark- 
 
 ings. Borneo. 
 
 — Lobbia'nus. Flowers white with a pinkish 
 
 lip. Java? Fl. Ser. t. 619. 
 
 — Lo'wii. A synonym of Dossinia marmorata. 
 
 There is a variety A . Lowii virescejis with 
 leaves a brighter green. 
 
 — MeiTie'rii. Sumatra. 1881. Syn., Doesinia 
 
 Mei/n&rti. 
 
 — Nevi'Ueana. Green with orange-yellow vein's. 
 
 — Ordia'mts. Leaves deep green, with silvery 
 
 veins. Java. 1869. Jenn. Orch. t. 43, f . 1. 
 
 — Ortgie'sii. See Physwrus Ortgiesii, 
 
 — pi'ctus. See Physurus pictus. 
 
 — querceti'cola. See Physurus querceticolus. 
 
 •— rega'lii. Velvety-green with golden veins. 
 Syn., A, setaceiis. June. Java. 1836. 
 B. M. t. 4123. The natives of Ceylon, 
 where it grows in the hedge-rows, much 
 admire this species and give it the regal 
 name of " The King of the Woods ;" and 
 well it deserves the title ; but yet the 
 leaves are the only part that attract 
 admiration. The flowers are not at 
 all beautiful ; the leaves, however are 
 very handsome. The ground colour is 
 of a dark velvety -green, tinged with a 
 metallic lustre, curiously inlaid, as it 
 were, with streaks of golden net-work. 
 If examined with a moderate micro- 
 scope, when the sun is shining, this 
 golden net-work is really glorious, having 
 the appearance of the richest rubies. 
 But no description can do justice to the 
 beauty of the leaves of this plant. The 
 variety named puitus, or painted — 
 brought home, we believe, by Mr. Gib- 
 son, from the Khasia Hills, India — has 
 a broad stripe of yellow down the centre 
 of each leaf, in addition to the golden 
 net-work. It is equally beautiful with 
 the original species, but, if anything, 
 more difficult to cultivate. Messrs. Low 
 and Co., of the Clapton Nurseries, have 
 imported another variety, from Borneo, 
 of a stronger growth, and on that account 
 worth cultivating, though not c^uite so 
 beautiful as the other two varieties. 
 
 albo-margina'tiis. Leaves with white 
 
 edges. 
 
 eoria'tus. Leaves with broad gold marks. 
 
 granHfo'liug. Light green with a net- 
 work of golden veins. 
 
 iTuyniaHus. i. Flowers white. Java. 
 
 B. M. t. 6208. 
 
 pi'ctus. Leaves with central golden stripe. 
 
 N. India. 
 
 — R&inwalrdtii. Bronze with golden lines. Java. 
 
 — Jtoxbu'rghii. J. White. E. Indies. 
 
 — Rucke'Tt. Leaves with six rows of pale spots. 
 
 Borneo. 1861. 
 
 — SchoMe'ri. Leaves silver-striped. Costa Bica. 
 
 1862. Physurus? 
 
 — seta'ceus. See A. regalis. 
 
 — stria' tus. See Zeuxfine regia. 
 
 — Tunulri. Leaves bronzy, veined with yellow. 
 
 1865. 
 
 — Ve'itchii. Java ? See Macodes Petola. 
 
 — zebri'nus. Coppery-lined. India. 1863. 
 
 Anoiga'nthus. (From anigo, to 
 expand, and anthos, flower. Nat. ord., 
 Amaryll'idecB. ) 
 
 Greenhouse bulb. For treatment, see Cyetan- 
 THUS. 
 
 A.breviflo'rus. 1. Bright yellow. Natal. 1888. 
 Syn., Cyrtanthus lutescens of some 
 gardens. i 
 
 Anomathe'ca. (From anomos, sin- 
 gular, and theca, a capsule, or seed-pod. 
 Nat. ord., IridacecB.) 
 
 Very neat, Ixia-like, dwarf, bulbous plants, 
 which flower in the sheltered border all summer 
 in any light garden-soil: they require the pro- 
 tection of a frame in winter, or very warm south 
 border in open air. Propagated from seeds and 
 offsets ; light, sandy loam and common soil ; 
 bulbs require, in most places, to be kept in a 
 frame during winter. A. erue'nta, especMly, is 
 well fitted for a flower-bed. 
 A. eruelnta. 1. Crimson. July. B. Trop. Africa. 
 1830. B. B. 1. 1869. 
 
 — ju'ncea. 1. Bright pink, with dark spot at 
 
 base of the perianth. May. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1791. Syns., Gladiolus 
 polystachus, Andr. Eep. t. 66, G. excisus, 
 jEicq. H. Sohcen. t. 491. Free flowering, 
 but rarely met with in gardens. 
 
 Anomochlo'a. (From anomos, law- 
 less, and chloa, grass; alluding to its 
 differing from other grasses in having 
 four stamens instead of three, which is 
 the usual number. Nat. ord., Grami- 
 necB.) 
 
 Stove perennial grass, remarkable for the dis- 
 tinctly stalked leaves. Seeds, divisions. Eich 
 loam. 
 
 A. marantoi'dea. 1. Green. Brazil. 1882. 
 B. M. t. 6331. 
 
 Ano'na. (From menona, its local 
 name in the West Indies. Nat. ord., 
 AnonacecB.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees and shrubs with fragrant 
 leaves ; cuttings of ripened wood, in strong heat, 
 under a glass, in April ; rich loam. 
 A. mmplexicau'lis. 12. Yellow, green. Mauri- 
 tius. 1824. 
 
 — asia'iica. 12. Yellow, green. Asia. 1816. 
 
 — Cherimo'lia. 18. Brown. August. Peru. 
 
 1739. III. Hort. 1886, p. 109, t. 663. Syn., 
 
 A. tripetala. B. M. t. 2011. 
 
 — cine'rea. 16. Yellow, green. W. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — gla'bra. 16. Brown. August. W. Ind. 
 
 1774. 
 
 — Icmrif&lia. 15. Brown. W. Ind. 1773. 
 
 — longifo'lia. 20. Purplish. Guiana. 1820. 
 
 — mexica'na. 12. Yellow, green. Mexico. 1823. 
 
 — muco'sa. 12. Yellow, green. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — 'murica'ta. 10. Green, yellow. W. Ind. 1666. 
 
 The Sour Sop. 
 
 — obtusifo'lia. 15. Yellow, green. W. Ind. 1810. 
 
 — paludo'sa. 4. Green. Guiana. 1830. 
 
 — palu' stria. 16. Yellow. S. Amer. 1788. B. 
 
 M. t. 4226. The cork-wood, or Alligator 
 Apple. 
 
 — punctata. 12. Yellow, green. Trinidad. 1818. 
 
 — reticula'ta. 20. Whitish-yellow, brown. Brazil 
 
 1690. B. M. tt. 2911-2. Custard Apple, 
 or Bullock's Heart 
 
 — rhiza'ntha. 16. Bed. Brazil. 1882. 
 
 — senegale'nsis. 10. Yellow, green. Guinea. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — squa/mo'sa. 20. White, green. S. Amer. 1731. 
 
 B. M. t. 3096. The Sweet Sop. 
 
 Ano'nyiaosbractea'ta. SeeZomia 
 tetraph'y'Ua. 
 
 Anopla'nthus. See Phelipsea. 
 
 Anoplophy'tum. See Tilland- 
 sia. 
 
 For A. strami'neuvh and A. vitta'tum see 
 Schlumbergeria virescens. 
 
 E 
 
ANO 
 
 [50] 
 
 ANT 
 
 Ano'pterus. (From ano, upwards, 
 and pteron, a wins ; alluding to the 
 wing at the top of the seed. Nat. ord., 
 Saxifragece. ) 
 
 A greenhouse evergreen shrub, very orna- 
 mental; cuttings under s. bell-glass, in heat; 
 sandy loam anapeat. Usually in a cold pit or 
 greenhouse, but would probably prove hardy in 
 the South and West of England on a wall, with 
 slight winter protection. 
 A. glanduMsus. 3. April. White tinged with 
 rose. Tasmania. 1846. B. M.t. 4377. 
 
 Anre'dera. (Derivation doubtful. 
 Nat. ord., Chenopodiacece.) 
 
 Greenhouse perennial climber. 
 A. sca'ndens. White. Texas. 1889. 
 
 Anse'llia. (In honour of Mr. Ansell, 
 the botanical collector who accom- 
 panied the ill-fated Niger Expedition. 
 Nat. ord., Orchidacece. Allied to 
 Aganisia. ) 
 
 Stove epiphytal orchids. Division of bulbs 
 after flowering ; turfy peat and broken potsherds. 
 With plenty of moisture at root. During Che rest- 
 ing season little or no water will be required, 
 the plants being kept in a moist atmosphere. 
 A. africa'na. 3. Sepals and petals greenish- 
 yellow with brownish spots ; lip yellow. 
 February. Fernando Po. 1844. B. M. 
 t. 4965. 
 
 — c(ynfu'ga. Greenish-jreUow, brown, purple 
 
 marks on green side lobes of lip. West 
 Tropical Africa. Lind. 2, t. 36. Syn., 
 
 A. africana, B. R. 1846, t. 30. 
 
 — c<yngo€fnsis. Sepals and petals yellowish -green 
 
 with brown markmgs ; lip yellow, with 
 white side lobes marked with purple. 
 Congo. Lind. 2, t. 64. 
 
 — giga'ntea. Yellow, brown. Natal. 1847, 
 dtrina. Lip orange-citron. Flowers 
 
 destitute of spots. 
 hjtltea. Light yellow. Natal. 
 
 — nilo'tica. More dwarf than A. africana, but 
 
 flowers brighter. E. Tropical Africa. 
 Syn., A. aSricama, var. nilotica. 
 
 Ant. See Fo'rmica. 
 
 Antenna'ria. (From antennce, 
 feelers ; in reference to the downy heads 
 of the seeds. Nat. ord., Compositce. ) 
 
 Dwarf, hardy perennials ; division and seeds ; 
 common, light soil. In most places the Nepaul 
 species require the protection of a cold pit in 
 winter. 
 
 A. alpi'na. 1. Pink. June. Alpine. Europe. 
 1775. 
 
 — carpa'tica. 1. Pink. June. Carpathian 
 
 Mountains. 1775. 
 
 — oonto'rta. 2. White. July. Nepaul. 1821. 
 
 B. E. t. 605. 
 
 — dioi'ca. 1. Pink. June. Britain. 1821. 
 
 Syn., dnaphalium dioieum. Eng. Bot. 
 ed. 3, t. 747. 
 
 hyperbc/rea. 1. Whitish. June. Isle of 
 
 Sk^e. 1821. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 748. . 
 
 — margmita'cea. 2. White. July. England. 
 
 1821. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 746. 
 
 — plcmtcMinifo'lia. 1. White. July. Virginia. 
 
 1759. Syn., A. plantaginea. 
 
 — t07nent(/sa. One-twelfth. Summer. Silvery- 
 
 leaved. Syn., A. ca/nMAa. 
 
 — - triplineltmis. 1. White. August. Nepaul. 
 
 1823. 
 
 A'nthemis. Chamomile. (From 
 
 Anthemon, a flower ; in reference to the 
 great number of flowers produced. Nat. 
 ord., Compositce.) 
 
 With a few exceptions, they are hardy plants. 
 Bivision of plant, and seeds ; common soil. The 
 single-flowering A. no'Ulis is superior to the 
 double for meificinal properties, but is less fre- 
 quently cultivated, owing to its producing a 
 smaller bulk of flowers. 
 
 HERBACEOUS PEKENNIALS. 
 
 A. alpi'na. 1. White. July. Austria. 1824. 
 
 — JSarrelie'ri. 1. White. August. Italy. 1825. 
 
 — JBieberstei'nii. Yellow. Gfl. t. 936. 
 
 Marschallia'na. 1 to 2. Yellow. Cau- 
 casus. 1879. 
 
 — chamomi'Ua. See Matricaria chammmUa. 
 
 — coronopifolia. See Ormcnis mixta, 
 —frutimlo'aa. 2. White. August. Caucasus. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — gloho'sa. See CMliophylVwm globomm. 
 
 — grwndijlo'ra. See Pyrethrwm sinense. 
 
 — ib^rica. 1. White. August. Iberia. 1820. 
 
 — imycrasea'ta. See Anacyclus clavatus. 
 
 — Zitaibe'lUi. 1. White. June. Central Europe. 
 
 1820. Syn., A. earpatica. 
 
 — MarshaUia'na. 2. Yellow. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1816. 
 Rudolphia'na. 1. Yellow. July. Cau- 
 casus. 1824. 
 
 — melampodiTia. 1. White. August. Egypt. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — mcnta'na. 1. White or purplish. July. Cen 
 
 tral Europe. 1769. Syn., A. saxatilis. 
 
 — parthenioHdes. 2. White. July. China. 1819. 
 
 B. E. t. B27. Syn., A. apiifolia. 
 
 — petroeta. 1. White. July. Italy. 1825. 
 
 — pubefscens. See Anaegchis tomentosus. 
 
 — tinctcfria. 2. Yellow. July. Britain. 
 
 discoHdea. 1. Yellow. June. Italy. 1800. 
 
 Triumfe:tti. 1. Pale yellow. August. 
 
 Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 — tomentafsa. 1. White. July. Levant. 1795. 
 
 Probably the same as A. peregrina. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 A. aizcfon. J. White. Summer. N. Greece. 
 
 — altfsatma. 4. White. July. South of Europe. 
 
 1731. Sibth. m. Or. t. 881. 
 
 — avlrea. 1, Yellow. August. Levant. 1570. 
 
 Syn., Anacyclus aureus. 
 
 — aimtrHaca. 1. White. August. Austria. 1759. 
 
 — buphthalTtio^des, See Rum/ordia buphthal' 
 
 moides. 
 —fa'Uax. See AchHtea. 
 —fmca'ta. 1. White. July. Portugal. 1805. 
 
 — mariltima. 1. White. July. Mediterranean. 
 
 1800. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 882. 
 
 — mUxta. 1. White. August. France. 1731; 
 
 — nma'onvXa'ta. Italy. 1836. 
 
 — rufhitnica. 2. White. June. Taurida. 1823. 
 
 EVERGREENS. 
 
 A. no'bUis (common chamomile). 1. White. 
 
 August. Britain. 
 fio're-ple^no. 1. White. August. Britain. 
 
 — puncta'ta. 1. White. August. Barbary. 1818. 
 
 Biennial. 
 
 Anthe'phora. (From anthos, a 
 flower, and phoreo, to bear. Nat. ord., 
 Graminem. ) 
 
 Seed in March or April. Peat and loam. 
 They are pretty, and, with the exception of re- 
 quiring a greenhouse in winter, as easuymanaged 
 as any other grass. 
 A. e'legams. A petal. August. Jamaica. 1776. 
 
 — viMsa. August. W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 Anthe'ricum. (From anthos, a 
 flower, and kerkos, a hedge ; in reference 
 
ANT 
 
 [51] 
 
 ANT 
 
 to the tall flower stems. Nat. ord., 
 LiliacecB. ) 
 
 Chiefly hardy bulbs. Eich, light soU, or a 
 mixture of fibrous loam, leaf mould, and coarse 
 «and. Division of roots, or by seeds, sown soon 
 after ripening. 
 
 A. albwooi'des. See Omithogalum suaveolens, 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 431. 
 
 — canalicula'twm. 1. White and green. May. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1774. B.M.t.ll24. 
 
 ru'fum. 1. Copper. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 
 
 — caeru'lmim. See PasitJiea ccerulea. 
 
 — cro'eewm. 1. White. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1800. 
 
 — echeandioi'des. 1. Yellow with green keel. 
 
 November. Mexico? 1883. B.M.t.6809. 
 —falca'tum. 1. White. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1826. Syn., A. vespertinum. 
 
 B M. 1. 1040. 
 — flUfo'lium. See Urginea filifolia. 
 — flexi/o'lium. 1. White. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1796. 
 —floribu'ndum. 1. White. April. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1774. 
 —fra'grans. See Urginea fragrant, 
 —frutefscem. B. M. t. 816. See Bulbine cau- 
 
 — Gerra'rdi. |. White, green. Natal. 1876. 
 
 — graH'Ummm,. i. White. 1879. 
 
 — graptophj/Uvm. J. White. Summer. Socotra. 
 
 1882. 
 
 — hirsu'tum. 1. White. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1820. 
 
 — hi'spidum. 1. White. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1820. Syn., A. squwmewm. 
 
 — Bookeln. IJ. Yellow. New Zealand. 1848. 
 
 Syn., Chrysohactron Eookeri. B. M. 
 t. 4602. 
 
 — Lilia'go. IJ. White. May. S. Europe. 1596. 
 
 Syns.,Phalangiuma,nd Watsonia lAKago. 
 St. Bernard's Lily. 
 
 — lilia'strum and var. majut. See Paradisia 
 
 liliastrum. 
 
 — longifo'lmm. 1. White. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1824. Jacq. Ic. t. 413. 
 
 — Makoya'nwm. 2 to 3. White leaves striped 
 
 and margined with white. 1880. Gfl. 
 1. 1007. 
 
 — pUo'svjm. See Omithogalvmi hispidum. 
 
 — plu'mo'sum. See Bottmcea tkyscmotoides. 
 
 B. M. t. 3084. 
 
 — pomeridia'num. See Chlorogalum pomeridia- 
 
 num. B. R. t. 664. 
 
 — ra/mo'swm. White. June. S. Europe. 1570. 
 
 Syn., A. grajninifolvwm. 
 
 — revolvltwm. 2. White. October. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1731. B. M. 1. 1044. 
 
 — sero'tinum. See Lloydia. 
 
 — spira'le. See Eriospermwm spirale. 
 
 — mtphvlreum. See Omithogalum pyrenaicum; 
 
 var. Jlavegcens. 
 
 — trifio'rum. 1. White. September. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1782. Syn., A. Mpedunou- 
 latwm. Jacq. Ic. t. 410. 
 
 — undula'tum. 1. White. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1825. Jacq. Icon. t. 411. 
 
 — vwriega'tum. Leaves green, striped with 
 white. S.Africa. 1875. Syns.,^. Tr«. 
 
 and Phalangium 
 
 — villo'sum. 1. White. July. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1826. 
 
 Anthoce'rcis. (From anthos, a 
 flower, and kirkis, a ray. Nat. ord., 
 Scrophulariacem. ) 
 
 Handsome evergreen greenhouse shrubs. Cut- 
 tings of ripened wood in April, placed in sand 
 under a glass in a mild bottom-heat. Sandy 
 loam and peat, well drained. 
 
 A.a'lUcam. 3. White. June. N. S. Wales. 
 
 —Jloribu'nda. 8. White. N. S. Wales. 
 
 — iViafo'lia. 6. Yellowish-green. June. Swan 
 
 Elver. 1843. 
 
 — lito'rea. 3. White. June. N.Holland. 1803 
 
 B. E. t. 212. Maund Bot. vol. 3, 1. 102 ' 
 
 — msc&sa. 6. White. May. N. Holland. 1822. 
 
 B. M. t. 2961. Maund Bot. vol. 2, t. 69. 
 
 Anthoclei'sta. (From anthos, a 
 flower, and cleistos, shut up. Nat. ord., 
 Logatiiacece.) 
 
 Cuttings in heat ; peat and loam. 
 A. macrophy'Ua. 20. White. Sierra Leone. 1820. 
 
 A'nthodon. (From aji</io«, a flower, 
 and odon, a tooth. Nat. ord., Celas- 
 trinece. Syn., Salacia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened wood, under a bell-glass ; in hotbed ; 
 sandy loam and peat. 
 
 A. elli'pMmmi. 12. Yellow, green. Eio Janeiro. 
 1818. 
 
 — pamieula'tum. 12. Yellow, green. Eio Janeiro. 
 
 1818. 
 
 Antholo'ma. (From anthos, a 
 flower, and loma, a fringe. Nat. ord., 
 Tiliaeem. ) 
 
 A stove evergreen tree ; cuttings of ripe wood, 
 under glass, in sand and in heat ; light, nch loam. 
 A. monta'na. 20. White. May. New Cale- 
 donia. 1810. 
 
 Antholy'za. (From amthos, a flower, 
 and lyssa, rage ; in reference to the 
 opening of the flower like the mouth of 
 an enraged animal. Nat. ord., Irida- 
 cece. Syns., Cunonia, Petamenes, Ani' 
 santhus. ) 
 
 Bulbs requiring the assistance of a frame or 
 greenhouse in winter, or to be planted deep 
 enough beyond the reach of frost in a dry, shel- 
 tered situation ; it will be safest, however, to 
 lift and winter in dry place. When grown in 
 pots an occasional dose of weak liquid manure 
 will be found beneficial. Light, sandy soil; 
 offsets. Seeds when ripened, or if procurable 
 should be sown soon after being received in a 
 cool house or frame. 
 A. oeOiMimea. 3. Scarlet and green. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1759. Syns., A. 
 
 jU>ribwnda unA A. praealta. B. M. t. 561. 
 oi'color. 2. Flowers nodding, upper half 
 
 scarlet, lower yellowish-green. May. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. Syn., A. oethiopica, 
 
 var. mvnor^ B. E. 1. 1159. . 
 rilngens. Eed, yellow. November. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. Syn., A. vittigera. B. 
 
 M. 1. 1172. 
 
 — ca'ffra, 2. Scarlet. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1828. Syn., Anisanthits splendens. 
 Swt. M. Gard., series 2, t. 84. 
 
 — Cuno'nia. 2. Scarlet, black. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1756. Syn., Aniscmthits 
 Cwnonia. Eed. Lil. t. 12. 
 
 — fuea'ta. 2. Yellow, red. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1807. Syn., Tritonia fucata. 
 B. E. 1838, t. 36. 
 
 — rrumta'na. 1. Brown. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1769. 
 
 — quadrangula'ris. 2. Yellow, red. April. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1760. Syns., 
 Gladioliis abbreviatus, Andr. Eep. 1. 166 ; 
 G. quadra/ngiila/ris, B. M. t. 667. 
 
ANT 
 
 [52] 
 
 ANT 
 
 A, epica'ta. Flesh-colour. Cape of Good Hope; 
 1794. Andr. Eep. t. S6. 
 
 — tubul&m. Crimson. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1796. Andr. Eep. 1. 174. 
 
 Anthomy'ia. A genus of flies, the 
 following species of which are injurious 
 to plants. Descriptions of them will he 
 found under the plants, which they 
 attack. 
 A. he' tee. The Beet Fly. 
 
 — bra'ssicoe and radicum. See Cabbage Fly. 
 
 — cepa'nam. A synonym of Phoriia cepetorum, 
 
 the Onion Fly. 
 —fiora'lis. The Eadish Fly. 
 
 — lactn'cce. The Lettuce Sly. 
 ^ platu'ra. The Shallot Fly. 
 
 — tuber&sat attacks the potato. 
 
 Anthono'mus pomo'rum. . Ap- 
 ple Weevil. This insect shelters itself 
 heneath the scurfy bark during the 
 winter, awaiting the return of spring to 
 renew its attacks upon the blossom- 
 buds. " This insect, says Mr. Curtis, 
 " commits great devastation in apple- 
 orchards, by destroying the stamens, 
 pistil, and receptacle of the flower. As 
 sQon as the blossom-buds swell, the 
 female beetle begins to deposit her eggs. 
 In cahn weather, she selects a good bud, 
 and makes a hole in it with her rostrum 
 (long beak) ; she fixes herseU at the hole, 
 lays one egg, and goes on till she has de- 
 posited a considerable number of eggs in 
 separate buds.. The bud continues to 
 swell, and the petals (flower-leaves) 
 nearly expand, when suddenly the 
 growth ceases, and the petals wither, 
 and assume a shrivelled appearance. If 
 one of these flower-buds be examined 
 when nearly expanded, a small, white 
 grub, with a black head, will be found 
 in the centre, which begins to assume a 
 yellowish colour ; a few days later the 
 grub will be found either wholly or par- 
 tially changed to a beetle, and should 
 there be a small hole on the side of the 
 receptacle, the beetle will have escaped, 
 the transformation from the egg to the 
 perfect state not having occupied more 
 than a month. When this beetle, or 
 weevil, leaves the receptacle, it feeds 
 during the summer on the leaves of the 
 trees, and is seldom to be seen. In the 
 autumn, the weevils leave the trees and 
 search for convenient hiding-places, un- 
 der stones about the trees, or under the 
 rough bark, in which theypass the winter. 
 Consetjuently, as they commence their 
 operations early in the spring, care should 
 be taken to remove all stones, dead 
 leaves, and other litter from under the 
 trees, as well as to scrape off the rough, 
 dead bark from them in the winter sea- 
 son. The apple-weevil is also very in- 
 jurious to pear-trees. This beetle, or 
 
 weevil, is scarcely one line and a half 
 long ; its wing-cases are dark-brown, 
 witn whitish grey stripes ; its antennae 
 (horns or feelers) spring from the middle 
 
 of its beak, and all these parts, as well as 
 its eyes and the under part of the body, 
 are black." 
 
 There are several nearly -allied species 
 of predatory weevils, which will be found 
 under the name of CurcU'lio. 
 
 Anthospe'rmuin. (From anthos, 
 a flower, and sperma, seeds. Nat. ord. ,, 
 BubiacecB. ) Amber Tree. 
 
 An ornamental greenhouse evergreen shrub j 
 cuttings in santl, under a bell-glass ; peat, loam,, 
 and sand. 
 
 A. cethic/picwm, 2. Male brownish, female green. 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1692. 
 
 Anthu'rium. (From antfws, a 
 flower, and oura, a tail ; referring to the 
 spadix, or Arum flower-spike. Nat. 
 ord. , Aroidece. Allied to Pothos. ) 
 A. acau'le. 3. Green or violet. Spring. W.. 
 Indies. 1853. 
 
 — acu'tuin. 1. Dark green. Brazil. 1887. 
 
 — cera'nthe. 3. Spathe green, spadix red-brown. 
 
 Tropical America. 
 
 — aJi'Tie. Yellowish-green. 1855. 
 
 — amce^num. Spathe green. Venezuela. 1848. 
 
 — andi'colv/m. 1^. Spathe olive-green, spadix 
 
 brownish-purple. Mexico. 1855. Syn., 
 A. GucvUatwm. 
 
 — Andrea'nvAn. 1. Spathe scarlet, spadix 
 
 yellowish, whitish. Columbia. 1876. 
 Extremely beautiful. Of this species 
 there are numerous varieties and hybrids, 
 e.g., AUan^'rfii, atro purpu'reum, fiore 
 a'lbo, Gruso'nif K&lMi, Ortge'sn, and Witt- 
 ma'ckii. See Gfl. t. 1293, and Eev. 
 Hort. 1889, p. 169. 
 
 — aralicefcfliv/m, from New Caledonia, probably 
 
 does not belong to this genus. 
 
 — Appunia'n'um. Spathe green, spadix violet. 
 
 Venezuela. 1860. 
 
 — Auble^tii. Green. Guiana. 1870. 
 
 — Augusti'nwm. Tropical America. 1865. 
 
 — Bake'ri. 1. Green. Berries scarlet. Spring. 
 
 Costa Eica. 1872. 
 
 — be'llum. 3. Green, red-brown. Brazil. 
 
 1860. 
 
 — Bindti. 1. Olive-green. Autumn. Brazil. 
 
 — Bomhainum. Spathe green, spadix violet. 
 
 Venezuela. 1855. 
 
 — brachyaona'tum. Mexico. 1860. 
 
 — breviMbum. 2. Purplish. 1887. 
 
 — Bro'wnii. 3 to 5. Spathe green, reddish: 
 
 spadix purplish. Columbia. 1877. 
 
 — bur/ordie'nse. Bright scarlet. Hybrid. 1889. 
 
ANT 
 
 [53] 
 
 ANT 
 
 A. ea'ndid'wm. See SpathiphyUum. 
 
 — calmeum. Eed. Hytind between A, Andre- 
 
 cmum and A. nymphceifolium. 1884. 
 
 — Chamberlai'ni. i. Spathe pale dull puce 
 
 outside, ehining crimson within ; spadix 
 dull reddish purple. Venezuela? 1888. 
 
 — Chantinia'num. Hybrid between A. Houleti- 
 
 anum and A. Ancbreanuvn. 
 
 — Chantrie'ri. White. Hybrid between A. 
 
 nymphoBifolvwm and A. subsignatum. 
 
 — Chelseie'rms. Yellowish at apex, white at 
 
 base. Hybrid between A. Veitchii and 
 A. Andreanwm. 
 
 — eolocaswefo'lium. 2. Spathe green, spadix 
 
 red-brown. Tropical America. 1871. 
 
 — caria'tum. Whitish, green. Tropical America. 
 
 1854. 
 
 — ^ordifo'lium. 2}. Green. W. Indies. 
 
 — coria'ceum. 3. Green. Brazil. 
 ~— erass^fo'lium. Spathe light green, spadix 
 
 dull green. 1883. 
 
 — ffrassine'rviwm. 2. Green. 
 
 — crue!ntum. Blood red. Garden hybrid. 1886. 
 
 Syn., A. Andreamt/m^ var. roseuTii. 
 
 — crystalli'nuTn. 2. Greenish. Leaves velvety 
 
 green, with frosted veins. Columbia. 
 
 — cvZirifo'lmm. IJ. Green. Brazil. 1860. 
 
 — euspida'tum. 2 to 3. Beddish, purplish. 
 
 Columbia. 
 
 — eymbif&rme. Spathe white, spadix salmon- 
 
 pink. Columbia ? 1889. 
 
 — Decha'rdi. See SpathiphyUum ca/nmxtfoUuTn. 
 
 — denta'tuTn. 3. Green. Garden hybrid. 1884. 
 
 — Desmetialnum. Garden hybrid. 111. Hort. 
 
 1888, t. 62. 
 
 — Devansaya'num. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — digita'tv/m, 1. Spathe green, spadix violet. 
 
 Columbia. 
 
 — d&minwe''nS6. 1. Dominica. 1860. 
 
 — egre^giv/m. Venezuela. 1860. 
 
 — Edua'rdi. 2. Leaves green, tinted satin violet. 
 
 — e^lega/ns. Spathe green ; spadix green or 
 
 violet. Columbia. 1876. 
 
 — eUi'pticitmi. Caraccas. 1853. 
 
 — emargina'tum. 1. Green, brownish. Tropical 
 
 America. 
 
 — eaxe^lsior. Hybrid between A, Veitchii and 
 
 A. omatum. 1890. 
 — ferriere^nae. Pale rose to deep red. 1868. 
 — fi'ssum. 2. Green. Columbia. 1868. 
 — Jla'mdum. 1. Violet- pink. Columbia. 1886. 
 — fioribu'ndum. See SpathiphyUum. 
 
 — Frcebe^lii. Deep carmine. Hybrid between 
 
 A. Andreanwm and A. omatum. 1886. 
 
 — GaZeo'ttii. Brazil. 1858. 
 
 — Gaudiehaudia!num. 2J. Green. S. Brazil. 
 
 — Oeitneria'num. 2. Green. Tropical America. 
 
 1867. 
 
 — gladiifo'lium. IJ. Spathe green, spadix red- 
 
 brown. Brazil. 1860. 
 
 — gla/uce^scens. Green. Tropical America. 
 
 — Glazio'vii. Purple. Brazil. 1880. B. M. 
 
 t. 6833. 
 
 — gra'cile. Green. Guiana. 1833. 
 
 — grandifo'lium. Caraccas. 
 
 — Gusta'vi. 1877. Gfl. t. 1076. 
 
 — Hardya'num. Hybrid between A. Andreanum 
 
 and A. Eduardi. 1889. 
 
 — Harri'sii. Spathe greenish, spadix violet- 
 
 brown. Brazil. 1826. 
 
 pulchrum. Spathe whitish, spadix 
 
 brownish-crimson ; leaves variegated. 
 Brazil. 1879. 
 
 A. assi'Tnile, A. Beyrichia'num, A. con- 
 sangui'neum, A. erythropo'dium, A. mn- 
 thopodium, A. intermedium, A. Jile'ldi, 
 A. hmgifo'lmm, A. rubricau'le, A. undu- 
 la'tum, and A. UrvUlea'nv/m, are all of 
 them but slight varieties of a long-leaved 
 form of A. Harri'sii, having a green or 
 reddish-brown spathe. and a reddish 
 brown or violet spadix. 
 
 A. He'ro. A hybrid between A. Veitchii and A. 
 omatum. 
 
 — Hooke'ri. 3. Spathe green, spadix green or 
 violet. Tropical America. 1840. Syn., 
 A, HuegeHii. 
 
 — HoMetialmum. Eose red. Hybrid between 
 A. rrutgnijiawm and Andreanum, 
 
 — Bvmboldtia'num. Spathe yellowish -green, 
 spadix rosy-violet. Venezuela. 1854. 
 
 — iiuionspi'cuum,. 2. Spathe bright green, 
 spadix brownish-violet. BrazU. 1885. 
 
 — Miterme'diMm. Spathe pale red, spadix rosy- 
 Hybrid between A. hybridvjm and orys- 
 tallvnuTn. 
 
 — isare^nse. Garden hybrid. 1888. 
 
 — Kalbreye'ri. A climber. New Grenada. 
 1881. 
 
 — KeUerma'nni of gardens is a hybrid. 1888. 
 
 — Lai'ngi. Garden variety. 1888. 
 
 — lanceola'twm. Several varieties of A. Harrisii 
 are cultivated under this name. The 
 true A. Zanceolaty/m is the same as A. 
 WUdemawii. 
 
 — LoAUihea'num. 2. Brownish-purple. 1857. 
 
 — Lawreneeal num. Garden hybrid. Rev. Hort. 
 1888, p. 12. 
 
 — Uptostal chyumi. Brazil. 1855. 
 
 — leucimcu'rum. Green. Mexico. 1862. 
 
 — Uwtikya'nwm. 2. Ked-brown, blackish- 
 violet. Brazil. 1860. 
 
 — Liionia'num. Green. S. America. 1868. 
 
 — Lindenia'nvm. 8. Spathe white, spadix white 
 or purplish. Columbia. 1866. Fragrant. 
 Syns., A. lAndeni and A. ImMgi. 
 
 — longi/o'lium. 1. Mexico. 1829. 
 
 — lo'ngipes. Green. Bahia. 1854. 
 
 — UmgispaJthum. 3. Guadeloupe. 1888. 
 
 — lu'cidum. 4 to 5. Eeddish-brown, purplish. 
 Brazil. 
 
 — macrolo'biim. Hybrid between 4. JettcomuMrum 
 and vedato-radiatuTn. 1883. 
 
 ^ Tnaaroph'jfUum. 2J. Green, glaucous purple. 
 W. Indies. 
 
 — maerospa'dix. Guiana. 1862. . 
 
 — Ma'lyi. 1. Reddish-violet, blackish-violet. 
 BrazU. 1860. 
 
 — jiutrgarita'ceum. 2i. Sp4the white, spadix 
 purplish. Columbia? 
 
 — UaseimiUa'ni. 3. Spathe green, spadix red- 
 brown. Brazil. 1860. 
 
 — meta'Uieum. Green. 1860. 
 
 — Miguelia'num. 6. Green, purplish. Brazil. 
 1869. Syn., A. Fendleri of gardens. 
 
 — Moorea'num. Purplish-green. Hybrid between 
 A. erystaUvnum and A. subsignatum. 
 
 — Mortfontane^me. Spathe crimson, spadix 
 white. Hybrid between A. Andreanwm 
 and A. Veitchii. 1886. 
 
 — nymphceifo'lium. Spathe white, spadix pur- 
 plish. Venezuela. 1854. 
 
 — oehra'nthum. 2. Spathe greemsh-yellow, 
 spadix yellow. Costa Rica. 1853. 
 
 — Olfersia'num. 4. Green, purplish. Brazil. 
 
 — oma/tum. 2i. Spathewhite, spadix purplish- 
 tinted. Spring. Venezuela 1889. 
 
 — Ottonia'num. Spathe green, spadix bluish- 
 green, becoming purplish. Brazil, byn. 
 A. Saamdersii. 
 
 — pa'rmm. Purple-brown. Brazil. 1880. 
 
 — ya'timi. See SpathiphyUum. 
 -pedati'fidi^- Spadix purple. Brazil. 186e 
 
 — peda'to-radia'tum. 2. Green. Mexico. 1869. 
 
 — per^tapWJl^!^. 185^^^^^ Mexico. 1859. 
 
 — polyto'mmm. Mexico. 1859. 
 -yaLta'tum. Vs. Greenish. Ecuador 1886. 
 
 — vurpu'rewm. 2. Purple. Brazil. 1887. 
 -radi'cam. i. Dull green. .Brazil ;„ 
 
 — recusa'tum. Tropical America. 1860. 
 
 — refl^xum. Tropical America. 1867. 
 -rega'le. Green, pale-veined. E. Peru. 1866. 
 -Roe'dii. 3. White. Andes of Santa Martha. 
 
ANT 
 
 [54] 
 
 ANT 
 
 A. ro'seum. Garden hybrid. 1888. 
 
 — Bothschildia'num. Garden hybrid. 1884. 
 
 — rube^scens. Reddish. September. Brazil. 
 
 1828. 
 
 — rugo'mm. 2. Spadix violet-brown. Caraccas. 
 
 1868. 
 
 — Sagitta'ria. 1860. 
 
 — sagitta'tum. Glaucous-green. 1860. 
 
 — ScherzeHa'num, 1. Spathe and spadix scarlet. 
 
 Costa Rica. 
 
 atboUnea'tum. Garden variety. 1888. 
 
 andagave'nse. Back of spathe crimson 
 
 •with white spots, front white, blotched 
 red. Fl. Ser. t. 2464. 
 
 bispatha'ceum. Spathes 2, opposite, red. 
 
 lU. Hort. 1890, 1. 107. 
 
 bnixelWnse. III. Hort. vol. 34, 1. 18. 
 
 -. giga'nteum. Blood red. 1884. 
 
 ■ lafcteum. White. 111. Hort. t. 607. 
 
 ma'xvmum, a'lbum. White. Seedling 
 
 variety. HI. Hort. 1890, 1. 100. 
 
 muta'Mlis. Spathe white, gradually be- 
 coming scarlet. Seedling variety. 1883. 
 
 nebulo'sum. Spathes 2, white dusted 
 
 with red. 
 
 pariMnse. Illust. Hort. vol. 34, 1. 16. 
 
 pygmc^um. Spathe small, spadix stalked. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Mothschildia'num. Spathe creamy, red- 
 spotted ; spadix creamy. 1880. 
 
 Vervcenea'num. Spathe white, with red 
 
 tip, 1884. Syn., A. Vermeneanum. 
 
 — — Waroquea'nwm. Spathe white, spotted 
 
 red ; spadix yellow. 1888. 111. Hort. 
 vol. 35, t. 51. Other forms of this species 
 have been called atroeav^uinewm, nigH- 
 caTis, rotundifiorum, and sanguinewm. 
 See Wien. Gart. Zeit. 1889, p. 113. 
 
 WUUa'msii. 1. Spathe white, spadix 
 
 yellowish. Costa Rica. 1874. Syn., A. 
 ScherzeriaTmm album. 
 
 — Sellmma'num. Brazil. 1841. 
 
 — signa'tum. 1}. Green. 1858. 
 
 — miilaa/o'rme. Brazil. 1855. 
 
 — spathiphy'Uwm. IJ. Spathe white, spadix 
 
 yellowish. Tropical America. 1875. 
 
 — spUfndidmn. White, tinged pink. Yellow. 
 
 S. Amer. 1884. 
 
 — stri'etum. 1. Bluish-green. Brazil. Syn., 
 
 A. Dombeya/niPm of gardens. 
 
 — mbsagitta'twm. Venezuela, 1860. 
 
 — eubsigna'tum. 11. Yellow. Central America. 
 
 1861. 
 
 A. subula'tum. Spathe white ; spadix purple- 
 red. Columbia. 
 
 — tetra'g<mum. Green. 1860. 
 
 — trilo'bwm. IJ. Spathe and spadix reddish- 
 
 brown. 1877. Syn., A. tHfidum. 
 
 — trine! rvium. 2. Green. Brazil. 
 
 — triu'mphans. Spathe green ; spadix white. 
 
 Brazil. 1852. 
 
 — unda'tum. Purplish. Brazil. 1860. 
 
 — undula'twm. 1860. _ 
 
 — varia'bile. Spathe green, spadix violet. 
 
 Brazil. 1832. 
 
 — Vei'tchii. 2i. White. Columbia. 1877. A fine: 
 
 foliage plant. 
 
 acwnixna'tum. Columbia. 1885. Leaves. 
 
 gradually tapering to a point. 
 
 — Vellozia'num. 1. Spadix brownish-violets 
 
 . Brazil. 1860. 
 
 — mola'c&um. Tropical America. 1859. 
 leucoca'rpwm. Mexico. 1859. 
 
 — viola' scens. Spathe greenish, spadix dark 
 
 violet. Venezuela. 1854. 
 
 — Virgo/ sum. Spathe green, spadix reddish. 
 
 • Brazil. 1860. 
 
 — vi'ride. Brazil ? 1855. 
 
 — Waaneria'nwm. Caraccas. 1853. 
 
 — Wculilsii. 2i. Green. Columbia. 
 
 — WahiU^wi. 2. Venezuela. 1880. 
 
 — Waroq'MaJnum. 3. Green. Columbia. 1878> 
 
 — WarecewUczii. 2J. Purplish. 1860. 
 
 — Wildmo'wii. 1. W. Indies. 1860. 
 
 Anthy'llis. (From anthos, a flower, 
 and ioulos, down ; literally, downy 
 flower. Nat. Ord., LeguminosoB ; Tribe, 
 LotecB. Allied to Trefoil.) KidneyVetch. 
 
 Hardy herbaceous, or shrubbyplants ; propaga- 
 tion by seeds, division, and cuttings ; the hardy- 
 perennial and annual species like a light, well- 
 drained soil; the greenhouse varieties should 
 have a little peat. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 A. comin'na. 1. White. July. Spain. 1759. 
 
 — hamo'sa. 1. Pale yellow. July. Barbary. 
 
 1821, .Syn., A. comici/na of Poiret, not 
 Linnseus. 
 
 — Iptoi'des. 1. Yellow. July. Spain. 1739. 
 
 — tetraphyflla. 1. White. July. South of 
 
 . Europe. 1640. B. M. 1. 108. 
 
 GBEENHOnSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 A. aspcUa'thi. 1. Yellow. July. Cape of Good; 
 Hope. 1824. 
 
 — Ba'ria Jo'vis. 4 to 8. Pale yellow. April- 
 
 South of Europe. 1640. ' 
 
 — cytisoi'des. 2. White. June. Spain. 1731. 
 
 — echina'ta. 1. Purple. June. South of Europe.. 
 
 — eriha'cea. 1. Purple. April. Spain. 1759.. 
 
 Syn., Erinacea hispanica. 
 
 — Herma'nniae. 2. Yellow. April. Corsica* 
 
 1739. B. M. t. 2676. 
 
 — heterophy'lla. 1. Pink. July. South of 
 
 Europe. 1768. 
 
 — tenuif&lia. 2. Yellow. July. Capeof Good] 
 
 Hope. 1818. 
 
 HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 
 A. alpi'na. 1. Yellow. August. Britain. 
 
 — ere'tica, B. M. 1. 1092. See Ebmm eretica. 
 
 — cunea'ta. See Lespedeza. 
 
 — Gera'rdi. 1. White. August. Provence. 
 
 1806. 
 
 — monta'na. I. Purple. June. Alps. 1769. 
 
 Swt. El. Gard. t. 79. 
 
 a'lba. 1. White. July. South of Europe. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — onobrychoi'des. 1. Yellow. July. Spain. 
 
 1817. "^ 
 
 — polyce'phala. 1. Yellow. July. Barbary. 
 
 1829. 
 
 — vulnera'ria. 1. Yellow. July. Britain. 
 
ANT 
 
 [55] 
 
 AOT 
 
 A. mlnera'ria aMflo'ra,. 1. White. July. Bri- 
 tain. Syn.,^4. rustitia. 
 
 hirsuti'ssiTna. *. Bed. July. Europe, 
 
 1816. 
 
 ^olyphy'lla. 1. Yellow. July. South of 
 
 Europe. 1816. 
 
 ru'bra. 1. Red. July. Britain. 
 
 rubrijlo'ra. J. Red. July. South of 
 
 Europe. 1816. Syn., A. Dillemii. 
 
 — Webbia'na. 1. Pale rose. Teneriff e. 1829. 
 
 B. M. t. 3284. 
 
 Antia'ris. (From antja, its Javanese 
 
 name. Nat. ord., Urticacem.) 
 Stove tree, cuttings of fiiin wood in sand under 
 
 a bell-glass in bottojn-heat ; soil, sandy peat, 
 
 fibry loam. 
 
 A. tomca'ria. 40. Green. Java. 1844. This is 
 the Upas Tree of Java, the milky juice 
 of which is used as a poison for arrows, 
 and contains a most deadly substance, 
 antiarin. It was formerly thought, 
 from reports made by a Dutch surgeon 
 at the end of the last century, that 
 owing to the exhalation of a poisonous 
 vapour, neither animal nor vegetable 
 lite could exist for several miles around 
 the spot where it grew. It has since 
 been proved that for this the tree was 
 not responsible, but that it was due 
 to carbonic acid and other volcanic gases 
 escaping from fissures in the ground in 
 the low valleys of Java. Severe effects 
 have been produced on persons climbing 
 the tree. The juic6 of an allied species, 
 
 A. innoojia (Hooker's Companion to 
 Bot. Ma«. t. 17, A. toxicaria, by error), 
 is harmless. The bark of A. saecidora 
 is converted into sacks by the natives of 
 Bombay. 
 
 Anti'gonon. (From anti, against, 
 or opposite, and gonia, an angle. Nat. 
 ord., Polygonacece.) 
 
 Very ornamental stove climbers, comparable 
 in beauty with Bougainvillea. Difficult to flower, 
 and will probably do better planted out in a 
 well-drained border, the stem being trained as 
 near the glass as possible. 
 A, ama'bile. Bright rose. 
 
 — insi'gyie. Rose-pink. Columbia. 1876. Gard. 
 
 Chron. vol. 7 (1877), p. 789. 
 
 — lelptopus. Crimson. Autumn. Mexico. 1868. 
 
 B. M. t. 5816. 
 
 albiflo'ra. White. 1888. 
 
 Antigra'mma. See Scolope'n- 
 drium. 
 
 Antirrhi'num. (From anti, like, 
 and rhin, a snout, or nose ; flowers like 
 the snout of an animal. Nat. ord. Scro- 
 phulariacem. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous annual and perennial herbs 
 grow freely from seed sown in spring ; the best 
 varieties by cuttings, inserted in sandy soil, 
 nnder a hand-light. Common soil, if not reten- 
 tive of moisture. All hardy herbaceous peren- 
 nials, except when otherwise specified. Excellent 
 for banks and under trees, but above either for 
 the tops of walls. The varieties are very nume- 
 rous, and many of them very handsome. 
 A, aljti'num. See Linaria alpma. 
 
 — asari'na. 1. White. June. S. France. 1699. 
 
 B. M. t. 902. Half-hard;' evergreen 
 trailer. 
 — fru'tiocms. See Nememt. 
 
 — glanctuZo' svrni. 2. Roan, yellow. September 
 
 California. 1834. B. R. 1. 1893. Hardy 
 annual 
 
 Rose, yellow. Summer. 
 Syns., A. latifolium and 
 
 A. hifjpa'niewin, 1. 
 Spain. 1878. 
 
 A. rupeatre. 
 
 — lani'gerum. See Linarm lanigera. 
 
 — lina'ria. See lAnaria vulgaris. 
 
 — linarioi'des. See Linaria vulgaris. 
 
 — macroea'rpum. See Nemeaia chammlrifotia. 
 
 — ma' jus. 2. Pink, with yellow palate. July. 
 
 England. Syn., A. montevidense. 
 
 hil color. 2. White. July. England. 
 
 cocaineiis. 2. Scarlet. July. England. 
 
 fio're-ple:no. 2. Flesh. July. England 
 
 variega'tum. 2. Red. July. England. 
 
 — me'dium. 2. Pink. August., Europe. 1821. 
 
 — mo lie. 1. White, yellow. July, Spain. 1762. 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen trailer. 
 
 — Nvitallia'num. 1 to 2. Purple. California. 
 
 1888. Gfl. 1. 1275, f. 3. 
 
 — ochroleu'cwm. 4. Pale yellow. July. 
 
 — o'dorum. See Linaria odora. 
 
 — oro'ntivm. 1. Rose purple. June. Britain. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 954. Hardy annual. 
 
 grandiflo'rum. 1. Red. July. Spain. 
 
 1810. Hardy annual. Syn., A. caly- 
 dnum. 
 
 — s&mpervi'rens. 2. Pink. August. Pyrenees. 
 
 1821. Syn., A. meonanthuTn. 
 
 — Si'culum. 1. White, or yellowish, rarely 
 
 purple. July. Sicily. - 1804. Syn., A. 
 Augustiifoliv/m. 
 
 — spu'ria. See LinaHa spv/ria. 
 
 — stri'ctum. See lAna/ria apwrinoides. 
 
 — tortuo'sum. 1}. Purple. June. Italy. 
 
 Antler Moth. See Cera'pteryx. 
 
 Antro'phynm. (From antron, a 
 cavern, and phuo, to grow ; referring to 
 its pleioe of growth. Nat. ord., Filices.) 
 
 Stove Ferns. Division of the roots ; sandy 
 loam and peat in a shady situation. 
 
 — cayenne'nse. Cayenne. 
 
 — coria'ceum. Himalayas. 
 
 — lanceola'tum. August. W. Indies. 1793. 
 
 — laU/o'limn. Island of Luzon. 
 
 — obtu'sum. Island of Luzon. Very closely 
 
 allied to A. Boryanimi. 
 
 — reticula'tum. Distributed from the Himalayas 
 
 and Malacca to Aneitnm and Queens- 
 land. 
 
 — semicosta'tum. Island of Luzon. 
 
 Antwerp Hollyhock. AUhce'a 
 
 4(sifo'lia,. 
 
 Anu'bias. (Nat. ord., Aroidece.) 
 A. heterophj/lla. 1. Leaves brightgreen, blotched 
 dull yellow. Congo. 1889. 
 
 Ao'pla reniformis. See Habe- 
 na'ria renifo'rmis. 
 
 Ao'tUS. (From a, riot, and ous, ear; 
 the ear-like appendages to the calyx are 
 wanting. Nat. ord., Leguminosce.) 
 
 Handsome small greenhouse evergreen shrubs. 
 Seeds sown in heat. Cuttings of haU-ripened 
 wood in April, in sand, under a bell-glass. 
 Sandy loam and peat, with a little charcoal. 
 A. gra'cilis. April. Australia. 1830 
 
 — graci'llima. . 3. Yellow, crimson. May. W. 
 
 Australia. 1844. B. M. t. 4146. 
 
 — inca'na. 2. Yellow. June. Australia 1824. 
 
 — lani'gera. Crimson, yellow. April. Moreton 
 
 Bay. 1838. 
 
 — villo'sa. 2. Yellow. April. Australia. 1790. 
 
 B. M. t. 949. 
 
 ^ ericoi'des. 2. Yellow. June. Australia. 
 
 1810. Pax. Mag. vol. 6, p. 61. 
 ferriiginea. 2. Yellow. June. Australia. 
 
 1820. 
 
APA 
 
 [56] 
 
 APH 
 
 A. viUo'sa mrga'ta. 2. Yellow. June. Australia. 
 1821. 
 
 Apa'rgia. See Leo'ntodon. 
 
 Apei'ba. (The local name of one of 
 the species in Brazil. Nat. ord., Tilia- 
 cece.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees and shrubs. Cuttings 
 of ripe wood, under a glass, in strong heat ; 
 peat and loam. Should be curbed in the Chinese 
 fashion, by pruning their roots, or ringing the 
 bark which induces to flowering. 
 .4. aJapera. 30. Golden-yellow. May. Cayenne. 
 1792. 
 
 — kefvis. 10. Green. Cayenne. 1817. 
 
 — Peteu'nw. 40. Yellow. August. Guiana. 
 
 1817. Syn., A. hispida. 
 
 — Tiboulrbmi. 7. Dark yellow. August. S. 
 
 Amer. 1766. Syn., A. hirsuta. 
 
 Ape'ra amndina'cea. An elegant 
 grass, whose panicle has slender droop- 
 ing branches. 1882. 
 
 Aphela'ndra. (From apheles, sim- 
 ple, and aner, a male ; the anthers being 
 one-celled. Nat. ord., Acanthacew.) 
 
 Handsome stove evergreen shrubs. Allied to 
 Justuna. Cuttings of small side-shoots, taken off 
 in March or April, inserted in very sandy peat, 
 under a bell-glass, and in a strong bottom-heat. 
 Bough loam, peat, and sand well drained, and 
 liberally supplied with water during summer, 
 until flower-buds appear ; kept dryer and cool 
 during winter while resting. A fuU account of 
 the culture of this genus is given in The Cot- 
 tage Qurdener^ iv. 395. 
 
 A. acutifo'lia. Vermilion-red. October. Co- 
 lumbia. 1868. 
 
 — amcefna. Leaves deep green, with silvery 
 
 veins. Brazil. 1888. 
 
 — atrovi'rffns. Yellow. Bahia. 1884. HI. Hort. 
 
 vol. 31, t. 527. 
 
 — av/rantifaca. 3. Orange, scarlet. December. 
 
 Mexico. 1844. B. B. 1845, 1. 12. 
 
 Roe;zlii. Orange-scarlet. Mexico. 1868. 
 
 Syn., A. Roezhi. 
 
 — Chwmissoia'Tia. Yellow or scarlet. November. 
 
 S. Brazil. 1881. B. M. t. 6627. Syn., 
 
 A, punctata. 
 
 — chri/sops. 1887. Syn,, A. squarrosa Leopoldi. 
 
 — crista ta. 3. Scarlet. August. W. Ind. 1733. 
 
 Syn., Justida pulcherrima. 
 — fascvna'tor. IJ. Scarlet. Autumn. New 
 
 Grenada. 1874. 111. Hort. 1874, 1. 164. 
 — fu'Zgens. Ih. Orange. "Autumn. 1847. 
 
 — glabra'ta. 1^. Yellow. Autumn. S. Amer. 1848. 
 
 — Leopo'ldi. Citron yellow. Brazil. 1854. 
 
 — Libonia'na. Crimson, yellow. Brazil. 1864. 
 
 B. M. t. 5463. 
 
 — Maeedoia'na. Leaves dark green, 
 
 lighter, violet purple beneath. 
 1886. m. Hort. vol. 33, t. 583. 
 
 — macida'ta. 1. Yellow. Mexico. 
 
 B. M. t. 4556. 
 
 — MargarHtae. Orange. Leaves dark green above 
 
 with nerves a lighter green ; under sur- 
 face rose. Belg. Hort. 1883, 1. 19. 
 
 — rMdiaura'ta. Leaves ^een, with yellow cen- 
 
 tral band. Brazil. 1871. Syn., Grap- 
 tophyllum mediauratum. 
 
 — ni'tens. 3» Vermilion. May. Columbia. 
 
 1867. B. M. t. 5741. 
 
 Snitzi'ni. Scarlet. E. Peru. 1876. III. 
 
 Hort. vol. 23, t. 231. 
 
 — orna'ta. Yellow, purple. Brazil. 1864. 
 
 Belg. Hort. 1865, t. 3. 
 
 — Portea'na. 2. Orange. Brazil. 1854. Fl. 
 
 Ser. t. 984. 
 
 nerves 
 Brazil. 
 
 1842. 
 
 A.pu'mila. J. Scarlet. Summer. Brazil 
 
 1878. B. M. t. 6467. 
 sple/ndens. Brazil. Gfl. 1. 1104. 
 
 — puncta'ta. Yellow. S. America. 1881. 111. 
 
 Hort. n. s. t. 467. 
 
 — squarro'sa eitrina. Yellow. Brazil. 1851. 
 
 Fl. Ser. t. 809. 
 Leopo Idi. See A. chrysops, 
 
 — sidphu'rea. Yellow. Guayaquil. 1872. B. 
 
 M. t. 6951. 
 
 — tetra'gana. 2. Autumn. 1846. 
 
 gra'ndis. September. Merida, Venezuela. 
 
 — viiriega'ta. IJ. Yellow. Brazil. B. M. 4899. 
 
 Aphele'xis. See Helichry'sum. 
 
 A'phis. The plant-louse, or green fly ; 
 called sometimes the puceroti, or vine- 
 fretter. It is usual to consider that 
 every plant liable to be attacked by this 
 insect is the victim of some especial 
 species ; but we think that further exa- 
 mination will reduce the number of 
 species very considerably. Difference in 
 colour certainly does not constitute a 
 specific difference ; for the rose-louse is 
 green when the shoots of the rose are 
 green, but red when the shoots are of 
 this colour. The amount of injury they 
 cause to a plant, by robbing it of its 
 sap, is proportioned to their number, 
 and the time they are allowed to in- 
 fest the subject of their attack ; and the 
 amount of that injury may be appreci- 
 ated by the fact that the hop-louse 
 {Aphis hwmuli) sometimes nearly de- 
 stroys the entire crop. The green fly on 
 oup roses (Aphis roses) is that of which we 
 will now offer a few particulars. It is 
 curious that these always are most abun- 
 dant after the prevalence of easterly 
 winds ; and Mr. Jenyns observed in 
 Cambridgeshire, during October, and 
 Mr. White, at Selbome, in August, 
 myriads of aphides, in both instances, 
 after the wind had been for some time 
 easterly. So fast do they multiply, 
 twenty generations being producible in 
 one year, and the young in the autumn 
 being born alive, and not from an egg. 
 Reaumur has shown that one female 
 may be the ancestor of nearly six mil- 
 lions in five generations. It is needless 
 to describe minutely the rose aphis. It 
 is usually light green, with green wood ; 
 and red, with red wood, with brown an- 
 tennse and legs, and transparent iriJ 
 descent wings. They frequently change 
 their skins ; and these may be seen hang- 
 ing about the leaves and shoots of the 
 rose. The males may be known by a 
 double row of black dots on each of their 
 sides. The most effectual of all applica- 
 tions for their destruction is tobacco 
 smoke ; and the best mode of applying 
 it is to cover the bush with a sheet, and 
 fill the space inclosed with the or smoke, 
 to syringe them with tobacco water. 
 
APH 
 
 [57] 
 
 APH 
 
 Aphis pyrima'li is of a grass-green 
 colour, attacking the apple and pear. To 
 prevent its appearance, the following 
 treatment is said to he very effectual. 
 The application must he made every 
 other if not every year ; hut once in two 
 years may he sufficient, if thoroughly 
 well done. Take 1 Ih. sulphur, 1 Ih. 
 Scotch snuff, 1 lb. quicklime, J Ih. lamp- 
 black, 1 lb. soft soap, and of water suffi- 
 cient to make it into the consistence of 
 
 paint. Unnail your trees about Feb- 
 ruary, before the hlooni-huds begin to 
 swell, and with a common paint-Tsrush 
 paint every branch from the ground up- 
 wards. 
 
 A. pe'rsicoB is dark green, and is pecu- 
 liar to the peach and nectarine. 
 
 A.pru'ni ravages the plum tribes, and 
 is a very light green. 
 
 A /a 6(E, known popularly as the £tocA; 
 Dolphin and Elephant, is black, and at- 
 tacks the common bean. The tops of 
 beans attacked by the black dolphin 
 should he forthwith removed ; and 
 smaller plants may he syringed with 
 tobacco- water, or water in which elder- 
 leaves have been boiled ; which applica- 
 tions are all fatal to the aphis ; syringing 
 with soap-suds, on two or three following 
 days, is also effectual. 
 
 A. pi' si is green, and affects the pea. 
 
 A. loni'cera, woodbine louse. Dingy 
 green. 
 
 A. ce'rasi, Morello cherry louse. Ap- 
 pears black. Infests the under sides of 
 the leaves, especially on wet soils. 
 
 A. co'ryli, nut louse. Pale green. 
 
 A. da'hlicB, dahlia louse. Amber-co- 
 loured. 
 
 A. ri'his, red-currant louse. Blackish. 
 
 A. ligu'stri, privet louse. Dark brown. 
 
 A. ribis-ni'gri, black-currant louse. 
 Transparent green. 
 
 A. la'thyri, sweet-pea louse. Dark 
 purple. 
 
 A. (Cinara) ra'phani, radish louse. 
 Females, ^een ; males, lightish-red. 
 
 The aphides on the peach appear the 
 earliest, being, as are all the others, the 
 produce of eggs deposited during the 
 previous autumn. Dxiring the spring 
 and summer they are viviparous, and 
 breed with extraordinary rapidity. The 
 gardener does well, therefore, to scrub 
 the branches of his wall-trees, and to 
 change the shreds every winter, for he 
 
 thus destroys the pest in embryo. So 
 soon as they appear in spring, over each 
 wall-tree a mat should be fastened, and 
 tobacco, in some mode, burnt beneath it. 
 Peas, whilst the dew is upon them, may 
 be dusted with Scotch snuff. Over the 
 apple, plum, and other standards, the 
 only available remedy is a repeated ap- 
 plication of quicklime, at the same early 
 period of the day. 
 
 The larvEe of the Cocdnella or Lady- 
 bird, especially C. punctata, the Syrphus, 
 or bee-uke fly, the Hemerohius per la, or 
 golden-eyed fly, the ant, some caterpil- 
 lars, and many of th,e IchHeumonidce, are 
 treat destroyers of the aphis, and should 
 e encouraged rather than removed. See 
 American Blight. 
 
 The following directions are applicable 
 to the destruction of every kind or aphis. 
 Whenyouintend tofumigateyour plants, 
 in a house, pit, or frame, choose a still 
 evening, and let your plants be quite 
 dry. Place them closer together, and in 
 the clear space thus obtained put either 
 an iron pan, or, if you have not such a 
 thing, use a hard-burnt garden-pot ; put 
 in it a few red-hot cinders that do not 
 smoke ; upon those cinders put your to- 
 bacco, or tobacco-paper, rather damp. A 
 cloud of smoke will immediately rise, and 
 will soon fill the frame. As soon as you 
 judge it to be well filled with smoke, 
 remove the pan, or pot, and carry it to 
 the next frame, if you have more than 
 one that requires smoking. Be extremely 
 careful that the tobacco does not break 
 out into a flame, as it is that which does 
 the mischief. If you perceive a likeli- 
 hood of blazing out, prevent it with a 
 sprinkling of water, very gently applied. 
 Cover up the frames with mats to keep 
 in the smoke as long as possible, The 
 next morning examine the aphides, or 
 green flies, and if you find any alive re- 
 peat the smoking the following evening. 
 This second appfication will most effect- 
 ually destroy all your enemies. You 
 may now syringe the plants pretty se- 
 verely, to wash away the dead bodies 
 of the slain, and the plants will again 
 thrive and flourish in perfect health and 
 beauty. 
 
 The green fly on plants out of doors, 
 so situated that the smoke of tobacco 
 cannot be so perfectly combined as to de- 
 stroy them, require a different mode of 
 attack, though the same herb furnishes 
 us with a remedy against the foe, only it 
 must be applied in a different form ; that 
 is, as tobacco-water. This can be had at 
 any tobacco manufactory, or it may be 
 made by steeping 4 oz. of tobacco in a 
 gallon of hot water to which a little soft 
 
APH 
 
 ■ [58 ] 
 
 APT 
 
 soap has been added, in order to make it 
 somewhat adhesive, the skin of the aphis 
 heing of such a nature as to allow the 
 water to run off. Another receipt given 
 by Miss Ormerod (consulting Entomolo- 
 gist to the Royal Agricultural Society) 
 is :^sof t soap 28 lbs. , tobacco J lb. , water 
 100 gallons. Another mixture is made 
 of 8 parts soft water and 1 part soft soap, 
 boiled until the soap is dissolved, then 
 add a little paraffin oil, and again boil 
 until the whole is thoroughly mixed. 
 Apply it to standard roses, by dipping 
 the infested branches in it during a dry 
 evening, and syringing them the next 
 morning. For roses on pillars, or against 
 walls, use the syringe filled with clear 
 liquor, and applied gently all over the 
 shrubs. Verbenas and Calceolarias m 
 beds are often, during the summer 
 months, much injured, and their beaiity 
 deteriorated, by these insects ; also roses 
 in beds suffer much from the same cause. 
 
 Aphylla'nthes. (Prom aphyllos, 
 leafless, ard anthos, a flower ; the flowers 
 on rush-like branches. Nat. ord., Lilia- 
 cece; Tribe, Johnsoniece.) 
 
 A charming hardy herbaceous perennial. Divi- 
 sion ©f the roots and seeds sown as soon as ripe 
 in cold frame ; sandy peat ; requires a warm 
 situation, dry during winter. 
 A. monspelie'ngis. Blue. June. South of France. 
 1791. B. M. 1. 1132. 
 
 Api'cra. (From (micros, not bitter. 
 Nat. ord., LiliacecB ; Tribe, AloinecB.) 
 
 Warm greenhouse succulents, allied to Aloes. 
 Increased by suckers and cuttings ; soil, sandy 
 loam. They are better kept rather dry during 
 winter. 
 
 A. a'spera. 1. Grey. June. Cape of Good Hope. 
 1795. 
 
 ma'jor. More robust. 
 
 -- asjoe'rula. See Haworthia aspervXa. 
 
 — nusarinalta. Cape of Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 — conge'sta. 1. Whitish. 1843. 
 
 — Mtoildea. 1. Whitish. May. S. Africa. 
 
 1865. 
 .— foliolo'sa. 1. Grey. July. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1795. 
 
 — nUgra. See Ha/worthia nigra. 
 
 — penta'gona. If. Grey. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1731. B. M. t. 1338. Syn., 
 
 Saworthub pentagona. 
 bvllula'ta. H. Yellow. May. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. Syn., Aloe bullulata. Jaca. 
 
 Ft. 1. 109. 
 spire^lla. IJ. Grey. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1790. 
 Willden&mi. f. Greenish. Syn.,.4. gpi- 
 
 ralis, Willdenow, not Linnseus. 
 
 — ri'gi&a. See Haworthia rigida. 
 
 — spiralis. 1. Grey. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1790. Syn., A. inwricata. B. M. 
 1. 1455. 
 
 A'pios. (From apion, a pear; in 
 reference to the form of the roots. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminosce ; Tribe, Phaseolece.) 
 
 Hardy tuberous-rooted climbing herbaceous 
 plant, allied to Glycine. Division of roots and 
 seeds ; rich garden-soil, useful for trellises, etc. 
 
 A. tutero'sa. 6. Brown, pink. August. Southern 
 States of N. Amer. 1640. Syn., Qlymie 
 apioa. B. M. 1. 1198. Ground nut. 
 
 —frute'scem. See Wisteriafrutescens. 
 
 A'pium. (From upon, Celtic word 
 for water; water plant. Nat. ord., Um- 
 belUferce; Tribe, Ammineoe.) 
 
 Allied to Parsley. Seeds, spring, and superior 
 rich soil, for the culinary kinds ; common soil for 
 others. See Celery. 
 A. chiUnse. 1. White. Chili. 1836. 
 
 — grave'olens. i. White. July. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. 1. 1210. 
 
 tricolor. Leaves glossy green, with a. 
 
 silvery grey central stripe, and creamy 
 white margins. 1882. 
 
 Aple'ctrum. (From a, not, and 
 plektron, a spur ; the flower spurless. 
 Nat. ord., Orchidece; Tribe, Lipariem.) 
 
 A hardy terrestrial orchid, requiring a daini» 
 
 shady spot in peat and leaf -soil. 
 
 A, hyenut'le. 1. Greenish-brown, N. Amer. 
 1827. The conns of this plant are ealled 
 "Putty Boots" in the United States. 
 
 Apo'cynum. (From apo, from, and 
 kyon, a dog ; poisonous to dogs. Nat.. 
 ord., Apocynacece.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Suckers, divi- 
 sion when starting growth in spring, and seeds ; 
 common garden-soil. 
 
 A. androsaemif&Kum. 2. Pale red with darker 
 stripes. July. N. Amer. 1688. B. M. 
 t. 280. 
 
 — (xmnahi'num. 3. Yellow. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1699. 
 — frutelseens. See lehnoca/rpui. 
 
 — hyperieifo'lium. 2. White. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1768. Jacq. Vind. vol. 3, t. 66. Syn., A. 
 sibiricum. 
 
 — venerium. 2. White. June. Adriatic Is- 
 
 lands. 1690. 
 
 Aponoge'ton. (From apon, Celtic- 
 for water, and geiton, neighbour ; indi- 
 cating its place of growth. Nat. ord., 
 NaiadacecB. ) 
 
 Ornamental aquatics, the most useful being. 
 A. distachyonf Cape pond weed or Winter Haw- 
 thorn, from the delicious fra^ance of its flowers. 
 Quite hardy, and may be cultivated in any shallow- 
 pond or tank, not less than 6 to 12 inches under 
 water. Increases freely by offsets, and self-so-wn 
 seeds. Also useful for small aquaria. Offsets, 
 loam and peat. 
 
 A. angustifo'liwm. 1. White. July. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1788. HaU-hardy. 
 
 — cri'spv/m. l; White. August. Ceylon. 1820. 
 
 Stove. 
 
 — dista'chyon. 1. AVhite. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1788. B. M. 1. 1293. 
 ro'seutn. Rosy tinted. 1885. 
 
 — juncifo'Uum. White. 1847. Stove. 
 
 — numosta'chyon. 1. Pink. September. E. Ind. 
 
 1803. Stove. 
 
 — spatha'ceu'm^vl'iiceum. J. Pinkish. Autumn. 
 
 S. Africa. 1879. Half-hardy. B. M. 
 t. 6399. 
 
 Apo'rum. See Dendro'bium. 
 Apple. See Py'rus ma'lus. 
 Aptera'nthes. See Boucero'sia. 
 
AQU 
 
 [59] 
 
 AQU 
 
 Aqua'rium is the place devoted to 
 the cultivation of aquatic or water- 
 plants. The majority ot those cultivated 
 are exotic, and require the protection of 
 glass. If there are only a few of these, 
 they may he successfully grown in cis- 
 terns, placed in a warm house ; but if 
 the collection be extensive, it requires a 
 separate edifice. The tank-system of 
 heating by hot-water offers a very su- 
 perior mode of keeping the water at 
 a fitting temperature. The handsomest 
 form of house for this purpose would be 
 a circular building, devoted entirely to 
 the aquatics, because they do not thrive 
 satisfactorily in parts or comers of a 
 house in which other plants are culti- 
 vated. The size wUl depend upon the 
 will or the means of the owner. If the 
 cultivation of the imperial Victoria regia 
 is intended, it ought not to be less than 
 26 feet diameter. This will allow a tank 
 of 20 feet diameter, and a walk 3 feet 
 wide rou nd it. To made it hold water, 
 the sides should be made of thick slates, 
 fitted so as to be water-tight ; or it may 
 be built with bricks set in cement, and 
 lined with the same. It should be, at 
 least, 3 feet deep, for the Victoria loves 
 deep water. The water should be heated 
 with 4J-inch hot- water pipes, coiled three 
 times round the tank, and two pipes 
 should be carried round the house, near 
 to the outer wall, to heat the air of the 
 house. The roof should be formed with 
 wrought -iron bars, and should be sloped 
 to allow the rain-water to run off freely. 
 The Victoria should be planted on a 
 mound of strong earth, the oaseof which 
 should be, at the least, 5 feet in diameter, 
 and the top 2 feet, and it should be 
 brought up within a foot of the surface 
 of the water. The heat of the water 
 should be never lower than 70°. Abun- 
 dance of air will be necessary in the hot 
 days of summer, and may be given by 
 means of the side, as well as the roof 
 lights, of This will cause the necessary 
 circulation of air. If the Victoria is not 
 intended to be grown, the house need 
 not be more than half the size. 
 
 The Victoria house, at Chatsworth, is 
 a noble structure for the purpose. It is 
 a square building with a circular tank 
 in the centre, and the corners filled up 
 with eight small tanks, in whichare grown 
 plants of a semi -aquatic habit. A walk 
 i-Uns round the central tanks, and is 
 entered by a short one from each side 
 of the square. A walk, too, is formed 
 into each comer ; and another runs close 
 along the front, thus forming the small 
 tanks alluded to above. The diameter 
 of the central tank is 33 feet, which will 
 
 give some idea of this truly noble aqua- 
 rium. The old lily-house at Kew is of 
 similar structure, and is now entirely 
 devoted to the culture of Tropical Nym- 
 phseas ; the smaller tanks in the corners 
 being reserved for the Nelumbium, Sagit- 
 taria montevidensis, Aroids, etc., etc. 
 The Victoria Regia tank in the new 
 house in the T-range is four-cornered, a 
 little longer than broad, the corners, 
 being devoted to such interesting plants 
 as AzoUa, Trianiea, Salvinia, Pistia, 
 Pontederia, etc., etc 
 ThefoUowingare aquatic stove-plants : 
 
 Arum venosum. 
 Cyperus altemifolius. 
 
 I)apyrus. 
 
 Damasonium indicuiu. 
 Euryale f erox. 
 limnocharis Humboldtii. 
 Menyaathes indica. 
 
 ovata. 
 
 Nelumbium speciosum. 
 Nymphsea cserulea. 
 
 lotus. 
 
 pubescens. 
 
 rubra. 
 
 stellata. 
 
 ■ versicolor. 
 
 Philydrum lanuginosum. 
 Pistia sttatiotes. 
 Pontederia crassipes. 
 
 cordata. 
 
 ■ dilatata. 
 
 Sagittaria lancif olia. 
 
 obtusifolia. 
 
 Thalia dealbata. 
 Victoria regia. 
 
 Propagation and culture. — Being all 
 herbaceous plants, they are to be propa- 
 gated as these generally are. Some are 
 raised from seeds, which, in general, 
 should be sown as soon as ripe, and the 
 pots plunged in shallow water. When 
 the plants come up, they may be trans- 
 planted into other pots, and shifted as 
 they advance in growth, till in a pot of 
 sufficient size to admit their flowering, 
 which will generally take place the same 
 season. Instead of being kept in pots, 
 they may be planted in a bed of earth,, 
 on the bottom of the aquarium. Keep 
 the water warm, say from 70° to 75° in 
 summer, and leave them nearly dry in 
 winter. Nelu'mbium specio'sum requires 
 a water heat of 84°. 
 
 Cyperus, Papyrus, Nelumbium, Nym- 
 phsea, Limnocharis, Hydrocharis, and 
 Sagittaria, will furnish variety enough. 
 Aquarium for hardy Aquatics. — -For 
 this choose the lowest part of your gar- 
 den ; dig out the soil or clay to a mode- 
 rate depth ; it may either be of a re- 
 gular form, as a circle or oval, or irre- 
 fular, which latter we prefer, with a 
 ay in one part, a jutting promontory in 
 another, a shelving shore here, and a. 
 steep bank there, covered with shrubs. 
 
AQU 
 
 [60] 
 
 AQU 
 
 However small the piece of water may- 
 be, a little good taste and judicious 
 management will have the best effect. 
 Having formed the shape by digging out 
 the soil to the required depth, from two 
 to three feet, the next point is to make 
 it hold water. There is nothing better 
 than clay for this purpose : it will re- 
 quire preparing to make it retentive of 
 water. Take a small portion, say a 
 barrow-load, and chop it into small pieces 
 with a sharp spade. If it be dry, add 
 a little water to it ; then, with a 
 ■wooden hammer having a long handle, 
 beat it well till every part is of a uniform 
 consistency, having the appearance of 
 clay dough. Spread this on the bottom 
 of the pond, about six inches thick. 
 Proceed with mixing up and beating 
 barrow-load after barrow-load till the 
 bottom is entirely covered ; when the 
 "whole should be closely and evenly 
 trodden down. Do this well and pro- 
 perly, and the bottom will never leak. 
 As soon as that part is finished, mix 
 and beat more clay for the sides. As 
 soon as it or a portion of it is ready, dab 
 it with the spade against the sloping 
 bank, commencing at and joining it to 
 • the clay bottom. As soon as this is done, 
 beat it with the wooden hammer firmly 
 against the bank. If you have plenty of 
 clay, ei^ht inches will not be too thick 
 for the sides. Remember, the more firmly 
 the clay is beaten to the sides, the better 
 it will hold water. The clay must be 
 quite pure ; that is, have no stones or 
 other matter left amongst it. If there 
 are any such left, they will serve as con- 
 duits tor the water to escape by, and all 
 your labour wiU be in vain. Proceed 
 -with adding layers of clay upward, until 
 you reach the level you intend the water 
 to be. CaiTy the clay-puddle two or 
 three inches higher, level the natural 
 soil down to it, and let this soil be two 
 inches or more higher than the clay. 
 This will prevent it cracking away from 
 the bank. Your aquarium is now ready 
 for the water. Previously to filling it, 
 however, cover the bottom, upon the 
 clay, with a coating of loam about a foot 
 thick. This is intended to encourage the 
 water-plants to root in. If you can pro- 
 cure a sufficient quantity of rough stones 
 or pebbles, place them against the banks. 
 These will prevent the water from wash- 
 ing away the clay-puddle. All being 
 now ready, let in the water. 
 
 Planting. — As soon as the aquarium 
 is full of water you may plant the aqua- 
 tics. The best mode is to have some 
 ■wicker baskets of various sizes, to suit 
 the size of each plant. Fill one with 
 
 soil, planting the species intended for it 
 at the same time ; lace them firmly 
 down with some strong tar twine, pass- 
 ing it under the rim of the wicker basket, 
 so as to keep in it the soil and the plant. 
 Throw either a plank or a long ladder 
 across the water. On this you can walk, 
 carrying the plant with you. Drop it 
 into the place you intend for it, and so 
 treat all the other water-plants. Some 
 of them — the water-lily, for instance^ 
 have their leaves floating on the surface ; 
 but this is not needful at first. They 
 (the leaves) -will soon rise to the surface, 
 and assume their natural position. The 
 water-violet has both its roots and leaves 
 floating ; all that is required, then, is to 
 cast it into the water, and let it flourish 
 as it pleases. 
 
 Some of our readers may wish to have 
 aquatics cultivated in tanks formed -with 
 masonry, the water to be used for water- 
 ing plants in pots, etc. This can be easily 
 accomplished by puddling the bottom 
 ■with clay, as mentioned above, and build- 
 ing upon it sloping walls, using Port- 
 land cement for mortar. These, if well 
 executed, are very ornamental, and of a 
 neat appearance. If the tank walls are 
 carried up three or four feet above the 
 level, the plants are then brougjht nearer 
 to the eye. An example of this may be 
 seen in the Boyal Gardens at Kew. 
 Single plants of this kind may be culti- 
 vated in vases, or even in troughs, the 
 only thing they ■will require being a por- 
 tion of mud at the bottom to root in. 
 The after-culture the aquatics will re- 
 quire is, if possible, to change the water 
 frequently, and keep the surface clear 
 from algse, a very difficult process in hot 
 summers, even ■with a good supply of 
 water. 
 
 The following are some of the best 
 hardy aquatics : — 
 
 Stra'tiotes aloi'des (water - soldier), 
 native of Britain. 
 
 Aponoge'ton dista'chyon, a very pretty 
 floating aquatic, from the Cape of Good 
 Hope ; yet, although from a ■warm coun- 
 try, it is sufficiently hardy to survive 
 our severest winter. It has very fragrant 
 white flowers. 
 
 Bu'tomv^ umbella'tus (Flowering 
 Rush), one of the best of our native 
 aquatics, found in ditches. It has beau- 
 tiful heads of pink flowers, and does not 
 require deep water ; consequently, it may 
 be planted near the edge. Cattle are 
 very fond of its leaves. 
 
 Ca'lla palu'stris, a native of North 
 America, and 
 
 Micha'rdia afriea'na, both plants of 
 great beauty. The latter is, on that 
 
AQU 
 
 [61] 
 
 AQU 
 
 account, ctiltivated as a greenhouse and 
 window plant, and is commonly called 
 the " arum Hly. " This species is rather 
 tender, but will survive our winter if 
 planted in deep water. 
 
 Hotto'nia palu'stris, flesh-coloured 
 flowers : a native of Britain. 
 
 Menya'nthes trifolia'ta (Buckbean), 
 with white flowers. This is another 
 native species, growing in shallow waters. 
 It is very pretty, and worth cultivation. 
 
 Nu'phar lu'tea, a fine water-plant, 
 native of Britain. 
 
 Nu'phar a'dvena, yellow and red : a 
 fine species, from North America. 
 
 Nympho^a a'lba (White Water-LUy). 
 It loves deep water, with plenty of room, 
 and a muddy bottom to root in. It then 
 will produce numbers of its beautiful, 
 large white flowers. 
 
 N. a'lba, var. ro'sea, one of the finest 
 of our hardy water plants, flowers like 
 the type, but of a beautiful delicate rose 
 (Sweden). 
 
 N. odora'ta and var. ro'sea, flowers 
 large and fragrant (N. America). 
 
 N. tuherc/sa, nearly allied to the above, 
 flowers white (N. America). 
 
 N. tubero'sa, var. Jlave'scens (Mar- 
 liacea), is one of the most desirable of 
 this family. It is perfectly hardy, _pro- 
 ducing rich yellow flowers m profusion. 
 
 N. fla'iia, and N. pygmm'a are not 
 hardy unless in the southern counties. 
 
 Ty'pha latifo'lia. Though not so 
 showy as some species, this plant is 
 worth growing, producing its large 
 flower-heads abundantly in shallow 
 waters. 
 
 Besides these there are : Alistnaplan- 
 tago and A. ranuncvloides ; Elisma 
 natans ; Lobelia Dortmarma; Myrio- 
 phyllum spicatwm and vertieillatum, 
 jPolygonum amphibium, Sagittaria sa- 
 gittifolia axidfl. pi., Villarsia nymphao- 
 ides, Braseniapeltata, Hydrochmis Mor- 
 sus-rance, Pontederia ccerulea and P. 
 eordata, Orontium aguaticum. Ranun- 
 culus Lingua, Cladium mariseus, Spar- 
 gam/wms, etc., etc. 
 
 Aquila'ria. (From aquila, an eagle, 
 locally called Eagle-wood in Malacca. 
 Nat. ord., Thymelceacece.) 
 
 The Eagle-wood is the inside of the trunk of 
 AquUaJria malacoensis and A, Aga'Uochv/m — 
 esteemed a cordial in Asia. Cuttings in heat, in 
 sand, and under a bell-glass. Sandy loam, with 
 a little peat. 
 A. malacce'mis. 6. Whitish-green. Malacca. 
 
 1823. A stove evergreen shrub. Syn., 
 
 A. ovata. 
 
 Aquile'gia. Columbine. (From 
 an eagle ; in reference to the 
 
 Alps of Switzer- 
 Fl. Gard. t. 218.. 
 
 July. Altaia.. 
 
 N. America.. 
 California.. 
 May. N. 
 
 form of the petals. Nat. ord., Ranun- 
 culacew ; Tribe, Helleborem.) 
 
 A useful ornamental genus of hardy biennial 
 or perennial herbaceous plants eminently fitted 
 for choice mixed borders and beds. Seeds sown 
 in pans, id cold frame in March or open air in 
 April, occasionally bloom the first season but 
 generally the second. Each species should, if 
 possible, be kept a good distance apart, so liable 
 are they to cross with each other. A. alpma is a 
 rare and choice rock plant. 
 
 A. alpi'na. 1. Blue. May. 
 land. 1731. Swf. 
 Syn., A. grafidifiora. 
 
 — o/neTrumoi'dee. 1. Purple. 
 
 1827. 
 
 — a'rctica. See A. formosa. 
 
 — atropurpu!rea. Dark purple. May. Siberia- 
 
 B. E. t. 922. Syn., A. davurica. 
 
 Mscheria'na. 1. Purple. June. Siberia- 
 
 1827. 
 
 — Bentol&ni. 1. Blue violet. June. Syn., A.. 
 
 Reuteri. 
 
 — H' color. See A. sibirica. 
 
 — trachyoe^ras. i. May. North of Europe. 
 
 1838. 
 
 — canade'nsie. 2. Scarlet. June. 
 
 1640. B. M. t. 246. 
 aulrea. Greenish-yellow. 
 
 1872. Syn., A. a/wrea. 
 hCtea. 1. Pale yellow. 
 
 America. 1836. 
 
 — chrysa'ntha. 2 to 4. Yellow. California- 
 
 1873. Syn., A. leptoceras chry&antha^ 
 Gfl. t. 896. B. M. t. 8073. 
 
 fiave^scens. Same as A. caTiadensis awrea.. 
 
 — coaru'lea. "White, blue. Rocky Mountains.. 
 
 1864. Spurs very long. Syns.„A. lepto- 
 ceras and A. macrantha. Flor. Mag. 
 t. 264. 
 
 — eoem'leo-chrysa'ntha. Garden hybrid. 1889. 
 hy'bHda. Blue, white. Of garden origin- 
 
 — flabella'ta. Garden variety. Rev. Hort- 
 
 1887, p. 648, f. 110. 
 
 na'rM a'lba. Dwarf, white. Garden 
 
 variety. 
 
 — formo'sa. Yellow. Spurs red. July. Rocky 
 Mountains and California. Syns., A. 
 arotica and emmia. B. M. t. 6652 should 
 be A. Hookeri. 
 
 — fra'grans. J. Yellow striped. ■ May. Hima- 
 layas. 1839. Maund Bot. vol. 4, 1. 181. 
 
 — Gameria'na. See A. siberioa.' 
 
 — gUmdflilo'sa. 2. Lilac. June. Siberia. 1822- 
 
 Maund Bot. t: 219. 
 
 co'neolm: 2. Violet. July. Altaia. 1822- 
 
 discolor. Bluish-white. June. Siberia- 
 
 1789. 
 jucu'nda. H. Blue. June. Siberia- 
 
 1844. B. R. 1847, t. 19. 
 
 — gloM'ca. * 2. White tinted with pink. June. 
 
 Himalayas. 1839. B. R. 1840, t. 46. 
 
 — gra/ndijlo'ra. See A. alpina. ■ 
 
 — Hooke'rl is the correct name for the plant 
 
 figured in B. M. t. 6662 as A. formosa. 
 
 — hy'brida. 2. Purple. Siberia. B. M. t. 1221. 
 
 — jucu'nda. B. R. 1847, 1. 19. See A. glandw- 
 
 losa, var. jv£unda. 
 
 — karmorie'nsis. 1. White, , blue. June- 
 
 Himalayas. B. M. 4698.. 
 
 — lepto'ceras. See A. coerulea. B. M. t. 4407. 
 
 — Imtgi'smna. Yellow, straw, or reddish. Texas 
 
 and Mexico. 1888. 
 
 — maara'ntha. El. Ser. t. 631. See A. ccerulea. 
 
 — rd'gricans. 1. Purple. Transylvania. Belg. 
 Hort. vol. 4, 1. 1 
 
 IJ. Mauve-blue, White. 1880. 
 Siberia. 1890. 
 1. Purple. June. Siberia. 
 
 — oxyse'pala. 
 
 — parvifio'ra. 
 1819. 
 
 — pvMflo'ra. Pale purple. June. India. 1839. 
 
AKA 
 
 [62] 
 
 ARA 
 
 A. pyrena'iea. 1. Blue. July. [Pyrenees. 
 1818. Flor. Mag. 1867, p. 322. 
 
 — Reute'rl. See A. BertoUni. 
 
 — sibi'Hca. 2. Bright lilac, petals sometimes 
 
 white. Siberia. 1806. Swt. Fl. Gard. 
 ser. 2, t. 90. Syns., A. bicolor, A. Gar- 
 niericma and A. speciosa, 
 
 — Slcinndri. J. Eed, green. May. Guatemala. 
 
 1841. B.' M. t. 3919. 
 
 — specio'sa. See A. sibirica. 
 
 — specta'bilis. Violet. Siberia. 18G4. 
 
 — Stua'rtii. Garden hybrid. 1888. 
 
 — thalictriftyiia. 2. Blue. Summer. Tyrol. 
 
 1879. Gfl. t. 961, f. 1. 
 
 — viridifio'ra. 2. Green, yellow. June. Siberia. 
 
 1780. 
 
 — visco'sa. 2. Purple. June. Montpelier. 
 
 1762. Belg. Hort. vol. 4, 1. 1. 
 
 — vulga'ris. 2. Variously coloured. June. 
 
 Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 46. 
 
 a'lha. Pure white. 
 
 atra'ta. Dark violet. Germany. 1890. 
 
 comiffula'ta. Blue, white. June. Europe. 
 
 de'geiwr. 2. Blue, white. June. Europe. 
 
 e'legans. 1. Purple. June. Europe. 
 
 hy'brida. Lilac purple, white. 
 
 inve'rsa. 2. Blue, white. June. Europe. 
 
 stella'ta. 2. Blue, white. June. Europe. 
 
 Vervcenea'na. Leaves variegated. 
 
 WittTna/nnia'na. Lilac purple, white. 
 
 A'rabis. Wall-cress, Rock-cress. 
 {Derivation doubtful. Nat. ord., Cruci- 
 form ; Tribe, Arahidem.) 
 
 Pretty dwarf rock plants ; division ; seeds in 
 Harch or August in pans in cold frame or open 
 air ; cuttings under nand-lights ; common soil. 
 Hardy perennial trailers, except where otherwise 
 specified. 
 
 A. a'lMda. 1. White. January to May. Cau- 
 casus. 1798. Syn., A. caucasiea. B. C. 
 1. 1469. 
 variega'ta. |. White. February. Gar- 
 dens. 
 
 — alpdstris. 1. White. July. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. Hardy biennial. 
 
 — alpi'na. 1. White. March to May, Switzer- 
 
 land. 1696. B. M. t. 226. 
 Clitsia'Tia, 1. White. May. Pyrenees. 
 
 1696. 
 na'na, 1. White. May. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — amM'gua. 1. White. July. Siberia. 1824. 
 
 Hardy biennial. 
 
 — areno'sa. f. Eose or purplish. April to July. 
 
 France. 1866. 
 
 — bellidifo'lia. 1. White, yellow. June. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1773. 
 
 — blepha/rophj/lla. Rosy-purple. Spring. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1874. Will flower in January in 
 a cool frame, where it seems to do better 
 than in the open border. B. M. t. 6087. 
 
 — cceru'lea. 1. Pale blue. June. Switzerland. 
 
 1793. 
 
 — cilia'ta. 1. White. June. Ireland. Hardy 
 
 biennial. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 117. 
 
 — coZM'nct. White or pale purple. Naples. B. M. 
 
 t. 3021. 
 
 — crispa'ta. 1. White. May. Camiola. 1818. 
 
 — curtisi'liqua. 1. White. June. North of 
 
 Europe. 1826. Hardy biennial. 
 
 — dasyca'rpa. 1. White. June. Podolia. 1827. 
 
 — fiexuo'sa. Naples. 1832. 
 
 — lasiolo'ba. 2. White. June. Mexico. 1820. 
 
 Hardy biennial. 
 
 — lilaci'na. 1. Lilac. August. Europe. 1836. 
 
 — longifo'lia. 1. White. June. Persia. 1820. 
 
 — lu'cida. J. White. June. Hungary. 1790. 
 variega'ta. 1. White. June. Gardens. 
 
 — mo'Uis. 2. White. May to July. Caucasus. 
 
 1817. 
 
 A. nu'tans. 1, White. May. Switzerland. 
 1668. B. M. 2219. 
 
 — ovirie'nsis, 1. Pale red. June. Carinthia. 
 
 1824. Jacq. lo. t. 126. 
 
 — p^ndula. White. May to June. Siberia, 
 
 Jacq. Vind. vol. 3, t. 34. 
 
 — petrce'a. i. White. June. Austria. 1800. 
 hastula'ta. 1. Purple. June. Britain. 
 
 Syn._, Carda/miTie hastulata. 
 hi'spida. 1. White. June. Scotland. 
 
 — prodcox. |. White. April to June. Hungary. 
 variega'ta. 1. White. June. Gardens. 
 
 — procu'rrens. J. White. June. Hungary. 1818. 
 variega'ta. White. Handsome rocktrailer. 
 
 — pu'mila. 1. White. June. Austria. 1816. 
 
 Jacq. Flora Austr. t. 281. Syns. , A. bellidi- 
 flora, Crantz, not Jacquin, and.^. ciliaris, 
 
 — retrofra'eta. Blush. June. N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 — ro'aea. 1. Hose. May to July. Calabria. 
 
 1832. B. M. t. 3246. 
 
 — SchiverecMa'na. 1. White. June. Austria. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — Stellula'ta. 1. White. June. Italy. 1817. 
 
 — stenope'tala. 1. White. June. 1818. Hardy 
 
 biennial. 
 
 — stoloni'/era. 1. White. June. Carniola. 1818. 
 
 — stri'cta. Cream. May. England. Eng. Bot. 
 
 ed. 3, 1. 114. 
 
 — Todaro'i. May. 1881. 
 
 — toxophj/lla. 1. White. July. Volga. 1823. 
 
 Hardy biennial. 
 
 — undula'ta. 1. White. June. South of 
 
 Europe. 1810. B. C. t. 1710. 
 
 — ve'rna. 1. Purple. May. S. Europe. 1710. 
 
 Hardy annual. 
 
 A'rachis. Earth-nut, or Monkey- 
 nut. (From a, not, and rachis, a branch; 
 Nat. ord., LeguminoscB; Tribe, Hedy- 
 sarem. ) 
 
 Economic stove annual. Seeds, sandy loam. 
 A. hypogala. 1. Procumbent. Yellow. May 
 W. Ind. and W. Africa. 1812. 
 
 Ara'lia. (Meaning unknown. Nat. 
 ord., Araliacece.) 
 
 Hardy species, division of the plants, and also 
 division of the roots. Greenhouse and stove 
 species ; cuttings of the ripe wood, in a gentle 
 heat, strike quickly. Sandy loam and peat ; 
 common treatment. All stove evergreens, except 
 where otherwise specified. 
 A. aculea'ta. White. Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 — arbo'rea. 16. Green. Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 — arma'ta. See Panax. 
 
 — capita'ta. 12. Green. W. Ind. 
 
 — Chabrie'rii. See Eloeodendron orietitale. 
 
 — chine'nsis. 5. White. 1838. Syn., 4. oanescens. 
 
 — cocd'nea. See Leea. 
 
 — cochtea'ta. Leaves light green, stem and 
 
 petiole marbled. S. Sea Islands. 1882. 
 
 — corusi'nna. New Caledonia. 1879. . Syns., 
 
 A. spectabilis, and Delabra speciosa. 
 
 — erassifo'lia. 10. Green. New Zealand. 1846. 
 pi' eta. See Panax longissimum.' 
 
 — Delana'na. See Pam.ax fruticosum, var. Dela- 
 
 nana. 
 
 — digita'ta. See Heptapleurum venulosum. 
 
 — Vu'ncam. Mauritius. 
 
 — e'dulis. 5. Green. Japan. 1843. 
 
 — eleganti'ssima. Polynesia. 1873. 
 
 — exce'lsa. See Leea cocdnea. 
 
 — ferrugi'nea. 40. White. Trinidad. 1826. 
 —Jmfo'lm. Leaves green, with purplish midribs. 
 
 Polynesia. 1876. 
 —fra' grams. White. Nepaul. 1818. 
 
 — ge'mma. New Caledonia. 1876. 111. Hort. 
 
 vol. 30, t. 477. 
 
 — Gheisbre'ghtii. See Monopanax. 
 
 — glomera'ta. See Braasaiopsis speciosa. 
 
AKA 
 
 [63] 
 
 ARB 
 
 A. graeVllima. See A. Veitchii graciUima. 
 
 — granate'nsis. Columbia. 1874. 
 
 — GuUfo'yUi. Polyriesia. 1876. 
 
 — M'spida. 8. White. July. N. Amer. 1799. 
 
 Hardy deciduous. Syn., A. Muhlenber- 
 gia'na. 
 — japo'nica. See Fatsia. 
 
 — kerehovea'na. S. Sea Islands. 1883. 
 
 — leptophy'Ua. 1862. 
 
 — lo'Tigipes. 1883. 
 
 — macrophy'Ua. 6. White. Norfolk Island. 
 
 1831. Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 — TTMCula'ta. Leaves green, petioles blackish 
 
 purple, dotted with green. Polynesia. 
 
 — MaxiTnoud'ezii. Japan. 1874, Syn., Acantko- 
 
 panax ridnifoUum. 
 
 — mi' cane. 40. White. Trinidad. 1846. 
 
 — moTistro'sa. Leaflets white-margined, grey 
 
 blotched. Polynesia. 1880. 
 
 — no'biUs. 1882. 
 
 — Osya'na. Polynesia. 1870. 
 
 — palma'ta. 10. Moluccas. 
 
 — papyri' fera. See Fatsia. 
 
 — pelta'ta. Tropical America. 1869. 
 
 — pentaphy'lla. 20. White. Japan. 1810. 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Syn., Panax 
 spiTicsa. 
 variegal ta. Leaves margined with cream- 
 colour. Japan. 1874. 
 
 — pube'scem. 6. White. W. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — guercif&lia. New Britain. 1880. 
 
 — quinquefo'lia. Garden seedling. 
 
 — racemo'sa. 4. White. July. N. Amer. 1658. 
 
 Hardy herbaceous. 
 
 — regi'noe. New Caledonia. 1879. 
 
 — retieiUa'ta. Leaves dark green vrith lighter 
 
 veins. 
 
 — rotu'nda. Polynesia. 1882. 
 
 — sambiicifo'lia. o. White. August. N. Hol- 
 
 land. 1823. Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 — Schegiefri. New Zealand. Greenhouse species. 
 
 — sciadopky'UuTn. See Scuzdophyllum Brovmii. 
 
 — Shephe^raii. Green. New Zealand. 1842. 
 
 — specta'iOis. See A. condnna. 
 
 — spina' sa. 8. White. Virginia. 1688. Hardy 
 
 deciduous. 
 
 — spimtlo'sa. Bark green, margined with reddish 
 
 crimson spines. 1881. 
 
 — tema'ta. New Britain. 1879. 
 
 — Thibau'tii. See Oreopa/nax. 
 
 — trifo'lia. See Pseudopanax Lessani. 
 
 — wmtrracuU'fera. 40. White. B. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — Yei'tchii. Leaves brownish. New Caledonia. 
 
 1867. 
 
 graei'ttima. Leaves with white midribs. 
 
 Polynesia. 1876. Syn., A. graeillima. 
 
 Aranca'ria. (From Araiicanos, the 
 name of the people in whose district 
 Arauca'r'ia imbrica'ta grows in Chili. 
 Kat. ord., Corviferm.) 
 
 A noble genus of chiefly cool conservatory or 
 greenhouse evergreen trees. Seeds of A. iinbri- 
 ca'ta are wholesome when roasted. Seeds when 
 procurable ; cuttings of the leading shoots under 
 a bell-glass, in a cool ^lace, but shaded. Good, 
 friable loam. A. imbrica'ta wants no protection. 
 A. brasilie^nsis is tender. A. Cunningha'mii 
 will live in sheltered places near the sea. A. ex- 
 etllsa ornamental in a conservatory. 
 
 A, Bala'nsce. 130 to 160. New Caledonia. 1875. 
 m. Hort. new ser. 1. 197. 
 
 — Bidwi'llii. Bunya-Bunya Pine. 150. More- 
 
 ton Bay. 
 
 — brasilie/nsis. 70 to 100. Brazil. 1819. Fl. 
 
 Ser. t. 2202. 
 
 gra'eilis. 
 
 RidolJia'Tm. 
 
 — Coo'kii. 20O. New Caledonia. 1851. B. M. 
 
 t. 4635. Syn., A. columnaris. 
 
 Ser. 
 Nor- 
 
 A. Cunningha'mii. 100. Moreton Bay. Syn., 
 AUingia Cunninghami. Cunningham's 
 or Moreton Bay pine. 
 
 gla'uca. 
 
 longifo'lia. 
 
 — e'legans. New Caledonia. 1866. 
 
 — exce'lsa. 120. Norfolk Island. Fl, 
 
 t. 2304-6. Syn., Altingia excelsa. 
 
 folk-Island pine. 
 
 glau'ca. Leaves silvery ; glaucous. 
 
 — robu'sta. 
 
 — Goldiea'na. New Caledonia. Flor. and Pom. 
 
 1877, p. 39. 
 
 — imbrica'ta. 50 to 100. Chili. 1796. Fl. Ser. 
 
 t. 1577-1680. Monkey Puzzle, or Chili 
 pine. 
 varifga'ta. 
 
 — Mwellelrii. 60. New Caledonia. 1866. 111. 
 
 Hort. vol. 29, t. 449. 
 
 — Ru'Ui. 60. Papuan Archipelago. Syn., 
 
 Eutacta Eulei. 111. Hort. new ser. 
 t. 204. 
 
 Arau'ja. (Native name. Nat. ord., 
 Asclepiadacece. ) 
 
 Stove or warm greenhouse evergreen climbers. 
 Cuttings of firm stubby side shoots in slimmer in 
 sandy soil, under a glass in a gentle heat. Seed 
 sown in a hotbed in spring. Soil, sandy loam and 
 flbry peat, with good dramage. A. sericofera is 
 a good greenhouse climber.for pillars or rafters, 
 and when planted out in light rich soil flowers 
 and fruits freely. A variety called albicans undu- 
 latus, from South America, is said to have lived 
 for several years against-a wall in the Fulham 
 nursery. 
 
 A. angustifo'lia. Green, white, purple. Uru- 
 guay. 1865. 
 
 — grave' alms. White. October. BrazU. Syns., 
 
 Pkysianthus auric<ymus, B. M. t. 3891, 
 Schubertia graveolens, B. R. 1846, t. 21. 
 Sckubertia grandifiara of gardens. Tho 
 flowers turn yellowish in decaying, and 
 some have regarded this as a yeUow- 
 flowered variety. 
 
 — serie&fera. White ; pale rose in bud. August. 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 1830. Syns., Physianthus 
 albens, B. M. t. 3201 ; B. E. 1. 1759. 
 
 Arbore'tum is a collection of trees 
 and shrnbs capable of enduring exposure 
 to our climate, and arranged either for 
 pleasure or instruction. An arboretum 
 should be arranged with a view to pictu- 
 resque beauty, and not according to a 
 system, as in Botanic Gardens. 
 
 Arbour is a seat surrounded by 
 lattice work, and shaded by trees. 
 Sometimes these are trained over a 
 wooden or iron trellis-work, mingled 
 with the everlasting sweet-pea, clematis, 
 and othercUmbing.sweeb-scented plants. 
 When the treUis-work is complicated, 
 and the structure more elaborate, with 
 a preponderance of the climbers already 
 named, together with the honeysuckle, 
 etc., they are described as French or 
 Italian arbours. 
 
 A'rbor vi'tse. Thu'ja. 
 
 Arbu'tus. Strawberry-tree. (From 
 arboise, a Celtic word for rough fruit. 
 Nat. ord., Ericacece; Tribe, Arbutece.) 
 
ARC 
 
 [64] 
 
 ARC 
 
 Seeds, budding, inarching, the first being gene- 
 rally adopted. The finer sorts may also be 
 budded, inarched, or grafted upon the common 
 A. Unedo. Common soil for the hardy species ; 
 sandy loam and peat for those which require 
 the protection of a greenhouse in winter. All 
 those are hardy evergreens which are not other- 
 wise described. 
 A. alpi'na. See Arctostaphyllos alpina. 
 
 — Andra'chne. 10. White. April. Levant. 
 
 1724. B. B. t. 113. 
 
 serratifo'lia. 6. Yellowish. Greenhouse 
 
 evergreen. B. C. t. 580. Syn., A. serrati- 
 folia. 
 
 — cttnaridngie. 8. Whitish-green. June. Ca- 
 
 naries. 1796. B. M. 1. 1677. Greenhouse 
 evergreen. Syn., A. Umgifolia, Andr. 
 Bep. t. 664. 
 
 — den^flo'ra. 20. White. Mexico. 1826. Green- 
 
 house evergreen. 
 
 — h^lyrida. 10. White. September., Garden 
 
 hybrid. About 1800. Syn., A. andrach- 
 noides. B. B. t. 619. 
 
 — lamrifo'lia. 20. White. Mexico. 1825. Green- 
 
 house evergreen. 
 
 — MemU/sii. White. N. Amer. September. 
 
 1827. Syn., A. procera. 
 
 — MUle'ri. 10. White. September. Hybrid. 
 
 1825. 
 
 — mo'Uie. 6. Eose. June. Mexico. Green- 
 
 house shrub. B. M. t. 4595. 
 
 — ■mucrtma'ta. See Pemettya rducronata. 
 
 — pilo'sa. See Pemettya pilosa. 
 
 — phitlyrecefo'lia. See Pernettya phillyreatfoUa. 
 
 — pu'mila. 4. White. Magellan. 1825l. Green- 
 
 house evergreen. 
 
 — speeio'sa. Mexico. 1837. 
 
 — t&mento'sa. See Arctostaphylos tomentosa. 
 nu'da. 
 
 — Wnedo. 10. White. October. Ireland. 
 
 The Strawberry Tree. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 
 t. 882. 
 
 cri'spa. 8. White. October. 
 
 Croo'imi. Bed. 
 
 integrifo'lia, 6. Pink. October. 
 
 pUna. 5. White. October. 
 
 aalwiSdlia. 6. White. October. 
 
 schizope^tala. ^ White. October, 
 
 ru'bra. 10. Pink. October. 
 
 — uva-u'rsi. See ArctoHaphylos uva-ursi. 
 
 — ■oa'rians. Paxt. Fl. Gard. n., p. 118, f. 197. 
 
 — xala^nsis. 6 to 9. Beddish- white. April. 
 
 Mexico. Joum. Hort. Soc. vol. 5, 
 p. 193. 
 
 Arcade is a walk arched over with 
 trellis-work, and this covered with 
 climbers. 
 
 Archangel, or White Dead Nettle. 
 La'mium a'lbum. Yellow Archangel, 
 Lamiuw, Galeo'bdolon or Galeobdolon 
 lu'tewm. 
 
 Arehange'lica. (From arche, chief, 
 and angelica, from its supposed virtues. 
 Nat. ord., Umbelliferce ; Tribe, Sese- 
 linece. ) 
 
 A. offleinaHis. 4. Gr^en. July. England. 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 608. 
 
 This is the same as Ange'lica arehange'lica. 
 There are two other species, but wonhless. 
 Seeds in April ; common soil. 
 
 Arctosta'phylos. (From arktos, a 
 bear, and staphyle, a berry. Bears eat 
 the fruit of some species. Nat. ord., 
 Ericacem ; Tribe, Arbutece. ) 
 
 Handsome liardy or half-hardy evergreen, 
 trailing or shrubby plants, requiring treatment 
 similar to Arbutus. 
 
 A. alpi'na. 1. Flesh. April. Scotland. De- 
 ciduous trailer. Syn., Arbutus alpina* 
 Black Bearberry. 
 
 — califo'miea. A variety of A. uva-ursi. 
 
 — earhifo'lia. See A. tomentosa. 
 
 — discolor. Calyx red ; corolla white. Mexico. 
 
 1837. B. M. t. 3904, A. nitida, by error, 
 half-hardy. 
 
 — glau'ca. 8 to 24. Fruit red. California. 
 
 — nitida. 4. White. May. Mexico. 1836. 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen shrub. B. E. 1845, 
 t. 32. 
 
 — pa'ngens. 1. White. February. Mexico.. 
 
 1839. Half-hardy evergreen shrub. B. 
 M. t. 3927. 
 
 — tom&rdo'sa. White. December. N. Amer. 
 
 1826. B. B. 1. 1791. Evergreen shrub. 
 Syns., A. cordifolia and Arbutus tomen- 
 tosa. B. M. t. 3320. 
 
 hi'spida. White. December. Mouth of 
 
 the Columbia Biver. B. M. t. 3320. 
 
 nufda. A variety with glabrous branches. 
 
 — u'ua-u'm. 1. White. April. Britain. Ever- 
 
 green trailer. Syn., Arbutus uva-ursi, 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 881. 
 
 Arctothe'ca. (From arktos, a bear, 
 and theke, a capsule ; seed-pod, or cap- 
 sule, as rough as a bear. Nat. ord.,. 
 CompositcB; Tribe, Arctotidece. Allied 
 to Arctotis.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennials. Division 
 and seeds ; peat and loam. A. repens does well 
 in the open border in summer. 
 
 — hi'rta. 1. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1820. 
 
 — refpens. 1. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1793. Syn., Arctotis repent, Jacq. 
 H. Sohcenb. t. 306. 
 
 grandifio'ra. IJ. Yellow. July. Cape 
 
 ofGoodHope. 1833. Syn.,A.gramdiflora. 
 
 Arcto'tis. (From arktos, a bear, and 
 ous, an ear. Shaggy fruit. Nat. ord., 
 Compositw ; Tribe, Arctotidece.) 
 
 A very ornamental genus of half-hardy peren- 
 nial and biennial plants. Most of them may be 
 grown effectively m the open border during the 
 summer and autumn months. Easily propagated 
 by cuttings in summer in sand under a bell-glass, 
 in a shady, cool place, and also by seeds in 
 spring. AU greenhouse perennials except where 
 otherwise specified. 
 
 A. acau'lie. 1. Yellow, red. May. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1759. Syns., A. scaptgera, 
 
ARC 
 
 [65] 
 
 ARE 
 
 A. tricolor, A. undvlata (B. E. t. 122), 
 and A. specwsa (B. M. t. 2182). 
 A. a/rbordecerus. 2. White, pink. July. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1818. 
 
 — arge'ntea. 1. Orange. August. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1774. Biennial. 
 
 — a'spera. 3. Yellow. August. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1710. 
 migustifo'Ka. 2. Purple. August. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1739. Jacq. H. Sohcen. 
 
 t. 168. Syns., A. angustijoUa, and A. 
 
 deeumibens, 
 
 arbordsGens. 
 
 dchova'cea. 1. White, red. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1812. Syn., A. bieolor. 
 inci'sa. 1. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1795. Jacq. H. Schcen. t. 169. 
 
 Syn., A. auriculata. 
 sca'bra. 2. White, orange. June. Cape 
 
 ofGoodHope. 1812. Syn., .^. TnoouZatot. 
 wndula'ta. See A. aureola. 
 
 — aureo'la. 1. Orange. August. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1710. Syns., A. aspera, var. un- 
 dmlata, B. M. t. 6836, and A. euprea. 
 
 — bellidiflo'ra. 2. White, red. May. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1816. Jacq. H. Schoen. 
 t. 380. Syn., A. pcmiculata. 
 
 — ea'ndida. 1. Yellow, purple. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1794. Greenhouse. 
 Jacq. H. Schcen. 1. 170. Syn., A. glauco- 
 phytla. 
 
 — emera'ria. 2. Yellow, orange. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1824. Jacq. H. Schcen. 
 1. 174. 
 
 — deeu'rrens. 2. White, red. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1794. Jacq. H. Scncen. 
 1. 166. 
 
 — ela'tior. 2. Yellow, purple. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1820. Jacq. H. Schoen. 
 
 1. 172. 
 — fa'stuosa. 2. Orange, red. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1795. Biennial. jEicq. H. 
 
 Schcen. 1. 166. 
 epiniUcfsa. 2. Orange. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1795. Annual. Jacq. H. 
 
 Schcen. 1. 167. Syn., A. spinulosa. 
 — fia'ccida. 1. White, red. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1794. Annual. 
 
 — Icdms. 2. Orange, purple. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1774. Syns., A. glabrata 
 (Jacq. H. Schcen. 1. 176), A. grandiflora, 
 and A. squarrosa. 
 
 — Leiditlinia'na. 3. Golden-yellow. (Probably 
 
 is the same as A, revoluta.) 
 
 — leptorhi'za. Orange-yellow, coppery outside. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. Annual. 
 
 brevisea'pa. Flower stalk short. 
 
 — longisea'pa. Flower stalk long. 
 
 — meioMocj/da. 1. White. Purple. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1812. 
 
 — plaintagi'nea.' See Venidiimi semipapporum, 
 
 var. vlo/dtaginewm, 
 
 — ripens. See Arctotheca repens. 
 
 — re'ptans. 1. White, orange. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1795. 
 
 — revolu'ta. 1. Orange, with darker centre. 
 
 June. Cape of Good Hope. 1820. Jacq. 
 H. Schoen. 1. 173. B. M. t. 6835. 
 
 — ro'sea. 1. Pink. September. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1793. Jacq. H. Schoen. t. 162. 
 Syn., A, staechadifolia, var. decurnbens, 
 
 — Schrade'ri. Pink. May. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1832. Annual. 
 
 — virga'ta. 1. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1816. Hardy annual. 
 
 Arcua'tion. The same as Layer- 
 ing. 
 
 Ardi'sia. (Fromardis, a spear-head; 
 in reference to the sharp-pointed divi- 
 sions of the flower. Nat. ordi , Myrsinew. ) 
 
 Mostly useful stove or greenhouse evergreen 
 trees or shrubs. Half-ripened cuttings from the 
 stem, or pieces of the roots inserted in light soil, 
 and placed in strong heat, soon root; also by 
 seeds, which require a rather long period to 
 vegetate; peat and loam. Stove evergreens, 
 except where otherwise specified. Weak manure- 
 water given occasionally until the berries be^in 
 to colour vrill he found beneficial. 
 A. acumina'ta. 7. July. Guiana. 1803. 
 
 — canalicula'ta. 6. July. 1821. B. C. 1. 1083. 
 
 — canari^nsis. 10. Bed. July. Canaries. 
 
 1820. Greenhouse. 
 
 — capita' ta. Greenish-white ; berries bright red. 
 
 Fiji. 1887. 
 
 — colora'ta. 10. Bed. July. E. Ind. 1816. 
 
 — com^laTM'ta. 6. Pink. Penang. 1824. 
 
 — coria'cea. 7. Scarlet. Antilles. 1824. 
 
 — cremda'ta. 3 to 6. Red. July. Mexico. 1809. 
 
 — cri'spa. 2. E. Ind. Berries scarlet. 1809. 
 
 Syns., A. crenata, B. M. 1. 1960, A. cremi- 
 Zafa, Lodd., and Jl. lentiginosa. 
 
 eHegaris'. 10. Red. August. E. Ind. 
 
 1809. Andr. Rep. t. 623. 
 
 — exce^Ua. See Heberdenia excelsa. 
 
 — horto'rum. White. Japan. 1866. Berries 
 
 red. Gfl. 1866, t. 491. 
 
 — hymena'nd/ra. See Hymenandra Wallichii. 
 
 — hu'milis. 3. Bed. July. Ceylon. 1820. 
 
 Syns., A. Utoralis, Andr. Eep. t. 630, 
 
 A. solanacea, B. M. 1. 1677, and A. vm- 
 hellata. 
 
 — japo'nica. 1. White. June. Japan. 1884. 
 
 — lanceola'ta. 6. Bed. July. E. Ind. 1809. 
 
 — lateriflofra. 6. White. W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 — litora'lis. 4. Red. July. E. Ind. 1809. 
 
 — maeroca'rpa. 6. Flesh. Nepaul. 1824. 
 
 Greenhouse. 
 
 — mamiila'ta. Dwarf. White, tinged rose ; 
 
 berries rose-red. China. 1887. 
 
 — meta'llica. Rose. Sumatra. 1881. 111. Hort. 
 
 vol. 28, t. 421. Leaves with a violet tint 
 on the upper surface. 
 
 — odontqphi/Ua. 6. Pale salmon-red. July. 
 
 Bengal. 1834. 
 
 — Olive'ri. Rose-purple, white eye. July. Costa 
 
 Rica. 1876. B. M. t. 6357. 
 
 — panicula'ta. 12. Bed. July. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 B. E. t. 638 ; B. M. t. 2364. 
 
 — pi'cta. 1885. 
 
 — pwbtdcens. 6. July. 1820. Greenhouse. 
 
 — puncta'ta. 10. White. July. China. 1823. 
 
 — pyrarmda'Ks. 25. Red. July. Santa Cruz. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — serrula'ta. 3. Red. July. China. 1821. 
 
 — thyrsifio'ra. 6. Pink. Nepaul. 1824. Green- 
 
 house. 
 
 — tinifo'lia. 10. Red. July. W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — villo'sa. Whitish. October. China. 
 Tno'llis. Has fine red berries. 
 
 — Walli'chii. 2. Red. July. B. Ind. 
 
 Ardui'na, (In honour of P. Arduini, 
 curator of the economical garden of 
 Padua, in the time of Linnaeus. Nat. 
 ord., Apocynacece.) Now referred to 
 Carissa, 
 
 A. Hspino'sa. See Carissa Arduvna. 
 
 Are'ca. The Cabbage Palm. (Called 
 areec, in Malabar, when an old tree. 
 Nat. ord., Palmeas ; Tribe, Arecece.) 
 
 Ornamental and very effective stove palms. 
 Loam, peat, leaf -soil, and sand will be found the 
 best m&ture. Seeds in good bottom-heat. The 
 Catechu yields a most powerful and astringent 
 medicine, and its berry is the Betel-nut, chewed 
 by the natives of Hindostan, and its charcoal as 
 a dentifrice. 
 A. a'lba. 30. Mauritius. 1842. 
 
 F 
 
ARE 
 
 [66] 
 
 ARE 
 
 A. AW CUB. N. Australia. 
 
 — au'rea. Petioles yellow. Seychelles Islands. 
 
 1868. 
 
 — Bau'eri. See Bhopalostylis JBatteri, B. M. 
 
 t. 6985. 
 
 — Ca'techu. 30. White. E. Ind. 1690. B. and 
 
 W. 276. 
 
 — ctmd'nna. 8 to 12. Ceylon. 
 
 — erini'ia. See Acanthophoenix crvnita. 
 
 — exi'lis. 30. W. Ind. 1828. 
 
 —fla'va. Stem and petioles yellow. Madagascar. 
 1877. 
 
 — giga'ntea. See Pinanga tematensis. 
 
 — glandulifo'r'mis. 30. Moluccas. 
 
 — hu'milis. 6. White. B. Ind. 1814. 
 
 — lute'scens. See Eyophorbe indica. 
 
 — ma'micot. 30. S. Amer. 1822. 
 
 — Tfumosta'chya. See JBaeularia monostachya. 
 
 — Tnonta'na. 30. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 — n(/bUis. See Oncosv&rma Van HoutteanuTn, 
 
 — Norma'Tibyi. See PtychosperTna Nomumbyi, 
 
 — olera'cea. See Oreodoxa oleracea. 
 
 — pwrpu'rea. Stem aJid petioles bronzy-purple. 
 
 Madagascar. 1877. 111. Hort. n.s. t. 298. 
 
 — ru'hra. Of gardens, see Dictyosperma rubra. 
 
 — sa'pida. See Rhopatostylis Baueri, Eev. Hort. 
 
 1878, p. 360. 
 
 — ieycheUa'rwm. See PTuenicopTionmi. 
 
 — specio'sa. See Hyophorhe aniaricaulis. 
 
 — tria'ndra. 20. E. Ind. 1826. 
 
 pumi'la. 10. .TaTa. B. M. t. 6025. 
 
 Syn., A. pumila. 
 
 — Verschaffe'ltii. See Hyophorhe. 
 
 Arena'na. (From arena, sand ; in 
 reference to the sandy soil in which the 
 plant grows. Nat. ord., CaryophyllacecB ; 
 Tribe, Alsinew. Allied to Alsine. ) 
 
 All hardy herbaceous perennials, except when 
 otherwise described. Seeds ; division of the 
 plant ; ordinary garden-soil. 
 A. ausiri'aca. J. White. July. Austria. 1793. 
 
 — balea'rica. J. White. July. Majorca. 1787. 
 
 Hardy evergreen trailers. 
 
 — Hfio'ra. i. White. March. Switzerland. 
 
 1818. Jacq. Ic. t. 83. 
 
 — br&mcavHis. See A. lanceolata. 
 
 — cce^ito'sa. J. White. July. Switzerland. 
 
 1826. Syn., A, vema ccespUosa. 
 
 — calyci'na. See A. Mediterranea. 
 
 — calycula'ta. J. White. July. Hungary. 1817. 
 
 — caTmdffnsis. f . Red. July. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 Hardy annual. 
 
 — cane' scene, i. White. July. 1817. 
 
 -^ capiLla!cea. \. White. July. Piedmont. 
 
 1819. Hardy annual. 
 
 — capilla'ris. J. White. July. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 — cherlerioi'des. See Alsine la/nceolata. 
 
 — cilia'ta. J. White. July. Ireland. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. S, t. 238. Syn., A. rmdtieavMs. 
 
 — controve'rm. \. White. ' July. Portugal. 
 
 1817. Hardy annual. Syn., A. covnwri- 
 censis. 
 
 — dahu'rica. 1. White. July. Dahuria. 1824. 
 
 — de!nsa. See A. gracilis. 
 
 — fascicula'ta. i. White. July. Scotland. 
 
 Hardy annual. 
 — filifo'lia. i. White. July. Arabia. 
 — formo'sa. i. White. June. Dahuria. 1824. 
 
 — Gera'rdi. See A. vcma. 
 ' ^rrima. J. White. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1816. 
 
 J. Purple. June. Europe. 1820. 
 
 Hardy annual. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 355. 
 
 — glomera'ta. See Alsine. 
 
 — grammiifo'Ua. i. White. July. Siberia. 
 
 1817. Syn., A. procera. 
 
 — gra'cilis. J. White. July. Hungary. 1824. 
 
 Syn., A. densa. 
 
 — gramdiflo'ra. J. White. July. Switzerland. 
 
 1783. Bjns.,A.jimii>erinaa,xiAA.trifl(rra. 
 
 A. grave^olens. White. July. 1820. Syn., A. 
 pubescens. 
 ' "aides. J. White. Asia Minor. 
 
 — HeUmii. i. White. July. Siberia. 1826. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. \. White. July. Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 — imbrica'ta. See A, tetraquetra. . 
 — junip&ri'rM.. See A. grandifiora. 
 
 — lanceola'ta. J. White. June. Switzerland. 
 
 1823. Syn., A. brevicaulis. 
 
 — Imicifo'lia. J. White. June. Switzerland. 
 
 1816. Syn., Alsine laricifolia. 
 
 — langifo'lia. J. White. July. Siberia. 1823. 
 
 — maeroca'rpa. \. White. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1810. 
 
 — mari'na. See Spergulwria salina. 
 
 — margina'ta. See Spergularia murina. 
 
 — mediterra'nea. J. White. July, Barbary. 
 
 1816. Hardy annual. Syn., A. calycina. 
 
 — moUugi'nea. i. White. July. Spain. 1516. 
 
 Syn., Alsine moUuginea. 
 
 — monta'nd. \. White. June. France. 1800. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1118. 
 
 — mititrona'ta. ^. White. June. Mediter- 
 
 ranean. 1823. Hardy annual. Syns., 
 A. mediterranea, A. triandra, and 
 Alsine nvucronata. 
 
 — multicau'lis. See A. ciliata. 
 
 — nardifo'lia. J. White. July. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 — nemoro'sa. J. White. S. Amer. 1832. Hardy 
 
 evergreen undershrub. 
 
 — norvefgica. i. White. July. Orkney and 
 
 Shetland Islands. Hardy evergreen 
 plant. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 237. 
 
 — otitoides. White. July. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 — pe^ndula. White. July. Hungary. 1816. 
 
 — peploi'des. White. June. Britain. Ever- 
 
 green creeper. 
 
 — pinifo'lia. White. July. Caucasus. 1823. 
 
 — polygonmldes. Eed. July. Switzerland. 1822. 
 
 — procera. See A. gramiinifolia. 
 
 — proculmiiens. Purple. July. Egypt. 1801. 
 
 Half-hardy deciduous trailer. 
 
 — pube'scens. See A. graveolens, 
 
 — purpvjra'scens. i. Pink. May. Pyrenees. 
 
 1869. 
 
 — purpu'rea. White. July. Spain. 1823. Hardy 
 
 annual. 
 
 — ramosi'ssivna. White. July. Hungary. 1816. 
 
 Hardy biennial. 
 
 — recu'rva. White. July. Alps. 1822. 
 
 — ri'gida. J. White. July. Siberia. 1823. 
 
 — rostra'ta. J. White.' August. Hungary. 1816. 
 
 — rotundifo'lm. i. White. July. Siberia. 
 
 — rubeHla. i. Eed. July. Scotland. Syn., 
 
 Alsine rubella, Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 242. 
 
 — rti'bra. See Spergularia rubra. 
 
 — sali'na. See Spergularia rubra. 
 
 — saxa'tUis. J. White. July. • Germany. 1732. 
 
 — sca'bra. J. White. July. Alps. Europe. 
 
 — segeta'lis. 1. White. July. France. 1806. 
 
 Syn., Alsine segetalis. 
 
 — seta'cea. See Alsine. 
 
 — stria! ta. J. White. July. Switzerland'. 1683. 
 
 — stri'cta. See Alsine recurva. 
 
 — subula'ta. J. White. June. Caucasus. 1822. 
 
 — tenuifo'lia. J. White. July. England. 
 
 Hardy annual. Syn., Alsine tenwfblia. 
 Barrelielri. J. White. July. South of 
 
 France. 1820. 
 hy'brida. i. White. July. South of 
 
 Prance. 1827. 
 visci'dula. J. White. July. France. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — tetraque'tra. J. White. August. Pyrenees. 
 
 1731. Syn., A. imbricata. 
 
 — trifio'ra. See A. grandifiora. 
 
 — tria'ndra. See A, mucronata. 
 
 — uligino'sa. i. White. July. W. Europe. 
 
 1817. Syns., Spergularia stricta and 
 Alsine stricta. 
 
 — vdma. I. White. May. Britain. Syn., 
 
 A. Qerardi. 
 
AKE 
 
 [67] 
 
 ARI 
 
 A. vertieillalta. See Aeanthophyllum vertieilla- 
 tum. 
 
 Are'nga. (Derivation uncertain. 
 Nat. ord., PalmecB; Tribe, Arecece. Syn., 
 Saguerus. ) 
 
 Useful and highly interesting stove palms. 
 Rich loam, leaf -soil, and sand. Seeds. 
 
 June. Moluccas. 1829. 
 t. 277. Syn., Saguerus 
 
 A. sacchari'fera. 40. 
 Bent, and Tr. 
 Rumphii. 
 
 — Wi'ghtii. India. 1882. 
 
 Arethu'sa. (A classical name ; one 
 of Diana's nymphs, who was transformed 
 into a fountain. Nat. ord., Orchidew; 
 Tribe, Neottiem ; Sub-tribe, Arethusece. ) 
 
 A handsome hardy terresti-ial orchid ; damp 
 shady spots in peaty soil, mixed with charcoaJ 
 and sphagnum ; division. 
 A. bulbo'sa. |. Bose.purple. June. Carolina. 
 B. M. t. 2204. 
 
 — dlia'ris. See Bartholina pectinata. 
 
 — pliai'ta. Andi. Bep. t. 321. See Pogania 
 
 plicata, 
 
 — ro'sea. Syn., Crybe rosea. B. E. 1. 1872. 
 
 Are'tia. (Named in honour of a 
 Swiss professor, Aretius. Nat. ord., 
 PrimulacecB.) This is now regarded as 
 a sub-genus of Androsace, with peren- 
 nial species. The species in cultivation 
 are A. alpina, argentea, helvetica, and 
 
 A.Yitalia'na. B.C. 1. 166. SeeDionyiia. 
 
 Arga'nia. (From argam, its abori- 
 ginal name. Nat. ord., Sapotacew.) 
 
 Fine greenhouse evergreen tree ; layers and 
 
 cuttings, warm pit, in autumn or spring ; the 
 
 latter under a bell-glass. The specific gravity 
 
 of the wood is so great that it sin^s in water. 
 
 A. sidero'aeylon. 14. Greenish-yellow. July. 
 
 Morocco. 1711. Syns., Ekeodendron 
 
 Argo/ay Bhwmnus p&ntaphyllus a/nd sicu- 
 
 lus, and Sid&roxylon spinosum. 
 
 Argemo'ne. (From argema, a cata- 
 ract of the eye ; in reference to its sup- 
 posed medicinal qualities. Nat. ord., 
 Fapaveracem. ) 
 
 Showy border, annual and perennial herbs. 
 The seed of A. Tnexica'na is the Fico del i'nferno 
 (infernal fig) of the Spaniards ; a purgative and 
 powerful narcotic, especially if smoked with 
 tobacco. In the West Indies they are used as a 
 substitute for ipecacuanha. Hardy annuals, 
 except where otherwise specified ; seeds, suckers, 
 and divisions in March ; common soil. 
 A. albiflo'ra. 2. White. July. Georgia. 1821. 
 B. M. t. 2342. 
 
 — Barclaya'Tia. 5. Cream. June. Mexico. 
 
 1827. Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. 
 Syn., A. intermedia. 
 
 — grandiflo'ra. 3. White, with yellow anthers. 
 
 July. Mexico. 1827. Hardy herba- 
 ceous perennial. B. E. t. 1264. 
 
 — hi'spida. 2. White. California. 1879. B. M. 
 
 t. 6402. 
 
 — mexioa'na. 2. Yellow. July. Mexico. 1592. 
 
 B. M. t. 243. 
 
 — oehroleu'ea. 2. Sulphur. July. Mexico. 
 
 1827. Swt. El. Gard. t. 242. 
 
 ^Arge'nteus. Silveiy. 
 
 Argola'sia plumo'sa. See La- 
 na'ria plumo'sa. 
 
 Argyrei'a. Silver-weed. (From ar- 
 gyreios, silveiy; in reference to the 
 silvery hue of the leaves. Nat. ord., 
 ConvolvulacecB. ) 
 
 Blegant stove or warm greenhouse evergreen 
 climbers. Cuttings, half-npened wood, iirsand, 
 under a beU-glass, in April, and in nice bottom- 
 heat ; rich loam and peat. 
 A. acu'ta. White. July. India. 1838. Syn., 
 
 A. /estiva. 
 
 — bo'na^nox. See Rivea btma-nox. 
 
 — mpita'ta. Purple. July. B. Ind. 1823. 
 
 — cunea'ta. 6. Purple. August. E. Ind. 1822. 
 
 B. E. t. 661. 
 
 — eynw'sa. 10. Pink. Malabar. 1823. 
 
 — kirau'ta, 10. Lilac. June. E. Indies. 1850- 
 
 B. M. t. 4940. 
 
 — Hookefri. Eose-coloured. Himalayas. 
 
 — malalba'rica. Cream, throat pink. July. 
 
 B. Ind. 1823. 
 
 — oma'ta. See Rivea ornata. 
 
 — poma'cea. Pink. Mysore. 1818. 
 
 — specie/ sa. 10. Bed. July. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 B. M. t. 2446. 
 
 — sple'ndens. 1. Pink. November. E. Ind. 
 
 1820. Syns., Iponuea splendens, B. M. 
 t. 2628, and Lettsomia eplendens. 
 
 — unijk/ra. See Rivea hypocrateriformis. 
 
 — zeyla'nica. Bosy, crimson eye. India, Ceylon. 
 
 1869. Syns., Calonyctionsanguinev/m&jid 
 Rivea zeyUmica. 
 
 Argyrochse'ta. See Parthe'- 
 nium. 
 
 Argyrophy'ton Dougla'sii. See 
 Argyroxy'phium sandwice'nse. 
 
 Argyroxy'phium. (From argyros, 
 silver, and xyphion, a corn-flag ; on ac- 
 count of the silvery leaves, which in form 
 resemble those of a Gladiolus. Nat. ord., 
 Compositm. ) 
 
 An exceedingly ornamental greenhouse peren- 
 nial. Seeds. Rich sandy loam and leaf-mould. 
 A. sa/ndwieelnse. Sandwich Islands. 1872. Syn,, 
 Argyrophyton Douglasii. Ic. PI. t. 76. 
 
 A'ria. See Py'rus. 
 
 Arisse'nia. (From aron, an arum 
 and Sana, a standard ; in reference to 
 the close affinity to Arum. Nat. ord., 
 Aracem. ) 
 
 Interesting cool greenhouse tuberous-rooted 
 perennials. Division of their tubers ; loam and 
 peat. For general culture, see Abum. 
 A. ano'malwm. f. Greenish, and brown. Perak. 
 1890. 
 
 — atrorvHens. Spathe green outside, purple 
 
 and white within. May. N. America. 
 Syn., Arwm triphyllv/m, var. zehrinum. 
 B. M. t. 960. 
 
 — eoncinnum. 2. Spathe striped white and 
 
 green, or white and purple ; spadix green 
 or purple. Spring. Sikkim. 1871. B. M. 
 t. 5914. 
 
 — curva'tum. 2 to 4. Spathe green and purple- 
 
 brown ; spadix green. Spring. Hima- 
 layas. 1871. Syn., A. heUiborifoliwm. 
 B. M. t. 5931. 
 
 — draco'ntivm. 2. June. Green. N. Amer. 
 
 1769. Hardy. B. E. t. 668. 
 
ARI 
 
 [68] 
 
 AKI 
 
 A. fimbria' turn. Spathe brownish purple, with 
 whitish longitudinal bands ; spadix 
 whip-Uke, covered with purplish threads. 
 G. C. 1884, vol. 22, p. 680. 
 
 H.OWEKS OF ARISjEMA dracontium. 
 
 — galea' turn. Spathe green, with white ribs ; 
 
 spadix white. SikMm. May. 1879. 
 
 — Grifl'thii. ItolJ. Spathe brown-violet, with 
 
 green veins ; spadix brown-violet. Sik- 
 lim. Spring. 1879. A remarkably hand- 
 some plant. Syn., A. Bookerianwm, 
 probably hardy, 
 
 — macrospa'tha. Pink. July. Morelia. 1839. 
 
 Greenhouse. 
 
 — Murra'yi. li. March. Bombay. 1847. Stove. 
 
 B. M. t. 4388. 
 
 — nepetnhaiJdas. Spathe ochre, brown and 
 
 green; spadix yellowish. E.Himalayas. 
 1879. B. M. t. 6446. 
 
 — papSlo'sum. Green, white. Ceylon. 1864. 
 
 — pu'khrum. IJ. Spathe green and white ; 
 
 spadix green. Spring. India. 1879. 
 
 — ringens. \. May. .Japan. 1800. 
 prfkccx. Green, white, purple. Japan. 
 
 B. M. t. 6267. 
 Siebo'ldii. Japan. 1857. 
 
 — 8peGi&8v/m. 2. Purple, greenish. March. 
 
 Temperate Himalayas. 1872. G. C. 
 1879, vol. 12, p. 585. 
 
 — tema'tum. |. Purple. May. Japan. 1774. 
 
 Half-hardy. 
 
 — triphy'Uum. %. Brown. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1664. Hardy. Syns., A. zebrina and 
 Arum trvpTvyllwm. 
 
 — u'tiU. 1 to ij. Spathe purple-brown, vrith 
 
 green ribs ; spadix purple-brown. Sik- 
 kim. Spring. 1879. B. M. t. 6474. 
 
 — Wi'ghtii. Green. Ceylon. 1864. 
 
 — Wra'yi. IJ. Green, white. Perak. 1889. 
 
 Arisa'rUm. (Derivation doubtful. 
 Nat. ord., Aroidem.) 
 
 Curious hardy herbaceous perennials, of little 
 horticultural value, peaty soil, division, or seeds. 
 A. probosci'dewm. Eootstook creeping. Spathe 
 greyish below, olive-green above. Feb- 
 ruary. S. Italy. B. M. t. 6634. 
 
 — mdga're. 1. Rootstock tuberous. Spathe 
 
 livid purple. May. S. Europe. 1696. 
 B. M. 6023. Syn,t ArumArisaruTn. 
 
 Ari'stea. (From arista, a point or 
 beard ; in reference to the rigid points of 
 the leaves. Nat. ord., IridacecB; Tribe, 
 .) 
 
 The least conspicuous plants of this order. 
 Their leaves form the chief herbage for cattle 
 at the Cape of Good Hope. Greenhouse plants. 
 Seed and divisions in March or April ; sandy 
 loam and peat. 
 
 A. capita'ta. 3. Blue. July. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1790. B. M. t. 605 (excluding 
 synonyms). Syn., .4. major. Andr. E«p. 
 1. 160. 
 
 — cya'nea. J. Blue. June. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1759. B. M. t. 458. 
 
 — melaleu'ca. 1. Pale blue. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1796. B. M. t. 1277. 
 
 — platycau'lis. 1. Blue. Pondoland. 1887. 
 
 — pusi'lla. i. Blue. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1806. B. M. 1. 123. 
 
 — spira'lis. 1. Pale blue. May. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1796. B. M. t. 520. 
 
 Aristolo'chia. Birthwort. (From 
 aristos, best, and locheia, parturition ; 
 its supposed medicinal character. Nat. 
 ord., AristolochiacecB.) 
 
 Herbaceous and climbing plants, the first by 
 division of the roots ; hardy climbing ones by 
 division of the roots, and layers in spring or 
 autumn. Stove plants ; cuttings of fine wood, 
 in sand, in heat, under a bell-glass. Sandy loam 
 for the hardy; peat and loam for the tender 
 kinds. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 A. arka'nsa. 20. Purple. July. Arkansas. 
 1824. Deciduous climber. 
 
 — bceftiea. 6. Purple. June. Spain. 1696. 
 Deciduous climber. 
 
 — chMnsis. 6. Purple, green. September. 
 W. Ind. 1832. Deciduous hall-hardy. 
 
 — clemati'tis. 2. Yellow. July. Britain. 
 Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 — lo'jiga. 2. Purple. July. South of Europe. 
 1548. Deciduous trailer. 
 
 — rruwrade'nia^ Green, brown. May. Mexico. 
 1846. 
 
 — pa'llida. 2. White, purple. Italy. 1640. 
 Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 — pistolo'chia, 2. Purple. July. South of 
 Europe. 1597. Deciduous trailer. 
 
 — sagitta'ta. 1. Purple. July. N. Amer. 
 1819. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 — serpenta'ria. 1. Dark purple. July. N. 
 Amer. 1632. Decidnous trailer. 
 
 — sma'rujn. Green. China. 1859. 
 
 — si'pho. 30. Yellow, brown. July. N. Amer. 
 1763. Deciduous climber. 
 
 — tamento'sa. 20. Purple. July. N. Amer. 
 1799. Deciduous climber. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 A. alti'ssvma. Yellow, brown. June to August, 
 Sicily. . B. M. t. 6586. 
 
 — a/rbore' scene, 20. Yellow, purple. July, 
 America. 1737. Evergreen shrub. 
 
 — eilia'ta. Purple, yellow. Buenos Ayres. 
 
 — glam'ea. 6. Purple. Barbary. 1786. 
 
 — hi'rta. 2. Purple. June. Asia Minor. 1769. 
 Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 — rotu'nda. 2. Dark purple. July. South of 
 Europe. 1596. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 — eaUpvnx. Cream, veined purple. Lip vnth 
 central yellow blotch. Paraguay. 1886. 
 
 — sempervirens. 4. Purple. June. Candia. 
 1727. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 A. aeumina'ta. 10. Purple. Mauritius. 1822. 
 
 — wnguiei'da. 6. White, brown. December. 
 New Grenada. 1846. Twining evergreen. 
 
 — a/rbdrea. Brown, purple. New Grenada. 1862. 
 
 — ba/rba!ta. Brown, reticulated witli green, and 
 bearded with dark purple hairs. Vene- 
 zuela. 1870. 
 
 — bUoba'ta. 10. Purple. 1824. 
 
 — bractea'iM. 3. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1793. 
 Evergreen trailer. 
 
 — braeUie^nsis. 20. Yellow. Brazil. 1620. 
 
 — caudalta. 5. Lurid. June, Brazil, 1828, 
 Deciduous twiner. 
 
AM 
 
 [69] 
 
 AEN 
 
 A. ea/udatafae!tem. 20. Purple, yellow. June. 
 W. Ind. 1832. 
 
 — eHi&sa. 6. Purple, yellow. September. 
 
 BrazU. 1829. 
 
 — clypea'ta. White, deep purple. Columbia. 
 
 1871. 
 ~ eordifo'lia. 80. Creamy -yellow, lurid purple. 
 Mexico. 1871. 
 
 — eymbi'fera. 20. Purple. July. St. Paul. 1^9. 
 
 — deltoi'dea varwga'ta. Leaves variegated with 
 
 white. Columbia. 1870. 
 
 — DuchaJrtei. Cream-white, brown. Upper 
 
 Amazons. 1868. Syn., A. Ruiziana. 
 
 — ^legans. Yellowish-green, white, and red- 
 
 puiple. Brazil. 1885. B. M. t. 6909. 
 — fioribu'nda. Purplish -red, with yellow veins. 
 
 Brazil. 1868. 
 — fcdtida. 20. July. Mexico. 1822. 
 
 — gtUea'ta. Climber. Cream-coloured, with 
 
 purplish veins. New Grenada. 1873. 
 
 — Qibelrtii. Yellow, purple. Paraguay. 
 
 — gwa'ntea. 20. Yellow, brown. July. Brazil. 
 
 — gigas. 6. White, brown. June. Guate- 
 
 mala. 1842. Deciduous' climber. 
 
 — Goldiea'TM. Climber. Flowers enormous, 
 
 measuring 23 in. in length, by 11 in. 
 diameter ; outside greenish, inside deep 
 yellow with chocolate veins. Old Cala- 
 bar River. 1867. The native children 
 use the flowers as hats. 
 
 — grandifio'ra. 20. Jamaica. 1824. 
 
 — hasta'ta. 16. July. Cuba. 1822. 
 
 — hi'ans. Bronzy-green, veined and spotted 
 
 purple-brown. Venezuela. 1887. 
 
 — hyperoo'rea. 20. Purple. May. India. 1836. 
 
 — i'ndiea. 10. Purple. July. B. Ind. 1780. 
 
 — labia' sa. 20. Purple, green, yellow. July. 
 
 Brazil. 1821. 
 
 — leuemwulra. Purple-brown. September. 
 
 Magdalena. 1858. 
 
 — longicavda'ta. Climber." Creamy-white vrith 
 
 purple veins. British Guiana. 1890. 
 
 — Ivngifo'lia. Purple-brown. Climber. Hong 
 
 Kong. B. M. t. 6884. 
 
 — ma'xima. 20. Purple. July. New Spain. 
 
 1769. 
 
 — odorati'ssvma. 10. Purple. July. Jamaica. 
 
 1737. 
 
 — t)mithoce!phala. 20. Purple, brown. October. 
 
 Brazil. 1838. 
 — pcmd/urif&rmis. 10. CaraccEis. 1823. 
 
 — ridi'ciUa. Tawny, with purple-brown veins. 
 
 Stove climber. B. M. t. 6934. 
 
 — ri'ngens. 20. Purple, green, yellow. July. 
 
 Brazil. 1820. Syn., A. brazUiermi'. 
 
 — Roxbu'rghU. September. India. 1881. 
 
 — sacca'ta. 20. Purplish-red. September. 
 
 Sylhet. 1829. Deciduous climber. 
 
 — suriname^fisis. See A, trUobata. 
 
 — Thwaite'sii. 3. Yellow. March. Old Calabar. 
 
 1854. 
 
 — tricauda'ta. Dark purple-brown. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1866- 
 
 — tri'fiia. 15. Green. Caraccas. Deciduous 
 
 climber. 
 
 — trUoba/ta. 6. Purple. June. S. Amer. 1775. 
 
 Syn., A. surina/mensis. 
 
 — ungidifo'lia. Brownish-purple. June. La- 
 
 buan. 1880. 
 
 — Westla'neii. Climber. Greenish-yellow, veined 
 
 purple-brown. China. 1888. B.M.t.7011. 
 
 Aristote'lia. (In memoiy of the 
 gcsaA Aristotle. Nat. ord., Tiliacece.) 
 
 A. Ma'cqid produces edible berries, of a dark 
 purple colour, and vfine is made from them m 
 Chili. It is a hardy evergreen shrub. Layers 
 in autumn, and cuttings in April, in sand, under 
 a hand-light. Common, sandy soil. 
 A. Braithwai'tei. White. New Hebrides. 1881. 
 
 — Ma'cgui. 4. Whitish-green. May. Chili. 
 
 1735. Wats. Dendr. 1, t. 44. 
 
 A. Ma'cgui vwHega'ta. 4. Whitish-green. May. 
 
 — raoemo'sa. 6 to 20. New Zealand. 1873. 
 
 Armeni'aca. SeePnmus. A. vul- 
 garis is the Apricot. 
 
 Arme'ria. Thrift. (The Latin name 
 for a species of Pink. Nat. ord., Flum- 
 baginacecB.) 
 
 All ornamental hardy herbaceous perennials, 
 except when otherwise specified. Division of 
 the plant ; seeds in spring ; sandy, loamy soil. 
 The tender kinds require a well drained soil, and 
 should receive the protection of a frame, or pit, 
 during winter. 
 A. alpi'na. 1. Purple. July. Carinthia. 
 
 — arena'ria. 1. Piik. June. France. 
 
 — ba/tiea hi'rta. 1. Pink. July. N. Africa. 
 
 1820. Greenhouse. 
 
 — ccBpit&sa. 1. Pink. June. South of Europe. 
 
 1817. Gfl. 1. 1192. Syn., A. humUis. 
 
 — oephalo'tes. 1. Rose. June.. S. Europe. 1800. 
 
 B. M. t. 4128. Syns., A. farmosa, lati- 
 folia, mawritamca, and paeudo-a/rmeria. 
 
 — dmtitmla'ta. 2. Mesh. June. . Naples. 1816. 
 
 — dianthoi'des. 1. Pink. June. Europe. 1810. 
 — faseicula'ta. 2. Purple. July. Portugal. 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub, B. E. 
 1841, t. 21. 
 
 — hi'rta. See A. bcetica hi/rta. 
 
 — hu'Tnilis. See A. ccespitosa. 
 
 — ju'ncea. J. Rose pink. June. South Europe. 
 — juniperi/o'lia. J. Pink. June. Spain. 1818 
 
 — latijo'lia. See A. cce^tosa. 
 
 — litora'lis. 1. Pink. July. South of Europe. 
 
 — mari'tvma. See A. vulgaris. 
 
 — maurita'niea. See A. cephalotes. 
 
 — pinif&lia. 1. Pink. June. Portugal. 
 
 — pla/titagi'nea. 1. Bed. June. South of 
 
 Europe. 1818. Eng. Hot. ed. 3, 1. 1154. 
 
 leuca'Ttitha. White flowered. Syns., A. 
 
 (dliacea, plcmtaginea cUba, and A. scorzo- 
 neri/olia. 
 
 — pu^ngens. 1. Pink. June. Spain. 1818. 
 
 — UTidvia'ta. White. Greece. 1888. 
 
 — mUga'ris. 1. Red. July. Europe. Syns., 
 
 A. maritima and Statice Armeria. Eng. 
 Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1152. 
 
 a'lba. i. White. September. Gardens. 
 
 eocei'nea. J. Red. September. Gardens. 
 
 Ame'bia. (Arabic name of the plant. 
 Nat. ord., Boraginacece.) 
 
 Pretty, hardy herbaceous plants. A echioides 
 propagated by the offsets taken with a heel -in 
 autumn, in sand under a bell-glass, and by root 
 cuttings pegged in saucers of sand in warm pit. 
 Seeds. 
 
 A. comu'ta. li. Yellow, brown. Afghanistan 
 1888. 
 
 — eehioi'des. f. Yellow. June. Armenia. 
 
 B. M. t. 4409. 
 
 — GriM'thii. |. Orange, black. Afghanistan. 
 
 Annual. B. M. t. 5266. 
 
 — hispidi'ssima. 2. Blue. May. Egypt. 1817. 
 
 Syn., Anchusa asperrima. 
 
 A'mica. (From amahis, lamb-skin ; 
 in reference to the texture of the leaves. 
 Nat. ord., Cornpositm; Tribe, Senecioni- 
 decB. Allied to Groundsel.) 
 
 Hardy, dwarf herbaceous plants ; division of 
 the plants in spring or autumn. Seeds. They 
 like a little peat incorporated with the soil. 
 A. Ardnievum. See Doronicum latifolium. 
 
 — bellidia' strum. See Aster bettidiastrum. 
 
 — Chamisso'nis. 2. Yellow. July. N. America. 
 
 — Clu'sii. See Doronicum glaeiale. 
 
ARN 
 
 [70] 
 
 ART 
 
 A. cm'da'ta. See Dtyronicum coluTtints. 
 
 — co'rswja. See Doronicum corsicum. 
 
 — doro'nicv/m. See Senedo Dwonicv/m, 
 —folio' 8a. 2. Pale yellow. August. United 
 
 States. 
 — glacia'lia. Yellow. July. Switzerland. 1823. 
 
 — Imii'gera. Sea Senedo la/natus. 
 
 — mtmtttlna. 1. Yellow. July. Europe. 1731. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1749. Mountain Tobacco. Syn., 
 A. helvetica. 
 
 — scorpimldes. See Doronicwm latifolium. 
 
 Amoldia. SeeDimorphothe'ca. 
 
 Amopo'gon. SeeUrosjje'rmum. 
 (Nat. ord., Compositce ; Tribe, Cicho- 
 racecB. ) 
 
 A. a'sper. See Urosp&nmt/m ^^croideSy var. aspe- 
 rum. 
 
 — eapdnsis. See Uroepermmm picroides, var. 
 
 capefnse. 
 
 — Dalecha''mpi. See TfrospermuTn Dalecha/mpii. 
 
 — picroi'des. See UrospentvuTn picroides. 
 
 Aro'nia. See Pyrus, 
 
 Aro'nicum alta'icum. SeeDo- 
 ronicum altaicum. 
 
 Arpophy'Uum. (From arpe, a 
 scimitar, and phyllon, a leaf ; the leaf 
 is scimitar or sword-shaped. Nat. ord., 
 OrchidacecB.) 
 
 stove evergreen epiphyte. Soil, turfy loam, 
 fibrous peat and cbarcoal, with thorough drain- 
 age. 
 
 A. ea/riina'le. 1. Rose. Summer. New Gre- 
 nada. Fescatorea, vol. 1, t. 45. 
 
 — giga'nteum. 2. Dark purple, rose. April. 
 
 Mexico. Warn. Sel. Oroh. t. 39. 
 
 — spica'tum. 1. Purple. April. Guatemala. 
 
 1839. B. M. t. 6022. 
 
 Arraca'cia. (its Spanish name in 
 South America. Nat. ord., UmbellifercB; 
 Tribe, AmminecB. Allied to Conium.) 
 
 Half-hardy perennial, producing large tube- 
 rous esculent roots, not unlike parsnips, but of 
 a better quality, highly esteemed in South 
 America, where it is prepared in the same man- 
 ner as potatoes. Division of the roots; rich 
 loam. 
 A. eaculelnta. 2. White. July. Santa F6. 
 
 1823. Syn., Cmiwin Arraeacha. B. M. 
 
 t. 3092. 
 
 Arrhenathe'rtun. . (From arrhen, 
 a male, and ather, a point ; on account 
 of the awns on the male spikes. Nat. 
 ord., ChramineeB; Tribe, Avenem.) 
 
 Perennial grasses ; seeds ; division. Common 
 soil, as for any other grass. 
 A. avenalcewm. 5. June. Britain. Syns., Avena 
 
 elatiar and Solcus avenaceus. Eng. Bot. 
 
 ed. 3, 1. 1742. 
 
 iriM'tieiun. 4. Apetal. July. Scotland. 
 
 podo'mm. 3. Apetal. July. Germany. 
 
 Arrow-head. Sagitta'ria. 
 
 Arrow-root. Marantaarundinacea. 
 
 Arta'botrys. (From artao, to sus- 
 pend or support, and hotrys, grapes ; in 
 reference to the way the fruit is sup- 
 ported by the curious tendril. Nat. ora., 
 Arumotcece.) 
 
 In Java the leaves of this plant are held to be^ 
 invaluable against cholera. Stove evergreen 
 shrub. Cuttings of ripened wood in sand, under 
 a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat, in March or 
 April. Sandy loam and peat, with a little rotten 
 dung. 
 A. odarati'asima. 6. Eeddish-brown. July. 
 
 Malay Archipelago. 1768. B. K. 
 
 t. 423. Syn., Anona hexapetala. 
 
 Arta'nthe. See Piper. 
 
 Artane'ma. (From artao, to sup- 
 port, and nema, a filament; in reference 
 to a tooth-like process growing on th& 
 longer filaments. Nat. ord., Scrqphu- 
 lariaceoe. AUied to Torenia. ) 
 
 A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Seeds ; cut- 
 tings of the half-ripened shoots in autumn or 
 sprmg. May be grown in the open during sum- 
 mer, but it will require the shelter of a frame or 
 pit in winter. Sandy loam and a little peat. 
 A. fimbria' twm. 3. Pale blue. August. More- 
 ten Bay. 1830. Sweet Fl. Gard. ser. 2,, 
 t. 284. Syn., Torenia scalrra, B. M. 
 t. 3104. 
 
 (From; 
 Diana. 
 Anthe- 
 
 Artemi'sia. Wormwood. 
 Artemis, one of the names of 
 Nat. ord., Compositas; Tribe, 
 mJdecB. ) 
 
 Various species of Artemisia, or Wormwoods, 
 have been used as tonic, bitter, and aromatic- 
 medicines from remote ages. All hardy herba- 
 ceous perennials, except where otherwise speci- 
 fied. Annuals, by seed ; those with branching, 
 shrubby stems, and the greenhouse varieties,, 
 which are mostly shrubby, by cuttings ; thehardy 
 species, by dividing the roots. For greenhouse 
 kinds, sandy loam, well drained ; for the others, 
 common soil. The dwarf growing silvery leaved 
 species are favourite rock plants. 
 A. abro'tanum. 4. Yellow, green. August. 
 Europe. 1648. Hardy deciduous shrub.. 
 
 hu'itme. \i. Yellow, green. September.- 
 
 South of Europe. 
 toholiskia'nwm. 5. Yellow, green. Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 — Ada'msii. 10. Yellow, green. October- 
 
 China. 1732. Syn., A. tenui/olia. 
 
 — A'fra. 3. White. August. Greenhouse ever- 
 
 green shrub. Jacq. H. Schcen. t. 467 
 
 — alpi'na. 1. Yellow, green. July. Caucasus 
 
 1804. 
 
 — anethUo'lia. 4. Yellowish-green. Autumn- 
 
 Siberia. 1816. 
 
 — apri'ca. See A. frigida. 
 
 — arhore' scene. 10. July. Levant. 1640. Hardy- 
 
 evergreen shrub. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 866 
 
 — arge^ntea. IJ. Yellow, green. June. Ma- 
 
 deira. 1777. Greenhouse evergreen 
 shrub. 
 
 — armeni'aca potentilltBfo'lia. 1. July. Sibe- 
 
 ria. 1818. Syn., A. potentillcefolia. 
 
 — arragone'nsis. 1. Yellow, greon. July. 
 
 Spain. 1839. Half-hardy evergreen- 
 Syn., A. Valentine. 
 
 — OMStri'aea. 1. White; October. Austria 
 orientalis. 2. Yellow, green. July. Ar- 
 menia. 1816. Syn., A. orientalis. 
 
 re'pens, 1. Brown. June. Tartary. 
 
 1806. Hardy trailer. Syn., A, repens. 
 
 — bie^Ti/nis. Yellowish. October. 1823. Copper- 
 
 mine Biver, N. America. B. M. t. 2472. 
 Syn., A. hispanica, Jacq. Ic. 1. 172. 
 
 eannpk&rata eaxa'tilis. 3. Brown. July.. 
 August N. America. 
 
 Hungary 
 - ca'na. S. Yellow. 
 1800. 
 
AKT 
 
 [71] 
 
 ART 
 
 A. cauca'sica. See A. Umata, var. cauca»ica. 
 
 — chine'nsis. i. Yellow. July. China. 1818. 
 
 Chinese Moxa. 
 
 — ccenMscens. 2. Bluish. August. S. Europe. 
 
 Hardy evergreen shrub. 
 '- dracu'nculus. 2. White, green. July. South 
 
 of Europe. 1548. 
 —fri'gida. 1. Yellow, green. August. Siberia. 
 
 1826. Syn., A. apriea. 
 —furca'ta. See A. trifwrcata. 
 
 — ga'Uica. See A. maritima. 
 
 — glaeia'lis. 1. Yellow, green. July. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1739. 
 
 — hispa'nica. See A. biennis. 
 
 — inadora. See A. Marschalliam^. 
 
 — Juda'ica. 2. Yellow. August. 1774. Half- 
 
 hardy eveM;reen. 
 
 — laeinia'ta. N. China. 
 
 — lactiflo'ra. 2. Pale white. November. Nepaul. 
 
 1828. 
 
 — Ledmicdnsis. 2. YeUow. July. Carpathia. 
 
 1826. Hardy deciduous shrub. 
 
 — Icmalta cauca'sica. Corolla wooUy at top. 
 
 Caucasus. 
 
 — mari'tima. 1. Reddish. August to Septem- 
 
 ber. Britain. Syn., A. gallica. 
 
 — ISarschaUia'na. 1. Yellow. Caucasus. 1816. 
 
 Syn., A. vnodora. 
 
 — mutelli'na. 1. Yellow, green. July. Alps. 
 
 Europe. 1815. Syn., A, Wulfenii. 
 
 — Tunnelgica. 1. Yellow. July. Norway. 1818. 
 
 — onentaHis. See aiLstriacaj var. orientalis. 
 
 — Pallasia'na. 1. Yellow, green. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1820. 
 — peetma'ta. 1. Brown. June. Dahuria. 1806. 
 Hardy annual. 
 
 — ped/unmtla'ris. See A. Bplendens. 
 
 — po'ntica. 3. Yellow.* September. Austria. 
 
 1570. 
 — potentUkBf(/Vki<. See A. cmneniaoa, var. poten- 
 tiUtefolia. 
 
 — ramo'sa. 2. Canaries. 1816. Greenhouse 
 
 evergreen. 
 
 — ripens. See A. austriacdt var. repens, 
 
 — rupe'stris. ^. Brown, August. Norway. 
 
 1748. 
 
 — saxa'tUis. See A. ca/mphorata. 
 
 — seopa'ria. 3 to 5. Whitish. Autumn. S. 
 
 Europe. 
 
 — aeri'cea. 2. White. June. Siberia. 1796. 
 
 — ^pica'ta. 1. Brown. June. Switzerland. 1790. 
 
 — Stelleria'na. }. Yellowish. Kamtschatka. 
 
 — sple'ndens. See A. ped/imeula/ns. 
 
 — tcmacetifo'lia. IJ. Brownish. Summer. Si- 
 
 beria. 1768. 
 
 — taa'rlca. 1. White, green. July. Tauria. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — tenuifo'lia. See A. Adamsii. 
 
 — Toumefo'rtiana. 2. Greenish. Echb. Hort. 
 
 vol. 1, t. 5. 
 
 — trifuna'ta. 1. Yellow, green. July. Siberia. 
 
 1820. Syn., A. furcata. 
 
 — Valenti'na. See A. arragonensis. 
 
 — milga'ris. 1. Silvery. August. Eng. Bot. 
 
 ed. 3, t. 732. Common wormwood. 
 
 au'rea. Leaves yellow. 1879. 
 
 variefgata. 2. Purple. August. Gardens. 
 
 — Wulfe'nii. See A. rmetellina. 
 
 Arthrophy'Uum Madagasca- 
 rie'nse. See Phyllarthron Boje- 
 nana. 
 
 Arthropo'dium. (From arthron, a 
 joint, and perns, a foot ; in reference to 
 the flower-stalks being jointed. Nat. 
 ord., LiliacecB. Allied to -Anthericum.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennials. Seeds, off- 
 sets, and suckers. Sandy loam, and a little 
 peat. 
 
 A. cirrha'tmn. 3. White. May. New Zealand. 
 1821. B. M. t. 2350. 
 
 — fimbria'tum. 2. White. July. Australia. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — ne:o-caledo'nicum. U. White. May. New 
 
 Caledonia. 1877. 
 
 — panicula'tvm. 3. White. May. N. S. Wales. 
 
 1800. Greenhouse bulb. B. M. 1. 1421. 
 Syns., Anthericum paniculatuin, Arthro- 
 podium minus of B. E. t. 866, but not of 
 R. Brown. 
 
 — pe!ncMum. 2. White. July. Australia. 1822. 
 
 Bed. Lil. t. 360. Syn., Phalangium pen- 
 
 Arthro'pteris. (From arthron, a 
 joint, and pteris, a fern ; alluding to the 
 articulated stripes. Nat. ord., Filices — 
 Polypodiacem. ) 
 
 Greenhouse ferns. See FERNS. 
 A. cUbo-puncta'ta. I. of Bourbon. 
 — fl'Hpes. New Zealand. 
 
 Arthroste'mnia. (From arthron, a 
 joint, and stemma, a crown ; the flower- 
 stalks being jointed. Nat. ord., Melasto- 
 nwtcece. Alhed to Osbeckia.) 
 
 Cuttings of small, firm side-shoots in August 
 or April, under a glass, in sandy soil. The stove 
 species with heat; sandy loam, and a little 
 peat. 
 A.fra'gile. 3. Eosy. June. Mexico. 1846. 
 
 Stove evergreen. Joum. Hort. Soc, vol. 
 
 3, p. 75. 
 
 — ni'tidum. 2. Pale lilac. June. Buenos 
 
 Ayi'es. 1830. Greenhouse evergreen, 
 B. M. t. 3142. 
 
 — versicolor. |. Pink. September. Brazil. 
 
 1825. Stove evergreen. B. M. t. 3678. 
 Syn., Rhexia, versicolor, B. R. t. 1066. 
 
 Arthrota'xis is often erroneously- 
 used for Athrotaxis. 
 
 Artichoke. (Cy'nara seo'lymus.) 
 The word artichoke is the English mode 
 of spelling its French name, artichaut; 
 and this is said, by old writers, to be a 
 corruption of the Arabic name for it, 
 alcocalos, which has reference to the 
 shape of its heads being like that of the 
 pine-apple. The Arabs prize it highly, 
 not only for its edible heads, but its roots 
 as a purgative, and its gummy exuda- 
 tions as an emetic. 
 
 Varieties. — There are two varieties in 
 cultivation, the conical, or French, of 
 which the heads are green, and the scales 
 of their calyx spreading ; and the globe, 
 tinged with purple, with the scalescurved 
 inwards and compactly. Crown or Globe 
 earliest. Drumhead is the best. The 
 artichoke is sometimes called the globe 
 artichoke, on account of the round out- 
 line of its heads. These heads are 
 bqiled, and the bottom of each scale, or 
 calyx, eaten with butter and salt. The 
 bottom of these heads, which is the part 
 named "the receptacle" by botanists, 
 because it is the receptacle or part con- 
 taining all the members of the flower, is 
 very fleshy, and is cooked in various 
 
ART 
 
 [72] 
 
 ART 
 
 ways ; being,- also, sometimes dried, and 
 used in winter. 
 
 Propagation. — It may be raised from 
 seed ; out the most expeditious and usual 
 way is to plant suckers from the old 
 roots in the spring. When the suckers 
 are eight or ten inches high, in open 
 weather, about the end of March, or 
 early in April, select the strongest, and 
 such as are sound, and not woody. The 
 brown, hard part by which they are at- 
 tached to the parent stem must be re- 
 moved, and, if that cuts crisp and tender, 
 the suckers are good, but, if tough and 
 stringy, they are worthless. Further, to 
 prepare them for planting, the large, out- 
 side leaves are taken oil so low as that 
 the heart appears above them. If they 
 have been some time separated from the 
 stock, or if the weather is dry, they are 
 greatly invigorated by being put into 
 water for three or four "hours before they 
 are planted. They should be set in rows, 
 four feet and a half by three feet apart, 
 and about half their length beneath the 
 surface. Turn a large flower-pot, or a 
 sea-kale pot, over each, and water them 
 abundantly every evening until they are 
 established, as wellasduringthe droughts 
 of summer. The only other attention 
 they require, during the summer, is the 
 frequent use of the hoe, and an occasional 
 supply of liquid manure. It is also an 
 excellent plan to have some mulch kept 
 about their roots during dry weather, 
 immediately after planting, and during 
 the whole summer, and to remove all 
 small, weak suckers about June. The 
 plants will produce a succession of heads 
 from July to October of the year they 
 are planted. For about five years they 
 will continue similarly productive during 
 May, June, and July. At the end of 
 five years a fresh bed should be made. 
 
 No vegetable is more benefited than 
 the artichoke by the application of sea- 
 weed, or any other manure containing 
 common salt. 
 
 . To obtain Chards. — Those who require 
 chards must make a plantation annually; 
 for making the chards destroys the 
 plants. After the best heads have been 
 cut, early in July, the leaves are to be 
 cut over within half a foot of the ground, 
 and the stems as low as possible. In 
 September or October, when the new 
 shoots or leaves are about two feet high, 
 they are bound close with a wreath of 
 hay or straw, and earth or litter is drawn 
 round the stems of the plants. The 
 blanching is perfected in a month or six 
 weeks. If the chards are wished late in 
 the winter, the whole plants may be dug 
 up before frost sets in, and laid in sand 
 
 in their blanched state. In this way they 
 ma^ be kept for several weeks. 
 
 G0660.— The Italians, to make this, 
 bend the stem of an artichoke down to a 
 right angle, and the stalks of the leaves 
 are bound together, and covered over so 
 as to blanch. The result is a lump, 
 which is eaten raw, with salt, and is 
 tolerably good. In Italy it is used in 
 the autumn and winter, and replaces 
 radishes. 
 
 Winter Dressing. — As soon as a stem 
 is cleared of all its heads in the summer, 
 it should be broken down close to the 
 root ; and early in November the beds 
 should be dressed for the winter. Cut 
 away the old leaves close to the ground, 
 but without injuring the centre or side- 
 shoots. Fork over the bed, throwing the 
 earth in a ridge, about eight inches high, 
 over each row, putting it close round 
 each plant, but being careful to keep the 
 heart free from the crumbs of soil. After 
 this has been done, pile round every plant 
 some long litter, or pea-haulm, three or 
 four inches thick; and, to keep this from 
 blowing away, as well as to help in pre- 
 serving the roots from severe frosts, cover 
 over the litter, or haulm, two inches 
 deep with coal-ashes. The ashes may be 
 turned into the soil in the spring, being 
 a manure much liked by the artichoke. 
 
 Soil and Situation. — The finest heads 
 are produced in a soil abounding in 
 moisture ; but in such they will not sur- 
 vive the winter. They should have a 
 rich, deep loam allotted to them. Manure 
 must be applied every spring ; and the 
 best compost for them is a mixture of 
 three parts well-rotted dung, and one 
 part of fine coal-ashes. They should 
 always have an open exposure, and, above 
 all, be free from the influence of trees ; 
 for if beneath their shade or drip the 
 
 Elants spindle, and produce worthless 
 eads. 
 
 Insect. — The leaves of the artichoke 
 are liable to injury by a beetle. See 
 Cassida viridis. 
 
 Saving Seed. — Select any number of 
 the earliest and finest heads ; and as soon 
 as the flowers begin to decay, the heads 
 should be turned, and tied downwards, 
 so as to prevent the wet lodging in them, 
 which would rot the seeds. 
 
 Artoca'rpus. Bread-fruit. (From 
 artos, bread, and carpos, fruit. The 
 fruit, baked, resembles bread. Nat. 
 ord., Urticacece; Tribe, Artocarpece.) 
 
 In this order we meet with such anomalies as 
 the invaluable bread-fruit tree of the tropics, the 
 useful cow-tree of Garaccas, and the virulent 
 poison of the upas-tree of Java, side by side. 
 Stove evergreen trees requiring a moist tempera- 
 
AKU 
 
 [73] 
 
 AEU 
 
 tare. Cuttings of ripened wood in sand, under 
 a, hand-light, and in a brisk bottom-heat, difficult 
 to manage. Lightrich loam, leaf-soil and sand. 
 The flowers of all'the species are whitish-green. 
 A. Canno'ni. Leaves bronzy-crimaon, tinted 
 
 purplish. Society Islands. 1875. Fl. 
 
 and Pom. 1876, p. 211. 
 
 — heterophj/lla. 60. E. Ind. 1778. 
 
 — imd'sa. 60. South Sea Islands. 1793. B. M. 
 
 tt. 2869-71. 
 niun'fera. 60. B. Ind. 1793. 
 
 — integrif&lia. 60. June. E. Ind. 1778. 
 
 B. M. tt. 2833-4. Jack-tree. 
 
 — ladnia'tiLS, Polynesia. 
 
 VLeta'Uicus. Leaves bronzy above, red- 
 dish-purple beneath. Polynesia. 
 
 A'rum. (From aron, supposed to be 
 an ancient Egyptian word. Nat. ord., 
 Aroidece.) 
 
 All are propagated by division of the roots ; 
 best done when the plants cease growing, in 
 autumn, or when they commence growing, in 
 spring. Sand^ loam will suit most of them; 
 the stove species should have a portion of peat. 
 All are herbaceous perennials, except where 
 otherwise particularized. 
 
 A. arini'tum. 1. 
 — detruruia'tv/m. 
 
 July. N. Amer. 
 April. Bengal. 
 
 HAKDY. 
 
 A. atro-ru'bens. 1. Brown. 
 
 1758. 
 bulbi'ferum. S. Purple. 
 
 1813. 
 
 — byzwnti'num. Spathe green or purple. Crete. 
 
 1869. 
 
 — condnna'tum. Syria. 1859. 
 
 — Diosco'ridis. Spathe spotted inside. 1. Levant. 
 
 — draco'ntiwm. 1. Green. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1759. B. E. t. 668. 
 
 — d/rcuyufnculus. 3. Brownish-purple. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1548. 
 
 — eHongdtum. Spathe green and purple outside. 
 
 blackish purple within. Crimea. 1882. 
 
 — gra'tum. Spathe spotted Inside. Taurus. 
 
 1859. 
 
 — hygro'phUwm. Greenish. Asia Minor. 1860. 
 
 — iia'Vtewm. 2. Light yellow. June. Italy. 
 
 1683. 
 
 — Liepo'TMii. Spathe spotted inside. Asia 
 
 Minor. 1869. 
 
 — longispa'thum. Spathe yellowish. Dalmatia. 
 
 1860. 
 
 — mcuyula'tum. |. Spathe greenish. Leaves 
 
 spotted. Britain. 
 
 — Ma'lyi. Spathe greenish. Montenegro. 1860. 
 
 Syn., A. Zelebori. 
 
 — marmara'tum. Leaf mottled with various 
 
 shades of green and white. Island of 
 Naxos. 1859. 
 
 — Nicke'lii. Spathe greenish. Levant. 
 
 — ni'grum. Spathe blackish inside. 
 
 — nrnni'dicv/m. Algeria. 1859. 
 
 — orienta'le. Levant. Syn., A. alpimw 
 
 — patma'tum. 2. 1825. 
 
 — Pett^ri. Greenish. Dalmatia. 1860. 
 — philistcefwn. Spathe spotted inside. 
 
 1859. 
 
 — piletuin. 2. Corsica. 1801. 
 
 — probosci'deum. 1. July. Apennines. 
 
 — specta'bile. 1. Spathe spotted inside, 
 
 Minor. 
 
 — syri'acum. 1. Spathe spotted inside. Syria. 
 
 1860. 
 
 — tenuifo'lvwm. 1. White. June. South Europe. 
 
 1670. 
 
 — triphj/Uwm,. 1. Brown. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1664. 
 
 — variola' turn. Spathespottedinside. Dalmatia. 
 
 1859. ^ „ , 
 
 — zebri'nwm. 1. Brown. June. I*. Amer. 
 
 1664. 
 
 1859. 
 
 Syria. 
 
 1818. 
 Asia 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 Brown. April. Minorca. 1777. 
 Greenish - yellow, spotted 
 purple. Asia Minor. 1889. 
 'iTOm. Dark purple. Jerusalem. 1864. 
 re-mtroduced 1880. 
 
 — n'ngens. 1. June. Japan. 1800. 
 
 — sa nctum. Blackish purple. 1889 
 
 — tema'tum. See Pinellia tiiberiifera. 
 STOVE. 
 
 A. campamila'tum. 2. Purple. May. B-. Ind. 
 
 — coloca'Ha. See Coloeasia cmtiquvrum 
 
 — divanrn'timt. 2. Green. Julv. B Ind 
 1759. Tuberous-rooted. 
 
 — hedera'ceum. 1. Purple. June. W Ind 
 1793. Epiphyte. 
 
 — t'ndimm. See Coloeasia mdiea. 
 
 — integrifo'lium. 3. Green. June. 1825. Ever- 
 green. 
 
 — limgula'tum. 6. W. Ind. 1793. Epiphyte 
 
 — margiTia'tum. 2. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — obtusi'ldbwm. 2. 1824. 
 
 — orixdnae. 1. Purple. June. S. Amer. 1820 
 Tuberous-rooted. 
 
 — pedtitwm. 1. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 — pentaphy'llum. 1. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — ramomm. 3. June. 1810. Evergreen. 
 
 — sagittifo'Kum. 2. 1824. 
 
 — mrmento'sum. Brazil. 1836. 
 
 — spira'le. 1. Brown. May. China. 1816. 
 
 — iriloba'tum. 1. Purple. June. Ceylon. 
 
 1714. Tuberous-rooted. 
 
 — auricula' turn. 1. Purple. June. Ceylon. 
 
 1714. Tuberous-rooted. 
 
 — veno'mm. B. R. t. 1017. See Saurmnatmn 
 
 guttatum. 
 
 Ani'ndina. (From arundo, a reed. 
 Nat. ord., OrehtdcuiecB.) 
 A, barnbu^ce/o'lia. 3 to 6. Magenta, orange, 
 
 white. July. N. E. India. Warn. Orch. 
 
 Alb. 3, 1. 139. Syn., CyTrMiivm bambu- 
 
 si/olium. 
 
 Arundina'ria. (From arundo, a 
 reed. Nat. ord., Graminea.) 
 
 Hardy, or nearly hardy evergreen shrubby 
 grasses. Indispensable for sub-tropical garden- 
 ing; very ornamental, as isolated tufts in sheltered 
 positions. Deep rich soil, with plenty of moisture ; 
 division ; usually grown under the name of Bam- 
 busa. 
 
 A./alca'ta. 3 to 6. India. Syn., Bambusa 
 gracilis of gardens. 
 
 — khasm'na. Ijt to 2. India. 1881. 
 
 — Moitimovn'cisii. Japan. See Bambvsa Sirrumii. 
 
 — Meta'ke. 4 to 6. Japan. Syn., Bambusa 
 
 japonica, 
 
 Anindine'Ua. (Diminutive of 
 arundo, a reed. Nat. ord., Graminece.) 
 A. ano'mala. . Japan. 1889. Dwarf grass suit- 
 able for lawns and requiring to be cut 
 only twice yearly. 
 
 Aru'ndo. Reed. (A word of doubt- 
 ful derivation ; perhaps from the Latin 
 word arundo, a reed. Nat. ord., Gra- 
 minece. ) 
 
 A charming group of hardy plants of easy cul- 
 ture in damp, sheltered situations. A. conspicua, 
 which is the hardiest, does well in ordinary gar- 
 den soil, but inferior in beauty to the Pampas 
 grass. 
 
 A. conspi'cua. 3 to 8. Pale straw colour. New 
 Zealand. 1843. Very ornamental, hold- 
 ing its large panicles for several months. 
 
ASA 
 
 E74] 
 
 ASH 
 
 A. do'nax. 10. July. South Europe. 1648. 
 
 There is a form with variegated leaves. 
 verH' color. 3. July. South Europe. 1648. 
 
 Fl. Ser. tt. U25-6. 
 — nmurita'nica. 12. N. Africa. Greenhouse. 
 
 Mediterranean reed. 
 
 Narthex asafoe- 
 
 Asafce'tida. 
 tida. 
 
 A'sarum. Asarabacca. (From a, 
 not, and saron, feminine ; the applica- 
 tion not obvious, but perhaps because 
 too violent a medicine for women. Nat. 
 ord., Aristolochiece.) 
 
 Interesting hardy herbaceous plants, more 
 curious than pretty. Division in spring ; com- 
 mon border or rockery, a little peat added to the 
 soil will be found beneficial. 
 A. aliKodniwrn. Green, purple ; leaves white- 
 veined. Japan. 1864. 
 
 — arifo'lium. 1. Bfown. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1823. Syn^ A. grwndifoliurn. 
 
 — canaMnse. 1. Brown. June. Canada. 1713. 
 
 B. M. t. 2769. 
 
 — cavda'tuvfi. Brownish-red. July. California. 
 
 1880. This may be the same as A. Hookeri 
 Tnajus. 
 
 — europee^um. 1. Dull brown. May. England. 
 
 — ge&philum. J. Bed-purple, spotted white, 
 
 edged golden yeUow. November. S. 
 China. 1888. B. M. t. 7168. Cool green- 
 house. 
 
 — grcmdif&lium. See A. wrifolium. 
 
 — macra'nthum. Pale brown, yellow, purple. 
 
 Kelung, Formosa. 1877. B. M. t. 7022. 
 
 — parmflalra. Purple, green. Japan. 1863. 
 
 — ThunMrgii. i. Puroliah-green. May. Japan. 
 
 1839. Syn., Meterotropa aearoides. B. 
 M. t. 4933. 
 
 — virgi'nicum, 1. Brown. May. Virginia. 
 
 1769. 
 
 Ascarici'da. See Vemonia. 
 
 Ascle'pias. Swallow-wort. (The 
 Greek name of yEsculapius of the Latins. 
 Nat. ord., Asclepidacece.) 
 
 All hardy herbaceous and sub-shrubby peren- 
 nials, except when otherwise specified. The 
 hardy species, most of which are highly orna- 
 mental border plants, by seeds and division in 
 spring ; the stove and greenhouse kinds, by the 
 same process ; and cuttings of the young shoots, 
 when they begin to grow, in heat ; and also 
 seeds, and sown in heat, in February. Peat and 
 loam, but most of the latter. 
 A. acu/mma'ta. ■ 2. Bed, white. July. N. Amer. 
 1826. Syn., A. laurifolia. 
 
 — amce^na. 3. Purple. July. N. Amer. 1732. 
 ^ amplexica/u'lis. 2. Red. July. N. Amer. 1816. 
 
 — anguBtif&lia. See A. Nichauxii. 
 
 — a/roord scene. See Gomphocarpus. 
 
 — atrosangui'nca au'rm. Blood-red, corona 
 
 yellow. Bolivia. 1881. 
 
 — tyvndrea. 2. Brown. July. N. Amer. 1825. 
 
 — eitrifo'lia. Jacq. Ic. t. 848. See A. variegata. 
 
 — cormivens. See A. phytolaecoidee. 
 
 — com/u'ti. See A. Syriaca. 
 
 — Curassa'vica. 3. Scarlet. July. S. Amer. 
 
 1692. Stove herbaceous. B. B. t. 81. 
 
 a'lba. 1. White. July. S. Amer. Stove 
 
 herbaceous, 
 
 — decu'rnbens. See A. tuherosa. 
 
 — Dougla'sii. 2. Red. Autumn. West America. 
 
 1846. 
 
 — exalta'ta. See A. phytolaccoides. 
 
 — giga'ntea. See CcUotri^. 
 
 — nybrida. See A. purpurateens. 
 
 A. ineanta'ta. 2. Purple, July. Canada. I7ia 
 B. B. t. 260. 
 
 — laurifo'Ua. See A. aewmmata. 
 
 — Ima'ria. 2. White. July. Mexico. 1802. 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous. 
 
 — Ivnifo'lia. See A. verticillata, var. linifolia. 
 
 — longi/o'lia. See Gomphocarpus longi/olius. 
 
 ~ imxiea'na. 3. White. July. Mexico. 1821. 
 Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 — Xichaw'mi. 3. White. July. Mexico. 1817. 
 
 Syn,, A. angust\folia. 
 
 — ni'vea. 3. White, August, N, Amer, 1730. 
 
 — obtusifo'Ua. 3. Purple. July. N. Amer, 1820. 
 
 Syn,, A. pur^raicens of some authors, 
 but not of Iiinnseus, 
 
 — parmflalra. See Metastelma parmflora. 
 
 — paiupefrcula. 2, Bed. July. N. Amer. 1817. 
 
 — phytolaceoi'des. 3. Purple. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1812. Syn,, A. connivens. 
 
 — polysta'chia. 4. White. July. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 — pu'lchra. See Oxypetalum pulchrwm. 
 
 — jntrpura'acens of Lmnseus. 3. Purple. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1732, Syn,, A. hybrida. 
 
 — quadrifcflia. 1. White, red. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1820. 
 
 — r&sea. 1. Bed, July. Mexico. 1824. Green- 
 
 house herbaceous. 
 
 — ru'bra. 1. Red. July. Virginia. 1826. 
 
 — sca'ndens. See Dtsmia. 
 
 — SuUiva'nti. Deep purple. Closely allied tO' 
 
 A. syriaca. 
 
 — syri'aca. 4. Purple. July. N. Amer. 1629. 
 
 Syn., A. Comuti. 
 
 — tenaci^ssvma. See Gymnema. 
 
 — tubero'sa. 2. Orange. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1680. Hardy tuber. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 
 2, t. 24. Syu._, A. dety\mi})ens. 
 
 — variega'ta. 4. White. July. N. Amer. 1697. 
 
 B. M. t, 1182. 
 
 — verticilla'ta. 3. White, yellowish -green, July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1759. 
 
 Ivnifo'lia. 3. White. July. Mexico. 1818. 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous. Syn., A. lini- 
 folia. 
 
 — vesti'ta. 3. Yellowish-green. October. N. 
 
 Amer. 1844. 
 
 — mnina'lis. See Sarcostemma Swartzianv/m. 
 
 Ascy'rum. (Froma,not, and*%ro*, 
 roughness; plants not hard to the touch. 
 Nat. ord., Uypericinece.) 
 
 All, but one, half-hardy evergreens ; cuttings- 
 of small shoots, pretty hard ; placed in very 
 sandy soil, under a bell-glass, any time during 
 summer ; peat and loam ; they do well in th& 
 open during summer, but require the protection 
 of a frame through the winter. 
 A. mnplexicam'le. 2. YeUow. August. N. 
 Amer. 1823. 
 
 — Crux- Andrei OB. 2. Yellow. July. N, Amer. 
 
 1769, St, Andrew's cross. 
 
 — hypericoides. 2. Yellow. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1769. 
 
 — pu'milwm. 1. Yellow. July. Georgia. 
 
 1806. Half-hardy herbaceous. 
 
 — stains. 2. Yellow. August. N. Amer. 1816. 
 
 St. Peter's Wort. 
 
 Ashes are the remains of a substance 
 which has undergone burning, and are 
 as various in the t)roportions of their 
 components as are the bodies capable 
 of being burnt. Whatever be the sub- 
 stance burnt, the process should be 
 made to proceed as slowly as possible ; 
 for, by such regulation, more carbon, 
 or charcoal, is preserved in the ashes, 
 which is the most valuable of their con- 
 stituents. The simplest mode of effect- 
 
ASH 
 
 [75] 
 
 ASP 
 
 ing a slow combustion is to bank the 
 burning substance over with earth, leav- 
 ing only a small orifice, to admit suffi- 
 cient air to keep up a smouldering fire. 
 
 Ashes are usually recommendea as a 
 manure most useful to heavy soils. As 
 fertilizers they are beneficial upon all 
 soils ; and they can never be applied in 
 sufficient quantity to alter the staple of 
 a too tenacious soil. To thirty square 
 yards, twenty-eight pounds are an aver- 
 age application ; and they cannot be put 
 on too fresh. 
 
 Peat-ashes contain — 
 
 Silica (flint) 
 
 Sulphate of lime (gypsum) 
 Sulphate and muriate of soda (Glau- 
 
 her anl common salt) . 
 Carbonate of lime (chalk) . 
 
 Oxide of iron 
 
 Loss ... ... 
 
 They are an excellent application to 
 lawns, turnips, cabbages, potatoes, and 
 peas. 
 
 Coal-ashes contain carbon, silica, alu- 
 mina, sulphate of lime, iron and potash, 
 carbonate of lime, and oxide of iron. 
 They are a good manure for grass, peas, 
 and potatoes. Sprinkled half an inch 
 deep on the surface, over beans and 
 peas, they hasten the germination of the 
 seed, and preserve it from mice. They 
 are also used for forming dry walks in 
 the kitchen department. 
 
 Soap-boilers' ashes contain — 
 
 Silica ... . . 35.0 
 
 Lime. ... . 35.0 
 
 Magnesia . . .2.3 
 
 Alumina (clay) .... 1.5 
 
 Oxide of iron 1.7 
 
 manganese . . .1.8 
 
 Potash (combmed with silica) . 0.5 
 
 Soda (do.) 0.2 
 
 Sulphuric acid (combined with 
 
 lime) 0.2 
 
 Phosphoric acid (do.) . . .3.5 
 Common salt . . . . . 0.1 
 Carbonic acid (combined with lime 
 
 and magnesia) . . . .18.2 
 
 They are good for all crops, but es- 
 pecialfy grass and potatoes. 
 
 Waod-ashes and the a^hes of garden 
 weeds generally contain silica, alumina, 
 oxides of iron and manganese, lime, 
 magnesia, potash, partly in the state of 
 a sUicate, soda, sulphates of potash and 
 lime, phosphate of lime, chloride of so- 
 dium (common salt), and carbonates of 
 lime, potash, and magnesia, with a con- 
 siderable portion of charcoal. They are 
 a good application to cabbages, potatoes, 
 and peas. 
 
 Turf-ashes contain silica, alumina, 
 oxides of iron and manganese, lime, 
 magnesia, sulphates of potash and lime, 
 phosphates of lime and magnesia, com- 
 mon salt, and charcoal. They have been 
 
 used beneficially to grass, onions, carrots, 
 beans, potatoes, and beet-root. 
 
 Ash-tree. Fra'xinus exce'lsior. 
 
 Asiatic-poison Bulb. Cri'num 
 asia'ticum. 
 
 Asi'mina. (A Canadian name, not 
 explained. Nat. ord., Anonacem.) 
 
 A. trilo'ba is a fit companion to such plants as 
 Da'phTieSy Illi'd'um^, etc. Sometimes by seed, 
 but chiefly by layering the branches, towards 
 the end of summer. Peat and loam. Seedlings 
 require protection until of a good size. 
 A. grandifio'ra. 3. White. June. Georgia. 1820. 
 
 — parmflo'ra. 3. Brown. May. N. Amer. 1806. 
 
 — pygma!a. 2. White. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 — truo'ha. 15 to 30. ' Dull brown, yellow. May. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 1736. Syn., Anona tri- 
 loba, B. M. t. 6864. Papawor custard 
 apple of the TTnited States. 
 
 Aspa'lathus. (From a, not, and 
 spao, to extract ; in reference to the 
 difficulty of extracting its thorns from a 
 wound. Nat. oid., Leguminosce; Tribe, 
 GenistecB. ) 
 
 With one exception, all greenhouse evergreen 
 shrubs. Cuttings of half -ripened wood, in April, 
 in sand ; placed over sandy peat, well drained, 
 kept shaded, and little water given, as they are 
 apt to damp off. Loam and lumpy peat. Bare 
 in cultivation. 
 
 A. ajfi'nis. 3. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1822. 
 
 — a'lbens. 4. White. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1774. Syn., A. cwndicans. 
 
 — arachnoi'dea. Shrubby, erect. Corolla silky. 
 
 — ararKo'sa, 3. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1795. B. M. t. 829. 
 
 — argefntea. 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1759. 
 
 — asparagoi'des. 3. Yellow. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1812. 
 
 — astroi'des. 2. YeUow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1818. 
 
 — callo'm. 3. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1812. B. M. t. 2329. 
 
 — ca'nAicaTis. See A. albeTis. 
 
 — camo'sa. 3. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1795. B. M. 1. 1289. 
 
 — capita'ta. 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1823. 
 
 — clwno'poda. 3. Yellow. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1769. B. M. t. 2226. 
 
 — cUia'ris. 2. YeUow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1799. 
 
 — erassifo'lia. 2. YeUow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1800. Andr. Bep. t. 353. 
 
 — erimfo'lia. 2. YeUow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1789. 
 
 — galiffi'des. 2. YeUow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1817. „ .„ J 
 
 — genittoi'des. 2. YeUow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1816. , „ , „ J 
 
 -^globo'sa. 3. Orange. July. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1802. 
 
 — hi'spida. See A. thymifoiia. , „ ^ 
 
 — Mstrix. 2. YeUow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1824. . ^. ^^ 
 
 — i'ndica. See Indigofera aspalathoides. Wight 
 
 Icon. t. 332. ^ . „ , „ J 
 
 — Urieifc/lia.. 2. YeUow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1823. Syn., A. larieina. 
 
 — lotoi'des. 2. YeUow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1816. Syn., A. qumqiu^oM. 
 
 — miKraructa, See VHoriea armata. 
 
 — muttiflo'ra. See A. thymifolia. 
 
ASP 
 
 [76] 
 
 ASP 
 
 A. peduncula'ta. 6. Yellow. July. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1776. B. M. t. 344. Syn., 
 A. scrtmrrosa. 
 
 — quinque/fflia. See A. lotoides. 
 
 — seri'cea. 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1816. 
 
 — spinc/m. 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1824. 
 
 — sqnarro'sa. See A. pedunculata. 
 
 — tubula'ta. 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1789. 
 
 — thymifo'lia. 2. Yellow. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1825. Syii3., A. hispida 
 and muUiJlara. 
 
 — unifio'ra. 3. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1812. 
 
 Aspa'ragUS. (From a, intense, and 
 ■sparasso, to tear ; in reference to the 
 strong prickles of some species. Nat. 
 •Old. ,Luiace(e ; Inhe, AsparagecB.) 
 
 A handsome genus of climbing or erect shrubs 
 ■or herbs, some of which are amongst the most 
 elegant of foliage plants, and are largely used 
 for cutting and as room decorative plants. All 
 Tvarm greenhouse species, unless where other- 
 wise stated ; these require a rich sandy soil and 
 plenty of moisture ; division. The hardy species 
 require a rich garden-soil, propagated chiefly by 
 seeds and division. A. o^cdnalis is well known 
 in our kitchen gardens. 
 
 A. acwtifo'lius. 2. Whitish-green. Spain. 1640. 
 Evergreen ; hardy. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 337. 
 
 — (Bthio'picus. 3. White. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1816. Evergreen shrub. Syn., A. lan^us. 
 
 ternifo'Uus. White. August. South 
 
 Africa. 1872. 
 
 — africa'nus devfindens. 4. White. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1819. Evergreen climber. 
 
 — a'Vyiis. 12. White. Spain. 1540. Hardy 
 
 against a wall. 
 
 — aynolrvA. See A. Tnaritvmus. 
 
 — aphy'Uus stipvZa'ris, 4. White. June. South 
 
 of Europe. ' 1800. Hardy evergreen 
 climber. Ked. Ijl. t. 282. Syn., A. 
 hwridus. 
 
 — asia'ticus. 3. White. Asia. 1769. Ever- 
 
 green shrub. 
 
 — Brov^tm^ti. 10. May. Canaries. 1822. 
 
 — capinm. 4. Green. April. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1691. Evergreen shrub. Jacq. 
 H. Schoen. t. 266. 
 
 — Coope'ri. Whitish. S. Africa. 1862. Climber. 
 
 — cormore^vMs. Very slender. Leaves emerald 
 
 green. 1888. 
 
 — eri'spue. 3. Whitish-green. Summer. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1792. Jacq. H. Schoen. 
 t. 97. Syns., .4. decumbens and fiexuosus. 
 
 — davu'ricus. 3. Green. April. Davuria. 
 
 1823. Syn., A. glyeycarpus. 
 
 — decliitui'tvx. 6. Whitish-green. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1769. Half-hardy. 
 
 — decu'nibffns. See A. orients. 
 
 — depe'nd£n8. See A. africarms depending. 
 
 — faUa'tue. 3. Whitish-green. India. 1792. 
 — falsiifo'rme. See A. nheaelmdes falciforma. 
 — f£ocuo'su£. See A. eri^pus. 
 
 — glycycalrpus. See A. davurieus, 
 
 — grandiJUi'rus. See A. wmbeUatug, 
 
 — ho'rridus. See A. aphyllus stipula/ris. 
 
 — la'rweus. See A. cethiopuyus, 
 
 — larici'nus. White. May. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — longifo'lius. 3. White. July. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 — mari'tinms. 3. Green. July. France, 1824. 
 
 Syn., A. amarus. 
 
 — medeloi'des falcif&rme. Greenish-white. S. 
 
 Africa. 1869. Syn3.,^./a2c</'ormc, Bot. 
 Eef. t. 47, and Mymiphyllum falciforme. 
 
 — Nvvmia'nue. Whitish-purple. May. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1811. 
 
 A. offlcina'lis. 4. Greenish-white. August. 
 England. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 1515. 
 Hardy. 
 
 — peotmia'tus. Bed. Lil. t. 407. See A. scandens. 
 
 — plwmo'ms. White. South Africa. 1876. 
 na'mis. South Africa. 1880. 
 
 — racemo'sus. 3. Whitish-green. B. Ind. 1808. 
 
 Evergreen shrub. Wight loon. t. 2056. 
 
 — roTrwsi'ssimus. Cream colour. South Africa. 
 
 1862. 
 
 — retrofra'ctus. 4. White. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1769. Evergreen climber. 
 arbo'reus. Gard. 1890, p. 256. 
 
 — sarmento'sus. 6. Whitish-green. August. 
 
 Ceylon. 1810. Evergreen climber. 
 
 — sca'Tideris. 6. Green. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1795. Evergreen climber. Bot. Bef. t. 21. 
 Syn., A. pectinatus. 
 
 — Smithia'nue. TenerifEe. 1529. Evergreen 
 
 shrub. 
 
 — Sprenge^ri. Natal. Gfl. 1890, p. 490. 
 
 — stipula'ceit^. 4. White. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1821. Evergreen climber. 
 — - sutnila'tus. 3. Cape of Good Hope. 1811. 
 Evergreen shrub. 
 
 — sylva'ticus. See A. Unuifolius. 
 
 — tenuifo'lvm. 2. Green. July. Hungary. 1819. 
 
 Syn., A. sylvaticus. Hardy. 
 
 — tenui'ssimus. Foliage light gre&n. South 
 
 Africa. 1881. 
 
 — tricarina'tus. Ked. Lil. t. 451. See A. ver- 
 
 tidllatus. 
 ~ umbella'tus. White. July. Teneriffie. 1828. 
 Herbaceous climber. Syn., A. gra-ndi- 
 florus. 
 
 — umbellula'tus. Greenish. Mauritius. Syn., 
 
 A, crigpuB. 
 
 — vertieUla'ris. 2. White. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1752. Syn., A. trica/rmatug. Hardy. 
 
 — virga'tuB. 5. Green, South Africa. 1862. 
 
 Aspa'ragUS (Aspa'ragus officina'lis) 
 was, by the old gardeners, called sperap'g, 
 and by the modern vulgar, grass, or 
 sparrow-grass. The small heads are 
 sometimes spoken of as sprue. 
 
 Varieties. — Those most esteemed at 
 the present time are Connover's Colossal, 
 Giant, and Mammoth Emperor. There 
 are also a few sub-varieties, which derive 
 their names from the place of their 
 growth, and are only to be distinguished 
 for superior size or flavour, which they 
 usually lose on removal from their native 
 place. 
 
 Soil best suited to this vegetable is a 
 fresh, sandy loam, made rich by the 
 abundant addition of manure. It should 
 be trenched from two feet to two feet 
 and a half deep. This depth of good, 
 rich soil, on a dry sub-soil, is ample to 
 yield the very best of heads, if the yearly 
 successive management be attended to. 
 
 Sittiation.—The bed should enjoy the 
 influence of the sun during the whole of 
 the day, as free as possible from the in- 
 fluence of trees and shrubs, and ranging 
 north and south. The sub-soil should 
 be dry, or the bed kept so by being 
 founded on rubbish, or other material 
 to serve as a drain. The supply will of 
 course be regulated by the demand, eight 
 square perches will be capable of afibrd- 
 
ASP 
 
 [77] 
 
 ASP 
 
 ing one hundred heads at a time. Six- 
 teen perches will, in general, afford two 
 or three hundred every day, in the 
 height of the season. 
 
 Sowing. — To raise plants, sow any 
 time, from the middle of February to 
 the beginning of April, in driUs, one 
 inch deep, and one foot apart, if the 
 seedlings are to be transplanted ; but 
 two feet apart, if they are to remain 
 where sown, as sometimes practised, for 
 the purpose of taking up every alternate 
 row for forcing. It thus leaves a per- 
 manent crop on the level ground in two 
 rows, at four feet distance. Between 
 these siunmer crops may be planted, 
 such as French beans, lettuce, spinach, 
 or cauliflowers. Finer heads are to be 
 expected by this wide-row system ; but 
 the most complete and neatest way is to 
 line out beds, four and a half feet wide, 
 in which to sow four rows of seeds, one 
 foot apart, as directed above, leaving 
 three-feet alleys. This will be found 
 the best, for small gardens in particular. 
 
 Culture in Seed-oed. — If dry weather, 
 the bed should be refreshed with mode- 
 rate but frequent waterings ; and, if 
 sown as late as April, shade is required, 
 by means of branches, old pea-stakes, 
 etc., during the meridian of hot days, 
 until the seeds germinate. Care must 
 be taken to keep free from weeds, though 
 this operation should never commence 
 until the plants are well above ground, 
 which will be in the course of three or 
 four weeks from the time of sowing. 
 Sprinkle them about twice a month 
 with salt, and supply them once a week 
 with a good soaking of liquid-manure, 
 during the growing season. Towards 
 the end of October, as soon as the stems 
 are completely withered, they must be 
 cut down, and weU-rotted dung spread 
 over the bed, to the depth of about two 
 inches, This serves to increase the 
 vigour of the giants the following year. 
 About March in the next year thin the 
 plants to one foot apart ; and those re- 
 moved may be transplanted into a bed, 
 twelve inches apart, if it is intended 
 that they should attain another or two 
 years' further growth before being finally 
 planted out ; or they may be planted 
 immediately into the beds, for produc- 
 tion. It may be here remarked, that 
 the plants may remain one or two years 
 in the seed-bed. They wiU even succeed 
 after remaining three ; but if they con- 
 tinue four, they generally faU when 
 transplanted. 
 
 Time of Plantincf.— The best time is 
 the end of March, if the soil is dry, and 
 the season warm and forward ; other- 
 
 wise it is better to wait until the com- 
 mencement of April. A very deter- 
 minate signal of the appropriate time for 
 planting is when the plants are beginning 
 to grow. If moved earlier, and they 
 have to lie torpid for two or three 
 months, many of them die, or, in gene- 
 ral, shoot up very weak. 
 
 Construction of the Beds.— B.a,ye them 
 four and a half feet wide. The situation 
 should be fixed upon a month or two 
 previously to making and planting the 
 beds. The whole should oe trenched 
 two feet to two feet and a half deep, and 
 thoroughly well manured, as the work 
 goes on, with rich, thoroughly-decayed 
 manure. When all is trenched and 
 manured in this way, give a good sur- 
 face-dressing of salt, which wifl wash in 
 with rains. After lying in this way for 
 a month, give the whole another sur- 
 face-dressing with similar manure, and 
 double-dig or trench the whole over 
 again, leaving the surface rough and 
 open, giving the whole another salting, 
 and let it He in this way until the time 
 for planting. Previously to marking 
 out the beds, the whole should have 
 another thorough good digging over, 
 making the surface neat and even as the 
 work goes on. 
 
 Mode of Planting. — The plants being 
 taken from the seed-bed carefully with 
 a narrow-pronged fork, with as little 
 injury to the roots as possible, they must 
 be laid separately and evenly together, 
 for the sake of convenience whilst plant- 
 ing, the roots being apt to entangle, and 
 cause much trouble and injury in parting 
 them. They should be exposed as short 
 a time as possible to the air; and, to 
 this end, it is advisable to keep them, 
 until planted, in a basket covered with 
 a little moss. The mode of planting is 
 to form drills, or narrow trenches, five 
 or six inches deep, and one foot apart, 
 cut out with the spade, the line-side of 
 each driU being made perpendicular ; 
 and against this the plants are to be 
 placed, with their crowns one and a half 
 or two inches below the surface, and 
 twelve inches apart. The roots must be 
 spread out wide, in the form of a fan, a 
 little earth being drawn over each, to 
 retain it in its position whilst the row 
 is proceeded with. For the sake of con- 
 venience, one drill should be made at a 
 time, and the plants inserted and covered 
 completely before another is commenced. 
 When the planting is completed, the 
 bed is to be lightly raked over, and its 
 outline distinctly marked out. Care 
 must be taken never to tread on the 
 beds (they are formed narrow to render 
 
ASP 
 
 [78] 
 
 ASP 
 
 it unnecessary) ; for everything tending 
 to consolidate them is injurious, as, from 
 the length of time they have to continue, 
 ■without a possibility of stirring them to 
 any considerable depth, they have a 
 closer texture than is beneficial to vege- 
 tation. Water must be given, in dry 
 weather, daUy, until the plants are estab- 
 lished. The paths between the beds 
 are to be three feet wide. The first 
 season after planting the beds, a crop of 
 radishes may be sown upon them with- 
 out much injury to the young plants, if 
 the radishes are all drawn off early. It 
 too often happens that new asparagus- 
 beds are ruined by being pestered with 
 other crops ; but a rpw, or even two 
 rows, of either lettuces or spinach, may 
 be sown in the alleys. 
 
 Subsequent Cultivation. — Throughout 
 the year care must be taken to keep the 
 beds clear of weeds ; and, in May and 
 summer, apply liquid manure twice a 
 week plentifully, giving a sprinkling of 
 salt once a month. In the latter end of 
 October, or commencement of Novem- 
 ber, the beds are to have the winter 
 dressing. The stalks must be cut down 
 and cleared away ; the beds cleaned, 
 if weedy, and carefully forked up. A 
 thoroughly good dressing of manure is 
 put aU over the beds equally, and the 
 alleys forked over too ; whilst, for the 
 sake of giving the whole a finish, a line 
 is put down each side of the alley, the 
 edges made up a little, and a few crumbs 
 from the alleys thrown upon the beds, 
 and the edges marked out with the point 
 of the spade. The work is then done for 
 the winter. 
 
 Spring Dressing. — In the month of 
 March the beds are again forked over 
 carefully, the manure and soil well 
 broken up and mixed together, and some 
 of the rougher parts of manure, with 
 all the Takings, forked into the alleys ; 
 after which the beds are raked over, and 
 lettuces are there sown or planted in 
 succession for the summer months. 
 
 Production. — In the May of the second 
 year after planting, if they are very 
 highly cultivated with liquid manure, 
 cutting may commence ; but, under or- 
 dinary culture, cutting had better not 
 begin until the third, year. We recom- 
 mend the heads to be allowed to grow 
 about six inches above the ground before 
 they are cut, and then to be cut level 
 Witn the surface. By this mode, first 
 suggested by Mr. Weaver, the .whole 
 shoot is eatable, all risk of injuring other 
 rising shoots is avoided, and the flavour 
 is much superior to that cut when only 
 just rising above the surface. Cutting 
 
 should cease at the end of June, or very 
 early in July. 
 
 Forcing may be commenced at the end 
 of November. For this purpose, take 
 up the plants from an old bed, or others 
 raised purposely, when they are three or 
 four years old. Carefully commence on 
 one side one of the outer rows of the 
 bed, by digging out a trench, forking 
 the earth as much as possible from 
 underneath the plants, so that they may 
 easily, and without straining or iniuring 
 their roots, be moved out entirely, by 
 thrusting down the fork behind them. 
 Be very careful, a,t the same time, that 
 the buds about the crowns of the plants 
 are not injured by the fork, or trampled 
 upon, or bruised in any way during 
 tneir removal. Obtaining handsome, 
 strong shoots depends much upon the 
 care with which the plants are thus 
 handled. Asparagus is very easily 
 forced, and is very productive under the 
 treatment when properly managed. It 
 may be forced in various modes through 
 the winter ; but those who have the 
 command of hot water, to give it a 
 moderate bottom-heat, will find this 
 give the least trouble. It may also be 
 
 frown in winter, in any kind of forcins- 
 ouse, either in boxes filled with earth, 
 or in a pit filled with leaves, tan, or 
 other fermenting materials. Melon-pits 
 and frames may be used for the same 
 purpose. The hotbed of fermenting 
 materials, thoroughly, well worked pre- 
 viously to being made up into the beds, 
 may give but a slight heat, and on it 
 may be put six inches of old tan, or leaf- 
 mould. Put the asparagus-plants into 
 this, and keep them, during the winter 
 months, about one foot from the glass. 
 Cover them, at first, only slightly with 
 the old tan, or leaf-mould ; but, in ten 
 days or a fortnight, add three or four 
 more inches of the same kind of covering. 
 Take care that altogether the crowns of 
 the plants are not covered more than five 
 or six inches deep. When the plants 
 have begun to grow freely, and the 
 shoots begin to appear through the sur- 
 face, give them some weak, slightly- 
 warmed, or tepid liquid manure, adding 
 to each gallon of it two ounces of com- 
 mon salt. 
 
 Quantity to he Forced. — To keep a 
 supply during the winter months, com- 
 menoine the first week in November, use 
 two or three light cucumber-frames ; and 
 a successional bed should be made up in 
 about a fortnight or three weeks after- 
 wards, and so on until the end of March, 
 taking the advantage of fine, open 
 weather for taking up and planting. 
 
ASP [ 79 ] 
 
 Insects. See Crioceris Asparagi, 
 
 To obtain Seed. — Some shoots should 
 ■be marked, and left in early spring; for 
 those which are allowed to run up after 
 the season of cutting is over are seldom 
 forward enough to ripen their seeds per- 
 fectly. In choosing the shoots for this 
 purpose, those only must be marked 
 which are the finest, and have the closest 
 heads ; those having quick-opening heads, 
 or are small or flat, are never to be 
 left. More are to be selected than would 
 be necessary if each stem would as- 
 suredly be fruitful; but, as some of 
 them only bear unproductive blossoms, 
 that contingency must be allowed for. 
 Each chosen shoot must Ibe fastened to 
 a stake, which, by keeping it f^'om in- 
 jury by winds, etc., more surely insures 
 a crop of seed. The seed is usually 
 ripe m September, when it must be 
 collected, and left in a tub for four or 
 six weeks, for the pulp and husk of the 
 berry to decay, when it may be well 
 cleansed in water. The seeds sink to 
 the bottom, and the refuse floats, and 
 wiU pass away with the water as it is 
 gently poured off; By two or three 
 washings, the seeds will be completely 
 cleansed, and, when perfectly dried by 
 exposure to the sun and air, may be 
 stored for use. 
 
 Aspa'sia. (From aspazomai, I em- 
 brace ; the column embraced by the 
 labellum. Nat. ord., Orchidece.) 
 
 Stove epiphytal orchids, hest grown in baskets 
 containing sphagnum, peat, and broken crocks, 
 with charcoal ; rather dry during winter, and 
 molster when growing. 
 
 A. epidendroi'des. 1. Whitish-yellow. Panama. 
 1833. B. M. t. 3962. 
 
 — luna'ta. 1. Green, white, brown. February. 
 
 Brazil. 1844. Pax. Fl. G. vol. 1, p. 108. 
 
 — lu'tea. Yellow. March. Guiana. 1838. 
 
 — jpapUUma'cea. f. Yellowish, brownish, orange, 
 
 violet. Costa Bica. 1876. 
 
 — prinei'pisga. Light green, buff. 1888. 
 
 — pnttaeHna. Green, brown, purplish. Ecuador. 
 
 1878. 
 
 — variega'ta. 1. Green and yellowish-red. 
 
 February. Panama. 1836. B. M. t. 3679. 
 
 Aspen. Po'pulus tre'mula. 
 
 Aspe'rola. Woodruff. (The diminu- 
 tive of asper, rough ; in reference to the 
 rough leaves. Nat. ord., Bubiacece.) 
 
 All hardy herbaceous plants, except where 
 otherwise described. Division when growth 
 commences in spring. Seeds; common soil. 
 They do hot dislike shade generally. A. odorata 
 being especially useful for bare spaces under 
 dense pine trees, etc. A. trichodes from seed. 
 A. alpi'na. J. White. July. Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 — arcadi^rmt. J. Red. April. Arcadia. 1819. 
 
 B. M. t. 2146. 
 
 — arista' ta. 1. Yellow. July. South of Europe. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — azu'rea seto'ea. 1. Pale blue. Caucasus. 1867. 
 
 Syn., A. orientalis. 
 
 ASP 
 
 A. bremfdlm. }. Purple. July. Europe. 1825. 
 Half-hardy evergreen trailer. 
 
 — mlatmca. See Putoria calalmca. 
 
 — crassifo'lm. See A. tmnentosa. 
 
 — curm'rKhwa. i. Pinkish. July. England. 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 661. 
 
 '^"'titis. 1. Flesh-coloured. July 
 
 Spain. 1821. Syn., A.mirenaica. 
 
 — gahm'des. 1. White. July. South of Eurone 
 1710. ^ 
 
 — ——tyra'ica. }. White. May. Levant. 1829. 
 
 — hvrsuta. 1. White. June. Portugal. 1819. 
 Syn., A. rep&ns, 
 
 — hi'rta. J. Purple. July. Pyrenees. 1817. 
 
 — inca'na. Purple. June. Crete. 1823. Sibth. 
 Fl. Gr. 1. 11. 
 
 — Iceviga'ta. 1. White. June. South of Europe. 
 1775. ^ 
 
 — langifio'ra. J. Yellowish-purple. July. Hun- 
 jary. 1821. 
 
 o'lia. 1. Red. July. South of Europe. 
 1820. Sibth. Fl. Gr. 1. 118. 
 
 — monta'na. }. Pink. July. Hungary. 1801. 
 
 — ni'tida. 1. Pink. August. Greece. 1829. 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 124. 
 
 — odaralta. 1. White. June. Britain. Eng. 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 660. Sweet-scented Wood- 
 ruff. 
 
 — (ynenta'lis. See A. azurea setosa. 
 
 — pyrena'ica. See A. cyrLanchica, var. saxatilis. 
 
 — ri'gida. 1. Bed. July. Greece. 1819. Sibth. 
 Fl. Gr. t. 121. 
 
 — sca'bra. 1. White. July. Italy. 1824. 
 
 — scutella'ris. 1. Russia. 1838. 
 
 — supi'na. 1. Pink. June. Caucasus. 1821. 
 
 — tmiH'na. 1. White. April to June. Italy. 
 1739. 
 
 — tincto/ria. 1. White, pink. July. Europe. 
 1764. 
 
 — tomenMsa. 1. Red. July. South of Europe. 
 1817. Syn., A. crassifolia. 
 
 — trieMdes. White. June. Persia. 1838. Hardy 
 annual. 
 
 Asphalt, Bitumen, or Jew's 
 Fitcn, is found floating on the Dead 
 Sea, and elsewhere. It becomes very 
 hard by exposure to the air; and its 
 name has been appropriated to various 
 artificial preparations, all of which owe 
 their properties to the boiled gas-tar 
 which enters into their composition. 
 Thus the asphalt felt is rendered water- 
 proof for shed-roofing, etc., by being 
 soaked in that tar ; and asphalt walks 
 are most dry and excellent when made 
 as follows : — Take two parts of very dry 
 lime-rubbish, one part coal-ashes, and 
 one of sand, sifted fine. In a dry place, 
 on a dry day, mix them, and leave a 
 hole in the middle of the heap, as 
 plasterers do when making mortar. Into 
 this pour boiling-hot coal-tar; mix, and, 
 when as stiff' as mortar, put it three 
 inches thick where the walk is to be. 
 The ground should be dry, and beaten 
 smooth. Sprinkle over it coarse sand : 
 when cold, pass a light roller over it, 
 and in a few days the walk will be solid 
 and waterproof. 
 
 Asphodeli'ne. (From Asphodelus, 
 Nat. ord., LUiacew.) 
 
 Nearly allied to Asphodelus, but easily distin- 
 guished by their erect leafy stems ; common 
 
ASP 
 
 [80] 
 
 ASP 
 
 garden-soil. Division, and seeds. A.lutea,lihii/r- 
 
 nica and taurica are especially fine. 
 
 A. bremeau'lie. YelloWj with green veins. 
 
 — damascefna. 2. Wliite. Asia Minor. 
 
 — liiu'mica. 2. Yellow. June. Soutli of Europe. 
 
 1812. B. C. t. 916. Syns., Asphodelm 
 capillaris, Red. Lil. t. 380, and A. cre- 
 tieus. 
 
 — lu'tea. 3. Yellow. June. Sicily. 1696. B. M. 
 
 t. 773. Syn.,Aspho(3£lus luteus. 
 
 sMrica. 2. Pale yellow. May. Siberia. 
 
 1829. B. E. t. 1607. Syn., Asphodelua 
 siberiffus. There is also a form with 
 double flowers. 
 
 — proWfera. 1. White. August. Armenia. 1824. 
 
 Hardy annual. Syn., Asphodelvi proli- 
 ferus. 
 
 — tau'rica. 2. White, with green stripes. June. 
 
 Tauria. 1812. Bed. Lil. t. 470. Syn., 
 Asphodelus tauricus. The plant in B. C. 
 1. 1102 is not true A. tawica. 
 
 — tmu'ior. 2. Yellow. July. Siberia. 1824. 
 
 Syn., Asphodelus tenuior. 
 
 Aspho'delus. Asphodel. (From 
 a, not, and sphallo, to supplant; the 
 stately flowers not easily surpassed. 
 Nat. ord, Liliacece.) 
 
 Useful, hardy herbaceous perennials, except 
 where otherwise s_pecified. Division and seeds, 
 which may be raised from seed ; common soil. 
 A, interm^dius requires the protection of a cold 
 pit in winter. 
 A. OBSti'vus. See A. fistvlosus, var. tenuifolvm. 
 
 — al'Hcs. See A. ramosus^ var. albus. 
 
 — asia'ticizs. White. June. Levant. 1824. 
 
 — capilla'ris. See Asphodeline liburnica, 
 
 — clava'tv^. See A. fistulosus, var. clavatus. 
 
 — camdsui. 2. White, green. N. W. Himalaya. 
 
 1887. 
 
 — cre^tiens. See Asphodeline libumica, * 
 
 — flstul&sus. IJ. White. July to August. South 
 
 of Europe. 1696. B. M. t. 984. 
 clava'tvJs. 1. White. July. E. Ind. 1808. 
 
 Stove annual. 
 tenuifo'lius. 2. White. July. Spain. 
 
 1820. Syn., A. cestivus, 
 
 — intermeldius. See A. ramosus^ var. inter- 
 
 meditis. 
 
 — lu'teus. See A^hodeline lutea, 
 
 — Ttiicroca'Tpus. See A. raiifiosus, var. miero- 
 
 carpxLS. 
 
 — proiaferus. See AsphodelvtieproVi^era. 
 
 — ramo'SMS. 4. White. April. South of Europe. 
 
 1829. 
 dllms. 2. White. April. South of Europe. 
 
 1820. 
 intermeldius. 2. White. July. Canaries. 
 
 1822. Half-hardy perennial. 
 rnuroca'rpus. Dalmatia. 1831. 
 
 — siM'ricus. See Asphodeline lutea, var. siMrwa. 
 
 — tau'ricus. See Asphodeline taurica. 
 
 — tenu'ior. See Asphodeline tenuior. 
 
 — Villa'rsii. 2. White. Eastern Fiance. 1888. 
 
 Aspidio'tus conchifo'rmis. Mus- 
 sel Scale. This infests the bark of 
 Apple and Pear trees. It receives the 
 name of Mussel Scale from the form of 
 the scale which covers the mother Coccus 
 and her eggs ; it is tranversely wrinkled 
 and of rich dark brown colour, paler at 
 the narrow end. 
 
 About May the eggs hatch and the 
 y oun§ Cocci spread about the tree, chiefly 
 selecting the younger branches; it is 
 just previous to this that the insect may 
 
 be best dealt with. The best plan to 
 get rid of this pest, is to scrape off thin 
 slices of the infested bark and bum 
 them, afterwards brushing the tree over 
 with paraffin, and scrubbing it with a 
 
 hard brush. Our illustration, for which 
 we are indebted to the Gardener's 
 Chronicle, represents :— Fig. 1, a portion 
 of a branch infested with Mussel Scale, 
 natural size ; 2, a scale seen from above, 
 magnified ; 3 to 5, the same seen from 
 below, containing a mother Coccus (4) 
 and her eggs (5) ; 6, the insect magnified 
 — the small o by its side shows the 
 natural size. 
 
 Aspidi'stra. (From aspidiseon, a 
 little round shield ; shape of flower, or 
 probably, in reference to the mushroom- 
 shaped stigma by which Apidistreae are 
 characterized. Nat. ord., Liliacea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen perennials ; useful orna- 
 mental f oliaged plants for rooms and corridors ; 
 suckers ; loam, leaf-soil, and sand-soil. It is 
 questionable whether these would not all be 
 hardy in the south of England. 
 A. e'latior and elatior variega'ta. See Plecto- 
 gyne va/riegata. 
 
 — lu'rida. 1. Purple. July. China. 1832. 
 
 B. E. t. 628. 
 
 — puncta'ta. 1. Purple. March. China. B. E. 
 
 t. 977. 
 
 Aspi'dium. (From aspidion, a little 
 buckler ; in allusion to the form of the 
 indusium. Nat. ord., Filices — Poly- 
 podiacem. ) 
 
 Spores or seed, and division of the roots, chiefly 
 the latter ; doing so before they begin to grow 
 freely. Shady situation ; loam and peat. The 
 greenhouse and stove kinds should have their 
 appropriate treatment ; those of the latter should 
 not have the temperature lower than 50° in 
 winter. See Febns for general culture. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 A.aerostiehoi'des. 2. N.America. Syn., PoJ;/- 
 
 stichum acrostichoides. 
 gra'ndieeps. Tips of frond crested. 
 
 Garden variety. 
 inci'suTn. Pinnse acute. 
 
 — aculea'tv/m. 1 to 3. Cosmopolitan. A vari- 
 
 able species. ' 
 
 — cUpi'mum. 1. South of Europe. 1825. 
 
ASP 
 
 [81] 
 
 ASP 
 
 A.amguMre.l. Cosmopolitan. The varieties of 
 this in cultivation are very numerous. 
 
 gra'ndiceps. A narrow form, with crested 
 
 tips. 
 
 — atanrn'rivm. 1. N. America. 1820. 
 
 — huUyi'ferum. 1. N. America. 1638. Repro- 
 
 duced by buds formed on the fronds. 
 
 — denta'tum. 1. June. Wales. 
 
 — dilata'tum. 2. June. Britain. 
 
 — dumeto'mm. 1. July. Britain. 
 —fm'gile. 1. July. Britain. 
 
 — Batle'ri. April. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 — im'guum. 2. July. Britain. 
 
 — LonchitU. 1 to 2. Britain. Syn., Polysti- 
 
 chum LonchUis. 
 
 — momta'num. 1. June. Switzerland. 1819 
 
 — muni'twm. 1 to 2. California. Syn., Poly- 
 
 stichwm munitUTn. 
 
 — re'gium. 1. July. Britain. 
 
 — rhaltiemn. J. June. Britain. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 A. c^nmlum. 2. July. Madeira. 1779. 
 
 — wrieta'tum. lto2. Japan te Australia. Syn., 
 
 Polystwhwm a/nstatum. 
 
 corm^o'liuTn, lYonds finely cut. 
 
 vanegaltwm, Kachis striped with a 
 
 lighter green. 
 
 — cape'nse. lto2. June. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 Syns., A. coriaceum and Polystichwm 
 capense. 
 
 — falcine^llum. 1. May. Madeira. Syn., Poly- 
 stichwm faZcmellwni. 
 
 — foemieida'ceum. 1 to 2. Sikkim. Sja., Poly- 
 stichwm focnicvZacewm. 
 
 — frondo'swm,. IJ. Madeira. Syn., Polystichum 
 
 frondosum. 
 
 — laserpitiif&lium. 2. Japan. Syns., Lastrea 
 
 Standishii and Polystichwm laserpitii- 
 
 — lepidoeoM'lon. 1. Japan. Syn., Polystichum 
 
 lepidocaulon. 
 
 — mohrioi'dei, 1. Patagonia. Syn,, Polystichwm 
 
 mohrioides. 
 
 — pu'ngens. 2 to 3. Cape Colony. Syn., Poly- 
 
 stichwnp pwngens. 
 
 — tri'pteron. 2to3. Japan. Syn., Polystichwm 
 
 tripteron. 
 
 — va'rium. IJ to 2. Japan. Syns., Lastrea 
 
 varia and Polystichum varium. 
 
 STOVE. 
 A. aJa'tum. July. E. Indies. 
 
 — ama'bile. 2. Ceylon. Syn., Polystichum 
 
 a/mabUe. 
 
 — ano'malum. 3 to 6. Ceylon. Syn., Polystichum 
 
 — auricula'tum. lto2., India. Syns., A. ocel- 
 
 latwm and Polystichwm auHcuiatwm. 
 
 le'ntum^. Pinnae lobed. India. 
 
 . Tnargina'fum. Texture more coriaceous. 
 
 — eicuta'riwm. 2. July. Jamaica, 1820. 
 
 — crietaltum. See Nephrodium enstatum. 
 Cli/ntonia'num,. See Nephrodium crista- 
 
 turn Clintonianwm. 
 
 — decu'rreiM. 2. May. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — exalta'twm. i. July. Jamaica. 1793. 
 
 — falca'tuTn. 1 to 3. E. Asia. Syn., Cyrtomvum 
 
 falcatum. 
 caryoti'deum. Syn., Cyrtomium caryo- 
 
 tideum. 
 Fortu'nei. Narrower than type. Syn., 
 
 Cyrtomium Fortunei. 
 — flefxum. 2 to 3. Juan Fernandez. Syn., 
 
 Polystichum Jleopum. 
 
 — gra'nde. May. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — heracleifo'liwm. June. 
 
 — Hookdri. June. E. Indies. Syn., A. nephro- 
 
 dioides and Cyelodium Hookeri. 
 
 — imlivi'sum,. 2.. July. Jamaica. 1824. 
 
 — latifo'lium. May. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — maerophy'llum. 3. August. W. Indies. 1816. 
 
 A. meniscioi'des. 3 to 6. W. Indies Syns A 
 confeHum and Cyelodium mmiseioides ' 
 
 — mucronaltum. 1 to 2. W. Indies. Syn 
 Polystichwm mucronatum. '' 
 
 — pa'tem. 2. July. Jamaica. 1784 
 
 — pectina'tum. 1. July. W. Indies. 1826 
 
 — pungens. 2 to 3. Cape Colony. Syn., Poly- 
 stichwm pungens. 
 
 — repa'ndum. 2. island of Luzon. 
 
 — rhizophy'llum. J. July. Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 — semicordaitum. 2 to 4. Tropical America. 
 Syn., Polystichwm semieardatum. 
 
 — smgaporia'mim. April. Malacca. 
 
 — triamgu'lum. 1. W. Indies. Syn., Poly- 
 stichum trUingulum. 
 
 — trifolia'tum. 2. July. W. Indies. 1769. 
 heracleifo'lium. More cut than the type 
 
 — mvipa'rum. 2. July. Jamaica. 1824. Syn., 
 A. trapezoides. 
 
 Asple'nium, Spleenwort. (From 
 a, not, and splen, spleen ; referring to 
 its supposed medicinal properties. Nat. 
 ord., VUiees.) 
 
 For general management, see Aspidium and 
 Perns. In propagating from the spores on the 
 baclc of a frond, prepare a pot well-drained, with 
 some peaty soil ; shake the spores all over it ; 
 cover with a square of glass ; and set the pot in 
 a shady place until the plants are up. 
 
 G = greenhouse species ; S = stove species. 
 A. ai)8c^'sswm. 1. Trop. America. Syn., .4. ;!r- 
 mum. S. 
 
 — acwmina'tum. 2. Sandwich Islands. Syn., 
 A. polyphyllum. 
 
 — acu'tum. 2. April. TenerifEe. 1818. 
 
 — adia'tumyni'grvm. 1. August. Britain. Ene. 
 Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1874. 
 
 acu'tum. 1. Ireland. Eng. Bot. ed. 3. 
 
 1. 1875. 
 
 caudi/o'lium. 
 
 crista' tum. Crested. 1881. 
 
 gra'iuticeps. ^ to 1. Crested. 
 
 oxyphj/llum. ^. Segments acute. 
 
 — a£il7ie. 2. Mascaren Islands. Syn., A. spathU' 
 
 linwm. S. 
 
 — ala'tum. S. America. 1864. S. 
 
 — alism<Bfo'liwm. 1. Philippines. Syn., Aniso- 
 
 gonium alismmfolium. 
 
 — a'ltemans. j. India. Syn., A. Dalhousice. G. 
 
 — altema'twm. 1. July. Australia. 1824. 
 
 — altemi/o'lium. See A. germa/nicum. 
 
 — ambi'guum. 1. W. Indies. 
 
 — amboindnse. 1. S. Sea Islands. 1887. 
 
 — anqustifo'lium. 1. July. N. America. 1812. 
 
 — anisoph^llum. 2. S. Africa. G. 
 
 — api'cidens. See A. Vieillardii. 
 
 — arbore'scens. 3 to 4. Mauritius. 1826. Syn., 
 
 Diplazimn arborescens. S. 
 
 — Amo'ttii. 1. Sandwich Islands. 1877. Syn., 
 
 A. diplazioid^ and Diplazium Ar- 
 nottii. G. 
 
 — aspidim'des. 2. Trop. America. Syn., A. 
 
 maMiseetwrn. G. 
 
 — athj/riwm. 2. August. N. America. 1823. 
 
 — attenualtum. 1. Queensland. G. 
 
 — aulrewm. See A. Geterach, var. a/urewm. 
 
 — auricula'tum. 2. Trop. America. 1820. S. 
 
 — auri'tum. ^ to 1. Trop. America. S. 
 
 — australa'sicwm. See A. nidus. 
 
 — Bapti'sti. 1. S. Sea Islands. 1880. S. 
 
 — Belange'ri. 2. Malay Peninsula. Syns., A. 
 
 Veitchimiwm and Darea Belangeri. S. 
 
 — biauri'twm. 1. July. W. Indies. S. 
 
 — biparti'tum. 2. August. Jamaica. 1820. S. 
 
 — Mse'ctwm. 2. July. Jamaica. 1821. S. 
 
 — brachy'ptercm. J. Madagascar. Syn., Darea 
 
 brachypteron. S. 
 
 — brazilie'nse. 1. July. Brazil. 1822. S. 
 
 — breviso'Twrn. 3. S. Africa. Syn., Athyrium 
 
 brevisontm. S. 
 
 G 
 
ASP 
 
 [82] 
 
 ASP 
 
 A. hulWferum. 1 to 2. July. New Zealand. 
 
 1820. Syn., A. laxum. G. 
 Fabia'nvmi. Sori submarginal. Syn., A. 
 
 Fatnami/m. 
 
 — calophi/lkim. June. Island of Luzon. S. 
 
 — C'anvpb^Uii. G. C. v. 24, p. 7. 
 
 — cmiarie^nse. July. Canary Islands. 1824. G. 
 
 — cavda'tum: Polynesia. G. 
 
 — Ce'terach. \ to 4. Britain. Syn., Ceterach 
 
 offidnarum. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 1883. 
 
 au'reum. Canary IslandS( Syns., A. 
 
 aureum and Ceterach aureum. 
 
 — cicuta'rium. 1. August. W. Indies. 1820. S. 
 
 — Col^nsoi. I to 2. New Zealand. Syn., A. 
 
 Hookerianum. G. 
 
 — comfpre^ ssum. 2 to 3. St. Helena. S. or G. 
 
 — consi'mile. Chili. HalfTiardy. 
 
 — conWguuTn. 2. Sandwich Islands, G. 
 fi'ssum. S. Sea Islands. 1880. 
 
 — crena'turri: 2. N. Europe. 
 
 — cultrifo'lium. 1. W. Indies. 1820. S. 
 
 — cunea'tum. 1. W. Indies. 1832. S. 
 
 — Dalkou'sice. See A. alternans. 
 
 — decussa'tum. 3 to 6. Polynesia. See Aniso- 
 
 gonum decussatwm. S. 
 
 — denta'tum. 1. W. Indies. 1820. G. 
 
 — defntex. S. Africa. 1790. G. 
 
 — depre' ssuTti. 1. August. S. 
 
 — d-iffo'rme. Fronds deep green. New Zealand. 
 
 1867. G. 
 
 — dimidia'tum. September. W. Indies. 1827. S. 
 
 — dimo'rphum. 2 to 4. Norfolk Island. Syns., 
 
 A. diversifolium of some gardens, and 
 Darea dimorpha. G. 
 
 — diplazioi'des. See A. Amottii. 
 
 — diver sifo'lvwm. See A. dimorpkum and A. 
 
 maximum. 
 
 — eb^nmmi. 1. July. N. America. 1779. 
 
 — elega'ntulum. Japan. 
 
 — elonga'tum,. June. Malacca. 1840. S. 
 
 — ero'&wm. June. W. Indies. S. 
 
 — eBml^ntwm. 5 to 9. India. 1822. Syn., .4mso- 
 
 goTvwm esculentuTTb. S. 
 
 — ext^nsvmfh. 1 to 2. Andes of Columbia and 
 
 Peru. G. 
 — falca'tum. 1. Polynesia. 1825. 
 
 — fejee'nee. 2. Fiji. S. 
 
 — femandezia'num,. Montevideo. 1869. G. 
 
 — ferula' cewm,. .IJ-. Columbia. S. 
 
 — jtUccLu'le. One-twelfth. New Grenada. 1881. S. 
 
 — fiUx-fce'Tfiina. 1 to 3 Britain. Syn., Athy- 
 riuTih Jilix-fo&mma The varieties of this 
 species are endless ; the best are : 
 acrocla'don, aewmina'tivm, apieula'twm, 
 Applebya'nvmij Bam^sii, ca'lothrix, con- 
 to'rtimi, corona'tivm, corymhi'ferum,, 
 cr'ispum, disse'ctum, Elwo'rthii, Me^ldice, 
 Frise'llioet gra'ndice^s^ Jonefsii, mi'ni- 
 mum,, Moo'rei, multi'fidv/m, panno'sum, 
 plumo'^wniy Pritcha'rdii, ra/mo'sa^ sco'poB, 
 subluna'tuTtif and Victo'riaz. 
 
 — fi'ssum. S. Europe. 1825. 
 
 — fiabeUif</lium. 1. July, Australia. 1820. G. 
 • m-a'jus. Larger. 
 
 — fla'cddAim. lto3. New Zealand. Syns., .4. 
 
 odontites and Darea flacdda. 
 — fonta'num. 1. July. England. Eng. Bot. 
 
 ed. 3, 1. 1872, Syn., A. Ealleri. 
 
 refra'ctv/m, Pinnse larger, reflexed. 
 
 ~-f(yrmo'sum. 1. W. Indies. 1822. S. 
 
 — fr a! grans. 1. August. Jamaica. 1793. S. 
 
 /osnicu^a'cewm.. Se^ents narrower. 
 
 — Franco' nis. 1 to 3. Mexico. Syn., iJip^azittm 
 
 Franconis, S. 
 
 — furca'tum. 1 to 2. Tropics of both hemi- 
 
 spheres. Syn., A. prcemorswm. S, 
 
 — Oardne'ri. IJ. Ceylon. 1873. S. 
 
 — gernna'nicum. h N. Europe. Eng. Bofc.' ed. 3, 
 
 t. 1881. Syn., A. altemifolvu/m. 
 
 — Goringia'nv/m pi'etv/m. See A. macroca/rpum. 
 ^-~ grtmdifo'lvwm. 3 to 5. Trop. America. 1793. 
 
 Syn., Dipktmt/m grandifQlvum, 
 
 A. Grevi'llH. 1. India. S. 
 
 — Halle'ri. See A. fontanum. ' 
 
 — Hemioni'tis. f. S.Europe. Syix.t A. palmor- 
 
 turn. 
 
 crista'tum. Crested and tasselled. Ma- 
 deira. 1864. Syn., A. pahnatvm eriS' 
 tatum. 
 
 nvulti'fidv/m. Azores. 
 
 — heteroca'rpum. 1 to 3. S. E. Asia. S. or G. 
 
 — ho'rridAim. 1884. 
 
 — inci'sum. 1. Japan. G. 
 
 — java'nicwm. See Allantodia JBrimonia/na. 
 
 — la'cteum. W. Indies. S. 
 
 — Ic^tu/m. W. Indies. S. 
 
 — Laffania'num. Bermuda. 1880. 
 
 — lanceola'tvmfb. 1. W. Europe. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 
 1. 1873. 
 
 crispa'tmn. Margins curled. 
 
 mi'GTodon. Very finely toothed. 
 
 — la'nAi&wm. 1. Himalayas. Byns,., A. submLua- 
 
 tu/m and Diplaziwm la/nceum. G. 
 
 — laserpitiiifo'liv/m. 1 to 5. Polynesia. G. 
 
 — linea'tiMth. 1 to 2. Mauritius. S. 
 
 — longiso'rum,. New Grenada. 1881. S. 
 
 — longi'ssimwm. 2 to 9. Malacca. 1840. S. 
 
 — lunula'tv/m. ^ to 2. Tropics of both Hemi- 
 
 spheres. Syn., A. ereetwm. S. 
 
 — mwsroca'rpv/m. 1 to 3. Himalayas. G. Syn., 
 
 A, GoringianuTn pictum. 
 
 — macrophy'Uumof some gardens. SeeA.nitens. 
 — 'inari'num. 1. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 
 1. 1876. Amongst the many varieties of 
 this may be mentioned : cor<^nans, ere- 
 na'tvmfhy mvra'bile, plumo'sum, ramo-plU' 
 mo'sum,, ramo'sum, sttb-Hpinna'tv/m, and 
 Thomso'nce. 
 
 — ma'oMmim. 4. N. India. Syns. , A . diversi- 
 
 foliv/m and Diplazium detmrrens. S. 
 
 — m^Zanocau'lon. 1. N. America. 1812. S. 
 
 — Michau'xii. 2. N. America. 1823. 
 
 — mona'nthemum. 1, S. Africa. 1790. G. 
 
 — monta'numi. 1. N. America. 1812. G. 
 
 — multis^ctumi. See A. aspidioides. 
 
 — myriophy'llv/m. Mexico. 1861. Syn.,A.flahel- 
 
 lulatum. 
 
 — ni'dus. 2. India. 1820. Syn., A. musoe 
 
 folium. S. 
 
 -^ australa'sicum. Australia. Syn., Tham- 
 
 nopteris australasieum. 
 
 — ni'tens. |. Mauritius. Syn., A. macrophyllvm 
 
 of gardens. S. 
 
 — ni'tidum. 2 to 3. India. G. 
 
 — n&vce-caledo'nice. New Caledonia. 1866. G. 
 
 — obtusa'tum. 1. New Zealand, and Aus- 
 
 tralia. G. 
 
 diffo'rme. Pinnse cut to the rachis. 
 
 luddum, "W. Indies. G. 
 
 — obtusifo'Hvm. W. Indies. 1838. S. 
 
 — obtusilo'buTn. New Hebrides. 1861. 
 
 — oligopky'llv/m. Brazil. 1841. S. 
 
 — otvtes. Tropical America. 1841. S. 
 
 of A. pulchellu/m. 
 
 ~ oxyphy'llum. 1 to 2. Himalayas. ^^ , 
 
 Athyrvwm oxyphyllum ajidLastrea ebur* 
 nea. G. 
 
 — palea'ceum. Australia. 1879. S. 
 
 — palma'twrn. See A. Hemionitis. 
 
 — persidfo'lium,. Island of Luzon. S. 
 
 — petra'rche. i. France. 1819. 
 
 — pa'rvulvm. Ic. PI. t. 222. See A. trilobum.. 
 
 — pinnati'fidum. ^. Pennsylvania. G. 
 
 — planicau'le. 1. Himalayas. 1841. G. 
 
 — plantcMi'neum. 1. W, Indies. 1819. 
 
 Diplazium plantagin&um. S. 
 
 — polyo'don. New Zealand. 1843. G. 
 
 — polyphy'llum-. See A. acuminatum. 
 
 — prcemo'rsum. See A. furcatum-. 
 r- pulche'llvm. J. Tropical America. 
 —pu'lchrum. Jamaica. S. 
 
 — pwmi'lim,. 1. W. Indies. 1823. S. 
 
 — rachirhi'zon. Tropical America. Syn., 
 
 rachirhvncBy S. 
 
 S. 
 
 A form 
 Syns., 
 
 Syn., 
 
 S. 
 
ASP 
 
 [83] 
 
 AST 
 
 A. radi'eans. . 3 to 6. Tropical America. Syns., 
 A, giganteum, Diplazium radicans, and 
 D. wmbroswm, S, 
 
 — rese^ctv/m. 1. Mauritius. 1820. S. 
 
 — rhizo'phorwm. 1 to 2. Tropical America. S. 
 
 — rhizophy'llum. 1. N. America. 1680. G. 
 •myrioph'j/llv/m. Broader. 
 
 — rutcefo'lium. 1. Cape Colony. Syns., A. 
 
 proUmgatv/m oaaDairea rutafolia. G. 
 
 — ruta-rmira'ria. J. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 
 t. 1880. 
 
 — saMcifo'lium. 1. W. Indies. G. 
 
 — salidnum. 1. E. Indies. 1839. G. 
 
 — Sanders&ni. |. Natal. 1880. S. 
 
 — sca'ndens. 1. Sumatra. 1887. S. 
 
 — schi'zodon. See A. Vieitlardii. 
 
 — Schku'rii. 3. Ceylon. Syn., Diplaziuin 
 
 Schkurii. S. 
 
 — scolopendroi'des. Island of Leyte. 1840. S. 
 
 — Selo'sii. J. Tyrol. 
 
 — septentriona'le. 1. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 
 1. 1882. 
 
 — serra'tum. 2. August. W. Indies. 1793. S. 
 
 — serrula'tum. June. India. S. 
 
 — Shephe/rdii. 1 to 2. S. America. Syn., Dipla- 
 
 zium Shepherdii. G. 
 vnoBquila't&ruin. PinnsB unequal-sided. 
 
 — spinulo'sum. 1. Amer. Syns., Athyriwm 
 
 spinuloswm and Cystopteris spin/ulosa. 
 G. 
 
 — spldndem. 1. Cape Colony. G. 
 
 — stria' turn. 1. W. Indies. 1793. S. 
 
 — nidcaltum. July. W. Indies. 1827. S. 
 
 — sylva'tieum. 2. India. S. 
 
 — thelypteroi'des. 1. N. Amer. 1823. Syn., 
 
 Athyriv/m thelypteroides. 
 
 — Thwaitelsii. 1. Ceylon. Syn., Biplazium, 
 
 Thwaite&ii. S. 
 
 — trich(/mane8. i. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 
 t. 1878. 
 
 Varieties of this are ; crista'twmj in- 
 ci'sum, mulWfidum, and ramo'sum. t 
 
 — trilo'bum. J. S. Brazil. Syn., A. parvulwm. 
 
 — umbro'sum. 3 to 5. Madeira to Himalayas. 
 
 Syns., AUwntodia austraU and Atkry- 
 riv/m umbrosum. G. 
 
 — vafrlane. J. Himalayas. G. 
 
 — Vieilla'rdii. New Caledonia. 1871. Syns., A. 
 
 apicidens and A. Bchizodon. S. 
 fa'cile. J. New Caledonia. 1881. S. 
 
 — m'ride. 1. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1877. 
 
 — vittcefo'rine. Island of Luzon. Syn., .4. swn- 
 
 dense. S. 
 
 — vivi'parwm. 1. Mauritius. 1820. S. 
 
 — indca'nixum. 1 to 3. Malay Islands. Syn., 
 
 A. heterodon. S. 
 -^zamuBfo'Kum. 2. Caraccas. 1820. S. 
 
 — zeylaJnicwm. 1. Ceylon. Syn., Diplazvwm 
 
 ■ Asprella. (Diminutive of asper, 
 rough. Nat. ord., Graminece.) 
 4. hy'strite. Hardy annual. Wien. Gart. Zeit. 
 1889, p. 228, f. 45. 
 
 Assam Tea. The'a assame'nsis. 
 Asso'nia. See Do'mbeya. 
 
 Asta'rtea. (A classical name, after 
 Astarte, a goddess of the Phoenicians 
 and Syrians, called in Scripture Ash- 
 taroth. 'Sa.t. ovA.., MyrtacecB.) 
 
 A pretty greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cut- 
 tings of small shoots, half-ripe, in sandy soil, 
 under a bell-glass, and kept shaded for a time ; 
 sandy loam and peat. 
 
 A. fm<Miu,la'ris. 6 to 9. White. May. West 
 Australia. 1830. 
 
 Aste'lia. (From astelos, wanting a 
 
 pillar ; in allusion to its having no stem 
 or trunk. Nat. ord., Liliacew; Tribe, 
 DraccBnecBr) 
 
 Eare greenhouse tufted perennials, with long 
 grass-like, hairy- leaves. Divisions in spring 
 Peat and loam, about half and half. 
 A. Ba'nksii. Greenish. New Zealand. Hort 
 Vanh. t. B. 
 
 — Kvitta'ta. New Zealand. 1864. 
 
 — Cunfiingha'mi. Green. February. North 
 
 Island, New Zealand. B. M. t. 6175. 
 This species might prove hardy in the 
 South of England. 
 
 — Sola'tidn. Greenish, New Zealand. 1864. 
 
 B. M. t. 5603. 
 
 Aste'lma. See Heli'pterum. 
 
 Aste'phanus. (From a, without, 
 and Stephanos, a crown ; in reference to 
 the stamens. Nat. ord., AsclepiadaceoB). 
 
 Greenhouse twining evergreen plants ; division 
 and cuttings in sandy soil in heat ; peat, leaf -soil, 
 and sandy loam. 
 
 A. Ivnea'ris. 4. White. July. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1816. 
 
 — triflo'rus. 4. White. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1816. 
 
 Astei?. Starwort. (From aster, a 
 star. The flowers of Composites, or 
 Starworts, are called florets, and, being 
 collected together on a receptacle, as in 
 the daisy or dahlia, the rays of their 
 circumference resemble stars. Nat. ord. , 
 CompositcB ; Tribe, Asteroideoe. ) 
 
 To this family we are indebted for many of our 
 autumn ornaments in our flower-borders. The 
 greenhouse- species are evergreen shrubs, propa- 
 gated by cuttings, under a hand-glass, in sandy 
 peat, and flounshing in peat and loam. The 
 hardy species are deciduous herbaceous plants, 
 propagated by division, and flourishing in com- 
 mon garden-soil. 
 
 A. a'crw. 2. Lilac. August. Central Europe. 
 1731. Syns., A. c^oGwrumZoides, hyssopi- 
 Joliits, linifoliuSi and punctatus, 
 
 — aculea'ttts. See Qlearia ra/mulosa. 
 
 — acumma'tus, 2. Pale red. September. 
 
 N. America. 1806. B. M. t. 2707. 
 
 — alm'nus. 1. Purple. June. Europe. 1658. 
 
 B. M. 1. 199. 
 
 fit/rea'lio. 1. White. July. Europe. 1828. 
 
 rot/mo' gu8. 1. Blue. June. Europe. 
 
 spedo'siis. A fine large flowered variety. 
 
 — altai'eus. 1. Blue. June. Siberia. 1804. 
 
 Syn., A.emguati/olius. Jacq. H. Schoenb. 
 t. 370. 
 
 — alwarte!rms. B. M. t. 2321. See Erigeron 
 
 pvlchellvjm. 
 
 — ameHl'US. 2. Purple. August. Italy. 1596. 
 
 B. R. t. 340. Italian starwort. Syns., 
 
 A. Allrus, B. B. 1. 1666, mmlloides, and 
 
 Jbericus. 
 anguslifdliim. 2. Pale blue. August. 
 
 South of Europe. 1596. 
 bessara'bwus. Purple. September. Bussia. 
 
 1834. 
 
 — ameffiysli'nus. 3. Bright lilac. October. 
 
 United States. Syn., A. bostoniensis. 
 
 — aragoninsis. 1. Blue. June. Spain. 1826. 
 
 Syn., A. lusitanicus, 
 
 — argophy'Uus. B. M. t. 1563. See Olearia 
 
 argophyUa. 
 
 — azvlreuis. 3. Violet. United States. 
 
 — bellidia' strum, 1. White. June. Austria. 
 
 1670. Syns. BelUdimtrum Michelii and 
 Voronicum Michelii. 
 
AST 
 
 [84] 
 
 AST 
 
 A. Wcalor. J. Changing from white to purple. 
 
 — Bi^elo'vii. 2J. Purple, yellow. Summer. 
 
 Colorado. 1878. Hardy. Syn., A. 
 Tmmehmdii. B. M. t. 6430. 
 
 — cabu'UcKs. See Microglosm aHiescens. 
 
 — cam! scene. 2. Violet. September. N. 
 
 America. 1812. Syn., DvpUypa^ipus in- 
 ccmm. B. 1£. t. 3382. 
 
 — ca'nus. 2. Purple. August. Hungary. 1816. 
 
 — carolinia'nus. 3. Purple. September. Caro- 
 
 lina. 
 
 — cmiea'sicus. L Purple. July. Caucasus. 1804. 
 
 — Chapma'nni. 4. Bright blue. United States. 
 
 — cM-ne'nsis, See CaUistejohus hortensis. 
 
 — chrysophy'ttue. White. 
 
 — cc/ncolor. 1. Purple. October. N. America. 
 
 1759. 
 
 — amyzoi'des. See Felicia amguitifolia. 
 
 — cordiSdlins, 2. Blue. July. N. America. 
 
 1769. B. B. 1. 1597. 
 
 — coconom/b'ZiMS. Yellow. N. America. 1878. 
 
 Syn., BieUffvi coronopi^olia, 
 
 — corymbt/xus. 2. White. October. N. America. 
 
 1765. B. E. t. 1532. Syn., A. divari- 
 catus. 
 
 — Cv/rti'sii. 2. Bright lilac. United States. 
 
 — cymbula'ruie. 2. White. September. S. 
 
 Africa. 1786. Greenhouse. 
 
 — (JdftM'ricKS. 2. PaJe blue. Central Siberia. 
 
 — deeerto'rum. 2. Blue. July. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 — diffu'sua. 2, White. October. N. America. 
 • 1777. Syns. A. pendulus and recurvatns. 
 
 — diploetephioi'des. IJ. Lavender blue. Alpine 
 
 region of Himalayas. 1884. B. M. 
 t. 6718. 
 
 — Drmnmo'ndii. S. Pale lilac. United States. 
 
 — dumo'sus. 3. White. October. N. America. 
 
 1734. Sjos., A. coridi/oliue,foliosus, a,iid 
 fragilis. 
 
 — eriayi'des. 3. White. September. N. America. 
 
 1758. Syn., A. pUoBits. 
 
 — enibe'scens. See Olearia Tnyrsirwides. 
 
 — exaspera'tus. See Olearia ramulosa. 
 
 — flUf&lius. 3. White. May. South Africa. 
 
 1812. Greenhouse. 
 —flaribu'ndus. 4. Purple. September. N. 
 
 America. 
 
 — glau'cus. 2. Bright lilac. United States. 
 
 — gra'cilis. 1. Green. August. N. America. 
 
 — graminifo'lius. See IBh^geron hyssopi/olius, 
 
 — grandifidrus, 2. Blue. November. N. 
 
 America. 1720. B. M. t. 273. 
 
 — gym/noc^phalus. 1-2. Bose-purple. Mexico. 
 
 1878. Syn. Aplopa/ppus gym/nocephalus. 
 
 — Hefrveyi, 2. -Lilac. Massachusetts. 
 
 — heterovhy'llus. 3. White. August. N. 
 
 America. 1811. 
 
 — hi'spidus. 1. Lilac. September. S. Africa. 
 
 1804. 
 
 — inci'sus. 2. Blue. August. Siberia, 1818. 
 
 — infilrmis. 1. White. September. N. America. 
 
 1699. Syn., A. hwrnilis. 
 
 — vmdoVdes. See Srigeron multiradiat'u^, 
 —ju'ncews. 4. Flesh-coloured. September. 
 
 N. America. 1768. B. E. 1. 1614. 
 
 — lafvie. 2. Blue. September. N. America. 
 
 1758. B. E. 1. 1500. Syns., A. cyaneus, 
 Ifxmgatus^ politus, and rvhricavXis. 
 
 — Tma/rifo'lvus. 1. Pale blue. September. N. 
 
 America. 1699. Syns., A. pulchenrimus 
 and rigidus, and Biplopa/ppvs linarii- 
 folvue. 
 
 — linosy'ris. 1. Bright yellow. Autumn. Eu- 
 
 rope. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 777. Syns., 
 Chrysocoma linosyrie and hmosyris iml- 
 garis, 
 
 — longi/o'lius. 3. White. October. N. America. 
 
 1798. B. E. 1. 1614. Syns., A. cestivus, 
 bicolor, and laxijlorus. There is also a 
 variety, formosus, 
 
 — Iyra!tu8. B. M. t. 1609. See Olearia stellu- 
 
 lata. 
 
 A. nutorophy'Uus. 2. White. August. N. 
 America. 1739. Syn., A. Schreben. 
 
 — margina'tm. 1. Violet. July. New Grenada. 
 
 1827. 
 
 — mi'ser. 2. White. August. 1812. Syn., ^. 
 
 vfvuY ii fo ti/UiS 
 
 — multifio'rus. 3.' White. September. N. 
 
 America. 1732. 
 
 — myrmtai'des. See Olearia myrsinmdes. 
 
 — nemara'lis. 1. Lilac. August. N. America. 
 
 1778. 
 
 — no'voB a'nglioe. 6. Purple. September. N.. 
 
 America. 1710. B. E. t. 183. Syns., 
 A. ampleadcaulis, concinmis, and spurius. 
 
 ru'ber. 6. Bed. July. N. America. 
 
 1812. 
 
 — TW'vi be'lgii. 4. Purple. September. N. 
 
 America. 1710. Syns., A. admlterinut. 
 (B. E. t. 1671), eminens, laams, Itiau- 
 rianSt nvutabilis, praealtiis^ and sero- 
 
 ifo'lius. 2. Lilac. July. N. America. 
 
 1797. Syn., A. graveolens. 
 
 — obtma'tus. 4. White. June. S, Africa. 
 
 1793. 
 —paliido'sus. 3. Blue. August. N. America. 
 1784. 
 
 — pamicula'tus. 4. Blue. September. N. 
 
 America. 1640. Syns., A. bellidifiorus, 
 lanceolatus, salignv,s, saTiguitieus, sim- 
 plex, and strictus. 
 
 — paJtenis. 2. Purple. October. N. America. 
 
 1773. Swt.Tl. Gard. t. 234. 
 
 — pa'tulus. 3. LUac. September. Canada 
 
 and United Slates. Syns., A. cMrema- 
 tus Siod pallens. B. E. 1. 1509. 
 — pamdjio'rus. 1. White. September. Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 — peregri'nus. 1. Blue. July. N. America. 
 
 — plantagino^o'lius. See Sericocarpus cony- 
 
 — plurifo'lius, 2. White. June. S, Africa. 
 
 1769. Syn., A. fruticulosus, B. M. 
 t. 2286. 
 — polyphy'lVui. 3. White. September. N. 
 America. 
 
 — prena/nihoHdes, 3. Blue. September. N. 
 
 America. 1821. 
 
 — ptarmicoi'des. 1-2. White. N. America,. 
 
 — pvXcheHlus. See Erigeron pulckellus. 
 ^■pwnilceus. 3. Blue. September. N. America. 
 
 1710. Syn., A. blandus, B. 0. t. 959. 
 
 demi'ssus. 2. Blue. September. 1820. 
 
 Garden variety. 
 
 — pu'tens. 4. Lilac. N. America. Hardy. 
 
 — pyreru^us. 2. Violet. July. Pyrenees. 
 
 Syn., A. prascaz. 
 
 — ra'dvXa. 2. White. October. N. America. 
 
 1785. Syns., A. biflorus and nudijUyrus. 
 
 — ra/mo'sus. 1. Purple, red. June. N. America. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — reflt^xits, B. M. t. 884. See Felicia rejlexa. 
 
 — reticular tus. 3. White. July. N. America, 
 
 1812. 
 
 — sagittifo'lims. 2. Flesh-coloured. June. N. 
 
 America. 1760. 
 
 — salieifo'lius. 6. Flesh-coloured. September. 
 
 N. America. 1760. Syn., A. rwidulus. 
 
 — salsugino' sus. B. M. t. 4940. See Frigermi 
 
 salsuginosus. 
 
 — scorzorterifo'lius. 1. Pale purplish. California. 
 
 Hardy. 
 
 — seri'ceue. 3. Bright violet. August. United 
 
 States. 1786. Greenhouse. Syns., .4. ar- 
 genteus and montanus. 
 
 — sessilifio'rus. 5. Eed. October. N. America. 
 
 1700. 
 
 — Sho'rtii. 3. Bright lilac. October. United 
 
 States. 
 
 — siM'ricus. 2. Blue. August. Siberia. 1768. 
 
 — sikkvme'Tms. 3. Bluish-purple. October. 
 
 Sikkim Himalayas. 1850. B, M. t. 4567. 
 
AST 
 
 [85] 
 
 AST 
 
 ^. solida^Tuyi^des, Q&e Sericocarpus soUdagiTieus. 
 
 — specta'bilis. 2. Blue. August. N. America. 
 
 1777. B. E. t. 1627. SYn.,A.eleg<ms. 
 
 — squarro'sus. 2. Blue. June. If. America. 
 
 1801. 
 
 — stellula'tus. See Olearia stellulata. 
 
 — subula'tus. 2. Pale blue. September, N. 
 
 America. 
 
 — eurculo'siis. 2. Purple. August. N. America. 
 
 — tcmacetifo'lius. 1. Purple. July. New 
 
 Mexico. 1851. Syn. MaclioErtmthera 
 tanacetifolia^ B. M. t. 4624. 
 
 — tata'rieus. 1. White. August. Tartary. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — tenem'us. 1. Blue. August. S. Africa. 
 
 1769. Greenhouse biennial. B. M. t. 33. 
 
 — tenuifo'lius. 3. White. August. N. America. 
 
 1723. Syns., A. fiemw«us and spa/rsi- 
 fiorus. 
 
 — Thomao'ni. 1-3. Whitish. W. Himalayas. 
 
 — tomento'sus. See Olearia dentata. 
 
 — tortifo'lius. 1. Purple. September. N. 
 
 America. 
 
 — Tradesea'nti. 3. White. August. N. America. 
 
 1633. Syn., A. artemisiifiorus. 
 
 — trin^rms. 2. White. August. S. France. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — Tripo'lium. 2. Blue. August. Shores of 
 
 Europe. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 776. Syns., 
 A, pmumieus and TripoUum imlgwre. 
 
 — turHn^llus, 2. Bright lilac. October. 
 
 United States. 
 ' — unAella'tus. 2. White. August. N. America. 
 1759. &JDS., A.amygaalinusBMUHplo- 
 pappus umbellatus. 
 
 — undvMtus. 3. Purple. September. N. 
 
 America. 1699. 
 
 — versicolor. 3. White, purple. Au^st. N. 
 
 America. 1790. Syn., A. Icevis, B. B.. 
 t. 1600. 
 
 — vUlo'gus. See Felicia mllosa. 
 
 ^- vimi'Tieus. 3. Blue. September, N. America. 
 1800. Syn. A. folioloBus. 
 
 Asteraca'ntha. See Hygrophila. 
 
 Aste'ricus mari'timus. See Odon- 
 tosperraum maritimum. 
 
 Asteroce'phalUS. (From astron, 
 a star, and kephale, a head ; in reference 
 to the seed.) See Scabiosa. 
 A. arge^nteus. See Scabiosa ucranica. 
 
 — Bieberstei'nii. See Scabiosa mierantlia, 
 
 — ca^Ua'tvs. See Scabiosa mollis. 
 
 — ^Ugans. See Scabiosa caitcasica. . 
 
 — inca'nus. See Scabiosa suaveolens. 
 
 — lu'cidus. See Scabiosa nitens. 
 
 — Tiwllissvmus. See Scabiosa pyrenaica. 
 
 — rota'tus. See Scabiosa stellata. 
 
 — rwpe'stris. See Scabiosa Isetensis. 
 
 — rutcBfo'lius. See Scabiosa urceolata. 
 
 — Sieulus. ' See Scabiosa ueranica. 
 
 — simplex. See Scabiosa monspeliensis. 
 
 — tomento'sus. See Scabiosa pyrenaica. 
 
 Asterosti'gma. See Stauro- 
 stigma. 
 
 Astilbe. (From a, not, and stilbe, 
 brightness ; flowers not very conspicuous. 
 Nat. ord., Saxifragacem.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perenniaL Division ; rich 
 ^rden-soil. 
 
 A. deea'ndra. 2. White, June. Carolina. 1812. 
 
 —japdnica. IJ. White. Japan. Syns., A. 
 
 barbata, Spircea barbata japonica, and 
 
 Boteia japonica. There is a variety with 
 
 variegated leaves. A useful rock plant. 
 
 — rimUa'ris. 3. Greenish-yellow. Late summer. 
 
 Nepaul. 
 
 A. ru'br^ ^ ^Knk. July. E. Indies. 1861. 
 
 — Thtmbe'rgii. IJ. White, Japan. 1878. Flor 
 
 Mag. n. s. t, 467. 
 
 Asti'ria. (From a, not, and steiros, 
 sterile ; referring to the absence of bar- 
 ren stamens, one-half of these being 
 barren, generally, ta this order. Nat, 
 ord. Sterculiacem.) 
 
 Allied to Dombeya. Stove evergreen shrub • 
 cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat : peat 
 and sandy loam. 
 
 A. ro^ea. Pink. May. Mauritius, 1843, 
 B. B. 1844, t. 49. 
 
 Astra'galus. Milk Vetch, (An 
 ancient Greek name for some leguminous 
 plant, Nat. ord., Legwminosce.) 
 
 All hardy, except where otherwise specified. 
 Annual species, seed, in common, sandy soil, in 
 March. Perennial herbaceous species, division 
 of the plant. The under-shrubs, cuttings, under 
 a hand-light ; common, sandy soil for all. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 A. cegi'eeras. 1. Pale yellow. July. 1818. 
 
 — alopeleias. 3. Yellow. June. Siberia. 1800. 
 
 — arrnvMris. \\. Purple. July. Egypt. 1800. 
 
 Trailer. Syn., A. trimarphus. 
 
 — baitMfus. 1. Pale yellow. July. South of 
 
 Europe, 1769. Trailer, 
 
 — bracliycilrai. \. Yellow, July. Tauria. 1828. 
 
 — bu'ceras. 1. Pale yellow. July. 1818. Trailer, 
 • — canalicula'tits. See A. scorpioides. 
 
 — caryoca'rpus. 1. Purple. July. N. America, 
 
 B. K. 1. 176. 1800. Biennial. 
 
 — ci'cer. 2. Yellow. July. Europe. 1570. 
 
 Trailer, 
 
 — contortvplica tus. 1. Pale yellow, July. 
 
 Siberia. 1764. Trailer. 
 
 — erucia'tus. IJ, Violet. July, 1820. Trailer. 
 
 — cymbaBca'rpus. J. White, July. Spain, 
 
 1800. Trailer. 
 
 — gla'ux. i. Purple. July. Spain. 1596. 
 
 — lotoi'des. See A. sinicus. 
 
 — m,areo'ticus. J, Lilac. July. Egypt, 1817. 
 
 Trailer. 
 
 — Nuttallia'nus. \. Blue. July. America. 
 
 1820. Trailer. 
 
 — oxyglo'ttis. J. Blue. July. Tauria, 1817. 
 
 Trailer, 
 
 — pentaglo'ttis. }. Purple. July. Spain. 
 
 1739. Trailer. 
 
 — reticula'ris. Blue. July, Iberia. 1828. 
 
 — scorpioi'des. 1, Pale blue. July. Spain. 1816. 
 
 Syn., A. caTialiculatus. 
 
 — sesa'meus. 1. Pale blue. July. South of 
 
 Europe. 1816. Trailer. 
 
 — si'nictis. J. Eed. August, China. 1763. 
 
 Syn., A. lotoides. 
 
 — triangula'ris. 1. Pale yellow. July, 1818. 
 
 — tribuloi'des. J. Purple. July. Egypt, 1817, 
 
 Trailer. 
 
 — trime'stris. J. Pale yellow, July. Egypt, 
 
 1730. Trailer. 
 
 — trvmo'rphus. See A. annularis. 
 
 FERENNIAI;3, 
 
 A. acuti/o'litis. J. July. Persia. 1826. 
 
 — adsu'rgens. J. Purple. July. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 Syn., A. Laxmann% Jacq. 
 
 — prostra'tus. J. Pui^le. July. Siberia. 
 
 1818. Trailer. 
 
 — adu'ncus. 1. Purple. July. Caucasus. 1819. 
 
 — alopeffuroi'des. 2. Light yellow. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1737. 
 
 — ammuody'tes. i. White. July. Siberia. 
 
 1820. Bverfflreen under-shrub. 
 
 — arena'riue. 1. Blue, July, Scandinavia, 
 
 1798. Trailer. 
 
AST 
 
 .[86] 
 
 AST 
 
 A. arista' Im. 1. Purple. July. Pyrenees. 
 1791. Evergreen. 
 
 — a'eper. 3. Pale yellow. July. Astracan. 1796. 
 
 — aMStrHacua. J. Pale blue. July. Austria. 
 
 1640. 
 
 — baicale'nsis. 1. August. Yellow. Siberia. 
 
 1880. 
 
 — bayone/neit. J. Purple. July. France. 1816. 
 
 — irachyea'rpua. IJ. Purple. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1820. Trailer. 
 
 — breviJU/ru8. See A. eriocephalus. 
 
 — Buchtomw^nsis. See Oxytropis Palldsii. 
 
 — cwnaMnsis. IJ. Pale yellow. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1732. Syn., A. carolinianus. 
 
 — ealyd'rms. August. Caucasus. 1819. 
 
 — capita'tut. See A. emarginatus. 
 
 — capri'nus. 1. Pale yellow. July. Barbary. 
 
 1683. 
 
 — carolinm'nus. See A. canaderisis. 
 
 — caryoca'rpus. 1. Purple. July. N.America. 
 
 1827. Syn., A. succiUentits. 
 
 — camca'eieus. J. White. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1821. Evergreen. 
 
 — chinefnsis. 1. Pale yellow. July. China. 
 
 1795. Greenhouse. 
 
 — chloroeta'chys. 3. Greenish-yellow. Sep- 
 
 tember. Nepaul. 1824. 
 
 — Christia'nus. 3. Pale yellow. July. Asia 
 
 Minor. 1737. So called by Dioscorides, 
 because a native of the birthland of 
 Christianity. 
 
 — ddhu'ricus. J. Purple. June. Dahuria. 1822. 
 
 — dctsya'nthus. 1. June. Hungary. 1819. 
 
 — dasyglo'ttis. See A. hypoglottis, 
 
 — depre^ssus. \. Pale y^ow. July. Europe. 
 
 1772. Trailer. 
 
 — dalichophifUus. J. Pale yellow. July. 
 
 Caspian. 1820. Syn., A. diffusus, 
 
 — Donia'mts. J. Purple. July. Nepaul. 1818. 
 
 Trailer. 
 
 — emargina'tue. 1. Pale yellow. July. South 
 
 of Europe. 1825. Syn., A. capitatits. 
 
 — epiglo'ttis. J. Pale yellow. July. South of 
 
 Europe. 1737. Trailer. 
 
 — erioce'phalus. i. Purple. July. Armenia. 
 
 1826. Hafi-hardy evergreen. Syn., A. 
 breviflorus. 
 
 — exsca'pus. J. Yellow. July. Hungary. 1827. 
 — falca'tus. 3. Greenish-yellow, July. Siberia. 
 — falcifo'rTnis. IJ. Pale yellow. July. Algiers. 
 
 1816. 
 — frutic&sus. H. Violet. July. Siberia. 1804. 
 Syn., A, vimvneue. 
 
 — galegif&rmis. 2. Yellowish-green. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1729. 
 
 — glyciphylloi'des. 1. Pale yellow. July. Si- 
 
 beria. 1818. Trailer. 
 
 — glycyphyflVus. 3. Yellowish-green. July. 
 
 Britain. Trailer. Eng. Bol. ed. 3, t. 377. 
 
 — grafnlis. f. Purple. June. N. Amer. 1821. 
 
 — haHea'cabm. J. Pale yellow. May. Armenia. 
 
 1806. 
 
 — hamo'sue. 1. Pale yellow. July. Spain. 
 
 168S. Trailer. 
 
 nuwroca'rpus. J. Pale yellow. June, 
 
 South of Europe. 1820. Trailer. 
 
 — hypoglo'ttia. i. Purple. July. Britain. 
 
 Trailer. Eng. Bot. ed, 3, t. 376. Syns., 
 A, dasyglottis fmd purpureus. 
 
 a'Ums. i. White. June. Gardens. 
 
 Trailer. 
 
 — hymenoca'rpus. 4. Yellow. July, Bussia. 
 
 1835. 
 
 — inca'nus. i. Purple. July. Montpelier. 
 
 1759. 
 
 — mfla'tiis. 1. Purple, July. Mendoza. 1827. 
 
 — lactifio'rue. See A. tesHcularis. 
 
 — Umigerus. J. Yellow, June. Egypt. 1791, 
 
 — Iioxma'nni. Jacq, Vind. 3, t. 87. See A. 
 
 —leimti'nus. J. Blue. July. Austria. 1816, 
 Trailer. 
 
 A. leptophy'Uue. }. White. July. Barbary. 1811.. 
 
 — leueophce'us. J. Whitiah-yellow. July. 1776, 
 
 — Ivnemifc/lms. See A. onotrychis. 
 
 — Imgijlo'rus. i. Yellow. July. Tarfary. 1806. 
 
 — macroce'phaVus. 4. Yellow. June. Caucasus. 
 
 1831. Trailer. 
 
 — ma'xinms. 3, Yellow, June, America. 
 
 — melilotm'des. 3. Purple. June, Siberia. 
 
 1786. 
 
 — miara'nfhus. 1, Pale yellow. July. 1800. 
 
 — mwrophy'llut. 1, Yellow. June, Siberia. 
 
 1773. 
 
 — Tnompesaula'mis. 1. Purple, July, S. E. 
 
 Europe. 1710. Evergreen trailer. 
 
 a'Vms. 1. White. July. South of 
 
 Europe, Evergreen trailer. 
 
 — narbone'nsis. 3. Pale yellow. July. South 
 
 of Europe. 1789. 
 
 — negU'ctus. J, July. Siberia, 1826, 
 
 — odora'tus. 2, Pale yellow. July. South of 
 
 Europe. 1820. 
 
 — onobrychiai'des. 1. Purple. July, Iberia. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — <mobri/cMs. 1}. Purple. July, Austria. 
 
 1640. Trailer. Syn., A. Hnearifolius. 
 
 — ot&pterus, 1. Pale blue. July, Altai, 1817. 
 
 — PaUa'sii. h Purple. July. Caspian. 1818. 
 
 — paUe^scens. 1. Pale yellow. June. Siberia. 
 
 — pentaglo'ttis. li. Yellowish-blue. May. Chili. 
 
 1832. Half-hardy. Syn., A. procnnibens. 
 
 — phyao'des. J. Purple. July. Siberia. 1769. 
 
 — plalyphy'llus. 1. Pale yellow. July. Siberia. 
 
 1824. Trailer. 
 
 — po'ntims. 2. Pale yellow. Tauria. 1820, 
 
 — potdrium. J. White. July. Levant, 1640. 
 
 Evergreen. 
 
 — procu'inhens. B&& A. pentaglottis. 
 
 — purp^reus. See A. hypoglottis, 
 
 — r^ptcms. J. White. July. Mexico. 1818. 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen creeper. 
 
 — Schtt/nginia'nus. 1. White. Siberia. 1832. 
 
 — semibuoaila'ris. IJ. Pale yellow. July.. 
 
 Siberia, 1804, 
 
 — ste!Ua. i. Blue. July. South of Europe. 
 
 1668, Trailer, 
 
 — stipula'tus. 1, Yellow. June. Nepaul. 1822. 
 
 B. M. t. 2380. 
 
 — subula'tus. i, PuiTJle, July, Siberia. 1820. 
 
 — sixcule'ntus. See A. caryocarpus. 
 
 — sulca'tus. 4. Light blue. July, Siberia. 1785. 
 
 — sylm'colus. See Oxytropis sylvatica. 
 
 — tau'ricus. i. Purple. July. Tauria. 1826. 
 
 — testicula'tus. i. Fleshy- white. July. Tauria. 
 
 1818. Syn., A. lactijlorus. 
 
 — t&mento'sus, 3. Pale yellow. July. Egypt. 
 
 1800. Half-hardy. 
 
 — tragaca'nfha. Pale yellow. July. South of 
 
 Europe. 1640. Evergreen, 
 
 — tu'midus. i. Pale yellow. July. Egypt. 
 
 1816. Evergreen. 
 
 — uligino'sus. 2. Pale yellow, July, Siberia. 
 
 1752. 
 
 — u'triger. \. Yellow. July. Russia, 1818. 
 
 — vesica'rius. 1. Whitish-yeUow. July. Europe. 
 
 1737, Trailer, 
 
 — vimi'Tieus. See A. fruticosus, 
 
 — virga'tus. 3. Violet. July. Siberia. 1806.. 
 
 — vulpi'nus. 2. Light yellow. July. Turkestan 
 
 1815. 
 
 Astra'nthus. See Horaalium. 
 
 Astra'ntia. Masterwort. (From. 
 astron, a star, and anti, comparison ; re- 
 ferring to the disposition of the flower- 
 umbels. Nat. ord., UmbellifercB ; Ttihe, 
 Saniculece.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials; dividing the: 
 ilants in March or October ; seeds ; sandy loam. 
 
 pla 
 Th( 
 
 e dwarfer species are pretty rock plants. 
 
AST 
 
 A. Bieberstei'nii. 2. May. Cancainis. 1835. 
 
 — eamio'lica. 1. White. June. Carniola. 1812. 
 
 — hellebori/o'lia. 2. Pink. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1804. B. M. 1. 1663. Syns., A. heterophylla 
 and A. maxima. 
 
 — intermedia. J. Pint. July. Caucasus. 1818. 
 
 Syn., A. caucasica. 
 
 — ma'jcrr. 2. Striped. June. Alps of Europe. 
 
 1596. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 567. 
 
 — mtnor. J. Pink. June. Switzerland. 1686. 
 
 variega'ta. Aflnevariegated-leavedform. 
 
 — pavmflo'ra. i. White. July. Sicily. 1820. 
 
 Astrapse'a. See Dombeya. 
 
 A. visco'sa. See Dombeya ATnelioe. 
 
 AstroGa'ryum. (From astron, a 
 star, and karyon, a nut ; referring to 
 the disposition of the fruit. Nat. ord., 
 Palmacem.) 
 
 Ornamental stove pajms. Allied to Cocos. 
 Seed in hotbed, in spring ; rich loam and leaf- 
 soil. 
 A. aeau'le. 10. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 — cumlea'tum. 40. G-uiana. 1824. 
 
 — argdnteum. Columbia. 1875. 
 
 — aureo-pictum,. See Phuenimphorwrn seychel- 
 
 larmn. 
 
 — Borsigia'num.l See Phoenicophorum, seychel- 
 
 larum. 
 
 — cam-pel stre. 10. Brazil. 1826. 
 
 — de'corwm. Columbia. 1870. 
 —JUa're. Columbia. 1875. 
 
 — grarutte'iise. Columbia. 1876. 
 
 — iriastai'des. Gfl. 1. 1022, f. 3. 
 
 — mexica'num. Mexico. 1864. Eev. Hort. 1878, 
 
 p. 148. 
 
 — Uurumu'ru. 40. Brazil. 1825. Bl. Hort. 
 
 n. s. t. 213. 
 
 — ni'veum. Panama. 1866. Leaves glaucous 
 
 beneath. 
 
 — rostra' turn. 30. White. Bahia. B M. t. 4773. 
 I're. 30. Brazil. 1825. 
 
 Astrolo'biiim. See Omithopus. 
 
 Astrolo'ma. (From astron, a star, 
 and loma, a fringe ; in reference to the 
 bearded fringe on the corolla. Nat. ord., 
 Epacridacem. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, very handsome 
 and usefuL Young cuttings, firm at their base, 
 in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy loam and 
 turfy peat. 
 
 A. denticula'twm. 1. Pale red. May to July. 
 Australia. 1826. 
 
 — divariea'tum. 2. Pink. Australia. Syns,, 
 
 A. splendena, Fl. Ser. t. 1018, and Sty- 
 pheUa splendens. 
 
 — hmni/u'eum, 1. Scarlet. May to June. 
 
 N. S. Wales. 1807. B. M. 1. 1439. 
 
 — pmifo'liwm. 2 to 3. Corolla reddish at base, 
 
 yellow above, tip green. June. Aus- 
 tralia. 1816. Syn., Stenanthera pini- 
 folia. B. E. t. 218. 
 
 Astrophy'tum. (From astron, a 
 star, and phyton, a plant ; referring to 
 the form of the pubescence. Nat. ord., 
 Caciaceos.) 
 
 For cultivation, see Cactus. 
 A. myriotti'gm/i. Yellow. B. M. t. 4177. Syn., 
 Eehvnocactus myriostigma. 
 
 Asysta'sia. (From a, without, and 
 stachys, a spike, the inflorescence ; not 
 in spikes, as is often the case in Acan- 
 thaceie. Nat. ord., Acanthacea.) 
 
 [ 87 ] ATH 
 
 stove evergreen shrub; cuttings of young 
 shoots m April, in sandy soil, under a bell- 
 glass ; peat and loam, with a little sand, and, to 
 induce vigour, a little dried cow-dung will be 
 found beneficial. 
 
 A. chelonioi'des. Reddish-purple, white. India. 
 1*71. 
 
 — coromandelia'na. 4. Deep lilac. July. India. 
 1845. B. M. t. 4248. Syn., Justicia 
 ga/tigeti^xt. 
 
 — macrophylla. 8 to 10. Purple, white. June. 
 Fernando Po. 1867. 
 
 — sca'ndens. Climber. Cream-coloured. Siena 
 Leone. B. M. t. 4449. 
 
 — viola'cea. 1 to 2. Violet, white. India. 
 1870. B. M. t. 6882. 
 
 Ata'ccia. See Taeca. 
 
 A. aspe'ra. See Tacca integrifolia. 
 
 Atala'ntia. (A classical name, after 
 Atalanta, daughter of Schcenus, King of 
 Scyrus. " She being wearied with the 
 importunities of her suitors, consented 
 to nave the man that could outrun her. 
 Hippo'menes did so by the help of 
 Venus's golden apples. He cast three 
 before her, and she lost ground in gather' 
 ing them." The fruit is golden-coloured, 
 Nat. ord., Awantiacece.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub ; ripe cuttings in heat, 
 under a bell-glass ; sandy loam and peat. 
 A. monophy'lla. i. White. July. E. Ind. 1777. 
 
 Atamasco-lily. Zephra'nthes Ata- 
 ma'sco 
 
 Atela'ndra. See Hemigenia. 
 
 Athalia spinarum. The Turnip 
 Saw-fly. "The grub of this insect — 
 known as the Black Caterpillar, Black 
 Canker, Black Palmer, Negro, and Nig- 
 ger, or Black Grub — sometimes destroys 
 thousands of acres of our turnips. Its 
 body is cylindrical, as thick as a crow- 
 quill, about half an inch long, greenish- 
 black, with a darker line down the 
 back; then a line of dull, yellowish- 
 grey, and a third of dark slate. Under- 
 neath, the body is paler ; it is wrinkled, 
 and the head is black. When alarmed, 
 this grub curls itself together in a some- 
 what spiral form. They feed on the leaf 
 of the turnip, leaving nothing but its 
 largest ribs, from the middle of August 
 until about the same period of October. 
 They never attack the Swedish turnip. 
 When full grown, the grubs bury them- 
 selves just below the surface of the 
 earth, each forming a small, oval cocoon 
 of earth, formed into a paste with a 
 gummy moisture from its mouth. It 
 remains in the chrysalis state until July, 
 when the perfect insect, or Turnip Saw- 
 fly, comes forth. Our drawing represents 
 it magnified, the natural size being shown 
 by the cross lines. It is the Athalia 
 centifolioe of some, and A. spinarum of 
 other naturalists. Its colour is bright 
 
ATH 
 
 [88] 
 
 ATR 
 
 orange, head black, upper lip pale yel- 
 low, antennae black, thorax has two large 
 dark spots, and other dark marks are 
 about the body and wings. On small 
 plots of turnips the black grub may be 
 easily removed by hand-picking, and 
 from larger breadths by turning upon 
 them some broods of ducks." — Cottage 
 Gardener, iii. 149. 
 
 Athama'nta. (From Mount Atha- 
 mas in SicUy. l^a-t. oxA.., Umbelliferce.] 
 
 A pretty foliaged harder herbaceous plant. 
 Common garden-soil ; division, and seeds. 
 A. MattlMli. 2. White. Summer. Carinthian 
 Alps. 1302. 
 
 Athana'sia. (From a, not, and tha- 
 natos, death ; in reference to the flowers 
 being what is called " everlasting.'' 
 Nat. ord., Corrvpositm ; Tribe, Anthe 
 midece. ) 
 
 Ornamental greenhouse evergreens ; all natives 
 of the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of half- 
 ripe wood in spring, in sand, under a bell-glass ; 
 two parts loam to one of peat. Winter tempera- 
 ture, 40° to 45° ; summer, 60° and upwards. 
 A. a'nnua. B. M. t. 2276. See Lonas inodora. 
 
 — eane'scens. See A.pubescens, 
 
 — capita'ta. IJ. YeUow. March. 1774. 
 
 — crena'ta. 2. Yellow. July. 1816. 
 
 — enthmifo'lia. 2. Yellow. July. 1723. 
 
 — cuneifo'rmis. 2. YeUow. July. 1816. 
 
 — denta'ta. IJ. Yellow. July. 1769. 
 
 — filifo'rmig, 2. Yellow. August. 1787. 
 
 — Icmugino' m. See A, pubescent. 
 
 — longifo'lia. 2. Yellow. July. 1800. 
 
 — parvifio'ra. 2. Yellow. April. 1731. Jacq. 
 
 H. Schcen. 1. 149. 
 
 — pectma'ta. IJ. Yellow. July. 1774. 
 
 — pimm'ta. 1}. Yellow. July. 1818. 
 
 — pubeficens. 6. Yellow. July. 1768. Syns., 
 
 A. ewnescerts and lanugirwm. 
 
 — pwncta'ta. 3. Yellow. June. 1822. 
 
 — tomento'm. 2. Yellow. May. 1774. 
 
 — tricu'spis, 3. Yellow. July. 1816. 
 
 — trifurca'ta. 3. Yellow. July. 1710. 
 virga'ta. 1. Yellow. July. 1816. 
 
 . Athero'pogon. See Boutelona. 
 
 A, aplvdoi'des. See Boutelona raceTnosa. 
 
 Atherospe'rma. (From ather, an 
 awn, and sperma, seed ; seeds awned. 
 Nat. ord., Monimiacece.) 
 
 This beautiful Australian greenhouse ever- 
 green tree attains the great height of 150 feet, 
 and has the aspect of a stately conifer, with a 
 girth of 6 to 7 feet. The colonists make a plea 
 
 sant tea-beverage from the bark, either dried 
 or in a green state. " Its effects are, however, 
 slightly aperient."— BocftAoMse. Cuttmgs ; loam 
 and peat. 
 A. moscha'ta. 40. White. June. Victoria. 1824. 
 
 Athri'xia. (From a, not, and thrix, 
 a hair ; the receptacle beitig destitute of 
 hairs. Nat. ord., Compositm ; Tribe, 
 InuloidecB. Allied to Leyssera. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings of rather 
 young wood, under a bell-glass, in sandy soil ; 
 lumpy loam and peat. 
 
 A. cape'rms. 3. Bed. April. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1821. B. E. t. 681. 
 
 Athrota'xiS, (From athroos, 
 crowded together, and taxis, arrange- 
 ment ; in reference to the arrangement 
 of the scales of the cones. Nat. ord., 
 Coniferas.) 
 
 All the species are small Tasmanian evergreen 
 trees, possibly hardy in sheltered localities, 
 otherwise they require a greenhouse. Cuttings. 
 A. mpresem'det. 30. Ic. PI. t. 569. 
 
 — Gunnea'na. 1869. Eev. Hort. 1869, p. 114. 
 
 — laxifdlia. 26. lo. PI. t. 573. Syn., A. 
 
 Doniema. 
 
 — selaginoi'des. 40. Syn., A. imbricata of 
 
 gardens. 
 
 Athy'rium. See Asplenium. 
 
 Atime'ta. (From atimetos, despised. 
 Nat. ord., AracecB.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climbers. For cultivation, 
 see Philodendron. 
 A.ftlamento'sa. Spathe yellowish. Brazil. 1860. 
 
 Atra'gene. (From athros, pressed, 
 and genos, birth ; in reference to the 
 manner in which the branches clasp 
 their supports. First applied by Theo- 
 phrastus to our Traveller's Joy — Cle'- 
 matis vita'lba. Nat. ord., Banuncu- 
 lacece ; Tribe, Clematidem.) Referred to 
 Clematis in the Genera Plantarum. 
 
 Hardy deciduous climber shrubs j seeds in 
 spring in gentle heat, and pricked oft into pans 
 as soon as ready to handle ; layers in summer 
 and autumn ; cuttings in spring and summer, 
 under a hand-light ; common soil. 
 A, alpi'Tia. Varying from blue to white. May. 
 
 Mountainous parts of Europe. 1792. 
 
 Syns., A. sibirwa and ClematU alpina. 
 austri'aca, 8. Blue and white. July. 
 
 Austria. 1792. B. M. t. 630. 
 
 — qmerlca'na. 16. Purple. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1797. Syn., Clematis vertMllaris, B. M. 
 t. 887. 
 
 obKqua. 15. Purple. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1797. 
 
 — macrope'tala. Twiner. 8. Blue. Manchuria. 
 
 1870. Gfl. t. 661. 
 
 — ocddentallis. 10. July. 1818. 
 
 — ochoUnsw. 12. White. June. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 — Sibi'rica. A form of A. alpina. 
 
 — zeyla'nica. See Na/ravelia z&ylanica. 
 
 A'tripiex. Orach, or Arach. (From 
 ater, black, a,nd plexus, woven together, 
 on account of the dark colour and habit 
 of some of the species. Nat. ord., Cheno- 
 podiacecB. ) 
 
 A. ha'limus is a hardy evergreen shrub, rather 
 
ATR 
 
 [89] 
 
 AVE 
 
 ornamental, and A. portulacoi'des is a hardy 
 under-shrub ; but the species most deserving 
 notice is A. harte'nsis and its varieties, garden 
 Orach. See Orach. There are many other 
 species quite undeserving of notice. 
 A. ha'limics atrosangui'nea. i. Tartary. 
 
 — kalimoi'des monumentalis, 9. Seedling. Gfl 
 
 1890, p. 105, f. 24. 
 
 A'tropa. Night-shade. (Named 
 after Atropos, one of the three Fates, in 
 reference to its poisonous qualities. 
 Nat. ord., Solanacece.) 
 A. Bella-do'nna. 2 to 4. Green and purple, 
 Summer. Britain. Eng. ]3ot. ed. 3, 
 t. 934. 
 
 We introduce this native weed for the 
 purpose of warning country people from 
 eatmg its berries, fatal accidents fre- 
 quently occurring in consequence. The 
 berries are at first green, but become 
 black and juicy, of no horticultural value. 
 
 — procu'mbens and vmibella'ta. See Saracha. 
 
 Atta'lea. (From attaltts, magnifi- 
 cent ; in reference to the beauty of these 
 palms. Nat. ord., Palmaceoe. Allied 
 to Cocos.) 
 
 Handsome stove palms. Seeds ; rich loam and 
 peat. They like copious waterings, 
 A. amygdoM'na. New Grenada. 1847. Syn., 
 A. nucifera. 
 
 — Cohu'ne. 50. Honduras. 
 
 — co'mpta. 22. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 — exeellsa. 70. Brazil. ^.1826. 
 
 — fumlfera. 40. Brazil. 1824. The Pissaba 
 
 Palm. Bev. Hort. 1878, p. 149. 
 
 — hu'miUs. 10. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 — nucifera. See A. amygdalina. 
 
 — B&isii. 20. Brazil. 1825. 
 
 — speeio'sa. 70. Brazil. 1826. 
 
 — specta'bilis. 70, Brazil. 1824. 
 
 Aubrie'tia. (Named after M. Au- 
 hriet, a French botanical draughtsman. 
 Nat. ord,, CrucifercB. Allied to Arabis,) 
 Hardy evergreen trailing plants. Division in 
 spring or autumn ; cuttings under a hand-glass, 
 in sandy soil. Seeds ; any dry soil. Useful rock 
 
 Slants. There are many named varieties in ad- 
 ition to those mentioned here. 
 A. deltoi'dea. J. Purple. April. Levant. 1710. 
 
 Bouganm'llei. Light violet. Very dwarf. 
 
 Camphe'Ui. Deep violet-blue. Syn., A, 
 
 ITerutersoni. 
 
 Ey'rei. Violet-purple. 
 
 gralca. J. Lilac-purple. Greece. 1872. 
 
 Gfl. t. 697. Syn., A. superba. 
 
 -. r- gra/ndiflo'ra. Large flowered. 
 
 Leichtli'ni. Deep rose, very ornamental. 
 
 1886. 
 pwrpu'rea. J. Purple. April. Greece. 
 
 1820. 
 viola'eea. Deep violet-purple. 
 
 — Henderso'ni. See A. deltiMea, var. Campbelli. 
 
 — hesperidifio'ra. J. Purple. March. South 
 
 Europe. 1823. B. C. 1. 1706. 
 
 — oly'mpica. Probably the same as A. deltoidea, 
 
 var. Eyrei. 
 
 — supe!rba. See A. deltoidea^ var, grceca. 
 
 Au'cuba. (The name of the shrub 
 in Japan, Nat. ord., Cornacece.) 
 
 Hardy evergreen ornamental berried shrubs, 
 most suitable for towns, thriving in a smoky 
 atmosphere better than any other plant. Cut- 
 tings m spring and autumn, in any light soil, 
 without covenng ; common soil, if drained. It 
 is sometimes called the Variegated Laurel, 
 
 A. '^^'-««;-«. ^^•^^Purple.^green. Himalaya, 
 -japo'nwa^ 6. ^ Green. June. Japan. 1783. 
 
 Numerous varieties of this species, both male 
 and female, differing in the variegation of the 
 leaves, are now in general cultivation. They may 
 be had of any nurseryman. There are also va 
 rieties, such as — albo-variega'ta, au'rea, bi'color, 
 e'legaiis, JUtve'scens^ grandidenta'ta macula'ta, 
 gra'ndis, latifo'lia, latitnacula'ta, lirnba'ta, longi- 
 jo'lia,m-acrophy'llatmarmora'ta,ova'ta,pi'ctafpic- 
 tura'ta, py'gmtea, py'gmcea sulphu'rea, Ycm'ngii, 
 etc. 
 
 Audibe'rtia. (Named after M. Au- 
 
 dibert, a noted nurseryman of Tarascon. 
 
 Nat. ord., Labiat(B. Allied to Monarda.) 
 
 Hardy evergreen. Seeds, in March or April ; 
 
 common soil. 
 
 A. inca'na. 1}. Pale blue. August. Columbia. 
 1827. B. B. t. 1469. 
 
 — polysta'chya. 2. White. October. California. 
 
 1849. 
 
 Audoui'nia. Named after ^McZowm, 
 a celebrated entomologist. Nat. ord,, 
 BruniacecB.) 
 
 Ornamental greenhouse evergreen shrub. 
 Cuttings of halfripened wood, in sand, under 
 a bell-glass ; peat and loam. 
 A. capita'ta. H. Purple. June. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1790. 
 
 Aulacophy'llum. See Zamia. 
 
 Au'lax. (From avlax, a furrow ; in 
 reference to the furrowed under side of 
 the leaves, Nat, ord., Proteacece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Ripe cuttings, 
 
 in sandy soil, under a bell-glass ; loam and peat. 
 
 A. pmifo'lia. 2. Yellow. August. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1780. Andr. Eep. t. 76. 
 
 Syn., Protea pinifolia. 
 
 — wnibella'ta. 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1774. B. B. 1. 1016, male ; Andr. 
 Bep. t. 248, female. 
 
 Auri'cula. See Primula. 
 Auri'cula disease. See Trama 
 
 auricula. 
 
 Ave'na. (Derivation obscure. Nat. 
 ord., GraminecB.) 
 
 Agricultural grasses of no garden value. 
 A. ela'ticr. See Arrhejuitherum avenaceum 
 Avena bitlbosa is a variety of this species, 
 
 — sati'va. The Oat. 
 
 — ste/rilis. 2. Barbary. 1640. 
 
 Avens. See Geum. 
 Averrho'a. (Named aiteiAverrhoes, 
 
AVE 
 
 [90] 
 
 a Moorish physician, who lived in the 
 twelfth century. Nat.ord., Oxalidacew.) 
 The leaves of A. cwra'mbola exhibit that kind 
 of irritability called " sensitive." Both species 
 are cultivated in India, and their fruit eaten. 
 Stove evergreen shrubs ; half-ripened cuttings 
 in April, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bot- 
 tom-heat ; loam and peat. 
 A. Mli'mbi. 8. R«ddish-purple. August. 1791. 
 
 Native country uninown. Bedd, FI. 
 
 Syl. 1. 117. 
 — eara'mbola. 10. Greenish-red. 1733. 
 
 Averruncator (from the Latin aver- 
 runco, to prune). A small pair of power- 
 ful shears, on a long handle, for severing 
 boughs on lofty tree.s. 
 
 Aviary. This building, devoted to 
 the preservation of live birds, distin- 
 guished for the beauty either of their 
 notes or plumage, is rarely admitted 
 within a garden ; and still more rarely 
 is it sufficiently ornamental, or suffi- 
 ciently free from disagreeables, to be a 
 source of pleasure. 
 
 Avocado. Pe'rsea grati'ssima. 
 
 Axii. This term, meaning, literally, 
 the m-m-pit, is used by botanists to indi- 
 cate the point of the angle between a 
 leaf and a branch, or between a branch 
 and the stem. 
 
 Aye'nia. (Named after the Duke d' 
 Ay en. Na,t.0Td., Sterculiacem. Closely 
 allied to Biiettneria. ) 
 
 Stove plants; cuttings in sand; rich soil; 
 ordinary stove treatment. 
 A. Icemga'ta. 2. Scarlet. Jamaica. Evergreen 
 
 under-shrub. 
 — pumUla. 1. Purple. August. Jamaica. 
 1756. Biennial. 
 
 Azalea. (From azaZeos, dry; in refe- 
 rence to the habitation of the plant. 
 Nat. ord., Mricacea.) This genus is 
 united by Bentham and Hooker to Rho- 
 dodendron, but for gardening purposes 
 it can be kept distinct. 
 
 It was said that the Pontic honey which stu- 
 pefied the Greek soldiers was collected from 
 Wwdoddnciron po'nticuTn ; but Pallas believes it 
 to have been gathered from Am'lea po'ntica. 
 All the greenhouse species are evergreen, except 
 A. squama' ta ; and all the hardy species are 
 deciduous. The hardy species, by layers, made 
 in summer and autumn, and doing best in sandy 
 peat, though many will thrive well in peat and 
 loam ; the Indian species and varieties are pro- 
 pagated by seed, and cuttings of stiff, but not 
 over-hard shoots, inserted in sand, under a bell- 
 
 flass ; sandy peat. Summer temperature, 60° to 
 5", if required to bloom early ; winter, 45° to 55°. 
 A lower temperature will suit, if late bloom is 
 wanted. 
 
 AZA 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 A. ariore'scens. 10. Red. June. N. Amer. 
 1818. Syn., Rhododendron arborescens. 
 
 — W color, i. Scarlet. June. N. Amer. 1734. 
 
 Syn., Bhododendron nudMtrum, 
 
 — cane'scem. 3. Red. Tune. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 — calendula! eea. 4. Orange. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1806. Syn., RhododendroncaleTidulaceum. 
 chrysole'cta. 4. Yellow. June. N. 
 
 Amer. B. M. tt. 1721 and 2143. 
 — ero'cea. i. Saffron. June. N. Amer. 
 
 eulprea. 4. Cogper. June. 
 
 4. Red. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 N. Amer. 
 
 4. Orange. June. N. 
 
 Red. June. N. Amer. 
 Orange. June. N. Amer. 
 4. Orange. June. N. 
 
 1734. 
 
 1734, 
 1824.. 
 
 1812. 
 
 fia'Tmnea, 
 
 1812. 
 gramdiflo'ra. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 igne^scens. 1. 
 
 splf^ndeng. 4. 
 
 triu'ifivpluma, 
 
 — gla/ii'ca. 2. White. June. N. Amer. 
 
 Syn., Rhododendron viicosum. 
 
 — hi'spida. 5. White. July. N. Amer. 
 
 — ledifo'lia. 2. White. April. China. 
 
 Syn., A. liliifolia. B. M. t. 2901. 
 
 — ni'tida. 4. White. April. N. Amer. 
 
 Syn., Rhododendron nitidv/m. 
 
 — nudifio'ra. 3. Deep pink. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1734. Syn., Rhododendron nudiflorum. 
 
 a'lba. 4. White. June. N. Amer. 
 
 a'lba-ple'na. 4. White. June. N. Amer. 
 
 bla'ndOt. 4. Blush. June. N. Amer. 
 
 ca'wi£a. 4. Pale red. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1734. 
 
 carolinia'na. 4. Scarlet. June. N. Amer. 
 
 Cobu'rghii. Scarlet. June. N. Amer. 
 
 cocci'nea. 4. Scarlet. June. N. Amer.. 
 
 corymbo'sa. 4. Scarlet. June. N. Amer. 
 
 cri'spa. 4. Pink. June. N. Amer. 
 
 4. Scarlet, pink. June. 
 
 cumula'ta. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 discolor . 4. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 fastipia'ta. 
 
 JMrida. 4. 
 
 globo'sa. 4. 
 
 gUrmera'ta. 
 
 incalna. 4. 
 
 inca-rna'ta. 
 
 mira'bilis. 
 
 White, scarlet. June. N.. 
 
 4. Pink. June. N. Amer, 
 Pink. June. N. Amer. 
 Pink. June. N. Amer 
 4. Pink. June. N. Amer. 
 Pink. June. N. Amer. 
 4. flesh. June. N. Amer. 
 4. Scarlet. June. N. Amer. 
 - magni'fica. 4. Scarlet. June. N. Amer. 
 
 monta'na. 4. Scarlet. June. N. Amer. 
 
 pa'llida. 4. Pale red. June. N. Amer. 
 
 -paludo^sa. 4. Pale red. June. N. Amer.' 
 
 pa^luma'cea. 4. Striped. June. N.. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 parti' ta. 4. White and red. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 parvifio'ra. 4. June. N. Amer. 
 
 prolifera. 4. June. N. Amer. 
 
 pu'Trdla. 4. White. June. N. Amer. 
 
 purpura' scens. 4. Purple. June. N, 
 
 Amer. 
 
 -purpu'rea. 4. Purple. June. N. Amer. 
 
 purpu'reo-plefno. 4. Purple. June. N, 
 
 Amer. 
 
 ro'sea. 4. Red. June. N. Amer. 
 
 rvMrrima. 4. Bark red. June. N, 
 
 Amer. 
 
 nM scens. 4. Red. June. N. Amer. 
 
 rvHc/i^nda. 4. R«d. June. N. Amer. 
 
 rt^bra. 4. Rfid. June. N. Amer. 
 
 Ti^tilans. 4. Dark red. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 semidu'plex. 4. White. June. N. Amer. 
 
 stami'nea. 4. Red. June. N. Amer. 
 
 Stella' ta. 4. Red. June. N. Amer. 
 
 tri' color. 4. Scarlet, white. June. N- 
 
 Amer. 
 
 varia'bilis. 4. Red. June. N. Amer. 
 
 variega'ta. 4. Red and white. June 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
AZA 
 
 [91] 
 
 AZA 
 
 A. nudifl&ravenHeolar. 4. Red and white. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 viola'cea. i. Violet. June. N. Amer. 
 
 — po'ntica. 6. Yellow. June. Turkey. 1793. 
 
 Syn., Rhododendron flavwm. 111. Hort. 
 1864, t. 415. 
 
 albijio'ra. 6. White. May. Turkey. 
 
 corona'ria. 7. Yellow. June. Hol- 
 land. 1832. 
 
 eu'prea. 6. Copper. June. Turkey. 
 
 glau'ca. 6. Yellow. June. Turkey. 
 
 — pa'llida. 6. Pale yellow. April. Turkey. 
 
 tricolor. 6. Pale red. April. Turkey. 
 
 ^ spedo'sa. 4. Scarlet and orange. June. N. 
 Amer. Syn., Shododendron 8pecio»um. 
 
 amtijo'lia. i. June. N. Amer. 
 
 aura'ntia. 4. Orange. June. N. Amer. 
 
 dlia'ta. 4. June. N. Amer. 
 
 -cri'spa. 4. Scarlet. June. N.Amer. 
 
 eucuUa'ta. 4. June. N. Amer. 
 
 ma'jor. 4. Scarlet. June. N. Amer. 
 
 obli'qua. 4. June. N. Amer. 
 
 prmiif&lia. 4. June. N. Amer. 
 
 revolu'ta. 4. June. N. Amer. 
 
 ■ tortulifo'lia. 4. June. N. Amer. 
 
 undula'ta. 4. June. N. Amer. 
 
 — visco'sa. 2. White. July. N. Amer. Syn., 
 
 JRhododendron mscosum. 
 
 cri'spa. 4. White. July. N. Amer. 
 
 • dealba'ta. 4. White. July. N. Amer. 
 
 fi'isa. 4. White. July. N. Amer. 
 
 • ni'tida. 4. White, red. United States. 
 
 1812. B. R. t. 414. 
 
 odora'ta. 4. White. July. N. Amer. 
 
 penicUla'ta. 4. White. July. N. Amer. 
 
 pube'acens. 4. White. July. N.Amer. 
 
 rvbe'scens. 4. White. July. N. Amer. 
 
 variega'ta. 4. White. July. N. Amer. 
 
 vitUi'ta. 4. White. July. N. Amer. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 A. amoeina. 1. Crimson, purple. April. Shanghae. 
 
 — balsaminoefio'ra. Salmon-red. Japan. 
 
 — crispiflo'ra. Rose. April. China. 
 
 — Danielsia'na. 3. Carmine. June. China. 
 
 1830. 
 
 — dianthiflo'ra. Rose, or violet, dotted brown. 
 
 Japan. 1889. 
 
 — i'ndica. 4. Scarlet. June. China. 1808. 
 auranti'aca. 4. Orange. April. China. 
 
 1822. 
 
 igne^scens. 2. Brown. April. China. 
 
 later!! tia. 2. Red. May. China. 1833. 
 
 phcenicea. 3. Purple. April. China. 
 
 1824. 
 purpu'reo-ple'na. 4. Purple. May. China. 
 
 1819. 
 variega'ta. 4. Striped. June. China. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — linearifo'lia. Rose. February. Japan. 1869. 
 
 — nw'llii. Yellow, rose, orange, white. Japan. 
 
 1867. 
 gla'brior. Orange. Japan. 1868. 
 
 — obtu'ea. IJ. Red. March. China. 1844. 
 
 — oceidenta'lis. White, yeUow. California. 
 
 — Oldha'mi. See Shododendron Oldhami, 
 
 — ova'ta. 8. Pink. China. 1844. 
 
 a'aa. 8. White. May. N. China. 1844. 
 
 — ramenta'cea. White. March. Hong Kong. 
 
 1846. 
 
 — roBc^lo'ra. Lake-red, flowers double. Japan. 
 
 1848. 
 
 — serpt/Uifo'lia. White. Japan. 1882. 
 
 — Hne'nms. 3. Yellow. May. China. 1823. 
 
 — aqua/ma'ta. 2. Rose, crimson. March. China. 
 
 1844. Syn., shododendron Farrerce. 
 
 — stenopdtala. Rosy. Japan. 1864. 
 
 Azaleas (Ghent or American). 
 These include what are called Ghent 
 Azaleas, which are seedling varieties of 
 A. calendula cecB, A. nvdiflo'ra, A. 
 
 specw sa, A. visco'sa, etc. The varieties 
 were first raised in the neighbourhood of 
 Ghent. 
 
 Propaaation.—BylayeTS in the month 
 of March : the layers require notching 
 or twisting. If the part buried in the 
 ground is covered with moss they will 
 root more freely. They should not be 
 taken off the parent till after the second 
 year's growth. 
 
 5017.— Sandy peat, in a dry situation, 
 at least eighteen inches deep ; but, in a 
 damp one, a foot deep will be sufficient. 
 
 Culture. — In spring, protect the young 
 shoots and flowers by hoops in low situa- 
 tions, as the late frosts often destroy the 
 young, early shoots. 
 
 Diseases. — Sometimes the plants die 
 off just at the surface of the soil, owing 
 to too much moisture. The remedy, 3 
 the situation is low and damp, is either 
 to drain it thoroughly, or to raise the 
 bed completely above the general level 
 of the ground. 
 
 Varieties may be raised by crossing 
 the kinds in such a way as is likely to 
 effect a pleasing change. Choose the 
 best forms and brightest colours ; let the 
 plants with flowers of the best form be 
 the seed-bearing mother, and rely for 
 the colour upon the pollen of the male. 
 Sow the seed in April, in pans, placed 
 under a cold frame ; prick the seedlings 
 out the year following in beds, four 
 inches apart, to remain till they flower. 
 
 Azaleas (Indian or Chinese). 
 
 Raising varieties.— The best and most 
 certain way to obtain new varieties is by 
 impregnating the best-shaped flowers 
 with the pollen of some fine, high- 
 coloured variety. Remove the anthers 
 before they burst from the one intended 
 to seed ; cover with fine gauze the flower 
 impregnated, to prevent fertilization by 
 insects. When the seed is ripe, gather 
 it, and sow it the February following in 
 shallow pans, in a gentle heat. As soon 
 as the seedlings have two or three leaves, 
 transplant them ioto fresh, sandy peat, 
 in deeper pans. They may remain in 
 these pans tUl the spring following; 
 then pot them singly into 2i-inch pots, 
 and grow them on, re-potting them as 
 they require it, till they flower. 
 
 Propagation by cuttings, — Take the 
 young tops, three inches long; dress 
 them by cutting off the bottom leaves. 
 Fill a pot, to within an inch of the top, 
 with sandy peat ; fill up the rest with 
 silver sand; put in the cuttings thickly; 
 water gently, and fit a bell-glass just 
 within the rim of the pot ; place them 
 in a temperature of 55° to 60°, and shade 
 
AZA 
 
 [92] 
 
 BAB 
 
 from the sun. They should thus remain 
 till rooted ; then place them in a green- 
 house for a week or two ; and remove 
 the bell-glass every night, replacing it 
 during the day. They may then be 
 potted off singly into small pots, and 
 placed in a close frame till fresh roots 
 are made ; then gradually inure them to 
 bear the full sun and air; re-pot, and 
 grow on to any size required. 
 
 Propagation, hy grafting. — See Graft- 
 ing. The best mode is that called side- 
 grafting. The grafts must be very small, 
 — not more than 1 to l^-inch long ; tie 
 them with worsted, or thick cotton 
 thread, to the stock. The best time is 
 early spring. Place the grafted plants 
 in a close frame, in gentle neat, or under 
 hand-glasses, upon sand, in a propaga- 
 ting house. The stock most suitable is 
 the Aza'lea i'ndica a'lba, ai A.phmni'cea, 
 Ijoth easy to strike. 
 
 Soil. — Sandy peat three-fourths, light 
 loam one-fourth. 
 
 Summer cul1m,re — Azaleas require the 
 same treatment as Camellias. After the 
 bloom is over give them a moderate de- 
 gree of artificial heat, 55° to 60°. Syringe 
 them freely during that period. As soon 
 as they have made their growth, give 
 plenty of air for a fortnight, and then 
 set them behind a low, north wall till 
 autumn. 
 
 Wintesr culture. — As soon as there is 
 any fear of frost, remove them into an 
 airy greenhouse, keep them from frost, 
 and give very moderate supplies of water. 
 When they begin to show flower, give 
 more heat, and a more liberal supply of 
 water. 
 
 Insects,— The Thrips is the great pest 
 •of Azaleas ; but the Greenfly is also apt 
 to trouble them when growing. Both 
 insects may be destroyed by tobacco- 
 smoke frequently applied. 
 
 Diseases, — These plants are often at- 
 tacked by a disease which causes them 
 to die off just at the crown of the roots. 
 The small-leaved varieties, such as A. 
 i'ndica, var. Gledstane'sii, lateri'tia, and 
 variega'ta, are especially subject to die 
 off thus prematurely. To prevent this, 
 they should be all grafted upon the free- 
 growing stocks. 
 
 Azsle&'siT\3.xa.alhiflorum, SeeBAo- 
 dodendron albiflorum, 
 
 Aza'ra. (Named after J. N. Azara, 
 a Spanish patron of botany. Nat. ord., 
 BiximecB. ) 
 
 Charming hardy and half-hardy everereen 
 shrubs. _ In the north a slight protection is ne- 
 cessary in winter ; they do not require covering 
 In the southern counties, but thrive best against 
 
 walls. Cuttings in sand, under glass, in slight 
 heat. Sandy loam. 
 
 A. denta'ta. 10. Yellow. Chili. 1830. B. R. 
 t 1788 
 
 — Gille'^i. 16. Yellow. Spring. Chili. 1869. 
 
 B.M. t. 6178. 
 
 — integrifo'lia. 18. Yellow. Autumn. Con- 
 
 ception. 1832. 
 
 — microphy'Ua. Greenish. Chiloe and Valdavia. 
 
 1873. Fl. and Pom. 1874, p. 220. 
 
 — serra'ta. 12. Chili. 1832. 
 
 Azi'uia. (From azimena, the Mala- 
 gasy name of a shrub, which this re- 
 sembles. Nat. ord., Salvadoracece.) 
 A. tetraca'ntha. S. White. July. India. 
 
 1768. Wight. El. 1. 162. Syn., Manetia 
 
 barlerioides. 
 
 Azo'Ua. (From azo, to dry, and olio, 
 to kill ; being killed by dryness. Nat. 
 ord., MarsilacecB.) 
 
 Stove or greenhouse aquatics, also suitable 
 for a window aquarium. They are small float- 
 ing plants, with minute overlapping leaves, re- 
 sembling a Jungermannia, having two kinds of 
 fruit on the under side of the branches. It sur- 
 vives the winter best in shallow saucers of moist 
 soil, kept in a warm frame, or pit. Pretty in 
 outdoor tanks in summer, where it assumes a 
 rich red purple colour. 
 
 The species in cultivation usually bears the 
 name of ^. pinna'ta, but according to Mr. Baker 
 it is not that species, but A. carolinia'na. It 
 has never been seen in fruit in Britain. 
 
 B. 
 
 Babia'na. (From hahianer, the 
 Dutch for baboon ; in reference to the 
 bulbs being eaten by the baboons. Nat. 
 ord., IridacecB,) 
 
 All highly ornamental bulbous plants, natives 
 of the Cape, with one exception. Useful as pot 
 plants, by which treatment the flowering season 
 may be considerably prolonged. Offsets ; sandy 
 peat and loam ; water freely when growing. 
 Keep dry when at rest. Those potted in autumn 
 must be kept in a cold pit or greenhouse during 
 winter. Those planted in spring, in a warm 
 border, should be taken up before winter, and 
 kept secure from frost. Perhaps the most satis- 
 factory treatment, however, is to plant them out 
 in low frames of light soil in a sunny position, 
 wardingoff heavy rains, etc., lifting the bulbs, 
 and drying off when the resting season comes 
 round. 
 B. bi'color. Blue, white. June. 1843. 
 
 — di'stieha, J. Blue. June. 1774. Fragrant. 
 
 B. M. t. 626. 
 
 — niucrona'ta. J. Purple. June. 1825. Syn., 
 
 Gladiolus mucroTiatus, Jacq. Ic. t. 253. 
 
 — na'na. i. Blue. April. 1807. Andr. Eep. 
 
 1. 137. ^ 
 
 — plica' ta. i. Purple. May. 1774. Syns., B. 
 
 ccerulescens, fragrang, Jacq. H. Schoen. 
 1. 14 and refiexa, B. M. , t. 676. Fragrant. 
 — mu'lUplex. J. Purple. June. 1834. 
 
 — ri'ngem. i. Scarlet. May. 1762. B. C. 
 
 t. 1006. Syn., Antholyza ringens. 
 
 — sambu'cma. J. Purple. April. 1799. B. M. 
 
 t. 1019. 
 
 — socotra'na. Violet, blue. September. Socotra. 
 
 B. M. t. 6686. 
 
 — spatha'cea, i. Light blue. June. 1801. B. M. 
 
 t. 638. 
 
 — stri'cta. 1. Blue, white. May. 1767. B. M. 
 
 t. 621 and 638. 
 
BAB 
 
 [93] 
 
 BAK 
 
 £. stri'cta angustifcflia. 1. Blue. May. 1757. 
 
 B. M. t. 637. 
 obtusif&lia. J. Blue. May. 182S. Syn., 
 
 Ixia villosa, Jacq. Ic. t. 284, but not of 
 
 Solauder. 
 purpu'rea. |. Purple. May. 1806. 
 
 B. M. t. 1052. 
 rubrodj/a'nea. }. Blue, red. May. 1794. 
 
 B. M. t. 410. 
 sulphu'rea. J. YeUow, anthers blue, 
 
 stigmas yellow. B. M. t. 1053. Syn., 
 
 Gladiolus sulphureus. 
 villo'aa. J. Crimson, anthers violet blue. 
 
 August. 1778. B. M. t. 683. 
 
 — tenuifldra. J. Purple. May. 1825. 
 
 — Thunbe'rgii. 1. White and red. April. 
 
 1774. 
 
 — tuba'ta. |. Yellow and red. June. 1774. 
 
 . Syns., Gladiolus tubatus, Jacq., Ic. 
 t. 264, and G. longifiorus, Andr. Rep. t. 5. 
 
 — tubifio'ra. i. Dstrkred. May. 1774. B. M. 
 
 t. 847. Syn., Gladiolus tvMfiarus. 
 
 Babingto'nia. See Bseckia. 
 Baca'zia. See Bamadesia. 
 
 Ba'ccharis. Ploughman's Spike- 
 nard. (From Bacchiis, wine ; referring 
 to the spicy odour of the roots. The 
 ancients sometimes boiled down their 
 wines, and mixed them with such 
 spices. Nat. ord., Compositce; Tribe, 
 Asteroidece.) 
 
 Cuttings under glass, with or without heat, 
 according as the species are stove, greenhouse, 
 or hardy ; loam and peat. Not by any means 
 ornamental. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 B. ala'ta. 5. Pale yellow. December. 1829. 
 
 — angustif&lia. 2. White. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1812. 
 
 — ivcefo'lia. See Conyza ivcefoKa. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 B. adna'ta. See Pluchea siibdecurrens. 
 
 — amftlrta. White. July. Mexico. 1826. 
 
 — glutino'sa^ 3. White. August. Peru. 1824. 
 
 — i'ndica. See Pluchea indica. 
 
 — margina'lis. 3. White. July. Peru. 1820. 
 
 Syn., B. pani\flora. 
 
 — scopa'ria,. 3. Cream-coloured. July. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1820. 
 
 HARDY. 
 B. Diosco'ridis. See Pluchea Dioscoridis. 
 
 — glffmerulifl&ra. 3. White. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — halimifo'lia. 6 to 12. White. July. Nor- 
 
 thern United States. Groundsel Tree. 
 lyeopodioi'des. 'See Eriothriz lycopodioides. 
 
 — neriifo'lia. See Brachylmna neriifolia. 
 
 Backho'usia. (Named in compli- 
 ment to Mr. James Backhouse, of York. 
 Nat. ord., Myrtacex.) 
 
 A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of 
 halt-ripened shoots in April, in sand, under a 
 bell-glass in cold house or frame. Peat and 
 loam, both fibry, and a little white sand. 
 B. myrtifo'lia. 16. White. May. N. S. Wales. 
 1844. B. M. t. 4133. 
 
 Ba'ctris. (From haktron, a cane ; 
 the young stems being used for walking- 
 sticks. Nat. ord.,Paimacea5. Allied to 
 Cocos.) 
 
 Very ornamental prickly stove palms. Suckers, 
 or seeds ; sandy loam, peat and leaf -soil. Most 
 useful perhaps in a young state. 
 
 B. bamUi'fera. Leaves pinnate. 2 to 6 feet 
 long. S. America. 
 
 — caryoteefi'lia. 30. Brazil. 1825. Mart. Palms, 
 
 t. 74. 
 
 — cuspida'ta. 20. Brazil. 1826. Syn., B. floccosa. 
 
 Mart. Pahns, t. 73b. 
 
 — globo'saTni'nor. ^ee Aeroc(ymia mirior, 
 
 — guiane^nsis. 16. Guiana. 1820. 
 
 — macroaca'ntha. 20. Brazil. 1823. 
 
 — ma'jor. 25. Greenish-yellow. Carthagena. 
 
 1800. Mart. Palms, t. 73. 
 
 — Mara'ja. 30 to 50. Yellow. Bahia. 1868. 
 
 Mart. Palms, t. 71. 
 
 — mi'nor. 12. S. Amer. 1691. 
 
 — pallidii^'na. Brazil. Syn., B. fiavispina. 
 
 — peatina'ta. 15. Brazil. 1825. Mart. Palms, 
 
 t. 60 and 73a. 
 
 Badger's Bane. Aconi'tum melo'c- 
 
 tonum. 
 
 Bse'a. (Named in honour of the Rev. 
 Dr. Beau, of Toulon, brother-in-law to 
 Commerson, the discoverer of the genus. 
 Nat. ord., Gesneracea. Allied to Strepto- 
 carpus. ) 
 
 Greenhouse perennial herbs, but probably 
 hardy in sheltered positions, with rosulate radi- 
 cal leaves, and slender leafless scapes. Seeds 
 Bich sandy loam. 
 
 B. hygroTne'trica. J. Pale blue, yellow throat. 
 Summer. N. China. 1868. Syn., Dor- 
 coceras hygrometrica. B. M. t. 6468. 
 
 Bse'ckia. (Named after Dr. Bmek, 
 a Swedish physician. Nat. ord., Myr- 
 tacece.) 
 
 Pretty greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings 
 of young wood in spring, under a glass ; sandy 
 peat, and lumpy, fibry loam. 
 B. astarteoi'des. 3. White, shaded pink. June. 
 Australia. 1881. 
 
 — eamphora'ta. S. July. Australia. 1818. B. M. 
 
 t. 2694. 
 
 — eamvphorc/mue. 7. Pinkish. July. Swan 
 
 River. 1841. B. R. 1842, t. 10. Syn., 
 Babingtonia caTtvphorosTiue. 
 
 — densifo'lia. 3. September. N. S. Wales. 
 
 — diosnuefo'lia. S. August. Australia. 1824. 
 —frute^scens. 3. November. China. 1806. B. M. 
 
 t. 2802. 
 
 — gra'cUis. 2. Australia. 1826. 
 
 — Ivmfo'lia. 3. August. Australia. 1818- 
 
 Linn. Trans., vol. 8, 1. 12. 
 
 — pa'rmla. White. New Caledonia. 1877. 
 
 Gfl. t. 886, f. 2. 
 
 — ramosi'ssima. 3. ' Australia. 1824. 
 
 — saxi'cola. B. M. t. 3160. See Thryptomene 
 
 saaAcola. 
 
 — virga'ta. 3. September. New Caledonia. 
 
 1806. B. M. t. 2127. 
 
 Bseobo'trys i'ndica (B. M. t. 2052). 
 See Msesa indica. 
 B. pubefscens. See Mcesa pubescens. 
 
 Bae'ria. (Named after Professor BcEr, 
 of the University of Dorpat. Nat. ord., 
 CompositCB ; Tribe, Selenioidecs. Allied 
 to Callirhoe.) 
 
 Hardy border annuals. Seeds, in March and 
 April ; common soil. 
 
 B chryso'stoma. 1. Yellow. May. California. 
 1835. Swt. H. Gard. ser. 2, t. 395. 
 
 — gra'eUis. Yellow. California. Syn., Same. 
 
 lia graeiUs. B. M. t. 3758. 
 
 Baked is a term descriptive of the 
 
BAK 
 
 [94] 
 
 BAN 
 
 hard, impervious state of clayey soils, 
 long exposed to drought. It can be pre- 
 vented only by altering the staple of the 
 soil, by the admixture of sand, chalk, 
 coal-ashes, and other matters less cohesive 
 than clay. 
 
 Bake'ria of Andr6, not of Seemann, 
 which is now reduced by Plerandra. 
 (After J. G. Baker, F.R.S., of Kew. Nat. 
 ord., Bromeliacece.) 
 
 Stove or warm greenhouse treatment. 
 B, tUlcmdsioi'des. IJ. Eosy-purple. Brazil. 
 Eev. Hort. 1889, p. 84. 
 
 Balani'nus nucum. The Nut- 
 weevil. See Co'rylus. 
 
 Bala'ntitim. See Dickso'nia. 
 
 Balbi'sia. (Dedicated to Giovanni 
 Battista Balbis, a Professor of Botany 
 at Turin. Nat. ord., Geraniacem.) 
 
 A beautiful half-hardy evergreen shrub, re- 
 quiring a cool, but dry atmosphere, being very 
 liable to damp off. Seeds ; or cuttings of the 
 half-ripe wood, in sand, under a hand-glass. 
 Light sandy loam. May be planted out in sum- 
 mer, but does best in a dry greenhouse. 
 B. verticitta'ta. 3 to 6. Yellow. Chili. 1846. 
 
 Syn., Ledocarpum verticillata. B. M. 
 
 t. 6170. 
 
 Balcony. A word probably derived 
 from the Persian, signifying an orna- 
 mentally-barred window, and now ap- 
 plied to a frame, usually of iron, and en- 
 compassed with a balustrade, placed in 
 front of one window, or of several win- 
 dows. It is an excellent place for giving 
 air to room-plants, and for the cultiva- 
 tion of some flowers. 
 
 Ballo'ta. (The Greek name. Nat. 
 ord.. Labiates.) 
 
 Stove or half-hardy annual. 
 S. cvne'rea. See Roylea elegans. 
 — suavefolens. Blue. West Indies. 1889. 
 
 Balm. See Meli'ssa. 
 
 Balm of Gilead. Cedrone'lla tri- 
 phy'lla. 
 
 Balsam and Balsamina. See Im- 
 patiens. 
 
 Balsam. Apple. Momo'rdica hal- 
 sami'nea. 
 
 Balsam of Cape'vi. Copai'fera. 
 
 Balsam-tree. Clu'sia. 
 
 Balsami'ta. (From halsamon, 
 greasy ; the plants being ^easy to the 
 touch. Nat. ord., Composite^; Tribe, 
 AnthemidecB.) 
 B. gratiMflo'ra. Yellow. 1884. 
 
 Balsamode'ndron. (From haUa- 
 vnon, balm, or balsam, and dendron, a 
 tiee. Nat. ord., Burseracece.) 
 
 Stove trees. Sandy loam, and a little leaf -soil; 
 
 cuttings of ripe young wood in April, under a 
 
 glass, and in heat. 
 
 B. madaga'icariense. Whitish, Anthers yellow. 
 July and August. Madagascar. Syn., 
 Coftmnvphora madagascariermSt Jacq. H. 
 Schoen. t. 249. 
 
 — leyla'nievm. 30. White. Ceylon. 
 
 Baltim.o'ra. (Commemorative. Nat. 
 ord., ComposiicB.) 
 
 Stove herb, of little beauty. Seeds. Rich 
 loam. Ordinary stove treatment. 
 B. re'cta. 1. Yellow. July. Syn., Fougerowda 
 recta. 
 
 Bam.bu'sa. Bamboo Cane. (From 
 bambos, its Indian name. Nat. ord., 
 Graminece. ) 
 
 Very ornamental greenhouse or hardy shrubs. 
 The latter thrive best in a well-drained soil, in a 
 sheltered position, and are extremely beautiful 
 outdoor shrubs in the southern counties, where 
 they rarely get damaged in winter. B. Fortunei, 
 the variegated kinds nana^ Ragamoslcii, and 
 others are very useful rock plants. Suckers, in 
 spring or autumn ; rich loam. 
 B. arista'ta. 20. B. Ind. 1824. 
 
 — arwndina'cea. 40. B. Ind. 1730. 
 
 — au'rea. 10. China. Hardy. 
 
 — Castillo'ni. Stems square, variegated. Japan. 
 
 1886. Bev. Hort. 1886, p. 613. 
 
 — Fortu'nei. 2. Japan. Hardy. There is a 
 
 variety of this, B. argenteo-vittata. Fl. 
 Ser. t. 1535. 
 
 — gra'cilis. See Arundinaria falcata. 
 
 — heteroci/cla. Japan. 1878. 
 
 — japo'nica. See ArufndiTwjria Metake. 
 
 — Maximowi'czii. Japan. Hardy. 
 mtta'ta. Striped variety. 
 
 — Meta'ke. See Arundinaria Metake. 
 
 — mi'tis. 40. Japan and Cochin China. 
 
 — na'na. 8. India. 1826. Hardy. Syng., B. 
 
 glauca and viridi-glaucesceTis. 
 
 — ni'gra. See Phyllostachys nigra. 
 
 — puMscens. 20. E. Ind. 1826. 
 
 — Quilio'i. N. Japan. 1869. Syn., B. Duquilioi. 
 
 — Magamo'skii. Turkestan. 1879. Hardy. Syn., 
 
 B. tessellata. 
 
 — Simo'nii. 10. Leaves some green, others 
 
 white. Hardy. China. 1866. 
 
 — spiru/sa. 20. B. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — stria'ta. Purple, stems striped with yellow. 
 
 China. 1874. 
 
 — stri'cta. See Dendrocalanvus strietus. 
 
 — sulphu'rea. Stems and branches sulphur- 
 
 yellow. 1873. 
 
 — tessella'ta. Leaves bright green above, bluish- 
 
 green beneath, yellow in autumn. 
 Japan. 1888. Syns., B. palmata and 
 Veitchii and 'Arwndinaria kurUensiSt 
 var. paniculata. 
 
 — variega'ta. N. China. Leaves white-striped. 
 
 Hardy. Syn., B. Fortvnei niveo-vittatis. 
 There are several other variegated kinds, 
 such as wrge^nteo-stria'ta, aureo-stria'ta. 
 
 — verticilla'ta. See Gigantochloa verticillata. 
 
 — viola'scens. China. 1869. 
 
 — vi'ridi-stria'ta. 2. Leaves striped with yellow 
 
 and green. Japan. 1869. 
 
 — TTeisene'W. Japan. 1887. 
 
 Bana'na, or Plantain. Musa. 
 
 Bane-Berry. Actaea. 
 
 Baniste'ria. (Named after the Eev. 
 J. Banister, a zealous botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Malpighiacece.) 
 
BAN 
 
 [95] 
 
 BAN 
 
 Stove trees or shrubs sometimes climbing. 
 Sandy loam, leai-soil, and peat ; cuttings of 
 lalf-ripened wood in heat under glass. 
 B. auri'culata. See Stigmaphyllon auriculatum. 
 
 — chrysophy'lla. Deep orange. Brazil. 1793. 
 
 Jacq. H. Schoen. t. 105. 
 
 — eilia'ta. 10. Yellow. Brazil. 1796. 
 
 — dicho'toma. See Stigmwphyllon convoluti- 
 
 folium, 
 
 — emarffina'ta. See Stigma/phyllon emargiTia- 
 
 turn, 
 — ferrugi'nea. 10. Yellow. Brazil. 1820. 
 —fu'lgens. 6. Yellow. W. Ind. 1759. 
 
 — heterophy'lla. See Stigmaphyllon fulgens. 
 
 — Hwrriboldtia'na, 19. Yellow. S, Amer. 1824. 
 
 — laur^o'lia. 10. Yellow. Jamaica. 1733. 
 
 — ni'tens. See Heteropterys. 
 
 — ova'ta. See Brachypterys borealis. 
 
 — pleriploecef&lia. See Stigmaphyllon pUriplo- 
 aefoliv/m. 
 
 — sen'cea. 6. Yellow. July. Bia.zil. 1810. 
 
 — miemarie'nsis. See Stigmaphyllon pv^erum. 
 
 — sple'nd&ns. 10. Yellow. S. Amer. 1812. 
 
 Syn., B.fulgens. 
 
 — te^nuis. See Heteropterys glabra. 
 
 — tilicefo'lia. See Stigmaphyllon Huniboldtia- 
 
 num. 
 
 — tomsnto'sa. See Stigmaphyllon ennarginatum. 
 
 — zanziba'rica. See Acridoea/rpus zamnbarious. 
 
 Banks sloping are very desirable 
 in a kitchen-garden, not only because 
 they aid in forwarding the crops on their 
 south front, and retarding those on their 
 north front, but because they much in- 
 crease the cultivatable surface. Sup- 
 posing the banks to run east and west, 
 the south side, especially as respects all 
 low-growing things, such as French 
 beans, potatoes, etc., will produce eight 
 days earlier than when cultivated on a 
 level; while the north side wiU retain 
 lettuces, etc., during summer, much 
 longer fit for the table. The surface 
 of the ground is also increased, not- 
 withstanding assertions to the con- 
 trary. In making them, at first, in 
 shallow soils, they should not be wider 
 than six feet at the base ; but, as the 
 soil becomes improved, they may be 
 from ten to twelve feet in width. In 
 deep soils, the banks may be formed by 
 trenching in the usual manner, only 
 throwing them into shape by a line and 
 stakes. In thin soils, care should be 
 taken to have plenty of room in the first 
 opening to stir the sub-soil, and then re- 
 place again the surface-soil on the sur- 
 face. The accompanying sketch will 
 
 Z37^ 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 give some idea as to how they are formed, 
 each ridge being twelve feet wide at the 
 base. A B is the ground level, c the apex 
 of the ridge, and d d paths between. Of 
 course they could not be raised so high, 
 at first, without impoverishing the other 
 
 ground. If drained beneath the paths, 
 all the better ; for, in heavy land, with- 
 out drainage and deep stirring, the 
 moisture will be lone retained. If at c 
 there is a board fixed, or even a row of 
 dwarf, hardy peas, the south side will 
 be rendered still warmer, and the north 
 side more cool and late. Such banks, 
 therefore, may not only be used for vege- 
 tables, but also for accelerating and re- 
 tarding fruits, such as the strawberry. 
 Owing to the depth of soil thus obtained, 
 if the surface is kept stirred, you will 
 never need much of the water-pot, even 
 in the driest weather. The riglit hand, 
 or south side, should be ttie longest ; and, 
 in a succession of ridges, the northern- 
 most one should be the highest. 
 
 Ba'nksia. (Named after Sir Joseph 
 Banks, a distinguished patron of" natural 
 history. Nat. ord., Proteacew.) 
 
 All interesting greenhouse evergreen shrubs, 
 from Australia. Seeds, when obtainable, should 
 be sown in spring, in sandy peat, and placed in 
 the greenhouse ; the seedlings should be potted 
 off aa soon as they can be handled, otherwise 
 they will damp off. Some kinds are most easily 
 propagated by layers, and a few rare ones by 
 grafting ; but most may be obtained by cuttings 
 of the ripened shoots, with most of the leaves 
 attached, insei'ted round the sides of a pot, 
 placed under a hand-light, kept close, and 
 shaded from sunshine during the day, the glass 
 should be removed occasionally and wiped. 
 Sandy peat, with a little loam to the more 
 strong-growing. 
 
 B. a/mnla. 20. Yellow. 1824. B. M. t. 2671. 
 
 Syns., B. elatior and B. midulata, B. E. 
 
 t. 1316. 
 — alteniM'ta. 6. Yellow. 1794. Syn., B. eylim- 
 
 — austra'lis. See B. murginata. 
 
 — Bau'eri. Red. 
 
 — Baxtdri. 8. White. 
 
 — Bro'wnii. 1830. 
 
 — CaUyi. 6. 1830. 
 
 — cocci'nea. 6. Scarlet. 1803. 
 
 — coUi'na. 6. Yellow. 1800. B. M. t. 3060. 
 
 Syns., B. Cwmanghami, Udifolia and 
 litoralis. 
 
 — aim/par. See B. integrifolia, var. cmmpar. 
 
 — Cunnvngha'Tnii, See B. collina. 
 
 — cylindrosta'chya. See B. attenuata. 
 
 — denta'ta. 4. Yellow. 1822. 
 
 — Dryandroi'des. 6. Yellow. 1822. 
 
 — elatior. See B. cemula. 
 
 — ericifo'lia. 6. Yellow. 1788. B. M. t. 738. 
 — fdrrea. See B. marginata. 
 
 — Goo'dii. 1830. 
 
 — gra'ndis. 2. Yellow. 1794. 
 
 — Hookeria'na. 6. Purple. 1853. 
 
 — Huge'lii. Yellow. 1837. 
 
 — hypoleu'ca. See B. margimata. 
 
 — Uidifo'lia. Scarlet. 1837. 
 
 — iTisula'ris. See B. marginata. 
 
 — integrifo'lia. 12. Yellow. 1788. Syns., B. 
 
 maerophylla, B. oleifolia (B. M. t. 2770), 
 
 and Hakea pubescens. 
 
 co'm/par. 6. Yellow. 1824. 
 
 palwdtita. 2. Yellow. March. 1805. 
 
 — laMfdlia. 30. Green. July. 1802. B. M. 
 
 t. 2406. 
 
 — ledi/dlia. See B. collina. 
 
 — litora'lis. See B. collina. 
 
 — macrophy'lla. See B. integrifolia. 
 
BAO 
 
 [96] 
 
 BAR 
 
 B. marc^scens. 6. Yellow. 1794. Syn., B. 
 mcemarsa, Andr. Bep. t. 268. 
 
 — mmgina'ta. 6. Yellow. July. 1804. Syna., 
 
 B. australis, ferrea, hypoleucaj insuiaris 
 and aUcmgifolia. 
 
 — meldia. 6. YeUow. 1824. B. M. t. 3120. 
 
 — Menzie'nm. Yellow. 1837. 
 
 — nu'tana. 4. Yellow. June. 1803. 
 
 — oblmgifo'lia. B. C. t. 241. See B. marginata. 
 
 — oeeidenta'lis. 8. Bed. April to August. 
 
 King George's Sound. B. M. t. 3535. 
 
 — ole^o'lia. See £. mtegri^olia. 
 
 — paludo'sa. B. E. t. 697. See B. integrifoUa, 
 var. paludosa. 
 
 — proitra'ta. 2. Yellow. 1824. 
 
 — pulcJie'lla. 6. Yellow. 1805. 
 
 — guereifo'lia. 5. YeUow. 1805. B. M. 1. 1430. 
 
 — serra'ta. 20. Ked. B. R. 1. 1316. 
 
 — SolaJndri. 6. 1830. 
 
 — spedo'ta. 6. Yellow. July. 1805. 
 
 — spmulo'm. 6. Yellow. August. 1788. Andr. 
 
 B«p. t. 457. 
 
 — sphceroca'rpa. 6. Yellow. 1803. 
 
 — undula'ta. B. B. t. 1316. See B. temula. 
 
 — verticiUa'ta. 12. Yellow. August. 1794. 
 
 Hook. Ex. Fl. t. 96. 
 
 — Vieto'rice. 12. Yellow. Swan River. 1842. 
 
 B. M. t. 4906. 
 
 Ba'obab-tree. Adansonia. 
 
 Ba'phia. (From baphe, a dye ; the 
 Camwood or Barwood, from which a 
 brilliant red-colour is obtained, is from 
 B. ni'tida. Nat. ord., LeguminosiB ; 
 Tribe, Sophorew. Allied to the Carob- 
 tree.) 
 
 Stove tree. Cuttings ; sandy peat and loam. 
 B, ni'tida. 30. White. August. Sierra Leone. 
 1793. B. C. t. 367. 
 
 Bapti'sia. (From hapto, to dye; 
 some of the species, notably B. tinctoria, 
 possessing dyeing properties. Nat. ord. , 
 LeguminoscB ; Tribe, JPodalyriecB. Allied 
 to Fodalyria.) 
 
 All hardy herbaceous plants useful for borders 
 or beds. Division or seeds, the latter in sandy 
 soil in the open or in pans in cold frame. 
 B. a'lba. 2. White. June. N. Amer. 1724. 
 B. M. 1. 1177. Syn., Padalyria alba. 
 
 — auriculalta. Blue. June. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 — austra'lis. 2^. Blue. June. N. Amer. 1768. 
 
 B. M. t. 609. 
 
 — confu'sa. Blue. June. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 — exalta'ta. 3. White. June. N. Amer. 1724. 
 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 97. 
 
 — lanceola'ta. 1. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 1818. 
 
 — leucophce/a. White. July. N. Amer. 1870. 
 
 B. M. t. 5900. 
 
 — mi'nor. li. Blue. June. N. Amer. 1829. 
 
 — mo'llis. ' l|. Blue. June. N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 — perfolialta. 3. Yellow. August. Carolina. 
 
 1732. B. M. t. 3121. 
 
 — tinetdria. 3. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 1760. 
 
 B. C. t. 588. Syn., Fodalyria tinetoria. 
 B. M. 1. 1099. 
 
 — versi'color. 4. Light purple. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — villo'm. 2. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 Barbace'nia. (Named after M. 
 Barhacena, a governor of Minas Geraes. 
 Nat. ord., AmarylUdeoB ; Tribe, Vel- 
 losicB. ) 
 
 Handsome stove herbaceous perennials. Divi- 
 sions ; sandy loam. 
 
 B. gra'ailis. See Datylirion acrotrichum. 
 
 — purpu'rea. IJ. Purple. July. Brazil. 1825. 
 
 — Bogie'rii. IJ. Purplish-violet. July. 1869. 
 hy'bridts. Fl. Ser. t. 1152. 
 
 samgui'Tiea. Deep crimson. 1847. 
 eouama'ta. i. Bright red. March. Brazil. 
 1841, remtroduced 1890. B. M. t. 4136. 
 
 Barbadoes 
 
 barbade'nsis. 
 
 Cedar. Juni'perus 
 
 Barbadoes Cherry. Malpi'gMa. 
 
 Barbadoes Gooseberry. Pere'- 
 skia. 
 
 Barbadoes Lily. Hippea'strum- 
 eque'stre. 
 
 Barbadoes Pride. Adena'nthera 
 pavoni'fM. 
 
 Barba'rea. Winter Cress. (From 
 being formerly called the herb of Sta. 
 Barbara. Nat. ord. , Crucifercs ; Tribe, 
 Arabidece. AUied to Arabis.) 
 
 All hardy herbaceous perennials, except B. 
 stri'cta. B. vulgaris furnishes a wholesome salad. • 
 Division or seed ; common soil. 
 B. arma'ta. 2. Yellow. July. Germany. 1833. 
 Bng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 121. 
 
 — orthoce^rus. 1^. Yellow. June. Siberia. 
 
 — prc^cox. 1. Yellow. April to October. Eng- 
 
 land. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 124. Early 
 Belle-isle cress or American cress. 
 
 — vulga'ris. IJ. Yellow. May to August. 
 
 Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 129. 
 
 stri'cta. Yellow. Britain. Hardy bien- 
 nial. Raised from seed. Eng. Bot. 
 ed. 3, 1. 122. 
 
 variega'ta. A pretty form. It comes true 
 
 from seed. 
 
 Jlo'repWno. A handsome border plant 
 
 with double flowers. 
 
 Barbe'ria. See Barleriola. 
 
 Barberry. {Be'rberis vulga'ris.) 
 There are several varieties of the Com- 
 mon Barberry : the red berried, with 
 stones ; the black sweet, which is tender, 
 and requires a sheltered border; the 
 purple ; and the white. The seedless 
 \B. vulga'ris aspe'rma) is mostly pre- 
 ferred for preserving purposes. The 
 fruit is acid, and the bark is very as- 
 tringent. 
 
 Propagation. — Suckers, cuttings, and 
 layers may be employed, either in the 
 spring or autumn. Seeds, if sown soon 
 after being collected, will germinate in 
 spring. 
 
 SoU. — A sandy or calcareous soU, with 
 a dry sub-soil, suits it best. 
 
 Culture. — It requires no other pruning 
 than such as is necessary to keep it 
 within bounds. Their spines are so for- 
 midable, that we have known the com- 
 mon kinds used with good effect to stop 
 gaps in hedges liable to much trespass. 
 
 Fruit. — This is fully ripe in October, 
 and is gathered in entire bunches for 
 preserving, pickling, and candying. 
 
BAR 
 
 [97] 
 
 BAR 
 
 Diseases. — It is liable to be infected 
 with a blight, which causes the green 
 leaves to assume a chalky- white appear- 
 ance. This is known to be a stage in the 
 life-history of the same fungus as that 
 which is the mildew on wheat; but 
 they are still placed in different genera. 
 That which preys upon the Barberry 
 is Mcidiuw, berberidis (shown in our 
 figure), and that which attacks Wheat 
 is Puccinia graminis. 
 
 Barbie'ria, (Named after J. B. G. 
 Barbier, M.I)., a French naturalist. 
 Nat. ord. , LepuminoscB ; Tribe, Galegem. 
 Allied to Cajanus. ) 
 
 An ornamental stove evergreen shrub. Cut- 
 tings of half-ripened wood in sand, under a 
 glass ; sandy peat and loam. 
 B. polyphi/lla. Beddish-purple. Porto Eico. 
 
 1818. Syns., Clitarea polyphylla and 
 
 Gaiactia pinnaia. 
 
 Bark. The refuse bark from the 
 tanner's yard is employed by the gar- 
 dener as a source of heat, and, when 
 thoroughly broken down by decay, as a 
 manure. 
 
 As a source of heat, it is much less 
 used than formerly, the hot-water sys- 
 tem having very generally and most 
 deservedly superseded it. Bark for 
 heating requires frequent stirring and 
 renewing, and, if too much moisture be 
 added, is apt to give out an excessive 
 and irregular heat. In addition, it is 
 a troublesome harbour for predatory 
 insects. 
 
 Bark fresh from the tan-yard, being 
 thrown lightly together under a shed, 
 must be gently moistened, if dry, and 
 turned over twice a week, to expose it 
 thoroughly to the air. Unless this be 
 
 done the fermentation will not be gene- 
 ral or regular. This is to be continued 
 for a month or five weeks, in warm 
 weather the shorter time being requi- 
 site ; and then, having acquired a gene- 
 ral and equal heat, it is ready for use in 
 the stove. Usually it will continue to 
 afford heat for a period varying between 
 three and six months, but sometimes 
 ceases to ferment without any apparent 
 cause. Whenever the heat declines, the 
 tan must be taken out, sifted, the dusty 
 parts removed, and some fresh tan added. 
 Sometimes turning the old tan and 
 moistening it will be sufficient. 
 
 It is desirable, on the first formation 
 of a bed, to mix new and old tan to- 
 gether, in which case the quantity of 
 new bark to be brought into the pit will 
 depend upon the quality of the bark, 
 and the bottom-heat required. As much 
 new tan as will fill two-third parts of 
 the pit, with a mixture of old, rotten, 
 reduced almost to earth, will produce a 
 bottom-heat of about 85°. When old 
 tan with higher remains of strength is 
 used to modify the new, the same heat 
 may be produced if the quantity be not 
 more than half the capacity of the pit. 
 This refers to a new pit. After a bark- 
 bed has been in action, partial renewals 
 of bark, to keep up the heat, are fre- 
 quently sufficient, in the reduced pro- 
 portion of one-third, one-sixth, one- 
 twelfth, or less. At intermediate stages 
 between the partial renewals, the bed 
 requires only to be excited to a brisker 
 fermentation by forking up. About 
 five-sevenths of the pit from the bottom 
 should be occupied by the new and old 
 tan as a fermenting body; and about 
 two-sevenths from the top, or a little 
 more than the depth of the pot, what- 
 ever that may be, should consist of old 
 tan incapable of heating, so as to burn 
 the roots of the plants. At least, such 
 should be the ordinary distribution of 
 the tan ; but, where peculiar circum- 
 stances require a speedy augmentation 
 of heat without displacing the pots, and 
 when fruit is to be swelled off in the 
 last stage, the earthy tan at top may 
 be taken away, and new tan substituted. 
 
 As a manure. — See Vegetable 
 Matters. 
 
 Bark. The exterior part of the stem 
 of plants. 
 
 Bark-bound. When a tree is af- 
 fected with this disease, cracks will 
 appear in it partially, and, in the case 
 of the Cherry, Apricot, Peach, and Nec- 
 tarine, gummy discharge will follow. 
 It is a sure indication that either the 
 
 H 
 
BAR 
 
 [98] 
 
 BAR 
 
 soil is too rich or not sufficiently drained. 
 The latter is usniallj the source of the 
 evil. Under-draimng, and scrubbing 
 the stem with brine, often effects a cure. 
 Scoring the bark lengthwise with a knife 
 is a rude mode of treatment, often fol- 
 lowed by canker, more fatal than the 
 disease intended to be removed. If 
 scoring be adopted, it should be done 
 early in spring ; and the knife should 
 not penetrate below the dry, outer 
 bark. 
 
 Bark Stove, or Moist Stove, is 
 a hothouse which, either by having a 
 mass of fermenting matter, or an open 
 reservoir of hot water, has its atmo- 
 sphere appropriately supplied with mois- 
 ture, congenially with the habits of 
 some tropical plants. It received the 
 name of Bark Stove, because tanner's 
 bark was formerly a chief source of the 
 heat employed. See Stove. 
 
 Barke'ria. See Epidendrum. 
 
 Barking Irons, or Bark Scalers, 
 are for scraping off the hard outer bark, 
 or dry scales from the stems and branches 
 of trees. 
 
 Ba'rklya. (In honour of Sir H. 
 Barkly, Governor of S. Australia. Nat. 
 ord., LeguminoscB ; Tribe, SophorecB.) 
 
 Greenhouse tree. Loam and leaf-soil. Seeds 
 or cuttings of half-ripened wood under a bell- 
 
 B. syringoeflo'ra. 30. Fink. Moreton Bay. 
 185S. 
 
 Barle'ria. (After the Mev. J. Bar- 
 relier, of Paris. Nat. ord., Acanthacece.) 
 
 Ornamental stove evergreens, except B. longi- 
 folia. Seeds or cuttings of the perennial species 
 of young wood under a bell-glass in heat. Rich 
 loam and peat. 
 
 B. alVba. 3. July. N. Holland. 1815. B. C. 
 t. 360. 
 
 — huxifo'lia. 2. WTiite. July. E. Ind. 1768. 
 
 — cceru'lea. 2. Blue. July. E. Ind. 1823. 
 sponta'nea. 2. Blue. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1820. Syn., B. striaosa. 
 
 — crista'ta. 2. Blue. July. E. Ind. 1796. 
 
 — dicho/toma. 2. Purple. July. B. Ind. 1823. 
 —fla'va. 3. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1816. 
 
 Syn., B. ndtis, B. M. t. 4113. 
 
 — Gibsdni. Purple. India. 1867. B. M. 
 
 t. 6628. 
 
 — involucra'ta ela'ta. 6. Bark blue. Singapore. 
 
 1890. 
 
 — Leichtensteinia'Tia. S. Africa. 1870. G. C. 
 
 1870, p. 73. 
 
 — longifio/ra. 3. July. E. Ind. 1816. 
 
 — Imigifo'lia. 2. White. August. E. Ind. 
 
 1781. 
 
 — lupuli'na. 2. Yellow. August. Mauritius. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — Maeke'nii. Purple. Spring. Natal. 1870. 
 
 B. M. t. 6868. 
 
 — mi'tis, Se&B.fiava. 
 
 — monta'na. 2. Purple. September E. Ind. 
 
 1818. B. C. t. 344. Syn., B. purpurea. 
 
 — prioni'Hs. 3. Orange. July. E. Ind. 1769. 
 — ptirpu'rea. See B. montana. 
 
 B. re'pem. Rose. E. Trop. Africa. 1887. B. M. 
 t. 6964. 
 
 — 8ola/nifo'lia. See Barberiola solanifolia. 
 
 — strigo'sOf. See B. cxrulea, var. spontanea. 
 
 Barleri'ola. (From Barleria. Nat. 
 ord., Acanthacece.) 
 
 B. solanifo'lia. 2. Blue. W. Ind. Syn., Bar- 
 beria solanifotia. 
 
 Barley. (Ro'rdewm mdga're.) This 
 genus of grasses, being interesting only 
 to the farmer and botanist, has not been 
 included in this work. 
 
 Barnade'sia. (After Bamadez, a 
 Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Composites; 
 Tribe, MutisiaceoB.) 
 
 B. ro'sea, a very pretty deciduous shrub, re- 
 quiring to be kept nearly dry, in a greenhouse, 
 in winter. Seeds, in hotbeds, in March ; cuttings 
 of half-ripened wood in April, in sand, under a 
 hell-glass. 
 B. gra/ndifldra. 2. Pale rose. S. Amer. 1844. 
 
 An evergreen requiring a cool stove or 
 
 intermediate house. 
 
 — ro'sea. 1. Pink. May. S. Amer. 1840. B. 
 
 M. t. 4232. 
 
 — spm&sa. 4. June. Peru. 1825. This has 
 
 been called Baca'zia spvtio'sa. Green- 
 house evergreen. 
 
 Bama'rdia. (Named after^. 5a»'- 
 nard, F.L.S. Nat. ord., Li'/aceiB.) See 
 Scilla. 
 
 B. scUUddes. See Scaia ehimnsis, B. E. 1. 1029. 
 
 Baro'meter, or Weather Glass, 
 so called from two Greek words, signi- 
 fying a measurer of weight, because it 
 indicates the weight or pressure of the 
 air. We only admit a notice of this be- 
 cause, as a guide to approaching changes 
 of weather, it is useful to the gardener. 
 
 Mr. P. Christenson, of Cowes, in the 
 Isle of Wight, lectui'er upon astronomy, 
 etc. , has arranged a table, which no one 
 having a weather-glass should be with- 
 out. This "Companion to the Baro- 
 meter " is the result of thirty-two years' 
 observation; and the following is aii 
 epitome of the information it gives. 
 During the first six months of the year, 
 when the mercury is rising, if the weather 
 has been bad, and the mercury reaches 
 to 29-62 inches, there will be a change ; 
 if to 30-12, the weather will be fair ; if 
 to 30-29, set fair. If the mercury has 
 been high, and begins /aZ^mg', there will 
 he a change if it declines to 29-90 ; rain, 
 if it descends to 29-50 ; and wind, with 
 rain, if it reaches 29-12. During the last 
 six months of the year, if the weather 
 has been foul, and the mercury berins 
 rising, there will be a change if it reaches 
 to 29-48 ; fair, if to 30-13 ; and set fair 
 if to 30-45. If the weather has been 
 fair, and the mercury begins falling, 
 there will be a change if it sinks to 29 'S? s 
 rain, if to 29-55 ; and wind with rain, if 
 
BAR 
 
 [99] 
 
 BAR 
 
 to 29-28. At any time of the year, if the 
 mercury fall to 28-10, or even to 28-20, 
 there -noil be stormy weather. These 
 conclusions are from observations made 
 at thirty feet above the sea's level, and, 
 therefore, one-hundredth part of an inch 
 must be added to the height of the mer- 
 cui-y for every additional ten feet above 
 the sea's level, where the barometer may 
 happen to be. 
 
 Baro'sma. (From harys, heavy, 
 and osme, odour ; referring to the power- 
 ful scent of the leaves. Nat. ord., Ru- 
 tacece. Allied to Diosma. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, all natives of the 
 Cape. Cuttings of half -ripened wood in June, 
 under a bell-glass, in sand, without heat ; sandy 
 loam and peat. 
 
 B. betuli'na. 2. White. February to September. 
 1790. Syn., Diosma crenata, B. C. t. 404. 
 
 — crenula'ta. 3. Bluish. April. B. M. t. 3413. 
 
 — dioi'ca. 2. White. June. 1816. B. B. 
 
 t. 602. 
 
 — laWo'lia. 1. White. July. 1789. 
 
 — ma:ta. 2. White. May. 1790. Syn., Bioww, 
 
 ovata, B. M. 1. 1616. 
 — pulche'Ua. 1 to 3. Purple. February. 1787. 
 B. M. 1. 1367. 
 
 — serratifo'Ua. 1 to 3. White. March to June. 
 
 1789. B. M. t. 466. Syn., Diosma serrati- 
 folia. 
 
 Barred. Thatpart of aplantissaid' 
 to be barred which is striped with a 
 lighter or darker colour than the pre- 
 vailing colour of that part. 
 
 Barren Plants. The male or sta- 
 minate flowers of the cucumber, melon, 
 and other monoecious plants are popu- 
 larly known as barren flowers ; and the 
 plants of the asparagus, mercury, and 
 other dioecious plants bearing only male 
 flowers, are usually termed barren, i.e., 
 they do not produce fruit. There is also 
 a barrenness arising from disease, or the 
 consequences of bad cultivation. If a 
 tree, or any other plant, does not yield 
 the desired produce of fruit of which it 
 
 IS capable, the gardener may be assured 
 that the soil, bad drainage, the manuring, 
 or the pruning, is injurious. Even a 
 bhnd or barren cabbage may be made 
 
 E reductive; for its barrenness arises 
 •om the central bud being abortive, 
 and it will produce lateral buds, if all 
 but one leaf and the place of the abor- 
 tive bud be out away. When a flower 
 has no pistil it is incurably barren. A 
 very high temp eratu re caused a water- 
 melon to bear male blossoms only ; and 
 a very low temperature made cucumber- 
 plants jdeld female flowers alone. Mr. 
 Knight had little doubt that the same 
 fruit-stalks might be made, in the plants 
 just noticed, to support flowers of either 
 sex, in obedience to external causes. 
 Our own observations lead us to the con- 
 clusion that the cucumber and vegetable 
 marrow, when grown in too cold a tem- 
 
 Eerature, produce a majority of male 
 lossoms. 
 
 Barren Soil. No soU is absolutely 
 incapable of production ; and when it is 
 spoken of as being barren, no more is 
 meant than that, in its present state, it 
 will not repay the cultivator. The un- 
 productiveness arises from a deficiency 
 of some of the earths or of water ; from 
 an excess or deficiency of animal and 
 vegetable matters ; or from an excess of 
 stagnant water. No soil can be pro- 
 ductive where nineteen parts out of 
 twenty are of any one earth or other 
 substance. If either chalk, or sand, or 
 clay, be in exce'ss, the remedy is found 
 in adding one or both of the other two. 
 An excess of organic matter only occurs 
 in peat soils; and these are reclaimed 
 by draining, paring, and burning, and 
 the addition of earthy matter. Drainage 
 is also of course the cure for an excess 
 of water. 
 
 Barrenwort. Epime'dium. 
 
 Barringto'nia. (Named after the 
 Hon. Daines Barrmgton. Nat. ord., 
 MyrtaeetB. Syn., Stravadium.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees and shrubs, difficult to 
 cultivate wefl. Cuttings of ripe shoots with all 
 the leaves left on, under a glass, in a strong heat ; 
 lumpy loam and peat. 
 
 B. acuta'ngiUa. 20. Purple. Moluccas. 1822. 
 Syn., Stravadium acuta/ngulwm and ru- 
 brum. 
 
 — eehinalta. 20. White. Moluccas. 1820. 
 
 — platyphy'Ua. 3. White. June. Moluccas. 
 1806. 
 
 — racemo'sa. 30. Red. Moluccas, Malabar and 
 
 Delta of the Ganges. 1820. B. M. t. 3831. 
 Syns., Eugenia racemosa, Stravadium 
 racemosum. 
 
 — specio'sa. 2 to 8. Scarlet. Indian Archi- 
 
 pelago. 1786. 
 
 Barro'tia panche'ri. See Pan- 
 danus. 
 
BAR 
 
 [100] 
 
 BAS 
 
 Bartholi'na. (Named after Bar- 
 tholin, a Danish physiologist. Nat. ord., 
 Orchidacece. Allied to Serapias. ) 
 
 One of those terrestrial orchids from the Cape 
 which we have not yet succeeded in cultivating 
 easily. Greenhouse orchid ; division of the root; 
 sandy loam. 
 B. peotma'ta* 1. Lilac. November. Cape. 
 
 1787. B. E. t. 1663. Syn., Arethusa 
 
 eilia/ris. 
 
 Barto'nia. (Named after Dr. Bar- 
 ton, an American botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Loasacew. In the Genera Plantarum 
 this is regarded as a section of Ment- 
 zelia. ) 
 
 Half-hardy plants ; seeds ; the biennials should 
 be sown in summer, and protected in a cold pit 
 during the winter ; the annuals may be sown in 
 the open air, in April, or in a slight hotbed, and 
 transplanted ; most of them debght in a sandy 
 soil and a little peat. B, aurea does best in a 
 light sandy soil. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 B. (Ob^scma. 2. White. Chili. 1831. Swt. FL 
 Card. 2, 1. 182. 
 
 — mt'reOi. 3. Yellow. June. California. 1834. 
 
 B. M. t. 3649. 
 
 BIENNIALS. 
 
 R ni^da. 2. White. August. Missouri. 1811. 
 
 B. M. t. 5483. 
 ^oma'ta. 2. White. August. Missouri. 1811. 
 
 Syn., B. deeapetala, B. M. 1. 1487. 
 
 Ba'rtsia. (Named after J. Bartch, 
 M.D. l!ia,t. Old., Scrophulariacece. Al- 
 lied to Euphrasia.) 
 
 These require the treatment of choice alpines ; 
 hardy annuals ; seeds in April, on ropk-work ; 
 difficult to manage well. 
 
 3. alpi'na. J. Purple. August. Britain. Eng. 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 995. 
 
 — coeci'nea. See Ca»tilleja. 
 
 — latifo'lia. See Eufragia latifoUa. 
 
 — odontites. |. Pink. August. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 993. 
 
 — pa'Uida. See Castiileja pallida. 
 
 — visoo'sa. i. Yellow. July. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 994. 
 
 BarwOOd. Ba'phia ni'tida, an 
 African dye-producing wood. 
 
 Baryo'sma. See Barosma. 
 
 B, Tongo. See Bipterix odorata. 
 
 Base'Ua. Malabar Nightshade. (Its 
 Malabar name. Nat. ord., Chenopo- 
 diacem. ) 
 
 B. a'lba and ru'bra are used as spinach in the 
 East Indies. Stove biennials, except where other- 
 wise specified, and mostly climbers. If sown in 
 good heat in February, and treated as a border 
 annual, they will bloom freely the same season ; 
 rich, lumpy soil. 
 B. a'lba. 8. White. August. E. Ind. 1888. 
 
 — cordifo'lia. 6. Pale purple. August. E. Ind 
 
 1802. 
 
 — lu'cida. 6. White. August. E. Ind. 1802. 
 
 — margina'ta. See Boussingaultia. 
 
 — nigra. 3. White. August. China. 1822. 
 
 Greenhouse. 
 
 — ramo'sa. 6. August. 
 
 — ruibra. 8. Pink. August. E. Ind. 1731. 
 
 — ttOier&sa. 6. Yellow. September. S. Amer. 
 ., 1824. 
 
 Basil. (O'cymum.) There are tw(V 
 kinds, the Sweet-scented (0. basi'lieum), 
 and the Dwarf -bush ( 0. mi'nimum). The 
 young leaf-tops are the parts made use 
 of in soups and salads, tneir flavour re- 
 sembling that of cloves. 
 
 The supply is never-failing during: 
 summer, as they shoot out rapidly for 
 successional supplies. 
 
 Sow on a very gentle hotbed, under 
 glass, about the end of March or first of 
 April, to raise plants for the principal or 
 main crop. The frame should be filled 
 up with earth to within three or four 
 inches of the glass, or very shallow 
 frames may be used for such purposes. 
 When the plants are up, give a little 
 air by tilting the lights ; and, as they 
 advance, and the weather is warmer, 
 
 five them more air, until the lights may 
 e taken off altogether during the day, 
 and put on at night. By the above 
 management, good, hardened plants will 
 be fit for planting out towards the end of 
 May, or beginning of June, into warm 
 borders, or beds of light, rich earth. If 
 the weather be dry at the time of plant- 
 ing out, let the beds be well watered 
 previous to planting, which will be better 
 done in the evening. Lift the young 
 plants from the seed-bed with a small 
 fork or trowel, and plant them out with 
 care, eight or ten inches apart, and water 
 them, to settle the earth to the roots. 
 Attend to watering when required, until 
 the plants are well established. If green 
 tops are required for earlier use, sow in 
 pots, pans, or boxes, and place in any 
 heated structure. 
 
 To obtain seed. — Some of the earliest- 
 raised plants must be left ungathered 
 from. These flower from July to Sep- 
 tember, and, accordingly, ripen their 
 seed in early or late autumn. 
 
 Basining-up. By this term is meant 
 raising a small bank of earth entirely 
 round a plant, so as to retain water im- 
 mediately about the roots. 
 
 Baskets, employed by the London 
 gardeners, being made of osier or deal 
 shavings, vary triflinglyin size more than 
 measures made of less flexible materials. 
 They are as follows : 
 
 Pottle— a. long, tapering basket, made 
 of deal shavings, holding about a pint 
 and a half. 
 
 Sea-kale punnets — eight inches dia- 
 meter at the top, and seven inches and 
 a half at the bottom, and two inches deep. 
 
 Badish punnets — eight inches dia- 
 meter, and one inch deep, if to hold six 
 hands ; or nine inches by one inch for 
 twelve hands. 
 
BAS 
 
 [101] 
 
 BAS 
 
 Mushroom pttnnets — seven inclies by 
 one inch. 
 
 Salading punnets — five inches by two 
 inches. 
 
 Half sieve — contains three imperial 
 gallons and a half. It averages twelve 
 inches and a half diameter, and six 
 inches in depth. 
 
 Sieve — contains sevenimperial gallons. 
 Diameter, fifteen inches ; depth, eight 
 Inches. 
 
 Bushel sieve — ten imperial gallons and 
 a half. Diameter at top, seventeen inches 
 and three quarters ; at Dottom, seventeen 
 inches ; depth, eleven inches and a 
 quarter. 
 
 Bitshel basket — ought, when heaped, 
 to contain an imperial bushel. Diameter 
 at bottom, ten inches ; at top, fourteen 
 inches and a half ; depth, seventeen 
 inches. Walnuts, nuts, apples, and pota- 
 toes are sold by this measure. A bushel 
 ■of the last-named, cleaned, weighs fifty- 
 six pounds ; but four pounds additional 
 are allowed if they are not washed. 
 
 Baskets (Rustic). These are often 
 suitable ornaments for the reception of 
 liowering-plants upon lawns, and other 
 parts of the pleasure-grounds and are 
 easily made. Having fixed on the sizes 
 you wish for, procure some inch boards, 
 «ither of sound oak, which is the best, 
 or of well-seasoned elm or deal. Cut 
 them into the proper lengths, and naU 
 them together the right width ; they will 
 then form a square. Mark then the de- 
 sired fopm (round or octagon) on this 
 fiouare, and cut it into the desired figure. 
 When this is done, you have the ground- 
 work of jrour basket ; make the basket 
 ten or eight inches deep ; and, if your 
 
 farden is moderately extensive, you may 
 ave them the largest size to be manage- 
 able, that is from three to five feet in 
 diameter. If a small garden, this size 
 would be inconvenient, and take up too 
 much room. Yet there is no reason why 
 you should not have two or three of 
 these ornaments. For such a garden, 
 the most proper dimensions would be 
 two feet ; and for that size, six inches 
 deep would be proportionate. Then 
 proceed to nail to the circular or octagon 
 Dottom the sides. If the shape is round, 
 let the pieces of wood to form the sides 
 be narrow, bevel inwards the sides, and 
 shape them- so as to form the circle ; but 
 if of an octagon form, the pieces will be, 
 of course, of the width of each of the 
 eight sides, and planed to fit at each 
 ■comer. Fasten them firmly together 
 ■with nails, and the main foundation and 
 walls of your baskets are complete. On 
 
 the top of the side put some split hazel 
 rods, of sufficient thickness to cover it, 
 and hang over the outside edge about 
 half an inch. Place some of the same 
 kind close to the bottom ; then, between 
 the two, cover the plaia boards with 
 some rough oak or elm bark, or, what is 
 more expensive and troublesome, but 
 certainly more ornamental, cover the 
 sides with (split or whole, as you may 
 fancy) hazel rods, formed into tasteful 
 forms. These should fit so close as to 
 hide completely the material of which 
 the sides are formed. The bark-plan 
 will not rec^uire anything more doing to 
 it after it is neatly fitted and securely 
 nailed to the sides ; but the hazel rods 
 should have a coating of boiled linseed- 
 oil applied. 
 
 Baskets, formed of various materials 
 such as wire, wood, terra-cotta, cork, 
 etc. , are now largely used for the adorn- 
 ment of rooms, corridors, windows, etc., 
 fiUed with handsome foliaged or flower- 
 ing plants. Ferns make a charming dis- 
 play when tastefully arranged in them. 
 In filling the baskets, the inside should 
 first be uned with moss, next to which a 
 layer of fibry loam, and finally the soil 
 most suitable to the plants. Baskets and 
 cylinders made of oak are generally used 
 for orchids. The truck basket, made of 
 wUlow wood, is generally used in gardens 
 now. It is both light and durable. 
 
 Bass or Bast Mats. These are 
 chiefly made in Russia, from the inner 
 bark of trees {bast in the Russ language). 
 They are very serviceable, however, to 
 place over beds of early spring radishes, 
 etc. , to prevent the night radiation. This 
 is quite as effectual, much cleaner, and 
 less troublesome than a covering of straw. 
 Shreds of these mats are also useful for 
 many gardening purposes where a liga- 
 ture or string is required. One of Qie 
 principal of these is for binding a bud or 
 scion in its place on the stock after graft- 
 ing. For this we prefer the new Cuba 
 bast; but the finest of the ordinary 
 Russian mats will answer equally well, 
 perhaps better, provided the material is 
 very fine and very tough. In selecting a 
 mat for this purpose, the best may be 
 distinguished by two or three qualities : 
 — First, whatever colour the bast be, it 
 must feel silky and somewhat oily to the 
 touch. A full reliance must not be placed 
 on this alone, however ; but the strength 
 should be tested by cutting off' a fine- 
 looking strand, and stripping off a nar- 
 row piece as fine as twine. This, if good, 
 should withstand a considerable amount 
 of tension. 
 
BAS 
 
 [102] 
 
 BAU 
 
 Ba'ssia. (Named after M. Bassi, 
 curator of the Botanic Garden at Bou- 
 logne. Nat. ord., SapotacecB.) 
 
 The Bassias are trees of some importance in 
 India. B. butyra'eea yields a thick, oil-like 
 butter from its fruit, or mahva. B. latifo'lia fur- 
 bishes a kind of arrack, called mowra, by distil- 
 ling the leaves. The fruit of the lUupie-tree, B. 
 langifo'lia, yields oil for lamps, soap-making, and 
 also for food ; and Mungo Park's Butter-tree was 
 a species of Bassia. Stove trees. Cuttings of 
 ripened young shoots in April, in heat, under a 
 bell-glass ; peat and loam. 
 B. butyra'eea. 30 to 70. Nepaul. 1823. Brandis 
 F. Flor. t. 35. 
 
 — latifdUa. 40. Yellow. E. Ind. Bedd. Fl. 
 
 Syl. t. 41. 
 ^longifo'Ua. 40. E. Ind. 1811. Bedd. Fl. 
 Syl. t. 42. 
 
 Bata'tas. (Aboriginal name. Nat. 
 ord., ConvolvulacecB. This genus is 
 joined by Hooker and Bentham to 
 Ipomcea. ) 
 
 All free-growing stove or greenhouse deciduous 
 climbers, excellent for pillars or trellis-work. 
 Cuttings of stumpy side-shoots, or young shoots 
 slipped from the tubers, just as they begin to 
 grow ; in sandy soil, in bottom-heat, and under 
 a hand-glass ; rich, sandy loam and fibry peat, 
 with manure-water when grovring. They require 
 to be kept comparatively dry while dormant. 
 B. beta'cea. 6. Pale violet. Demerara. 1839. 
 B. E. 1840, t. 66. 
 
 — bignonioi'des. Dark purple. July. Cayenne. 
 
 1824. B. M. t. 2646. 
 
 — bonarie^n^. 10. Purple. Pax. Mag. vol. 8, p. 25. 
 
 — Cavanille'Sii. White, red. August, 1815. 
 
 — e^dulie. White, purple B. Ind. 1797. Sweet 
 
 Potato. 
 
 — qlmusifoUa. Purplish. June. Mexico. 1732. 
 
 — heterophi/Ua. Blue. September. Cuba. 1817. 
 —jala'pa. Rose. August. Mexico. 1845. 
 
 — vamiusuMia. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1799. 
 
 B. E. t. 75. 
 
 — pentavMlla. White. August. E. Ind. 1739. 
 
 Wight, Icon. t. 834. 
 
 — senegaldnsU. White. July. Guinea. 1823. 
 
 — tema'ta. White. July. Brazil. 1824. Syn., 
 
 Ipovwea temata. 
 
 — venc/sa. Purple. July. Mauritius. 1820. 
 
 Syn. J Ipomcea venosa. 
 
 — Vttide'cldi. White and purple. S. Amer. 
 
 1847. 
 
 — WUldenc^vii. Purple. July. 1818. Syns., 
 
 Jpomaea heterophylla, Pharbitts hetero- 
 phylla. 
 
 Batema'imia, (Called after Mr. 
 Bateman, a keen collector and ardent 
 cultivator of orchids, and author. of a 
 splendid work on the Orchids of Mexico 
 and Guatemala. Nat. ord., Orc/iidacew. 
 Allied to Maxillaria.) 
 
 Easily grown and usually free-flowering stove 
 orchids ; divisions and offsets ; peat and sphag- 
 num ; plant raised considerably above the surface 
 of pot, or suspended in shallow baskets. 
 B. armilla'ta. Green, white. 1875. Echb. Xen. 
 t. 316. 
 
 — Bu'rtii. Brown, yellow, purple, white. Costa 
 
 Eica and Ecuador. 1872. B. M. t. 6003. 
 
 — Co'lleyi. i. Purple, green. August, Demerara. 
 
 1834. B. E. t. 1714 ; B. M. t. 3818. 
 
 — fimbria' ta. See Oaleottiaftmbnata. 
 
 — yramdijlo'ra. Olive, brown, white, purple. 
 
 New Grenada. 1866. Syn., Galeottia 
 grandiflora. B. M. t. 6667. 
 
 B. le'pida. Brownish-red, white. Brazil. 
 
 — melea'gris. White at base, tessellated with 
 
 purplish -brown on a yellow ground. 
 June. Brazil. 1838. syn., mmtleya 
 meleagris. 
 
 — WalK'sii. 1. Brown, crimson. Columbia. 
 
 1876. 
 
 Ba'tschia. (Named after J. G. 
 Batsch, a German botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Boraginete.) See Lithospermum. 
 
 B. caroHne'Tisis and Chneli'ni. See Lithospermum. 
 hirtum. 
 
 Bau'era. (Named after Fraricis and 
 Ferdinand Bauer, German botanical 
 draughtsmen. Nat. ord., SaxifragecB.) 
 
 Useful greenhouse evergreen shrubs, flowering: 
 nearly throughout the year. Cuttings in sandy^ 
 soil. Under a glass ; sandy loam and peat. 
 B. lvulmiXi&. 1. Eed. September. N. S. Wales. 
 1804. B. C. t. 1197. By some this is re- 
 garded as synonymous with B. rubioides. 
 
 — rvtnm'des. IJ. Pink. September. N. S. 
 
 Wales. 1793. Andr. Eep. t. 198, B. M. 
 t. 715. Syn., B. rvMoefoha. 
 
 microphyftta. Slender and prostrate. 
 
 Port Jackson. Syn., B. galioides, Echb. 
 Ic. Exot. t. 77. 
 
 Bauhi'nia. Mountain Ebony. 
 (Named after the brothers John and 
 Caspar Batihin, botanistsin the sixteenth 
 century. Nat. ord., Leguminosos; 
 Tribe, Bauhiniem.) 
 
 All showy stove evergreen shrubs, except where- 
 otherwise specified. Half-ripe cuttings in sum- 
 mer, in sand, placed under a glass, and in 
 moist bottom-heat ; light, sandy loam, and a 
 little peat. 
 B. aculea'ta. 6. White. W. Ind. 1737. 
 
 — acwmma'ta. 8. White. July. E. Ind. 1808. 
 
 — wngui'na. 30. White. E. Ind. 1790. Climber. 
 
 Syn., B. sca/ndens. 
 
 — arma'ta. 6. White. Brazil. 1824. Climber. 
 
 — auri'ta. 6. White. August. Jamaica. 1766. 
 
 — chine'mis. 6. Bed. China. 1800. Green- 
 
 house. 
 
 — corymbo'sa. 6. White. Summer. B. Ind.- 
 
 1818. Climber. B. M. t. 6621. 
 
 — mmane'nsis. 20. White. July. Cumana. 
 
 1826. Climber. B. E. t. 1133. 
 
 — divarwa'ta. See B. Lamarckiana. 
 —ferrugi'nea. 10. White. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 Climber. 
 —forjim'ta. 6. White. Brazil. 1823. B. M. 
 t. 3741. 
 
 — gla'bra. 16. White. Carthage. 1810. Climber. 
 
 — glauee'seens. 6. White. Cumana. 1817. 
 
 — grandjfl&ra. 4. White. Peru. 1820. 
 
 — I'ndysa. 6. White. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — vnelrmie. 6. Yellow, red. Acapulco. 1810. 
 
 — LamarcMa'na. 6. White. S. Amer. 1818. 
 
 Syns., B. divaricata and retusa of som& 
 authors. 
 
 — latifo'lia. 6. White. W. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — leptope'tala. 6. Yellow, green. New Spain. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — hma'ria 6. White. Acapulco. 1820. 
 
 — madagaecari^nsis. 4. Madagascar. 1826. 
 
 — malaba'ruia. 16. White. E. Ind. 1810. 
 
 Climber. 
 
 — mierophjfUa. 6. White. S. Amer. 1817. 
 
 — mvltme'rvia. 20. White. Caraccas. 1808; 
 
 — nataidnsie. White. Natal. 1870. B. M. 
 
 t. 6086. Greenhouse. 
 
 — PoMleftia. 4. White. Panama. 1737. 
 —petiola'ta. White. Autumn. Columbia. 1862. 
 
 B. M. t. 6277. Syn., Casparia speciosa. 
 
BEA 
 
 [103] 
 
 BED 
 
 B.porrdeta. White or rosy. October. W.Indies. 
 1815. B. M. t. 1708. Syn., Casparia 
 pcrrecta. 
 
 — puhe'scens. 4. White. Jamaicai. 1778. 
 
 — purpu'rea. 6. Purple. E. Ind. 1778. Rev. 
 
 Hort. 1886, t. 249. 
 
 — racemo'sa. 20. White. E. Ind. 1790. Stove 
 
 climber. Bedd. Fl. Syl. 1. 182. 
 
 — retu'sa. 7. White. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — rotundif&lia. 6. White. Acapulco. 1820. 
 
 Syn., B. subrotundifolia. 
 
 — sca'ndens. See JS. anguina. 
 
 — speaio'sa. 10. White. 1820. Stove climber. 
 
 — subrotUTidifo'lia. See B. rotwndifolia. 
 
 — tmnento'sa. 6. Tellow, white, with red spot 
 
 on claw. E. Ind. 1808. 
 
 gla'bra. This is tomentosa without being 
 
 downy. Yellow, purple. 1866. 
 
 — tria'ndra. 15. White. E. Ind. 1823. Stove 
 
 climber. 
 
 — variega'ta. 6. Striped. June. E. Ind. 1790. 
 
 B. M. t. 6818. 
 
 chine' tms. Lilac, with purple spot. China. 
 
 Greenhouse. 
 
 Bean. See Paba and Phaseolus. 
 
 Beato'nia. (Named by Dr. Herbert 
 after D. Beaton, a Scotch gardener ; one 
 of the contributors to the " Cottage 
 Gardener" and to this "Dictionary." 
 Nat. ord. , Iridaeeos ; Tribe, Morece. ) See 
 Tigridia. 
 
 B. purpu'rea. See Tigridia violacea. 
 
 Beauca'mea. (A commemorative 
 name. Nat. ord., Liliacece.) 
 
 Curious greenhouse ornamental foliaged 
 plants. Seeds, cuttings when obtainable. Bich 
 hbrous loam and sand, with plenty of water 
 while growing. 
 
 B. glau'ca latifo'lia. 3. Mexico. A robust form 
 of B. glauca. 
 
 — gra'cilis. Mexico. 1845. Probably the same 
 
 as B. Hartwegiana. 
 
 — Hooke'ri. 3. Purplish. Mexico. 1846. B. M. 
 
 t. 5099. Syns., Dasylirion Hartwegianum 
 and Hookerh, . 
 
 — longifo'lia. 10. White. Mexico. 1868. Syn., 
 
 Vasylirum l<mg\folium. 
 
 — reewva'ta. White. Mexico. 1861. Syn., 
 
 PiTicenietitia tuber(nilaia. G. C. 1870, 
 j>. 1445. • 
 
 tnterme^dia. Leaves shorter, less re- 
 curved. 
 
 ru!bra. Leaves red at base. 
 
 — stri'eta. Mexico. 1870. Syn., Pincenictitia 
 
 glauca. 
 
 Beaufo'rtia. (Named after Mari/ 
 Duchess of Beaufort. Nat. ord., M'yr- 
 tacecB.) 
 
 Handsome free-flowering greenhouse evergreen 
 shrubs. Cuttings of haJf-ripened shoots, under 
 a glass, in sand, without heat ; loam and peat. 
 B. comma' ta. 3. Scarlet. N. HoUand. 1823. 
 
 — Dampidri. 2. Pink. May. Hartog's Island. 
 
 B. M. t. 3272. 
 
 — dceuisa'ta. 3. Scarlet. May. N. Holland. 
 
 1803. B. M. t. 1733. 
 
 — maeroatefmon. Purple. July. Australia. 1843. 
 
 — purpu'rea. Purple. July. Australia. 1841. 
 
 — epa'rsa. 3. Scarlet. West Australia. 1803. Pax. 
 
 Mag. vol. 12, p. 145. Syn., B. splendens. 
 
 Beaumo'ntia. (Named after Mrs. 
 Beaumont, of Bretton Hall, Yorkshire. 
 Nat. ord., Apocynacece.) 
 
 Handsome stove twiners, with large, white 
 trumpet-shaped flowers, produced in clusters at 
 the end of the shoots. They succeed best planted 
 out in the borders of an intermediate house 
 Cuttings of half -ripened wood ; rich, lumpy loam 
 
 B. grandifio'ra. 20. White. June. E Ind 
 1820. B. M. t. 3213. 
 
 — longifo'lia. 20. White. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — specitisa. Garden, voL xxxii. 
 
 Bed is a comprehensive word, applic- 
 able to the detached space on which any 
 cultivated plants are grown. It is most 
 correctly confined to small divisions, 
 purposely restricted in breadth for the 
 convenience of hand-weeding, or other 
 requisite culture, and, in the flower-gar- 
 den, for the promotion of beauty. • This 
 involves the question of form, one of the 
 most difficidt that is submitted to the 
 gardener, because few tastes agree as to 
 their estimate of the beautiful. Under 
 the head Flower Garden we shall 
 give a few general observations upon 
 this subject; and here will merely ob- 
 serve that, in making flower-beds, they 
 should always be proportioned to the 
 size of the plants which are to be their 
 tenants ; and that though, for large 
 masses of shrubs and trees, we have seen 
 rectangular forms so planted as to look 
 solid and grand, yet that we believe no 
 arrangement of dwarf -flowers would ever 
 make a separate square or parallelogram 
 bed of them otherwise than decidedly 
 
 Bedding-in is a mode of sowing seed. 
 In this method, the ground being dug, 
 and formed by alleys into beds,' four or 
 five feet wide, each alley being a spade's 
 width or more between bed and bed, and 
 the earth being drawn off the top of the 
 bed with a rake or spade, half an inch or 
 an inch deep into the alleys, the seed is 
 then sown all over the surface of the 
 bed ; which being done, the earth in the 
 alleys is immediately cast over the bed, 
 well covering the seeds, and the surface 
 is raked smooth. 
 
 The method of bedding-in sowing by 
 sifting is sometimes practised for very 
 small seeds of a more delicate nature, 
 that require a very light covering of 
 earth when sown. To bury them as 
 shallow as possible, they are covered by 
 sifting fine earth over them. 
 
 Bedding-out is removing plants 
 from the pots or boxes in which they 
 have been growing into the beds where 
 they are intended to remain durin^g the 
 summer and autumn. The following is 
 a list of flowers for bedding-out, arranged 
 according to their colours, the first- 
 named being the most dwarf : — White, — 
 
BED 
 
 [104] 
 
 BEE 
 
 Verbena pulchella, Lobelia Erinus albus, 
 Campanula pusllla, Campanula carpa- 
 tica alba, Senecio elegans flore albo, 
 White Ivy-leaved Geranium, White- 
 flowered horse-shoe Geranium, Phlox 
 Drummondii white, Double White Snap- 
 dragon, CEnothera taraxifolia, QE. spe- 
 cioaa, Nierembergia calycina, Variegated 
 sweet Alyssum, Calendula hybrida, 
 White Clarkia, Petunia nyctaginiflora ; 
 White Salvia patens. Scarlet. — Of Ver- 
 benas, Boule de Fea, Inglefield Scarlet, 
 or fulgens, Melindre's latifolia, Satellite, 
 and Emperor of Scarlets ; of Geraniums, 
 Shrubland Scarlet, Tom Thumb, Im- 
 proved Frogmore, Gem of Scarlets, 
 Koyalist, and Compactum. Purple. — 
 Of verbenas, Walton's Emma, Heloise, 
 Venosa, and Sabina; Petunia phojnicea. 
 Lobelia unidentata, Lantana Sellowii, 
 and Phlox Drummondii. Pink. — Sapo- 
 naria calabrica, Silene Shaftse, Silene 
 pendula, Silene compacta ; of Geraniums 
 the Pink Ivy-leaf, Mangle's variegated 
 Pink, Pink Nosegay, Judy, Lucia rosea, 
 and Diadematum ; Anagallis carnea ; of 
 Verbenas, MiUer's Favourite, Beauty 
 Supreme, Duchess of Northumberland, 
 and Standard of Perfection. Yellow. — 
 Tagetes tenuifolia, Sanvitalia procum- 
 bens; of Calceolarias, integrifolia, ru- 
 gosa, Kayii, viscosissima, corymbosa, 
 and amplexicaule ; Orange African Ma- 
 rigold, Double Yellow French Marigold, 
 and Coreopsis lanceolata. Blue. — Lobelia 
 Erinus and ramosa, Charieis hetero- 
 phylla. Salvia chamEedrioides, and Iso- 
 toma axillaris. 
 
 Bedeguar. See Csmips rosse. 
 
 Bedfo'rdia. (Named in honour of 
 the Buke of Bedford. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positcB ; Tribe, SenecwidecB. Allied to 
 Senecio.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings a little 
 dried before inserting them in rough, sandy 
 soil ; sand, peat, loam, and brick rubbish, in 
 equal proportions. 
 
 B. salwSna. Yellow. April. 1820. Syn., 
 Cacalia salicina, B. JEl. t. 923. 
 
 Beet. There are two sections of this 
 esteemed vegetable cultivated by gar- 
 deners. 
 
 1. Leaf Beet. Beta Cicla, and B. 
 niaritima were cultivated at one time, 
 for the leaves and midrib, which were 
 boiled and used as Spinach. Some of 
 the varieties of B. Cicla, when well 
 blanched are said to equal Asparagus. 
 Those grown for this purpose now are 
 Beck's Seakale, Perpetual, Spinach, 
 Silver, etc. 
 
 2. Red Beet (B. vulgaris). The 
 varieties now in cultivation are some- 
 what numerous, every seedsman having 
 
 a particular strain. Pine Apple, Nut- 
 ting's dwarf red, Bed Castelnaudary, 
 Dell's Crimson, selected blood-red. 
 Carter's Perfection, etc., are among the 
 red-fleshed kinds. Small yellow and 
 long yellow are the best of the yellow 
 fleshed. Egyptian turnip rooted, is a 
 fine flavoured variety, excellent for 
 summer salads. 
 
 Use. — The Red Beet, after being 
 cooked, is used sliced in salads, or alone 
 with an acid dressing. It is much better 
 baked than boiled. 
 
 Soil cmd Situation. — Beet requires a 
 rich, deep, open soil. Its richness should 
 rather rise from previous application, 
 than the addition of manure at the time 
 of sowing ; and, to efiect this, the com- 
 partment intended for the growth of 
 these vegetables is advantageously pre- 
 pared as directed for Celery. On the 
 soil depend the sweetness and tender- 
 ness for which they are esteemed ; and 
 it may be remarked that on poor, light 
 soils, or heavy ones, the best sorts will 
 taste earthy. The situation should be 
 open and free from the shade of trees. 
 We have always found it beneficial to 
 dig the ground two spades deep for 
 these deep-rooting vegetables, and to 
 turn in the whole of the manure in- 
 tended to be applied with the bottom- 
 spit, so as to bury it ten or twelve 
 inches within the ground. Salt is a 
 beneficial application to this crop ; one 
 reason for which undoubtedly is, the 
 Beet being a native of the sea-shore. 
 
 Time and mode of sowing.— Qow from 
 the close of February until the begin- 
 ning of April, it being borne in mind 
 that the seed must not be sown until 
 the severe frosts are over, which inevit- 
 ably destroy the seedlings when young. 
 The best time for sowing the mam crop 
 of red Beet-root for winter supply is 
 early in April. The Brazilian and Thick- 
 leaved Beets may be sown at the same 
 time for supply in summer ; and, at the 
 beginning of July or August, a succes- 
 sional crop of these may be sown for 
 supply in the winter and following 
 spring. 
 
 The seed is best sown in drills, a foot 
 apart, and an inch deep. The Brazil 
 Beet requires eighteen inches between 
 the rows. 
 
 During the early stages of growth, 
 the beds, which, for the convenience of 
 cultivation, should not be more than 
 four feet wide, must be looked over 
 occasionally, and the largest of the 
 weeds cleared by hand. In the course 
 of May, according to the advanced state 
 of growth, the plants must be cleared 
 
BEE 
 
 [105] 
 
 BEG 
 
 thoroughly of weeds, both by hand and 
 small hoeing ; the Red Beet thinned to 
 ten or twelve inches apart, and the 
 White to eight or ten. The plants of 
 this last variety which are removed may 
 be transplanted into rows at a similar 
 distance, though transplanting is not 
 generally satisfactory. Moist weather 
 IS to be preferred for performing this, 
 otherwise the plants must be watered 
 occasionally until they have taken root. 
 They must be frequently hoed, and 
 kept clear of weeds throughout the 
 summer. 
 
 It is a great improvement to earth up 
 the stalks of the White Beet, in the 
 same manner as Celery, when they are 
 intended to be peeled, and eaten as 
 asparagus. No vegetable is more bene- 
 fited by the application of liquid -manure 
 than the White and Brazil Beets. 
 
 Taking %ip the, Bed Beet. — In October 
 the Beet-root may be taken up for use 
 as wanted, but not entirely, for pre- 
 servation during the winter, until No- 
 vember, or the beginning of December, 
 if the weather continues open ; then to 
 be buried in sand, in alternate layers, 
 under shelter. Before storing, the leaves 
 and fibrous roots must be trimmed off, 
 but the main root not wounded, and a 
 dry day selected for performing it. 
 Beet-root may be kept exceedingly well 
 if stacked up neatly, sloping to a point, 
 against a north wall, or other cool place, 
 upon a dry bottom, and covered with 
 sifted coal-ashes. The thickness of this 
 covering must depend upon the weather. 
 Gathering from the Green and White 
 Beet. — In gathering from these, the 
 largest outside leaves should be first 
 taken, and the inner left to increase in 
 size, when the same selection must be 
 continued ; but, at the same time, it 
 must be remembered that they are to 
 be used whilst perfectly green and vigo- 
 rous, otherwise they are tough and 
 worthless. 
 
 To obtain jSeei^.— Some roots must be 
 left where grown, giving them the pro- 
 tection of some litter in very severe 
 weather, if unaccompanied with snow ; 
 or, if this is neglected, some of the finest 
 roots that have been stored in sand, and 
 have not had the leaves cut away close, 
 may be planted in February or March. 
 Each species and variety must be kept 
 as far away from others as possible, and 
 the plants set at least two feet from 
 each other. They flower in August, 
 and ripen their seed at the close of Sep- 
 tember. Seed of the previous year is 
 always to be preferred for sowing ; but 
 it will succeed, if carefully preserved, 
 
 when two years old. The seed is often 
 benefited by being steeped in water 
 before sowing. 
 
 Beet for bedding piorposes. — Brazilian, 
 Ornamental Chilian, Carter's new flower 
 garden, Belvoir Castle, and Dell's Crim- 
 son, are all highly ornamental foliaged 
 plants. For this purpose the seeds may 
 be sown in the reserve garden, and the 
 young plants transferred to the flower 
 
 farden, at bedding-out time. When a 
 ed or line in the ribbon border is re- 
 quired, it will be best to sow there, and 
 thin out to the required distance. 
 
 Befa'ria. (Named after M. Bejar, 
 a Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Eri- 
 cacece. Syn., Bejaria.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, except where 
 otherwise specified. Cuttings of young wood, 
 firm at the Dase ; loam and peat. 
 B. c^etuans. 12. Rose. Peru. 1846. G. C. 
 1848, p. 119. 
 
 — cinnanmo'inea. Peru. 1874. 
 
 — eoareta'ta. 5. Purple. Peru. 1847. B. M. 
 
 t. 4433. 
 
 — glau'ca. 3. Purple. June. New Grenada. 
 
 1826. Stove evergreen. 
 
 — ledifo'lia. 6. Purple. May. 1847. Fl. Ser. 
 
 1. 194. 
 
 — Lindenia'na. Pink. Peru. 1847. Pax. PL 
 
 G. vol. 1, p. 84. 
 
 — Matthev/m. Yellow. March. Peru. 
 
 — racemo'sa. 4. Purple. June. Florida. 1810. 
 
 — tricolor. Crimson yellow. Peru. 
 
 Bego'nia. (After Jf. Began, a French 
 patron of botany. Nat. ord., Begonia- 
 cecB.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, except where other- 
 wise specified. Many Jreely by seeds, sown as 
 soon as ripe, or in the following spring ; cuttings 
 in spring or summer, after drying their base, in- 
 serted in sandy soil, in a little heat, also by buds 
 from the leaves when laid on sand, and the 
 principal veins cut across. The tuberous kinds 
 are easily propagated in abundance by division, 
 when beginning to grow, and they will stand 
 more cold in winter by 6° or 10' than the others ; 
 peat and sandy loam, and thoroughly-decayed 
 dung. ^ 
 
 B. acerifo'lia. 3. Whitish. Brazil. 1829 
 
 — a'eida. 1. White. Braail. 18t7. 
 
 — acumina'ta. 1. White. August. W. Indies. 
 
 1816. 
 -- cuiut\fo'lia. 1. White. August. W.Indies. 
 1816. 
 
 — aeutilo'ba. White. Mexico. Syn., B. pur- 
 
 purea. 
 
 — ce'jieffi. Leaves purplish-coppery. Assam. 
 
 1871. 
 
 — a'lba-pi'cta. Leaves glossy green, spotted 
 
 silvery white. Brazil. 1885. 
 
 — a'lbo-cocci'iwa. 1. White, scarlet. E. Indies. 
 
 1844. 
 _ alchemittoi'des. Rose. Brazil. 
 
 — ama'tilis. Rose or white. Assam. 1859. 
 
 — Anw'lwe. Rose. Hybrid between B. Bruanti 
 
 and B. Eoezlii. 
 
 — ama!na. Pale rose. N. India. 1878. Syn., 
 
 B. erosa. 
 
 — a'mvla. lto2. Rose. Guiana. 
 
 — alptera. 3. White. July. Stove herbaceous 
 
 perennial. 
 
 — arhiyre: scene. 8. White. Brazil. 
 
 — m'gelntea. Assam. 1859 
 
BEG 
 
 [106] 
 
 BEG 
 
 B. argyrosti'gma. See B. mamlata. 
 
 — Amo'tiii. See B. oordifolia. . 
 
 — aseoUlnm. 3. Bright red. 1874. A hybrid? 
 
 — micubcefo'lia. See JB. incamata. 
 
 — aurixulafo'rmia. White. Guatemala. 1860. 
 
 — awntfo'rmis. See B. vncam,a. 
 
 — hoAxa'ta. White. Isle of St. Thomas. 1866. 
 
 — barba'ta. White or pink. India. 
 
 — Barke'ri. 4. White. January. Mexico. 1837. 
 
 — BaMma'rmi. 1. Carmine-rose. 1890. 
 
 — Beddo'mei. Pink. December. Assam Hilla. 
 
 1883. B. M. t. 6767. 
 
 — bipe'tala. See B. dipetala. 
 
 — bwerra'ta. 2. Pale pink. June. Guate- 
 
 mala. 1847. B. M. t. 4746. 
 
 — Bowrimgia'na. BrOse. Hong Kong. 1858. B. 
 
 M. t. 6667. 
 
 — Brua'ntii. White or rose. Hybrid between 
 
 B. SchTnidtii and B. senvperflorefis. 1883. 
 
 — bulbSfera. 1. Pale pink. July. Peru. 
 
 1827. Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. 
 
 — ca'ffra. A variety of B. Dregei. 
 
 — carolineiB/o'lia. 2. Rose. Winter. Mexico. 
 
 1876. 
 
 — Ca/rrie^ri. Garden hybrid. 1884. 
 
 — castmuefo'lia. 2. Pink. February. Brazil. 
 
 1838. 
 
 — Ce'Vbia. White. August. Brazil. 1883. 
 
 — ChelB&ni. Orange-red. Hybrid between B. 
 
 sedeni and B, boliviensis. 
 
 — cirvnabari'na. Vermilion. Bolivia. 1848. 
 
 B. M. t. 4483. 
 
 — Cla'rkii. Bose. Boliviam Andes. 1867. 
 
 — cocd'neeb. 3. Scarlet. April. Brazil. 1842. 
 
 B. M. t. 3980. A garden hybrid also 
 received the same name in 1889. 
 
 — co'rrvpta. Leaves satin green, midrib tinged 
 
 silver. Brazil. 
 
 — conchcBf&lia. Pinkish. Mexico. 1861, 
 
 — coralli'mi. Ked. Brazil. 1875. 
 
 — cordifo'lia. \. Winter. India. Syn., B. Amot- 
 
 tuma. 
 
 — coria'cea. J. Red. Summer. Bolivia. 
 
 — erassicau'lis. 3. Whitish-pink. February. 
 
 Guatemala. 1842. 
 
 — Credift^H. Hybrid between B. Seharjia/na 
 
 ajid B. metaUica. Gfl. 1890, p. 562. 
 
 — erini'ta. 1. Bose. July. Bolivian Andes. 
 
 1866. 
 
 — citcuZla'ta. A variety of B. Berr^erfioren^. 
 
 — cyclophj/lla. Bose-pink. S. China. B. M. 
 
 t. 6926. 
 
 — daeiotlea. Pinkish ; leaves brown-netted. 
 
 Mexico. 1861. 
 
 — VavewualTia. See Pellionia Davecmwna. 
 
 — Davilsii. i. Crimson-scarlet. July. Peru. 
 
 1876. 
 
 tiupe^rba. Crimson. Double-flowered. 
 
 1881. 
 
 — delcora. Ijeaves dark green, dotted silvery 
 
 grey. Brazil. 
 
 — diadema. Leaves green, blotched white. 
 
 Borneo. 1882. HI. Hort. t. 446. 
 
 — dicho'toma. 2. White. Garaccas. Winter. 
 
 1860. 
 
 — digita'ta. 3. White. June. Brazil Stove 
 
 herbaceous perennial. 
 
 — Digswellia'TKi. Pale pink. Winter. Garden 
 
 hybrid. 
 
 — dipe/tala. 3. Pink. July. India. 1828. 
 
 B. M. t. 2849. Syn., B. bipetala. 
 
 — di'ptera. 1. White. July. S. Africa. 1822. 
 
 — discolor. See B. Hvansiana. 
 
 — diversifo'lia. See B. gracilis. 
 
 — Dre'gil 2. White. July. S. Africa. 1838. 
 
 Syna., B. eafra and B. rervifiyrmis. 
 
 — dv!bia. 1. Ai^Tiite. July. Brazil. 1818. 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennial 
 
 — echinoselpida. 1. White. June. Brazil 
 
 1872. Gfl. t. 707. 
 ■^egrdgia. White. Brazil. 1887. 
 •— mi'ptitM. See B. scandene. 
 
 Bright reddish-pint. 
 
 Syn., 
 B. M. 
 
 A goof 
 
 B. ere'cta muUiflofra. 
 Garden variety. 
 
 — ero'sa. See B. a/mcena. 
 
 — Evmma'na. 2. Flesh-coloured. E.Asia. 1812. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1804. Syns., B. discolor and B. 
 grandig. 
 
 — exi'mia. Hybrid between B. mbro^mnia and 
 
 B. Thwaitesii 
 —fagifo'lia. 3. White. April. Brazil. 1838. 
 —fagopyroi'des. 8. White. Caraccas. 
 —fcUcyfo'lia. 1. Rose. Winter. Peru. 1867- 
 
 B. M. t. 5707. 
 — ferrugi'nea. Red. Summer. Bogota. 
 
 B. magmfica. 
 
 — Fischelri. 2. June Brazil 1835. 
 
 t. 3532. 
 — fionbulnda,. Pink, white. 1882. 
 —folio'sa. White. Columbia. 186 
 
 basket plant Ref Bot. t. 222. 
 
 — fri'gida. 1. White. 1860. B. M. t. 5160. 
 
 — Prosbdlii. Scarlet. Winter. Ecuador. 1874. 
 
 vema'lis. December to March. 1879. 
 
 —fuchsioi'des. 5. Scarlet. December. New 
 
 Grenada. 1844. B. M. t. 4281. 
 minia'ta. Cinnabar red. Fl. Ser. t. 787. 
 
 — gemmi'para. 1. White, or with rose stripes.. 
 
 Summer. Himalayas. 
 
 — geraniifo'lia. 2. Pale red. September. 
 
 Lima. 1833. Stove, tuberous rooted. 
 
 — germiioi'des. White. Natal 1866. B. M. 
 
 t. 6583. 
 
 — glmuhili'fera. i. White. February. Trini- 
 
 dad. 1867. 
 
 — glandMi&sa. i. Greenish-white. Costa Rica. 
 
 1854. B. M. t. 6256. Syns., B. her- 
 na/ndi(e/&lia and B. nigro-venia. 
 
 — goegoe'rms. Pink, white. Sumatra. 1881. 
 
 — gra'<yilis. Pink. Mexico. 1829 B. M. 
 
 t. 2966. There are several varieties, such, 
 as annulata, divergij'olia, and Ma/rtiana.. 
 
 — grwndifo'ra. See B. octopetaia. 
 
 — gra'ndis. See B. rex, B. Bvansiana, and 
 
 B. vitifolia. 
 
 — Brifi'thii. i. White. E. Indies. 
 
 M. t. 4984. 
 
 — gunnerctf&lia. White. Columbia. 
 
 — Meegea'na. White. Mexico. 1886. 
 
 — Hasska'rlii. See B. peltata. 
 
 — heradeifo'Ua. 2. Rose. Spring. 
 
 1831. B. M. t. 3444. Syns., 
 
 pTio^olia, B. punctata^ and B. radiata. 
 tongipi'la. Leaves greyish in centre,. 
 
 bronzy around, blotched green. 
 ni'gricans. White. Leaves with blackish 
 
 margins. B. M. t. 4983. 
 pmuita'ta. Rose, spotted red on outside. 
 
 — herba'eea. i. White. March. Brazil 1873. 
 
 Syn., B. attenuata. 
 
 — hemanMafdlia. See B. glandulosa, B. nelum- 
 
 biifolia, and for B. M. t. 4676, B. peltata. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. See B. humilis. 
 
 — hirtdUa. 1. White. September. 1824. 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennial 
 
 — Sooke'ri. See B. semperflorens. 
 
 — Hookeria'na. 6. White. Spring. Brazil. 
 
 1860. 
 
 — hmminyma. 3. White. June. Brazil. 
 
 — hu'mUis. }. White. Summer. Trinidad. 
 
 1788. Syn., B. hirmta. B. humilis of 
 B. R. t. 294 is B. suaveolens. 
 
 — hi/hrida jlorSm'nda. Bright rose. Summer. 
 
 Hybrid between B. fuchsioides and £. 
 multiflora. 
 nmltijto'ra. Pink. Winter. 1882. 
 
 — hydrocotylif&lia. 1. Rose. Summer. Mexico. 
 
 1841. B. M. t. 8968. Stove herbaceoua 
 
 perennial 
 
 asarifo'lia. White. Mexico. 
 
 — ": — h}/brida. IJ. Pink. March. 
 
 — vmperia'lia. i. White ; leaves olive-green, 
 
 with bright green venation. Mexico. 
 1861. 
 
 1856. B. 
 1875. 
 
 Mexico. 
 B. jatro- 
 
BEG 
 
 [ 107 ] BEG 
 
 B. imperia'lis smaragdi'na. J. White ; leaves 
 emerald-green. Mexico. 1861. 
 
 — imca'na. White. Winter. Mexico. 1838., 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennial. 
 auTifo'rmis. Flowers glabrous. 
 
 — inoama'ta. 2. Pink. Brazil. 1829. Syns., 
 
 B. auctiboefolia, B. insignis, and B. 
 
 Lindleyana. B. M. t. 2900. 
 
 maoulom. White spots on the leaves. 
 
 meta'llica. Leaves bronzy -purple. 
 
 papiUo'sa. Leaves with rose-coloured 
 
 margins. B. M. t. 2846. 
 pur^'rea. Leaves deep bronzy- purple. 
 
 — Ingra'mi. Scarlet. Hybrid between B. fwch- 
 
 sioidea and B. nitida. 1849. 
 
 — vnsi'grwi. See B. vncamata. 
 
 — inmluera'ta. IJ. White. Winter. Central 
 
 America, 
 
 — jatrophcefo'lia. See B. heracleifoUa. 
 
 — Jaure'zi. Semi-double garden variety. 1890. 
 
 — Johnsto'ni. 1. Pale rose. E. Trop. Af lica. 
 
 1887. B. M. t. 6899. 
 
 — Jos^phi. 1. Rose. Summer. Himalayas. 
 
 — kaUi'sta. Fl. and Pom. 1877, p. 221. , 
 
 — Enowlleya'na. G. C. 1882, vol. 18, p. 435. 
 
 — Kunthia'na. White. Tropical America. 1862. 
 
 B. M. t. 6284. 
 
 — ladnia'ta. 2. White. E, Indies. B. M. t. B182. 
 
 Syn., B. BowriTigiana. 
 
 — lauri'na. 3. Pink. July. Stove herbaceous 
 
 perennial. 
 
 — Lemahou'tii. White tinged rose. 1889. 
 
 — Leopo'ldii. Hybrid between B. Griffithii and 
 
 B. splendida, 1858. 
 
 — lAndleya'na. 8. White. Winter. Guatemala. 
 
 — liTi^a'ta. \. Pale pink. Java. 1882. 
 
 — lo'iwives. 3. White. March. Mexico. 1828. 
 
 B. M. t. 3001. 
 
 — Ifmgvpi'la. Leaves greyish-ribbed. Mexico. 
 
 1861. 
 
 — LiMdrsii. White. Brazil. 1884. Belg. Hort. 
 
 1883, 1. 13. 
 
 — lu'cida. See B, scandens. 
 
 — luxufriaTis. Bluish-white. S. America. 
 
 — Lynchea'na. 1. Deep crimson. Winter. 
 
 Mexico. 1880. B. M. t. 6758. Syn., B. 
 Roezlii. 
 
 — maeraph^lUt. 
 
 1793. 
 
 — vnacula'ta. White to red. 
 
 1821. ■ B. E. t. 666. 
 stigma. 
 mralU'na. Coral-red. 
 
 — magni'fica. Carmine. New Grenada. 1870. 
 
 — mamica'ta. 3. Pale pink. Winter. Mexico. 
 
 1842. 
 
 — Ma'tmii. 3. Rose-red, Winter. Fernando Po. 
 
 1862. B. M. t. 6434. 
 
 — Margarl'tce. Garden hybrid. Rev. Hort. 1884, 
 
 p. 200, f. 48. 
 
 — mamu>'rea. A variety of B. xanthina. 
 
 — Martia'na. 3. Pink. July. Brazil. 1829. 
 
 Stove tuberous-rooted. 
 
 raeemijUra. Flowers darker than in the 
 
 type. 1886. 
 
 — Ttia'mma. 6. White. Mexico. 
 
 — megaplvjflla. White. Winter. Mexico, 
 
 — meta'llica. 1, Pink, Mexico, 1875. 
 
 — Meyelri. 3, White. February. Brazil. 1838. 
 
 — miffrophy'lla. See B. foliosa. 
 
 — Tniero'ptera. IJ. White, pink. December. 
 
 Borneo. 1866. 
 
 — Meysseliafna. Leaves olive-green, spotted 
 
 white. Sumatra. 1883. 
 
 — minia'ta. See B. fuchsioides. 
 
 — mmu^ptera. 2, White. Brazil, 
 
 t, 3564, 
 
 — Moritzia'na. See B. scamdens. 
 
 — nmltibulbillo'sa. 2, White, 
 
 Stove tuberous-rooted. 
 
 — muriea'ta. 3. White. September. Brazil. 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennial. 
 
 3. White, July, Jamaica, 
 
 Summer, 
 Syn,, B. 
 
 argyro- 
 
 1826. B. M. 
 
 Brazil. 1830. 
 
 B. rmtale'nsis. Pale rose. Winter. Natal. 1865k 
 
 — nelumbiifo'lia. 1 to 2. White or rose. Winter 
 
 Mexico. Syn., B. hemandiaifolia. 
 
 — nemc/phila. See B. Cathcartii. 
 
 — ni'gro-vdnia. See B. glandulosa. 
 
 — ni'tida. 4. Deep rose. Jamaica. 1777 B M 
 
 t. 4046. Syns., B. obliqua, B. mlchra 
 and B. purpurea. 
 
 — oHlUqua. See B. nitida. 
 
 — Octdme. Garden hybrid. 1889. 
 
 — octopdtala. 2. Greenish-white. Autumn 
 
 Peru. 1835. B. M. t. 3659. Syn., B. 
 
 Lemoi'nei. Garden hybrid. Eev. Hort 
 
 1889, p. 32, f . 7. 
 
 - odora'ta. See B. suaveolens. 
 
 - Ohlendmrgia'na. 1. Pink ? Brazil. 1879. 
 
 Syn., B. plantanifolia OhlendorMana. 
 
 - opulifio'ra. 1. White. Spring. New Grenada. 
 
 1864. 
 
 - Ottorda'na. Hybrid between B. corwhcefolwe 
 
 and B. coriacea. 1859. 
 -palma'ta. 1. White. August. NepauL 1819. 
 -papilla' 8a. See B. inca/mata pa/pillosa. 
 
 - parmfio'ra. White. 1881. 
 
 -parmfo'lia. 3. Vfhite. May. S, Africa. 1836. 
 
 ?a'tula. 3. Pink. Brazil. 1889. 
 ^ea'reei. Yellow. Summer. Bolivia. 1865. 
 -pelta'ta. }. White. Brazil. 1816. Syns., B. 
 eoriaceay B. Hasskarliij B. hemandioB^ 
 folia, and B. pelti/olia. 
 
 - peltif&lia. See B. peltata. 
 
 - pentaphy'lla. 3. White. July. Brazil. 
 
 - phyUomania'ca. Pale rose ; stem clothed with 
 
 minute leaves. Winter. Guatemala, 
 
 1861, B, M, t. 6264. 
 
 -p^cta. 1. Pink. August. Himalayas. 1818. 
 
 - plantmniifo'lm. 6. Pale pink. Summer. Brazil. 
 
 1834. B. M. t. 3691. 
 ~ polype! tala. Bed. Winter. Andes of Peru, 
 1878, 
 
 - prestonie^nsie. Orange-red. Hybrid between 
 
 B. cinnabarina and B. nitida. 
 
 - pri&matoca'rpa. J. Yellow. Summer. Fer- 
 
 nando Po. 1861. B. M. t. 6307. 
 -pruina'ta. White. Central America. 1870. 
 -piUclufUa. J. White, July, Brazil, 1823. 
 
 Stove annual. 
 
 - pu'lchra. See B. nitida. 
 
 - puncta'ta. See B. heracleifolia. 
 
 - purpu'rea. See a^utifolia and nitida. 
 -Putzeysia'na. White. Winter. Venezuela. 
 
 1871. 
 
 - radia'ta. See B. heracleifolia. 
 
 - radi'cans. A climber. 
 
 -ramenta'cea. Pink and white. Spring. Brazil. 
 1830. Stove herbaceous perennial. 
 
 - renif&rmis. See B. Dregei and B. vitifolia. 
 -rex. Pink. Assam. 1858. B. M. t. 6101. 
 
 There is also a variety grcmdis. 
 
 - rhizo-ca/u'lis. Pink. August. 1866. 
 
 - Richardsia'na. 1. White. Natal, 1871, 
 dia^ma. Rose. Summer. 1881. Pro- 
 bably a hybrid. 
 
 -ricinifo'lia. Pink, Leaves green to. bronze, 
 
 1882, 
 -RoiaU. Whitish, Peru, 1876. 
 -rosttlcea. J. White. September. New 
 
 Grenada. 
 
 - roscefio'ra. J. Bright rose. July. Andes of 
 
 Peru. 1866. 
 
 - rube'lla. Leaves bronzy-green, with pale green. 
 
 veins ; red beneath. • India. 1883. 
 
 - rubrieau'lis. 1. White, tinged rose outside. 
 
 Summer. Peru. 1834. B. M. t. 4131. 
 
 - ru'bro-vefnia. 1. White, rose. Summer. India. 
 
 1862. B. M. t. 4689. 
 
 -rape! stria. 2. Pink. April. Brazil. Stove 
 
 herbaceousperennial. 
 -ru'tilans. 4. White, rose. October. 1855. 
 
 - sagittal ta. Fink. S. America. 1868. 
 
BEJ 
 
 [108] 
 
 BEL 
 
 B. Sandnso'ni. Pink. 1882. 
 
 — mnnui'ivia. 3. White. Spring. Brazil. 1829. 
 
 — sca'brida. White. Venezuela. 1857. 
 
 — sca'Tiderts. White. South America. 1874. 
 
 Syns., B, elliptica, B. lucida, and B. 
 Moritziana. 
 
 — sc^vtrwm, BrazU. 1883. 
 
 — Schar^a'na'meta'Hica. Garden hybrid. 1890. 
 
 — Schrmdtia'na. 1. White. Brazil. 1879. 
 
 — scutella'ta. See B, conchcefolia. 
 
 — ■ sede'ni. Hybrid between B. boliviensis and 
 B. Veitchii 
 
 — sello'wii. ■ White. September. Stove herba- 
 ceous perennial. 
 
 oerjkirens. White or rose. Autumn. 
 Brazil. 1829. Sjn.,B.epathulata,'S.'M.. 
 t. 2920. Varieties : cammiea, grcmdi- 
 jlora, gigantea, rosea, etc. 
 
 — mrnalta. 2. White. June. Brazil. 1836. 
 
 — socotra'na. Rose-pink. December. Socotra. 
 
 1880. B. M. t. 6555. 
 
 — spathula'ta. See B. semperfioreTis. 
 
 — stigm&sa. 1. White. Brazil. 1845. 
 
 — strigillo'm. Pink. Summer. Central America. 
 
 1861. 
 
 — suave' oleMS. 1. White. Winter. Central 
 
 America. 1816. B. C. t. 69. Syn., B. 
 odorata, 
 
 — sulca'ta. 3. White. Columbia. 
 
 — - Sutherla'ndii. 1 to 2. Orange. June. Natal 
 1862. B. M. t. 5689. 
 
 — Teusche'ri. Leaves deep green, spotted and 
 
 blotched with whitish; margins red. 
 Butch Indies. 1879. 
 
 — ThwatUsii. White. Ceylon. 1862. B. M. 
 
 t. 4692. 
 toraento'm. 3. White. Brazil. 
 
 — tubero'sa. ^. White. August. Amboyna. 
 
 1810. Stove tuberous-rooted. 
 
 — ulmifo'Ua. 2 to 4. White. Winter. Venezuela. 
 
 1854. B. C. t. 638. 
 
 — vmdu,la'ta. 2. White. Winter. Brazil. 1826. 
 
 B. M. t. 2723. 
 
 — mophiflla. White. Spring. Brazil. B. M. 
 
 t ASib. 
 
 — Vei'tchii. Scarlet, yellow. Peruvian High- 
 
 lands. 1867. Hardy. 
 
 — vendicUa'na. September. 1880. 
 
 — vemico'-sa. White, rosy. BraziL lfi69. 
 
 — Verschaffe'Ui. Bright ros . 1881. 
 
 — mllo'sa. 2. White. Brazil. 
 
 — vitifo'lia. 3. White. Winter. Brazil. 1833. 
 
 B. M. t. 3225. Syns., B. gramdie and B. 
 reniformis. 
 
 — Wagneria'na. S. White. May. Venezuela. 
 
 1866. B. M. t. 4988. 
 
 — WaUenstei'nii. Leaves dark green and choco- 
 
 late. 1884. 
 
 — Wallichia'na. 3. White or rose. E. Indies. 
 
 — W'arsee^tnfezii. See B. cfmohcefolia. 
 
 — Weltonie'nsis. Light pink. Garden hybrid. 
 
 1882. 
 
 — Villia'ttusii. White, with small yellow disc. 
 
 1882. 
 
 — xamthi'rm. 1. Golden yellow. Summer. 
 
 Bhotan. 1860. B. M. t. 4683. 
 
 ^ Lazuli. Leaves purple, with bluish tinge. 
 
 ■pictifo'lia. Pale yellow. Leaves with 
 
 silvery spots. 
 
 Beja'ria. See Befaria. 
 
 Bellanthe'ria. See Brillan- 
 taisia. 
 
 Belladonna Lily. Amary'llis 
 
 hellado'Tina. 
 
 Bellesisle Cress. Barha'rea prce' • 
 cox. See American Cress. 
 
 Bellende'na. (Complimentary to 
 
 J. Bellenden Ker, an English botanist. 
 Nat. ord., Proteacece.) 
 
 Greenhouse shrub. Imported seeds and cut. 
 tings. Sandy peat. 
 B. monta'na. IJ. White. Tasmania. 
 
 Belleva'lia. (Named after P. B. 
 Belleval, a French botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Liliacce. ) See Hyacinthus. 
 B. opercula'Ut. See Hyacinthus romanus. 
 
 Bell-Flower. Campa'nula. 
 
 Bell-glass, or cloche is so called 
 from its usual form being that of a bell. 
 It is formed of one entire piece, and of 
 common bottle-glass, called cloche, and 
 used for sheltering cauliflowers, etc. , in 
 the open borders ; but of white, or very 
 pale-green glass, for preserving moisture 
 to cuttings. Formerly they were made 
 with a top almost flat, whence, to pre- 
 vent drip upon the cuttings, etc. , it be- 
 came necessary to wipe them frequently. 
 They are-now much improved by being 
 cone-topped, because the moisture con- 
 densed consequently trickles down into 
 the soil. Inverted they are useful as 
 small aquaria, the smaller water plants 
 being easily grown in them. 
 
 Bellidia'strum. See Aster. 
 
 B. Miclie-lii. See Aster BellidiastruTn. 
 
 Be'llis. The Daisy. (From bellus, 
 pretty ; referring to the flowers. Nat. 
 ord., CompositcB ; Tribe, AsteroidecB.) 
 
 All the cultivated kinds are hardy herbaceous 
 perennials. Seeds, but chiefly division of the 
 roots; common soil. There are now numerous 
 
 tarden varieties of the daisy, both single and 
 ouble, white and red, and these t^re largely 
 used in spring bedding, etc. 
 B. hy'brida. i White. April. Italy. 1824. 
 
 — integrifo'lia. i. White, pink. July. Texas. 
 
 1881. B. M. t. 3466. 
 
 — per^nnis, J. White. June. Britain. This is 
 
 the common Daisy, t Eng. Bot. ed. 3. 
 t. 772. ' 
 
 aueubcefo'lia. Red ; leaves white-veined. 
 
 conspi'eua. Red. 
 
 Jistulo'sa. J. Red. June. 
 
 horte'tms. i. Red. June. 
 
 proli'fera. J. Striped. June. Com- 
 monly called The Hen and Chickens. 
 
 — rotundifo'lia ccerule' scene. See Bellmm roturb' 
 
 difolium cosrulescens. 
 
 — sylvt! stris. J. White. June. Portugal. 1797. 
 
 B. M. t. 2511. 
 
 Be'Uium. (From hellis, a daisy; 
 the flowers being like the daisy. Nat. 
 ord., CompositcB; Tribe, Asteroidem.) 
 This genus is reduced to BeUis in the 
 Genera Plantarum. 
 
 Seeds and divisions ; they thrive best in light 
 sandy soil. 
 B. bellidioi'des. J. White. July. Italy. 1796. 
 
 Hardy annual. Swt. El. Gard. ser. 2. 
 
 t. 176. 
 
 — erassifo'lium. }. Whitish-yeUow. June. Sar- 
 
 dinia. 1831. Half-hardy perennial. 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. aer. 2, t. 278. 
 
BEL 
 
 [109] 
 
 BER 
 
 S. interme'dium. |. White. August. Hardy 
 
 herbaceous perennial. 
 —■minu'twm. i. Wiite. August. Levant. 1772. 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. 
 — rotundifo'lmm. J to 1. White. Algeria. 1873. 
 ■ ccETule'scens, Pale blue, yellow. Morocco. 
 
 1873. B. M. t. 6016. Syn., BelHs rotun- 
 
 di/olia ccerulescens. 
 
 Bellows, formerly used for fumi- 
 gating, but now replaced by the ordinary 
 fumigators in general use. The sulphur 
 bellows is used largely on vines, roses, 
 etc. , infected by mildew. It resembles 
 those in ordinary use, with the excep- 
 tion of a fine rose attached to the nozzle, 
 through which the flowers of sulphur is 
 distributed. 
 
 Bell-Pepper. 
 
 sum. 
 
 Ca'psicum gro's 
 
 Belope'rone. (From helos, an 
 arrow, and perone, a band, or strap ; in 
 reference to the arrow-shaped connecti- 
 vum. Nat. ord., Aeanthacece. Allied 
 to Justicia. ) 
 
 _ Pretty stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings ; 
 light loam, leaf-soil, sand, and peat. 
 B. eUia'ta. See Diamthera. 
 
 — oblorwa'ta. 3. Rosy -purple. September. 
 
 Brazil. 1832. Belg. Hort. vol. 9, t. 9. 
 
 — mola'cea. 3. Violet. New Grenada. 1SS9. 
 
 B. M. t. 5244. 
 
 Belospe'rmaatropurpu'rea. See 
 Siraonsia chrysophylla. 
 
 B ending-down. This term is 
 chiefly applied to the bending of the 
 annual or other shoots of fruit-trees, for 
 the purpose of making them fruitful, or 
 to make them assume some desired 
 form. Balls of clay or weights are fas- 
 tened to the extremities of the shoots, 
 to weigh them down into the position 
 req^uired ; or by fastening them by a 
 string to pegs driven into the ground. 
 By this means the sap is diverted from 
 the stronger to the weaker shoots. 
 
 Bengal Quince, ^'gle ma'rmelos. 
 
 Benjamin-tree. Fi'cus Benjami'na 
 and Lau'rus Be'nzoin. 
 
 Bentha'niia. (Named after George 
 Bentham, Esq., F.R.S., a distinguished 
 English botanist. Nat. ord. , Cornacece. ) 
 See Comus. 
 
 B. fry^i'/era. See Comue capitata. 
 
 Bera'rdia. (J^famei skiter M. Berard, 
 a botanist of Grenoble. Nat. ord., Bru- 
 niaeece. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Cape of 
 Good Hope, except S. sviacaulis. Cuttings ; divi- 
 sions ; common soil. 
 
 B.globo'm. 2. White. July. 1816. Syn., £)-K»m 
 glohosa. 
 
 — mierophy'lla. 1. White. Syn., Brunia mioro- 
 
 phylla. 
 —pcdea'eea. 2. White. July. 1791. 
 
 B. phylicoi'des. 2. White. July 1805 
 
 — subaemt-lis. i. Whitish. Moimtains of W. 
 
 Jiurope. 
 
 Berberido'psis. (From Berberis, 
 and opsis, like; resembling the Bar- 
 berry. Nat. ord., Berberidece.) 
 
 Handsome hardy evergreen climbing shrub 
 Seeds or young cuttings in spring ; layers in 
 autumn. Ordinary garden-soil. 
 B. caralli'na. Crimson. Chili. 1862. B M 
 t. 5343. 
 
 Berbe'ris. The Barberry. (From 
 berbery s, its Arabian name. Nat. ord., 
 Berberidece. ) 
 
 We have reunited with this genus all the 
 species separated from it, and called Mahonias. 
 Seeds, sown in spring ; cuttings root freely if 
 
 Slanted early in autumn ; and suckers are abun- 
 antly produced. Grafting is resorted to with 
 rare species. Deep, sandy soil. All are hardy, 
 except where otherwise specified. 
 
 EVERGREENS. 
 
 B. actinaca'ntha. 3. Yellow. June. Straits of 
 Magellan. 
 
 — rmgulo'sa. ' Yellow. Northern India. 1844 
 
 — aquifo'lium. 6. Yellow. April. N. Amer. 
 
 1823. Syns., B. repens, B. E. t. 1176, 
 and Mahonia aqw'folia. 
 
 — arista' ta. B. M. t. 2549. See A umbellata. 
 
 — asia'tica. 4. Yellow. Nepaul. 1823. Syn., 
 
 B. hypoleuca. 
 
 — aurahuace'nsis. See jB. Lyciwm. 
 
 — Bea'lei planifo'lia. Yellow. China. 1850. 
 
 — bux\fo'lia. S. Yellow. Straits of Magellan. 
 
 1827. Half-hardy. 
 
 — cond'nna. 2. Yellow. Sikkim Himalaya, 
 
 B. M. t. 4744. 
 
 — Darwi'nii. 2. Orange. May. South Chili. 
 
 1849. Ic. PI. t. 672. 
 
 — dealba'ta. 6. Yellow. May. Mexico. 1833. 
 
 B. E. 1. 1750. 
 
 — du'leis. 8. Yellow. March. Straits of Ma- 
 
 gellan. 1830. ■ Swt. Fl. Gard. 1. 100. 
 
 — Ehrenbe'rgii. Yellow, white. Mexico. 
 
 — e'legans. See B. Lyciwm. 
 
 — emargina'ta. 3. YeUow. May. Siberia. 1790. 
 
 — empetrif&lia. 2. YeUow. May. Straits of 
 
 Magellan. 1827. Half-hardy. 
 — faselcvZaris. ' See B. pinnata. 
 
 — Fortu'ni. Yellow. July. China. 1846. 
 
 — glvma'cea. 1. Yellow. N. W. America. 
 
 — heterophy'Ua. 4. Yellow. May. Straits of 
 
 Magellan. 1805. A form of B. vulgaris. 
 
 — hy'brida autumna'lis. 4. Orange. 1884. 
 
 — hypoleu'ca. See B. asiatica. 
 
 — Uieifo'lia. 4. Yellow. July. Terra del Fuego. 
 
 1791. PL Ser. 1850, p. 68. A form of 
 B. vulgaris. 
 
 — in^rrdis. 2. Yellow. Straits of Magellan. 
 
 1827. Half-hardy. 
 
 — Ja'm,ies(/ni. Yellow. Quito. 
 — japo'nica. Japan. 
 
 — Lesch^naitlltii. 5. Yellow. Neilgherries. 
 
 — loxe'Tisis. Yellow. Peru. 
 
 — lu'tea. IS. Peru. 
 
 — Ly'mim. Yellow. June. Himalaya. B. M. 
 
 t. 7075. Syns., B. aurahuacensis and 
 B. elegans. 
 
 — maerophy'lla. J. Hort. Soc. 1850, p. 4, is B. 
 
 Wallichiana ; of others B. asiatica. 
 
 — mi'tis. Yellow. N. Amer. 1834. 
 
 — nepale'nsis. 4. Yellow. Nepaul. 
 
 — nervo'sa. YeUow. June. N. Amer. 1804. 
 
 — pallida. Yellow. April. Mexico. 1844. Green- 
 
 house. 
 
 — pangha/ranghe'mis. 1848. Half-hardy. 
 
 — parviflo'ra. 3. Yellow. May. S. Amer. 1846. 
 
 Greenhouse. 
 
BER 
 
 [110] 
 
 BER 
 
 £. pinna'ta. S. Yellow. April. California. 1820. 
 Syns., B. Jascicularia, B. M. t. 2396, and 
 Mahonia fOBciaiUa/ns. 
 
 — re'peTis. See B. aquifolia. 
 
 — ruscifo'lia. 5. Yellow. May. Buenos Ayres. 
 
 1823. Greenhouse. 
 
 — stenophy'lla, is a hybrid between B. empetri- 
 
 foliaj and B. Darmnii. 
 
 — tenu'Q'o'lia. Vera Cruz. 1836. 
 
 — tintto'ria. Yellow. Neilgherries. 
 
 — trifolia'ta. Yellow. May. Mexico. 1839. 
 
 Greenhouse. 
 
 — wnibeUa'ta, 6. Yellow. Nepaul. 1842. Syns., 
 
 B. aristaia, B. M. t. 2549, and B. chUria. 
 
 — undjulaJta. 6. Yellow. Peru. 
 
 — virga'ta of J. Hort. Soc. is B. pwrvijiora; of 
 
 Hort. Koch, 5. aetinaecmtha. 
 
 — Wallichia'na. 4. Yellow. May Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 Half-hardy. 
 
 DECIDUOUS. 
 
 B. arista'ta. 6. Yellow. N. India. 1825. Syns., 
 B. Goria/na^ B. umbellata, B. K. 1844, 
 t. 44, and B. chitHa. 
 
 — canade'nsis. 6. Yellow. May. Canada. 1769. 
 
 Syns., B. cwroliniana and B. Fischeri. 
 
 — cona'ria. Yellow. June. Nepaul. 1841. 
 
 — coria'ria. See B. aristata. 
 
 — crato^gina. 6. Yellow. May. Asia Minor. 
 
 1829. 
 
 — ere^tica. S. Yellow. April. Candia. 1759. 
 serratifo'lia. Yellow. May. Candia. 
 
 1759. 
 
 — dau'rica. 8. Yellow. May. Dauria. 1818. 
 — Jloribu'nda. 10. Yellow. June. Nepaul. 
 
 — ibe'riea. 5. Yellow. May. Iberia. 1818. A 
 
 form of B. vulgaris. 
 
 — promneia'lis. 8. Yellow. June. France. 1821. 
 
 — rotwndifo'lia. Clear yellow. 1881. 
 
 — siM'rica. 2. Yellow. July. Siberia. 1790. 
 
 — Sieho'ldii. Pale yellow. Japan. 1890. 
 
 — einelnm. 4. Yellow. May. China. 1815. 
 
 — ThwiMrgii. Bed, straw. April. Japan. 1882. 
 
 B. M. t. 6646. 
 
 — trifu'rea. China. 1852. 
 
 — unibeUa'ta. B. B. 1844, t. 44. See B. ariMata. 
 
 — vire'seens. B. M. t. 7116. Syn., B. Bel- 
 
 8ta/mwrba. 
 
 — vulga'ris. 10. Yellow. April. England. Engl. 
 
 Bot. 3, t. 61. 
 
 a'lba. 8. Yellow. April. 
 
 aspe^rma. 6. Yellow. April, Europe. 
 
 du'lcie. Yellow. May. Austria. Ever- 
 green. 
 
 ^'IvU purpu'reix. 10. Yellow. May. 
 
 1841. 
 
 glau'ca. 10. Yellow. May. 
 
 langifo'lia. 10. Yellow. May. 
 
 lu'tea. 10. Yellow. May. Europe. 
 
 — - — mi'tis. 10. Yellow. May. 
 
 ni'gra. 10. Yellow. May. Europe. 
 
 purpu'rea. 10. Yellow. May. Europe. 
 
 viola'cea. 10. Yellow. May. Europe. 
 
 Berche'raia. (Named after M. Ber- 
 chem, a French botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Bhamnacece.) 
 
 Seeds, cuttings, and divisions ; sandy loam 
 and peat. All twiners. Greenhouse treatment 
 for the two species first named. B, volv/bUie is 
 hardy. 
 
 B.JUrribu'nda. White. Nepaul. 1827. 
 
 — linealta. 8. Green. June. China. 1804. 
 
 — volu'bilis. 15. Greenish white. June. Caro- 
 
 lina. 1714. 
 
 Berge'ra. (Named after M. Berger, 
 a botanist at Kiel. Nat. ord., Auran- 
 tiacecE. ) See Murraya. 
 
 B.integen'ima. See Micromelwm puieecens. 
 
 Be'rgia. (Named after P. J. Ber- 
 giics, M.D. Nat. ord., Elatinacece.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds ; sandy soil. 
 B. agua'twa. 1. Whitish yellow, stigmas red 
 June. Egypt. 1820. Eoxb. PI. Corom, 
 vol. 2, 1. 142. Syn., B. vertimllata. 
 
 Berkhe'ya. (Named after M. J. L 
 de Berkhey, a Dutch botanist. Nat. 
 ord., ConmositcB; Tribe, Arctotidece. 
 Allied to Gorteria.) 
 
 All from South Africa, and greenhouse ever- 
 greens, except where otherwise specified. Bien- 
 nial species by seed, herbaceous ones by seed, but 
 chiefly divisions, in spring; evergreens by cut 
 tings under a glass, in sandy soil ; sandy loam. 
 B. cdmua. 1. Yellow. June. 1774. Stove Men- 
 niaJ. Syn., Didelta cernua. 
 
 — eunea'ta. 2. Yellow. June. 1812. 
 
 — eynaroi'des. 1. Yellow. June. 1789. Green 
 
 house herbaceous. 
 
 — grmdifio'ra. 2. Yellow. July. 1812. B. M. 
 
 t. 1844. 
 
 — inea'na. 2. Yellow. July. 1793. Syn., Gorteria 
 
 ast&roides, Jacq. Ic. t. 591. 
 
 — obova'ta. 2. YeUow. July. 1794. 
 
 — palma'ta. S. Yellow. July. 1800. 
 
 — pectina'ta. See Ciillv/mia pectinata. 
 
 — pirma'ta. 1. YeUow. July to November. 
 
 1813. Syn., Stobam pinnata, B. M. 
 1. 1788. 
 
 — purpu'rea. 3. Purple. S. Africa. Syn., Stobcea 
 
 purpurea, G. C. 1872, p. 1261. 
 
 — spinoei'asiirrM. 2. Yellow. July. 1821. Green- 
 
 house herbaceous, Syn., Rohria spimo- 
 eiesiyna. 
 
 — uniflo'ra. 3. Yellow. July. 1815. B. M. 
 
 t. 2094. 
 
 BemiTida Cedar. Juni'perus her- 
 rmidia'na. 
 
 Berry. A succulent, indehiscent 
 fruit formed of several united carpels, 
 as in the gooseberry, currant, grape, and 
 orange. The term is often used in a 
 loose manner to include all succulent 
 fruits, as raspberry, mulberry, etc. 
 
 Bertero'a. (Named after C. J. Ber- 
 tero, a friend of Decandolle's. Nat. ord., 
 CrudfercB ; Tribe, AlyssiriecB. Allied 
 to Alyssum, with which Bentham and 
 Hooker unite it.) 
 
 Biennial and perennial species from seed and 
 cuttings; the shrubby and rather more tender 
 species from cuttings under a hand-glass, in 
 summer ; garden-soil. 
 
 B. inea'na. 2. White. July. Europe. 1640. 
 Hardy biennial. 
 
 — rmita'bilie. 2. White, pink. July. Levant. 
 
 1802. Hardy herbaceous perennial. 
 
 — obli'gua. 1. White. July. Sicily. 1823. Sbth. 
 
 Fl. Gr. t. 626. 
 
 Bertholle'tia. Brazil or Para Nut. 
 (Named after L. C. BerthoUet, a distin- 
 
 fuished chemist. Nat. ord., Myrtacece; 
 'ribe, Lecyihidece.) 
 
 The Brazilian nuts of the shops are the pro- 
 duce of this stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of 
 ripened wood, in sand, and in bottom-heat ; peat 
 and loam. 
 B. exce'lea. 100. Ps,ra. 
 
 Bertolo'nia. (In honour of A. Ber- 
 
BER 
 
 [111] 
 
 BET 
 
 toloni, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Melastomacece. ) 
 
 Small creeping or dwarf growing stove plants, 
 desirable on account of their ornamental fbliage. 
 Gentle moist heat, which may be best obtained 
 under a bell-glass. Seeds or cuttings. 
 B. afnea. J. Purple. Brazil. A garden hybrid. 
 
 — gutta'ta. B&Q Gravegla guttata, 
 ^maeulalta. J. Pink, purple. Brazil. 1850. 
 
 B. M. t. 4451. 
 
 — margarita'cea. See GraveHa guttata. 
 
 — marmora'ta. i. Purple. Brazil. 1858. 
 
 — prirrmlmflo'ra. See Monolena. 
 
 — pube'scens. Leaves varied green. Ecuador. 
 
 — superbi'ssiTna. See Gravesm guttata superba, 
 
 — vitta'ta, is a hybrid with pale rose flowers. 
 
 1879. 
 
 Berze'lia. (Named after Berzelms, 
 the celebrated chemist. Nat. ord., 
 Bruniacece. ) 
 
 Handsome greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from 
 the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened wood in sand, under a glass ; loam and 
 peat. 
 
 B. abrotanoi'des. IJ. White. June. 1787. B. C. 
 t. 355. 
 
 — lanugino'sa. 3. White. July. 1774. B. C. 
 
 t. 572. 
 
 Beshcome'ria. (In honour of M. 
 Beschorner, a German botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Amaryllidacece. Allied to Agave.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen succulents. They re- 
 quire the same method of cultivation as Agave 
 and Aloe, which see. 
 
 B. bractea'ta. 2. Beddish. March. Mexico. 
 B. M. t. 6641. 
 
 — Decoiteria'na. 8. Green, tinged with red. 
 
 February. Mexico. 1880. B. M. t. 6768. 
 
 — du'bia. 2i. Greenish. Mexico ? 1877. Possibly 
 
 the same as B. tubifiora. 
 
 — Tonellii. 4. Red, green. Mexico. 1872. 
 
 B. M. t. 6091. 
 
 — tuWfio'ra. 4. Green, red. February. Mexico. 
 
 1846. B. M. t. 4642. Syns., B. Colinianit 
 and FourGToya tubifiora. 
 
 — yuaxA'des. 4. Green. April. Mexico. 1860. 
 
 Besle'ria. (Named after Basil Bes- 
 ler, an apothecary at Nuremberg. Nat. 
 ord., Gesneracew. Allied to Gesnera.) 
 
 Prettjf stove evergreen sub-shrubs. Cuttings, 
 placed in bottom-heat, in rough, sandy soil ; 
 peat and loam. 
 B. cocH'nea. 3. Yellow. Guiana. 1819. Climber. 
 
 — crista'ta. 3. Yellow. June. W. Ind. 1739. 
 
 Stove evergreen climber. 
 
 — ^i'ohms. \ ^^ Mloplectus dUhrui. 
 
 — gramdifo^lia. 3. Yellow. August. Brazil. 
 
 1823. , 
 
 — I'mrayi. Yellow. Dominica. 1862. B. M. 
 
 t. 6341. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 — incama'ta. 2. Purplish. Guiana. 1826. 
 
 . Stove herbaceous perennial. 
 
 — lemcosto'ma. 1. Orange. New Grenada. Syn., 
 
 Hypocygta leucostwmt. B. M. t. 4310. 
 
 — lu'tea. 3. Yellow. July. Guiana. 1739. 
 
 — TnelUtifo'lia. See EpisGia melittifolia. 
 
 — mo'Uis. 3. Yellow. S. America. 1823. 
 
 — pidche'Ua. B. M. 1. 1146. See Tussaeia. 
 
 — serrula'ta. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 290. See 
 
 Dryfnonia. 
 f— tigri'na. 4. White, crimson. December. 
 Caraccas. 1853. 
 
 — viola'cea. 6. Yellow. Guiana. 1824. Stove 
 
 evergreen climber. 
 
 Besom, or Broom, received its 
 second name from being often made of 
 the broom-plant; but the best, both 
 for flexibility and dui-ability, are made 
 of the hng, or heath. Birch-brooms are 
 most commonly used in gardens, and 
 are those to which the name besom ap- 
 plies ; beso, in the Arrmorican language, 
 being the birch. But whatever tiie 
 material, they will endure much longer 
 if soaked in water for some time before 
 using. Where walks are liable to be- 
 come mossy, a broom made of wire is 
 frequently employed for sweeping them. 
 Mossy walks are, however, best cleaned 
 with the patent weed destroyers, of 
 which there are several now in general 
 use in gardens. 
 
 Be'ssera. (Named after Dr. Besser, 
 professor of botany atBrody. Nat. ord., 
 LUiacECB ; Tribe, Alliece. Elegant little 
 Mexican bulbs, allied to the Squills. ) 
 
 Offsets ; sandy peat ; kept dry and cool, but 
 secure from frost when not growing ; kept moist 
 when growing and flowering. They require a 
 cold pit or greenhouse. When planted out a 
 sunny position should be chosen, preferably 
 against a wall with a southern aspect. Bj; some 
 authors this genus is regarded as consisting of 
 a single species with flowers of various colours. 
 B. dlegans. 2. Scarlet. September. Mexico. 
 
 1860. B. E. 1839, t. 34. 
 — fistula' sa. 1. Purple. September. Mexico, 
 
 1831. Syn., Pharium fistulosum, B. E. 
 
 1. 1646. 
 
 — Herbe'rti. Purple and white. September. 
 
 Mexico. 1840. 
 
 — minia'ta. Scarlet, white. Mexico. 1850. 
 
 Fl. Ser. t. 424. 
 
 Be'ta. Beet Root. (From hett, the 
 Celtic word for red ; in reference to the 
 red colour of the beet. Nat. ord., 
 ChenopodiacecB. ) 
 
 Hardy biennials, except where otherwise de- 
 scribed. Seeds in March or April ; deep rich 
 soil. See Beet. 
 B. Ci'cla. 6. Green. August. Portugal. 1670. 
 
 variega'ta. Chilian beet. A handsome 
 
 foliage-plant. 
 
 — eri'spa. 6. Green. August. South of Eu- 
 
 rope. 1800. 
 
 — horte'nsii meta'llica. Leaves blood-red. 
 
 — macrorMza. 6. Green. August. Caucasus. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — mari'tima. 1. Green. August. Britain. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1184. 
 —pa'tuia. Green. Madeira. 
 
 — tri'gyna. 3. White. July. Hungary. 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. 
 
 — mUga'ris. 4. Green. August. 
 
 Europe. 1648. „ „ . 
 lu'tea. 4. Green. August. South of 
 
 Europe. 
 
 Tnacroca'rpa. 
 
 ru'bra. 4. Green. 
 
 1796. 
 
 South of 
 
 Europe. 
 - vi'ridis. 4. 
 
 August. 
 August. 
 
 South of 
 South of 
 
 Green. 
 Europe. 
 
 Be'tckea. (Named after M. Betake, 
 a botanist. Nat. ord., Valerianacece.) 
 See Plectritis. 
 
BET 
 
 [112] 
 
 BID 
 
 Betel or Betle Nut. See Pi'per 
 Be'tle. ■ 
 
 Beto'nica. Betony. (This genus, 
 named after the Celtic title, Bentonic, 
 is now united to Stachys.) 
 
 Be'tony. Sta'ckys and Teu'crium 
 heto' nicum. 
 
 Be'tula. Birch. (From its Celtic 
 name, betu. Nat. ord. , Betulacece. ) 
 
 Ornamental and very graceful hardy deciduous 
 trees and shrubs, except where otherwise speci- 
 fied. B. nana is a very pretty rockery subject. 
 Seeds sown as soon as ripe, or kept dry, and 
 sown in the April following, in fine soil, and 
 scarcely more than covered ; deep, dry soil suits 
 them best. Shrubs and particuliir species by 
 suckers and grafting. The flowers of all are 
 inconspicuous, having no petals. 
 B. a'lba. 40. February to March. Britain. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1296. 
 
 • albo-purpu'rea. 
 
 — daleca'rica. 40. May. Europe. 
 
 fo'liis variega'tis. May. 
 
 glutmo'sa. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1296. 
 
 laeinia'ta pe'vdula. 
 
 macroca'rpa. 40. June. Europe. 
 
 pe'Tidula. 40. April. Britain. 
 
 po'ntiea. 70. May. Turkey. Wats. 
 
 Dendr. t. 94. 
 
 pube'scens. 30. June. Germany. 1812. 
 
 urticifo'lia. 40. May. 
 
 verraco'sa. 40. April. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 4, 1. 1296. 
 
 — Bhojpa'ttra. 50. May. Himalayas. 1840. 
 
 — carpinif&lia. See B, lenta. 
 
 — dau'rica. 30. July. Siberia. 1785. 
 panrifo'lia. July. Siberia. 
 
 — eaxe'tsa. See B. lutea. 
 
 — frutico'sa. 6. June. Siberia. 1818. Wats. 
 Dendr. t. 95. 
 
 — glandulo'sa. May. N. Amer. 1816. 
 
 — gra'ndis. N. Amer. 1834. 
 
 — lanulo'sa. 70. July. N. Amer. 1817. 
 
 — lenta. 60. July. N. Amer. 1769. Syn., 
 
 B. carpini/oUa. Wats. Dendr. 1. 144. 
 
 — lu'tea. 20. May. N. Amer. Syn., B, excelsa. 
 
 — Medwedie'wi. Transcaucasus. 1887. Gfi. 
 
 1887, p. 383. 
 
 — mo'llis. E. Ind. 1840. 
 
 — na'na. 4. May. N. Europe. Eng. Bot. 
 
 ed. 3, t. 1297. 
 
 macrophy'Ua. 6. May. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 1736. Syn., 
 
 • stri'cta. May. 
 ^ ni'gra. 60. July. N Amer 
 B. rubra. Black birch. 
 
 — ova'ta. 6. May. Hungary. 1820 
 
 — paUe'scens. 6. 
 
 — papyra'cea. 50. June. N. Amer. 1750. 
 fu'sm. May. Carolina. 
 
 platyphy'lla. 50, June. Carolina. 
 
 trichocla'da. June. Carolina. 
 
 — popuUfo'lia. 30. July. Canada. 1750. 
 
 Hardy evergreen. 
 
 ladnia'ta. 30. July. 
 
 . pe!ndvXa. July. 
 
 — pu'mila. 6. May. N. Amer. 1762. 
 
 . Gra'yi, British Columbia. 1890. 
 
 — Raddea'na. Caucasus. 1887. Gfi. 1887, p. 383. 
 
 — ru'bra. See B. nigra. 
 
 — Scopo'Ui. 6. 
 
 — tri'stis. 10. May. Kamtschatka. 
 
 Bia'ncea sca'ndens. See Csesal- 
 pinia sepiaria. 
 Bia'ruiu. (An ancient name of a 
 
 plant. Nat. ord., Aracem. Allied to 
 Sauromatum. ) 
 
 , Hardy tuberous perennials. Any light, well- 
 drained soil ; oft'sets. 
 
 B. angusta'tum. J. Sjjathe and spadix blackish- 
 purple. Syria. 1861. Syn., Ischarwm 
 (mgustatum. 
 
 — eri'sputum. i. Blackish-purple. Asia Minor. 
 
 1860. 
 
 — exi'mium. J. Blackish-purple. Asia Minor. 
 
 1854. 
 
 — Eo'tschyi. J. Blackish-purple. Syria. 1860. 
 
 — Py'rami. J. Spathe and spadix blackish- 
 
 purple. Palestine. 1862. 
 
 — tenuij'o'liunb. ^. Dark brown-purple. June. 
 
 S. Europe". 1670. Syns., B. grmninenm, 
 B. constrictum, Arum tenui/olium. B. R. 
 t. 612. 
 
 Bibio Marci. St. Mark's Fly. Mr. 
 Curtis says : — " The larvse, or grubs, of 
 this insect generally live, in large groups 
 of a hundred or more, in strawberry- 
 beds, vine -borders, flower -pots, and 
 similar undisturbed spots, feeding upon 
 the roots, and sometimes destroymg the 
 entire plant. Bouch6 says they com- 
 pletely demolished his bed of Kanun- 
 culuses for several successive years, by 
 eating up the tubers. The larva is dark 
 brown, somewhat cylindrical, the belly 
 flattened, moderately broad, and nearly 
 linear ; the head is comparatively small, 
 deep brown, and very shining. It 
 changes to a chrysalis, generally, to- 
 waircS the end of March. This is of a 
 pale ochreous colour, the head being 
 brightest. The female lays her eggs in 
 the earth, and in the dung of horses and 
 cows, in May. They do not hatch until 
 August. " 
 
 Bi'dens. Bur Marigold. (From bis, 
 twice, and rfe?js, a tooth ; in reference 
 to the seed. Nat. ord., Compositm ; 
 Tribe, HelmnthoidecB. -Allied to Core- 
 opsis.) 
 
 Hardy ones may be grown in the common 
 border. The others are scarcely worth culti- 
 vating ; but we have named the best. The 
 annuals and biennials from seed, and the peren- 
 nials by divisions and suckers. All hardy, except 
 when otherwise specified. 
 B. argu'ta. Yellow. June. Mexico. 1825. 
 Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 — atrosangui'nea. 3. Dark crimson. Autumn. 
 
 Mexico. B. M. t. 6227. Tuberous-rooted 
 perennial. 
 
 — Berteria'na. See Cosmos caudatus. 
 
 — bipinna'ta. 2. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1687. Annual. 
 
 — corona'ta. Yellow. August. 1829. Biennial. 
 
 — ferulcefo'lia. 2. Yellow. Autumn. Mexico. 
 
 1799. B. M. 2069. 
 
 — grandifio'ra. 2. Yellow. June. S. Amer. 
 
 1800. Annual. Syns., B. serrulata and 
 Cosmos lutea. B. M. 1. 1689. 
 
 — heterophf/lla. 2. Yellow. August. Mexico. 
 
 1803. Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. 
 
 — hu'milis. Yellow. Peru. Half-hardy peren- 
 
 nial. 1861. Best grown as an open-air 
 annual. 
 
 — leuoa'ntha. IJ. White. July. S. Amer 
 
 Annual. 
 
BID 
 
 [113] 
 
 BIG 
 
 B. maeroape/rma. See B. parvifiora. 
 
 — odora'ta. 3. White. June. Mexico. 1825. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 — parviflo'ra. 1. Yellow. June. Siberia. 1829. 
 
 Annual. Syn., jB. maerosperma. 
 
 — pro'cera. 6. Yellow. November. Mexico. 
 
 1822. Herbaceous perennial. E. K. 
 t. 684. 
 
 — reopens. 2. Yellow. July. Nepaul. 1819. 
 
 Deciduous creeper. 
 
 — sca'ndens. See Salmea, 
 
 — serrula'ta. See B. grandiflora. 
 
 — stria' ta. 3. Rays white, disk yellow. Autumn. 
 
 Mexico. B. M. t. 3156. 
 
 — tripartata. 1. Yellow. Late summer. Great 
 
 Britain and Ireland. Bng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 t. 764. 
 
 Bidwi'Uia. (Named after Mr. Bid- 
 well., of Sydney, an ardent cultivator of 
 bulbs. Nat. ord., Liliacece. Allied to 
 Anthericinn.) 
 
 Greenhouse bulb. Divisions and offsets ; light, 
 rich soil. 
 B. glaucefscens. White. May. Australia. 1843. 
 
 Bietaerstei'nia. (Named after M. 
 Von Bieberstein, who wrote a Russian 
 Flora. Nat. ord., Geraniacece.) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. Cuttings 
 under a hand-glass, in the beginning of summer ; 
 seeds, in a slight hotbed, in a frame in March 
 or April. Bequires the protection of a cold pit 
 during winter, or a very dry, sheltered place. 
 Loam, peat, and sand. 
 
 B. cfdora. 1. Yellow. May. Altaia. 1837. 
 Royle m. t. 30. 
 
 Bienzdal, from biennis, the Latin 
 for of two years' continuance, is a plant 
 which, being produced from seed in one 
 year, perfects its seed and dies during 
 the year following. Biennials may often 
 be made to endure longer if prevented 
 ripening their seeds ; and many exotics, 
 bienniafe in their native climes, are 
 perennials in our stoves. 
 
 Hardy Biennials. — Some of these ripen 
 their seeds as early as August, in which 
 case they may be sown as soon as har- 
 vested. Others, ripening their seeds 
 later, must have them reserved until 
 May. The double varieties of wall- 
 flowers, stocks, etc., are propagated by 
 cuttings. 
 
 Frame Biennials. — These require the 
 shelter of a frame during the eany stages 
 of their growth ; to be removed thence, 
 in May, to the borders, where they bloom 
 in July and August. 
 
 Bifrena'ria. (From his, twice, and 
 fraemum, a strap ; in reference to a 
 double strap, or band, by means of 
 which the poUen masses are connected 
 with their gland. Nat. ord., Orchida- 
 cew; Tribe, Vandece-MaxillariecB. Allied 
 to' Maxillaria.) 
 
 Pretty stove orchids. Offsets and divisions. 
 Peat, sphagnum, charcoal, and broken pots ; 
 raised above the surface of pots, or in shallow 
 baskets. 
 
 B. a'tro-purpu'rm. Dark purple. Eio Janeiro. 
 
 nV; 4 S'4 '^"■^I'^i^a atro-pwrpm-ea. 
 Jj. U. t. 1877. 
 
 — OMranH'am. f. Orange-spotted. September 
 
 Demerara. 1834. B. R. 1. 1875 
 
 — au'reo-fv!lva. Orange. October. Rio Ja- 
 
 neiro. 1843. Syn., Maxiawrta aureo- 
 fidva. B. M. t. 3629. 
 
 — Badw^nii. IJ. Green, chocolate, white 
 
 June. BrazU. 1851. B. M. t. 4629. 
 — bt/Ua. Cinnamon, with sulphur markings 
 
 inside, whitish-yellow outside. 
 pa/rdali'na. Yellow, brown, white, purple 
 
 1880. ^ 
 
 — Barrisc/ni(B, White, with yellowish tips ; lip 
 
 with purple veins. September. S. 
 America. Syns., MaaillariaHarrisimue, 
 B. B. t. 897, and M. pungens. 
 
 — — a'lba. White, tipped red ; lip yellow, 
 
 white, purple. Gfl. 1. 1312, f. 2. 
 Buchmiia'na. Violet-purple, green, yel- 
 low. 1879. 
 
 — inf^dora. Green and purplish. Brazil. Rchb. 
 
 Xen. vol. 1, 49. 
 xa/iithi'na. Yellow. Bahia. 1866. 
 
 — leucorrho'da. White ; lip with rosy veins. 
 
 — longico'mis. Orange, brown. Demerara. 
 
 — meli' color. Honey-colour, red. Brazil. 1877. 
 —pa'rmda. Deep tawny yellow; lip pumlish 
 
 with darker lines. Organ Mts. 1827. Syn., 
 Maxillaria, parmda. Hook. Ex. Fl. 
 t. 217. 
 
 — racemo'sa. Sfcraw-colour ; lip white, spotted 
 
 vrith crimson. Brazil. Syn., maxillaria 
 racemosa. B. M. t. 2789. 
 
 — tyrianthi'na. Violet-purple. Brazil. 1836. 
 
 Syn., Lycaste tyrianthina. Gfl. t. 422. 
 
 — vitelXi'na. 1. Yellowish-purple. July. Brazil. 
 
 1838. 
 
 Biglandula'ria. See Sinningia. 
 
 Bigno'nia. Trumpet Flower. 
 (Named after Abh6 Bignon, librarian 
 to Louis XIV. Nat. ord. , Bignoniacece. ) 
 
 This order furnishes themostgorgeousclimbers 
 in the world ; natives of the tropical forests in 
 either hemisphere, a tenth part of which are said 
 not to be yet introduced to our gardens. Stove 
 evergreen climbers, except where otherwise 
 specified. PropEigated easily by young, stiff side- 
 shoots, taken off in summer, inserted in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, and placed in bottom-heat ; 
 peat and loam. These mostly produce their 
 flowers on short shoots, proceeding from well- 
 ripened buds of the previous year's wood. Few 
 do well as pot-plante ; they Inse to ramble over 
 the roof of a cold stove. If the wood is well 
 hardened in summer, many of them do well on 
 the rafters of a common greenhouse, and flower 
 more freely than they would do in a stove ; but 
 you must have patience until they fairly mount 
 the rafters. B. ja&minoides may be taken as a 
 type of these. The only hardy species is cayreo- 
 la'ta, which is an ornamental waill-climber in a 
 sheltered situation ; propagated easily by cut- 
 tings of its roots, or shoots, under a hand-glass, 
 in spring or autumn. It has been recommended 
 to try cnunlgera, in similar situations, grafted on 
 capreola'ta. B. ra'dicaris has been transferred 
 to Tecoma, which see ; the difference in the 
 genera consisting chiefly in the partition of the 
 fruit, being parallel in Bigno'nia, and contrary 
 in Teco'ma. 
 
 See Heterophragma adeno- 
 
 B. adenophi/lla. 
 phyUum. 
 
 lis. 40. Yellow. June. Guiana. 
 
 1768. 
 
 — (Esculifio'ra. 
 
 folia. 
 
 — a'lba. See Spathodea bracteosa. 
 
 — allia'eea. 10. Yellow. Guiana. 
 
 See TaberTUBmontana aesculi- 
 
 1790. 
 I 
 
BIG 
 
 [114] 
 
 BIL 
 
 B. amalna. See Sieroimmmim hypoitiotum. 
 
 — apure'nsis. 10. Yeflow. Orinoco. 1824. 
 
 — argy'reo-viola'scens. Leaves white - veined, 
 
 young leaves violet. S. America. 1866. 
 H. Mag. 1865, p. 267. 
 
 — artiGula'ta. See PhyllaHhron TWronhiwn/wm. 
 
 — auranti'aca. Orange. S. America. 1874. 
 
 — hiju'ga. 6. Madagascar. 1822. 
 
 — ccBTu'lea. See Jacaranda haha/mensUt. 
 
 — ca'ndwwns. See Arralndcea candicans. 
 
 — cape^nsis. See Tecfyma capensis. 
 
 — capreola'ta. 15. Scarlet. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1710. 
 
 atrosangui'nea. Red-purple. S. United 
 
 States. 1879. B. M. t. 6501. 
 
 — Caroli'ruE. 10. Cream. Carolina. 
 
 — Chcmiberlay'nU. 40. Yellow. August. Brazil. 
 
 1820. B. M. t. 2148. 
 
 — chelonoi'des. See Stereospermwm ehelonaideg. 
 
 — Chertfre. 10. Red, orange. Guiana. 1824. 
 
 B. R. t. 1301. Sometimes spelt Kerere. 
 
 — Chi'ca. 10. Orinoco. 1819. 
 
 — chine^nsis. See Tecoma grandijlora. 
 
 — chrysa'ntha, 10. Yellow. Guiana. 1823, See 
 
 Tecoma chryscmtha. 
 
 — chrysoleu'ca. 10. Yellowish - white. July. 
 
 S. Amer. 1824. 
 
 — CWmatia. 15. Caraccas. 1820. 
 
 — conw'sa. See AdenocaZyTrvna c(ytnoswm. 
 
 — crena'ta. 10. B. Ind. 1823. 
 
 — crucigera. 20. Yellow, scarlet. S. Amer. 
 
 1769. 
 
 — ded'piens. 10. B. Ind. 1823. 
 
 — diversifo'Ha. 10. Mexico. 1825. 
 
 ^ echina'ta. See Pithecoctenium Aubletii. 
 
 — elmwa'ta. 8. Purple. S. Amer. 1820. 
 —flonim'nda. 12. White. Caraccas. 1816. 
 
 — gra'cilis. B. C. t. 1706. See B. unguis. 
 
 — /raxinif&lia. See SpathodeafraoAnifolia. 
 
 — grandijic/ra. See Tecoma grandiflora. 
 
 — grandifo'lia. 60. Purple, red. June. Carac- 
 
 cas. 1816. 
 
 — heterophy'lla. See B. Cherere. 
 
 — incama'ta. 4. White, orange. Guiana. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — i'ndwa. See Oroxylon ? indiffwm. 
 
 — imminifdlia. 10. White. Orinoco. 1826. 
 — ja^minoi'des. 30. Purple. Moreton Bay. 
 
 1830. 
 
 — Eere^re. See B. Cherere. 
 
 — lactiJU/ra. See Distiohis lactiJUyra, 
 
 — latT^</lia. See CaZlichlamys riparia. 
 
 — la/urifo'lia. 20. Guiajoa. 1804. 
 
 — leuc&xulon. See Tecoma l&ucoxylon. 
 
 — LvnMeyl. 10. Variegated. S. Amer. 1833. 
 
 Syn., B. pwta. B. R. t. 46. 
 
 — KTiea'rts. See Chilopsis saligna. 
 
 — litora'lis. Pink, red. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 — longi'ssima. See Catalpa lofngissima. 
 
 — luldda. 10. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 — magni'fica. Flowers varying from mauve to 
 
 purplish crimson, throat yellow. Co- 
 lumbia. 1879. Gfl. 1880, p. 34. 
 
 — microphy'Ua. 16. White. Hispaniola. 1820. 
 
 Syn., Catalpa microphylla. 
 
 — meonalntha. Se6 Tecoma australis. 
 
 — mo'llis. 10. Guiana. 1818. 
 
 — moUi'ssima. 10. Caraccas. 1820. 
 
 — multi'fida. 10. E. Ind. 1823. 
 —pallida. 16. White. July. W. Ind. 1823. 
 
 B. R. t. 966. 
 
 — Pando'rea. See Tecoma australis. 
 
 — panicula'ta. See Amphilolmi/nipa/niculatv/m. 
 
 — pentaphy'Ua. See Tecoma pentaphylla. 
 
 — per/ara'ta. August. Brazil. 1881. 
 
 — pi eta. B. E. t. 45. See B. Lindleui. 
 
 — pube'scens. 15. YeUow. June. Campeachy. 
 
 1759. 
 — purpu'rea. 6. Purple. S. Amer. 1822. 
 
 — quadrangula'rie. 10. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 — quadrttocula'ris. See Heterophragma Box- 
 
 burghU, 
 
 B. radi'eans. See Teconm radieans. 
 
 — regaHis. Red, yellow. British Guiana. 1885. 
 
 — retieulalta. Columbia. 1873. 
 
 — Roe'zlii. Columbia. 1870. 
 
 — rugo'ga. Primrose. October. Caraccas. 
 
 1872. B. M. t. 7124. 
 
 — ealicifo'lia. 10. YeUow. Trinidad. 1824. 
 
 — taim&ricafdlia. This is a synonym of Tecoma 
 
 atoms. 
 
 — serratifo'lia. 'See Tecoma serratifoUa. 20. 
 
 YeUow. W. Ind. 1822. 
 
 — serra'tula. See Stereoepermwm serratulwm. 
 
 — spatha'cea. See Dolicharidrone Rheedii. 
 
 — spedo'm. 20. Pink. May. Uruguay. 1838. 
 
 — speeta'bilis. 10. Purple. W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — apica'ta. Trinidad. 1822. 
 
 — atami'nea. 10. Yellow. Hispaniola. 1825. 
 
 — ata'ns. See Tecoma atana. 
 
 — si^ero'aa. See Stereospermwm auaveolena. 
 
 — ttymetito'sa. See Paulovmia vmperialia. 
 
 — triphy'Ua. See Tabebuia triphylla. 
 —Tweedia'na. 20. Yellow. June. Buenos Ayres. 
 
 1838. 
 
 — unca'ta. Andr. Rep. t. 530. See Macfadyena 
 
 uncinata. 
 
 — u'ngms. Yellow. April. S. Amer. 1810. 
 
 Syn., B. gramlia, B. C. 1. 1706. 
 
 — varia'Mlis. 10. Yellow, white. W. Ind. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — venu'sta. 4. Orange. September. S. Amer. 
 
 1816. 
 
 Bilberry. Vacci'mum myrU'llus. 
 
 Bilimbi-tree. Averrho'a h&i'mbi. 
 
 Bill, a sharp-edged tool, employed in 
 cutting hedges, sharpening stakes, etc. 
 It should never be used in pruning ; but, 
 where the branch is too strong to be cut 
 with the knife, the saw ought always to 
 be applied. An implement well adapted 
 for this purpose is Dean's bill ; for it has 
 a narrow blaide with a keen-cutting edge, 
 and a saw at the back, made expressly 
 for cutting green wood, warranted not 
 to buckle or stick fast. 
 
 Billardie'ra. AppleBerry. (Named 
 after LahUlardUre, a French botanist. 
 Nat. ord., Pittosporacece.) 
 
 Ornamental greenhouse evergreen climbers. 
 Seeds sown in a little heat, in April, from cut- 
 tings in May or June, in sand, under a bell- 
 glass ; loam and peat. 
 
 B. aTigustifo'lia. 2. Cream. July. N. Holland. 
 1820. Bauer Ic. t. 1014. 
 
 — cgmo'aa. ' Violet. S. Australia. 1868. 
 
 — daphnoi'des. Yellow, purple. May. N. R. 
 
 Wales. 1840. 
 —fusifdrmia. See Sollya anguatifolia. 
 
 — longijlcfra. 20. Greenish yellow, often chang- 
 
 ing to purple. July. Van Diemerfs 
 Land. 1810. B. M. t. 1507. Syn., B. 
 ovalia. 
 
 — mMta'bilia. 8. Crimson. August. N. S. 
 
 Wales. 1796. B. M. 1. 1313. 
 
 — ova'lia. See B. longijUyra, 
 
 — parmfio'ra. 12. Blue. July. N. Holland. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — aca'ndens. 12. Purple. August. N. S. Wales. 
 
 1790. B. M. t. 801. 
 
 Billbe'rgia. (Named after BUlberg, 
 a Swedish botanist. Nat. orA., Brome- 
 liacece.) 
 
 Stove plants. Suckers and divisions ; sandy 
 loam, peat, and a little rotten cow-dung. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60' to 75° ; winter, 65° to 60". 
 
BIL 
 
 [115] 
 
 BIR 
 
 B. amo^na. 2. Yellow. June. S. Amer. 1817. 
 
 — andegave^nsis. Centre red, bordei indigo. 
 
 Garden hybrid. 1886. 
 
 — (vngttstif&lia. Ked. S. America. 1866. 
 
 — Bake'ri. Green ; bracts rose. 1878. 
 
 — BaraquirMna. White, green. Brazil. 1865. 
 
 — bi' color. §. Rose, blue. May, Eio Janeiro. 
 
 1829. 
 
 — hi'frons. Red, yellow. Brazil. 1852. 
 
 — Mvittalta. See Nidularium bivittatum. 
 
 — blireia'na. Hybrid between B. nutams and 
 
 B. iridifoUa. 1889. 
 
 — Breautea'na. Leaves banded white. Bracts 
 
 rosy. Flowers blue. 1884. Syn., B. 
 
 — Brua'nii. Garden hybrid. 1885. 
 
 — Ca'ppei. See B. Breauteana. 
 
 — Chcmti'ni. Bed, yellow ; bracts red. Sum- 
 
 mer. Amazons. 1877. 
 
 — chlorosti'cta. Leaves bronzy, with green spots. 
 
 Brazil. 1871. 
 
 — clava'ta. 1}. Blue. February. Trinidad. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — cruefnta. 1. Blue, red. August. Rio Janeirp. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — e'Ugans. See B. speeiosa. 
 
 — Ende'ri. Bracts coral-red. Flowers blue. 
 
 BrazU. Gfl. 1. 1217. 
 
 — Euphe'm-Us. Dark purple, green. Brazil? 
 
 1872. 
 — fascm'ta. See JEGhirnea. 
 
 — Gireondia'na. Garden hybrid. 1887. 
 
 — Glazioma'na. Bed ; bracts white. Brazil. 
 
 Gfl. 1. 1203. 
 
 — CHymia'na. Yellow, purple ; bracts crimson. 
 
 Tropical America. 1866. 
 
 — iridAfo'Ka. 1. Scarlet, yellow. March. Rio 
 
 Janeiro, 1825. 
 
 — Erameria'na. Garden hybrid. 1888. 
 
 — Libonia'na. 1. Blue. August. Brazil. 1858. 
 
 — Ue'tzei. Brazil. 1881. Belg. Hort 1881. 
 
 tt. 5-7. 
 
 — maaroca'lyx. IJ. Blue, green. Brazil. 1858. 
 
 — vielanacantha. See JEch'mea suaveolens. 
 
 — Morelia'na. 1. Pink, blue. February. Brazil. 
 
 1848. 
 
 — nudiea/u'lis. See ^chtnea. 
 
 — nu'taTis. IJ. Yellowish, rosy, blue ; bracts 
 
 rosy. Winter. BrazU. 1868. 
 
 — o'Uns. Purple, crimson. Tropical America. 
 
 1865. 
 
 — palle!scen8. 1^. White, green, violet. Winter. 
 
 Brazil. 1856. Syns;, B. pallida and B. 
 Wwti. 
 
 — Perringia'na. Hybrid between B. nutans 
 
 and B. Mxmiana. 1890. Gfl. 1. 1318. 
 
 — polysta'chya. Crimson, blue. Brazil. 1862. 
 
 — Portea'Tta. 3. Green. Summer. Bahia. 
 
 1849. B. M. t. 6670. 
 — purpu'rea. Rose, purple. October. Brazil. 
 
 — pwrpu'rea-ro'sea. Rose, purple. November. 
 
 Brazil. 1831. 
 
 — pyramida'lis. 2. Crimson. February. Rio 
 
 Janeiro. 1817. 
 
 — quintumb' 7M. Bracts carmine ; calyx green 
 
 tinged rose j petals greenish tipped blue. 
 Brazil. Gfl^. 1890, p. 202. 
 
 — Rancou'gnei. Garden hybrid. 1884. 
 
 — rhodocya'nea. See ^chmea fasciata. 
 
 •^ roseo-margina'ta. IJ. Blue ; bracts rose. 
 January. Tropical America. 1880. Syns., 
 B. rubro-margiffiata, and Quesn^lia roseo- 
 Tnarginata. 
 
 — ru'fa. 6. Violet ; bracts red. Guiana. 1874. 
 Syn., Qu£snelia rufa. 
 'e'rm. Blue; bracts crimson. Brazil. 
 
 - SM'nneri. See Androlepis. 
 
 o'm. IJ. Carmine, violet ; bracts car- 
 mine-rose. Brazil. 1877. Syn., B. 
 
 B. thyrsoi'dea. Scarlet. November. Brazil 
 
 — variegaita. Belg. Hort. 1881, p. 73 
 
 — »ea;iZfa'ria Hybrid between B. thyrsoidea 
 
 splenaMa and B. Mareliama. 
 
 — vilta'ta. 2. Bed, violet, green. South 
 
 Braril. 1847. Syns., S. LeopoUi, B 
 
 pulchemma, B. Sohamiami, and B 
 
 zonata. 
 
 ama'bilis. Blue ; bracts crimson. Brazil 
 
 forrm'm. Bracts orange. 1879. Syn 
 
 B. formosa. ' 
 Boha'ni. Gfl. 1890, p. 306, f . 60. 
 
 — Wethereflli. Blue and yellow. December 
 
 Bahia. 
 
 — Wi'ndii. Hybrid between B. nutans and B. 
 
 Ba/raquiniana. 1884. The same name 
 was oven to a hybrid between B. nutans 
 and B. decora in 1889. 
 
 — Worlea'na. Rose, blue. Hybrid between B. 
 
 nutams and B. Moreliama. 1886. 
 
 — zebri'na. IJ. June. S. Amer. 1826. 
 
 — ama'ta. IJ. White. March. Brazil. 1843. 
 
 Billo'tia Jlexuo'sa. See Lepto- 
 spevmaxa. flexuosum. 
 
 Sinding. A term applied to ad- 
 hesive soils, to describe the closeness 
 and hardness of their texture in hot, 
 dry seasons. (Also called baking). This 
 term applies, also, to some gardening 
 processes. Thus, fastening a graft or 
 Wd in its place, by means of bast or 
 other material, is termed binding in 
 some counties. 
 
 — sphaoda'ta. See Gregia. 
 
 Bindweed. Convo', 
 
 Bio'phyttun. Oxa'lis biophy'tum. 
 
 Bio'ta, a genus which only contains 
 the Thujas that are not American. 
 
 Birch. Be'tula. 
 
 Birds are benefactors, as well as in- 
 jurers, of the gardener. They destroy 
 millions of grubs, caterpillars, and 
 aphides, which would have ravaged his 
 crops ; but at the same time some com- 
 mit havoc upon his fruit and seeds. The 
 wisest course, consequently, is to scare 
 them from the garden at such times, or 
 from the portions of it in which they 
 can be prejudicial, but to leave them to 
 visit it unmolested whenever and wher- 
 ever they cannot be mischievous. Thus, 
 in early spring, a hoy or two will drive 
 them away during such time as the buds 
 of the gooseberry, currant, and plum are 
 open to their attacks ; and again during 
 the time that the cherries are ripe. To 
 keep them from the fruit of late goose- 
 berries and currants, it is sufficient to 
 interlace thickly the bushes with red 
 worsted. To keep them from attacking 
 peas and other vegetables just emerging 
 from the soU, a similar display of white 
 thread, fastened to pegs about six inches 
 from the surface, is also sufficiently de- 
 terring. Nets, where available, are also 
 effectual guardians. By these aids, but 
 
BIR 
 
 [116] 
 
 BIS 
 
 especially by the watching during cer- 
 tain seasons, the gardener may protect 
 himself from injury at a very trifling 
 expense, without depriving himself of 
 the services of the most sharp-sighted, 
 most unwearying, and most successful 
 of all insect-killers. 
 
 INSECT-EATING BIEDS, WHICH DO NOT 
 EAT FRUITS OK SEEDS. 
 
 One of the most exclusively insect- 
 eating birds is the golden-crested wren 
 (Regulus cristatus, Ray), the smallest of 
 the birds of Europe. The species which 
 come nearest to the gold-crest, in appear- 
 ance and habits, are the wood-wren 
 (Sylvia sibilatrix), and the willow-wren 
 or hay-bird (S. fttis). The chiff-chaff [S. 
 loquaas) also ranks with these as an in- 
 sect-eating bird, but is least common. 
 The nightingale (Sylvia Itiscinia) does 
 considerable service to the cultivator, by 
 devouring numbers of caterpillars and 
 grubs, as well as the moths, butterflies, 
 and beetles from which they are pro- 
 duced. The whinchat (Sctxicola rubetra), 
 the stonechat (S. rubicola), and the 
 wheatear (S. cenanthe) may be ranked 
 as insectivorous birds ; the stonechat 
 particularly. The whinchat frequents 
 cabbage-gardens' and turnip-fields after 
 the breeding season, and ought to be 
 protected, because it not only eats in- 
 sects, bnt small sheU-snails, while it 
 never touches fruits or seeds. The 
 wheatear is equally beneficial in clear- 
 ing crops from insects, without levying 
 any contribution for its sei-vices. 
 
 The wagtails, particularly the yellow 
 one (Motacillajlava), feed wholly on in- 
 sects, particularly gnats, midges, and 
 other flies that tease cattle. They wiU 
 also follow the spade, to feed upon the 
 worms and grubs turned up ; and, in 
 this way, no doubt, thousands of wire- 
 worms and other destructive vermin are 
 effectually destroyed. The tree-pipet, 
 or titlark (Anthus arboreus), and the 
 meadow-pipet [A. pratensis), are com- 
 mon hedge-birds, which search busily 
 after the autumnal hatches of cater- 
 pillars and grubs, or the smaller flies 
 and beetles, which they find among the 
 herbage. The cuckoo, the common fly- 
 catcher, and the flusher, or lesser but- 
 cher-bird, may be classed among the in- 
 sectivorous-feeding birds. To these many 
 other hedge-birds might be added, such 
 as the nightjar, the sedge-bird, the wry- 
 neck, the creeper, and the bottle-tit, 
 none of which are in the least destruc- 
 tive ; while, from their feeding exclu- 
 sively, or nearly so, on insects, they are 
 of much service in diminishing the num- 
 
 ber of such as are injurious to field and 
 garden crops. 
 
 INSECT-EATING BIEDS WHICH EAT 
 FKUIT OR SEEDS. 
 
 These are the common wren, the- 
 hedge-sparrow, or dunnock, the red- 
 breast, the redstart, the tom-tit, the 
 cole-tit, the marsh-tit, and the greater- 
 tit. The weeds and insects wMmi thes& 
 birds destroy will, however, certainly 
 more than compensate for the few heads- 
 of grain, the flower-seeds, or small fruit 
 which they may occasionally pilfer. 
 
 FRUIT-EATING BIEDS, WHICH ALSO 
 FEED ON INSECTS. 
 
 In this list are the black-cap, babU- 
 lard (Curruca garrula), the garden- 
 warbler, the whitethroat, the missel- 
 thrush, the song-thrush, the blackbird^ 
 and the starling. 
 
 DECIDEDLY DESTRUCTIVE BIEDS. 
 
 The greater portion of those to he 
 enumerated are exclusively grain-eaters, 
 and make no return for their depreda- 
 tions by destroying insects, though they 
 no doubt contribute to keep down the 
 diffusion of weeds by the quantity of 
 seeds whieh they devour. The goldfinch, 
 the yellow-hammer, the cirl-bunting, 
 the reed-bunting, the corn-bunting, the 
 skylark, the woodlark, the linnet, the 
 chaffinch, the mountain-finch, the bull- 
 finch, the house-sparrow, and the tree- 
 sparrow. 
 
 Bird Cherry. Pm'nus pa'chis. 
 
 Bird Pepper. Ca'psicumbacca'tvm,. 
 
 Bird's Bill. Trigone'lla ornithopo- 
 dioi'des. 
 
 Bird's Eye. Pri'mulafarino'sa. 
 
 Bird's Foot. Qmi'thopus. 
 
 Bird's-Foot Fern. PelMa orni'- 
 thoptis, 
 
 Bird's-Foot Trefoil. Lo'tus. 
 
 Bird's Nest. Asple'nium ni'dus. 
 
 Bird's Tongue. Omithoglo'ssum, 
 
 Birthwort. Aristolo'chia. 
 
 Biscute'Ua. Buckler Mustard. 
 (From bis, double, or twice, axidiscutella, 
 a saucer ; in reference to the shape ef 
 the seed-vessel when bursting. Nat. 
 ord. CrucifercB; Tribe, Thlaspidece. 
 Allied to Thlaspi and Capsella. ) 
 
 All hardy. The annuals, by seed in March 
 and April ; the perennials, by division in apring^ 
 or autumn. 
 
 PERENNIALS. 
 
 B. amM'gua. J. Yellow. June. Italy. 1820. 
 — coronopyfo'lia. J. Yellow. June. Italy. 1790, 
 
BIS 
 
 [117] 
 
 BLA 
 
 & lamga'ta. 1. Yellow. Jane. Italy. 1777. 
 
 alpilttris. 1. Yellow. June. Hungary. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — longifo'lia. See B. aaxatUis, var. longifolia. 
 
 — monta'na. 1. Yellow. Spain. 1823. 
 
 — rapha/nifo'lia. 1^. Yellow. July. Sicily. 1822. 
 
 — sa3ea!tUis. 1, Yellow. June. South Europe. 
 
 1821. 
 lon^o'lia. Switzerland. 1832. 
 
 — sempervilr&ihs, 1, Yellow. June. Spain, 1784. 
 
 — stenophy'Ua. 1. Yellow. June. Spaiu. 1826. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 B, vUia'ta. 1. Yellow. June. South of Fiance. 
 1820. 
 
 — Colu'mnce. 1. Yellow, June. South of Italy, 
 
 1823, Sibth, Fl. Gr. t. 629. 
 
 — d£pre^88a. J-. Yellow. June. Egypt. 1811. 
 
 — lyraHa. IJ. YeUow. July. Spjun. 1799. 
 
 — mari'tima. IJ. YeUow. June. Naples. 1824, 
 
 — obova'ta. 1, Yellow. June, Europe. 1817. 
 
 Bise'mla. Hatchet Vetch. (From 
 ■his, twice, and serrula, a saw ; in re- 
 ference to the seed -pods being armed 
 with teeth. Nat. ord., Leguminosce ; 
 Tribe, GalegecB. Allied to iistragalus.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds in April or September. 
 iSandy soil. 
 
 £. pel^cvnus. 1, Purple, July, South Europe. 
 1640. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 737. 
 
 Bismarckia. (Named after Prince 
 Bismarck. Nat. ord., Palmem; Tribe, 
 Borassece. ) 
 £. no'bilis. Madagascar. GS. 1. 1221. 
 
 Bitter Almond. Amy'gdalus cem- 
 mu'nis ama'ra. 
 
 Bitter Apple. Cu'cumiscolocy'nthis. 
 
 Bitter Oak. Que'rcus ce'rris. 
 
 Bitter-sweet. Sola'num dulca- 
 TfM'ra. 
 
 Bitter Vetch. Oro'hus. 
 
 Bitter Wood. Xylo'pia. 
 
 Biyonse'a. (After A. Bivona Ber- 
 nardi, a professor of botany in Sicily. 
 Nat. ord., Cruci/erce ; Tube, Lepidiece. 
 Allied to Lepidivm,.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds ; garden-soil. 
 B. lu'tea. J. Yellow. April. Sicily. 1824. 
 
 Bi'xa. Amotta. (Its native name 
 in South America. Nat. ord., Biodnece.) 
 The reddish pulp which surrounds the seeds of 
 B. (yrella'na is the Amatta of commerce, used in 
 the preparation of chocolate, and by farmers for 
 •colouring cheese, and also by dyers for a reddish 
 colour. Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and 
 in heat ; lumpy peat, loam, and sand 
 e. arella'na. 30. Pint. June. W. Ind. 1690. 
 
 B. M. t, 1466, 
 aeumina'ta. 20. Purple. July. Mau- 
 ritius. 1817. Syn., B. purpurea. There 
 are two forms of this, viz., aZba^ flowers 
 white, and purpurea, flowers rosy. 
 
 — urucura'na. 20. Pink. July. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 Bizarre. See Carnation. 
 
 Black Adiantum. Asph'nium 
 ■adi'antum-ni'grv/m. 
 
 Black Arch-Moth, 
 monacha. 
 
 SeePsilura 
 
 Blackberry. Ra'busfrutico'sus. 
 
 Black Bryony. Ta'mus commu'- 
 nis. Poisonous weeds, which need not 
 be further noticed. 
 
 Black BuUace. Pru'nm insWtia. 
 
 Blackbu'rina. (Named after Mr. 
 Blackburn. Nat. otA., Rutacece.) See 
 Xanthoxyluin. 
 
 Black Caterpillar. See Athalia 
 spinarum. 
 
 Black Flea. (Saltica nemorum.) 
 No insect is more insidious or more 
 sweeping in the destruction it brings 
 upon some of the farmers' or gardeners' 
 crops than the turnip-flea {Maltica ne- 
 mermn). Turnips of all kinds, beet- 
 root, mangold-wurtzel, radishes, and 
 flax, are all liable to be destroyed by 
 this insect. It is a singular misapplica- 
 tion of terms, that this insect is known 
 among cultivators of the soil as the 
 black and the turnip flea or fly, none of 
 them ever calling it a beetle, which 
 it really is ; and the most descriptive 
 name is the turnip-flea beetle, for this 
 describes not only its real nature, but 
 its favourite food, and its extraordinary 
 power of skipping or leaping like the 
 common flea. This insect is represented 
 
 in our drawing of its natnial size and 
 magnified. The body, one-eighth of an 
 inch long, is rather flattened, and of a 
 brassy-black colour, thickly dotted ; the 
 wing-cases are greenish-black, with a 
 pale-yellow, broad line on each ; the 
 base of the feelers (antennae) and the 
 legs are pale clay-coloured. The eggs 
 are laid on the under side of the rough 
 leaf of the turnip from April to Septem- 
 ber. They hatcn in two days. Their 
 maggots live between the two skins or 
 cutides of the rough leaf, and arrive at 
 maturity in sixteen days. The chrysalis 
 is buried just beneath the surface of the 
 
BLA 
 
 [118] 
 
 BLA 
 
 earth, where it remains about a fort- 
 night. The beetles are torpid through 
 the winter, and revive in the spring, 
 when they destroy the two first or seed 
 leaves of the young turnip. There are 
 five or six broods in a season. These 
 insects are most to be feared in fine 
 seasons. Heavy rains, cold springs, and 
 long droughts destroy them. Their scent 
 is very perfect : the beetles fly against 
 the wind, and are attracted from a dis- 
 tance. The rapid growth of a plant is 
 the best security against them; to secure 
 which, sow plenty of seed, all of the 
 same age. Burning the surface of the 
 land is beneficial, by destroying the 
 chrysalides. Deep digging is an excel- 
 lent practice when the chrysalides are 
 in the soil. Drilling is a far superior 
 practice to sowing the seed broadcast. 
 Destroy charlock : it affords support to 
 the beetles before the turnips come up. 
 The most effectual banishment of the 
 turnip-fly, we think, is secured by sow- 
 ing the surface of the soil with gas-lime 
 two or three mornings after the turnip- 
 seed has been sown. This is so offensive 
 to the insect as to drive it away just at 
 the time the young plants are appearing 
 above ground. — The Cottage Gardener, 
 ii. 93. 
 
 Black Grub. Atha'lia spina'rum. 
 
 Black Jack Oak. Que'rcm ni'gra. 
 
 Black Pine. Pi'nus austri'aea. 
 
 Black Saltwort. Glau'xmari'tima. 
 
 Black Thorn. Pru'nus spina' sa. 
 
 Black Varnish-tree. Mdanor- 
 
 rhce'a. 
 
 Black Wattle. Callico'ma aerrati- 
 fo'lia. 
 
 Bladder Blight. See Peach— 
 
 Blistering of Leaf . 
 
 Bladder Catchfly. Stte'neinfla'ta. 
 
 Bladder Ketmia. Eibi'scus tri- 
 o'nwm. 
 
 Bladder Nut. Staphyle'a. 
 
 Bladder PLtuns. Our illustration 
 represents a condition of the fruit of 
 various kinds of Plum that is not very 
 uncommon. When the other parts of 
 the flower have fallen off, the ovary 
 turns yellowish, and commences to swell 
 at a rather rapid rate, finally assuming 
 the form here shown; but, instead of 
 being plump and fleshy, they are merely 
 hollow bags filled with air. This dis- 
 torted growth is caused by a fungus, 
 which after a few weeks develops as a 
 greenish mould on the surface ; the 
 
 bladder then blackens and shrivels, 
 and speedily decays.— The Gardeners* 
 Chronicle for 1872, p. 940. 
 
 Bladder Senna. Colu'tea. 
 
 Bladder -wort. See Utricu- 
 laria. 
 
 Blse'ria. (Named after Dr. Blair, a 
 physician. Nat. ord., Ericacece.) 
 
 Pretty greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the 
 Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of young wood in 
 sand, under a bell-glass; sandy peat. For treat- 
 ment, see Erica. 
 jB. articvia'ta. 1. Pink. May. 1795. 
 
 — bractea'ta. See Syttvpieza capUella, 
 
 — cUia'ris. See GHsebachia cUiaris. 
 
 — dwmo'sa. 2. 1806. 
 
 — ericoi'des. 2. Purple. September. 1774.. 
 
 Syn., Erica orbicidaris, B. 0. 1. 153. 
 — fascieula'ta. See Sympieza. 
 
 — purjnilrea. 2. Purple. June. 1791. 
 
 Bla'kea. (Namedafter MartinBlake,. 
 an active promoter of useful knowledge. 
 Nat. ord., Melastomacece. Allied to 
 Miconia.) 
 
 Ornamental stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings 
 from rather firm shoots, in sandy peat, In bottom- 
 heat, under a glass ; peat and loam, with a- 
 liberal supply of water in spring and early 
 summer. 
 
 B, qui'nquene!rvia, 10. Flesh-colour and white. 
 June. Guiana. 1820. 
 
 — trim'rvia. 8. Rose. June. Jamaica. 1789.. 
 
 B. M. t. 461. 
 
 Blanching, or Etiolation, is 
 effected by excluding the light from the 
 plants, and the more completely the 
 light is excluded, the more entire is the 
 absence of green colour from the leaves, 
 and stems of the plants. The colouring 
 matter of these is entirely dependent 
 upon their power to decompose water 
 and carbonic acid gas — a power they do 
 not possess when Tight is absent. The 
 effect of blanching is to render the parts 
 more delicately flavoured, more pleasing 
 to the eye, and more crisp — properties 
 very desirable in sea kale, cdery, rhu- 
 
BLA 
 
 [119] 
 
 BLE 
 
 barb, endive, lettuces, etc. Wherever it 
 can be accomplished, blanching-pots 
 should be employed, in preference to 
 covering the plants with earth or other 
 materisHs. The flavour is better, and 
 the plants less liable to decay. Lettuces 
 and cabbages are usually whitened by 
 tying the leaves over the heart, or 
 centre-bud. In some instances, blanch- 
 ing is undesigned and a positive evil, as 
 when geraniums and other plants be- 
 come pale and weak, from being con- 
 fined under vines in a greenhouse, where 
 the relative heat and light are dispro- 
 portionate. 
 
 Blandfo'rdia. (Named after ffewgie. 
 Marquis of Blavdford. Nat. ord. , fieme- 
 rocaUidem. Allied to Hemerocallis. ) 
 
 Beautiful greenhouse bulbs, requiring the 
 9ame treatment as Ixias. Seeds and onsets. 
 Loam and peat. 
 
 B. av!rea. 1 to 2. Golden-yellow. Summer. 
 N. S. Wales. 1870. B. M. t. 5809. 
 
 — Backhou'sU. See B.grandiflora. 
 
 — Cuwaingha'Tnii. 3. Ked, yellow. June. New 
 
 South Wales. B. M. t. 5734. 
 — hi/brida. Red with yellow margin. 
 
 — fia'mmea. Dull yellow. Australia. 1836. 
 
 B. B. t. 924. 
 
 — ■ e'legafis. Crimson, tipped with yellow. 
 
 Summer. 
 
 — grcmdijlo'ra. 2. Crimson. July. N. S. Wales. 
 
 1812. B. B. t. 924. Syns., B. Baakhousii 
 and marginata. 
 
 iTiJtermddia. IJ. Yellow. September. 
 
 N. Holland. 1844. 
 
 — margina'ta. B. E. 1846, 1. 18. See B. gran&i- 
 
 fiara. 
 
 — ru/mU. 2. Orange. July. N. S. Wales. 
 
 1803. B. M. t. 2003. 
 
 — pri'nceps. 1. Scarlet-yellow. Summer. Aus- 
 
 tralia. 1873. STO^.y B. fiawmiea princeps. 
 B. M. t. 6209. There is also a variety 
 splmdens. Garden, Oct. 27, 1883. 
 
 Bleaberry, or Bilberry. Vacei' 
 nium myrti'Uus. 
 
 Ble'chnuui. (From hlechnon, a 
 Greek name for a Fern. Nat. ord., 
 FUices.) 
 
 Spores or seed, and divisions at the root ; peat 
 and loam. The Cape of Good Hope and New 
 Holland species will thrive in the greenhouse ; 
 the South American and Indian require the 
 stove, though none of them will find fault with 
 its heat. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 55° 
 to 60°. 
 B. angueV/dVmm. 1. Brown. July. W. Ind. 
 
 — OMstra'le. |. Brown. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1691. 
 
 — hcrrea'le and var. Aitk&ma'nv/m. See LoTnaria 
 
 spica/nt. 
 
 — bra^lie'Tise. f . Brown. June. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 — cartUagi'neum. 1. Brown. July. N. Holland. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — corcmadd'me. 4. Brown. July. Brazil. 1837. 
 
 — denticula'tum. Brown. June. Teneriffe. 1826. 
 
 — Finitaysonm'nwm. Brown. Malacca. 
 
 — Fontcmesia'num. Brown. July. Brazil. 
 
 — glandvio'ium. J. Brown. April. Brazil. 1823. 
 
 — gra'eile. f. Brown. November. Brazil. 1830. 
 
 — hasta'tium. 1. Brown. July. ChUi. 1841. 
 
 — intermedium. 1. Brown. July. Brazil. 1841. 
 
 — lamce'ola. 3. Brown. September. BrazU. 
 
 1829. 
 
 B. lance'ola fraxi'neum. More dense than the 
 
 , type. Syn., B. fraxinii/olium. 
 -laangatum. 1. Brown. July. N.Holland. 
 
 -langifo^iwm. 1. Brown. July. Caraccas. 
 
 — ni'tidum. Brown. Isle of Luzon. 
 contra'ctum. Philippines. 1863. 
 
 — ocmdenta'le. 1. Brown. August. Brazil 1823 
 
 — orienta'le. Brown. July. E. Ind. 
 
 — pectina'twm. 1. Brown. August. S. Amer 
 
 1827. 
 
 — polypodioi'des. See B. unUaterale. 
 
 — rugo'sum. G. C. 21, p. 408. 
 
 — serrula'tum. |. Brown. July. Florida. 1819. 
 
 Hardy. Syn., B. atriatwm. 
 
 — trumgula're. Brown. July. Mexico. 1841. 
 
 — trifolia'tum. Brown. July. Brazil. 1841. 
 
 — wnilatera'le. 1. September. Brazil. 1829. 
 
 Syn., B. polypodioides. 
 
 Ble'chum. (From a Greek name for 
 an unknown plant, supposed to be Mar- 
 joram. Nat. ord., AcantJvacece. Allied 
 to Dicliptera. ) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials. Cuttings of 
 young, firm shoots in spring or summer ; peat 
 and loam. 
 
 jB. amgwstifo'lium. 1. Blue. June. Jamaica. 
 1824. 
 
 — hrazUielnse. See Stenwndrv/m Tnandioccanum. 
 
 — Bro'vmei. 2. White. June. W. Ind. 1780. 
 
 — larifio'mm. 2. White. Jamaica. 1818. 
 
 Bleeding. See Extravasated 
 Sap. 
 
 Ble'pharis. (From blepharis, the 
 eye-lash ; in reference to the fringed 
 bracts. Nat. ord., Acanthacece. Allied 
 to Acanthus. ) 
 
 Stove and greenhouse shrubs or herbs. The 
 annuals and oiennials by seed in hotbed, as 
 tender annuals ; the trailers and under shrubs 
 by the same means, and by cuttings in heat, 
 under a bell-glass. 
 
 B. Boerhaavicefo'lia. 1. Blue. July. B. Ind. 
 1829. Stove annual. Wight Icon. t. 458. 
 
 — cape^nsis. 1. Blue. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1816. Greenhouse biennials. 
 Syn., Acanthodiwm capense. 
 
 — carduUo'lia. 1. Blue. August, Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1816. 
 —furca'ta. 2. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Syn., 
 Acanthodivmbfurcatum-. 
 
 — linearifo'Ua. 2. Blue. July. Guinea. 1823. 
 
 Stove annual. Syn., Acanthodiwm Kir- 
 turn. 
 
 — proeu'mbens. 1. July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1825. Greenhouse evergreen trailer. 
 Syn., Acanthodium procwmbens. 
 
 Blephi'lia. (From blepharis, the 
 eye-lash ; in reference to the fringed 
 bracts. Nat. ord., Labiatce. Allied to 
 Monarda. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds, and 
 dividing the roots in spring and autumn. Gar- 
 den-soil. 
 B. cilia'ta. 3. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1798. 
 
 — kirsu'ta. 1 to 2. Purple or blue. August. 
 
 N. Amer. 1798. 
 
 Blessed Thistle. Cnicus benedic- 
 tus. Syn., Carbenia benedicta. 
 
 Ble'tia. (Named after g, Spanish 
 
BLI 
 
 [120] 
 
 BLO 
 
 botanist of the name of Blet. Nat. ord. , 
 Orchidacem. ) 
 
 Pretty stove terrestrial orchids, except where 
 otherwise specified. Division of the roots, when 
 done flowering or starting into growth ; peat, 
 loam, and a little sand, enriched with top dress- 
 ings of manure, watering plentifully when 
 growing. 
 jB. aAmtvpdtaXa. See B. verecmida, 
 
 — camjiamiMta. Purple and white. Peru. 
 —fldrida. 2. Rose. February. Trinidad. 1786. 
 
 Syn., B. pallida. 
 
 — Gebi na. See B, hyacmthina, 
 
 — grafdlis. IJ. Pale greenish white, July. 
 
 Mexico. 1830. B. E. 1. 1681. 
 
 — havane'rms. 2J. Purple. Havannah. 1835. 
 
 — hyacmthi'na. 1. Rose and crimson. April. 
 
 China. 1802. Garden, Nov., 1879. Syn., 
 B.Gebina. Has been proved quite hardy. 
 
 — macuXa'tus. See Phaius macudatus. 
 
 — pa'llida. See B. fiorida. 
 
 — ParMnso'ni. 1. Rose. January. Mexico. 
 
 1838. 
 — pa'tula. 2. Purple. March. Hayti. B. M. 
 t. 3518. 
 
 — rejlelxa. 2. Purple. Green. Mexico. B. R. 
 
 1. 1760. 
 
 — iecu'iida. Green,- crimson. Mexico. 1840. 
 
 — Shephdrdii. 2. Purple and yellow. January. 
 
 Jamaica. 1825. B. M. t, 3319. 
 
 — Sherrattia'na. Purple, white, yellow. New 
 
 Grenada. 1867. B. M. i. 6646. 
 
 — Ta/rikervi'llee. See Phaius grandifolvus, 
 
 — verecu'nda. 3. Purple. March. W. Ind. 1733. 
 
 B. M. t. 930. Syn., B. ouMtipetala. 
 
 — Woodfo'rdii. See Phaius maculatus. 
 
 Bli'ghia sa'pida. The Akee-tree, 
 the berry ef which is so much esteemed 
 in the West Indies. It was named after 
 Captain Bligh, the introducer of the 
 Bread-fruit i&om the Society Islands. It 
 is now included under Cupania. 
 
 Blind Plants frequently occur in 
 the cabbage and others of the Brassica 
 tribe. They are plants which have failed 
 to produce central buds ; and, as these 
 are produced from the central vessels, if 
 the top of their stems be cut away, they 
 usually emit lateral or side-buds from 
 the edge of the wound. See Barren 
 Plants. 
 
 Blistered Leaves. See Peach. 
 
 Blight. A general term for plant- 
 disease. 
 
 Bli'ttun. The Strawberry Elite, or 
 Spinach, is scarcely worth growing. B. 
 capita' turn, B. mrga'tum, and B. mari'- 
 turn are sometimes cultivated. 
 
 Blood. See Animal Matters. 
 Blood-flower. Hcema'nthus. 
 Bloodwort. Sanguina'ria. 
 Bloom, or Blossom, is the popular 
 name for the flowers of fruit-bearing 
 
 The organs of fructification are abso- 
 lutely necessary for the production of 
 seeds, and are always producible by 
 garden-plants properly cultivated. They 
 
 may be deficient in leaves, or stems, or 
 roots, because other organs may supply 
 their places ; but plants are never mca- 
 pable of bearing flowers and seeds, for, 
 without these, they can never fully at-' 
 tain the object of their creation — the 
 increase of their species. Of course, we 
 exclude the mushroom, and others of 
 which the seed-producing parts are 
 obscure. 
 
 Most flowers are composed of the fol- 
 lowing parts, viz. ; — The calyx, which is 
 usualfy green, and enveloping the flower 
 whilst in the bud ; th» corolla, or petals, 
 leaves so beautifully coloured, and so 
 delicate in most flowers ; the stamens, or 
 male portion of the flower, secreting the 
 pollen, or impregnating powder; the^is- 
 tUs, or female portion, impregnatable by 
 the poUen, and rendering fertile the 
 seeds. 
 
 The stamens can be removed without 
 preventing the formation of fertile seed; 
 but their loss must be supplied by the 
 application to the pistils of pollen from 
 some kindred or other flower. 
 
 The calyx is not useless so soon as it 
 ceases to envelope and protect the flower; 
 for the flower-stalk continues increasing 
 in size until the seed is perfected, but 
 ceases to do so in those plants whose 
 calyces remain long green, if these be 
 removed. On the other hand, in the 
 poppy and other flowers, from which the 
 calyx falls early, the flower-stalk does 
 not subsequently enlarge. 
 
 The corolla, or petals, with all their 
 varied tints and perfumes, have more 
 important ofiices to perform than thus to 
 denght the senses of mankind. Those 
 bright colours and their perfumed honey 
 serve to attract insects, which are the 
 chief and often essential assistants of 
 fertilization ; and those petals, as ob- 
 served by Linnseus, serve as wings, giving 
 a motion assisting to effiect the same im- 
 portant process. But they have occa- 
 sionally a still more essential office ; for, 
 although they are sometimes absent, yet, 
 if removed n-om some of those possess- 
 ing them, the subsequent processes are 
 rarely duly performed. 
 
 The corolla is not always short-lived, 
 as in the Cistus ; for some continue until 
 the fruit is perfected. The duration of 
 the petals, however, is in some way con- 
 nected with the impregnation of the seed, 
 for in most flowers they fade soon after 
 this is completed ; and double flowers, in 
 which it occurs not at all, are always 
 longer enduring than single flowers of 
 the same species. In some flowers the 
 calyx is large and petaloid, while the 
 petals are inconspicuous and nectar- 
 
BLO 
 
 [121] 
 
 BOI 
 
 bearing. A familiar example occurs 
 in the Christmas rose (Hellebo'rus ni'ger), 
 the petals of which are white, but 
 which become green so soon as the seeds 
 have somewhat increased in size, and the 
 stamens and other organs connected with 
 fertility have fallen off. 
 
 Bloom. This term is also applied to 
 the line exudation on the surface of some 
 fruit — ^purple on the Black Hamburgh 
 Grape, and on some plums, and green 
 on the cucumber. It so improves their 
 appearance that an apparatus has been 
 suggested for adding it artificially. It 
 saems of a resinous nature. 
 
 Blue-bells. Campa'nrda rotundi- 
 fo'lia and Sci'lla nu'tans. 
 
 Blue-bottle. Centau'rea cya'nus. 
 
 Bluets. Vaeci'nmm angustifo'lium. 
 In France this name is applied to Cen- 
 taurea eyamis. 
 
 Blumenba'chia. (Named after 
 J. F. Blumenhach, of Gottingen. Nat. 
 ord., Loasaceos.) 
 
 Half-hardy annuals unless where otherwise 
 stated. Seeds in April ; rich mould. 
 B. ckuquite'nses. Bed, yellow. Peru. 1863. 
 Hardy. B. M. t. 6143. 
 
 — emit&rta. Orange-red, green. July. Peru. 
 
 1874. B. M. t. 6134. 
 
 — corona'ta. li. Orange-red. Chill. 1872. 
 
 Syn., Cai(^hffra coronata. 
 
 — ingHgnis. 1. White. July. Monte Video. 
 
 1826. Trailer. B. M. t. 2866. Syn., 
 Loasa paVmata. 
 
 — lateri'tia,. 20 Bed. May. Tncuman. 1836. 
 
 Syns., Loaaa lateritia (B. M. t. 3632), and 
 coeciTieay half-hardy perennial requiring 
 the protection of a frame in winter. 
 -r^ tmUtiljida. 1. Greeiush-red. July. Buenos 
 Ayres. 1826. B. M. t. 3599. 
 
 Boatlip. Scaphyglo'ttis. 
 
 Boba'rtia. (Named in honour of 
 Jacob Bobart, professor of botany at Ox- 
 ford in the seventeenth century. Nat. 
 ord., Iridacem.) 
 
 Many of the species referred to this genus 
 have now been united to Aristea. Seeds in April ; 
 divisions in autumn or spring. Sandy loam ; 
 protection of a cool greenhouse or pit in winter. 
 B. aphj/Ua. 1. White, purple. South Africa. 
 Sifn., Marica aphylla. 
 
 — awraint'ilaca. See JBomerUt awrantiaea. B. 
 
 M. 1. 1612. 
 
 — filifo'rmis. 1. Purple. South Africa. Syn., 
 
 Marica filiformis. 
 
 — gladia'ta. 2. Yellow. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1816 Syn., Manoa gladiata. 
 B. fe. t. 229. 
 
 — spatha'cea. J. Yellow. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1798. 
 
 Bocco'nia. (Named after P. Boc- 
 cone, M.D., a Sicilian. Nat. ord.,Pa^a- 
 veracem. ) 
 
 B. cordata is a hardy herbaceous perennial, 
 the others greenhouse shrubs. Division, cuttings 
 with a heel early in summer in sand, under a 
 bell-glass. 
 
 B. cordata. Whitish. Summer. Japan. 1866. 
 Syns., B. eordata-japanica and Macleayn 
 yedoensis. B. M. t. 1905. A handsome 
 foliaged plant. 
 
 — frute' scene. 10. White, yeUow. October. 
 
 W. Ind. 1739. B. C. t. 83. 
 
 — integrifo'lia. 9. Greenish. Peru. 1822. 
 Bqe'bera. (Named after Baber, a 
 
 Russian botanist. Nat. ord., Com^osiioe; 
 Tribe, Helenoidem.) See Dysodia 
 incana. 
 
 Bog-bean. Menya'nthes trifolia'ta. 
 Bog -earth, Heath -mould, or 
 Peat. By gardeners this is understood 
 as not meaning that mass of moss, or 
 sphagnum, dug out of wet, fenny places 
 for fuel, but a sharp, sandy soil, mixed 
 with the dead, fibrous roots of heath, 
 and usually of a dark -grey colour, such 
 as is found upon the surface beneath the 
 heath on Wimbledon, Bagshot, and 
 many other dry commons. Peat of the 
 best description is thus constituted. Of 
 400 parts : 
 
 Fine silicions sand 166 
 
 Unaltered vegetable fibre ... 2 
 Decomposing vegetable matter . . 110 
 Silica (Bint) .... .102 
 
 Alumina (^clay) . . ... 16 
 
 Oxide of iron 4 
 
 Soluble, vegetable, and saline matter . 4 
 
 Muriate of lime 4 
 
 Loss 2 
 
 Bog-earth Plants. Plants which 
 require to be grown in bog-earth, such as 
 Bhododendrons, Ericas, etc. 
 
 Bog-moss. Spha'gnum. 
 
 Boiler. The vessel employed to sup- 
 ply the pipes or tanks with hot water or 
 steam, when either of these is used for 
 heating purposes. Many are the inge- 
 nious and intricate boilers from time to 
 time offered to the gardener ; but, after 
 much experience with boilers of all de- 
 scriptions, we can confidently say the 
 most simple is the best. The smaller 
 the boiler and the fireplace, compatible 
 with efficiency, the greater is the economy. 
 We can tell the gardener, also, most de- 
 cidedly, that the total size of the boiler 
 has nothing to do with that efficiency; 
 the only point to be secured is, that a 
 sufficient surface of the boiler be exposed 
 to the fire. The following table shows 
 the amount of boiler-surface which must 
 be exposed to the fire to heat given 
 lengths of pipe, respectively 4 inches, 3 
 inches, and 2 inches in diameter : 
 
 Surface of boiler exposed 4-inch 3-inch 2-inch 
 to the fire. pipe, pipe, pipe. 
 
 ft ft. ft. 
 
 3* square feet will heat 200 or 266 or 400 
 
 5i „ „ 300 „ 400 „ 600 
 
 7 „ „ 400 „ 633 „ 800 
 
 8} „ „ 600 „ 666 „ lOOO 
 
 12 ,, „ 700 „ 933 „ 1490 
 
 IT „ ,) 1000 „ 1333 „ 2000 
 
BOI 
 
 [122] 
 
 BOM 
 
 To prevent the sectle, or limy crust, 
 which is often so troublesome, dissolve 
 in the water at the rate of one ounce of 
 sal ammoniac (muriate of ammonia) to 
 every sixty gallons. Do this twice in 
 the year ; as, in October and April. 
 
 Bois-perdix (Partridge-wood). 
 Heiste'ria. 
 
 Bolbophy'Uum. See Bulbo- 
 phyllum. 
 Boldo'a. United to Salpianthus. 
 
 Bo'lemn. (From bolos, a ball; in 
 reference to the shape of the seed-pods. 
 Nat. ord., CrucifercB ; Tribe, IsaMece. 
 Allied to VeUa.) 
 
 Desirable hardy evergreen shrub, useful for 
 rockeries. Seed in spring in a frame or in the 
 open border during summer. Light, rich soil. 
 B. a'sperwm. 1. Cream. June. Spain. 1818. 
 
 Boliva'ria. (Named after Bolivar, 
 the late republican chief in South 
 America. Nat. ord., Okacece.) See 
 Menodora. 
 Bo'Uea. See Zygopetalum. 
 Bolto'nia. (Named after J. B. Bol- 
 ton, an English professor of botany. Nat. 
 ord., Compositm; Tribe, Asteroidem. 
 Allied to Stenactis.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division in 
 spring or autumn, useful border plants for 
 flowering in late autumn ; garden-soil. 
 B. asteroi'des. 3. Pale violet or purplish. Sep- 
 tember. N. Amer. 1758. B. M. fc. 2564. 
 Syn., B. glasti/olia. B. M. t. 2381. 
 
 decv!rren8. Larger flowered and finer, 
 
 with winged stems. 
 
 — inci'ga. See Calimeris indsa. 
 
 — i'ndica. White. Upper Burmah. Syn., 
 
 Calistemon imdicwm. 
 
 — latisqualma. Blue-violet. Autumn. N. 
 
 America. 1879. 
 
 Bo'mbax. Silk. Cotton-tree. (From 
 homboiX, cotton ; in reference to the woolly 
 hairs which envelope the seed, like those 
 of the cotton-plant. Nat. ord., Mai- 
 vacecB. ) 
 
 Stove-trees more remarkable for their pro-- 
 digious size than for their use. Cuttings of rather 
 young shoots, but firm at the base, placed in 
 sandy soil, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; 
 rich loam. 
 B. Cei'ba. 100. Pale red. S. Amer. 1692. Syn., 
 
 B, quinatum. 
 ~- co'ngo. See Cochloepermwm goseypiwm. 
 
 — erieHnthoB. See Eriodendron lewMtherimt. 
 
 — globo'swm. 60. Guiana. 1824. 
 
 — goasy'piwm. See Cochlospertnv/m gossypium. 
 
 — grwndijl&rum. SeeCochlospermuTngossypium. 
 
 — heptaphy'll'wm. See Bombax septenatum. 
 
 — malaia'rimm,. 60. Scarlet. Malabar. Wight 
 
 m. t. 29. 
 
 — penta'iuhrmn. SeeJEriodendrontmfractuoeum. 
 
 — quvna'twm. See Bombax Ceiba. 
 
 — aeptena/tvnn. 60. White. Carthagena. 1899. 
 
 Syn., B. heptaphyllwm. 
 
 — vitifdlvwm. SeeCochlospermum serraHfolium. 
 
 Bo'mbyx neu'stria. Syn., 
 campa neustria. The Lackey, or Barred- 
 
 Tree Lackey Moth. " The eggs of this 
 insect, in winter, may be detected easily, 
 in broad bands, round the twi^ of our 
 pear, apple, and other trees. They are 
 arranged with such admirable art, that 
 they seem set by the skilful hands of 
 the jeweller (see the annexed drawing). 
 Each bracelet, as the French gardeners 
 
 call it, contains from two hundred to- 
 three hundred eggs, fastened by their 
 ends, in a series of from fifteen to seven- 
 teen close, spiral circles, round the twig. 
 The spaces oetween the eggs are filled 
 up wiwi a tenacious, brown gum, which 
 protects them from inclement weather, 
 as well as from all attacks except those 
 of man. The eggs thus placed look like 
 a ring of seed-lac ; and we think its name 
 may nave been thence derived. They are 
 easily crushed by the gardener's knife. 
 The caterpillars — striped lengthwise, 
 blue, red, and yellow, slightly hairy,, 
 and with a white line down the back — 
 appear from these eggs in the April or 
 May following. They congregate early 
 in the morning, or during rain, in large 
 nests, at the forks of the small branches, 
 and are then easily crushed. They enter 
 the chrysalis state at the end of June, 
 and then they are to be found in cocoons, 
 or oval webs, powdered with white or 
 yellowish dust, between two leaves, etc. 
 The chrysalis, or pupa, is longish, and 
 dark brown, in which state it remains 
 for three weeks or a month. In July the 
 moth appears ; its colour is light yellow 
 or reddish-yellow ochre. The upper 
 wings have a darker band across their 
 middle, which band is bordered by tw» 
 light cross-lines ; the fringes of the wings 
 are whitish, spotted with brown ; the 
 lower wings are of a uniform brownish 
 or light-yellow colour. The male is 
 readily known from the female by his 
 comb-like (pectinated) antennae (feelers) 
 and thinner body. The insect flies only 
 at night, and, consequently, is rarely 
 seen. The caterpillars often appear in 
 considerable numbers, and do not confine 
 their ravages to fruit-trees, but attack 
 
BON 
 
 [123] 
 
 BON 
 
 many others ; such as beeches, elms, 
 poplars, oaks, and even pines. In May, 
 when the caterpillars arelivingin society, 
 the nests containing them should be col- 
 lected and destroyed. Care must be 
 taken when collecting the nest ; for, if 
 the caterpillars are much disturbed, they 
 let themselves down to the ground by 
 means of a thin, silken thread, and 
 escape. In July their cocoons should be 
 looked for on the trees, in the roofs of 
 sheds, in hedges, and even on the tops of 
 walls." — The Cottage Gardener, i. 207. 
 
 Bonapa'rtea. (Nat. ord., Brame- 
 liacecE.) See TiUandsia. 
 
 B. gra'cilis. See Daaylirion acrotrickum. 
 — jv/ncea. See Agave getniniflo'ra. 
 
 Bona'tea. (Named after M. Bonato, 
 a distinguished Italian botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Orchidem ; Tribe, Habenarieie. 
 Allied to Habenaria. ) 
 
 Handsome terrestrial cool house orchid. Divi- 
 sion of the roots, or semi-bulbous tubers ; peat 
 and loam. 
 
 jB. speeM'sa. 2. Green, white. May. Caie of 
 Good Hope. 1820. B. M. t. 2926. 
 
 Bones are beneficial as a manure, 
 because their chief constituent (phos- 
 phate of lime) is also a constituent of 
 all plants ; and the gelatine which is also 
 in bones is of itself a source of food to 
 them. The bones of the ox, sheep, 
 horse, and pig, being those usually em- 
 ployed, their analyses are here given : 
 
 Phosphate of lime . 
 Carbonate of lime . 
 Animal matter . . 
 
 Ox. 
 
 Sheep. 
 
 Horse. 
 
 55 
 4 
 33 
 
 70 
 
 6 
 
 25 
 
 68 
 
 1 
 
 31 
 
 Pig. 
 
 52 
 
 1 
 47 
 
 The bones must be applied to the crops 
 in very small pieces or powder ; and ten 
 pounds, at the time of inserting the seed, 
 are enough for thirty square yards, if 
 sown broadcast ; and a much smaller 
 quantity is sufficient if sprinkled along 
 the drills in which the seed is sown. 
 There is no doubt that bone-dust may be 
 employed with advantage in all gardens 
 and to all garden-crops ; but it has been 
 experimented on most extensively with 
 the turnip and potato, and with unfail- 
 ing benefit. Mixed with sulphur, and 
 drilled in with the turnip-seed, it has 
 been found to preserve the youn^ plants 
 from the fly. Mr. Knight found it bene- 
 ficial when applied largely to stone- 
 fruit at the time of planting ; and it is 
 quite as good for the vine. To lawns, 
 the dust has been applied with great ad- 
 vantage when the grass was becoming 
 thin. As a manure for the shrubbery, 
 parterre, and greenhouse, it is also most 
 valuable ; and, crushed as well as ground, 
 
 is employed generaUy to mix with the 
 soil of potted T)lants. It promotes the 
 luxuriance and beauty of most flowers. 
 One poimd of bone-dust, mixed with 
 twelve ounces of sulphuric acid (oil of 
 vitriol), and twelve ounces of water, if 
 left to act upon each other for a day, 
 form super-phosphate of lime, a wine- 
 glassful of which has been found benefi- 
 cial to pelargoniums. Applied as a top- 
 dressing, mixed with half its weight of 
 charcoal-dust, it is a good manure for 
 onions, and may be applied at the rate 
 of nine pounds to the square rod. There 
 is little doubt of this super-phosphate 
 being good for all our kitchen-garden 
 crops, being more prompt in its effects 
 upon a crop than simple bone-dust, be- 
 cause it is soluble in water, and there- 
 fore more readily presented to the roots 
 in a state for them to imbibe. Bones- 
 broken into small pieces are generally 
 used as drainage for pelargoniums and 
 other potted plants. 
 
 Bouga'rdia. (Named after Heinrich 
 Gustav Bongard, a German botanist. 
 Nat. ord., BerberidacecB.) 
 
 A very pretty hardy tuberous perennial ; the 
 leaves are all radical and pinnate, and are re- 
 markable from having a dark purple blotch at 
 the base of each leaflet. In Syria and Persia it ia 
 used as a pot-herb. The soil should be of a dry 
 sandy nature, and the tubers should be protected 
 from wet by a hand-light during the winter, as 
 they are very apt to rot. 
 S. Sauwo'lfii. i. Yellow. Spring. Syria. Persia. 
 
 1740. B. M. t. 6244. Syn., Leontice chry- 
 
 sogormtn. 
 
 Bonna'ya. (Named after the Ger- 
 man botanist, Bonnay. Nat. ord. , Scro- 
 phulariaeem. Related to Torenia. ) 
 
 Stove plants. Seeds for the annual and bien- 
 nial, divisions and cuttings for the perennial ; 
 rich, sandy loam. 
 
 B. brachyca'rpa. Violet. June. E. Ind. 1829. 
 Annual. 
 
 — re!pt(me. J. Blue. July. E. Ind. 1820.^ 
 
 Perennial trailer. 
 
 — veroniccefo'lia. i. Pink. August. E. Ind. 
 
 1798. Biennial trailer. Wight Icon.. 
 1. 1411-2. 
 
 BoiUie'tia. (Named after O. Bonnet, 
 a distinguished naturalLst. Nat. ord., 
 TemstromiacecB. ) 
 
 Elegant stove tree. Cuttings of firm young 
 shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat ; loam and. 
 peat. 
 B. palu'stris. See Mahurea paltLstris, 
 
 — se'ssUis. 15. Purplish. Mount Boraima, 
 
 British Guiana. 1819. 
 
 Bo'ntia. (Named after J. Bont, a. 
 Dutch physician. Nat. ord., Myopo- 
 rinecB. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub, requiring similar treat- 
 ment to Bonnetia. 
 B. daphnoi'des. Yellow, purple. June. W. Ind- 
 
BOR 
 
 [124] 
 
 BOR 
 
 Borage. {Bora'go ojfkina'lis.) Its 
 young leaves are sometimes used in 
 salads, or boiled as spinach. Being 
 aromatic, its spikes of flowers are put 
 into negus and cool tankards. 
 
 Soil and Situation. — For the spring 
 and summer sowing, any light soil and 
 ■open situation may be chosen, provided 
 the first is not particularly nch ; for 
 those which have to withstand the win- 
 ter, a light, dry soU, and the shelter of a 
 south wall, are most suitable. A very 
 fertile soil renders it luxviriant, and in- 
 jures the flavour. 
 
 Times and mode of sowing. — Sow in 
 March or April, and at the close of July, 
 for production in summer and autumn, 
 and again in August or September, for 
 the supply of winter and succeeding 
 spring, in shallow drills, twelve inches 
 apart. When of about six weeks' growth, 
 the plants should be thinned to twelve 
 inches apart. 
 
 To obtain Seed. — Some of those plants 
 •which have survived the winter must be 
 left untouched. They will begin to 
 flower about June ; and when their seed 
 is perfectly ripe the stalks may be col- 
 lected, and dried. 
 
 Bora'gO. (Derivation doubtful. Nat. 
 -ord., BoraginecB.) 
 
 Hard}r plants. Annuals from seed ; perennials 
 !by divisions ; garden-soil. 
 B. erassi^o'lia. See Caccinea glauca. 
 
 — erotica. See Trachystemon. 
 
 — laxiflo'ra. 1. Blue. June. Corsica. 1813. 
 
 Trailing perennial. B. M. 1. 1798. 
 
 — longifo'lia. 1. Blue. July. North Africa. 
 
 1825. Annual. 
 
 — oJUtiTui'lis. 3. Blue. August. England. 
 
 Annual. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1114. 
 
 albifio'ra. 2. White. August. England. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 — orwnta'lis. See Trachysterrum. 
 
 — zeyla'nicwm. See Trichodesma zeylwnieu/m. 
 
 Bora'ssus. (One of the names ap- 
 plied to the spathe of the date-palm. 
 _Nat. ord., Palmacece.) 
 
 Palm-wine, or toddy, a grateful beverage, is 
 made from the juice which flows from the 
 wounded spathe of this and some other palms. 
 Stove trees. Seeds in a strong bottom-heat; 
 loam, leaf-soil and sand. 
 
 B.ftabellifi'rmis. 30. White, green. W. Tro- 
 pical Africa. 1771. Widely cultivated 
 m India. Boxb. PI. Corom. t. 71-2. Syn., 
 B. xtMopievmi, 
 — pirma'tifrons. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 247-8. See 
 Cha/mcedorea gracUig. 
 
 Borbo'nia. (Named after Gaston 
 «?6 Bourbon, son of Heniy IV. of France. 
 Nat. ord., Legwminosm; Tribe, Genistece. 
 Related to Scottia.) 
 
 This genus and its allies— Hotiea, Lalage, Tem- 
 vletonia, and others of that group— have always 
 been great favourites with gardeners. All green- 
 house evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of Good 
 Hope. Cuttings in sand, in April, under a bell- 
 
 glass, in a cool house or pit ; peat and loam and 
 sand. 
 
 B. hm-ba'ta. i. YeUow. July. 1823. 
 
 — cUia'ta. See B. perforata. 
 
 — corda'ta. 3-6. YeUow. August. 1769. Jacq. 
 
 H. Schcenb. t. 218. 
 
 — crena'ta. 6. Yellow. July. 1774. B. M. 
 
 t. 274. 
 
 — ericifo'lia. See Amphifhalia encc^olia. 
 
 — lanceola'ta. 3. YeUow. July. 1752. Jacq. 
 
 H. Schoenb. t. 217. 
 
 — perfo'liata. See Vascoa perfoliata. 
 
 — perfora'ta. 3. Yellow. July. 1816. Syn., 
 B. ciliata. 
 
 — rvseifo'lia. 3. YeUow. July. 1790. B. M. 
 
 t. 2128. 
 — 'trme-'rvia. 6. Yellow. July. 1759. 
 
 — undula'ta. i. Yellow. July. 1812. 
 
 Border is a name applied to that 
 narrow division of the garden which 
 usually accompanies each side of a walk 
 in the kitchen-garden, and to the narrow 
 bed which is near to the garden-waU on 
 one side, and abuts on a walk on the 
 other. In fact, any bed which acts as a 
 boundary to a walk, or grass-plot, or the 
 main quarters of a garden, may be pro- 
 perly described as a Dorder. 
 
 1. Fruit-Borders. — Next to the wall 
 should be a path, eighteen inches wide, 
 for the convenience of pruning and 
 gathwing. Next to this path should be 
 the border, eight or nine feet wide ; and 
 then the broad walk, which should al- 
 ways encompass the main compartments 
 of the kitchen-garden. The whole of 
 the breadth from the wall to the edge of 
 this main walk should be excavated to 
 the depth of four feet ; the bottom of the 
 excavation rammed hard ; brickbats and 
 large stones then put in, to the depth of 
 one foot and a half ; and the remaining 
 two feet and a half filled up with suit- 
 able soil. From the under-drainage of 
 brickbats, etc. , draining pipes shomd be 
 laid with an outfall into some neigh- 
 bouring ditch. No fruit-tree wiU be 
 healthy if it roots deep, or if its roots 
 are surrounded by superfluous water ; 
 that is, more water than the soil wiU 
 retain by its own chemical and capillary 
 attractions. Shallow-rooting crops do 
 no harm to the trees grown on fruit- 
 borders sufficient to require their total 
 banishment. See Pruit-trees and 
 Stations. 
 
 2. Flower-Borders. — These, like the 
 preceding, and, indeed, Uke every other 
 part of the garden not devoted to aquatic 
 and marsh plants, should be well drained. 
 In plotting them, it must also be remem- 
 bered that, if narrow, no art will impart 
 to them an aspect of boldness and gran- 
 deur. Indeed, narrowness of surface is 
 inseparably connected with an impres- 
 sion that the grounds are of limited 
 extent; and no disposal of the plants 
 
BOR 
 
 [125] 
 
 BOS 
 
 wiU remove the littleness' thus sugges- 
 ted. If the pleasure grounds are small, 
 narrow horders are permissible; but, 
 even then, the broader they are the less 
 is the appearance of meanness. Neat- 
 ness must be the presiding deity over 
 flower-borders ; and no application of 
 the hoe and rake, no removal of decayed 
 leaves, no tying up of straggling mem- 
 bers, can be too unremitting. See 
 Flowers. 
 
 Forking -Berders.—'^o border, whether 
 occupied by the roots of fruit-trees or 
 flowering-shrubs, should be ever dug 
 with the spade. The surface turned up 
 roughly with the fork, to benefit by the 
 winter frosts, and manure as necessary, 
 turned in with the same implement, are 
 sufiicient. 
 
 Borecole. Bra'ssica olera'cea fim- 
 hria'ta. 
 
 Varieties. — Amongst the best are 
 
 Cottagers' dwarf purple. 
 
 Ragged Jack. 
 
 Tall Green curled. 
 
 Imperial hearting. 
 
 Dwarf Green curled Scotch. 
 
 Variegated Borecole. 
 
 Melville's variegated. 
 
 Asparagus Kale, etc. 
 
 Somng. — The first crop sow about the 
 end of March, or early in April, the 
 seedlings of which are fit for pricking 
 out towards the end of AprU, and for 
 final planting at the close of May, for 
 production late in autumn and com- 
 piencement of winter. Sow again about 
 the middle of May.; for final planting, 
 during^ July ; and, lastly, in August, for 
 use during winter and early sprmg. 
 
 Prick out the seedlings when their 
 leaves are about two inches in breadth ; 
 set them about six inches apart each 
 way ; and water frequently until estab- 
 lished. In four or five weeks they will 
 be of sufficient growth for final removal. 
 
 Planting. — Set them in rows two feet 
 and a half apart each way : the last 
 plantation may be six inches closer. 
 They must be watered and weeded ; and 
 some of them being of large-spreading 
 growth, the earth can only be drawn 
 about their stems during their early 
 growth. If, during stormy weather, 
 any of those which acquire a tall growth 
 are blown down, they should be sup- 
 
 Eorted by stakes, when they will soon 
 rmly re-establish themselves. 
 To raise Seed. — Select such plants of 
 each variety as are of the finest growth, 
 and either leave them where grown or 
 remove them during open weather in 
 November, or before the close of Feb- 
 
 ruary (the earlier the better), into rows 
 three feet apart each way, and planted 
 deeply. The seed ripens about the be- 
 ginmng of August. 
 
 Boro'nia. (Named after 5o»-om, an 
 Italian servant of Dr. Sibthorp's. Nat. 
 ord. PutacecB.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cnttings of 
 young or half-ripened shoots, inserted in sand 
 under a glass, where there is the mildest heat • 
 water must be given sparingly while in the cut- 
 ting state; sandy peat and loam. Though green- 
 house plants, most of them like a little extra 
 heat in spring. 
 B. ala'ta. 3. Bed. May. Australia. 182S. 
 
 — cmemomefo'lia. 2. Eed. May. Australia 
 
 1824. 
 anetkifo'lia. Australia. 1841. 
 
 — ■ — — varia'bilis. Tasmania. 
 
 — crentila'ta. 2. Bed. July. King George's. 
 
 Sound. B. M. t. 3916. 
 
 — cymo'sa. Pink. Swan Eiver. Syn., B. tere- 
 
 t^folia. 
 
 — dentieiila'ta. 2. Red. March to August. 
 
 Australia. 1823. B. B. 1. 1000. 
 
 — dicho'tmna. See B. svathulata, var. elatior. 
 
 — Drwmrno'ndii. 2. Pink. May. W. Aus- 
 
 tralia. M. Ser. t. 881. 
 
 — ela'tior. i. Deep red-brown. May. W. 
 
 Australia. 1874. B. M. t. 6286. 
 — faleifo'lia. MoretonBay. 1841. 
 
 — Frase'ri. 3. Bed. May. New South Wales. 
 
 1821. B. M. t. 4062. Syn., B. anenunue- 
 folia. Pax. Mag. 9, p. 123, but not of 
 others. 
 
 — latif&lia. Eed. April. Australia. 1824. 
 
 — ledifo'lia. 2. Bed. March. N. S. Wales. 
 
 1814. 
 -^megasti'gnut. 1. Brown-yeUow. S. W. Aus- 
 tralia. 1873. Very sweet scented. B. 
 M. t. 6046. 
 
 — microphy'lla. 2. Pink. Australia. 1846. 
 
 — mo'Uis. Australia. 1841. 
 
 — ma'ta. Crimson. May. Swan Eiver. 1841. 
 
 — pinna'ta. 2. Purple. February to May. 
 
 New South Wales. 1794. B. M. 1. 1763. 
 
 — polygalcEfo'lia. 2. Red. May. Port Jack- 
 -» son. 1824. 
 
 — scU'bra. 1 to IJ. Pink. Swan River. 
 
 — serra'tula. 3. Scarlet. June. N. S. Wales. 
 
 1816. B. M. t. 842; 
 
 — spathula'ta. Pink. Swan Eiver. 1846. 
 ela'tior. Rose. October. Australia. 
 
 1841. Syn., B. diehotoma. 
 
 — tetra'ndra. 2. Pale purple. May. Aus- 
 
 tralia. 1824. Pax. Mag., 16, p. 227. 
 
 — teretifo'lia. See B, cymosa. 
 
 — triphj/lla. 2. Pink. May. Australia. 1840. 
 
 Perhaps a variety of B. ledifolia. 
 
 — mtni'nea. Pink. Swan Eiver. 
 
 Borre'ria. (Named after J. W. 
 Borrer, a British cryptogamist. Nat. 
 ord., Pubiacew.) See Spermacoce. 
 
 B. comTnuta'ta. See Spermacoce vertieillata. 
 
 Bo'scia. (Named after L. Base, a 
 French professor of agriculture. Nat. 
 ord. Capparidacece.) 
 
 Stove-cuttings of firm wood in heat, in sandy 
 under a glass ; lumpy, flbry loam and peat. 
 B. gensgale'nsis. 3. White. Senegal. 1824. 
 
 Bosche'ria minaha'ssce, is a garden 
 name for what appears to be an Artocar- 
 pad. (1872.) 
 
 Bossise'a. (Named after M. Bossier 
 
BOS 
 
 [126] 
 
 EOT 
 
 LcMnartinik-e, who accompanied La Pi- 
 rouse on his fatal voyage. Nat. ord., 
 LeguminoscB; Tribe, Genistece. Allied 
 to Hovea. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs and trailers , 
 cuttings of half-ripe shoots in sand, under a 
 hell-glass, in April ; peat and loam, both flbry, 
 ■with a portion of silver-sand, and some pieces of 
 charcoal, to keep the soil open ; also seeds sown 
 in a slight hotbed, in March. 
 B. buxifo'lia. i. Yellow. May. N. Holland. 
 1824. - 
 
 — cine^rea. 3. Yellow. May. Van Diemen'a 
 
 Land. 1802. B. M. t. 3896. Syns., B. 
 cordifolia and B, tenuioaulis. 
 
 — di'sticha. 2. Yellow. May. N. Holland. 
 
 1840. B. E. 1841, t. 65. 
 
 — ensa'ta. 6. Yellow. May N. Holland. 
 
 1824. Syn., B. mfa, Maund Bot. t. 82, 
 but not of il. Brown. 
 
 — erioea'rpa. 1. Yellow. May. King George's 
 
 Sound. 1837. 
 
 — folio' sa. 4. Yellow. May. N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 — Henders&nii. Yellow and bronze. N. S. 
 
 Wales. 1844. 
 
 — heteraphy'Ua. 3. Yellow. September. N. 
 
 S. Wales. 1792. Syns., B. lanceolata, 
 B. M. t. 1144, B. ovata, PlatyloHwn 
 lanceolatwm, Andr. Rep. t. 205, and P. 
 ovata, Andr. Rep. t. 266. 
 
 — lenticula'ris. See B.rhoinbifoZia. 
 
 — Urmceoi'des. Yellow. May. N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 — Unophy'lla. 3. Orange. August. N. Hol- 
 
 land. 1803. B. M. t. 2491. 
 
 — microphy'Ua, 3. Yellow. July. N. S. Wales. 
 
 1803. B. C. t. 666. Syn., PlatyloUwm 
 microphyUv/m, B. M. t. 863. 
 
 — ova'ta. See B. heterophyUa. 
 
 — pa/udfc/lia. See B. rufa^ var. mr'gata. 
 
 — prosira'ta. J. Yellow. August. N. S. 
 
 Wales. 1803. 
 
 — rhoinbifo'lia. 1. Y'ellow. May. N. Holland. 
 
 1820. Syn., B. lenticularis. 
 
 — rotundi/o'lia. 3. Yellow. May. N. Hol- 
 
 land. 1824. 
 
 — ru'fa of E. Brown not of Maund, which is B. 
 
 ensata. 6. Orange. August. N. Hol- 
 land. 1803. 
 
 folio' sa. Yellow. Australia. 1843. B. 
 
 R. 1843, t. 63. Syn., B. gpiTiescens. 
 
 iiirga'ta. 2. Yellow, reddish-brown. 
 
 June. Swan Elver. 1841. B. M. t. 3986. 
 Syns., B. pcmcifolia and virgata. 
 
 — scolope'ndria, 10. Yellow. June. N. S. 
 
 Wales. 1792. 
 
 — tenuicau'lis. See B. dnffrea. 
 
 Bostri'chus, a class of beetles, many 
 of which are very injurious to the crops 
 of the garden. 
 
 B. di'spar, Apple-bark beetle. The 
 female of this insect bores into the wood 
 of the apple-tree, and there deposits her 
 eggs, generally in the mouth of May ; 
 and its perforations are so numerous and 
 extensive, as frequently, on the con- 
 tinent, to destroy the tree. In England 
 it rarely occurs. The perforations are 
 confined to the alburnum, or young 
 wood. 
 
 B. typo'graphus. Typographer - bark 
 beetle. This attacks the pine-tribe, es- 
 pecially the silver-fir. A drawing of 
 this insect is given at page 329, vol. iii. 
 of The Cottage Oardener. 
 
 B. pina'stri, Pinaster, or Red-hark 
 
 beetle, confines its attacks to the pines, 
 leaving the firs untouched, as the B. 
 feVm* lives exclusively on the larch, and 
 the B. ortho' graphus on the spruce-fir. 
 
 Boswe'Uia. Olibanum-tree. (Named 
 after Br. Boswell, of Edinburgh. Nat. 
 ord., BurseracecB.) 
 
 The brittle resin of Boswellia, boiled with oil 
 to render it soft, is used in the East as pitch for 
 the bottoms of ships, and, in the dry state, as 
 frankincense. Stove trees ; cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots, in sand and peat ; peat and 
 loam. 
 B. gla'ira. 39. Pale yellow. Coromandel. 
 
 1823. Bedd. Fl. Syl. 1. 124. 
 — serra'ta. 20. Pale yellow. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 Linn. Trans. 16, t. 4. 
 
 Bothy. A residence for under gar- 
 deners, usually in or near the kitchen gar- 
 den. Besides the usual accommodation, 
 rooms are often set apart for library and 
 class purposes. These are always bene- 
 ficial, as papers on gardening subjects are 
 read alternately by the gardeners, fol- 
 lowed by discussion, in which all may 
 take part, and receive much benefit. 
 
 Mutual improvement societies should 
 be encouraged by head gardeners where- 
 ever practicable. 
 
 Botry'ceras. (From Spfr^/*, a bunch, 
 and heras, a horn ; in reference to the 
 bunches of horn like racemes. Nat. 
 ord., A'nacard'iacecB.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs; cuttings of 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a hand-light, in a 
 frame, and the hand-light tilted up at night ; 
 sandy peat. 
 B. Icmri'num. i. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 Botry'chium. Moonwort. (From 
 botrys, a bunch; in reference to the 
 bunch-like formation of the seed-appa- 
 ratus on the back of the leaf. Nat. ord., 
 Filices.) 
 
 Perennial ferns, requiring greenhouse protec- 
 tion, with the exception of B. lunaria and mr- 
 giniarmm, which are quite hardy. Peat, and 
 
 Himalayas. Syn., B. sub- 
 Britain. Bng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 
 rich loam! 
 B. dauGifo'liv/m. 1. 
 ca/rnosvmi. 
 
 — Iwnalria. ^. May. 
 1. 1837. 
 
 — tema'tvm. 1. Hudson's Bay Territory. 
 
 Syns., B. fwmarioides and luna/roides. 
 
 a-ustra'le. J. June. Australia and New 
 
 Zealand. 1823. Syn., B. australe. Half- 
 hardy. 
 
 disse'ctum. J. July. United States. 
 
 1806. Syn., B. dissectwm. 
 
 limarioi'des. India. 
 
 obli'quum. J. August. 
 
 1821. Syn., B. oUigimm. 
 
 — wrginia'num. 1. August. 
 
 1790. Syn., B. gnuMis. 
 Ferns, t. 29. 
 
 Botryode'ndron. See Meryta. 
 Bottle Gourd. Lageiia'ria. 
 Bottle-tree. Stercu'lia rupe'stris. 
 Bottom-heat. Naturally the tem- 
 
 N. America. 
 
 N. America. 
 Hook. Gard. 
 
BOT 
 
 [127] 
 
 BOU 
 
 perature of the soil always bears a due 
 relative proportion to that of the air. 
 When the temperature of the air de- 
 creases, that of the soil also decreases, 
 biit more slowly ; and, when the atmo- 
 spheric heat increases, that of the soil 
 also gradually rises. Bottom-heat, or 
 heat applied to the roots of plants, is the 
 artificial mode of imitating this proceed- 
 ing of nature in our hothouses and other 
 structures of that kind. If the tempera- 
 ture of the soil be too cold in proportion 
 to the temperature of the atmosphere, 
 the roots are not stimulated sufficiently 
 to imbibe food as fast as it is required 
 by the branches and foliage ; and, as a 
 consequence, the leaves or fruit will fall 
 or wither. On the other hand, if the 
 temperature of the soil be too great in 
 proportion to that of the atmosphere, the 
 roots absorb food faster than it can be 
 elaborated by the leaves ; and, as a con- 
 sequence, over-luxuriant shoots and an 
 extra development of leaves are caused, 
 instead of blossoms and a healthy pro- 
 gress in all the parts. 
 
 Every plant obviously will have a par- 
 ticular bottom-heat most congenial to 
 it. Plants growing in open plains will 
 require a higher bottom-heat than those 
 growing in wie shade of the South Ame- 
 rican forests, though the temperature of 
 the air out of the shade may be the same 
 in each country. That gardener will 
 succeed in exotic plant-culture best, 
 who, among his other knowledge, has 
 ascertained the relative temperature of 
 the a.ir and soil in which any given plant 
 grows naturally. At present, such in- 
 formation from actual observation is not 
 obtainable ; but it is not so difficult to 
 ascertain the maximum and minimum 
 temperature of the air of a country ; and, 
 -these being obtained, the gardener may 
 adopt this as a safe rule : — Let the bot- 
 tom-heat for plants of that country be 
 always 5° higher than the average tem- 
 perature of each month; that is, if the 
 lowest temperature of the month is 40°, 
 and the highest 70°, the average is 55° ; 
 and, if we add 5° to that, we shall have 
 60° as the bottom-heat for that month. 
 If the average maximum temperature of 
 the air only be known, let the bottom- 
 heat be less by 10° than the maximmn 
 temperature of the air. 
 
 Bottoming. A term usually applied 
 to the drainage of pots, although equally 
 applicable to any kind of horticultural 
 drainage. (See Draining.) It is also 
 applied to mowing grass on lawns, and 
 signifies that the mower should take 
 extra pains in mowing, cutting down 
 
 almost to the surface of the turf in 
 order to facilitate future mowings' bv 
 the production of an entirely fresh her- 
 bage, free from moss and the residue of 
 former mowings. 
 
 Boueero'sia. (Prom houkeros, 
 having the horns of an ox ; in reference 
 to the curved lobes of the corona. Nat. 
 ord. , Asclepiadacece. Allied to Stapelia. ) 
 Greenhouse succulent perennials. For culti- 
 vation, see Stapelia and Caralluma. 
 B. mropala. J. Purple-brown, yellow. Summer 
 SicUy._ 1833. B. B. t. 1731. Syns., 
 Stapelia Qussoniana, S. europoea, Apte- 
 ranthes Gus8onia/na. 
 
 — marocca'na. J. Purple-brown, yellow. Sum- 
 
 mer. Morocco. 1876. B. M. t. 6137. 
 
 — tessella'ta. faee ■Mchichnopsis cereifarmis. 
 
 Bou'chea. (In honour of C. and P. 
 Bouche, two German naturalists. Nat. 
 Ord., Verbenacece. Allied to Stachytar- 
 pheta.) 
 
 Stove perennials. For cultivation, see Ver- 
 bena. 
 B. cuneifo'lia. i. White. April. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1821. Syn., Chaseanum 
 
 dmeiifoUwrn. 
 
 — psevdogerva'd. 2 to 5. Purple, white. Sep- 
 
 tember. Brazil. 1874. B. M. t. 6221. 
 
 Bougainvi'llea. (Named after the 
 French navigator, Bougainville, who 
 died in 1811. Nat. ord., Nyctaginece.) 
 
 Greenhouse climbers, some of which are very 
 showy. They are always best planted in the 
 borders, and trained up pillars or rafters. When 
 the blooming period is over, about November, 
 they should be kept dry, and in February they 
 should be closely spur-pruned, as practised with 
 the vine. Cuttings of half -ripened wood in sand 
 under a b'eU-glass. Eich turfy loam and leaf- 
 soil. 
 
 B. gla'Jrra. Yellow ; bracts large, pale rose. 
 Brazil. 1861. 
 
 — refvJlgens. Purple-mauve. Brazil. 1887. 
 
 — speoio'sa. Yellow ; bracts large, rosy. Brazil. 
 
 1861. Flor. Mag. vol. 1, t. 62. 
 
 variega'ta. Leaves variegated. Garden 
 
 variety. 1890. 
 
 — gpeeta'bUis. 16. Pink. S. Amer. 1829. Syn., 
 
 Josepha a/nmista. B. M. t. 4810. 
 
 lateriltia. Bracts brick-red. 111. Hort. 
 
 • t. 466. 
 
 — splilndens. S. America. 1848. 
 
 — mtifo'lia. S. America. 1848. 
 
 Bourbon Palm. Lata'nm. 
 
 Boussingau'ltia. (Named after 
 the celebrated chemist, Boussingault. 
 Nat. ord., ChenopodiacecB.) 
 
 Half-hardy tuberous-rooted plants. Seeds; 
 division of the tuberous roots and the tubercules 
 produced on the stem. Peat and rich loam. 
 B. baselloi'des. White. July. S. Amer. 1836. 
 B. M. t. 3620. 
 
 — Lachau'mei. Eose. Cuba. 1872. Constantly 
 
 in flower. 
 
 Bouva'rdia. (Named after Dr. 
 Bouvard, curator of the Botanic Garden 
 at Paris. Nat. ord., jBttftiaceos; Tribe, 
 CinchonecB.) 
 
BOW 
 
 [128] 
 
 BRA 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen nnder-shrubs, except 
 where otherwise specified. Seed at times, in 
 heat. Cuttings of young shoots in heat, in 
 March or Apiu, Shut up during the day, and 
 air given at night Also by roots, cut into pieces, 
 and inserted in sandy soil, and placed in a brisk, 
 sweet heat, in spring. Light, fibry soil. The 
 species of this genus readily hybridize. 
 B. attgustifo'lia. 2. Red. September. Mexico. 
 1838. Pax. Mag. vol. 7, p. 99. 
 
 — CavanUUiii. IJ. Scarlet. May. Mexico. 
 
 1S46. 
 — Jla'va. IJ. Yellow. September. Mexico. 
 1844. B. B. 1846, t. 32. 
 
 — hirte^Ua. Scarlet. Mexico. 
 
 — Bumbo'ldtii c(yrymtyijlo'ra. White. 1879. 
 
 — Jacqui'nii. See B, trvphyUa, 
 
 — jasminifio'ra. White. S. America. 1869. 
 
 — Uia'ntha. 2. Scarlet. July. Guatemala. 
 
 — longijlo'ra. 2. White. Mexico. 1827. B. 
 
 M. t. 4223. 
 
 — ■muitifio'ra. 1. White, violet. S. America. 
 
 — nealbra. 1. Bright pink. January. Mexico. 
 
 1884. 
 
 — strigillo'm. 3. Yellow. March. 1846. 
 
 — triphy'tta,. 2. Scarlet. July. Mexico. 1794. 
 
 B. B. t. 107 ; B. M. t. 1864. Syn., B. 
 
 Jacquvnii. 
 
 gla'mra. 2. Scarlet. July. Mexico. 1794. 
 
 piibe! scene. 2. Scarlet. July. Mexico. 
 
 1794. 
 8ple!ndens. 2. Scarlet. April. Mexico. 
 
 1838. Syn., B. splendens. B. B. 1840, 
 
 t. 37. 
 
 — versi'color. 2. Bed. August. S. Amer. 1814. 
 
 B. B. t. 245. 
 
 Bowe'nia. (in honour of Sir G. 
 Bowen, governor of Queensland. Nat. 
 ord., Oycadacew.) 
 
 For cultivation, see Cycas. 
 B. specta'bilis. Queensland, Australia. B. M. 
 t. 5398 and 6008. 
 
 sermla'ta. Bockingham Bay. 1863. HI. 
 
 Hort. t. 366. 
 
 Bower. See Arbour. 
 
 Bowie'a. (In honour of J. Bowie, 
 Kew collector. Nat. ord., Liliacece.) 
 
 Half-hardy bulb. Seeds, offsets. Any light 
 ogen soil. Placed in a sunny border, under the 
 wall of a stove or greenhouse facing the south, 
 this curious and interesting plant does well. At 
 first the bulb throws up a single slender leaf, 
 and afterwards a long leafless twining stem, 
 which branches and flowers freely. Must be 
 protected from frost. 
 
 B. volu'bilis. Green. S. Africa. 1866. Stem 
 twining. B. M. 6619. 
 
 Box (Bu'xus sempervi'rens), is noticed 
 by the gardener chiefly as a plant suit- 
 able for edgings. For this purpose it is 
 neat ; but it is an exhauster of the soil 
 more than any other that can be so em- 
 ployed, and is a favourite lurking-place 
 for the snail. For plants that may be 
 substituted, see Edging. The best 
 months for planting Box are September 
 and February. Small-rooted slips are 
 employed, and are planted against the 
 perpendicular side of a small trench, 
 along the edge of the border or bed they 
 are desired to bound. The best month 
 for clipping Box is June, and it should 
 be done in showery weather. With 
 
 great attention to not injuring the roots, 
 and to washing earth in among these in 
 their new position, large Box-trees or 
 bushes have been moved in May, June, 
 and July. See The Cottage Gardener, 
 iv. 328, 350. 
 
 Box Elder. Negu'ndo. 
 
 Box Thorn. Lyfcium. 
 
 Brabei'um.. African Almond. 
 (From brabeion, a sceptre ; in reference 
 to the flower-racemes. Nat. ord,, Pro- 
 teacem. Allied to Persoonia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe 
 shoots under abeU-glass, in sand. Sandy loam. 
 B. ateUa'tmn. 15. White. August. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1731. Sweet scented. 
 
 Braehychi'ton. (From braehys, 
 short, and chiton, a tunic. Nat. ord,, 
 Sterculiacece. ) 
 
 Greenhouse shrubs, allied to Sxercdlia. Cut- 
 tings in sand. Soil, rich loam. 
 B. acerifo'lium. 60 to 120. Bright red. Australia. 
 
 — Bidivi'lU. Bed. September. N. E. Aus- 
 
 tralia. 1851. B. M. t. 5133. 
 
 — diversifo'liwm. 20 to 30. Australia. 1824. 
 
 Braohyco'me. (From braehys, 
 short, and kome, hair. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positce ; Tribe, Asteroidew. Allied to the 
 Daisy.) 
 
 Annuals. Sown in a gentle hotbed in March, 
 and transplanted as a half-hardy annual, or 
 sown in the open with the other annuals in 
 April. B. diversifolia by cuttings of half-ripe 
 shoots, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam. 
 B. diversifo'lia. J, White. May. Australia. 
 1824. Greenhouse evergreen. Syn., 
 Pyrethrwm diveni^oliwm, B. B. 1. 1026. 
 
 — iberidifdlia. J. Purple. May. Swan Eiver. 
 
 1840. HaU-hardy annual. B. B. 1841, 
 t. 9. 
 
 ra. J. White. SwanBiver. 
 
 Brachylae'na. (From braehys, 
 short, and Icena, a cloak, or covering ; 
 referring to the shortness of the in- 
 volucre. Nat. ord.. Composites; Tribe, 
 Inuloideas. Allied to Tarchonanthus, ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of 
 half-ripe shoots, same as Brackycome diversi- 
 folia. 
 
 B. denta'ta. Yellow. Cape of Good Hope. 
 — nereifdlia. 4. White. September. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1752. 
 
 Brachyo'tura. (From braehys, 
 short, and otos, the ear ; in reference 
 to the short appendages at the base of 
 the anthers. Nat, ord,, Mdastomacece.) 
 
 Stove shrub. For cultivation, see Pleeoma, 
 to which it is allied. 
 
 B. coTifdrtum. Violet ; bracts white, Andes, 
 Peru. 1873. B. M. t. 6018. 
 
 Brachy'pteris. (From braehys, 
 short, and pteron, a wing. Nat. ord. , 
 Malpighiaeem. ) 
 
 Stove climber, 
 B. horea'lia. 6, Yellow, July, Columbia 
 
BRA 
 
 [129] 
 
 BRA 
 
 Srachyse'ina. (From SrocAj/*, short, 
 and Sima, standard ; the flowers having 
 the standard petal short. Nat. ord., 
 LeguminoscB ; Trihe, PodalyriecB.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen climbers. Seeds in 
 Marcli, in heat ; cuttings of half -ripened shoots 
 in summer, in sand, under a bell-glass^ in a mild 
 bottom-heat ; loam and peat, with a little sand. 
 B. actimina'tum. Scarlet. Australia. Eev. Hort. 
 1866, t. 21. 
 
 — aphy'llum. Brownish-crimson. N. Holland. 
 
 1849. B. M. t. 4481. 
 
 — bracteol&ffwm. 3. Crimson. April. Swan 
 
 Biver. 1843. 
 
 — hj/bridv/in. Crimson, cream. March. 
 
 — lanceola'tum. 3. Scarlet. February, Swan 
 
 River. 1848. B. M. t. 4652. 
 
 — lactifo'lium^ 3. Crimson. May. N. Hol- 
 
 land. 1803. B. M. t. 2008. 
 
 — mela/rwpe^tdlwm. 4. Blackish-purple. April. 
 
 S. W. Australia. 1874. 
 
 — platy'ptera. Crimson, May. Swan River. 
 
 1844. 
 
 — pr(emo'rsum. Red. N. S. Wales. 1848. 
 
 — undula'tum. 3. Green. March. N. S. Wales. 
 
 1828. B. R. t. 642, B. M. t. 6114. 
 
 — mllo'aum. 3. Crimson. March. Swan River. 
 
 Brachyspa'tha. (From hrachys, 
 short, and spatha, a spathe ; the spathe 
 is much shorter than the spadix. Nat. 
 Old., Araeem.) 
 
 Stove tuberous perennial. For cultivation, 
 see Amorfhofhallus, to which it is allied. 
 B. varia'Wlis. 3. Spathe greenish-purple, spadix 
 whSish. E. Indies. 1876. 6. C. 1876, 
 p. 680. 
 
 Brachyste'lma. (From brachys, 
 short, and stelma, a crown ; referring to 
 the coronal processes of the flowers. 
 Nat. ord., Asclepiadacem.) 
 
 Greenhouse tuberous perennials, from the Cape 
 of Good Hope. Cuttings in sandy soil, in heat ; 
 division of the roots ; fiory loam. 
 B. Amclttii. 4. Brown, green. S. Africa. 1868. 
 Bef. Bot. t. 9. 
 
 — Barbdrx. Purple, speckled with yellow. S. 
 
 ^rica. 1866. B. M. t. 6607. 
 -~ cri'spimi. J. Brown, yellow. September. 
 1829. 
 
 — ma'tum. 1. Yellowish-green. S. Africa. 1872. 
 
 Bot. Ref . t. 226. 
 
 — spatvla'twm. 1. Green. June. 1826. B. R. 
 
 t. Ills. 
 
 — tiibero'eum. IJ. Purple. June. 1821. B. M. 
 
 t. 2343. 
 
 Bract. A reduced leaf in the axil of 
 which one or more flowers are situated. 
 Sometimes numerous hracts are arranged 
 in a ring which is called an involticre, 
 e.g., Daisy and Carrot. In the Liroe- 
 tree (Tilia europcea), the bract is partly 
 united to the flower stalk. 
 
 Bracteole. A secondary bract. 
 
 Bra'hea. (Named in honour of 
 Tycho Brake, the celebrated astronomer. 
 Nat. ord., PalmacecB.) 
 
 Dwarf greenhouse palms. Imported seeds 
 Rich light loam and fibrous peat, 
 JS. du'lds. Mexico. 1865. Mart. Palm. 1. 137. 
 
 — filamento'ea. Lower Cadifomia. 1879. Syns., 
 
 Pritchardia jUifera, and Washingtoivia 
 fiUfera. 
 B. ni'tida. Mexico. Rev. Hort. 1887, p. 344. 
 
 — Boefzlii. California. 1876. 
 
 Brai'nea. (After C. J. Braine, ' 
 Esq., of Hong Kong. Nat. ord., Filices 
 — FolypodioAieos. ) 
 
 Stove Fern. See Ferns. 
 B. irm'gnie. Hong Kong. 1866. Hook. Fil. 
 Exot. t. 38. 
 
 Brake. Pte'ris aguili'na. 
 
 Bramble. Bu'busfmtim'sus. 
 
 Branching Axmual stock. Mai- 
 
 eo'ima mari'tima. 
 
 Br ase'nia. (Derivation unexplained, 
 Nat. ord., Nymphwaeem; Tribe, Cabom- 
 becB.) 
 
 B. pata'ta. Red. July. N. America. 1798. Syn. 
 Hydropeltw purpurea. 
 
 Brassa'vola. (Named after A. M. 
 Brassavola, a Venetian botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Orchidacew; Tribe, Epidendrece- 
 LceliecE. ) 
 
 Epiphytal orchids, requiring an intermediate 
 house. Divisions ; best grown on blocks of 
 wood, with a little sphagnum. Water plentifully 
 during the grovring season. 
 B. acav'lis. J. Cream-coloured. June. Central 
 
 America. 1862. Pax. Fl. Gard. v. 2, 
 
 t.l62. 
 
 — amazo'nica. Brazil. B. E. 1839, sub t. 6. 
 
 — tmgusta'ta. Yellowish-green. June. Deme- 
 
 rara. , „ 
 
 — carda'ta. 1. White,green. May. Brazil. B. M. 
 
 t 3782 
 ~ cuculla'ta. J. Purple and white. June. W. 
 
 Ind. 1790. Syns., B. odoratissima, Gfl. 
 
 t. 33, and JEpidendrum cuetiMatum, B. M. 
 
 t. 643. . . , , 
 cttspida'ta,. J. White. March. Tnnidad. 
 
 1839. B.M. t. 3722. 
 
 — Siabua'na. }. Yellow, white, and purple. 
 
 July. Honduras. 1844. B. M. t. 4474. 
 
 — e^legans. Lilac. Antigua. B. M. t. 3098. Syn. 
 
 Bletia rigida. 
 
 — eibbsia'na. White, spotted with chocolate. 
 
 — glau'ca. 1. Orange, white. March. Vera Cruz. 
 
 1837. B. M. t. 4033. 
 
 — grandillo'ra. See B. nodosa, var. grandi- 
 
 flora. _ ,, 
 
 — linea'ta. Light yellow. S. Amer. 1860. B.M. 
 
 t. 4734. Syn., B. Mathieuana. 
 
 — Uartia'na, 1. White. March. Berbice..l838. 
 
 — nodo'sa. 1. Yellowish-green. October. Mexico. 
 
 1838. B. M. t. 3229. 
 
 grandiflo'ra,. Yellow, white, purple. S. 
 
 America. 1865. 
 
 — odMrati'ssima. See B. eucullata. _ 
 
 — Pern'nii. 1. Green. September. Rio Janeiro. 
 
 1831. B. M. t. 3761. 
 
 — retu'm. White, green. March. Maracaybo. 
 
 — rhopalorrha'chis. Guatemala. 
 
 — tubercula'ta. i. White. July. BotafBay. 
 
 1827. B. M.t. 2878. 
 
 — vmo'sa. 1. While. March. Honduras. 1839. 
 
 B. B. 1840, t. 39. 
 
 Bra'ssia. (Named after Mr. Brass, 
 a botanical traveUer. Nat. ord., Orchi- 
 dacece. Tribe, Vandew.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Divisions ; rough peat, in pots 
 or baskets, well drained. Those from Guatemala 
 require less heat than those from the West 
 
BRA 
 
 [130] 
 
 BRE 
 
 Indies; water freely when growing, but give 
 little when at rest. 
 
 B. angvleta. See B. Lawrencecrndf var. trngusta. 
 
 — (mther(/teg. Deep yellow, blackish-purple. 
 
 Tropical America. 1879. Warn. Oroh. 
 Alb. 1. 159. 
 
 — arcui'gera. Peru. 1869. 
 
 — arista/ta. Yellow, brown. August. Guate- 
 
 mala. 1844. 
 
 — Mdens, Brown, yellow. May. Brazil. 1842. 
 
 — bracMa'ta. 2. Yellowish-green and brown. 
 
 September, ,Guatemala. 1843. B. B. 
 1847, t. 29. 
 
 — cavda'ta. 1. Yellow and brown. February. 
 
 W. Ind. 1823. B. E. t. 832. 
 
 hierogly*phica. The brown marks on the 
 
 sepals and petals are in the form of bars, 
 not spots. W. Ind. 111. Hort. 1881, 
 t. 410. 
 
 — cwmamo'mea. Dull brown, lip whitish, 
 
 speckled with purple. New Grenada. 
 Syn., B. havanensis. 
 
 — ehlcfropa. |. Green, 1>lackish. Costa Bica. 
 
 1873. 
 
 — Clowe^sii. Brown, yellow. August. Brazil. 
 
 1844. 
 
 — cochlea' ta. See B. La/ujretviewna, var. cochleata, 
 
 — cryptophtha'lmia. Yellow, blackish-violet. 
 
 Winter. Peru. 1876. 
 
 — euo'des. Brownish-red, yellow. May. Co- 
 
 lumbia. 1880. 
 — faHni'fera. Red, brown. Ecuador. 1870. 
 
 — Oireondia'na. Yellow, spotted with deep red. 
 
 Costa Bica. 
 
 — gluTna'eea. Greenish-yellow, with brown rings 
 
 and spots. Venezuela. 1868. 
 
 — gutia'ta. See B. macuLata, var. guttata. 
 
 — havane'nm. See B. cirmanwfmea. 
 
 — Keilia'na. Orange. Brazil. 1862. 
 
 tri'stis. Deep amber brown ; lips pale 
 
 lemon, with brown spots near base. 
 Caraccas. Warn. Orch. Alb. t.' 347. 
 
 — Lancea'na. f . Yellow - brown spotted. 
 
 January. Surinam. 1843. B.E.t. 1754. 
 — macrosta'chya. 2. Green, brown. Deme- 
 
 rara. Syn., B. macrostachya. 
 
 ~ pu'nifila. Yellow, purple. 1844. 
 
 viridifi&ra. |. Green. March. Demerara. 
 
 1838, 
 
 — Lawrencea'na. 1. Yellow, brown. April. 
 
 Brazil. 1839. 
 
 cmgu'sta. Yellow. October. Brazil. 
 
 1839. Syn., B. angusta. 
 
 cochl^a'ta. 1. Green, brown. April. 
 
 Demerara. 1834. Syn., B. cochleata. 
 
 ^ longi'ssi'rna. 1. Orange-yellow, purple- 
 brown. September. Costa Bica. 1868. 
 B. M. t. 6748. 
 
 — Tnacrosta'chya. See B. La/nceana, var. Tnacro- 
 
 stachya. 
 
 — Ttiacnda'ta. 1. Yellow-red spotted. April. 
 
 Jamaica. 1806. B. M. 1. 1691. 
 ~ :- gutta'ta. Green, yellow. August. Guate- 
 mala. 1843. B, M. t. 4003. Syn., B. 
 
 I'na., 1. Yellow, green. April. 1844. 
 -pu'Tnila. See B. Lanceanaj yax. pumUa. 
 ^- signa'ta. Green turning to yellow, with brown 
 lines at base ; lip white, with purple and 
 orange spots. 1881. 
 
 — thyrso'des. Yellow, spotted with greenish. 
 
 . Peru. 1868. 
 
 — verruco'sa. Green, with dark purple blotches ; 
 
 lip white. March. Guatemala. 
 
 — grandijlo'ra. Larger and paler than the 
 
 type. 
 
 — Wra'yce. See B. maeulata, var. guttata. 
 
 Bra'ssica. Cabbage. (From Iresic, 
 tlie Celtic name for Cabbage. Nat. 
 ord., Cruciferce.) 
 
 Seeds, chiefly spring and autumn ; but at all 
 intermediate periods during summer, according 
 as the produce is wanted young; deep, rich, 
 loamy soil. We shall only mention the specific 
 names of the most useful, the cultivation of each 
 of which will be found under its common name. 
 B. botry'tis. Brocoli. 
 
 — camliflo'ra. Cauliflower. 
 
 — cau'to.ra'pa. Kohl Babi. 
 — Jvmbria'ta. Borecole. 
 
 — na'pa-bra'ssica. ■ Turnip-cabbage. 
 
 — na'pus. Bape. 
 
 — olera'cea. Cabbaofe. 
 
 — Rutaba'ga. Swede. 
 
 Bravo'a. (Named after Bravo, a 
 Mexican botanist. Nat, ord., Amaryl- 
 lidem. ) 
 
 Pretty Mexican small bulbs, requiring slight 
 protection in winter, admirably adapted for the 
 greenhouse. Offsets or seeds sown as soon as 
 ripe ; light, rich loam, leaf -soil, and sand. 
 B. BuUia'na. 2-3. Whitish, tinged with greenish- 
 purple outside ; dull yellow within. 
 Mexico. 1884. 
 
 — geminiflcfra. Orange-red. July. Mexico. 1841, 
 
 B. M, t, 4741. 
 
 Brazil-nut. BertkoUe'tia. 
 Brazil-wood. Casalpi'nia bra- 
 
 Bread-fruit. Artoca'rpus. 
 
 Bread-nut. Brosi'mum. 
 
 Bread- root. Fsora'ka escule'nta. 
 
 Breaking. A tulip's flower is broken 
 when it has attained its permanent 
 colours, A bulbous root is said to break 
 when its foliage begins to be thrust 
 forth ; and a bud breaks when it bursts, 
 to allow the expansion of the leaves or 
 flowers. 
 
 Breast-wood. The shoots which 
 grow out directly from the front of 
 branches trained as espaliers, or against 
 walls. 
 
 Bre'dia. (Dedicated to the memory 
 of Professor J. G. S. van Bred, Nat. 
 ord,, MelastomacecB.) 
 
 Greenhouse shrub. Seeds, cuttings of the 
 ripened- shoots in sandy loam, under a hand- 
 
 tlass, in heat. Eich light loam and peat, 
 ummer temp. 60° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 60°. 
 B. hvrsu'ta. Eosy. Autumn. Japan. 1870. B. M. 
 t. 6647. 
 
 Bremontie'ra. Bois de Sable. 
 (Named after M. Bremontier. Nat. ord. , 
 LeguminoscB ; Tribe, Hedysarece. Allied 
 to Hedysarum. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand, 
 under a glass, in heat ; flbryloam and peat, with 
 a little sand. Summer temp. 60° to 75° ; winter, 
 60° to 65°. 
 B. anvmo'ixylon. 4. Purple. Mauritius. 1826. 
 
 Brevoo'rtia coccinea. B. M. 
 t. 5857. See Brodisea coccinea. 
 
 Bre'xia. {Proia brexis, rain; in re- 
 ference to the protection from rain given 
 
BRI 
 
 [131] 
 
 BRI 
 
 by the large leaves of some of the species. 
 Nat. ord., Saxifragece; Txihe, Escallo- 
 niecB.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Half -ripened shoots in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ; sandy 
 peat, and a third loam. Summer temp. 60° to 
 75° ; winter, 60" to 65°. 
 
 B. chryso'phylla. 80. Mauritius. 1820. B. B. 
 t. 730. 
 
 — madagasearie'nHs. 30. Green. June. Mada- 
 
 gascar. 1812. B. R. t. 872. 
 
 — spina' sa. 30. Green. June. Madagascar. 
 
 1812. ^ 
 integrifo'lia. Echb. Hort. t. 222. 
 
 Brickellia. (Nat. ord., ComposUm ; 
 Tribe, Eupatoriaceai.) Syn., Bul- 
 bostyles. 
 
 Stove plants. Cuttings in sand, with bottom- 
 heat, under a bell-glass ; loam and peat. 
 B. CavcunMdsii. IJ. Purple. August. Mexico. 
 1827. Evergreen undershrub. 
 
 — pe!ndula. Yellow. August. Mexico. 1832. 
 
 — veroniccefo'lia. IJ. Blue, August, Mexico. 
 
 1826. 
 
 Bricks. As the gardener often may 
 want to know how many bricks will be 
 needed for an intended structure, it 
 will be a guide to know that all bricks 
 sold in England were required by statute 
 (17 Geo. III., c. 42) to be eight and a 
 half inches long, four inches wide, and 
 two and a half mches thick. Pantiles, 
 by the same authority, were required to 
 be thirteen and a half inches long, nine 
 and a half inches wide, and half an inch 
 thick. But as the duty is now taken oflf 
 these articles, we hope to see them made 
 larger, and of various forms, so as to 
 reduce the amount of bricklayers' la- 
 bour, which is one of the most costly 
 items in the construction of garden- 
 buildings. 
 
 Bridges, says Mr. Whately, are in- 
 consistent with the nature of a lake, but 
 characteristic of a river. They are, on 
 that account, used to disguise the termi- 
 nation of the former ; but the deception 
 has been so often practised that it no 
 longer deceives, and a bolder aim at the 
 same effect will now be more successful. 
 If the end can be turned just out of 
 sight, a bridge at some distance raises a 
 belief, while the water beyond it re- 
 moves every doubt of the continuation 
 of the river. The supposition imme- 
 diately occurs, that if a disguise had 
 been intended, the bridge would have 
 been placed further back, and the dis- 
 regard thus shown to one deception 
 gains credit for the other. 
 
 As a bridge is not a mere appendage 
 to a river, but a kind of property which 
 denotes its character, the connection be- 
 tween them must be attended to. From 
 the want of it, the single wooden arch, 
 once much in fashion, seemed generally 
 
 misplaced. Elevated, without occasion 
 so much above it, it was totally detached 
 from the river, and often seen straggling 
 m the air without a glimpse of the water 
 to account for it ; and the ostentation of 
 it, as an ornamental object, diverted all 
 that train of ideas which its use as a 
 communication might suggest. The 
 vastness of Walton Bridge cannot, with- 
 out affectation, be mimicked in a garden 
 where the magnificent idea of inducting 
 the Thames under one arch is wanting ; 
 and where the structure itself, reduced 
 to a narrow scale, retains no pretension 
 to greatness. Unless the situation makes 
 such a height necessary, or the point of 
 view be greatly above it, or wood or 
 rising ground, instead of sky, behind 
 fiE up the vacancy of the arch, it seems 
 an effort without a cause, forced and 
 preposterous. 
 
 The vulgar footbridge of planks, only 
 guarded on one hand by a common rail, 
 and supported by a few ordinary piles, is 
 often more proper. It is perfect as a 
 communication, because it pretends to 
 nothing further j it is the utmost sim- 
 plicity of cultivated nature ; and, if the 
 banks from which it starts be of a 
 moderate height, its elevation preserves 
 it from meanness. No other species 
 of bridge so effectually characterizes a 
 river. It seems too plain for an orna- 
 ment, too obscure for a disguise ; it must 
 be for use, it can be a passage only. 
 It is, therefore, spoiled if adorned ; it is 
 disfigured if only painted of any other 
 than a dusky colour. But, being thus 
 incapable of all decoration and impor- 
 tance, it is often too humble for a great, 
 and too simple for an elegant, scene. A 
 stone bridge is generally more suitable 
 to either; but m that," also, an extra- 
 ordinary elevation is seldom becoming, 
 unless the grandeur compensates for the 
 distance at which it leaves the water 
 below. 
 
 A gentle rise and easy sweep more 
 closely preserve the relation. A certain 
 degree of union should also be formed 
 between the banks and the bridge, that 
 it may seem to rise out of the banks, not 
 barely to be imposed upon them. It 
 oughtnot, generally, to swell much above 
 their level ; the parapet- wall should be 
 brought down near to the ground, or 
 end against some swell ; and the size 
 and the uniformity of the abutments 
 should be broken by hillocks or thickets 
 about them. Every expedient should 
 be used to mark the connection of the 
 building, both with the ground from 
 which it starts, and the water which it 
 
BRI 
 
 [132] 
 
 BRO 
 
 In wild and romantic scenes may be 
 introduced a ruined stone bridge, of 
 which some arches may be still stand- 
 ing ; and the loss of those which have 
 fallen may be supplied by a few planks 
 with a rail thrown over the vacancy. It 
 is a picturesque object — it suits the situ- 
 ation and the antiquity of the passage. 
 The care taken to keep it stul open, 
 though the original building is decayed, 
 the apparent necessity which thence re- 
 sults for a communication, give it an 
 imposing air of reality. 
 
 Brillantai'sia. (In honour of M. 
 Srillaint. Nat. ord., AcanthacecB. Syn., 
 Belantheria. ) 
 
 Store evergreen. Fqr culture, see Bablb'ria. 
 
 B. owarie'Tms. 3. Purple. March. Western 
 
 Africa. 1853. B. M. t. 4717. Syns., 
 
 Belantheria Belvisiana, and B. lamivm. 
 
 — Vogelia'na. Syn., Belantheria Vogeliana, 
 
 Brining. See Steeping. 
 
 Bri'za. (From brizo, to nod. Nat. 
 ord., GraminecB.) 
 
 Omamentsbl hardy grasses, largely used for 
 bouquets and decorative purposes ; the branches 
 should be collected when full grown, and placed 
 in stands to dry. B, media is a useful rock 
 
 Slant. B. spicata requires a stove or Intermediate 
 ouse. Seeds and division. 
 B. Clu'sii. 1}. June. South Europe. 1820. 
 Annual. 
 
 — ma'xima. li. June. South Europe. 1633. 
 
 B. M. t. 357. Annual. 
 
 — me'dia. 1. June. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 
 
 3, 1. 1744. Common quaking grass. Pe- 
 rennial. 
 
 — minor, i. ' July. England. Syns., B. 
 
 gracilis and Tninirmi, Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 1. 1775. Annual. 
 
 — rotunda'ta. Mexico to Chili. Gfl. 1887, 
 
 p. 638. Perennial? 
 
 — ru'bra. 1. June. South Europe. 1820. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 — spica'ta. i. Brazil. About 1883. Very 
 
 graceful, 
 
 Brocchi'nia. (Nat. ord., Brome- 
 liacew.) 
 
 Stove tree. 
 B. eordylinoi'des. 16. Yellow. British Guiana. 
 1888. 
 
 Brodise'a. (Named after J. J. Bro- 
 die, a Scotch cryptogamist. Nat. ord., 
 Liliacece. Allied to Allium. ) 
 
 Charming hardy bulbs requiring a light rich 
 soil and sunny position ; offsets, and seeds. 
 B. Bridge'sii. Blue. California. 1888. 
 
 — cali/o'mica. Pale brown. July. California. 
 
 1848. 
 
 — capita'ta. 1. Violet. May. California. 
 
 1871. Syn., Millacapitata. 
 
 — cocd'nea. Blood-red, yellow, green. June. 
 
 California. 1870. Syn., Bremortia 
 coccinea, B. M. t. 5857. 
 
 — cmyr'stn. 1. Blue. July. Georgia. 1806. 
 a'Uia. White. 
 
 — DouyaJni. White. July. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 B. M. t. 0907. Syn., Trttdeia grandi- 
 flora. 
 
 B. grandifio'ra. IJ. Blue. N. Amer. 1805 
 B. E. 1. 1183. Syn., Hookera eoronaria. 
 
 — Benderse'ni. Yellow striped green, and 
 
 purple. W. North America. 1890. 
 
 — Bowe'lHt. li to 2. Bluish purple. July. 
 
 Califonua. 1880. B. M. t. 6989. 
 
 — ixioi'dei. See JUilla. 
 
 — la'ctea. 1 to 2. White. June. California.. 
 
 1833 Syns., Hesperoeardon lactewm, and 
 Milla hyacinthina. 
 
 — rmUtiflo'ra. Blue-purple. California. 1872. 
 
 B. M. 6989. 
 
 — Palme'ri. 1 to 2. Bright purple. California. 
 
 1889. 
 
 — volu'bilis. 4 to 12. Bose. California. 1874. 
 
 B. M. t. 6123. Syn., Stropholirion volu- 
 bile. 
 Hookera pvlchella. Sails. Parad. t. 117, is pro- 
 bably a Brodicea. 
 
 Broine'lia. (Named after Bromel, 
 a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., Bro- 
 meliacecB. Belated to the Pine Apple. ) 
 
 Stove herba<!eou's perennials. Suckers ; rich,, 
 lumpy soil, well-diained. Summer temp. 60* 
 to 85% with moisture ; winter, 60° to 60°, dryish. 
 B. agavoi'dea, 1881. 
 
 — ana/rbos. B. M. 1. 1654. .See AnaTiassa sativa.. 
 
 — amtiaca'ntha. Purple, scarlet. Brazil. 1864. 
 
 — Kcolar. Scarlet. Chili. 1872. Syns., £.. 
 
 Joinvillei and B, pitcaimic^olia. 
 
 — traetea'ta. i. Tlnk. September. Jamaica. 
 
 1785. 
 
 — chrysa'ntha. 2. Blue. Caraccas. 1819.. 
 
 Jacq. H. Schosnb. t.'S6. 
 
 — clande'etma. See Gregia sphacelata. 
 
 — crudnta. 2. Blue, white. August. Rio- 
 
 Janeiro. 1824. 
 
 — di'scolor. Pink. April. South Europe. ,, 
 
 — exu'dmia. See JEchmea. 
 
 — /astuo^sa. 4. Purple. August. S. Amer. 
 1815. 
 
 — Fema'nd<e. Yellowish ; bracts orange-red- 
 
 Para. 1872. 
 
 — hu'milit. , See Karatas. 
 
 — Kara'tas. 2. Pink. W. Ind. 1739. Bed. 
 
 Lil. t. 467. 
 
 — lingvla'ta. IJ. Yellow. May. S. Amer. 
 
 1769. 
 
 — longifoflia. 2. Pink. August. Guiana. 1862. 
 
 — paueyio'ra. White, blue ; bracts white. 
 
 Tropical America. 1866. 
 
 — Fi'nguin. 3. Red. March. W, Ind. 1690. 
 
 Bed. Lil. t. 396. 
 
 — searlati'na. 1881. 
 
 — sce^ptrum. Purple, scarlet. 1864. Syn. £. 
 
 fcistuQsa Bergmanni. 
 
 — sylve'atris. 3. Crimson. July. S. Amer. 
 
 1820. B. M. t. 2392. 
 
 Bromhea'dia. (Named after Sir 
 E. i\ Bromhead, Bart. Nat. ord., 
 OrchideoB. Allied to Ansellia. ) 
 
 Stove orchid. Offsets or division after flower, 
 ins, sandy, flbry peat with plenty of drainage. 
 Water plentifully during the growing season. 
 B. palu'etris. 3. White, yellow, and purple. 
 June. Sumatra. 1840. B. M. t. 4001. 
 
 Bronffllia'rtia. (NamedafterBrowff- 
 niart, a French botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminosce ; Tribe, GalegecB.) 
 
 Ornamental greenhouse evergreen under- 
 shrubs. Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, of 
 young shoots, but firm at the base ; sandy loam 
 and nbry peat. 
 
 B. Podalyrioi'des. 1. Flesh. September. New 
 Spain. 1827. 
 
 — seri'cea. 1. Purple. September. Mexico. 
 
 1843. 
 
BRO 
 
 [ 133 ] 
 
 BRU 
 
 Broom 
 Broom, 
 
 spino'sus. 
 
 Broom (Spanish) 
 
 See Besom, 
 
 Spa'rtium and Ci/tisus 
 
 Geni'stahispa'- 
 
 mca. 
 
 Broom-Cypress. Ko'chia scopa'- 
 ria. 
 
 Broom.-Rape, Oroba'nche. 
 
 Brosi'mum. Bread-nut. (From 
 brosimos, edible, or good to eat ; the 
 fruit being edible. Nat. ord., Urti- 
 cacecB.) 
 
 The far-famed Cow-tree of South America, 
 whose milky juice is as rich and wholesome as 
 the milk of the cow, is Brosimwm Humboldtii, 
 Another species, B. alicastrum, produces nuts, 
 which are roasted and eaten as bread ; and a 
 third species produces the beautifully-marked 
 wood, called snake-wood. Its gummy juice is 
 also made into India-rubber. Stove evergreen 
 shrubs and tree. Cuttings of ripe wood, in a 
 hotbed ; rich, Sbry loam. 
 £, dlica'stnwi. 6. Jamaica. 1776. 
 
 — sjm'rmm. See Pseudolmedia spuria. 
 
 — Hwmbo'ldtii. 50. Caraccas. 1829. Eev. 
 
 Hort. 1874, p. 314. Syn., Galaetodead/ran 
 utile. 
 
 Brote'ra ova'ta. See Melhania. 
 
 Broughto'nia. (Named after Mr. 
 Broughton, an English botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Orehidece; Tribe, Epidendrew- 
 LceliecB. ) 
 
 stove evergreen orchids allied to Laelia, 
 thriving best on blocks with a little sphagnum. 
 Water abundantly during the growing season ; 
 division. 
 B. au'rea. See Epidendrum aurantiacum. 
 
 — ni'tida. H. Bed. June. E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 — sartguifnea. f . Crimson. May. Jamaica. 
 
 1793. Syn., B. eoccinea, B. M. t. 3636. 
 B. M. t. 3076 is a form with longer leaves 
 and narrower petals. 
 
 Broussone'tia. (NamedafterBrtms- 
 sonet, a French naturalist. Nat. ord., 
 UrticacecE. ) 
 
 . In general aspect resembling the mulberry- 
 tree ; out less hardy. Suckers and cuttings of 
 ripened wood, inserted in autumn, and seeds 
 sown when ripe, or kept over to the following 
 March ; good garden-soil. 
 B. papyri'/era. 12. June. Japan. 1751. B. M. 
 
 t. 2358. 
 cuculla'ta. 12. June, Japan. 1824. 
 
 Syns., B. navifolia and spathidata. 
 
 fru'ctu-a'lbo. 12. August. 
 
 tacinia'ta. 1847. Syn., B. papyrifera, 
 
 var. disseeta. 
 
 macropky'Ua. Leaves large. 
 
 variega'ta. 1846. 
 
 — PlUTnie'ri and tinct&rUi. See Chlorophora 
 
 tinctaria. 
 
 — spctthula'ta. See B. papyrifera^ var. citcul- 
 
 lata. 
 
 Browa'llia. (Named after J. Bro- 
 wallius, bishop of Abo. Nat. ord., 
 ScrophvJariaceee. ) 
 
 Ornamental shrubs or herbs, hardy unless 
 where otherwise stated ; seeds sown in a mild 
 beat, in March ; potted and re-potted, and kept 
 
 in the greenhouse during summer ; light, rich 
 
 B. atbrevia'ta. Light red. 1852. Gfl. t. 94. 
 
 — demi'ssa. }. Blue. August. S. Amer. 
 
 1735. B. M. t. 1136. Syns., B. elata 
 (B. M. t. 34), B. elongata and laclea. 
 Stove. 
 
 — grandifio'ra. 2. Light yellow. June. Peru. 
 
 1829. B. M. t. 3069. Syn., B. cordata. 
 
 — Jameso'ni. B. M. t. 4605. See Streptomlen 
 
 Jwmesoni. 
 
 — Eoelzlii. IJ to 2. Light blue or white. 
 
 Summer. Eocky Mountains. Green- 
 house. 
 
 — specio'sa. 2. Purple, September. Quindin. 
 
 1846. 
 
 Bro'wnea. (NamedafterDr.Sroiwi. 
 Nat. ord., LeguminoscB ; Tribe, Am- 
 herstiece. Allied to Caesalpinia and 
 Amherstia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripe wood 
 in sand, under a glass, and placed in a strong 
 bottom-heat ; peat and loam. 
 B. Ari'za. 30. Crimson - scarlet. March. 
 
 Columbia. Syn., B. princepa. B. M 
 
 t. 6469. 
 
 — BirsdkeHlii. 10. Bose. La Guayra. 1872. 
 
 B. M. t. 6998. 
 
 — coecSnea. 6. Scarlet. July. W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 B. M. t. 3964. 
 
 — erdcla. 10. Scarlet. S America. 
 
 — gra'ndiceps. 6. E«d. Caraccas. 1829. B. M. 
 
 t. 4859. 
 
 — latifo'lia. 6. Scarlet. Trinidad. 1824. Jacq. 
 
 Frag. 1. 17. 
 
 — maerophfUa. Orange - scarlet. Central 
 
 America. 1879. 
 
 — ramm&m. 6. Rose. Caraccas. 1§26. 
 
 — ro'sa del Mo'nte. 8. Scarlet. June. S. Amer. 
 
 1820, Syn., B. speciosa. 
 
 Brownlo'wia. (Named after Lady 
 Brmvnlow. Nat. ord., TiliacecB. Allied 
 to Grewia.) 
 
 Stove tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots in heat ; 
 rich, loamy soil. 
 
 B. ela'ta. 60. Yellow. May. E. Ind. 1820. 
 B. M. 1. 1472. 
 
 Brown-tailed Moth, Porthe'sia. 
 
 Bru'cea, (Named after Bruce, the 
 African traveller. Nat. ord., Simaru- 
 baceas.) 
 
 This genus possesses that intense bitter, for 
 which Quassia, the head of this small order, has 
 long been celebrated. Stove evergreen shrubs. 
 Bipened cuttings in sand, under a glass, in 
 bottom-heat. 
 
 B. antidyse'ntrica. 8. Green. May. Abyssinia. 
 1775. S^n., B. ferrugivxa. 
 
 — swmatra'na. 20. Green. May. Malay 
 
 Archipelago. 1820. Syn., B. gracilit. 
 
 Bni'chus. A genus of small beetles, 
 which confine their depredations chiefly 
 to the seeds of leguminous plants. 
 
 JBru'chusgrana'rius. The tJrain Beetle. 
 Every one who is acquainted Avith the 
 seeds of the pea and thp bean must have 
 noticed that in many of them were small 
 round holes ; and these occasionally are 
 so numerous as to spoil the sample, and, 
 indeed, render the seeds totally valuele-ss 
 for sowing ; for not one of those thus 
 
BRU 
 
 [134] 
 
 BRU 
 
 pierced but would produce either a weak, 
 unhealthy plant, or not vegetate at all. 
 Those holes in the " worm-eaten " peas 
 and beans are made by a small beetle 
 (Bruchus granarius), produced from a 
 grub, or caterpillar, which has eaten 
 away the vital parts of the s6ed ; and, 
 when it has passed through the chrysalis 
 state, and given birth to this beetle, the 
 
 latter makes the hole in order to escape 
 into the open air, there to perpetrate 
 more mischief upon the growmg crops. 
 The body of the oeetle is a dull hrown ; 
 but the elytra, or wing-covers, are black, 
 dotted with white, but scarcely percepti- 
 bly so, unless magnified, as in our draw- 
 ing. Naturally it is the size of the smaller 
 figure ; that is, scarcely two lines long. 
 The antennae, or feelers, are eleven- 
 
 i'ointed, black, and thinnest near the 
 lead, where they are also tinged with 
 red. The head droops, the eyes are 
 prominent, the fore-legs are rusty-co- 
 loured. This little beefle may be found 
 upon various flowers durmg seven 
 months of the year. In February it may 
 be found on the furze-blossom, in June 
 upon the white-thom, and in July and 
 August upon the Spiraea and rhubarb 
 flowers. The female pierces through the 
 pod of the pea and bean whilst very 
 young, and often deposits an egg in each 
 seed. Probably the best mode of destroy- 
 ing this insect would be to subject the 
 seed, as soon as harvested, for some 
 hours, until thoroughly heated, to a 
 temperature of 150°. This, we think, 
 would krU the grubs without injuring 
 the seed. 
 
 Bru'ckus a'ter. The Furze-Beetle. This 
 little insect is shown in the annexed cut 
 of its natural size, as well as magnified. 
 It is black, with its elytra (wing-cases) 
 marked with lines and lighter-coloured 
 dots ; antennae (feelers) divided into 
 eleven joints. The females, in February, 
 deposit their eggs in the germs, or young 
 seed-vessels, of the winter-blooming 
 furze ; and the same insects may be 
 found again, in June, similarly employed 
 upon the summer-blooming furze. The 
 grub hatched from her eggs lives upon 
 the seeds ; and every one who has noticed 
 
 this plant must be aware that its ripe- 
 seed vessels often contain nothing but a 
 little rough powder — a powder which is 
 the refuse of the seeds destroyed by the 
 grub of this insect. Another member of 
 this family of beetles, Bruchus pi' si, is- 
 greatly destructive to the pea crops. It 
 is a small, brownish beetle, usually 
 found at the time the plants are in flower, 
 and depositing eggs in the tender seeds 
 of leguminous plants, and sometimes in 
 different kinds of com. In these the. 
 
 larva — a small, white, fleshy grub— finds 
 both a suitable habitation and an abun- 
 dance of food. It undergoes all its trans- 
 formations in the seed ; and the perfect 
 insect remains init till the spring, though 
 in fine autumns the perfect insects appear 
 at that season also. The larvae possess 
 the singular instinct of never attacking 
 the vital part of the seed till the last. 
 We have often observed the seed -pots of 
 Chorizema, and other delicate and 
 scarce leguminous plants in greenhouses, 
 pierced by the £>-McAws^m. The more 
 effectual remedy is to pull up and burn 
 the haulm and pods altogether, and not 
 attempt to get a crop at all. — Cottage. 
 Gardener, i. a,nd iii. 
 
 Brugma'nsia. See Datura. 
 
 B. Jloribu'nda. Paxt. Mag. vol. 9, p. 3. See; 
 Juanulloa. 
 
 Bruise. See Canker. 
 
 Brunfe'lsia. {'Na.meda.heTBrwnfelSr 
 a German physician. Nat. ord., Scrophu- 
 larinece ; Tiibe, Salpiglossidew. Allied 
 to Salpiglossis.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sa-ndy 
 soil, in a moist heat ; rich, lumpy, flbry soil. 
 B. acwmina'ta. 2. Purple. April. Rio Janeiro.. 
 
 B. M. t. 4189. 
 — america'na. i. Pale yellow. June.' W. Ind. 
 
 1736. B. M. t. 393. 
 amgustifo'lia. i. Pale yellow. July. 
 
 latifo'lia. i. Pale yellow. June. W, 
 
 Ind. 
 
BRU 
 
 [135] 
 
 BRY 
 
 B. angu'eta. 2. Purple. April. 
 — calyei'na. 2. Pale purple. June. Brazil. 
 1850. B. M. t. 4683. 
 
 — conferUfio'ra. 1}. Blue. January to June. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 — exi'mia. 2i. Purple. June. Brazil. 1847. 
 
 B. M. t. 4790. 
 
 — gracilis. 2. Pale cream. June. 1847. 
 
 — grandiflo'ra. 3. Green. June. 
 
 — HopeaJna. 1. Blue-purple, throat yellow. 
 
 Brazil. 1828. Syn., Franciseea Hopeana, 
 B. M. t. 2829. 
 
 — hydra/ngecefo'rmis. i. Purple. April. Brazil. 
 
 1840. B. M. t. 4209. 
 
 — latifo'lia. t. Purple. April. Eio Janeiro. 
 
 1840. B. M. t. 3907. 
 
 — Lindenia'na. Purple. Brazil. 1865. Syn., 
 
 Franciseea Lindeniafia. Belg. Hort. 
 1866, p. 226. 
 
 — Lockha'rtii. Purple. April. W. Ind. 1840. 
 
 — rrumta'na. 4. White. July. S. Amer. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — ni'tida. 
 
 jo7naice'nsi«. 5. Yellow. June. Jamaica. 
 
 1844. B. M. t. 4287. 
 
 — Pohlia'na. Blue, white. April. Brazil. 
 
 1840. 
 
 — undvlaHa. 4. White. June. Jamaica.. 1820. 
 
 — unifio'ra. 3. White, purple. July. Brazil. 
 
 1826. B. C. 1. 1332. 
 
 — vwlolcea. 3. Livid purple. July. W. Ind. 
 
 1816. B. C. t. 792. 
 
 Bru'nia. (Named after C Brun, a 
 traveller in the Levant. Nat. ord., 
 Bruniacece. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs and under- 
 shrnbs, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings 
 of young shoots in sand, under a hand-light, in 
 summer; sandy peat. 
 B. abrotavm'deg. See Berzeiia abrotanoides. 
 
 — cilia'ta. See Staavia. 
 
 — ccrmo'sa. See Berzeiia lanuginosa, var. glabra. 
 
 — e'legans. 2. White. July. 1817. 
 
 — ericoi'des. See Berzeiia squarrosa, 
 —farmosa. 2. White. 1817. 
 
 — globo'sa. See Berardia globosa, 
 
 — glutino'sa. See Staavia. 
 
 — lalms. . 2. White. July. 1822. 
 
 — maerophy'lla. 1. White. July. 1815. 
 
 — microphy'Ua. See Berardia microphylla. 
 
 — nodiflb'ra. 6. White. July. 1786. 
 
 — palea'eea. See Berardia panacea. 
 
 — phylicoi'des. See Berardia phylicoides. 
 
 — radia'ta. See Staavia. 
 
 — squarr</sa. See Berzeiia squarrosa. 
 
 — supe'rba. See Berzeiia lanuginosa^ var. Imigi- 
 
 folia. 
 
 — virga'ta robu'stior. 3. White. July. 1794. 
 
 Syn., B. vertidllata. 
 
 Brtmni'chia. (Named after Brun- 
 nich, a Danish hotanist. Nat. ord., 
 Polygonacece. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen climber. Cuttings root 
 freely ; fibry loam, with a little sand. 
 J5. cirrho'sa, 6. Pink. July. Carolina. 1787. 
 
 Bnmo'nia. (Named after 2>. Brown, 
 the celebrated English hotanist. Nat. 
 ord., BrunoniacecB.) 
 
 Dr. Brown himself, and other great authorities, 
 have been in doubts as to the true position and 
 affinity of the solitary genus of which this order 
 is composed. Herbaceous perennial. Seeds and 
 divisions ; sandy loam and fibry peat. It re- 
 quires the protection of a frame or greenhouse 
 in winter ; fragrant. 
 
 B. austra'lis. 1. Blue. Australia. 1834. B. 
 B. 1. 1833. 
 
 Brunsvi'gia. (Named after the 
 noble house of Brunswick. Nat. ord . 
 Amaryllidem; Tribe, Amaryllew.) 
 
 This genus bears the same relation to Amaryllis 
 which Azalea does to Rhododendron. It is a 
 well-marked section of Amaryllis itself, when 
 divested of "the mass of discordant plants ac- 
 cumulated under that name."-H«rI>e5-«. Half- 
 hardy bulbs, from South Africa. Offsets ; loam 
 and libry peat; either in greenhouse or in a 
 wa,rm situation out of doors, where the bulbs, 
 being planted deep, are secure from frost and 
 from wet by coverings, such as glazed sashes 
 or tarpaulmg ; or the hulbs may be taken up at 
 the approach of winter, and stored. 
 B. cilia'ris. B. E. 1. 1163. See Buphane eUiaris. 
 
 — Coopdn. IJ. YeUow.red. S. Africa. 1872. 
 
 Eef. Bot. t. 330. 
 
 — Cora'nica. See Amnwcharis falcata. 
 
 pa'llida. See Ammocharis falcata pallida. 
 
 — di sticha. See Buphane distieha. 
 —falca'ta. f. Bed. May. 1774. B. M. t. 1443. 
 
 — giga'ntea. 1. Bed. July. Cape Colony. 
 
 1700. Syns., B.multiflora, B. M. t. 1619, 
 and Amaryllis orientalis. 
 
 — granAMra. 1. Pink. August. 1827. B. 
 
 B. t. 1335. 
 
 — Josephi'nce. IJ. Scarlet. July. 1814. B. 
 
 R. 1. 192-3. Syn., Amaryllis Josephinoe. 
 mi'nor. 1. Scarlet. July. 1814. 
 
 — —-stria'ta. Ij. Scarlet. July. 1823. 
 
 — lu'cida. See Nerine lucida. 
 
 — margina'ta. See Neirine marginata. 
 
 — rm'nor. |. Pink. July. 1822. B. R. t. 954. 
 
 — muUiflo'ra. See B. gigantea. 
 
 — ra'dula. J. Bed June. 1790. Syn:, 
 
 Amaryllis radttla, Jacq. H. Schcen. t. 68. 
 
 — Slateria'na. Bright rose-red. Cape Colony. 
 
 Syn., Amaryllis Banksiana, B. B. 1842, 
 1. 11. 
 
 — stria'ta. i. Pink. July. Cape Colony. 1823. 
 
 Syn., Amaryllis striata, Ja,cq. H. Schoen. 
 t. 70. 
 
 — toxica'ria. B. E. 667. See Buphane distieha. 
 
 Brussels Sprouts. See Bore- 
 cole. 
 
 Bry'a. (From hryo, to germinate; 
 the seeds, at times, sprouting in the pod. 
 Nat. ord., LeguminosoB ; Tribe, Hedy- 
 sarece. Allied to Hedysarum . ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds and cuttings 
 in hotbed ; rich, fibry loam. 
 B. e'bemus. 12. Yellow, green. July. Jamaica. 
 1713. B. M. t. 4670. Jamaica ebony. 
 
 — leone'nsis. 12. Yellow, green. Sierra Leone. 
 
 1824. 
 
 Brya'nthus. See Menziesia. 
 
 Bryo'nia. (From bryo, to sprout; 
 in allusion to annual growth from the 
 tuber. Nat. ord., CucurbitacecB.) 
 
 Tuberous-rooted perennial herbaceous pjants, 
 
 producingannualclimbingstems. Seeds, division 
 
 of the tubers. Bich loam. 
 
 B. dio'ica. Greenish yellow; berries bright 
 
 red. Summer. Britain. Hardy. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 517. 
 
 — lacinio'sa. Yellowish ; berries scarlet, striped 
 
 with white. India. 1865. Syn., Bryonop- 
 sis laffiniosa. Stove. 
 
 Bryono'psis. See Bryonia. 
 
 Bryophy'Uum. (From bryo, to 
 sprout, andphyllon, a leaf. Nat. ord., 
 Crassulacem.)^ 
 
BUB 
 
 [136] 
 
 BUD 
 
 A greenhouse succulent plant, chiefly regarded 
 as a curiosity ; but asingle leaf laid down on a 
 damp surface will throw out young plants all 
 round its margin. 
 
 B. ealyn'nwm. 3. Yellowish-red. April. India. 
 1806. 
 
 Bubro'ma. See Guazuma. 
 
 B. guazu'ma. See Guazujna ulmifolia. 
 
 Bu'cco. (Nat. ord., .BMtocete.) 
 B. crena'ta. See Baromna crenata. B. H. 
 
 t. 3413. 
 — proU'fera. See Agathosma prolifera. 
 
 Buchne'ra. (Nat. ord., Scrophu- 
 lariacecB. ) 
 B. viaeo'sa. See Sphenandra vlscoea. B. M. 217. 
 
 Bu'cida. Olive Bark-tree. (From 
 bous, an ox ; in reference to the fruit 
 being like an ox's horn. Nat. ord., 
 Combretacem. ) 
 B. bu'ceras. See TerminaUa. 
 
 Buck-bean. Menya'nthes trifolia'ta. 
 
 Buckla'ndia. (Named in honour 
 of Dr. Buckland, Dean of Westminster 
 and Professor of Geology at Oxford. 
 Nat. ord., Hamamelidece. Allied to 
 Liquidambar.) 
 
 Greenhouse shrub, growing to a tall tree. 
 Foliage ornamental in young plants. Cuttings 
 of ripened shoots in sandy loam, under a hand- 
 glass, and in moderate heat. Bich loam and 
 peat, or leaf-mould. 
 
 B.popu'lnea. 100. Himalaya. 1876. B. M. 
 t. 6607. 
 
 Buckler Mustard. Biscute'lla. 
 
 Buckthorn. Bha'mnus. 
 Buckwheat. Poly'gmum fagopy" 
 rum. 
 Buckwheat-tree. Myloca'ryum. 
 
 Bud. The buds are organized parts 
 of a plant, of an oval, round, or conical 
 form, and containing the rudiments of 
 future branches, leaves, and flowers, 
 which remain without breaking, on pro- 
 ducing them, until circumstances favour 
 their development. The same buds, ac- 
 cordingly, as circumstances vary, produce 
 either flowers or leaves. Buds are formed, 
 at first, only in the axils of leaves, that 
 is, in the angle between the leaf and the 
 branch ; but, if these buds are destroyed, 
 what are termed achentitious or latent 
 buds are formed, yet chiefly in the neigh- 
 bourhood of the regular buds. 
 
 Budding is the art of making a bud 
 unite to the stem or branch (then called 
 the stock) of another tree or shrub, in- 
 dependently of its parent. _ The object 
 thus attained is a rapid multiplication of 
 that parent, and, in the case oi seedlings, 
 an earlier production of fruit than if the 
 buds were left upon the parent. Deli- 
 
 cate kinds are strengthened by being 
 worked, as it is technically termed, upon 
 more robust stocks, as when a tender 
 vine is budded on the Syrian, and the 
 Double Yellow Kose upon the common 
 China. Variegated roses often lose their 
 distinctive marks it grown upon their 
 own roots. Some roses, budded upon 
 the common briar, afford liner flowers 
 than upon their own stems. Buds from 
 seedling peaches and pears are earlier 
 
 E reductive, and produce finer fruit, if 
 udded upon a robust stock ; but buds 
 of the pear, inserted earlier than the 
 close of August, produce branches, and 
 not blossoms. 'Wnere the bud comes in 
 contact with the wood of the stock, a 
 confused line is visible, between which 
 line and the bark of the bud new wood is 
 produced, having solely all the charac- 
 teristics of the parent of the bud. Buds 
 of almost every species succeed with 
 most certainty if inserted in shoots of 
 the same year's growth ; but the small 
 walnut-buds succeed best which are 
 taken from the base of the annual shoots, 
 where these join the year-old wood of 
 that from which the bu^ is taken. Buds 
 are usually two years later than grafts in 
 producing fruit ; but then every bud will 
 produce a new plant ; but each graft has 
 at least three upon it. Buds succeed 
 more readily than grafts ; and, if a graft 
 inserted in the spring has failed, a bud 
 may succeed in the summer of the same 
 year. Buds are ready for removal when 
 their shield, or bark attached to them, 
 separates readily from the wood. This 
 is usually in July or August, and is inti- 
 mated by the buds being well-developed 
 in the axils of the present year's leaves. 
 Scallop-budding may be done almost at 
 any season. Buds should be taken from 
 the middle of the shoot ; those from its 
 point are said to make wood too freely, 
 and those from the base to be more unex- 
 citable, and, consequently, less prompt 
 to vegetate. 
 
 Stocks for budding may be much 
 smaller than for grafting, even on the 
 same year's shoot. Several buds may be 
 inserted on older branches, and thus a 
 good headbe obtained sooner. On stocks 
 of long-standing, scallop-budding is to 
 be adopted. Just after rain, and when 
 there is no violent wind, is a time to be 
 preferred for budding. Whatever mode 
 of budding is adopted, quickness in the 
 operation is indispensable ; for, if the 
 wound in the stock or that of the bud 
 becomes dry, the budding will fail. The 
 bark of thestock should be cut and raised 
 firstj and, if possible, on its north side. 
 A f>iece of moist bast may be twisted 
 
BUD 
 
 [137] 
 
 BUD 
 
 <)ver the wound whilst the bud is prepar- 
 ing; and the moment this is done it 
 should be inserted, and the ligature put 
 on forthwith. 
 
 The following practical details of bud- 
 ding fruit-trees and roses — details appli- 
 cable to all other trees and flowering- 
 shrubs capable of being thus propagated 
 — we have copied from the pages of The 
 Cottage Gardener : 
 
 If the bark does not rise well, that is, 
 does not part freely from the wood, the 
 buds will not succeed. 
 
 A good budding-knife is the first thing 
 to be provided : any respectable nursery- 
 man will furnish this."^ Next, some 
 really good matting : we prefer the new 
 Cuba ba^t ; but the finest of the ordinary 
 Russian mats will answer equally well, 
 perhaps better, provided the material is 
 very tine and very tough. 
 
 The bast must be cut into lengths, and 
 adapted to the size of the stocks, be they 
 what they may. A mere novice may 
 soon determine the length necessary, by 
 twisting a piece round any twig of simi- 
 lar size, as in the act of budding. 
 
 Before describing the process itself, it 
 will be well to speak of the condition of 
 the stocks, or subjects to be operated on. 
 Budding, as before observed, is performed 
 at various seasons ; and in very early 
 budding, it is considered, in the majority 
 of cases, prudential, if not absolutely 
 necessary, to insert the whole of the 
 shield, or bud, with its own system of 
 wood attached. When the summer is 
 far advanced, however, and the buds are 
 become individually perfect, or nearly so, 
 in their organization, the case alters ; 
 and the less of intervening matter there 
 exists between the bud and its imme- 
 diate appurtenances of petiole and bark, 
 the better. 
 
 Budding, then, in spring or early sum- 
 mer, is generally accompanied, it may be 
 presumed, by a copious current of sap. 
 Not so, however, late summer-budding 
 on all occasions ; for the season may 
 have been unusually warm and dry ; the 
 stock, or subject, may be short of sap, 
 or, in other words, be beset with a para- 
 lyzed root-action : all these are impedi- 
 ments. A copious watering, the evening 
 previous to the process, will, however, 
 promote the free rising of the bark, on 
 •which so much depends. In addition to 
 
 1 The best budding instrument we have ever 
 seen is made by Mr. Turner, Neepsend, Sheffield. 
 It has a budding-knife at one end, and a grooved 
 hook at the other end. This hook being inserted 
 in the t cut made with the knife, keeps it open, 
 and allows the bud to be slipped easily down the 
 
 froove into its place. It really supplies the 
 adder with a third hand. 
 
 this, a cloudy day is preferable to a 
 sunny one. 
 
 In former days the chief criterion of 
 the eligibility of a tree for the budding- 
 process was the cessation of growth, or 
 rather, of extension in point of length, 
 in the stock. Such generally happens in 
 fruit-trees — such as the peach, apricot, 
 cherry, plum, etc., — about the first or 
 second week in August ; the period, of 
 course, being liable to be modified by 
 several circumstances, as heat, drought, 
 etc. Instead, however, of thus waiting 
 until the eleventh hour, it is better to 
 make an earlier commencement ; and 
 there is little occasion to delay after the 
 middle of July has passed, unless the 
 stocks, or scions, are subjects of late 
 growth and excessive luxuriance. 
 
 The exact position of the bud being 
 determined, the incision is made across 
 the stock transversely, in length suffi- 
 cient to create an opening for the bud. 
 This slit forms the head of the incision, 
 which, when the next slit is made, will 
 form the letter T- In making this slit, 
 or incision, a somewhat bold cut must 
 be made ; in fact, the point of the knife 
 must be made to reach the surface of the 
 wood of the stock. 
 
 The perpendicular slit is made from 
 the bottom upwards ; and an experienced 
 budder gives a peculiar flirt, or jerk, to 
 the knife when he approaches the head 
 of the T- This jerk at once rifts up the 
 bark better than any slower process could 
 do it ; and the haft of the budding-knife 
 is in a moment turned round, and the 
 point introduced ; and, by pressing it 
 close to the wood, right and left, the 
 bark is, as it were, ploughed up, or libe- 
 rated from the wood. 
 
 All is now ready for the reception of 
 the bvd, which is, indeed, by most good 
 hudders, prepared first, as follows : — 
 The cutting, or shoot, of the kind to be 
 inserted, being wood of the current year's 
 
 frowth, is generally kept in a waterpot, 
 rst cutting off all the leaves : care must, 
 however, be taken to leave most of the 
 petiole (leaf -stalk) to handle the bud by. 
 This, also, doubtless assists in forming a 
 speedy union. _ 
 
 The bud, with its bark and a little of 
 the wood of the tree, is then cut off in 
 the form of a shield ; and the point of 
 the knife and thumb-nail of the right 
 hand, by a. little nice handling, are made 
 to remove the portion of woody matter 
 from the centre. The bud is instantly 
 introduced beneath the bark in the T in- 
 cision of the stock, where, as before ob- 
 served, it is found in the same relation 
 to the stock, or stem, of its new parent as 
 
BUD 
 
 [138] 
 
 BUD 
 
 existed between it and the shoot whence 
 it sprang. This done, it is carefully and 
 closely, but not tightly, bound with the 
 bast. The operator generally begumiug 
 to bind at the lower end, gives an extra 
 tug with the matwhen he comes tolerably 
 close to the lower end of the petiole. 
 This is an old practice, and not particu- 
 larly intelligible ; the meaning, we sup- 
 pose — if meaning it have — being, that 
 the tightness of the ligature in that pre- 
 cise position impedes slightly the rehirn- 
 ing sap, thereby concentratmg it about 
 the bud. 
 
 Some persons employ a grafting wax 
 to cover the parts where air may enter. 
 The following mixture will make a very 
 useful kind : — Sealing-wax, one part ; 
 mutton fat, one part ; white wax, one 
 part ; honey, one-eighth part. The white 
 wax and fat are fast melted, and then 
 the sealing-wax is to be added, gradually, 
 in small pieces, the mixture being kept 
 constantly stirred: lastly, the noney 
 mtist be put in, just before taking it oif 
 the fire. It should be poured into j)aper 
 or tin moulds, and kept slightly agitated 
 till it begins to congeal. 
 
 We before observed, that when the 
 season is late, and the bark rises some- 
 what badly, it may be excited to rise. 
 A liberal watering with liquid-manure, 
 of the temperature of 90°, the day before 
 the operation, will, in general, facilitate 
 the proceeding. When the bud , or shield, 
 after the woodis removed, appears hollow 
 at the bud part, it is commonly rejected. 
 Such are not always barren ; but they 
 are apt to lie dormant for a year or two. 
 
 When a choice of position oiTers itself, 
 we prefer the shady side of the stock. It 
 is of more importance, however, to select 
 a clear portion of the stem, free from 
 knots, although some fancy the bud 
 takes better if placed in a position from 
 whence a natural bud has been removed. 
 It should be taken as a maxim, that only 
 those buds should be selected, the leaves 
 of which have become fully developed ; 
 the leaf, also, should, if possible, be un- 
 blemished. 
 
 Cloudy weather is, in all cases, to be 
 preferred to sunny periods. 
 
 For budding Bases, and, indeed, for 
 all budding, the best time of the day is 
 either early in the morning, at least as 
 early as seven o'clock, a.m., or after 
 three o'clock in the afternoon ; cloudy, 
 moist days are most suitable. Cut off 
 the head of your stocks, and all the side- 
 branches to three, that is, for standards. 
 For dwarfs, cut off to within six inches 
 of the ground ; then, with the knife, 
 make an incision on the upper side of 
 
 the young side-branches, as close to the. 
 main stem as possible. The incision 
 should be about an inch long, lengthwise' 
 on the branch. Cut a cross just at the 
 top of this intasion, in a direction some- 
 what more slanting than in the annexed 
 drawing (fig. 2). Then take off the bud, 
 previously cutting off the leaf, leaving- 
 part of the leaf -stalk. Cut away with 
 the bud a portion of the bark from th& 
 
 1. The bud, with the wood taken out, and ready- 
 
 to be put into the stock side-branches. 
 
 2. The branch, or stem, with the incisions made,. 
 
 previously to raising the bark. 
 
 3. The bark raised for receiving the shield of the 
 
 bud. 
 
 4. The bud fitted into its place. 
 
 6. The bandage put over the parts. It is here 
 represented as done with a shred of bass- 
 mat ; but stout worsted tliread is better. 
 
 parent stem which is technically called 
 the shield of the bud, and a portion of 
 wood with it. This bud, and the bark 
 and wood with it, should be, altogether^ 
 rather more than three-quarters of an 
 inch long. Turn the bud over between 
 your finger and thumb, and dexterously 
 take out the greater part of the wood ;: 
 but be careful to leave the wood full in 
 the eye of the bud. Then raise one side 
 of the bark of the incision, in the shape 
 of a T made in the stock, and with the' 
 
BUD 
 
 [139] 
 
 BUL 
 
 ivory handle of the hudding-knife slip 
 in one side of the bark attached to the 
 hud, then turn your knife, and lift up 
 the other side of the incision, and the 
 bud will drop into its place. Press the 
 bark of the bud to the farther end of the 
 incision ; and if any projects beyond the 
 cross incision on the stock cut it off. 
 Then tie with worsted neatly, and the 
 operation is complete. A laurel -leaf 
 fastened at each end by a ligature round 
 the stock, so as to arch over the bud, will 
 complete the arrangement ; and thus the 
 sun's rays, the air, and wet will be most 
 effectually excluded, the admittance of 
 any one of which is fatal to the union of 
 the bud with the stock. We feel it almost 
 impossible to give instruction to be under- 
 stood, in words only, for such a complex 
 operation. We have, therefore, given 
 the preceding woodcuts, to show all the 
 several parts of this interesting process. 
 
 Buddle'ia. (Named after j4. Buddie, 
 an English botanist. Nat. ord. , Logania- 
 cecB.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, except where other- 
 wise speoifled. B. globo'sa, a hardy species, re- 
 quires a dry, sheltered situation in the north of 
 the island. Seeds are sometimes procured in 
 the south of England, and should he sown in the 
 spring following. Plants are also easily procured 
 from well-ripened cuttings, placed under hand- 
 lights, in September, and slightly protected 
 during winter frosts. The greenhouse and stove 
 species may all be propagated freely from cut- 
 tmgs ; and, for general management, the latter 
 merely recLuire a higher temperature than the 
 former. 
 
 B. ameriea'na. 10. Yellow. August. Mexico. 
 1826. Syn., B. occidentalis. 
 
 — asia'tica. 3. White. E. Indies. 1874. Half- 
 
 hardy. B. M. t. 6323. 
 
 — auricitla'ta. Cream colour. Greenhouse shrub. 
 
 G. C. 16 (1881), p. 633. S. Africa. 
 
 — braiilie'Tme. 10. Oiange. Brazil. 1822. 
 
 B. M. t. 2713. 
 
 — ea'mea. Ulac. Eev. Hort. 1879, p. 90. 
 
 — conna'ta. 5. Orange. May. Peru. 1826. 
 
 B. M. t. 2853. 
 
 — cri^apa. 13. Purple. 
 
 B. M. t. 4793. 
 
 — curviflo'ra. Rosy-violet. 
 
 1870. Hardy. 
 
 — divers^fo'lia. 6. Java. 
 
 — globo'sa. 15. Orange. 
 
 Hardy herbaceous. 
 
 — Jieterophy'lia. See B. madagoBcariensis. 
 
 — inei'gnis. Purple. 1878. Kev. Hort. 1878, 
 
 March. Himalaya. 
 Loo Choo Islands. 
 
 1823. 
 
 May. Chili. 
 B. M. 1. 174. 
 
 1774. 
 
 p. 330. 
 
 Eev. 
 
 — intermedia. Purple with white centre. 
 
 Hort. 1873, p. 160. 
 
 — Lindleya'na. 6. Violet. September. China. 
 
 1844. Greenhouse evergreen. B.B. 32, t.4. 
 
 — madagaacarie'mis. 10. Orange. Madagascar. 
 
 1824. B. M. t. 2824. Syn., B.heterophylla. 
 
 — Neelmda. 16. White. June. Nepaul. 1824. 
 
 — oakdenta'lii. See B. americana. 
 
 — panimUa'ta. 14. White. August. Nepaul. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — reJfe'aM. Adwarfplantwith prostrate branches. 
 
 Bev. Hort. 1879, p. 90. 
 ~ aoMeyo'lia. Jacq. H. Schcenb. t. 29. See 
 Chilianthus. 
 
 See Chilianthus arboreus. 
 
 B. ealmfo'lia. 3. Crimson. August. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1760. Greenhouse ever- 
 green. 
 
 — thyrmi'dea,. Yellow. S. Amer. 1823. 
 
 Buettne'ria. (Named after Buett- 
 ner, a German Professor. Nat. ord., 
 Sterculiaeece. ) 
 
 Erect or trailing. Stove shrubs, cuttings under 
 a bell-glass, flbry loam. 
 
 B. dasyphy'lla. See Rulingia pannosa. B. M. 
 t. 2191. 
 
 — Hermannicefo'lia. See Rulingia Hermannice- 
 
 folia. 
 
 — mierophy'lla. 6. White, purple. S. Amer. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — soa'bra. 6. Purple. July. W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 Bugle. -A-'juga re'ptans. 
 
 BugloSS. Anchu'sa. 
 
 BugWOrt. Cimici'fuga. 
 
 Buisson is a fruit-tree on a very low 
 stem, and with a head closely pruned. 
 
 Bulb. A bulb is really an under- 
 ground bud. Its fibrous or real roots die 
 annually ; but the bulb remains stored 
 with elaborated sap, and retaining the 
 vital powers of the plant, ready for re- 
 production at the appropriate season. 
 Besides root bulbs (as are the onion, etc. ), 
 there are stem, or caulinary bulbs, 
 equally eificient for propagation. 
 
 The stem-bulb consists of a number of 
 small scales closely compacted together 
 in an ovate or conical form, inclosing the 
 rudiments of a future plant, and origina- 
 ting, sometimes in the axil of the leaves, 
 as in Denta'ria hulbi'fera and several 
 Lily worts, and sometimes at the base of 
 theumbel of flowers, as in .47ZmOTcarirea'- 
 tmn and others, in both which cases it is 
 neurished by the parent plant till it has 
 reached maturity, at which period the 
 bond of connection is dissolved, and the 
 bulb falls to the ground, endowed with 
 the power of striking root in the soil by 
 sending out fibres from the base, and so 
 converting itself into a new individual. 
 
 Every bulbous-rooted plant has its 
 management given in its proper place ; 
 but there are a few rules of general ap- 
 plicability. They should be moved, 
 where necessary, whilst in a state of rest. 
 This occurs to the summer-flowering 
 bulbsinearlyautumn.andtotheautumn- 
 flowering in spring. Many require to be 
 taken up annually, or, at fartheist, every 
 second or third year, to remove the 
 accumulated offsets. No bulb should be 
 kept long out of the ground ; and, even 
 during the time it is necessarily so kept, 
 it should be stored in a dry well venti- 
 lated room or shed. 
 
 Bulbi'ne. (From holbos, a bulb. 
 Nat. oidi., Lilioiceoe; T!ri}as,Asphodelem.) 
 
BUL 
 
 [140] 
 
 BUL 
 
 The name BulMne is a misnomer ; for many 
 more have the herbaceous habit of Antheri- 
 <?um than that of true bulbs. Bulb species by 
 offsets; herbaceous plants, suckers, and divi 
 sions ; the shrubby species, by cuttings under a 
 hand-glass. Sand, loam 
 B. alooi'des. 1. Yellow. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope 1732. Syn., Anthericum alooides, 
 
 B M. 1. 1317. 
 
 — a'rmua. |. Yellow. May. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1731. Syn., Anthericum amnuiim. 
 B. M. 1. 1461. 
 
 — asphodeloi'des. 2. White. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1759. Syns., AnthericuTn 
 anphodelmdes, Jacq. Vind. t. 181, and 
 SulMne gra/mmea. 
 
 — austra'lis. See Bulbine bulbosa. 
 
 — bisulca'ta. 1. Yellow. November. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 — iulbo'sa. 1. Yellow. June. Australia. 
 
 1820. Syns. , Bulbine australis and suavis, 
 Anthericum bulboswm, B. M. t, 3017, 
 and A. semibarbatum, B. M. t. 3129. 
 
 — could seem. ' 2. Yellow. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1702. B. M. t. 816. Syn., 
 
 B. frviescene. 
 -7- cilia'ta,. See Antkervmrn ciliatum, 
 —florUm'nxLa. See B. semibarbata. 
 
 — frute'scens. See B. caulescens. 
 
 — glau'ca. 2. White. Bolivia and Pern, 1828. 
 
 Syn., Anthericum glaucvm,, B. M.t. 3610. 
 
 — grwmi'nea. See B. asphodeloides. 
 
 — hi'spida. See Anthericum hi^pidum. 
 
 ^- lat^o'Ua. 2. White. July. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1812. Syn., AntheHcwm lati- 
 folium, Jacq. Ic. t. 408. 
 
 — longiscafpa. 1. Yellow. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1759. Syns., Anthericwm 
 altissitrmm Hill, and A. l&ngiscapu/m, 
 B. M. 1. 1330. 
 
 — Macke'nii. 1. Yellow. July. Natal. 1870. 
 
 — mesenAryanthoi'des. J. Yellow. May. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1822. 
 
 — nwrcis^fo'lia. IJ. Yellow. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 — nu'tans. 1. ' Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1820. Syn., Antheri&UTn nutcms, 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 407. 
 
 — prcem^'rsa. 1. Yellow. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1818. Syn., Anthericum prcemor- 
 snm, Jacq, Ic. t. 406. 
 
 — pmgicmifo'rmis. 1. Yellow. May. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1793. Syn., Anthericum, 
 pttgioniformis, B. M. 1. 1454. 
 
 — rostra'ta. 2. Yellow. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1812. Syn., Anthericum rostra- 
 turn., Jacq. Ic. t. 403. 
 
 — eea'bra. See Anthericum scabrum: 
 
 — semibarba'ta. 1. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1820. Syns., B. fiorihunda and 
 Anthericwm semibarbatmn, B. C. t. 300, 
 not B. M. t. 3129. 
 
 — sva'ms. See jB. bulbosa. 
 
 — trique'tra. See Anthericum triquetrujm. 
 
 Bulboco'dium. (From bolbos, a 
 bulb, and hodion, wool ; referring to the 
 woolly covering of the bulbs. Nat. ord., 
 LUiacecB ; Tribe, Colchicece.) 
 
 Small hardy bulbs, having the aspect of 
 Crocus. Offsets ; sandy loam, well drained. , 
 B. Aitch^o'rvl. See Merendra persica. 
 
 — Mchie'ri. Gfl. 962. See Merendra caucasica, 
 
 var. Eichleri. 
 
 — trlgy'nvm,. See Merendra coMcasica. 
 
 — vefrnum. J. Purple. February. Spain. i629. 
 
 B. M. 1. 153. 
 
 versicolor. J. Purple. August. Crimea. 
 
 1820. B. E. t. 571. 
 
 Bultaophy'llum. (From holbos, a 
 bulb, and phyllon, a leaf ; referring to 
 
 the leaves issuing from the apex of the 
 pseudo bulbs, as in our figure. Nat. 
 ord., Orchidew; Tribe, Epidendrem.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Division of the plant, when 
 fresh potting ; sandy, lumpy peat, potsherds, 
 charcoal, and hard chips, raised above the pofc, 
 well drained, and the plant fixed there, or on 
 blocks. Summer temp. 60° to 90°, and moist ; 
 winter, 65° to 66°, and dry. Tew of the species 
 are worth growing. 
 
 B. adenope'talum. Yellowish. Sweet scented. 
 Singanore. 
 
 — alopeau'ram. Burmah. 1880. 
 
 — amvplelrractea'tum. Buitenzorg, 1866, 
 
 — angustifo'liwm: Java. 1866. 
 
 — CMiran(i'aci*TO. Australia. 1870. 
 
 — auri'cmnmm. India. 1866. 
 
 — balce'niceps. Phillipines ? 1863. 
 
 — barbi'gerwm. J. Greenish-brown. June. 
 
 Sierra Leone. 1835. B. R. t. 1942. 
 
 — Beceafrii. Brown, violet. Borneo. 1875 A 
 
 remarkable and gigantic climbing spe- 
 cies, with leaves 2 ft. by 1 to li ft., and 
 very thick. B. M. t. 6617. 
 
 — Bereni'cis. 1880. 
 
 — bif/t&rum. Java. '1866. 
 
 — blephari'stes. Yellow. Burmah. 1872. 
 
 — Boufringia'num. White, green, spotted sepia- 
 
 brown. Assam. 1881. 
 
 — bracteola'tum. 1. Yellow, purple. July. 
 
 Demerara. 1836. B. E. 1. 1838, t. 57. 
 
 — calama'ria. IJ. Yellow, dull purple. Sierra 
 
 Leone. 1844. B. M. t. 4088. 
 
 — cosspito'sum>. Bourbon. 1858. 
 
 — eaipi'llipes. Moulmein. 1872. 
 
 — capital turn,. Java. 1866. 
 
 — Careya'nwm. }. Brown, purple. October. 
 
 Nepaul. 1832. B. M. t. 4166. 
 
 — ce'rrmum. Purplish. Java. 1866. 
 
 — cheilri. Manilla. 
 
 — chloroglo'ssvm. Whitish, or rosy, lip green. 
 
 Brazil. 1871. 
 
 — cilia'tum. Java. 1866. 
 
 — clande'stinum, Singapore. 
 
BUL 
 
 [141] 
 
 BUP 
 
 B. eocoi'mmn. 1. Flesh. October. Sierra Leone. 
 1835. B. E. t. 1964. 
 
 — vynvprf! sswm. Sumatra. 1866. 
 
 — cro'ceuTn. Java. 1866. 
 
 — cvl^ewm. Copper-colour. Manilla. 1837. 
 
 B. M. t. 5316. 
 — jla!vu7n. Yellow. 
 
 — Daya'num. Green, yellow, purple. Burmah. 
 
 1865. 
 
 — Dea'rei. 1883. Syn., Sareopodium Dearei, 
 
 — ere'ctum. Mauritius. 1834. 
 
 — Jlavefscens. Java. 1866. 
 
 — Jia'vidum. Yellow. March. Sierra Leone. 
 
 1840. 
 —fu'scum. Chocolate. AprU. Sierra Leone. 
 
 1837. 
 
 — gibbo'sum. Java. 1866. 
 
 — graJcUe. \. Green, brown, July. Moulmein. 
 
 1874. 
 
 — grafnMfidrwm. Pale yellowish green. New 
 
 Guinea. 1866. Flowers 8 inches in 
 diameter. 
 
 — henrniniosta'chys. Sierra Leone. 
 
 — hi'rtum. Whitish. B. Ind. 1846. 
 
 — imbriea'tum. Purple. March. Sierra. Leone. 
 
 1845. 
 
 — vncRqua'le. Orange, nerved with purple, lip 
 
 dark purple. Java. 1866. 
 
 — inflrg. White. Assam. 1880. 
 
 — ino'ps. Greenish, purple. 1880. 
 -^java'niewm. Java. 1866. 
 
 — khasya'num. Ochre, brown. Khasia Hills. 
 
 1878. 
 
 — lasCa'nthwm. \. Purple. Sumatra. 1855. 
 
 — lemnisca'twm. i. Purple, green. Moulmein. 
 
 1872. B. M. t. 5961. 
 
 — leopardi'mmi. Yellowish-green. E. Ind. 1837. 
 
 — limba'twm. 1. Purple. February. Singapore. 
 
 1840. 
 
 — Ldbbii. 1. Yellow, brown. March. Java. 
 
 1845. 
 
 sUvmelnse, Yellowish, purple. Siam. 
 
 1867. Kef. Bot. 1. 116. 
 
 — macra'TUhuTih. ^. Lemon. March. Sierra 
 
 Leone. 1844. B. E. 1844, 1. 13. 
 
 — fnacula'tum. India. 
 
 — mcmdibula're. Brown, light green, purple, 
 
 white. N. Borneo. 1882. 
 
 — Ttiembrana'ceum. Java. 1866. 
 
 — mucrona'tum. Pale yellow. Java. 1866. 
 
 — nasu'tum. Sulphur, purple, orange. 1871. 
 
 — neUgherre'nse. ^. Green,.brown. January, 
 
 Neilgherries. 1849. B. M. t. SU50. 
 
 — ocuWtum. Java. 1866. 
 
 — ocGu'ltum. Sierra Leone. 
 
 — odera'tum. Java. 1866. 
 
 — oligoglt/ssum. Yellowish, white. Burmah. 
 
 1866. 
 
 — oxyo'don. See Megadiniwm oxyodon, 
 
 — Pahu'di. See Cirrhopetalum. 
 
 — palea'cewm. |. Yellowish green, purple- 
 
 brown. Autumn. Assam. 1877. Syn., 
 lone paieacea. 
 
 — pa'rmUum. Orange. Java. 1866. 
 
 — pammenta'tum. Deep red. Tropical Africa. 
 
 1862. B. M. t. 5329. 
 
 — pUea'tum. Ochre yellow. Singapore. 
 
 — pi'pio. W. Tropical Africa. 1877. Xenia, 
 
 vol. 3, p. 45, t. 219, f . 7-13. 
 
 — psittacoglo'ssum. Yellow, purple. Moulmein. 
 
 — pyscko'on. Green. Assam. 1878. 
 
 — radia'tum. Brownish-yellow. March. India. 
 
 1836. 
 
 — recu'rvum. Green, white. September. Sierra 
 
 Leone. 1822. Syn., Tribrachia pendula, 
 B. R. t. 963. 
 
 — reticula'tum. Cream, purple. Borneo. 1866. 
 
 B. M. t. 5605. 
 
 — retusiu'sculuTn. Moulmein. 1869. 
 
 — rhizo'phorce. Purplish. Tropical Africa. 1862. 
 
 B. M. t. 5309. 
 
 — ri'ngens. Burmah ? 1865. 
 
 B. ru.fi'num. India. 1881. 
 
 — Baltato'rivm. i. Greenish-brown. December.' 
 
 Sierra Leone. 1835. B. E. t. 1970. 
 
 — seti'gerwm. Purple. December. 
 
 — siaTne'nse. See B. Lobbii, var. siametise. 
 
 — SiUemia'num. Orange, mauve, whitish 
 
 Burmah. 1884. 
 
 — Shephe'rdi. Australia. 1860. 
 
 — s&rdidum. Olive-brown, mottled with bright 
 
 purple inside. Guatemala. " 
 
 — sulca'tUTn. Java. 1866. 
 
 — tene'llum. Light orange, lip dark purple 
 
 Java. 1866. 
 
 — tenuifo'Uum. Java. 1866. 
 
 — tetrafgonum. Sierra Leone. 
 
 — tri'ste. 1. Greenish, purple. Khasia. 1864. 
 
 Eef. Bot. 1. 117. 
 
 — wa^ella'tum. i. Yellow, spotted with red, 
 
 lip red or purple. B. Ind. 1837. 
 Bergema'nni. Gfl. t. 244. 
 
 — vagina'tum. Brown. March. Singapore. 
 
 1840. 
 
 — vUta'tum. Java. 1863. 
 
 Bulbo'styles. (From bolbos, a bulb, 
 and stylos, the style. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positm ; Tribe, Eupaioriacew.) See 
 Brickellia. 
 
 Buli'mus Gooda'llii. This is a 
 small snail, with a narrow-conical spiral 
 shell, about half an inch long, that was 
 accidentally imported from the West 
 Indies, and has now got spread into 
 many stoves, sometimes proving very 
 troublesome and destructive. It is noc- 
 turnal in its habits, and should be sought 
 for at ni^ht and destroyed ; the earth in 
 the vicinity of its haunts should also be 
 changed. 
 
 BuUace-tree. Pru'nus insiti'tia. 
 
 Bull Grapes. Vi'tis rotundifo'lia. 
 
 Buncho'sia. (From hunchos, cofTee ; 
 the seeds resembling coffee-berries. Nat. 
 ord., Maipighiacew.) 
 
 Stove shrub and tree ; cuttings of ripe shoot» 
 under a glass, in moist bottom-heat ; sandy loam 
 and peat. 
 B. arge'ntea. 10. Yellow. July. Caraccas. 1810. 
 
 — cane'seens. 20. Yellow. July. W. Ind. 1742. 
 
 — elli'ptica. Yellow. 1877. 
 
 — glmiduWsa, 10. Yellow. April. Dominica. 
 
 1806. 
 
 — ni'tida. 10. Eed. July. St. Domingo. 1800. 
 
 Syns,, MalpigKia media,, and S[. poly- 
 stachya, Andr. Eep. t. 604. 
 
 — odora'ta. 10. Yellow. July. Carthagena. 1806. 
 
 — panicula'ta. See Triopteris ovata. 
 
 Bupha'ne. (From bous, an ox, and 
 phone, slaughter ; the bulbs when eaten 
 by cattle are said to be fatal to them. 
 Nat. Old., Amaryllidece; Tiibe,Amaryl- 
 UcB.) 
 
 For culture, see Brunsvigia. 
 B. dlia'ris. i. Dull purple. Cajje Colony. 1795. 
 
 Syns., Brunsvigia eiliaris, B. E. 1. 1153 ; 
 
 Crossyne ciliaris. 
 putta'ta. Leaves narrower. 
 
 — di'sticha. li. Cape Colony. Syns., Brunsvigia 
 
 disticha, and B. toxiearia, B. R. t. 567 ; 
 Mcemanthus toxicants, B. M. 1. 1217. 
 
BUP 
 
 [142] 
 
 BUR 
 
 BupMha'lmum. Ox-eye. (From 
 hous, an ox, and ophthalmos, eye ; the 
 disk of the flower ox-eye-like. Nat. 
 ord., CompositcB ; Tribe, Inuloidece.) 
 
 Showy perennials ; division in Maich ; ordi- 
 nary garden-soil. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 B. agua'ticum. See Odontospermum, 
 
 — eordifo'lium. 4. Yellow. July. Croatian and 
 
 Bannatian Mts. 1739. Syn., TeleHa 
 speciosa, B. M. t. 3166. 
 
 — grandijlo'rum. li. Yellow. August. Austria. 
 
 1722. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 — salwifo'lium. IJ. Yellow. September. 
 
 Austria. 1769. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 — speGiosi'sHTWUTn. 2. Yellow. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1826. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 — spmo'sum. See PaUenis spinoia^ Sibth. Fl. 
 
 Gr. t. 898. , 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 B. laeisiqa'tum. See Jasania Icevigata. 
 
 — Tnari'timuTn, See Odontoapermuin, 
 
 — sericewm. See Od/mtospermuw,. 
 
 — stanophy'Utmi. See Odontospermmn. 
 
 Bupleu'rum. Hare's-Ear. (From 
 bous, an ox, and pleuron, a side ; the 
 leaves, if eaten, are supposed to swell 
 cattle. But this derivation is very doubt- 
 ful. Nat., ord., UmheUiferce. Tribe, 
 Amminece. ) 
 
 Hardy annuals and herbaceous perennials, 
 except where otherwise specified. Seed of the 
 annuals in conunon soil, in March and April ; 
 divisions of herbaceous plants in autumn or 
 spring ; cuttings, or divisions of greenhouse 
 species, in March and Aoril ; dry, sandy loam. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 £. glau'cum. J. Green, yellow. July. South 
 Europe. 1819. 
 
 — gra'cile. J. Green, yellow. July. Cauca,sus. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — heterophy'Uwm. 1. Green, yellow. July. 
 
 Tauria. 1820. Biennial. Syn., B. land- 
 folium. 
 —' jvlnceum. 1. Green, yellow. July. South 
 Europe. 1772. Syn., B. Oerardi, Sibth. 
 El. Gr. t. 262. 
 
 — odonti'tes. Yellow. July to October. Austria. 
 
 Jacq. Vind. 3, t. 91. 
 
 — oppositifo'liwm. 1. Green, yellow. July, 
 
 Pyrenees. 1819. 
 
 — Pollilchii. See B. tenuissirmim. 
 
 — protra'ctum. f. Yellowish. July. Portugal. 
 
 1824. Twiner. Syn., B. subovatutn. 
 
 — rotundi'folvwm. 2. Green yellow. June. Bri- 
 
 tain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 689. 
 
 — semi-comp&aitum. J. Green, yellow. July. 
 
 Spain. 1778. 
 
 — guio'vatum. See B. protraetum. 
 
 — tenuiissimum. J. Green, yellow. July. Eng- 
 
 land. Bug. Bot. ed. 3, t. 691. Syn., B 
 Pollichii. 
 
 — tri'fidum,. 2J. Yellow. July. Italy. 1824, 
 
 Biennial. 
 
 HARDY PERENNIALS. 
 
 B. arista' tv/m. Pale yellow. June. Britain. Eng. 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 690. 
 
 — au'rewm. 1. Yellow. May. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 — coria'ceum. See B. gibraltaricum, 
 
 — falca'tum. i. Green, yellow. August. Ger- 
 
 many. 1739. 
 — frute'scens. 2, Yellow. August. Spain. 1762. 
 
 — gramini'^foUum. J. Green, yellow. June. 
 
 Switzerla,nd. 1768. Jacq. Ic. t. 66. Syn., 
 B. petroeum. 
 
 B. long^o'lium. 3. Green, yellow. June. Swit- 
 zerland. 1713. 
 
 — multine'rve. 3. Yellowish. Altai. 
 
 — panicula'twm. IJ. Yellow. July. Spain. 1824. 
 
 — petrcElwm. See B. grajminifoliv/m. 
 
 — polyph)/Uum. 1. Green. Yellow. May. Cau- 
 casus. 1823. 
 
 — seorzonercefo'limn. Yellow-streaked. June. 
 
 Germany. 1818. 
 
 — spimo'sum. Yellow. July. Spain. 1762. 
 
 Evergreen shrub. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 B. cane^scens. 5. Yellow. August. Barbary. 
 1809. Evergreen shrub. 
 
 — frutieo'sum. 3. Yellow. July. South Europe. 
 
 1696. Evergreen half-hardy. 
 
 — giiralta'rieum. Yellow. June. Gibraltar. 1784. 
 
 Evergreen half-hardy. Syns., B. arbo- 
 rescens, Jacq. Ic. t. 351, and B. eoria- 
 ceum. 
 
 — plantagi'neum. 3. Yellow. July. Mount 
 
 Atlas. 1810. Evergreen half-hardy. 
 
 Blirbi'dgea. (Named in honour of 
 Mr. F. W. Burbidge, a traveller in N. 
 W. Borneo, and author. Nat. ord., 
 Scitaminece; Inhe, Zingiberacece. Allied 
 to Hedychium.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennial, readily increased 
 by divisions of the rootstoek. Light sandy loam, 
 leaf -mould, and a little fibry peat, well drained ; 
 moist atmosphere and shade. Only one species 
 of the genus is known ; the flowers are large, 
 very bruliant, and freely produced. 
 '-B. ni'tida. 2 to 4. Orange-scarlet. Summer. 
 N. W. Borneo. 1872. B. M. t. 6403. 
 
 Bureha'rdia. (Named after H. 
 Burchard, M.D. Nat. ord., Liliacem ; 
 Tribe, Anguillariece. Allied to Vera- 
 trum. ) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennial ; offsets and 
 divisions ; sandy peat. 
 
 B. umbella'ta. 2. White, green. August. 
 Australia. 1820. 
 
 Burche'Uia. (Named after Burchell, 
 an African traveller. Nat. ord., Bubia- 
 cecB. Allied to Gardenia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, from Cape of Good 
 Hope. Cuttings of young shoots, getting firm 
 at the base, in April -and May ; flbry loam and 
 sandy peat. 
 B. cape'nsis. 12. Scarlet. March. 
 
 parvijlcyra. 3. Scarlet. 1818. B. M. 
 
 t. 2339. Syns., B. buhalina, and B. 
 parmfiora. B. E. t. 891. 
 
 Burlingto'nia. SeeRodriguezia. 
 Bum Onion. See Potato Onion. 
 
 Burnet. (Pote'rivmi sanguiso'rba.) 
 Small, or Upland Burnet. Used in cool 
 tankards, soups, and salads. 
 
 Soil and Situation. — It delights in a 
 dry, unshaded, poor soil, abounding in 
 calcareous matter, with a dressing of 
 brick rubbish, or fragments of chalk. 
 A small bed will be sufficient for the 
 sum)ly of a family. 
 
 Propagation is either by seed or by 
 slips and partings of the roots. The 
 seed sown towards the close of February, 
 if open weather, and until the close of 
 
BUR 
 
 [143] 
 
 BUX 
 
 May. But the best time is in autumn, 
 as soon as it is ripe ; for, if kept until 
 the spring, it will often fail entirely, or 
 lie in tlie ground until the same season 
 of the following year without vegetating. 
 Sow in drills, six inches apart, thin, and 
 not buried more than half an inch. Keep 
 clear of weeds. When two or three 
 inches high, thin to six inches apart, and 
 place those removed in rows at the same 
 distance, in a poor, shady border, water 
 being given occasionally until they have 
 taken root, after which they will require 
 no further attention until the autumn, 
 when they must be removed to their final 
 station, in rows a foot apart. When 
 established, the only attention requisite 
 is to cut down their stems occasionally 
 in summer, to promote the production 
 of young shoots, and, in autumn, to 
 have the decayed stems and shoots 
 cleared away. 
 
 If propagated by partings of the roots, 
 the best time is in September and Octo- 
 ber. They are planted at once where 
 they are to remain, and only require 
 occasional watering until established. 
 
 To obtain Seed some of the plants 
 must be left ungathered from, and al- 
 lowed to shoot up early in the summer. 
 They flower in July, and ripen abundance 
 of seed in the autumn. 
 
 Burning Bush. Euo'nymus ameri- 
 ea'nus. 
 
 Burrie'lia gra'cilis. See Bseria 
 
 Bursa'ria. (Named from bursa, a 
 pouch. Nat. ord., Pittosporacece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of 
 young shoots in sand, under a. bell-glass ; sandy 
 peat and fibry loam. 
 
 B. spino'sa. 10. White. October. N. S. Wales. 
 1793. B. M. 1. 1767. 
 
 Bu'rsera. (Named after Burser, an 
 Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Burse- 
 racece.) 
 
 Stove trees ; cuttings under a glass, with bot- 
 tom-heat ; loam and peat. 
 B. gummi'fera. 20. White, green. W. Ind. 
 1690. 
 
 — serra'ta. 30. Whitish. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 Burto'nia, (Named after D. Burton, 
 a collector for the Kew Gardens. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminosce ; Tribe, PodalyriecB. 
 Allied to Pulteneea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen under-shrubs ; seeds in 
 March and April, in sandy peat ; cuttings of 
 half -ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; 
 fibry peat, sandy loam, and pieces of charcoal, 
 mixed with soil and drainage. 
 B. Brunwi'des. Ih Vellow. June. N. Hol- 
 land. 1844. 
 
 — canfe'rta. 2. Violet. July. N. Holland. 
 
 1830. B. B. t. 1600. 
 
 — mi'nar. See Gompholobmm minus. 
 
 B. sca'bra. 1. Yellow. June. N. Holland. 
 1803. Syns. B. pvJchella, B. M. t. 4392, 
 and B. sessilifiora. 
 
 — villo'sa. 2. Purple. May. Swan Eiver 
 
 1844. B. M t. 4410. 
 
 Bushel. See Basket. 
 
 Butcher's Broom. Bu'scus acu- 
 lea'tus. 
 
 Bu'tea. (Named after John, Earl of 
 Bute. Nat. ord., Leguminosce ; Tribe, 
 Phaseolece. Allied to the Coral-tree. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees; cuttings of shoots, 
 young, but firm, in sand, in a moist bottom-heat, 
 under a glass, removed, or tilted to admit of air 
 being given, during the night ; loam and peat 
 B. /rondo' sa. 30. Scarlet. E. Ind. 1796. Bedd. 
 H. Syl. 1. 176. 
 
 — parvifl&ra. See Spatholohus Roxburghii. 
 
 — supe^rba. 30. Scarlet. E. Ind. 1798. 
 
 Butomo'psis. (From Butomus, and 
 opsis,]ike. Nat. oid.,AlismacecB; Tribe, 
 ButomecB.) 
 
 B. la/nceola'ta. 1. White. June. Nepaul. 
 1823. Syn., Butomus latifolius. 
 
 Bu'tomus. Flowering Bush. (From 
 bous, an ox, and temno, to cut ; in refe- 
 rence to its acrid juice, causing the mouth 
 ta bleed. Nat. ord., .d^isTwaceosy Tribe, 
 Butomeoe.) 
 
 Hardy perennial aquatic ; divisions ; rich loam 
 in water. 
 B. latifo'liug. See ButoTnopsis la/nceolata. 
 
 — umbella'tus. 2. Pink. June. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1443. 
 
 Butter-bur. 
 Buttercup. 
 Butter Nut. 
 
 cine'rea. 
 
 Petasi'tes vulga'ris. 
 Banu'nculus. 
 Caryo'cars.-DA Ju'glans 
 
 Butter and Eggs. Narci'ssus in- 
 compara'bilis, var. aura'ntia. 
 
 Butter and Tallow Tree. Penta- 
 de'sma. 
 
 Butter-tree. Ba'ssia. 
 
 Butterfly Plant. 
 
 lio. 
 
 Onci'diumpapi'- 
 
 Butterwort. Pinguecula. 
 
 Button Flower. Go'mphia. 
 
 Button Tree. Conoca'rpus. 
 
 Button Weed. Spermaco'ce. 
 
 Button Wood. Cephala'nthus. 
 
 Bu'xUS. Box-tree. (From pyknos, 
 dense ; referring to the hardness of tlie 
 wood. Nat. ord., EuphorUacece.) 
 
 Hardy evergreen shrubs and trees ; seed sown 
 in light, well-drained soil, as soon as ripe ; cut- 
 tings, from four to six inches in length, of the 
 young shoots, inserted in a shady place in August 
 and September ; layers of either old or young 
 wood ; division of the variety sufrutici/sa, gene- 
 rally used as edgings to walks ; cuttings of 
 ialea'rica will require protection in vrinter. The 
 New Holland species requires a cold pit or green- 
 house in winter. 
 
BYB 
 
 [144] 
 
 B. auatra'lis. 6. N. Holland. 1820. 
 
 — bcUea'rica. 8. Yellow, grain. July. Minorca. 
 
 1780. 
 
 — chine'nsis. See Simmondsia californica. 
 
 — Fortu'nei. Green. Spring. China. 1871. 
 
 — longifo'lio. Green. Spring. NeiKiiil. 1871. 
 
 — sempervi'rens. 8. Yellow, green. April. 
 
 England. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1262. 
 
 (Migtistifo'lia. 8. Yellow, green. April, 
 
 arbore'scens. 30. Yellow, green, 
 
 Britain. 
 
 arge'ntea. 30. Yellow, green. 
 
 Britain. 
 au'rea. 20. Yellow, green. 
 
 Britain. 
 margina'ta. 30. Yellow, green. 
 
 Britain. 
 myrtifo'lia. 8. Yellow, green. 
 
 Britain. 
 ohcorda'ta^ariega'ta. Green. 
 
 1861. 
 
 nuffrutico' sa. 1. Yellow, green. 
 
 variega'ta. 30. Yellow, green. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 By'blis. (A classical name, after 
 Byblis, daughter of Miletus. Nat. ord., 
 DraseracecE.) 
 
 Greenhouse aquatic; seeds; flbry-black peat, 
 immersed in water. 
 
 May. 
 
 May. 
 
 May. 
 
 April. 
 
 April. 
 
 Japan. 
 
 May. 
 
 £. liniflofra. 
 1800. 
 
 i. Blue. May. 
 Salis. Farad, t. 95. 
 
 N. Holland. 
 
 Bsnrso'nima. (From byrsa, a hide ; 
 in reference to the tanning properties of 
 the genus. Nat. ord., MalpighiacecB.) 
 
 In Brazil the bark of these trees is in common 
 use by the tanners, under the name of murice. 
 The fruit of some of them is eaten in the West 
 Indies. Stove evergreens ; cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sandy peat, under a bell- 
 glass, and in a moisb^^bottom-heat ; loam and 
 peat. 
 
 B. alti'SBiina. 60. "White. July. Guiana. 
 1820. 
 
 — chryaophy'lla. 10. Yellow. August. Orinoco. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — c(yna'eea. 30. White. June. Jamaica. 1814. 
 
 — crassif&Ua. 20. Yellow. July. Guiana. 1793. 
 
 — laur^fo'lia. 10. Yellow. July. Cumana. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — lu'ada. 6. Pink. July. W. Ind. 1769. 
 
 ~ Mourenlla. 20. Yellow. August. S. Amer. 
 1823. 
 
 — nervo'm. 8. Yellow. July. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 — pa'Uida. 4. Pale. Cayenne. 1820. 
 
 — retieula'ta. See Heteropterys platyptera. 
 
 — spica'ta. 6. Yellow. August. Antilles. 
 
 1810. 
 
 — verbascifo'lia. 6. Pale red. July. Guiana. 
 
 1810. 
 
 — volu'bilis. See Hircea Simsicma. 
 
 Bystro'pogon. (From hyo, to close, 
 and pogon, a beard ; in reference to the 
 throat of the flower being closed up with 
 hairs. Nat. ord., Labiatce ; Tribe, iSa- 
 tureinece. Allied to Thyme. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen under-shrub ; cuttings 
 of stubby side-shoots in sandy soil, under a glass ; 
 peat and loam. 
 
 B. canarie'nsis. IJ. Pale purple. July. Canaries. 
 1714. 
 
 — angamfo'lius. IJ. Pale purple. July. 
 
 Canaries. 1815. 
 
 — pVwma'sus. 1^ Pale purple, June. Canaries. 
 
 1779 
 
 — pmuta'tut. \\. Pale purple. June. Madeira. 
 
 1775. 
 
 CAB 
 
 C. 
 
 Cabaret. See A'sarum. 
 
 Cabbage. Nearly all the varieties 
 of this delicious vegetable have been de- 
 rived from Bra'ssica ohra'cea, a native 
 of the rocky parts of the sea-shores of 
 England and Scotland, and which i» 
 said to possess in its wild state a most> 
 nauseous taste. It will grow in almost, 
 any soil, but prefers a light stony one, 
 made rich with stable manure. Seed& 
 should be sown broadcast from the be- 
 ginning of July to the middle of August. 
 When the plants have attained a suffi- 
 cient size, plant them out about a foot 
 apart, in rows fifteen inches from each 
 other, where they will remain until 
 ready for cutting the following spring. 
 When the heads are cut, remove the 
 lower leaves as well, the lateral buds 
 will then develop into sprouts ready for 
 use the following winter. To obtain a. 
 succession, seeds may also be sown in 
 February, in a slight hotbed. 
 
 To obtain seeds, select some of the 
 strongest plants, and remove their lower 
 leaves to allow the nourishment to be 
 concentrated on the terminal inflore- 
 scence. 
 
 The best sorts of White Cabbage to 
 
 gow are: — Atkins' Matchless, Carter's 
 eartwell. Defiance, Enfield Market,, 
 Early Battersea, Early Dwarf York, 
 Early Kainham, EUam s Early Dwarf, 
 Hill's Dwarf, Little Pixie, Oxheart, St. 
 John's Day, Sugar-loaf, Wheeler's 
 Cocoa-nut and Imperial, and Portugal 
 or Couve Tronchuda. 
 
 The Red Dutch Cabbage, which should 
 be sown in August or February, is the 
 best for jpickling purposes. 
 
 See also Savoy. 
 
 Cabbage diseases. The disease 
 that affects the roots of Cabbages, Tur- 
 nips, etc., which takes the form of tuber- 
 cles and swollen distorted growths, and 
 is known under the several terms of Am- 
 BURY, Clubbing, Club-eoot, Fingers 
 AND Toes, etc., seems to be due to more 
 than one cause, or at least is the result 
 of two combined causes. 
 
 It would appear that in some instances 
 the so-called disease is but a greater or 
 lesser tendency to revert to the wild 
 form of root. In other cases it is a true 
 disease caused by a fungus ; whilst in 
 others still it appears to be due to the 
 attacks of the larva of a weevil [Cento- 
 rhynchus sulcicollis), as described below; 
 although Mr. Woronin, who has care- 
 fully studied the disease, maintains that 
 
CAB 
 
 [145] 
 
 CAB 
 
 the weevil is not the cause of the dis- 
 ease, but is merely an accessory to it. 
 Howeverthis may be, whether the weevil 
 does or does not actually produce one 
 form of the disease, it is certain that the 
 fungus, which was discovered and named 
 Plasmodiophora brassicce by Mr. Woro- 
 nin, if not the only real cause of the dis- 
 ease, as maintained by that gentleman, 
 is one of the chief causes of it, and it may 
 be that Mr. Woronin is right, and that 
 the weevil larva does not attack healthy 
 roots and produce the disease, but only 
 those affected by the fungus, in which 
 case it is probable that it feeds upon the 
 fungus and is therefore of some cienefit 
 in checking the ravages of the fungus. 
 This is an important question that re- 
 quires to be cleared up. We shall here 
 confine ourselves to the fungus, as an 
 account of the weevil has already been 
 given as above quoted. 
 
 The Plasmodiophora is a member of 
 that remarkable group of plants, the 
 Myxomycetes, which completely unite in 
 themselves the Animal and Vegetable 
 Kingdoms in their lowest phases ; since 
 they have during a portion of their life 
 a purely animal existence, and during 
 another portion of it a purely vegetable 
 existence. 
 
 The Plasmodiophora commences its 
 existence as a spore, which in water or 
 moist earth gives birth to a minute jeUy- 
 like body endowed with life, called a 
 myxamoeba, which is capable of moving 
 about and assuming various forms, but 
 never encases itself in a cell wall. The 
 myxamoeba enters the roots of the Cab- 
 bage, Turnip, and other Cruciferous 
 plants, and passes from cell to cell, con- 
 suming their contents, and causes great 
 irritation and consequent swelling of the 
 tissues it comes in contact with, thus 
 producing the "clubbing." After a 
 time the Plasmodium (as the body of 
 the fungus is termed when inside the 
 tissues of the root) breaks up into a 
 inultitude of exceedingly minute spores, 
 which in their turn develop into 
 myxamoeba, plasmodia, and spores again, 
 and so increase and perpetuate the 
 disease. 
 
 If sections of roots in the very earliest 
 stages of disease be examined under a 
 microscope, the cells attacked by the 
 fungus will be seen to be larger than 
 those not attacked, and filled with an 
 opaque granular substance ; in later 
 stages of the disease, this substance will 
 be found to have increased in size, and 
 some of the cells of the diseased plant 
 will be found to contain some minute 
 globular colourless bodies ; these bodies 
 
 are the spores, and the granular sub^ 
 stance is the body, or plasmodium, of the 
 Plasmodiophora. Such is the curious 
 life history of this insignificant but 
 terrible enemy to our Cabbages, Turnips, 
 etc. 
 
 Young seedling Cabbage plants, bear- 
 ing only their seed leaves, or one or two 
 stemleaves, are often attacked by another 
 kind of fungus, which causes them to 
 decay at about ground level, and very 
 soon to perish. This fungus (Chytridium 
 brassicce) consists of a minute globular 
 bladder with a slender neck ; the bladder 
 part is buried in the tissue of the young 
 Cabbage stem, below the seed leaves, 
 and the neck, which is longer or shorter 
 according to the depth at which the 
 bladder part is seated in the tissue, 
 penetrates through the epidermis to the 
 outside of the Cabbage stem. The » 
 Chytridium reproduces itself by zoo- 
 spores, which are very minute globose 
 bodies, furnished with a single whip-like 
 cilium, or hair, by the lashing of which 
 they are enabled to move about. The 
 zoospores are either ejected through the 
 neck of the Chytridium on to the out- 
 side of the young Cabbage stem, or the 
 globular portion breaks up and the zoo- 
 spores swarm in the interior tissues. It 
 also propagates itself by resting spores. 
 
 As remedies Sgainst clubbing several 
 plans have been tried, of which the fol- 
 lowing two have been much recom- 
 mended : 
 
 1. Mix soot with a rather smaller 
 quantity of sifted earth, into a rather 
 thin paste with water, and dip the seed- 
 ling plants in the mixture up to the base 
 of the leaves before planting. Some who 
 have tried this remedy consider it to be 
 very effectual. 
 
 2. Mix some of the Gishurst compound 
 and Pooley's tobacco-powder in a pail of 
 water, adding a little stiff loam to give 
 it consistence, and well puddle the roots 
 with it before planting, after which give 
 the plants another good watering, espe- 
 cially round the collar. 
 
 To both the above mixtures we think 
 a little powdered phosphate of lime 
 might be added with advantage. Wood 
 ashes are also said to form a good appli- 
 cation. 
 
 In transplanting Cabbages from the 
 seed bed, any that show the least signs 
 of disease should be burnt, as this wiU 
 be an effectual means of preventing the 
 spread of the disease from that source. 
 In the way of experiment we would 
 suggest the following as worthy of a 
 trial. In the winter, or at any other 
 time when the ground upon which it is 
 
 L 
 
CAB 
 
 [146] 
 
 CAB 
 
 intended to plant Cabbages is empty of 
 crop and dry, dig in and well mix with 
 the soil some unslaked lime, and then 
 well water. This would in all proba- 
 bility burn and destroy any fungus 
 spores and insect eggs that may be con- 
 tained in the earth, But the ground must 
 not be planted until the destructive 
 powers of the lime have abated. The 
 quantity of lime to be employed must 
 be regulated by the nature of the soil, 
 and the experience and judgment of the 
 gardener. 
 
 Another experiment that might be 
 tried, would be to water the ground, 
 wlien there is no crop upon it, witn dilute 
 sulphuric acid, as mentioned by us under 
 Potato Disease for this acid is very 
 destructive to fungi, and it is evident 
 that to cope with the disease effectually 
 it must be dealt with when in the spore 
 condition. 
 
 Cabbage plants are frequently infected 
 ■with Ambuky in the seed-bed, which in- 
 fection appears in the form of a gall or 
 ■wart on the stem near the roots. This 
 wart contains a small white maggot, the 
 larva of a little insect called the weevil. 
 If on the gall and its tenant being re- 
 moved, the plant is again placed in the 
 earth, where it is to remain, unless it is 
 again attacked, the wound usually heals, 
 and the growth is little retarded. On the 
 other hand, if the gall is left undisturbed, 
 the maggot continues to feed upon the 
 alburnum, or young woody part of the 
 stem, until the period arrives for its pass- 
 ing into the other insect form, previously 
 to which it gnaws its way out through 
 the exterior Dark. The disease is now 
 almost beyond the power of remedies. 
 The gall, mcreased in sizei encircles the 
 ■whole stem ; the alburnum being so ex- 
 tensively destroyed, prevents the sap as- 
 cending ; consequently, in dry weather, 
 sufficient moisture is not supplied from the 
 roots to counterbalance the transpiration 
 of the leaves, andthediseasedplantisvery 
 ■discernible among its healthy compa- 
 nions by its pallid hue and flagging fo- 
 liage. The disease now makes rapid 
 progress, the swelling continues to in- 
 crease, for the roots continue to afford 
 their juices faster than they can be con- 
 'veyed away ; moisture and air are ad- 
 mitted to the interior of the excrescence, 
 through the perforation made by the 
 maggot ; the wounded vessels ulcerate, 
 ■putrefaction supervenes, and death con 
 eludes the stinted existence of the mise- 
 lable plant. The tumour usually attains 
 the size of a large hen's egg, has a rug- 
 ged, ulcerated, and even mouldy surface, 
 smelling strong and offensively. The 
 
 fibrous roots, besides being generally 
 thickened, are distorted and monstrous 
 from swellings which appear throughout 
 their length, apparently arising from an 
 effort of nature to form receptacles for 
 the sap. These swellings do not seem 
 to arise immediately from the attacks of 
 the weevil. When it attacks the turnip, 
 a large excrescence appears below the 
 bulb, gro'wing to the size of both ha,nds, 
 and, as soon as the winter sets in, it is, 
 by its own nature, brought to maturity, 
 becoming putrid, and smelling very offen- 
 sively. The parent weevil is of a dusky- 
 black colour, with the breast spotted with 
 white, and the length of the body one 
 line and two-thirds. The ambury of the 
 turnip and cabbage usually attacks these 
 crops when grown for successive years on 
 the same soil. This is precisely what 
 might be expected ; for, where the parent 
 insect always deposits her eggs, some of 
 these embryo ravages are to be expected. 
 The ambury is most frequently observed 
 in dry seasons. This is also what might 
 be anticipated ; for insects that inhabit 
 the earth just beneath its surface, a,re 
 always restricted and checked in their 
 movements by its abounding in moisture. 
 Moreover, the plants actually affected 
 by the ambury are more able to contend 
 against the injury inflicted by the 
 larva of the weevil by the same copious 
 supply. 
 
 Anthormjiia hra'ssicce, cabbage-fly, 
 says Mr. Curtis, is found through the 
 summer, and is the parent of a maggot 
 which has been known to lay waste whole 
 fields of cabbages, by diseasing the roots 
 on which they feed, as well as the base 
 of the stalk. Successive generations are 
 feeding until November ; the latter fami- 
 lies lying in the pupa state through the 
 winter, and most probably some of the 
 flies survive that season, secreted in holes 
 and crevices. When the cabbage leaves 
 assume a leaden or yellow colour, and 
 droop in midday from the effects of the 
 sun, such plants, being diseased, should 
 be taken up, carried away, and burnt, 
 and brine or lime put into the holes. 
 Gardeners, in some instances, have col- 
 lected large quantities of the pupae from 
 the roots by drawing away the earth. 
 
 The male of A. hra'ssicce is dark, bright 
 grey, 'with black bristles ; there is a 
 black stripe half way down the middle 
 of the thorax, and a curved one on each 
 side ; the body has a more decided black 
 stripe down the centre, and the seg- 
 ments are marked by a line of the same 
 colour : legs and antennse blackish ; 
 wings a little smoky. The female is 
 pale, ashy grey ; the eyes remote, with 
 
CAB 
 
 [147] 
 
 CAC 
 
 ■a dark chestnut-coloirred stripe on the 
 -crown ; the wings are similar in tint to 
 those of the foregoing species, but the 
 insects are consideramy smaller. — Gwr- 
 dener's Chronicle. 
 
 Cabbage Butterfly. See Pieris. 
 
 Cabbage - Garden Pebble - 
 Moth. Pyralis. 
 
 Cabbage Moth. Mamestra. 
 
 Cabbage Powdered-wing. See 
 Alejrrodes proletella. 
 
 Cabbage Tree. Andira inermis. 
 
 Cabo'mba. (Native name. Nat. 
 ord., Nymphceacem.) 
 
 A small watet-plant, with floating shield-like 
 Isavea, and small yellow flowers, whioli look, at 
 .a distance, like so many Crowfoot-flowers. An 
 interesting species, propagated by root division, 
 ■requiring oiuy greenhouse culture in summer, 
 and to rest in a cool part of the stove in winter. 
 A shallow pan of wafer, with three inches deep 
 of rich loam in the bottom, wUl suit it well. 
 C. aqua'tiea. Yellow. May. Guiana. 1823. 
 
 Cacalia. (From Tcakos, pernicious, 
 and lian, exceedingly ; supposed to be 
 liurfcful to the soil. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positcB. ) 
 
 Propagated by division of the root, when 
 tuberous. Also by cuttings in sandy soil ; sandy 
 loam, fibry peat, equal parts ; lime rubbish and 
 very rotten cow-dung, equal parts of each. 
 C. alpi'na. See Aderwstylis glabra. 
 
 — artimtla'ta. See Kleinia articulata. 
 
 — atriplicifo'lia. 3 to 6. White. August. 
 
 . United States. 
 
 — Weolmr. See Gynura Wcolar, B. B. 1. 110. 
 
 — camo'sa. See Kleinia camosa. 
 
 — cocei'nea. B. M. t. 564. See Emilia sagittata. 
 
 — cordifo'lia. 1. White. August. Mexico. 
 
 1823. Hardy tuberous-rooted. 
 
 — cyli'ndrica. See Othorma cylindrica. 
 
 — hasta'ta. 1. White. September. Siberia. 
 
 1780. 
 -^ Hawdrthii. See Kleinia Haworthii. 
 
 — Kleinia. See Kleinia neriifolia. 
 
 ■ — lonffifolia. See Kleinia pugioniformis. 
 
 — ova'lis. See Gynura ovalis. 
 
 — papilla'ris. See Kleinia papillaris. 
 
 — pugumiifo'rmis. See Kleinia pugioniformis. 
 
 — radi'cans. See Kleinia radicans. 
 
 — renifo'rmis. H. White. July. N. America. 
 
 1752. 
 
 — retiaula'ta. 2. Yellow. Bourbon. 1823. 
 
 — sca'ndens. See Senecio voluhilis. 
 
 — nuaviolens. 6. White. August. N. America. 
 
 1752. 
 
 — tubero'sa. 1. August. N. America. 1812. 
 
 Hardy tuberous-rooted. 
 
 Cacci'nia. (Nat. ord., Compositce.) 
 G. glau'ca. 1883. 
 
 Cacou'cia. (The Indian name. Nat. 
 ord., Combretacece. Allied to Combre- 
 tum. ) 
 
 A fine Stove climber, requiring the same treat- 
 ■ Jnent as Combre'tum pwrpu'reum. Cuttings of 
 stiff side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 bottom-heat. Peat and loam, both sandy and 
 fibry. 
 C. cocei'nea. Scarlet. May. Guiana. 
 
 Ca'ctus Da'hlia. Dahlia Jua- 
 rezii. 
 
 Ca'ctus. Melon Thistle. (A name 
 applied by Theophrastus to some spiny 
 plant. ) A large number of plants were 
 formerly grouped under the generic 
 name of Cactus, but have now been 
 separated into well-marked genera, and 
 the name Cactus dropped. The species 
 enumerated here may be regarded as 
 typical of those genera, detailed lists 
 being inserted under the various generic 
 names in other parts of this work. 
 
 A. Calyx-tube produced beyond the ovary. 
 Stem covered with elongated tubercles or ribs, 
 which are aculeate, rarely leafy. 
 
 Meloca'ctus. 
 Meloca'ctus commu'nis. B. M. tt. 3090-3091. 
 
 Mamilla'ria (Syn., Anhalo'nium) 
 M. atra'ta, B. M. t. 3642. 
 
 — da'va, B. M. t. 4358. 
 —flaribvinda, B. M. t. 3647. 
 
 — Lehma'nni, B. M. t. 3634. 
 
 — pycna'ntha, B. M. t. 3972. 
 
 — te'nuis, B. M. t. 3646. 
 
 — tetraca'ntha, B. M. t. 4060. 
 
 — turbina'ta, B. M. t. 3984. 
 
 EOHINOCA'CTUS 
 
 H. centetelriui, B. M. t. 3974. 
 
 — coryno'des, B. M. t. 3906. 
 ^ Leea'rms, B. M. t. 4184. 
 
 — longihama'ttts, B. M. t. 4632. 
 
 — JfocftMBa'wMS, B. M. t. 3661. 
 
 — multijlofrus, B. M. t. 4181. 
 
 — rtiyriosti'gma, B. M. t. 4177. 
 
 — Otto'nix, B. M. t. 3107. 
 
 — oxi/qonus, B. R. 1. 1717. 
 
 — pectinifems, B. M. t. 4190. 
 
 — Pentlalndi, B. M. t. 4124. 
 
 — rhodophtha'lmuSt B. M. t. 4486. 
 
 — sessilifio'rus, B. M. t., 3569. 
 
 — streptocau'lim, B. M. t. 4562. 
 
 — tenuisvi'nus, B. M. t. 3963. 
 
 — UiMfiSruB, B. M. t. 3627. 
 — Visna'ga, B. M. t. 4559. 
 
 — Willia'rmii, B. M. t. 4296. 
 
 Phylloca'ctus. 
 Ca'ctus phylla'nthus, B. M. t. 2692. 
 
 — speciosi'ssimuSj B. M. t. 2306. 
 Ce'reus Ackerma'nni, B. M. t. 3598. 
 
 — crena'tm, B. E. 1844, t. 31. 
 Discoca'ctus Wformis, B. E. 1845, t. 9. 
 
 Epiphy'llum. 
 Ca'ctus trunca'tus, B. M. t. 2562. 
 Bpiphy'Uum Russellia'nwm, B. M. t. 3717. 
 
 B. Calyx-tube not produced beyond the ovary. 
 Stem branched, jointed. 
 
 Ehi'psalis. 
 Ca'ctus ala'tus, B. M. t. 2820. 
 Bhi'psalis Cassu'tha, B. M. t. 3080. 
 —faseicula'ta, B. M. t. 3079. 
 
 — grandiflo'ra, B. M. t. 2740. 
 
 — mesembrianthemoi'deSt B, M. t. 3073. 
 
 NOPA'LEA. 
 
 Ca'ctus cocheniUi'fer, Andr. Eep. t. 633. 
 
 Oph'ntia. 
 Opu'ntia auranti'aca, B. R. 1. 1606. 
 
 — brasilie'nsis, B. M. t. 3293. 
 
 — cyli'ndrica, B. M. t. 3301. 
 
 — decu'mbens, B. M. t. 3914. 
 
 — Drumnto'ndiiy Maund Bot. 5, t. -246. 
 
 — inonaca'ntha, B. M. t. 3911. 
 
 — Salmia'na, B. M. t. 4542. 
 
CAD [ 148 ] 
 
 CAL 
 
 Pehe'sku. 
 Perdskia, aculea'ta, B. E. 1. 1928. 
 
 — Ble'o, B. M. t. 3478, B. B. 1. 1473. 
 
 Culture.- — The features of cultivation 
 common to all these genera are a high 
 temperature and a somewhat moist 
 atmosphere when growing in summer ; 
 a dry atmosphere when ripening their 
 growth ; and a dry atmosphere — dryness 
 comparatively at the roots — and a low 
 temperature when in a state of rest. 
 Though a temperature of from 80° to 
 95° will not he too high in the one case, 
 one not below 40° will suffice in the 
 other. 
 
 Ca'dia. (Derivation uncertain. Nat. 
 Ord., Legwminosce ; Tribe, Sophorece.) 
 
 Dwarf shrub, requiring stove treatment. 
 C. EllimilrM. Rose-red. December. Madagas- 
 car. 1870. B. M. t. 6686. EemarkaWe 
 for having regular flowers resembling 
 those of a mallow. 
 
 Cseno'pteris. (From hainos, new, 
 and pteris, a fern. Nat. ord. , Filices. ) 
 Divisions, like most Ferns ; peat and loam. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 C appendicula'ta. J. Brown. July. N. Hol- 
 land. 1822. 
 
 — odonti'tes. See Aspleniwrnfiaceidum, 
 
 STOVE HERBACEOUS. 
 
 C. myrwphylla and rhizophy'Ua. See Aspleniuvn 
 rhizophyUwm. 
 
 — thalictroi'des. 1. September. Jamaica. 
 
 Csesalpi'nia. Bra-siletto. (Named 
 after Ccesalpimts, physician to Pope 
 Clement VIII. Nat. ord. , LeguminoscE ; 
 Tribe, EucmsalpinecB.) 
 
 "As hard as Brazils" refers to the Brazil- 
 wood — that of Ccesalpi'nia hrasilie'nsis. Stove 
 evergreens, except where otherwise stated. 
 Seeds and cuttings in sand, and in bottom-heat. 
 Peat and loam. 
 
 C. altemifo'lia. Orange. Central America. 
 1868. 
 
 — haha/me^Thsis, 15. White. Bahama. 1820. 
 
 — irrasilie'nsis. 20. Orange. Jamaica. 1739. 
 
 — cassioides. 6. Yellow. S. Amer. 1821. 
 
 — chinelnm. See C. N-uga. 
 
 — digv/na. 16. Yellow. E. Ind. 1820. Syn., 
 
 C oleospernha. 
 
 — Gillie'sii. Mendoza. 1829. Deciduous. 
 
 — ja^o'nica. Yellow. Japan. Hardy. First 
 flowered in 1887. Syn., C. crista, G. C. 
 1888, vol. 4, p. 613. 
 
 — mi'nax. White, purple. April. Canton. 
 
 — Nu'ga. 10. Yellow. B. Ind. 1820. Syn., 
 
 C. chinensis. 
 
 — oleospe'rma. See C digyna. 
 
 — panicula'ta. 6. Yellow. Malabar. 1817. 
 
 — pectvna'ta. See Coulteria tinctoria, 
 
 — pro'cera. 30. Yellow. Cuba. 1824. 
 
 — mUche'rrima. 12. Red, tipped yellow. W. 
 
 Ind. Maund Bot. 4, t. 161. 
 
 — puncta'ta. 6. Yellow. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 — Sa'ppan. 20. Yellow. B. Ind. 1773. 
 
 — sea'ndens. 20. Yellow. E. Ind. 1800. Climber. 
 
 — sepia'ria. Climber. Yellow. April, India. 
 
 1857. Syn., Biamcea sccmdens. 
 
 — tiiicto'ria. See Ccyulteria tmctoria. 
 
 — vesiea'rm. See CouUeria mexicana 
 
 Cse'sia. (Named after F. CcBsicu 
 Nat. ord., Liliacece ; Tribe, Aspho- 
 delecB. Allied to Anthericum. ) 
 
 Greenhouse tuberous-rooted perennial. Seeds 
 in March, in heat ; division of the roots ; loam, 
 and peat. 
 
 C. vitta'ta. 1. Pale blue. July. N. S. Wales. 
 1816. 
 
 Caio'phora. SeeBlumenbaehia. 
 
 Caja'nus. Pigeon Pea. (From its 
 Malabar name, Catjang. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminosm; Tribe, Phaseolece. Allied 
 to Phaseolns. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds in spring ; 
 young cuttings under a bell-glass in heat ; sandy 
 loam and peat. 
 C. i'ndicus. Yellow. E. India. B. M. t. 6440. 
 
 Mcolar. 4. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1800.. 
 
 fia'ini^- *• Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1687. 
 
 Cajeput-tree. Mdaleu'ca Uu' 
 cade'ndron. 
 
 Cajo'pliora. This genus is now 
 united to Blumenbachia. 
 
 C. Pentla'ndii. See Loasa Pentla'yidii. 
 Calaba-tree. Calophy'llum ca'laba. 
 Calabash. Cresce'ntia Ouje'te. 
 
 Calade'nia. (From kalos, beauti- 
 ful, and aden, a gland. Nat. ord., 
 OrchidecB. Allied to Limodorum. ) 
 
 Greenhouse terrestial orchids. Division of the 
 roots ; loam, peat, sand, and broken pots in 
 equal portions. They must be kept cool in 
 winter. 
 C. ala'ta. June. Tasmania. Fl. Tasm. t. 125. 
 
 Probably a form of C. carriea with smaller 
 
 flowers. 
 
 — aeru'lea. Blue. Australia. 1804. 
 
 — ca'mea. Flesh-coloured. July. Australia. 
 
 1826. 
 
 a'lba. White. July. Australia. 1810. 
 
 Syn., C alba. 
 
 — clavi'gera. June. N. S. Wales. 
 
 — defi/r7ni£. Yellow. August. Swan River. 
 
 Syn., C. UTiguiculata. 
 
 — dUata'ta. See C. Patersonii, var. dUatata. 
 
 — elonga'ta. See C. latifolia. 
 
 — JUamento'sa. Yellow. Swan River. Syn., 
 C denticidata. 
 
 — gem/ma'ta. §. Soft deep blue. W, Australia. 
 
 — gra'cUis. See C testacea. 
 
 — hi'rta. Yellow. May. Swan River. 
 
 — ixixyi'des. Yellow. May. Swan River. 
 
 — latifo'lia. Yellow. Swan River. Syn., C. 
 
 frwUis. 
 
 — longicau'da. See C. Patersonii, var. dilatata, 
 
 — margina'ta. Purple. May. Swan River. 
 
 — Paterso'nii. N. S. Wales. 
 
 dilata'ta. Yellow. Lip broad. June. 
 
 Swan River. Fl. Tasm. t. 122, flg. B. 
 Syns., C. dilatata and C. longicauda. 
 
 — pUi'/era. Purple. September. Swan River. 
 
 — re'ptans. Purple. August. Swan River. 
 
 — testa' eea. July. Australia. 1824. Syn., C, 
 
 gracilis. 
 
 — unguwula'ta. See C. de/ormis, 
 
 Cala'dium. (A word of uncertain 
 derivation, perhaps from kaladion, a. 
 cup. Nat. ord., Aroidem. .Allied to 
 Colocasia.) 
 
 The ginger-like roots of C. M'colar, etc., are 
 used as common food in tropical countries, under 
 
CAL 
 
 [149] 
 
 CAL 
 
 'the name cocoa-roots ; but the roots of others 
 Are very acrid. Stove plants. Interesting chiefly 
 on account of their stems and leaves. Herbaceous 
 kinds by division of the plants, and suckers ; 
 sub-shrubs, cuttings, and dividing the roots ; 
 rich, lumpy soH, and abundance of vpater. 
 -Summer temp. 60° to 85" ; winter, 50° to 55". 
 
 ■C aculea'tum. See Montrickardia aouledta. 
 
 — atrhore'scens. See Montrickardia arborescens. 
 
 — arbo'reum. 9. White. Cumana. 1820. 
 
 — argyri'tes. 111. Hort. 1858, t. 185. See C. 
 
 HuTriboldtii. 
 
 — argyren^ura, 2. S. America. 
 
 — auri'tuTn. See Syngonium auritum, 
 
 — Baraqui'nii. Para. 1858. 111. Hort. 1860, 
 
 t. 257. 
 
 — Belley'mii. HI. Hort. 1858, p. 61, is a variety 
 
 of C. picturatimi. 
 
 — bi'color. 1. White. June. Madeira,. 1773. 
 
 BYQ.,Arumbicolor. B. M. t. 820. Varie- 
 ties of this species have received the fol- 
 lowing names ; — albomaculatuTti, argy- 
 rospiluTTb, Curwadli% Devonianum (ID, 
 Hort. 1862, t. 322, f. 1. Syns., C. Ottmis 
 and G. Wallisi), Duchartrei^ Sckhartii, 
 hcBTTuistigTna (Syn., C. discoliyr, in part), 
 Hendersoni, Houbyanum, Homletis 
 Kettleri, KodhH^ Kra/merianum, Leo- 
 poldi% Lvndeni, ma/rgmatumy rmrabile 
 (Hi. Hort. 1863, t. 354), Nevmmmi C^. 
 M. t. 5199), pellucidum, rubellum, Sie- 
 boldii, splendens (Syn., C. roseumX 
 Stangeanutn, ThelemMTvni^ trcmsparens^ 
 Vellozianwrn (Syn., C. pusillimiy Belg. 
 Hort. 1860, vol. x. p. 169), etc, 
 
 — Brognia'rtii. Para. 1858. 
 
 — Canna'rtii. Leaves green, with pale blotches, 
 
 veins deep red. Para. 1863. 
 
 — cardina'le. 1882. 
 
 — Chanti'nii. Para. 1858. 
 
 — ciicuUa'tum. See Alocasia cucullata. 
 
 — (Mi'prewm. See Alocasia cuprea. V. cuprev/m 
 
 of HI. Hort. 1861, t. 297, is C.picturatum, 
 var. porphyroneuron. 
 
 — Devosia'nuTn. Para. 1862. Leaves angular, 
 
 blotched white and pink. 
 
 — e'd/ule. See Xanthosoma edule* 
 
 — erythroEfa. 1. S. America. 
 
 — escule'ntwm. See Colocasia cmtiquorimi, var. 
 
 esculentuTn. 
 
 — fragranti'ssiTmtm. B. M. t. 3314. See Philo- 
 
 dendron fragrantissiTnuTn. 
 
 — hcematosti'gma. Crimson-spotted. S. America. 
 
 — Ha'rdii. Leaves red-tingedandslightly white- 
 
 spotted. Para. 1862. 
 
 — hasta'tum. HI. Hort, 1858, p. 68, is a variety 
 
 of C. picturatuTTh. 
 
 — helleborifo'lium. See Xanthosoma hellebori- 
 
 foliwm. 
 
 — Hymibo'ldtii. Para. 1858. Syn., C. argyrites. 
 Tnyriosti'gma. 
 
 — Jenni'ngsii. See Alocasia. 
 
 — Ko'chii. Leaves white-spotted. Para. 1862. 
 
 — la'cerum. See Philodendron lacerum. 
 
 — Lemmrea'num. Leaves green, with whitigh- 
 
 green venation. S. America. 1861. fil. 
 Hort. 1862, t. 311. 
 
 — Leopo'ldii. Leaves green, marbled with red, 
 
 and blotched with pink. Para. 1864. 
 
 — li'mdum. 1. Dingy. September. W.Indies. 
 
 1828. 
 
 — Lo'wii, See Alocasia. 
 
 — lu'ridum. B. C. t. 1590. See Stawostigma 
 
 condnnuTYi. 
 •— mOiCrophi/lluTn. Leaves palish green, blotched 
 
 vrith greenish-white. Para. 1862. 
 '— Tnacula'tum. 6. Green. August, S. Amer. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — mamwra'tum. Yellow. Guayaquil. Syn., 
 
 Alocasia Roezlii. 
 
 — mira'bile. Leaves white-mottled. Para. 1863. 
 
 — myriosti'gma is a variety of C. Humboldtii. 
 
 C. nymphcByfo'lium, A variety of Colocasia antv- 
 
 quorum. 
 
 — odora^tum. B. C. t. 416. See Alocasia mac. 
 
 rorrhiza. Syn., C. odorum. B. B. t. 641. 
 
 — ova twm. See Lagenandra toxicoHa. 
 
 — peda'tum. See Philodendron ladniatum 
 
 — Perrie'ri. Leaves green, with red blotches. 
 
 Brazil. 1861. 
 
 — petiola'tum. See Anchomanes difformis. 
 
 — pi'ctum. S. America. 
 
 — pictura' tum. Greenish . S . America. 
 
 — pinnatifidv/m. See Philodendron pimiatifi- 
 
 dum. 
 
 — poeci'le. White. Brazil, Syn., C. pallidi- 
 
 nerviwm. 
 
 — pu'milum. See Gonatanthus sarmentosus.B. 
 
 M. t. 5275. 
 
 — rega'le. Leaves of a mottled green, with white 
 
 blotches. Brazil. 1861. 111. Hort. 1862, 
 t. 316. Syns., C. surinam^ense and Wag- 
 neri. 
 
 — Mougie'ri. Leaves green, with white spots ; 
 
 the centre pale green, with red veins. 
 Para. 1864. 
 
 — rubrove'nivm,. Leaves greyish-^een in the 
 
 centre, with red veins. Para. 1862. 
 Syn., 0. mbroTierviwn. 
 
 — sagittoefo'lium. 2. White. W. Ind. 1710. 
 
 — sangmnole'ntwm. Leaves with a white centre 
 
 blotched with red. Amazons. 1872. 
 
 — sca'ndens. See Culcasia scdndens. 
 
 — Schombu'rgkii. Leaves green, with white veins. 
 
 Brazil and Guiana. 1861. HI. Hort. 
 t. 297, f. 2. Syns., C. Schoellerit Alocasia 
 a/rgyroneura. 
 
 Schmi'tzii. Centre of leaf whitish, with 
 
 green network, midrib and Veins red. 
 Brazil. 1861. Syn., Alocasia erythrcea. 
 
 — Segui'num, Mill. Ic. t. 295. See Dieffenbachia 
 
 — smm^agdi'numi.. White. Caraccas. 
 
 — specta'bile. Leaves with blotches of pink and 
 
 white. Brazil. 1861. 
 
 — ^le^ndidvmn. A synonym of C. bicolor. 
 
 — splendidi'ssvmum. Leaves red-centred. Para. 
 
 1861. 
 
 — stria'tipes. Brazil. Syn., Philodendron stria- 
 
 tipes. 
 
 — syibrotu'ndum,. Leaves roundish, spotted vrith 
 
 red and white. Brazil. 1858. 
 
 — triparti'tum, Jacq. H. Schcenb. t. 190. See 
 
 Philodendron tripartitv/m. 
 
 — Troutbe'tskoyi. M. Ser. t. 1379 is a form of 
 
 C. picturatum. 
 
 — VerschaffeHtii. Brazil. B. M. t. 5263. 
 
 — virgi'nicum. See Pelta/ndra virginica. 
 
 — vivi'pa/rv/m. See R&musatia vivipara. 
 
 — Walli'sii. Leaves green, spotted with white ; 
 
 veins pale. Para. 1864. 
 
 — Wi'ghtii. Leaves green, vrith blotches of pink 
 
 and white. Brazil. 
 
 — xanth&rhi'zwm. See Xa/nthosoma sagittce- 
 
 folium. 
 
 — ^micefo'lium. See Zamioculcas. B.M.t.598. 
 
 Calais. See Microseris. 
 
 Calami'ntha. Calamint. (From 
 Icalos, beautiful, and mintha, mint. 
 Nat. ord. , Labiatce ; Tribe, Satureinece, 
 Allied to Melissa. Syn., Acinos.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous jjerennials, except where 
 otherwise stated. Division and seeds ; common 
 soil. 
 
 C. Ad'nos. i. Bluish purple. July. England. 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 1048. Syns., Acinos 
 vilMSus and vulgaris. 
 
 — a'lba. |. White. July. Hungary. 1818. 
 
 — alpi'na. i. Purplish. S. Europe. 1731. 
 
 Syn., Acmos alpinus. B. M. t. 2153. 
 
CAL 
 
 [150] 
 
 CAL 
 
 C. carolmialiia. 1. Flame-coloured. June. 
 Carolina. 1804. 
 
 — coceinea. Scarlet. June to October. S. 
 
 United States. 1834. Syns., Gardoquia 
 Hookeri, B. M. t. 1747, and Metisea 
 coccmea. 
 
 — ere^tica. J. Purple. June. South Europe. 
 
 1596. Half-hardy evergreen. 
 — fructict/sa. See Otostegia scariosa. 
 
 — gramdiflo'ra. 1. Bed. July. Italy. 1596. 
 
 Syn.,' Acinos grcmdiflorus. 
 variega'ta. 1. Eed. July. Gardens. 
 
 — grave'oleTis. 1. Purple. June. S. Europe. 
 
 1820. Syns., Aekws graveolens (Sibth. 
 Fl. Gr. t. 576) and purpurascens. 
 
 — marifo'lia. See Jfieronwria Tnarifolia. 
 
 — mimuloi'des. li. Yellow. September. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1849. 
 
 — patavi'na. J. Reddish. S. Europe. 1776. 
 
 — rotu7idif(/lia. i. Purple. June. Spain. 
 
 1829. Syn., Acvnos rottmd^olius. 
 
 — suave'olens. 1. Reddish-purple. ' S. Europe. 
 
 1817. Syns., Acinos heterophylhis and 
 suaveolens. 
 
 Calampe'lis. A synonym of 
 Eccremocarpus. 
 
 Calamus (From kalom, the Arabic 
 ■word for a reed. Nat. ord., Palmacece; 
 Tribe, Lepidocaryece. Syn., Dcemono- 
 rops, which diflfers only in having de- 
 ciduous spathes.) 
 
 The dark-coloured resin called Dragon's-blood 
 is the natural secretion of the fruit of C. dra'co. 
 Stove palms. Seed; sandy loam. Summer 
 temp. 60° to 80° ; winter, 60° to 65°. 
 
 C. acce'd^na. India. 
 
 — adspe'rsu^. 20. Java. 1866. 
 
 — a'llms. 60. E. Indies. 1812. 
 
 — aspdrrimus. Climber. Java. 1877. 111. Hort. 
 
 t. 275. 
 
 — wuMra'lis. Fitzroy Island. 1861. 
 
 — calica'rpue. Malacca. 
 
 — caloldj^s. Java. 
 
 — dlia'ris. B. Indies. 1869. 
 
 — dnna/mo'Tnea, Java ? 1870. 
 
 — delica'tvlus, Ceylon. 
 
 — dra'co. 60. E. Indies. 1819. 
 
 — erelcl-ut. Silhet. 
 
 — fcirino'ma. Sumatra. 1873. 
 — fi'sevs. Borneo. Syn., Dcemonorops fissits. 
 — flage'llvm. 6. Sikkim Himalaya. 
 —Jloribu'ndMS. Upper Assam. 
 
 — guinee'nm. SilU£un. 
 -^ heteroi'detts. Java. 
 
 — Iw'strix. Malacca and Java. 
 
 — jenkensia'rms. Assam and Sikkim Hima/- 
 
 — leenticefo'rmis. G. C. 1884, vol. 21, p. 711. 
 
 — lat^fo'li'm. Chitta^ong and Burmah. 
 
 — l^ospadix. Khasia Mts. 
 
 — Lewisia'nue, Java. 1878. 
 
 — Lvnde'ni. 
 
 — margina'tm. Borneo. 
 
 — melmwchaltet. 160. Malay Archipelago. Syn., 
 
 Damumorops Tnelanochcetes. 
 
 — micra'nthus, Malaya. 
 
 — monta'nus. Sikkim Himalayas. 
 
 — MtLeUefn. Tropical Australia. 
 
 — Nimla'i. Kerch. Palm. p. 237. 
 
 — nilmr. B. Indies. 1824. 
 
 — obSyngus. 60. Java. 1867. 
 
 — oma'tits. Java. 1875. Sjm., Dcenumorops 
 
 omatite. 
 
 — owi'dens. Java. 1872. 
 
 — oxbya'rms. Java. 
 
 — paehyMmonos. Ceylon. 
 
 — palemba'nicus. Java. 1872. Syn., Dcemono- 
 
 rope 
 
 C. periaca'nthue. Java. 1872. Syn., Dcsmono- 
 rovs periaca/nthus. 
 
 — pri'ncepe. Java. 1872. 
 
 — re'gis. Papua. 
 
 — Moftang. India. Syn., Arwndo Rotang. 
 
 — MoxMrghii. Java. 1872. 
 
 — Baytea'rmg. N. W. Himalayas. 
 
 — rudelntum. 200. Java. 1812. Probably the-' 
 
 same as C. <dbue. 
 
 — schizospa'thus. Sikkim and Khasia Mts. 
 ■ — specta'Hlis. Malacca. 
 
 — subcmgula'tus. B. Indies. 
 
 — te'rmis. Silhet. 
 
 — tricho'its. Sumatra. 
 
 — trine'rms. E. Indies. 
 
 — Verschafefltii. Madagascar. 1861. 
 
 — verticilfa'ris. Malacca. 1873. Syn., Bcenw- 
 
 Tuyrops vcrticiUaris. 
 
 — vefrm. 20. Cochin China. 1812. Syn., C:- 
 
 Rimvphii. 
 
 — tnimina'li^. 60. Java. 1847. 
 
 — Wi'ghtii. Deccan. 
 
 — ZalaJcca. See Zalacca ed/uZis or WallU 
 
 chiana. 
 
 Cala'ndra grana'ria. Granary- 
 Weevil. This insect is a very trouble- 
 some pest, not only to the farmer, whose 
 corn it destroys wholesale, but to the 
 gardener also ; attacking his seed stores 
 and devouring some of his fruit. The^ 
 beetle averages about two lines in length 
 (the line [a] oy the side of our illustra- 
 tion repres.ents the length of a rather 
 large individual from which our draw- 
 ing was made); it is of a blackish-brown. 
 
 colour, punctate on the thorax, and; 
 striato-punctate on the elytra ; the 
 roundish head is furnished with a rather 
 long proboscis. The eggs are deposited 
 in various kinds of grain, but only one 
 egg is deposited in each seed, in which 
 the larva feeds, and changes to the pupa, 
 state, from which in a short time the 
 perfect beetle emerges. The whole pro- 
 cess, from the laying of the egg to the 
 development of the perfect insect, is 
 completed in a space of six or seven 
 weeks, so that many generations are 
 produced in a year ; and if not constantly 
 checked, and every possible means 
 taken to lessen their numbers, they will 
 be found to have destroyed a very large 
 proportion of the crop they have at- 
 tacked, in the course of one summer. 
 Neglected bams and granaries are their 
 chief resorts; and from these they spread 
 in myriads, doing damage to everything 
 
CAL 
 
 [151] 
 
 CAL 
 
 that is agreeable to them. Tins insect 
 is very difficult to get rid of ; perfect 
 cleanliness in all grain stores, and the 
 destruction of the beetle whenever seen, 
 is the best way to contend against its 
 ravages. In all places where it is trouble- 
 some, traps should also be set for it, 
 such as sopped bread, or bits of fruit, or 
 shallow plates of milk, and the insects 
 destroyed in boiling water. 
 
 Calandri'nia. (Named after Calan- 
 drini, a German botanist, ^fat. ord., 
 PortulacecB. ) 
 
 When grown from seeds, the hardy, as well as 
 the greenhouse and stove kinds, like a little pro- 
 tection, such as may be given by a slight hotbed, 
 in Apnl, and a hand-light over it. Cuttings, 
 also, strike freely ; light, sandy soil, well drained, 
 suits them well. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 C. arena'ria. J. Orange, red. July. Val- 
 pajuiso. 1831. Herbaceous perennial. 
 B. R. t. 1605. 
 
 — caule'scens. Rose. August. Mexico. 1827. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 — compre'ssa. J. Rose. August Chili. 1826. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 — Menzie'sii. Crimson-purple. Summer. Cali- 
 
 foi-nia. 1831. B. R. t. 1698. Syn., C. 
 speciosa, B. M. t. 3379. 
 
 — mona'ndra. }. Red. August. Chili. 1837. 
 
 Annual. Syns., C glandulosa and par- 
 viflora. 
 
 — oppoaitifo'lia. Prostrate. Pearly-white. Sum- 
 
 mer. Oregon and N. California. 1888. 
 B. M. t. 7061. 
 
 — proeu'mhens. J. Rose. August. Peru. 1827. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 — specio'sa. See C. M&nziesii. 
 
 — umjiella'ta. J. Rose. July. Peru. 1826. 
 
 Annual. Pax. Mag. vol. 12, p. 271. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 C. Andre'wm. Rose. August. W. Ind. 1812. 
 Deciduous shrub. Syn., Talinum An- 
 cbrewsii. 
 
 — discolor. IJ. Rose. July. Chili. 1834. 
 
 Herbaceous perennial. B. M. t. 3357. 
 
 — glau'ca. Rose. August. Chili. 1827. Annual. 
 
 — Lockha'rti. Rose. June. Trinidad. 1825. 
 
 Deciduous shrub. Sja., Talinum gra-n- 
 difioruTn. 
 
 — nUtida. }. Red. August. Chili. 1837. Annual. 
 
 — phacosp/rma. Red. August. Chili. 1837. 
 
 Biennial. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 C. cUia'ta. i. Purple. August. Chili. 1823. 
 Annual. 
 
 — com/pr^ssa asee'Tidens. J. Purple. Brazil. 
 
 Herbaceous pereniual. Syn., C ascent 
 dens. 
 
 — gramdiflofra. 1. Purple. July. Chili. 1826. 
 
 Herbaceous perennial. JB. M. t. 3369. 
 
 — Lla'vea. April. Mexico. Herbaceous peren- 
 
 nial. 
 
 — panicula'ta. IJ. Purple. July. S. Amer. 
 
 1816. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 Cala'nthe. (From kalos, beautiful, 
 and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Orchi- 
 decB.) 
 
 Terrestrial orchids, all evergreens except C. 
 vesti'ta. Divisions and suckers ; loam and 
 peat, lightened with sand and charcoal, and en- 
 riched by top-dre,ssings of old cow-dung ; extra 
 well-dramea, constantly moist, and the plants 
 well exposed to light. Summer temp. 60° to 
 80" ; winter, 60° to 66°. 
 
 C. anchori'/era. Pale ochre. December Poly- 
 nesia. 1882. 
 
 — aiistra'lis. See C. veratri/olia. 
 
 — Barberia'na. White, yellow, occasionally 
 
 light purple. 1881. Hybrid between C. 
 vestita and C. Turneri. 
 
 — be'Ua. LUac ; lip carmine bordered white 
 
 spur pale yellow. 1881. Hybrid between 
 C. Veitehii and C. Tumen. 
 
 — bi'color. See C. striata. 
 
 — iracteo'sa. White. Samoa. 1883. 
 
 — brevico'mu. Rose. White. August. Nepaul. 
 
 — Ceci'liee. Light ochre, shaded purple, calli 
 
 yellow. Malay Peninsula. 
 
 — co'lorans. G. C. 24, p. 360. 
 
 — curmligai'des. 2. Orange. October. Ma- 
 
 lacca. 1844. B. R. 1847, t. 8. 
 
 — Curti'sii. Rose outside, white within ; lip 
 
 yellow with purple calli ; column white. 
 Sunda Islands. 1884. 
 
 — demsiflo'ra. |. Yellowish. September. E. 
 
 Ind. 1837. B. R. 1. 1646. 
 
 — di'pteryx. Purple. Sunda Islands. 1884. 
 
 — di'scolor. Dark purple ; lip white, tinged 
 
 rose. Japan. 1837. 
 
 — Dom/i'mi. Lilac- purple, white ; lip becoming 
 
 deep red. Hybrid between C. Itasuca 
 and C.furcata. Dr. Lindley states this 
 to be the first hybrid orchid raised. 
 Seed obtained in 1864, flowered 1856. 
 
 — emargina'ta. Lindley not Wight. Violet, 
 
 orange. Java. 1866. 
 
 — fia'vicans. White, blue. April. E. Ind. 1838. 
 
 — Forsterma'nni, Yellow ; lip pale yellow. 
 
 Burmah. 
 
 — furca'ta. White. Luzon Isles. 1836. 
 
 — gra'dUs. Greenish-yellow, or nearly white. 
 
 September. Khasya. 1861. 
 
 — Ha'lU. Garden hybrid. 1888. 
 
 — La'vxfei. Deep yellow. New Caledonia. 
 
 — lentigino'sa. White ; lip spotted with purple. 
 
 Garden hybrid, probably between C 
 labrosa and C. Veitehii. 
 
 — Masu'ca. 2. Purple ; lip darker. June. E. 
 
 Ind. 1838. B. H. 1844, t. 37. 
 
 — 'TMtale'Tme. Pale lilac ; lip salmon-colour. 
 
 Natal. B. M. t. 6844. 
 
 — ochra'cea. Pale yellow. April. Japan. 1836. 
 
 — Pe'tri. White, yellow. Polynesia. 1880. 
 
 — plantagi'nea. Lilac. February. Nepaul. 1839. 
 
 — pleiochr&ma. Whitish, purplisli, ochre, 
 
 orange. Japan. 1871. 
 
 — porphy'rea. Purple ; lip yellowish at base. 
 
 Garden hybrid. 
 
 — probosd'dea. White, or light ochre; calli 
 
 vermilion. Sunda Islands. 
 
 — Begnie'ri. White ; column and lip crimson- 
 
 purple ; spur yellowish-green. Cochin 
 China. 1883. 
 fau'sta. Purple. 
 
 — r&sea. Pale rose, white. Moulmein. 1851. 
 
 B. M. t. 5312. 
 
 — SaTidhurstia'na. Similar to C vestita, but 
 
 with an eye-spot on the Up. 
 
 — sa/nguineb'ria. Blood-red, pale purple. Seed- 
 
 ling form. 
 
 — Sietio'ldii. 1. Yellow. Japan. 1837. Gfl. t. 63B. 
 
 — Steve'risii. Cochin China. 1883. 
 
 — stria'ta. H. Yellow, brown. Japan. 1888. 
 
 B. M. t. 7026. Syn., C. Sieboldii. 
 
 — sylva'tiea. White, changing to yellow. Mada- 
 
 gascar. 1823. 
 
 — Textori. Cream-white, violet, red changing 
 
 to ochre. 1879. 
 
 — Twme'ri. Gard. Chron. 1882, vol. 17, p. 49. 
 niva'lis. Pure white. 1882. 
 
 — Veitehii. Pure white with rose-coloured eye. 
 
 There are several varieties of this. 
 S^., Limatodes rosea. B. M. t. 6376. 
 
 — veratr^o'lia. 2. White. April. Java. 1819. 
 mMirolo'ia. Polynesia. 1878. 
 
CAL 
 
 [152] 
 
 C. versi'color. Whitish-blue, August. Mauri- 
 tius. 1836. 
 
 — vesti'ta. 2^. White and pink. November. 
 
 This has pseudo-bulba. No water given 
 
 between December and March, its time 
 
 of rest. 
 ocula'ta giga'ntea. White, with fiery-red 
 
 blotch on base of Up. Borneo. Warn. 
 
 Orch. Alb., t. 211. 
 WiUia'mftii. Beep crimson. 1884. 
 
 — vi'ridi-fu'sca. Greenish-brown. April. Assam. 
 
 — WUlia'msii. See C. vestita, var. WiUiamsii. 
 
 Cala'thea. (From kalathos, a bas- 
 ket ; in reference to the leaves being 
 worked into baskets in South America. 
 Nat. ord., Scitaminece ; Tribe, Ma/ran- 
 tacem, ) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials. Divisions ; 
 sandy peat and fibry loam. Summer temp. 
 60° to 75' ; winter, 55° to 60° 
 C. apai8, 1879. 
 
 — AUou'ya. Guiana. 
 
 — angustifo'lia. 1879. 
 
 — applica'ta. White. Brazil. 1875. Syn., Ma- 
 
 ra/nta pinnato-picta. Belg. Hort. 1875, 
 t. 18. 
 
 — argyrc^a. 1. Bahia. 1859. 
 
 — arre'cta. Ecuador. 1872. Syn., Maranta 
 
 arrecta. HI. Hort. 1871, t. 77. 
 
 — Backemia'na. Leaves silverj^, with green 
 
 lines and blotches. Brazil. 1875. 
 
 — Baraquinia'na. Leaves with two silvery 
 
 bands. Amazons. 1868. Syn., Maranta 
 Baraquini. 
 
 — Mlla. Leaves greyish-green, with the margins 
 
 and two series of central patches deep 
 green. Brazil. 1875. Syns., Maranta 
 oella and M. tessellata Eegeljani. 
 
 — t^llula. Leaves dark green, with rosy-white 
 
 festoons along the midrib. Amazons. 
 1872. Syn., Maranta bellula. 
 
 — chimhorac^nsis. See Ma/ranta. 
 
 — dne'rea. Amazons. 1872. Syn., Maranta 
 
 dnerea. 
 
 — croea'ta. Orange. Brazil. 1875. 
 
 — d^nsa. Brazil. 1865. Hyn., Phrynvwm den- 
 
 sv/m. 
 
 — exUmia. 1857. Syn., PhryniuTn eximmm. 
 
 Gfl. t. 686. 
 
 — fascia' ta. 1. Brazil. 1859. Syn., Maranta 
 
 faseiata. Gfl. t. 255. 
 — flave'scens. 1^. Yellow. August. Brazil. 
 1822. 
 
 — grandifo'Ua. 2. Yellow. July. Rio Janeiro. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — hierogly'pfiica. Leaves deep gjeen, paler along 
 
 the midrib, with two white lines between 
 each pair of veins. Columbia. 1873. 111. 
 Hort. 1873, t. 122. 
 
 — Ulu'stris. Leaves creamy -zoned, red beneath. 
 
 Ecuador. 1866. Syn. , Ma/ramita illitstris. 
 
 — inscri'^ta. Leaves opaque green, with curved 
 
 silvery lines, Brazil. 1875. Syn., ilfa- 
 ranta mscripta. 
 
 — Eerchovia'na. h Leaves green, with two 
 
 rows of brown blotches. Brazil. 1879. 
 Syn. , M. leuconeura Kerchoviana. 
 
 — Komickia'na. White. Brazil. 1874. Syns., 
 
 C. propinqua and liiedeliana. 
 
 — KuTnmeriu'na. Leaves dark gi-een, with sil- 
 
 very bands. Brazil. 1875. 
 
 — Legrellia'na. Ecuador. 1867. Syn., Maranta 
 
 Legrellia/na. 
 
 — Lei'tzei. Leaves deep green, with short yellow- 
 
 gi-een bands. Brazil. 1875. Gfl. t. 935. 
 
 — leopardi'na. 2. Yellow. Brazil. 1875. Syn., 
 
 Maranta leopardina. Gfl. t. 893. 
 
 — leuconeu'ra. White, purple. Brazil, 1875. 
 
 Syn., Maranta leucoTieura.^ 
 
 CAL 
 
 . leucosta'ekys. 1. White. October. Costa- 
 Rica. 1874. 
 
 - Lindenia'na. Leaves banded with pale and 
 
 dark green. Peru. 1866. Syn., Maranta 
 Lindeniana. 111. Hort. 1871, t. 82. 
 
 - longibraetea'ta. 1. Purple. July. BraziL 
 
 1826. 
 
 - Luoia'ni. Leaves shining green, the midnb 
 
 festooned with silvery white. Tropical 
 America. 1872. Syn., Maranta, Luaia/ni, 
 
 - MaTcoya'na. Leaves greyish, with oblong dark 
 
 green patches. Tropical America. 1872. 
 Syns., Maranta Makoyana and M. oli- 
 varis. Gard. Chron. 1872, p. 1589. 
 
 - Massangea'na. White. Brazil, 1875. Syn., 
 
 Maranta leitconeura Massangeana. 
 
 - m^dio-pi'cta. Purple ; leaves dark green, 
 
 with feathered white central stripe. 
 Brazil. 1878. 
 
 - meta'Uica. Violet. New Grenada. 1855. 
 
 - mi'caTis. Brazil. 
 
 ama'bilis. 1879. Syn., C. amdbilie. 
 
 - ni'gro-costa'ta. Columbia. 1874. 
 
 - ni'tens. Brazil. 1880. 
 
 - Oppenheimia'na. Leaves deep green, with 
 
 white bands. Brazil. 
 
 - orUcula'ta. 2. Yellow. August. W. Ind. 1830. 
 
 - oma'ta. 1. Columbia 1849. Syn., Maranta 
 
 omata. 
 a'lbo-linea'ta. Columbia. 1848. Syn., 
 
 Mara/nta albo-lmeata. 
 maje'stica. Rio Purus. 1866. Syn., 
 
 Maranta nutjestica. 
 rega'lis. Peru. 1856. Syn., Maranta> 
 
 regalis and M, corii/oUa. 
 ro'seo-linea'ta. 1. 1848. Syn., Maranta 
 
 roseo-lineata. 
 
 - paci'Jica. Leaves emerald green, purple be- 
 
 neath. E. Peru. 1871. Syn., Maranta 
 padfica. 
 
 - pardvna and pavoni'na are white-spotted. Fl. 
 
 Ser. 1. 1101. 
 
 - pictura'ta. Brazil. 1866. 
 
 - porphyrocau'lis. Columbia. 1875. Syn., Ma- 
 
 ranta porphyrooaulis. 
 
 - prasi'na. Leaves vrith a yellow-green central 
 
 band. Brazil. 1876. Syn., Maranta 
 prasiTia. 
 
 - pri'nceps. 2. Leaves metallic green, with two 
 
 yellow bands, purple beneath. Peru. 
 1869. Syn., Maranta princeps. 
 
 - propi'ngua. See C. Komickia'na. 
 -pruinata. Nicaragua. 1872. Syn., Maranta 
 
 pruinata. 
 
 - ptUche'lla. Leaves bright green, with two 
 
 series of deep green blotches, alternately 
 large and small. Brazil. 1859. Syn., 
 Mara/nta pulchella. 
 
 - Jtiedelia'na. See C. Kornickia/na. 
 -ro'seo-pi'cta. Leaves rose-banded, red beneath. 
 
 Upper Amazon. 1866. Syn., Maranta 
 roseo-pieta. Gfl. t. 610. 
 Wagne'ri. Syn., Maranta Wagneri. 
 
 - rotundi/o'lia. 1857. Syn. , Ma/ranta orbifolia. 
 
 - rufiba'rba. Brazil. 1879. 
 
 - Seema'Tvni. Leaves satiny emerald -green, 
 
 midrib whitish. Nicaragua. 1872. Syn., 
 Maranta Seema/nni. 
 
 - smaragdi'na. See Maranta. 
 
 - sple'ndida. Leaves green-banded, purple be- 
 
 neath. Brazil. 1864. Syn., Maranta 
 splendida. 
 
 - tcenio'sa. White. Brazil. 1876. 
 
 - tubispa'tka. Yellow ; leaves brown-blotched. 
 
 W. Tropical America. 1865. B. M. 
 t. 5542. 
 
 - undula'ta. Leaves bright green, with silvery 
 
 central stripe, Peru. 187L Syn., Ma- 
 ranta unduLata. 
 
 - Va'nden He'ckei. Leaves deep green, marked 
 
 withgrey. Brazil. 1865. Syns._, Maranta 
 and Phrynium Vanden Heckei. 
 
CAL 
 
 [153] 
 
 CAL 
 
 C. va'rians. 1856. 
 
 — variega'ta. li. Tropical America. 1857. 
 
 — villo'sa. 3. April. Brazil. 1825. 
 
 — vwlalcea. \\. Purple. July. Brazil. 1816. 
 
 — virgina'Us. Amazons. 1868. Syn., Maranta 
 
 virginalis. 
 
 ma'jor. Peru. 1869. Syn., Maranta mr- 
 
 giiialis nu^or. 
 
 — iritta'ta. Brazil. 1867. Syn., Maranta vit- 
 
 tata. 
 
 — Veitchialna. Wliite ; leaves green-blotched. 
 
 W. Tropical America. 1866. Syn., Ma- 
 ranta Veitchii. B. M. t. 5635. 
 
 — vesti'ta. U. Wliitisli. Baliia. 1872. Eef. 
 
 Bot. t. 311. 
 
 — Wallisii. South America. 1867. Syn., Ma- 
 
 ranta Wallisii. 
 
 di'scolor. Leaves bright velvety green, 
 
 with the centre and margins grey. S. 
 America. 1871. 
 
 — Warszewi'caii. 1. White. February. Tro- 
 
 pical America. 1879. Syn., Maranta 
 Warszemczii, Gfl. t. 515. 
 
 — Wio'ti. Leaves bright green, with two series 
 
 ot olive-green blotches. Brazil. 1875. 
 Syn., Maranta Wwti. 
 
 — zebri'na. Red, yellow. Brazil. 1815. B. M. 
 
 t. 385. 
 
 Calcea'ria pi'cfa. See Corys- 
 anthes. 
 
 Calathian Violet. Gentia'jia 
 pneivmona'nthe. 
 
 Calcareous Soil is a soil in which 
 chalk (carhonate of lime) predominates. 
 The colour apj)roaches to white, in pro- 
 portion. No soil is productive which does 
 not contain some carhonate of lime, or 
 in which it exceeds nineteen parts out 
 of twenty. From one to five per cent, 
 is the usual proportion in fertile soils. 
 Calcareous soils are rarely productive ; 
 they are so feehly retentive of moisture, 
 that the crops upon them are hurnt tip 
 in summer ; and they reflect the sun s 
 rays so fully, that they remain un- 
 heated, and vegetation is late upon 
 them in spring. The hest addition to 
 such soUs, to improve their staple, is 
 clay. 
 
 Calceola'ria. Slipperwort. (From 
 calceolus, a slipper ; in reference to the 
 shape of the flower. Nat. ord., Scrophu- 
 lariacece.) 
 
 Herbaceous kinds, to bloom early, sow seeds in 
 August and September, and cuttings at the same 
 time. Shrubby kinds, for flower-garden decora- 
 tion, by cuttings of firm young shoots, under 
 
 slass, m September; and agam, in heat, in 
 March. Soil for pots, light and rich compost, 
 well-drained ; for beds, a good loam should pre- 
 
 ponderate. Summer temp. 50° to 60° ; winter, 
 36° to 46°. 
 
 ANNUAL. 
 
 C. chelidonioi'des. 1. Yellow. June. Peru. 
 
 1862. 
 
 HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 
 €. amplexwau'lis. H. Yellow. June. Peru. 
 
 1846. B. M. t. 4300. 
 
 albe'scens. Pale yellow. 1882. 
 
 — arachnoi'des. 1. Purple. June. Chili. 1827. 
 
 B. M. t. 2874. 
 
 a'lba. 1. White. June. 
 
 o'enatifio'ra. Garden hybrid 1888. 
 
 C. bellidifo'lia. i. Yellow, red. Chili 1861 
 
 — Burbi'dgei. 2-4. YeUow. Autumn. 1882 
 
 Hybrid between C. Pawmia and C. 
 juchsxcefoha. 
 
 — conna'ta. B. M. t. 2876. See C. petiolaris. 
 
 — corymbo'sa. 1. YeUow. May. Chili. 1822. 
 
 B. E. t. 723. 
 
 — crmatiflo'ra. IJ. Yellow-spotted. June 
 
 ChiU. 1831. B. M. t. 3265 
 
 — cuneifo'rmis. IJ. Pale lemon. Bolivia. 1846. 
 —fiexuo'sa. 3. Yellow. Peru Mountains. 1847 
 
 B. M. t. 6164. 
 
 — Fothergi'Ui. i. Orange. April. Falkland 
 
 Isles. 1777. B. M. t. 348. 
 
 — Berbertia'na. B. E. t. 1318. See C. racemosa. 
 
 — Ka'yU. Tall. Yellow. Card. Chron. 1882, 
 
 vol. 17, p. 828. 
 
 — loba'ta. J. Yellow, spotted with purple-red. 
 
 Peru. 1877. Half hardy. B. M. t. 6330. 
 
 — Pavo'nii. 2. Yellow. July. Peru. B. M. 
 
 t. 4626. 
 
 — petiola'ris. 3. Yellow. Chili. 1824. Bien- 
 
 nial. Syn., C. connata. 
 
 — pirma'ta. 2. Yellow. July. Peru. 1773. 
 
 Annual. 
 — plcmtagi'nea. 1. Yellow. August. Chili. 
 1827. B. M. t. 2805. 
 
 — polyfo'lia. 1. Yellow. July. Chili. 1827. 
 
 B. M. t. 2897. 
 ■•-purpu'rea. 1. Purple. July. Chili. 1827. 
 B. M. t. 2775. 
 
 — purpu'rea e'legans. 1. Pale purple. June. 
 
 Chili. 1832. 
 
 pi'cta. 1. White, purple. June. Chili. 
 
 1832. 
 
 — racemo'sa. J. Yellow. June. Chili. 1828. 
 
 Syn., C. Herbertiana. 
 
 — sua'vis. 1. Purple. Chili. 
 
 — tene'Ua. }. Yellow. 1873. Hardy. B. M. 
 
 t. 6231. 
 
 SHRUBBY EVERGREENS. 
 
 C. a'lba. IJ. White. JunS. ChUi. 1844. B. M. 
 t. 4167. 
 
 — andi'na. 2. Yellow. April. Valparaiso. 
 
 1836. Syn., C. Herbertiana parviAora. 
 B. E. t. 1576. 
 
 — angustiflo'ra. B. M. t. 3094. See C. verticil- 
 
 lata. 
 
 — adsee'ndens. 1. Yellow. July. Cordilleras. 
 
 1826. B. E. t. 1216. Syns., C. crenata. 
 (B. E. t. 790) and C. rugosa (B. E. 1. 1688). 
 
 — bi'eolar. 2. Yellow. August. Peru. 1820. 
 
 B. E. 1. 1374. Syn., C. diftisa. 
 
 — conna'ta. See C. petiolaris. 
 
 — crenatiflcfra. Yellow-spotted. July. Chili. 
 
 1831. Syns., C. anomala and pendula. 
 
 — denta'ta. 2. Yellow. August. Chiloe. 183Qi 
 
 Syn., C. chiloenm. B. E. 1. 1476. 
 
 — diffa'sa. See C Ucolor. 
 
 — ericoi'des. 2. Yellow. Chili. 1863. 
 
 — floribu'nda. B. E. 1. 1214. See C. petiolaris. 
 
 — fuchsicefo'lia. 1 to 2. Yellow. Peru. Spring. 
 1878. Syn., C. defiexa of gardens. Gar- 
 den, 1879, p. 258. 
 
 — Hem/ri!ci. 2. Yellow. Andes of Cuenca. 
 
 1865. B. M. t. 6772. 
 
 — Herbertiana parvi' flora. See C. andina. 
 
 — hyssopifo'lia. 2. Yellow, white. June. 
 
 Quito. 1852. B. M. t. 5548. 
 
 — integri^o'lia. See C. rugosa. 
 
 — Kellya'na. Orange, spotted reddish-brown. 
 
 1883. 
 
 — pdncMa. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 1. 155. See 
 
 C. crenatifljjra. 
 
 — petiola'ris. IJ. Pale yellow. September. 
 
 Quito. 1843. Syns., C. connata, B. M. 
 t. 2876, and C.floribunda. 
 
 — pisaeomefnMS. Orange-red. Peru. 1868. 
 
 — puncta'ta. 3. Purple, yellow. Chili. 1863. 
 
 — rugo'sa. 2. Yellow. August. Chili. 1822. 
 
 B. E. t. 744. Syn., C. integrifolia. 
 
CAL 
 
 [154] 
 
 CAL 
 
 C rugo'ta angustifollia. 2. Yellow. August. 
 
 ChUl. 1822. 
 viscoffi's&ima. 3. Yellow. August. Chili. 
 
 1832. 
 
 — soabiosoef&lia. 2. Yellow. May. Chili. 1822. 
 
 Trailer. B. M. t. 2406. 
 
 — selssilU. IJ. Yellow. September. Valpa- 
 
 raiso. 1832. B. B. 1. 1«29. 
 
 — Sinclai'rii. 1-2. Lilac, spotted red-purple 
 
 within. June. New Zealand. B. M. 
 t. 8597. 
 
 — stri'cta. 3. Yellow. September. Peru. 1862. 
 
 — tetra'gona. Yellow. July. Peru. 1852. 
 
 — thyrdjlo'ra. li. Yellow. June. Chili. 1827. 
 
 B. M. t. 2916. 
 
 — viola'cea. 2. Purple. June. Chili. 1853. 
 
 B. M t. 4929. 
 
 Calceolaria as a Florist's 
 
 Flower. — Propagation hy Cuttings. — • 
 In August, immediately after flowering, 
 and in March. In August, from a spent 
 hotbed, remove the soil, and place six 
 inches of dry coal-ashes or saw-dust. 
 In spring, prepare a hotbed of leaves, or 
 stable litter, a month before it is wanted, 
 to allow the strong heat to subside ; 
 then cover it with the same depth of 
 coal-ashes of saw-dust. Fill a sufficient 
 number of pots, within an inch of the 
 top, with light, sandy loam ; fill up to 
 the rim with sUver-sand, and water 
 gently, to settle the sand firmly. Take 
 off the cuttings (the young tops are the 
 best) ; cut off the bottom leaves, leaving 
 two or three at the top ; put them in 
 the sand by the aid of a small, sharp- 
 pointed stick, pressing the sand about 
 them firmly. The herbaceous varieties 
 should be placed rather thinly round the 
 edge of the pot ; the half -shrubby ones 
 may be pat in all over the pot, neatly, 
 in rows ; then give a gentle watering. 
 AUow the water to dry off, and then 
 plunge them into the hotbed, in the 
 ashes or saw-dust, up to the rims of the 
 pots, taking care that the heat is mode- 
 rate. Shade for a week aU the day ; 
 afterwards, only when the sun shines. 
 If the sand becomes dry, water in the 
 morning of a fine day ; but very little 
 water will be necessary. Remove all 
 decaying leaves, or dead cuttings, as 
 they occur. As soon as the cuttings are 
 rooted, pot them off in the same kind of 
 soil, and in 2J-inch j/ots, and set them 
 on the surface of the same bed till they 
 make fresh roots ; then remove them 
 into a shady part of the greenhouse for 
 a week previously to re-pqtting. 
 
 By Seed. — Sow twice, as soon as the 
 seed is ripe, and in early spring. Sow 
 in wide, shallow seed-pans, rather 
 thinly, and very slightly covered. A 
 similar situation as for cuttings will 
 answer ; but, as soon as the seedlings 
 are up, place them on a shelf, near the 
 glass, in an airy greenhouse. When 
 
 thejr are large enough, pot them into 
 2J-inch pots, singly, and keep re-pot- 
 ting, as they require it, till they are in 
 6-inch pots ; then allow them to flower ; 
 and such as are of a good form, bright, 
 distinct colours, and a fair size, re-pot 
 again, and keep them to propagate by 
 cuttings ; but all others either throw 
 away or plant them out to ornament the 
 flower -borders till the frost kills them. 
 
 To save Seed. — Impregnation is neces- 
 sary in order to produce good seed and 
 to produce variety. Choose the pollen 
 from a bright-coloured, clear-spotted 
 variety, and apply it to the best-formed 
 ones destined to bear the seed — ^the male 
 parent for colour, and the female for 
 shape. 
 
 SoU. — Light, sandy, yellow loam, two 
 bushels ; leaf -mould, half a bushel, 
 much-decayed cow-dung, one peck ; mix 
 thoroughly, and use in a moderately dry 
 state. If the loam is not sandy natu- 
 rally, add as much sifted river-sand as 
 will make it so. 
 
 Summer Culture. — Commence potting 
 as early in spring as possible ; autumn- 
 struck cuttings early in March ; and the 
 spring-struck as soon as they are fit. 
 Old stools never make such fine speci- 
 mens as cuttings : they had better be 
 thrown away as soon as they have 
 yielded a crop of cuttings. Drain plenti- 
 fully with broken poteherds, using a 
 greater quantity every time. Ee-pot 
 about three times, and leave the plants, 
 at last, in 11 -inch pots to bloom. No 
 flower-stems should be allowed to re- 
 main until the plants have attained 
 their full growth. Keep them as near 
 the glass as possible, in a light, airy 
 gree^ouse. After the last potting, the 
 plants should present a. healthy appear- 
 ance, with large, broad leaves, of a 
 dark-green colour. The flower-stems 
 may now be allowed to grow : each 
 should be tied to a neat, small, green 
 stick. Place the sticks so as to slope 
 outwards, to allow room for the heads 
 to bloom. Plenty of air should be given, 
 to cause a stout growth. They should 
 be in perfection early in July. Each 
 plant will be then two feet high, and as 
 much in diameter. They will be fine 
 objects either for the greenhouse, when 
 few other things are in bloom, or for 
 exhibition purposes. 
 
 Winter Culture. — As soon as the 
 flowers are all dead (if no seed is re- 
 quired), the stems ought to be cut 
 down, and the plants either removed 
 out of doors, or, still better, into a cold 
 pit. Plenty of air should be given on 
 all favourable occasions ; and, as soon 
 
CAL 
 
 [155] 
 
 CAL 
 
 as the frost of winter begins to aopear, 
 remove them into the greenhouse, place 
 them as near the glass as possible, and 
 keep them there till the time of propaga- 
 tion arrives. Take off' the cuttings then, 
 and throw the old stools away. 
 
 Forcing. — On account of their impa- 
 tience of heat, Calceolarias, excepting a 
 few shrubby ones, do not force well. 
 These may be re-potted in January, and 
 put into a heat of 55° to 60°. Give 
 water moderately, and allow the flower; 
 stems to grow from the first. They will 
 then flower in AprU and May. 
 
 Diseases. — The herbaceous varieties 
 are subject to a disease very like that 
 which has attacked the potato of late 
 years. They appear quite nealthy, until 
 dark-brown spots appear on the leaves 
 and stems ; and in a week's time the 
 disease spreads, and the plants are dead. 
 No cure is known. As soon as it ap- 
 pears on any plant, remove it at once, 
 and throw it away, because the disease 
 is contagious, and soon spreads to the 
 healthy plants. Too much wet at the 
 root, or damp in the house, wUl accele- 
 rate the disease. 
 
 Insects. — ^The most destructive is the 
 green fly (Aphis). Whenever it appears, 
 fill the house with tobacco-smoke. Red 
 spider (Acarus) will sometimes appear, 
 if the house be kept hot and dry. Dust 
 iiie leaves with sulphur where it is ob- 
 served. 
 
 Calceolarias for hedding-out should be 
 propagated in the autumn, and kept in 
 the cutting-pots through the winter. 
 Pot them singly in the spring, place 
 them in a cold frame, and gradually 
 harden then off by May. Then plant 
 them out in a rich, light soil, where they 
 are to flower. 
 
 Calda'sia. See Bonplandia. 
 
 C heterophy'Ua. See B. geminiflora. 
 
 Caldclu'via. (t^ earned aiter A. Cald- 
 cleugh, F.H.S., who collected botanical 
 specimens in Chili. Nat. ord. , Saxifra- 
 gem; Tribe, Cunoniece. Allied to 
 Cunonia. ) 
 
 The principal character of this and other 
 Cunoniese is the leaves growing opposite, with 
 stipules between the leaf-stalks. The panicles 
 of little white flowers have a pretty appearance. 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs ; cuttings of haJf- 
 ripened wood in sand, under glass, and a little 
 bottom-heat ; peat and loam. 
 C. pcmicula'ta. White. June. Australia. 1831. 
 
 Ca'lea. (From kalos, beautiful ; re- 
 ferring to the flowers. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positcB ; Tribe, EelianthoideoB. Allied 
 to Galinsoga. ^ja., Caleacte.) 
 Stove evergreen shrubs ; seed in March ; side- 
 
 shoots strike freely at any time, in sand, and 
 placed in bottom-heat, under a glass. 
 C.jamaice'mis 3. Purple. June.' Jamaica. 
 
 1739. byn., C. cordifolia. 
 
 — loba'ta.B M. t 1734. See Murolama lohata. 
 
 — pmnatifiaa. Yellow. June. Brazil. 1816 
 
 — scopa'ria. See Bacchwris scoparia. 
 
 — eoUdagi'nea. i. Caraccas. 1817 
 
 — urtiaefo'lia. 2. Yellow. July. Vera Cruz. 
 
 1740. Syn., Solidago urtiece/olia, 
 
 Calea'cte. See Galea. 
 
 Calea'na. (Named after G. Caley, 
 superintendent of the Botanical Garden, 
 St. Vincent. Nat. ord., Orchidacew ; 
 Tribe, Neottieos; sub. tr. Diuridew.) 
 Syn., Caleya. 
 
 Greenhouse terrestrial orchids ; division of the 
 plants ; flbry peat, lumpy loam, and a little 
 charcoal, well drained. 
 
 C. ma'jor. Green, brown. June. N. S. Wales. 
 1810. Fl. Tasm. 1. 107. 
 
 — mi'nor. Green, brown. June. N. Holland. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — nigri'ta. Dark. Swan River. 
 
 Calecta'sia. (From kalos, beauti- 
 ful, and stachys, a spike. Calectasias 
 are branched herbs, with dry, permanent, 
 starry flowers, of a bright violet. Nat. 
 ord., Juncacecs. Allied to Baxteria.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennial ; divisions ; 
 peat and loam. 
 
 C. cya'nea. Blue. June. Australia. 1840. 
 B. M. t. 3834. 
 
 Cale'ndula. Marigold. (From ca- 
 lendm, the flrst day of the month ; its 
 flowers produced almost all the year 
 round. Nat. ord., Compositce; Tribe, 
 Calendulacem. ) 
 
 Hardy annuals may be sown in the border, in 
 April ; tenderer ones in a slight hotbed, and 
 transplanted in May. Greenhouse varieties by 
 cuttings ; sandy loam, and loam and peat for the 
 greenhouse ones. See Marigold. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 C. wrbordsixns. Jacq. Ic. t. S96. See Tripterif 
 arborescens. 
 
 — ehrysanthemifo'lia. B. M. t. 2218. See 
 
 Dvmorphotheca chrysanthemifolia. 
 
 — denticula'ta. li. Yellow. May. Cape of 
 
 Good Hops. 1790. Syn., C. dentata. 
 — fla'ccida. See Dwwrphotheca Tragus, var. 
 
 fiaccida. 
 — fruticdsa. See DvmorphotJiecafruticosa. 
 
 — murica'ta. See Tripteris arborescejis. 
 
 — oppoHtifo'lia. See DiTnorphotkeca oppositi- 
 
 /olia. 
 
 — suffrutic&sa. 1. Yellow. December. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 — Tra'gus. See Dvmorphotheca Tragus. 
 
 — visco'sa. See Dimorphotheca Tragus. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 C. cegyptia'ca. Yellow. Egypt. 
 
 — arve^nsis. 2. Yellow. June. 1597. 
 
 — astefrms. IJ. Yellow. August. Europe. 1838. 
 
 — Dalge^sirwm. See C. ma/rginata. 
 
 — gra'cUis. Yellow. June. Persia. 1836. 
 
 — grrnmmiifdlia. See Dimorphotheca gramini- 
 
 folia. 
 
 — hispa'nica. See C. marginata. 
 
 — hybrida. See Dimorphotheca pluvialis. 
 
 — inca'na, li. Yellow. July. Barbary. 1796. 
 
 — madere'nsii. 2. Orange. Madeira. 1795. 
 
CAIi 
 
 [156] 
 
 CAL 
 
 C. margiiia'ta. Yellow. Gibraltar. Syns., C. 
 Dalgesirmn and hispanica. 
 
 — nudica/u'tis. tjee Bimorphotheca nudicaulis. 
 
 — ojldna'lis. 2. Orange. June. South of 
 
 Europe. 1573. B. M. t. 3204. Common 
 Marigold. 
 
 Jio're-pUna. 3. Orange. June. 
 
 proli'/era. The central head is sur- 
 rounded by several smaller ones. 
 
 — pe^rsica. Yellow. June. Persia. 1880. 
 
 — pluvia'lis. See Bimorphotheca pluvialis. 
 
 — so!ncta. 2. Yellow. June. Levant. 1731. 
 
 — sHcula, 1. Yellow. June. Sicily. 1816. 
 
 — stella'ta. 2. Yellow. July. Barbary. 1796. 
 
 Cale'ya. See Caleana. 
 Calico-bush. Ka'mia latifo'lia. 
 
 Califomian Maybush. Photinia 
 arhutifolia. 
 
 Califomian Pepper-tree. Schi- 
 mis mollis. 
 
 Califomian Poppy. Platystemon 
 
 californicum. 
 
 Cali'nea sca'ndens. See Boliocarpus 
 Calinea. 
 
 Calime'ris. (From calyx, a cup, 
 and meris, part ; referring to the in- 
 volucre. Nat. ord., Compositm ; Tribe, 
 Asteroidece. ) 
 
 Hardy. Ordinary garden-soil. Seeds, divi- 
 sion. 
 
 C. Albe'rti. % Lilac-purple. Turkestan. 1884. 
 Perennial. Gfl. 1. 1152, f. 2. 
 
 Calipliru'ria. (Derivation not ex- 
 plained. Nat. ord., Amaryllidem. Al- 
 lied to Enrycles. ) 
 
 Pretty greenhouse bulbs, flowering, when not 
 in leaf, lite the Guernsey lily. Offsets ; sandy 
 loam and a little peat, l^ey may also be grown 
 in a cold pit, or a warm border, and protected 
 during winter. 
 
 C. Hartwegia'na. 1. White. July. Columbia. 
 1843. B. M. t. 6269. 
 
 — Herhertia'na. 
 
 — siibedenta'ta. See Mueharis subedentata. 
 
 Calisaya-bark. Cincho'na cali- 
 sa'ya. 
 
 Ca'Ua. (From kalos, beautiful. Nat. 
 ord., Aroidecej Tribe, Callece.) 
 
 Hardy aquatic division ; rich loam and peat. 
 Useful for shallow ponds, etc. 
 C. (Bthio'pim. B. M. t. 832. See Bichardia 
 cBthiopicd. 
 
 — aroma' tiaa. B. M. t. 2279. See Homalonema 
 
 aromatica. 
 
 — occu'lta. B. C. 1. 12. See Hotnalonema am- 
 
 Tnatica. 
 
 — palu'stris. J. White. July. N. Amer. 1768. 
 
 Perennial aquatic. B. M. 1. 1831. 
 
 — pertu'sa. See Monstera pertusa. 
 
 Callia'ndra. (From kalos, beauti- 
 ful, and aner, a man ; referring to the 
 stamens, or male organ ; literally, beau- 
 tiful-stamened. The long, silky, purple 
 or white stamens of this genus are very 
 beautiful. Nat. ord. , Legv/minoscB ; 
 Tribe, IngeoB. Allied to Inga. ) 
 Stove evergreen shrubs ; cuttings of rather 
 
 firm young wood in sand, under a glass, in heat; 
 
 peat and loam. 
 
 C. br^mpes. 5. Pink. October. Brazil. 
 
 — diadema'ta. Lem. Jard. H. vol. 3, t. 306. 
 
 Syn., C. bicolor, 
 
 — formo'sa. 10. White. Mexico. 1825. 
 
 — gra'oilis. Yellowish-white. Columbia. 1870. 
 
 Eef. Bot. t. 294. 
 
 — hcematocepha'la. 30. Crimson. February. 
 
 Mauritius. B. M. t. 6181. 
 
 — Barri'sii. 20. Eose. Brazil. 1846. B. M. 
 
 t. 4238. 
 
 — portorice'nsis. 6. White. July. W.Indies. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — quadrangula'ris. 4. White. August. 1825. 
 
 — Twee'dii. 6. Scarlet, crimson. Mexico. 
 
 1845. B. M. t. 4188. 
 
 Calliea'rpa. (From ^afo«, beautiful, 
 and carpos, fruit ; referring to the beau- 
 tifml berries. Nat. ord., VerbenacecB ; 
 Tribe, ViticecB. Allied to Petresea.) 
 
 The leaves of C. lana'ta are eaten by the Cin- 
 galese as a substitute for betel leaves. Stove 
 evergreens, except where otherwise specified ; 
 cuttings in sandy soil, in bottom-heat ; loam and 
 peat. 
 C. america'na. 6. Red. June. N. Amer. 1724. 
 
 Greenhouse deciduous shrub. Syn., 
 
 Johnsonia, ainmi£ana. 
 
 — arbo'rea. 12. Purple. August. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — ca'na. 3. Purple. E. Ind. 1799. B.M. t. 2107. 
 — ferrugi'nea. 2. Blue. June. Jamaica. 1794. 
 
 — inca'na. 4. Red. July. E. Ind. 1800. 
 
 — integr^o'lia. See jEgiphila arborescens. 
 
 — japo'niea, 3. Pink. August. Japan. 1861. 
 
 Pax. Fl. G. vol. 2, p. 166. 
 
 — lama'ta. 4. Purple. June. B. Ind. 1788. 
 
 — longifo'lia. 3. White. April. China. 1826. 
 
 — laffhceola'ria. 4. Purple. July. B. Ind. 1822. 
 subglabra'ta. White, edged with pink. 
 
 March. Syn., C. longifolia, B. B. t. 864. 
 
 — macrophy'lla. 6. Pink. India. 1808. 
 
 — purpurea. 3. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1822. 
 
 Fl. Ser. 1. 13.59. 
 
 — reticulata. 4. Red. July. Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 — rube'lla. 2. Red, May. China. 1822. B. R. 
 
 t. 883. 
 
 Callichro'a. (Fromfej!?o«, beautiful, 
 and chroa, colour ; referring to the bright 
 yellow colour of the flowers. Nat. ord. , 
 Compositm.) See Layia. 
 C. platyglo'ssa. B. M. t. 3719. See L. platyglossa. 
 
 Callico'ma. (From kalos, beautiful, 
 and coma, hair ; in reference to the tufted 
 heads of its yellow flowers. Nat. ord., 
 SaxifragecB. Allied to Weinmannia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings of half- 
 ripened wood, under a bell-glass, in sandy peat. 
 C. serratifo'lia. i. Yellow. June. N. S. Wales. 
 1793. B. M. 1. 1811. 
 
 Calli'gonum. (From Aafos, beauti- 
 ful, and gonum, a joint ; in reference to 
 its leafless joints. Nat. ord., Polygona- 
 CRCB ; Allied to Polygonum. ) 
 
 This is a curious leafless shrub, a native of 
 Siberia, where the Calmucks, in times of scarcity, 
 pound and boil the roots, from which they obtain 
 a nutritious gum resembling tragacanth, to allay 
 their hunger; while, by chewing the acrid 
 branches and fruit, they quench their thirst. 
 Hardy evergreen shrub ; cuttings under a hand- 
 glass, in spring and autumn ; sandy loam. 
 C. Palla'Ha. 4. Green, white. May. Caspian 
 Sea. 1780. 
 
CAL 
 
 [157] 
 
 CAL 
 
 Callio'psis. Synonym of Coreo'psis, 
 which see. 
 
 Callipro'ra. (From Jmlos, heautiful, 
 and prora, a front ; referring to the front 
 view of the flowers. Nat. ord. , Liliaceai ; 
 Tribe, Alliece.) See Brodisea. 
 
 C. lu'tea. B. M. t. 3688. See B. ixioides. 
 
 Callipsy'che. ( From A;aWo.s, beauty, 
 and psyche, a butterfly ; in reference to 
 the beauty of the flowers. Nat. ord., 
 AmarylUdacecB. Allied to Eucrosia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse bulbs. Seeds, offsets. Sandy 
 loam and leaf -mould. Requires shade. 
 C. amranliaca. 2. Orange. February S 
 America. 1868. Ref. Bot. t. 167. 
 
 — euarosioi'des. ^. Scarlet, green. March. 
 
 Mexico. 1844. B. R. 1845, t. 45. 
 
 — mira'bilis. 3. Greenish-yellow. July. Peru. 
 
 1844. Eef. Bot. 1. 168. 
 
 Calli'pteris. Synonym of Asple- 
 nlum, section Diplazium. 
 
 Callirho'e. (Named after Callirhoe, 
 a daughter of the river-god Achelous. 
 Nat. ord., Malvaceae.) 
 
 Very beautiful and elegant, hardy annual or 
 
 perennial herbs, with tuberous roots. Seeds, 
 
 divisions. light sandy loam and leaf-mould. 
 
 C. digita'ta. 3. Purple. August. Texas. 1824. 
 
 Syn., Ifuttallia digitata, Swt. Fl. Gard. 
 
 1. 129, and C. grandiflara. 
 
 — involuera'ta. Cherry -red, purple tinged. July. 
 
 N. America. 1861. Syns., C. verticUlata 
 and Malva involuerata, B. M. t. 4681. 
 
 — Papa'ver. Violet-red. Lousiana. 1863. Syn., 
 
 Ifuttallia Papaver, B. M. t. 3287. 
 
 — peda'ta. Cherry-red. August. Texas. 1824. 
 
 Annual. Rev. Hort. 1867, p. 148. 
 
 — tricmgula'ta. Pale purple. August. N. Ame- 
 
 rica. 1836. Syn., Nuttallia cardata. 
 B. R. 1. 1938. 
 
 — spica'ta. See Sidalcea jnalvcefl^a. 
 
 Calli'sia. (From kalos, beautiful. 
 A pretty genus. Nat. ord., Commely- 
 nacem. .AOied to Tradescantia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trailer ; division of its creeping 
 stems ; sandy loam and a little peat. 
 C. Martensia'na. 1. White. Mexico and Gua- 
 temala. Powerful odour of violets. 
 Syn., Tradescantia MartensiaTia. B. M. 
 t. 4849. 
 
 — reopens. ^. Blue, June. W. Ind. 1776. 
 
 Callista'chys. (From kalos, beau- 
 tiful, and stachys, a flower-spike. Nat. 
 Old., LeguminoscE.) See Oxylobium. 
 
 C. euneif&lia. See Isotropis striata. 
 
 — lanceola'ta, B. R. t. 216 ; C. longifo'lia, Paxt. 
 
 Mag. vol. 8, p. 31 ; C. ova'ta, B. M. 
 1. 1925 ; and C. retu'sa, B. C. 1983. See 
 Oxylobium callistachys. 
 
 — liniariGefo'lia and C. linea'ris, B. M. t. 3882. 
 
 See OxylobiuTn lineare, 
 
 Calliste'mnia. China- Aster. (From 
 kalistos, most beautiful, and stemma, a 
 crown. Nat. ord., Compositce.) See 
 Callistephus. 
 
 Calliste'mon. (From kalistos, most 
 beautiful, and stemon, a stamen ; refer- 
 ringtothegraceful, long, scarlet stamens. 
 
 Nat. ord., Myrtacece. 
 spermum. ) 
 
 -Allied to Lepto- 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol- 
 ^nd, except _C. mRcus, with pea-like blossoms 
 Seeds sown m a hotbed, in March : cuttings of 
 ,^!i '^'°"'*''l'^'.f''°'l' ™ ^ndy loam, under 
 n J'.f 'if "^f ■ ™ ^^"} "J *^ay ; turfy peat sandy 
 and flBry loam, and a few pieces of charcoal. 
 C. brachya'ndrus. 3. Yellow. October. 1S48 
 —fornw'sus. 5. 1824. 
 
 — i'ndicm. 1. Blue. July. E. Ind. 1820 
 Syn., Boltoniaindica. 
 
 — lameeola'tus. 10. Crimson. June. 1788 
 Syns., C. scaier, B. C. 1. 1288 ; C. mar- 
 ginatus; C. semperfiorens ; Meteroside- 
 ros carina, B. M. t. 260 ; and M. semper- 
 fiorens, B. C. t. 623. 
 
 — leptosta'chyui. 6. Green. June. 1820. 
 
 — linea'ris. 6. Scarlet. June. 1728. 
 
 — miarophy'llus. 6. 1824. 
 
 — micTosta'chyus. 6. Bed. March. 1836. 
 
 — phomi'ceus. 3. Purplish. March. 1843. 
 
 — pinifo'lius. 6. Green. June. 
 
 — pu'ngens. 6. May. 1827. 
 
 — ri'gidus. 6. Cream. April. 1800. B. R. 
 t. 393. Syn., C. viminalis. 
 
 Ivnerurifo'lius. 10. Bed. May. 1820. 
 
 Syn., Meterosideros linearifolia. 
 rugulo'sus. 6. Pink. May. 1821. 
 
 — sali'gnm. 6. June. 1788. Syn., C. lopharv- 
 thus, B. C. 1. 1302. 
 
 viridifi&rus. 6. Green. July. 1818. 
 
 Syn., Meterosideros viridifiora, B. M. 
 t. 2802. 
 
 — speeio'sus. 10. Crimson. April. 1822. B. 
 M. 1. 1761. Syns., C. glaums and Mete- 
 rosideros spedosa. 
 
 Calliste'phus. China-Aster. (From 
 kallistos, most beautiful, and stepJianos, 
 a crown. 'S3,t. or A. , Compositce ; Tribe, 
 AsteroidecB.) Syri., Callistemma. 
 
 Hardy annuals. Seeds sown in a slight hot- 
 bed, in March, hardened and transplanted in 
 May. If pricked out in a similar way to celery, 
 they will well repay the labour. Seeds may 
 also be sown in the beginning of April, where 
 the plants are to bloom ; an open situation and 
 a rich, loamy soil will answer best. 
 C. hortelrms. IJ. Blue. July. China. 1731. 
 Syns., C. chinensis, Gfl. t. 213, and Calli- 
 stemma hortense. 
 
 a'lbus. IJ. White. July. China. 1731. 
 
 braehya'nthus. IJ. Blue. July. China. 
 
 1731. 
 
 mulltvplex. IJ. Variegated. July. 
 
 China. 1731. 
 
 nilms. \\. Red. July. China. 1731. 
 
 variega'tus. 1*. Variegated. July. 
 
 China. 1731. 
 
 Callistephus Culture.— -Pj-opa(7a- 
 tion. — These, being annuals, must be in- 
 creased by seed every year. It should 
 be saved from the best-formed and most 
 double flowers. Those with quilled 
 flowers are most esteemed. The colours 
 should also be taken into consideration 
 in saving seed. The self-colours should 
 be clear, divided, and bright ; such as 
 have striped blooms ought to have the 
 colours well defined, not run into each 
 other, but distinctly separated. 
 
 Soil. — The soil should be light and 
 moderately rich; and the situation where 
 they are to bloom should be fully ex- 
 
CAL 
 
 [158] 
 
 CAL 
 
 posed to the sun. They make heautiful 
 beds in the parterre, but are not so last- 
 ing as some other flowers. 
 
 Culture. — Sow the seeds in March, on 
 a gentle hotbed, either in pots or on a 
 bed of earth laid upon the heating mate- 
 rial at least six inches thick ; transplant 
 the seedling as soon as the frosts are 
 over, either in beds of separate colours, 
 in mixtures, or in patches, in the general 
 flower-border. Whichever way is deter- 
 mined upon, the soil should be prepared 
 by the addition of a portion of fresh loam 
 and very much decayed dung, well mixed 
 with the soil. 
 
 Diseases. — China- Asters are subject to 
 die off suddenly. There is no remedy, 
 when this occurs, but to pull up the 
 sickly plants, and remove the soU ; put 
 in some fresh, and replant from the re- 
 serve stock — a stock that ought always 
 to be kept ready for such occasions. 
 
 Insects. — The green fly sometimes 
 during a dry season attacks these plants. 
 Either sprinkle with tobacco-water or 
 Scotch snuff, to destroy them. Do this 
 in the evening of a fine day, and wash it 
 off in the morning with the syringe. 
 
 Callithau'ma. (From kallos, 
 
 beauty, and thauma, a wonder ; in 
 reference to the wonderful green colour 
 of the flowers. Nat. ord., Amarylli- 
 dacem.) See Stenomesson. 
 
 C. amgiistifo'lmm. B. M. t. 3866 b. See 5. viri- 
 dijiorwm, var. angustifolium. 
 
 — vmdifio'rum. B. M. t. 3866 a. See S. viridi- 
 fiorwm. 
 
 mwdsii. See S. viridifiorum, var. Elwesii. 
 
 Calli'tris. (From hdos, beautiful; 
 referring to the whole plant. Nat, ord. , 
 Goniftrm; Tribe, Cwpressineae. AUied 
 to Thuja.) Syn., JVeneto, 
 
 The wood of C. quadrivallms is in great demand 
 Dy the Turks, who use it for the ceilings and 
 floors of their mosques, as they believe it to be 
 
 .Indestructible. GreenhousCj evergreen, cypress- 
 like trees. Seeds and cuttmgs, under a hand- 
 light, in autumn, and protected by a cold pit ; 
 sandy loam, generally protected under a glass 
 in winter, though there seems reason to believe 
 they would flourish out of doors, in the warmer 
 parts of England, nearly as well as several of 
 the Cypresses. 
 C. cupreasifo'mm. 20. N. Holland. 1826. 
 
 Syns., C. armwsa, C. rhamboidea, and 
 
 ^enela rhoinboidea. 
 
 — quadriva'lms. 20. September. Barbary. 
 
 1815. 
 
 — trique'tra. April. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1820. 
 
 Callixe'ne. (From hallos, beautiful, 
 and zenos, a stranger ; being first dis- 
 covered on the inhospitable shore so un- 
 likely to have such a plant — Magellan's 
 Land. Nat. ord., Ziliacece.) See Lu- 
 zuriaga. 
 
 Half-hardy, evergreen, climbing shrub. Cool 
 greenhouse. Light loam. Division. 
 
 C. polyphy'Ua. B. M. t. B192. See L. ereeta. 
 
 Callu'na. Ling. (From kalluno, to 
 adorn ; in reference both to the beauty 
 of the Ling, and to its use as a scrubbing- 
 brush or broom. Nat. ord., Ericaceee.) 
 
 Callu'na vulga'ris, amongst the common Ling 
 (Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 894), and all its varieties, are 
 the best bee-flowers of our native Flora. The 
 C. vulga'ris is a native of many parts of the 
 British Islands, and its flowers are purple, 
 opening in April ; but there are the double- 
 blossomed, the white, the scarlet, the red, the 
 decumbent, the spiked, the downy, and varie- 
 gated varieties. See Em'CA. 
 C. vulga'ris a'lba na'na. White. Flowers soli- 
 tary on the wearker branches. 
 
 — . . au'rea. White. Leaves yellowish. Loose 
 
 growing. 
 cocci'nea. Violet. Spreading. 
 
 — ■ globo'sa. Flowers solitary, rosy -like. 
 
 Spreading. 
 
 rigida. White. Dwarf, compact. 
 
 tenui^o'lm a!lba. Flowers 2-ranked. 
 
 Callus. A cushion of tissue formed 
 over a wound in a plant, such as when 
 a limb of a tree has been cut off. Its 
 peculiarity consists in being developed 
 from cells which had ceased to grow, 
 but which are stimulated by the injury 
 to renew their growth. 
 
 Calochi'lUS. (From Icalos, beauti- 
 ful, and cheilos, a lip ; referring to the 
 beauty of the labellum, or lip. Nat. 
 ord. , Orchidem ; Tribe, Neottiece. Allied 
 to Listera and Neottia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse terrestrial orchids. Divisions of 
 the plant : sandy loam and turfy peat, enriched 
 with a little lumpy, old cow-dung. Encouraged 
 to ^ow, when done flowering, by heat and 
 moisture ; kept cool and dry after they are 
 pretty well matured, and heat given again when 
 to be started into bloom. 
 
 C. Mowpelstria. |. Green, brown. April to 
 June. Queensland. 18-24. B. M. t. 3187. 
 Syn., C. herbaceus. 
 
 — paludo'sus. f Brownish. May. New South 
 
 Wales. 1823. 
 
 Calocho'rtus. (From kalos, beau- 
 tiful, and chortus, grass ; referring to 
 the leaves. Nat. ord. , Xj^z'acece ; Tribe, 
 Tulipem. Allied to the Tulip and Fri- 
 tUlaria.) Syn., Cyclobothra. 
 
 The gayest of our hardy or half-hardy bulbs, 
 mtroduced by the unfortunate and intrepid 
 Douglas from Colombia. Half-hardy bulbs. 
 Offsets ; sandy loam and peat, in equal propor- 
 tions. If planted ont, the bulbs should be taken 
 up, dried and replanted before winter ; if in pots, 
 keep in a cold pit, and pot afresh when the bulbs 
 begin to grow. 
 
 C. a'lbus. 1. White. August. California. 
 1832. Syn., Cyclobothra alba. 
 
 — barba'tiis. 3. Yellow. August. Mexico. 
 
 1827. Syn., Cyclobothra iarbata. 
 
 — Bentha'mi. J. Yellow. Eed-brown. .Tune. 
 
 California. 1877. Syn., C. elegans, var. 
 lutea. 
 
 — eceru'leus. J. Lilac, dotted with dark blue. 
 
 July. Sierra Nevada. 
 
 — e'legans. J. Whitish, purple. June. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1828. B. M. t. 6976 is C 
 Maweanxis. 
 
 — Clunniso'ni. Lilac, yellowish. Eocky Moun- 
 
 tains. 
 
CAL 
 
 [159] 
 
 CAL 
 
 0. Gunnieo'iii Krelaa'gii. Yellow, -white, green, 
 black. California. 1873. 
 
 — Bowflllii. White, brown. Summer. Oregon. 
 
 1890. 
 — - lilaeiJnus. }. Lilac, purplish. California. 
 
 1868. Syns., C. unijiorus of some gar- 
 dens, and C. wmbeUatus, B. M. t. 5804. 
 
 — longibarba'tus. 1. Pale purple with darker 
 
 stripes. July. Oregon. 1890. 
 
 — lu'teus. 1. Yellow-spotted. September. 
 
 California. 1831. B. R. 1. 1667. 
 
 ocula'tus. Bright yellow, with an eye 
 
 inside each petal. 
 
 — macrocalrms. 2. Purple. August. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1826. B. B. 1. 1162. 
 
 — madrelnsis. Orange-yellow. 'September. 1890. 
 
 — Mawea'nus. 1. White, purplish. California. 
 
 Syn., 0. elegant, B. M. t. 6976. 
 
 — monopliy'Uus. J. Bright yellow. California. 
 
 1848. Syn., Cyclobothra monophylla. 
 
 — ni'tidus. J. Purple. Augu^. CaUfornia. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — Nutta'Uii. i. White, purple. California. 
 
 1869. Syn., C. Leichtlimii. B. M. t. 6862. 
 
 — obispce'nns. 1.2. Orange, purple, greenish. 
 
 California. 1889. 
 ^pa'Uidus. 1. Brown. Mexico. 1860. 
 
 ' he'llus. 1. Yellow. Summer. California. 
 
 1832. Syn., Cydobotlwa pulcheUa, B. E. 
 
 t. 1662. 
 paroijlo'rus. Yellow. California ,1876. 
 
 — pwrpvJreus. 3. Purple, green. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1827. Syn., Cyclobothra pur- 
 purea, Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 20. 
 
 — spWridens. 1^. White-spotted. August. 
 
 California. 1832. Syn., C. Boezlii. 
 
 — unifio'rus. f . Pink. Santa Cruz. 1868. 
 
 — venu'stus. IJ. LUac. August. California. 
 
 1836. B. E. 1. 1669. 
 brachyse'palus. White, yellow, red, 
 
 brown. California. 1876. 
 lilaai'mis. 1. Lilac, red-brown, yellow. 
 
 California. 1877. 
 — purpu'reus. 1. Purple-lilac, red-brown, 
 
 yellow. California. 1877. 
 
 — Wee'du. 1. Yellow. Summer. Cahfomia. 
 
 1876. Syn., C. citrinus. 
 
 Calode'ndron. (From Jcalos, beau- 
 tifn), and dendron, a tree. Nat. ord., 
 ButacecB. Allied to Diosma. ) 
 
 One of those beautiful Diosma-looking genera 
 which abound in our Cape Colony, remarkable 
 alike for their pretty flowers and for their power- 
 ful and' generally offensive odour. The settlers 
 call them Bucku-plants. Greenhouse shrub. 
 Cuttings of half -ripened -wood in sand, under a 
 
 bell-glass, and with a little bottom-heat ; sandy 
 loam. ' 
 
 C. cape'nsis. 40. Pink. Cape of Good Hope. 
 1789. Gfl. 1884, p. 210. 
 
 . Calodra'con. (From kalos, beau- 
 tiful, and dracon, a dragon ; intimating 
 that it is a very handsome Dracwna, 
 or Dragon Tree. Nat. ord., Lilicicece.) 
 Now referred to Cordyline. 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. For cultivation, see 
 
 C. n&bilis. Japan. 18B2. Fl. Ser. tt. 682, 683. 
 
 Calony'ction. See Ipomsea. 
 
 Calope'talon. (From kalos, beau- 
 tiful, and petalon, a petal. Nat. ord., 
 Pittosporacem.) This genus is united 
 by Bentham and Hooker to Marian- 
 thus, from which it differs in having a 
 3-celled ovary and dilated filaments. 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen cUmbers. See MjfBI- 
 
 ANTHUS. 
 
 C. ri'rigens. Golden-red. November. Swan 
 Elver. B. M. t. 6233. Sya., Maricmthus 
 ringen£. 
 
 .Calophaca. (From kalos, beauti- 
 ful, and phake, a lentil ; in reference to 
 the lentil-like flowers. Nat. ord., Legu- 
 minoscB ; Tribe, GalegecB. Allied to 
 Astragalus. ) 
 
 Loudon says of them, "Grafted standard high 
 on the common Laburnum, it forms an object 
 at once singular, picturesque, ^d beautiful." 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs. Seeds sown in March ; 
 or cuttings, under a hand-light ; common, light 
 loam. 
 
 C, grandifio'ra. Yellow. Eussia. 1886. Gfl. 
 t. 1231. 
 
 — Hove'riii. Yellow, shaded with red. Eglan- 
 
 dular. Eussia. Gfl. t. 287. 
 
 — wolga'rica. 2. Yellow. Glandular. May, 
 
 Siberia. 1786. Wats. Dendr. t. 83. 
 
 Calopha'nes. (From kalos, beau- 
 tiful, and phaino, to appear. Nat. old. , 
 AcanthacecB. Allied to Ruellia. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Dividing the 
 
 roots in March ; loam and peat, or sandy loam. 
 
 C, oblongifo'lia. 1. Blue, lower lobe marked 
 
 with purple spots. August. Carolina. 
 
 1832. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 1. 181. 
 
 Calophy'Uum. (From kalos, beau- 
 tiful, and phyllon, a leaf. Nat. ord., 
 GuttifercB.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees ; cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a glass, and in bottom- 
 heat ; peat and loam. 
 C. Cala'ba. 30. White. India. 1780. Calaba-tree. 
 
 — InopWllum. 90. White. B. Ind. 1798. Wight. 
 
 Ic. t. 77. Pinnay tree. 
 spu'rium. 30. White. Malabar. 1800. 
 
 — Tacamaha'ea. 30. White. Bourbon. 1822. 
 
 Calo'pogon. (From kalos, beauti- 
 ful, send pogon, a beard ; in reference to 
 the fringe on the lip, or labellum. Nat. 
 ord., Orchidem ; Tribe, NeottiecB ; Sub- 
 tribe, ArethusecB. AUied to Pogonia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse, or hardy orchids. Division of 
 the tuberous roots ; peat and loam. 
 
CAL 
 
 [160] 
 
 CAL 
 
 C. multijl&rwi. Amethyst purple, lip with gol- 
 den-yellow lamellEe. 1884. 
 
 — piilche'Uus. 1}. Purple. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1771. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 116. Syn., 
 lAmodorum tuberosum, B. M. 1. 116, 
 
 Calosa'nthes. (From kalos, beau- 
 tiful, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., 
 BignoniaeecB. ) 
 
 This genus is established on a species taken 
 from Bignonia. 
 
 C. i'ndica. 40. Purple. India. 1775. Wight 
 Ic. 1. 1337-8. Syn., Bignonia ijidica. 
 
 Calosco'rclxuia. (From kalos, beau- 
 tiful, and scordon, garlic. Nat. ord., 
 LiliacecB ; Tribe, Alliece. ) See Notho- 
 scordiun. 
 
 C. nermefio'rum, B. B. 1847, t. 5. See Notho- 
 scordum nerineflorwm. 
 
 Caloste'rama. (From kalos, beau- 
 tiful, and stemma, a crown. Nat. ord. , 
 Amai-ylUdece ; Tribe, Amaryllece. Al- 
 lied to Coburgia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse bulbs. Offsets ; sandy loam and 
 a little leaf -mould ; a cold pit, or the greenhouse 
 in winter. 
 
 C. a'lbwn. 1. White. May. Gulf of Carpen- 
 taria. 1824. 
 
 — Cunnmgha'mi. See Eurydes Cunninghami, 
 
 — lu'teum. 1. Yellow. November. Queens- 
 
 land and New S. Wales. 1819. B. M. 
 t. 2101. 
 
 — purpu'reum. 1. Dark purple. November. S. 
 
 Australia and New S. Wales, 1819. B. 
 M. t. 210O. 
 
 ba'mev/m. 1. Pale purple or white, 
 
 Australia. 1837. B. R. 1840, t. 26. Syn., 
 C. camewm. 
 
 Calotha'mnus. (From kalos, beau- 
 tiful, and thamnus, a shrub. Nat, ord., 
 Myrta/xcE. Allied to Melaleuca. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, -natives of Aus- 
 tralia. Cuttings of young wood, firm at the 
 base, in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat 
 and fibry loam. 
 C. clava'ta. 2. Scarlet. July. 1824. 
 
 — gra'cilis. 3. Scarlet. July. 1803. 
 
 — Kni'ghtii. Blooms all year. 1839. 
 
 — guaSn'Mut- 3- Scarlet. July. W. Aus- 
 
 tralia. 1803. B. M. 1. 1606. 
 
 — mllo'sa. 3. Scarlet. July. W. Australia. 
 
 1803. B. B. 1. 1099. 
 
 Calo'tis. (From kalos, beautiful, 
 and ous, an. ear ; in reference to the 
 chaffy scales of the pappus, or seed- 
 head. Nat. ord., Cojraposite. Allied to 
 Bellium. ) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Divisions ; 
 sandy loam. 
 
 C. cuneifo'lia. 1. Blue. June. Australia. 
 1819. B. B. t. 604. 
 
 Calotro'pis. (From kalos, beauti- 
 ful, and tropis, a keel ; referring to the 
 flower. Nat. ord., Ascl&piadacece, Al- 
 lied to Schubertia. ) 
 
 C. giga'ntea is the Afcund-yercum, or Mudar- 
 plant of India, whose thick, milky juice is a 
 powerful purgative. Stove evergreen shrubs. 
 Seeds in a hotbed, in March ; cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in April ; 
 
 good, common, fibry loam and leaf-soil and 
 sand. 
 
 C. giga'ntea. 6 to 15. Rose, purple, August. 
 India. 1690. B. B. t. 68. 
 
 — pro'cera. 6. White. July. Persia. 1714. 
 
 B. R. 1. 1792. 
 
 Calpica'rpum. (From kalpis, an. 
 urn, and karpos, fruit. Nat, ord. , -4^0- 
 cynaeecB. ) 
 
 For cultivation, see KOPSIA. 
 C. aUriflo'rum. White, crimson. Moluccas. 
 1864. Stove shrub. 
 
 — omaltwm. Coram. 
 
 Calpi'dia. See Pisonia. 
 
 Ca,lpu'mia. (After T. Jul. C. Cal- 
 purnius, a Sicilian. Nat. ord., Legu- 
 minoscB ; Tribe, SophorecB.) 
 
 A small tree, with the habit, etc., of La- 
 burnum. 
 C. Icmogy'ne. Yellow. NataL 1890. 
 
 Ca'ltha. Marsh Marigold. (A con- 
 traction of halathos, a goblet ; referring 
 to the form of the flower. Nat, ord., 
 Ranunculacece ; Tribe, Helleborew. Al- 
 lied to Hellebore. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds, or di- 
 visions, in March or April ; common soil. A 
 moist place, near a running stream, is where 
 they flourish best. 
 C. a'rctwa. Yellow. May. N. America. 1827. 
 
 — aaariifo'lia. ^. Yellow. April. Unilas. 1824. 
 
 — biJUt'ra. See C. palustris, var. bicolor. 
 
 — Jtabellifo'lia. 1. Yellow. April. N. Amer- 
 1818. 
 
 — Govenia'na. North India. 1848. 
 
 — mtege'rrvma. Yellow. May. N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 — leptose'paZa. 1. Yellow. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1827. 
 
 — mi'nor. i. Yellow. May. Britain. 
 
 -na'tans. Yellow. May. Siberia. 1816. 
 
 —paho'atris. 1. Yellow. April. Britain. Bng.Bot. 
 ed. 3, t. 40. There are several double- 
 flowered forms of this known as Jlore^ 
 pleno, monstroso-plenOt and Ttaiw-pleno, 
 etc. 
 
 K color, J. White. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1827. Syn., C. Uflora. 
 
 pamassifo'lia. J. Yellow. April. N. 
 
 Amer. 1815. Syn. C. ficanoides. 
 
 purpura' scene. Shoots purplish. S. 
 
 Europe. 
 
 — polype! tala. Yellow. Caucasus. 1875. 
 
 — radi'cans. i. Yellow. April. Scotland. 
 
 — sagitta'ta. i. Green, yellow. November. 
 
 Cape Horn. 1840. B. M. t. 40S6. 
 
 Caltrops, Tri'bultcs. 
 
 Caltrops, Water. Tra'pa na'tans. 
 
 Calumba, False. Cosci'niumfene- 
 stra'tum. 
 
 Calumba Root. 
 
 Wmha. 
 
 Calumba Wood. 
 
 stra'tum. 
 
 Calyca'nthus. Allspice. (From 
 
 kalyx, a calyx, and anthos, a flower ; in 
 
 reference to the coloured calyx. Nat. 
 
 ord., Calycanthaeece.) 
 
 The bark of C. flo'ridus, from its aromatic fra- 
 
 Jateorrhi'ea Ca- 
 Cosci'niumfene- 
 
CAL 
 
 [161] 
 
 CAL 
 
 grance, ia used as a substitute for cinnamon in 
 the United States of North America. Hardy 
 deciduous shrubs. Layers, as fruit is seldom 
 produced ; rich, sandy loam, in a shady situa- 
 tion. It IS said, that by pulling out the ter- 
 minal bud of a shoot two flower-buds are pro- 
 duced ; and thus the flowering season is pro- 
 longed. 
 
 C. fe^rtilis. B. R. t. 404. See C. glaucus. 
 
 — fio'ridus. 6. Brown. June. Carolina. 1726. 
 
 B. M. t. 503. 
 
 asplenifo'liits. 6. Brown. July. 
 
 fe'rax. 6. Brown. July. 
 
 ituydorus. 6. Brown. July. 
 
 longif&lius. 6. Brown. July. 
 
 oblo'ngus. 
 
 • ova'ttts^ 6. Brown. July. 
 
 variega'tus. 6. Brown. July. 
 
 — glwu!<ms. 6. Brown. May. Caroliria. 1726. 
 
 Syn., C.fertilis. 
 
 oblongifo'lius, 4. Brown. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1820. Syn., C. oblang^folius. 
 ja'tug. 8. Brown. June. N. Amer. 1806. 
 B. M. t. 481. 
 
 — 'inaffrophi/Uiis. 6. California. 1848. 
 
 — oblmigyo'lius. See C. glaucus, var. oblongifo- 
 
 Hue. 
 
 — omdenta'lis. 1^. Scarlet. September. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1831. B. M. t. 4808. 
 
 — pennsylva'nums. 4. Brown. May. Penn- 
 
 sylvania. 1820. 
 
 — pra/eox. See Chvnumard,lm8 fragrant. 
 
 Calyciflo'rse. That subdivision of 
 Polypetalous Dicotyledons in which the 
 corolla and stamens are inserted upon 
 the calyx. 
 
 CSilycifonn. Resembling a calyx, 
 e.g., the involucres of Anemone hepatica 
 (see figure) and Eranthis hiemalis. 
 
 Calycophy'Uum. (From hdyx, 
 calyx, and phyllon, a leaf ; referring to 
 a division of the calyx expanding into 
 the form of a leaf. Nat. ord. , Rubiaceoe ; 
 Tribe, Cinck(mece. Allied to Bouvardia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half -ripe 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; loam, 
 peat, and a little sand and charcoal. 
 C. ecmUdi'smrmm. 20. White. Cuba. 1830. 
 
 Ca'lycothrix. See Calythrix. 
 
 Caiyculate. Same as Calyci- 
 fonn. 
 
 Calyme'nia cmgustifo'Ua. See 
 Oxybaphus angusUfoUm. 
 
 Caly'pso. (From kalypto, to con- 
 ceal ; in reference to its place of growth 
 
 Nat. ord., Orchidew ; Tribe, Epiden- 
 drece. Allied to Liparis.) 
 
 Hardy terrestrial orchid. Offsets from the 
 bulbs ; sandy loam and peat. Open pit or frame, 
 or close to the side of a wall in shade. 
 C. barea'lu. }. Rose, brown. January. N. 
 
 Amer. 1820. B. M. t. 2763. Syn., C. 
 
 america'na. 
 
 Calyptra'nthes. (From kalyptra, 
 a veil, and anthos, a flower ; referring 
 to the way the flower-bud is hid by the 
 cohesion of the tips of the calyx, which 
 falls off like a cap when the flower ex- 
 pands. Nat. ord., Myrtacem. Allied to 
 Pimento.) 
 
 The dried flower-buds of C. aroma'Ucus are a 
 good substitute for cloves. Stove evergreen 
 trees. Layers and cuttings in heat ; loam and 
 peat. 
 C. caryophyllif&lia. See Eugenia. 
 
 — chytracvflia. 12, White. April. Jamaica. 
 
 1778. 
 
 — Jambola'na, See Eugenia, 
 
 — syzy'gium, 20. White. June. W. Ind. 1778. 
 
 Calyptra'ria. (From iMlyptrfx, a 
 veil ; referring to the calyx. Nat. ord. , 
 MelastomacecB.) This genus is reduced 
 by Bentham and Hooker to Cen- 
 tronia. 
 
 stove shrub. Cuttings under a bell-glass in 
 heat. Soil, fibry loam, leaf.soil, and sand. 
 C. htxma'miha. 4. Crimson. New Grenada. 1856. 
 
 Fl. Ser. t. 924. Syn,, Centronia ha- 
 
 Ttiantha, 
 
 Caly'ptrion. (Nat. ord., Violacece.) 
 See Corynostyles. 
 
 Calyptrocalyx. (From kalyptra, 
 a veil, and halyx, a cup. Nat. ord., 
 Palmem ; Tribe, Arecece. ) 
 
 For culture, see Calamus. 
 C. spiea'tus. 12. Moluccas, Syns., Arena globosa, 
 and PijMnga alobosa. 
 
 Calyptrogy'ne. (From kalyptra, a 
 
 veil, and gyne, a female. Nat. ord., 
 
 Palmem; Tribe, Arecece.) Syn., Ca- 
 
 lyptronoma. 
 Handsome stove palms. Soil, strong loam, 
 
 leaf-soil, and sand*, requiring plenty of drainage. 
 
 Seeds. 
 
 C, Ghiesbreghtia'na, 2 to 5. Mexico. B. M. 
 t. 6782. Syns., Geonoma Ghiesbreghtiana, 
 G. magnifica, and G. Verschaffeltii. 
 
 — ipici'gera. 5. Guatemala. 
 
 — Swa'rtzH. 60. Jamaica. 1878. Syn., Caiyp- 
 
 trtmoma Swartzii. 
 
 — te'res. British Guiana. 1882. 
 
 Calyptrono'ma. See Calyptro- 
 gyne. 
 
 Calyste'gia. Bearbind. (From 
 kalyx, a calyx, and stega, a covering ; 
 in reference to the calyx being hiddenby 
 two bracts, as is the case witn a section 
 of Bindweeds. Nat. ord., Convolvulacece. 
 Alhed to Convolvulus. ) 
 
 C. pube'scens, received from China as a double 
 flower, has become single with Mr. Beaton. — 
 
 M 
 
CAL 
 
 [162] 
 
 CAM 
 
 " Cottage Gardener," iv. 302. Hardy deciduous 
 plants, except where otherwise mentioned. Both 
 the creeping and twining species may be propa- 
 gated by divisions of the plant and roots or by 
 seeds. Common soil. 
 
 C. CaMshiana. Bose. July. Carolina. 1816. 
 Twiner. 
 
 — dahu'rica. J. Pink. July. Dahuria. 1823. 
 
 Twiner. H. Ser. 1. 1076. 
 
 — hedera'cea. Rose. June. Nepaul. 1826. 
 
 Half-hardy twiner. 
 
 — margina'ta. 3. Pink. July. Australia. 1824. 
 
 Twiner. 
 
 — pute'scens. 16. Pale rose. June. China. 1844. 
 
 Twiner. 
 
 — reni/o'rmis. A synonym of C. Soldcmetta. 
 
 — sdpium. 6. White. July. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 924. Common Bindweed. 
 Syn., Convolvul'us gemum. 
 incama'ta. 6. Eed. July. N. Amer. 
 
 — Solda/ne^Ua. Eosy-purple. June. Sandy shores 
 
 of Britain. Evergreen trailer. Eng. Bot. 
 ed. 3, t. 296. Sea Bindweed. Syns., 
 C. reniforinis and Convolvulus soldanella. 
 
 — spithaTruffa. 1. White. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1796. Twiner. Syn., C. tomentosa. 
 
 — sylva'tica. 18. White. July. Hungary. 1815. 
 
 Twiner, 
 
 Ca'lytrix, (From calyx, a calyx, 
 and thrix, hair ; in reference to the di- 
 visions of the calyx ending in long, 
 bristly hairs. Nat. ord., Myrtacece.) 
 Syn., Calycothrvx.. 
 
 Beautiful little bushes, often not unlike 
 Heaths, with the fragrance of the Myrtle. 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of points 
 of shoots, in April or May, in sand, under a bell- 
 glass 
 C. wngula*ta. Yellow. May. Swan River. 1842. 
 
 — aurea. Bright yellow. Swan River. 
 
 — brevisefta. Pale lilac. May. Swan River. 
 
 1843. 
 
 — ericoi'des. See C. tetragona. 
 
 — florOm'nda. 4. White. N. Holland. 1820. 
 ^- gla'ira. B. R. t. 409. See 0. tetragmia. 
 
 — glutvno'm. Yellow, purple. May. Swan 
 
 River. 
 
 — pv^scens. See C. tetragona. 
 
 — swpphirilna. 2. Blue. May. Swan River. 
 
 1843. 
 
 — sca'bra. See C. tetragona. 
 
 — tetra'gona. 4. White. Australia. 1824. Syns., 
 
 C. bruniodeSt C. ericoides, C. glabra, C. 
 pubescene, C. scabra, and C. mrgata, 
 B. M. t. 3323. 
 
 — varia'bilis. Lilac. May. Swan River. 1842 
 
 — virga'ta. See C. tetragona. 
 
 Camari'dium. (From camara, an 
 arched roof ; in reference to the arched 
 tip of the stigma. Nat. ord. , Orchide(B ; 
 Trihe, Vandece ; Sub-tribe, Maxillarie(e. 
 Allied to Maxillaria.) 
 
 Stove orchids ; division ; shallow basket, or 
 raised above the surface of the pots, with sphag- 
 num and broken pots. 
 
 C. a'lbmn. White. November. Trinidad. 1833. 
 Syn., Ornithidmm album. B. M. t. 3306. 
 
 — ochroleu'cum. 1. White. Brazil. July. Trini- 
 
 dad. 1823. B. B. t. 844. Syn., Cym- 
 bidium ochroleucwm, B. R. 4141. 
 
 Camaro'tis. (From camarotos, 
 arched ; the apex of the lip being 
 arched. Nat. ord., Orchidem ; Tribe, 
 Vandem-SarcantheoB. ) 
 Stove orchid. 
 
 C. eoehinchinenm. Yellow, brown. Cochin 
 China. 1877. 
 
 Cama'ssia. (From Qunmash, so 
 called by the North American Indians, 
 who eat the bulbs. Nat. ord., Liliacew ; 
 Tribe, SciUem. Allied to Scilla, or 
 Squill.) 
 
 Beautiful hardy bulbs; offsets and seeds, 
 which may be sown when ripe ; good border 
 plants, common soil. 
 C. CuM'ckii. li-2. Purple. July. California. 
 
 — Englema'imi. 1. Bright blue. Rocky Moun- 
 
 tains. 1889. 
 
 — esaMnta. 2. Purple. July. Columbia. 
 
 1837. B. R. 1. 1486. 
 __ — flQ'rea'lbo. Ih White. Columbia. 1826. 
 
 Syn., Scilla esculenta, var. Jlort albo. 
 
 B. M. t. 2774. 
 LeichtKnii. 2. Greenish-white. Spring. 
 
 British Columbia. 1853. B. M. t. 6287. 
 
 Syn., Chlorogalum Leichtlmii. — The 
 
 White Camassia. 
 
 — Frase'ri. IJ. Pale blue. May. Ohio and 
 
 Texas. Syn., SaMa eaculentfl,, B. M. 
 t. 1674.— The Missouri Squill or Qua- 
 mash, eaten by the Indians. 
 
 Cambessede'sia. (Named after 
 James Cambessedes, a botanical author. 
 Nat. ord., Melastomacew.) 
 
 Charming herbaceous stove shrdb, flbry peat, 
 and sand. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in 
 heat under a bell-glass. 
 
 C. paraguaye'nsis. IJ. Rose red. July. Para- 
 guay. 1874.' Krst flowered 1881. B. M. 
 t. 6604. 
 
 Ca'mbilUU. That tissue which 
 causes increase in diameter in the stems 
 and roots of phanerogams, by the divi- 
 sion of its cals to form other tissues. 
 In Dicotyledons and Conifers it forms a 
 ring, whxch develops wood on its inner, 
 and bark on its outer, side. 
 
 Camellia. (Named after Camellns, 
 a Moravian Jesuit. Nat. ord., Tern- 
 stromiaeece. ) 
 
 A good table-oil is extracted from the seeds of 
 C. Sasanqua. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. In- 
 arching and grafting, the latter mode entailing 
 least trouble, using a slight, sweet hotbed, and 
 shading from bright sun until the scions have 
 taken : March and April is the best time. Cut- 
 tings of ripened shoots ; everyjoint, if necessary, 
 will form one, inserted firmly in the sand ; set in 
 a close, shady situation, and, after a time, placed 
 in mild bottom-heat ; peat and loam, with alittle 
 cow-dung, dried, and charcoal. By bringing for- 
 ward in a vinery they may be induced to flower 
 at almost all seasons. Some of the sorts do well 
 in sheltered spots in the open air, in southern 
 counties. 
 
 C. axilla'ris. B. M. t. 2047. See Gordonia 
 a/iuymala. Syn., Polyspora axillaris, 
 B. M. t. 4019. 
 
 — Donckelaa'ri. Crimson, marbled white, 
 
 — drupi'fera. 10. White. May. China. 1818. 
 
 Syn., C. Kissi, B. M. 1. 1816. 
 
 — euryffi'des. See Thea malifiora. 
 
 — Guiseppi'rM Mercatellli. White, with a few 
 
 red stripes. Bull. Soc. Tosc. 1881, 
 p. 299. 
 
 — jwpo'nica. 10. Red. May. China. 1739. 
 a'lba semidu'plex. 10. White. March. 
 
 China. 1822. 
 
CAM 
 
 [163] 
 
 CAM 
 
 C.japo'nicaAlbe'rti. Bed. White. May. China. 
 
 1839. 
 
 ela'ta. Bright crimson. May. 
 
 imtriea'ta. 10. Crimson. March. China. 
 
 1824. 
 pceonicefio'ra a'lba. 10. White. February. 
 
 China. 1820. 
 Pa'rksii. 10. Bright rose. February. 
 
 China. 
 ' Eeevesia'na. 10. Crimson. September. 
 
 China. 1829. 
 ro'sea. 10. Rose. February. China. 
 
 1821. 
 Sabinia'na. 10. White. February. China. 
 
 1824. 
 specio'sa. 10. Deep red. March. China. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — Ki'ssi. See C. drwpifera. 
 
 — malijyra. See Thea malifiora. 
 
 — oleifera. See C. Sascmqua. 
 
 — reiicula'ta. 6. Bed. April. China. 1824. 
 
 B.M. t. 4976. 
 
 flo're plefno. B. B. 1. 1078. This double 
 
 form was known twenty years before 
 the single. 
 
 — roeceJWra. 3. Pink. China. 
 
 — SasaJnqua. 4. Wliite. February. China. 
 
 1811. B. M. t. 2080. Syn., C. oMfera. 
 anemonxJU/ra. Yellow, white. China. 
 
 B. M. t. 5152. 
 pUlna-a'lba. i. White. February. China. 
 
 1824. 
 : ple'jia^ru'bra. Bed. February. China. 
 
 1818. 
 se'mi-ple^na. 4. Bed. February. China. 
 
 1811. 
 
 Camellia Cvltvire.— Propagation. 
 — By Cuttings. The double varieties do 
 not grow nor flower so well on their own 
 roots. Cultivators, therefore, propagate 
 by cuttings the original single-flowered 
 species, and when these plants become 
 strong enough for the purpose, inarch 
 or graft upon them the fine double va- 
 rieties. The best time to put in these 
 cuttings is when the new wood has be- 
 come nearly ripe, which is generally 
 about the end of June. Prepare, first, 
 ■the pots, six inches wide, for the cuttings, 
 by putting about an inch of broken pot- 
 sherds in bottom, and another inch of 
 pieces no larger than peas upon them ; 
 cover these with a thm layer of moss, 
 and then fill the pots to the top with 
 sandy loam, sifted pretty fine ; press 
 this firmly down, andT fill the pot again 
 quite up to the brim, making it very 
 firm. Then take the cuttings of the 
 single - flowering species ; make them 
 ■about four or five inches long ; cut the 
 bottom off smoothly and level just under 
 a bud ; then cut off two of the lowest 
 leaves, leaving as many on the cutting. 
 Make as many ready as will fill the first 
 pot. As soon as they are ready, insert 
 /them into the soil thickly all over the 
 pot ; place them in a cold frame, or 
 ■spent hotbed, and in two or three months 
 .they wiU nearly every one be rooted. 
 Then pot them off singly in 3-inch pots, 
 in peat and sandy loam, and replace 
 them in the frame, where they may re- 
 
 mam till winter approaches ; then to ba 
 removed into the greenhouse, and have 
 the usual treatment of the older plants. 
 Let them have a little extra heat during 
 the growin" season ; and most of them 
 will be ready for grafting or inarching 
 the following season. 
 
 Sy Grafting.— The time from Sep- 
 tember to February. The method called 
 tongue-grafting is the best for Camellias. 
 (See Grafting.) As soon as grafted, 
 place them under hand-glasses, upon a 
 surface of coal ashes, in a deep pit or 
 shadv part of the greenhouse, to remain 
 till the grafts have united to the stocks, 
 and begin to grow ; the hand-glasses 
 may then be removed, and the plants 
 graduaUy inured to the open air, and 
 finally placed in the greenhouse, and 
 receive the same culture as the other 
 plants. 
 
 By Inarching. — The time for this 
 mode of increasing the double varieties 
 is just before the growing season, in 
 April. Place the stocks in a warm 
 place, to start them, and, as soon as this 
 takes place, bring them into a position 
 near to the variety intended to work 
 upon. (See Inarching.) It is a more 
 certain mode of increase than by graft- 
 ing, and also more expeditious ; but the 
 plants are generally longer-stemmed, 
 and do not make so neat a joint as by 
 the former mode. 
 
 Soil. — ^A moderate, strong, turfy loam 
 and sandy peat, in equal parts, will 
 grow these plants well. Some growers 
 use peat alone ; but it is too li^t, and 
 the plants do not thrive long in it. 
 
 Summer Culture. — The bloom will be 
 over before summer commences. It will 
 then be necessary to give the Camellia 
 a little artificial heat, to encourage a 
 free growth. A moist atmosphere, also, 
 must be produced, by syringing the 
 plants, walks, and walls every morning 
 and evening, and keeping the floor de- 
 luged with water. Shade from bright 
 sunshine, and give air, to reduce the 
 temperature to 65° by day, and 55° by 
 night. Continue this Kberal treatment 
 tiU the buds and the new leaves are 
 fully formed ; then give more air, and 
 about the middle of July re-pot them, 
 using plenty of drainage ; and set them 
 out of doors, behind a north wall, where 
 the sun cannot reach them after 10 
 o'clock. There they may remain till 
 the autumn. 
 
 Winter Culture. — As soon as there is 
 the least fear of frost prepare for housing 
 the plants for the winter. Cleanse and 
 repair the house, wash the pots, and 
 top-dress before arranging them in the 
 
CAM 
 
 [164] 
 
 CAM 
 
 house. Give abundance of air, both 
 night and day, when there is no frost ; 
 and when there is frost, only just use 
 fire enough to keep it out. This treat- 
 ment is proper till the blooming-season 
 is over. Water must be judiciously ap- 
 plied ; too much or too little will cause 
 the buds to drop off prematurely. 
 
 Insects. — The white scale is the most 
 troublesome insect. Strong soap- water 
 will destroy it. The black fiy, also, 
 sometimes makes its appearance, and is 
 very injurious to the flower-buds. That 
 and the green fly maybe destroyed in 
 the usual way by smoking with tobacco. 
 The black fly requires a stronger dose. 
 
 Diseases. — Sometimes young plants 
 will die suddenly, and if the roots are 
 examined, a brownness will be observed 
 at the ends. This arises from stagnant 
 water, caused by imperfect drainage. 
 To prevent it, pay particular attention 
 to that point. 
 
 Camomile or Chamomile. 
 
 A'nthemis no'bUis. 
 
 Varieties. — There are two kinds, the 
 common single species and the double- 
 flowering. 
 
 SoU and Situation. — They require a 
 poor, dry soil, otherwise they are less 
 powerful in their medicinal qualities. 
 They will grow in almost any situation, 
 but the more open the better. 
 
 Time and Mode of Propagation. — 
 ^Generally by parting the roots, and by 
 ofi'sets, planted from the close of Feb- 
 ruaiy until the end of May ; the earlier, 
 however, the better. Seed-sowing may 
 be in any of the early spring months ; 
 but, as parting the roots gives much 
 less trouble, it is generally pursued. 
 Still, after a lapse of several years, raise 
 fresh plants, tne old ones often then 
 declining. 
 
 Cultivation. — They should not be 
 planted nearer to each other than eigh- 
 teen inches. Water must be given 
 moderately at the time of planting, if 
 dry weather. If raised from seed, the 
 seedlings require no further cultivation 
 than to be kept free from weeds in the 
 seed-bed, and when three or four inches 
 high to be thinned to about six inches 
 apart, and may remain thus until the 
 following spring, then to be thinned and 
 remain, or to be removed to the above- 
 mentioned distance apart. A very small 
 bed will supply the largest family. 
 
 Gathering. — In July the flowers are 
 
 fenerally in perfection for gathering, 
 'he period for performing it, however, 
 must be governed by the flowers them- 
 selves, as the best time is when they 
 
 are just opened. Particular care must 
 be taken to dry them thoroughly before 
 they are stored, otherwise they will be- 
 come mouldy. If seed be required, the 
 only attention necessary is to leave some 
 of the first-opening flowers ungathered r 
 the seed will ripen early in September, 
 when it may be dried and rubbed out. 
 
 Camera'ria. (After Joachim, Came- 
 rarius, a botanical writer in the six- 
 teenth century. Nat. ord., Apobyrm- 
 cecE.) 
 C. dM'Ua. B. M. 1. 1646. See Wrightia. 
 
 — lu'tea. See MaZanetia Tamaquarina. 
 
 Camoe'nsia. (Named in honour 
 of Luis Camoens, a celebrated Portu- 
 
 fuese poet. Nat. ord., Leguminosm r 
 'ribe, Sophorece.) 
 
 A magmficent stove shrub, wtiich has not yet- 
 flowered in this country (1891). It is the most, 
 striking and largest-flowered leguminous plant 
 known ; the flowers are nearly one foot long.- 
 Imported seeds sown in a hotbed ; cuttings in 
 sandy loam in bottom-heat and under a oell- 
 glass. Bich loam and leaf -mould. 
 C. Tna'xiTtia. Cream-colour, yellow, Angola. 
 1878. Le Jard. 1887, p. 199. 
 
 Campa'nea. (From campana, a 
 bell : alluding to the shape of the 
 flowers. Nat. ord., Gesneracece.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennial. Por cultivation^, 
 see Gesnera. 
 
 C. grandiflo'ra. }. White, crimson. New 
 Grenada. 1851. 
 
 Cam.pa'n'ola. Bell Flower. (The 
 diminutive of campana, a bell ; literally,, 
 a little bell, Nat. ord., Campanulaceos.) 
 
 The cmnuals are chiefly pretty, low-growing 
 plants, the seed of which may be sown in the 
 common border, at the end of March. The^ 
 biennials may be sow?i in April or May ; many 
 of them will bloom the same year. By cuttings, 
 a perennial habit will be given to many of them. 
 PerennialSy chiefly by division of the plant and. 
 roots. Those from the West Indies, New Hol- 
 land, and the South of Europe, require the pro- 
 tection of a greenhouse, or cold pit, in winter. 
 Even the well-known, beautiful window-plant, 
 C ^pyrwmidaHis, makes a poor show in the open, 
 air in most places. Common soil for most of 
 them ; a little peat and dung for those in pots, 
 
 HAUDY ANNUALS. 
 
 C. Broussonetia'na. 1. Blue. July. Mogador. 
 1825. 
 
 — dicho'toma. 1. Blue. July Sicily. 1820. 
 
 Sibth. FI. Gr. t. 2J1. 
 
 — drabi/o'lia. 1. Pale blue. June. Athens. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — Eri'nus. 1. Pale blue. July. South of Europe. 
 
 1768. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 214. 
 
 — ermoi'des. 1. Pale blue. July. Africa. 1823. 
 
 — Hermi'nii. 1. Blue. July. PortugaL 1823. 
 
 — hiepi'dula. 1. Blue. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1817. 
 
 — Lceffli'ngii. 1. Blue. July. South of Europe. 
 
 1818. B. E. 29, 1. 19. 
 
 — Lore'yi. 2. Purple. June. Italy. 1824. B. M. 
 
 t. 2681. 
 
 — maerosty'la. 1 to 2. Pale violet spotted lilac- 
 
 purple. Summer. Taurus Mountains,. 
 1877. Annual, 
 
CAM 
 
 [165] 
 
 CAM 
 
 >C. puncta'ta. 1. White. May. Siberia. 1813. 
 B. M. 1. 1723. 
 
 — ramoH'sHma. 1. Blue. July. Greece. 1820. 
 
 Sibtli. Fl. Gr. t. 204. 
 
 — sylva'tica. IJ. Blue. June. Nepaul. 1840. 
 
 Paxt. Mag. xii. p. 245. 
 
 HARDY BIENNIALS. 
 
 >C. Ada'mi. 1. Blue. July. Caucasus. 1821. 
 
 — affl'nis. 2. Blue. July. South of Europe. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — america'na. 1. Blue. July. Pennsylvania. 
 
 1763. 
 
 — arme'na. 1. Blue. July. Bussia. 1826. 
 
 — bellidifo'lia. 1. Blue. Jiuy. Pyrenees. 1823. 
 
 — betonicafo'lia. Sibth. H. Gr. t. 210. See C. 
 
 glomerata. 
 
 — eermea'ria. 3. Light blue. July. Germany. 
 
 1808. B. C.t. 452. 
 
 — corymbo'm. 2. Blue. May. Crete. 1820. 
 
 — divkraens. 2. Blue. June. Hungary. 1814. 
 
 Swt. Fl. Card. ser. 2, t. 256. Syns., C. 
 Pentagonia and spathulata. 
 
 — lamigino'sa. 2. Blue. May. 1814. 
 
 — maerophy'lla. White. July. Caucasus. B. M. 
 
 t. 912. 
 
 — maerosta'chya. 2. Blue. June Hungary. 
 
 1814. 
 
 — me'divm. 4. Blue. July. Germany. 1597. 
 flo're-a'lbo-ple/no. 3. White. July. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 a'lbwm. 3. White. July. 
 
 fla're-purpu'rea-pletno. 3. Purple. July. 
 
 Germany. 
 — purpu'rea. Purple. July. Germany. 
 
 — neglelcta. 2. Blue. June. 1818. 
 
 — ohli'gua. 3. Blue. June. 1813. Jacq. H. 
 
 Schoenb. t. 836. 
 
 — parmfio'ra. 2. Blue. June. Iberia. 1819. 
 
 — Pemtagdnia. B. R. t. 66. See C divergens. 
 
 — peregri'na. 2. Blue. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1794. Jacq. H. Schtenb. t. 337. 
 
 — prmmlcefo'lia. 3. Purple. July. S. Europe. 
 
 B. M. t. 4879. 
 
 — siMriea. 1. Blue. July. Siberia. 1783. 
 
 B. M. t. 659. 
 
 — spiea'ta. 1. Blue. July. Switzerland. 1786. 
 
 — stri'cta. 2. Blue. June. Syria. 1819. 
 
 — thyrsoi'dea. 2. Cream. June. Switzerland. 
 
 1785. B. M. 1. 1290. 
 
 — violce/o'lia. 1. Blue. July. Siberia. 1817. 
 
 HAKDT PERENNIALS. 
 
 C. acumina'ta. 3. Blue. August. N. Amer. 
 1826. 
 
 — aggrega'ta. 2. Blue. August. Bavaria. 1817. 
 
 B. C. t. 506. 
 
 — alliaricBfo'lia. 1. Blue. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1803. B. M. t. 912. 
 
 — AUio'ni. 1. Blue. July. South of France. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — alpCna. 2. Blue. July. Switzerland. 1779. 
 
 B. M. t. 957. 
 
 — angiistifo'lia. Blue. July. France. 1818. 
 
 — azn'rea. 2. Light blue. June. Switzerland. 
 
 1778. B. M. t. 651. 
 
 — barba'ta. 2. Light blue. June. S. Europe. 
 
 1752. B. M. 1. 1268. 
 
 cya'nea. 1. Blue. July. 1836. Swt. 
 
 PI. Gard. ser. 2, t. 409. 
 
 — BarreWri, See C. froffUii. 
 
 — Bella'rdi. 1. Blue. July. Italy. 1813. 
 
 — Bieberstemia'na. 1. Blue. June. Caucasus. 
 
 1820. Syn., C. rupestrw. 
 
 — bmmie'nsu. 2. Blue. August. Europe. 1773. 
 
 — carolinia'na. Blue. August. N. America. 
 
 — aespito'm. 1. Blue. July. Austria. 1819. 
 
 — calyci'na. 1. Blue. July. Taurla. 1820. 
 
 — capita'ta. B. M. t. 811. See C. Kngulata. 
 
 — carpa'thica. 1. Blue. July. Carpathian Alps. 
 
 1774. . Jacq. Vind. t. 57. 
 
 a'lba. i. White. June. Gardens. 
 
 pelvy'o'rmis. Lilac August. 
 
 C. carpa'thica twrbina'ta. i. Deep purple. 
 
 — cauca'sica. 1. Purple. July. Caucasus. 1804. 
 
 — ceni'Ha. 1. Blue. June. Switzerland. 1775. 
 
 — cephala'ntha. 1. Blue. August. Russia. 1817. 
 
 — cephaZotct. 1. Blue. June. 1818. 
 
 — cermcaroi'des. 1. Blue. July. Italy. 1822. 
 
 — cichora'cea. See C lingulata, 
 
 — coUi'na. 1. Blue. July. Caucasus. 1803. 
 
 B. M. t 927. 
 
 — colaralta. 2. Purple. September. Sikkim 
 
 Hunalaya. 1849. B. M. t. 4665. Syn., 
 
 C. Motyreroftiana. 
 
 — congenita. 1. Blue. July. France. 1823. 
 
 — erena'ta, 2. Blue. July. Bussia. 1820. 
 ■ — diffu'sa. See C. fragilis. 
 
 — Bla'tine. 1. Pale blue. July South of 
 
 Europe. 1823. Trailer. 
 
 — c'legans. 1. Pale blue. July. Siberia. 1811 
 
 Syn., C. spedosa. 
 
 — elli'ptica. 1. Blue. July. Hungary. 1826 
 
 — erioca'rpa. See C. latifolia^ var. eriocmpa. 
 
 — excXia. 1. Blue. June. Switzerland. 1820 
 
 B. C. t. 561. 
 
 — fiexMo'ea. See C. Waldsteiniama. 
 
 —folio'sa. 1. Blue. July. Italy. 1826. 
 
 —fra'gilis. Blue. August. Alps. 1826. Half- 
 hardy. Syns., C. Barreherii and diffusa, 
 
 hirsu'ta. 1. Blue. August. Italy. 1833. 
 
 B. B. 1. 1738. 
 
 — garga'nica. J. Pale blue. July. Italy. 1830. 
 
 B. E. 1. 1768. 
 
 hirsu'ta. Leaves hairy. 
 
 — glmnera'ta. 2. Violet. May. Britain. Syn., 
 
 C. betonicOBjQlia. 
 
 dahu'rica. Eich deep purple. Dwarf 
 
 form. 1888. 
 
 — - — fio're-a'lbo. 1. White. May. Britain. 
 
 pUlna-a'lba. 1. White. May. Britain 
 
 Jlo're-pl^ifUt'purpvlrea. 2. Pale purple 
 
 June. Gardens. 
 specio'sa. B. R. t. 620. 
 
 — grarniinifo'lia. 1. Blue. June. Hungary 
 
 1817. Sibth. FL Gr. t. 206. 
 
 — gra'ndis. 3. Purple. August. Siberia. 1842. 
 
 Half-hardy. Paxt. Mag. x. p. 31. Syn., 
 C. latiioba. 
 
 — gwmmi'fera. See C. samuttiea. 
 
 — Eenderso'ni. Bright blue. 1881. Probably a 
 
 hybrid. 
 
 — lieterodo'xa. 1. Blue. June. Hungary. 1824. 
 
 — itt^undi'butv/m. 2. Purple. July. Siberia 
 
 1826. 
 
 — irifimd-ibuZifo'mm. 2. Blue. July. Siberia. 
 
 182?. B. M. t. 2632. 
 
 — isophy'lla. i. Lilac-blne. August. Apennines 
 
 1868. Syn., C. floribumda. 
 — a'lba. White. 
 
 — ladnia'ta. 2. Blue. June. Greece. 1788 
 
 Andr. Eep. t. 385. 
 
 — lactifl&ra. 3. White or blue. August. Siberia. 
 
 1816. B. M. t. 1973. 
 
 — lamiifo'lia. 3. Pale yellow. June. Iberia 
 
 1823. 
 
 — laruieola'ta. 1. Blue. July. France. 1819. 
 
 — latifo'lia. 4. White. July. Britain. B. M. 
 
 t. 2653. 
 
 a'lba. White. 1883. 
 
 flo're-aflbo. 3. White. July. 
 
 erioca'rpa. Calyx hairy. 
 
 macra'ntha. Blue purple. August, 
 
 Russia. 1822. B. M. t. 3347. 
 
 — lingula'ta. 1. Violet. July. Hungary. 
 
 1804. Syns., C. capitata and dchoracea. 
 
 — linifo'lia. 1. Blue. July. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. B. C.t. 1267. 
 
 — longifo'lia. 4. Blue. July. Pyrenees. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — lyra'ta. 2. Violet. July. South of Europe. 
 
 1823. 
 macra'ntha. B. M. t. 3347. A variety of C. 
 
 latifolia. 
 ~ microphy'tta. 1. Blue. June. Hungary. 1820. 
 
CAM 
 
 [166] 
 
 CAM 
 
 C. Moorcrofiia'na. SeeC. colorafa. 
 
 — Tmira'lis. See C. Portenachlagiajia. 
 
 — negWcta. See C rapwnculoides. 
 
 — niccee'nm. 1. Purple. June. Piedmont. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — ni'tida. See C. planifiora. 
 
 cceru'lea. 1. Blue. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1781. 
 flfi're-cceru'leo-ple'no. f. Blue. July. 
 
 — no'Mlw. 4. Pale purple. July. China. 
 
 1844. ¥1. Ser. t. 247. 
 
 a'lba. White. Fl. Ser. t. 663. 
 
 — Nutta'Uii. 1. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1829. 
 
 — obliquift/lia. 3. • Blue. July. Italy. 1S23. 
 
 — pa' tula. 1. Violet. July. Europe, 
 
 — perneifo'lia. 8. Blue. July. Europe. 1696. 
 
 B. M. t. 397. 
 
 ■ a'lba. 3. White. July. Europe. 1696. 
 
 a'lba-pleina. 3. White. July. Europe. 
 
 1696. 
 
 Calyx petaloid, blue. Fl. 
 
 3. Blue. July. Europe. 
 
 3. Blue. July. Europe. 
 
 Blue. July. Europe. 1696. 
 Blue. August. N. America? 
 
 corona.' ta. 
 
 Ser. t. 699. 
 gra'ndis. 
 
 1696. 
 Ttui'xi'nui. 
 
 1696. 
 
 ple'na. 3. 
 
 — planiflo'ra. 2. 
 
 1817. Syn., C. nitida. 
 flo're-c(lbo-pleino. J. White. July. 
 
 — PortenBchlagia^rM. i. Purple, blue. June to 
 
 July. S. Europe. Syn., C. muralis. 
 — prismmtoca'rpus. White. S. Africa. 1787. 
 
 B. M. t. 2733. 
 ^pube' scene. 1. Blue. July. Bohemia. 
 
 — pu'lla. 1. Blue. June. Austria. 1779. 
 
 B. M. t. 2492. 
 a'lba. White. 
 
 — pu'mila. 1. Blue. July Switzerland 
 
 B. M. t. 612. 
 
 — pusi'Ua. 1. Blue. June. Switzerland. 
 
 1821. 
 a'lba. White. 1882. 
 
 — pyra/mida'lis. 4. Blue. July. Camiola. 
 
 1694. 
 fio're-a'lbo. 4. White. July. Europe. 
 
 — quadri'fida. 1. Blue. June. N. Holland. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — Raine^ri. 1. Blue. July. Italy. 1828 
 
 — rapunculoi'des. 3. Blue. June. England. 
 
 Eng. Hot. ed. 3, t. 869. Syn., C. neglecta. 
 
 — rapvfneulus. 3. Blue. July. Britain. 
 
 — rhomboida'lia. 2. Blue. July. Switzerland. 
 
 1776. B. C. t. 603. 
 
 rufbra. 1. Bsddish-lilac. July. Swit- 
 
 Eerland. 
 
 — rige'scens. 1. Blue. June. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 — Soe^zlii. }. Blue. Eocky Mountains. 1873. 
 
 — rotwndif&lia. 3. Blue. June. Britain. Syn., 
 
 C. EostU. 
 
 flo're-a'ttio. 1. White. June. Britain. 
 
 fidre-pUno. f. Blue. July. Gardens. 
 
 Scheuz^ri. 1882. 
 
 — rupelstris. See C, Biebereteiniana. 
 
 — rutMmica. 2. Blue. June. Caucasus. 1816. 
 
 B. M. t. 2663. 
 
 — iarma'tica. 2. Blue. June. Siberia. 1803. 
 
 B. M. t. 2019. Syn., C. gummifera. 
 
 — saxa'tilis. 1. Blue. May. Candia. 1768. 
 
 — Scheuchze'ii. 1. Blue. July Europe. 1813. 
 
 B. C. t. 485. 
 
 — simplex. 3. Blue. July. South of France. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — soldamelloeMra pUna. Purplish. 1870. 
 
 — speculum. Purple. Summer. Greece. B. M. 
 
 t. 102. 
 
 — speeio'sa. B. M. t. 2649. See C elegans. 
 
 — sprdta. •> Blue. July. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 — 'teno'ni. 2, Blue. June. Naples. 
 
 — tenwfdlio . 1. Violet. July. Hungary. 
 
 1817 
 
 — tomenXd ta. 1. White. June. Levant. 1810. 
 
 C. Tommasinia'na. J-1. Pale blue. August.. 
 Istria. B. M. t. 6690. 
 
 — TracheHium. 4. Blue. June. Britain. 
 a'lba. 3. White. July. Britain. 
 
 — ^u'lba'pldna. 3. White. July. Britain. 
 pldvM. 3. Blue. July. Britain. 
 
 — trae&loi'des. 3. Blue. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1817. 
 flo're-purpu'rea-ple'na. 3. Purple. July. 
 
 — trichocalyci'na. 4. Blue. July. Italy. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — tridenta'ta. Blue. Asia Minor. 
 
 saxi'fraga. Violet. Caucasus. 1875. 
 
 — turJmM'ta. i. Purple. Mountains of Tran- 
 
 sylvania. 1868. 
 
 a'lba. Mauve. September. 
 
 Dickso'ni. White. 
 
 — urtic^fo'Ha. 3. Blue. August. Germany. 
 
 1800. 
 fio're-ple'na. White. July. Germany. 
 
 — VanddH. 1. Cream. June. 
 
 — Van Bmi'ttei. Blue. 1863. Hybrid. Syn., 
 
 C. hybrida. 
 
 — mluti'na. 1. Blue. May. South of Europe^ 
 
 1826. 
 
 — versicolor. 4. Striped. July. Siberia, 1788. 
 
 Andr. Rep. t. 396. 
 
 — virga'ta. 1. Blue. June. N. Amer. 1823. 
 
 — Waldsteinia'na. 1. Blue. June. Hungary* 
 
 1824. Syn., C. flexuosa. 
 
 — Zo'ysii. 1. Bark blue. June. Camiola. 
 
 1813. Jacci. Ic. t. 334. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 C. au'rea. 3. Yellow. August. Madeira. 
 
 Evergreen shrub. 1777. Jacq. H. 
 
 Schoenb. t. 472. 
 angusti/o'lia. 2. Yellow. August. 
 
 Madeira. 1777. 
 latifo'lia. 2. Yellow. August. Madeira. 
 
 1777. 
 
 — capdnsis. 1. Blue. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1803. Annual. B. M. t. 782. 
 
 — cdrmm. 1. Blue. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1804. Biennial. 
 
 — deMscens. 1. Blue. July. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 — gra'eUis. 1. Blue. June. N. S. Wales. 
 
 1794. Biennial. B. M. t. 691. 
 
 — litora'lis. 1. Blue. April. N. Holland. 
 
 1820. Biennial. 
 
 — Tno'Uis. 1. Purple. June. Sicily. 1788. 
 
 Herbaceous perennial. B. M. t. 404. 
 
 — Ottonia'na. 1. Blue. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1826. Evergreen shrub. 
 •strigo'sa. J. Purple. Syria. 1858. 
 - Yida'lii. if. White. July. Azores. 1881. B. M. 
 
 t. 4748. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 
 C. capUla'ris, B. C. t. 1406, is Wahlenbergia 
 
 capUlaris. 
 — coroTia'tat B. R. 1. 149, is Ad£nophora marsu^ 
 ■"lora. 
 
 - coronoptfo'lia is 
 
 - elonga'ta — 
 
 - Fiscke'ri — 
 -frvMco'sa — 
 
 - gramdifio'ra — 
 
 - intermedia — 
 
 - interru'pta — 
 
 - La/ma'rehli — 
 
 - lobelioi'dea — 
 
 - periskioefo'lia — 
 -periplmoefo'lia — 
 
 - party sa — 
 -Mabelaisia'na — 
 
 - stylo' sa — 
 
 - tricus^ida'ta — 
 
 - vertimlla'ta — 
 
 Ad^nophara cmanopifolia. 
 Wahlenbergia capensis. 
 Adenophora liliifiora. 
 Ldghtfootia subulata. 
 Platyciidmi grandifiorvs. 
 Adenophora Lamarckii. 
 Prismatocarpus interruptus, 
 AdeTwphora liliijlora. 
 Wahlenbergia lobelioides. 
 
 — latiifolia. 
 
 — periploie^olia. 
 Sanwlus Valerandi. 
 Adenophora Gmelini. 
 
 — denticulata. 
 
 — verticillata. 
 
CAM 
 
 [167] 
 
 CAN 
 
 Campanumae'a. (A name altered 
 from Campanula. Nat. ord., Campanu- 
 lacece.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, with tube- 
 rous rootstoclcs. Seeds, divisions. Rich sandy 
 loam and a little peat. 
 
 C. java'nica. Yellowish with red veins. Java, 
 in moist woods. 1863. Climber. Syn., 
 CocUmopsis cordata. B. M. t. 5372. 
 — lanceola'ta. Climber. Green. N. China. 
 1861. Fl. Ser. t. 927. 
 
 Campe'lia. (Frem kampe, bending, 
 and helios, the sun ; in reference to the 
 flowers bending round to the sun. Nat. 
 ord. , CommelynacecE. Allied to Trades- 
 can tia.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials ; seeds in spring ; 
 
 rich loam ; ordinary stove treatment. 
 
 C. zano'nia. 2. Blue. July. W. Ind. 1759. 
 
 Leaves pubescent beneath. Syns., C 
 
 mexicwna. Gfl. t. 833, and Commelvna 
 
 zanonia. Bed. Lll. 1. 192. 
 
 glabra' ta. Leaves glabrous. Costa Kica. 
 
 Camphor. A concrete volatile oil, 
 obtained by dry distillation from Cinna- 
 Tnomum Camphora (formerly known as 
 Camphora officinarum). It is obtained 
 exclusively from Formosa and Japan. 
 Borneo camphor is a product of Dryoba- 
 lonops aromatica. 
 
 Camploso'rus, a synonym of Anti- 
 gramma. 
 
 Campomane'sia. (Named after 
 Ca»ipoman.es, a Spanish naturalist. Nat. 
 ord.., MyrtcuxcB. Allied to Psidium. ) 
 
 Its yellow, sweet-scented fruit, called palUlo, 
 is eaten by the nafives. Greenhouse evergreen 
 shrub ; cuttings of rather ripe shoots in sand, 
 under a bell-glass. 
 C. Uneatifo'lia. White. April. Peru. 1824. 
 
 Campsi'diiiin. See Tecoma. 
 
 Campte'ria. (Nat. ord., Filices.) 
 This is now regarded as a section of the 
 genus Pteris, characterized thus : Veins 
 all free, except those of the last divisions, 
 which are more or less connected near 
 the base by arching veins. 
 
 C. Uauri'ta. See Pteris biaurita. 
 — nemora'lw. See Pteris nemm-alis. 
 
 Ca'mptopus. (From kamptos, 
 curved, and po^ls, a foot ; on account 
 of the downwardly curved flower stalk. 
 Nat. ord., Bubiaeeoe.) 
 
 An ornamental stove shrub. Cuttings in sandy 
 
 loam, in bottom-heat, under a, hand-glass. 
 Moist atmosphere. 
 
 C.Ma'nnii. 15. MTiite. Winter. Fernando Po 
 1863. B. M. t. 5766. 
 
 CamptOSe'ma. (From kamptos, 
 curved, and sema, standard ; the standard 
 has a curved appendage on both sides 
 of the base. Nat. ord., Leguminosce ; 
 Tribe, Phaseolem. ) 
 
 Greenhouse climbers with handsome flowers, 
 rich flbry loam and leaf -soil. Seeds and cuttings. 
 C. rubicu'ndum. Bright red. S. Brazil. Climber. 
 B. M. t. 4608. 
 
 — tpldndens. Scarlet. October. S.America? 
 
 Syn., Kewnedya splendens, Paxt. Mag. 
 vol. 3, p. 26. 
 
 Campy la'nthera e'legans. See 
 Marianthus earuleo-punctatus. 
 
 Campyla'nthus. (From kampylos, 
 a curve, and anthos, a flower. Nat. 
 ord., ScrophulariacecB. Allied to Digi- 
 talis.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings in sand, 
 of half -ripened shoots, under a beU-glass ; sandy 
 peat and flbry loam. 
 C. re'pens. IJ. Tropical America. 1810. 
 
 — ta&oloi'des. 1. Purple. March. Teneriffe. 
 
 1825. 
 
 Cam.py'lia. A section of the Pelar- 
 goniums. 
 
 Campylobo'trys. (From kampy- 
 los, a curve, and botrys, a bunch : allud- 
 ing to the form of the inflorescence. 
 Nat. ord., Bubiacece.) United to Hoif- 
 maimia, in the Genera Plantarum. 
 
 Small stove shrubs, with very ornamental 
 foliage. Cuttings of side-shoots under a bell- 
 glass in heat. Sandy peat and leaf -mould, 
 C. argyroneu'ra. i. Mexico. 1857. 
 
 — dfseolar. J. Bed. Bahia. 1850. B. M. 
 
 t. 4530. 
 
 — Ghiesbre'ghtii. Mexico. 1861. 111. Hort. 
 
 t. 279. 
 fo'liis variega'tis. 111. Hort. n. s. t. 498. 
 
 — pyrophj/lla. South Mexico. 
 
 — refu'lgens. Leaves satiny, white ribbed. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 — rega'lis. 1. Mexico. 1859. 
 
 — STtiaragdi'na. ^. Mexico. 1859. 
 
 Campyloneu'ron. See Polypo- 
 diumi. 
 
 Canada Balsam., Eesin obtained 
 from Abies balsamea. 
 
 Canada Rice. Tizania aquatica. 
 
 Canari'na. (So named from being 
 natives of the Canary Islands. Nat. 
 ord., CampanulacecB. Allied to Lighb- 
 footia.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennials ; cuttings 
 of small side-shoots in sandy loam, under a hand- 
 light, but rather difficult to manage ; division of 
 the roots in spring, just as they begin to grow ; 
 and at that time, for a month or two, they like 
 the assistance of a hotbed ; at other times the 
 common treatment of the greenhouse will suit 
 them ; flbry loam, turfy peat, and a good portion 
 of sand ; pots, well drained. 
 
CAN 
 
 [168] 
 
 CAN 
 
 C. eampaJmHa, 3. Yellowish purple, or orange 
 with red nerves. January to March. 1696. 
 B. M. t. 444. Syn., Cam/pcmvlacanarien- 
 sis. 
 
 — l<emga'ta. S. Orange. January. 1825. 
 
 Cana'rium. (From Canari, the 
 Malay vernacular. Nat. ord., Burse- 
 racece. ) 
 
 Stove trees. Cuttings of half-ripened wooa 
 under a bell-glass in heat. Soil, flbry peat and 
 loam. 
 
 C. c(yrmmi!'ne. "White. Calyx large, green. India. 
 Bent, and Tr. t. 61. 
 
 Canary-bird Flower. Tropm'olum 
 peregri'nuTn. 
 
 Canary Grass. PJui'laris. 
 
 Canavalia. (From Canavali, its 
 native name in Malabar. Nat. ord., 
 LeguminoscB ; Tribe, Phaseolew. Allied 
 toDioclea.) 
 
 Stove perennial twiners, except where other- 
 wise specified ; seeds anl cuttings in sandy soil, 
 and in heat, under a beh-glass ; sandy losCm ana 
 leaf -soil. 
 C. Icmaridnm. B. R. 1. 1199. See C. parcmensig. 
 
 — ensifc^rmis. Purple. November. Jamaica. 
 
 1842. B. M. t. 4027. Syn., Bolwhos 
 
 acin^forvniSf Jacq. Ic. t. 559. Jamaica 
 horse bean. 
 
 — gladia'ta. 6. White, red. June. E. Ind. 
 
 1790. Syn., Solichos gladiatus, Jacq. Ic. 
 t. 660. 
 
 — I/umarefti. 3. Rosy flesh-colour. Japan. 
 
 Rev. Hort. 1881, p. 236. Japanese haricot 
 bean. 
 
 — obtusifo'lia. 6. Purple. July. Malabar. 1820. 
 .— emargina'ta. 6. Purple. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1800. Syn., Dolwhos emajrginatus, Jacq. 
 
 H. Schoenb. t. 221. 
 '~- pa/ra/ne.7isis. 10. Purple. July. Buenos 
 
 Ayres. Syn., C. horuj/rienms. 
 -.— ro'sea. 3. Purple. July. Jamaica. 1812. 
 
 Evergreen creeper. 
 
 — ru'tilans. Scarlet. 1847. Greenhouse ever- 
 
 green twiner. 
 
 Ca'nbia. (Named in honour of W. 
 M. Canby, of Delaware, U.S.A. Nat. 
 ord., PapaveraceoB.) 
 
 Greenhouse perennial, light sandy loam, seeds. 
 C. ea'ndida. One-twelfth. White. Petals per- 
 sistent. S. E. California. 1876. 
 
 Cancellate. 
 
 work. 
 
 Candelabrum or Chandelier 
 Tree. See Pa'ndanus candela'bntm. 
 
 Candleberry Myrtle. My'rica 
 ceri'fera. 
 
 Candleberry Tree. AUuri'tea tri- 
 lo'ha. 
 
 Candle Tree. Parmentie'ra ceri'- 
 fera. 
 
 Cando'Uea. (Named after the great 
 botanist, De CandoUe. Nat. ord., Dille- 
 niacecB. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia ; 
 cuttings in sandy peat, under a glass ; sandy 
 peat and fibry loam. 
 C. Brww'nis. 6. Yellow. May. 1837. 
 
 Kesembling lattice- 
 
 0. cuneif<yrmiB. 7. Yellow. July. W. Australia. 
 1824. B. M. t. 2711. 
 
 — Cvmnmgha'mi. Maund Bot. vol. 2, t. 85. See 
 
 Sibbertia Cimningha/nii, B. M. t. 3183. 
 
 — HugeHii. 6. Yellow. May. W. Australia. 
 
 1837. 
 
 — tetra'ndra. 7. Yellow. June. W. Australia. 
 
 1842. B. M. 1843, t. 50. 
 
 Candy Carrot. Athama'nta Mat- 
 thi'ola. 
 Candy-tuft. Ihe'ris. 
 
 Cane Brake. Arundina'ria. 
 
 Cane'Ua. (From canna, a reed ; the 
 form of the inner bark when peeled off. 
 Nat. ord., Canellacem.) 
 
 This is the wild cinnamon of the West Indies, 
 so-called on account of its aromatic fragrance. 
 Canella, or white wood bark, jields, by distilla- 
 tion, a warm, aromatic oil, which was formerly 
 mixed with the oil of cloves in the West Indies. 
 Stove evergreen trees ; cuttings of ripe shoots in 
 sand, under a glass, and in bottom-heat, in April 
 or May ; sandy loam and fibry peat. 
 C.a'lba. 40. White. W. Ind. 1735. 
 
 — lamrifo'lia. 30. White. S. Amer. 1817. 
 
 This is probably only a variety of C. alba. 
 
 Cani'struin. (Fromte«o«,abasket; 
 in allusion to the resemblance of the in- 
 florescence to a basket of fiowers. Nat. 
 ord., Bromeliacece. Allied to Nidu- 
 larium. United to JEchmea by Bent- 
 ham and Hooker. ) 
 
 Stove epiphytes. The inflorescence is rather 
 showy, and retains its beauty for two or three 
 months. Suckers and divisions. Fibrous peat, 
 turfy loam, and charcoal. 
 
 C. auranti'aeum. Orange. Brazil. 1873. Belg. 
 Hort. 1873, 1. 15. 
 
 — ebu'meum. 2. White, green ; bracts ivory 
 
 white. May. 1876. Syns., Xidulanwm 
 IdndeniajidGuzmanniafragrans. "Belg. 
 Hort. 1879, tt. 13-14. 
 
 — ro'seum. White, green ; bracts rosy. 1879. 
 
 Belg. Hort. 1883, tt. 14-15. 
 
 — m'ride. 2. Green. Brazil. 1875. Belg. 
 
 Hort. 1874, 1. 16. 
 
 Canker. This disease is accompanied 
 by different symptoms, according to the 
 species of the tree which it infects. In 
 some of those whose true sap contains a 
 considerable quantity of free acid, as in 
 the genus Pyrus, it is rarely accompanied 
 by any discharge. To this dry form of 
 the disease it would be well to confine 
 the term canker. In other trees, with 
 sap abounding in astringent or gummy 
 constituents, it is usually attended by a 
 discharge. In such instances it might 
 strictly be designated ulcer. This dis- 
 ease has a considerable resemblance to 
 the tendency to ossification, which ap- 
 pears in most aged animals, arising from 
 their marked tendency to secrete the 
 calcareous saline compounds that chiefly 
 constitute their skeletons. The conse- 
 quence is, an enlargement of the joints 
 and ossification of the circulatory vessels 
 and other parts — phenomena very analo- 
 gous to those attending the cankering of 
 
CAN 
 
 [169] 
 
 CAN 
 
 trees. As in animals, this tendency is 
 general throughout their system ; but, 
 as is observed by Mr. Knight, "like 
 the mortification m the limbs of elderly 
 people," it may be determined, as to its 
 point of attack, by the irritability of 
 that part of the system. 
 
 This disease commences with an en- 
 largement of the vessels of the bark of a 
 branch or of the stem. This swelling 
 invariably attends the disease when it 
 attacks the apple-tree. In the pear the 
 enlargement is less, yet is always pre- 
 sent. In the elm and the oak sometimes 
 no swelling occurs ; and in the peach we 
 do not recoUect to have seen any. The 
 swelling is soon communicated to the 
 wood, which, if laid open to view on its 
 first appearance by the removal of the 
 bark, exhibits no marks of disease be- 
 yond the mere unnatural enlargement. 
 In the course of a few years, less in 
 number in proportion to the advanced 
 age of the tree, and the unfavourable 
 circumstances under which it is vegeta- 
 ting, the swelling is greatly increased in 
 size,,and the alburnum has become ex- 
 tensively dead ; the bark above it cracks, 
 rises in discoloured scales, and decays 
 evenmore rapidly than the wood beneath. 
 If the canker is upon a moderately-sized 
 branch, the decay soon completely en- 
 circles it, extendmg through the whole 
 alburnum and bark. The circulation of 
 the sap being thus entirely prevented, 
 all the parts above the disease perish. 
 
 Trees injudiciously pruned, or growing 
 upon an ungenial soil, are more fre- 
 quently attacked than those which are 
 advancing imder contrary circumstances. 
 The oldest trees are always the first 
 attacked of those similarly cultivated. 
 The golden pippin, the oldest existing 
 variety of the apple, is more frequently 
 and more seriously attacked than any 
 other. The soil has a very considerable 
 influence in inducing the disease. If the 
 subsoil be an irony gravel, or if it is not 
 well drained, the canker is almost cer- 
 tain to make its appearance amongst the 
 trees it sustains, however young and 
 vigorous they were when first planted. 
 
 Bruises and wounds of all kinds 
 usually are followed by canker in the 
 wounded part, if the tree is predisposed 
 to this disease. 
 
 All these facts before us unite in as- 
 suring us that the canker arises from the 
 tree's weakness, from a deficiency in its 
 vital energy, and consequent inability to 
 imbibe and elaborate the nourishment 
 necessary to sustain its frame in vigour, 
 and much less to supply the healthy de- 
 velopment of new parts. 
 
 It IS quite true that over-luxuriant 
 trees are particularly liable to this dis- 
 ease ; but over-luxuriance is really a de- 
 monstration that the tree does not digest 
 and secrete its juices healthily. 
 
 If over-luxuriance threaten to intro- 
 duce canker, the best remedy is to re- 
 move some of the main roots of the tree, 
 and to be particularly careful not to add 
 any manure to the soil within their 
 range. On the contrary, it will be well 
 if the continued exuberant growth shows 
 the necessity for the staple of the soil 
 to be reduced in fertility Dy the admix- 
 ture of one less fertile, or even of drift 
 sand. If there be an excess of branches, 
 the saw and the pruning-knife must be 
 gradually applied. It must be only a 
 tree of very weak vital powers, such as 
 is the golden pippin, that will bear the 
 general cutting of the annual shoots. A 
 vigorous variety would exhaust itself the 
 following year in the production of fresh 
 wood. Nothing beyond a general rule 
 for the pruning can be laid down. Keep 
 a considerable vacancy between every 
 branch, both above and beneath it, and 
 especially provide that not even two 
 twigs shall chafe against each other. 
 The greater the intensity of light, and 
 the freer the circulation of air amongst 
 the foliage of the tree, the better the 
 chance for its healthy vegetation. If 
 the disease being in a fruit-tree be a 
 consequence of old age, it is probably 
 premature, and induced by injudicious 
 management ; for very few of our varie- 
 ties are of an age that insures to them 
 decrepitude. We have never yet known 
 a tree, unless in the last stage of decay, 
 that could not be greatly restored by 
 
 g'ving it more air and lignt, by careful 
 sading in pruning, improvement of the 
 soil, and cleansing the bark. 
 
 If the soil, by its ungenial character, 
 induces the diseases, the obvious and only 
 remedy is its amelioration ; and, if the 
 subsoil is the cause of the mischief, the 
 roots must be prevented striking into it. 
 In all cases it is the best practice to re- 
 move the tap-root. If the trees are 
 planted shallow, as they ought to be, 
 and the surface kept duly fertile, there 
 is not much danger of the roots striking 
 into the worst pasturage of the subsoil. 
 
 Scrubbing the bark of the stem and 
 branches with a mixture of soapsuds and 
 urine, and, where any pruning has taken 
 place, keeping the wounds covered with 
 a mixture of clay and cow-dung or with 
 tar, are the best local applications. We 
 once thought resinous plasters the best; 
 but subsequent experiments have altered 
 our opinion. 
 
CAN 
 
 [170] 
 
 CAN 
 
 The canker in the auricula is a rapidly- 
 spreading ulcer, which, destroying the 
 whole texture of the plant where it 
 occurs, prevents the rise of the sap. 
 Some gardeners believe it to be infec- 
 tious, and therefore destroy the speci- 
 men in which it occurs, unless it be very 
 valuable ; but this we believe to be 
 erroneous, the reason of the disease ap- 
 pearing to be infectious, or epidemic, 
 being, that it occurs to many when they 
 are subjected to the injurious treatment. 
 
 It appears to be caused by the appli- 
 cation of too much water, especially if 
 combined with superabundant nourish- 
 ment. Therefore, although cutting out 
 the decaying part, when it first appears, 
 and applying to the wound some finely- 
 powdered charcoal, will effect a cure, if 
 the disease has not penetrated too deeply, 
 yet itwill be liable to return immediately, 
 if a less forcing mode of culture be not 
 adopted. No auricula will suffer from 
 this disease if it be shifted annually, and 
 the tap-root at the time of moving be 
 shortened, a thorough system of drain- 
 ing adopted, and excessive damp during 
 the winter being prevented by proper 
 shelter. 
 
 Parsley, grown in a poor soil, is also 
 liable to cankerinthewinter. Mr. Barnes 
 says he neverfoundanyapplicationwhich 
 eradicated this disease so effectually as 
 a mixture, in eq^ual parts, of soot and 
 slacked lime tlirown over the plants. 
 The cure is complete in a few days, the 
 vigour of the plants restored, indicating 
 that this species of ulceration arises from 
 deficient nourishment. 
 
 The tubers of the potato, also, are 
 liable to the speck, black spot, or canker, 
 a disease which we once thought occa- 
 sioned by the calcareous earth, lime, or 
 chalk contained by the soil ; but, on 
 more lengthened observation, we find it 
 in all soils, and in seasons characterized 
 by opposite extremes of wetness and dry- 
 ness. Hence we are induced to .consider 
 that the disease arises from some defect 
 in the sets employed, or to potatoes being 
 grown too often on the same site. It is 
 quite certain, that in ground tired of 
 potatoes, the disease most extensively 
 appears. This suggests that it is occa- 
 sioned by a deficiency of some consti- 
 tuent in the soil, a suggestion confirmed 
 by the fact, that in the fields of the 
 market-gardeners near London, which 
 are supplied without stint with the most 
 fertilizing manure, this disease of the 
 potato is comparatively unknown. 
 
 The stems of succiilent plants, such 
 as the cacti, mesembryanthemums, and 
 the balsam, as well as the fruit of the 
 
 cucumber and melon,' and the stalk of 
 the grape, are all liable to canker in. 
 some form. 
 
 Ca'nna. Indian Shot. (The Celtie 
 name for a catie, or reed. Nat. ord., 
 Scitaminece ; Tribe, Cannece.) 
 
 Stove and greenhouse herbaceous perennials,, 
 extensively employed in su'b-troplcal and other 
 bedding. Divisions of the root ; seed sown in 
 hotbed ; rich, open, loamy soil. 
 C. Achi'ras. 5. Dark red. August. Isle of 
 Mendoza. 1829. 
 
 — angustifo'lia. 2. Scarlet. April. S. Amer. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — aurmiti'aca. 4. Orange. December. Brazil, 
 
 1824. 
 
 — ca'mea. 4. Flesh. December. Brazil. 1822. 
 
 Syn., C. vanabilis. 
 
 — chitie^rms. See C. orientalis. 
 
 — coeei'nea. 2. Scarlet. December. S. Amer, 
 
 1731. B. C. t. 739. Syn., C. rubra. 
 
 — cmrvpa'cta. 2. JEled. April. B. Ind. 1820, 
 
 — ero'cea. . 2. Red. May. 1823. 
 
 — cwrmfio'ra. 4. Pale red. Central America. 
 
 — dermda'ta. 2. Scarlet. June. Brazil. 1818, 
 latifo'lia. 3. Bed. May. Brazil. 1818, 
 
 — di'scolar. 10. Scarlet. November. Trinidad, 
 
 1827. B. R. 1. 1231. 
 
 — e'dulis. 3. Red. September. Peru. 1820. 
 
 B. E. t. 775. Syn., C r^Aiyricaulis. 
 
 — Ehema'nni. 6. Crimson. 1881. Syn., C, 
 • iridifiora, var. Bhemanni. 
 
 — erefcta zetri'na. Leaves variegated. 1832. 
 
 — escvXe'nta. 4. Red. December. S. Amer, 
 
 1822. 
 
 — excellsa,. 16. Scarlet. January. Brazil. 1820, 
 
 B. C. t. 743. 
 
 — fia'ccdda. 5. Red. July. South Carolina. 
 
 1788. B. C. t. 662. 
 
 — giga'ntea. 5. Red. Yellow. December, 
 
 Brazil. 1809. B. B. t. 206, B. M. t. 2316, 
 Syn., C. latifolia. 
 
 — glavltxt. 2. Yellow. January. S. Amer, 
 
 1730. 
 rvlbrolu'tea. 4i. Yellovi'iah-red. August. 
 
 Jamaica. 1834. 
 rjt'/a. 2. Reddish-brown. July. Mexico. 
 
 is. M. t. 2302. Syn., C. mexwana. 
 
 — helieanic^o'lia. 6-8. Red, yellow. Mexico. 
 
 — i'ndiea. 2. Scarlet. December. India. 1670t 
 
 B. E. t. 776. B. M. t. 464 is C. patene. 
 Berti'ni, Garden variety. 1889. 
 
 — macula'ta. 2. Reddish-yellow. December. 
 
 India. 
 
 — iridifio'ra. 6. Red. December. Peru. 1816. 
 
 B. R. t. 609. Syn., Achirida iridifiora. 
 — jvfncea. 1. Red. May. Indies. 1820. 
 
 — lagwn^Tisis. 5. Yellow. September. Laguna, 
 
 1828. B. R. 1. 1311. Syn., C. sulphurea. 
 
 — Lwmbefrti. 4. Scarlet. May. Trinidad, 
 
 1819. B. R. t. 470. Syn., C. muxima. 
 
 — lamceola'tOt. 3. Red. December. Brazil, 
 
 1826. 
 
 — lanugirw'sa, 6. Scarlet. April. Marant, 
 
 1823. 
 
 — latifo'lia. See C. gigantea. 
 
 — Uliiflo'ra. 8-10. Yellow, rosy. Veraguas, 
 
 Rev. Hort. 1884, p. 132. 
 
 — limba'ta. 3. Red. December. Brazil. 1818. 
 
 B. E. t. 771. 
 
 — lu'tea. 2. Yellow. October. E. Ind. 1829, 
 
 B. M. t. 2086. 
 
 — ma'xima. See C Lairtberti. 
 
 — mexica'na. See C. glauea, var. r^fa, B. M. 
 
 t. 2302. 
 
 — ocdderMlie. 3. Reddish -yellow. June, 
 
 W. Ind. 1822. B.jR. t.772. 
 
 — orientallit. 4. Red. June. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 Syn., C chirt^nsis. 
 fia'ix''- i- Yellow. June B Ind. 1820. 
 
CAN 
 
 [171] 
 
 CAP 
 
 C. orienta'lis macula'ta. Scarlet, yellow. August. 
 E. Ind. 1570. 
 
 — pa'Uida. 4. Pale yellow. June. W. Ind. 
 
 1820. 
 
 latif&lia. 3. Yellow. June. W. Ind. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — panicula'ta. Peru. Kemer Hort. t. 840. 
 
 — pa'tens. 2. E«ddish-yellow. May. St. Helena. 
 
 1778. Syn., C. indica of B. M. t. 464. 
 
 — peduncula'ta. 6. Orange. October. 1820. 
 
 — polymo'rpha. 3. Red. December. S. Amer. 
 
 1825. 
 
 — Reefve^i, See Euryatylus Reevesii. 
 
 — Roscoeal'na. 3-4. Yellow with red spots. W. 
 
 Indies. 
 
 — rv!bra^ See C. coccinea. 
 
 — rubricmi'lis. See C. edulis. 
 
 — swnguinea. See C WarszevAczii. 
 
 — sped&sa. 3. Red. August. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 B. M. t. 2317. 
 
 — stolmifera. 8. Yellow, lip reddish. Monte- 
 
 video. 
 
 — suZphu'rea. See C. lagunensis. 
 
 — sylve'strU. 5. Scarlet. December. S. Amer. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — Vamhou'ttei. Bright scarlet. 
 
 — varia'bilis. See C. carnea, 
 
 — Warazewi'czii. SJ. Scarlet. Costa Rica. 
 
 1849. B. M. t. 4854. Syn., C. ganguinea. 
 
 — xalape'rms. 4-5. Red, yellowish. Jalapa. 
 
 — zebri'na. 6-8. Orange. Stem and leaves 
 
 tinged with violet-purple. 
 Plants have also been grown in gardens under 
 the following names, but have never been pro- 
 perly described, and probably belong to some of 
 the above-mentioned species : — Canna aurea, 
 C. caripenHs, C. unacrocarpa, C. TtiutabUis, C. 
 ovatay C. tvinjlora, C. wndata^ and C. vitellina. 
 
 Ca'nnabis. Hemp. (A name used 
 ty Dioscorides for a plant. Nat. ord., 
 Cannabinece.) 
 
 Ornamental hardy annual. Seeds in spring. 
 C. sati'va. 4-10. Greenish. June. India and 
 Persia. 
 
 Cansco'ra. (FioiaKansfan-cora,the 
 Malabar name for C. jaer/oliata. Nat. 
 ord., GentianacecB.) 
 
 Greenhouse or stove annuals. Treatment 
 similar to that for Bai£ams. 
 C. Pari'iihii. 2. White. Moulmein. 1864. B. 
 M. t. 6429. 
 
 Cannon-ball Tree. Courou'pita 
 guiane'nsis. 
 
 Canterbury BeUs. Campa'mda 
 me'dium- 
 
 Ca'nthium. (From Cantix, its Ma- 
 labar name. Nat. ord. , Buhiacece. ) This 
 genus is now united to Plectronia. 
 
 C chine/nse and corona'tum. See Ramdia dume- 
 torwn. 
 
 — du'Uum. B. R. t. 1026. See Diploapora 
 
 viridifiora. 
 
 Ca'ntua. {Cantu is the Peruvian 
 name. Nat. ord., Polemoniacece.) 
 
 Handsome greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cut- 
 tings in sand, under glass; sandy loam and 
 peat. 
 C. aggrega'ta. See Gilia aggregata. 
 
 — H'color. i. Reddish-yellow. May. Peru. 
 
 1846. B. M. t. 4729. 
 
 — ImxiWlia, 4. Rosy. April. Peruvian Andes. 
 
 1849. B. M. t. 4682. Syn., C. tomentom. 
 
 — depe'ndem. 4. Eosv-Ted. April. 1881. 
 
 C. ligustrifo'lia. See Vestia Lycioides. 
 
 — ova'ta. Peru. Syn., C.unijlara. 
 
 — parvijlo'ra. See GUia inconspicita. 
 
 — pyrifollia. 3. Cream. March. Peru. 1816. 
 
 B. M. t. 4386. 
 
 ^ Cape Gooseberry. Phy'salis 
 
 Cape Jasmine. Garde'niaflo'rida. 
 
 Cape Philly'rea. Cassi'n& cape'n- 
 
 sis. 
 
 Cape'Ua plu'mbea. See Phalo- 
 callis plumbea. 
 
 Capno'dium australe. A fungus 
 consisting of black filamentous threads, 
 which occasionally attacks conifers. 
 
 Capo'llin, Capouli'nos, Capu- 
 li'nos. Names for the fruit of Frmius 
 salicifolia. 
 
 Ca'pparis. Caper-tree. (Prom ka- 
 bar, the Arabic name for capers. Nat. 
 ord., CapparideoB.) 
 
 The flower -buds of C spitut'sa form a well* 
 known pickle. Stove or greenhouse evergreen 
 shrubs, except where otherwise specified. Cut- 
 tings of ripe shoots in sand, under a glass, in 
 moist heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat. All re- 
 quire protection, and most of them the usual 
 treatment of the plant-stove. 
 C. acumina'ta. 6. White. B. Ind. 1822. 
 
 — amiifo'Ua. 4. White. July. China. 1827. 
 
 Syn., C. chinensis. 
 
 — (zgyptSaea. 2. White. Egypt. 1822. 
 
 — wmygdaU'na. 6. White. W. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — aphy/Ua. 4. White. E. Ind. 1822. 
 
 — mhmtlscens. See C. pvleherrima. 
 
 — auricvla'ta. 6. White. 
 
 — Bra'ssii. 4. White. Gold Coast. 1793. 
 
 — Bre^ynia. 11. White. W. Ind. 1752. 
 
 — chir^nsis. See C. acutifolia. 
 
 — cynophaUo'phara. 8. Green, white. W. Ind. 
 
 1752. 
 
 — eustacMa'na. 6. Striped. St. Eustach. 1822. 
 — ferrugi'nea. 4. White. Jamaica. Syn., C. 
 
 octandra. 
 
 — Fontwne'sii. 3. White. July. South of 
 
 Europe. Half-hardy deciduous. Syn., 
 C. ovata. 
 — f rondo' sa. 7. Green. Carthagena. 1806. 
 
 — herha'cea. 2. White. Tauria. 1818. Herba- 
 
 ceous half-hardy. 
 
 — hetero'clita. See Niebuhria oblOTWifolia. 
 — jaimaeMiim. 4. White. Jamaica. 1793. 
 
 — linearis. 15. White. "W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 — Loddige'sii. 6. White. Syn., C. undulata. 
 
 — maria'na. 4. White. Timor. 1820. Jacq. 
 
 H. Schoenb. 1. 109. 
 
 — odorati'ssima. 6. White. Caraccas. 1814. 
 
 — ova'ta. See C Fonta/nesii. 
 
 — pelta'ta. 6. White. Trinidad. 1827. 
 
 — pulehe'rrima. 10. White. Carthagena. 1700. 
 
 Syn., C. arborescent. 
 
 — sali'gna. 8. White. Santa Cruz. 1807. 
 
 — sepia'ria. 4. White. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 — spino'sa. 3.- White. June. South of Europe. 
 
 1596. Half-hardy deciduous. 
 
 — tenuisi'liqua. 6. White. Caraccas. 1823. 
 
 — torulo'sa. 6. White. Jamaica. 1822. Syn., 
 
 C. uTLcinata. 
 
 — trijlo'ra. 4. White. S. Amer. 
 
 — trijfolia'ta. See Cratceva tapioides 
 
 — uncina'ta. See C. torulosa. 
 
 — uvdula'ta. See C. Loddigesii. 
 
 — verruco'sa. 8. White. Carthagena. 1820. 
 
 — zeyla'niea. 6. White. Ceylon. 1819. 
 
CAP 
 
 [172] 
 
 CAP 
 
 Capra'ria. See Freylinia. 
 
 Caprifo'lilim. Honeysuckle. (From 
 ca/oir, a goat, 3,nA. folium, a leaf ; poeti- 
 cally, goat-lejif, for its climbing habit. 
 Nat. ord., Occprifoliobcex. United to 
 Lonicera.) 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 C dioi'awm. See Lonicera parvijlora,. _ 
 
 — JDougla'sii, See Lonicera Doiiglasii. 
 
 — etrustywm. Seei 1/onicera etrusca, 
 
 — fia'vum. See Lonicera jiava. 
 
 — m-a'twm. See Lonicera grata. 
 
 — hirsu'tum. See Lonicera pubescens. 
 
 — hispi'dulum. Rose. July. S. Amer. 1833. 
 
 — hortdnse. See Lonicera Capnfoliwm. 
 — ' ita'lwwm. See Lonicera Caprifoliv/m. 
 ru'brmn. See Lonicera Ca^/oUum, var. 
 
 rudrum. 
 
 — l&ngyio'rwm. See Lonicera, longifiora. 
 
 — ocmdenta'le. 20. Orange. July. Ft. Van- 
 
 couver. 1834. 
 
 — parmfio'rum. See Lonicera parmjlora. 
 
 — periclym£!nwm, with its varieties helgicum, 
 
 querdfoliwrn, serotinvmi, and va/riega- 
 twm. See Lonicera periclymenuTn. 
 
 — pube^scens. See Lonicera puhescem, 
 
 — aempervi'rens, with its varieties Brownii, major 
 
 (B. M. t. 781), and minor (B. M. 1. 1763). 
 See Lonicera sempermreTis. 
 
 — tulmlo'stmi,. Mexico. 1846. 
 
 HALP-HARDT. 
 
 €. chinernse. See Lonicera chmen»is. 
 
 — cilio'sum. See Lonicera dliosa. 
 
 — iTnpWayum,. See Lonicera implessa. 
 halealriewm. See Lonicera implexat var. 
 
 hdlearica. 
 
 — japo'nicwm. See Lonicera confitsa. 
 
 — nepale^nse. See Lonicera muerantha. 
 ^- sple'noLidmn. See Lonicera splendida. 
 
 Ca'psicuza. Chili Pepper. (From 
 kapto, to bite; referring to its pungency. 
 Nat. ord., Solanacem.) 
 
 Cayenne pepper is the ground seeds of Capsi- 
 cum. Seeds sown in a hotbed, in March, and, 
 after being pricked o£E finally, potted, to be 
 grown in a house, such as a vinery, or trans- 
 planted against a wall, or any sheltered place 
 t)ut of doors. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 C a/ngido'sum. 1. White. June. India. 
 '—a'nnvMm. 1. White. June. India. 1648. 
 *— cerasiifo'rme of Willdenow. 1, Red, yellow. 
 
 June. W. Ind. 1739. 
 • ■ — cerasifio'ruTn. 2. White. June. 1823. 
 
 — co'nicum,. 2. White. June. Guiana. 1820. 
 
 — cordifp'rme. 1. ' White. June. India. 
 
 — ■ lo'ngum. 1. White. June. India. 1648. 
 
 — tetra^o'num. 1. White. June. India. 
 
 — ustula'tvmi. 2. White. June. Chili. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 
 C. america'nwm. See C. d/alce. 
 
 — hacca'tum. 3. White. June. 1731. Syn., 
 
 C. cerasyforme, Hort. 
 
 — Wcolor. 4. Purple. June. W. Ind. 1804. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1839. 
 
 — c<eml<iscens. Purple. June. S. Amer. 1827. 
 
 — cere'olmn. South America. 1862. Paxt. 11. 
 
 Gard. ii. p. 131, f. 202. 
 
 — conoi'des. 3. White. A^ril. India. 1750. 
 
 — du'lce. 2. Syns., C. anwricanum and tcmati- 
 
 forme, var. matorwm. 
 
 — frtMecens. 1. Pale yellow. July. India. 
 
 1656. 
 tortuU/awm. 2. White. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — gloWfervmi. 2. White. June. Guiana. 
 
 1824. 
 
 July India. 1752 
 
 C gro'ssum. 1. White. 
 
 Biennial. , , 
 a'fldwm. White. May B. Ind. 1768. 
 
 globo'mm. 1. White. July. E. Ind. 
 
 havcme'nse. See C. pendidmn, ya,r. minus. 
 
 — lu'teum. 1. White. July. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — miera'nthum. S. White. May. BrazU. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — microca'rpon. 2. White. May. 
 
 — Mille'rii. 1. White. June. W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 Annual. Syn. , C. cerasiforme of Miller's 
 Dictionary. 
 
 — mi'ninmm. White. May. E. Ind. 1728. 
 
 — ova'ttim. 3. White. July. 1824. 
 
 — pe'nduliim. 2. White. May. 1760. 
 mi'nm. White. May. Havannah. 1826. 
 
 Syn., C. hava/nense. 
 —pyramida'le. 2. White. May. Egypt. 1760. 
 
 — sine'nse. 2. White. July. China. 1807. 
 
 Jacq. Vind. iii. t. 67. 
 
 — sphoe!rimm. 2. White. May. 1807. 
 
 — tamatifiinm. \\. Whitish. July. Biennial. 
 viato'Tmn. See C. dulee. 
 
 Capsicum. For pickling purposes 
 the following are thespecies and varieties 
 usually employed : 
 
 Ca'psicum a'nnuum (Guinea pepper), 
 the long-podded, short-podded, and oval 
 short-podded. C. cerasifo'rme (Cherry 
 pepper), cherry-shaped red and yellow- 
 podded. C. gro'ssum (Bell pepper). 
 Sorts also grown as greenhouse orna- 
 mental plants are : little gem, red pod- 
 ded, Pnnce of Wales, yellow podded, 
 long yellow, long red, round red, round 
 yellow, etc. 
 
 Soil and Situation. — They do best in 
 a light, rich loam, and against a fence 
 or south wall. 
 
 Time and mode of Sowing. — Sow to- 
 wards the end of March or Beginning of 
 April. Sow in pots or pans, and place in 
 a hotbed, with the shelter of a frame ; 
 but, in default of a stove, hotbed, or 
 frame, they may be raised under hand- 
 glasses on a warm border, the sowing, in 
 such case, being deferred until settled 
 warm weather, in May. The seeds 
 covered a quarter of an inch deep. When 
 the plants have still their seed-leaves, 
 thin to four inches apart, and plant those 
 removed in four-inch pots, three in 
 each, and keep them in a moderate hot- 
 bed, being shaded from ihe mid-day sun, 
 and moderately watered with tepid water 
 until they have taken root ; but little 
 shading will be required if the roots 
 of the seedlings are carefully moved. 
 During the whole of their continuance 
 beneath a frame, air mu.st be admitted 
 freely, to preventtheir being drawn ; and, 
 as May advances, they must be accus- 
 tomed gradually to the open air, taking 
 off the glasses during the day, and by 
 degrees leaving them open of an even- 
 ing : this prepares them for their final 
 removal at the close of that month, or 
 early in June. Those raised in a border 
 beneath hand - glasses must also be 
 
CAR 
 
 [173] 
 
 CAR 
 
 thinned as directed above, and those 
 removed planted in a similar situation. 
 When planted out finally, set them two 
 feet apart, screened from the sun, and 
 water freefy until rooted. Continue the 
 watering in dry weather throughout 
 their growth. They flower during July 
 or beginning of August, and the pods 
 are ready to be gathered for pickling at 
 the close of this last month, or early in 
 September. 
 
 fo obtain Seed. — A plant bearing some 
 of the forwardest and finest fruits of 
 each variety must be preserved, that it 
 may be ripe before the frost commences, 
 the first of which generally kills the 
 plants. When completely ripe, cut the 
 pods, and hang up in the sun, or in a 
 warm room, until completely dry, and 
 keep the seed in them until wanted for 
 sowmg. 
 
 Cairaga'na. Siberian Pea - tree. 
 (From Caragan, the name of C arbore'- 
 scens among the Mogul Tartars. Nat. 
 ord. , Leguminosm ; Tribe, Gcdegece. 
 Allied to Colutea. ) 
 
 These handsome shrubs inhabit the whole of 
 north-eastern Asia, from Pekin in China, west- 
 ward, to the banks of the Wolga. They are 
 increased principally in the nurseries, by graft- 
 ing on C. arhorelseens, which is a deciduous tree ; 
 but all the others are deciduous shrubs. The 
 larger-growing species are best propagated by 
 seeds sown in spring, or by cuttings of the roots. 
 Shrubby, low plants, by seed and layers ; and 
 the rarer Chinese, Siberian, and drooping kinds 
 by grafting in spring ; sandy loam. 
 
 C. aUaga'rm. 3. Yellow. May. Siberia. 1789. 
 Syn., Bobinia altagana. 
 
 — arhor^ scent. 15. Yellow. May. Siberia. 
 
 1752. Syn., Robinia Caragana. 
 ine^rmis. 10. Yellow. May. Siberia. 
 
 1820. 
 . pefTidvZa. Garden variety. 1887. 
 
 — arena'ria. 1. Yellow. June. Siberia. 1802. 
 
 Syn., JioHnia Caragana^ var. inter- 
 media, B. M. t. 1886. 
 
 — arge^ntea. See Halvmodendron argentewm. 
 
 — charrUa'gu. i. Yellow. May, China. 1773. 
 -^/efrox. See C. spiTiosa. 
 
 — frutef scene. 2. Yellow. April. Siberia. 
 
 1752. Swt. Fl. Card. t. 227. Syns., 
 
 Jtobinia frutescens, mollis, and tomen- 
 
 tosa. 
 
 cmgustif&lia. 6. Yellow. April. Odessa. 
 
 latif&lia. 6. Yellow. April. 
 
 — Ttw'Uis. 2. Yellow. May. Tauria. 
 
 1818. Syn., C. mollis. 
 
 — grandiflo'ra. 1. Yellow. June. Iberia. 1823. 
 
 Syn., Robinia grandijlora. 
 
 — Gerardia'na. Himalayas. 1839. 
 —juba'ta. 2. Pink. April. Siberia. 17fl6. 
 
 — maffroca'ntha. 2. Yellow. June. Siberia. 
 — microphi/lla. 2. Yellow. May. Bussia. 
 
 1819. 
 interme'dia. 6. Gfl. t. 336. 
 
 — Tno'Uis. See C. .frutescens, var. mA)llis. 
 
 — mongo'lica. Yellow. AprU. Tartary. 1826. 
 
 — p^ndula. See C. arborescens, var. pendula. 
 
 — pygm/da. 1. Yellow. May, Siberia. 1761. 
 arena'rvi. 1. Yellow. April. 
 
 — Redo'wski. 3. Yellow. June. Siberia. 1827. 
 prce'cox. 3. Yellow. April. 
 
 C. spino-m. 6 Yellow. May. Siberia. 1775. 
 syn., C. ferox. 
 traga^anthoi'des. 4. Yellow. May. Siberia. 
 1816. 
 
 — triflo'ra. Oreenish-yellow. 1847. j 
 
 Caragua'ta. (A South American 
 name for several Bromeliads. Nat. ord., 
 BromeliacecB. Allied to Tillandsia.). 
 Stove epiphytes. For cultivation, see Bill- 
 
 BEEGIA. 
 
 C. Anctrea'na. 2. Bracts carmine ; flowers bright 
 yellow. AprU. Andes. 1881. B M 
 t. 7014. 
 
 — migustifo'lia. Lemon-yellow, scarlet. New 
 
 Grenada. 
 
 — cwrdina'lix. See C. lingulata, var. cardinalis, 
 
 — Furstenbergia'na. July. 1883. 
 
 — lAndelni. Leaves light green, banded with 
 
 violet-brown. Peru. 1878. Syn., Mas- 
 sangea Lindeni, ni. Hort. 1878, t. 309. 
 
 — lingula'ta ca/rdvna'lis. IJ. White; bracts 
 
 scarlet. Columbia. 1880. Syn., C. car- 
 dinalis, Kev. Hort. 1883, p. 12. 
 
 — Morrenia'na. IJ. Bracts red ; flowers yellow. 
 
 April. New Grenada. 1887. Rev. Hort. 
 1887, p. 12. 
 
 — musa'ica. 1. Orange, white ; bracts vermilion. 
 
 Spring. Columbia. 1873. Syns., Mas- 
 sangea musaica, Belg. Hort. 1877, t. 8-9, 
 Mllbergia, Vriesia, and Tillmidina mu- 
 saica. 
 
 — Osya'na. Bracts red ; flowers yellow. Sep- 
 
 tember. Ecuador. 1875. Belg. Hort. 
 1885, tt. 26, 27. 
 
 — Peaeo'chii. Bracts purple ; flowers white. 
 
 1885. 
 
 — sangui'nea. 1. Pale yellow. November. 
 
 Andes of New Grenada. 1883. B. M. 
 t. 6765. 
 
 — Schlvmberge^rii. 3. Pale yellow. Peru. 18S2. 
 
 Syns., Massangea Morrenia/na, and 
 SchluTribergeria Morreniana. 
 
 — serra'ta. See NidvXwriurti Scheremetiewii. 
 
 — sple'ndens. Outer bracts scarlet, inner yellew. 
 
 1856. Fl. Ser. 1. 1091. 
 
 — Va'n Volxe'mii. 2 to 3. Yellow ; bracts rose. 
 
 Columbia. 1879. 111. Hort. t. 326. 
 
 — Za'hnii. 1. Yellow ; bracts scarlet. Chirioui. 
 
 1870. B. M. t. 6059. 
 
 Carallia. (From CaralUe, its name 
 in India. Nat. ord., Bhizophoracece.) 
 
 This, like the rest of the Mangroves, grows, 
 only along the tropical shores, where it forms 
 impenetrable thickets, and sends down roots. 
 from the branches, like the Banian-tree. In 
 time such roots raise the main trunks high above 
 their original level ; hence the usual name of the 
 order — Bhizophoracese, or root-bearers. Cuttings 
 and treatment as for Ganthium. 
 C. lu'aAa. 20. Yellow. B. Ind. 1820. Wight 
 
 Icon. t. 605. Probably a form of C. 
 
 Umceoefolia. 
 
 Carallu'ina. (Its Indian name. 
 Nat. ord., AsclepiadacecB. Allied to Sta- 
 pelia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, natives of East Indies. 
 Cuttings well dried, and laid, rather than 
 fastened, among gravelly and calcareous soil, 
 until they strike ; sandy loam, broken pots, and 
 lime-rubbish : little water given, unless when 
 growing freely. 
 C. adsce'ndem. 2. Pink. July. 1804. 
 
 — crenula'ta. i. Greenish-yellow, - streaked 
 with purple. September. S. India. 
 
 1830. 
 crenulata. 
 
 t. 1774. Syn., £oucerosia. 
 
CAR 
 
 [174] 
 
 CAR 
 
 C./imbria'ta. J. Pale yellow. 1829. B. C. 
 1. 1863. 
 
 — unibella'ta. 1-2. Purple striped. S. India. 
 
 Syn., BovMrosiaumbettata. 
 
 Carambo'la-tree. Averrho'a ca- 
 
 ranibo'la. 
 
 Cara'ndaS. Cari'ssa Cara'ndas. 
 
 Cara'pa. (From Caraipe, its name 
 in South America. Nat. ord., Me- 
 liacem.) 
 
 _ The flowers are small, but numerous ; and, 
 like tlie rest of the Meliaceaj, this genus possesses 
 bitter astringent and tonic qualities. Stove 
 trees. ' Cuttings of ripened shoots in sand, under 
 a glass, and in bottom-heat ; loam and. peat. 
 C guimie'nsis. 20. Yellow, stained with red. 
 Guiana. 1824. 
 
 — guyanefnsis. See C. procera, var. splendens. 
 
 — molitcce/nsis. 20. Yellow. B. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — pro'cera. 40. Yellow. W. Ind. 
 
 sple^ndens. 12. Yellow. W. Tropical 
 
 Africa. 1795. Syn., C. guyanensis. 
 
 Ca'raway. Ca'rum ca'rui. 
 
 Carbe'ma benedi'cta. See Cnicus 
 benedictus. 
 
 Cardami'ne. Lady's Smock. (From 
 kardaTnon, watercress ; referring to the 
 acrid flavour. Nat. ord., Crticiferce. 
 Allied to Arabis.) 
 
 Like the rest of the Crucifers, Cardmn^Tie is 
 antiscorbutic and stimulant. All that we de- 
 scribe are hardy herbaceous perennials, except 
 C thalictroi'des and C. gra^ca^ which are an- 
 nuals ; seeds in any common sod, provided it be 
 moist; the herbaceous and marshy plants by 
 division ; marshy, peaty soil. 
 C. miia'ra. 1. White. April. Britain. Aquatic. 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 108. 
 
 — asarifo'lia. 1. White. June. Italy. 1710. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1735. 
 
 — bellidifo'lia. 1. White. April. Scotland. 
 alpi'na. 1. White. April. Austria. 
 
 1^58. 
 
 — carno'sa. 1. White. June. Hungary. 1824. 
 
 Hardy herbaceous. Syn., Pteroneuron 
 carnoBum. 
 
 — chelido'nia, 1. White. June. Italy. 1739. 
 
 — glavlca. 1. White. June. Calabria. 1827. 
 
 — grcf/ca. J. White. June. Mt. Parnassus. 
 
 1710. Hardy annual. Syn., Ptertmeurm, 
 grceeum. 
 
 — latifalia. 2. Purple. June. Spain. 1710. 
 
 Marsh-plants. Bev. Hort. 1860, p. 463. 
 
 — macroph^Ua. 1. Purple. May. Siberia. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — prate'nsix. 1. Purple. April. Britain. 
 
 Cuckoo-flower. Marsh-plant. Eng. Bot. 
 ed. 3, 1. 109. 
 
 pldna. 1. Purple. April. Marsh-plant. 
 
 pldna a'lia. 1. White. ApriL Marsh- 
 plant. Gfl. 1. 1099, f. 1. 
 
 — rotundifo'lia. White. March. United States. 
 
 1884. 
 
 — thalictroi'des. 1. Wliite. June. Piedmont. 
 
 1818. Annual. 
 
 — trifo'lia. 2. White. May. Switzerland. 1629. 
 
 — uligino'm. 1. White. April. Tauria. 1819. 
 
 Marsh-plant. 
 
 Cardamoin. Eletta'ria Cardamo'- 
 nvum. 
 
 Cardamo'nmm me dium. See 
 Slettaria costata. 
 
 Cardia'ndra. (From kardios, a 
 heart, and aner, anther. Nat. ord., 
 Saxifragem ; Tribe, HydrangecB.) 
 
 Half-hardy shrub. For cultivation, see Hy- 
 drangea. 
 
 C. altemifdlia. White, lilac. Japan. 1866. 
 Gfl. t. 486. 
 
 Cardinal flower. Lohe'lia cardi- 
 
 Cardoon. (Cyna'ra cardu'nculus.) 
 The stalks of the inner leaves, when 
 rendered tender by blanching, are used 
 in stews, soups, and salads. 
 
 Soil and Situation. — A light, rich, 
 soil, dug deep, and well pulverized, suits 
 it best. 
 
 Time and mode of Sowing. — Sow at 
 the close of April, as those plants raised 
 from earlier sowing are apt to run ; for 
 a late crop, a sowing may be made in 
 June. The best practice is to sow in 
 patches of three or four, six inches apart, 
 in rows four feet apart, to be thinned 
 finally to one in each place, the weakest 
 being removed. If, however, they are 
 raised in a seed-bed, they will be ready 
 for transplanting in about eight or ten 
 weeks from the time of sowing, and 
 must be planted at similar distances. 
 
 When about a month old, thin the 
 seedlings to four inches apart, and those 
 removed may be pricked out at a similar 
 distance. When of the age suflficient for 
 their removal, they must be taken up 
 carefully, and the long, straggling leaves 
 removed. The bed for their reception 
 must be dug well, and laid out in 
 trenches, as for celery, or a hollow sunk 
 for each plant ; but, as they are liable 
 to suffer from excessive wet, the best 
 mode is to plant on the surface, and 
 form the necessary earthing in the shape 
 of a ridge. Water abundantly at the 
 time of planting, aswell as subsequently, 
 until the plants are established; and 
 also in August, if dry weather occurs, 
 regularly every other night, as this 
 is found to prevent their running to 
 seed. When advanced to about eighteen 
 inches in height, which, according to 
 the time of sowing, will be in August, 
 and thence to October, the leaves must 
 be tied together, as in lettuce, etc. , and 
 then earthed up like celery. It must 
 be done on a dry day. As the plants 
 grow, use more tying and more earthing, 
 until blanched about two feet high. 
 The blanching is completed in about 
 eight or ten weeks. If litter is thrown 
 over the tops during severe weather, 
 the plants will continue good through 
 the winter. 
 
 To obtain Seed. — Being a native of 
 
CAB 
 
 [175] 
 
 CAR 
 
 Candia, seed in this country seldom 
 comes to maturity ; but, in dry seasons, 
 & few plants may bs set in a sheltered 
 situation of the April sowing, not earthed 
 Tip, but allowed the shelter of mats or 
 litter in fi'osty weather. The flowers 
 malie their appearance about the begin- 
 ning of July, and the seed should ripen 
 in September. 
 
 Cardopa'tmm. (Derivation not 
 stated. Nat. ord., Compositce.) 
 
 ■Perennial thistle-like herb, ELlmost hardy, but 
 requires protection from frost. It is ornamental 
 ■where tall plants are required, as at the back of 
 borders, etc. For cultivation, see ECHINOPS. 
 C. corymbo'swm. 1. Blue. Greece. 1871. Gfl. 
 t. 692. Syn., Carthatnus corymbosiis, 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 844. 
 
 Cardu'ncellus. (The diminutive 
 of cardunculus, the Cardoon. Nat. ord., 
 Compositce; Tribe, CynaroidecB. Allied 
 to Carthamus.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, natives of Spain 
 and the South of France. Division of the roots ; 
 common soil. 
 C. cceru'leus. Blue. Syn., Carthamus eaeruleus. 
 
 B. M. t. 2293. 
 
 — miU'ssimiis. |. Blue. June. 1776. Syns., 
 
 C. vulgaris and Carthamus mitissivvus. 
 ^— m(ms^elie!nmmn. |. Blue. June, July. 1776. 
 
 Syn., Carthamus carduncellus. 
 
 Ca'rduus. Thistle. (A name used 
 oy Virgil. Nat. ord. , Connpositm; Tribe, 
 Cynaroidem. ) 
 
 Notwithstanding the proverbial weediness of 
 Thistles, there are some handsome garden- 
 species among them. All hardy. Seeds or 
 divisions ; conimou soil. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 C. a'lbidus. 2. Purple. July. Tanria. 1816. 
 
 — ara'lncus. ^. Purple. July, Arabia, 1789. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. 1. 166. 
 
 — argenta'tus. 1. Purple. July. Egypt. 1789. 
 ^ cine'r&us. 3. Purple. July. Caucasus. 1818. 
 
 — clamda'tus. 2. Purple. July. Canaries. 
 
 1827. Syn., Clavena canarieTisis. 
 •— peregri'nMS. 2. Purple. July. 1816. 
 
 BIENNIALS. 
 C. ala'tus. 2. Purple. July. 1812. 
 
 — ca'ndicans. 3. Purple. July. Hungary. 
 
 1806.. 
 
 — carlinecBfo'lius. 2. Purple. July. Pyrenees. 
 
 1804. 
 
 — carlinm'des. 1. Purple. July. Pyrenees. 
 
 1784. Syr.,f Ca/riina pyrenaica. 
 
 — colWnus. 3. Purple. July. Hungary. 1818. 
 
 — cmrymbo sus. 4. Purple. July. Naples. 1824. 
 
 — ari'spus. 2. Purple. July. Europe. 1804. 
 
 — hamulo'sus. 5. Purple. June. Hungary. 
 
 1802. 
 
 — Zanugino'sus. 3. Purple. July. Armenia. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — mmito'sus. 3. Purple. July. South of 
 
 Europe. 1820. 
 
 — myriaca'nthus. Purple. July. N. Africa. 
 
 1836. 
 
 — nigre'scens. 4. Purple. July. South of 
 
 France. 1819. 
 
 — persona'ta. 4. Purple. July. Austria. 1776. 
 
 — seminu'dus. 3. Purple. Caucasus. 1819. 
 
 — mwina'tus. 6. Purple. July. Tauria. 1817. 
 
 — nrdii. 2. Bed. Boeky Mountains. 1871. 
 
 HERBACEOCS PERENNIALS. 
 
 C. aM'nis. Pink. July. Naples. 1830. 
 
 — alpe'stru. IJ-. Purple. July. Croatia. 1805. 
 
 — atrvplunftilxus. 10. Purple. August. Siberia. 
 
 — owcJioi'des. 2. Purple. July. Oarniola. 1804 
 
 — Argemo'iie. IJ. Purple. July. Pyrenees. 
 
 — crassi/o'lms. 2. Purple. July. 1806. 
 
 — deflora'tm. 6. Bed. August. Austria. 1B70. 
 
 — du'Uus. 2. Purple. July. 1816. 
 
 — maeroce!phalus. 2. July. Numidia. 1827. 
 
 — ms'dim. 2. Purple. June. Piedmont. 1819. 
 
 — onopordioi'des. IJ. Purple. July. Iberia. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — podaca'nthus. 3. Purple. July. France. 1819. 
 
 — pymoce:phalus. IJ-. Purple. July. South 
 
 of Europe. 1739. Jacq. Vind. t. 44. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 
 C. a'fer. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 146. See 
 Cnicus afer. 
 
 — ala'tus. See Jurinea alata. 
 
 — alti'ssvm/us. See Cnicus altissimus. 
 
 — atriplieifo'lius. See Centaurea atriplicifoUa 
 
 — Barrelie^ri. See Cnicus. 
 
 — chi'us. Jacq. H. Vind. iii. t. 5. See Cnicus. 
 
 — cichora'ceus. See Serratula dchorcea. 
 
 — cyanoi'des. See Jwinea cycmoides. 
 — fimbria'tus. See Serratulajtinbriata. 
 
 — leuca'nthos. See Serratula leucantha. 
 
 — Uucogra'phus. See Tyrvmnus leucographus. 
 
 — ni'tidus. See Serratula heterophylla. 
 
 — orienta'lis. See Ctmsinia carduiformis. 
 
 — panicada' tus. See Cniaus semidecurrens. 
 
 — panno'nicus. See Cnicus pannonieus. 
 
 — parvijio'rus. See Cnicus. 
 
 — polya'nthemus. See Cnicus. 
 
 — serratuloi'des. See Cnieus pa/nnonicus. 
 
 — wolge'nsis. See Cousinia wolgensis. 
 
 Ca'rex. Sedges. (Derivation ob- 
 scure, perhaps from keiro, to cut ; the 
 leaves of most species are very sharp 
 along their edges, which cause them to 
 cut the hand if drawn rapidly along 
 them. Nat. ord., Cyperacece.) 
 
 A very large genus of hardy perennial grass- 
 like herbs, of very easy cultivation, but mostly 
 grown only in botanical gardens. Seeds ; di- 
 visions. 
 
 C. Gra'yi. 3. Brown. July. North America. 
 1879. 
 
 — follicula'ta. 2. Brown. Linn. Trans, viii. 
 
 t. 9, f. 4. 
 
 — intume'scens. 1^. Brown. June. N. America. 
 
 Linn. Trans, viii. t. 9, f. 3. 
 
 — scapo'sa. Brownish-red. S. China. 1887. 
 
 B. M. t. 6940. 
 
 — se'cta. 1 to 6. Brownish. New Zealand 
 
 1876. 
 Care'ya. (Named after Dr. Carey, 
 a celebrated divine and Indian linguist, 
 who devoted his leisure hours to garden- 
 ing and botany. Nat. ord. , Myrtacece. ) 
 These splendid plants are fit associates of 
 Barringtonia and Gustavia. Stove-plants, from 
 Dhe Bast Indies ; cuttings, and division of the 
 roots ; sandy loam one part, to two parts fibry 
 peat, "with pieces of charcoal, and plenty of 
 drainage, and careful watering. 
 C. arbo'rea. 8. Bed and yellow. India. 1823. 
 
 Wight ni. tt. 99-100. 
 
 — herbal cea. 1. Bed and white. July. 1808. 
 
 Himalayas and Khasia. Wight. Ic. 
 t. 667. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 — sphac'rica. 3.. Bed. . 1803. Mountains of 
 
 Chittagong. Wight Ic. t. 147 and t. 666. 
 Evergreen shrub. 
 
CAR 
 
 [176] 
 
 CAR 
 
 Cari'ca. Papaw-tree. (Named from 
 an erroneous idea that it was a native of 
 Caria. Nat. ord., PassiflorcB ; Tribe, 
 PapayacecB. ) 
 
 One of the tropical fruits grown in our stoves, 
 more for curiosity than for use. The Papaw 
 fruit (C. vwpa'ya) is eaten, when cooked, in some 
 parts of South America, but not much esteemed 
 by Europeans. Stove evergreen trees ; cuttings 
 of ripe snoots In sandy soil, under a bell-glass, 
 and in sweet bottom-heat ; rich, loamy soil^ 
 C. aurantHaca, Columbia. 1873. 
 
 — eauUflo'ra. 20. Green. Caraccas. 1806. Jacq. 
 
 H. Schoenb. t. 3U. 
 
 — citrifo'rmu. 20. Yellowish. Lima. 1820. 
 
 B. M. t. 3633. 
 
 — ctCTMZinowwtrce'ngis. 6. Green ; fruit yellow, 
 
 eatable. Ecuador. 1874. Syn., C. can- 
 damarcenffU, B. M. t. 6198. 
 
 — erythroca'rpa. 4. White. Ecuador. 1871. 
 
 m. Hort. 1871, t. 51. 
 
 — gra'cilis. 6. Columbia. 1879. Syns., Pa- 
 
 paya and Vasconcellea gracilis. 
 
 — microca'rpa monoHca. 20. "Whitish-green. 
 
 1818. Jacq. H. Schoenb. tt. 309-310. 
 
 — papa'ya. 20. Green. July. India. 1690. 
 
 B. M. tt. 2898-9. Common Papaw. 
 
 — pyrifo'mm. 20. Pinkish. Peru. 1823. Syn., 
 
 Vasconcellea peltata, 
 
 — spino'sa. See Jacaratia spinosa. 
 
 Caricature plant. 
 
 lum, horte'nse. 
 
 Graptophy'l- 
 
 Cari'ssa. (The derivation is not 
 ascertained ; but krishna-pakphula is 
 the Sanskrit name of C. Cara'ndas. 
 Nat. ord., Apocynacew.) 
 
 The milky juice of this and others in this order 
 of Dogbanes is manufactured into India-rubber. 
 The fruit of C. Cara'ndas furnishes a substitute 
 for red-currant jelly. Stove trees and shrubs ; 
 cuttings of ripe wood in sand, under a glass, in 
 bottom-heat ; peat and loam. 
 C. Ca/ra'ndas. IS. White. July. Drier sandy 
 and rocky soils of India. 1790. B. C. 
 t. 683. 
 
 — fe^rox. White. Fragrant. S. Africa. Syns., 
 
 C. bispinosa AndArdui/iutMspinosa, B. C. 
 t. 387. 
 
 — grandiflo'ra. White. May. Natal. 1862. 
 
 In Natal the fruit of this is used for 
 jam, tarts, puddings, etc. ; it is called 
 the " Amatungula." B. M. t. 6307. 
 
 — lameeola'ta. 6. White. July. N. Australia 
 
 and Queensland. 1822. 
 
 — ma'ta. 16. White. August. Queensland 
 
 and New South Wales. 1819. 
 
 — spina'rum. 20. White. July. Drier parts 
 
 of India. 1819. B. C. t. 162. 
 
 — xylopi'cron. 12. White, July. Mauritius. 
 
 1820. 
 
 Carli'ua. (Named after Charle- 
 inagne. Nat. ord., a section of Com- 
 positcB.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, except where 
 otherwise specified. Seeds of annuals in April ; 
 seeds and divisions of perennials. The Cape 
 species require protection. Common soil. 
 C. acanthifo'lia. 2. White. June. Carniola. 
 
 1818. 
 ^ aoa'ma. See Cnicus. 
 
 — acavHis. |. White. June. Italy. 1640. G. C. 
 
 xii. 1880, p. 720. 
 cauldscens. 1. White. June. Switzer- 
 land. 1819. 
 
 — aggrega'ta. 2. White. July. Hungary. 1804. 
 
 C. earymbo'aa. 3. Yellow. July. South of 
 Europe. 1640. 
 
 — la/na'ta. 3. Purple. June. South of Europe. 
 
 1683. Hardy annual. Sbth. Fl. Gn. 
 t. 836. 
 
 — lyra'ta. 1. June. Cape of Good Hope, 
 
 1816. Greenhouse biennial. 
 
 — nelyrode!nsis glabriu'scula. 2. August. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1816. Syn., C. Biebersteiniama. 
 - — pyrenai'ca. See Carduus carlinmdes, 
 
 — racemo'sa. 3. Yellow. July. Spain. 1658, 
 
 Hardy biennial. Syn., C. svlphurea. 
 
 — si'eula. 1. July. Sicily. 1827. Hardy 
 
 biennial. Syn., C. bracteata. 
 
 — sUmplex. li. White. June. Hungary. 1816, 
 
 Carludo'vica. (Named after C%aWe* 
 IV., of Spain, and Louisa, his queen, 
 Nat. ord., Pandanacece.) 
 
 Stove, palm-like perennials ; suckers ; sandy- 
 loam. 
 
 C. wngnst^fo'lia. 2. Greenish-yellow. Peru. 
 1818. 
 
 — <xfput-medAi scB. 6-7. White. 1887. Native 
 
 country unknown. B. M. t. 7118. 
 
 — Dru'dei. 4. White. Columbia. 1878. 
 
 — elUgtms. 3. 1889. 
 
 — engifor'mis. 2. White. Costarica. 1875. 
 —funiyera. 4. White. Trinidad. 1824. Ever- 
 green climber. Syn., Ludoviafwrvt^era. 
 
 — jamiaicelTms. 4. White. Jamaica. , 1825, 
 
 Evergreen climber. 
 
 — lanccefc/lia. Yellowish. Guiana. 1862. Syn., 
 
 Lud^ma lancoEfolia. 
 
 — lati/o'lia. 3. Green. July. Peru. 1818, 
 
 Syn., Ludovia latifoUa, B. M. tt. 2960-1. 
 
 — palma'ta. 3. White. July. Peru. 1818. 
 
 — palmifo'lia. 1889. 
 
 — rotundifo'lia. 6. Costa Rica. B. M. t. 7083. 
 
 — WcMHsii. Columbia. 1879. 
 
 ' Carmichae'lia. (Named after 
 Capt. n. Carmichael, author of the 
 Flora of Tristan da Acunha. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminosce ; Tribe, Galegece. Allied 
 to Indigof era. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen ornamental shrubs; 
 cuttings of side-shoots under glass,. in sand, in. 
 April, or May; sandjr peat, and a very little 
 fibry loam. C. Ih).y'sii a/nd unifio'ra form densft 
 compact masses scarcely an inch high, 
 C, auetra'lif. 2. Blue, June, N. Holland. 
 1800. 
 
 — JEfni/Bii. One-twelfth. New Zealand, 1887, 
 
 — Muileria'na. 2. Whitish, striped with purple. 
 
 New Zealand? 1887. 
 
 — unifio'ra. One-twelfth. New Zealand. 
 
 Ca'rob-pods. Cerato'njia si'liqua. 
 
 Carnation. (Dia'ntJvus caryophy'l- 
 lus. ) Propagationby Layers. — Tnelatter 
 end of July and beginning of August is 
 the best time for this operation. By 
 performing it tlius early the layers be- 
 come rooted in time to be taken off, 
 potted, and well established before winter. 
 Having a very sharp, small knife, some 
 fresh-sifted compost of lightloamandleaf- 
 mould in equal parts, and some hooked 
 pegs (the best are made of the fronds of 
 the common Braken Fern, or, when 
 they cannot be had, of bh-ch or hazel- 
 twigs), proceed to dressthe stem intended 
 to be layered by trimming off the bottom 
 leaves, leaving about six on, nearest to 
 
CAR 
 
 [177] 
 
 CAR 
 
 the top. Do not shorten those left on. 
 If there are more in the pot than can be 
 conveniently layered, take the surplus 
 ones off, and make pipings of them. 
 Dress all intended to be layered in one 
 pot before any are tongued. This pre- 
 vents breakage and confusion. Then 
 tongue the layer ; to do which, hold the 
 first layer on one side, and with the 
 knife make an incision on the under- 
 side, just below the third joint, bringing 
 the knife slanting upward through the 
 joint ; then drop the knife, and with 
 the other hand take up a hooked peg, 
 thrust the sharp end into the soil, catch- 
 ing the layer with the hooked end of the 
 Eeg as it descends ; press it gently but 
 mily down to the soil. Proceed with 
 the layer next to the one done, and so 
 on all round the plants, till the first pot 
 is finished ; then cover the slit joint an 
 inch deep with the compost, and proceed 
 to the next pot or plant. It is not ad- 
 A-isable to water the newly-layered plants 
 the first day, because withholding it will 
 give time for the wounds to heal a little. 
 
 Soil. — The best compost to grow and 
 bloom carnations is in three parts loam, 
 taken from an upland pasture, the top 
 turf four inches thick ; lay it up in a 
 heap for twelve months, turning it over 
 once a month, to sweeten and pulverize, 
 and looking out diligently for the wire- 
 worm, the grand enemy of the carnation. 
 One part two-years-old cow-dung, and 
 one part well-decayed vegetable-mould. 
 Mix them together three months before 
 using, and turn them over together 
 three or four times. 
 
 Spring and Summer Oulture. — About 
 the end of March is the right time to 
 put the carnations into their blooming- 
 pots. They are generally grown in 
 pairs: but this is not a necessary point. 
 The pots for blooming should be eleven 
 inches across, well drained witii broken 
 potsherds, and the compost not sifted ; 
 but in using it keep a sharp eye upon 
 the wire-worm. As soon as all are 
 potted, set them upon a bed of coal- 
 ashes, in a sheltered part of the garden ; 
 givingwater when necessary. Whenever 
 the plants begin to send up their flower- 
 stems, place sticks to them of the size 
 and height they will require when in 
 bloom. Tie very loosely, or the stems 
 will become knee'd, and perhaps break ; 
 to prevent which, pay attention con- 
 stantly to the ties. 
 
 When the buds are nearly full-grown, 
 thin out the least promising, leaving the 
 most plump and healthy. Just before 
 they break, or burst, place an India- 
 rubber ring round each bud, or a ribband 
 
 of bass-mat; this prevents the buds 
 bursting on one side. Shade them from 
 sun and heavy rains. 
 
 Autumn and Winter Culture.— As 
 soon as the bloom is over, cut down the 
 flower-stems, and expose the plants to 
 the full sun and rain. Take off the 
 layers as soon as they are rooted ; put 
 them into 5-inch pots, in pairs ; pl^ce 
 them in cold frames, shading them from 
 the sun until they make fresh roots ; 
 then expose them again to the weather 
 tiU the winter frosts begin to take 
 place ; and then keep the lights on, pro- 
 tecting them from heavy rains and frost ; 
 but, on all favourable occasions, during 
 mild, fine weather, draw the lights 
 entirely off during the day, shutting 
 them up at night, and covering them up 
 securely whenever there is an appearance 
 of severe frost. 
 
 Forcing. — Carnations may be success- 
 fully forced, choosing the freest growers, 
 potting them singly, early, into 8-inch 
 pots, and placing them in gentle heat 
 (55°) early in January. Tree Carnations 
 are propagated yy^f pipings ; and, as the 
 same method of propagating by pipings 
 is proper for the florists' varieties, we 
 shall describe it briefly. It is done as 
 follows :— Prepare as many pots as are 
 wanted for the purpose ; fill them nearly 
 full of the compost above described, and 
 the remaining space with silver-sand ; 
 prepare the piping by cutting off a stem 
 quite smootn at the third joint, then 
 carefully slit the joint just through, and 
 insert the pipings in the sand pretty 
 thickly all over the pot ; place them 
 upon a gentle hotbed, on a layer of 
 sifted coal-ashes, or river sand ; place 
 the lights on, and shade from the sun 
 till they are rooted, then harden them 
 off gradually, and pot them into small 
 pots ; if Tree Carnations, singly ; if show 
 varieties, in pairs of the same "kind, and 
 re-pot them as directed above. 
 
 Exhibiting. — In June, or beginning of 
 July, the plants will be considerably 
 advanced towards flowering, and they 
 should be put upon stages or stands. 
 The posts, or supporters, of the stage 
 should be surrounded at the bottom by 
 small cups of water, to exclude slugs ; 
 and, by placing the plants on a stage, 
 having the platform eighteen inches or 
 two feet high, the flowers are viewed to 
 more advantage ; and if there is erected 
 an awning over the top, supported four 
 feet above the platform, the flowers, 
 being screened from the heat of the mid- 
 day sun, and defended from heavy rains, 
 will continue much longer in beauty. 
 
 With respect to the cups of water 
 
 N 
 
CAR 
 
 [178] 
 
 CAR 
 
 above mentioned, they are earthern or 
 leaden, about fifteen inches wide, and 
 three or four deep, having a hollow or 
 vacancy in the middle six inches wide, 
 like a socket, to receive the posts, which 
 ia formed by a raised rim in the middle, 
 equal in height to that of the circum- 
 ference, and the hollow, or socket, so 
 formed as to receive the bottom of the 
 posts quite through to the ground ; and 
 the space between the outer and inner 
 rim IS filled with water, so that each 
 post standing in the middle of such a 
 cistern sufficiently guards the plants 
 against creeping insects. 
 
 For want of a covered stage to screen 
 the flowers, you may contrive a small 
 umbrella, or round-spreading cap, either 
 of tin or canvas, nine or ten inches in 
 diameter, one for each plant, having a 
 socket in the middle, to receive the tops 
 of the support-sticks. Those umbrellas 
 which are formed of tin are the best ; 
 but, if you make them of canvas, first 
 make little round frames, having the 
 rim formed with slips of wire, cane, etc. , 
 the above width, with cross slips of the 
 same materials, contriving a socket of 
 lead or tin in the middle, for the support- 
 stick to go quite through, as just ob- 
 served ; and upon these frames paste or 
 sew canvas, which paint with oil-colour. 
 Either covers are placed over the flowers 
 by running the support-stick up through 
 the hole, or socket, in the middle, and 
 resting the cap upon a piece of wire or 
 peg, put across through holes in the 
 stick at such a height from the flower as 
 to screen it from the sun and rains. 
 
 Give attention to continue to tie up 
 neatly the flower-stalks of the plants as 
 they advance in stature. When they 
 are arrived at their full height, support 
 them erect at top with wires, having a 
 small eye, or ring, at one end, for the 
 reception of the flower-stalk ; so put the 
 other end into holes made in the sup- 
 port-sticks. These wires should be five 
 or six inches long, and several holes are 
 made in the upper part of the sticks ; 
 the first at the height of the bottom of 
 the flower-bud, the other above that, an 
 inch or two distant ; and place the wires 
 in the holes lower or higher, that the eye 
 or ring may be just even with the case 
 of the calyx, to support the flower in an 
 upright position ; and, by drawing the 
 ■wire less or more out, the flower is pre- 
 served at such distance from the support 
 as shall seem necessary to give it proper 
 room to expand ; and if two or three of 
 the like wires are placed also in the 
 lower parts of the support-sticks, placing 
 the stem of the flowers also in the eye 
 
 of the wires, all the tyings may be cut 
 away. 
 
 To have as large flowers as possible, 
 clear oflf all side-shoots from the flower- 
 stem, suffering only the main or top- 
 buds to remain to flower. 
 
 When the flowers begin to open, atten- 
 tion should be given to promote their 
 regular expansion, they being apt to 
 burst open on one side ; and, unless 
 assisted by a little art, as by India- 
 rubber rings already noticed, the flower 
 will become very irregular. Therefore, 
 attending every day at that period, ob- 
 serve, as soon as the calyx begins to 
 break, to cut it a little open at two other 
 places in the indentings at top, with 
 narrow-pointed scissors, that the open- 
 ings may be at equal distances, observ- 
 ing if one side of any flower comes out 
 faster than another, to turn the pot 
 about, that the other side of the flower 
 be next the sun, to assist the more regu- 
 lar expansion of the flower. 
 
 Likewise, to bloom any flowers as 
 spreading as possible, place paper collars 
 round the bottom of the flower, on which 
 to spread the petals to their utmost ex- 
 pansion. These collars are made of stiff 
 white paper, cut circular, aboui three or 
 four inches diameter, having a hole in 
 the middle, to receive the bottom of the 
 petals inside of the calyx, the leaves 
 of which are made to spread flat for its 
 support ; and then spread or draw out 
 the petals upon the collar to their full 
 widtn and extent, the longest under- 
 most, and the next longest upon these, 
 and so of the rest quite to the middle, 
 observing that the collar must nowhere 
 appear wider than the flower when they 
 begin to burst. 
 
 Diseases. — These plants are subject to 
 the mildew; and, when it is not checked 
 in time, it not only destroys the plants 
 it first appears on, but will, in time, 
 spread to the whole stock. As soon as 
 it is observed, sprinkle the affected 
 plants with sulphur, and keep the air 
 inside the frames as dry as possible. 
 The black spot caused by the plants 
 being kept too wet, is only mildew in a 
 severer form. Cut eff the leaf on which 
 it appears, and treat as for mildew. 
 
 Insects. — The great enemy is the wire- 
 worm, which eats away the inside of the 
 stem, and destroys the plant. Search 
 for it in the soil previously to using, and 
 bury there, after the plants are potted 
 in the blooming-pots, some slices of 
 potatoes. Examine these daily, and 
 destroy the wire-worms you may find in 
 the baits. The ^reen fly, also, attacks 
 carnations, sometimes even in the frames. 
 
CAR 
 
 [179] 
 
 CAR 
 
 These are easily destroyed by fumigating 
 •with tobacco-smoke. The red spider is 
 olten troublesome in dry springs. The 
 best remedy is washing the leaves with 
 a small sponge, repeating the operation 
 till the plants are quite cleared. 
 
 Caroli'nea. Pachira. (Named after 
 Sophia Caroline, Margravine of Baden. 
 Nat. ord., Sterculiacece. Allied to Adan- 
 sonia. ) 
 C. a'.lba. B. C. t. 752. See Pachira alba. 
 
 — insi'gnis. B. C. t. 1004. See Pachira in»ignis. 
 
 — macroca'rpa. See Pachira macrocarpa. 
 
 — minor. B. M. 1. 1412. See Pachira minor. 
 
 — pri'nccps. See Pachira aquatiaa. 
 
 Canpente'ria. (After Prof. Car- 
 penter of Louisiana, who in<vestigated 
 the botany of that state. Nat. ord., 
 SaxifragecB.) 
 
 A very ornamental evergreen shrub, quite 
 nardy a^inst walls, most useful in greenhouse, 
 or planted out in conservatory, common soil, 
 seeds, and cuttings. 
 C. caitifo'miea, 2. White. Sweet smelling. 
 
 Sierra ISev&da, CaHfomia. 1880. B. M. 
 
 t. 6911. 
 
 Carpi'nus. Hornbeam. (From car, 
 the Celtic for wood, and pix, a head ; in 
 reference to the wood being used to 
 make the yokes of oxen. Nat. ord., 
 CupuliferCB.) 
 
 C. be'tulus is the only one of the Hornbeams 
 that is of much use or ornament ; it is one of the 
 best nurse-Rlants in young plantations, and for 
 making fast-growing hedges. Hardy deciduous 
 trees. Seeds sown when ripe, or kept in dry 
 sand, until the following spring ; suckers and 
 layers for the varieties ; layers for the common 
 plants ; but they are inferior to plants raised 
 from seed. Common soil. 
 C. amtrica'na-. 20. N. Amer. 1813. 
 
 — be'tulus. 30. March. Britain. 
 inei'sa. 15. March. 
 
 queraifo'lia. 30. May. Europe. 
 
 ~ variega'ta. 20. March. Britain^ 
 
 OAi'rea-variega'ta. 20. March. 1845. 
 
 — dmine'nsis. 12. Levant. 1739. Syn., C. mri- 
 
 enialis. Wats. Dendr. t. 98. 
 — japo'nicus. A dwarf tree. Japan. 
 
 — ostry'a. See Ostrya carpinifoUa. 
 
 Carpoca'psa pomone'lla. 
 CktdUn Moth. 
 
 1889. 
 
 The 
 
 Every grower of the apple knows how 
 liable his fruit is to be "worm-eaten." 
 He finds basketsful of " windfalls " even 
 in the calmest weather, and that the 
 cause of the loss is a small grub, which 
 has fed upon the pulp of the fruit ; but 
 
 how, when, or where these grubs cot 
 there he has not the slightest notion. 
 As it IS one of the most injurious of in- 
 sects to one of our most useful of fruits 
 we shall give- more full particulars than 
 usual, borrowing them chiefly from Mr 
 Westwood's essay in the " Gardeners' 
 Magazine," iv. 235, N. S. The grub in 
 question is the larva of the Codlin Moth, 
 Carpocapsa pomonella oi some entomo- 
 logists, but Tinea pomonella, Pyralis po- 
 mona, and Tortrix pomoniana of others. 
 It is upon the ^ulpy parts of the apple 
 that the grub chiefly feeds. When, how- 
 ever, it has nearly attained its full size, 
 it feeds on the pips of the apple, which, 
 thus attacked in its most vital part, soon 
 falls to the ground. No sooner is the 
 apple fallen, than the grub quits the fruit 
 by the passage which it had previously 
 gnawed. A hundred apples may be 
 opened, and not more than two or three 
 larvae observed within them ; the orifice 
 by which they have escaped being open, 
 and not concealed by a little mass of 
 brown grains, which is the case with 
 those apples from which the larva has 
 not made its escape. These little grains 
 are the excrement of the larvse, which 
 are also to be seen in the burrows formed 
 by them within the apple. The grub is of 
 a dirty -white colour, with a brown head, 
 varied with darkish-brown marks. The 
 body is slightly hairy ; the first segment 
 after the head is whitish, with minute 
 brown spots ; the other segments are of 
 a pale colour, with about eight small 
 tubercles on each; each of the three 
 anterior segments is furnished with a 
 pair of legs ; and there is a pair of feet 
 at the extremity of the body. In its 
 early state it is of a dirty-reddish or flesh 
 colour. The caterpillar wanders about 
 on the ground till It finds the stem of a 
 tree, up which it climbs, and hides Itself 
 in some little crack of the bark. The 
 fall of the ap]gle, the exit of the grub, 
 and its wandering to this place of safety 
 usually take place in the night-time. 
 It gnaws away the bark a little, and, 
 having made a smooth chamber, spins a 
 little milk-white silken case, in which, 
 after a few weeks, it becomes a chry- 
 salis ; and in this state it remains 
 through the winter, and until the fol- 
 lowing June, when the moth comes 
 forth, and is to be seen hovering round 
 the young apples on a midsummer even- 
 ing. The moth itself, of which we give 
 a cut, of the natural size and magnified, 
 is a very beautiful insect, about three- 
 quarters of an inch in expanse : fore 
 wings ashy-brown, with very nume- 
 rous, rather obscure, darker, transverse 
 
CAR 
 
 [180] 
 
 CAR 
 
 streaks, united into a broadish band 
 towards thebase, giving themadamasked 
 appearance. On the hind border of the 
 fore wings is a large reddish-brown patch, 
 spotted, and surrounded with a golden 
 mark. The hind wings reddish-brown, 
 tinged with yellow. The moth lays its 
 eggs in the eyes of the young apples, one 
 only in each, by inserting its long ovi- 
 positor (egg-tube) between the divisions 
 of the calyx. As soon as the egg is 
 hatched, the little grub gnaws a hole in 
 the crown of the apple, and soon buries 
 itself in its substance ; and it is worthy 
 of remark, that the rind of the apple, as 
 if selected for the purpose, is thinner 
 here than in any other part, and, con- 
 sequently, more easily pierced. The 
 apple most commonly attacked is the 
 codlin. It will be evident, from the 
 preceding details of the habits of this 
 moth, that there are considerable diffi- 
 culties in the way of its extirpation. 
 It is impossible, for instance, to be 
 aware of the presence of the enemy 
 within the fruit until the mischief is 
 actually completed ; and, in like manner, 
 the destruction of the moth, from its 
 small size, and its habit of secreting it- 
 self in crevices of the bark, etc., is 
 equally impracticable. The gathering 
 up of the worm-eaten apples immediately 
 after their fall, and before the inclosed 
 caterpillar has had time to escape, can- 
 not but be attended \\'ith good effect : 
 care, however, must be taken to destroy 
 the larvse, which would otherwise very 
 speedily make their escape. The cocoons, 
 also, may be destroyed in the chinks of 
 the bark during the autumn and winter. 
 — The Cottage Gardener, ii. 63. 
 
 Carpode'tes recurva'tus. See Ste- 
 nomesson recurvatum. 
 
 Carpodi'nus. Sweet Pishamin. 
 (From karpos, a fruit, and dineo, to turn 
 round ; in reference to the form of the 
 fruit. Nat. ord., ApocyrMcece. Allied 
 to Carissa.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climbing shrub. Cuttings of 
 half-ripened shoots, in heat ; loam and peat. 
 C du'leis. 8. Green. June. Sierra Leone. 
 1822. 
 
 Cai?podo'ntos lu'cida. See Eu- 
 Cryphia Billardieri. 
 
 Carpoly'sa. (From harpos, a fruit, 
 and lyssa, rage ; in reference to the 
 three-celled fruit, or seed-pod, opening 
 like the mouth of an enraged animal. 
 Nat. ord., ArrmryllidecB ; Tribe, Ama- 
 ryllecB. Allied to Gethyllis and Lapie- 
 dra.) 
 A very neat little bulb, with spiral leaves, and 
 
 starry pinkish flowers, having green tops, re- 
 quiring the same treatment as Ixia. 
 C. apira'Us. Pink. Cape of Good Hope. 1791. 
 Syns., CrinuTTi spirale, Andr, Rep. t. 92,, 
 Crinum Unellwm and Strumaria spiralis ~ 
 B. M. 1. 1383. 
 
 Carrot. Dau'cus caro'ta. 
 
 Varieties. — Those with a long tapering 
 root are called Long Carrots ; and those 
 having one that is nearly regularly 
 cylindrical, abruptly terminating, are 
 denominated Horn Carrots. The first 
 are employed for the main crops ; the 
 second, on account of their superior deli- 
 cate flavour, are advantageously grown 
 for early use, and for shallow soils. 
 
 Horn Carrots. — Early Bed. Common 
 Early. Dutch, for forcing. Long. This 
 last IS the best for the summer crop. 
 
 Long Carrots. — While Belgium, Yel- 
 low, Long Yellow, Purple, Long Red, 
 Chertsey, and Surrey. Superb Green- 
 topped, or Altringham, and James's in- 
 termediate are the best for main crop. 
 
 Soil and Situation. — Carrots require a 
 warm, light, rich soil, dug full two spades 
 deep. With the bottom-spit it is a good 
 practice to turn in a little well-decayed 
 manure ; but no general application of it 
 to the surface should be allowed in the 
 year they are sown ; but a spot should 
 be allotted them which has been made 
 rich for the growth of crops in the pre- 
 vious year, or else purposely prepared 
 by manuring and trenching in the pre- 
 ceding autumn. The fresh aj)plication of 
 manure is liable to cause their growing 
 forked, and to expend themselves in 
 fibres, as well as to be worm-eaten. If 
 the soil is at all binding, it should be 
 well pulverized by digging very small 
 spits at a time. Pigeons' dung is a good 
 manure for the carrot. 
 
 Time and Mode of Sowing. — The first 
 sowing for the production of plants to 
 draw whilst young should take place in 
 a moderate hotbed, during January, and 
 in a warm border at the end of February, 
 or early in March. At the close of the 
 last month, or, preferably, in the first 
 half of April, the main crop must be 
 sown ; though, to avoid the maggot, it is 
 even recommended not to do so until its 
 close. In May and July the sowing may 
 be repeated for production in autumn, 
 and lastly in August, to stand through 
 the winter, and produce in early spring. 
 For sowing, a, calm day should be se- 
 lected ; and the seeds should be separated 
 by rubbing them between the hands, 
 with the admixture of a little sand or 
 dry coal-ashes, otherwise they cannot 
 be sown regularly. Sow thinly, in drills 
 eight inches apart for the horn, and ten 
 or twelve inches for the long ; and the 
 
CAR 
 
 [181] 
 
 CAR 
 
 beds not more than four feet wide, 
 for the convenience of after-cultivation. 
 The larger weeds must he continually 
 removed hy hand ; and when the plants 
 are seven or eight weeks old. or when 
 they have got lour leaves two or three 
 inches long, they should he thinned, 
 those intended for drawing young, to 
 four or five inches apart, and those to 
 attain their full growth to ten. At the 
 same time, the ground must be small- 
 hoed, which operation should he regu- 
 larly performed every three or four 
 weeKs, until the growth of the plants 
 becomes an effectual hindrance to the 
 growth of the weeds. The crop to stand 
 through the winter should, in frosty 
 weather, be sheltered with a covering 
 of litter, as, if it occurs with much 
 severity, it is often destroyed. The 
 hotbed for the first sowing of the year 
 must be moderate, and earthed about 
 sixteen inches deep: two or three linings 
 of hot dung, as the heat decreases, will 
 be sufficient to bring them to a state fit 
 for use. These are the first in produc- 
 tion, but are closely followed by those 
 that have withstood the winter. The 
 temperature must never exceed.73°, nor 
 fall lower than 55°. They need not be 
 thinned to more than three inches apart. 
 At the close of October, or early in 
 November, -as soon as the leaves change 
 colour, the main crop may be dug up, 
 and laid in alternate layers with sand, 
 in a dry outhouse, previously to doing 
 which the tops and any adhering earth 
 must be removed. A dry day should 
 always be chosen for taking them up. 
 
 To obtain Seed. — Leave some where 
 raised; but, if this is impracticable, some 
 of the finest roots should be selected, and 
 their tops not cut so close as those for 
 storing. These, likewise, must be placed 
 in sand until February or March, then 
 to be planted out two feet apart in a 
 stiff, loamy soU. Those left where grown, 
 or those planted at the close of autunm, 
 must, during frosts, have the protection 
 ■of litter — to De removed, however, during 
 mild weather. As the seed ripens in 
 August, which is known by its turning 
 brown, each umbel should be eut, other- 
 wise much of the seed is often lost during 
 stormy weather. It must be thoroughly 
 ■dried, by exposure to the sun and air, 
 before it is rubbed out for storing. For 
 sowing the seed should always be of the 
 previous year's growth; it it is more 
 than two years old it will not vegetate 
 at all. 
 
 Insects. — The carrot is liable to the 
 attacks of the wire-worm (see Elater), 
 as well as of those next mentioned. | 
 
 CarrotMaggot. (Psi'laro'sm.) The 
 parent fly is dark, with a metallic-green 
 lustre, and rather hairy ; head, reddish- 
 yellow ; legs, yellow; wings, very trans- 
 parent. Very much resembles the An- 
 thomyia. The grub, or maggot, is cylin- 
 drical and yellow ; it eats holes in the 
 main root of the carrot. This under- 
 
 f round enemy of the carrot is said to be 
 anished by applying to the soil pre- 
 viously to diggmg gas-lime or wood 
 ashes. Sand saturated with paraffin oil 
 has also been successfully employed; 
 but we find trenching and manuring, as 
 we have directed, a sufficient protective. 
 Thinning should be done while the plants 
 are still young, or the plants should be 
 watered after it, so as not to leave the 
 soil around the remaining ones loose, by 
 which an entrance would be open for 
 the insect to deposit its eggs. 
 
 Carrot Moth. See Depressaria. 
 
 Ca'rthamUS. (From quartom, to 
 paint, in the Arabic ; referring to the 
 flowers yielding a fine colour. Nat. ord. , 
 a section of Compositw; Tribe, Cyna- 
 roidecB. ) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Seeds sown in April ■where 
 they are to grow, or in a slight hotbed, in March, 
 and then planted out ; common soil. 
 C. arb&re^scens and arWreug. See Kentrophyllum 
 arborescens. 
 
 — cceru'leus. B. M. t. 2293. See CarduTicellus 
 
 cteruleus. 
 
 — cardimce^llus. See CariMneellusTnonspeliensis. 
 
 — ere^tims. 2. White. June. Cajidia. 1731. 
 
 — cynaroi'des. See Cousinia cynaroides. 
 
 — glau'cus. See Kentrophyllum glaucum. 
 
 — lana'ttts. B. M. t. 2142. See Kentrophyllum 
 
 lanatium, 
 
 — leucQcau'lix. See Kentrophyllum leucocaulon. 
 
 — miti'ssimiis. See Carduncellits mitissimtts. 
 
 — oxyaea'nthus. 2. Yeflow. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — tau'ricus. See Kentrophyllum tauricuTn. 
 
 — tineto'rius. 3. Orange. June. Egypt. 1561. 
 
 B. E. 1. 170. 
 
 Cartone'ma. (From kartos, shorn, 
 and nema, a filament ; referring to the 
 formation of the filaments, or threads, 
 which support the pollen-bags. Nat. 
 ord., Commelynacece.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Seeds sown 
 In alight hotbed ; light loam and sandy peat ; 
 requires the protection of a greenhouse, or a 
 warm situation. 
 C. spiea'tum. 1. Blue. July. Australia. 1822. 
 
 Ca'mni. Caraway. (From Caria, in 
 Asia Minor, where it was first discovered. 
 Nat. ord. , Umbelliferce; Tribe, Amrmnece. 
 Allied to the weed Ammi.) 
 
 The seed of C. ca'rui is our Caraway, esteemed 
 for its aromatic qualities. Hardy biennials. 
 Seeds ; open ground, in March or April. Com- 
 mon soil. 
 C. ca'rui. 2. White. May. Britain. 
 
 — PetroseWnum. 1-2. YeUow. June. Europe. 
 Syn. Petroselinum sativum. Parsley. 
 
CAR 
 
 [182] 
 
 CAS 
 
 A garden escape in Britain. See 
 Parsley. 
 C. verticilla'tum. 1. White. July. Brijtain. 
 This species is removed here from Sismi, 
 a genus of weeds. 
 
 Cam'mbitim. See Sapium and 
 Homalanthus. 
 
 Ca'rya. Hickory. (The Greek name 
 for the Walnut, so named on account 
 of Carya, daughter of Dion, King of 
 Laconia, said to have heen changed by 
 Bacchus into a Walnut-tree. Nat. ord., 
 Juglandaeeos. ) 
 
 This is the Hickory so celebrated in North 
 America for the purposes of the cabinet-maker. 
 Their best chairs they call their Hickories. 
 Hardy deciduous treeg. Seeds ; the nut should 
 be sown where the tree is intended to stand ; 
 layers. Good, common soil. 
 C. a'lba. 50-70. April. 1629. Shell-bark Hickory. 
 Wats. Dendr. 1. 148. 
 
 — amm'ra. 60-60. May. 180O. 
 
 — agua'tica. Carolina and Georgia. Water 
 
 Hickory. 
 
 — emmpre'sm. 30. April. 1730. 
 
 — ladm&sa. 30. April. 
 
 — Tnieroca'rpa. 30. April. 
 
 — olivcB/c/rmis. 30. April. 1766. Pecan Nut. 
 
 — pord'na. 30. May. 1799. Pig Nut or Broom 
 
 Hickory. Syn., Juglans porcina. 
 
 gla'bra. May. 
 
 obcorda'ta. 30. May. 1812. Wats. 
 
 Dendr. 1. 167. 
 
 — mlca'ta. 30. April. 1804. 
 
 — tomenMsa. 60-70. April. 1766. Mocker 
 
 Nut or white-heart Hickory. 
 ma'xima. 60. May. 
 
 Caryo'car. Butter Nut. (From 
 karyon, a nut ; in reference to its fruit. 
 Nat. ord. , Ternstrcemiacece. Syns. , Pekea 
 a,nd Mhizobolus.) 
 
 Two genera of Immensely large trees, bearing 
 large flowers and edible nuts, are contained in 
 this order. The Suwarrow (Sauari)^ nuts of the 
 shops are the produce of the C. nuci'ferum. Oil 
 not inferior to olive-oil is extracted from the 
 kernels. Cuttings in sand, in heat, under ^ass. 
 Loam and peat. 
 C. gla'irwm. 100. Green. Gniana. 1820. 
 
 — nuel'ferum. 100. Eed, yellow. Guiana. 
 
 1820. B. M. t. 2727-8. 
 tomentc/svm. 100. White. Guiana. 1820. 
 
 Caryophy'llus aroma'ticus. See 
 Eugenia ca/ryophyllata. 
 
 Caryo'pteris. (From karyon, a nut, 
 and pteron, a wing ; fruit winged. Nat. 
 ord., VerbenacecE.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous or sub-shrubby perennial. 
 Seeds, divisions, or cuttings. Garden-soil. 
 C. mastaca'nthus. 1-6. Bright blue. Autumn. 
 China and Japan. 1844. E. M. t. 6799. 
 Syn., Mastacanthus sinensis. 
 
 — mongolica. 3. Violet-blue. Chinese Mon- 
 
 golia. 1872. 
 
 — Wallichia'na. 4. Eed. NepauL 1823. Syn., 
 
 Clerodenctran odoratum. 
 
 Caryo'ta. (From karyon, a nut. 
 The Greeks first applied this name to 
 their cultivated date. Nat. ord., Pal- 
 macem; Tribe, Arecece.) 
 
 A nable member of a noble family of plants, 
 most valuable to the natives of the countries they 
 inhabit, C. vtrens furnishing a highly nutritious 
 sago, besides abundance of palm-wine, or toddy. 
 Stove palms. Seeds ; rich, sandy loam and peat. 
 C. AVbe'rti. Tropical Australia. 
 
 — Bltmcdi. Philippine Islands. 
 
 — Cummi'ngii. 26. Philippine Islands. 1841> 
 
 B. M. t. 5762. 
 
 —fiiirfura'cea. 30. Java. 1848. 
 limba'ta. Java. 
 
 — ho'rrida. See Bactris caryotoefolia. 
 
 — maje^stica. 
 
 — ma/xiffna, -Java. 1849. 
 
 — mi'tis. White. China. 1820. 
 
 — ochla'nda. China. 
 
 — plumo'sa. 
 
 — propi'nqua. Java. 1850. Wien. Gart. Zeit.. 
 
 1888, p. 278. 
 
 — purpura' cea. 30. Java. 1848. 
 
 — Mumphia'na. Indian Archipelago. 
 
 — soboli'/era. Malaya. 1843. Kerch. Palm. 
 
 t. 21. 
 
 — spedo'sa. Phillipine Islands. 1881. 
 
 — vJrem. 60. White. E. Ind. 1788. Jacq. 
 
 Pragm. 1. 12. 
 
 CascadejOrWaterfall, is agreeable 
 only when properly associated with the 
 scenery around. Nothing is more mis- 
 placed or tasteless than a sheet of water 
 falling into another uniform collection 
 of water, in an open, unwooded plain. 
 Mr. Whateley justly observes, that a rill 
 cannot pretend to any sound beyond 
 that of a little waterfall. The roar of a 
 cascade belongs only to larger streams ; 
 but it may be introduced by a rivulet to a- 
 considerable degree, and attempts to do- 
 more have generally been unsuccessful : 
 a vain ambition to imitate Nature in her 
 great extravagances betrays the weak- 
 ness of art. Though a noble river throw- 
 ing itself headlong down a precipice be 
 an object truly magnificent, it must be 
 confessed that in a single sheet of water 
 there is a formality which its vastness 
 alone can cure ; but the height, not the 
 breadth, is the wonder. WTien it falls- 
 no more than a few feet the regularity 
 prevails; and its effect only serves to 
 expose the vanity of affecting the style 
 of a cataract in an artificial cascade. 
 It is less exceptionable if divided into 
 several parts, for then each separata 
 part may be wide enough for its depth ; 
 and, in the whole, variety, and not great- 
 ness, win be the predominant character. 
 But a structure of rough, large, detached 
 stones cannot easily be contrived of 
 strength sufficient to support a great- 
 weight- of water. It is sometimes, from 
 necessity, almost smooth and uniform;, 
 and then it loses much of its effect. 
 Several little falls in succession are pre- 
 ferable to one greater cascade, which, in 
 figure or in motion, approaches to regu- 
 larity. 
 
 Wnen greatness is thus reduced to 
 
CAS 
 
 [183] 
 
 CAS 
 
 number, and length becomes of more 
 importance than breadth, a rivulet vies 
 with a river ; and it more frequently runs 
 in a continued declivity, which is very 
 favourable to such a succession of falls. 
 Half the expense and labour which are 
 sometimes bestowed on a river to give it, 
 at the best, a forced precipitancy in any 
 one spot only, would animate a rivulet 
 through the whole of its course; and, 
 after all, the most interesting circum- 
 stance in falling waters is their anima- 
 tion. A great cascade fills us with sur- 
 prise ; but all surprise must cease ; and 
 the motion, the agitation, the rage, the 
 froth, and the variety of the water are 
 finally the objects whiiJi engage the 
 attention. For these a rivulet is suffi- 
 cient ; and they may there be produced 
 without that appearance of eflbrt which 
 raises a suspicion of art. To obviate 
 such a suspicion, it may sometimes be 
 expedient to begin the descent out of 
 sight ; for the beginning is the difficulty. 
 If that be concealed, the subsequent 
 falls seem but a conseq^uence of the 
 agitation which characterizes the water 
 at its first appearance ; and the imagina- 
 tion is, at the same time, let loose to 
 give ideal extent to the cascades. 
 
 Cascari'lla grandifo'lia. See Cos- 
 luibuena obtusifolia latifoUa. 
 
 Ca'shew Nut. Anaca'rdiwm, occi- 
 denta'le. 
 
 Casea'ria. (Named after J". Caserius, 
 the coadjutor of Kheede in producing 
 the Hortus Malabaricus. Nat. ord., 
 SamydacecB. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees, chiefly valued for their 
 astringent and medicinal qualities. Cuttings in 
 sand, under a glass, in heat. Light, sandy, Hbry 
 loam. 
 C. hirsu'ta. 8. Yellow, green. Jamaica. 1825. 
 
 — parvifio'ra. 6. Yellowish-green. S. Amer. 
 
 1818. Syn., C. decanira. 
 
 — parvifo'lia. 6. Yellowish-green. Martinique. 
 
 1827. 
 
 — Tamifio'ra. 4. YeUowish-green. Guiana. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — semla'ta. 6. Whitish-green. Jamaica. 1818. 
 
 — sylvefstris. 8. Whitish-green. Jamaica. 1823. 
 
 Casirairo'a. (Dedicated to Cardinal 
 Casimiro Gomez. Nat. ord., Butacem. 
 Allied to Skimmia. ) 
 
 Stove shrub or tree with small flowers and 
 edible fruit. Seeds in a hotbed ; cuttings in 
 sandy loam, in heat, and under a hand-glass. 
 Bich loam and flbrous peat. 
 C. eldiUie. Green ; fruit apple-like. Mexico. 
 1866. Evergreen tree. 
 
 Caspa'ria specio'sa. SeeBauhinia 
 petiolata. 
 
 Cassa'ndra. (Name of mythological 
 origin. Nat. ord., Ericacece.) 
 
 A genus of hardy shrubs, seeds, layers, sandy 
 loam or peat. 
 
 C. amgusti/o'lia. 1 ■ 2. Snow-white. April. 
 Carolina. 1748. Syns., C. crupa and 
 ATuiromeda angustifolia. 
 
 — calycula'ta. 1-3. Snow-white. April. N. 
 
 America. 1748. B. M. t. 1286. Syns., 
 Andromeda calyculata. 
 
 Cassa'va. Jani'pha ma'nihot. 
 
 Cassebee'ra. (Nat. ord.. Films. 
 Allied to Platyloma. ) 
 
 Divisions ; peat and loam ; hardy greenhouse 
 and stove treatment, according to their native 
 locality. 
 
 C. arge'ntea. i. Brewn. July. Siberia. 1816. 
 Hardy. 
 
 — auricula' ta. Brown. July. Stove. 
 
 — cunea'ta. Brown. July. 1831. Stove. 
 
 — farino'm. H. Brown. May. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 1840. Stove. 
 
 — hasta'ta. 2. Brown. August. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1823. Greemouse. 
 
 — intramargiTia'lis. Brown. September. Mexico. 
 
 1828. Greenhouse. 
 
 — peda'ta. J. Brown. Virginia. 1820. Hardy. 
 pinna' ta. Brown. June. Stove. 
 pteroi'des. Brown. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1776. Greenhouse. 
 triphy'lla. Brown. July. 1824. Stove. 
 vespertilia'nis. 3. Brown. August. N. 
 
 Holland. 1823. Greenhouse. 
 
 Ca'ssia. (From the Greek name of 
 a plant, kasian of the Bible. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminosce; Tribe, CassiecE.) 
 
 Allied to Caesalpinia. Annuals and biennials 
 and perennials by seed, sown in March or April, 
 in heat ; the biennials and perennials by cuttings, 
 in April, of half -ripened shoots, in heat. A few 
 will thrive in the greenhouse ; but most of them 
 require stove treatment in winter ; that is, a 
 temperature of from 60° to 60° ; and where there 
 is much room they deserve it. C. corymbosa may 
 be grown against a south wall in summer. 
 
 ANNUALS. „r T J 
 
 C. ceschyno'mene. 1. Yellow. June. W. Ind. 
 1810. Stove. , ,, X J 
 
 — angusti'ssima. 1. Yellow. July. B. Ind. 
 
 1820. Stove. . ,„,„ 
 
 — a'spera. 1. Yellow. July. Georgia. 1818. 
 
 — Burmalnni. 1. Yellow. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1810. Half-hardy. 
 
 — fletmo'sa. 1. Yellow. July. Brazil. 1810. 
 
 Stove. „ „ . 
 
 — jUyribu'nda. 4. Yellow. June. New Spam. 
 
 1818. Stove. B. E. 1. 1422. 
 —Jio'rida. 6. YeUow. June. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — glandulo'sa. 5. Yellow. September. W. Ind. 
 
 1822. Stove. B. M. t. 3436. 
 
 — hi'spida. Yellow. June. Cayenne. 1826. 
 
 — hu'milisJ\. YeUow. June. S. Amer. 1800. 
 
 Stove biennial. ,, .^ 
 
 — ita'lica. 3. YeUow. June. South of Europe. 
 
 — mi7K0S0t°dM. 2. Yellow. July. Ceylon. 1806. 
 
 TeyMrea'na. Yellow. E. Tropical Africa. 
 
 1870 
 _ nictitansl 2. YeUow. July. N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 — oiovcaa! I.' YeUow. July. Egypt. 1640. 
 
 — oUu»if&m. YeUow. July. Jamaica. 1732. 
 
 -proctt'TniOTS. YeUow. June. N. Amer. 1806. 
 
 -vu'maaJ I' Yellow. June. E. Ind. 1814. 
 Stove traUer. 
 
CAS 
 
 [184] 
 
 CAS 
 
 C Tage'ra. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1803. Stove 
 biennial 
 
 — Thormi'ngii. Yellow. June. Guinea. 1824. 
 
 Stove. 
 
 — trifio'm. 1. Yellow. June. W. Ind. 1816. 
 
 Stove. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 480. 
 
 — Wallichia'na. 1. Yellow. June. Nepaul. 
 
 1817. Stove. Syn., C. dimidiata. 
 
 GREENHOUSK EVERGREENS. 
 
 C. cegypti'aca. 3. Yellow. May. Egypt. 1822. 
 
 — artemisioi'des. 2. Yellow. June. N. Holland. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — amtra'lia. B. M. t. 2676. Syn., C. Barren- 
 
 fieldii, 
 
 — Barelaya'na. i. Yellow. July. N. Holland. 
 
 1827. 
 
 — Berte'ri. 10. Yellow. June. W. Ind. 1827. 
 
 — biewpsula'ris. 4. Yellow. May. W. Ind. 
 
 1739. Syn., C. Remwardtii. 
 
 — UJWra. 6. Yellow. August. W. Ind. 1766. 
 
 B. R. 1. 1310. 
 
 — hrwAea'ta. 6. Yellow. August. W. Ind. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — }yracteo'8a. Orange. Highlands of Angola. 
 
 1866. 
 
 — brevlfo'lia,. Yellow. June. Madagascar. 1824. 
 
 — caXlia'ntha. Brazil. 1869. 
 
 — cape^nsis. 1, Yellow. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1816. B. C. t. 611. 
 
 — chine^nsis. 4. Yellow. June. China. 1807. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 73. 
 
 — Flinde'mi. Yellow. June. N. S. Wales. 1818. 
 — /rondo' sa. 3. Yellow. April. W. Ind. 1796. 
 
 — gtutirw/sa. 3. Yellow. June. N. Holland. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — Imea'ris. 3. Yellow. June. Carolina. 180O. 
 
 — mafrila'ndwn, 3. Yellow. September, N. 
 
 Araer. 1723. Hardy herbaceous peren- 
 nial. 
 
 — nigricans. 1. Yellow. June. Egypt. 1817. 
 
 — Remwa'rdtii. See C. bica^sularis. 
 
 — ruscifo'lia. 2. Yellow. June. Madeira. 
 
 1816. Jacq. Ic. t. 71. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 C. aeapuloe'nsis. i. Yellow. June. Acapulco. 
 1823 
 
 — ala'ta. 12. Yellow. W. Ind. 1731. 
 
 — apoucoui'ta. 8. Yellow. Surinam. 1820. 
 
 — arbore'scens. Yellow. May. North Spain. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — atoma'ria, 4. Yellow. June. N. Amer, 
 
 1810. 
 
 — aurieula'ta. 4. Yellow. E. Ind. 1777. 
 
 — aversifl&ra. Yellow. Sununer. Brazil. 1825. 
 
 B. B. t. 2638. 
 
 — bamlla'ris. 3. Yellow. E. Ind. 1782. 
 
 — cha/rrueeri'sta. 1. Yellow. July. America. 
 
 1699. B. M. 1. 107. 
 
 — chr^so'tricha. Yellow. June. Guiana. 1828, 
 
 — cilia'ris. 1. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 1817. 
 
 Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 — cilia'ta. 1. Yellow. June. Cuba, 1820. 
 
 — coqumibe'nsis. Yellow. Chili. 1888. B. M. 
 
 t. 7002. 
 
 — coromandelia'na. 8. Yellow. June. Coro- 
 
 mandel. 1823. 
 
 — eorymio'sa. 3. Yellow. July. Buenos 
 
 Ayres. 1796. B. M. t. 633. 
 
 — cuepida'ta. 4. Yellow. July. S. Amer. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — diphy'lla, 2. Yellow. June. W. Ind. 1781. 
 
 — di'spar. 3. Yellow. S. Amer. 1824. 
 
 — elli'ptica. 5. Yellow. June. Trinidad. 1818. 
 
 — ema/rgina'ta. 15. Yellow. May. Jamaica. 
 
 1759. 
 —fattigia'ta. 4. Yellow. June. B. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — gigantea. Yellow. June. Jamaica. 1825, 
 
 — glau'ca. 4. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — gra'cilis. 2. Yellow. June. Orinoco. 1817. 
 
 — Herbertia'na. 9. Yellow. November. Bar- 
 
 badoes. 1828. B. B. 1. 1422. 
 
 — hi'rta. 3. Yellow. August. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 C. Mrm'ta. 4. Yellow. July. America. 1778. 
 
 — Howtonia'na. Yellow. July, Jamaica. 1817. 
 
 — loeviga'ta. 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 — lanceola'ta. 1. Yellow. July. levant. 
 
 Syns., C. acutiloba and orientalis. 
 
 — ligustri'na. Yellow. June. Bahamas. 1726. 
 
 B. E. 1. 109. 
 
 — linea'ta. 1. YeUow. June. Jamaica. 1818. 
 
 — limgisi'Uqua. 6. Yellow. June. W. Ind. 
 
 1800. 
 
 — lotoi'des. 2. Yellow. June. Trinidad. 1820. 
 
 — maera'nthera. 3. Yellow. June. Brazil. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — margina'ta. 3. Yellow. June. Surinam. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — mexica'na. 5. Yellow. June. Mexico. 
 
 1824. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 203. 
 
 — melct/noca'rpa. Yellow. June. Jamaica. 1825. 
 
 — moUi'sgvma. 6, Yellow. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 — monta'Tia. Yellow, May, E, Ind, 1822. 
 
 — multigiamdul&sa. Jacq. Ic. t. 72. See C. 
 
 t&mentoBa. 
 
 — oecidenta'lie. 3. Yellow. June. W. Ind. 
 
 1759. B. E. t. 83. 
 
 — Potrtma'no. 2. Yellow. August. Deme- 
 
 rara. 1817. 
 
 — pa' tula. 2. Yellow. August. W. Ind. 
 
 1778. 
 
 — pe'ndula. 3. YeUow. July. S. Apier. 1820. 
 
 — penta'gona. 1, Yellow, June. Peru. 1700. 
 
 Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 — pilo'ea. 1. Yellow. June. Jamaica. 1818. 
 
 Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 — planin'liqua. 4. Yellow. June. W. Ind. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — polyph}/lla. 4. Yellow. June. W. Ind. 
 
 1816. Jacq. Ic. t. 460. 
 .— pube^scens. 2. Yellow. June. S. Amer. 1812. 
 
 — pulcMtta. 3. YeUow. July. Mauritius. 
 
 1826. B. C. t. 1839. 
 
 — purpvirea. 4. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1821. 
 
 B. E. t. 866. 
 
 — quinqwmguia'rU, 6. YeUow. June. Cay- 
 
 enne. 1818. 
 
 — retimla'ta. 10. YeUow. August. S. Amer. 
 
 1821. 
 
 — Riehtt/rdia'na,. 2. Yellow. July. Cumana. 
 
 1823. 
 ^ rdbmMlda. 10. YeUow. July. S. Amer. 
 1823. 
 
 — sennoi'des. 3. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1808. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 70. 
 
 — sermti'va. Yellow. Jacq. Ic. t. 70. 
 
 — seri'cea. YeUow. May. S. Amer. 1731. 
 
 — So'phora. 4. YeUow. July. E. Ind. 1668. 
 
 B. B. t. 866. 
 
 — speci&sa. 6. Yellow. June. Brazil. 1816. 
 
 — specta'bitie. 4. YeUow. June. Caraccas. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — itimda'cea. 3. YeUow. ChiU. 1781. 
 
 — muca'ta. 3. Yellow. June. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 Syn. C. cemua. 
 
 — sumatra'na. YeUow. June. Sumatra, 1823, 
 
 — tara'ntan. 2. YeUow. July. Cumana. 1817. 
 
 — ten^lla. 2. YeUow. July. Orinoco. 1820. 
 
 — tomento'sa. 15. YeUow. July. S, Amer. 
 
 1822. Syn., C. rmUtiglandulosa. 
 
 — uniflo'ra. Bed. June. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 — venu'stula. Yellow. July. Cumana. 1826. 
 
 — vimi'nea. 3. YeUow. W. Ind. 1786. 
 
 — virga'ta. 1. YeUow. June. W. Ind. 1810. 
 
 Cassi'da vi'ridis. Artichoke Tor- 
 toise-beetle. The common artichoke's 
 leaves suffer during the summer, some- 
 times, though rarely, from the attacks 
 of the larva of a very curious small 
 beetle, which may be called the Arti- 
 choke Tortoise-beetle, Cassida viridis. 
 The beetle, which is found in May and 
 
CAS 
 
 [185] 
 
 CAS 
 
 June, is not more than one-sixteenth of 
 an inch long ; the antennae are black ; 
 the dotted wing-cases and other outer 
 coverings green ; but the body beneath 
 them black ; and the legs pale, with 
 black thighs. It is found upon the 
 water-mints, as well as upon thistles 
 and artichokes. The larva has a very 
 
 a, larva ; 6, the same on a leaf, with its canopy 
 of excrement ; c, pupa ; d , the perfect insect. 
 
 flat body, with spines upon its edges; 
 and it has the singular habit of coverinjg 
 itself with its own excrement, which it 
 attaches together in a mass, and carries 
 on a kind of fork attached to its tail. 
 The pupa is also very flat, having thin 
 toothed appendages at the sides of the 
 body, with a broad thorax, prolonged 
 for\vard into a rounded expansion, which 
 covers the head. — The Cottage Gardener, 
 iiL 317, 
 
 Cassi'ne. (A name given by the 
 North American Indians to a plant now 
 referred to the Holly — I'lex vomito'ria. 
 Nat. ord., Celastrinece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs ; cuttings of 
 half -ripened shoots in sand, under a, glass ; 
 loam and peat. 
 C. cethio'pica. See Elceodendron capense. 
 
 — ba'rbara. See Elceodendron. 
 
 — cape'nsis. See Elceodendron capense. 
 
 — colpo'on. See Elceodendron. 
 
 — exce'lsa. 18. White. June. Nepanl. 1820. 
 
 — Iceviga'ta. See Elceodendron tricuspidaium. 
 
 — Mauroce'nia. 5. White. August. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1890. Hottentot cherry. 
 Syn,, Maurocenia capentis. 
 
 — oppositifo'lia. 5. White. 
 
 ^- xyloca'rpa. See Elceodendron xylocarpum. 
 
 Gassi'nia. (Named after Cassini, a 
 French botanist. Nat. ord., Compositce. 
 Allied to Amobium. ) 
 
 The annual hy seed, in March ; the others by 
 dividing at the roots, and cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots, in sand, in April; loam and 
 peat. 
 
 C. aculea'ta. 2. May. N. Holland. 1820. 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Syn., C. aMnis. 
 
 — au'rea. 1. Yellow. July. New South Wales. 
 
 1803. Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. 
 B. R. t. 764. Syn., An^ianthus aureus. 
 
 — denticula'ta. Pale yellow. Australia. 1826. 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 — fu'lvida. White. New Ireland. Gfl. 1890, 
 
 p. 241, f. 66. 
 
 — leptophy'lla. 2. White. August. New 
 
 Zealand. 1821. Greenhouse evergreen. 
 Paxt. FI. Gard., vol. iil., p. 16. 
 
 C. longifo'lia. 2. May. N. Holland. 1822. 
 Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 specio'sa. N. S. Wales. Greenhouse herba- 
 ceous perennial. 
 
 speeta'Mlis. 6. Yellow. July. N.Holland 
 1818. Hardy annual. B. B. t. 678. 
 
 Cassi'ope. (After a queen of Ethio- 
 pia. Nat. ord., Ericaeew.) 
 
 Cultivation same as hardy heaths. 
 C. /astwia'ta. J. White. Hardy evergeen 
 B. M. t.| 4796. Syn., Andromeda fat- 
 tigiata and A. cupressiformis. 
 
 — hypnoi des. 1. White, red. June. Lapland. 
 Half-hardy deciduous creeper. Syn., 
 Andromeda hypnoides. B. M. t. 2936. 
 
 — tetra'gona. 1. White. April. Lapland. 
 
 1810. Half-hardy. Syn., Andromeda 
 tetragona. B. M. t. 3181. 
 
 Casta'lia, See Nymphsea. 
 
 C. my'stica. See If. Lotus. 
 
 Castalis fla'ccida. See Dimor- 
 photlieca tragus, var. flaccida. 
 
 Casta'nea. Chestnut. (From a town 
 of that name in Thessaly. Nat. ord., 
 CupulifercB. ) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees ; seeds gathered in 
 autumn, preserved in dry sand, and sown in 
 March ; deep, sandy loam ; varieties by grafting. 
 C. america'na. See C. vulgaris, var. americana, 
 
 — chme/nsis. 50. Green. May. China, 
 
 — chrysophy'lla. See Castanopsis chrysophylla. 
 
 — i'ndica. See Castanopsis irtdica. 
 
 — japo'nica. See C. milga/ris, vslt. japonica. 
 
 — pu'mila.. 12. Green, yellow. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1699. 
 
 — milga'ris. 60. Green. June. Naturalized 
 
 in England. Syn., C. vesca. 
 aWo^margina'tis and cmreo^margina'tis 
 
 are garden varieties of 1886. 
 america'na. 60. Green. May. N. 
 
 America. 
 
 asplenifo'lia. 60. Green. May. Europe 
 
 cochlea'ta. Green. May. 
 
 coralli'rui-variega'ta. Green. May. 1846. 
 
 cuculla'ta. Green. May. 1846. 
 
 fo'liis-au'reis. 50. Green. June. 
 
 gla'bra. Green. May. 
 
 qlau'ca. Green. June 
 
 japofnica. Young leaves white beneath. 
 
 Japan. 1885. Syn., C. japonica. 
 
 lu'Hda. Green. May. 1846. 
 
 meldia. 50. Green. June. Europe. 
 
 — Pri'ncei. Green. May. 1846. 
 
 pu'mila. Green. May. 1846. 
 
 variega'ta. Green. May. 
 
 Chestnut (Spanish, or Sweet). 
 This, the Castanea vulgaris of the above 
 genus, in the southern parts of England 
 is cultivated for its fruit, as well as 
 for the value of its timber. There are 
 several varieties in cultivation in this 
 country, and, of course, many in France 
 and Italy. 
 
 Propagation. — The better sorts are 
 propagated by grafting on the ordinary 
 chestnut of our nurseries, which is raised 
 from seed. 
 
 Soil and Culture. — Any free upland 
 soil is adapted to its culture, provided 
 it is dry beneath, and not too adhesive. 
 For the dwarfing system we recommeijd 
 
CAS 
 
 [186] 
 
 CAT 
 
 the platform mode, allowing only half 
 a yard in depth of soil. Little if any 
 pruning is necessary, the fruit being all 
 produced in clusters on the extremities 
 of the shoots. No other culture is ne- 
 cessary ; but a warm sheltered situation 
 is of much importance. 
 
 Fruit-seeds, how to keep. — It is almost 
 needless to observe that chestnuts are 
 generally eaten roasted, mostly with a 
 little salt. They are also stewed in 
 cream, and eaten with salt fish. In 
 keeping them, dryness is necessary ; but 
 it must be accompanied with as low a 
 temperature as possible. They should 
 be taken out of their exterior or rough 
 coating as soon as ripe ; and it is well to 
 subject them to an artificial heat of about 
 sixty to seventy degrees in a warm room 
 for a couple of days afterwards. They 
 may then be packed away in dry sand, 
 or dust, and placed in a very cold but 
 dry room or cellar, where they will keep 
 for months. They are very excitable as 
 to sprouting ; a very little moisture, with 
 warmth, will bring on germination. 
 
 Castano'psis. (From Castanea, and 
 
 opsis, like ; resembling the chestnut. 
 
 Nat. ord., Cupuliferce.) 
 C. chrysophylla is a dwarf hardy evergreen 
 
 shrub ; common soil in sheltered situation ; 
 
 cuttings. C. indica requires a stove ;. cuttings 
 
 in sand under a bell-glass ; seeds. 
 
 C. chrysophy'Ua. Mexico. 1848. B. M. t. 4953. 
 Syn., Castanea chrysophylla. 
 
 — i'ndica. 40. E. Indies. 1827. Stove ever- 
 green. Syn., Castanea indica. 
 
 Castanospe'nnuin. Morton Bay 
 Chestnut. (From castanea, the chest- 
 nut, and sperma, a seed. Nat. ord., 
 Legwminosce. Allied to Sophora. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen ; seeds when procurable; 
 layers and cuttings ; deep, loamy soil ; green- 
 house or conservatoi? wall. 
 C. austra'le. 40. Saffron. Queensland and 
 
 New South Wales. 1828. Hook. Bot. 
 
 Misc. I. t. 61. 
 
 Castela. (After an author named 
 Castel. Nat. ord., Oehnacece. Allied to 
 Elvasia. ) 
 
 The Goatbust, C. Nickolso'ni, is as bitter as 
 Quassia. Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of 
 rather firm shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 and In bottom-heat ; peat and loam. 
 C. ere'cta. i. Dominica. 1821. 
 — Nieholso'ni. 4. Copper. Antigua. 1830. 
 Hook. Bot. Misc. 1. 1. E6. 
 
 Castille'ja. (Named after a Spanish 
 botanist of that name. Nat. ord., 
 Scrophulariacece. Allied to Euphrasia.) 
 
 The stove species by cuttings of half-ripe 
 shoots in sandf, in bottom-heat, under a glass ; 
 loam and peat. Hardy species, by seeds in early 
 March in hotbed, pncking on when ready to 
 handle, planting out in May ; light sandy soil in 
 sunny position ; very ornamental, 
 C. eoccinea. 1. Scarlet. July. N. America. 
 
 1826. B. E. t. 1136. Hardy perennial. 
 Syn., Buchroma coccinea. 
 C. indivi'sa. i to 1. Greenish- yellow ; bracts 
 scarlet. Texas. 1878. 
 
 — integrifo'lia. 1. New Grenada and Guate- 
 
 mala. 1825. Stove evergreen. 
 
 — lithospermoi'des. Scarlet. August. Mexico. 
 
 1848. Greenhouse. 
 
 — minia'ta. 1. Yellow, scarlet. California. 
 
 1874. 
 
 — morane'nsis. Mexico. 1825. Prostrate stove 
 
 evergreen. 
 
 — pa'Uida. 1. Light purple. July. Siberia, 
 
 1782. Hardy herbaceous perennial. Syn. 
 £artsia pallida. 
 
 — leptentriona'lis. 2. White, green. August. 
 
 Labrador. 1824. Hardy annual. B. E. 
 t. 995. 
 
 — serra'ta. 1. Blue. June. 1829. Stove ever- 
 
 green. Syn., Bartsia coccinea. 
 
 — sesgUiflo'ra. §. Greenish. United States, 
 
 Sjfns., C.grandiJloraa,ndEuchromagran 
 difiera. 
 
 Casuari'na. Beefwood. (Supposed 
 to be derived from the resemblance of 
 the long, weeping, leafless branches to 
 the drooping feathers of the Cassowary. 
 Nat. ord^, CasnarinecB.) 
 
 This includes the "Native Oak, or Beefwood" 
 of the Australian colonists, and probably the 
 most singularly picturesque tree of the Austra- 
 lian flora. Large trees, with weeping branches, 
 the individual branches being jointed like a 
 bamboo, and streaked between the joints, hav- 
 ing no leaves. The timber is as good as our Oak, 
 and of the colour of raw beef, whence *he colo- 
 nial name. Cattle are extremely fond of the 
 young branches of the She Oak (C. stri'cta), and 
 colomsts chew them to allay their thirst. From 
 what we know of C. equiset^o'lia in this country 
 we would rank the Beefwoods as amongst the 
 most remarkable for the winter decoration of 
 the conservatory. Greenhouse evergreen trees. 
 Seeds, and cuttings of half-ripened shoots, in 
 April, in sand, under a bell-glass ; loam and 
 peat, with a portion of sand, and lumps of char- 
 coal. They might be tried in sheltered places 
 out of doors, especially in the south of England 
 and in Ireland. 
 C. distf/la. 16. Australia and Tasmania. 1812. 
 
 — equisetifo'lia. 16. September. North Austra- 
 
 lia and Queensland. 1776. B. C. t. 607. 
 Syn., C. muricata. 
 
 — glau'ca. 15. Bast side of the Bay of Bengal. 
 
 — murica'ta. 15. E. Ind. 1822. 
 
 — nodifio'ra. 16. New Caledonia. 1823. 
 
 — stri'cta. 16. May. New South Wales. 1775. 
 
 Andr. Eep. t. 346. Syn., C. quaAri. 
 valvis. 
 
 — mmatra'na. 4-6. Sumatra. 1882. 
 
 — temwSssima. 10. N. Holland. 1825 
 
 — toruUsa. 15. West Australia. 1772. 
 
 Catakidoza'mia. See Macro- 
 zamia. 
 
 Cata'lpa. (The Indian name. Nat, 
 ord., Bignoniaceoe. 
 
 The North American species by seeds sown 
 m spnng, root-cuttings, layers in autumn, and 
 cuttings of the ripened shoots in autumn ; deep, 
 rich loam. The West Indian species by cuttings 
 of the npe shoots in heat, and under a glass : 
 usual stove-treatment. 
 
 C. Ugnonioi'des. 30. White, red. N. America. 
 1798. There are many varieties of this, 
 such as aurea, foliis argenteis variegcMt, 
 grandifiora, purpvrea. 
 
CAT 
 
 [187] 
 
 CAT 
 
 C. Bu'ngei. Greenish-yellow, red. N. China. 
 heterophy'lla. Le<ives entire, and lobed. 
 
 — cassinoi'des. Intermediate between C. speciosa 
 
 and C. Burwei. 1890. 
 
 — cordifc/Ua. Probably the same as C. bigno- 
 
 niaides. 1890. 
 
 — E<Bimpfe'n. Yellowish, white, crimson. Ja- 
 
 pan. 1862. B. M. t. 6611. 
 
 — longi'ssima. 20. White. W. Ind. 1777. Syn., 
 
 Bignonia longissima. 
 
 — Tmcrophy'lUi. See Bigrumia Tnicrophylla, 
 
 — Po'ttsii. 6. Pink. Mexico. 1861. 
 
 — pu'mila. Wein. Gart. Zeit. 1890, p. 317. 
 
 — specio'sa. White. June. United States. 1879. 
 
 — syringxfo'lia. 20. White. July. N.America. 
 
 1726. 
 
 au'rea. Leaves golden. 1881. 
 
 erube'scens. 1869. Syn., C. erubescens. 
 
 fo'liisarge'nteis. Leaves variegated. 1887. 
 
 — Thunbelrgii. Wein. Gart. Zeit. 1890, p. 318. 
 
 — umhraeidi'fera. 12. China. 1888. 
 
 — Wallichia'na. Thought to be a Chinese form 
 
 of C. Kaempferi. Syn. , C. Kcemp/eri, var. 
 naJia. 
 
 Catana'nche. (From katanangke, 
 a strong incentive ; in reference to an an- 
 cient custom among the Greek women 
 of using it in love-potions. Nat. ord., 
 CompositcE ; Tribe, Cichoracem.) 
 
 Division of the roots in March, and seed sown 
 in March or April ; common soil. 
 C. coeru'lea. 3. Blue. August. South Europe. 
 1696. Hardy herbaceous perennial. B. 
 M. t. 293. 
 bi' color. 3. White. Blue. August. Gar- 
 dens. 1827. 
 
 — lu'tea. 1. Yellow. June. Candia. 1640. 
 
 Hardy annual. Sbth. PI. Gr. t. 821. 
 
 Catase'tum. (From kata, down- 
 ward, and seta, a bristle ; referring to the 
 Sosition of the two horns of the column, 
 [at. ord., Orchidece; Tribe, VandeoB.) 
 Stove orchids. ' Divisions ; peat, moes, broken 
 pots, and charcoal, elevated above a jpot, or in 
 shallow, open baskets ; cool and dry in winter ; 
 a high temperature and moist atmosphere^when 
 making their growth. 
 
 C. abru'ptwmi. 1. Greenish-yellow. September. 
 Brazil. 1841. 
 
 — atraHwm. 1. Dark. July. Brazil. 
 
 — BwrtKminia'nu'm. Olive, streaked with brown: 
 
 lip white, streaked with pale bron-ni 
 Brazil. 1862. 
 
 — barbdtum. \. Green, purple. May. Deme- 
 
 rara. 1836. Syn., Myajnthui barbatus. 
 
 immacula'tum. J. Green, pink. Septem 
 
 ber. Demerara. 1835. 
 
 labeHlo-a'lbvjm. %. Greenish-white. Sep- 
 tember. Demerara. 1836. 
 
 probosci'deum. Brownish -green. May. 
 
 Sertao. 1839. 
 
 — Bungero'thii. Creamy-white. Tropical Ame 
 
 rica. Lind. t. 57. 
 
 a'lbum. White ; lip with rose spot. 
 
 1888. 
 
 au'remn. Light yellow. Venezuela. 1887. 
 
 Lind. t. 116. 
 
 Pottsia'num. Petals and lip with purple 
 
 spots. 1887. Lind. t. 104. 
 
 Ba'ndi. Yellow ; spur with a deep apri- 
 cot-yellow spot. 111. Hort. 1. 117. 
 
 — caMaum,. 1. Brovrnish-yeUow. June. La 
 
 Guayia. 1840. 
 
 gramdific/rwm. 1. Green, brown, purple. 
 
 December. Columbia. 1845. 
 
 — c^rmtum. li. Pale green. Eio Janeiro. 1832. 
 
 — Christya'nwm. Keddish-brown, ochre. 1882. 
 arXo'ropt. 
 
 C. Christya'num obscu'mm. 1884. . 
 
 — citri'num. Pale yellow. August. 
 
 — Claveri'ngi. See C. tridmtatwm, var. Cla- 
 
 veringi. 
 
 — comu'tum. Greenish-purple. March. Deme- 
 
 rara. 1840. 
 
 — coeta'tum. Yellow ; lip ribbed. 1887. 
 
 — crwta'twm. 2. Green. August. Brazil. 1823. 
 stenosdpalum. Sepals purple-brown - 
 
 petals purple ; lip green. HI. Hort. 34r 
 t. 26. 
 
 — jyarwinia'nwm. British Guiana. 1888. 
 
 — deei'piem. Eeddish-brown, yellow. Venezuela 
 
 1888. 
 
 — ieltoi'deum. IJ. Green, brown. March. De- 
 
 merara. 1842. 
 
 — di'scolor. J. Green. Brazil. 1844. 
 
 — Jimbria'tvm,. Pink. August. Brazil. 1837_ 
 fi'stum. 1881. 
 
 Haynde'ri. 
 
 LegrefUi. 
 
 — ' platy'pterum. Pale green, marked pur- 
 
 Ijle-brown. 1889. 
 mrildulum. Green, spotted with reddish 
 
 purple. 1887. 
 
 — fioribvlTiduTn. See C. iridentatuTn, var. JUyri- 
 
 bundum. * 
 
 — fuligino'sum. Green, purple. August. Mexico. 
 1839. 
 
 — galeri'tum. Pale green, spotted brown ; lip- 
 
 yellow inside, striped brown. Columbia? 
 1886. Lind. t. 67. 
 pachyglo' ggrnn. Lip square, thick. 1889^ 
 
 — GarneUia'num. Light green, spotted choco- 
 
 late ; lip white. 1888. 
 
 — glaucogl&ssuTn. Brown, glaucous. Mexico* 
 
 Gard. Chron. 1886, vol. 24, p. 652. 
 
 — globiJWrum. 1. Olive, brown. June. Mexicc 
 
 1840. 
 
 — Hoohe'ri. 2. Green, brown. October. Brazil.. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — inc^rvum. Green, purple. Central America. 
 
 1855. 
 
 — integelrrmvam. Purple, brown. June. Guate- 
 
 mala. 1839. 
 
 intermddiwm variega'tum. Black, white,. 
 
 yellow. Brazil. 
 
 — laTnina'tum. Brown, purple. April. Mexicc 
 
 1844. 
 
 ebu'mevm. White, green. April. Mexicc 
 
 1839. 
 
 — lanci'ferum. Pure green. March. Brazil. 
 
 1839. 
 
 — LwndBbdrgii. 1. Green, purple. June. Carac- 
 
 cas. 1861. 
 
 — Lekma'nni. Green, orange-yellow. Colum- 
 
 bia. Gfl. 1. 1223, ag. 
 
 — longifdUum. 2. Orange, violet. August. De- 
 
 merara. 1837. 
 
 — macroca'rpuTti be'llum. Brown, purple. Bra- 
 
 zil. Gard. CSiron. 1886, vol. 26, p. 74. 
 
 — macroglcfssum. Ochre and green, fight and 
 
 dark green, fight and da^k yellow, or 
 browmsh-purple ; very variable. Ecua- 
 dor. 1878. 
 
 — maeula'tum intege'rrimum. 3. Green and 
 
 purple-spotted. September. Mexico. 
 
 — m^diwm. 
 
 — MilUri. 2. Purple-spotted. September. Bra- 
 
 zil. 1837. 
 
 — na'so. White, purple. August. Mexico. 1843. 
 
 — ochra'cewm. Yellow. ' Columbia. 1844, 
 
 — pha/nma. Green, purplish-brown, white. Bra- 
 
 zil. 1878. , 
 
 — pilealtum. Light red, white. Venezuela. 1882.. 
 — pla'niceps. 1. Green and yeUow. Spanish 
 
 Main. 1840. 
 — probosei'deum. Brightish green. Demerara.. 
 1839. 
 
 — pu'lehrum. Light green with chocolate bars, 
 
 yellow. Brazil. 1888. 
 —pu'rwm. 1. Green. October. Brazil. 
 
CAT 
 
 [188] 
 
 CAT 
 
 C ro'seo-a'lbum. 2. White, red. April. Para. 
 1836. 
 
 — Russellia'num. 3. Green. July. Guatemala. 
 
 1838. 
 
 — mcea'twm. Yellow, purple. March. Deme- 
 
 rara. 1840. 
 
 ;pliciJferuTn. Green, brown, white. Peru. 
 
 1869. 
 
 — sangui'Tiewm. Green, red. October. Central 
 
 America. 1852. 
 integra'le. Lip entire. 1887. 
 
 — Bcu'rra, White, green, violet, orange. Deme- 
 
 rara. 1872. 
 
 — Bemiape^rtv/m. 1. YeUow. November. Brazil. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — serra'tum. Green, yellow. September. Pa- 
 
 nama. 1844. 
 
 — ipin&aum. 1. Green, brown. Brazil. 1840. 
 
 — tabula're. Pale green. Guatemala. 1843. 
 
 brachyglo'sswm. Lip short. 1880. 
 
 Mve. 1881. 
 
 rhino' phorutn. Greenish, brown, white. 
 
 Columbia. 1880. 
 — serrvla'tum. Greenisli-yellow, dotted 
 
 red. Andes of Columbia. Gil. t. 1223, 
 
 h-m. 
 vi'r&ns. Greenish, purple-brown. 1880. 
 
 — tapi'riceps. Green, brown, orange. Brazil. 
 
 1888. 
 
 — tigri'num. White, cinnamon. 1881. 
 
 — tndenta'twm. 2. Yellow, brown. April. Trini- 
 
 dad. 1822. This sports into the six fol- 
 lowing, and even into Waiie^sii. 
 
 atropurpu'reum. 2. Darlc purple. Au- 
 gust. Demerara. 
 
 au'reuTti. 2. Yellow. August. Demerara. 
 
 Claveri'Tigi. 2. Yellow, brown. August. 
 
 Brazil. Ig22. Syn., C. Claveringi. 
 
 toribu'ndum. 2. Yellow, brown. Novem- 
 ber. Trinidad. 1824. Syn., C. Jlori- 
 
 Imndum. 
 macroca'rpuTn. 
 
 August. Brazil. 
 viHdiflo'rum. 2. 
 
 rara. 
 - tri'fidwm. 2. Green. 
 
 2. Yellow, purple. 
 
 Green. May. Deme- 
 
 June. Trinidad. 
 ■ trvmerochi'lum. Green, red. Mexico. 1863. 
 
 — trio'don. Yello— ish-green. Brazil. 1879. 
 
 — tru'lla. Green, brown. September. S. Amer. 
 
 1840. 
 maeuiati'smnu/m. Brown spotanumerous. 
 
 1888. 
 suMmbe^rbe. Lip not fringed. 1887. 
 
 — mridifla'vum. 1. Yellow, green. June. S. 
 
 Amer. 1841. 
 
 — TTaiZe'fiii. 1. Green. September. Honduras. 
 
 1840. 
 -^ Warecem'czii. Green. April. Panama. 1851. 
 
 Catchfiy. Sile'ne. 
 
 Cai'tecIlU. Aca'cia ca'techu. 
 
 Caterpillar. Scorpiw'rus. 
 
 Caterpillar. This is the young of 
 •either the butterfly or the moth, in its 
 first state after emerging from the egg. 
 There are many kinds ; and the best 
 mode of preventing their invasions is to 
 destroy every butterfly, moth, chrysalis, 
 and egg that can be found. Hand-pick- 
 ing, dusting with lime or soot, and other 
 modes of destroying the caterpUlar are 
 mentioned when noticing the plants they 
 attack ; but we may here observe that 
 the powder of White Hellebore is by far 
 the most effectual for dusting over this 
 marauder. Sparrows and other small 
 
 birds, in early spring, should not be 
 scared from the garden, for they destroy 
 myriads of caterpillars : at that season 
 they can do no harm if the gardener 
 properly guards his seed-beds. Boys 
 
 Eaid a halfpenny per dozen for leaves 
 aving eggs or smaller caterpillars upon 
 them, nave been found to keep a garden 
 free for a whole season for about seven 
 shillings. 
 
 Catesbse'a. Lily Thorn. (Named 
 after M. Catesby, author of a Natural 
 History of Carolina. Nat. ord., Ru- 
 biacecB ; Tribe, Catesbceece. Allied to 
 Pentagonia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings in sand, under a 
 glass, in heat, in April. Sandy loam and fibry 
 peat. 
 
 C. latiifo'Ua. 6. Yellow. June. W. Ind. 1823. 
 B. E. t. 868. 
 
 — Lindenia'na. 2. July. 
 
 — parviflo'ra. 2. White. June. Jamaica. 1810. 
 
 — spin</sa. 12. Yellow. June. Isle of Provi- 
 
 dence, Bahamas. 1726. B. M. t. 131. 
 
 Ca'tha. This genus has now been 
 united to Celastrus. 
 Cathara'nthus. See Vinca. 
 
 Cathca'rtica. (In honour of J. F. 
 Cathcart, Esq., B.C.S., Judge of Tirr- 
 hoot. Nat. ord., Papaveracece.) 
 
 A hardy herbaceous perennial, useful for 
 shady spots on rockery ; rich peaty soil ; seeds 
 and division. 
 
 C. viUo'sa. 1. Yellow. June. Sikkim-Himalaya. 
 1860. B. M. t. 4696. 
 
 Cat-mint. Ne'peta. 
 Cat-thyme. Teu'crium ma'rum. 
 
 Catteridge-tree. Euo'nymits euro- 
 Pk'vs. 
 
 Ca'ttleya. (Named after jlfn Catt- 
 ley, a distinguished patron of botany. 
 Nat. ord., Orchidem; Tribe, Epiden- 
 drea^-LmliecB. ) 
 
 Stove orchids. Divisions. Moss, peat, and 
 broken pots, either in shallow baskets, or raised 
 above the surface of the ^ot. 
 
 C. Aokla'ndiae. }. Purple, brown. July. BrazU. 
 
CAT 
 
 [189] 
 
 CAT 
 
 C. amethystoglo'ssa. White, rosy-purple. Brazil. 
 1862. 
 
 ■ sulvhu'rea. Sepals and petals lemon- 
 yellow, lip cream colour. 1866. 
 
 — au'rea. New Grenada. 111. Hort. 1881, t. 81. 
 
 Syn., C. labiata Dowiana aurea. 
 
 niarnwra''ta. Rose, crimson, yellow. 
 
 1888. 
 
 — Arenbe'rgii. Lilac. July. Brazil. 1842. 
 
 — Ballantinia'na. Hybrid between C. Triance 
 
 and C. Warscewiczii. 1890. Rchb. t. 91. 
 
 — bi'color. 1. Olive-^reen. September. Brazil. 
 
 1837. There is a variety with a white- 
 margined lip named Measuresia'na. 
 
 — bogote'nsis. White, yellow. New Grenada. 
 
 1866. 
 
 — Boissie'ri. lilac, yellow. Columbia. 1873. 
 
 — Bowringialna. Purple, maroon, white. Central 
 
 America. 
 
 — BryTneria'na. Purplish-rose, lilac, magenta, 
 
 orange. BrazU. 1883. Natural hybrid ? 
 Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 184. 
 
 — bulbo'sa. J. Rose, purple. April. Brazil. 
 
 1846. 
 
 — BvMidri. A form of C. Triance. Rev. Hort. 
 
 1886, p. 444. 
 
 — adumna'ta. Blush-pink, spotted violet. 
 
 Hybrid between C. AcklaTidke and C. 
 intermecLia^ var. amethystina. 1883. R«v. 
 Hort. 1883, p. 664. 
 
 — ca'ndida. White, pinlc. Brazil. 1838. 
 
 — Cassa'ndra. Garden hybrid. 1888. 
 
 — Cha7>ti>erlainia'na. Purple. Garden hybrid, 
 
 between C. Leopotdi and C. Dowiana. 
 1881. 
 
 — chocoe'nsis. Yellow, purple. Columbia. 1873. 
 
 — eitri'na. Citron. April. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 — citrino-interme'dia. Garden hybrid. 1888. 
 
 — cocd'n^a. See Sophronitis grandijlora. 
 
 — - eri'spa. 1. White, purple. September. 
 
 Brazil. 1826. 
 grandiflo'ra. White, crimson, orange. 
 
 1882. 
 viola' cea. Deep violet and white. Guiana. 
 
 1860. 
 
 — erooa'ta. White, orange. 
 
 — Dawso'ni. Yellow, crimson. Brazil. 1863. 
 
 — dolo'sa. See C. Walkeriana, var. dolosa. 
 
 — daminge'nsis. AprU. St. Domingo. 1844. 
 
 — Dormannutf'Tia. See Ltelia Dormanniana. 
 
 — Dmma'na. Straw, purple. Costa Rica. 1866. 
 
 Derived from C. labiata. 
 
 chrysoto'xa. Bright yellow ; lip blotched 
 
 gold, veined dark crimson-purple. Rchb. 
 t. 71. 
 
 — Vuhea'na. 2. Light ochre, mauve-purple; 
 
 lip white, mauve-purple and yellow. 
 1887. 
 
 — ela'iwr. 1. Green-spotted. Brazil. 1827. 
 
 — eldora'do. White, purple, orange. Central 
 
 America. 1869. 
 oma'ta. Purple, tipped with a darker 
 
 shade. 1883. 
 sple'ndens. Rose, orange, white, violet. 
 
 Rio Negro. 1870. 
 mrgina'lis. Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 388. See 
 
 C. virginaZis. 
 
 — eHegans. Purple and white. Brazil. 1852. 
 
 — exoni^nsis. Garden hybrid. 1874. 
 —fiave'ola. Garden hybrid. 1888. 
 
 — Forbe'sii. J. White, yellow. June. Brazil. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — Gaskellia'na. A form of C. labiata. 
 
 pi'cta. Sepals and petals variegated. 
 
 1890. ^ . , 
 
 — ai'gas. Rose, purple, yellow. Tropical 
 
 America. 1873. Garden. 1882. May. 
 20. 
 
 — gramiMsa. 1. Wtitish-green. May. Guate- 
 
 mala. 1841. 
 
 aspera'ta. Brownish spotted purple, 
 
 yellow. 1886. 
 
 C. granulo'sa Buyssonia'na. Ivory white G C, 
 1890, vol. 8, p. 688. • v.. x./. 
 
 -fiwseiim'na. 1. Green, white, orange 
 
 May. Mexico. 1839. 
 
 Schojiadia'na. 2. Greenish-yellow ; lip 
 
 whitish, and amethyst-purple. 1879 
 Syn., 0. Schofieldiana, Warn. Orch. Alb! 
 
 — guatemale'nsis. Buff, purple, crimson. Guate- 
 
 mala. 1861. 
 
 Wischhusenia'na. Rose-purple, brown 
 
 yellow. Panama. 1888. ' 
 
 — guttata. 1. Green, red. April. Brazil 
 
 1827. 
 
 elaltior. April. Brazil. 1827. 
 
 immacula'ta. Mauve brown ; lip white, 
 
 front lobe purple. 
 Keteledrii. 2\. Blush-white, violet-rose. 
 
 1876. 
 Uopardi'rm. Spotted dark brown ; lip 
 
 white, front lobe purple-red. Lind. 
 
 1. 19. 
 Leopo'ldi odorati'ssima. Yellow, purple. 
 
 1888. 
 
 Ulaai'na. Pale lilac. 1881. 
 
 mu'nda. Greenisli to yellow. 1888. 
 
 phoenico'ptera. Deepest purple : lip 
 
 whitish. 1883. 
 Prinzii. White, spotted with purple ; 
 
 lip, amethyst-coloured. Brazil. 1866. 
 
 mmctula'ta. Sulphur, purple. 1880. 
 
 Russellia'TM. Green, red. August. Brazil. 
 
 1838. 
 Willianma'na. Purple, white. 1884. 
 
 — Hardya'na. Rosy-mauve ; lip magenta, yel- 
 
 low. Columbia. Warn. Orch. Alb. 
 t. 231. 
 
 — Harri'sii. Amethyst dotted purple ; white, 
 
 sulphur, purple. Hybrid between C. 
 Mendelii and C. guttata. 1887. 
 
 — Barriso'nice. 1. Rose, yellow. April. Brazil. 
 
 Syn., C. Loddigesiif var. Harrisonice. 
 Regneria'na. Purple, yellow. 1888. 
 
 — — viola'cea. Violet. 1881. 
 
 — hy'brida. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — interme^dia. 1. Rose, white. April. Brazil. 
 
 1824. 
 angtistifo'lia. 1. Light purple. Septem- 
 ber. Brazil. 1S36. 
 — ca'ndida sple'ndida. White ; front lobe of 
 
 lip carmine-purple. Rio Janeiro. 1890. 
 
 Gfl. t. 1313. 
 Gibe^zice. White, orange. 1883. Syn., 
 
 C. GibezuB. 
 pa'llida. 1. Light red. June. Brazil. 
 
 1833. 
 
 Parthe'nia. White. 1888. 
 
 purpu'rea. Purple. 
 
 variega'ta. 1. White, red. May. Brazil. 
 
 1843. 
 
 — intrica'ta. Pale rose, purple. 
 macula'ta. Rosy with 
 
 Natural hybrid between 
 and C. guttata? Brazil. 
 
 — in'color. Sulphur, orange, violet. 1874. 
 
 — irrora'ta. See Lcelia. 
 
 — Kimballia'na. Pale rose ; lip white, yellow, 
 
 purple. Venezuela. 1887. Lind. t. 89. 
 
 — Eramenria'na. Pale rose ; lip white, purple. 
 
 1888. 
 
 — labia'ta. 1. Crimson, lilac. May. Brazil. 
 
 1818. 
 
 a'lba. White. 
 
 atro-purpu'rea. Lilac, purple. Novem- 
 ber. La Guayra. 1839. 
 
 atra-sangui'nea. 1. Dark red. July. S. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 autumna'lis. Rose - purple, 
 
 Autumn. Lind. t. 112. 
 
 be^lla. Mauve, white, yellow. 
 
 brillianti'ssiTna. Bright rose, 
 
 purple, yellow. 1885. 
 
 1884. 
 
 purple spots. 
 C. intermedia 
 1890. 
 
 white. 
 
 1882. 
 maroon- 
 
CAT 
 
 [190] 
 
 CAT 
 
 C labm'ta chooB'nsie. 
 
 croca'ta. White, or pale rose, deep 
 
 orange. 1886. 
 
 delicti'ta. 
 
 Doviia'na, Nankeen yellow, crimson- 
 purple. Syn., C. Domana, B. M. t. 6618. 
 
 eldora'do. Fl. Ser. 1. 1826. See C. eldorado. 
 
 Gashellia'na. Rosy-purple, petals darker 
 
 at tip. There are several forms of this. 
 — la'eera. White, purple. Central America. 
 
 1869. 
 
 leucophoia. Pale rose, yellow. 1888. 
 
 tnagni'fica. Rosy-purple, yellow. 1888. 
 
 ■ oma'fa. Purple, deeper at" tips. 
 
 Pereivalia'na. Deep purple. W. South 
 
 America. 1882. There is a variety beflla. 
 
 1888. 
 
 pi'cta. 
 
 Pilche'ri. Lip pale, with purple blotch. 
 
 1866. 
 regi'Tui. Rosy-purple, yellow. 1884. Syn., 
 
 C. speciosisHmat var, regina. 
 
 jRaefzUi. Purple, yellow. Columbia. 1874. 
 
 Ruckefri. Rose ; lip entirely dark rose. 
 
 Sanderia'na. Light purple, gamboge, 
 
 whitish. 1882. 
 Schroederia'na, White, lip sfriped with 
 
 mauve and orange. 
 sple^ndejis. Deep rosy-purple. 111. Hort. 
 
 1870, t. 7. 
 
 Tria'ncB. See C. Trmnee. 
 
 virgina'lie. White. HI. Hort. 1876, 
 
 t. 267. 
 Warnelri. Pale rose, amethyst, purple, 
 
 orange-yellow. 
 WarocqueaJTia. Rosy -mauve ; lip crim- 
 son-purple, yellow. S. America. 1890. 
 Wilsanialna,. Amethyst, dark purple, 
 
 yeUow. 1887. 
 
 — Lavireneia'na. Purple-lilac, yellow. British 
 
 Guiana. 1886. 
 
 co'ncolor. Light purple. 
 
 ocula'ta. Centre of lip buff. 
 
 ro'sea-supe/rba. Rosy -purple, striped 
 
 white. 
 
 — Lenumia'na. 3. Rose, yellow. August. Brazil. 
 
 1842. 
 
 — Leop&ldii. 1. Yellow, crimson. Brazil. 1852, 
 
 — Lmde^ni, Rose, veined white ; lip magenta, 
 
 bright yellow. 
 
 — Lindleya'na. Rose. Bahia. 1864. 
 
 — lobalta. Purple, violet, and crimson veins. 
 
 Brazil. 1847. 
 
 — Loddige'sii. 1. Rose, lilac. August. Brazil. 
 
 1815. 
 
 ea'ndida. White ; disc of lip yellow. 
 
 Harriso'nioB. See C. HarrisonicB. 
 
 macvXalta. Flowers dotted with purple. 
 
 mclaJcea. Deep violet-purple. 
 
 — LwAenia'rm. Brown, purple; lip purple, 
 
 yellow. 
 
 — lu'tea is a name given by error in some works 
 
 for Cautleya lutea. 
 
 — lute'ola. i. Light yellow. November. Brazil. 
 
 1853. 
 Roe'aU. Peru, 1881. 
 
 — Xanglefsii. Purple ; lip white and ochre. 
 
 Garden hybrid. 1880. 
 
 — margina'ta. J. Pink, crimson. November. 
 
 BraaU. 1843. 
 
 — mwHItvma. Lilac, white. Buenos Ayres. 
 
 — Massaia'na. Eosy-mauve, magenta, yellow. 
 
 — Xassangea'na. A form of C. labiata, w,r. 
 
 Tricmee. 
 
 — ma'xima. IJ. Dark pink. May. Guayaquil. 
 
 1844. 
 a'lba. White ; lip marked yellow and 
 
 purple. 
 apMelbia. Lip not reticulated, disc 
 
 yellow. Ecuador. 1884. 
 malona'na. Dark purple. 1889. Lind. 
 
 t. 211. 
 
 C. ma'xvma Narchetia'na. Rosy-purple, magenta, 
 yellow. Ecuador and Peru. 1889. Warn. 
 Orch. Alb. t. 404. 
 
 Measure! sii. Reddish-brown ; lip pale 
 
 rose. Garden hybrid. 1886. 
 
 — MendeHii. Lip mauve. 1884. 
 
 be'lla. Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 225. A 
 
 synonym of C. labiata^ var. bella. 
 
 pulche'rrima. White tinged lemon and 
 
 peach-colour. 1881. 
 
 — Mo'ssiiB. 1. Crimson, lilac. July. La Guayra. 
 
 1836. A form of C labiuta, 
 
 — a'lba. White and purple. Brazil. 
 
 Arnoldia'na. Palest rose, orange, sul- 
 phur. 
 
 au'rea gramiifio'ra. Garden variety. 
 
 1887. 
 
 Boimesia'na. Marbled with rosy-purple. 
 
 1889. Lind. t. 186. 
 
 Hardya'na. Lilac, purple. La Guayra. 
 
 1884. Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 125. 
 
 reticula'ta. Lip veined with crimson. 
 
 ■ varia'bilis. Blue to rose. 1888. 
 
 Warocquea'na. White tinged rose, 
 
 orange. 1889. Lind. t. 192. 
 
 — Nilso'ni. 
 
 — nobi'lior. 111. Hort. t. 485. See C. Walkeriana, 
 
 var. nobilior. 
 
 — Obrienia'na. Rose. 1890. 
 
 — odorati'ssvma. Purple. Demerara. 1836. 
 
 — pa'llida. 1. White, pink, yellow. Tepic. 
 
 1860. 
 
 — Papeiansia'na. 
 
 — Percivalia'na. Rosy-lilac, lip-magenta, crim- 
 
 son. January. N. Brazil. 1882. 
 
 Smchenba'chiL Mauve-purple, lip yellow 
 
 veined red. Lind. t. 39. 
 
 — Perri'nii. 1. Purple. Brazil. 
 
 — Pinellia'na. Doubtful whether this andp«'- 
 
 mila are not identical with margina'ta, 
 
 — porphyroglo'ssa. 
 
 ■ rmncta'ta. Crimson spotted. 
 
 — porphyrophle'bia. Pale mauve, yellowish. 
 
 Hybrid between C mtermedia and C. 
 superba. 1886. 
 
 — pu'mila. See Lcelia pumila, 
 
 — quadHcolor. White, yellow, purple, lilac. 
 
 New Grenada. 1866. 
 
 — RegneHli. J. Purple, green, pink. Brazil. 
 
 1869. 
 
 — Reineckia'na. 
 
 superbi! ssvma. White. 1884. 
 
 — resple'ndens. Olive-brown, spotted purple ; 
 
 lip white, amethyst. 1886. Natural 
 hybrid ? 
 
 — re'x. White ; lip purple, veined with gold, 
 
 and fringed with white. This is the most 
 handsome plant of the genus. 1890. Pro- 
 bably a variety of C. aurea. Lind. t. 265. 
 
 — Roe'zlii. A synonym of C labiata^ var. Roezlii. 
 
 — Rucke'ri. White, yellow. 1866. 
 
 — Schilleria'na. Reddish-brown, purple, white. 
 
 Brazil. 1867. 
 
 Amalia'Tia. Lip white with bright purple 
 
 veins and yellow disk. Brazil. 1887. 
 Lind. t. 108. 
 
 — Schofieldia'na. A variety of (7. gra/nulosa. 
 
 — SchToedeHa'na. Light purple, lip with orange 
 
 disk. 1887. Syn., C. Sckroederce, 
 
 — sci'ta. Pale ochre, blotched purple, lip pur- 
 
 ple, sulphur, white. 1886. 
 
 — Skinne'ri. IJ. Rosy-purple. August. Gua- 
 
 temala. 1836. 
 
 a'lba. White, sulphur. Costa Rica. 
 
 1877. 
 
 a'tro-ro'sea. IJ. Dark rose. May. Gua- 
 temala. 1836. 
 
 ocula'ta. Lip with maroon-purple blotch. 
 
 — soro'ria. Greenish, yellow, wliite, purple. 
 
 Brazil. 1887. Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 307. 
 
 — specinfti'usima. 
 
 Buchania'na. Rosy-lilac, lip magenta. 
 
CAT 
 
 [191] 
 
 CAU 
 
 yellow. Venezuela. 1887. Warn. Orch. 
 
 Alb. t. 261. 
 C. speciosi'ssima Lo'wii. Flesh, amethyst, yellow. 
 
 Venezuela. 1868. A very fine form. 
 1 malana'na. Eose-purple, lip veined 
 
 darker. Lind. t. 47. 
 
 — siui'vior. Bright rose, lip pale lilac, purple. 
 
 Hybrid between C. intermedia and C. 
 Mendelii. 
 
 — imfe'rba. 1. Purple. May. Guiana. 1838. 
 
 a'lba. Pure white. Brazil. 1890. 
 
 spU'nde'm. Bnse, violet, white, yellow. 
 
 Rio Negro. 1870. 
 
 — Tria'nce. Pale purplish, deep purple, yellow. 
 
 Cordilleras of Quindiu. 1860. 
 A'nnm. Eosy-purple, white, yellow. 
 
 Lind. t. 31. 
 Colema'nni. Rosy, crimson. Columbia. 
 
 1875. 
 Dodgso'ni. Pink, crimson, pale yellow. 
 
 1882. 
 Emi'luB. Light blush, lip deep crimson- 
 plum, yellow. 1884. 
 
 form&m. Colours deep and rich. 1880. 
 
 fu'lgens. Lip rich crimson. 1890. 
 
 Hardya'na. White, purple, ochre. 1879. 
 
 Soolea'na. Lip rich magenta-purple, 
 
 orange-yellow. New Grenada. Warn. 
 
 Orch. Alb. t. 265. 
 
 Leea'TM. Rose, throat pure white. 1884. 
 
 margina'ta. Lip rich crimson edged with 
 
 white. 1890. 
 Massangea'na. Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 242. 
 
 A variety of C. labiata. 
 Oema/nii. Mauve, deep purple, yellow. 
 
 Columbia. 1879. 
 pa'Uida. Pale rose, disk of lip yellow. 
 
 1890. Lind. t. 231. 
 
 — Popa'yan. Lilac. 1884. 
 
 purpura'ta. Light mauve, lip magenta 
 
 vrith yeUow throat. 1890. Lind. t. 229. 
 
 ro sea. Rose, with orange throat. 1883. 
 
 JRy^sellia'na. Pale mauve, magenta, 
 
 yellow. Columbia. 1884. Warn. Orch. 
 
 Alb. t. 219. 
 Schroederia'na. Green blotch at base of 
 
 column. 
 splendidi'ssima. White, lip magenta, 
 
 orange. 1884. 
 stria'ta. Rosy-purple, midrib-carmine, 
 
 lip carmine with yellow disk. 1890. 
 
 Lind. t. 232. 
 Vanneria'na. Striped omnge, lip purple, 
 
 orange, light rose. 
 
 Ve'sta. Whitish. 1880. 
 
 velutHna. Olive-green, purple, rose. 
 
 Brazil. 1870. 
 T- triophtha'lma. li. Eosy-purple, pale yellow. 
 
 Garden hybrid. 1882. 
 
 — velTiti'Tui Lie'tzei. Dusky orange, spotted 
 
 purple ; lip white, veined purple. Brazil. 
 1888. Gfl. 1. 1265. 
 
 puneta'ta. Flowers larger, more thickly 
 
 dotted ; lip edged yellow. Brazil. 1888. 
 
 — mrginallis. White, yellow. Amazons. 1877. 
 
 Lind. t. 101. Syn., C. eldorado^ var. vir- 
 giTialis. 
 
 — WaUceria'na. Lilac, crimson. May. Brazil. 
 
 1844. 
 
 dolo'sa. The side lobes of the lip overlap 
 
 half their length, 
 
 nobi'lior. The side lobes of the lip over- 
 lap their entire length. Syn., C. nobilior. 
 
 Schroederia'na. Eosy-purple, marked 
 
 with darker purple. 
 
 — WaUi'sii. White, yellow. Brazil. 1882. 
 
 — Warne'ri. Mauve, crimson, white. Brazil. 
 1862. 
 
 See C. labiata, var. Waroe- 
 
 — Warocguea'na. 
 
 queana. 
 
 — Warscewl'czii. 
 
 Grenada. 
 
 Rose, purple, orange. 
 1867. 
 
 New 
 
 C. Warsceim cm. delica'ta. White, lip rosy-lilac 
 with orange blotch. ' 
 
 — Whi'tei. BraziL 1882. 
 
 — Wilsonia'na. Purple, white, yellow, violet 
 
 1877. 
 
 — seno'bia. Garden hybrid. 1887. 
 
 The following are hybrids of this genus:— C. 
 Acla'ndi-Loddige'sii, C. Braba'ntUe, C. devonian- 
 sis ; C. Daminia'na, and its vars. a'lba, and Mtea • 
 C. exonie'nsis, C. fau'sta, C. fe'lix, C Mangle' sii, 
 C. Marde'Uii, C. Masterso'nice, C. Mitche'li, C. 
 pictura'ta, C. quingue' color, C. Sidneriana, C. 
 Veitchia'na. 
 
 Cauliflower. Bra'ssica olera'cea, 
 variety cauUJlo'ra. 
 
 Varieties. — There are many to be 
 found in local catalogues ; but' they are 
 only different names for the following : — 
 Early London, Early Erfurt, and 
 Waleheren. Large Asiatic, Veitch's 
 Auttmin Giant, and Dwarf Mammoth, 
 are also desirable varieties. 
 
 Sowing. — There are three seasons for 
 sowing this vegetable. 
 
 First Soimng. —For the first main crop, 
 a sowing should be made about the third 
 week in August, to raise plants for 
 winter protection, to form the first prin- 
 cipal and main crops of the following 
 year. Should the weather be very dry 
 at the time of sowing, the soU should be 
 thoroughly well watered before the Seed 
 is sown, and so continued as to encourage 
 the growth of the seedlings. As soon as 
 these are up large enough to handle, 
 beds should be formed in an open situa- 
 tion, well broken up, made nch, lined 
 out neatly, and, if the weather is dry, 
 well watered before planting, as well as 
 afterwards. The best time for pricking 
 out young plants of any kind, in dry 
 weatlier, is late in the afternoon or in 
 the evening. By this attention, strong, 
 healthy plants will be ready for either 
 finally planting out under hand-glasses, 
 about the middle of October, or for pro- 
 tection in frames, or at the foot of walls. 
 These protected plants are to form a 
 second crop to those which were planted 
 out under the hand-glasses, and may be 
 finally planted out towards the end of 
 February, if the weather is favourable, 
 two feet and a half apart each way; 
 and should severe weather set in again, 
 flower-pots just large enough to cover 
 the plant may be turned over each, but 
 taken off in all favourable weather. 
 Care should always be taken to lift up 
 the plants out of the nursery-beds, so as 
 to insure uninjured roots. 
 
 Should the weather be very severe in 
 the winter, the hand-glass crop must 
 have a little protection more than that 
 of the hand-hght itseK. But particular 
 attention should be paid to airing at all 
 times when the weather will permit, by 
 
CAU 
 
 [192] 
 
 CEA 
 
 either taking the lights entirely off, or 
 tilting them. 
 
 If, through some mismanagement or 
 misfortune, the winter stock should be- 
 come short, a sowing towards the end of 
 January becomes of importance. A very 
 little seed must then be sown in a pan 
 or box, placed in some moderate-heated 
 structure, or in a gentle hotbed made up 
 for the purpose ; and when the seedlings 
 are up, and large enough to handle, they 
 should be pricked out on other very 
 gentle hotbeds, care being taken to keep 
 the plants up close to the glass, ana 
 inured to the open air. Plants raised 
 in this way wiU be nearly as forward as 
 those sown in August, and protected in 
 cold frames through the winter. 
 
 The second Somng should be at the 
 nde of February or beginning of March, 
 nda then either in a cold frame, or warm, 
 poen border ; or, if the weather be very 
 unfavourable, a sowing may be made on 
 a very gentle hotbed even at this time, 
 attention to pricking-out, etc. , given as 
 before directed. Prom this sowing a 
 third planting is made. 
 
 The third Sowing should be made 
 about the last week in April, or first 
 week in May, and the seedlings at- 
 tended to as before, as to pricking-out, 
 etc. From this sowing a fourth planting 
 is made. 
 
 Fitness for Use. — When a cauliflower 
 has arrived at its full size, which is shown 
 by the border opening as if it was about 
 to run, pull up the plant, as it never 
 produces any useful sprouts ; and if hung 
 up thus entire, in a cool place, it may be 
 preserved for several days. The best 
 time to cut a cauliflower is in the early 
 morning, before the dew is evaporated : 
 if it is done during the meridian or after- 
 noon of a hot day, it loses much of its 
 firmness, and is said to boil tough. 
 
 To preserve from Frost. — As frost de- 
 stroys the cauliflower, it is a practice in 
 November, before it sets in, to pull up 
 the late-standing plants, and the leaves 
 being tied over the head, to hang each 
 up in a dry shed or cellar, by which 
 means they remain good for some time. 
 But a better mode is to bury them in 
 sand, laying them in alternate layers 
 with the earth, in a dry situation. By 
 this means they may be preserved to the 
 close of January ; or they may be put in 
 a trench dug at the bottom of a wall, 
 eighteen inches wide and deep, the plants 
 being laid with their roots uppermost, in 
 an inclining position, so that the roots of 
 the second cover the top of the one 
 preceding. The earth to be laid over 
 them thick, a considerable slope given 
 
 to it, and beaten smooth with the spade, 
 to throw off rain. 
 
 Saving Seed. — Some should be from 
 the first planted out of the hand-glass 
 crop. The best with well-formed heads 
 should be selected for this purpose, and 
 marked for seed, by placing a strong 
 stake to each for the future tying of the 
 flowering stems up to. Gather each 
 branch of seed as it ripens. 
 
 Diseases and Insects. — See Cabbage 
 and Brocoli. 
 
 Caulophy'Uum. (From kaulon, a, 
 stem, and phyllon, a leaf ; in reference 
 to the stems ending as if it were' in * 
 leaf -stalk. Nat. ord., Berberidece.) 
 
 Hardy tuberous perennial ; division of the 
 roots seeds ; light, sandy peat. 
 C. thalictroi'des. Yellow,- green. N. Amer.. 
 1755. 
 
 Caiatle'ya. (After Mr. Cautley, an 
 Indian botanist. Nat. ord., ScitaminecE. ) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennial. 
 C. lu'tea. 1. Yellow. July. Nepaul. 1821. 
 Syns., Soscoea gracilis and lutea. B. M. 
 t. 6991. In some books this has been 
 erroneously quoted as Cattleya lutea. 
 
 Cavendi'shia. (After Henry Cavett- 
 dish, a famous chemist. Nat. ord., 
 V aceiniacece. ) 
 
 Handsome stove evergreen, subscandent shrubs 
 same culture as Thibaudia. 
 C. OAMmvrwfta. Scarlet, tipped yellowish-green.. 
 Andesof Ecuador. Syn., Thibaudia acu- 
 minata, B. M. t. 6762. 
 
 — cordifo'lia. Ked, white. New Grenada. 1866. 
 
 Syn., Thibaudia cordifolia. B. M. t. 6669. 
 
 — specta'bilis. White, shaded pink. Columbia. 
 
 1889. 
 
 Ceano'thus. (From heanothus, a 
 name applied by Theophrastus to a plant 
 now not known. l^aX. oxA. , RhamnacecB.) 
 
 Cuttings in sand, under a glass, of firm side- 
 shoots answer best^ either in April or August. 
 The greenhouse vaneties do well aga,inst a south 
 wall, but may require a little protection in severe 
 weather. Those from tropical regions require 
 the usual treatment of the stove, or a warm con- 
 servatory. They are not particular as to soil ; a 
 little peat mixed with loam wUl be an advantage. 
 
 HARDY CECmUOUS. 
 
 C. a/meriea'nus. 2. White. July. N. Amer. 
 1713. B. M. 1. 1479. 
 
 herba'ceus. 2. White. August. Caro- 
 lina. 1822. Syn., C. perennis. 
 
 interme'diuB. 2. White. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1812. Syn., C. vntermedivs. 
 
 tardijlo'rm. 3. White. September. N. 
 
 America. 1820. Syn., C. tardijlm~m. 
 
 variega'tus. Leaves bordered with yellow. 
 
 1889. 
 
 — coUi'nus. 1. Light. July. N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 Evergreen. 
 
 — cunea'tus. i. California. 1848. 
 
 — denta'tus. 3. Blue. California. 1848. 
 
 — divarica'tus. i. Blue. June. California. 
 
 1848. 
 
 — e'hgams. Blue. California. 1861. 
 
 — floribu'ndus. Blue. June. California, 
 B. M. t. 4806. 
 
CEO [ 193 ] 
 
 See 0. americanus, var. inter- 
 July. 
 
 CED 
 
 S. California. 
 
 C. interme^dius. 
 Tnedius. 
 
 — Lobbia'nus. Blue. 
 
 B. M. t. 4810. 
 
 — microphi/llvs. 2. White. June. N Amer 
 
 1806. 
 
 — nepale'nsis. 10. Yellow. Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 — orega'nus. 12. White. May. Oregon. 
 
 — ova'lis. 3. White. Texas. 1888. 
 
 — om'tus. 3. White. July. N. Amer. 1818 
 
 — pa'llidus. 10. Pale blue. July. N. Amer. 
 
 — papiUo'ms. 8. Blue. Calif omia. 1848. 
 
 — pere'nnis. Seei C. mnericwnus, var. herbaceus. 
 
 — prostra'tue. Blue. Oregon. 1889. 
 
 — ri'gidus. 4. Blue. Cahfom a. 1848. 
 
 — sangui'neus. 2. White. June. Missouri. 
 
 1812. 
 
 — tardiJMrus. See C. americwrma, var. tardi- 
 
 fiorm. 
 
 — Veitehia'nus, Blue. California. 
 
 — velvti'nus. 10. White. November. Oregon. 
 
 — venruco'ms. 3J. White. South California. 
 
 April. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 C. Oifrica'nus. Pale yellow. March. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1712. 
 
 — aai'reus. 10. Pale blue. April. Mexico. 
 
 1818. Syn., C. ccBTuUeus. 
 
 fio're-a'lm. 10. White. April. 
 
 grandiflo'riLS. 1881. 
 
 — buxyfo'liut. White. April. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 — cape'nsis. 3. White. June, Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1823. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 C. Amo'lM. 1882. 
 
 — infe'stus. 4. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 — Ixviga'tus. 4. Green, yellow. W. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — latif&lius. 1881. 
 
 — maeroca'rpus. 3. Yellow. July. Mts. of 
 
 St. Barbara, California. 1824. 
 
 — Mocinia'nus. 5. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 ~ mystaci'nus. 13. White, green. November. 
 Africa. 1776. 
 
 — sphceroea'rpus, 15. Green, yellow. Jamaica. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — leyla'nicus. 3. White. Ceylon. 1818. Syn., 
 
 Celastrus zeylanitms. 
 
 Cecido'mya. To this genus belongs 
 the Hessian Fly, Cecido'mya destru'ctor, 
 which has proved a great ^est to farmers 
 hy attacking the growing straw of 
 Wheat, Barley and Eye. It first made 
 its appearance in this countrysin 1886, 
 when it caused serious damage to the 
 crops in the eastern and southern coun- 
 ties. The perfect fly is about an eighth 
 of an inch long, and has a single pair of 
 wings of a smoky-grey colour, and long 
 antennsB. The minute reddish eggs are 
 deposited m t ve lower leaf -sheaths of 
 the straw, and in due time produce white 
 legless maggots, having on the under- 
 side nearthe head a protuberance, termed 
 the "anchor process," the use of which 
 is not known. By sucking the juices 
 from the plant, the straw becomes weak- 
 ened and bends at this point. In about 
 a month the maggots assume the chry- 
 salis state, which is flat and brown, and 
 popularly known as ' ' flax-seed. " From 
 this the flies appear eitner .n autumn or 
 the succeeding spring. 
 
 Cecido'mya (Diplosis) pyri'vora, is the 
 
 Pear Midge. It lays its eggs (ten to 
 twenty m number) in the pear blos- 
 som, when it appears about April, from 
 which the larvse are hatched in about 
 four days. The larvse escape or fall 
 
 with the undeveloped pear to the ground, 
 where they attain their full size by May, 
 and assume the winged state the foUow- 
 iag December or January. It was ex- 
 tremely abundant in 1883. The body 
 is blackish, the wings ashj. Our figure 
 shows a male, and three joints of one of 
 its antennae much enlarged. The an- 
 tennae of the male are twenty -six jointed, 
 those of the female fourteen. 
 
 Cecro'pia. Snake-wood. (A clas- 
 sical name, after Cecrops, first king of 
 Athens, who built that city, and called 
 it Cecropia. Nat ord., Jforeoe; Tribe, 
 Artocarpece.) 
 
 All the Atrocarpads abound in milky juice, by 
 which they are easily distinguished from the 
 Nettleworts. with which they are allied. From 
 many of thf ■genera, and from C. pelta'ta, caout- 
 chouc, or India rubber, is obtained. Ornamental 
 stove evergreen trees ; cuttings of ripened shoots, 
 placed in sandy peat, under a bell-glass, and in a 
 moist bottom-heat, in April ; peat an4 loam hi a 
 rough state with a little sand. 
 C. c&ncolor. 20. Brazil. 1828. 
 
 — dealba'ta. New Grenada. Stove. 
 
 — fri'gida. Columbia. 1873. Half-hardy. 
 
 — palma'ta. 20. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 — pelta'ta. 30. Jamaica. 1776. 
 
 Cedre'la. (From cedms, the cedar- 
 tree, on account of the wood having an 
 aromatic scent like that of the cedar. 
 Nat. ord., Meliacece.) 
 
 Stove or greenhouse trees. Cuttings of the 
 ripened shoots, i%i sand, imder a hand-glass, in 
 bottom-heat. Rich loam and leaf-mould, or a 
 little peat. 
 
 C. odara'ta. 60. Whitish. Summer. Weit 
 Indies. 1739. 
 
 — sine'nsis. China. 1875. Syn., AUantus 
 
 Too'na. 60. White or pink. Summer. India. 
 1823 
 — veluti'na.' 60. White. India. 1793. 
 
 O 
 
CED 
 
 [194] 
 
 CEL 
 
 Cedrone'Ua. (A diminutive of 
 kedron, the cedar ; referring to the fra- 
 grant, resinous scent. Nat. ord. , Labiatce; 
 Tribe, Nepetece. Allied to Dracocepha- 
 lum.) 
 
 It is worthy of remark that the Lipworts are 
 all destitute of any deleterious qualities, and 
 that most of them are fragrant and aromatic 
 — as the lavender, sage, rosemary, mint, balm, 
 and hyssop, etc. Greenhouse plants. Divi- 
 sions of the roots of the herbaceous mecies ; 
 cuttings of the evergreen ; sandy loam andalittle 
 peat. 
 
 C. ca'na. 3. Crimson ; anthers blue. July. 
 New Mexico. 1861. B. M. t. 4618. 
 
 — car^'ta. 1. Purple. July N. Amer. 
 
 1824. Syn., DmcocephcUum cordatum. 
 
 — mexica'na. 2. Purple. Mexico. Syng., 
 
 Dracocephalum mexicanwm and Gardo- 
 quia betonicoides. B. M. t. 3860. 
 
 — pa'lluta. IJ. Rose. September. Mexico. 
 
 1844. B. R. 1846, t. 29. 
 
 — triphy'lla. Pale purple. July. Canaries. 
 
 1697. This IS a greenhouse evergreen 
 shrub ; but all the others are herbaceous 
 perennials. Syns., C. eamariensis and 
 Dracocephalum canariense. 
 
 Ce'dras. The Cedar. (From the 
 Arabic kedron, or kedree, power ; in re- 
 ference to its majestic appearance ; but 
 some have supposed from Cedron, a 
 brook in Judea. Nat. ord., Coniferce.) 
 
 Hardy evergreen trees. Seeds, saved in the 
 cones, extracted by steeping the cones in water, 
 and boring a hole down their centre so as to split 
 them, andsowing in sand soil, in March ; the C, 
 I>eoda'ra by inarching and grafting on the com- 
 mon Cedar, and on the Larch ; but it is doubtful 
 if the latter vrill answer well as a stock ; deep, 
 sandy soil. 
 C. africa'TM. See C. Libcmi, var. atlantica. 
 
 — Deoda'ra. 120. Nepaul. 1822. Pin. Wob. 
 
 t. 48-9. Deodar or Indian Cedar. There 
 are other varieties of this— cra«8i/o7ia, 
 t&nuifo'lm, and vi'ridis. 
 
 — Wbani. Levant. 1683; Cedar of Lebanon. 
 
 Laws. Pin. Brit. t. 33. 
 atla'ntica. May. Mount Atlas. 1843. 
 
 Mount Atlas Cedar. Laws. Pin. Brit. 
 
 t. 21. Syn. C. afriama. 
 
 deei'dua. Leaves deciduous. 1870. 
 
 -faatigia'ta. Pyramidal with ascending 
 
 branches. Rev. Hort. 1890, p. 32, f . 9. 
 
 fo'liis-a/rge'nteis. 80. May. 
 
 na'iui. Dwarf. There are other varieties 
 
 of this species, as ^lau'ca ; interme'dia ; 
 
 p^'wdvXa; pyramtda'lis ; and pyrami- 
 
 da'lis argefnteis. 
 
 Celandine. Chelido'nium ma'jus 
 and Bocco'nia frute'scens. 
 
 Cela'strus. Spindle or Staif-tree. 
 {From kelas, the latter season ; referring 
 to the fruit hanging on the trees all 
 ■winter. Nat. ord., Celastrinem.) 
 
 Cuttings of the half-ripened shoots in sand, 
 under a glass ; peat, and very sandy, fibry loam. 
 The stove and greenhouse species require the 
 treatment common to each department. The 
 Iiardy species may be propagated by layers in 
 autumn, and sca'mSensby seeds ; ImUa'tmseliom 
 ripens its seeds. Deep, loamy soil for those 
 hardy cHmbers. 
 
 HAKDY DECIDUOUS CLIMBKBS. 
 C. buUa'tm. 20. White. July. Virginia. 
 1769. 
 
 — sca'ndens. 16. YeUow. May. N. Amer, 
 1736. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 
 C. eri'spuhis. China. Gfi. t. 312, f. 1-6. 
 
 — memca'rms. 7. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 — muUiflo'rue. 4. White. May. South Europe. 
 1816. 
 
 — myrtifo'lius. 20. White. May. Jamaica. 
 1810. 
 
 — rm'tant. 5. White. E. Ind. 1810. Climber. 
 
 — vwnicvla'tvs. 3. Greenish. May. B. Ind. 
 1841. 
 
 quoArangvXa'rit. 10. White. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 — trigy'nus, 5. May. Isle of France. 1824. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 
 C. hwafo'lim. 4. White. May. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1762. B. M. t. 2114. 
 
 — cassinn'dee. 4. White. August. Canaries. 
 1779. 
 
 — ce'muue. 5. White. May. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1817. 
 
 — cymcfsue. 3. White. July. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1816. B. M. t. 2070. 
 
 — ema/rgina'tM. See C. retusug. 
 — fiexue'sM. 6. White. May. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1826. 
 
 — iliai'n'ui. 3. White. Cape of Good Hope. 
 1817. 
 
 — laurilnm. 3. White. June. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1818. 
 
 — linea'ris. 4. White. May. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1818. 
 
 — lu'cidits. 2. White. May. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1722. 
 
 — lycioi'des. White. August. Canaries. 1821. 
 
 — macroca'rpus. White. Peru. 1826. 
 
 — oleoi'des. 3. White. May. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1824. 
 
 — pteroea'Tpus. 3. White. July. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1824. 
 
 — puncta'tiis. Greenish. Japan. 1817. Climber. 
 Gfl. t. 312, f. 6. 
 
 — pyraaa'nth'us. 3, White. May. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1742. B. M. 1. 1167. 
 
 — retu'sus. 6. Yellow. Peru. 1824. Syn., 
 C. emarginatits. 
 
 — ri'gidue. 3. Yellow. May. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1818. 
 
 — rostra'tuB. White. May. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1821. 
 
 — tetra'ganus. 6. White. Cape of Good Hope. 
 1810. 
 
 — triempiia'tm. 6. White. May. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1818. 
 
 — unia'tm. i. White. May. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1826. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 
 C. octa'gonus. See Maytenue octagonus, 
 
 — verticilla'tus. See Maytenus verticiUatus. 
 
 — zeyla'nicua. See Ceanothim zeylanicm. 
 
 Celeriac or Turnip-rooted Ce- 
 lery. (A'pium grave'olens rapa'ceum.) 
 Of this variety of celery there is said to 
 be a hardier kind cultivated by the Ger- 
 mans, called by them Knott-eelery. 
 
 Sowing. — It may be sown in March, 
 April, and May, to afford successional 
 plantations in June, July, and August. 
 Sow in drills six inches apart, and Keep 
 regularly watered eveiy evening in dry 
 weather. The bed must be kept free 
 from weeds, and when about three inches 
 high, the plants may be pricked out 
 
CEL 
 
 [195] 
 
 CEL 
 
 into another border in rows three inches 
 apart each way, giving water abundantly 
 and frequently. By adopting the pre- 
 cautions mentioned in the cultivation of 
 celery, the same seed-bed will afford two 
 or three distinct prickings. In the neigh- 
 bourhood of Dresden, where this vege- 
 table is grown in great perfection, they 
 sow in February or March, in a hotbed, 
 under glass ; and the plants are removed 
 in April, when two or three inches high, 
 to another hotbed, and set an inch and 
 a half apart. The fineness of the plants 
 is there attributed to the abundance of 
 water with which they are supplied. 
 
 When five or six inches high, they are 
 fit for final planting in rows, two feet 
 asunder, and the plants eight inches 
 apart on the level ground, or in drills 
 drawn with the hoe three inches deep, 
 as they only require earthing up a few 
 inches with the hoe. In dry weather 
 they should be watered plentifully, at 
 least every other evening. Keep them 
 free from weeds. They require a light, 
 fertile soil. 
 
 Saving Seed. — The directions given for 
 saving the seed of celery are in every 
 respect applicable to this vegetable. 
 
 Celery. A'pium grave'olens. 
 
 Varieties. — These are somewhat nume- 
 rous, and many of the sorts offered are 
 deficient in flavour. The best early is 
 Sandringham, white, but Veiteh's solid 
 white. Grove white, etc., are much used, 
 and among reds Major Clarke's solid, 
 Manchester, Williams' matchless, Lei- 
 cester, and Sulham Prize pink, are the 
 best. The red chiefly for soups, the white 
 being much more delicate in flavour. 
 
 Sowing. — The first sowing may be 
 made about the middle or toward the 
 end of February, sowing a very little 
 seed in a pan or box placed in any heated 
 structure, and having a gentle hotbed 
 made up ready to receive the young 
 plants as soon as they are fit to prick 
 out. The soil cannot be too rich for 
 them ; and, if pricked out in gentle hot- 
 beds under glass, which is best, the 
 young CTop should be kept up within 
 two or three inches of the glass, and at- 
 tention paid to frequent watering, earth- 
 stirring, and airing, in favourable 
 weather. 
 
 The sowing for a main crop should be 
 made about the first week in March ; and 
 although it may be sown in a rich, warm 
 border, yet it is better to make a gentle 
 hotbed for this sowing, even if it is only 
 of four boards nailed together, to keep 
 up the earth round the sides of the bed, 
 and no glass to cover it ; but, if an old 
 
 light can be spared until the plants are 
 up, all the better. Several prickings-out 
 may be made from this sowing in any 
 rich soil, in open situations, having the 
 beds made up neatly ready for pricking 
 out, either in warm, showery weather, 
 or during evenings in dry weather. The 
 plants should be inserted six inches apart 
 m the nursery-beds, well supplied with 
 water, until they are established, the 
 SOU being frequently stirred. 
 
 A third sowing may be made about the 
 second week, or middle of April, in the 
 open, warm border, to be attended to as 
 before mentioned, as to pricking-out, 
 watering, etc., only that cool situations 
 will be found best, such as north borders 
 for summer pricking-out, for a supply to 
 plant out for winter and spring use. 
 
 Final planting ; the single - trench 
 system.-^ha trenches, where the soil 
 will allow of it, may be eight or ten 
 inches deep, to receive the plants for the 
 first summer plantings ; but, as the 
 season advances, not so deep by two 
 inches at each successive planting ; and, 
 lastly, on the level surface, for late 
 winter and spring use. When planted 
 in deep trenches for the first crop, the 
 rows may be much nearer together. 
 Another method of planting out the 
 principal and late crops is, to dig out a 
 trench, four and a half feet wide, and 
 one foot deep, placing the earth half on 
 one side, and half on the other side ; 
 this done, giveathoroughgoodmanuring, 
 as the soil cannot be made too good for 
 this vegetable ; let it be neatly dug in, 
 and the surface made smooth as the 
 work goes on ; then lift the plants with 
 a trowel from the nursery-beds, to insure 
 their having good roots ; let them be 
 planted precisely one foot from row to 
 row, and six or seven inches from plant 
 to plant, the row erossways of the trench. 
 Thoroughly well water ; and, in the 
 course of a week after planting, the 
 eariih should be carefully stirred over 
 the whole bed. 
 
 The plants should not be shortened, 
 as many persons do ; but remove any 
 decayed or broken leaf, and all side- 
 shoots from the plants, one by one, being 
 careful not to injure other leaves or the 
 roots. 
 
 Earthing wp.— The first earthing up 
 should be done with a small trowel, 
 holding the leaves of the plant together 
 in one hand, and stirring and drawing 
 up a little earth to the plant with the 
 other. The next earthing is done by the 
 help of two light boards, six to eight 
 inches broad, of the same length as the 
 trench is wide ; these to be placed be- 
 
CEL 
 
 [196] 
 
 CEL 
 
 tween two of the rows of plants by two 
 persons ; then place between these boards 
 well-broken earth, as much as required ; 
 draw up the boards steadily ; do the 
 same in the next space, and so on until 
 the work is completed. By the last- 
 mentioned method!^ of final planting, more 
 than double the quantity can be grown 
 on a given space of ground, and the 
 heads are quite as fine as in the single- 
 trench system. It is also handy for pro- 
 tection in winter, either with hoops and 
 mats or litter. 
 
 The trench being dug out four and a 
 half feet wide, allows room for six plants 
 across it, at six inches apart from plant 
 to plant, leaving three inches' space 
 from the outside of the trench. 
 
 Frost. — At the appearance of very 
 severe weather settmg in at any time 
 during the winter months, three or four 
 dozen heads of the celery may be taken 
 up without cutting away any part of 
 thelli, and laid in dry earth, sand, or 
 sifted coal-ashes, so as to be handy for 
 immediate use. 
 
 Manuring. — In the seed-bed, when 
 pricked out, and in the bed for final 
 growth, too much of the richest manure 
 cannot be applied. Upon this, and upon 
 the roots bemg uninjured at each re- 
 moval, depend the fineness and excel- 
 lence of the celery ; any check to its 
 growth is never recovered, but renders 
 it dwarf and stringy. Liquid-manure 
 should be given to it frequently. 
 
 To save Seed. — Some plants must be 
 left where grown ; or, m February or 
 March, some may be carefully taken up, 
 and, after the outside leaves are cut off, 
 and all laterals removed, planted in a 
 moist soil a foot apart. Those which 
 are most solid, and of a moderate size, 
 are to be selected. When they branch 
 for seed, they must be tied early to a 
 stake, to preserve them from the violence 
 of winds. The flower appears in June, 
 and the seed is swelling m July. If dry- 
 weather occurs, they should be watered 
 every other night. In August the seed 
 will be ripe, and, when perfectly dry, 
 ■m&j be rubbed out and stored. 
 
 Diseases. — In heavy, wet soil it is 
 liable to have its stalks split and canker. 
 The sou for earthing up cannot be too 
 light and dry. We have seen coal-ashes 
 employed for the purpose most success- 
 fully. 
 
 Celery Ply. (Tephri'tis onoporch'nis. ) 
 In the autumn it is very common to ob- 
 serve part of the leaves of Celery-plants 
 blistered and turned yellow; and this 
 occurs occasionally to such an extent, 
 that their growth is checked and their 
 
 size diminished. If the withered parts 
 are examined, and the skin of the blisters- 
 is raised, there will be found beneath it 
 some small green grubs, that have eaten 
 away all the green Tpvdp (parenchyma) of 
 the parts so withered. These grubs are 
 the larv» of the Celery Fly. The grubs, 
 may be found in the leaves of the Celery 
 in June, July, September, October, and 
 November; for there are two or more 
 broods of them in the couree of the year. 
 The grubs, though less frequently, are 
 found doing similar damage to the leaves 
 of Alexanders and Parsnips. When full 
 grown, the grubs descend into the earth, 
 and remain in the chrysalis state until 
 the spring following, when they give- 
 birth to the fly. The Celery Fly may 
 usually be found upon the leaves of the 
 laurel, hovering over flowers and resting 
 upon palings in the sunshine, from the 
 middle of May to the end of July. It is 
 one of the most beautiful of the English 
 two-winged flies, and has been thus de- 
 scribed by Mr. Westwood : — The general 
 colour of the body, which is five-jointed, 
 varies from rusty brown to shining black ; 
 head buff, with black hairs ; legs yellow j 
 thorax sprinkled with long black hairs ; 
 wings black, with various pale spots ; 
 eyes green. The whole length of the 
 insect is not more than one-sixth of an 
 inch, and its wings, when outspread, 
 barely half an inch across. The cross- 
 lines in our woodcut show these propor- 
 tions, as well as the insect magnified. 
 
 The motions of this fly are very peculiar : 
 seated upon a leaf in the sunshine, the 
 wings are partially extended, yet par- 
 tially elevated, and it has a sideling kind 
 of motion. Mr. Westwood suggests that 
 a string, smeared with bird-hme, and 
 stretched over the celery-plants, might 
 catch many of the parents. — The Cottage 
 Gardener, i. p. 73. 
 
 Various ways have been suggested for 
 getting rid of this insect, such as crush- 
 ing the leaves with the maggots in, 
 which is a method, however, wnich can- 
 
CEL 
 
 [197] 
 
 CEL 
 
 not be regarded as satisfactory. The 
 only sure way is to burn the leaves. 
 The most certain way of eradicating this 
 pest is to treat the soil, in which the 
 pupse live, with a dressing of fresh gas- 
 lime. 
 
 Celmi'sia. (After Celmisius, son of 
 the nymph Alciope. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positm; Tribe, Asteroidece.) 
 
 Showygreenhouseevergreen perennials. Seeds, 
 ordinary soil. Tliey may be planted on the 
 rockery in the South of England and Ireland. 
 C. lAndsa'yi. 5-6. Bay white ; disk yellow. 
 New Zealand. 1890. B. M. t. 1734. 
 
 — specta'bilis. Ray white or pale lilac; disk 
 
 yellow. May. New Zealand. 1882. 
 B. M. t. 6663. 
 
 Celo'sia. Cockscomb. (From kelos, 
 burnt ; in reference to the burnt-like 
 appearance of the flowers of some of the 
 species. Nat. ord., Amaranthacece.) 
 
 The flowers of the Cockscomb, Celo'sia crista' ta, 
 are astringent, and much used by Asiatic physi- 
 <;ians. Seeds in a hotbed in March ; potted oS 
 successively, and transferred to the hothouse or 
 :greenhouse ; light, rich soil, well drained. 
 
 SHRVBS. 
 
 ■C. ediina'ta. 1. Purple. July. Orinoco. 1821. 
 Stove evergreen. 
 
 — glau'ca. 1. White. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1818. Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 GEEENHOUSE ANNUALS. 
 
 C. msta'ta. 2. Dark red. July. Asia. 1670. 
 
 au'rea. Yellow. Flor. Ma|;. I. p. 47. 
 
 cocdfnea. 5. Magenta. July. 
 
 1697. B. E. 1. 1834. 
 compa'cta. 2. Dark red. 
 
 1670. 
 ela'ta. 2. Dark red. 
 
 1570. 
 flave'scens. 2. Yellow. 
 
 1670. 
 
 STOVE ANNUALS. 
 ■C. arge'ntea. 1. Light flesh. 
 
 1740. 
 linea'ris. 1. Mesh. June. 
 
 1714. 
 margarita'cea, 2. Yellow. 
 
 W.Ind. 1817. 
 
 — castrelrms. 2. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1739. 
 
 — eristalta ce'mua. 3. Purple. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1809. Andr. Eep. t. 636. 
 como'sa. 1. Piiik. July. China. 1802. 
 
 — dieho'toma. See Cha/missoa diohotcyma. 
 
 — HutU/ni. Leaves crimson or claret. Java. 
 
 1872. Flor. Mag. n. s. t. 17. 
 
 — Uma'ta. Jacq. Vino. 3, t. 85. See jSlrua 
 
 javanica. 
 
 — margarita'cea. See C. argentea, var. mar- 
 
 July. 
 July. 
 July. 
 
 India. 
 Asia. 
 
 Asia. 
 Asia. 
 
 July. China. 
 E. Ind. 
 
 August. 
 
 — Monsifnia. See JErua Monsonia. 
 
 — ni'tida. 1. Purple. August. Malabar. 1706. 
 
 — nodifio'ra. Jacq. Vind. t. 98. See Chamissoa 
 
 nodifiara. 
 
 — pyramida'lis. See Chamissoa pyramidalis. 
 
 — trigy'na. 1. Arabia to Senegambia. Jacq. 
 
 Vind. 3, 1. 15. 
 
 — virga'ta. Greenish. Columbia. Jacq. Ic. 
 
 t. 339. 
 
 Celo'sia crista'ta. The Cockscomb 
 of florists. — All the varieties of this are 
 well worth cultivating. The deep crim- 
 .■son-coloured varieties are generally the 
 most esteemed ; and of these there are 
 
 tall and dwarf kinds, the latter beins 
 generally preferred, the comb at its ex- 
 tremities altogether, or nearly, touching 
 the sides of the pot. Seeds should be 
 sown in a sweet hotbed in spring ; and, 
 unlike the balsam, where spfendid speci- 
 mens are required, they should never be 
 turned out of the hotbed until the combs 
 are nearly full grown, when they may 
 be set in the greenhouse. Two systems 
 of culture may be adopted. First, as 
 soon as the plants are one inch in height, 
 prick out and shift successively into 
 larger pots, never allowing the plants 
 to be pot-bound. By this method the 
 plants are strong before the combs ap- 
 pear, and you have a chance of having 
 many very fine, but with the risk that 
 many others, from their shape, will be 
 fit only for the rubbish-heap. By the 
 second method, the best for those with 
 limited space, the young plants are 
 pricked out a few inches apart into shal- 
 low pans, in light, rich earth, encouraged 
 to grow freely, and then checked sud- 
 denly by keeping them cooler and with- 
 holding water, which will cause them 
 to show their combs in a few days. 
 Though small, you can easily observe 
 those which are close and well-shaped 
 from those which will be upright and 
 straggling. Select the best, pot them, 
 and continue repotting, and encourage 
 with heat and manure-water ; and the 
 strength, of your culture going chiefly 
 into the combs, these will be large, while 
 your plants wiU be small. Where ex- 
 tremely dwarf plants are wanted, cut off 
 young plants a little below the comb ; 
 insert the part with the comb into a 
 small pot, in sandy soil, in strong heat, 
 and a hand-glass over. SoU, sandy loam 
 and very rotten but sweet dung. Tem- 
 perature when growing, 60° to 85° by 
 day ; 60° at night. 
 
 Ce'lsia. (Named after Professor Cel- 
 sius, of Upsal. Nat. ord., Sorophularia- 
 cem. Closely allied to Verbascum.) 
 
 Chiefly from seeds, or raised in a slight hotbed, 
 in March or April, and floweredin the greenhouse 
 during the summer, or in favourable positions 
 out of doors. The biennials require the protec- 
 tion of the cold pit during winter; light, sandy, 
 open soil. 
 C. Arctu'rus. 4. Yellow. August. Candia. 
 
 1780. Half-hardy perennial. B. M. 
 
 1. 1962. 
 lAnncea'rM. 2. Yellow, throat purplish. 
 
 Syn., C. smStomote. B. K. t. 438. 
 oppositifo'lia. Jacq. Vind. 2, t. 117. 
 
 — betoniccefo'lia. 2. Yellow. August. N. W. 
 
 Africa. 1878. Biennial. B. M. t. 6066. 
 
 tmguWo'lia. 1. Yellowish-brown. Levant. 
 
 1877. Syn., la/nthe bugul\folia. Hardy 
 perennial. 
 
 — eoromamdelia'na. 4. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 
 
 . 1783. Stove annual. 
 
CEL 
 
 [198] 
 
 CEN 
 
 C a-e'tica. 6. Yellow. July. Crete. 1752. 
 Hardy biennial. Jacq. Vind. 3, t. 474. 
 Syn., Verbascum lyratum, 
 
 — heterophy'lla. Yellow. July. 1829. Half- 
 
 hardy biennial. 
 
 — lana'ta. 2. Yellow. July. 1818. Half- 
 
 hardy evergreen. 
 
 — la/nceola'ta. 3. Yellow. July. Levant. 1816. 
 
 Half-hardy biennial. 
 
 — linea'rie. B. B. t. 210. See Alonsoa linearii. 
 
 — orienta'lie. 2. Brown, yellow. July. Levant. 
 
 1713. Hardy annual. Sibth. Fl. Gr. 
 t. 605. 
 
 — suhlana'ta. See C. Arct/urus, \dtr. LvrmcBatm. 
 
 — virtiuBfdlia. B. M. t. 417. See Alansoa 
 
 indsifolia. 
 
 — msco'sa. See Verbascit/m virgatum. 
 
 Celtis. Nettle-tree. (The name of 
 a tree mentioned by Pliny. Nat. ord., 
 Urticacece. ) 
 
 Seeds, sown as soon as ripe ; layers, also, and 
 cuttings of ripe shoots, in autumn; common, 
 good soil. The East and West Indian species re- 
 quire protection ; but there seems little to recom- 
 mend in them over the European and North 
 American species, which are hardy. The wood 
 of C. australia is extremely pliant. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS. 
 
 C. ca/n^ scene. See Trema micrtmtha. 
 
 — erassif<yiia. 20. Green. April. N. Amer. 
 
 1812. Syn., C. eordii/olia. 
 
 — Davidia'na. 20. Green. China. 1868. 
 
 — mississipie'nsis. 20. Green. April. Loui- 
 
 siana. Syn., C. Icevigata. 
 
 — oceidenta'lis. 20. Green. April. N. Amer. 
 
 1666. Wats. Dendr. 2, t. 147. 
 
 corda'ta. 20. Green. April. N. Amer. 
 
 pti'mila. 6. Green. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1812. 
 
 reticttla'ta. Texas. 1890. 
 
 scabriu' scuta. 20. Green. April. N 
 
 Amer. Syn., C. aspera. 
 
 — sine^nsis. 12. Green. Asia. 1820. 
 
 — Tovmeft/rti. 8. Green. Levant. 1739. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 C. aculea'ta. 10. Green. Jamaica. 1791. 
 
 — avatra'lis. 10. Green. S. Europe. 1796. 
 
 Wats. Dendr. 2, 1. 105. 
 
 — li'ma and miera'ntha. See Trema micrcmtha. 
 
 — orienta'lis. Wight Ic. t. 602-3. See Trema 
 
 oricntalis. 
 
 Cenarrhe'nes. (From 
 empty, and arren, male ; in allusion to 
 the stamen-like glands. Nat. ord., Pro- 
 teacece. ) 
 
 Small greenhouse tree. Cuttings. Sandy peat. 
 Smells fetidly when bruised. 
 C. ni'tida. 15. Greenish. Tasmania. 
 
 Ge'nia. (From kenos, empty; allu- 
 ding to the bladder-like calyx. Nat. 
 ord., CompositcB ; Tribe, Anthemidew.) 
 
 Hardy annual. See Annuals. 
 C.prumo'sa. J. Bays yellow above, dull purple 
 beneath ; disk yellow. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1866. 
 — turbma'ta. 1. White. July. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1713. 
 
 Centan'rea. Centaury. (The classi- 
 cal name of a plant, fabled by Ovid to 
 have cured a wound in the foot of Chiron 
 — Chiron being one of the centaurs, or 
 war-horse breakers of Thessaly. Nat. 
 ord., Composite; Tribe, Cj''*'''''^^- Syn., 
 Bhaponhcum.) 
 
 The Centaurys are so numerous that more than 
 twenty generic names have been applied to 
 them. C. cya'nus and deprefesa, or corn-flowers, 
 are much used in bouquets. Seeds of most of 
 them in the open border, in the end of March. 
 The tenderer ones may be raised on a hotbed, 
 and when ready planted in the borders ; a few 
 might be preserved in a cold pit, if it was deemed, 
 desirable. Common soil. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. 
 
 C. Ada'mi. 2. Yellow. July. Siberia. 1804> 
 
 — americalna. 2. Bed. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1824. Fl. Ser. t. 327. 
 
 — A'pula. 1. Yellow. July. N. Africa. 1817. 
 
 — arachnoi'dea. 3. Yellow. July. Italy. 
 
 1820. Biennial. 
 
 — henedicta. 2. Yellow. August. Spain. 
 
 1548. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 906. 
 
 — cancella!ta. 1. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — chUe^Tisis. li. Lilac. June. Chili. 1836. 
 
 — coarcta'ta. 1. YeUow. July. N. Africa. 
 
 1827. 
 
 — crocody'Uum, 3. Purple. July. Levant. 1777. 
 
 — Crupi'na. 3. Flesh. June. Italy. 1596, 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 900. 
 
 — crupinoi'des. 1. Copper. July. N. Africa. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — cya'nus. 3. Blue. July. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 709. 
 — fusea'ta. Yellow. July. Sardinia. 1830. 
 
 — gloM'ca. 1. Pale yellow. June. Caucasus. 
 
 1808. 
 
 — ibe^rica. 2. Purple. July. Iberia. 1818. 
 
 Biennial. 
 
 — Li'ppii. 1. Pale purple. June. Egypt. 1793. 
 
 — Tnelite'tisis. 1. Yellow. July. Malta. 1710. 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 909. 
 
 — moschaJta. 2. Purple. August. Persia. 1629. 
 
 — na/pifo'lia, 3. Purple. July. Candia. 1691. 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 906. 
 
 — ni'tens. 2. July. Caucasus. 1823. Syn.> 
 
 Serratula nitens, 
 
 — palle! seems. 2. YeUow. July. Egypt. 1816. 
 
 — puZcMUa. 2. Purple. June. Persia. 1836. 
 
 — pullchra. 1. Bright crimson. June. Cash- 
 
 mere. 1838. B. B. 1840, t. 28. 
 
 — saima'ntica. 3. Purple. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1696. Biennial. Jacq. Vind. 
 t. 64. 
 
 — si'cula. 2. Yellow. July. Sicily. 1710. 
 
 — solstitia'lis. 1. Yellow. July. England. 
 
 Bamaby's Thistle. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 908. 
 
 — Stevelnii. 2. Yellow. July. Caucasus;. 
 
 1820. Biennial. 
 
 — strami'nea. 1. Yellow. July. Egypt. 1801. 
 
 — «uave!olens. 2. Yellow. July. Levant. 
 
 1683. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 61. 
 
 — svlphu'rea. 1. Yellow. July. 1815. 
 
 — Torrealna. \\. Purple. July. Naples. 1830. 
 
 — venilta. 2. Yellow. July. Levant. 1780. 
 
 HALF-HARDY. 
 
 C. cegypti'aca. 1. White. July. Egypt. 1790. 
 Herbaceous perennial. Sibth. Fl. Gr. 
 t. 907. 
 
 — argefntea. 2. Pale yellow. July. Candia. 
 
 1739. Evergreen shrub. 
 
 — argu'ta. August. Canaries. 1839. Evergreen 
 
 shrub. 
 
 — Cimera'ria. 3. Purple. July. Italy. 1710, 
 
 Herbaceous perennial. Jacq. Vind. t. 92. 
 gymnoca'rpa. 1. Yellow. August. S.Europe. 
 
 1858. 
 hyssopifo'lia. 1. Purple. July. Spain. 
 
 1812. Half-hardy evergreen. 
 
 — ragusi'na. 2. Yellow. July. Candia. 1710. 
 
 Evergreen shrub. B. M. t. 494. 
 
 — semperm'rens. 2. Bed, yellow. July. Spain. 
 
 1683. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 — spine/sa. 2. Purple. July. Candia. 1640. 
 
 Herbaceous perennial. B. M. t. 2493. 
 
CEN 
 
 [199] 
 
 CEN 
 
 HABDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 C. acanthoi'des. 2. Purple. July. 1827. 
 
 — acau'lii. Barbary. 1799. Syn., Ehapmitieum 
 
 acaule. 
 
 — ala'ta. 2. Yellow. August. Tartary. 1781. 
 
 — a'lba. 2. White. July. Spain. 1697. 
 
 — cUpC'na. 3. Yellow. July. Italy. 1640. 
 
 — ama'ra. 2. Purple. July. Italy. 
 grandifio'ra. 2. Purple. July. Switzer- 
 land. 1819. 
 
 pinnaWfida. 2. Purple. July. Switzer- 
 land. 1819. 
 
 — arena'ria. 2. Purple. August. South 
 
 Europe. 1778. 
 
 — a'spera. 2. Purple. August. South Europe. 
 
 1772. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 710. Syn., 
 C. Isnardi. 
 
 — astraea'nica. 2. Purple. July. Astraean. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — atrvpurpu'rea. 3. Purple. July. Hungary. 
 
 1802. 
 
 — OAH^rea. 2. Yellow. August. South Europe. 
 
 1758. B. M. t. 421. 
 
 — austra'lis. 1. August. Australia. 1821. 
 
 Syn., Leuzea australis. 
 
 — austri'aca. 2. Purple. August. Austria. 1815. 
 
 — axillalrie. 1. Purple. July. Austria. 1823. 
 
 — bahyU/niea. 7. Yellow. July. Levant. 1710. 
 
 — Balsa'mita. 2. Yellow. July. Syria. 1820. 
 
 Swt. n. Gard. ser. 2, t. 355. 
 
 — BarreWri. 2. Purple. July. Hungary. 1820. 
 
 — bmctea'ta. 2. Purple. July. South Europe. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — atiei'troiia, 1. Pink. July. England. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 711. 
 
 — calcitrapoi'des. 1. Purple. June. Levant. 
 
 1683. 
 
 — caloee^phala. 3. YeUow. July. Levant. 1816. 
 
 — culophy'Ua. 5. YeUow. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1816. 
 
 — eapUla'ta. 1. Purple. July. Siberia. 1810. 
 
 — cartharmi'des. 2. August. Siberia. 1816. 
 
 Syn., Leuzea cartharrurides. 
 
 — centwwreoi'des. 3. Yellow. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1739. 
 
 — Centau'rium. i. Yellow. July. Italy. 1596. 
 
 — cheiranthifo'Ua. 2. Pale yellow. July. 
 
 Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 — dchora'cea. 2. Purple. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — cieutcef&lia. 3. Yellow. July. Podolia. 
 
 1820. 
 
 ~<n,ne!rea. 2. Purple. June. Italy. 1710. 
 
 — Clemelntei. 3. Yellow. 1871. Perennial. 
 
 — eoUi'na. 3. Yellow. June. South Europe. 
 
 1596. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 914. 
 
 — conci'nna. 4. Yellow. August. Caucasus. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — mria'cea. 2. Purple. June. Hungary. 1804. 
 
 — eoranopifo'Ua. 3. YeUow. June. Levant. 
 
 1739. 
 
 — crue^nta. 1. Purple. July. 1816. 
 
 — deaVba'ta. 2. Purple. July. Caucasus. 1804. 
 
 — deci'piens. 2. Purple. A»gust. France. 1816. 
 
 — declina'ta. 2. Purple. July. Caucasus. 1821. 
 
 — decu'mhem. 2. Purple. August. France. 
 
 1815. 
 
 — deprefssa. 1. Blue. July. Caucasus. 1818. 
 
 B. M. t. 3662. 
 
 — deu'sta. 6. Dark red. August. Naples. 1818. 
 
 — dUu'ta. 2. Palepurple. July. South "Europe. 
 
 1781. 
 
 — disselcta. 2. Purple. July. Naples. 1823. 
 
 — ela'ta. 4. YeUow. August. Mauritius. 1820. 
 
 — donga'ta. 2. Purple. August. Barbary. 1823. 
 
 — erio'phora. 1. YeUow. August. Portugal. 
 
 1714. 
 
 — erwphy'lla. 3. Yellow. July. 1827. . 
 
 — F^mlii. 4. YeUow. W.Asia? 1868. Biennial. 
 —f^rox. 2. Yellow. August. Barbary. 1790. 
 
 — FiicMrii. 2. Blue. July. Russia. 1820. 
 —ftoiculo'm. 1. Purple. August. Italy. 1818. 
 
 0. glasti/o'lia. i. Yellow. July. Siberia 
 1731. B. M. t. 62. 
 
 — hy'brida. 1 Purple. July. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — inea'na. 2. Purple. August. Naples. 1822. 
 
 — intyba'cea. 2. Purple. August. South 
 
 Europe. 1778. 
 
 — Isna'rdi. See C. aspera. 
 
 — jacobmajyiia. 3. YeUow. July. 1818. 
 
 — KaTtschia''na. 2. Purple. June. Carniola. 
 
 1836. 
 
 — leuca'ntha. 2. White. August. South France. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — Uvmphy'aa. 2. Purple. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — liniba'ta. 3. Purple. July. Portugal. 1818. 
 
 — lingidalta. 2. Blue. July. Spain. 1824. 
 
 — ImifdHa. 1. Purple. July. Spain. 1827. 
 
 — maeroce^phalft. 3. YeUow. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1805. B. M. 1. 1248. 
 
 — maculafta. Purple. July. Siberia. 1816. 
 
 — macul&sa. 1. Purple, cfuly. Siberia. 1816. 
 
 — MarshaUia'na. 2. Purple. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — mo'Uie. 2. Blue. July. Hungary. 1818. 
 
 — mona'ntJios. li. July. Siberia. 1796. Syn., 
 
 Bha^fmticwm unifUnrwm^ 
 
 — monta'na. 2. Blue. July. Austria. 1596. 
 
 B. M. t. 77. Perennial blue-bottle. 
 ru'bra. Eed-flowered variety. 
 
 — vmrica'ttt. 1. Purple. July. Si ain. 1621. 
 
 — myaca'ntha. 1. Purple. August. France. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — negWcta. 3. YeUow. July. Podolia. 1820. 
 
 — neroo'sa. 2. Purple. July. South Europe. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — niaiee/nm. 2. Yellow. July. Nice. 1819. 
 
 — ni'tens. Purple. Caucasus. 1823. 
 
 — ochToleu'oa. 2. Pale yeUow. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1801. B. M. 1. 1175. 
 
 — cyrientalis. 2. YeUow. Siberia. 1759. 
 
 — oma'ta. 2. YeUow. July. Spain. 1818. 
 
 — om'na. 1. Purple. August. Caucasus. 1802. 
 
 — pamimJa'ta. 2. Purple. July. Europe. 1640. 
 
 — pariMo'ra. 2. Violet. June. Barbary. 1823. 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 912. 
 
 — pectina!ta. 1. Purple. August. France. 1727. 
 
 — peregri'na. 2. Yellow. Jiuy. South Europe. 
 
 1749. 
 
 — phry'gia. 2. Purple. August. Switzerland. 
 
 1633. 
 ambi'gua. 2. Purple. August. Switzer- 
 land. 1819. 
 
 — polyaca'ntha. 1. Purple. July Portugal. 
 
 1804. 
 —polymo'rpha. 2. Purple. July. Spain. 1819. 
 
 — Pouzi'ni. 2. Purple. July. South France. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — prate'rms. 2. Purple. July. France. 1817. 
 — procu'mbens. 1. Purple. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1821. TraUer. 
 
 — pube^acens. 1. Yellow. July. 1804. 
 
 — pulche'rrima. 5. YeUow. July. Armenia. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — pu'lchra. Caucasus. 1837. Syn., Ehaponti- 
 
 cum pulchrwm. 
 
 — pvlla'ta. 2. Purple. July. South Europe. 
 
 1789. 
 
 — radia'ta. 2. White. July. Siberia. 1864. 
 
 — refle'xa. 3. YeUow. July. Iberia. 1801. 
 
 — ripens. 1. YeUow. July. Levant. 1739. 
 
 — rhapo'ntica. Purple. Swiss Alps. 1640. B. 
 
 M. 1. 1762. Syns., Mhaponticum PaUam 
 and sca/rio8um.' 
 -ri'gida. 1. Purple. July. 1823. 
 
 — nmda'ris. 2. Brown. July. Portugal. 1812. 
 -roma'na,. 3. Ked. July. Eome 1739. 
 
 — rup^stris. 2. YeUow. July. Italy. 1806. 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 916. , „ . 
 
 — rutMwica. 3. PaleyeUow. August. Russia. 
 
 1806 
 
 — mtmlo'sai 1. White. July. Siberia. 1820. 
 
CEN 
 
 [200] 
 
 CEP 
 
 C. ealieifo'lia. 2. Purple. July. Caucasus. 
 1823. 
 
 — sangui'nea. 2. Purple. July. 1827. 
 
 — se'ndis. 1. Purple. July. Spain. 1686. 
 
 — sessa'na. 1. Blue. July. South Europe. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — eiln'rica. 1. Purple. July. Siberia. 1780. 
 
 — aonchifo'lia. 1. Purple. August. Mediter- 
 
 raneaji. 1780. 
 
 — so'rdida. 1. Purole. July. 1818. 
 
 — spathula'ta. 2. Blue. July. Naples. 1825. 
 
 — sphceroce^phala. 2. Purple. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1683. B. M. t. 2561. 
 
 — spinulo'sa. 2. Purple. July. Hungary. 1826. 
 
 — sple'ndens. 3 Purple. July. Spain. 1697. 
 
 — squarro'sa. IJ. Purple. July. Persia. 1836. 
 
 — stereophy'lla. 2. Purple. July. Podolia. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — ttcelie. 1. Eed, yellow. June. Austria. 
 
 1759. 
 
 — stri'cta. 1. Blue. July. Hungary. 1816. 
 
 — tata'rica. 2. Yellow. July. Tartary. 1801. 
 
 — tenuifo'lia. 2. Purple. July. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 — trOTisalpi'na. 4. Purple. July. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — trwhoce'phala. 1. Purple. July. Siberia. 
 
 1806. 
 
 — trine'rvia. 2. Purple. July. Podolia. 1816. 
 
 — uli^ino'sa. 3. Yellow. July. Portugal. 1816. 
 
 — umfio'ra. 1. Purple. July. South Europe. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — vochine'nsis. 2. Purple. July. Austria. 1817. 
 
 — Weidrrutnnia'na. 2. Rose. July. Natolia. 
 
 1836. 
 
 — zanthi' Tia. 2. Yellow. 
 
 Centauri'dium. SeeXanthisma. 
 
 C. DruTmno'miU. See Xanthisma texcmum. 
 
 Centrade'nia. (From kentron, a 
 spur, and aden, a gland ; referring to a 
 spur-like gland on the anthers. Nat. 
 ord., Melastomacew. Allied to Lavoi- 
 siera.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of side-shoots, in 
 March or April ; sandy loam one part, and rough 
 peat two parta ; a cool stove, or a warm green- 
 houge. 
 C. divarica'ta. White. Central America. 1861. 
 
 — flortbu'nda. Lilac. Guatemala. FI. Ser. 
 
 t. 463. 
 
 — grandnfo'lia. 2. Pink. November. Mexico. 
 
 1866. B. M. t. 6228. 
 
 — ova'ta. Pink. Central America. 1861. 
 
 — ro'sea. 1. Kosy -white. April. Mexico. 
 
 1843. B. R. 1843, t. 20. 
 
 Centra'nthus. (From kentron, a 
 spur, and anthos, a flower ; referring to 
 a spur-like process at the base of the 
 flower. Nat. ord., Valerianacem.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, except C. calci'- 
 irapa and maerosi'phon. Seeds and divisions ; 
 common soil. 
 
 C. angtistifo'Hue. 2. Crimson. June. South 
 Europe. 1769. 
 
 — caZci'trapa. 1. Purple. June. Portugal. 
 
 1683. Hardy annual. 
 
 — macroH'pkon. 2. Red. July. S. Europe. 
 
 Paxt. Fl. Gard. t. 67. 
 a'lba. White. 
 
 — ru'ber. 2. Crimson. June. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 664. 
 fio're-a'lbo. 2. White. June. Britain. 
 
 Centroca'rpha. SeeRudbeckia. 
 Centrocli'nium. See Onoseris. 
 
 C apprefesmn. B. M. t. 8115. See Onoseris 
 
 — refle'smm. B. M. t. 3114. See Onoseris refiexa. 
 
 Centro'nia. See Calyptraria. 
 Centrope'talum. (From kentron, 
 a spur, and petalon, a petal ; referring 
 to the ^ur at the base of the lip. Nat. 
 ord., OrchidecB.) 
 
 Cool stove epiphyte. 
 C. pwncta'tum. J. Vermilion, yellow. April. 
 Peru. 1867. Syns., Nasonia cmnaba- 
 rina and punctata. B. M. t. 6718. 
 
 Centropo'gon. (From kentron, a 
 spur, and pogon, a beard ; in reference 
 to the fringe which envelopes the stigma. 
 Nat. ord., Loheliacece.) 
 
 Notwithstanding the acid poisonous qualities 
 assigned to Lobelias, it is asserted that the 
 soft fruit of the Centropdgon suriname'nsts is 
 eatable. Herbaceous perennials. Divisions of 
 roots; sandy peat, and rich, flbry loam; mois- 
 ture and heat when growing, and comparative 
 dryness and a low temperature when at rest. 
 The Surinam species wiU require a few degrees 
 higher temperature in winter than the others. 
 C. cordifo'Uwm. Rose. June. Guatemala. 
 
 1839. Stove. Fl. Ser. t. 362. 
 —fastu&swm. 2. Rose. November. Green- 
 house. Rev. Hort. 1853, t. 10. 
 
 — lo'ngipes. 2. Rose. 1854. 
 
 — Imeya'nwm. Rose-carmine. Winter. 1866. 
 
 Rev. Hort. 1868, p. 291. .Garden hybrid. 
 
 — swnname'nm. 2. Rose. November. Suri- 
 
 nam. 1786. Stove. Paxt. Mag. 13, 
 p. 149. 
 
 — tovare'nsis. 2-3. Rose, Autumn. Venezuela. 
 
 Fl. Ser. t. 802. 
 
 Centrose'ma. (From kentron, spur, 
 and sema, standard ; the standard of the 
 flower has a short spur. Nat. ord.,, 
 Leguminosm ; Tribe, Phaseolece. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiners. 
 C. braziUa'num. 4. Pink. July. S. America. 
 Syns., Clitoria braziliana said formosa. 
 
 — du'bmm. 6. Scarlet. W. Indies. 1815. 
 
 Syn., Rudalvhia duiia. 
 
 — Plwmie'ri. 6. White, red. October. W. 
 
 Indies. Syn., Olitaria Plumieri. 
 
 Centrosole'nia. (From kentron, a 
 sharp point, and«o/e«, atube; referring 
 to the form of the corolla. Nat. ord., 
 Gesneraceee. ) 
 
 Natives of tropical America. Require a warm, 
 moist stove. Soil, equal parts of peat, leaf- 
 mould, and sand; good drainage, and little 
 water in winter. Cuttings in a warm pit, with- 
 out a bell-glass. 
 
 C. cefnia. White. Columbia. 1876. 111. Hort. 
 n. 3. t. 222. 
 
 — bracte'scem. B. M. t. 4675. See Bpiscia 
 
 bractescens. 
 
 — hulla'ta. Yellow. E. Peru. Syn., JEpisda 
 
 tessellata. 111. Hort. t. 607. 
 
 — gla'bra. B. M. t. 4662. See Episcia glabra. 
 
 — pi' eta. B. M. t. 4611. See Episeia picta. 
 
 Centroste'mina. See Hoya. 
 
 C. mulUflo'rvm. B. M. t. 6173. See Hoya mul- 
 tiflora. 
 
 — reflelimm. See Eaiya coriacea, 
 
 Cephae'lis. (From AepAaZe, ahead; 
 in reference to the arrangement of the 
 flowers in heads, or corynibs. Nat. ord., 
 Bubiacece; Tribe, Psychotrieoe. Syn., 
 Tapogomm. Allied to Psychotria. ) 
 
CEP 
 
 [201] 
 
 CER 
 
 The Ipecacuanha of the shops is the root of 
 C. ipecacua'nha, a half-herbaceous plant, with 
 creeping roots, growing in the damp, shady 
 ■forests of Brazil. Stove plants. Cuttings of 
 firm young shoots in sand, under a glass, and in 
 moist bottom-heat. Sandy, flbry peat, and 
 lumpy loam. 
 C. a'lba. Pale pink. April. Guiana. 1824. 
 
 — axilla'ris. i. White. April. Brazil. 1816. 
 
 — calyci'na. See Suteria Galycina. 
 
 — elaJta, 15. Purple. Jamaica. 1793. 
 
 — gla'bra. Blue. April. Trinidad. 1820. 
 
 — inwlucra'ta. 5. White. July. Guiana. 
 
 1826. Syn., CarapicheokAuMetii. 
 
 — ipecacua'nha. i. White. January. Brazil. 
 
 1839. B. M. t. 4063. 
 
 — musco'sa. White. May. W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 — peduncula'ta. 2. White. February. Sierra 
 
 Leone. 
 
 — puni'cea. 3. White. July. Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 — purpu'rea. 1. White, purple. May. Trini- 
 
 dad. 1821. Syn., Tapqgomea pwrpvjrea. 
 
 — Swa'rtzii. 4. Bluish. W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 — ttytneMo'sa. 4. Brownish. August. Trini- 
 
 dad. 1825. B. M. t. 6696. 
 
 — viola' cea. 1. White. June. W. Ind. 1818. 
 
 Syn., Tapogomea malacea. 
 
 Cephala'nthera.' (From hepJiaU, 
 a head, and anther a, an anther. Nat. 
 OTcLjOrchidem; Tiihe, Neoitim. Allied 
 to Liraodorum.) 
 
 Hardy terrestrial orchids. Divisions ; peat 
 and loam. 
 C. en&ifo'lia. 2. wtite. June. Britain. 
 
 — pa'llens. 1. White. June. Britain. Syn., 
 
 C. grandifiara. 
 
 — rv:iyra. 2. Purple. June. Britain. 
 
 Cephala'nthus. B<atton-wood. 
 (From kemhale, a head, and anthos, a 
 flower ; Mwers disposed in heads being 
 a general characteristic of this order. 
 Nat. ord., Bubiacece; Tribe, Nauclece. 
 Allied to Adina. ) 
 
 The Button-wood grows in marshy places, 
 from Canada to Florida, and prefers a damp, 
 peat bed in this country. Hardy deciduous 
 shrub. Cuttings in sandy soil, under a hand- 
 
 flass, in the beginning of autumn ; layers also, 
 andy loam, with vegetable mould or peat. 
 C. occidenta'lis. 7. White. August. . N. Amer. 
 1736. 
 
 angustifo'liwt. Leaves narrower and 
 
 longer than in the type. August. Eev. 
 Hort. 1889, p. 281, f. 71. 
 hrachypo'cLus. White. August. N. Amer. 
 
 Cephalota'xus. (From kepImU, a 
 head, and taxus, the yew ; referring to 
 the general appearance of these trees. 
 Nat. ord., Conifer cb. Allied to Phyllo- 
 cladus.) 
 
 These are the Japanese Yews, separated from 
 the yews proper by Dr. Sieboldt, the Japan 
 traveller, and Zuccarini, in their work "Flora 
 Japonica." Hardy evergreens. 
 C. drupa'cea. 12 to 20 feet. North China. 1849. 
 Syn., Taxus eariacea. „ t, ,» 
 
 — Fartvlnei. 40 to 60 feet. Japan. 1848. B. M. 
 
 t. 4499 The plant often grown as the 
 female of this species, probably belongs 
 to C. peduneulata. _ ., , „ 
 
 — pedunctOa'ta. Japan. 1837. Lord Harring- 
 
 ton's Yew. Syns., Tamis mukaja and 
 
 , /as?SS?<r" Leaves darker than in the 
 
 type. 1884. 
 
 C. peduneida'ta sphcera'lis. Fruit globular. 1884. 
 — umbraculi'fera. Japan. 
 
 Cephalo'tus. (From Jcephalotes, 
 headed ; in reference to glandular head 
 of stamens. Nat. ord., Now considered 
 to be an anomalous genus of Saxifragece. ) 
 
 This is the New Holland Pitcher-plant, found 
 growing in the marshes of King George's Sound. 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Offsets. 
 Chopped sphagnum, peat, earth, and broken 
 pots, well drained, and carefully watered. 
 C. folliada'rii. 1. White. W. Australia. 1822. 
 B. M. t. 3118-9. 
 
 Cera'dia. See Othonna,. 
 
 Cera'nthera. See Alsodeia. 
 
 Cera'pteryx gra' minis. See 
 
 Charaeas graminis. 
 
 Cera'stium. Mouse-ear Chickweed. 
 (From heras, a horn ; from the form of 
 the seed-vessel. Nat. ord., Cwryophylla- 
 cem ; Tribe, AlsinecB.) 
 
 Hardy annual or perennial herbs. They are 
 easily propagated by divisions in the spring ; 
 wUl grow m any light, moderately rich soil, and 
 are s3l white-flowered. 
 
 C. aipi'num. White. Summer. Mountains of 
 Europe. 
 
 — arve'me. J. July. Europe. Syn., C. Scaram. 
 
 — Bieberstei'nii. J. June. Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 — Boissie'ri. 1. White. Summer. Spain. 
 
 — earhvthi'acum. i. White. Summer. Carinthia. 
 
 — grandifio'rum. i- White. Summer. E. 
 Europe. 
 
 — latifo'Uum. i. White. July. N. Europe. 
 
 — Ledebou'rii. J. June. Siberia. 
 
 — purpura' scens. i. July. 1831. 
 
 — Unnmto'mm. J. White. June. S. Europe. 
 1648. This old species has been brought 
 prominently into notice as an edglng- 
 
 §lant in the bedding-out system of 
 ower-gardening. For this purpose it 
 may be propagated by cuttings in Apnl, 
 or the old plants may then be taken 
 up, the plants divided, and replanted 
 likebox-edging, care being taken to bury 
 enough of the creeping root to keep the 
 top aflive. C. Bieberstei'nii and C. Bow- 
 Mri may be treated precisely in the 
 same way. 
 Ce'rasUS. Cherry. (From Cerasus, 
 a town in Pontus, in Asia, whence the 
 cherry was brought to Eome by Lu- 
 cullus. Nat. ord., Bosacece; Tnbe, 
 PrunecB.) 
 
 Besides the cultivated cherry, the geiius Ce- 
 rasus includes species which contain virulent 
 poisons, chiefly in their leaves aiid f ruit-kernela. 
 Hardy ieciduous trees and shrubs, except where 
 otherwise specified. Seeds sown when the fruit 
 °s ri^ or ?Qixed up with three or four parts 
 their bulk of dry .sand, and f^auently turned 
 to nrevent snrouting, and sown m the Marcn 
 follSg: ^o bylfyers a^d.o""*"!^™"? '^e 
 roots, and from suckers; Particular varieties by 
 budding and grafting ; deep soil, rather sandy. 
 C. a'cidapyramida'lis. Garden vanety. 1886. 
 
 — a«'»ts: White. May. Europe. 1837. 
 -ffi-Sm. 60. White. April. England. Bird 
 
 -^^^ea'rpa. 60. White. April. Swit- 
 zerland. . ., 
 
 mu'ltiplex. 15. White. April. 
 
 pa'Uida. 20. WTiite. A^nL^ 
 
 sylve'stris. 50. 
 
 White. April. Britain. 
 
CER 
 
 [202] 
 
 CHE 
 
 C. borea'He. 20. White. May. N. Amer. 1822. 
 
 — canade'rids. 16. White. May. Canada. 
 
 1820. 
 ^ capronia'na. 20. White. April. South of 
 
 Europe. 
 — cordi'gera. 20. White. April. South 
 
 of Europe. 
 
 Gobbe'tta. 20. White. April. 
 
 Gno'tta. 20. White. April. 
 
 Montmorencia'na. 20. White. April. 
 
 'mu'ltvplex. 12. White. April. 
 
 pallet scens, 20. White. April. 
 
 persicifo'lia. 20. White. April. 
 
 — poly'gyna. 20. White. April. 
 variega'ta. 10. White. April. 
 
 — carolinia'na 30. White. May. Carolina. 
 
 1759. Evergreen bird cherry. 
 
 — chamtece'rasus. 8. White. May. Austria. 
 
 1597. 
 
 — chica'sa. 8. White. April. N. Amer. 1806. 
 
 Chicasaw plum. 
 
 — conm'ta. 10. White. 1842. 
 
 — depre'esa. i. White. May. South of Europe. 
 
 1805. 
 
 — duraci'na. 20. White. April. South ef 
 
 Europe. 
 
 cordi'gera. 20. White. April. 
 
 mammilla'ris. 20. White. April. 
 
 obtusa'ta. 20. White. April. 
 
 — hyema'lw. i. White. May. K Amer. 1805. 
 — japo'nica. 2. Pink. April. Japan. 1810. 
 
 jlo're-plelTio-ii'Uia. 2. White. March. 
 
 North of China. 1846. 
 mM'Uiples. 4. Pinli. April. Japan. 
 
 1810. 
 
 — Julia'na. 20. White. April. South of 
 
 Europe. 
 
 Heavmea'na. 15. White. April. 
 
 pe^ndula. 10. White. April. South 
 
 of Europe. 1821. 
 
 — lauroalramx. 12. White. April. Levant. 
 
 1629. Evergreen. Common laurel cherry. 
 
 ■ amgusti^o'lius. 8. White. April. Ever- 
 green. 
 
 va/riega'tue. 12. White. April. Ever- 
 green. 
 
 — lusitaniea. 20. White. May. Portugal. 
 
 1648. Evergreen. Portugal Laurel. 
 ^Maha'leb. 20. White. April. Austria. 
 
 1714. Evergreen. 
 fru'ctu-Jla'vo. 20. White. May. South 
 
 of Europe, 
 ■ latif&Hum. 20. White. June. South 
 
 of Europe. 
 
 — mara'scha. White. April. Europe. 1827. 
 ^ nepale'nm. 20. White. May. Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 Half-hardy. 
 
 — occidenta'lis. 20. White. Jamaica. 1629. 
 
 Stove evergreen. 
 
 — pa' due. 60. White. April. Britain. Bird- 
 
 cherry. 
 
 arge'ntea. 20. White. April. 1846. 
 
 aumJxefo'lia. 20. White. April. 1845. 
 
 bracteo'sa. 30. White. April. Europe. 
 
 heterophyila. 20. White. April. 1846. 
 
 parvifio'ra. 30. White. April. North 
 
 of Europe. 
 ru'bra. 30. White. April. Britain. 
 
 Cornish bird cherry. 
 vulga'ris. 30. White. April. Britain. 
 
 — pe'tidula. See Pntnus subhirteUa. 
 
 — pennsj/lva'niea. 30. White. May. N. Amer. 
 
 i773. 
 
 — persieifo'lia. 8. White. May. N. Amer. 
 
 — prostra'ta. 1. Pink. April. Crete. 1802. 
 
 — peeuldo-ee'ras'us. 6. White. April. China, 
 
 1821. Bastard cherry. Syns., C. Sie- 
 boldia and Prunus Puddum. 
 
 — pube'scens. 12. White. April. N. Amer. 
 
 1806. 
 
 — pu'miia. 2. White. May. N. Amer. 1756. 
 B-a. 4. White. May. N. Amer. 1823. 
 
 C. aaliai'na. i. White. April. China. 1822. 
 
 — semperfio'rens. 20. White. April. China. 
 
 1822. Half-hardy. 
 lesnilifio'ra. 20. White. April. 
 
 — sero'tirm. 30. White. June. N. Amer. 1629. 
 
 American bird cherry. 
 cartilagi'nea. Leaves leng, coriaceous. 
 
 Garden variety. 1889. 
 retu'sus. 39. May. S. Amer. 
 
 — serrula'ta. 4. White. April. China. 1822t 
 
 Half-hardy. 
 
 — Siebo'ldia. See C. psevdo-cerasas. 
 
 — sphcBroca'rpa. 10. White. June. Jamaica. 
 
 1820. Stove evergreen. 
 
 — susqueha'nna. White. May. N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 — mrgvniaJna. 30. White. May. Virginia. 
 
 1724. 
 
 Cherry Culture.— AH our culti- 
 vated cherries appear to be derived, by 
 the aid ot various crosses, from Ce'rasus 
 dwa'cina, Jul'ia'na, and capronia'na. 
 
 DESSERT FRUIT. 
 
 
 1 Early Purple Guigne . 
 
 2 Early Duke .... 
 
 . May. 
 
 b. June. 
 
 3 Eoyal Duke 
 
 4 Elton 
 
 . e. June. 
 
 . m. June. 
 
 6 Elorence 
 
 . m. Aug. 
 
 Late Duke 
 
 . e. Aug. 
 
 7 MoreUo 
 
 . 6. Sept. 
 
 8 Buttner's October MoreUo . 
 
 . e. Sept. 
 
 FOB PRESERVING. 
 
 9 Kentish n. Aug. 
 
 Other desirable Varieties are : — Bigar- 
 EEAUS, Black Bohemian, Biittper's 
 Yellow, Downton, Florence, Frogmore 
 Early, Late Black, Napoleon, etc. 
 
 Geans.— Black Eagle, Black Rivers, 
 Hogg's Red Gean, Waterloo, etc. 
 
 May Dukes. — Archduke, Bell Mag- 
 nifique. Carnation, Transparent, etc. 
 
 For Standards take Nos. 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 ; 
 these, however, are equally adapted for 
 walls. For forcing take the Early Duke. 
 This is so well adapted, both on account 
 of its earliness and fine bearing, that 
 few of the other kinds are ever used for 
 this purpose. Some of the others would 
 succeed vety well, and the Tartarian 
 has been pointed to by some as very 
 eligible. 
 
 In addition to the above the following 
 are in good repute : — Werder's Black 
 Heart ; Black Eagle ; Bigarreau ; Tar- 
 tarian ; Downton ; and 9ie new kind, 
 Reine Hortense. 
 
 Propagation. — Both budding and 
 grafting are resorted to ; the former is 
 the safest plan to avoid gum. The 
 stocks used are those of the wild cherry 
 for ordinary standards, or wall-trees; 
 but, for a dwarfing-system, it has be- 
 come customary, of late, to use the 
 Ce'rasus Maha'leb, or Perfumed Cherry 
 — so called on account of the agreeable 
 
 Eerfume emitted by the wood whilst 
 urning. In France this is called Bois 
 de St. Lucia, and this has long been 
 used as stocks. In addition to its pro- 
 
CHE 
 
 [203] 
 
 CHE 
 
 moting a dwarf habit, it is said to be 
 adapted to very ordinary soils, totally 
 unfit for the common cherry-stock, ft 
 is the usual practice to obtain the Ma- 
 haleb from layers ; but no doubt cuttings 
 will answer equally well. The ordinary 
 cherry-stocks are raised from seed, gene- 
 rally obtained from trees of the same 
 kind. They are preserved in sand 
 through the winter, and sown in Feb- 
 ruary. Care must be taken to preserve 
 them from the mice. They may be 
 transplanted, in the following October, 
 in rows two feet apart in the row. For 
 dwarfs they may be budded the follow- 
 ing season ; but, if standards are re- 
 quired, they must stand until they 
 acquire the desired height. 
 
 SoU. — A deep and mdlowloam, rather 
 sandy, is best adapted to the eherry. It 
 will, however, succeed in any ordinary 
 garden-soil, if somewhat fertile in cha- 
 racter, and one which paj-ts freely with 
 superfluous moisture. 
 
 Wall culture in grovdng period. — The 
 first operation commences in the dis- 
 budding, stopping, and laying in of the 
 young Sioots : this wUl be in the early 
 part of June. Gross fore-right shoots 
 may at once be cut out, unless re- 
 quired to fill gaps ; but if any doubt 
 exists as to their becoming permanent 
 stock, it wili suffice to pinch oflf their 
 points when four or five inches long. 
 
 The kinds differ so much in size of 
 foliage that a difference becomes neces- 
 sary in the distance at which the voung 
 wood is traiaed. This must be ruled by 
 the size of the leaves. Such as the 
 Pigarreau must be kept at least five 
 inches apart ; the Morello section may 
 be placed from two to four inches apart. 
 One of the main points is to destroy the 
 aphides in time ; they are almost sure 
 to infest the trees before midsummer. 
 
 Culture in rest period. — The cherry, 
 in general, requires less culture than 
 most of our hardy fruits ; and this be- 
 cause it produces so little breast-wood. 
 If the summer management has been 
 duly attended to, there will be little to 
 perform during the rest period. 
 
 The remainmg portion of the saags, 
 or bases of the young shoots, whach 
 were pinched back in June, must now 
 be pruned back to within two inches of 
 the branch, unless required to furnish a 
 blank space. Any late-made, imma- 
 ture-looking wood may be shortened to 
 where solid ; but no other shortening is 
 required with bearing trees. AU the 
 shortening requisite, in order to multi- 
 ply shoots to furnish the wall, should 
 be done within three years after their 
 
 transplanting. There will, however, be 
 mostly a few shoots to be entirely re- 
 moved io the winter's pruning ; and, in 
 doing this, regard must be paid to the 
 distance previously given. 
 
 Uses, hew to kem, etc.— "We need 
 scarcely point to fne dessert section. 
 The MoreUos are famous as "brandy- 
 cherries." The Kentish has the peculiar 
 property of slipping from the stone, and, 
 when dried, making a delightful con- 
 fection ; and, indeed, most of them are 
 of great use for confectionary purposes. 
 The pulp of some makes a very good 
 wine; and in Germany a liqueur is made 
 from the kernel and pulp, bruised and 
 fermented, known by the name of 
 
 The keying of cherries on the trees 
 is, indeed, the great obstacle to their 
 much-extended culture. Were it not 
 for this, cherries would be an every-day 
 affair from the end of May until the end 
 of October. The birds are their greatest 
 enemies, and next to them the wasps. 
 For preservation from birds there is no- 
 thing like good nets ; but, as it takes 
 much netting to cover an ordinary tree, 
 a dwarfing-system should be had re- 
 source to, by which means much fruit 
 may be preserved in a little space. By 
 strict preservation we have had the 
 May Duke in use from the beginning of 
 June until the middle of August ; the 
 Late Duke from the latter period until 
 the end of September ; and the Morello 
 from the close of September until the 
 end of October, or even later. The 
 wasps are by far the most difficult to 
 manage. We have, however, kept these 
 at bay, for a few weeks, by covering the 
 bushes with some material like Scotch, 
 gauze. 
 
 Disease. — We are not aware of any 
 positive disease in the cherry, excepting 
 the gum. This is an exudation of gummy 
 matter, which generally follows a wound 
 or bruise, and not unfrequently breaks 
 out spontaneously. The test way to 
 avoid this is to plant in soil of moderate 
 quality. In general, a light, maiden 
 loam IS good enough, without adding a 
 particle of manvire or vegetable matter. 
 See Extravasated Sap. 
 
 Insects. — The Black Aphis {A'phis cei- 
 rasi) is the greatest enemy, and next 
 the Bed Spider (A'carus tella'rius). The 
 wall and wood of the trees should be 
 washed annually, in the rest season, 
 with soft-soap water, six ounces to a 
 gallon, adding plenty of lime, soot, and 
 sulphur. When the aphides attack the 
 young shoots in summer, there is no 
 better plan than to dip each shoot in a 
 
CER 
 
 [204] 
 
 CER 
 
 bowl of tobacco-water just before they 
 are trained. 
 
 Winter pruning of Standards. — Very 
 little is requisite with standards. Like 
 all other fruit-trees, they are apt to pro- 
 duce an inconvenient amount of young 
 spray, in the interior of the tree espe- 
 cially. All shoots of this character 
 should be dressed away during the rest 
 season, and all that are obviously not 
 placed in a position to receive the in- 
 fluence of light and air. Most of these 
 must be spurred back, leaving a couple 
 of inches .of the base, which generally 
 becomes a nucleus of spurs ; and, although 
 not well placed to produce fruit of the 
 highest amount of flavour, yet they are 
 sometimes of importance in inclement 
 seasons ; for we not unfrequently find a 
 sprinkling of fruit in such situations, 
 when all round the outside is barren. 
 Orchard cherry-trees, which have to re- 
 ceive nets occasionally, will, as strength 
 increases, require the removal of some 
 of the coarsest and most unyielding 
 shoots ; for, were they permitted to ex- 
 tend themselves without control, the 
 amount of netting required to cover 
 them would become a rather serious 
 item, and a drawback on their culture. 
 Such unruly shoots, therefore, should 
 be timely removed ; for amputations of 
 the large limbs should always be avoided 
 in the cherry, and, indeed, in all trees 
 liable to extravasation of sap. By a 
 timely removal of such shoots, and by 
 the occasional use of rope-yarn, or other 
 fastenings, the tree may be kept in a 
 somewhat compact form. 
 
 Cerati'ola. (From a diminutive of 
 Jceras, a horn ; in reference to the stigma 
 radiating into four divisions like little 
 horns, as in the Carnation. Nat. ord., 
 Empetracece.) 
 
 The Crowberries are a small group of dwarf 
 "bushes, with heath-like leaves^ which are ever- 
 
 freen. Most of them inhabit bleak and in- 
 ospitable regions both in Europe and in North 
 America. Half-hardy under-shrub. Cuttings in 
 .sandy soil, under a ^lass, in a mild bottom-fieat. 
 ■Sandy peat, and a little very fibry loam. 
 C. ericoi'des. 2. Brown. June. N. Amer. 1826. 
 B. M. t. 2758. 
 
 Ceratochi'los of Lindley (but not 
 of Blume). See Stanhopea. 
 
 Ceratoda'ctylis has been united to 
 the genus Llavea. 
 
 Ceratolo'bus. (From keras, a horn, 
 and lobos, a lobe ; referring to a part of 
 the leaves. Nat. ord., Palmacece.) 
 
 Stove palms. 
 C. co'Ticolor. One coloured. Sumatra. 
 — glauce'acens. Milky-green-leaved. Java. Mart. 
 Palm. 1. 115. A useful table plant. 
 
 Cerato'nia. Carob-tree. (From 
 keras, a horn ; in reference to the shape 
 of the seed-pods. Nat. ord., Legumi- 
 nosce ; Tribe, Cassice. Allied to Cassia. ) 
 This is believed to be the Locust-tree of Scrip- 
 ture. "The dry julp in which the seeds are 
 buried is very nutritious. The North American 
 Locust-tree, and the Locust-tree of the West 
 Indies, are different from each other, and from 
 the Locuat-tree of Scripture. Greenhouse tree, 
 hardy in the South. Cuttings of ripe shoots in 
 sand, under a hand-glass. Sandy loam. 
 C. si'liqua. 16. Red, yellow. September. Levant. 
 1670. Andr. Rep. t. 667. 
 
 Ceratqpe'talum. Red Gum-tree. 
 (From keras, a horn, and petalon, a 
 petal ; the petals being jagged, or like 
 a stag's horn. Nat. ord., HaxifragecB ; 
 Tribe, Cunoniece.) 
 
 Greenhouse tree. Cuttings under a bell-glass, 
 in sand ; rich, sandy loam. 
 0. guwimi'ferwm. 60. Yellow. N. South Wales. 
 1820. Gfl. 1887, p. 632. 
 
 Cerato'pteris. (From keras, a 
 horn, and pteris, a fern. Nat. ord., 
 Filices — Polypodiatem. ) 
 
 Stove aquatic biennial fern; succeeds best 
 when the pot containing it is plunged to the rim 
 in water. Spores produced freely. See Ferns, 
 Stove. 
 
 O. thalictroi'des. IJ. Tropics generally. Lowe, 
 Ferns, 2, t. 66. Syns., Parkeria Lock- 
 hartii and pteroides, 
 
 Ceratoste'mma. (From keras, a 
 horn, and stemma, a stamen. Nat. ord. , 
 VaceiniacecB. Allied to Thibaudia and 
 Cavendishia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Divisions ; 
 layers, cuttings in sand under a bell-glass. Peaty 
 soil. 
 C. coroTut'riv/m. See Thetnistoclesia c&rcmiUa. 
 
 — longifio'rum. Crimson. Peru. 1846. B. M. 
 
 t. 4779. Syn., C. grandiflorum, Fl. Ser. 
 t. 934. 
 
 — specie' sum. Orange-red, yellow. Ecuador. 
 
 1870. 
 
 Ceratothe'ca. (FromAej-as, ahorn, 
 and theke, a chest. Nat. ord., Peda- 
 linece. ) 
 
 Greenhouse or half-hardy annual. Sandy 
 soil, seeds. 
 
 C. trilo'ha. Mauve, whitish inside with purple 
 lobes. Natal. 1887. G. C. 1887, vol. 2, 
 p. 492. 
 
 Ceratoza'mia. (From keras, a 
 horn, and Zamia. Nat. ord., Cyca- 
 dacem. ) 
 
 These are Zamia-like plants, from which genus 
 they are distinguished by the scales of the cones 
 having two horns on their tops. Seeds, and 
 sometimes by suckers and division ; the plants 
 are mostly imported. E.ic> light loam and rotten 
 leaves. Stove, moist atmosphere. 
 C. fuscovi'ridw. Mexico. 1879. 
 
 — Kusteria'na. Mexico. Gfl. t. 186-6. 
 
 — mexica'na. 6. Mexico. 1846. Syn., Dipsa- 
 
 cozamia raexicwna, 
 
 Oe'rbera. (Named after the fabled 
 
CER 
 
 [205] 
 
 CER 
 
 dog, Cerberus. Nat. ord., Apocynacece. 
 Allied to Plumiera. Syn., Tanffhinia.) 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of young, rather 
 ripe shoots, in April, in sand, under a ^ss, and 
 in bottom-heat. Rich, flbry loam. 
 C. Ahon'ai. B. M. t. 737. See Thevetia Ahonai. 
 
 — borbo^nica. See Ochrosia. 
 
 —/rutico'sa. B. Jl. t. 391. See Kopgia fruticosa. 
 
 — lacta'ria. 20. August. 180O. Syn., Tang- 
 
 hinia Manghas. 
 .r- lawrifo'lia. 8. E. Indies. 1818. B. C. t. 989. 
 Syn., TaTighinia laurifolia. 
 
 — maetilai'ta. See Ochrosia tnaculata. 
 
 — Ma'nghae. 20. White. August. 1800. Syn., 
 
 Tanghinia Manghas. 
 
 — OAo'llam. 20. White. August. 1769. B. M. 
 
 1. 1486. Syn., Tanghimia OdoUami. 
 
 — ma'ta. 3. Yellow. New Spain. 
 
 — Ta'nghin. 30. Pink. May. Madagascar. 
 
 1826. B. M. t. 2968. Syn., Tanghinia 
 venenifera. 
 
 — Theve'tia. B. M. t. 2309. See Thevetia nerii- 
 
 folia. 
 
 — thevetioi'des. See Thevetia Tccotli. 
 
 — venenifera. 30. Pink. Madagascar. 1826. 
 
 Syn., Tanghinia venenijhta. 
 
 Cercidiphy'llum. (Derivation un- 
 explained. Nat. ord., Magnolidcem.) 
 
 Greenhouse tree or shrub, hardy on walls in 
 South, common soil, seeds, layers. 
 C. japo'nitmm. Apetalous. Japan. 1889. 
 
 Ce'rcis. Judas-tree. (From kerhis, 
 a shuttlecock ; the name given by Theo- 
 phrastus. Nat. ord. , Leguminosce ; 
 Tribe, BoMhiniece. ) 
 
 The wood of 0. sUigiw/strwm is beautifully 
 veined, and takes a good polish. Hardy deci- 
 duous trees. Seeds, sown in a gentle hotbed, in 
 spring; hardened off, and j)ncked out into a 
 sheltered situation ; the varieties by grafting. 
 In the south of the Island they do well in shel- 
 tered places, on a lawn; in the north, they 
 require a wall. 
 
 0. ca/nad^nsis. 18. Pale red. May. N. Amer. 
 1730. 
 
 pube^sceTis. 18. Pale red. May. 
 
 —japo'nica. Rose. Japan. Fl. Ser. t. 849. 
 
 — occidenta'lis. 15. Texas. 
 
 — siliqual strum. 20. Bed. May. South Europe. 
 
 1696. Common Judas-tree. B. M. 1. 1168. 
 flo're-a'lbo. 20. White. May. South 
 
 Europe. 
 parmfto'rwm. 20. Purple. May. Bucharia. 
 
 1827. 
 
 Cereoca'rpus. (From kerlcos, a 
 shuttlecock, and carpos, a fruit. Nat. 
 ord. , MosacecE ; Tribe, PotentillecB. Al- 
 lied to Geum, Dryas, and Purshia.) 
 
 Greenhouse or hardy evergreen shrabs. Cut- 
 tings of green shoots in sand, under a glass, in a 
 little heat. Seed. Peat and loam. 
 C. betulcefo!livx. 1«85. 
 
 — FothergiUoi'des. 12. Purple. May. Mexico. 
 
 1828. 
 
 — parvifio'rus. 2-10. N. America. 1881. 
 
 Ce'reus. Torch Thistle. (From 
 cereus, waxy ; referring to the fact that 
 some of the spines are as pliant as soft 
 wax, while others are as brittle as wax 
 tapers. Nat. ord., Cactacece. See also 
 Echinopsis.) 
 
 Cuttings, at any time, of either old or young 
 shoots ; the latter are the best, if the base of the 
 
 cutting IS weU dried. Instead of inserting tliem 
 fii-mly m sand, they do best when laid among 
 rough material, such as peat charcoal, leaf- 
 mould, and bnck and bme-rubbiah. Thev are 
 generally described as stove plants ; but, excent 
 when they are just making their growth thev 
 wiU endure a very low temperature, if kept dry 
 Except for the winter-flowering varieties, and 
 those desired to bloom at that season, no water 
 will be requisite from October to March, if kept 
 cool Sandy loam, turfy peat, half-parts of Ume- 
 rubbish and dried cow-dung. Water f reelv when 
 growing, and when in bloom. Greenhous"e. 
 C. acuta'n^ulus. Mexico. 
 
 — Adcerma'nni. IJ. Scarlet. Mexico. B. M 
 
 t. 3698. 
 
 — JEthiops. BrazU. 1829. 
 
 — affi'nis. White. 
 
 — atbiseto'sus. 2. St. Domingo. 1816. 
 
 — albispi'nus. 2. St. Domingo. 1816. 
 
 — amM'gwus. 2. Purple, white. July. • 1827: 
 
 — ambly'gonvs. Buenos Ayres. 1836. 
 
 — arctia'tus. White. 1835. 
 
 — avlreus. S. Amer. 1826. 
 
 — baxomidntds. Mexico. 
 
 — baxa'rius. June. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 — bifo'rmis. June. Honduras. 1840. 
 
 — ccespito'siu. Texas. 1880. 
 
 — calndicans. Mendosa. 
 
 — chile'rms. Chili. 
 
 — chiloe'Tisis. Chiloe. 
 
 — cinera'scens. Mexico. 
 
 — cocci'neus. Scarlet. September. Brazil. 
 
 — cceruWscens. 3. Blue. July. Brazil. 1829'. 
 
 B. M. t. 3922. 
 
 — crenula'tus. Curagoa. 
 
 — Crvmso'nii. 2. Scarlet. 1832. B. E. t. 1665. 
 
 — crispa'tus. Kose. Brazil. 1829. 
 
 — crena'tiis. 2. White. Honduras. 1839. B. E. 
 
 1844, t. 31. 
 
 — Curti'sii. Eed, white. June. New Grenada. 
 
 1830. 
 
 — cyli'ndricus. 3. Peru. 1799. 
 
 — De'ppei. 1. Peru. 1799. 
 
 — Di/dcii. Mexico. 
 
 — ebu'rneus. 3. S. Amer. 1818. 
 
 — Engeltna'nni. California. Gfl. t. 1174, f . a. 
 
 — erio'phorus. Eed. 1836. 
 
 — euphorbioi'des. 3. S. Amer. 
 
 — exte'nsus. 6. Pale rose. August. Trinidad. 
 
 B. M. t. 4066. 
 
 — Eyrf/sii. White, green. 1829. 
 
 — FeriMelri. Eose. June. New Mexico. 1880. 
 —fe'rox. 1. Brazil. 1827. 
 
 —fimbria' tux. 20. Pink. St. Domingo. 1836. 
 — fiagellifo'rmis. Pink. Peru. 1690. Creeping 
 Cereus. 
 
 — fiawspilnus. 3. W. Ind. 
 
 — formo'sus. White. Buenos Ayres. 1834. 
 —fvUgidiis. Crimson-scarlet. July. Tropical 
 
 America. 1870. 
 — fvlmspvm/sus. 3. S. Amer. 1796. 
 
 — gemma'tus. July. Mexico. 1834. 
 
 — giga'nteus. 10. New Mexico. 
 
 — glau'cus. Tropical America. 
 
 — gra'cilis. S. America. 
 
 — grandijlo'rus. White, yellow. Jamaica. 1700. 
 
 Night-blooming Cereus. B. M. t. 3381. 
 
 — gra'ndis. 3. Brazil. 
 
 — gri'seus. 3. Grey. S. Amer. 1809. 
 
 — Eawo'rthii. 3. Carlbbees. 1811. 
 
 — hepta'gonus. 3. White. July. W. Ind. 1728. 
 
 — hexa'gonus. 36. White. August. Surinam. 
 
 1690. 
 
 — hu'milis. S. Amer. 1827. 
 
 — hypogalus. Purple, edged yellow. Chili. 
 
 1882. Gfl. 1. 1086. 
 
 — h'ifstrix. S. Amer. 1808. 
 
 — Jamaca'ru. White. Brazil. 1835. 
 
 — Laneea'nus. Scarlet. May. Guiana. 1834, 
 
 — languino' stis. 1. White. August. W, Ind. 
 
 1690. 
 
CEE 
 
 [206] 
 
 CER 
 
 S. Amer. 
 B. M. 
 
 C. la'tifrons. White. September. 
 1830. B. M. t. 3813. 
 
 — Leea'mus. 1. Bright red. Mexico, 
 
 t. 4417. 
 
 — Lemai'rii. Yellow and white. June. 1854. 
 
 — Wptophit. White, purple. 1835. 
 
 — UuccCnthus. 1. White, pink. Mendoza. 1830. 
 
 B. R. 1840, 1. 13. 
 
 — U'vidus. 10. White. June. Brazil. 1868. 
 
 — MaeDona'ldice. Yellow and white. July. 
 
 1851. Great night-flowering Cereus. 
 B. M. t. 4707 
 
 — ma' gnus. 3. White. June. St. Domingo. 1829. 
 
 — margma'tus. Mexico. 
 
 — Martia'nus. 2. Pink. April. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 B. M. t. 3768. 
 
 — monecUynos. 20. Hose, white. June. Carib- 
 
 bees. 
 
 — monstro'sus. Bed, white. S. Amer. 1816. 
 
 — multangula'ris. Tropical America. 
 
 — mu'Uiphx. Scarlet. St. Domingo. 1829. 
 
 B. M. t. 3789. 
 
 — inyosu'rus. Brazil. 1828. 
 
 — myriophi/Uus. Brown. 1815. 
 
 — Napoteo'nis. 6. Green, white. 1834. B. M. 
 
 t. 3468. 
 
 — ni'ger. 3. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 — no'bilis. 3. Pink. W. Ind. 1811. 
 
 — ochroleu'ous. Striped. S. Amer. 1835. 
 
 — ova'tm. Chili. 1827. 
 
 — oxy'gonus. Pink. Brazil. 1829. 
 
 — oxypeltcUus. Bed. May. Mexico. 1828. 
 
 — paniadaltus. White, red. St. Domingo. 1827. 
 
 — paua^nvs. New Mexico. B. M. t. 6774. 
 
 — pectina'txt£. Purplish-red. Mexico. 1875. 
 
 — penta'gomxs. 3. White. July. S. Amer. 
 
 1769. 
 
 — pentalo'phus. Rose, white. Mexico. B. M. 
 
 t. 3651. 
 
 — Peruvia'riMS. 3. Red. August. Peru. 1728. 
 
 — Phili'ppi. Chili. Gfl. 1. 1079, f. 1. 
 
 — Pitajay'a. 6. White. Carthagena. 1836. 
 
 B. M. t. 4084. 
 ^poly'gonus. 10. White. Chili. 1827. 
 
 — Po'ttsii, Mexico. 
 
 — Pri'nglei. 30. White, tinged with purple. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 — procu'mhens. Mexico. 
 
 — ptero'gonus. Carthagena. S. America. 1863. 
 
 B. M. t. 5360. 
 
 — pulche'llv.s. White, August. Mexico. 1831. 
 
 — quadrangula'ris. White. W. Ind. 1809. 
 
 Creeper. 
 
 — ramo'sits. July. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 — redM'ctus. 3. White. Mexico. B. M. t. 4443. 
 
 — rega'lis. 10. White. S. Amer. 
 
 — repa'ndm. 20. August. W. Ind. 1728. 
 
 B. B. t. 336. 
 
 — rosa'ceus. Rose. 1826. 
 
 — Baye'ni. 2. White. S. Amer. 1728. B. M. 
 
 t. 3125. 
 
 — semHis. 20. 
 
 — serpenti'nus. 
 
 t. 3566. 
 
 — seto'sus. 3. 
 
 1829. B. C. 1. 1887. 
 
 — speciosi'ssiwMS. Crimson, 
 
 1836. B. M. t. 3822, 
 
 — spedo'sus. Rose. June. 
 
 B. B. t. 304. 
 
 — spUndiduB. Scarlet. September. 
 
 1831. 
 
 — stri'ctus. 3. S. Amer. 1823. 
 
 — subre]fa,'n3MS. 3. 1817. 
 
 — tdmns. Pink. Brazil. Creeper. 
 
 — tetraea'ntha. Rose. July. Mexico. 
 
 — tetra'gonus. S. White. July. S. Amer. 1810. 
 
 — tritmgula'ri^. 1. White. August. W. Ind. 
 
 1590. B. R. t. 1807. 
 
 — trigo'nus. 1. White. S. Amer. 1809. 
 
 — triqueter. 3. S. Amer. 1794. 
 
 — trwnca'tvs. Red. Brazil. 1821. B. R. t. 696. 
 
 Red. Mexico. 1823. 
 
 4. White, purple. Peru. B. M. 
 
 Pink. August. Rio Janeiro. 
 
 July. S. America. 
 
 S. America. 1801. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 C. tuUflo'rm. White. 1830. 
 
 — tunica'tus. Brazil. 1832. 
 
 — Tweidiei. 3 to 6. Orange-scarlet. September. 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 1849. B. M. t. 4498. 
 
 — UTida'tM. China. 1829. . 
 
 — varia'bilis. Green, red. August. Tropical 
 
 America. 
 There are many other species named in bo- 
 tanical works; but as little is known of them 
 but their names, and they are probably synony- 
 mous with some of those we hare retained, we 
 have omitted them until more certainly known. 
 
 Ceri'nthe. Honeywort. (From 
 keros, wax, and anthos, a flower ; re- 
 ferring to its feeing a favourite flower 
 with bees. Nat. ord., Boraginece. Al- 
 lied to Anchusa. ) 
 
 Hardy annuals, except C. macula'ta. All by 
 seeds, in common soil. Macula'ta requires a 
 dry soU, or its fleshy roots decay. 
 C. a'spera. 2. Yellow, purple. July. South 
 France. 1633. Sibth. Fl. Gr. 1. 170. 
 
 — gla'bra. Pale yellow. June. Carpathian 
 
 Mountains. 1827. Syn., C. aljnna. 
 
 — gymna'ndra. i. Yellow, dark-purple. July. 
 
 Algeria. 1874. B. M. t. 6130. 
 
 — nuiaula'ta. 2. Yellow, red. July. South 
 
 France. 1804. Perennial. 
 
 — ma'jm: 3. Yellow. July. South France. 
 
 1696. B. M. t. 333. 
 
 — minor. 2. Yellow, purple. July. Austria. 
 
 1670. B. M. t. 6890. 
 
 — reto'rta. 2. Yellow, green. July. Levant. 
 
 1825. B. M. t. 5264. 
 
 Cerope'gia. (From keros, wax, and 
 pege, a fountain ; referring to the form 
 and waxy appearance of the flower. 
 Nat. ord., Asclepiadaeecs. Allied to 
 Hoya.) 
 
 Cuttings of small side-shoots in April, in sand, 
 under a glass, and a little heat ; sandy loam, 
 flbry peat, and a little leaf -mould and charcoal. 
 Summer temp., 55° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 56° ; 
 
 S'ving the East Indian species the most heat, 
 ore curious than beautiful. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 C. amtra'lis. 3. N. Holland. 1820. Ever- 
 green twqner. 
 
 — Ba'rklyi. Green, purple-brown. May. S.Africa. 
 
 1877. Twiner, tuberous. B. M. t. 6315. 
 
 — Bmvke'ri. Yellow, green. Caflraria. 1863. 
 
 Tuber. 
 
 — dwko'tama. 2. White. June. Canary Islands. 
 
 1817. Evergreen twiner. Syn., C. 
 aphylla. 
 
 — Meye'ri. Pale purplish, blackish-green. S. 
 
 Africa. 1867. 
 
 — Mordi'rom. White, green, purple-brown. July. 
 
 Delagoa Bay. 1884. Climber. B. M. 
 t. 6927. 
 
 — multifio'ra. Purplish-green. S. Africa. 1868 
 
 Evergreen twiner. Ref. Bot. t. 10. 
 
 — sagitta'ta. Jacq. H. Sohoenb. t. 38. See 
 
 Mierokyma sa^ittata. 
 
 — Sanderso'ni. Light green, spotted dark green. 
 
 Summer. Natal. 1868. Evergreen 
 trailer, flowers very curious and beauti- 
 ful. B. M. t. 6792. 
 
 — sinua'ta. See Microloma lineare. 
 
 — sor&ria. Green, purple. Caffraria. 1866. 
 
 Greenhouse cumber. B. M. t. 6678. 
 
 — stapeUcefo'rmis. 4. Purple. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1826. Evergreen trailer. 
 Maund Bot. 4, t. 154. 
 
 — tando'sa. See Riocreuxia torulosa. 
 
CER 
 
 [207] 
 
 GET 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 C. aeumina'ta. 2. Purple. July. Coromandel. 
 
 1820. Tuber. 
 
 — africa'na. 6. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 Evergreen twiner. B. E. t. 626. 
 
 — buJbo'sa. 2. Red, green. May. E. Ind. 1821. 
 
 TraUer. 
 
 — Cwmingia'na. Brown. August. Java. 1847. 
 
 B. M. t. 4349. 
 dieho'toma. 1. White. July. E. Ind. 1804. 
 Evergreen. 
 
 — e'legane. 20. Purple. August. E. Ind. 1828. 
 
 Deciduous twiner. B. M. t. 3016. 
 
 — Gardne'ri. White, chocolate. Ceylon. 1862. 
 
 Twiner. 
 —ju'neea. 1. Yellow. E. Ind. 1822. Ever- 
 ^een. 
 
 — Lu'shii. Purple. September. Bombay. 1833. 
 
 Deciduous climber. B. M. t. 3300. 
 
 — omla'ta. 6 Green. Bed-spotted. Septem- 
 
 ber. Bombay. 1842. Deciduous twiner. 
 
 — ThwaiUsii. 2}. Bed, yellow, green. Sep- 
 
 tember. Ceylon. 1851. 
 
 — tvbero'sa. 8. Bed, green. May. E. Ind. 
 
 1821. Tuberous perennial. 
 
 — vineasfo'lia. 20. Purple. September. Bombay. 
 
 1837. Evergreen twiner. B. M. t. 3740. 
 
 — Wi'ghtii. 20. Green, purple. August. E. Ind. 
 
 1832. Deciduous climber. B. M. t. 3267. 
 
 Cero'xylon. (From keros, wax, 
 and xylon, wood ; the trunk being coated 
 with wax. Kat. ord., Palmacew. ) The 
 wax obtained from this tree is mixed 
 with bees -wax in New Grenada and 
 formed into candles. 
 
 Stove palms. Seeds imported. 
 C. audi' cola. 50. New Grenada. 1845. III. Hort. 
 t. 1B7. 
 
 — ferrugi'neum. Gfl. t. 9, f. 3. 
 
 — ni'veum. Bev. Hort. 1876; p. 235. 
 
 Cespede'sia. (Dedicated to Juan 
 MartM Cespedes, a priest of Santa F^ de 
 Bogota. Nat. ord., Ochnacem.) 
 
 Stove tree. Eor cultivation, see OCHNA. 
 C. Bonpta'ndii. Orange-yellow. Tropical Amer. 
 1878. 
 
 Ce'strum. (An ancient Greek name 
 for another plant. Nat. ord. , Soleinacece ; 
 Tribe, CestrinecB. Syn. , Habrothamnus. ) 
 
 Stove, greenhouse, or half-hardy shrubs. Cut- 
 tings in sand, in heat, in Apnl ; peat and loam. 
 Of easy culture. C. tincto'rium is used for dye- 
 ing. 
 
 C alaterrwi'des. 6. Yellowish. March. Trini- 
 dad. 1824. B. M. t. 2929. 
 
 — angustifo'liwm. Yellow. W. Indies. 180O. 
 
 B. C. t. 618. 
 
 — auranWoffuTn. 2. Orange. Guatemala. 1842. 
 
 B. E. 1845, t. 22. 
 
 — Bentha'mi. 4. Purple. August. 1844. Syn., 
 
 Habrothammts tmtientosxts. 
 
 — iractea'tum. 6. Green. Brazil. 1852. B. M. 
 
 t. 2974. 
 
 — calyd'num. 6. Green. October. Buenos 
 
 Ayres. 1851. 
 
 — cOMliJlo'rvm. Jacq. H. Schcenb. t. 325. Now 
 
 referred to Acnistus. 
 
 — diu'rimm. White. Cuba. 
 
 — ilUgams. 4. Carmine. January. 1844. Syn., 
 
 Bdbrothamnus elegans a,nd purpureus. 
 
 — Bndlinlidri. 4. Bose. March. Mexico. 1844. 
 
 Syn., Sabrotha/trmits corymbosus, B. M. 
 t. 4201. 
 ^fasciada'tum. 5. Crimson. March. Mexico. 
 1843. Syn., Habrothamnus fasdcnlat'us. 
 B. M. t. 4183. 
 
 C.fastigia'tum. White. November. W Indies. 
 B. M. t. 1729. 
 
 — fietidi'ssimum. Yellow. Autumn and spring. 
 
 W. Indies. Jacq. H. Schcenb. t. 329. 
 
 — Hartwefgii pube'ecens. Crimson. 1883. 
 
 — latjfo'Uum. 6. White. June. Trinidad. 1818. 
 
 — Uvwrifo'lvwrn. Yellowish. Autumn and winter 
 
 W. Indies. B. C. t. 1688. 
 
 — nervo'sum, is a synonym of Taberrummntana 
 
 aw/ygdalcBfolia. 
 
 — rMctv^mwm. Jamaica. 
 
 — odontospelmmm. White. September. Jacq. 
 
 H. Scheenb. t. 331. 
 
 — Pa'rqui. Yellowish. June. Chili. 1787. B. M. 
 
 1. 1770. 
 — peTtduWnum, White. December. Caraccas. 
 Jacq. H. Schcenb. 327. 
 
 — ro'sewn. 3. Eose. July. Mexico. 1839- 
 
 G. C. 1886, vol. 23, p. 184. 
 
 — salidfo'lium. Yellowish. Caraccas. Jacq. 
 
 H. Schcenb. t. 326. 
 
 — «u6ero'*wm. 5. Sulphur. June. 1816. Jacq. 
 
 H. Schcenb. t. 462. 
 
 — tinct&rimn. 4. White. May. Caraccas. 1823. 
 
 Jacq. H. Schcenb. t. 332. 
 
 — vesperti'n/u/m. White. Winter. Antilles. 
 
 Jacq. H. Schcenb. t. 328. 
 
 — viridifio'rum, Y6llowish-green. S. Brazil. 
 
 1836. B. M. t. 4022. 
 
 — Waracewi'enii. Orange, yellow. November. 
 
 Central America. 1852. 
 
 Ce'terach. (From Cheterak, the 
 Arabic name. Nat. ord. , Filices—Poly- 
 podiacece. ) 
 
 Hardy fern, suitable for rockwork ; requiring 
 a light, well-drained soil, with much limy rub- 
 bish intermixed. See Ferns, Hardy. 
 C. oj^na'rwm. J. Europe. 
 
 creTia'tivm. Scolloped variety. 
 
 • depaupera'twm. Impoverished variety. 
 
 There are numerous other varieties known to 
 specialists. 
 
 Ceto'nia aura'ta. Golden Rose- 
 Beetle. This insect is the Scarabce'us 
 aura'tus of some naturalists. The grub 
 is of a dirty- white colour, and the tail- 
 end thicker and more highly glazed than 
 
 the remainder of its body. It is usually 
 found in decayed wood ; but, being occa- 
 sionally discovered in the nest of the 
 ant, under-ground, where it seems to 
 
CHA 
 
 [208] 
 
 CHA 
 
 feed upon the bits of wood of which the 
 nest is composed, it thence has the 
 popular name of "King of the Ants." 
 After remaining about three years in 
 the larva state, it makes a sort of cocoon 
 of chips of wood, glued together by an 
 excretion of its own. In this it passes 
 the winter, and in June following 
 emerges in the perfect form. The Rose 
 Beetle. flies well, with a considerable 
 humming noise, during the hottest part 
 of the day, passing from flower to flower, 
 preferring, but not exclusively, our 
 roses. It robs them of their honey ; but 
 dot content with this, devours, occa- 
 sionally, their nectaries, and the lower- 
 most, juicy portion of the petals. Our 
 drawing represents the larva, pupa, and 
 beetle of their natural size. The beetle 
 is of a shining green-colour above, and 
 the wing-sheaths dotted with white 
 beneath, the body and head are coppery- 
 red. — The Cottage Gardener, iii. 341. 
 
 This beetle is most severely felt by 
 the gardener when it attacks the blos- 
 soms of his strawberries, which it does 
 in May or June ; but it also attacks the 
 flowers of turnips left for seed, white- 
 thorn, candytuft, elder, mountain-ash, 
 and peony, the flowers of which it feeds 
 upon. The female rose-chafers often lay 
 their eggs in the ground : and the larvae 
 they produce are no doubt often con- 
 founded with those of the cockchafer 
 {Melolontha vulgaris), being as large, 
 and very similar. 
 
 The large size of this beetle renders it 
 easy to be caught. Fowls will eat the 
 grubs it turned on newly-dug soil. 
 
 Chabrse'a runcina'ta, B. M. t. 4116. 
 See Leuoeria runcinata. 
 
 Chsena'ctis. (From chaino, to gape, 
 aktin, ray. Nat. ord., Compositm ; 
 Tribe, IIeten,ioidem.) 
 
 A large genus of annual, biennial and peren- 
 nial herbs. The annuals showy border plants. 
 Seeds. Division. Common soil. 
 C. tenuifo'lia. Yellow. 1. California. Gfl. t. 
 1275, f. 2. 
 
 Chsena'nthe Barke'ri. See Dia- 
 denium Barked. 
 
 Chsene'stes lanceola'ta, B. M. t. 
 4338. See lochroma lanceolata. 
 
 Chsenorrhi'num. See Linaria. 
 
 Chseno'stoiua. (From chaino, to 
 gape, and stoma, a mouth ; in reference 
 to the wide opening of the tube, or 
 bottom part of the flower. Nat. ord., 
 Scrophutariacece. ) 
 
 AH natives of the Cape of Good Hope. Seeds 
 sown In March, in a hotbed, and transplanted 
 
 to the flower-garden in May ; and cuttings taken 
 off in August and September, and potted in a 
 greenhouse or cold pit, to be transplanted the 
 following season. 
 
 GREENHOUSE ANNUALS. 
 
 C. fceftidum. IJ. White. June. 1794. Syns., 
 Buchnera foatida, Andr. Eep. t. 80, ana 
 ManuUa fo&tida. 
 
 — villo'sum. See Polyea/rena capensis. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 
 C. cardoJtmn. IJ. White. June. 1816. Syn., 
 
 Manulea cordata. 
 — fasckula'tum. 1. White, yellow. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 
 
 — Mspidmn. 1. White. July. 1816. Gfl. t. 448. 
 
 Syns., Mamulea hispida and oppositi- 
 folia. 
 
 — liniSdliwfn. 1. White, yellow. November. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. Pax. Fl. Gard. 3, 
 f. 233. 
 
 — polyii'rMMm. J. Lilac, yellow. June. 1844. 
 
 B. E. 1847. t. 32. 
 
 Chseta'nthera. (From chaite, a 
 bristle, and anther, an anther, or pollen- 
 bag; the anthers Iseing furnished with 
 tufts of bristly hairs. Nat. ord., Ccym- 
 positcB ; Tribe, Mutisiacece. Allied to 
 Mutisia.) 
 
 , All natives of Chili, and half-hardy herba- 
 ceous perennials, except C. li-nea'ris. Division 
 of the roots in March or April. C. Imea'ris by 
 seed. Peat and loam. Protection of greenhouse 
 or cold pit In winter. 
 
 C. chile'TWis. 1. Yellow. July. 1827. Annual. 
 Syn., C. serrata. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 214. 
 
 — eilia'ta. 2. July. 1822. 
 linea'ris. Yellow. July. 1837. Annual. 
 1. Yellow. July. 1827. 
 
 Chsetoca'lyx. (From chaite, a 
 bristle, and kalyx, a flower-envelope > 
 in reference to the calyx being furnished 
 with bristles. Nat. ord., Leguminosce ; 
 Tribe, Hedysarew. Allied to Hedy- 
 sarujn. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of ripe 
 shoots in heat. Peat and loam. 
 C. vincenti'na. 6. Yellow. June. St. Vincent. 
 
 1823. Syn., Glycine vincenti'na. B. B. 
 
 t. 799. 
 
 Chsetoga'stra. (From chaite, a 
 bristle, ajiK gastron, a cavity ; referring 
 to the cavities between the apex of the 
 ovary and the bottom of the calyx being 
 furnished with hairy scales. Nat. ord., 
 Melastomacem. Allied to Osbeckia.) 
 
 Seeds in hotbed, in March ; and cuttings in 
 sandy soil, in heat. Peat and loam. Summer. 
 C. gra'cUis. 1. Bed, lilac. Brazil. 1834. Stove 
 perennial. B. M. t. 3481. Syns., £a- 
 siandra gracilis and Pleroma gracilis. 
 
 — lanceola'ta. 1. White. January. Trinidad. 
 
 1820. Stove Annual. Syns., Micranthella 
 lanoeolaia. and Pleroma lanceolata. 
 
 — Lindenia'na. 1. Crimson. Columbia. 1856. 
 
 , Greenhouse evergreen. Fl. Ser. 1. 1011-2. 
 
 — stngo'sa. i. Eosy-purple. August. W. Ind. 
 1848. Greenhouse evergreen. Pax. Mag. 
 15, p. 265. Syns., Herpestionia strigosa 
 
 and Plerfymoj strigosa. 
 
 ChaflT-flower. Alterna'ntkera achy- 
 ra'ntha. 
 
CHA [ 209 ] 
 
 Chai'scia Myeo'ni. See Ra- 
 UClondia pyrenaica. 
 
 Chalk. Carbonate of lime contains, 
 when pure, carbonic acid, 45 parts ; lime, 
 55 ; but, as it usually occurs, it contains 
 about twenty-four per cent, of water, 
 and five per cent, of silica (flint), alu- 
 mina (clay), and oxide (rust) of iron. 
 After these deductions, it wUl be sja- 
 parent, that if fifty tons of lime be 
 applied to land, it will be equal to more 
 than one hundred of chalk — a subject 
 worthy of consideration, when it has to 
 be conveyed from afar. Chalk is usually 
 employed in large cpantities, to improve 
 the staple of a soil. It makes heavy 
 soils less retentive of moisture, and 
 light, sandy soils more retentive. On 
 wet, sour lands it neutralizes the acids 
 which render them unproductive. Some 
 chalks contain phosphate of lime ; and 
 this being a constituent of all plants, 
 such chalk is to be preferred. Some 
 contain a large proportion of carbonate 
 of magnesia, wnich is less beneficial. 
 Chalk has also been shown, by Mr. 
 Beaton, to be of great value in forming 
 the best of walks. 
 
 Chamseba'tia, (From chamai, 
 dwarf, and bates, a bramble ; referring 
 to its low growth and bramble-like 
 flowers. Nat. ord., Bosacece.) 
 
 Evergreen half-hardy shrub. Cuttings in a 
 cool frame. Light loam and a little peat. 
 C./oliolo'sa. 3. White. California. 1859. 
 
 Chamsece'rasus Albe'rti is a 
 garden name for a species of Lonicera 
 with rose-coloured flowers, and greyish 
 leaves. Ch. alpi'gena, var. na'na is a 
 variety of Lonicera alpigena. 
 
 Chamseela'don. (From ekamai, 
 dwarf, and clados, branch. Nat. ord., 
 Aroidem.) 
 
 C. meta'llicwm. Leaves bronzy-green above, red- 
 dish beneath. Spathes purple. 188i. 
 111. Hort. t. 639. 
 
 — m'hens. Borneo. 1881. 
 
 Chamsecy'paris. White Cedars. 
 (From chamai, ground, meaning dwarf, 
 and cupressris, cypress ; the Cypress- 
 dwarf, or Bastard Cypress. Nat. ord., 
 ConifercB. Allied to Taxodium and 
 Cypress. ) 
 
 Hardy evergreens. Seeds. Deep, sandy soil. 
 C. andelydnm. See Retinospora leptoclada 
 
 — du'bia-: See Retinospora dubia. 
 ~ EHwcmgeriaJna. See Retinospora Ellwange- 
 
 riana. 
 —fiUieoi'des. Japan. 1868. 
 ^JUi'/era. Japan. 1867. 
 
 — juniperoi'des. See Retinospora juwipercndes. 
 
 — Lawsonia'na. N. California. B. M. t. 5681. 
 
 Syn., Cupressus Lawsoniana. 
 
 — leptoda'da. Japan. 1863. Dwarf shrub. 
 
 CHA 
 
 C. lycopodiofdes. Jamn. 1861. 
 
 RoserUha'lii. Pyramidal, branohlets not 
 
 drooping. 1886. 
 vanega'ta. Dl. Hort. t. 367. 
 
 — nufkae'nsis. 70. Nootka Sound. N. Amer 
 Rev. Hort. 1869, p. 48. 
 
 — obMsa. 80. Japan. B«v. Hort. 1869, p. 97. 
 variega'ta. Twigs variegated with white. 
 
 Japan. 1871. 
 
 — pisi'fera. A small tree. Island of Niphon. 
 au'rea. Terminal shoots of a golden hue. 
 
 Japan. 1861. 
 
 variega'ta. Twigs variegated with white. 
 
 Japan. 1861. 
 
 — sphcerotdea. A small tree. N. Amer. 
 
 — squarro'sa. A bush. Japan. 
 
 — thuri'/era. See Cupressus thurifera. 
 
 — Ve'itchii. Japan. 1864. 
 
 Chamsedo'rea. (From chamai, 
 dwarf, and dorea, a gift; referring to 
 the nuts of this paSm being easily 
 reached. Nat. ord., Palmeoe ; Tribe, 
 Arece(B. Allied to Areca. ) 
 
 Stove Palms. Seeds, when obtainable. Bich, 
 S9,ndy loam. 
 
 C. Arenbergia'na. 5. Straw-colour. March. 
 Guatemala. 1879. B. M. t. 6838. 
 
 — ebu'ryiea. Midribs white. Columbia. 
 
 — ela'tior. 12. Mexico. 1843. 
 - eHegans — mas. 34. Scarlet. February. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 — Emdsti Augu'sti — mas. Orange. New Gre- 
 nada. 
 
 —formo'sa. Tolima. 1876. Fl. and Pom. 1876, 
 
 p. 247. 
 —fra'grams. 8. White. Trinidad. 1820. Syns., 
 
 Morenia fragrans, and Nunnezhaia fra- 
 
 grans. 
 
 — geonomoefo'rmis. Green. Guatemala. 1856. 
 Syn., Nunnezharia geonomceformis. 
 
 — glaudfcflia. 12. 1881. 
 
 — gra'mlis. 10. White, green. Caraccas. 1803. 
 
 — Lindenia'na. 10. New Grenada. 1846. Syn., 
 Kunthia montana. 
 
 — poli'ta. Mexico. 
 
 — pulcheflla. i. Yellow. 1885. 
 
 — sca'ndens. Mexico. 1846. 
 
 — Schiedea'na. 8. Mexico. 1834. 
 
 — Tepejilo'te. 10. Yellow. Mexico. 1873. 
 
 — Wobstia'na. i. Yellow. 1886. 
 
 Chamsefi'stula. Same as Cassia, 
 
 Chamselau'cium, (From chamai- 
 leuke, a dwarf, white poplar ; because 
 its heathy stems are miniatures of that 
 tree. Nat. ord., Myrtacecc ; Tribe, Cha- 
 mmlauciacecB. ) 
 
 A very beautiful greenhouse evergreen shrub. 
 Cuttings of the points of shoots or side-shoots, 
 when getting firm, in sand, under a bell-glass ; 
 one part fibry peat, and two of sandy, lumpy 
 loam. 
 
 C. eilia'tum. 2. White. May. W. Australia. 
 1826. 
 
 — plumo'sum. See Verticardia Fontanesu. 
 
 Chamsele'don. See Loiseleuria. 
 
 Chame'lum. (From chamai, dwarf, 
 and melon, apple; the blossoms being 
 supposed to resemble apples. Nat. ord., 
 IridecB. ) 
 
 Perennial herb. 
 C iu'teum. Yellow. Andes of Chili. 1883 Gfl 
 1. 1129, f. 69. 
 
 P 
 
CHA 
 
 [210] 
 
 CHA 
 
 Chamsene'rium. See Epilo- 
 bium. 
 
 Chamsepeu'ce. (From chamai, 
 dwarf, and peuke, pine ; the leaves are 
 linear, as in the pine. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positwj Tribe, CynaroidecB.) 
 C. diaca'ntha. See Cirsium diacanthum. 
 
 — Sprmgefri. Wien. Gart. Zeit. 1883, p. 439. 
 
 Chamsera'nthemum. (From cha- 
 mai, dwarf, and anthos, a flower. Nat. 
 ord., Acanthacece.) 
 
 Stove plant. For cultivation See Lankes- 
 
 TERIA. 
 
 C Beyrilckii variega'tuTn. White ; leaves white, 
 striped. S. Brazil. 1866. B. M. t. 6657. 
 
 — Gaiidichau'dii. Brazil. 1869. Fl. Ser. 1. 1767. 
 
 — i'gneum. Yellow: leaves with red veins. 
 
 Syns,, Era/ntnemwrn ignewm, Fl. Ser. 
 1. 1722, and SteiKmdrivjm ignemm. 
 
 — 7ii'(id«m. See EberTnaiera. 
 
 — j^ctuTn. Leaves with orange margins and 
 
 central silvery blotch. Brazil. 1878. 
 
 Chamserho'dos. (From ehamai, 
 dwarf, and rodon, a rose ; in reference 
 to the appearance of the plants. Nat. 
 ord., BosacecB ; Tribe, Potentillece.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials ; chiefly by seeds; 
 sandy loam ; and a dry, elevated position. 
 C. ere'cta. 1. Pink. July. Siberia. 1806. Syn., 
 Sibbaldia ereeta. 
 
 — gra/ndiflo'ra. Yellow. June. Dahuria. 1829. 
 
 Syn., Sibbaldia grandiflora. 
 
 — polyg'i/na. Yellow. June. Siberia. 1824. 
 
 Chamse'rops. (From ehamai, 
 dwarf, and rhops, a twig. A compara- 
 tive name, making the Fan-palm oi the 
 south of Europe a low twig in compari- 
 son to the huge, gigantic Palms of the 
 tropics. Nat. ord., Palm^m ; Tribe, 
 Coryphem. ) 
 
 Seeds, imported ; suckers, which are freely 
 produced, with the exception of O. gra'cilis and 
 guiam^iisis. The others will flourish in a green- 
 house; and their leaves render them striking 
 objects. In the North' of England C. hu'milis 
 stood out several winters, with but a slight 
 protection ; rich, loamy soil. Summer temp., 
 60° to 80' ; winter, 35° to 46. 
 C. acau'lis. See^abaZ Adanscmi. 
 
 — exce'lsa. 30. Green, white. Nepaul. 1822. 
 
 — Fortu'nei. B. M. t. 6224. See Trachyearpus 
 
 excelsus. 
 
 — gra'cUis. 10. Green, white. S. Amer. 1822. 
 
 Stove. 
 
 — GriM'thii. See Trachyearpus hhasyawm. 
 
 — guiane/nsis. 20. Green, white. Guiana. 1824. 
 
 Stove. 
 
 — hu'milis. 10. Green, white. March, South 
 
 of Europe. 1731. 
 
 — daatylooa'rpa. Fronds elongated. 1889. 
 
 toTnento'sa. 
 
 — hg' stria. 10. Green, white. Georgia. 1801. 
 
 — hhasyaJna. See Trachyearpus khasyanus. 
 
 B. M. t. 7128. 
 
 — rrutoroca'rpa. North Africa. 
 
 — Martia'na. 20. 'Nepaul. 1320. 
 
 — Palmetto. 20. Green, white. Carolina. 1801. 
 
 — Mitchea'na. 3. Nepaul. 1845. 
 
 — serrula'ta. 10. Green, white. N. Amer. 1809. 
 
 — stauraca'ntha. See Acanthorhiza aculeata. 
 
 Chamisso'a. (Named after M. 
 
 Nat. ord., Ama- 
 
 Cwmisso, a botanist. 
 ranthaeecBt ) 
 
 Stove annuals, except C. altissima, which is 
 an evergreen shrub ; the annual bj; seeds sown 
 in March; the evergreen by cuttings of ripe 
 shoots in heat, under a bell-glass ; flbry, sandy 
 loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 60° , 
 to 66°. 
 C. alti'ssima. 5. Yellow. July. Jamaica. 1816. 
 
 — dicho'tama. 1. Yellow. July. B.Indies. 1824. 
 Syn., Celosia dichotoTna. 
 
 — nodiflora. 2. Green. August. E.Indies. 1780. 
 Syn., Celosia nodijwra. 
 
 — pyramida'lis. 1. White. July. E. Indies. 
 1820. Celosia pyramddalis. 
 
 Chamo'rchas alpi'na. See Her- 
 miiuum alpinum. 
 
 Ohapta'lia. (Named after M. Chap- 
 tal, a French chemist. Nat. ord., Com- 
 posites. Allied to Cussonia. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial ; division of the 
 roots ; light, sandy soil. 
 
 C.'tomentcfsa. J. White. May. N. Amer. 1806. 
 , B. M. t. 2257. 
 
 Cliarse'as gra'minis. Syns., Bom- 
 byx gratninis and Cerapteryx graminis. 
 The Antler Moth. AVe have seen enough 
 to render us quite ready to assent to 
 Mr. Kirby's observation, that it is " the 
 greatest enemy of our pastures. "_ For- 
 tunately, it is of rare occurrence in this 
 country. This moth, represented of its 
 largest size in our drawing, is generally 
 
 altogether of a grey-brown colour, with 
 a slender, whitish line running from the 
 base of the fore-wing along its centre 
 vein, and following along its branches. 
 Another whitish line runs along near 
 each edge of the fore-wing ; near the 
 point of the wing is a row of triangular, 
 dark spots. There are also two dark, 
 kidney-shaped spots near the front edge. 
 The hind-wings are yellowish-brown, 
 with a dark circular spot in the centre 
 of each, and various dusky bars. The 
 caterpillar is green, with browli spots, 
 and smooth. In the few instances it 
 has been found in this country it ap- 
 peared in June. Mr. Kirby says, " It 
 is said not to touch the foxtaU grass. 
 In the years 1740-41,42-48-49, they mul- 
 tiplied so prodigiously, and committed 
 such ravages, in many provinces of Swe- 
 den, that the meadows became white 
 and dry, as if a fire had passed over 
 
CHA 
 
 [211] 
 
 CHE 
 
 them. In 1759, and again in 1802, the 
 high sheep-farms in Tweedale were 
 •dreadfully infested with a caterpillar, 
 which was probably the larva of this 
 moth. Spots a mile square were totally 
 covered with them, and the grass de- 
 voured to the root." — The Cottage Gar- 
 dener, V. 1. 
 
 Charcoal. Soot, a chief constituent 
 of which is charcoal, has long been 
 known as a very effective fertiliser ; and 
 burning has still longer been known as 
 a mode of reducing stubborn soils to 
 prompt productiveness. But both these 
 sources of fertility might owe their effi- 
 ciency to other causes than their afford- 
 ing carbon to plants : and, compara- 
 tively, it is only lately that anything like 
 a general knowledge has been diffused 
 that mere charcoal is a good manure. 
 Charcoal is a most efficient manure to 
 all cultivated plants, especially to those 
 under glass. Heaths, rhododendrons, 
 cucumbers, onions, roses, orchidaceous 
 plants, hydrangeas, camellias, melons, 
 ■and pine-apples have been the subjects 
 of extensive and most successful experi- 
 ments. We think no cultivated plant 
 would be unbeneiited by having char- 
 coal applied to the soil in which it is 
 rooted. It should be broken into small 
 pieces, about the size of a nut, and, for 
 potted plants, may be mixed in the pro- 
 portions of one part charcoal to twenty 
 parts earth, ti applied to the open 
 ground, one-fourth of a bushel may be 
 sown over a square rod or perch, and 
 ■dug in just before inserting the crop. 
 The reason of charcoal being so useful 
 as a manure is very apparent. MM. 
 Sennebier, Ruckert, Saussure, and 
 others, have demonstrated that plants 
 are rendered much more luxuriant and 
 productive by having carbonic acid ap- 
 plied to their roots, than other plants 
 to whose roots no such application was 
 made. Now, charcoal kept moist, as 
 Tvhen buried in the soU, slowly combines 
 with oxygen, and emits carbonic acid ; 
 in fa/Ct, it slowly dissolves. We are 
 ■sorry to differ from such an authority as 
 Liebig, who broadly asserts that " car- 
 bon never combines, at common tem- 
 peratures, with oxygen, so as to form 
 carbonic acid." This was long since 
 shown to be otherwise by Count Rum- 
 ford, and may easily be demonstrated to 
 be incorrect, by confining a few ounces 
 of fresh and moistened charcoal-powder, 
 mixed with earth, in a glass receiver 
 full of oxygen, over lime-water : carbo- 
 nate of lime will form, showing the 
 gradual evolution of carbonic acid. For 
 
 draining, m^fis. of charcoal, about the 
 size of filberts and walnuts, are among 
 the best that can be employed. 
 
 Chard. See Artichoke. 
 
 Chardi'nia. (After Jean Chardin, 
 who wrote Voyage en Persie. Nat. ord., 
 CompositcB; Tribe, Cynaroidem.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds in open border in April. 
 C. xeranthemoi'des. 1. White. July. AsiaMinor. 
 Syn., Xeranthemwm orientale. 
 
 Chari'eis. (From eharieis, elegant ; 
 referring to the flowers. Nat. ord., 
 Compositce; Tribe, Asteroidew. Allied 
 to Aster.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds In the open ground in 
 April, or on a hotbed in March, and aiterwards 
 transplanted. 
 C. heterophj/tta. 1. Blue. June. S. Africa. 1819. 
 
 Syn., Ka/ulfussia ameUoides. B. M. t. 
 
 2177. There is a very dark blue variety 
 
 called atrocixrulea. 
 
 Chardoon. See Cardoon. 
 Charles's Sceptre. Pedicuia'ris 
 
 sce'ptrum caroWnum. 
 
 Charlock. Sina'pis arve'nsis. A 
 well-known weed. 
 
 Gharl-WOO'dia. New Holland 
 Dragon-tree. The species are now- 
 united to Cordyline. 
 
 Chasca'num. See Bouchea. 
 
 Cheese-rennet. Ga'lium ve'rum. 
 
 Cheila'nthes. (From cheilos, a Up, 
 and anthos, a flower ; in reference to the 
 form of the organs of fructification. 
 Nat. ordi., Filices — Polypodiacece. Allied 
 toAdiantum. Syn., Adiantopsis.) 
 
 A large genus of handsome stove and green- 
 house ferns. Division of the roots, just when 
 commencing to grow. Peat and loam, 
 
 HAKDY. 
 
 C. fro! grans o'dora. i. June. Switzerland. 1819. 
 Syn., C. odora. 
 
 — lanugirw'sa. i. July, N. America. Syns., 
 
 C. gracilis and C. vestita. 
 
 GEEENHODSE. 
 C. arge'ntea. Silvery. \. Siberia. 
 
 — cauda'ta. J. June. Australia. 1824. 
 
 — fra' grans. |. August. Madeira. 1778. 
 
 — hi'rta. J. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1806 
 
 — macrophi/tla. 1. August. W. Indies. 
 
 — mysure'nsis. Japan. 1862. 
 
 — pteroi'des. J. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1775. 
 
 — suave^olens. August, Madeira. 1778. A form 
 
 of p. fragrans. 
 
 STOVE. 
 C. alabamefnsis. J. United States. 
 
 — bra'chypus. i- Mexico. 
 
 — calif o'rnica. California. 1882. Syn., Hypole- 
 
 pis californica, 
 
 — chlarophy'Ua. Brazil. 
 
 — erenula'ta. 1. 1824. 
 
 — (yunea'ta. See Pellcea angustifolia. 
 
 — dicksonioi^des. 4. August. 
 —farino'sa. Yellow. Tropical Asia and Africa. 
 
 B. M. t. 4765. Syn., C. dealbata. 
 — ferrugi'nea. J. Brown. June. 1816. 
 — fra'gilis. Moulmeiu. 
 
CHE 
 
 [212] 
 
 CHE 
 
 C glau'ca. Chili. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. Fronds hair-scaly beneath. Chili. 
 
 1871. 
 
 — lendi'gei-a. } June. New Spain. 
 
 — microphy'lla. Tropical America. 
 
 — micro'rmra. Mexico. 
 
 — mier&pteris. J. September. 1838. 
 
 — muUi'Jida. 1. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 — Preiesia'na. 1. Swan River. 
 
 — profu'sa. i. September. 
 
 — pulvera'cea. Mexico. 
 
 — re'pens. 1. July. W. Indies. 1824. 
 
 — ru'fa. i. Reddish-brown. N. India. Hook. 
 
 Sp. Fil. t. 99a. 
 
 — rufefscms. J. September. 1838. 
 
 — Siebdri. 1. Australia. 
 
 — sinuo'sa. 1. August. W. Indies. 
 
 — specta'bilie. IJ. September. Brazil. 1829. 
 
 — tenui/o'lia. September, Ceylon, 
 
 — visco'sa, Mexico. 1841, 
 
 Cheimato'bia bruma'ta. Winter 
 or Evesham Moth. This is the cause of 
 more destruction to our fruit and other 
 
 HALE AND FEHALB. 
 
 trees than almost any other insect ; for 
 no weather is sufficiently severe to injure 
 either it or its eggs ; and the cater- 
 pillars, in the early spring, will feed 
 upon the opening buds and leaves of 
 almost every kind of tree. The females, 
 being without wings, may be prevented 
 ascending our standard fruit-trees by 
 smearing round their trunks a band of 
 any sticky substance, such as cart- 
 grease, which will not injure the bark. 
 Tar was formerly much used, but cannot 
 be recommended. The male moths begin 
 to fly about just after sunset during 
 November, and until the end of January, 
 Their upper wings, wiien opened, mea- 
 sure across about one inch and a quarter ; 
 but, during the day, they look much 
 smaller, for they fold them so as to form 
 a triangle, and have their feelers or 
 horns (antennae) turned back over them. 
 Those wings are pale grey, marked with 
 various darker- wavedlines. The under- 
 win"s are greyish-white, often having a 
 notched line crossing their centre. The 
 body, delicate and tapering, is yellowish- 
 grey. The female crawls to the top of 
 a tree, and deposits her very small, ova 
 eggs upon the blossom and leaf-buds, 
 as well as upon the shoots. She will 
 lay from 200 to 300 eggs. The cater- 
 pillars and the buds come to life alto- 
 
 gether. At first they are grey, and' 
 scarcely thicker than a horsehair ; but, 
 they cast their skins, and finally become 
 the gieen-looper, of a yellowish green 
 colour, shining, and with a blue line 
 down the back. On their sides are twa 
 yellowish- white lines. The apple-buds 
 are their favourite food ; but they de- 
 stroy, without difficulty, the leaves of 
 the hawthorn, lime, hazel, rose, elm, 
 willow, and hornbeam, — (" The Cottage. 
 Gardener," i. 53.) The caterpillar de- 
 scends into the earth, and becomes a. 
 chrysalis about the end of May. 
 
 Cheira'nthera. (From cheir, the: 
 hand, and antheros, flowers. Nat. ord.,, 
 Pittosporacew. ) 
 
 Greenhouse small shrub. For cultivation, see^ 
 
 PlTTOSPOEUM, 
 
 C. linea'ris. Blue. November. N. S. Wales.. 
 1822. Fl. Ser. t. 866. 
 
 Cheira'nthus. Wallflower. (From 
 cheir, the hand, and anthos, a flower ; in 
 reference to the custom of carrying the 
 wallflower in the hand for a nosegay. 
 Nat. ord., Cruciferos; Tribe, Arabi- 
 decB.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen under-shrubs, except, 
 where otherwise specified. Seeds and cuttings- 
 under a hand-light, in May or June, of parti- 
 cular varieties, and double-Sowering especially. 
 Most of the finer kinds will like the protectioii- 
 of a pit in winter, and may be employed for 
 early blooming in the ^eenhouse. When left 
 out of doors, a protection of a few evergreen, 
 boughs should be given them ; herbaceous kinds 
 by division. A light, rich, sandy soil suits them 
 best ; but even the tenderer species survive the. 
 winter on rockwork. 
 
 C. alpi'nus. i. Yellow. May. South Europe,. 
 1810. 
 
 — arho'nut. 3. Yellow. May. Egypt. 1827.. 
 
 — ca;^ta'tu8. Yellow. June. Columbia. 1826.. 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. 
 
 — Chei'ri. 2. Orange. May. South Europe. 
 
 1673. Common Wallflower. Eng. Bot.. 
 ed 3, 1. 106. 
 
 -ferrugi'neus. 
 
 Europe. 1573. 
 -Jlave^scens. 2. 
 
 Europe. 1573. 
 -Jlo're-ple'no. 2. 
 
 - grandijlo'rus. i 
 
 Europe. 1573. 
 
 - hiema'nthus. 2. Crimson. May. South. 
 
 Europe. 1673. 
 
 - hcema'nthus-variega'tus. 
 
 June. South Europe. 
 
 - Tna'ximus. 2. Yellow. 
 
 Europe. 1B73. 
 
 - pa'tulus, 2. Yellow. 
 
 Europe. 1573. 
 
 - purpu'reus, 2. Purple. 
 
 Europe. 
 
 -purpu'reus-variegaltus. 2. Purple. June> 
 South Europe. 
 
 ~. Bark brown. May. 
 Yellow. May. South 
 
 2. Brown. May. South 
 
 Yellow. May. South 
 
 Yellow. May. 
 
 I. Yellow, May. Soutb 
 
 2. Crimson. 
 May. South. 
 May. South- 
 June. South 
 
 - Bangui' Tieus. 2. 
 
 - serra'tu£. 2. 
 
 Euroiie. 1673. 
 
 - thyrsoi'des. 2. 
 
 Europe. 1573. 
 - 1 a'riit?. 2. Variegated, 
 Europe. 1673. 
 
 Blood. May. South. 
 
 May. South 
 
CHE 
 
 [213] 
 
 CHE 
 
 <?. Chei'ri fruticido'iMt. 1}. Yellow. May. 
 Britain. Hardy herbaceous perenniaK 
 
 — linifo'Uua. 2. Purple. April. Spain. 1815. 
 
 — Marsha'Uii. IJ. Orange. Spring. Supposed 
 
 hybrid. 
 
 — muta'bilis. 3. Yellow, purple. April. Madeira. 
 
 1777. B. M. t. 196. 
 longifo'lius. 3. White, purple. Sep- 
 tember. Madeira. 1815. 
 
 — scopa'-rius. 3. White, purple. June. Tene- 
 
 riffe. 1812. B. R. t. 219. 
 (xrugino'sus. 3. Eusty. June. Teue- 
 
 riffe. 1812. 
 chamc^leo. 3. Yellow, purple. June. 
 
 Teneriffe. 1812. Syn., 0. Cheiri, var. 
 
 chairmeleo. B. M. t. 219. 
 
 — semperfio'rens. 2. White. Barbary. 1815. 
 frute'scens. 2. White. May. Tene- 
 riffe. 1815. 
 
 — temtifo'lius. 2. Yellow. June. Madeira. 
 
 1777. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 
 C armemia'cus. B. M. t. 835. See Erysimum 
 ibericum. 
 
 — bi'color. See Erysimum. 
 
 — Chi'us. See Malcolmm Chia. 
 
 — coUi'mts. See Erysiinum collinum. 
 
 — detsu'mbens. See BrysimAvm. 
 
 — Farsf^tia. See Fa/rgetia oegyptiaca. 
 
 — fi'rmus. See Erysim/wm vwgatum. 
 
 — helve'ticus. See ErysvmuTrthelveticwtn. 
 
 — Meracifo'lius, See Erymrt/wm strictv/m. 
 
 — leptophy'Uus. See Erymmim leptophyllwm. 
 
 — lito'reus. See Malcolmia litorea. 
 
 — lyra'tus. See Malcolmia lyrata. 
 
 — mari'timus, B. M. t. 166. See Malcolmia 
 
 maritmia. 
 
 — ochroleu'cus. See Erysimum ochroleucwm. 
 
 — odorati! ssim/us^ Jacq. H. Schcenb. t. 479. See 
 
 Matthiola odoratissima, 
 
 — rhc^ticus. See Erysimum, rhceticum. 
 
 — strictus. See Heliophila scoparia. 
 
 ■ — strigo'sus. See Erytdmiwm strigosUTn. 
 
 — tri'stis, B. M. t. 729. See Matthiola. 
 
 — versif color. See Erysimv/m. 
 
 Cheiro'stemon. Hand -plant. 
 (From cheir, the hand, and stemon, a 
 :stamen ; in reference to the formation 
 of the stamens and style. They issue in 
 a central column, bearing five curved 
 anthers and a curved style in the middle, 
 liaving much resemblance to a hand 
 with long claws. Nat. ord., Malvacecs.) 
 
 Stove tree. Cuttings of rather firm shoots in 
 sandy peat, under a glass, and in bottom-heat. 
 Sandy loam and flbry peat. Summer temp. 60° 
 to 80" ; winter, 48° to 55°. 
 
 ■C. platanoi'des. 30. New Spain. 1820. B. M. 
 t. 5135. 
 
 Cheiro'stylis. (From cheir, the 
 hand, and iiylos, a column. Nat. ord., 
 ■OrchidacecB. ) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown in pots. See Orchids. 
 C grandiflo'ra. Pink, white. Belg. Hort. 1861, 
 t. 18, f . 4. 
 
 — marmora'ta. White, red ; leaves beautifully 
 
 veined. September. E. Indies. 
 
 — monta'na. Belg. Hort. 1861, t. 18. 
 
 — parm/o'lia. J. White. September. Ceylon. 
 Chelido'nium. Celandine. (From 
 
 ■chelidon, a swallow ; alluding to the 
 flowers opening on the arrival of that 
 bird, and to the plant drying up on its 
 ■departure. Nat. ord., Papaveracew.) 
 
 The yellow juice of the common Celandine (0. 
 ma' jus) is said to be a violent acrid poison, and 
 
 a popular remedy for warts. Hardy herbaceous 
 perennials. Division. Common garden-soil. 
 C. diphy'ttu/m. See Stylophorum diphyllvm. 
 
 — grandiflo'rum. 2. Yellow. May. Dahuria. 
 
 1820. Syn., 0. dahwricum. 
 
 — hy'hridum,. See Roemeria hytrida. 
 
 — ma' jus. 2. Yellow. May. ISurope. 
 fidre-pUno. 2. Yellow. September. 
 
 Gardens. 
 
 — • laamia'tum. Leaves much divided. 
 
 Chelo'ne. (From chelone, a tortoise ; 
 the back of the helmet of the flower 
 being fancifully compared to a tortoise. 
 Nat. ord., Scrophulariacew ; Tribe, Che- 
 loneoB. Allied to Pentstemon. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, except where 
 otherwise specified. Division of the roots, and 
 cuttings of the young shoots under ahand-glass, 
 in April or May ; also by seeds. Sandy loam, 
 and if a little peat and leaf-mould, all the 
 better. 
 C. angustifo'lia. See Pentstemon campanulatus. 
 
 — atropurpv!rea. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 235. See 
 
 Pentstemmi cam/pwniuXatus. 
 
 — 6or6a'to. B. E. t. 116. See Pentstemon 
 
 barbatus. 
 
 — cceru'lea. See PentsteTnon coeruleus. 
 
 — campanuloi'deSy Andr. Eep. t. 40. See Pent- 
 
 stem^m ca/mpanulatus. 
 
 — centranthif&lia. See Pentstem/)n centranthi- 
 
 folius. 
 
 — chmlanthifo'lia. 1. Orange-scarlet. Cali- 
 
 fornia. Pax. Mag. ii. 60. 
 
 — erista'ta. See Pentstemon eristatus. 
 
 — digita'lis. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 120. See Pent- 
 
 stemtm Icevigatus, var. digitalis. 
 
 — e'legans. See Pentstemon campanulatus. 
 
 — erianthe^ra. See Pentstemon eriantherus. 
 
 — gentianoi'des. See Pentstemon gentianoides. 
 
 — gla'bra. 4. White. August. N. Amer. 1730. 
 obli'qua. i. Purple. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1762. Syns., C. obliqua, B. E. 1. 175, and 
 C. purpurea. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. See Pentstemon pubescens. 
 
 — I/yo'ni. 4. Purple. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1812. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 293. Syn., C. 
 major. 
 
 — mexica'na. Scarlet. June. Mexico. 1842. 
 
 — neimardsa. 1. Purple. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1827. 
 
 — ro'sea. See Pentstemxm cam^a/nulatus. 
 
 — ruellioi'des. Andr, Kep. t. 34. See Pentstemon 
 
 barbatus. 
 
 — speeio'sa. 4. Pale red. August. N. Amer. 
 
 Cheno'lea. _ (From chen, a goose, 
 and leia, prey ; in reference to the plant 
 being eaten by those birds. Nat. ord., 
 ChenopodiacecE.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of half-ripe 
 shoots under a glass, in sandy loam. Summer 
 temp., 55° to 80° ; winter, 36° to 46°. 
 C. diffu'sa. 1. Green. August. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1768. 
 
 Chenopo'dium. (From chen, a 
 
 foose, and pous, a foot ; shape of leaves. 
 Tat. ord., Salsalacece.) 
 Hardy annual. See ANNUALS. Numerous 
 species of this genus are met with in botanical 
 gardens only, being of no value for decorative 
 purposes. ' 0. Bonus-Senricus is esteemed in 
 some countries as a substitute for Asparagus. 
 C purpura' scens. 3. Purplish red ; stem and 
 floral leaves purple. China. Jacq. 
 Vind. 3,t. 80. Syn., C. Atri'plieis. 
 
 Che'rmes Gall, 
 abietis. 
 
 See Adelges 
 
CHI 
 
 [214] 
 
 CHI 
 
 Che'rmes la'ricis is an Aphis, 
 ■which attacks the young hark and leaves 
 of the Larch, by laying its eggs at the 
 bases of the bundles of young leaves in 
 spring. The yellowish oval eggs are 
 furnished with a slender stalk. The 
 females of the first brood are of a dusky 
 violet colour, and destitute of wings, 
 while the subsequent ones are yellowish 
 with brown heads, and two pairs of wings, 
 the main vein of the anterior pair has 
 but two side veins. The Aphis has 
 been destroyed from young Larches by 
 watering them with dilute paraffin. 
 
 Che'rmes abie'tis is a synonym of 
 Adelges abietis, described and figured at 
 page 14 of this work. 
 
 Cherry. See Ce'rasus. 
 Cherry Laurel. The common 
 Laurel, Ce'rastis lau'ro-ee'rasus. 
 
 Cherry Pepper. Ca'psicum cera- 
 sifo'rme. 
 
 Cherry Plum.' Pru'nus cerasi'fera. 
 
 Chervil. Parsley-leaved. Anthri's- 
 ctis cerefo'liata. Fern-leaved Chervil, or 
 Sweet Cicely, Chcerophy'llum aroma'ti- 
 cum, for soups, salais, etc. They are 
 not often found in the Kitchen-garden. 
 
 Soil and sitiiation. — The soil for these 
 plants must be unshaded, light, with a 
 large portion of calcareous matter, and 
 well drained. 
 
 Sowing. — A principal sowing should 
 be made in August ; and from this sow- 
 ing seed should be saved the following 
 season. To continue the supply during 
 the summer months a spring sowing 
 should be made at the end of February, 
 and at the end of every three or four 
 weeks to the middle of July. Sow in 
 drills, eight inches apart, a quarter of an 
 inch deep, and thin the seedlings out to 
 six inches apart in the rows. 
 
 Chestnut. See Casta'nea. 
 
 Chevallie'ra Ve'itchii. See 
 .ffiehmea Veitehii. (Nat. ord., Bro- 
 meltacece.) 
 
 C. erocophy'lla. 2. Eose. Brazil. Bele. Hort. 
 
 1886, p. 81. 
 — giga'ntea. 9. Bose. Brazil. 1808. 
 
 Chicasaw Plum. Ce'rasus cM'- 
 casa. 
 
 Chicken Grape. Vi'tis cwdi- 
 fo'lia. 
 
 Chickling Vetch. La'thyrus sa- 
 ti'vus. 
 
 Chick Pea. C'i'cer arieWnum. 
 Chickweed. AUi'ne. 
 Chicory. Succory, or wild Endive 
 ( Cieho'rium i'ntybus. ) Cultivated for use 
 
 in salads, and for its roots, to roast for 
 use like coffee. 
 
 Soil and Situation. — Like Endive, for 
 the main crops it requires a rich, light 
 soil, and for tne earlier sowings a moister 
 one, in every instance having an open 
 situation allotted to it. 
 
 Sowing must be done annually ; for, 
 although it is a perennial, yet, after 
 having been cut from two or three times, 
 the leaves become bitter and worthless.. 
 Sow from the beginning of March, and at 
 intervals, to the end of June, or early 
 in July. Sow moderately thick, in the 
 same manner as Endive, the directions 
 for cultivating which are equally appli- 
 cable in every other particular. 
 
 Cultivation. — When the plants begin, 
 to cover the ground, thin to nine inches 
 apart; and those removed plant out. 
 at similar distances. If the leaves grow 
 very luxuriant, and shade the roots 
 much, they must be cut off within an 
 inch of the ground. Those grown from 
 sowings made previous to June, when of 
 nearly full growth (which they arrive at- 
 in about four months from the sowing; 
 of the seed), must have all their leaves 
 trimmed away, so as not to injure their 
 hearts, and then covered over thick with 
 sand, ashes, or long litter. By this 
 treatment, those fresh leaves which are 
 produced are blanched and crisp, losing- 
 their bitterness. Those from the sow- 
 ings of June and July must, a;t the end, 
 of September, or early in October, be 
 lifted, and planted very close, by the. 
 dibble, in pots or boxes, having their 
 leaves trimmed as before directed, and. 
 their roots shortened, previous to plant- 
 ing. Water must be given moderately 
 in dry weather, until they are estab- 
 lished ; and shelter, if frosts occur, by a^ 
 light covering of litter. When well 
 rooted, they may be removed into the-, 
 cellar, or other place, where the light 
 can be completely excluded from them,, 
 to blanch for use as -wanted, which-, 
 change -will be effected in six or seven 
 days. Succory will bear a temperature^ 
 of 60°, but thrives better in a rather 
 lower one. 
 
 If the roots are vigorous, they will 
 bear cutting two or tliree times, after- 
 which they are unproductive. 
 
 To obtain Seed, a few plants must be- 
 left in the open ground of the June sow- 
 ing. They bear the severity of winter 
 without protection, and shoot up in the. 
 spring, running to seed about May. 
 
 Chili Pepper. Ca'psicum. 
 
 Chilian Nut. Guevi'na avella'na. 
 
 Chilia'nthus. (From chilioi, thou- 
 
CHI 
 
 [215] 
 
 CHI 
 
 sand, and aden, a gland ; the leaves are 
 often beset with glands. Nat. ord., Lo- 
 ganiacecB ; Tribe, Euloganiece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. 
 C. arbo'reus. 6. White. August. South Africa. 
 1816. Syn., Buddleia saligna. 
 
 Chilo'dia. (From cheUos, a lip, and 
 odous, a tooth ; the lip of the flower being 
 toothed. Nat. ord., Labiates; Tribe, 
 Prostrantherem. Allied to Prostran- 
 thera. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings of young 
 shoots set firm in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat 
 and loam. Summer temp., 65° to 75° ; vrinter, 
 40° to 45°. 
 C. austra'lis. 3. Violet. July. N. Holland. 
 
 — scutellarioi'des, B. M. t. 3405. See Prostran- 
 
 thera empetrifolia. 
 
 Chilo'psiSi (From cheilos, a lip, 
 and qpsis, like ; referring to the irregular 
 lobes of the corolla. Nat. ord., Big- 
 noniacem ; Tribe, Tecomew. Allied to 
 Catalpa.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 bottom heat ; peat and flbry loam. Summer 
 temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 48° to 66°. 
 C. linea'ris. Rose. May. Mexico. 1825. Syn., 
 C. saligna. 
 
 Chima'phila. (From chdma, win- 
 ter, and phileo, to love ; these little 
 plants being green all winter. Nat. 
 ord., Ericacece ; Tribe, Pyrolece.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials ; divisions and 
 suckers ; peat and sandy soil. 
 C. nuwula'ta. i. Pink. June. N. Amer. 
 1752. Syn., Pyrola tnacvZata^ B. M. 
 t 897 
 
 — wmbelia'ta'. J. White. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1762. Syns., C. corymbosa and Pyrola 
 umtellata, B. M. t. 778. 
 
 Chimona'nthUS. (From cheima, 
 winter, and anthos, a flower ; referring 
 to the time of flowering. Nat. ord., 
 Calycardhacem. ) 
 
 Half-hardy deciduous shrubs ; layers made in 
 the beginning of autumn ; seeds sown in March, 
 in a gentle hotbed ; deep, rich, sandy loam ; re- 
 quires a wail in most places, but, from its scent, 
 should be admitted, during winter, to the green- 
 house. 
 C. fra'grwm. 6. Yellow, red. December. Japan. 
 
 1766. Syn., Calycanthus proecox, B. M. 
 
 t. 466. Japanese allspice. 
 grandiflo'rus. 8. Yellow. December. 
 
 China. B. R. t. 461. 
 parviflo'rus. 8. Pale yellow. December. 
 
 Japan. 1818. 
 
 China Aster. See Calliste- 
 phus. 
 
 Chinese Rose. Eibi'scus ro'sa-H- 
 ne'iisis. 
 
 Chioco'cca. Snowberry. (From 
 chion, snow, and kokos, a berry. Nat. 
 ord., Bubiaceoe; Tribe, Chiococcew. Al- 
 lied to Psychotria.) 
 
 The roots of C. angui'fuga and denaifo'lia are 
 
 said to be a certain cure for serpent-bites in 
 Brazil. Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in 
 sand, under a glass, m hotbed. Peat and loam. 
 Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 56°. 
 C. angui'fuga. 3. White. Leaves oval. July 
 
 Brazil. 1824. 
 laxijlo^ra. A climber. Leaves oblong. 
 
 — densiflo'ra, 3. White. Brazil. 
 
 — racemo'sa. 6. White. February. Jamaica. 
 
 1729. Andr. Rep. t. 284. 
 
 Chiona'nthus. Fringe-tree From 
 chion, snow, and anthos, a flower. Nat. 
 ord., OleacecB.) 
 
 Fine hardy shrubs for peat-bogs, in a sheltered 
 situation. Seeds imported, sown in spring ; 
 layers made in summer ; and grafting on the 
 common ash. Deep, moist, sandy loam. The 
 East Indian species requires the heat of a stove. 
 C. axilUiris. 7. White. June. Queensland. 
 1810. 
 
 — retu'sa. 6. White. May. China. 1862. Pax. 
 
 Fl. Gard. iii. p. 85, f. 273. 
 
 — virgilnica. 30. White. June. N. Amer. 1736. 
 angustifdlia. 30. White. June. N. 
 
 Amer. Wats. Dendr. 1. 1. 
 
 latifo'lia. 30. White. June. Carolina 
 
 marltvma. 10. White. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1736. 
 
 Chionodo'xa. (From chion, snow, 
 and doxa, glory ; the species flower 
 among the melting snows of their native 
 habitat. Nat. ord., Liliacece. Allied 
 to Scilla.) 
 
 Hardy early spring-flowering bulbs. Readily 
 increased by offsets. C. LudhoR is an extremely 
 pretty and effective plant. Common soil. 
 C. cre'tica. J. White, pale blue. Spring. Moun- 
 tains of Crete. 
 
 grandyfio'ra. J. Blue. Spring. Asia 
 
 Minor. 
 
 Tmolu'sii. J. Pale blue. Spring. Asia 
 
 Minor. 
 
 — Luei'lioe. i. Blue. Spring. Anatolia. 1877. 
 
 Garden, 1885, p. 239. Syn., C. Forbesii. 
 B. M. t. 6433. 
 
 — na'na. J. White, lilac. Crete. 1880. B. M. 
 
 t. 6453. 
 
 — 8arde'7isis. Dark blue with a white eye. 1885. 
 
 Gfl. 1. 1255, f. b-c. 
 
 Chionogra'phis. (From chion, 
 snow, and graphis, a pencil ; flower 
 spike like a brush of snow. Nat. ord., 
 Liliacece ; Tribe, Nartheciem. ) 
 
 A pretty herbaceous perennial ; hardy, but 
 should be protected by a frame in winter. Seeds 
 divisions of the roots. Loam and peat. 
 C. iav&nica. J to 1. White. Spring. Japan. 
 1880. B. M. t. 6510. 
 
 Chiono'phila. (From chion, snow, 
 and phileo, to love ; referring to the 
 Alpine habitat of this plant. Nat. ord., 
 ScrophulariacecE. 
 
 Hardy Alpine perennial. 
 C. JamidHi. J. Cream. Colorado. 1888. G. and 
 F. 1888, i., p. 79, f. 16. 
 
 Chiri'ta. (From cheryta, the Hindo- 
 stanee for the Gentian -plant. Nat. ord., 
 GesneracecB. Allied to Streptocarpus. ) 
 
 Stove evergreens, except C. sine'nsis. Seeds 
 sown in a hotbed, in spring, and cuttings in 
 March and April, in sandy peat, under a bell- 
 
CHI 
 
 [216] 
 
 CHL 
 
 flass. Peat and loam. Summer temp., 55° to 
 0° ; winter, 40° to 45°. 
 
 C. Horsfie'ldU. ij. White, purple. September. 
 Java. 1845. Syn., LieMgia speciosa, 
 B. M. t. 4315. 
 
 — lilad'na. Pale blue, white, yellow. Chiriqui. 
 
 1870. m. Hort. t. 608. 
 
 — Moo'nU. 2. Pale purple. July. Ceylon. 
 
 1847. B. M. t. 4405. 
 
 — sine^nsis. i. LUac. July. China. 1843. 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. B. E. 1844, 
 t. S9. 
 
 — Walke^rioB. Ik Pale yellow. Ceylon. 1845. 
 
 B. M. t. 4327. 
 
 — zeyla'niea. 1^. Purple. June. Ceylon. 1846. 
 
 B. M. t. 4182. 
 
 Chiro'nia. (A classical name, after 
 Chiron, one of the centaurs, fabled to be 
 the father of medicine. Nat. ord., 
 Gentianece. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good 
 Hope. Cuttings m sandy peat, under a bell- 
 glass. Peat, three parts ; loam, one part ; aU 
 fibry, with a little sand and charcoal, and good 
 dramage. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. 
 C. anguati/o'lia. B. M. t. 818. See Orphium 
 frutescens. 
 
 — bami'fera. 2. Yellow. June. 1759. B. M. 
 
 t. 233. 
 
 — decusm'ta. B. M. t. 707. See Orphium 
 
 frutescens. 
 
 — floHbu'nda,. 1. Eose. May. 1842. 
 —frute'scens. IJ. Eed. July. 1768. 
 
 — — alWflo'ra. 1}. White. July. 1756. 
 
 — glutvno'sa. 3. Eed, lilac. 1844. 
 
 — graldlis. See Sabbatia gracilis. 
 
 — jasminoi'des. 2. Purple. May. 1812. 
 
 — linoi'des. 2. Eed. August. 1787. B. M. 
 
 t. 511. 
 
 — lychnoi'des. 2. Purple. May. 1816. 
 
 — nudicau'lis. 1. Purple. July. 1816. 
 
 — peduncula'rie. 3i. Purple. July. 1830. 
 
 B. E. 1. 1803. 
 
 — serpyllif&lia. 1. Yellow. August. 1829. 
 
 — tetrcMo'na. 1. Yellow. July. 1824. 
 
 — trinervis. See Bxa&um zeylanvmm. 
 
 Chito'nia. (From chiton, a coat of 
 mail ; the seeds, when dry, having a 
 rough or scabrous exterior. Nat. ord., 
 Zygophyllece. ) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings in sand, in heat, 
 irt April. Peat and loam. Summer temp., 60' 
 to 80" ; winter, 45° to 65°. 
 C. a'lbicans. See Miconia alMcans. 
 
 — Fothergi'Ua. See Miconia Fothergilla. 
 
 — macrophy'lla. See Miconia nmerophylla. 
 
 — measco'no. Eed-purple. Mexico. This is 
 
 the only species now retained in this 
 genus. 
 
 — pyramida'lis. See Miconia pyramidalis. 
 
 — Tamo'nia. See Miconia SwaHziana. 
 
 Chive or Give (A'lliwm schmno- 
 pra'sum) is used as a very superior substi- 
 tute for young onions in spring salading. 
 A single row, a few yards long, will sup- 
 ply a family. 
 
 A light, rich soil is most suitable. 
 
 Slant together eight or ten of the off- 
 sets of the bulbs, in March or April, in 
 rows ten inches apart, and as many from 
 patch to patch. By autumn they mul- 
 tiply into large-sized bunches, and, if 
 required, naay oe taken up as soon as the 
 leaves decay, and be stored as a substi- 
 
 tute for the onion. The leaves, which 
 are fit for use as long as they remain 
 green, must, when required, be cut down 
 close to the ground, when they will 
 speedily be succeeded by others. 
 
 Chlida'nthus. (From cUdeios, deli- 
 cate, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., 
 Amaryllidece. Sometimes erroneously 
 spelt Clidanthus. Allied to Clinan- 
 thus. ) 
 
 A half-hardy bulb, with sweet-scented flowers. 
 It requires fertile loam in a warm border, and to 
 be taken up on the approach of frost, and kept 
 dry, in a pot of sand, till April, when its nume- 
 rous offsets should be removed, to enable the 
 bulb to flower well. Offsets ; sandy peat and 
 flbry loam. 
 
 C.fra'gran$. 1. Yellow. June. Buenos Ayres. 
 1820. B. E. t. 640. 
 
 Chloa'nthes. (From cAfoa, greenish- 
 yellow, and anthos, a flower ; in reference 
 to its greenish flowers. Nat. ord. , Ver- 
 benacece ; Tribe, Cloanthece. Allied to 
 Lantana. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from Australia. Cut- 
 tings of young shoots in sandy soil, under a 
 glass ; flbry loam, and turfy, sandy peat. Winter 
 temp., 40° to 46°. 
 
 Green, yeUow. July. New 
 1824. 
 2. Green, yellow. July. 
 
 July. New 
 
 C. gUmdMlo'sa. 2. 
 S. Wales. 
 
 — rostnarinifo'lia. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — stoElchadis. 2. 
 
 S. Wales. 
 
 Green, yellow. 
 1822. 
 
 Chlo'ra. Yellowwort. (From chJo- 
 ros, greenish-yellow. The flowers of C. 
 perfolia'ta, a British plant, are yellow, 
 and turn green when dried. Nat. ord., 
 Gentianece.) 
 
 The leaves of these plants are a good substi- 
 tute for gentian. Hardy annuals. Seeds sown 
 in April m the open border. 
 C. grandiflo'ra. Yellow. N. Africa. 1866. 
 
 — imperfolia'ta. Yellow. June. Italy. 1823. 
 
 Syn., C. dubia. 
 
 — perfolia'ta. Yellow. June. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 913. Syn., Blackstonia per- 
 foliata. 
 
 sessilifo'lia. 1. Yellow. November. South 
 
 of Europe. 1832. Syn., C. serotina. 
 
 Chloride of Lime, or Bleaching 
 Powder, is composed of chlorine, 36 -23, 
 lime, 3677. Exposed to the air, it is 
 converted into chalk and muriate of lime, 
 a salt which abisorbs moisture from the 
 air very powerfully. By this conversion 
 it becomes a useful addition to soils ; 
 and, as it also gives out some chlorine 
 gas, so offensive and destructive to in- 
 sects, it has been suggested as a useful 
 application to the land at the time of 
 ttxrnip-sowing. It is also useful as a 
 disinfecter, and for sprinkling about 
 stable-floors, to fix the ammoniacal 
 fumes. 
 
 Chlo'ris. (From Moris, green. 
 Nat. ord., Graminece.) 
 Greenhouse, or hardy annuals. Seeds in May. 
 
CHL 
 
 [217] 
 
 CHO 
 
 C. barba'ta. 1. Summer. India. 1777. 
 
 — e'legans. 1. Mexico. 
 
 — radia'ta. J. W. Indies. Summer. 1739. 
 
 Chloroco'don. (From eUoros, 
 .green, and kodon, a bell ; on account of 
 its green somewhat bell-shaped flowers. 
 Nat. ord., Asdepiadacece .) 
 
 Stove climber. Tlie root is aromatic and is 
 used by the Caffres as a stomachic ; it is sold by 
 them under the name of Muudi, or Mindi. Im- 
 ported roots ; cuttings of the ripened shoots 
 might perhaps strike in sand, under a hand-glass 
 and in Dottom-heat. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; 
 -winter, 58° to 65°. 
 
 C. Whi'tei. Green, purple. Natal. 1869. B. M. 
 t. 5898. 
 
 Chloro'galum. (From chloros, 
 green, and gala, milk ; referring to their 
 green juice. Nat. ord.,Z»7iace(E; Tribe, 
 Asphodelece. Allied to Ornithogalum. ) 
 Hardy bulb. For cultivation, see Ornithoga- 
 lum. 
 
 C divarica'twm. White, striped green. Jnljr. 
 California. Syn; , Ornithogalum divari- 
 catum, B. R. 1842, t. 28. Straggling Star 
 of Bethlehem. 
 
 — LeichUi'nii. See Camassia esculenta, var. 
 
 Leichtlinii. 
 
 — pomeridia'num, 2. White. June. California. 
 
 1819. Syns., Anthericwm pomeridia- 
 num. B. B. t. 564, and Phalamgiwm 
 pomeridimium. The Califomian Soap 
 plant, so called, from the saponaceous 
 matter contained in the bulb. 
 
 Cllloro'pliora. (From chloros, 
 green, ajiA phoreo, to bear. Nat. ord., 
 llrticacecB ; Tribe, Morem.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of ripe wood. 
 €. tincto'ria. 20. West Indies. 1739. Syn., 
 Maclv/ra tinctoria. 
 
 Plumie'ri. 20. West Indies. 1804. Syn., 
 
 Madura Plum,ieri. 
 
 Chlorophy'tum. (From chloros, 
 
 f-een, and phyton, a plant. Nat. ord. , 
 iliacew ; Tribe, Asphodelece. Allied to 
 Anthericum.) 
 
 Greenhouse or stove evergreen perennials, of 
 «asy cultivation. Seeds, suckers, or divisions of 
 the plant in spring. Rich sandy loam. Summer 
 temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55 to 60°. 
 C. arundifut'cewm. White. Himalayas. 1876. 
 
 — Bmiike'ri. 1. White. N.E. of Cape Colony. 
 
 Bef. Bot. t. 352. 
 
 — ela'twm. 1. White. S. Africa. Ref. Bot. 
 
 t. 216. Syns., Anthericum elatum, and 
 
 Phalangium elatum. 
 
 arge'nteo-linea're. 1876. 
 
 variega'tum. White. Syn., Anthericmm 
 
 variegatuim^ Flor. Mag. n. s. t. 152. 
 
 — inornaHum. Greenish. Sierra Leone. B. M. 
 
 t. 1071. 
 
 — Ki'rMi. 2. White, greenish outside. E. 
 
 Tropical Africa. 1882. 
 
 — la'xmn. J. Whitish. Guinea. 1573. Syn., 
 
 C.falcatum, Bef. Bot. t. 333. 
 
 — orehida' strum. Tropical Africa. B. B. t. 813. 
 
 — polyrhi'zon. White. Zanzibar. 1878. 
 
 — rhizmnato'sum. 1. TVhite, with green lines 
 
 on the back. Zanzibar. 1884. 
 
 Chlorospa'tha. (From chloros, 
 green, and spathe, a spathe; green 
 
 fiathe. Nat. ord., Aracece. Allied to 
 anthosoma.) 
 
 Stove tuberous perennial. Seeds, divisions of 
 the tuber a,nd offsets. Loam and peat, about 
 naif and half. Moist atmosphere— when grow- 
 ing give plenty of water ; it requires a penod of 
 rest, but should not be allowed to go dust-dry 
 
 Green. S. America. 1878. Gfl. 
 
 C. Eo'lbii. 
 t. i 
 
 Chlorosple'nium CBrugino'sum. 
 A fungus which stains the wood of Mag- 
 nolias a verdigris green. 
 
 Chloro'xylon. (From chloros, 
 greenish-yellow, and xylon, wood. Nat. 
 ord., Meliacem ; Tribe, Cedrelece. The 
 Satin-wood is from the trunk, and the 
 wood -oil of India is from the leaves of 
 C Swiete'nia. 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots 
 in sand, under a glass, and in heat ; loam and 
 peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80° : winter, 50° to 
 65°. 
 
 C. Swiete'nia. 60. White. B. Ind. 1820. Wight 
 111. t. 666. 
 
 Chocolate Nut. Theobro'ma. 
 
 Choene'stes lanceola'ta. B. M. 
 t. 4338. See lochroma lanceolata. 
 
 Choi'sya. (Named after ilf. Choisy, 
 a botanist of Geneva. Nat. ord., Rnta- 
 cece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, hardy in the South of 
 England. Cultivated like Chloroxylon. 
 C. grancbiflo'ra. White. Mexico. Gfl. t. 876. 
 
 — tema'ta. 6. White. July. Mexico. 1825. 
 
 Chomelia. (Named after Dr. 
 Chomel, physician to Louis XV. Nat. 
 ord., RubiacecB ; Tribe, Guettardece. 
 Allied to Ixora.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, cultivated like Chlo- 
 roxylon. 
 C. fascicula'ta. 5. White. W. Ind. 1825. 
 
 — spimo'sa. 12. White. W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 Chondrorhy'ncha. (From chon- 
 
 dros, cartilage, and rhynchos, a beak ; in 
 allusion to the beak-like rostellum. Nat. 
 ord., Orchidem; Tribe, Vandece-Cyrto- 
 podiece. ) 
 
 Stove epiphyte. For cultivation, see Lycastb, 
 to which it is allied. 
 C. Chesterto'ni. Yellow. Columbia. 1879. 
 
 — fimiria'ta. Pale sulphur, with brown spots 
 
 at the base of the column and lip. New 
 Grenada. 1868. Bef. Bot. 1. 107. Syn., 
 Stenia finibriata. 
 
 — Lendya'na. Pale yellow. G. C. vol. 26, p. 103. 
 
 Chonemo'rpha. (From chone, a 
 funnel, and morpha, form ; the flowers 
 being funnel -form. Nat. ord. , Apocyna- 
 cem ; Tribe, Echitidem. Allied to Rhyn- 
 cospermum. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of rather 
 firm young shoots in sand, under a glass, and in 
 heat; peatandloam. Summer temp., 60° to 85' ; 
 winter, 55° to 60°. 
 C. pute'scens. White. May. E. Ind. 1822. 
 
 Chore'tis. See Hymenocallis. 
 Chori'spora. (From choris, sepa- 
 
CHO 
 
 [218] 
 
 CHR 
 
 rate, and spora, a seed ; the seeds being 
 divided from eacli other in the pods. 
 Nat. ord., Oniciferm; Tribe, Baphanem. 
 Allied to Cakile. ) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Only one worth notice. 
 Seeds, sown at the end of March ; common soil. 
 C. Grei'gi. IJ. Purple. Turkestan. 1879. 
 — tene'Ua. i. Purple. June. W. Himalayas. 
 
 1780. 
 arena' ta. i. Purple. June. Siberia. 
 
 Choroze'ma. (From choros, adance, 
 and zema, a drink. The party who dis- 
 covered the first of these beautiful flowers, 
 in New Holland, danced for joy at find- 
 ing fresh water in its neighbourhood. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminosm ; Tribe, Poda- 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from Australia. Seeds 
 sown in a slig;ht hotbed, in March, give the best 
 plants ; cuttmgs of firm, short side-shoots may 
 be taken off any time before midsummer, and 
 inserted in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat, three 
 parts ; fibry loam, one part ; sand and charcoal, 
 one-half part each. 
 
 C, angustifo'liuTn. Yellow, red. March. W. 
 Australia. 1830. 
 
 — corda'tum. 2. Red. April. W. Australia. 
 
 Maund Bot. t. 89. Syns., C. flavum and 
 C. superbum. There is also a variety 
 sple^ndeTiSt 1883. 
 
 — Dicks&nii. 3. Scarlet, yellow. July. 1836. 
 
 — diversifo'lium. 2. Orange, red. March. 1840. 
 
 Syn., C. speetabile, B. K. 1841, t. 45. 
 
 — Henchma'nni. 2. Scarlet. May. W. Aus- 
 
 tralia. 1824. B. M. t. 3607. 
 
 — Huge'lii. 2. Blue. May. 
 
 — ilin/o'lium. 2. Yellow, red. August. W. 
 
 Australia. 1803. Syns. C nana, C. 
 tnangidarc, and Pultancea nana, Audr. 
 Rep. t. 484. 
 
 — Lawrencia'mtm, 3. Orange. Spring. 1845. 
 
 — tnacroph^llum. Red. April. 
 
 — Tnucronaltum. 3. Deep orange. Spring. 
 
 1845. 
 
 — n&mo'swm. W. Australia. 1852 
 
 — platyloMoi'des. See Mirabelia grandijlora. 
 
 — rho'mbeum. 2. Yellow. May. W. Australia. 
 
 1803. Syn., C. ovatum, B. R. t. 1528. 
 
 — rotundifo'Uum. 1881. 
 
 — sca'ndens. See Oxylobium scandens. 
 
 — spartioi'des. B. C. t. 1953. See Isotropis 
 
 striata. 
 
 — specta'bUe. See C diversifolmm. 
 
 — va'rium. 4. Orange, red. March. W. Aus- 
 
 tralia. 1830. B. R. 1839, t. 49. 
 ffrandiflo'rum. 3. Orange. Spring. 1844. 
 
 Christmas Rose. Hellebo'rus ni'- 
 ger. 
 Christ's Thorn. Paliu'rus. 
 
 Chrysa'nthemuni. (From cAryw«, 
 gold, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., 
 CompositcB; Tribe, Anthemidece. See 
 also Pyrethrum.) 
 
 Hardy plants.' Annuals by seed sown in the 
 border, in April, or in a slight hotbed, at the end 
 of March, and transplanted ; perennial herba- 
 ceous species by seed and division of roots, 
 in autumn or spring; the garden-varieties of 
 sine'njie by_ divisions and cuttmgs, in March and 
 April, giving them light, rich soil ; and to do 
 these full justice, planting them against a wall, 
 or blooming them under glass, giving plenty of 
 manure-water after the bloom-buds appear. The 
 shrubby kinds are increased by cuttings and 
 
 divisions, and require a little aid in winter, in £k 
 frame, cold pit, or cool greenhouse. 
 
 C. absinthiifo'liwm. 1. White. Siberia. 1824. 
 
 — Achi'llea. 1. White. July. Italy. 1775. 
 
 — ano'malum. 1. 'White. June. Spain. 1811. 
 
 — a'reticum. J. White. July. Kamtschatka, 
 
 1801. Gfl. t. 785. 
 
 — arge'nteum. 1. White. July. Levant. 
 
 1731. 
 
 — atra'tum. 1. 
 loba'tum. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — Broussone'tii, 
 
 Islands. 
 sonetii. 
 
 — ca/riTUx!tum. 
 
 Barbary. 
 
 White. July. Austria. 1731. 
 }. White. July. Switzerland. 
 
 May. Canary 
 Ismelia Brous- 
 
 3. YeUow. 
 
 1858. Syn., 
 B. M. t. 5067. 
 2. White, purple. Augusts 
 
 1796. Syns., C. tricolor and 
 
 Ismelia carinata. Annual. 
 
 — catana'nche. J. Pale yellow, blood-red. 
 
 Arail. Greater Atlas. 1874. 
 
 — ce'res. Flesh-coloured. February. Hybrid. 
 
 1884. 
 
 — cUn&rana^f^liwm, Dalmatia. B. M. t. 6781. - 
 
 — mocXnewm. Pink, yellow. September. Cau- 
 
 casus. Perennial. B. M. 1. 1080. 
 
 — coranalrium. 4. Yellow. August. Sicily. 
 
 1629. Annual. 
 
 — corymbo'sum-. 1883. 
 
 — Cullingftirdii. G. C. 1884, vol. 22, p. 751. 
 
 — daueifo'lium. 1. White. July. 1820. 
 
 — Decaisnea'nwm. IJ. Pale yellow. Japan. 
 
 Syn., Pyrethrum Decai&neanum. 
 
 — denticula'tum. Yellow. Summer. Syn., Chry' 
 
 socoma denticulata. Jacq. H. SchOenb. 
 t. 368. 
 
 — gramini/o'lium,. 1. White. June. Mont- 
 
 pelier. 1739. 
 
 — Hebe. Rosy-lilac. July. 1884. 
 
 — heterqphy'Uum. 1. White. July. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1806. 
 
 — i'ndicum. 2. Yellow. September. China. 
 
 B. M. tt. 327, 2042. 
 
 — ita'licum. 2. Pale yellow. June. Italy. 
 
 1796. 
 
 — lanceola'tum. J. White. June. Hungary. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — leuca'nthemv/m. 2. White. June. Britain- 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 714. 
 
 — marginatum. Dark j[ellow. Japan. Syn.^ 
 
 Pyrethrum marginatum. 
 
 — Ua'wii. White. Greater Atlas. 1872. 
 
 — mexica'num. 1. White. August. Mexico. 
 
 1825. 
 
 — mmitpelielnse. 1. White. July. Montpelier. 
 
 1739. 
 
 — manta'num, 
 
 1769. 
 
 — Myco'nis. 1. Yellow. July. Italy. 1775. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 — TtiuHicau'le. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 — paludo'sum. 
 
 1810. 
 
 — perpusi'llum. 
 
 1825. 
 
 — pinnati'Jidum. 3. White. July. Madeira, 
 
 1777. Syn., Ismelia maderensis, Swt. Fl. 
 Gard. t. 842. 
 
 — pu'milum. i. White. August. 1806. 
 
 — radi'cans, 1. White. July. Spain. 1818. 
 
 — rotundifi/lium. IL White. June. Hungary. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — rutheni'acum. J. Pink. June. Russia. 
 
 1827. 
 
 — se'getum. U. Yellow. July. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 713. Annual. 
 
 — Sibtho'rpii. See C. mscosum. 
 
 — 8in«'n«e. 3. Variegated. October. China. 
 1764. B. M. t. 2556. 
 
 2. White. June. France. 
 
 1. Bright yellow. Algeria. 
 
 IJ. White. June. Barbary. 
 
 1. White. June. France. 
 
 — specw'simi. 1882. 
 
 — liylve'stre. 2. White. June. 1804. 
 
 — tanacet^f&lium. 1. White. Asia Minor. 
 
 181S 
 
CHR 
 
 [219] 
 
 CHR 
 
 C. Tehihatche'wii. White. Central Asia. 1869 
 
 — tricolor. Andr. Eep. 1. 109. See C. carinatum. 
 
 — triparti'tum. 3. Yellow. October. E. Ind 
 
 1800. Swt. Fl. Gard. 1. 193. 
 
 — uligiTw'mm. IJ. White. August. Hungary. 
 
 1816. Syn., Pyrethrum uUginoswm. 
 
 — visco'sum. IJ. Yellow. S. Europe. Syn., 
 
 C. Sibthorpii, 
 
 Chrysanthemum as a Florist's 
 Flower. — This is the C. sine'nse and its 
 varieties. 
 
 _ Projaagation by Cuttings. — The best 
 time is the first week in February. 
 Take off the young shoots three inches 
 long, and, with a sharp knife, cutoff the 
 lower leaves ; insert the cuttings round 
 the edge of a five-inch pot, numbering 
 each kind as they are put in, to prevent 
 mistakes. Use a light, sandy loam, 
 with a thin layer of pure sand on the 
 surface. Give a gentle watering, to 
 settle the earth closely to the cuttings. 
 Place them upon a heated surface of 
 either coal-ashes or river-sand. Cover 
 them with a hand-glass, and they will 
 soon emit roots. When rooted, pot 
 them immediately into small pots, and 
 replace them under the hand-glasses. 
 As soon as the roots reach the sides of 
 the pots, re-pot them immediately. 
 Cramping the roots in small pots is very 
 injurious. Then place them either on a 
 shelf near the glass of a good greenhouse, 
 or, which is better, place them in a cold 
 frame, well protected from frost and 
 damp. 
 
 By Layers. — To procure very dwarf 
 plants, as soon as the frosts are fairly 
 passed for the season, plant out in the 
 open air a few old plants in a row, in an 
 open situation. Peg down some of the 
 branches, and, as soon as the flower- 
 buds appear, plunge as many small pots 
 round the plants, filled with light, rich 
 earth, as may be required ; j)lace a 
 branch into each pot, and give it a 
 gentle twist; put a short, hooked peg 
 into each pot, catching the branch with 
 the hook ; then cover it with half an 
 inch of soil, and in a month it will be 
 rooted. Then cut it off from the parent 
 plant, take up the pots, and keep them 
 in the shade till fairly established. They 
 may then have another and final potting, 
 and will be neat dwarf plants to place in 
 front of the taller ones. 
 
 By Seeds. — The seed must be saved as 
 soon as it is ripe, and only from such as 
 are of a fine shape, and brirfit, clear 
 colour. Sow the seeds in February, 
 very slightly covered with soil, finely 
 sifted, in shallow, wide pots. Place 
 them in a gentle heat, giving very gentle 
 waterings, when dry, with a fine-rosed 
 watering-pot. As soon as the seedlings 
 
 have two or three leaves each, trans- 
 plant them singly into small pots, keep- 
 mg them in a temperature of 55° to 60° j 
 re-pot when required. Some of therti 
 may flower, if well grown, the same 
 season. Treat them exactly like the 
 old varieties, and they wUl all flower 
 the second year. 
 
 Soil. — As these plants are gross feeders, 
 they require a very rich compost. Half 
 light loam, half decayed dung, with a. 
 fourth of peat added, will grow them 
 strong, and flower them well. 
 
 Summer Culture commences in April. 
 Such as are intended to bloom in pots, 
 should now have large shifts out of their 
 small pots into three sizes larger. For 
 cuttings struck the same season, the 
 blooming-pots should be at least nine 
 inches diameter, but for plants a year 
 older, they should be twelve inches. At. 
 every potting stop all the shoots, to 
 cause them to branch early, and form 
 dwarf, compact bushes. S^ve up stop- 
 ping at the last shift, which should not 
 be done later than the middle of June. 
 Tie the branches out, so as to give as 
 much room and air to each as possible, 
 consistent with forming a handsome 
 plant. Thin the buds of such as are in- 
 tended for exhibition, to cause large 
 flowers. During the whole season of 
 growth give abundance of water. Every 
 week give them one watering with liquid 
 manure. Never allow them tofla^fronk^ 
 the first re-potting up to the finishing 
 bloom. Water them over head, in hot. 
 weather, at least twice a day. The 
 proper situation to place them at this 
 season (from May till they bloom), is on 
 a bed of ashes or gravel, in an open 
 situation. As soon as the buds begin to- 
 open, remove them into the greenhouse,, 
 giving them as much space as possible, 
 or the lower leaves will drop off. Con- 
 tinue an abundant supply of water till 
 the blooming season is over. 
 
 Winter vulture. — When the flowers, 
 are all decayed, cut down the bjooming^ 
 shoots, and place the pots in a cool pit» 
 giving only just water enough to keep 
 the plants alive during the winter ; and, 
 as they are nearly hardy^ they do not 
 require much protection : a mat or two 
 thrown over the glass in very severe 
 frost will be quite sufficient. 
 
 These old plants are the best to plant 
 out in the open border. In the southern 
 counties Chrysanthemums bloom very 
 finely, either in the open borders or 
 against a wall or low paling, and, during 
 the months of October and November, 
 make a fine display. 
 
 Insects. — The green fly is the most 
 
CHR 
 
 [220] 
 
 CHR 
 
 troublesome, and, where it is allowed to 
 prevail greatly, wUl quite destroy the 
 bloom. It is easily destroyed, in the 
 open air, by dipping the ends of the 
 shoots in tobacco-water, and, in the 
 greenhouse, by filling it completely with 
 the smoke of tobacco. 
 
 Antho'coris (Limex) minu'tus attacks 
 the flower-buds. Its body is blackish, 
 and has a conspicuous black triangular 
 patch in the middle of each wing-cover. 
 (G. C. 1881, vol. xvi., p. 537.) 
 
 Antho'coris ( Limex ) ne'morum is 
 .shining black, with pale yellowish wing- 
 ■covers, spotted with black. 
 
 Phyto'coris canvpe' stris also attacks 
 the flower-buds, and prevents them 
 from expanding properly. The body is 
 ■oval and rather depressed, that of the 
 male is blackish, with a tinge of red or 
 .green ; that of the female greenish buff. 
 
 Diseases. — These are such robust, 
 hardy plants that they are seldom trou- 
 bled with any diseases. The only one 
 that is dangerous is mitdem — Oi'dium 
 Chrysa'nthemi — on the leaves, produced 
 by a damp, cold atmosphere before they 
 ■are brought into the greenhouse. The 
 only remedy is dusting the parts where 
 it appears with flowers of sulphur. 
 Brown's fumigator is an excellent one 
 "to apply the sulphur with. 
 
 Chryse'is. See Eschscholtzia. 
 
 ■C. cro'cea, B. M. t. 1948. See Eschscholtzia 
 californiea. 
 
 Chrysba'etron. See Bulbinella. 
 
 Chrysiphi'ala. See Stenomes- 
 son. 
 
 Chrysiphia'la latifo'lia. See 
 Urceolina latifolia. 
 
 Chrysoba'lanus. Cocoa Plum. 
 (From chrysos, gold, and balanos, an 
 acorn ; in reference to the colour of the 
 drupes, or berries. Nat. ord., Bosacece ; 
 Tribe, Chrysobalanem.) 
 
 Layers ; also cuttii^s of half -ripened shoots in 
 ;sanil, under glass. Loam and peat. Common 
 greenhouse and cool stove treatment. 
 C. Ica'co. 16. WTiite. W. Ind. 1752. Stove 
 
 ever^een. G. C. 1871, p. 586. 
 — oUongifo'lius. 3. White. May. Georgia. 
 , 1812. Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 Chrysoco'ma. Goldy-locks. (From 
 chrysos, gold, and koTne, hair ; in re- 
 ference to the yellow florets. Nat. ord., 
 Compositce ; Tribe, Asteracece. Allied 
 to Conyza.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous species by divisions, in 
 March. Common soil. Greenhouse species by 
 -cuttings of half ripe shoots in April, under a 
 .glass, in sand. Loam and a little peat. AVinter 
 temp. 36° to 46°. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 C biflo'ra. See Aster acris. 
 
 C. ctracvMcuJoi'des. See Aster aeris. 
 
 — lAnosy'ris, See Aster Linosyris. 
 
 — tmda'ta. See Sigelovia nudata. 
 
 — villo'sa. See Linosyris villosa. 
 
 — virga'ta. See Bigelovia virgata, 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 C. ce'rnua. 4. White. July. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1712. This and C. patmla are 
 probably forms of C. comu-aurea. 
 
 — cilia'ta. 4. White. August. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1769. 
 
 — cine^rea. See Ozothamnus cinereus, 
 
 — co'Ttia-au'rea. 1^, Yellow. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1731. B. M. 1. 1972. 
 
 — denticula'ta. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 368, See 
 
 Chrysanthemv/m denticulatum. 
 
 — ni'vea. 3. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1816. 
 
 — pa' tula. 3. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1810. 
 
 — sca'bra. See Felicia reflexa. 
 
 — squama'ta. B. M. t. 3626. See Leptorhynchos 
 
 squamata. 
 
 Chryso'gonum. (From chrysos, 
 gold, and ffonu, a joint ; the golden 
 flowers being borne on the joints. Nat. 
 ord. , Compositce ; Tribe, Relianthoidece. 
 Allied to Silphium. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Dividing the 
 roots in spring ; loam, with a little peat and leaf- 
 mould. 
 C. virginia'num. 1. Yellow. May. N. Amer. 
 
 Cliryso'pa mdga'ris. The Lace- 
 winged Fly, or Golden-eye, is one of the 
 best insect friends the gardener has. 
 The perfect insect (a) is a beautiful 
 creature, about an inch in length ; the 
 body is of a bright pale green ; the 
 wings are reticulated with transverse 
 hairy nervures — they are transparent 
 
 and beautifully iridescent ; the eyes are 
 fiery golden. The curious stalked eggs 
 (c) are deposited upon the leaves and 
 stems of various plants. The insect 
 applies its ovipositor to the surface and 
 exudes a sticky substance, which very 
 rapidly hardens ; it then draws its body 
 away, the sticky matter forming a finei 
 thread, which becomes the stalk of the 
 egg ; lastly, the egg is expelled, adher- 
 ing to the apex of the stalk. As soon 
 as the young larvae (6) escape from the 
 eggs, they commence feeding on the 
 
CHR 
 
 [221] 
 
 CIB 
 
 Aphides that may infest the plant. The 
 larvje {d, magnified) are extremely vora- 
 cious, destroying quantities of aphides 
 and other soft-bodied insects, and will 
 sometimes attack and kill caterpillars 
 three or four times their own size ; they 
 are enabled to do this by means of the 
 strong jaws with which they are pro- 
 vided (/, inuch magnified). As a means 
 of protection or concealment they cover 
 their bodies with bits of lichen or the 
 skins of their victims (e, magnified). 
 After feeding for a little more than two 
 weeks, the larvae spin a silken cocoon, 
 which is often concealed by bits of 
 lichen, etc. ; in this they change to the 
 pupa state, and the pertect fly emerges 
 about three weeks afterwards. Our 
 illustration was obtained from the 
 " Gardeners' Chronicle." 
 
 Chrysophy'Uum. Star Apple. 
 (From ehrysos, gold, Sind phyllon, a leaf; 
 referring to the colour of the under side 
 of the leaves. Nat. ord., SapotacecB.) 
 
 The fruit of C. Caini'to is the Star Apple, an 
 esteemed Indian dessert-fruit. Stove evergreen 
 trees ; cuttings in sand, under a glass, and in 
 heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; 
 winter, 50° to 55°. 
 C. angustifo'lium. 20. White. W. Ind. 1819. 
 
 — Caini'to. 50. White. May. W. Ind. 1737. 
 argdrUeum. 20. • WMte. Martinique. 
 
 1768. Jacq. Ic. t. 54. 
 
 — • coiru'leum. 40. White. May. S. Amer. 
 
 1737. Jacq. Ic. t. 63. 
 ■ jamaice^nse. 40. White. May. Jamaica. 
 
 1787. 
 microphy'Uum. 30. White. May. S. 
 
 Amer. ISOO. 
 
 — gla'brum. 15. White. Martinique. 1823. 
 
 — invperia'le. Brazil. 1876. ^Y^.,Theophrasta 
 
 imperialis. B. M. t. 6823. 
 
 — wacrophi/Uum: See Lucuma Rivicoa. 
 
 — mormpyre'num. Whitish. Leaves reddish be- 
 
 neath. March. W. Ind. 1812. Syn., 
 C. olivifo'rme. 
 
 Chryso'psis. (From ehrysos, gold, 
 and opsis, a face. Nat. ord. , Compositw j 
 Tribe, AsteroidecB.) 
 
 A strong, coarse, hardy herbaceous perennial 
 for a shrubberj^, and ■will grow in any common 
 Soil ; divisions in March. 
 
 C Tnaria'Tia. 1. July. N. America. 1742. 
 Syn., Inula mariana. 
 
 — trichophy'lla. Yellow. June. N. Amer, 
 
 1827. 
 
 — villo'sus. 1. Yellow. August. Missouri. 
 
 1811. Syn., Amellus viUosus. 
 
 Chrysorrho'e. See Verticordia. 
 
 Chrysosple'nium. Golden Saxi- 
 frage. (From ehrysos, gold, and splen, 
 spleen ; in reference to the colour of the 
 flowers, and the supposed medicinal 
 qualities of the plant as a slight tonic. 
 Nat. ord., SaxifragecB.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Dividing the 
 roots ; moist situation ; common soil. 
 C. altemifo'lium, J. Yellow. April. Britain. 
 £ng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 564, 
 
 C. nepale'me. 1. YeUow. April. Nepaul, 
 1820. 
 
 — oppositifo'lium. Yellow. April. Britain. 
 
 Bng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 663. 
 
 Chrysoste'mma. See Coreop- 
 sis. 
 
 Chrysothe'mis. . See Tussacia. 
 
 Chusque'a. (The native name. Nat.. 
 ord. , Grami^ecB ; Tribe, Bambusew. ) 
 
 Stove ornamental grass. 
 C. abietifo'lia. Green, purple. December. Ja- 
 maica. B. M. t. 6811. 
 
 Chymoca'rpus. (The meaning of 
 the name is juicy-fruited, in contradis- 
 tinction to the hard, dry fruit of the. 
 Nasturtium. It is derived from chymos, 
 juice, and carpos, a fruit. Nat. ord., 
 Geraniacem ; Tribe, Pelargoniece. ) 
 
 Greenhouse perennial climber. Seeds in a. 
 slight hotbed ; cuttings in sandy soil, under a- 
 hand-light, in summer. Sandy loam, with a. 
 little peat. 
 C. pentaphy'llus. 4. Red, green, August. 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 1830. Swt. Fl, Gard. 
 
 t. 246. Syn., TropoBolum pentaphyllum. 
 
 Chy'sis. (From chysis, melting ; in 
 reference to the fused appearance of the- 
 pollen masses. Nat. ord., Orchidece ; 
 Tribe, Epidendrem — Bletiew. ) 
 
 Stove orchids. Offsets ; baskets filled with, 
 flbry peat and potsherds, and kept in a cool 
 moist stove. 
 C au'rea. 1. Yellow and crimson. May, 
 
 Venezuela, 1834. B, E, 1. 1937. 
 
 Limmi'nghei. Ill, Hort, 1860, t, 240, 
 
 macula'ta. Yellow, with darker tips r. 
 
 lip spotted with purple. 1850. B, M. 
 
 t, 4676. 
 
 — bracte'scens. 1. White, yellow. May. 
 
 Guatemala. 1840. B. R. 1841, t, 23. 
 
 — Ice'vis. Cream, yellow. Guatemala. Bate. 
 
 Orch. t. 31, 
 C. Chelso'ni and C. Sede'ni are garden hybrids. 
 
 Chytroglo'ssa. (From chytroa, a. 
 well, and glossa, a tongue ; from the 
 hollow at the base of the lip. Nat. ord.> 
 Orchidece; Tribe, Vandece-Oncidece. 
 Allied to lonopsis. ) 
 
 Stove epiphytes ; should be grown on blocks of 
 cork. For cultivation, see Okchids. 
 C. aura'ta. Green, yellow, purple. 'Brazil, 1865 
 Rchb, Xen, t 148. 
 
 — Marileo'nics. Yellow, blood-red. Brazil. 
 
 1866. 
 
 , Cibo'tmm. (From Icibotion, a small 
 box ; referring to the form of the seed- 
 vessels. Nat. ord., Filices. This has 
 been regarded by some as a section of 
 Dicksonia, from which, however, it 
 differs in having the outer of the two 
 involucral valves of a coriaceous texture 
 differing from that of the frond.) 
 
 Division of the roots ; peat and loam; a warm 
 greenhouse, or cool stove. 
 C. assa'micum. Assam. 1866. 
 
 — Sa'rometz. 6. Brown, yellow. May. China. 
 
 1824. Stove. Syns., Dicksonia Barometz, 
 
CIB 
 
 [222] 
 
 CIN 
 
 Hook. Sp. Fil. 1. 1. 29a, C. glauoescena 
 and C. gla/ucum of Beddome. 
 C. Billiardie'H. See Didcsonia antarctica. 
 
 — Chamisso'i. Sandwich Islands. 1876. 
 
 — glau'mm. Sandwich Islands. 1879. 
 
 — Menaie'm. Sandwich Islands. 1875. 
 
 — pri'nceps. See Oyathea insignis. 
 
 — pruina'tum. Sandwich Islands. 1878. 
 
 — rega'le. Mexico. 1864. 
 
 — Schi^dei. 10-15. Mexico. 1846. 
 
 — specta'bile. Mexico. 1868. 
 
 Ciboul, or Welsh Onion. (A'llium 
 flstulo' sum.) A perennial, never form- 
 ing any bulb, but sown annually, to be 
 drawn young for salads, etc. Its strong 
 taste renders it greatly inferior to the 
 common onion for this purpose ; but, 
 from its extreme hardiness, it is good as 
 a winter-standing crop for spring use. 
 
 Varieties. — Two varieties are in culti- 
 vation, the white and the red. 
 
 Cultivation. — It may be sown at all 
 times with the onion, and is similarly 
 cultivated, except that it may be sown 
 thicker, and only thinned as wanted. 
 <See Onion.) The leaves die away 
 completely in winter ; but fresh ones 
 are thrown out again in February or 
 March. 
 
 To obtain Seed. — Plant some of the 
 Toots in March, six or eight inches 
 asunder. The first autumn they will 
 produce but little seed ; in the second 
 and third, however, it will be produced 
 abundantly. If care is taken to part 
 and transplant the roots every two or 
 three years, they may be multiplied, 
 and will remain productive for many 
 years, and afford much better seed than 
 that from one-year-old roots. 
 
 Scallions. — There is good reason for 
 concluding that by a confusion of names, 
 arising from similarity of appearance, 
 this vegetable is the true scallion, whilst 
 the hollow leek of Wales is the true 
 Welsh onion. At present, all onions 
 that have refused to bulb, but form 
 lengthened necks and strong blades, in 
 spring and summer, are called scallions. 
 
 Ci'cca. See Phyllanthus. 
 
 Cicely. Chcerophy'llum. 
 
 Cice'nclia. (Derivation doubtful. 
 Nat. ord., Gentianea.) 
 
 Hardy annual. 
 C. pulctu/lla. 1. Pink. August. New Jersey. 
 1826. Sja.iExaowmpuioheUwm. 
 
 Cicho'rium. Chicory, or Succory. 
 
 {An. ancient Egyptian name. Nat. ord., 
 
 Compositm ; Tribe, Cichoracece.) 
 Hardy salad-plants, of easy culture ; seed at 
 
 different times. See Chicory and Endive. 
 
 €. endi'via. 2. Blue. July. E. Ind. 1648. 
 Annual. 
 
 — intytus. 2 Blue. July. Britain. Peren- 
 nial. Wild Chicory. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 t. 786. 
 
 Cienko'wskia. (Named after Pro- 
 fessor Ciencowsky, a Russian botanist. 
 Nat. ord., Scitaminece ; Tribe, Zinqi- 
 bereoB. United to Kssmpferia in the 
 Genera Plantarum. ) 
 
 A handsome dwarf, stove perennial herb ; 
 requiring the same treatment as K^MPFERIA. 
 C. Ki'rkii. J. Mauye. Zanzibar. 1872. B. M. 
 t. 6994. 
 
 Cimici'fuga. Bugwort. {Fiomcimex, 
 a bug, anifiigo, to drive away ; from its 
 supposed quality. Nat. ord., Ranun- 
 culacecB ; Tribe, Helleborece, Allied to 
 Acteea.) 
 
 Good old hardy herbaceous plants for borders ; 
 seeds, and division of the roots in spring or 
 autumn ; common soil. 
 
 C. anKrica'TM. 2. White, yellow. July. Caro- 
 lina. 1824. 
 
 — cardifo'lia. 3. White, yellow. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1812. B. M. t. 2069. 
 
 — dahu'rica. 2. White. June. China. 
 —fc^tida. 4. Light yellow. June. Siberia. 
 
 1777. Syn.,'Xctaja Cimieifuga. 
 —japo'nica. White. Japan. 1879. 
 
 — palma'ta. 4. White, yellow. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1812. B. M. 1. 1630. 
 
 — racemo'sa. 4. White. July. N. America. 
 
 1732. G. C. 1878, X. p. 657. 
 
 Cincho'na. PeruvianBark. (Named 
 after the Countess of Cinchon, who was 
 cured by this Peruvian Bark. Nat. ord., 
 Bubiacece ; Tribe, Cinehonece. ) 
 
 The Peruvian bark stands foremost as a febri- 
 fuge tonic. Stove evergreens ; cuttings of ripe 
 wood in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; loam 
 and fibry peat, with a little sand and charcoal. 
 Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 66° to 60°. 
 C. mlisa'ya. 20. Pink. September. Peru. 1848. 
 
 Bent, and Tr. t. 141. 
 Josephia'na. White. Bolivia. 1873. 
 
 B. M. t. 6052. 
 Ledgeria'na. Pink. S. America, 
 
 — Condami'nea. Pink. Peru. 
 
 — cordifo'lia. Pink. N. Grenada. 
 ^ lanceola'ta. See C. qp,cinalis. 
 
 — mierophy'lla. Pink. Peru. 
 
 — ni'tida. Peru. 
 
 — qfflcma'lis. 18. Red. July. Peru. 1810. 
 
 Bent, and Tr. t. 140. Syn., C. larweolata. 
 
 — sca'bra. 6. Red. 1820. 
 
 — succiru'bra,. 20-40. Pink. July. Ecuador. 
 
 Cincina'lis. (Derivation not dis- 
 cerned. Nat, ord., Filices— Polypodia- 
 cece.) 
 
 Stove ferns allied to Nothoohl/ENA, from 
 which it differs in having the fronds coated be- 
 neath with a white or yellow ponder. See 
 Ferns. 
 
 C. fla'vens. Tropical America. Syn., Nothoch- 
 
 — ni'vea. J. White. Indies, Mexico to Peru. 
 
 Syn., Nothochlcuna nivea. 
 
 — te'nera. i. Mendoza. Syn., Nothochlcena 
 
 tenera. 
 
 Cinera'ria. (From cineres, ashes ; 
 in reference to the grey down covering 
 the surfaces of the leaves. Nat. ord., 
 
 — •■ i.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous species by seed, but chiefly 
 by division of the roots ; good, loamy soil, and a 
 little peat or leaf -mould. The shrubs and under- 
 
CIN 
 
 [223] 
 
 CIN 
 
 shrubs, which mostly require a, greenhouse or 
 ■cold pit in winter, by cuttings in sandy soil, 
 under el hand-light. The garden florist mrietiea 
 see further on. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 jC. Aitonia'na. 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 — americalna. 6. Yellow. Grenada. 1825. 
 
 — discolor. 4. White. July. Jamaica. 1804. 
 
 B. M. t. 2647. 
 ^ glabra' ta. 2. Yellow. July. Jamaica. 1822. 
 
 — m'dda, 2. Yellow. July. W. Ind. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 C a'lia. 1. White. February. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1825. 
 
 — angustifo'lia. 2. Yellow. July. Mexico. 
 
 1825. 
 
 — auri'ta. B. M. 1. 1786. See C. lanata. 
 
 — W color. 2. Yellow. July. Austria. 
 
 — caoaliotdes. 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1816. 
 
 — ea/mlscens. 2. Yellow, June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1790. 
 
 — cauca'sica. 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1769. Herbaceous. 
 
 — ela'tior. 5. White. July. 
 
 — geyfo'lia. 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1710. 
 
 — erue!nta. 2-4. Beddish-purple. 
 
 — ffibio'sa. Sicily. 
 
 — humifu'sa. 1. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1754. Herbaceous. 
 
 — hy'trida. 2. Yellow. February. 
 
 — iTuia'na. 3. Yellow. July. Jamaica. 1823. 
 
 — la'ctea. 3. White. June. 1816. 
 
 — lana'ta. 3. Purple. June. Canaries. 1780, 
 
 B. M. t. 63. Syn., C. aurita. 
 
 — loba'ta. 3. Yellow. Jxily. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1774. 
 
 — malvcefo'lia. 2. Yellow. August. Azores. 
 
 1777. Herbaceous. 
 
 — multiflo'ra. 2. White. July. Teneriffe. 182i>. 
 
 — Petasi'tes. 3. Yellow. February. Mexico. 
 
 1812. B. M. t. 1536. 
 
 — populifo'lia. 2. Bed. July. Canaries. 1780. 
 -.-prtslcox. 2. Yellow. February. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 — pulche'lla. 2. Purple, February. Canaries. 
 
 .1818. 
 
 — salicifo'lia. 4. Yellow. July. Mexico. 1827. 
 
 — sca/mflo'ra. 1. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1829. 
 
 — Tussila'ginis. 2. Lilac. Autumn. Teneriffe. 
 
 1829. B. M. t. 3215. 
 
 — vesti'ta. J. Yellow. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — visco'sa. Z. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hop?. 1774. Biennial. 
 
 — Waterhousia'na. Garden hybrid. Past. Mag. 4, 
 
 p. 219. 
 
 — Webieria'na. Blue. 1841. Garden hybrid. 
 
 Paxt. Mag. 9, p. 126. 
 
 — WebWa'na. Magenta, grey. February. 
 
 Canaries. 1880. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 C. alpt/stris. 1. See Seneeio alpestris. 
 — ' alpi'na. See Senedo alpestris. 
 
 — amelloides. B. M. t. 249. See Aster capensis. 
 
 — aurantiaca. B. M. t. 2262. See Seneeio au- 
 
 rantiaca. 
 
 — au'rea. See Seneeio atiratus. 
 
 — auricula' ta. See Seneeio racemosa. 
 
 — canade'nsis. See Senedo Cineraria. 
 
 — ca/mpe'stris. See Seneeio campestris. 
 
 — crassifo'lia. See Senedo alpestris. 
 
 — erispa. See Seneeio erimata. 
 
 <- eruelnta. B. M. t. 406. See Doroniewm eruen- 
 
 turn, 
 —fla'mmea. See Seneeio flarmmea. 
 
 — giga'ntea. See Senedo Smiihii. 
 
 — integrifo'lia. See Senedo campestris. 
 !—loemga'ta. 1. Yellow. July. Siberia. 1819. 
 
 — lin^o'lia. See Aster linifolius. 
 
 C. longifo lia. See Senedo brachyehaeta. 
 
 — maerophy'Ua. See Senedo macrophylla. 
 
 — man tima. See Senedo Cineraria. 
 
 — palu'stris. See Senedo palustris. 
 
 — pappo'sa. See Senedo papposa. 
 
 — parviflo'ra. B. M. 1. 1990 See Senedo carw- 
 
 scens. 
 
 — racemo'sa. See Senedo racemosa. 
 
 — renifdlia. See Senedo renifolia. 
 
 — rimila'ris. See Senedo erispata. 
 
 — sibirica. B. M. 1. 1869. See Seneeio cacalice- 
 
 formis. 
 
 — spatvXaefo'lia. See Doria alata. 
 
 — spedo'sa. B. E. t. 812. See Senedo speeiosa. 
 
 — suddtica. See Senedo erispata. 
 
 — thyrsoidea. See Senedo siberica. 
 
 Cinera'ria «s a Florist's Flower.— 
 The numerous varieties of this flower 
 seem to be the offspring, by various 
 crosses, of C crue'nta, populifo'lia, and 
 probably some others. 
 
 Propagation by Offsets. — When a Cine- 
 raria has done blooming, remove it from 
 the greenhouse, cut down the old flower- 
 stems (excepting such as are intended to 
 save seed from), place the pots out of 
 doors, upon a bed of coal-ashes, in an 
 open situation. Give water moderately 
 in dry weather ; and, as soon as the oft- 
 sets appear, and have attained a leaf or 
 two, take them ofi' with a sharp knife, 
 with the roots uninjured ; plant them in 
 small pots, and place them in a cold 
 frame, shading them from the light for 
 a fortnight, and from bright sunshine 
 for another week. They will then be 
 well rooted, and vrill require a pot a 
 size larger. 
 
 £y Seed. — Sow the seed as soon as it 
 is npe in shallow, wide pots, in light, 
 fine soil, and slightly covered. As soon as 
 the seedlings have formed two or three 
 leaves, prick them out into the same 
 kind of pots, in a somewhat richer soil. 
 They may remain in these pots till they 
 have made some more leaves and fresh 
 roots ; then pot them off singly into 
 small pots, shading for a few- days. 
 Afterwards, and at the proper time, re- 
 pot them in the same manner as the off- 
 sets. 
 
 Soil. — The offsets and seedlings having 
 attained the proper size for potting into 
 larger pots, prepare for that operation by 
 mixing and bringing, in a moderately 
 dry state, to the potting-bench, the fol- 
 lowing compost : — Turfy loam, from an 
 upland pasture, two parts ; fibrous peat, 
 one part ; decayed leaves, two years old, 
 one part ; very rotten cowdung, half a 
 part ; and a small addition of river-sand. 
 Prepare, also, a sufficient quantity of 
 broken potsherds, of two sizes ; one as 
 large as walnuts, and the other about 
 the size of peas. Have, also, a sufficient 
 number of either new or clean- washed 
 pots, two sizes larger than the plants are 
 
CIN 
 
 [224] 
 
 CIN 
 
 in. You are then ready for the operation 
 of potting. 
 
 Winter Culture. — By the time the 
 plants, whether offsets or seedlings, are 
 ready for re-potting out of their first- 
 size pots, cold nights will have begun to 
 take place, wnich brings the time of cul- 
 ture under this head. Bring the plants 
 on to the poiting-bench ; prepare a pot 
 by placing a large piece of potsherd over 
 the hole at the bottom of the pot, then a 
 layer of the larger size, and a, second 
 layer of the smallest size ; place a thin 
 layer of the rougher parts of the compost 
 upon them, and as much soil as will be 
 required to keep the plant just level with 
 the rim of the pot ; set the plant in the 
 pot, and fill it round with the compost, 
 pressing it gently down. Be careful not 
 to break the leaves, as they are very 
 brittle and tender. When the pot is 
 quite full, give it a gentle knock upon 
 the Dench, to finally settlethe soil. When 
 all are finished, give a gentle watering, 
 and place them in a cold frame ; shade 
 them if they flag from the sun, and water 
 when necessary. The Cineraria is a very 
 fast-rooting plant, and they will soon 
 require another shift. To know when 
 they require it, turn a plant carefully 
 out of its pot, and if the roots have 
 reached thesides of the pots, and through 
 the drainage, re-pot again immediately ; 
 for, if the roots once become closely 
 matted, the plants will be crippled in 
 their growth. The grand object is to 
 keep them growing freely till they make 
 large, broad-leaved plants, in eight-inch 
 pots, before they begin to show their 
 flower-stems. Keep them in the cold 
 frame, or pit, through the winter ; only 
 take care to cover them up securely 
 every night, and day also, if the frost is 
 severe. It will be necessary to pack 
 round the sides and ends of the frame or 
 pit with either short litter or dry fern, of 
 sufficient thickness to keep out the se- 
 verest frost. During this severe weather, 
 it will sometimes be necessary to keep 
 the covering on the glass all the day. 
 It has occurred that the cover has been 
 kept on for a fortnight without any in- 
 jury ; but on all fine days take off the 
 coverings, and give abundance of air ; 
 pick off all decaying leaves, should any 
 appear ; and only water when absolutely 
 necessary. They grow, and keep healthy, 
 much better in such a situation than m 
 a greenhouse. 
 
 Summer Culture. — As soon as the 
 warm, mild days of spring arrive, give 
 the plants their last shift, and, if desi- 
 rable, remove them into the greenhouse 
 at once, placing them as near the glass 
 
 as possible. The flower-stems will now 
 be advancing rapidly; and, for some 
 kinds, it will be necessary to use sticks, 
 to open out the heads of bloom, and 
 show them to the best advantage, espe- 
 cially for those intended for exhibition ;. 
 but all sticks should be removed a day 
 or two before the show, as they are no 
 addition to the beauty of these plants. 
 
 Insects. — The great pest of the Cine- 
 raria is the green fly ; but it may be 
 easily got rid of by smoking with to- 
 bacco. Yet it must be carefully ap- 
 plied, as there is no plant so susceptible 
 of injury from a too strong dose of this 
 smoke. Sometimes the red spider makes, 
 its appearance ; and when it does, it will 
 be necessary to dust the leaves with 
 sulphur, which, though it will not kill 
 him, prevents his reeding, and thus 
 starves him to death. 
 
 Diseases. — These, like all other highly- 
 cultivated soft-wooded plants, are sub- 
 ject to go off at the neck just on the 
 surface of the soil. The only preventive 
 is plenty of fresh, sweet air, and a judi- 
 cious application of water, especially 
 during the early part of the year. 
 
 Cinnamode'ndron. (Aname com- 
 pounded from Cinnamom,um, and den- 
 dron, a tree ; resembling a cinnamon- 
 tree. Nat. ord., Canellacew.) 
 
 Stove tree. The bark is employed as an aro- 
 matic stimulant to purgatives and tonics, and is 
 sometimes confounded with the Winter's bark 
 For cultivation, see Canblla, to which it is allied. 
 C. cortico'sum. 50. Red. W. Indies. 1860- 
 B. M. t. 6120. 
 
 C inn a mo' mum. Cinnamon. 
 (From the Arabic name, kinamon. Nat. 
 ord. , LauracecB ; Tribe, Perseacece. Syn. , 
 Camphm-a. ) 
 
 Cassia Bark is obtained from nearly all the 
 species of Cinnamon-trees. Other countries have 
 their Cinnamon-trees, but differing from the tnio 
 Asiatic Cinnamon. Stove trees. Cuttings of fine 
 shoots in April, in sand, under a glass, and a 
 moist bottom-heat. Peat and loam. 
 C. Burma'nni. 40. White, yellow. China, 
 
 Sumatra. 1820. Syn., C. duke, Wight 
 
 Ic. t. 138. 
 
 — Camphc/m. 30. Greenish-white. June. 
 
 Japan. 1727. Syn., Camphora qfimia- 
 
 rum. Bent, and Tr. t. 222. 
 Although camphor is secreted by many plants 
 in this order, and more particularly iDy some 
 species of cinnamon, the true camphor of com- 
 merce is obtained from Cintiariwmwm Cwmpho'Ta^ 
 and is a product of the oil procured from the 
 woodj branches, and leaves, by means of dry dis- 
 tillation. Camphor is chiefly manufactured in 
 the Island of Formosa, and from thence sent Jo- 
 Canton for exportation. The hard camphor of 
 Sumatra and the camphor-oil of Borneo are the 
 natural secretions of Dryoba'lanops aroma'tica. 
 C. ca'ssia. 60. Yellow, green. June. Ceylon. 
 
 1763. 
 
 — culila'wan. 20. Yellow, green. Ind. Archi- 
 
 pelago. 1823. 
 
CIN 
 
 [225] 
 
 CIR 
 
 C. glau'eum. 20. Pale yellow. Japan. 180O. 
 
 — gra'cUe. 20. Yellow, green. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — i'ners. 20. Yellow, green. E. Ind. 1805, 
 
 Syn., C, malabatrum. 
 
 — monta'num. See Persea monta/na. 
 
 — ni'tidum. 20. White. E. Ind. 1823. Wight 
 
 Ic. 1. 137. 
 
 — tert'ceum. Japan. 1875. 
 
 — talma'la. Pale green. Himalayas. 
 
 — ve'rum. 40. Green. July. E. Ind. 1768. 
 
 — zeyla'niffwm. Greenish. May. E. Indies. 
 
 Syns., Lawrui cassia, B. M. t. 1636, and 
 L. einnamorrmm. 
 
 Cinquefoil. Potenti'lla. 
 Cion. See Scion. 
 
 Cioni'dium. A synonym of Tri- 
 chiocarpa. 
 
 Cipu'ra. (Derivation unexplained. 
 Nat. ord., Iridacem ; Tribe, Sisyrin- 
 ehiem. Allied to Romnlea. ) 
 
 Greenhouse bulbs. Seeds in a slight hotbed in 
 spring ; offsets. Sandy loam and leaf-mould. 
 C. Tnartinice'nsis, See Trvmesia lurida. 
 
 — palvMsa. 1. White. July. Guiana. 1792. 
 
 Syn., Marica palvdosa, B. M. t. 646. 
 
 Circse'a. Enchanters' Nightshade. 
 (A classical name, after Circe, a cele- 
 brated enchantress, skilled in poisonous 
 herbs. Nat. ord., Onagracece. Allied 
 to Lopezia. ) 
 
 Hardy perennials. Offsets and divisions. 
 Common garden-soil. 
 
 C. cUpi'na. 1. Red. July. Britain. Eng. Hot. 
 ed. 8, t. 512. 
 
 — imtemu^dia. 1. Bed. July. Europe. 1821. 
 
 This is doubtless to be regarded as a 
 variety of C ahtina. 
 
 — lutetia'Tia. 1. Red^ July. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 511. 
 
 Circumposition differs from layer- 
 ing, only that in this the shoot to be 
 rooted is bent down to the soil, whilst, 
 in circumposition, the soil is placed in a 
 vessel, and raised to the shoot. There 
 are pots caUed layeriiMf-pots, made for 
 this practice, and differing from the 
 common garden-pot only by having a 
 section, about an inch broad, cut through 
 one side, and to the centre of the bottom, 
 for the admission of the shoot or branch. 
 Moisture necessary for favouring the 
 emission of roots is supplied by means of 
 a bottle, from which the bottom is struck 
 off, and the neck furnished with a cork, 
 perforated so as to admit a small pigeon's 
 feather, orbit of wool, to form a syphon, 
 by means of which the moss is kept in 
 a broper state of moisture. Hard-wooded 
 plants are propagated in this way from 
 the middle of May till the end of 
 June ; and the branches are sufficiently 
 rooted to be taken off by the end of 
 September. It is, however, necessary 
 in all caaea to ascertain whether the 
 branches are sufficiently rooted pre- 
 viously to their being separated. After 
 being separated, the rooted branch is 
 
 treated like one layered. See Laver- 
 ing. ^""^ 
 
 Cirrhse'a. (From cirrhus, a tendril ; 
 the rostellum being extended like a 
 small tendril. Nat. ord., Orehidece; 
 Tribe, Vandece.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Divisions and offsets. Sphag. 
 num, peat, broken pots, and charcoal, in shallow, 
 open baskets ; a high, moist temperature when 
 growing ; cooler and dry when at rest Summer 
 temp., eO° to 90° ; winter, 55° to 60°. 
 0. a'lbo-vi'ridis. White, green. May. Braail. 
 
 1838. 
 ~ a'tro-purpu'rea. Dark purple. April. Mexico. 
 
 1838. 
 
 — bracte'scens. White, yellow. Jlily. Brazil. 
 
 — fu'sco-lm'tea of B. M. t. 3726 is C. saceata. The 
 
 true C. fusco-lutea is not in cultivation. 
 
 — te'ms. Yellow, brown. July. Brazil. 
 
 — Loddige!gii. YeUow, red. May. Brazil. 
 
 1827. B. R. t. 1538. 
 
 — obtwsa'ta. }. Yellow, red. September. Rio 
 
 Janeiro. 1835. B. R. t. 2005. 
 
 — pa'Uida. Yellowish. August. Brazil. 1837. 
 
 — pi'cta. Purple. May. Brazil. 1830. 
 
 — ru'bra-purpu'rea. Red, purple. May. Brazil. 
 
 1838. 
 
 — Russellm'na. Green, red. May. Brazil. 
 
 1837. 
 
 — sacca'ta. 1. Dull yellowish-green. June. 
 
 Brazil. 1839. Syn., C. fusco-lutea of 
 B. M. t. 3726. 
 
 — sqiM'lens. May. Brazil. 1838. 
 
 — tri'stis. f . Dull purple, red. June. Mexico. 
 
 1834. B. R. 1. 1889. 
 
 — vi'ridi-purvu'rea. f. Purple, green. June. 
 
 Brazil B. C. 1. 1967. Syns., C. depen- 
 dens, Oymbidium dependent, B. C. t. 936, 
 and Gongora viridi-purpurea. 
 Frya'na. }. Green, purple-spotted. July. 
 
 — Warrea'na. J. Yellow, red, purjAe. June. 
 
 BraziL B. G. 1. 1999. 
 
 Cirrhope'talum. (From cirrhus^ 
 a tendril, and^eta^on, a flower-leaf ; in 
 reference to the strap-shaped petals. 
 Nat. ord. , Orchidece. Syn. , Ephippium. ) 
 
 Stove orchids. On blocks of wood. Growing 
 temp., 75° to 85°, and very moist air ; rest temp., 
 60°. 
 C. abbrevia'twm. White, purple. 1881. 
 
 — aMenni'ferum, Brown. Philippines. 1843. 
 
 — aura'tum. J. Yellow, crimson. March. 
 
 Manilla. 1840. 
 
 — Blu'mei. August. Java. 1843. 
 
 — axspitcftuim. Pale yellow. April. Khasia. 
 
 1837. 
 
 — candeta'brum. Straw, pink, purple. July. 
 
 ManiBa. 1840. 
 
 — capita' turn. Java. 1843. 
 
 — cMne'nse. i. Purple, yellow. China. 1840. 
 
 B. R. 1843, t. 49. 
 
 — eompre^ssum. Java. 1843. 
 
 — cm-nu'tum. J. Purple. August. Khasia. 
 
 1837. B. M. t. 4763. 
 
 — Oumi'naii. Ruby. May. Philippines. 1839. 
 
 B. M. t. 4996. 
 
 — delite' scene. Purple. July. Hong-Kong. 
 
 1882. 
 
 — donga' turn. May. Java. 1843. 
 —fimbria' turn. J. Green, purple. April. 
 
 Bombay. 1838. B. M. t. 4391. 
 
 — Lendya'num. Whitish or greenish-yellow. 
 
 Syn., BuWophyllum Lendyanum. 
 
 — Macrc^i. Brown, yellow. April. Ceylon. 
 
 1839. B. M. t. 4422. 
 
 — macula'tum. Pale green. May. India. 1841. 
 maeulo'sum. Green, purple. E. Ind. 1841 
 
 Q 
 
CIR 
 
 [226] 
 
 CIS 
 
 C Makoya/mim. Yellow, brown. Mlnas Gerses ? 
 1879. 
 
 — Mastersia'num. Deep yellow, brown. Dutch 
 
 Indies. Lind. t. 255. 
 
 — maxiUa're, Philippines. 1843. 
 
 — Medu'sce is Bulbaphyllum Medusce 
 
 — nu'tans. J. Pale straw. May. Manilla. 
 
 1838. B. M. t. 4418. 
 
 — ornati'ssimum. Yellowish - green, dotted 
 
 purple. Sikkim. 1882. Warn. Orch. 
 Alb. t. 363. 
 
 — Pahu'dii. Keddiah-brown. Java. 1866. 
 
 Syn., Bulbophyllum Pahudii and C. fia- 
 gelliforme. 
 
 — pUturaHum. Purple, red. March. Moul- 
 
 mein. 1838. B. M. t. 6802. 
 
 — pu'lchrum. Purple, with darker spots, yellow. 
 
 Halmahera. 1886. 111. Hort. t. 608. 
 
 — Roxbu'rghii. Yellow. May. E. Ind. 1843. 
 
 — strwngiUa'rium. Purple, yellow. Syn., Bid- 
 
 oophyllum strangulariuTn. 
 
 — Thoua'rsil 1. Yellow. July. Society 
 
 Islands. B. M. t. 7214. 
 
 — trigono'pBis. 1881. 
 
 — tripu'dians. Brown, purplish, whitish. Bur- 
 
 mah. 1876. 
 
 — umbeUa'tum. Green, brown. April. Indies. 
 
 1838. Syn., Bulbophyllum umbellatum, 
 B. H. 1844, t. 44. 
 
 — vagina'tum. Pale yellow. Singapore. 1843. 
 
 — Walli'chii. Brown. March. Nepaul. 1837. 
 
 Cir'sium. See Cnicus. 
 
 C. aca'muTn. See Picnem(m acama. 
 
 — heteroma'UuTn. See Sauseaurea ca/ndican^, 
 
 — pinnati'fidUTn. See S&rratula pinimtiJuLa. 
 
 — tubero'sum. See Lmtris spicata. 
 
 Cissa'mpelos. PareiraBravaEoot. 
 (From kissos, ivy, and ampelos, a vine ; 
 creeps like ivy, and flowers like the 
 vine, on long, hairy racemes. Nat. ord. , 
 Menispermacece ; Irihe, CissampelidecB). 
 
 Stove twiners. The species from South Africa 
 will do in a warm greenhouse ; cuttings of small 
 side-shoots, rather firm, in sand, under a bell- 
 ^lass, and in bottom-heat ; loam and peat. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60' to 80° ; winter, 45° to 66°. 
 C. caape'ba. 4. Green. July. S. Amer. 1733. 
 
 — cape'nsig. 6. Green. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1775. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. 6. Yellow, green. Nepaul. 1819. 
 
 — mauritia'na. 6. YeUow, green. Mauritius. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — miaroca'rpa. 6. Yellow, green. W. Ind. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — Parei'ra. 6. Green. July. India. 1733. 
 
 Bent, and Tr. t. 15. Syn., C. convolmi- 
 lacea. 
 
 Ci'ssus. (From kissos, ivy; in re- 
 ference to their soramhling habit. Nat. 
 ord., Ampelidece.) 
 
 A genus of stove and greenhouse climbers, 
 having, with the exception of C di'scolmr, no 
 ^eat pretensions to beauty. We introduce it 
 m order to remark, that with the exception of 
 the grape-vine, the plants of this order are sin- 
 .gularly deficient in use or beauty. The species 
 require the same treatment as Cissampelos. 
 C. a'Hda. Yellowish-green. Summer. W. Ind. 
 Jacg. H. Schoenb. t. 33. 
 
 — Ba/udmiana. Green. New S. Wales. 1790. 
 
 Syns., C. cmtarcticat B. M. t. 2488, and 
 C. glandulosa. Kangura Vine. 
 
 — Davidiana. See Ampelopsis heterophylla. 
 
 — di! scalar. Greenish. September. Java. B. 
 
 M. t. 4763. 
 
 — inci'sa. United States. 
 
 Bochea'na, Fruit more globose than in 
 
 the type. Central Africa. Rev. Hort. 
 1884, p. 2t2. 
 C. lAnde'ni. Leaves green, spotted white. Co- 
 lumbia. 1869. 111. Hort. 1870, t. 2. 
 
 — mexica'na. Leaves like those of the Grape- 
 
 vine. 1891. 
 
 — (yrienta'lis. See Ampelopsis arientahs. 
 
 — PmCli-GuiWlmi. Bef. Bot. t. 27 is probably 
 
 a species of Ip&moea. 
 
 — parphyropMllm. Rev. Hort. 1883, p. 561. 
 
 — quiTKfmfo'Ua. See Parthenodssus quinqiie- 
 
 folia. 
 
 — ro'sea. Rose. Himalayas. 
 
 — ratiindifo'lia. Arabia. 1884. 
 
 — tubermla'ta. Scarlet. August. Cuba. Jacq. 
 
 H. Schoenb. t. 32. 
 
 — Vei'tchii. Greenish. 1877. 
 
 — veluti'na. Coral-red. Malay Islands ? B. M. 
 
 t. 6207. 
 
 — viticif&lia pinnati'fida. See Ampelopsis ser- 
 
 janio^olia. 
 
 Cisterns for the accumulation of 
 rain-water should be formed in connec- 
 tion with the gutters of the various 
 huildings in the gardens ; for no water 
 is equal to it for the artificial supply of 
 moisture to plants. 
 
 Ci'stus. Rock Rose. (From kiste, 
 a box ; in reference to the form of the 
 seed-vessel. Nat. ord., Cistinece.) 
 
 C. ladani'ferus and C. Le'don produce gum 
 laudanum. Seeds sown in April ; if under glass, 
 so much the better ; layers after the plants have 
 flowered ; and cuttings in Mas;, under a hand- 
 glass ; dry soil ; all smaller kinds suitable for 
 rock-work ; and although hardy in sheltered, 
 dry places, it is safest to propagate a few every 
 season, and give the protection of a cold pit in 
 winter. 
 
 C. aeutifo'liits. 1. White. August. South of 
 Europe. Swt. Cist. t. 78. 
 
 — a'lbidus. 2. Pale purple. June. Spain. 
 
 1640. Swt. Cist. t. 31. 
 
 ima'nus. 2. Purple. July. South of 
 
 Europe. 1596. Swt. Cist. t. 44. 
 
 — asperifo'lius. Swt. Cist. t. 87. Bee C longi- 
 
 folvus. 
 
 — candidi'ssimus. 4. Pale red. June. Canaries. 
 
 1817. Syn., Rhodoeistus BerthoUetianus. 
 
 — cane'scem. Swt. Cist. t. 45. See C. villosus. 
 
 — Clu'sli. 3. White. June. Spain. 1810. 
 
 Swt. Cist. t. 32. 
 
 — com^lioa'tus. See C. parmfiorus. 
 
 — c&rbarie^Tisis. 2. White. June. 
 
 1656. Swt. Cist. t. 8. 
 
 — cordifo/liua. 4. White. June. 1800. 
 
 — cre^tiffus, 2. Purple. July. Levant, 1731. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 95. 
 tau'riaus. 2. Purple. June. Tauria. 1817. 
 
 — eri'spus. 2. Purple. June. Portugal. 1666. 
 
 Swt. Cist. t. 70. 
 
 — eupania'nus. See C. viUosus. 
 
 — cymx/sm. 2. Purple. May. Swt. Cist. t. 90. 
 
 Syn., C. incanus, Hort. Cels. 
 
 — ei/prius. 4. June. White. Cyprus. 1800. 
 
 Swt. Cist. t. 39. Syn., C. stenophyll'us. 
 
 — DunaMa'nvs. 2. Purple. May. 
 
 — flarenti:rms. Swt. Cist. t. 69; See 0. longi- 
 
 Spain. 
 
 — heterophy'ttus. 2. Purple. June. Algiers. 
 
 Swt. Cist. t. 6. 
 
 — hirsu'tus. 2. White. June. Portugal. 1656. 
 
 Swt. Cist. t. 19. Syn., C. laxus. 
 
 — ladcmi' ferns. 4. White. June. Spain. 1629. 
 
 Bog-cistus. Swt. Cist. t. 84. 
 albiflo'rus. 4. White. June. Spain. 
 
 Gum-cistuS. 
 inacula'tus. 4. White and purple. June. 
 
 Spain. 1700. Swt. Cist. 1. 1. 
 
CIT 
 
 [227] 
 
 CIT 
 
 •C. latifo'Km. 4. White. Jane Barbary. 
 Swt. Cist. 1. 19. 
 
 — Icmrifo'lim. i. White. June. Spain. 1731. 
 
 Swt. Cist. t. 52. 
 macula'tw. White and pnrple. 
 
 — la'xus. Swt. Cist. 1. 12. See C. hirsutus. 
 
 — Iie'don. 1. White. June. France. 1730. 
 
 — langifo'lius. i. White. June. South of 
 
 Europe. 1800. Syn., C. ospeHf alius and 
 fiorentinus. 
 
 — lusita'niais. 3. Yellow. July. Portugal. 
 
 1830. Ahyhrid. . 
 
 — montspelie'nsis. 2. White. June. South of 
 Europe. 1656. Swt. Cist. t. 27. 
 
 """■'""""■" 3. White. June. South of 
 Swt. Cist. t. 67. 
 3. White. June. Swt. Cist. 
 
 — oblangitfo'Uus. 
 
 Europe. 
 
 — obtusi^o'lius. 
 
 t. 42. 
 ■— pamiflo'rus. 
 
 3. Pale red. June. Crete. 
 1800. Swt. Cist. t. 14. Syn., C. compU- 
 catv£. 
 
 — platyse'palus. i. Red. June. Swt. Cist. 
 
 t. 47. 
 — populifo'lius. S. White. May Spain. 
 1666. Swt. Cist. t. 23. 
 
 — psUose^palus. 3. White. June. Swt. Cist. 
 
 t. 33. 
 
 — purpu'reiis. 2. Purple. June. Oriental. 
 
 Syn., Alabastrmn magnum, B. E. t. 408. 
 
 — rotundifo'lius. Swt. Cist. t. 75. A variety of 
 
 C. villoms. 
 
 — scUvifo'lius. 2. White. June. South of 
 
 Europe. 1648. Swt. Cist. t. 54. Syn., 
 
 C. cymosus. 
 
 erectiu'sculus. 2. White. June. 
 
 ochroleztfcus. 2. Yellowish. June. 
 
 — serieeus. 2. Bed. June. Spain. 1826. 
 
 — stenojphi/Uus. See C. cypriuB, 
 
 — tau'ricus. See C. cretums, var. taurieus. 
 
 ^- undula'tus. Swt. Cist, t, 63. See C. villosus. 
 
 — vagina'tus. 2. Pale purple. April. Tene- 
 
 riffe. 1779. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 282. 
 
 — va'rius. 2. White, purple. June. S. Europe. 
 
 — villa' mis. 3. Purple. June. South of Eu- 
 
 rope. 1640. Swt. Cist. t. 36. Syns., C. 
 
 canescens, cwpania/n/us, and undtuatv^. 
 rotundif alius. 2. Purple. June. South 
 
 of Europe. 1640. Syn., C ratuniifolius. 
 -^mUga'ris. Purplish. June. South of Europe. 
 
 Syn., C. canescens. 
 
 Cithare'xylum. Fiddle-wood. 
 (From kithara, a lyre, and xylon, wood ; 
 in reference to the wood being fit for 
 musical instruments. Nat. ord., Ver- 
 benacecB; Tribe, Verbenece.) 
 
 Stove trees ; cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, 
 Tinder a glass, and in bottom-heat ; loam and 
 peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 60° to 
 •«0°. 
 
 €". cauda'tum. 20. White. Jamaica. 1763. 
 Syn., C. ereotum,, Jacq. Ic. t. 501. 
 
 — cyanocalrpmn. 20. Chili and Peru. 
 
 — denta'tum. 16. B. Ind. 1824. 
 
 — mo'lle. Pale yellow. Guayaquil. Jacq. H. 
 
 Schoenb. t. 417. 
 
 — penta'ndrwm. Portorico. 
 
 — quadra'ngulare. 20. White. West Indies. 
 
 Jacq. Vind. t. 22. Syn., C. eariaceum. 
 
 — seri'eeum, 15. E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 — subserra'tum. 15. White. W. Ind, 1820. 
 
 — mUo'sum. 10. St. Domingo. 1784. Jacq. Ic. 
 
 1. 118. 
 
 Citrioba'tus. (From citros, a citron, 
 and batos, a thorn ; called the Orange 
 Ihorn by the colonists in Australia, 
 the plant hearing small, orange-coloured 
 fruit. Nat. ord., Pittosporaaece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens,' from Australia: cut. 
 
 tmgs in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy turfy 
 
 peat, and a little loam and charcoal. 
 
 C. multifio'rus. Many-flowered. 3. November 
 
 Queensland and New South Wales. ISls' 
 
 — paumfia'rus. Few-flowered. North Australia 
 
 and Queensland. 1822. 
 
 Citron. Ci'trus me'dica. 
 
 Ci'truUus. (From Citrus, the fruits 
 being orange-like. Nat. ord., Cucurbi- 
 tacecB.) 
 
 Stove lierbs. 
 C. Calacy'nthis. Pale yellow. Fruit green and 
 white. India. Bent, and Tr. 1. 114. Syn., 
 CuAiimiis Colocynthis. Bitter apple. 
 
 — mdga'ris. Yellow. India. Syns., Cucumis 
 
 and Ctumrbita Citrullus. Water melon. 
 
 Ci'trus. Orange-tree. (Derivation 
 of doubtful origin ; supposed to refer to 
 Citron, a town in Judsea. Nat. ord., 
 Eutacece; Tribe, Aurantiece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen trees. 
 C. aTigula'ta. White. E. Ind. 
 
 — Aura'ntiMm. 15. White. Asia. 1595. The 
 
 Orange. Bent, and Tr. t. 51. 
 
 — austra'lis. 25. Queensland. 1830. Syn., 
 
 Limania a/ustralis. 
 
 — buasifo'lia. 3. White. June. China. 
 
 — decwma'na. 15. White. June. India. 1724. 
 
 Shaddock. 
 
 — delicia'sa. White. April. China. 
 
 — hi/strix. 15. White. June. E. Ind. 
 
 — japo'nica. 6. White. June. Japan. B. M. 
 t. 6128. 
 
 — Lime'tta. 8. White. June. Asia. 1648. 
 
 Lime Bergamot. 
 
 — Limo'nwm. 15. White. June. Asia. 1648. 
 
 The Lemon. Bent, and Tr. t. 64. 
 
 — madure'Tisis. 10. White. June. China. 
 
 — margari'ta. 15. White. June.' China. Sweet 
 
 Lemon. 
 
 — me'dica. 8. White. June. Asia. Citron. 
 a'cida. Whitish. West Indies. B. M. 
 
 t. 6745. 
 
 odorati'ssvma. Andr. Bep. t. 609. 
 
 — Rive'rsii. White. St. Michael's, Azores. 
 
 River's Bi,iou Lemon. B. M. t. 6807. 
 
 — no'bilis. 16. White. June. China. 1805.- 
 
 Mandarin. Orange. Andr. Rep. t. 608. 
 
 Dai'dai. Hamb. Gart. 1889, p. 419. 
 
 mi'nffr. 16. White. June. China. 1806. 
 
 — spifws^smna. 15. White. June. Cayenne. 
 
 — trifMa'ta. 4. White. May. Japan. 1869. 
 
 Syns., C. triptera and C. calitf arnica of 
 gardens. Hardy. 
 
 — vulgaris 15. White. June. Asia. Seville 
 
 Orange. Syn., C. Aurantium of B R. 
 t. 346. 
 myrtifa'lia. 3. White. June. Asia. 
 
 Common Orange (C. Aura'ntiwm). — 
 The following are esteemed varieties : 
 the China, Blood-red, Sweet-skinned, 
 the Ribbed, Pear-shaped, Tiny-fruited, 
 Fingered, St. Michael s, and Mandarin. 
 The Mandarin and St. Michael's are far 
 superior to the rest for cultivation. The 
 Mandarin is cultivated extensively at 
 Malta, although originally from China : 
 it has a thin rind, and is of very superior 
 flavour. The St. Michael's is also a 
 small orange ; but the skin is of a pale 
 yellow ; the rind, also, very thin, and 
 the pulp remarkably sweet. The fruit 
 
CIT 
 
 [■228] 
 
 CIT 
 
 is generally without seed, and the tree 
 is a great bearer. 
 
 The Lime (G. Lime'tta) approaches the 
 Lemon ; but the juice is flat, and some- 
 what bitter. 
 
 The Shaddock (C. decuma'na) has a 
 large and round fruit ; skin yellow, with 
 a white, spongy rind ; the pulp sweet 
 and juicy. This has been successfully 
 cultivated, in Devonshire, on the open 
 walls, with protection in winter, but no 
 artificial heat. 
 
 The Lemon (C. ZzTOo'jiwm).— The Con- 
 tinental growers are content to raise 
 these from seed ; hence the great diffe- 
 rence in quality of the imported fruit. 
 
 The Citron (C. Tne'dica) has a rind 
 thick, spongy, and very fragrant ; pulp, 
 sub-acid. 
 
 Propagation. — All the kinds will pro- 
 pagate freely by cuttings, either of the 
 young shoots, or of those riper in charac- 
 ter. They are prepared m the usual 
 way, and inserted in pots of sand. A 
 close frame, with a bottom-heat of 75°, 
 is necessary ; and they must be plunged. 
 They may be made at any period, ex- 
 cepting whilst the plants are growing. 
 Some cultivators put out long, straight 
 pieces of the Citron (which is easiest to 
 propagate), of two or three years' 
 growth ; and, as soon as they are rooted, 
 they graft them. 
 
 Layers root with facility, but do not 
 make such fine plants. 
 
 Grafting. — There are various ways of 
 performing this operation, dependent 
 much on the size and character of the 
 stock. Some graft the young seedlings 
 which were sown in early sprmg : these, 
 by bottom-heat and high culture, are 
 rendered fit for this operation in about 
 four or five months. No clay is used in this 
 delicate operation, but a little fine moss. 
 Some cut oif the head of the stock and 
 crown-graft ; others attach the graft to 
 the growing shoot, as in ordinary whip- 
 grafting. Budding is also practised by 
 some cultivators. 
 
 Inarching has sometimes been prac- 
 tised by inarching several plants on one 
 large stock, in order to form a head 
 speedily. 
 
 Stocks. — The Citron has been mostly 
 preferred ; the Shaddock, however, 
 makes a robust stock. M'Intosh seems 
 to recommend sowing any ordinary seeds 
 — from such fruit, indeed, as have rotted 
 in the warehouses, from which he has 
 had complete success. 
 
 Seeds. — The mode of rearing them 
 thus is simple enough. A light, rich 
 soil and a lively bottom-heat, with a 
 somewhat close atmosphere, will produce 
 
 plants eighteen inches high in a few- 
 months. 
 
 Soil and CttUure. — All the family love 
 a generous soil. One half a free, yet 
 ri(3i loam, and the other half composed 
 of leaf-mould, old cow-manure, and 
 sandy heath-soil, will grow them in 
 high perfection, adding a little sand and 
 some charred materials. Care must be- 
 taken to use the turfy loam in lumps, 
 and to drain well ; indeed, all the mate- 
 rials should be somewhat coarse. They 
 require liberal watering; and it must^ 
 when given, penetrate the whole mass 
 of soil. They enjoy liquid-manure occa- 
 sionally. They are not only grown in 
 pots or tubs, but planted out as trees,, 
 and against walls and trellises ; and 
 they are equally adapted for all these- 
 modes of culture. Span-roofed houses, 
 would be highly eligible for them as 
 standards; and the sides and ends, being- 
 portable, might be removed in summer. 
 The Citron family are impatient of in- 
 tense sunshine, being, for the most part,, 
 natives of woods. A slight amount of 
 shading, therefore, becomes occasionally 
 necessary. The temperature during win- 
 ter — especially in houses with opaque- 
 roofs — must be very moderate ; 48° to- 
 50°, by means of fire-heat, is quite suffi- 
 cient. As light increases with a return- 
 ing spring, the thermometer may be 
 permitted to advance a little. In light- 
 houses, a thermometer of 50° to 55° will 
 do no injury. Here, however, shading 
 will, at times, be requisite. 
 
 Fruit, uses, etc. — -Besides forming, in, 
 its natural state, one of the adjuncts of 
 the modern dessert, these fruits are used 
 in a variety of forms, both in confec- 
 tionery, sweetmeats, and liqueurs. Thus,, 
 the Seville, Bizarade, or Bitter Orange, 
 having a very bitter rind, is used for 
 marmalade, bitter tinctures, candied 
 peel, and for flavouring curafoa. The 
 Bizarades are the kinds used principally 
 for the production of cut blossoms by 
 the French gardeners. The Bergamot 
 has a pear-like fragrance : from this the 
 perfumer obtains his bsrgamot essences. 
 The Lime is used in flavouring punch 
 and confectionery. The Shaddock has a 
 cooling and refreshing juice ; and the 
 fruit is a splendid addition, in appear- 
 ance, to the dessert. The Lemon is too 
 well known to need comment. The 
 Citron is used for sweetmeats, lemonade,, 
 and to flavour negus and punch. 
 
 Diseases. — We are not aware of any- 
 thing' which may be strictly termed a 
 disease of this genus. A black fungus 
 is frequently found on the leaf, having 
 the appearance of soot, and perhaps 
 
CLA 
 
 [229] 
 
 CLA 
 
 «,rguine a corrupt atmosphere, through 
 a too close confinement. This must be 
 ■cleaned away, by a sponge, with warm 
 water. 
 
 Insects. — The aphis and the scale (coc- 
 cus) are amongst its principal enemies. 
 The former may at all times be readily 
 destroyed by fumigation ; the latter may 
 be rubbed off by means of sponge bound 
 ■on a stick, frequently dipping the sponge 
 in a liquor consisting of two ounces of 
 .soft soap beat up in a gallon of water. 
 
 Clada'nthus. (From Uados, a 
 branch, and anthos, a flower ; flowering 
 .at the end of the branches. Nat. ord., 
 CompositcB ; Trihe, Anthemidece. Allied 
 to Anthemis.) 
 
 The annual from seeds, in April; the evergreen 
 ■from cuttings, under a glass ; common soil. 
 C, can^scens. 1. Yellow. June. Canaries. 
 1829. Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 — proli'ferus. 2. Yellow. July. Bombay. 
 
 1759. Hardy annual. Syns., C. arabicus 
 and Anthemis arabiea. 
 
 Cladra'stis. (Derivation obscure. 
 Nat. ord., LeguminoscE; Tribe, Sopho- 
 recB. Allied to Sophora.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees, with terminal panicles 
 'Of white flowers. Propagation by grafts, or 
 budding, or by layers in spring and autumn. 
 ■<7. ajimre'nsis. 6. White. Amur. 1880. Syn., 
 Maackia a/murensis. B. M. t. 6551. 
 
 — tiiKto'ria. 15. White. July. N. America. 
 
 1812. Syns., C. lutea and Virgilia lutea. 
 The Yellow- Wood. 
 
 Clande'stina recUfloWa. See La- 
 lilirsea clandestina. 
 
 Cla'rkia. (Named after Captain 
 •Clark. Nsit.OTA., Onagrariece.) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Seeds in flower border, in 
 March ; or, in September, in reserve-garden, 
 protected with a few branches in frosty weather, 
 and transplanted, in spring, in patches, when 
 they wiU bloom early. 
 C. dlegans. 2. Rose, purple. July. California. 
 
 1832. B. M. t. 3592. B. E. 1. 1575. 
 flo're-ple'no. IJ. Pale rose. September. 
 
 Gardens.. 1827. 
 rhmnboi'iUa. See C. rhomboides. 
 
 — gaurai'des. Swt. Fl. Gard. II. t. 379. See C. 
 
 rhomboides. 
 
 — pulche'lla. 2. June. N. Amer. 1826. B. M. 
 
 t. 2918. B. E. t. 1100. 
 
 hi^ color. Eose. 
 
 ^ — flo're-a'lbo. 2. White. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1826. 
 
 Jlo're-pUfno. Kev. Hort. 1864, 1. 161. 
 
 margvna'ta. Eose edged with white. HI. 
 
 Hort. 1868, t. 169. There is also a 
 
 variety integripetcUa. 
 
 — rhomboi'des. Pink. June. N. America. 1823. 
 
 Syns., C. elegane, var. rhomboidea and 
 C. gauroides. 
 
 Clary. {Sa'lvia scla'rea.) Its leaves 
 are sometimes used in soups and medi- 
 ■cated wines. A very small number of 
 plants is sufficient for a family. Sow 
 early in April, or a month earlier, in any 
 light-soiled border. Thin the plants to 
 
 two feet apart. The sowing must be 
 annual. Seed may be saved by allowing 
 some plants to run up the next spring. 
 They ripen their seed in September. 
 
 Clause'nia. (Derivation not ex- 
 plained. Nat. ord., Bvtaeece ; Tribe, 
 Aurantieas.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. The fruit of C. wam,pi is 
 highly esteemed in China and the Indian Archi- 
 pelago. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under 
 a glass, in heat. Loam and peat. 
 C. corymbifio'ra. White. Loyalty Islands. 1878. 
 Prait eatable. 
 
 — peniaphi/Ua, 20. White. July. Coromandel. 
 
 1800. 
 
 — wa'mpi. 16. White. China. 1795. Syn., 
 
 Cooleia punctata. Wampee Tree. 
 
 Cla'vieeps purpu'rea, a fungus at- 
 tacking Rye. See Ergot. 
 
 Clavi'ja. (Named after Clavij'a, a 
 Spanish naturalist. Nat. ord., Myrsi- 
 naceoe. Synonym, Theophrasta.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-ripe 
 
 shoots in sandy loam, with sand above, under a 
 
 bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat and loam. 
 
 C. cauliflo'Ta. Antioquia. Syn., Theophrasta 
 
 antioqu&neis. 
 
 — Ermtii. 5. Apricot-yellow. Caiaccas. B. M. 
 
 t. 6928. 
 —fu'lgens. Orange-red. Peru. 1867. B. M. 
 
 t. 6626. 
 ~ macroca'rpa. 20. White. Peru. 1816. 
 
 — oma'ta. 12. Orange. Caraccas. 1828. B. M. 
 
 t. 4922. 
 
 — Riedelia'na. Orange. July. Brazil. Gfl. t. 
 
 663. Syn., C. macrophylla of some 
 gardens and of B. M. t. 5829. 
 
 — Eode&a'na. Orange. Columbia. 1876. HI. 
 
 Hort. n. s. 1. 188. 
 
 — umbro'sa. Brazil. 1869. Gfl. t. 609. Syn., 
 
 Theophrasta vmibrosa. 
 
 Clay is a constituent of all fertile 
 soils, though in these it rarely exceeds 
 one-sixteenth part, and generally bears 
 a much smaller relative proportion to 
 the other constituents. In its pure state 
 it is known as alumina. It is tlie best of 
 all additions to light, unretentive soils ; 
 for it retains moisture much more power- 
 fully than any other soil. M. Schubler 
 found, that when sUicious sand lost 
 eighty-eight parts of moisture, and 
 chalky sand seventy-six, stiff clay, in 
 the same time, lost only thirty -five parts. 
 
 Clay soils are the worst that can l3e for 
 gardens ; for there is scarcely one of the 
 crops there cultivated that is not injured 
 by stagnant water, which can scarcely be 
 prevented in clay soils at some seasons ; 
 and, in wet weather, clayey soils cannot 
 be worked, whereas the gardener must 
 he inserting or attending to his crops 
 every day. 
 
 For the improvement of clay lands, 
 by rendering their staple less retentive, 
 burning some of their own soil is an 
 efficient application. One hundred tons 
 per acre, for this purpose, are not too 
 
CLA 
 
 [230] 
 
 CLE 
 
 many ; for a dressing as a manure, thirty 
 tons are a good quantity. See Paring. 
 
 Claying is adding clay to a soil, to 
 render it more retentive. 
 
 Clayto'nia. (Named after John 
 Cla'yton,yfh collected plants in America. 
 Nat, ord., Portulacece.) 
 
 C. perfoUa'ta, a curious little annual, is used as 
 a substitute for purslane in North America. An- 
 nuals, in border of sandy loam, or sandy peat, 
 in March and April ; tuberous species, by offsets 
 in spring or autumn, and seeds in spring ; her- 
 baceous species, by division of the roots ; vege- 
 table mould and peaty soil. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 C. algCnoi'des. White with red anthers. May to 
 July. Nootka Sound, N. W. America. 
 B. M. t. 13U9. 
 
 — a'rctica. 1. White. June. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 Syn., C. Joannecma. 
 
 — cuie^rms. See C. perfoHata. 
 
 — gypaophiloi'des J. Pink. October. California. 
 
 1835. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 375. 
 
 — JocmTiea'na. See C. arctica, 
 
 — perfolia'ta. 1. White. June. >i. Amer. 
 
 1794. B. M. 1. 1338. Syn., C. mbeneis. 
 
 — m'M'ricu. 1. Bed. June. Siberia. 1768. 
 
 B. M. t. 2243. 
 
 — uncUtischktinsis. 1. White. June. Bussia. 
 
 1820. Syn., C. Ufida. 
 
 HABDT TUBEROUS-ROOTKD. 
 
 C. aautijUra. 1. White. May. N. Amer. 
 
 — aeatifdlia, 2. August. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 — caWolmiea. California. Herbaceous peren- 
 
 nial. 
 
 — cardHnia'mi. Swt. FL Gard. t. 208. See C. 
 
 mrgmica, var. spathulc^folia. 
 
 — grandiflcfra. 1. Pink. April. N. Amer. 
 
 — laneeola'ta, 1. White. April. N. Amer. 
 
 1812. 
 
 — longifcflia. 1. White. April. N. Amer. 
 
 1827. 
 — polyphy'lla. 1. Fink. April. N. Amer. 
 1827. 
 
 — uTTbbeUa'ta. 
 
 — Vestia'na. 1. Bose. Altai. 1827. 
 
 — mrgvma'na. 1. White. N. Amer. 1740. B. M. 
 
 t. 941. 
 
 spatlmlcef(^Ka. 1. Pink. April. N. 
 
 America. 1789. Syns., C. earoliniana 
 and C. spathulce/olia. 
 
 Cleiso'stoma. (From Meio, to close, 
 and stoma, a mouth. Nat. ord. , Orchi- 
 dece; Tribe, Vandem-Sarcantheos. Allied 
 to Sarcochilus.) 
 
 Stove orchids ; divisions ; blocks of wood, with 
 a little sphagnum moss. Summer temp., 60° to 
 80° ; winter, 65° to 60°. 
 
 C. Wcolor. Pink, purple. July. Manilla. 1848. 
 Paxt. Fl. Gard. n. p. 100. 
 
 — crasBtfofHum. Green, purple. E. Indies. 1852. 
 
 Paxt. Fl. Gard. 99. 
 
 — Dcmsonia'num. Sulphur, orange, brown. 
 
 1888. 
 
 — dealba/tvmi. See Sarcmith'us dealhatus. 
 
 — dem'piem. Ochre. May. Ceylon. 1843. 
 
 — discolor. Yellow. March. India. 1844. 
 —fu'scum. Brown. E. Indies. 1849. 
 
 — Gnibe^rti. Yellow spot, cinnamon rings. 
 
 Lind. t. 9. 
 
 — iono'mmm. B. B. 1847, t. 71. See Swreochilus. 
 
 — lama'tum Yellow, purple. July. Burmah. 
 
 1849. 
 
 — latif&lium. Yellow, red. March. Singapore. 
 
 1840. 
 
 C. mMulo'mm. Yellow, pink. March. Ceylon.. 
 1839. 
 
 — rfngens. Yellow ; lip purple, orange. Phi- 
 
 lippines. 1888. 
 
 — ro'sea. Straw-coloured. September. Manilla. 
 
 1837. 
 
 — spica'tum. Bed, yellow. May. Borneo. 1846. 
 
 — stria'tvm,. Yellow, red. Daijeeling. 1879, 
 
 Syn., Echinoglossum striatum. 
 
 — tridenta'tum. See Sarcochilus tridentatus. 
 
 Cle'matis. Virgin's Bower, Tra- 
 vellei's Joy or Old Man's Beard. (From 
 klema, a vine-branch ; in reference to- 
 their climbing like a vine. Nat. ord., 
 Eanunculaeem ; Tribe, Clematidem.) 
 
 Cuttings of firm side-shootsunder a hand-light, 
 in summer ; layers in September ; division of" 
 herbaceous kinds as they commence to giow, in 
 spring ; light loam, or loam and a little peat. A. 
 dry situation suits most of them. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN CLIMBERS. 
 
 C. america'na. 12. White. S. Amer. 
 
 — brazilia'na. 12. White. Brazil. 1823. 
 
 — caripe'nsis. 12. White. ^Trinidad. 1820. 
 
 — dioi'ca. 14. Green. Yellow. May. W. Ind. 
 
 1733. 
 
 — gramdiJU/ra. 12. Yellow, green. Sierra Leone. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — hedvsarWlia. White. B. Ind. 1819. B. B. 
 
 t. 699. 
 
 — sndladfo'lia. 20. Purple. W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 B. M. t. 4259. 
 
 GREENHOUSE CLIMBERS. 
 
 C. arista'ta. 12. Green, yellow. June. N. 
 Holland. 1812. Deciduous. B. B. t. 238. 
 
 — balea'rica. 12. Yellow, white. February. 
 
 Minorca. 1783. Half-hardy evergreen. 
 
 — iariella'ta. Chocolate and cream. May. 
 
 Simla. 
 
 — brachia'ta. 2, Yellow, green. October. Cape-- 
 
 of Good Hope. Evergreen. B. E. t. 97. 
 
 — chine^rms. 12. white. Trinidad. 1820. Half- 
 
 hardy evergreen. 
 
 — coed'nea. Scarlet. Texas. 1868. Syn., C. 
 
 Pitcheri of some gardens. 
 lute^ola. Flowers yellow inside. Bev. 
 
 Hort. 1888, p. 348. 
 parvijlo'ra. Flowers smaller, reddish 
 
 inside. 1888. 
 
 — Coldnsoi. Yellow. New Zealand. 1889. 
 
 — coria'cea. 12. White. N. Holland. 1821. 
 
 — glyeinoi'des. 10. White. N. Holland. 1826. 
 
 Evergreen. 
 
 — grave! olens. Pale yellow. July. Chinese^ 
 
 Tartary. 1845. Half-hardy deciduous. 
 B. M. t. 4495. 
 
 — grewiceJMra. Tawny - yellow. Himalayas. 
 
 1868. 
 
 — Jtetmse!pala. 3. Pale green. April. New 
 
 Zealand. 1844. B. B. 1846, t. 44. 
 
 — indim'sa. 20. White, cream. April. 'New 
 
 Zealand. B. M. t. 4398. 
 loba'ta. 20. White, cream. April. New- 
 Zealand. 1847. Bev. Hort. 1853, 1. 13. 
 
 — Unearilo'ba. 4. White. July. Carolina. 
 
 1823. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 — nepale'rms. White. Nepal. 1874. 
 
 — odora'ta. June. E. Ind. 1831. 
 
 — PiicMri. Dull-purple. See C. coceinm. 
 
 — Sarge'nti. A small-flowered form of C. 
 
 Pitcheri. N. America. 1888. 
 
 — tanzibare'nsis. 10. Zanzibar. 1820. 
 
 HARDY CLIMBERS AND HEftBACEOUS. 
 
 C. isthvMfo'lia latise'cta. White. September t<» 
 October. Amurland and N. China. 1869. 
 B. M. t. 6542. 
 
 — angvstifoflia. 2. White. June. Austria- 
 
 1787. Jacq. Ic. 1. 104. 
 
CLE 
 
 [ 231 ] 
 
 CLE 
 
 April. Japan. 1836. 
 
 C. coeru'lta. 10. Blue, 
 
 B. R. t. 1966. 
 grandijUira. Purple. June. Japan. 1841. 
 
 B. M. t. 3983. 
 
 — ealifo'mica. California. 1840. 
 
 — campoMiflo'ra. 6. Purple. July. Spain. 1810. 
 
 — drrho'sa. 12. White, green. April. Spain. 
 
 1696. B. M. t. 1070. Syn., C. calycina, 
 B. M. t. 969. 
 
 — cri'epa. 6. Pale lilac. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1726. B. M. t. 1892. Syn., 0. cordata, 
 
 B. M. t. 1816. 
 
 — cyWndrica. 3. Blue. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1820. Herbaceous perennial. B. M. 
 1. 1160. 
 Hend&rso'ni. Violet. A hybrid. 
 
 — Davidia'na. Blue. China. 1867. Allied to 
 
 C. tubulosa. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 — dahu'rica. 12. Yellow, green. September. 
 
 Dahuria. 1820. 
 
 — Dougla'sii. Blue. N. America. 1889. 
 
 — diversifo'lia. 4. White. April. Herbaceous 
 
 perennial. 
 
 — ere! eta. 3. White. July. Austria. 1697. 
 hispa'nica. 3. White July. Spain. 
 
 1800. Herbaceous perennial. 
 — jUi'immda. 20. White. August. France. 1596. 
 
 ecespito'm. 20. White. September. 
 
 Ttiari'ti'ma. 20. White. May, South 
 
 of Europe. 
 : — rotundifo'lia. 20. White. August. France. 
 
 1696. 
 
 — ■ robu'sta. 20. White. Japan. 1876. 
 
 rubeola, 20. Reddish. September. 
 
 vulga'ris. 20. White. August. France. 
 
 —Jlo'rida. 10. White. June. Japan. 1776. 
 
 Jacq. H. Schcenb. t. 357. 
 hi' color. White, purple. 
 
 t. 25. 
 
 Jlo're-plelno. 10. White. June. 
 
 Sieb&ldii, 10. Purple, green. 
 
 Japan. 1836. Swt. Fl. Gard., 
 
 t. 396. 
 
 — Fortu'nei. White. Ja^an. 1863. C. Johannis 
 
 Veitchii is a variety of this. 
 
 — glau'ca. 12. Pale yellow. April. Siberia. 
 
 Wats. Dendr. t. 73. 
 
 — Graha'mi. 16. Pale green. 
 
 1846. Fl. Ser. t. 376. 
 
 — BooTce'ri. Blue. Taurus? 
 
 — integrifo'lia. 2. Blue. July. Hungary. 
 
 B. M. t. 65. 
 
 elonga'ta. 2. Blue. June. Europe. 
 
 latifo'lia. Purple. July. 
 
 — intriea'ta, Mongolia. 1889. 
 
 — Jackma'rmi. Blue, purple. 
 a'lba. Garden, Feb. 16, 1884. 
 
 — lanvgino'sa. Blue. June. China. 1861. Fl, 
 
 Ser. t. 811. 
 
 — lathyrifo'lia. 4. White. June. 1836. Her- 
 
 baceous perennial. B. R. 1839, t. 61. 
 
 — Massonia'na. 12. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 — numgo'liea. Yellow. 1888. 
 
 — mmistro'sa. Greenish. June. Japan. 
 
 — monta'na. 20. White. May. Nepaul. 1831, 
 
 Deciduous. B. B. 1840, t. 63. 
 
 grandiflo'ra. White. May. B. M. t. 
 
 4061. 
 
 — nepale'nsis. May. Nepaul. 1835. 
 
 — ochroleu'ea. 2. Light yeUow. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1767. Deciduous. B. C. t. 661. 
 
 — orienta'lis. 8. Yellow, white. August. Le- 
 
 vant. 1731. Deciduous. 
 
 — panieula'ta. 20. White. August. Japan. 
 
 — pa'tene. White. June. Japan. 
 
 Sophi'a. Purple ; midnb green. Japan. 
 
 1863. Fl. Ser. t. 852. 
 
 — Piero'ti. White, small. Japan. 1888. 
 
 — pedicella'ta. 12. White, green July. Ma- 
 
 jorca. B. R. 1847, t. 21. 
 
 — retwula'ta. 8. Purple. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1812. Deciduous. Wats. Dendr. t. 72. 
 
 B. B. 1838, 
 
 June, 
 ser. 2, 
 
 July. Mexico. 
 
 1696. 
 
 C. rhodochWra. Garden variety. 1887. 
 
 — se'mi-tril&ba. 1. White, green. June. Spain. 
 
 — Si'imii. 8. Purple. July. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 Deciduous. 
 
 — Stcmle^yi. 3. Kosy-white, or purple. S. 
 
 Africa. G. C. 1890, v. 8, p. 326, f. 66. 
 
 — sta'ns. White. Japan. 1870. 
 
 — tritema'ta. 12. White. 1800. Deciduous. 
 
 — tvimlo'sa. 2. Blue. September. China. 
 
 1846. Herbaceous. B. M. t. 4269. 
 
 — vertioUla'ris. Bluish-purple. N. Amer. 1889. 
 
 — Vo'rmi, 12. Purple. August. N. Amer. 1730. 
 
 Deciduous. American Traveller's joy. 
 Andr. Rep. t. 71. 
 
 — vwmoides. 8. Lilac. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1828. Deciduous. 
 
 — virginia'na. 16. Gieen. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1767. Deciduous. Wats. Dendr. t. 4. 
 
 bractea'ta. 16. Greeni&h-white. June, 
 
 N. Amer. 1767. 
 
 — vita'lba. 20. White. August. England. De- 
 
 ciduous. Traveller's joy. Eng. Bot. ed. 
 3, 1. 1. 
 Integra' ta. 20. White. August. England. 
 
 — vitieeflla. 20. Purple. August. Spain. 1669. 
 
 Deciduous. B. M. t. 566. 
 
 eoeru'lea. 20. Blue. July. Spain. 1659. 
 
 pWna. 20. Purple. August. 
 
 purpu'rea. 20. Purple. July. Spain. 
 
 tenui/o'lia. 20. Crimson. June. 
 
 Many beautiful garden varieties are now in 
 cultivation. 
 
 Cleo'me. (From kleio, to shut ; in 
 reference to the parts of the flower. 
 Nat. ord., Cappnridacece.) 
 
 Those of a shrubby character by cuttings of 
 half-ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; 
 perennial herbaceous species, by division of the 
 plant, and seeds ; Indian annual species, by seed 
 sown in a hotbed, and bloomed in the greenhouse, 
 as tender annuals. The European and several 
 Mexican annuals, by seed in a gentle hotbed, to 
 be transferred to the flower-borders in May, 
 rich, light soil. i 
 
 C. ara'bica. 2. Yellow. June. Arabia. 1794. 
 
 — Sillenia'na. 1. , White. June. Levant. 1732. 
 
 Syn., C, omithopodioides. 
 — fia'va. Yellow. June. Australia. 1826. 
 
 — iie'rica. 1. White. . July. Iberia. 1820. 
 
 — lu'tea. 1. YeUow. N. Amer. 1840. Her- 
 
 baceous perennial.- B. R. 1841, t. 67. 
 Syn., Pentoma aurea. 
 
 — vvbe'seens. 2. White. July. 1816. B. M. 
 
 1. 1857. 
 
 — speeiosi'ssima. Purple. July. Mexico. 1827. 
 
 B. R. 1. 1312. 
 
 — trine^rvia. Yellow. Arabia. 1837. 
 
 — viola'cea. 1. Purple. June. Portugal. 1776. 
 
 — virga'ta. 1. White. June. Persia. 1820. 
 
 STOVE SHRUBS AND HERBACEOUS. 
 
 C. arbo'rea. 8. White. June. Caraccas. 1817. 
 Evergreen. 
 
 — dendroildes. 5. Purple. Brazil. 1828. B. M. 
 
 — droserifo'Ua. Yellow, violet. May. Egypt. 
 
 1837. Greenhouse shrub. 
 
 — giga'ntea. 6. White. June. S Amer. 1774. 
 
 B. M. t. 3137. 
 
 — miera'ntha. White. June. 1824. 
 
 — procw'mbens. Yellow. June. W. Ind. 1798. 
 
 STOVE ANKUAI.E. 
 
 C. amlea'ta. 2. White. June. S. Amer. 1817, 
 
 — edrdina'lw. 2, Bed. July. Mexico. 1823. 
 
 — diffu'm. 1. Green. June. Brazil. 1823. 
 
 — heptai>hy'Ua. 1. White. June. Jamaica. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — Bousto'ni. 1. White. June. W. Ind. 1730. 
 
 — momphj/Oa. 1. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 1769. 
 zeyla'nica. 1. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 1769. 
 
CLE 
 
 [ 232 ] 
 
 CLE 
 
 C. pol^gama. 2. White. June. W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 — pu'ngens. 2. White. July. W. Ind. 1731. 
 
 Biennial Syn., C. spinoaa. B. M. 
 1. 1640. 
 
 — ro'sea. 2. Hei. June. Brazil. 1825. B. B. 
 
 t. 960. 
 
 — spino'sa. See C pwngens. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 
 C. Burma'nni, See Polanisia dodecandra. 
 
 — candela'brum. B. M. t. 2666. See Gynan- 
 
 dropsis. 
 
 — cape'nsig. See HelophUa cleomoides. 
 
 — Chelado'nii, See Polanisia. 
 
 — dodeca'ndra. See PoloMiaia. 
 
 canadt!nsis. See Polanieia graveolens. 
 
 — icosa'ndra. See Polanisia viscosa, var. icosan- 
 
 d/ra. 
 
 — pentaphy'lla. See Oynandropsis pentaphylla. 
 
 — pinTia'ta. See Stan^pa pinnatijlda. 
 
 — prostra'ta. See Bothia tr\foliata. 
 
 — speciosa. See Gynandropsis. 
 
 — triphy'lla. See Oynandropsis sessiliflora. 
 
 — uniglwndulo'sa. See Polanisia. 
 
 — visco'sou See Polanisia. 
 
 Clerode'ndron. (From kUros, 
 
 chanoe, and dendron, a tree ; said to be 
 owing to the uncertainty of the medi- 
 cinal qualities. Nat. ord., VerbenacefE ; 
 Tribe, Viticece. Syns., Siphonanthus 
 and Volkameria.) 
 
 Seeds sown when ripe, or in the following 
 March, in a hotbed. Cuttings of the firm, short 
 side-shoots, when growth is commencing, in 
 March or April, in sandy peat, under a glass, and 
 in bottom-heat. Loam and peat, with a little 
 charcoal and dried cowdung, assisted with heat, 
 until they show flower ; kept cool and dry in 
 winter, and pruned back in spring, that vigorous 
 shoots may be formed. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 C. attenua'twm. 6. Fort Jackson. 1824. 
 
 — costal twm. 6. N. Holland. 1823. 
 
 — faltidum. 6. Bose. August. N. China. 
 
 1820. 
 — frii grams. 6. White, red. October. China. 
 
 1790. Syn., VoVcatneria ftagrofns. 
 pUnifio'ra. 6. White, red. October. 
 
 China. 1790. B. M. t. 1834. 
 — japo'niGtvm. White. July. Japan. 1823. 
 
 — Kvidum. 3. White. November. China. 
 
 1824. B. E. t. 945. 
 
 — myrieio'des. White, blue. Spring. Tropical 
 
 Africa. Syn., Cyclonerma myrieoides. 
 Stove. 
 
 — aer&tvman. White. China. 1867. 
 
 — Thcymso'rue. Scarlet. Old Calabar. 1862. 
 
 Stove climber. 
 
 — tomento'sti/m. 5. White. April. N. S. Wales. 
 
 1794. 
 
 — tricho'tomum, 6. White ; calyx reddish. 
 
 Japan. September. 1800. B. M. t. 6561. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 C. aculea'tum. 4. White. September. W. Indies. 
 1739. Syn., Volkaimeria aculeata. 
 
 — angust\fo'lium. See C. heterophyllum. 
 
 — ■ Bethunia'mmi. 10. Scarlet. Borneo. 1847. 
 
 — huscifo'lium. See C. inerme. 
 
 — oalamito'sum, 4. August. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 — capita'tum. 6. Cream. August. Sierra 
 
 Leone. 1846. 
 
 — cephala'nthum. Calyx purplish ; corolla 
 
 creamy-white. Zanzibar. 1888. Climber. 
 
 — ce'rnuum. 4. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 — eocGi'neum. See C. squarnatum. 
 
 — carda'tum. 3. White. July. Nepaul. 1826. 
 
 — cor(ymandelia'nuvi. 6. Mauritius. 1823. 
 
 — denta'tum. White. May. B. Ind. 1826. 
 
 C. Smime'nse. 3. White. February. Mada- 
 gascar. 1822. B. M. t. 2925. 
 
 —fa'llax. Scarlet. September. Java. B. E. 
 1844, t. 19. Syn., C. speciosissimum, of 
 Paxton. 
 
 —fioritnCndum. 6. Lilac. July. Madagascar. 
 1825. 
 
 —fortima'tum. 6. July. E. Ind. 1784. 
 
 — glandulo'sum. Scarlet. September. Syn,, 
 
 C. speciosissiTivuTn of some gardens. 
 glau'cum. 4. B. Ind. 1826. 
 
 — Tiasta'tvm. 6. White. June. B. Ind. 1826. 
 
 B. B. 1. 1307. 
 
 — helianthi/o'lium. 5. E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 — keterophy'llum. 3. White. August. Mauri- 
 
 tius. 1805. Syns., C. a/ngusti/olium and 
 Volkameria angusti/olia, Andr. Eep., 
 t. 564. 
 
 — Hugeflii. 5. Crimson. Sierra Leone. 1842. 
 
 — illu'stre. Scarlet. Celebes. 1884. 
 
 — inerme. 4. White. July. Indian Archipelago. 
 
 1692. Syns., C. buajfotium and Vo&i- 
 meria huxyfolia and i-nermis. 
 
 — infortunaltttm. 6. White. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1796. Syn., C viseosum. 
 
 — Kcempfe'ri. See C. squa/matwm. 
 
 — laurifoHum. Scarlet. E. Ind. 
 
 — leucosce^ptrum. SeeTeucriv/mmaerostachyum. 
 
 — ligttstri'num. 3. White. September. Mexico. 
 
 1789. 
 
 — maermhy'llum. 8. White, blue. July. B. 
 
 Ind. 1815. B. M. t. 2536. 
 
 — macrosHphon. Snow-white, filaments purple. 
 
 Zanzibar. 1883. B. M. t. 6695. 
 
 — MiirMha'ssai. Calyx red; corolla pale yellow ; 
 
 berry blue. Celebes. 
 
 — neriif&lium. White. May. E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 — nu'tans. 6. White. November. E. Ind. 
 
 1825. B. M. t. 3049. 
 
 — ofU>ra'tum. See Caryopteng Wallichiana. 
 
 — pUnieula'tum. 6. Scarlet. August. Java. 
 
 1809. Syn., C. pyramidaie, Andr. Hep. 
 t. 628. 
 
 — phlamoi'det. i. White. August. E. Ind. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — puhelseeris. White. July. W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 — pyramida'le. See C. paniffulatwm. 
 
 — Sumphia'num. Flesh-coloured, deepening 
 
 to crimson. Java. 
 
 — salidfo'liimi. 4. E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 — sca'ndens. 12. White. July. Guinea. 1822. 
 
 Climber. 
 
 — serra'tum. 6. Nepaul. 1822. 
 
 — sinua'tum. 3. White. February, Sierra 
 
 Leone. 1846. B. M. t. 42SS. 
 
 — srphona'rUhiis. 6. White. B. Ind. 1796. 
 
 Syn., Siphonanthus indicus. 
 
 — epeeiosi'ssinmm. See C. fallax and 0. glandu- 
 
 losum. 
 
 — sple'ndens. 10. Scarlet. June. Sierra Leone. 
 
 1840. Climber. 
 
 — squama' turn. 10. Scarlet. August. China. 
 
 1790. B. E. t. 649. Syns., C. Kcempfen 
 and Volkwmeria Koempferi. 
 
 — termfo'Hum. i. Nepaul. 1823. 
 
 — urticcefo'lium. 4. E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 — verticUla'tum. 6. White. August. Nepaul. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — viola'ceum, i. Violet. 1822. 
 
 — visco'sum. See C. infortunatum. 
 
 — volu'bile. 6. White. Guinea. 1829. Climber. 
 
 Cle'thra. (Prom klethra, the Greek 
 name of the Alder ; alluding to a sup- 
 posed resemblance between their leaves. 
 Nat. ord., an anomalous genus of Eri- 
 cacecs. Allied to Andromeda.) 
 
 Cuttings of half-ripe shoots, of the tenderer 
 species, in April, under a bell-glass, and in sand. 
 The North American species are hardy enough 
 for our shrubberies, and are propagated by layers 
 
CLE 
 
 [233] 
 
 CLI 
 
 in autumn, or by firm cuttings in sand, under a 
 hand-light, in summer ; for all, peat is necessary. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS SHRUBS. 
 
 C. acumma'ta. 10. White. September. Caro- 
 lina. 1B06. B. C. t. 1427. 
 
 — ainifo'lia. i. White. September. N. Amer. 
 
 1731. 
 
 — barbine'rvis. White. Japan. 1870. Hardy, 
 
 — tnexica'na. 10. White. Mexico. 1840. 
 
 Evergreen. 
 
 — na'na. 2. White. August. 1820. 
 
 — panicula'ta. i. White. September. N. 
 
 Amer. 1770. 
 
 — sca'bra. 4. White. September. Georgia. 
 
 1806. 
 
 — tomento'sa. 4. White. September. N. Amer. 
 
 1731. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 C. arbo'rea. 8. White. September. Madeira. 
 1784. B. M. 1. 1057. 
 
 minor. 2. White. September. Madeira. 
 
 variega'ta. 3. White. August. Madeira. 
 
 — ferru^i'nea. 4. White. Peru. 1800. 
 
 — qiji&r(Afdli(i. 10. White. June. S. Mexico. 
 
 1840. B. B. 1842, t. 23. 
 
 — ieewnAijklra. White. Madeira. 1879. 
 
 — tinifclUa. 20. White. Jamaica. 1825. Stove. 
 
 Cleye'ra. (Named after Br. Cleyer, 
 a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., Ternstrb- 
 7niace(B ; Tribe, TernstroTniecB. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of 
 half-ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; 
 sandy, flbry ^at. Summer temp., 60° to 70° ; 
 winter, 45° to 60°. 
 C. japo'nica. 6. Yellowish-white. Japan. 1820. 
 
 — theoi'des. 4. Creamy-white. Jamaica. 1818. 
 
 Syn., Freziera theoideg, B. M. t. 4546. 
 
 Clia'nthus. (From kleios, glory, 
 and anfhos, a flower. Nat. ord. , Legu- 
 minosm; Tribe, GalegecB. Allied to 
 Sutherlandia.) 
 
 The Parrot-Beak plant and the Glory Pea of 
 New Zealand. Haif-hardy evergreen shrubs. 
 Cuttings in sandy soil, under a glass, easily; 
 peat and loam, with a little sand or charcoal. 
 Young plants are best grown rapidly, old plants 
 are so subject to red spider ; do well in pots or 
 planted out in a conservatory, or against a wall, 
 where a little protection can be given in winter. 
 C. ca'meus. 6. Flesh-coloured. May. Philip- 
 pines. 1840. B. E. 1841, t. 51. 
 
 — Damyie'ri. 2. Bed. March. New Holland. 
 
 1852. Marginata is a striking variety, 
 white, margin red, boss black, 1866. 
 germa'nicus. .Garden variety. 1889. 
 
 — pimi'ceus. 3. Crimson. May. New Zealand. 
 
 1832. B. B. 1. 1775. Syn., Donia mmieea. 
 
 magni'ficus. Reddish. Navigator'slsland. 
 
 1868. Fl. Ser. t. 879. 
 
 Click Beetles. The section Agri- 
 otes of the genus Elater, the grubs of 
 which are extremely destructive to root- 
 crops. See Wireworms. 
 
 Clida'nthus. See Chlidanthus. 
 Clide'niia. (In honour of Clidemi, 
 an ancient Greek botanist. Nat. ord., 
 ^dastomacecB ; Tribe, Miconiew.) 
 
 Stove shrubs. For cultivation, see MICONIA, 
 
 i» which genus Clidem:a is allied. 
 
 C. hi'rta. White. September. Jamaica. 1294 ? 
 
 Syn., ISelaetoma hirta, B. M. t. 1971. 
 
 This was the first Melastomad to flower 
 
 in Britain, 
 
 C. vitta'ta. Rose. Peru. 1876. 111. Hort. n. 
 ser. t. 219. 
 
 Clifto'nia. (Commerative. Nat. 
 ord., lyriUem.) 
 
 Propagated by cuttings. 
 C. Kgustri'na. 8. White, buds pink tipped. 
 May. Carolina and Georgia. Syn., 
 Mylocaryum ligustrmwm. B. M. t. 1626. 
 The Buck-wheat tree. 
 
 Climate controls the growth of plants 
 most imjperatively ; and, in the culti- 
 vation of fruits, flowers, and culinary 
 vegetables, it forms the first object of 
 the gardener's inquiry. He will be 
 greatly aided in the successful culture 
 of most plants by attaining a knowledge 
 of their habitat and its surroundings. 
 How all-influential climate is appears 
 from the fact, that different countries, 
 though in the same degrees of latitude, 
 have often a totally different Flora on 
 soils similar in constitution. 
 
 Now the reason for these differences 
 is, that the countries thus contrasted 
 differ in climate ; that is, they differ in 
 the intensity and duration of the light ■ 
 and heat they enjoy ; they differ in the 
 contrast of their day and night tempera- 
 tures ; they differ in the relative length 
 of the day and night ; they differ in the 
 length of their summer and winter, or, 
 which is synonymous, in the relative 
 lengths of their periods of vegetable 
 activity and rest ; they differ, also, in 
 the amount of rain which falls, not only 
 annually, but at particular seasons ; 
 they differ in having much atmospheric 
 moisture deposited, in the form of rain, 
 or dew, or snow, at the different periods 
 of vegetable activity or rest. Now, 
 whatever these differences are, whatever 
 the peculiarities of a climate from which 
 a plant comes, the gardener will more 
 readily command success by a thorough 
 knowledge of those climatic differences 
 and peculiarities. We often see long 
 tables of the average monthly tempera- 
 ture of places ; but these are useless to 
 the gardener unless they show the 
 average highest and lowest temperatures 
 of each month, as well as the highest 
 and lowest degrees the thermometer is 
 known to reach during the same period. 
 
 Climbers are plants which attach 
 themselves to supporters by their natu- 
 ral appendages, as by their tendrils, by 
 their hooks, or by other modes of attach- 
 ment. 
 
 Clina'nthus. See Clita'nthus. 
 
 Clinto'nia. (Named, by the un- 
 fortunate Douglas, after his friend, De 
 Witt Clinton, Governor of the state of 
 
CLI 
 
 [234] 
 
 CLU 
 
 New York. Nat. ord., Z&'acecB; Tribe, 
 Convallariew. ) 
 
 C. Andrewsia'tm. 1 to li. Claret-purple. N 
 America. 1888. B. M. t. 7092. 
 
 — borea'lis. 1. YeUowish-green. May. N. 
 
 America. 1778. Syn.,Smilanrm borealis, 
 B. M. t. 1403. 
 
 — e'legans, B; M. 1. 1241, and C. pulchella, B. B. 
 
 1. 1909. See Downingia. 
 
 — umbetta'ta. J. Whitish. May. North 
 
 America. 1778. Syn., Smilacina bore- 
 alis, B, M. t. 1155, and 5. umbellata. 
 
 — uiiiflc^ra. J. White. July. North America. 
 
 Syn., Smilacina uniflora. 
 
 Clioco'cca tenuifo'lia. See Linum 
 Babingtonii. 
 
 Clipping hedges should be confined 
 to those of the commonest and hardiest 
 varieties of shrubs, as those of hawthorn 
 and privet ; for the bruising and man- 
 gling of the branches which accompany 
 this operation are very injurious to ever- 
 greens, as the laurels and holly. Those 
 are always much better kept in order, 
 and within bounds, by the knife. In 
 clipping, many of the leaves of those are 
 cut in half; and their decayed edges are 
 very unsightly. Clipping of deciduous 
 hedges is most adVantageously per- 
 formed in the spring and early summer. 
 A multitude of shoots are then induced, 
 which secure that chief desideratum in 
 hedges — ^thickness and closeness of tex- 
 ture. 
 
 Clita'ntlies. (From fditus, a moun- 
 tainous declivity, and anthos, a flower. 
 Nat. ord., Amaryllidece. Allied to 
 Urceolina.) 
 
 Natives of Lima. They will grow and flower 
 in an open, warm border, to be taken up on the 
 approach of frost, and kept dry through the 
 winter, and are readily increased by offsets from 
 the old bulbs. There are believed to be three 
 species : hu'mUis, lu'tea, and Maelea'na; little 
 is known about them, but C humilis is probably 
 the same as Coburgia humiliB, B. R. 1842, t. 46, 
 now known as Stemmiesson humUe. 
 
 Clito'ria. (From Icleio, to shut up ; 
 in reference to its seeding within the 
 flower long before the corolla drops off. 
 Nat. ord. , Leguminosce ; Tribe, Phaseo- 
 lea. Allied to Phaseolus. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiners, except where other- 
 wise mentioned. Cuttings of stubby side-shoots 
 in heat, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass ; and 
 seeds, when procurable ; sandy peat and flbry 
 loam, with sand and charcoal. Summer temp., 
 60° to 65° ; winter, 50° to 55". 
 C. arborilecem. 8. Pink. August. Trinidad. 
 1804. Shrub. B. M. t. 3156. 
 
 — B&rteria'na. Yellow. June. St. Domingo. 
 
 1824. Trailing annual. 
 
 — braiUia'na. See CerUrosema brazUianum. 
 
 — Broussonitii. See Cologania Broussonetii. 
 
 — cocci'nea. 4. Scarlet. July. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 — ere'eta. S. Amer. 1822. 
 
 — forino'sa. See. Centrosenut braziUa/n/wm, 
 
 — fu'lgent. Paxt. Mag. ii., p. 121. See Gaiactia. 
 gracilis. 2. Blue. July. S. Amer. 1824. 
 
 C. heterophy'lla. 1. Blue. July. B. Ind. 1812: 
 B. M. t. 2111. 
 
 — lasci^via. 4. July. Madagascar. 1826. 
 
 — maria'na. 3. Blue. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1769. Deciduous half-hardy. 
 
 — mexioa'na. 3. Purple. October. N. Amer. 
 
 1759. Greenhouse. Perhaps a form of 
 C tnari^na. 
 
 — muliifio'ra. See Vilmorinia rrmltijhra. 
 
 — PlunMri. B. E. t. 268. See Centrosema, 
 
 Plwmi&ri. 
 
 — polyphy'lla. See Barbieria polyphyUa. 
 
 — tema'iea. 4. Blue. July. E. Ind. 1739. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1542.. 
 
 — — - a'lba. White. May. E. Ind. 
 
 cceru'lea. Blue. May. E. Ind. 
 
 ma'jor. 4. Bright brown. August. 
 
 Sydney. 1845. Greenhouse. 
 
 — Virginia' na. 6. Purplish. July. 1732. Green- 
 
 house. B. B. t. 1047. 
 
 Cli'via. (Named after the Duchess 
 of Northumberland, a member of the 
 Clive family. Nat. ord., Amaryllidece; 
 Tribe, Amaryllece.) 
 
 N.B.— The genus IMANTOPHYLLUM is identical 
 with the genus Clivia, both genera being 
 founded upon the same plant, viz., Imanto- 
 PHYLLUM Aitani, or Clivia nobilis, and both 
 were published upon the same date (October 1, 
 1828), therefore neither name has the right to 
 priority ; though most botanists adhere to the 
 name Clivia, whilst in gardens that of Imanto- 
 PHYLLUM is perhaps most frequently met with. 
 
 Greenhouse bulbs. Divisions and seeds ; a. 
 high temperature, and plenty of moisture, when 
 growing ; cooler and drier when at rest ; rich, 
 sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 
 48° to 55°. 
 
 C. cyrtanthiHo'ra. Eedhybridbetween C.mmia«a 
 and C. nobilis. Syn. , iTnantophylluni cyr- 
 tanthiflorum, Fl. Ser. 1. 1877. 
 
 — Garde'ni. 2. Red, yellow. December. Natal. 
 
 1864. B. M. t. 4896. 
 
 — minia'ta. IJ. Bright scarlet, yellow. Natal. 
 
 1854. Gfl. t. 434. Syn., Imantophyllum 
 
 miniatum, B. M. t. 4783. 
 
 Coope'ri. S. Africa. 1872. 
 
 grandijl&ra. Large-flowered variety. 
 
 Linde'ni. Dl. Hort. n. s. t. 343. 
 
 sulphu'rea. Yellow. 1888. 
 
 — no'bilie. 1}. Red, yellow. July. Cape 
 
 Colony. 1828. B. R. t. 1182. Syn., 
 ImantypJiyllwrn Aitoni, B. M. t. 2856. 
 
 Clomeno'coma monta'na. See 
 Dysodia grandiflora. 
 
 Cloudberry. Bu'bus chamwmo'nts. 
 
 Clove. Dwb'nthus caryophy'lliis. 
 
 Clover. Trifo'lium prate'nse. 
 
 Clove-tree. Caryophy'llus. 
 
 Clowe'sia. (Named after the late 
 Rev. J. Clowes, a great orchid-grower 
 near Manchester. Nat. ord., Orchideas; 
 Tribe, Vandece-Maxillariem. Allied to 
 Cycnoches. ) 
 
 Stove orchid. Division ; peat and loam, with 
 Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter. 
 
 White, pink. Brazil. B. R. 1842. 
 
 charcoal, 
 60° to 60°. 
 C. ro'sea. J. 
 t. 39. 
 
 Club-moss. Lycopo'dium. 
 Club-root. See Cabbage diseases. 
 
CLU 
 
 [235] 
 
 CLU 
 
 Gluiups, when close, are sometimes 
 called Thickets, and, when open. Groups 
 of Trees. They diifer only in extent 
 from a wood, if they are close, or from a 
 grove, if they are open. They are small 
 woods and small groves, governed by the 
 same principles as the larger, after 
 allowances made- for their dimensions. 
 But, besides the properties they may 
 have in common with woods, or with 
 groves, they have others peculiar to 
 themselves. They are either indepen- 
 dent or relative. When independent, 
 their beauty, as single objects, is solely 
 to be attended to ; when relative, the 
 beauty of the individuals must be sacri- 
 ficed to the effect of the whole, which is 
 the greater consideration. The least 
 clump that can be is of two trees ; and 
 the best effect they can have is, that 
 their heads, united, should appear one 
 large tree. Two, therefore, or different 
 species, or seven or eight of such shapes 
 as do not easily join, can hardly be a 
 beautiful group, especially if it nave a 
 tendency to a circular form. 
 
 A peculiarity of clumps is the facility 
 with which they admit a mixture of 
 trees and of shrubs, of wood and of 
 grove ; in short, of every species of plan- 
 tation. None are more beautiful than 
 those which are so composed. Such 
 compositions are, however, more proper 
 in compact than in straggling clumps ; 
 they are most agreeable when they form 
 one mass. If the transitions from very 
 lofty to very humble growths, from 
 thicket to open plantations, be frequent 
 and sudden, the disorder is more suited 
 to rude than to elegant scenes. 
 
 The occasions on which independent 
 clumps may be applied are many. They 
 are often desirable as beautiful objects 
 in themselves ; they are sometimes neces- 
 sary to break an extent of lawn, or a 
 continued line, whether of ground, or of 
 plantation ; but, on all occasions, a 
 jealousy of art constantly attends them, 
 which irregularity in their figure will 
 not always alone remove. Though eleva- 
 tions show them to advantage, yet a 
 hillock evidently thrown up on purpose 
 to be crowned with a clump is highly 
 artificial. Some of the trees should, 
 therefore, be planted on the sides, to 
 take off that appearance. The same 
 expedient may be applied to clumps 
 placed on the brow of a hill, to interrupt 
 its sameness : they will have less osten- 
 tation of design if they are, in part, 
 carried down either declivity. 
 
 A line of clumps, if the intervals be 
 closed by others beyond them, has the 
 appearance of a wood, or of a grove ; 
 
 and, in one respect, the semblance has 
 an advantage over the reality in dif- 
 ferent points of view. The relations 
 between the clumps are changed; and 
 a variety of forms is produced, v\rliich 
 no continued wood or grove, however 
 broken, can furnish. These forms can- 
 not all be equally agreeable, and too 
 anxious a solicitude to make them every- 
 where pleasing may, perhaps, prevent 
 their being ever beautiful. 
 
 The effect must often be left to chance ; 
 but it should be studiously consulted 
 from a few principal points of view ; and 
 it is easy to make any recess, any pro- 
 minence, any figure in the outline, by 
 clumps thus advancing before or retir- 
 ing behind one another. — Whately. 
 
 Clu'sia. Balsam-tree. (Named after 
 C. de I'Evluse, a French botanist. Nat> 
 ord., Guttiferm; Tribe, Clusiece.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees, except C. rosea; cut- 
 tings of half -ripe shoots in sand, under a glass^ 
 and vpith good bottom-heat ; rich, sandy loam^ 
 Summer temp. 60° to 85° ; vrinter, '50° to 55°. 
 
 C. a'lba. 30. White. S. Amer. 1752. 
 
 — Brognianrtia'na. Wliite. French Guiana.. 
 
 1862. Shrub. B. M. t. 5325. 
 —Jla'va. 30. Yellow. Jamaica. 1769. Andr.. 
 
 Bep. t. 223. 
 Bro'vmei. Jamaica. 
 
 — Mettno'ni. Tropical America. 1869. 
 
 — odora'ta. Rosy- pink. August. Columbia., 
 
 1869. B. M. t. 5865. 
 ^ro'sea. 30. Bed. July. Carolina. 1602. Hardy 
 or half-hardy. 
 
 — teira'ndria. White. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 — veno'sa. White. S. Amer. 1733. 
 
 Cluy'tia. (Named after Cluyt, a pro- 
 fessor of botany at Leyden. Nat. ord., 
 EuphorbiacecB ; Tribe, Crotonece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, except where- 
 otherwise specified. Cuttings of small side- 
 shoots ; but, if not to be obtained, points of 
 shoots before they become hard, in sand, over a- 
 layer of sandy peat, and covered with a bell- 
 glass ; sandy loam and flbry peat. Summer 
 temp., 65° to 75° ; winter, 40° to 48°. The East 
 Indian species require more heat in winter. 
 
 C. alatemoi'des. 2. White. July. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1692. B. M. 1. 1321. 
 
 — eolli'na. See Lebiclderopsis collina. 
 
 — daphnai'des. 3. White. May. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1731. 
 
 — erwoSdes. 2. White. April. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1790. B. R. t. 779. 
 
 — lieteropWUa. 3. White. May. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1818. 
 
 — pa! tula. See Lebidieropsis collina. 
 
 — poi^o'lia. 2. White. May. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1790. Jacc[. H. Schoenb. t. 260. 
 
 — polygmwi'des. 2. White. April. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1790. 
 
 — pubd scene. 3. White. April. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1800. 
 
 — vuleheHla. 2. White. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1739. B. R. t. 1946. 
 
 — kmmfo'lia. 3. White. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1817. 
 
 — tomento'sa. 3. White. April. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1812. 
 
CNE 
 
 [236] 
 
 CNI 
 
 Cneo'mm, Widow's-wail. (An 
 adopted name from Theophrastus, the 
 denvation not explained. Nat. ord., 
 Simarubeoe. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. C. tricocaum is 
 hardy against a wall. Cuttings in sand, under 
 a glass, in April ; peat and flbry loam, with a 
 little silver -sand. 
 
 C. pulverule^ntum. 6. Yellow. June. Madeira. 
 1822. 
 
 — trieo'ccum. 6. Yellow. June. South Europe. 
 
 1793. 
 Cne'stis. (From knao, to scratch ; 
 referring to the prickly capsules. Nat. 
 ord., Connaracece; Tribe, Unestidece.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of ripe young 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in sweet 
 bottom-heat. Loam and peat ; both flbry, with 
 sand. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50° 
 to 60. 
 C. camicula'ta. 10. Purple. Guinea. 1793. 
 
 — gla'bra. 10. White, green. Mauritius. 1823. 
 —polyphy'Ua 6. Purple. Mauritius. 1823 
 
 Cni'cUS. (From chnizein, to wound. 
 The plant is covered with prickly hairs. 
 Nat. ord., Compositce; Tribe, Cyna- 
 roidecE. Syn., Cirsium.) 
 
 Perennials by division of the roots ; biennials 
 *y seeds. Common soil. 
 
 HARDY BIENIJIALS. 
 
 <7. A'fer. 2. Purple. June. Barbary. 1800. 
 Syns., Carduus Afert Cirsium A/rum, 
 and cynaroides. 
 
 — arve'fms. 2. Purple. Juljr. Caucasus. 
 
 1820. Syns., Cirsiwm ineanum and 
 setoswm. 
 
 — Casmbo'nce. 2. Purple. July. South Europe. 
 
 1791. 
 
 — catalo'nicus. 2. Purple. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1781. Syn., Cirsium panicu- 
 latum. 
 
 — eiehora'ceus. 3. Purple. August. Ifaples. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — cUia'tus. 2. Purple. June. N. America. 
 
 1803. Syn., Cirsiwm discolor. 
 
 — consplcuus. 8. Scarlet, orange. September. 
 
 Mexico. 1826. Syn., Erythrolceiui eon- 
 spicwi. Swt. n. Gard. 1. 134. 
 
 — deajba'tus. 3. Purple. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1820. Syn., Cirsium dealbatwm, 
 
 — diaca'nthut. 3. Purple. July. Syria. 1800. 
 
 Syns., Cirsium diaoanthum and Chamoe- 
 peuce diaca/niha. 
 
 — erio'pharus. 4. Purple. July. Britain. Syn., 
 
 Cirsiwn eriophorum,. 
 
 — fdrox. 3. White. July. South Europe. 
 
 1683. Syn., Cirsium ferox. 
 
 — inca'nvj!. See C. arvensis. 
 
 — ta^a'seus. 4. Purple. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1821. Syn., Cirsium lappaceum, 
 
 — niva'lis. 4. Purple. July. Mexico. 1827. 
 
 Syn., Cirsium cemuum. 
 
 — orientallis. 3. Purple. July. Asia Minor. 
 
 1827. Syn., Cirsiwm orientale. 
 
 — pazcuare^nsis. 3. Purple. July. Mexico. 
 
 1827. Syn., Cirsium pazcua/rense. 
 
 — pu'ngens. 3. Purple. July. South Europe. 
 
 1820. Syn., Cirsium pungens. 
 
 — squarro'sus. 3. Purple. July. Siberia. 
 
 1818. Syn., Cirsiwm sgumrosmn. 
 
 — strigo'sus. 2. Purple. August. Caucasus. 
 
 1825. Syn., Cvrsvmn strigosum. 
 
 HALF-HARDY BIENNIAIS. 
 
 C Gra'hami. 3-6. Crimson. New Mexico. 
 
 1871. Syn., Cirsiu/m Grahami. 
 — mexica'nus. 4. White. September. Mexico. 
 
 1837. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS PERBNNIAIS. 
 
 C. acau'lis. 1. Purple. July. Britain. Syns., 
 Cirsiu/m acaule and Gmelvni. 
 
 — alti'ssimus. 6. Purple. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1726. Syns., Carduus altissi'mus and 
 Cirsiwm altissvm/wm. 
 
 — amWguus. 2. Purple. July. Mont Cenis. 
 
 1820. Syn,, Cirsiwm arr^jiguum.. 
 
 — angula'tus. 2. Purple. July. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. Syn., Cirsiujnangulatum. 
 
 — arachnoi'deus. 2. Purple. July. Tauria. 
 
 1818. Syn., Cirsium, araehnmdeum. 
 
 — Barrelie'ri. Syn., Carduus Barrelieri. 
 
 — BertoU'ni. 3. Yellow. July. Italy. 1820. 
 
 — taftieus. 3. Yellow. July. Spain. 1824. 
 camM>'lieus. See C. rivutaris. 
 
 cilia'tus. 3. Purple. August. Siberia. 1787. 
 
 Syn., Cirsium ciliatum. 
 ieserto'rum. 3. Purple. July. Siberia. 1824. 
 
 Syn., Cirsiwm desertorum. 
 echina'tus. 1. Purple. August. Barbary. 
 
 1817. Syn., Cirsium echiruitwm. 
 echinoce'phalus. 2. Purple. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1826. Syn., Cirsium, echiTwcephalum. 
 ela'tius. See C. polyanthemus. 
 —fimhria't'm. 4. Purple. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1816. Syn., Cirsiumj firnbriatum. 
 
 — Forste'ri. See C. palustris. 
 
 — glutino'sus. 2. Pale yellow. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1816. Syn., Cirsium gluti- 
 Twsum. 
 
 — Omeli'ni. See C. acaulis. 
 
 — HaWrii. 4. Purple. July. South Europe. 
 
 1816. Syn., Cirsium Hallerii. 
 
 — hdenimldet. 6. Purple. July. Siberia. 1804. 
 
 Syn., Cirsium helenioides. 
 
 — heterophy'llus. 2. Purple. July. Britain. 
 
 Syn., Cirsium, heterophyllum. 
 
 — laniflo'rus. 2. Purple. July. Tauria. 1819. 
 
 Syn., Cirsiwm lan^lorum,. 
 
 — mtmspessula'nus. 2. Purple. June. Mont- 
 
 peUer. 1696. Syn., Cirsiwm monspessa- 
 lanwm. 
 
 — mmii'tus. 3. Purple. July. Caucasus. 1816. 
 
 Syn., Cirsium mwnitwm. 
 
 — mv! tints. 2. Purple. July. N. Amer. 1820 
 
 Syn., Cirsium rmiticum. 
 
 — nudijlo'rus. 2. Purple. August. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1817. Syn., Cirsium nudifiorum. 
 
 — ochroleu'cus. 2. Pale yellow. July. Swit- 
 
 zerland. 1801. Syn., Cirsium ochroleu- 
 cwm. 
 
 — olera'ceus. 3. Pale yeUow. July. Europe. 
 
 1570. Syn., Cirsiwm oleracewm. 
 
 — aryga'lis. 6. Purple. July. 1823. Syn., 
 
 Cirsium orygale. 
 
 — paludo'sus. 3. Purple. July. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. Syn., Cirsium paludosuin. 
 
 — palu'stris. 3. Crimson. July. Britain. Syn., 
 
 Cirsium, Forsteri. 
 — panndniffus. 3. Purple. August. Siberia. 
 1752. Syns., Carduus pannonicus, C. 
 serratuZcides, Cirsiu/m serratuloides, and 
 Serratula pa/rvnonica. 
 
 — parHfio'rus. 2. Purple. July. South of 
 
 Europe. 1781. Syn., Carduus parvi- 
 Jlorus. 
 
 — polya'nthemus. 6. Purple. August. 1823. 
 
 Syn., Carduus poly anthem/us &,nd Cirsium, 
 polya/nthemum. 
 
 — rMzoce^phalus. Pale yellow. Caucasus. 1836. 
 
 — ri'gens. 2. Yellow. July. Svs-itzerland. 1776. 
 
 Syn., Cirsium rigens. 
 
 — rirmla'ris. 3. White. July. Hungary. 1804. 
 
 Syn., Cirsiwm rivulare. 
 
 — rwfdscens. 3. White. July. Pyrenees. 1816. 
 
 Syn,, Cirsium rufesc&ns. 
 
 — SaKsburge'nsis. 3. Purple. July. Europe. 
 
 1816. Syn., Cirsiu/m Salisburgense. 
 
 — semidecu'rrens. Sjn., Carduu,s paniculatus. 
 
 — semda'tus. 4. Purple, July. Tauria. 1819. 
 
 Syn., Cirsium serratulum. 
 
COA 
 
 [237] 
 
 COC 
 
 C. spinosi'ssmms. S. Pale yellow. July. Swit- 
 zerland, 1759. Syn., Cirsiimi spinasis- 
 simum. 
 
 — stri'ctus. 2. Purple. August. Naples. 
 
 1819. Syn., Cirsiutn strictum. 
 
 — syri'acus. 2. Purple. July. Levant. 1771. 
 
 Syn., Cirsium syriacum. Annual. 
 
 — tubero'sits. 3. Purple. July. England. 
 
 Syn., Cirsium tuberosum. 
 
 — uligint/sus. 3. Purple. June. Caucasus. 
 
 J820. Syn., Oirsiwm uliginosum. 
 
 Coal. See Fuel. 
 
 Coal-ashes. See Ashes. 
 
 Cobse'a. (Named after M. Cobo, a 
 Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Polemo- 
 niaeece.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen climbers. Cuttings of 
 firm side shoots, in summer ; but best from seeds 
 sown in a hotbed, in March. Poor, sandy soil, 
 othervrise they will grow too freely to bloom pro- 
 fusely. Greenhouse, or poles, or wall, during 
 simuner, in open air. 
 C. macroste^mu. 20. Green, yellow. October. 
 
 Guayaquil. 1839. B. M. t. 3780. 
 — pendulifl&ra. Green. December. Mountains 
 
 of Caraccas. 1868. B. M. t. 6767. 
 
 — sca'ndens. 20. Purple. August. Mexico. 
 
 1792. B. M. t. 851. 
 albo-mxtrginaJta. Purple ; leaves White- 
 margined, n. Ser. t. U67. 
 
 — stipula'ris. 20. Yellow. October. Mexico. 
 
 1839. B. E. 18«, t. 25. 
 
 Cobu'rgia. (Named after Prince 
 Leopold ofSaxe-Cobwrg, afterwards King 
 of Belgium. Nat. ord. , Amaryllidem ; 
 Tribe, Amaryllew. ) This is nowregarded 
 as a section of Stenomesson, from 
 ■which it differs in its more robust habit. 
 
 Handsome half-hardy iiowering-bulbs, which 
 delight in strong, rich loam, and will grow on a 
 warm, sunny border, in summer ; to be talcen up 
 on the approach of frost, and kept dry over the 
 winter. Propagated by offsets. 
 C. acu'ta. See Steiwmesson incamatum, var. 
 acutum. 
 
 — cocd'Tiea. B. M. t. 3865. See Stenom^seon 
 
 coccin^um. 
 —fu'lva. 1. Tawny. S. Amer. 1829. B. M. 
 t. 3221, 
 
 — hu'milis. B. E. 1842, t. 46. See Sten<ymesson 
 
 humile. 
 
 — incarna'ta. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 1. 17. See 
 
 Stenomesson incamatum. 
 ^-minia'ta. 3. Vermilion. April. Peru. 1842. 
 
 — stylo' sa. Orange, red. March. Quito. 1847. 
 
 — trichro'ma. 1. Scarlet, yellow, green. June. 
 
 Andes. 1837. B. M. t. 3807. 
 
 — versicolor. 2. Eed, white, green. June. 
 
 Lima. 1840. 
 C-. chaeapoye'Tisis, fu'lva, Ic^ta, Iwng^nsiSt sple'n- 
 dens. 111. Hort. n. s. t. 286, trichro'ma, 
 variega'ta, and versi'color, are regarded 
 by Mr. J. G. Baker, who has mono- 
 graphed this order as mere forms of 
 Stenomesson incamatum differing in size 
 and colour of the flowers. 
 
 Coccine'Use. Lady-Birds. There 
 are about thirty species of this useful 
 and beautiful insect. Let no one destroy 
 a coccinella, for it is one of the greatest 
 destroyers of the plant-louse, or aphis. 
 This is much better appreciated on the 
 Continent than in England; for there 
 
 the gardeners collect lady-birds, and 
 place them upon rose-trees, etc., infected 
 with aphides. 
 
 Coceocypse'lum. (From kokkos, 
 fruit, and kypsele, a vase ; referring to 
 the form of the berries. Nat. ord., 
 PubiacecE; Tribe, MiissmiidecB.Y 
 
 Stove soft-wooded plants, of a trailing habit.- 
 Cuttings and seeds. Loam and fibry peat with 
 a little sand. Cuttings and seeds. 
 C. Maafo'lium. See FerrKlia buxifolia. 
 
 — campanulijU/rum. J. Blue. July. Brazil. 
 
 1825. Syns., Hedyotis campanulijlora, 
 B. M. t. 2840, and Idpoatomacampanuli- 
 Jlora. 
 
 — eordyWlium. White, lilac. Guatemala. 
 
 — discolor. Berries blue. 1882. 
 
 — meta'llicum. White ; leaves metallic lustre. 
 
 Guiana. 1866. 
 
 — reopens. Purple. W. Indies, Belg. Hort. 
 
 1860, p. 13. 
 
 — Tonta'nea. White ; berries blue and pretty. 
 
 Guiana. 
 
 Coccolo'ba. Sea-side Grape. (From. 
 kokkos, a berry, and lobos, a lobe ; in 
 reference to the fruit. Nat. ord., Poly- 
 gonacem; Tribe, Coccolobem.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of young, firm 
 shoots, in spring or summer, in sand, under a. 
 bell-glass, and in bottom-heat. Summer temp., 
 60° to 80° ; vpinter, 60° to 66°. 
 C. acumina'ta. 20. White, green. New Grenada. 
 1820. 
 
 — corona'ta. 15. White, green. Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 Syn. C. punctata. 
 
 — excoria'ta. 80. White, green. W. Ind. 
 
 1733. 
 —fagifo'lia. 5. Pale green. Caraccas. Jaoq. 
 H. Schoenb. t. 352. 
 
 — flave'scens. 15. White. St. Domingo. 1820. 
 
 — laurifo'lia. 20. White, green. August. 
 
 Caraccas. 1822. Jacq. H. Schoenb. 
 t. 267. 
 
 — longifo'lia. 30. White, green. W. Ind. 1810. 
 
 — macr(^hy'Ua. B. M. t. 4536. See C. rugosa. 
 
 — mierosta'chya. 16. White, green. St. Thomas. 
 
 W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 — ni'vea. 20. White, green. Jamaica. 1818. 
 
 — nymphcBOBfo'lia. Brazil. 1858. 
 
 — oiova'ta. 60. White, green. S. Amer. 1824. 
 
 — obtusifo'lia. 20. White, green. Carthagena. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — orbicula'ris. 16. White, green. S. Amer. 1825. 
 
 — platycla'da. See Muehlenbeckia. 
 
 — pub f seem. White, green. W. Indies. 1690. 
 
 B. M. t. 3166. 
 
 — puneta'ta. See C. eoronata. 
 
 — rugdsa. 30. Scarlet. July. S. Amer. Syn.^ 
 
 C. macrophylla. 
 
 — tenuifo'lia. 30. White, green. Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 — uvi'fera. 60. White, green. W. Indies. 1690. 
 
 B. M. t. 3130. 
 
 — vi'rens. W. Indies. B. E. 1. 1816. 
 
 Co'ccillus. (From coccus, cochineal- 
 colour ; in reference to the scarlet colour 
 of the fruit. Nat. ord., MenispennecB.) 
 Stove evergreen climbers, from the East Indies, 
 except C. carolinianus. The Co'cculus ilndicus 
 of the druggists' shops is the berry of C. Plu- 
 kene'tii aindsvibero'sus. Cuttings of half -ripened,, 
 small side-shoots, in sandy soil, under a glass ; 
 peat and loam, both fi^ry and sandy. Summer 
 temp., 60° to 68° ; winter, 60° to 66°. 
 C. carolinia'nus. 10. White ; berries bright scar- 
 let. June. N. America. 1759. Syn., 
 Wendlandia populifolia. 
 
coc 
 
 [238] 
 
 COC 
 
 C corcLifo'liuB. 20. White, gteen. 1820. Wight 
 loon. tt. 486-6. 
 
 — erispus. 20. White, gieen. 1822. 
 
 — inca'nus. 10. Whitej green. 1820. 
 
 — laurifcflius. 10. White, green. 1816. 
 
 — orbicula'tus. 6. Green, yellow. 1790. 
 
 — palma'tus. 10. White, green. 1800. B. M. 
 
 tt. 2970-1. 
 
 — Pluken^tii. 10. Green, yellow. 1790. 
 
 — rotundifo'lms. 20. White, green. 1820. 
 
 — subero'sus. 20. White, green. 1800. 
 
 — tomento'sus. 10. White, green. 1819. 
 
 — villo'sus. 6. Green, yellow. 1800. 
 
 Co'ccus. Scale Insect. The species 
 •of this family are most usually, but not 
 «xclusively, found upon the tenants of 
 our greenhouses and hothouses. The 
 males are active, but the females usually 
 fixed to a part of the plant. The former 
 have wings, and are so small as to re- 
 quire a magnifier to distinguish them 
 clearly; they then appear somewhat 
 like a gnat in form. The females are 
 much larger, and in shape not unlike a 
 bed-bug, but with a scaly skin. When 
 hatching they envelop themselves in a 
 woolly case. The eggs are oval, but no 
 larger than dots. Brushing the stems 
 and branches of trees and shrubs with a 
 liard scrubbing-brush will destroy many 
 of these vermin; and, if spirit of. turpen- 
 tine, with a painter's brush, is applied, 
 so as to visit every cranny of the bark, 
 the application is perfectly effectual. 
 Smaller and more delicate plants in 
 pots may be placed under a sea-kale or 
 other cover, with a little of the spirit in 
 a saucer, and then submitted to a gentle 
 heat : the vapour of the turpentine will 
 destroy the insect in an hour or two. If 
 the first application fails, the second will 
 not. 
 
 C. ado'nidum. Mealy Bug. If this 
 insect is attacked the moment the first 
 is seen the pest may be usually avoided. 
 Yines attacked by it should have every 
 branch and stem brushed over sedu- 
 
 lously with a hard brush, and then with 
 a painter's brush as thoroughly painted 
 over with this mixture : — Soft soap, 
 2 lbs. ; flowers of sulphur, 2 lbs. ; tobacco, 
 1 lb. ; and a wine-glass of spirit of tur- 
 
 pentine. Mix the sulphur, turpentine, 
 and soap into a paste with warm water; 
 boil the tobacco for an hour in a covered 
 saucepan in some more water, strain it, 
 mix it with the soapy mixture, and then 
 add enough water to make five gallons. 
 More tender plants can only have their 
 stems and leaves sponged with water at 
 a temperature of 115°, frequently, and so 
 long as a single insect can be detected. 
 The Mealy Bug on pine-apples may be 
 destroyed by shutting these up in a 
 frame, over a bed of hot, fermenting 
 horse-dung. Our drawing represents a 
 female magnified, and of its natural 
 size. It is somewhat like a woodlouse 
 in form, but reddish, and covered with 
 a white, mealy powder. The male is 
 slender, gnat-like, with two broad wings, 
 and two brush-like filaments behind. — 
 The Cottage Gardener, v. 157. 
 
 C. vi'tis. Vine Scale. It preys upon 
 the stems and branches of the grape- 
 vine, both in the open air and under 
 glass. It seems to be the same species 
 which also attacks, occasionally, the 
 peach, nectarine, and plum. It is, says 
 Mr. Curtis, a longish brown insect, which, 
 in old age, assumes a blackish-brown 
 colour, and becomes hemispherical and 
 wrinkled. The females are shield-like, 
 being convex above, and flat or concave 
 below. They are furnished with six 
 small legs, which, when the insect is 
 old, become part of the substance of the 
 body. On the under side of the insect 
 is a sucker, with which it pierces the 
 cuticle of the plants, and extracts their 
 juices. Soon after impregnation the 
 female dies, and her body becomes a 
 protection for the eggs, which are covered 
 with long, white wool, and sometimes 
 completely envelop the shoots of the 
 vines, or of plants growing underneath 
 them. Their powers of propa,gation are 
 immense ; and, where they once become 
 ve^ numerous, they are exceedingly 
 difficult to eradicate. This species be- 
 longs to the true genus Coccus, charac- 
 terized by the female having a scale 
 inseparable from her body. While young, 
 both sexes are alike ; but the male larvae 
 produces two-winged insects, with two 
 tail threads. The females have no wings ; 
 and their dead bodies, beneath which tlie 
 young are sheltered, appear as in the 
 annexed woodcut. 
 
 Whilst the leaves are on the vine, if 
 any species of scale appears on its stem 
 and branches, the least offensive remedy 
 is to paint over the whole with a strong 
 solution of gum arable or starch ; allow 
 it to remain on for a week, and then 
 wash it ofi'. But the most effectual 
 
COG 
 
 [ 239] 
 
 COG 
 
 remedy is to brush them over thoroughly 
 t>vice, after an internal of a day, with 
 spirit of turpentine. To prevent the 
 recurrence of the plague, a very effective 
 mode, in autumn, is to scrape away and 
 burn all the rough bark, and then, with 
 a rough brush, to paint over the stem 
 and branches with a creamy mixture, 
 composed of J lb. of soft soap, 1 lb. of 
 sulphui-, and ioz. of black pepper, to 
 four gallons or water; boil together for 
 twenty minutes, and make it thick 
 enough to adhere to the wood like 
 
 f)aint. If it does not, thicken it with 
 ime, adding sufficient soot to take oif 
 the glaring white colour of the lime. — 
 Card. Chron., 1842, p. 840. 
 
 C. Ive^efridwm is found in greenhouses, 
 especially on orange trees. It infests 
 leaves as well as stems. 
 
 C. brome'lim. Pine-apple Scale, infests 
 that fruit, also Hibi'sctis, Justi'cia, etc. 
 ' C. testu'do. Turtle Scale. This is 
 found chiefly on stove plants requiring 
 a high temperature. The scale is oval, 
 very convex, and dark brown. They 
 may be all destroyed by the applica- 
 tions recommended against the preceding 
 species. 
 
 A. ne'rii. Oleander Scale, is found 
 in our stoves and OTeenhouses, chiefly 
 on the Oleanders, Palms, Aloes, and 
 Acacias. 
 
 A. ro'sce, Eose Scale ; A. eehinoca'cti, 
 Cactus Scale; A. lau'ri, Sweet-Bay 
 Scale ; infest chiefly the plants by the 
 names of which they are distinguisned. 
 
 A. ostrewfo'rmis. Pear-tree Oyster 
 Scale, is found upon the pear-tree. 
 
 A genus of insects closely allied to the 
 Coccus, and usually qonfounded with it, 
 is Aspvdiotua; and, as all remedial obser- 
 vations applicable to the one are equally 
 applicable to the other, the prevailing 
 kind is described on p. 80. 
 
 Cochlea'ria. Scurvy-grass. (From 
 cochlear, a spoon ; in reference to the 
 concave leaves. Nat. ord., Crucifercc; 
 Tribe, Alyssmew.) 
 
 Seeds, divisions, and cuttings, the first in tlie 
 open border. They are of litue ornamental in- 
 terest. C. amuyralcea is well known as horse- 
 radish. 
 C. Mau'lis. Lilac. April. Portugal. 1845. 
 
 — armora'cea. S. White. May. England. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, 1. 130. 
 
 — grasnla'ndica. See C. oMciTialis, var. alpina. 
 
 — inte^rifo'lia. White. May. Siberia, 1822. 
 
 — offimna'lis. J. White. May. Britain. Scurvy- 
 
 grass. Eng. Bot. ed. 8, 1. 130. 
 alpi'na. 1. White. May. Scotch moun- 
 tains. Syn., C groenlcmdica. 
 
 — pyrena'ica. 1. White. A*pril. Pyrenees. 1820. 
 See Horse-radish and Scurvy-grass. 
 
 Cochlioste'ma. (From kochlion, 
 spiral, and sterna, a stamen. Kat. ord. , 
 Commelinacece. ) 
 
 Stove perennials, allied to TRADKSCA^'TIA. 
 Bich, light loam, with a little peat. Division 
 in the spring. Abundance of seeds may be pro- 
 duced by artificial fertilization; the anthers 
 containing pollen will be found iTiside the large 
 stamen-like organ in the centre of the flower ; 
 apply the pollen to the stigmas of other flowers, 
 and fertilization will result. When the seeds are 
 ripe they should be sown at once, in a hotbed. 
 C. Jacobia'nujn. IJ. Blue ; bracts and flower 
 stem pale rose. May. Ecuador. 1867. 
 
 B. M. t. B705. Closely allied to C. odora- 
 tissimwm, 
 
 — odorati'ssium, IJ. Blue ; bracts and flower 
 
 stem pale rose. 1859. 111. Hort. t. 217. 
 
 Coehlospe'nnuin. (From cocMo, 
 to twist, and sperma, seeds. Nat. ord., 
 Bixinece; Tribe, Bixece.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots 
 in April, in sand, in bottom-heat ; peat and 
 loam. 
 C. gossy'pimn. 60. Yellow. May. B. Ind. 1824. 
 
 — hibiscoi'des. 60. Yellow. Mexico. 1820. Syn., 
 
 C. serratifoUwm. 
 
 Cockchafer. See Melolontha. 
 
 Cockscomb. See Celo'sia. Rhi- 
 na'nthus cristaga'lli and Erythri'na 
 cristaga'lU are also so called Cocks- 
 combs. 
 
 Cockspur Thorn. Crat<s'gus 
 cristaga'lli. 
 
 Cocoa-nut Fibre Dust. This is 
 one of the most useful helps to the plant- 
 grower, and is of rather recent introduc- 
 tion, owing chiefly to the experiments 
 reported by Mr. Beaton and others in 
 the Journal of Horticulture. When 
 bought it will be found a mixture of 
 hair-like flbres and reddish-brown dust, 
 like mahogany saw-dust. It is this dust 
 which is excellent as a general manure ; 
 as a soil for ferns ; to render tenacious 
 soil more porous, and light soil more re- 
 tentive of moisture. It is excellent to 
 strike cuttings in, and is a substitnte 
 for peat. Ferns, thrive in it especially 
 
coc 
 
 [240] 
 
 COD 
 
 well. The hair-like fibres do good ser- 
 vice instead of moss for putting over the 
 crocks used for pot-drainage, and thus 
 preventing the soil clogging the drainage. 
 As a manure, three bushels may be put 
 upon thirty square yards. It is a very 
 lasting manure, decaying very slowly. 
 Terrestrial orchids thrive in it, and in- 
 deed all potted plants. It is now largely 
 used as a plunging material. 
 
 Cocoa-nut-tree. Co'cos. 
 
 Cocoa Plum. Chrysoha'lamis. 
 
 Cocoa Boots. Cala'dium. 
 
 Co'cos. Cocoa-nut-tree. (From the 
 Portuguese word coco, » monkey ; in 
 reference to the end of the nut being like 
 a monkey's head. Nat. ord., Palmece; 
 Tribe, Cocoinece.) 
 
 Seeds In hotbed, in spring ; rich, loamy soil, 
 somewhat shaded. 
 C. aeulea'ta. See Acrocomia aelerocarpa. 
 
 — amtra'lis. 50. Paraguay. 1849. E«t. Hori. 
 
 1876, p. 156. 
 
 — botryo'phora. 50. Yellow. Bahia. Mart. Palm. 
 
 t. 83. Syn., Syagrus botryophora. 
 
 — butyra'eea. New Grenada. 1850. 
 
 — capita'ta. 12. Brazil. 
 
 — como'&a. See Syagrus eomosa. 
 
 — corona' ta. 60. Brazil. 1836. 
 
 — Da'tU. 30. Argentine. 1889. 
 
 — eriospa'tha. S.Brazil. Syn., C. Blmnenavi. 
 —flexuo'sa. 50. Brazil. 1826. Mart. Palm. 
 
 tt. 64 and 86. 
 
 — fusifo'rmis. A syaonym oi Acrocomia sclero- 
 
 carpa. 
 
 — lapi'dea. Brazil. 1847. 
 
 — muldi'vica. See Lodoicea sechellarum. 
 
 — Mikania'na. Brazil. 1853. Syn., Syagrue 
 Mikaniama. 
 
 — nucHfera. 50. Pale green. E. Indies. Mart. 
 
 Palm. tt. 62, 76, 88. 
 
 — olera'cea. 80. Brazil. 1846. 
 
 — petrcela. 4. Andes of Bolivia. 1889. 
 
 — plwmo'sa. 50. Pale green. Brazil. 1826. B. M. 
 
 t. 5180. 
 
 — Romam.zo^na. Brazil. 
 
 — schizophy'Ua. 8. Brazil. 1846. 
 
 — WalH'sH. Brazil. 1870. 
 
 — sya'grus. 20. Braail. 1824. Syn., Syagrus 
 
 cocoides. 
 
 — sylvestris. Hort. 
 
 — Weddelia'mi. 1-4. S. America. Sj-ns., C. de- 
 
 gantissiTna, Qlanova eiega-ntissima, and 
 Leopoldina pulchra. 
 
 Codise'um. (From Codebo, the Ma- 
 layan name for C variegatum. Nat. 
 ord., Euphorhiacece.) 
 
 For ornamental foliage, there are few genera 
 that can compare with this ; the marvellous 
 variation both in the form and colour of the 
 leaves seems to be without limit. Under the 
 name of Croton, nurserymen have introduced a 
 large number of forms, and it is under that 
 name, rather than the correct one of CODL^UM, 
 that they are generally known ; the two genera 
 are perfectly distinct, and belong to two dif- 
 ferent sections of the natural order. All the 
 plants enumerated in the list below, although 
 wonderfully different from each other in general 
 appearance, are, in all probability, merely varie- 
 ties of two or three species.— Stove evergreen 
 shrubs. Seeds, cuttings, in a bottom-heat of 
 about 80°, and under a bell-glass or small frame ; 
 
 when growing they require frequent pinching: 
 in, to make nice bushy plants of them. Bica 
 sandy loam and a little peat, or leaf -mould. 
 
 Besides the forms here enumerated there are 
 numerous garden hybrids, of which that known 
 in gardens as Croton Baronne James de Baths- 
 child is one of the handsomest. 
 
 C a/ppcThdicuia'tv/m. Leaves with a terminal 
 lobe on a thread-like continuation of 
 the midrib. Polynesia. 1876. 
 
 — aucuhocfo'lium. Leaves green, with yellow 
 
 and crimson blotches. Polynesia. 1868. 
 
 — au'rco-linea'tum. Leaves green, with the 
 
 margins and a line from the middb. 
 yellow. Fiji. 1878. 
 
 — au'reo-marmora'tv/m. 
 
 — au'reo-pwietaltum. 
 
 — Austinia'nv/m. 
 
 — Bergmalni. 
 
 — Bisma'rcH. Leaves deep green, with yellow 
 
 veins and blotches. Polynesia. 1876. 
 
 — Bragoea/nwm, 
 
 — BrooTnJie'ldii. 
 
 — Cauda tum-t^'rtile. 
 
 — chelso'ni. Leaves salmony-orange and crim- 
 
 son. New Guinea. 1879. 
 
 — chry Sophy' Hum. Leaves small, more or less 
 
 yellow. Polynesia. 1875. 
 
 — conto'rtus. 
 
 — Coope'ri. Leaves with yellow veins and 
 
 blotches, changing to red. Polynesia.. 
 1874. 
 
 — comigerwm. Leaves banded with orange^ 
 
 Polynesia. 1873. 
 
 — comvJtum. Polynesia, 1870. 
 
 — creel SU8. 
 
 — Cronsta'dii. 
 
 — Disrae'lii. Leaves three-lobed, veins yellow. 
 
 Polynesia. 1875'. 
 
 — Dodgso'mx. Leaves bright green, with a cen- 
 
 tral golden stripe. 
 
 — ehu'meum. Leaves deep green, midrib and 
 
 bases of secondary veins creamy -white. 
 
 — e'legans. India. 1861. 
 
 — eteganti'ssimwn, 
 
 — e'miTiCns. 
 
 — Evansid'mwm. Leaves olive-green, with yel' 
 
 low veins, changing to bronzy-crimson 
 and scarlet. Polynesia. 1879. 
 
 — exeulrrens. 
 
 — Ey'rd. 
 
 — formo'tum. 
 
 —/uca'tvm: Iieaves blotched with yellow. Poly- 
 nesia. 
 
 — glorUyswrn. Leaves green, marbled with 
 
 creamy-yellow. Nevp Hebrides. 1878. 
 
 — Goedenou'ghtii. Leaves clear green, with yel- 
 
 low variegation. Santa Cruz Isles. 1876. 
 
 — gra'nde. Leaves deep green, midrib and some- 
 
 scattered spots yellow. Polynesia. 
 
 — Hawke'ri. Leaves whitish, with greeil tips. 
 
 Polynesia. 1879. 
 
 — Sookeria'num. Leaves green, with central 
 
 yellow band. Erromango. 1869. 
 
 — HiUea'num. Leaves purplish-green, with red 
 
 veins, Polynesia. 1868, 
 
 — illu'stre. Leaves deeply three-lobed, green, 
 
 spotted with golden-yellow, 
 
 — imperia'le. Leaves twisted, with yellow mar- 
 
 gins and blotches, changing to crimson. 
 New Hebrides. 1876. 
 
 — insi'gne. Leaves green, variegated with yel- 
 
 low and crimson. 
 
 — interru'ptum. Leaves interrupted, purplish- 
 
 green. Polynesia. 1868. 
 
 — vrregula're. Leaves green, with yellow 
 
 blotches. Polynesia. 1868. 
 
 — Joha'nnis. Leaves green, the centre and 
 
 margins yellow. Polynesia. 1871. 
 
 — KiTigia'num. 
 
 — la'cteum. Leaves veined and blotched with. 
 
 cream colour. Polynesia. 
 
COD 
 
 [241] 
 
 CCEL 
 
 O limba'ttim. Leaves spotted and margined 
 with yellow. E. Indies. 1873. 
 
 — linea're. 
 
 — macula'tum Kato'nii. Leaves bright green, 
 
 with round yellow spots. Polynesia. 
 1878. 
 
 — magni'ficwm. 
 
 — maje'sticum. Young leaves deep green, with 
 
 yellow venation, changing to olive and 
 crimson. Polynesia. 1876. 
 
 — ma'ximwm. Leaves green, with yellow blotches 
 
 and veins. Polynesia. 1868. 
 
 — mira'bile. 
 
 — miUti'color. Leaves contracted at the middle 
 
 and twisted above, variously coloured. 
 Polynesia. 1871. 
 
 — multifo'r'me. 
 
 — musa'wujn. 
 
 — Tnuta'bile. See C. princeps. 
 
 — Nevi'llioe. Leaves olive-green, barred with 
 
 yellow. Polynesia. 1880. 
 
 — oma'tum. 
 
 — ovalifo'lium. Midrib and veins golden-yellow. 
 
 Polynesia. 
 — pictura'tum. Leaves blotched with yellow 
 and red. New Hebrides. 1876. 
 
 — pilgri'mii. Leaves pale jgreen, marked with 
 
 gold, and flushed with pink. 
 
 — pri'nceps. Leaves at first green, blotched 
 
 with yellow, afterwards bronzy and 
 crimson. New Hebrides. 1878. Syn., 
 C. tn/utabUe. 
 
 — reawrva'twm. 
 
 — recurvifo'lium. Leaves olive-green; veins 
 
 crimson, bordered with yellow. 
 
 — regi'iioB. Leaves olive-green, marked with 
 
 yeUow, orange, and crimson. Polynesia. 
 1878. 
 
 — RodecMa'num. 
 
 — rube'rnmv/m. 
 
 — ritfie'ficens. 
 
 — ru'bro-ZiTiea'tv/m,. 
 
 — sce^ptrum. 
 
 — specta'bite. 
 
 — spira'le. Leaves twisted, bronzy-green, with 
 
 yellow and red variegation. Polynesia. 
 1878. 
 
 — spKndidian. New Hebrides. 1876. 
 
 — Stewa'rtii. Leaves olive-green, banded and 
 
 margined with orange; midrib red. 
 New Guinea. 1880. 
 
 — supe'rbieng. Leaves green, clouded with yel- 
 
 low, afterwards bronzy-green and cop- 
 pery with crimson veins. New Guinea. 
 1878. 
 
 — torqua'tum. Leaves broken up into chain- 
 
 like segments, green, with yellow spots 
 changing to red. Polynesia. 1878. 
 
 — tri'color. Leaves green, with the central part 
 
 yellow, redcush beneath. Polynesia. 
 1868. 
 
 — trilo'bum. Leaves three-lobed, blotched with 
 
 yellow. Polynesia. 1875. 
 
 — triu'mpham. Leaves green, the veins bor- 
 
 dered with yellow. New Hebrides. 1878. 
 
 — Van Ooste'rzeei. 
 
 — Yei'tchii. Leaves green, with pink margins 
 
 and veins. Polynesia. 1868. 
 
 — vitta'twrn. 
 
 — volttltuTti. Leaves with golden venation, rolled 
 
 back at the tip. Polynesia. 1874. 
 
 — Warre'nii. Leaves long and twisted, mottled 
 
 with orange and carmine. Polynesia. 
 1880. 
 
 — Weisma'nni. Leaves dark green, margins 
 
 and veins golden yellow. Polynesia. 
 1868. 
 
 — WiUo'ni. Leaves suffused with yellow. New 
 
 Guinea. 1880. 
 
 — Tou'ngii. Leaves dark green, with creamy 
 
 and rosy variegation. Polynesia. 
 1873. 
 
 Codlin Moth. See Carpocapsa 
 pomonella. 
 
 Codlins and Cream. EpUo'Uum 
 hirsu'tum, 
 
 Codona'nthe. (FromfocJore, abell, 
 and anthos, flower; the tube of the 
 corolla is hell-shaped. Nat. ord., Gesne- 
 racece; Trihe, Cyrtandrece.) 
 
 Stove trailer. For cultivation, see Gesnera. 
 C. gra'cilie. White. June. Brazil. 1850. Syn 
 Hypocyrta gracilis. B. M. t. 4631. 
 
 Codono'psis. (From kodon, a bell, 
 and opsis, like ; being the shape of the 
 flowers. Nat. ori., CampanulacecEj Tribe, 
 Campanulem. ) 
 
 For cultivation, see Boella. 
 C. corda'ta. B. M. t. 5372. See Campanumoea 
 javanica. 
 
 — ova'ta. 1-3. Pale blue. Himalayas. G. C. 
 
 1886, p. 468. Syn., Glossocomia ovata. 
 Half-hardy herbaceous. 
 
 — rotundifo'lia. Yellowish green with purple 
 
 veins. Himalayas. B. M. t. 4942. 
 Climber. Syn., Glossocomia lurida. 
 
 grandijlo'ra. Greenish. July. Himalayas. 
 
 1857. B. M. t. 6018. 
 
 CcElebo'g3nie. (From cceUbs, un- 
 married, and gyne, female. Nat. ord., 
 EuphorbiacecB ; Tribe, Crotonece.) 
 
 Greenhouse shrub. Seeds and cuttings. This 
 most singular plant has, for many years, in Kew 
 Gardens, produced perfect seeds without any 
 source from whence pollen could be derived. 
 C. ilieifo'lia. 4. Green. Moreton Bay. 1829. 
 Linn. Trans, xviii. t. 36. Syn., Alehomea 
 Uidfolia. 
 
 CCBlesti'na is now merged into 
 Ageratum. 
 
 C. ageratoi'des and micra'Tdha are synonyms of 
 Ageratum codestinum, and C cceru'lea 
 and corymbo'sa of A. corymbosum. 
 
 Coe'lia. (The derivation not ex- 
 plained. Nat. ord., Orchidem; Tribe, 
 Epidendnm — Erieoe. Allied to Eria and 
 Spathoglottis.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Divisions ; sphagnum, peat, 
 and a little charcoal, in a shaUow basket. 
 Grovring temp., 60° to 90 ; rest, 55° to 60°. 
 C. Baueria'na. White. June. Jamaica. 1790 
 B. E. 1842, t. 36. 
 
 — be^lla. 1. White, tipped purple, yellow. 
 
 Mexico. B. M. t. 6628. Syn., B\frenaria 
 bella. 
 
 — macrosta'chya. Eed. February. Guatemala. 
 
 1840. B. M. t. 4712. 
 
 Coelio'psis. (Compounded from 
 , and opsis, resemblance ; resem- 
 bling a Ccslia. Nat. ord., Orchidece.) 
 
 Stove epiphyte. For cultivation, see ORCHIDS 
 C. hyacintho'sma. White, orange, crimson. Pa- 
 nama. 1871. 
 
 Coelo'gyne. (From koilos, hollow, 
 and gyne, female ; in reference to the 
 female organ, or pistil. Nat. ord., Or- 
 chidece; Tribe, Epidendrece.) 
 
 To cultivate this genus successfully, divide it 
 into two sections ; — The first, C. barba'ta, cris- 
 
C(EL 
 
 [242] 
 
 ta'ta, Cumi'ngii, ela'ta, fuUginc/m, ocella'ta, 
 speeio'm, and some other new species from Bor- 
 neo not yet bloomed in this country. The second 
 section, C. Gardneria'na, macula'ttt,prcEfcox, and 
 Wallichia'na. 
 
 The compost for the first section should be 
 chopped sphagnum, turiy peat, using only the 
 fibrous part, and small potsherds. The season 
 for potting is when they begin to grow, about 
 February. Some of the species have long rhi- 
 zomes (creeping stems), and would soon run over 
 the edges of the pot. To keep them at home, 
 place an upright block of wood in the centre of 
 the pot ; clothe it with moss, and, as the plant 
 advances in growth, train to it, and fasten it with 
 fine copper wire. When growing, they require a 
 liberal amount of water; but the water must 
 not lodge in the hearts of the young leaves. In 
 very hoc weather syringe the plants in the morn- 
 ing, and give air, to dry up the extra moisture. 
 Shade from bright sunshme, removing it off by 
 four or five o'clock. The annual growths should 
 be fluished early in the autumn, and then the 
 heat and moisture should be reduced ; and, when 
 winter approaches, cease watering altogether. 
 
 For the second section the soil should be a com- 
 post of sandy peat, fibrous loam, and half-de- 
 cayed leaves, with a small portion of river-sand. 
 Drain moderately well, and place four or five 
 bulbs in a e-inch pot, excepting C. Gardneria'na, 
 which is a strong grower, and requires a larger 
 pot, and fewer pseudo-bulbs in it. Pot as soon 
 as the bloom is over, because, as soon as the 
 flowers decay, the young leaves begin imme- 
 diately to push forth from the same sheath, and 
 will soon begin to put out new roots. Before 
 that takes place the plants should be potted. 
 This Rule applies to all Orchids. 
 
 Place this section of Ccelo'gi^ on a shelf near 
 the glasSj in a cool stove, whilst growing, freely 
 water — till the leaves are considerably grown 
 moderately, and then abundantly. In potting, 
 place the bulbs just on the surface of the soil. 
 
 Besti-ng -period Treatment,— As soon as the 
 pseudo-bulbs are fully formed cease watering, 
 and allow the leaves to turn yellow and die ; re- 
 move them, and continue the plants in the same 
 situation, keeping them dry and cool. Pay at- 
 tention to them occasionally, to see that the 
 bulbs continue plump and fresh. Should they 
 appear to shrivel, give a little water, which will 
 cause them to swell again ; but be careful notto 
 overdo it, or you may induce them to start pre- 
 maturely. 
 
 C. Arthwia'na. British Burmah. 1881. 
 
 — aspera'ta. 1. Cream-coloured. May. Borneo. 
 
 — barba'ta. White, yellow. December. Khasia. 
 
 1827. 
 
 — Wfio'ra. White, brown. Moulmein. 1866. 
 
 — hvrma'niGa. Burmah, Syn., Pleione birma- 
 
 nica. 
 
 — Irachy'ptera,. Burmah. 1881. 
 
 — brv!nnea, A variety of C. fuscescens. 
 
 — chloro'ptera. Philippine Islands. 
 
 — con/e'rta. White, yellow. India. 1875. 
 
 — cornicula'ta. Yellow, fragrant. Assam. 1865. 
 
 See Eria. 
 
 — corruffa'ta. White, yellow. India. 1866. 
 
 — cffrona'ria. Yellowish. Khasia. 1837. 
 
 — emrymbo'sa. White, orange. India. 1876. 
 heteroglo' ssa. India. 1878. 
 
 — erista'ta. White, yellow. Nepaul. 1837. 
 
 a'lba. Pure white. Lind. t. 173. 
 
 hololeu'ca. 1881. 
 
 ma'xima. Large flowered variety. Bchb. 
 
 t. 6, 
 
 — Cumi'ngii. 2. Creamy-white, yellow. June. 
 
 Smgapore. 1840. 
 
 — Daya'na. Ochre, dark brown. Borneo. 
 
 — de'eara. White. March. India. 1837. 
 
 — ela'ta. White, yellow. Khasia. 1837. 
 
 CCEL 
 White, brown. 
 
 C. fi/mbria'ta. 1. White, brown. September 
 
 Nepaul. 
 —fla'cdda. \. White. January. Nepaul. 
 
 — fia'vida. Yellow. April. India. 1838. 
 
 — Fcesterma'rmi. White, marked with yellowish- 
 
 brown. Sunda Islands. 
 — fvligvno' sa. Cream, brown. June. Khasia. 
 1837. 
 
 — fusee' scens. Greenish yellow. 
 bru'nnea. Moulmein. 1866. 
 
 — Gardiieria'na. 1. White, yellow. November. 
 
 Khasia. 1337. 
 
 — glandulo'sa. Nilgherries. 1882. 
 
 — Gowelri. White, yellow, red. Assam, 1869. 
 ~ graminifo'lia,. 1^. White, brown, yellow. 
 
 Burmah. 1888. B. M. t. 7006. 
 
 — BooTceria'na. J. Eose-purple, white, brown, 
 
 yellow. May. Sikkim. 1878. 
 
 — brachyglo'ssa. Pale rose, light yellow 
 
 spotted with reddish-brown ; lip white. 
 Himalayas. 1887. 
 
 — hu'milis. 
 
 alba'ta. White, orange. 1888. 
 
 tricolor. Lip marbled with brown. 
 
 March. 1880. 
 
 — intermedia, E. Ind. 1840. 
 
 — intemipta. White. Khasia. 1837. 
 
 — la'ctea. Creamy-white ; lip ochre, brown, 
 
 yellow. Burmah. 1888. 
 
 — lagena'ria. White, light and dark purple, 
 
 yellow. Khasia. 1866. 
 
 — lentigino'sa. Green, white, yellow. Moulmein. 
 
 1872. 
 
 — longicavllis. White, yellow. Khasia. 1837. 
 
 — Lo'wii. Buffi and brown. Borneo. 1848. 
 
 — virgi'nea. Bulbs pale green ; lip light 
 
 sulphur, unspotted. 1887. 
 
 — Massangea'na. Pale yellow, brown. Assam. 
 
 1879. 
 
 — Mayeria'num. Green, with blackish marks. 
 
 1890. 
 
 — me'dia. White, yellow. Khasia. 1837. 
 
 — mjiuiula'ta. White, crimson. Khasia. 1837. 
 
 — miera'ntha. Brown. Maylay Islands. 1865. 
 
 — nigri scens. Blackish. March. India. 1838. 
 
 — nitida 1. Yellow. E. Ind. 1822. 
 
 — ocella'ta White, yellow. B. Ind. 1822. 
 Boddoertia'na. 1882. 
 
 maonma. 1879. 
 
 — ochra'cea. J. White, yellow. April. E. Ind. 
 
 1844. 
 
 — odorati'ssima. White. India. 1864. 
 
 — ma'Us. White, brown. October. 
 
 — pandura!ta. 1^. Green. December. Borneo. 
 1853. 
 
 — Pa/ri'shii. Yellow, brown. Moulmein. 1862. 
 
 — pelta'stes. Yellow, white, brown. Borneo 
 
 1880. 
 
 — plantagi'nea. IJ. Green. East Indies. 1852. 
 
 — prcelcox. J. Bose, white. October. Nepaul. 
 
 1845. 
 te'nero. 1883. 
 
 — proli'fera. Yellowish. Khasia. 1837. 
 
 — psittaci'na. 
 
 Hutto'ni. Green, white, brown. Am- 
 
 boyna. 
 —pmnctula'ta. Yellow. October. Nepaul. 1822. 
 
 — Heichenbachia'na. Eosy, white, purple. Moul- 
 
 mein. 1868. 
 
 — Bhodea'na. White, brown. Moluccas. 1867. 
 
 Fragrant. 
 
 — ri'gida. Yellow. Khasia. 1837. 
 
 — Mossia'na. Burmah. 1884. 
 
 — salmoni! color, Java or Sumatra. 1883. 
 
 — Semderia'na, 1. White, yellow, three brown 
 
 stripes. Sunda Islands. 1887. 
 
 — Schilleria'na. J. Yellow, blood-red. June. 
 
 Mouljnein. 1868 Syn., Pleione Schil- 
 leriwria. 
 
 — spa'rsa. Philippine Islands 
 
 — specio'sa. |. Brown, white. September. 
 
 Java. 1846. 
 
COF 
 
 [243] 
 
 COL 
 
 C steUa'ris. Green, lip white. Borneo. 
 
 — mlphu'rea. Yellowish, white. Java. 1871. 
 
 — testa'cea. Brown. May. Singapore. 1842. 
 
 — tri'fida. White. Burmah. 1865. 
 
 — trine'rvis. White, yellow. February. Singa- 
 
 pore. 
 
 — trisacca'ta. White. E. Itidies. 1851. 
 
 — undula'ta. White. Khasia. 1837. 
 
 — viscfysa. White, brown. India. 1870. 
 
 — Wallichia'na. Rose, white. November. 
 
 Khasia. 1837. 
 
 Coffe'a. Coffee-tree. (From Coffee, 
 the name of a province of Narea, in 
 Africa. Nat. ord., Bubiacem; Tribe, 
 Ixorem. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cattings of ripe 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in moist 
 heat; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 
 85" ; wmter, 55° to 60°. 
 
 C. ara'Mca. 20. White. September. Yemen. 
 1696. B. M. 1. 1303. 
 
 — bengale'nsis. White. Silhet. B. M. t. 4917. 
 
 — Ubi'rica. White. Liberia. 1874. 
 
 — panAcula'ta. 8. White. Guiana. 1822. 
 
 — travancore^Tisis. 3-6. White. August. S. 
 
 India and Ceylon. B. M. t. 6749. 
 
 CogWOOd-tree. Lau'rus chloro'xy- 
 ioH. 
 
 Co'ix. Job's tears. (Adopted name 
 from Theophrastus. Nat. ord., Gra- 
 minete. Allied to Indian Corn. ) 
 
 Stove perennial grasses. Seeds ; divisions ; 
 rich, light soil. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; 
 winter, 50° to 55°. 
 C. arundiTia'cea. 2. July. Mexico. 1818. 
 
 — la'chryma. 2. June. E. Ind. 1596. B. M. 
 
 t. 2479. 
 
 Coke. See Fuel. 
 Cola. (From the native name Cola 
 ■or Kola. Nat. ord., StercuUacece.) 
 
 Stove trees or shrubs. The seeds of C. acumi- 
 nata are known in tropical Africa as the Cola, 
 or Kola nut ; they are esteemed by the natives 
 ior their bitter flavour, and are used as a tonic, 
 a portion of a nut being eaten before each meal. 
 The seeds are about as large as a pigeon's egg. 
 ^Seeds, ripened cuttings in saiid, under a hand- 
 glass, and in bottom-heat. Bich light loam, or 
 loam and peat. Summer temp., 70" to 85° ; win- 
 ter, 60° to 70°. 
 
 C. acumina'ta. 40. Yellow. January. Tropical 
 Africa. 1868. B. M. t. 5699. 
 
 Co'lax. We unite this with Ly- 
 caste. 
 Colbe'rtia. See Dillenia. 
 
 C. coromandelia'na' See Dillenia pentagyyia. 
 
 Colchicum. Meadow Saffron. 
 (Named after Colchis, its native country, 
 in Asia Minor. Nat. ord., Liliacew; 
 Tribe, Colchicew.) 
 
 C. auturrma'U, a gout medicine, is a virulent 
 poison. Hardy herbaceous bulbs. Offsets, 
 planted in common border. 
 C. agrippi'num. J. Purple. August. South 
 Europe. 1600. Syn., C. tessellatunt. 
 
 — alpi'num. i. Purple. July. Apennines. 
 
 1820. Bchb. Ic. f. 946-8. 
 
 — arena' rium. i. Purple. September. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1816. Echb. Ic. f. 944-5. 
 
 — autumna'le, 1. Purple. September. Britain. 
 
 Common meadow saffron. E^d. Lil 
 t. 228. 
 
 C. autumna'le a'lbum. J. White. September. 
 Britain. 
 
 a'tro-purpu'reum. J. Dark purple. Sep- 
 tember. Britain. 
 
 fo'liis-variega'tis, J. Purple. Septem- 
 ber. Britain. 
 
 flo^re-ple'no. J. -Purple. September. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 panncfnieum. Transylvania. Syn., C 
 
 polyanthos. 
 
 purpu'reo-stria'tum. J. Purple-striped. 
 
 September. Britain. 
 
 strm'tum-ple'no. J. Lilac-striped. Sep- 
 tember. Britain. 
 
 — Bivo'nce. Sicilia. Syn., C. neapolitanum, 
 
 var. fritiUariewm. 
 
 — bymnti'mwm. J. Purple. September. Levant. 
 
 1629. Gfl. t. 755. Syas., C. floribundum 
 and C. autumnale, var. latifolium. 1B.&A. 
 Lil. t. 468. 
 
 — causa' sicum. See Merendera eaucasiea, B. M. 
 
 t. 3690. 
 
 — chione^nse. See C. variegatum. 
 
 — erocnflo'rum. B. M. t. 2673. A form of C. 
 
 autumnale. 
 
 — hitexmi. Yellow. Spring. Himalaya. 1874. 
 
 B. M. t. 6153. 
 
 — mantdnum. J. Purple. August. Mediter- 
 
 ranean region. 1819. Echb. Ic. t. 940-3. 
 
 — Parkinso'ni. White, tessellated with purple. 
 
 Greek Archipelago. 1874. B.M.t.6090. 
 Perhaps a form of C. variegatwm. 
 
 — pa'rvulum. Pale lilac. Italyand Greece. 1884. 
 
 — procu^rrens. Bright Iila.c. October. Smyrna. 
 
 1890. Syn., Merendera soboli^fera. 
 
 — Sibth&rpii. Tessellated with lilac-purple. 
 
 October. Armenia. Syn., C. latifolium. 
 
 — specio'sum. J to 1. Light purple. Caucasus. 
 
 1874. B. M. t. 6078. 
 
 — teBsella'tu/m. See C. axjrippinwm. 
 
 — Troo'dii. White. Autumn. Cyprus. 1887. 
 
 B. M. t. 6901. 
 
 — umiro'sum. \. Pink. September. Guinea. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — variega'tum. J. Purple. September. Greece. 
 
 1629. Syn., C. cA-ionewse. 
 
 — ver^ color. B. R. t. 571. See Bulbocodium 
 
 vernum, var. versicolor. 
 
 Colde'nia. (Named after C. Colden, 
 a Nortli American botanist. Nat. ord., 
 BoraginecB ; Tribe, Ehretiem. Allied to 
 the Heliotrope.) 
 
 Stove trailing annual. Seeds sown in a hot- 
 bed, in March, and flowers in the greenhouse, 
 in summer. Light, rich soil. 
 C. proou'miens. 2. White. July. E. Ind. 1699. 
 
 Co'lea. (Named after General Cole, 
 Governor of the Mauritius. Nat. ord., 
 Bignoniacece ; Tribe, Jacarandece. Al- 
 lied to the Calabash-tree. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripe shoots 
 in Sand, under a glass, and in moist bottom- 
 heat ; peat and loam, both flbry, and mixed with 
 a little sand and charcoal. Summer temp., 60° 
 to 80° ; winter, 48° to 55°. 
 C. fioribu'nda. 8. Yellow. August. Mada- 
 gascar. 1839. B. B. 1841, 1. 19. 
 — undula'ta. Lilac, yellow. Summer. Mada- 
 gascar. _ 1870. Gfl. t. 669. Syn., C.Com- 
 mersonii. 
 
 Colebroo'kia. (Named after H. F. 
 Colebrook, a botanist. Nat. ord., La- 
 hiatce; Tribe, SatureinecB. Allied to 
 Mint.) 
 
COL 
 
 [244] 
 
 COL 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of 
 haU-ripe shoots, in April or May ; sandy peat 
 and flbry loam. Winter temp., 40" to 45°. 
 C. oppositifo'lia. 3. White. NepauL 1820. 
 B. C. t. 487. 
 
 — tmnif(^lia. S. White. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 Colenso'a. (Named after the Bev. 
 William Colenso, a most enthusiastic 
 New Zealand botanist. Nat. ord., Cam- 
 panulacecB ; Tribe, Lohelia/iecB. ) 
 
 Stout herb. Seeds in cool frame. 
 C. physaloi'des. 2-3. Pale blue ; berry violet. 
 New Zealand. B. M. t. 6864. Syn., Lo- 
 belia physaloides, Ic. PI. t. 666. 
 
 Coleone'ma. (FromAoZeo*, a sheath, 
 and nema, filament ; in reference to the 
 way the filaments, or anther- threads, are 
 combined with the base of the flower. 
 Nat. ord., Sutacece; Tribe, Diosmew. 
 Allied to Diosma.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Cape of 
 Good Hope. Cuttings of young shoots, getting 
 firm at the base, in sand, under a bell-glass ; 
 peat one part, loam two parts, with sand, to 
 keep it open. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. 
 C. a'lbum. 2. White. June. Cape Tovra dis- 
 trict. 1798. 
 
 — pu'lchrum, 6. Rose. May. B. M. t. 3340. 
 
 — tenuyfoliwm. Synonymous with C. pulchrum. 
 
 Coleo'ptera. Beetles. 
 
 Colesat, or Coleseed. Bra'ssica 
 eampe'stris olei'fera. 
 
 Co'leus. (From holeos, a sheath ; 
 referring to the way that the bottom 
 of the stamens, or auther-threads, are 
 combined. Nat. ord., Labiatce ; Tribe, 
 OcimmdecE. Allied to Plectranthus. ) 
 
 Evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sand, in heat. 
 liOam and peat. Summer temp, for the stove 
 species, 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55° ; for the 
 other, oommon greenhouse temperatures. 
 C. aroma'ticus. 2. Violet. May. India. 1826. 
 Stove. B.E. 1. 1620. Syn.^ C.amboinicu8. 
 
 — ba/ricCtus. 3. Blue. October. Abyssinia. 
 
 1806. Stove. Maund Hot. 1. 169. 
 
 — Blu'mei. IJ. Purple and white. June. Java. 
 
 B. M. t. 4764-. • 
 
 VerschafeHtii. Hybrid ? HI. Hort. 1861, 
 
 t. 293. Another variety of this species 
 has been figured in 111. Hort. 1888, t. 46, 
 under the name of C. gloire de Dijon. 
 
 — Colvi'Uei. See Plectrcmthus coleoides. 
 
 — frutieo'sus. 3. Blue. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1774. 
 
 — Gihso'ni. Leaves veined and blotched crim- 
 
 son-purple. New Caledonia. 1866. Flor. 
 Mag. t. 338. 
 
 — inJUt'tus. Lilac. Ceylon. 
 
 — ni'gricani. Indian Archipelago. 1863. Syn., 
 
 C. seutella/noideB insigifm. 
 
 — MacrcR'i. 2J. Purple and white. August. 
 
 Ceylon. 1852. B. M. t. 4690. 
 
 — pi'etua. IJ. Leaves variegated with green, 
 
 yellow, and brown. Duke of York 
 Island. 1877. 
 ^ gcuUUarioidea. Blue, white. East Indies 
 and North Australia. Syn., Ocimum 
 scvtellarioides, B. M. 1446. Annual. 
 
 — Tryo'ni. Flor. Mag. n. s. t. 34. 
 
 — Vei'tchii, Leaves very like C. Gibioni. South 
 
 Sea Islands. 1867. Flor. Mag. t. 346. 
 Verschaffltii. See C. Blumei, var. Venchaf- 
 feitii. 
 
 Colewort, or CoUett. See Cab- 
 bage. 
 Colic-Root. Ale'trisfarino'sa. 
 
 Colla'bilini. (From collum, neck, 
 and Idbivm,, lip ; the basal part of the 
 lip encircles tne column. Nat. ord., 
 OrcMdece; Tribe, Epidendrece-Dendro- 
 biecB. ) 
 
 Stove orchid. 
 C. si'Tnplex. Greenish-yellow, with purplfr 
 blotches ; lip white ; column white, with 
 purple base. Borneo. 1881. 
 
 CoUa'nia. AsynonymofBomarea. 
 
 CoUe'tia. (Named after M. Collet, 
 a French botanical writer. Nat. ord., 
 Rhamnaeece; Tribe, Colletiew. Syn., 
 RetanUla. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripe 
 shoots in sand, under a glass, in sprmg ; sandy 
 loam. Winter temp., 50° to 55°. 
 C. enicia'ta. 4, Pale yellow. Chili. 1824. 
 
 B. M. t. 5033. Syns., C. hiotonienm and 
 ferox, var. bictonieneis, Fl. Ser. 1. 1451. 
 
 — elphedra. 3. Cream. Chili. 1823. Syn., 
 
 Metanilla ephedra. 
 
 — h&rrida. B. M. t. 3644, B. K. t. 1776. See 
 
 C. spinosa. 
 
 — obcorda'ta. 2. Yellow. Peru. 1822. Syn., 
 
 lietaniUa obcordata. 
 
 — serratifo'lia. See Discaria serratifolia. 
 
 — spiTio'sa. 2. Apetal. June. Peru. 1823^ 
 
 Syn., C horrida. 
 
 — vlid'Tia. 2. Pale yellow. May. Chili. 
 
 CoUiflower. See Cauliflower. 
 
 CoUi'nsia. (Named after Collins, 
 a North American naturalist. Nat. ord. , 
 Scrophulariacece ; Tribe, Chelonece.) 
 ■ Hardy annuals. Seeds in March, in opeit 
 borders; _some in autumn, and slightly pro- 
 tected during winter ; or some in a slight hot- 
 bed, in March, and transplanted in patches, in 
 April and May; autumn-sown ones will bloom 
 earliest. 
 
 C. barteicefo'lia. 1. Purple. June. California. 
 B. E. 1. 1734, B. M. t. 3488. 
 
 — bi'color. 2. Purple, white. June. California. 
 
 1833. 
 
 — corymbo'sa. White, blue. Mexico. 18C8. 
 
 Gfl. t. 569. 
 
 — grandiflo'ra. 1. Pink, blue. June. Columbia. 
 
 1826. B. E. 1. 1107. 
 
 — heterophy'lla. 2. Lilac. July. Columbia. 
 
 1838. B. M. t. 3696. 
 
 — multicolor. IJ. Lilac, crimson. May. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1852. 
 
 — panAjWra. 1. Purple, blue. June. Co- 
 
 Trailer. 
 Violet. 
 
 B. R. 1. 1082. 
 May. Cali- 
 
 lumbia. 1826. 
 sparsijlo'ra. 1. 
 
 fornia. 1836. 
 tincto'ria. 1. Pale pink. 
 
 1848. 
 — ve'ma. 1. Purple, blue. 
 
 1826. B. M. t. 4927, 
 viola'cea. White, violet. 
 
 . Collinso'nia. (Named after P. Col- 
 linson, a great promoter of botany. Nat. 
 ord.. Labiates; Tribe, Satureinem. Al- 
 lied to Cunila and Hyssop. ) 
 
 Hard/ herbaceous perennials. Division ; com- 
 mon sod in moist places. 
 
 May. California. 
 June. N. Amer. 
 California. 1871. 
 
COL 
 
 [245] 
 
 COL 
 
 C. aniea'ta. 3. Yellow. October. Carolina. 
 1806. B. M. 1. 1213. 
 
 — canade'nsis. 3. Lilac, yellow. September. 
 
 N. Amer. 1735. 
 corda'ta. 3. Lilac, yellow. September. 
 
 N. Amer. 1734. 
 ova'ta. 3. Lilac, yellow. September. 
 
 N. Amer. 1734. 
 
 — ova'lis. Synonymous mth C. canadenHs. 
 
 — scabriv/scula. 2. Bed, yellow. August. 
 
 East Florida. 1776. Greenhouse. 
 
 — tubercfsa. 2. Yellow. August. Carolina. 
 
 1806. 
 
 Collo'mia. (From kolla, glue ; re- 
 ferring to the mucus whichj surrounds 
 the seeds. Nat. ord., Polemoniacece. 
 Allied to Gilia.) 
 
 Hardy annuals. The best is C. cooei'nea. 
 ■Seeds in open border ; spring or autumn. 
 C Cava/mUe'sii. B. M. t. 3468.' See Gilia glo- 
 merifiara. 
 
 — cocci'nea. Scarlet. July. Chili. 1832. B. 
 
 Bf. t. 1622. Syn., C. lateritia, Swt. Fl. 
 Card. ser. 2, t. 206. 
 
 — grandifio'ra. 2. Pink. July. Columbia. 1826. 
 
 — gillioi'des. 1. Pink. August. California. 
 
 1833. 
 
 — glutino'sa. Eed. September. California. 
 
 1833. 
 
 — qra'cilis. ^. Rose. June. N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 — heterophy'Ua. B. M. t. 2895. See Navarretia 
 
 heterophylla. 
 
 — lateri'tia. See C. coccinea. 
 
 — linea'ris. 1. Red. June. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 B. M. t. 2893. 
 
 Coloca'sia. (From hololcasia, the 
 ■Greek for the root of an Egyptian plant. 
 Uat. ord., AroidecB ; Tribe, Colocasiece. 
 Allied to Caladium. ) 
 
 The Colocasias are remarkable alike for their 
 milky juice and for producing eatable tubers, 
 though belonging to an order which an acrid 
 principle generally pervades. Divisions ; peat 
 and loam. Sumpier temp., 60" to 80° ; winter, 
 50° to 56° ; greenhouse not quite so warm. 
 C. antiquo'rwm. 2. Green. June. Levant and 
 India. 1561. Tuberous-rooted. Green- 
 house. Wight Ic. t. 786. 
 
 esaddnta. 2. Green, purple. June. 
 
 S. Amer. 1739. 
 euchlo'ra. Leaves green with violet mar- 
 gins ; petiole tinged violet. 
 
 — Devansaya'na. Leaves dark green, paler 
 
 beneath, veined-purple. Papua. 1886. 
 Ill Hort. 1886, t. 601. 
 
 — i'ndiea. Cochin-China. Gfl. 1889, p. 67. 
 
 — neo-guinee!nsis. Leaves white-blotched. New 
 
 Guinea. 1880. Dl. Hort. •t. 380. 
 
 — nymphmBfo'lia. i. White. E. Indies. 1800. 
 
 — odm-a'ta. 3. Green, yellow. May. Peru. 
 
 1810. B. -M. t. 3935. Syn., Caladium 
 odoritm, B. R. t. 641. This is now referred 
 to Alocasia odora, 
 
 Colocy'nth.. Cu'cumis colocy'nthns. 
 
 Cologa'nia. (Named after M. Colo- 
 gan, who hospitably entertained natu- 
 ralists visiting Teneriffe. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminosw ; Tribe, Phaseolece. Allied 
 to Clitoria.) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiners, cuttings of halt-ripe 
 shoots in sand, under a g^lass, in April ; seeds 
 sown in a hotbed, in March ; peat and loam. 
 Summer temp., 60° to 80° : winter, 40° to 46°. 
 C. angustifo'lia. 3. Violet. Native country 
 unknown. 1827. 
 
 Doryo'phora 
 
 C. Ulo'ba. 20. Purple. Mexico. 1827. Syn 
 Glycine tiloba, B. E. 1. 1418. ' 
 
 — Broussone'tii. 3. Violet. Mexico. 1827. 
 
 Syn., Clitoria JBroussonetii. 
 
 — pulche'lla. 3. Rose. September. Mexico 
 
 1887. Maund. Bot. 1. 110. 
 
 Colorado Beetle. 
 
 decemlinea'ta. 
 
 Colpoon-tree. Elceode'ndron. 
 Colqtlhou'nia. (Named after Sir 
 
 B. Colquhoun. Nat. ord., LaUatce ; 
 Tribe, Stachydece.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen shrubs. Cuttings under 
 hand-lights m summer. Light loam and a little 
 peat. 
 
 C. cocci'nea. 5. Red, yellow. September. Nepaul. 
 
 B. M. t. 4614. Syn., C. tomentosa, Rev. 
 Hort. 1873, p. 131. 
 
 — vesti'ta. 5. Kumaon. Flowers smaller than 
 
 in C coadnea, of which it is perhaps only 
 a woolly variety. 
 
 Colt's-foot. Tussila'go. 
 
 Colubri'na. (From co/M6er, a snake; 
 in reference to the twisted stamens. 
 Nat. ord., Rhamnacem ; Tribe, Rham- 
 new. Allied to Ceanothus. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs ; cuttings of young 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and 
 loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80 ; winter, 60° to 
 66°. 
 
 C. asia'tiea. 12. Pale yellow.' July. Ceylon. 
 1691. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. 1. 10? 
 
 — cttbe'nais. 5. Crimson. Cuba. 1820. 
 
 — Jcrrugind sa. 20. Green. July. Bahama. 1762. 
 
 — reclina'ta. 5. Green. August. Jamaica. 1768. 
 
 — trijk/ra. Pale yellow. Mexico. 1826. 
 
 Columbine. Aquile'gm. 
 
 Columbo-root. Root of Co'cculus 
 palma'tiis. 
 
 Colume'Uia, (Named in honour 
 of L. J. M. Columella, who flourished 
 forty- two years after Christ. Nat. ord., 
 Colwmdliacem. ) 
 
 This, the only genus in the order, is repre- 
 sented by only two known species. Only the 
 one here enumerated has yet been introduced ; 
 it is a small evergreen greenhouse shrub, and 
 requires the same treatment as Agapexes or 
 Thibaudia. 
 
 C. obMnga. Yellow. Ecuador. 1875. B. M. 
 t. 6183. 
 
 Colu'mnea. (Named after Fahius 
 Columna, an Italian nobleman. Nat. 
 ord., Gesneracece ; Tribe, Cyrtandrecs. 
 Allied to Besleria.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings in sandy smI and 
 in heat, under a hand-light ; peat and loam, 
 with pieces of charcoal and rotten wood, well 
 drained. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 45° 
 to 66°. 
 
 TWINERS. 
 
 C. auranti'aca. Orange. June. New Grenada. 
 1861. Paxt. Fl. Gard. I. p. 95. 
 
 — au'reo-ni'tens. li. Orange, red. September. 
 
 Columbia. 1843. B. M. t. 4294. Syn., 
 
 C. pilom, Fl. Ser. t. 233. 
 
 — re'pens. Yellow, reddish. February. St. 
 
 Martha. 1845. 
 
 — rotrntdifo'lia. Trinidad. Syn., C. scavdens of 
 
 B. M. 1. 1614, but not elsewhere. 
 
COL 
 
 [246] 
 
 COM 
 
 C. Schiedia'na. J. Orange. June. Mexico. 
 1840. 
 
 — sea'ndens. 6. Scarlet. August. W. Ind. 
 
 1759. B. M. t. 6118, but not t. 16U, 
 which is 0. rotwndifolia. 
 
 SHRUBS. 
 
 C. erassifo'lia. 1. Hose. October. 1837. B. M. 
 t. 4330. 
 
 — eryfh.Toph.ce! a. 2. Red. November. Mexico. 
 
 1868. Rev. Hort. J.867, p. 170. 
 -^hirm'ta. 2. Pale purple. September. 
 Jamaica. 1780. B. M. t. 3081. 
 
 — hi'spida. Scarlet. September. Jamaica. 1824. 
 
 — Katbreyeria'na. Yellow. Leaves pale green 
 
 with yellow patches; under surface 
 blood-red. January. New Grenada. 
 1882. B. M. t. 6033. 
 — ru!tilans. 2. Purple. September. Jamaica. 
 1823. 
 
 — sple^Tidens. See Neraata/nthus longipes (B. M. 
 
 t. 4018), to which C. grandijiora and 
 C. longipedunculata also belong. 
 
 — trifalia'ta. 3. Blue. September. 1823. 
 
 — zebri'na. Pale yellow. Brazil. 1843. 
 
 Colu'ria. (From kolouros, deprived 
 of a tail; in reference to the seeds. 
 Nat. ord. , Bosacew ; Tribe, Potentillew. 
 Allied to Geum and Potentilla. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Divisions; peat 
 and loam. 
 C. geoi'des. 1. Yellow. April. Siberia. Syns., 
 
 Dryas geoides and Geum Loicmanni. 
 ~~ pot&ntiUoi'des. 1. Orange. June. Siberia. 1780. 
 
 Oolu'tea. Bladder-senna. (From 
 Icoloutea, a name adopted from Theo- 
 phrastus. Nat. ord., Legummosm ; 
 Tribe, Gcdegem. Allied to Caragana. ) 
 
 The leaves of the bladder-senna are used to 
 adulterate the Senna of the druggists. Cuttings 
 planted in the end of summer ; seeds sown m 
 spring ; common soU. 
 
 C. arbore'scen.8. 10. Yellow. July. France. 
 1548. B. M. t. 81. Syn., C. nepalerms. 
 
 — erue^nta. 4. Scarlet. June, Levant. 1710. 
 
 Syn., C. orientalis. 
 — frute/eeens. B. M. t. 181. See Sutherlamdia 
 ^rut'escens. 
 
 — galegtf&tia. B. M. t. 792. See Swairmmia 
 
 — Juile'pmca. 6. Yellow. June. Levant. 1762. 
 
 Syn., C. Pocockii. 
 
 — me/dia. 10. Orange. July. Wats. Dendr. 
 
 1. 140. 
 
 — nepale^nsis. B. M. t. 2622. See C. arboreacens. 
 
 — pere'nrums, Jacq. Vind.. III. t. 3. See Les- 
 
 sertia perennans. 
 
 — Poeo^cMu See C. haleppica. 
 
 Colvi'llea. (Named after Sir Charles 
 Colville, Governor of Mauritius. Nat. 
 ord. , Leguminosce ; Tribe, Euccesalpinew. 
 Allied to Csesalpinia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings in sand, under 
 a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; seeds when 
 procurable. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 
 45° to 65°. 
 
 C, racenu/sa. 46. Scarlet. April. Madagascar. 
 B. M. tt. 3325-6. 
 
 Coly'sis membrana'cea. See Poly- 
 podluxn (Phymatodes) membranaceum. 
 
 Comacli'nium. (From &)»rae, hair, 
 and Mine, a couch ; referring to the 
 hairy receptacle. Nat. ord,, Compositce; 
 
 Tribe, Helenoidem. Referred to Dys- 
 SOdia in the Genera Plantarum. ) 
 
 Half-hardy perennial, resembling an African, 
 marigold with the flowers of a scarlet zinnia. 
 C. aurcmti'acwm, 3. Scarlet. September. 
 
 Guatemala. 1862. Fl. Ser. t. 766. Syn.^ 
 
 CtomenocoTna niontana. 
 
 Comaro'psis. SeeWaldsteinia. 
 
 Comarosta'phylis. (From koma- 
 ros, the Arbutus, and staphyle, a grape ; 
 referring to the clusters of fruit. Nat. 
 OTA.,Ericace(B ; Tnhe, Arbutew. Allied 
 to Arctostaphylos. ) 
 
 Pretty bushes from the alpine regions of Cen- 
 tral America, bearing succulent fruit, which is 
 eatable. Seeds ; cuttings under a hand-light, at 
 the beginning of autumn ; grafted on the Ar- 
 butus in spring ; loam and peat. If not kept in 
 a cold greenhouse, will require protection out of 
 doors. 
 
 C. arbutai'des. 6. White. May. Guatemala.. 
 1842. B. E. 1843, t. 30. 
 
 — formo'sa. White. 111. Hort. 1868, 1. 162. Syn.,, 
 
 Afid/romeda fomwsa. 
 
 — ni'tida. White, pink. May. Mexico. 1841. 
 
 Syn., Arctostaphyllos nitida, B. M. 
 , t. 3904. 
 
 — polffo'lia. Crimson. May. Mexico. 1840. 
 
 Syn., Arctostaphyltos poli/olia. 
 
 Comarou'ma. (Derivation unex- 
 plained. Nat. ord., Leguminosw; Tribe,. 
 BalbergiecE.) 
 
 Stove shrub. 
 C. odora'ta. Reddish. French Guiana. Eev.. 
 Hort. 1873, p. 232. 
 
 Co'marum. See Potentilla. 
 
 Combre'tum. (An ancient name 
 adopted from Pliny. Nat. ord., Com,' 
 bretacece. Syn., Poivrcea.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climbers, except two shrubs. 
 Cuttings of young shoots, or rather stifiSsh side- 
 shoots, taken off with a heel, in sand, under a. 
 bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; sandy peat and 
 loam, with a little charcoal and broken pots, to 
 keep the soil open. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; 
 winter, 60° to 60°. 
 
 C. barba'tum. 10. White. Madagascar. 1820. 
 Syn., Poivreea barbata. 
 
 — cocci' neum. 20. Scarlet. September. Mada- 
 
 gascar. 1818. Syn., Poivrcea coednea, 
 
 — como'swm. 20. Scarlet. Sierra Leone. 1822. 
 
 B. R. 1. 1165. Syn., Poii;roBacomosa and 
 iiiiermedia. 
 
 — deca'ndrmn. White. Carthagena. Syns.,. 
 
 Poivrcea alternifolia and deeamdra. 
 
 — e'legams, 16. Scarlet. May. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 — fari/no'sum. 10. Orange, red. May. Mexico. 
 
 1826. 
 — formo'sum. Yellow, red. March, Brazil. 
 1824. 
 
 — grcmdifio'rwm, 5. Scarlet. May. Sierra 
 
 Leone. 1824. Shrub. B. M. t. 2944, 
 
 B. E. t. 1631. Syns., C. Afzelil and 
 Poivrcea Afzelii. 
 
 — interme'dium. 16. Scarlet. April. Sierra- 
 
 Leone. 1823. Syn., Poivrcea intermedia^ 
 
 — lati/o'lium. Scarlet. May. E. Ind. 1844. 
 
 Syn., Poivrcea macrophylla. 
 
 — la'xmrt. Pale yellow. Wl Indies. 
 
 — miera'TUhum. Red. Sierra Leone. 
 
 — mierop^talum. Green, orange. Brazil. 1867. 
 
 B. M. t. 6617. 
 
 — na'num. 2. White. Nepaul. 1826, Shrub, 
 
COM 
 
 [247] 
 
 COM 
 
 C. pcmieula'tiim. 50. Scarlet. Septemlber 
 Guinea, 1824. 
 
 — pilo'mm. E. Indies. Syn., Poivrcea pilosa. 
 -— Pincea'num. Purple, red. May. Sierra Leone. 
 
 1S45. 
 
 — purpu'reum. 20. Scarlet. September. Mada- 
 
 gascar. 1818. B. M. t. 2102. Syns., C. 
 coccineum, Gfl. t. .1263, and Poivrcea 
 cocdTiea. 
 
 — racemo'sum. 12. White. May. Benin. 1828. 
 
 — eecn'ndum. 10. Yellow-striped. May. Trini- 
 
 dad. 1818. 
 
 — Wrightia'num. 10. India. 1845. 
 
 Comespe'rina. (From kome, hair, 
 and sperma, a seed ; in reference to the 
 .seeds being enveloped with hairs. Nat. 
 ord., Polygalacece. Allied to Polygala.) 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from Australia. Cut- 
 tings of young shoots in April, under a glass ; 
 peat and loam. Summer temp., 65° to 80°; 
 winter, 40° to 45°. 
 C. cordi/o'Kum. 2. Purple. June. 1822. 
 
 — coridifo'lium. A synonym of C. ericmum. 
 
 — erid'num. 3. Purple. June. 1822. 
 
 — gra'aUe. See C volubile. 
 
 — mrga'tum. Purple. May. 1826. 
 
 — wlu'bUe. 3. Blue. April. 1884. A twiner. 
 
 Syn., C. gracile, Paxt. Mag. v. p. 146. 
 
 Comfrey. Si/mphytmn offidna'le. 
 
 Commeli'na. Spiderwort. (Named 
 after J. and G. ConvmeUn, Dutch bota- 
 nists. Nat. ord., CommelinaceoB ; Tribe, 
 Commelinece.) 
 
 The fleshy roots, or rhizomes, of most of the 
 species of Gommelina are eatable when cooked. 
 Hardy kinds, by sowing in the open ground, 
 whether annual or perennial, and by dividing 
 the roots of the latter. Evergreen trailing kinds, 
 whether greenhouse or stove, chiefly by cuttings 
 in sandy soil, under a hand-light, in a gentle 
 hotbed. Alltheherbaceous species, whetherfrom 
 tropical regions or tempetate Australia, etc., by 
 seeds, sown in a hotbed, early in spring, pricked 
 off, and potted and planted out towards the end 
 of MayTwill flourish in the flower-garden, and 
 constitute a' pleasing feature until the end of 
 autumn. Before frost, the tuberous kinds should 
 be taken up and kept like dahlias, but not over 
 dry ; started a little in spring, in heat, and then 
 transplanted at the end of May, will bloom 
 stronger than the seedlings. The soil should be 
 light and rich, using either rotten dung or leaf- 
 mould, with sandy loam. Summer temp, for 
 stove species, 50° to 75° ; winter, 40° to 45°. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 C. comnm'nis. 2. Purple, blue. June. N. Amer. 
 1732. Hardy. 
 
 — cueuMa'ta. Blue. July. French Guiana. 
 
 1835. Greenhouse. 
 
 HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 C. caripe^nsis. See C. mrginica, 
 
 — eaele'stis. Blue. June. 1813. Stove. Syn., 
 
 C. tuberosa, B^d. Lil. 1. 108. 
 a'lba. 3. White, June. 
 
 — defi'eiens. Two plants are cultivated under 
 
 this name, one of which is the same as 
 C. nudifio'ra. H. Ser. t. 1824. 
 
 — gla'bra, of gardens, is synonymous vrith C. 
 
 fascieiuata. 
 
 — eUi'ptica. Blue. Mexico. Syns., C. hirsuta, 
 
 C. orchidioides and C. scapigera. 
 
 — erdeta. 1. Blue. August. Virginia. 1732. 
 
 Hardy. 
 — faseuyuZa'ta. 1. Blue. July. Lima. 1817. 
 Hardy. Syn., C. glabra. Eef. Bot. 
 t. 166. 
 
 C.gracilw. 1. Blue. July. Lima. -1830. 
 Greenhouse. C. gracilis of B. M. t. 3047 
 not of Ruiz and Pavon, is C. /ascieulata. 
 
 — grammi/o'lia stri'cta. See Tinantia fugax. 
 
 — hirte lla. 1. Blue. June. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 Hardy. 
 
 — hi'spida. Deep blue. Peru. 1845. Syn., C. 
 
 Schoubertii. 
 
 — prostra'ta, of gardens, is a synonym of C. 
 
 — sca'bra. 1. Purple, brown. July. Mexico. 
 
 1862. 
 
 — txCbero'm. 1. Blue. June. Mexico. 1732. 
 
 Stove. Andr. Eep. t. 399. Syn., C. 
 undulata, B. C. 1. 1563. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREEN TRAILERS. 
 
 C. carolinia'na. A. synonym of C. nudiflora. 
 
 — mrgi'nica. 1. Blue. June. Virginia. 1779. 
 
 Syn., C caripensis and C. defieiens of 
 B. M. t. 2644. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN TRAILERS. 
 
 C. africa'na. 1. Blue. July. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1759. B. M. 1. 1431. 
 
 — angusti/o'lia. 1. Blue. June. Carolina. 
 
 1827. Half-hardy. 
 
 — cya'nea. 1. Blue. July. N. Holland. 1820. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN TRAILERS. 
 
 C. bengale'nsis. 3. Blue. June. Bengal. 1794. 
 Wight Ic. t. 2066. Syn., C. mollis. 
 
 — cayenne'nsis. 1. Blue. June. Guiana. 1823. 
 
 — commu'nis. Blue. June. China. 1818. 
 
 Syn., Cpolygama 
 
 — defi'eiens of B. M. t. 2644 is a form of C. 
 
 virginica. 
 
 — dianthifo'lia. 1. Blue. July. 1816. Twiner. 
 
 — du'bia. 1. Blue. June. 1818. 
 
 — longicau'lis. Jacq. Ic. t. 294. See C. nudiflora. 
 
 — rrto'llis. Jacq. Ic. t. 293. See C. bengalensis. 
 
 — nudifio'ra. 3-6. Blue. August. Brazil, 
 
 1806. Syns., C. deficiens of Fl. Ser. 
 1. 1824, and C. longicaulis. 
 
 — obli'qua. 1. Blue. June. India. Syn., C. 
 
 polyspatha, Wight Ic. t. 2066. 1820. 
 
 — pa'llida. 1. Blue. June. Mexico. 1820. 
 parviflo'ra. 1. Blue. June. 1824. 
 
 — z(mo'nia. See Campelia zanonia. 
 
 Commerso'nia. (After Philihert 
 Commerson, who died 1727. Nat. ord., 
 SterculiacecB ; Tribe, Buettneriem.) 
 
 Stove shrubs. Rich sandy loam. Cuttings 
 under a hand-glass in a brisk heat ; seeds. 
 C. dasyphy'lla, Andr. Kep. t. 603. See Rulingia 
 pannosa. 
 
 — platyphy'lla. White. June. Moluccas. 1816. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1813. Syn., C. eehinata, Andr. 
 Eep. t. 619. 
 
 CoiUOCla'dia. MaidenPlum. (From 
 kome, hair, and klados, a branch ; in re- 
 ference to the dense, sOky covering on 
 the young branches. Nat. ord., Ana- 
 cardiacecB. AUied to Pistacia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. For cultivation, see 
 Barringtonia. 
 
 0. denta'ta. 30. Red. July. Cuba and St. 
 Domingo. 1790. 
 
 — ilicifo'lia. 16. Red. St. Kitts and Antigua. 
 
 1789. 
 
 — integrif&lia. 15. Red. Jamaica. 1778. 
 
 Compare'ttia, (Named after Com- 
 paretti, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Orchideh; Tribe, Vandeos-OncidiecB. 
 Allied to lonopsis and Trichooentrum. ) 
 
 Stove orchids. Divisions and offsets ; flbry 
 peat, sphagnum, and broken potsherds. Plants 
 
COM 
 
 [248] 
 
 CON 
 
 raised above the surface of the pot, or fastenesl 
 In a very shallow, well-drained basket. Summer 
 temp., 60° to 90" ; winter, 60° to 56°. 
 C cocci'nea. 1. Scarlet. August. Brazil. 
 1838. B. R. t. 68. 
 
 — crypto'ccra. Pink ; lip crimson. 1851. 
 —falca'ta. J. Eose. May. Mexico. 1836. 
 
 B. M. t. 4980. Syn., C. rosea. 
 
 — maeroplelctron. White, rose-red. Columbia. 
 
 1879. 
 
 — ri/Bea. See C. falcata. 
 
 — spedo'sa. Ochre, orange. Ecuador. 1878. 
 
 Compost is a mixture of manures, 
 or of soils and manures, in such pro- 
 portions and of such (qualities as are 
 considered particularly applicable to the 
 plant or crops to which the composition 
 is to be applied. If leaves are required 
 to be largely developed, the compost can 
 be scarcely too rich ; for the greater the 
 quantity of food imbibed by the roots, 
 the greater will be the surface of leaves 
 requisite for its elaboration. But if 
 flowers and fruit, as well as leaves, are 
 desired, the composts, if excessively rich, 
 will cause these to diminish in number 
 and size, the flower-buds passing into 
 leaf -buds, for the reason already alleged. 
 
 Composts must also duly regulate the 
 amount of moisture supplied to the roots, 
 totally independent of drainage, as com- 
 post retains to them moisture by its 
 chemical and capillary powers. The 
 richer in decomposing animal and vege- 
 table matter, and the looser its texture, 
 the better does a compost retain mois- 
 ture. And this power is diminished in 
 proportion as siliceous sand, or calca- 
 reous (chalky) matters preponderate. 
 
 Gardeners prepare their composts 
 from strong, tenacious loam, half-rotten 
 leaf-mould, peat, horse-manure, cow- 
 manure, charcoal and wood-ashes, bone- 
 dust, sharp sand, burnt turf, and moss, 
 well-scalded ; and, from these materials, 
 there is no doubt that a compost could 
 be prepared, embracing any desired de- 
 gree of fertility. See Manures and 
 Potting. 
 
 Compost-ground. This should 
 1)6 an inclosure concealed from sight, 
 but in the vicinity of the hotbeds, hot- 
 houses, and other similar structures, for 
 the convenience of moving the pots to 
 it in the potting season, conveyance of 
 manures, etc. All the soils should be 
 fully exposed. The manures being liable 
 to lose much of their fertile components 
 in drainage, would be best kept in tanks ; 
 and if these are covered, all the better. 
 
 Compto'nia. See Myrica. 
 
 Cona'ndron. (From konos, a cone, 
 and aner, a male ; the appendages to 
 the anthers are united in a cone around 
 
 the style. Nat. ord.; Gesneraeem; Tribe, 
 CyrtandrecB. Allied to Ramondia. ) 
 
 A pretty herbaceous perennial, requiring the 
 same treatment as Eamondia. 
 C. ranumdioi'des. J. White, or pinkish. Sum- 
 mer. Japan. 1879. B. M. t. 6484. 
 
 Cona'nthera. (From konos, a cone, 
 and anthera, an anther, or pollen-bag ; 
 in reference to the six anthers forming 
 a cone in the early stage of the flower. 
 Nat. ord., Hmmoaoracece ; Tribe, Can- 
 antherem. Allied to Cumingia and 
 Cyanella. ) 
 
 Pretty little halt-hardy bulbs, very scarce, 
 being difficult to preserve, like others of this 
 Chilian class of plants. Sandy soil and a dry 
 border in front of a greenhouse suit them best, 
 and to be protected from wet and frost in winter. 
 Propagated by offsets. 
 C. Wo'Ua. 1. Blue. April. 1823. B. M. 
 
 t. 2496. Syn., C. Simsii. 
 — eampa/nula'ta, B. B. t. 1193. See Cvrniingia 
 
 cam^anulata. 
 
 Concrete Walks. From personal 
 inspection we can say these are the best 
 we ever saw. Directions for making 
 them are as follows : — A layer or 
 stones, brick-bats, shells, or clinkers, 
 six inches deep, to form a dry bottom ; 
 a layer of chalk or lime, in the propor- 
 tion of one to ten of the stones or other 
 foundation, and well rolled and watered 
 to the thickness of three inches, with a 
 rise of two inches in the centre; over 
 this half an inch of gravel and lime, or 
 fine chalk ; water and roll well again ; 
 add one-eighth of an inch of the best 
 coloured gravel ; and again roll until 
 quite solid. Have the walk two inches 
 wider on each side than you desire, as 
 this checks the turf and weeds from en- 
 croaching, and prevents the rain-water 
 getting to the foundation of the walk. 
 
 Conda'lia. (Named after Condal, a 
 Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Rhamna- 
 cece ; Tribe, Zizyphece. Allied to Zizy- 
 phus, or Christ's Thorn.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen. Cuttings of half-ripe 
 shoots ; common soil. Wants a httle protection 
 in winter. 
 C. mwrophy'lla. 2. Green. Chili. 1824. 
 
 Condami'nea. (Nat. ord., Bubia- 
 cecB ; Tribe, Cinchonece.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe wood 
 in sand, under a bell-glass. 
 C. tincto'ria. 30. Red. September. Trinidad. 
 1820. Syn., Macronemium tinctoHum. 
 
 Condor Vine. Gonolo'bus Cundu- 
 ra'ngo. 
 
 Coniferse, or Cone-bearers, are 
 
 such trees and shrubs, with their allied 
 
 fenera, as are commonly known as the 
 ines. Larches, Firs, Cedars, Junipers, 
 and Arbor Vitse. 
 
CON 
 
 [249] 
 
 Coniogva/mjnai java'nica is a syno- 
 nym of Gymnogramma j'avanica. 
 
 Coni'um. Hemlock. (From konao, 
 to whirl round ; in reference to the giddi- 
 ness caused by eating the leaves. Nat. 
 ord., Umbelliferce ; Tribe, Ammineie. 
 Allied to Arracacha. ) 
 
 Division of the roots, a'Jid sowing the seeds in 
 spring. Common soil. 
 C. Arraca'cha. See Arracaffia esaiUnta. 
 
 — croa'tiamn. 6. White. July. Hungary. 
 
 1818. Hardy herbaceous perennial. 
 
 — maaulaHum. 5. White. June. Britain. 
 
 Hardy biennial. Common Hemlocli. 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 629. 
 
 — moscha'tum. A synonym of ArroAiacia escu- 
 
 lenta. 
 
 Co'nnarus. (From connaros, name 
 of a tree ; adopted from the Greek of 
 AtheuEeus. Nat. ord., Connaracece ; 
 Tribe, Connarece. Syn. , Omphalobium. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of firm 
 shoots in April, in sand, under a bell-glass, and 
 in bottom-neat. Summer temp., 60 to 80° ; 
 winter, 50" to 55°. 
 
 C. afHca'nus. 8. Guinea. 1822. Syn., Ompha- 
 lobium, africanuin. 
 
 — monoca'rpits. 8. Ceylon^ Syns., C*. asiatmis 
 
 and Omjohalobium mdicum. 
 ' — ni'tidus. 8. White. Silhet. 1824. 
 
 — panicula'tus. 8. White. Chlttagong. 1824. 
 
 — joube'scens. 6. White. Guiana. 1822. 
 
 Conoca'rpus. Button-tree. (From 
 Tconos, a cone, and carpos, fruit ; in re- 
 ference to the fruit growing so closely 
 together on the spikes as to resemble 
 cones. Nat. ord., Combretacex ; Tribe, 
 ComhreteoB. Allied to Terminalia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Treatment similar to 
 Connarus. 
 C. acutifo'Uus. 10. Pale yellow. S. Amer. 1824. 
 
 — ere'etus. 10. White. Jamaica. 1752. 
 procn'mbejis. 1. Pale yellow. Cuba. 
 
 1730. 
 
 — racemo'sws. See Laguncularia racemosa. 
 
 Conocli'nium. See Eupato- 
 rium. 
 
 Conospe'rmum. (From konos, a 
 cone, and sperma, a seed ; the fruit, or 
 carpels, growing close together, and 
 forming a cone. Nat. ord., Proteacecej 
 Tribe, Conospermew.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia. 
 Cuttings in sand, under a glass, either in spring 
 or autumn ; sandy peat. Summer temp., 55° to 
 75° ; winter, 35° to 45°. 
 C. acero'smn. 3-4. W. Australia. 
 
 — acmacifo'lium. 3. White. June. 1824. 
 
 — (xeru'leum. Blue. W. Australia. 1830. 
 
 — capita'twm. 3. Blue. July. W. Australia. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — demijlo'rum. Undershrub. W. Australia. 
 ■~ elK'pticwm.. 3. White. July. New South 
 
 Wales 1822. 
 
 — ervAfo'limri. White. 1820. B. M. t. 2850. 
 
 — glunm'eemn. 3-4. W. Australia. 
 
 — Eugellii. Undershrub. . W. Australia. 
 
 — incn'rvum. Swan Eiver. 
 
 — Imgifo'lium. 4. White. July. New South 
 
 Wales. 1824. 
 
 CON 
 Australia. Syn., C. aclero- 
 
 C. stoe'chadis. W. 
 phyllUTti. 
 
 — taxifo'Uwm. 3. White. July. Queensland 
 
 and Tasmania. 1824. B. M. t. 2724 
 
 — tmuifo'livm. 3. White. July. New South 
 
 Wales. 1824. 
 
 — trvplindrttium. W. Australia. 1830. 
 undula'tum. A variety with undulate 
 
 W. Australia. 
 
 Conoste'gia. (From konos, a cone, 
 and stege, a covering ; alluding to the 
 lobes of the calyx clasping the angles 
 of the ovary. Nut. ord., MelastomacecE; 
 Tribe, Miconiece. Allied to Aplectrum. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of shoots, 
 well ripened, and the cut ends aflowed to get 
 dry ; peat and sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° 
 to 80° ; winter, 60° to 55°. 
 C. Salbma'na. 20. White. May. Jamaica. 1825. 
 
 — profcera. 12. White. June. Jamaica. 1822. 
 
 — semicrena'ta. See Miconia semwr&nata. 
 
 Conoste'phium. (From konos, a 
 cone, and Stephanos, a crown ; referring 
 to the disposition of the flowers. Nat. 
 ord. , Epacridacece. Allied to Styphelia. ) 
 This belongs to the berry-bearing section of 
 Epacrids. The berries, though not mucli liked 
 by Europeans, are eatable and wholesome. 
 The "Native Currant" of Australia and the 
 Tasmanian Cranberry belong to this section. 
 They are all favourite plants with gardeners for 
 the beauty of their flowers and the great skill 
 required to grow them into fine specimens. 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of young 
 shoots in sand, in April ; peat and sandy loam. 
 Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 40° to 50°. 
 C. pelndulum. J to IJ. Red. April. Swan 
 River. 
 
 Cono'stylis. (From konos, a cone, 
 and stylos, a style ; the style, or female 
 organ, grows in the shape of a cone at 
 the bottom. Nat. ord. , Ucemodoracece ; 
 Tribe, ConostylecB. Allied to Anigo- 
 zanthos. ) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, from West 
 Australia. Divisions ; sandy loam. Summer 
 temp., 55° to 75° ; winter, 40° to 45°. 
 C. amlea'ta. 1. 1820. B. M. t. 2989. 
 
 — americor'na. See LopMola aurea. 
 
 — au'rea. Yellow. 
 
 — dealba'ta. Swan River. 
 
 — sermda'ta. 1824. 
 
 — seU'gera. 1825. H. Ser. t. 259. 
 
 — seto'sa. Yellow. September. 1843. 
 
 Conotha'mnus erioca'rpus. See 
 Calothamnus sanguineus. 
 
 Conra'dia. (Named after Conrad 
 Gesner, a botanist of Zurich. Nat. ord., 
 GesneracecB ; Tribe, Gesnerece. Allied 
 to Gloxinia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripe 
 shoots under a glass, in bottom-heat ; loam, 
 sand, and peat. Common temperature of stove. 
 C. calyco'sa. Ic. PI. tt. 689-690. See Penta- 
 
 raphia calycosa. 
 — floribu'nda. Deep reddish-scarlet. October. 
 
 S. Amer. 1843. Paxt. Mag., vol. 15, 
 
 p. 99. 
 
 — longiflo'ra. IJ. June. Jamaica. 1823. 
 
 — scabra. 2. Scarlet. July. Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 Conservative Walls. See Walls. 
 
CON 
 
 [250] 
 
 CON 
 
 Conservatory is often used syno- 
 nymously with Crreenhouse, and then it 
 denotes a structure suitable for the cul- 
 tivation of those exotic plants which are 
 just too tender for our climate, yet do 
 not require the hot temperatures of 
 plant-stoves, orchid-houses, etc., which 
 are set apart chieily for plants from the 
 tropical regions. With the greenhouse 
 should be associated the idea of plants 
 cultivated in pots or boxes ; but with 
 conservatory we would associate the 
 idea of plants growing in suitable soil, 
 without at least the apparent interven- 
 tion of pots and boxes, and the structure 
 connected with the residence. To keep 
 up the interest of such places, it is ne- 
 cessary that plants in bloom should be 
 introduced ; but in every case the pot 
 should be plunged, so that the plant may 
 appear to be growing in the soil. We 
 would only make one exception in the 
 case of very small ornamental plants, 
 or even those not so very small, but 
 to which particular attention is wished 
 to be directed. For several reasons, 
 therefore, the planting out in conserva- 
 tory fashion should not be attempted, 
 except with climbers for the rafters, 
 where the space is but limited, as a few 
 plants, however beautiful at times, when 
 seen every day all the year round in the 
 same position, lose, to a certain extent, 
 the power of pleasing. Having the plants 
 in large pots or tubs would enable 
 you at any time to effect fresh combina- 
 tions. Where the range of glass is 
 varied and extensive, thaugh the plants 
 be chiefly turned out in the soil, the 
 same feeling of sameness is not engen- 
 dered, as the owner may easily enter his 
 rtouse at different points ; and in such 
 circumstances the very number of ob- 
 jects will constitute variety. 
 
 Unity of expression is, to a certain 
 extent, maintained by a mixture of the 
 two modes, the centre of the house being 
 supplied with plants that are really 
 turned out, or wnich, brought for a tem- 
 porary purpose, appear to be so, while 
 all round the house there is a broad 
 shelf for the accommodation of plants in 
 pots. In saying " all round the house," 
 we are, of course, alluding to houses that 
 have glass on all sides. Where there is 
 an opaque back wall, the shelf could be 
 only at the front and ends. However 
 desirable it is to have light on all sides, 
 where expense for heating in winter is 
 no great object, yet very pleasing effects 
 are produced, even in lean-to roofs, where 
 a little attention is paid to unity of idea. 
 
 With the single exception of jplanting 
 out, the treatment of the conservatory 
 
 is similar to that of the greenhouse. 
 Keeping this in mind, good drainage 
 should be secured ; and the general soil 
 should consist of two parts flbry loam 
 and one of fibry peat, with pieces of 
 sandstone, broken bricks, and charcoal 
 intermixed, to keep it open. The pecu- 
 liar requirements of each plant, as re- 
 spects soU and manure, can be attended 
 to in planting. Where the object is. 
 merely to preserve the plants during the 
 winter, the general treatment will be 
 similar to that of a cold greenhouse. 
 Where the ideas of comfort, alike for the 
 plants and the visitors, are to be main- 
 tained, and flowering plants are to be in- 
 troduced liberally in winter, the general 
 temperature should not be lower than. 
 50°, and should range from that to 60°, 
 allowing 5° or 10° more for sunshine. 
 In such circumstances, the Camellia and 
 the Orange will bloom during most of 
 the winter ; and Acacias, Ei]^enias,etc., 
 will bloom early in spring. The greatest, 
 possible qilantity of air must be given in 
 summer ; but in winter it must be very 
 limited in frosty and dull, foggy weather,, 
 it being better, in either circumstances, 
 to keep the house rather close, in prefer- 
 ence to using large fires. Protecting by 
 covering in severe weather will be of im- 
 portance. The heating medium, to be 
 most effectual, should be above gronnd j 
 but, to save room, the flues or pipes may 
 be beneath the pathways, whicn will alsa 
 be of importance for keeping the soil in 
 the beds in a nice warm condition, and 
 in such a house will render the flowering 
 of many of the hardier stove climbers 
 a matter of certainty. Water may be 
 
 fiven liberally during summer, botn at 
 ottom and overhead ; but in winter the 
 plants will want little if duly attended 
 to in the autumn ; yet what is given 
 should be rather warmer than the atmo- 
 sphere of the house. In planting, it will 
 often be necessary to make little brick 
 pits for particular plants, to prevent 
 them occupying too much space. 
 
 Contraje'rva Root. Dorste'nia. 
 eontraje'rva. 
 
 Convalla'ria. Lily of the Valley. 
 (From the Latin convcMis, a valley, and 
 rica, a mantle ; in reference to the dense 
 covering formed by the leaves. Nat. 
 ord., Liliacece ; Tribe, Convallariem.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Divisions i 
 comTuon soil, shady situation. 
 C. bi/o'lia. B. M. t. 610. See Maianthemum 
 Mfolvwm. 
 
 — jcupo'nica. See Flueg^ea japonica. 
 
 — leptophy'Ua. 3. White. May. N. America. 
 
 1800. Syn., Polygonatwm macrophyllum. 
 
 — maja'lis. 1. White. May. Britain, Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 1514. 
 
CON 
 
 [251] 
 
 CON 
 
 C. maja'lis fio're-pleno. 1. White. May. 
 
 prok'fieana. White, tinged pinlc. 1887. 
 
 Garden variety. Gfl. t. 1292. 
 ru'bra. 1. Hesh. May. 
 
 — oppoHtifo'Ua. B. M. t. 3529. See Polygonatum 
 
 opposiUfolium. 
 
 — Polygana'tum. See Polygonatum officinale. 
 
 — rac&mo'm, B. M. t. 899. See Smilacina. 
 
 — stella'ta. B. M. t. 1043. See Smilacina. 
 
 — v&rtitnUa'ta. See Polygonatum vertieiUatum. 
 
 Convolvulus. Bindweed. (From 
 convolvo, to entwine ; in reference to 
 their twining habit. Nat. ord., Con- 
 volvulacece. ) 
 
 The roots of most of the plants in this order 
 abound inamilkyjuice.whlchis acrid, andin some 
 cases highly purgative, as the Indian Jalap and 
 Scammony plants. Cuttings, divisions, and seeds 
 of perennials, and seeds of annuals ; peat and 
 loam for the greenhouse and stove species, and 
 common soilf or the hardy. Seeds of hardy species, 
 sown in open border, in March or April, or in 
 hotbed for those which need protection. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 C. arve'nsis. 2. Pink, white. June. Britain. 
 Trailer. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 923. 
 
 — elcmga'tus. 1. White. July. Canaries. 181B. 
 
 Twiner. B. B. t. 498. 
 
 — ForskaHii. Blue. June. Egypt. 1837. 
 
 — pmitapetaloi'des. 1. Light blue. July. Ma- 
 
 jorca. 1789. Trailer. Sibth. El. Gr. 
 1. 197. 
 ^ai'mUus. 2. Light blue. July. South Europe. 
 1640. Trailer. Sibth. Fl. Gr. 1. 196. 
 
 — Soldane'lla. Prostrate. Pink. July. Sea- 
 
 shores of Britain. 
 
 — stri'ctus. Eose. June. Egypt. 1822. 
 
 — tri'eolor. 3. Striped. July. South Europe. 
 
 1629. B. M. t. 27. 
 aMfio'rus. 1. White. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1629. 
 vitta'tus. El. Ser. t. 298. 
 
 — undMla'tus. White, red. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1816. 
 
 TENDER ANNDALS. 
 
 C. W color. 6. White, purple. July. Isle of 
 France. 1818. Stove. B.' M. t. 2206. 
 
 — eruMscens. 6. Pink. July. N. S. Wales. 
 
 1803. Greenhouse biennial. B.M.t.l067. 
 
 — evolvuloi'des. 15. Bed. July. South Europe. 
 
 1820. Greenhouse. 
 
 — genicula'tus. Bed. July. Australia. 1826. 
 
 Greenhouse climber. 
 
 — hi'rtus. 3. Blue. July. E. Indies. 1804. Stove 
 
 trailer. , , , „ > 
 
 — macroca'rpus. 10. Purple. July. S. America. 
 
 1752. Stove twiner. 
 
 — quinquefdliw. 6. White. July. W.Indies. 
 
 1807. Stove climber. 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 C. alceifdlius. Yellow, purple. June. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1823. Herbaceous. 
 
 — iryonicefo'lius. 3. Pink. July. China. 1802. 
 
 Deciduous twiner. B. M. t. 943. 
 
 — canariefnsis. 20. Pink. June. Canaries. 1690. 
 
 Twiner. B. M. t. 1228. 
 -cane'scens. 1. Blue. Bogota. 1846. Twiner. 
 
 — Cneo'rum. 3. Pink. June. Levant. 1640. 
 
 Shrub. B. M. t. 459. 
 
 — erena'tm. SeeC. Bermmmice. „ ,, . 
 
 — Fa'lkia. White, tinged pink. May. S. Afnca. 
 
 Jacq. H. Schoenb. 1. 198. . 
 
 —farino'sus. 6. Pink. May. Madeira. 1777. 
 
 Twiner. B.B.t. 1323. . 
 
 — fi&ridws. 2. Pink. August. Canaries. 1799. 
 
 Trailer. Jacq. Ic. t. 34. 
 
 — Berma'rmice. 6. White. August. Peru. 1799. 
 
 Twiner. Syn., C. erenatiig, Jacq. ic. 
 t. 315. 
 
 C. lana'tjii. White. May. Levant. 1829. Climber. 
 Sibth. FI. Gr. t. 202. 
 
 — linealrie. 2. Pink. June. South Europe. 1770 
 
 Shrub. B. M. t. 289. 
 
 — maUrifa'nicits. Blue. N. Africa. Borders in 
 
 summer, and greenhouse baskets. 
 
 — parniifdlius. IB. Blue. August. Canaries. 
 
 1806. Twiner. B. E. t. 222. 
 
 — saxa'tilis. 1. White. South Europe. 1790. 
 
 Trailer. 
 
 — scopa'rius. 2. White. August. Canaries. 1733. 
 
 Trailer. B. E. 1841, t. 43. 
 
 — suffrutico'suB. 3. Pink. July. Madeira. 1788. 
 
 Twiner. B. B. t. 133. 
 
 — tenui'ssimiis. Lilac. July. Levant. Herba- 
 
 ceous climber. Sibth. Fl. Gr. 1. 195. 
 
 — tilia'ceus. 3. Purple. July. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 Twiner. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 C. albive'nius. 6. Pale pink. June. Algoa. 1823. 
 Climber. B. B. 1. 1116. 
 
 — arbordscens. 10. Mexico. 1818. Shrub. 
 
 — califo'rnicv,s. White, canary-yellow. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1888. 
 
 — ehrysorhi'zas. See JyomtEos batatas. 
 
 — eilia'tus. 6. Pink. July. Cayenne. 1816. 
 
 Twiner. 
 
 — gla'ier. 12. White. May. Cayenne. 1806. 
 
 Twiner. 
 
 — glawyifo'lius. Purple. June. Mexico. 
 
 — guiane/nsis.'.lO. Wliite. July. Guiana. 1823. 
 
 Twiner. 
 
 — ma'iamm. 20. Pink. July. Ceylon. 1799. 
 
 Twiner. 
 
 — oceUa'tus. IJ. White, purple. July. S.Africa. 
 
 1844. Herbaceous cumber. B. M. t. 4065. 
 
 — ochra'ceus. 6. Yellow. July. Guinea. 1825. 
 
 Twiner. B. M. 1. 1060. 
 — pentalnthoe. B. M. t. 2161. See Jctcquemontia- 
 violacea. 
 
 — re'pta/ns. 1. Purple. July. E. Indies. 1806. 
 
 — iUixbu'rpMi. White. July. E.Indies. 1826. 
 
 Climber. 
 
 — scrobicvia'tv^. 2. Pale red. S. America. 1825. 
 
 Trailer. B. B. t. 1076. 
 
 — mrticilla'tiis. 5. Blue. Augiiat. W. Indies. 
 
 1819. Twiner. 
 
 HARDY OR HALF-HARDY DECIDUOUS. 
 
 C. althceoi'des. 2. Pink. June. Levant. 1597. 
 Twiner. B. M. t. 359. 
 
 — HcuspicUtii^. 4. Purple. June. Davuria: 
 
 1818. Twiner. 
 
 — bonarie'mis. 3. White. July. Chili. 1817. 
 
 Twiner. 
 
 — canta'bricus. 1. Pink. June. South Europe. 
 
 1640. Trailer. 
 
 — ehine'nsis. 6. Purple. July. China. 1817. 
 
 Twiner. B. B. t. 322. 
 
 — eo'rsieus. 1. Pink. June. Corsica. 1824. 
 
 Twiner. 
 
 — ebractea'tus. 1. White. July. 1819. Trailer^ 
 
 — emargina'tus. 2. Purple. July. 1817. Twiner. 
 
 — Oera'rdi. 1. Pink. July. South Europe. 
 
 Trailer 
 
 — holoseri'ceus. Pale yellow. June. Tauria. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — interme'dius. Pale rose. June. South Europe. 
 
 1825. 
 
 — ita'Ucus. Bose. May. South Europe. 1844. 
 
 Climber. B. E. 1847, t. 12. 
 —lammgino'i'M. 6. White. July. Levant. 1818. 
 Climber. „ ,, ^ 
 
 — linea'tus. 1. Purple. June. South Europe. 
 
 1770. Sibth.Fl. Gr. t. 199. 
 
 — Malco'lmii. White. July. Persia. 1824. 
 
 Climber. 
 
 — pe'rsieus. White. June. Persia. 1823. 
 
 — platyea'rpus. Lilac. August. Mexico. 1827. 
 
 Half-hardy. 
 
 — salvifo'Kui. 1. PliA. July. Palestine. 1825. 
 
 Trailer. 
 
CON 
 
 [252] 
 
 COR 
 
 C. Scaimno'nia. Wliite, purple. July. Levant. 
 1726. Twiner. Swt. Fl. Gard. II. 1. 173. 
 
 — Sihtho'rpii. 1. White. July. France. 1823. 
 
 Tr3>ilfii' 
 
 — terre'stris. White. July. Altai. 1828. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 
 C. ea'ndieans, B. M. 1. 1603. See Ipamcea pan- 
 durata. 
 
 — dahvlricus, B. M. t. 2609. See Cdlystegia 
 
 dahurica. 
 
 — disse'ctus. See Ipomcea svnuata. 
 
 — involUGra'tiiSt B. R. t. 318. See Hewitta bicolor. 
 
 — ni'l, B. M. 1. 188. See Ipimuea hederacea. 
 
 — purpu'reus, B. M. 1. 113. Seelporrueapurpurea, 
 
 — Turpe/thwm, B. M. t. 2093. See Jponuea lur- 
 
 pethuTn. 
 
 Cony'za. (From chonos, imperfect. 
 Nat. ord.. Composite; Tribe, Asteroi- 
 dece. ) 
 <J, wmMgua is an annual herb; C. chilensis a 
 
 biennial ; both are hardy. Seeds. Gar- 
 
 den-aoU. 
 
 — (egypti'aca. Syns., Erigeroncegyptiacum, and 
 
 E. Gonami. Jacq. H. Vina. vol. 3, t. 79. 
 
 — aTnbi'gua. 1. Purple. July. S. America. Syn., 
 
 Erig&ron lini/olius. 
 
 — chile'nm. 2^. Yellow. September. Chili. 
 
 1816. Syn., Erig&ron chilensis, 
 
 Coo'ikiaipiinctct'ta. See Clausena 
 
 Wampi. 
 
 Coope'ria. (Named after Mr. 
 Cooper, gardener at Wentworth House, 
 in Yorkshire, for many years. Nat. 
 ord., Amaryllidem ; Tribe, AmarylhcB. 
 Allied to Zephyranthus. ) 
 
 We would have named this genus " The Even- 
 ing Star." It is anomalous amongst its race for 
 first opening its starry-white flowers in the cool 
 ■of the evenmg. They possess the fragrance of 
 the primrose. Although probably hardy, they 
 .are best treated as half-hardy, in a border of 
 deep, sandy soil, under a west wall, where they 
 flower all the summer, and produce seeds. Each 
 stalk produces but one flower ; but a tuft of bulbs 
 would produce a fine effect. Offsets and seeds, 
 -sown in spring ; sandy loam. 
 C. chloroso'len. 1. White, green. Mexico. 1835. 
 B. M. t. 3482. 
 
 — Drurmn&ndii. 1. AVhite, red. Mexico. 1835. 
 
 B. B. 1. 1836. 
 
 — pedunffiila'ta. White, orange. July. Texas. 
 
 1835. B. M. t. 3727. 
 
 Gopai'fera. (From copaiba, the 
 Brazilian name for its balsamic juice, 
 the balsam of capivi, and fero, to bear. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminosce ; Tribe, Cyno- 
 metrece. Allied to Cynometra. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees ; cuttings of Arm shoots 
 in March, in heat, under a glass -, peat and loam. 
 Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 60° to 65°. 
 C guiane'nHs. 30, White. Guiana. 1826. 
 
 — ofieina'Ks. 20. Wiiite. S. America and W. 
 
 Indies. 1774. 
 
 Copemi'cia. (Named after Coper- 
 nicus, the astronomer. Nat. ord., 
 PalmecB ; Tribe, Coryphece.) 
 
 Stove palms. 
 C ceri'fera. Brazil. Wax palm. There are also 
 the following species : ho'spita, Tnaero- 
 gloem, mantima, Pu'mos, tecto'rum, 
 and Wri'ghtii. 
 
 Copio'phora comu'ta is an insect, 
 which occasionally attacks Azaleas. 
 
 Copro'sma. (From kopros, dung, 
 and osme, a smell ; plants fetid. Nat. 
 ord., BubiacecB ; Tribe, Anthospermece.) 
 Greenhouse shrub. For cultivation, see Gar- 
 denia. 
 
 C. Baueria'na. New Zealand. 1866. 
 pictura'ta. Leaves with central variega- 
 tion. New Zealand. 1876. Syn., C. 
 Stockii. 
 variega'ta. Leaves with marginal varie- 
 gation. 1866. 
 
 — Ivleida. Greenish. March. 
 
 Co'ptis. (From kopto, to cut ; in 
 reference to the division of the leaves. 
 Nat. ord. , BanunculacecB ; Tribe, Selle- 
 borece. Allied to Helleborus. ) 
 
 The roots of this plant are used in the United 
 States medicinally, under the name of Gold 
 Thread. Hardy herbaceous perennials ; division 
 of the roots and seeds ; sandy, peaty soil ; re- 
 quire the protection of a cold pit m winter. 
 C. asplenifo'lia. 1. White. April. N. America, 
 and Japan. 
 
 — occidenta'lis. i. White. May. N. America. 
 
 — orienta'lis. i. White. May. Japan. 
 
 — trl/o'lia. i. Brown. May. N. America. 1782. ' 
 
 B. C. 1. 173. Syn., MeUebortie trifoliatm. 
 
 Corbula'ria, a genus of Amarylli- 
 dese founded by Salisbury, is now re- 
 garded as a section of Narcissus 
 (which see), characterized by having a 
 largef unnel-shaped or cylindrical corona, 
 as long as the lanceolate perianth seg- 
 ments, and long, declinate stamens. 
 There are many varieties of the typical 
 species, Narcissus Bulbocodium, B. M. 
 t. 88. 
 
 Co'rchorus. (From koreo, to purge, 
 and kore, the pupil ; alluding to a sup- 
 posed medicinal quality of C. olitorius. 
 Nat. ord., Tiliacem; Tribe, Tiliece.) 
 
 Stove annuals. SowinMarch. Soil, lightloam. 
 Jute is produced by C. capsularis. 
 C. capsula'ris. 6. Yellow. June. B. Indies. 1725. 
 —japo'nicus. B. M.t.l296. SeeKerriajaponica. 
 
 — olito'Hus, 6. Yellow. June. E. Indies. 1640. 
 
 B. M. t. 2810. 
 
 Co'rdia. (Named after E. Cordius, 
 a German botanist of the sixteenth cen- 
 tury. Nat. ord., BoraginecB; Tribe, 
 Cordiece. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees and shrubs. Cuttings 
 in sand under a hand-glass in heat. Loam and 
 peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 55° 
 to 60°. 
 
 C. deca'ndra. 3, White. Chili. 1876. A very 
 handsomeshrub. B. M. t. 6279. 
 
 — gerasca'nthus. 30. White. May. W. Indies. 
 
 1789. Spanish elm. 
 
 — gla'tra. White. Autumn. Brazil. 1868. 
 
 — gramdiflo'ra. White. " August. S. America 
 
 B. M. 1. 1491 
 
 — Gre'gii Palmdri. 5-10. White. North Mexico. 
 
 1889. G. and F. 1889, vol. 2, p. 233 
 
 — iponuecefidra. 20. White. Brazil. 
 
 — te'ma. Bed. September, Caraccas. Jacq 
 
 H. Schconb. t. 40. 
 — • My'xa. 16. E. Indies. 1640 
 
COR 
 
 [253] 
 
 COR 
 
 C. patago'nula. See Patagonula amerieana. 
 
 — speeio'sa. 30. Scarlet. June. W.Indies. 1728. 
 
 Syn., C. sebestena. 
 
 — supe'rba. White. September. Brazil. 
 
 Oordyli'ne. Club Palm. (From 
 Icordyle, a club. Nat. orA., XiliacecB ; 
 Tribe, Asparagem. Allied to Dracena.) 
 
 Stovaor greenhouse evergreen palm-likeplants. 
 Suckers ; peat and loam ; or light, sandy loam 
 and vegetable mould. Summer temp., 60° to 80' ; 
 winter, 60° to 65°. 
 C. austra'lis. 10. Blue, white. New Zealand. 
 
 1823. 
 variega'ta. Leaves variegated with yellow. 
 
 Seedling variety. 1881. 
 
 — Ba'iiksii. White. New Zealand. 1860. Gfl. 
 
 1864, p. 444. 
 
 — cannmfo'lia. White. Australia. 1820. 
 
 — Haatjealna. White. Australia. 1871. 
 
 — conge'sia. 10. Pale blue. March. N. Holland. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — hemichrj/'sa. 2. Isle of Bourbon. 1823. 
 
 — indivi'sa. 10. Blue. New Zealand. 111. Hort. 
 
 1860, p. 264. 
 Dallierea'na. Leaves striped with yellow. 
 
 Seedling variety. 111. Hort. vol. 37, 1. 114. 
 Doiuxtia'na. Leaves edged and striped 
 
 with white. 1888. 
 
 — Zentigino'sa. New Zealand. 1871. 
 
 — Hnea'ta, New Zealand. 
 
 — no'bUis. Japan. 1852. Syn., Calodraconnobilis. 
 
 — JRu'mphii. B. M. t. 4279. 
 
 — Siebo'ldii. Green. Java. 
 
 — stricta. 10. Blue. March. New Zealand. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — Whomso'ni. Leaves green, edged with magenta. 
 
 Flor. Mag. t. 441. 
 
 — Veitchii. New Zealand. 
 
 The following are all cultivated as species 
 of DraC-iENA, but properly belong to the genus 
 CORDYLINE, and are probably but varieties of a 
 very few species. Scarcely anything is known of 
 their fiowers. 
 
 C, a'lbicans. Leaves white-variegated. Poly- 
 nesia. 1869. 
 
 — a'lbo^o'sea. Leaves deep green, edged with 
 
 rose; young ones whitish. Polynesia. 
 1874. 
 
 — ama'bilis. Leaves green, variegated with pink 
 
 and white. Polynesia. 1871. 
 
 — a/m^oyne^nsis. Leaves bronzy, margined with 
 
 red. Amboyna. 1876." 
 
 — angu'sta. Leaves narrow, purple beneath. 
 
 Polynesia. 1869. 
 
 — auro'ra. Polynesia. 1878. 
 
 — Balmorialna. Leaves bronzy, with white and 
 
 rosy stripes. Polynesia. 1875. 
 
 — Bapti'stii. Leaves margined and striped with 
 
 pink and yellow. Polynesia. 1873. 
 
 — be'Uula. Leaves small, purplish, margined 
 
 with red. Polynesia. 1874. 
 
 — Casano'vis. Leaves bronzy, with crimson mar- 
 
 gins. New Hebrides. 1876. 
 
 — chelsoni. Leaves blackish-green, variegated 
 
 with crimson. Polynesia. 1870. 
 
 — compa'cta. Leaves dull olive-green, streaked 
 
 with rose. Samoa. 1873. 
 
 — Denniso'ni. Leaves bronzy. Polynesia. 1871. 
 
 — densico'ma. White. New Caledonia. 1875. 
 
 — DvJfflfi. Leaves bronzy, striped with crimson. 
 
 Polynesia. 1874. 
 
 — exce'lsa. Leaves reddish-brown, with red 
 
 bands. Polynesia. 1869. 
 —formo'sa. Leaves bronzy, with red margins. 
 Polynesia. 1872. 
 
 — Prase'ri. Leaves blackish purple, glaucous, 
 
 base margined with rose. Polynesia. 
 1873. 
 
 — g^mrrm. Leaves waved, bronzy, with crimson 
 
 edges. Polynesia. 1876. 
 
 C. glono sa. Leaves metallic green, striped with 
 bronzy-orange. Polynesia. 1872. 
 
 — gra ndw. Leaves deep and bright green, bor- 
 
 dered with white and edged with rose. 
 Samoa. 1874. 
 
 — Chdifo'ylei. Australia. 1868. 
 
 — Henderso'ni. Leaves marbled with white and 
 
 pink. Polynesia. 1874. 
 
 — imperia'Us. Leaves variegated with white 
 
 and rosy. Polynesia. 1872. 
 
 — inscri'pta. Leaves streaked with dull purple 
 
 and rose. Polynesia? 1873. 
 — jaspi'dea. Leaves variegated with white, yel- 
 lowish, and pink. Polynesia. 1875. 
 
 — Levtinge'rii. Leaves marked with creamy- 
 
 white and pink. Polynesia. 1876. 
 
 — Linde'ni. Leaves banded with pale yellowish. 
 
 S. Brazil. 1880. 
 
 — lute'scens-stria'ta. Madagascar. 1872. 
 
 — Maca'rthUri, 2. Leaves carmine and olive- 
 
 green. Australia. 1877. 
 
 — magni'fica. Leaves bronzy, with pinkish 
 
 bloom, red margined. Polynesia. 1869. 
 
 — meta'llica, ^ Leaves coppery when young, 
 
 changing to bronzy-purple. Polynesia. 
 
 — mira'bilis. Leaves variegated with white and 
 
 rose. 1880. 
 
 — Moorea'na. Leaves bronzy-red, with red mid- 
 
 rib and stalk. Polynesia. 1868. 
 
 — ni'gro-stria'ta. Leaves obliquely -striped with 
 
 brown. Solomon Isles. 1874. 
 
 — oma'ta. Leaves bronzy-green, margined with 
 
 pink. Polynesia. 1873. 
 
 — pi' da. Leaves variegated with various shades 
 
 of rose. Viti Levu. 1874. 
 
 — porphyrophy'lla. Leaves deep bronzy-green. 
 
 Polynesia. 1870. 
 
 — pri'Ticeps. Leaves bronzy, with rosy variega- 
 
 tion. Polynesia. 1872. 
 
 — pulcheHla. Leaves deep bronzy-green, with 
 
 wine-red margins. Polynesia. 1870. 
 
 — Re'aZi. Leaves dark green, striped and edged 
 
 with rose. Polynesia. 1874. 
 
 — re'x. Leaves bronzy, with dark-red variega- 
 
 tion. Polynesia. 1876. 
 
 — RobiTisonia'na. Leaves yellowish- white, crim- 
 
 son, and green. Solomon Isles. 1877. 
 
 — ro'sea. Leaves bronzy, with creamy and pink 
 
 variegation. Polynesia. 1872. 
 
 — Eothia'na. Leaves clear green, transparently 
 
 reticulate-tessellate. Cormorin Isles. 
 
 — rube'lla. Young leaves variegated with bluish- 
 
 rose. Polynesia. 1872. 
 
 — ru'bra. 10. Leaves reddish. New Holland. 
 
 Gfl. 1864, 447. 
 
 — specta'bilis. Polynesia. 1869. 
 
 — sple'iidens. Leaves dark bronzy. Polynesia. 
 
 1871. 
 
 — sulca'ta. Leaves dark green, grooved on the 
 
 surface. Polynesia. 1872. 
 
 — tHu'mphans. Leaves dark purplish. Poly- 
 
 nesia. 1875. 
 
 — Troube'tzkoi. Leaves bright green, edged and 
 
 splashed with white. Melanesian Is- 
 lands. 1876. 
 
 — Wisema'ni. Leaves bronzy, margins red, 
 
 young growth white. Polynesia. 1871. 
 
 — You'ngii. Leaves coppery, striped with dark 
 
 red. Polynesia. 1872. 
 
 There are also numerous garden varieties. 
 Coreo'psis. (From koris, a bug, 
 and opsis, like ; referring to the appear- 
 ance of the seeds. Nat. ord. , CompositCB ; 
 Tribe, Helianthoidece. Syn., Chryso- 
 stemma. ) 
 
 Hardy annuals (marked A, or perennials P), 
 seeds in common soil, in March ; hardy peren- 
 nials, division of the roots in the autumn or 
 spring ; West Indian species require a hotbed ; 
 and the perennial herbaceous and evergreen 
 
COR 
 
 [254] 
 
 COR 
 
 species are multiplied by divisions and cuttings 
 in the autumn and spring. Light, sandy soil. 
 <7. ala'ta. See Verbesma ocddentalis. 
 
 — a'lba. 6. White. June. Jamaica, 1699. 
 
 A synonym of Bidens pilosa. 
 
 — altemifo'Ha. Jacq. H. Vind. t. 110. Is 
 
 ActiTiomeris squarrosa, 
 
 — amgustifo'lia. 2. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1778. P. 
 
 — arista' ia. 2-3. Yellow. September. Dnited 
 
 States. 1869. B. M. t. 6462. A. 
 
 — arteimmefo'lia. Jacq. Ic. t, 595. See Cosmos 
 
 — Atldnsonia'Tia. B. R. 1. 1376. See Calliopsis 
 
 Athinsoniana. A. , 
 
 — a/rgu'ta. 2. Yellow. August. Carolina. 
 
 — avJrea. 8. Yellow. August. N. Amer. 1785. 
 
 B. E. 1. 1228. A. 
 
 — auriada'ta. 6. Yellow. July. Virginia. 
 
 1699. P. 
 
 — bi'color. 2^. Yellow. June. Arkansas. 1822. A. 
 
 — chrysa'ntha. 2. Yellow. August. W.Indies. 
 
 1752. P. 
 
 — cormia'ta. 2. Yellow, brown. July. Mexico. 
 
 1835. B. M. t. 8460. A. 
 
 — crassifo'lia. See C. lanceolatay var. vUlosa. 
 
 — ddphinifo'lia. 3. Yellow. August. N. 
 
 America. 1769. Syn., C. verticUlata, 
 B. M. 1. 166. P. 
 
 — dich&toma. See C. gladiata. 
 
 — diversifo'lia,. B. M. t. 3474. See C. Drum- 
 
 mondii. 
 
 — Drvmnu/ndii. 2. Crimson. July. Carolina. 
 
 1833. Swt. El. Gard. ser. 2, t. 316. A. 
 Syn., 0. diversifolia. 
 — feruloe^o'lia. See Bidens coreopsidis. 
 
 — fiUfo'lia. 2. Yellow. August. Texa^. 1835. 
 
 B. M. t. 3505. Syn., Tbeleaperma filifo- 
 Hum. A, 
 
 — gladia'ta. 1. Yellow. September. N. 
 
 America. 1827. Syn., C. dichotoma. P. 
 
 — gra/ndiflo'ra,. 3. Yellow. August. N. America. 
 
 1826. P. 
 
 — heterophy'lla. See Echinacea heterophylla. 
 
 — inci'sa. 6. Yellow. October. W. Indies. 
 
 B. E. t. 7. P. 
 
 — integrifo'lia,. 3. Yellow. July. Carolina. P. 
 
 — la/neeola'ta. 3. Yellow. August. Carolina. 
 
 1724. B. M. t. 2451. P. 
 mllo'sa. 3. Yellow. September. Caro- 
 lina. 1786. Syn., C. erassifolia. 
 
 — latifoUa. 3. Yellow. August. Carolina. 
 
 1786. P. 
 
 — lo'ngipes. 2. Yellow. April. Texas. 1835. 
 
 B. M. t. 3586. P. 
 
 — marVtima. 3. Yellow. California. 1873. B. 
 
 M. t. 6241. Syn., Leptosynemaritima. A. 
 
 — wuda'ta. 2-4. Purple-rose, yellow. S. 
 
 United States. 1879. B. M. t. 6419. P. 
 — paZma'ta. 3. Yellow. June. Louisiana. 
 1823. Syn., C. prcecox. P. 
 
 — parvifl&ra. Jac(^. H. Schcenb. t. 374. See 
 
 Cosmos parmfiora. 
 
 — prcelcox. Eev. Hort. ser. 2, iv. p. 265. See C. 
 
 pal'mata. 
 
 — pro'cera. See Actinomeris procera. 
 
 — re'ptams. 6. Yellow. July. W.Indies. 1792. P. 
 
 — rosea. 2. Bed. July. North Casana. 1778. P. 
 
 — senifo'lia. 4. Yellow. September. N.Ame- 
 
 rica. 1812. B. M. t. 3484. P. 
 
 — StiUma'mni. Yellow. California. 1873. Syn., 
 
 Leptosyne Stillmanni. A. 
 
 — tenuifo'lia. 2. Yellow. N. America. 1780. P. 
 
 — tiiwto'ria. B. M. t. 2512. See Calliopm 
 
 tinctoria. 
 
 — trichospe'rma. 3. Yellow. August. United 
 
 States. 1818. 
 
 — tri'pteris. 6. Yellow. August. N. America. 
 
 1837. Syn., Chrysostem/ma tripteris, B. 
 M. t. 3583. P. 
 
 — verticilla'ta. 2. Yellow. August. N. Ame- 
 
 rica. P. B. M. 1. 166 is C. delphinifolia. 
 
 Corethro'gyne. (From korethron, 
 a broom, and gyne, a female ; styles 
 brushlike. Nat. ord., Compositm; Tribe, 
 AsteroidecB. Allied to Aster. ) 
 
 Hardy perennial herb, clothed with a white 
 woolly tomentum. Treatment the same as for 
 Aster. 
 C. spafhvla'ta. 1. Pink. California. 1873. 
 
 Corethrosty'lis. See Lasiope- 
 talom. 
 
 Coria'ndrum. Coriander. (From 
 horis, a bug ; referring to the smell of 
 the leaves. Nat. ord., UmbellifertB ; 
 Tribe, CaucalinecB.) 
 
 A hardy annual ; seeds sown in March ; com- 
 mon soil. 
 
 C. sati'vum. 2. White. June. England. Eng. 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 632. 
 
 Coria'ria. (From corium, a hide ; 
 in reference to the crustaceous cover- 
 ing of the fruit. Nat. ord., CoriariecB. 
 Dr. Lindley says, " It is very difficult to 
 say what is the affinity of this plant.") 
 
 Ornamental hardy or half-hardy shrubs. 
 Suckers and cuttings in sand, under a bell- 
 glass. 
 
 C. myrtifo'lia. 6. Green. June. South Eu- 
 rope. 1629. 
 
 — nepale'nsis. 10. Brown. May. Nepaul. 
 
 Paxt. Fl. Gard. ii. p. 87, fig. 180. 
 
 — sarmento'sa. 3. Green. June. New Zea- 
 
 land. 1823. 
 
 — thym^fo'lia. New Grenada. 1889. 
 
 Co'ris. (A name adopted from Dio- 
 scorides. Nat. ord., Primulacece ; Tribe, 
 CoridecB. Allied to Lubinia. ) 
 
 A pretty, hardy perennial. Increased by seeds, 
 in March ; sand and peat. Interesting little 
 plant for a warm spot on a rockery. 
 C WAmspelie'nm. 1. Lilac. June. South Eu- 
 rope. 1640. B. M. t. 2131. 
 
 Cork-tree. Qxie'rcus phe'llos. 
 
 Cork Wood. Ano'na palu'stris. 
 
 Cornelian Cherry. Co'mus ma's- 
 ciila. 
 
 Com Flag. Gladi'olm. 
 
 Cornish Moneywort. SiUho'rpm 
 ewopm'a. 
 
 Com Salad, or Lamb's Lettuce 
 
 (Valeriane'lla olito'ria), is grown for 
 winter and spring salads. The first dish, 
 formerly brought to table, was a red 
 herring set in a corn salad. 
 
 SoU and Situation. — Any soil that is 
 not particularly heavy; the best is a 
 sandy, moderately-fertile loam, in an 
 open situation. 
 
 Time and Mode of Sowing. — Sow in 
 February and the two following months, 
 and once a month during the summer, if 
 in request; but it is not so palatable 
 during this season. Lastly, during Au- 
 gust and early in September, the pants 
 
COR 
 
 [255] 
 
 COR 
 
 from which will be fit for use in early 
 spring, or during the winter, if mild. 
 Three sowings are, in general, quite suffi- 
 cient for a family, viz., one at the end of 
 February, a second early in August, and 
 a, third early in September. 
 
 Sow in drills, six inches apart. The 
 •only cultivation required is frequent 
 ■ hoeing, the plants being thinned to four 
 inches asunder. They should always be 
 eaten quite young. In summer, the 
 -whole plant may be cut, as they soon 
 advance to seed at this season ; but in 
 spring and winter the outer leaves only 
 should be gathered, as for spinach. 
 
 To obtain Seed. — Some ©f the spring- 
 raised plants must be left ungathered 
 from. They flower in June, and perfect 
 their seed during the two following 
 months. 
 
 Co'mus. Dogwood. (From cornu, 
 a, horn ; in reference to the hardness of 
 the wood. l!ia,t. otA., Cornaceas.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees, shrubs, etc., except 
 where otherwise specified. Propagated by seecls, 
 Jayers, or cuttings, and root divisions ; common 
 soil and moist situation. 
 C. a'lba. 10. White. July. Siberia. 1741. 
 
 -ro'ssica. 8. White. July. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 sibi'rica. 10. White. August. Siberia. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — altemifo'lia. 16. White. July. N. Amer. 1760. 
 
 — canaMnsis. 1. Yellow. July. Canada. 
 
 1774. Herbaceous perennial. B. M. 
 t. 880. 
 
 — capita'ta. 10. White. August. Nepaul. 
 
 1825. Syn., Benthamiafragiferat B. M. 
 t. 4641. It is doubtful whether this will 
 endure our winters unprotected, except 
 in our southern counties. It ripens its 
 fruit against a wall In Devonshire. It 
 is like a raspberry, and ornamental, but 
 not eatable. 
 
 — cireina'ta. 6. White. July. N. Amer. 1784. 
 
 — flo'rida. 15. White. April. N. Amer. 1731. 
 
 B. M. t. 526. 
 
 Jlo're ru'bro. Flowers tinged with bright 
 
 red. X. America. 1889. 
 
 — gra'rulis. Green. Mexico. 1838. Half- 
 
 hardy evergreen. 
 — japo'nica. 8. Yfilowish-red. Spring. Japan. 
 , 1847. Syn., Benthamia japonica. 
 
 — macrophy'Ua. White. July. Nepaul. 1827. 
 
 — ma's. Yellow. February. (Austria. 1596. 
 
 Syn., C. maseula, B. M. t. 2676. Cornel. 
 
 au'rea eleganti'ssiTna. Leaves reddish, 
 
 marked with creamy-white. 1877. 
 
 fru'ctu ce!rce colora'to. 20. Yellow. Feb- 
 ruary. 
 
 variega'ta. 8. Yellow. June. Austria. 
 
 1596. 
 
 — oUo'nga. 15. Purple. Nepaul. 1818. 
 
 — panicula'ta. 6. White. June. N. America. 
 
 1758. 
 
 — sangui'iiea. 8. White. June. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 636. 
 fo'liig aureomargina'tis graTidifo'lia. 
 
 Leaves very large, variegated with gold. 
 
 A sport. 1889. 
 
 m/riega'ta. 8. White. June. Bntaui. 
 
 fo'His variega'tis. 10. White. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 — geri'cea. 5. White. August. N. Amer. 1683. 
 asperi/o'lia. 8. White. CaroUna. Syn., 
 
 C. atperi/oUa. 
 
 C. sen'eea oUongifo'lia. 8. White. August. Syn., 
 C oWongifolia. 
 
 — sihi'rica. See C. tatariea. 
 
 — stoloni'fera. 4-10. White. May. N. America. 
 
 1741. Ked Osier Dogwood. 
 
 — etri'eta. 10. White. June. N. Amer. 1768. 
 asperi/o'lia. 10. White. 
 
 sempervi'rens. 10. Wliite. June. 
 
 variega'ta. 10. White. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1768. 
 
 — sue'cica. 1. White. April. Britain. Her- 
 
 baceous perennial. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 t. 634. 
 
 — tata'rica. 8. Wliite. July. Siberia. 1824. 
 
 Syn., C. sibirica. 
 Oanchavlti. Leaves variegated. 1888. 
 
 — thelica'nis. 18. White. June. Mongolia. 
 
 1871. 
 
 Comu'tia. (Named after Cormitws, 
 a French physician. Kat. ord., Ver- 
 benacece ; Tribe, Vit'kiece. Allied to 
 Callicarpa.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Loam and peat ; cut- 
 tings in bottom-heat, under glass, in February or 
 March. 
 
 C. puncta'ta. Blue. W. Indies and Tropical 
 America. B. M. t. 2611. Syn., Hosta 
 ccerulea, Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 114. 
 
 — pyramida'ta. 6. Blue. July. Mexico. 
 
 1733. 
 
 Coro'kia. (From Korokia, the na- 
 tive name. Nat. ord., CornaceflE. ) 
 
 Ornamental half-hardy evergreen shrubs ; cut- 
 tings in sand under a bell-glass ; layers in 
 autumn. 
 
 C. buddleoi'des. 10. Yellow. New Zealand. 
 1870. Ic. PI. t. 424. 
 
 — Cotonea'ster. 10. Yellow. New Zealand. 
 
 1876. 
 
 Coroni'Ua. (From corona, a crown 
 or garland ; in reference to the disposi- 
 tion of the flowers. Nat. ord., Legumi- 
 noscB ; Tribe, Eedyswrece.) 
 
 The juice of C. va'ria is poisonous. Both 
 greenhouse and hardy species are handsome, 
 free-blooming plants. Seeds and cuttings ; cut- 
 tings root readily during the summer months 
 under a close frame, even without bottom-beat. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS, ETC. 
 
 C cappado'eica. See C. iberica. 
 
 — cre'tica. 1. Striped. June. Candia. 1731. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 — emerai'des. Yellow. May to June. S. Europe. 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 710. 
 
 — e'merus. 3. Ked, yellow. April. France. 
 
 1596. Deciduous shrubs. B. M. t. 445 ; 
 G. C. 1881, yol. 16, p. 105. 
 
 — ayrona'ta. 2. Yellow. June. South Europe. 
 
 1776. Syn., C. montana of B. M. t. 907. 
 
 — globe/ sa. 1. White. September. Crete. 
 
 1800. Deciduous creeper. 
 
 — ibe'rica. 1. Yellow. July. Iberia. 1822. 
 
 Deciduous trailer. B. M. t. 2646. Syn., 
 C. cappadocica. 
 —ju'ncea. 3. Yellow. June. France. 1656. 
 Evergreen shrub. B. E. t. 822. 
 
 — squama'ta. 1. White. June. Crete. 1820. 
 
 — va'ria. 1. Pink. September. Europe. 
 
 1597. Deciduous creeper. B. M. t. 268. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS, ETC. 
 
 C arge'ntea. 2. Yellow. May. Crete. 1664. 
 
 — qlau'ca. 2. Yellow. July. France. 1722. 
 
 B. M. t. 13. 
 variega'ta. i. Yellow. August. Gar- 
 dens. B. M. t. 2179. 
 
COR 
 
 [256] 
 
 COR 
 
 C. minima. 1. Yellow. July, South Europe. 
 1658. Syn., C. vaginalis. 
 
 — movXalna. See C. coronata of B. M. t. 907, but 
 
 not of De Gaadolle. 
 
 — pentaphy'Ua, 2. Yellow. June. Algiers. 
 
 1700. 
 
 — sttpula'ris. 2. Yellow. August. South 
 
 Europe. 1696. Syn., C. valentina, B. M. 
 1. 186. 
 
 — vagina'lis. See C. ndnima, 
 
 — vimina'lis. 3. Yellow. August. Mogador. 
 
 1798. 
 
 Corre'a. (Named after Correa, a 
 Portuguese botanist. Nat. ord., Buta- 
 cecej Tribe, Boroniece.) 
 
 The settlers in Australia employed the leaves 
 of Correas, particularly those of C. a'lba^ for tea. 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 bottom-heat, in spring. The finer sorts are also 
 grafted on the commoner ones, such as C. a'lba. 
 0. specio'sa will scarcely strike at all ; three parts 
 sandy peat and one of turfy loam. 
 C. a'lta. 6. White. June. 1793. Andr. Rep. 
 1. 18. Syn., C. cotinifolia. 
 
 — H'Golor. Crimson, tipped with white. 1840. 
 
 A hybrid, probably between O. piUchella 
 and alba. Paxt. Mag. ix. p. 267. 
 
 — cardinally. 3. Scarlet. March. B. M. 
 
 t. 4912. 
 —ferrugi'nea. See C. Lawrendama. 
 
 — Harri'sii Crimson. Hybrid. Paxt. Mag. 
 
 vii. p. 79. 
 
 — LavirendaJna. 3. Green, white. April. 
 
 1836. Syn., C. ferruginea, Maund Bot. 
 3, t. 124. 
 
 — Irnigiflo'ra. Pale rose. December. Hybrid. 
 
 1839. Paxt. Mag. vii. p. 196. 
 
 — pulcke'lla. 5. Scarlet. June. 1824. Maund 
 
 Bot. 4, t. 152. Probably a form of C. 
 speciosa. 
 
 — nifa. 6. White. June. 1821. 
 
 — apecio' ssa. 3. Scarlet. June. 1806. B. M. 
 
 1. 1746. 
 
 — virms. 6. Green. July. 1800. B. B. t. 3. 
 
 Syn., C. viridijlora, Andr. Eep. t. 436. 
 
 C O r t U 's a. Bear's-ear Sanicle. 
 (Named after Cortusus, an Italian 
 botanist. Nat. ord., Primulacem; Tribe, 
 Primulece. ) 
 
 Hardy perennials. C. pubens requires protec- 
 tion from excessive damp in winter ; root divi- 
 sion, seeds ; loam and peat. 
 C. Matthi'oli. 1. Red. April. Swiss Alps. 
 1696. B. M. t. 987. 
 
 — gramdiflo'ra. Red. Thian Shan. 1879. 
 
 — pu'bens. i. Magenta-purple. May. Tran- 
 
 sylvania. 1878. 
 
 Cory a'n t h e S. Helmet-flower. 
 (From korys, a helmet, and anthos, a 
 flower ; in reference to the shaj)e of the 
 lip, or labellum. Nat. ord., Orchidew ; 
 Tribe, Vandece-Stanhopiem.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Division; in pots well-drained ; 
 fibrous peat, chopped sphagnum, and small- 
 broken potsherds. 
 
 C' Bungerofthii. Green, white, spotted red, 
 orange. Venezuela. 1890. Lind. t. 244. 
 
 — elega'ntium. Rio Negro. 1868. Often erro- 
 
 neously called elega/ntiBHma. Syn., C. 
 nuuyrantha, G. C. 1882, vol. 17, p. 693, 
 f. 93. 
 
 — Fieldi'ngi. Yellow, brown. May. S. Amer. 
 
 1846. 
 
 — lentigiiw'sa. Yellow. May. Guiana, 1837. 
 
 C. ma^ra'ntha. 1. Brown, yellow. June, 
 Caraccas. B. E. 1. 1841. 
 
 — macula'ta. 1, Yellow-spotted. June. De- 
 
 merara. 1829. B. M. t. 3102. 
 A Iberti'nce. Yellow, spotted with crimson, 
 
 white. 
 Parke'H. 1. Yellow, purple. June, 
 
 Demerara. 1839. 
 pwncta'ta. Yellow spotted with red. 
 
 Warn. Orch. Alb.t.98. Syn., C. punctata. 
 
 B. R. 1. 1793. 
 
 — miacrostalchya. Orange, yellow, brown. 
 
 Mexico. 1843. 
 
 , IJ. Yellow, green. May. Brazil. 
 1826. Paxt. Fl. Gard. iii. p. 106, f. 284. 
 Syn., Gongora speciosa, B. M. t. 2755. 
 
 a'lba. 1^. White. June. Demerara. 
 
 1840. 
 
 — Sumneria'na. 1}. Chocolate-brown, July. 
 
 Brazil. 1864. 
 
 Cory'cium. (FromAoj-y*, a helmet ; 
 referring to the shape of the flower. 
 Nat. ord., Orchidew; Tribe, Ophrydece- 
 Coryciem. ) 
 
 One of those genera of terrestrial orchids from 
 the Cape of Good Hope which no British gardener 
 has yet succeeded in cultivating with success for 
 any length of time. 
 C. cri'spwm. 1. Yellow. July. 1825, 
 
 — orobaTichoi'des. 1. Yellow. July. 1826- 
 
 B. R. 1838, t. 46. 
 
 Cory'dalis. (From horydalos, a 
 lark, the spur of the flower resembling 
 that of the lark. Nat. ord. , Papavera- 
 cecB ; Tribe, Fwmariem. ) 
 
 Beautiful hardy plants. The perennial kinds 
 are increased by root division at any season ; and 
 the annuals sown in the open ground, in spring 
 or autumn, in common soil. 
 
 ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. 
 
 C. aca/u'lis. 1. Pale yellow. July. Hungary. 
 1825. 
 
 — au'rea. 1. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 Biennial. B. B. t. 66. Syn., Fumaria 
 aurea. 
 
 — brevijl&ra. 2. Pale yellow. June. Kamt- 
 
 schatka. 1824. 
 
 — capnoides. 2. White. July. South Europe. 
 
 1696. Biennials. 
 
 — cla/iHcuia'ta. 6. White, yellow. June. Bri^ 
 
 tain. Climber. Syn., Fumaria clavicu- 
 lata. 
 
 — gla/a'ca. 2. Yellow, purple. July. N. Amer, 
 
 1683. Syn., Fumaria glauca, B. M. 
 t. 179. 
 
 — impa'tiens. 1. Yellow. May. Siberia. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — stri'cta. 1. Yellow. June. Siberia. 1827, 
 
 Biennials. 
 
 — urale'rms. 1. Pale yellow. August. Kamt 
 
 schatka. 1824. Biennials. 
 
 HERBACEOUS. 
 
 C.fla'mUa. J. Yellow. June. Russia. 1838. 
 
 — lu'tea. 2. Yellow. July. England. 
 
 — paeanimfo'lia. 2. Purple. February. Si- 
 
 beria. 1820. 
 
 — tlbirica. 1. Yellow. July. Siberia. 1810. 
 
 TUBEROUS-BOOTED. 
 
 C. angustifo'lia. 1. Purple. February. Iberia. 
 1819. 
 
 — bractea'ta. 1. Pale yellow. February. Si- 
 
 beria. 1829. B. M. t. 3242. 
 
 — bicalcara'ta. 1. Pink. June. 
 
 — bvXbc^sa. See C. solida. 
 
 — eauca' sica. 1. Purple. February. Caucasus. 
 
 1823. 
 
COR 
 
 [257] 
 
 COR 
 
 C. ca'va. 1. Purple. February. Europe. 
 
 1696. Syn., 0. tuberosa. 
 — albijt&ra. 1. White. February. Europe. 
 
 1596. B. M. t. 2340. 
 — faba'cea. 3. Purple. February. Germany. 
 
 1816. Syn., Fumaria fabacea, El. Dan. 
 
 t. 1394. 
 
 — Geble'ri. May. Altai. 1827. 
 
 — Kolpakowskya'na. i. Pink, purple. April. 
 
 Turkestan. 1879. Gfl. t. 948. 
 
 — Ledebouria'na. i. Pink, witli a darker blotch. 
 
 May. Altai. 1879. 
 
 — longifio'ra. }. Pale rose. April. Altai. 1832. 
 
 B. M. t. 3230. 
 
 — Marschallia'na. 1. Purple. February. 
 
 Tauria. 1824. Gfl. t. 601. 
 
 — no'Wds. 1. Lilac, yellow. May. Siberia. 
 
 1783. B. B. t. 395. Syn., Fumaria no- 
 bilis, B. M, t. 1953. 
 
 — paiunflo'ra. 1. Purple. February. Siberia. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — so'lida. 1. Pink. February Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 68. Syn., C. bulbosa, and 
 FuTtio/ria soUda. 
 
 — Gartediako'wi, 1. Yellow. Turkestan. Gfl. 
 
 1. 1183. 
 
 — va'llida. IJ. Yellow. March. China and 
 
 Japan. 1884. B. M. t. 6826. Syns., 
 C aurea, vars. pallida and »peeiosa. 
 
 — Semeno'wii. 1^. Golden yellow. ApriL 
 
 Turkestan. 
 
 — Sewerzo'wi. 1. Golden yellow. W. Turkestan. 
 
 1883. Gfl. 1. 1077. 
 
 — specio'sa. Yellow, brown. Manchuria. 1860. 
 
 — tubero'sa a'lba. White. Europe. Syn., 0. 
 
 cavUf var. alba. 
 
 EXCLDDED SPECIES. 
 
 C. caruide^nsis and tenuifo'lia. See Bicentra. 
 — fungo'sa. See Adlumia cirrJiosa. 
 
 Corylo'psis. (From horylos, a hazel 
 tree, and op«is, like; nut-Uke. Nat. ord., 
 HamamdidacecB. ) 
 
 For cultivation, see Hamamelis. 
 C himaiaya'na. 20. Pale primrose. February. 
 e: Himalayas. 1879. B. M. t. 6779. 
 Shrub or small tree. 
 
 — apica'ta. Yellow. February. Japan. 1864. 
 
 Hardy fragrant shrub. B. M. t. 6468. 
 
 Co'rylus. Nut-tree. (From korys, 
 a hood, or helmet ; in reference to the 
 calyx covering the. nut. Nat. ord., om- 
 piuiferce; Tribe, Corylem.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs, mostly cultivated for 
 their fruits; common soil; readily mcre^ed 
 either by seeds sown in October or November, 
 or by layers or suckers. 
 
 N. America. 1798. 
 Common 
 
 C. amerwa'na. 10. April. 
 
 Syn., C. humilu. 
 — AvOla'na. 10. February. Britain 
 
 hazel or filbert. . 
 
 a'lba. 10. February. Spam. 
 
 — au'rea. Leaves yeUow. 1879. . 
 
 baredone'ngia. 8. February. Spain. 
 
 eri'spa. 8. February. 
 
 glomera'ta. 8. February. 
 
 gra'ndis. 8. February. S. Italy. 
 
 ieterophj/m. 20. YeUow.red. February. 
 
 Dahuria. 1829. 
 
 Lambe^rti. 10. February. 
 
 ma'ta. 8. February. . 
 
 p^ndula. Branches hanging down like 
 
 the weeping-willow. 1870. 
 
 pu'mUa. 6. February. 
 
 purpu'rea. 10. February. 
 
 ru'bra. 10. February. 
 
 te'nuis. 10. February. 
 
 C. Avella'na tuhulo'sa. See C. tubulosa. 
 
 tubuZ&sa a'lba. 10. Febiiiary. 
 
 variega'ta. 8. February. 
 
 — colu'rna. 10. February. Constantinople. 
 
 1665. Wats. Dendr. t. 99. Syn., C. 
 arboreecens of some gardens. 
 
 — heterophy'lla. E. Asia. 1880. 
 
 — hu'TnUis. See C americana. 
 
 — rostra'ta. 5. February. Mountains of the 
 
 United States. 1746. 
 
 — tubulo'sa. 10. February. South of Europe. 
 
 1769. 
 
 Corylus or Filbert Culture.— 
 
 The following are the most esteemed 
 kinds: — White Filbert ; well known. 
 Bed; similar, but having a red skin. 
 Prolific cob ; a very large nut. Cosford ; 
 fine flavour, thin shell, great bearer. 
 Prolific dwarf ; weU adapted for small 
 gardens. Gordon's thin-shelled; a good 
 nut. Frizzled; similar to the other fil- 
 berts, husk more ornamental. Spanish; 
 nuts large, round or oblong. Grandis; 
 nuts round, very hard. 
 
 Propagation. — Layers, cuttings, graft- 
 ing, and seed. Shoots of the previous 
 year's growth root readily if layered any 
 time during the rest-season. Cuttings 
 should be made similar to those of the 
 currant, the lower buds cut out in order 
 to destroy their propensity to suckering. 
 If they are to form neat little bushes, 
 on a dwarfing system for small gardens, 
 the cuttings may be nearly half a yard 
 in length. Grafting is performed as 
 with the apple or pear, andTat the period 
 when the buds first begin to swell. 
 The common hazel-nut and the Spanish 
 nut are generally used for stocks ; the 
 latter, it is affirmed, will not produce 
 suckers. 
 
 Seed. — This practice is resorted to for 
 the sake of raising new varieties, or 
 for producing the ordinary hazels. In 
 the former case, there is much room 
 for progress still ; and certainly no plant 
 offers greater facilities to the hybridizer. 
 Bearing, as it does, male and female 
 blossoms separately, every opportunity 
 exists for depriving any given kind of its 
 catkins betimes. 
 
 Soil.— Any ordinary soil, if pretty 
 good, will answer, provided it is not 
 stagnant. A free, upland, light loam, 
 however, is what they prefer. We have, 
 nevertheless, known them succeed very 
 well in a moorish-looking soil, and on 
 well-drained peats, which had become 
 sound through the application of marl 
 or clay. . . . 
 
 Culture during the gromng period.— 
 Very little is requisite after the regular 
 winter pruning, unless it be the extirpa- 
 tion of suckers, and the removal, during 
 summer, of those loose and ill-placed 
 watery grovrths which only serve to con- 
 
COR 
 
 [258] 
 
 COR 
 
 fuse and darken the tree. We may here 
 notice that some little training may be 
 necessary for those under a awarhng- 
 system in small gardens, in order to 
 bring them into a compact and hand- 
 some shape. 
 
 Culture during the rest period. — Com- 
 mencing with the training when young. 
 They are best in single stems of about 
 two feet in height ; and the head should 
 branch off equally, to accomplish which, 
 some pruning back is requisite during 
 the first year or two, whUst the head is 
 forming, and the latter should be kept 
 thin in the centre. When the trees are 
 well established an annual pruning should 
 be resorted to, consisting of stiUkeeping 
 the centre of the bush somewhat open, 
 and in thinning out any cross shoots and 
 superfluous sprays. It must be observed 
 that the fruit is produced on shoots of 
 the j)receding year, and generally on 
 portions which have been well exposed 
 to the light. Any coarse or robust 
 shoots should be shortened back nearly 
 half their length; these will frequently 
 produce axillary branches of a fruitful 
 character. Do not prune until the 
 blossoms are showing ; this will be 
 about the beginning of February. The 
 female blossom is like a minute brush, 
 of a pinkish colour; the male is the 
 well-known catkin. In pruning, much 
 regard must be paid to these blossoms, 
 especially the female; scarcely a twig 
 may be cut away containing them. 
 This makes it evident that most of 
 the pruning, or rather, thinning, requi- 
 site should have been well carried out 
 prior to the commencement of fruitful- 
 ness! 
 
 , It often happens that filbert-trees will 
 possess female blossoms with few or no 
 male catkins. When such is the case 
 there will be no crop, unless means be 
 taken to bring the male pollen within 
 their reach. Catkins must be sought 
 about the period when the male dust is 
 just beginning to burst. Branches con- 
 taining these may be tied here and there 
 amongst the bushes most needing them. 
 It matters not what kind of nut they 
 are from; probably the wild hazel is 
 Taest. 
 
 Fruit: how to keep. — When gathered, 
 the fruit must be kept in jars, in a cool 
 cellar, with husks on. If it is desired to 
 impart a fine, fresh-looking colour to the 
 husks, they must be placed in a close 
 -vessel, and a small pan of sulphur gently 
 burned, or rather, smouldered, beneath 
 "them. 
 
 Insects.— See Curculio nucum 
 and Aphis ooryli. 
 
 Corymb. Anarrangementofflowers, 
 in which the flower-stalks are longer in 
 proportion as they stand lower down the 
 •nam stalk supporting them, so that the 
 flowers are with a top nearly level. 
 Those of Spirce'a opulifo'lia and of the 
 Mountain Ash are examples. 
 
 Coryne'Ua. (From horyne, a club ; 
 referring to the shape oi the style. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminosce ; Tribe, Galegem. 
 Allied to Clianthus. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings *n sand 
 under a glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat and 
 loam. 
 C. polya'ntka. 6. Purple. W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 Cory'nium Beijeri'ncJd. A fungus 
 causing gumming in fruit-trees. 
 
 Corsmoca'rpus. (From horyne, a 
 club, and carpos, a fruit ; referring to 
 the form of the fleshy seed. Nat. ord., 
 Anacardiacew. Allied to Theophrasta.) 
 Greenhouse ever^een tree ; readily increased 
 by layers in light, rich soil. 
 C. Icemga'tm. 20. White. New Zealand. 1823. 
 
 B. M. t. 4379. 
 avIreo.mm'gina't'US. Golden-yellow. New 
 
 ZeaJand. 
 
 Corynopha'Uus. (From horyne, a 
 club, and phallos, a mace ; alluding to 
 the club-shaped appendix to the spadix. 
 Nat. ord., Aracem. Allied to Amorpho- 
 phallus, with which it is united by Ben- 
 tham and Hooker. ) 
 
 Stove tuberous perennials, sometimes having 
 an enormous spathe. For cultivation, see 
 Anchomanes. 
 C. leone'nm. 2. Spathe purple. Tropical Africa. 
 
 1873. Syns., C. Afzelii and Amorpho- 
 
 phaUus leonensis. Fl. Ser. 1. 161. 
 eHegans. ■ Stem green, leaf segments 
 
 narrow. 1873. 
 laiifo'lia. Stem green, leaf segments 
 
 broad. 1873. 
 specta'bilis. Stem puce-coloured, with 
 
 dark streaks. 1873. 
 
 Corynosty'lis. (From horyne, a 
 club, and stylos, a column ; the style is 
 club-shaped. Nat. ord., Violacece. Syn., 
 Calyptrion. ) 
 
 Pretty climbing stove perennials. Seeds, or 
 cuttings of the young wood in sand, in bottom- 
 heat and under a hand-glass. 
 C. alKjk/ra. See C. hyianthns. 
 
 — Auble'tU. White. Guiana. 1823. Fl. Ser. 
 
 t. 2213. 
 
 — hyha'rtthus. White. Para. 1870. B. M 
 
 t. 6960. Syn., C. albifiora. Fl. and Pom. 
 1872, p. 9. 
 
 Cory'pha. Fan Palm. (From 
 horyphe, the summit; in reference to 
 the leaves growing in tufts on the top of 
 this palm. Nat. ord., Palmew; Tribe, 
 Corypheas. ) 
 
 Stove palm?, except where otherwise men- 
 tioned ; soil, rich, sandy loam ; increased by 
 seeds. 
 
COR 
 
 [259] 
 
 COS 
 
 C. austra'lis. See LivisUma australis. 
 
 — de'cora. Queensland. 
 
 — du'lds. Mexico. 1863. 
 
 — ela'ta. 70. Bengal. 1825. 
 
 — geba'nga. 60. Java. 1847. 
 
 — glaucescens. 100. B. Indies. 1820. Satal ? 
 
 — glaucophy'lla. Bourbon. 1826. 
 
 — vni'nor. Jacq. Vind. iii. t. 8. See Saial 
 
 Adansoni, 
 
 — palTne^tto. See Chwmc&rops palmetto, 
 
 — Pu'mos. See Copemida Pwmos. 
 
 — sylve'stris. 50. Moluccas. 1825. Syn., C. 
 
 Utan. 
 
 — TtaUlra. 100. B. Indies. 1823. Syn., Taliera 
 
 bengalejisis. 
 
 — tecto'rum. See Cop&micia tectorwm. 
 
 — umbraeuii'fera of Linnaeus. 100. E. Indies. 
 
 1742. HI. Hort. 1862, p. 347. C. um- 
 braculifera of Jacquin is a species of 
 Sabal. 
 
 — TTtan. See C. sylvestris. 
 
 Corysa'nthes. (From korys, a hel- 
 met, Anianthos, a flower ; flowers helmet- 
 shaped. Nat. ord., Orchidece; Tribe, 
 JSeottieoB-Diuridece. Allied to Ptero- 
 .stylis.) 
 
 Greenhouse terrestrial orchids of small size. 
 Light sandy loam. 
 
 €. limWta. Purple, white, Jaya. 1863. B. M. 
 t. 6357. 
 
 — pi' eta. Purple, yellow. Java. 1867. Syn., 
 
 Calcearia picta. 
 
 Cosbse'a. (Prohahlycomplimeiitary. 
 Nat. ord., SchizandrecB.) 
 
 Greenhouse creeper. 
 jC. cocci'nea. Green, scarlet. S. China. HI. 
 Hort. 1855, p. 71. Syns., Kadeura 
 chinensis of Hance, and Schiza/ndra 
 Manceana. 
 
 ■ Cosci'nium. (From koskinon, a 
 ■sieve ; aUuding to the curious structure 
 of the wood. Nat. ord., Menisperma- 
 ■cem; Tribe, Tinosporece.) 
 
 Stove climber. Cuttings of young growth, 
 during summer, under a hand-glass, tight loam 
 and peat. The wood of this plant is used medi- 
 cinally in Ceylon. 
 
 C. fenestra' tvMi. Brown. Ceylon. 1852. B. M. 
 t. 4658. 
 
 Cosma'nthus. (From fesmos, beau; 
 tiful, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord. , 
 Hydrophyllacece ; Tribe, Phaceliece. 
 Allied to Phacelia. ) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Seeds ; sandy soil. 
 C. fimJma'tus. |. Pale flesh. June. N. America. 
 Syn., Phacelia fimbriata. 
 
 — grandifio'rus. 5. Purple. California. B. M. 
 
 t. 6029. 
 
 Cosme'lia. (From kosmeo, to adorn. 
 Nat. ord. , Epacridacew. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings in 
 summer months ; sandy peat and sand. 
 a ru'bra. B«d. Australia. 1825. Fl. Ser. 
 t. 1175. 
 
 Cosmibue'na. (Named m honour 
 of CosmcB Bneno, a Spanish physician, 
 who wrote on the natural history of 
 Peru. Nat. ord., Bubiacece; Tribe, Cm- 
 cJumecB. ) 
 
 Handsome stove evergreen trees (shrubs under 
 
 cultivation). Seeds, cuttings of ripe wood in 
 sand, under a hand-glass, and in bottom-heat. 
 Turfy loam and sandy peat. 
 C. oMueifo'lia latifo'lia. 20. White. Columbia 
 
 1876. B. M. t. 6239. Syn., Cascarilla 
 
 grandifolia. 
 
 Cosmi'dium. See Thelesperma. 
 
 Co'smos. (From kosmos, beautiful ; 
 in reference to the ornamental flowers. 
 Nat. ord., Compositce; Tribe, Helian- 
 thoidece. Allied to Bidens.) 
 
 Cosmea is united to this. Both the annual 
 and perennial species are all readily increased 
 from seeds, sown early in spring, and treated 
 as tender annuals ; planted out in the open 
 borders in the summer months. 
 
 PERENNIALS. 
 
 C. divertifo'lmt. 3. Lilac. September. Mexico. 
 
 1835. Hardy tuber. B. M. t. 5227. 
 
 — scaMosoi'det. 4. Scarlet. September. Mexico. 
 
 Greenhouse tuber. B. B. 1838, 1. 15. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 C. atrosangui'neus. 3. Deep purple-blood-colour. 
 Mexico. 1861. 
 
 — bipm'na't^ls. 3. Purple. July. Mexico. 1799. 
 
 — - — albiflo'rus. WTiite. 1890. 
 
 paniflo'rus. Small-flowered. 1882. 
 
 — ehrysa/nth&m&i'des. 2. Yellow. July. S- 
 
 Amer. 1826. Syn., C. chryscmthemi- 
 foli/us. 
 
 — erithmifo'lius. 2. Yellow. September. 
 
 Mexico. 1826. 
 
 — hj/bridus 7. White, or pale rose. Mexico. 
 
 1888. 
 
 — Mtens. 2. Yellow. October. Mexico. 1811. 
 
 — parmfto'rm. 2. White. July. Mexico. 1800. 
 
 Hardy. Sija., Coreopsis parvljlora, 3ax^. 
 H. Schcenb. t. 374. 
 
 — gulphu'reus. 2. Yellow. July. Mexico. 1799. 
 
 Hardy. Syn., Coreopsis a/rtemisiat/oliaf 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 595. 
 
 — tene/Uiis. 2. Yellow. October. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 — temuifo'liui. 2. Purple. September. Mexico. 
 
 1836. Hardy. 
 
 Cossi'gnia. (Named after Cossigny, 
 a French naturalist. Nat. ord., Sapin- 
 dcLcecB. Allied to Koelreuteria.) 
 
 Admired for its golden-veined leaves. Stove 
 evergreen shrub. Soil, peat and loam. Cuttings 
 root readily under glass, in bottom-heat. 
 C. iorbo'nica. 10 Mauritius. 1824. 
 
 Co'ssus ligni'perda. Goat Moth. 
 The caterpillar of the Goat Moth is most 
 destructive to the wood of fruit trees, 
 though the elm, oak, wUlow, poplar, and 
 walnut, also, are liable to its attacks. It 
 is the Cossus Ugniperda of some natura- 
 lists, and the Bomhyx and Xyletites cossus 
 of others. The caterpillar measures more 
 than four inches in length, is smooth and 
 shining, beset only here and there with 
 single short hairs. It is dark red on the 
 back, and the breathing-holes situated 
 at both sides are of the same colour. 
 The sides and lower part of the body are 
 flesh-coloured ; the head is black ; the 
 first segment, also, marked with black 
 above. After remaining more than two 
 years ia the larva state, and casting its 
 
COS 
 
 [260] 
 
 COT 
 
 skin eight times, the caterpillar hecomes 
 of a light ochrish-yellow hue shortly be- 
 fore becoming a chrysalis, which usually 
 takes place in spring, when it makes a 
 strong cocoon of chips of wood and small 
 pieces of bark, which it has gnawed off. 
 The chrysalis is yellow, and the segments 
 are deeply indented and capable of much 
 extension ; its back is furnished with 
 strong, pointed spines, sometimes of a 
 reddish-brown eofour. The cocoon is 
 situated immediately within the operiing 
 in the tree, so that the pupa, when 
 arrived at maturity, can press itself half 
 out of the hole when the shell bursts, 
 and the moth comes forth usually in 
 the mouth of June or July, after having 
 reposed in the pupa state Mr an indefinite 
 time. When at rest the wings are folded 
 together over the back in the form of a 
 roof ; it sits quietly in the daytime on 
 the stems of trees, and is difficult to be 
 distinguished on account of its grey 
 colour. Its wings measure, from one tip 
 to the other, nearly three inches, and 
 many specimens more than this ; the 
 female is usually larger than the male. 
 The fore-wings are ashy- white, clouded 
 with brown, especially across the middle, 
 and marked with very numerous streaks, 
 like net- work ; the hind-wings are brown ; 
 thorax ochrish in front, pale in the 
 middle, with a black bar behind. The 
 female is provided with a strong egg- 
 depositor, with which she introduces her 
 eggs into the bark of the tree — often 
 1,000 in number ; the young caterpillars 
 living, a;t first, in and between the outer 
 and inner bark, and afterwards, when 
 they are stronger, penetrating into the 
 wood. When the existence of one of 
 these creatures is detected in a trunk, by 
 its excrement, relief comes too late for 
 the tree, even if we are able to kill the 
 caterpillar, the mischief being already 
 done. Notwithstanding this, the cater- 
 pUlar should never be iSt undisturbed ; 
 and an attempt should be made to reach 
 it by enlargingthe openingwith agarden- 
 knjfe, or endeavouring to kiE it by 
 thrusting a piece of garden-wire up the 
 hole. It is called the Goat Moth from 
 the peculiar smell both of the insect and 
 its larva. — The Cottage Gardener, iii. 
 137. 
 Costate. Eibbed. 
 
 Costmaiy, or Aleeost. Tanmd- 
 tum bassa'mua. 
 
 Co'stus. (An ancient name, adopted 
 from Pliny. Nat. ord., Scitaminece ; 
 Tribe, Zingiberece.) 
 
 The roots are very bitter, and without the 
 aromatic pungent odour peculiar to the Gostus 
 
 of the continental shops, which is the root of a 
 vei|y different plant, a native of Arabia, and 
 allied to Cardopatinm. The Costus of Cashmere, 
 employed to protect bales of shawls from moths, 
 is the root of Aukla'ndia co'stus. Stove herba- 
 ceous perennials of easy growth, and readily in- 
 creased by root division ; sandy loain, with a. 
 little peat. 
 
 C. A' fir. 2. White. June. Sierra Leone. 1822.. 
 B. E. t. 683. 
 
 — albe'ecens. Central America. 1868. 
 
 — wm'bicus. See C. speciosus. 
 
 — eime/rews. Central America. 1868. 
 
 — camo'mis. 4. Yellow Caraccas. Jacq. Ic. t. 202, 
 
 — eyli'ndrvme. 5. Yellow. Trinidad. A variety 
 
 from Martinique has bluish flowers. 
 
 — di'scolor. i. White. June. Maran, Brazil. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — e legans. See C. Malortieanus. 
 
 — i'gnevs. Bright orange. Bahia. 1884. III.. 
 
 Hort. n. s. t. 611. 
 
 — lana'tus. 3. May. S. America. 1820. 
 
 — lu'ddms. Central America. 1868. 
 
 — maeula'tiis. 2. White. July. Sierra licone, 
 
 1822. 
 
 — Malortwa'nus. Yellow, orange. Costa Rica.. 
 
 ■1862. B. M. ,t. 6894. Syn., C. elegans. 
 
 — mosa'icus. Leaves dark green, tessellated. 
 
 with silvery-grey. Congo. 
 
 — nepale/nais. 3. White. July. B. Ind. 1799> 
 
 Gfl. t. 381. 
 
 — pidtvs. . 2. Yellow, purple. July. Mexico.- 
 
 1832. B. R. 1. 1694. 
 
 — Pieo'nie. 3. Crimson. June. Maran, Brazil. 
 
 1823. B. R. t. 899. Syns. C. spiralis. 
 and Alpinia spiralis. 
 
 — epeeio'sus. 8. White. August. B. Ind. 1799. 
 
 Syn., C. arabicv£. 
 
 angustifo'lius of B. R. t. 665 is probably- 
 
 a form of C. nepalerms. 
 
 — spica'tus. 1. Yellow. June. W. Ind. 1793.. 
 
 — sm^a'lis. See C. Pisonis. 
 
 — Verschaffeltia'nus. 3.' Yellowish. St. Cathe- 
 
 rine's, Brazil. 111. Hort. 1. 177. 
 
 — mllosi'smnus. 6. Yellow. November. St- 
 
 Vincent. 1822. 
 
 C O t O n e a's t e r. (From cotoneuy 
 Pliny's name for the quince, and aster, 
 a corruption of ad inatar, generally used 
 to express likeness ; literally, quince- 
 like. Nat. ord., Bosacece ; Tribe, Po- 
 mecB.) 
 
 Hardy upright or trailing shrubs, or small 
 trees, easily increased by layers or seed. Com- 
 mon soil. 
 
 C. actimina'ta. i. Pink. April. Nepaul. 1820_ 
 Syn., MespUus acv-minata, B. C. t. 919. 
 
 — afi'nis. 4. Pink. April. Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 — bacUla'ris. Nepaul. 1841. 
 
 hwcifMia. 3. White. April. Nepaul. 1824- 
 
 Ref. Bot. t. 62. 
 margima'ta. 3. White. April. Saharun- 
 
 pore. 1838. 
 oongesta. White. N. India. 1868. Eef. Bot. 
 
 t. 51. 
 
 — denticula'ta. 6. White. Mexico. 1826. Syn.^ 
 
 Ndgelia denticulata. 
 
 — enmrgina'ta. White. April. Nepaul. 
 
 — Fontcmefsii. White ; berries bright-red. 1884. 
 fri'gida. 10. White, green. April. Nepaul- 
 
 1824. B. R. 1. 1229. 
 
 — himala'ica. White. Himalayas. 1876. 
 
 — Hooke'ri. 
 
 — horizonta'Ue. Rosy. China. 1879. Rev. Hort. 
 1386, p. 136. 
 
 axifio/ra. 4. Pink. April. 1826. 
 
 unijh'ra. 3. White. May. Nepaul. 
 
 microphy'lla. 4. White. April. Nepaul. 
 
 1825. B. R. 1. 1114. 
 
COT 
 
 [261] 
 
 COT 
 
 C. multifto'ra. 4. White. May. Altai. 1837. 
 
 — nuTmmila'ria, 10. White, green. April. 
 
 Nepaul. 1824. Syn., C. elUptica. 
 
 — prostra'ta. White. N. India. 1868. Bef. Bot. 
 
 t. 53. 
 
 — rotuiuUfc/lia. 3. White. April. Nepaul. 
 
 1820. Syns., C. ITva-ursi, and C. micro- 
 phylla, var. ITva-ursi, B. E. t. 1187. 
 
 — So'ylei. White. North India. 1845. 
 
 -i^ sikHme'nsis. White ; fruic coral-red. Sikkim. 
 1890. 
 
 — Simo'nsii. Khasia. 1868. Bef. Bot. t. 65. 
 
 — thymifo'lia. 1. White. April. Nepaul. 1852. 
 
 G. C. 1882, vol. 18, p. 681. 
 
 — tomento'sa. 4. Pink. April. 1769. 
 ' d'rie. 4. Pink. April. Europe. 1656. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 477. The Great Orme's 
 Head is the only British locality of this 
 plant. Syn., MespUus Cotoneaster. 
 
 dejyi'e'ssa. White. . April. Europe. 
 
 erythroca'rpa. i. White. April. Europe. 
 
 melanoca'rpa, 8. White. April. Europe. 
 
 Cotton. Gossy'pium. 
 
 Cotton Thistle. Ono'pordon. 
 
 Co 'tula quinguelo'ha. See Lid- 
 beckia lobata. 
 
 Cotyle'don. Navelwort. (A name 
 adopted from Pliny. Nat. ord., Cras- 
 sulacem. Allied to Sedum.) See also 
 Eeheveria. 
 
 These plants feed as much, if not more, by the 
 myriads of pores or mouths all over their leaves, 
 •than by the roots, which seem only necessary for 
 holding them stationary in the driest and most 
 barren situations. Greenhouse evergreens, from 
 South Africa, except where otherwise men- 
 tioned ; sandy loam, with a little old mortar 
 mixed with it, and plenty of drainage ; cuttings 
 at any season. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 ■C. ere'eta. Yellow. England. Syn., Umlnlieus 
 erectus. 
 
 — gla'ier. Yellowish, purplish. Turkestan. 1880. 
 
 Gfl. 1. 1019, f. 1. Syn., UmMliem glaier. 
 
 — hispa'nica. i. Bed. June. Spain. 1796. 
 
 Syn., Pistorinia hispanwa. 
 
 — malacaphi/lla. 1. Pale yellow. June. 
 
 Dahuria. 1815. 
 — platyphj/lla. J. White. Altai. 1880. Syn., 
 VmMlicus platyphyllits. 
 
 — serra'ta. Purple. June. Siberia. 1732. 
 
 Syn., Umbilicus serratiis. 
 
 — epirw'ia. J. White. June. Siberia. 1793. 
 
 Syn., IPwiilicus spinosus. 
 
 — turkesta'nica. J. White, purple. Turkestan. 
 
 1880. Syn., Umiilicus turkeitamicus. 
 
 — UmWlicus. Yellow. June. Sicily. 1828. 
 
 Syn., Umbilieus horiz&ntalis. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 C. adu'nca. 2 - 4. Yellow, pink. Mexico. 
 Syn., Pachyphytum rosewm. 
 
 — agavoi'deg. Orange. Mexico. Syn., Eeheveria 
 
 — alte'mans. 1. July. 1816. 
 
 ~ atropurpu'rea. Coral-red. Mexico. 1869. 
 Syn., Eeheveria atropurpurea. 
 
 — cacalioi'des. 1. Yellow. May. 1818. 
 
 — cceepito'sa. 1. Yellow. July. CaUfomia. 
 
 1796. Syn., Eeheveria ccespitosa. 
 
 — califo'mica. J. Pale yellow. California. 1855. 
 
 Syn., Eeheveria califomica. 
 
 — canalicida'ta. 2. Bed. April. Mexico. 1846. 
 
 — cami'eolor. %. Coral-red. Mexico. 1869. 
 
 Syn., Eeheveria emnicolor. 
 
 — clamfo'lia. 1. Purple. September. 1824. 
 
 — cocd'nea. 2. Scarlet. October. Mexico. 
 
 1816. Syn., Eeheveria cocemea. 
 
 C. Coope'ri. J. Pink. S. Africa. 1860 
 
 — Cordero'yi. U. Bed, yellow. Mexico? 1874. 
 
 Syn., Eeheveria Corderoyi. 
 
 — com' seam. 1. Orange. June. 1818. B M. 
 
 t. 2601. 
 
 — craseifo'lia. 2. 1824. 
 
 — crista'ta. 1. Variegated. September. 1818. 
 
 — eunea'ta. 1. May. 1818. 
 
 — ewneifo'rmis. 1. 1823. 
 
 — cwrvijio'ra. 2. Orange. October. 1818. 
 
 B. M. t. 2044. 
 
 — cymo'sa. 1. Yellow. Mexico. 1869. 
 
 — deci'pi&ns. J. White. Peru. 1868. 
 
 — deeussa'ta. 2. Scarlet. August. 1819. B. 
 
 B. t. 916. 
 
 — dicho'toma. 1. June. 1818. 
 
 — e'dvZis. Pale green. August. California. 
 
 1883. 
 
 — ela'ta. 2. June. 1816. 
 
 — fascicula'ris. 1. Bed. July. 1759. 
 
 — fu'lgens. 1. Coral-red, yellow. Mexico. 
 
 Syn., Eeheveria fulgens. 
 
 — gibUflo/ra. 2. Yellow. Pink. September. 
 
 Mexico. 1826. Syn., Eeheveria gibbi- 
 fiora, B. E. t. 1247.. 
 
 Tneta'lliea. Mexico. Syn., Eeheveria 
 
 m£taUica. 
 
 — gloM'ea. J. Scarlet, yellow. Mexico. Syn., 
 
 Eeheveria glauea. 
 
 — globvZari(Rfo'lia. White, red. Syria. 1869. 
 
 — gra'cilis. 1. July. 1800. 
 
 — hemisphcElrica. 1. White, purple. June. 
 
 1731. 
 
 — interj^eta. ^. July. 1824. 
 
 — jasminifio'ra. 1. White, purple. July. 1818, 
 
 — lancifo'lia. J. Yellow. 1879. 
 
 — Lieve'nii. ■ J. Bed. May. Altai. 1832. Syn., 
 
 Urnbiliffus Lievenii. 
 
 — lingiuBfo'lia. 1. Yellowish. Mexico. Syn., 
 
 Paehyphytum- lingua. 
 
 — mncula'ta. 1. White, purple. June. 1818. 
 
 — ma/mmiUa'ris. 1. White, purple. June. 1818. 
 
 — nodulo'sa. |. Yellow, red. Mexico. 
 
 — nu'da. f. Yellow, red., Mexico. 
 
 — oblo'nga,. - 2. Bed. August. 1690. 
 
 — orbicula'ta. 2. Bed. July. 1798. B. M. 
 
 t. 321. 
 
 — ova'ta. . 2. Bed. August. 1789. B. C. 1. 1392. 
 
 — Paehyphy'twm. 1. Bed. Mexico. Syn., 
 
 Paehyphytum braeteosum. 
 
 — papiUa'ris. 2. Bed. June. 1822. B. B. 
 
 t. 915. 
 
 — Peaeo'cleii. 1. Orange-red. July. New Mexico. 
 
 1874. Syn., Eeheveria Desmetia/tia, E. 
 Peacoetcii, and E. peruma/na. 
 
 — Pestalo'zzoe. Pink. Cilicia. 1877. 
 
 — pu^efseens. Coral-red, yellow. Mexico. Syn., 
 
 Eeheveriajpubeseens. 
 
 — pu'mila. i. Yellow, red. Mexico. Syn., 
 
 Eeheveria pvmila. 
 
 — quite'rms, J. Scarlet. August. Quito. 1851. 
 
 — ramo'sa. 1. June. 1748. 
 
 — raimesi'seima. 1. May. 1816. 
 
 — retvlsa. IJ. Yellow. Mexico. 1846. 
 fiaribu'nda. IJ. Orange-red. Mexico. 
 
 1874. 
 
 — rhonibifo'lia. 1. June. 1823. 
 
 — rosa'cea. Mexico ? 1873. 
 
 — rotuTidifo'lia. 1. June. 1826. 
 
 — Salzma'nrn. Yellow, dotted red. July. N. 
 
 Africa. 1868. 
 
 — Sempervi'vum. ^. Caucasus. 1836. 
 
 — spu'ria. 1. July. 1731. 
 
 — stoloni'fera. Scarlet, yellow. Mexico. Syn., 
 
 Eeheveria stolowCfera. 
 
 — teretifo'lia. IJ. Yellow. July. S. Africa. 
 
 1862. 
 
 — tricuspida'ta. 1. July. 1823. 
 
 — trijlo'ra. 1. Pink, white. June. 1821. 
 
 — tubereulo'sa. 1. Orange. July. 1820. 
 
 — wndMla'ta. 1. June. 1818. 
 
 — ungiUa'ta. 2. May. Purple. 1818. 
 
cou 
 
 [262] 
 
 CRA 
 
 C. vdvti'na. 2-3. Yellow, red. S. Africa. 
 
 1858. 
 — vHridis. 2. 1824. 
 
 C. (JBchev^ria) eine'rea, cya'nea, dealba'ta, gra- 
 ci'llima crista'taj herba'cea, ynucrona'ta glau'ca, 
 pachyphytoi'des, pnlche'Ua, rotundifo'ha, sca- 
 pWlla, Schidecke'rii, and mola'cea are garden 
 hybrids. 
 
 Couch Grass. (TH'ticum re'pens.) 
 A weed, the creeping underground stems 
 of which render it very difiicult to be de- 
 stroyed : constantly and carefully fork- 
 ing it out of the soil whenever seen, and 
 burning it, is the most effectual remedy. 
 
 Coulte'ria. (Named after Dr. Coul- 
 ter. Nat. ord., Leguminosce ; Tribe, 
 Euecesalpinem. Allied to Poincinia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Peat and loam ; 
 
 C. ho'rrida. 15. Orange. Carthagena. 1824. 
 Syn., Coeeaipima horrida. 
 
 — memca'na. 12. Yellow. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 Syn., Ccesalpmia vesicaria. 
 
 — tinoto'ria. 12. Orange. Carthagena. 1822. 
 
 Syns., Ccesalpinia pectitiata and C. tiihc- 
 toria. 
 
 Course'tia. (Named after Courset, 
 a botanist. Nat. ord., Legimiinosoe ; 
 Tribe, Galegem. Allied to Robinia.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of firm young 
 shoots, in spring or beginning of summer, in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, and in a mild bottom- 
 heat; loam and peat, well drained. 
 C. tomento'sa. Yellow. June . Peru. 1824. 
 
 — virga'ta. Yellow. June. Trinidad. 1820. 
 
 Cousi'nia. (Named after Cousin/a. 
 French botanist. Nat. ord. , Compositce ; 
 Tribe, Cynaroidece. Allied to Carduus. ) 
 
 Hardy plants. Annuals and biennials, by 
 seeds at tne end of March, in the garden-border ; 
 perennials, by division in autumn or spring. 
 C. cmduijfa'mm. Purple. July. Iberia. 1804. 
 
 — eynaroi'de8. Whit . Caucasus. Biennial. 
 
 — Uohena'keri. Yellow. July. Cauoaius. 1836. 
 
 — hy'strke. Purple. June. Bussia. 1838. 
 
 — maeroce'phala. Pale yellow. Caucasus. 1823. 
 
 Biennial. 
 
 — tene!Ua. Purple. Armenia. 1837. Annual. 
 
 — wolge'nsis. Purple. Wolga. 1804. 
 
 Coussa'poa dealba'ta See Ficus. 
 
 Couta'rea. (From Cowtan;, its name 
 in Guiana. Nat. ord., Bubiacece ; Tribe, 
 Cinchonem. AUied to Cinchona.) 
 
 The Cinchona bark of French Guiana is the 
 produce of this fine tree. Stove evergreen. 
 Sandy peat and loam; cuttings in heat, under 
 glass, in spring months. 
 
 C. Scherffia'na. White. Columbia. HI. Hort 
 1878, p. 321. 
 
 — speciosa. 12. Purple. Guiana. 1803. ' 
 
 Coutou'bea. (From Ooutoubi, its 
 name in Guiana. Nat. ord., Gen- 
 tianaeece ; Tribe, Chironieoe. Allied to 
 Leianthus and Lisianthus. ) 
 
 It is used in Guiana as a substitute for Gentian. 
 Stove annual and biennial plants. Sow in a 
 mixture of loam and peat, early in spring, in 
 hotbed, frame, or stove. 
 
 C. ramo'sa. 3. White. July. Brazil. 1824^ 
 Annual. 
 
 — spica'ta. 2. White. July. Tropical S. 
 
 America. 1823. Biennial. 
 
 — verticilla'ta. See Enicostema litorcUe. 
 
 Cove'Uia. See Ficus- 
 
 C O W a ' n i a. (Named after Mr. 
 Cowan. Nat. ord. , Sosaceas ; Tribe,, 
 Potentillem. AUied to Geum. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Sandy peat and 
 loam ; propagated by cuttings under glass, in 
 heat, but not easily. 
 
 C. plica' ta. 2. Bed. June. Mexico. Swt> 
 Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 400. 
 
 Cowberry. Vacci'niuTn vi'tis-idce'a. 
 
 Cowdie Pine. Da'mmara austra'- 
 lis. 
 
 Cow-dung. See Dung. 
 
 Cow-grass. Trifo'Uwm me'dium. 
 
 Cow-herb. Sapona'ria vacoa'ria. 
 
 Cow-itch. Mucu'na u'rens. 
 
 Cow-iteh cherry. Malpi'ghia 
 u'rens. 
 
 Cow-parsnip. Heracle'um. 
 
 Cowslip. (Pri'mula ve'ris. ) There 
 are several varieties, varying in colour 
 from almost white to a very deep yellow ;. 
 some are single ; but others are double, 
 in the ferm that florists distinguish as 
 hose-in-hiose, the calyx in these being 
 converted into a corolla. Some speci- 
 mens will produce one hundred pips upon 
 a single truss ; and they have been known 
 to yield even more than one hundred 
 and fifty. The cultivation is much the 
 same as that of the Auricula. 
 
 Cow-tree. Brosi'mum. 
 
 Crab or Wild Apple. Py'rus- 
 ace'rba,. 
 
 Cra'mbe: Sea-kale. (The Greek 
 name for Sea-kale. Nat. ord., Cruci- 
 ferce ; Tribe, Cakilinece. ) 
 
 The Tartar bread, or large, fleshy roots of 
 Cra'mbe tata'ricat is eaten in Hungary in slices, 
 with oil, salt, and vinegar. Hardy herbaceous 
 perennials, of easy growth in rich garden-soil ;, 
 root division, or seeds sown in March. 
 C. cordifo'lia. 6. White. May. Caucasus. 1822. 
 
 — ju'ncea. 2. White. May. Iberia. 1828. 
 
 — ma/ri'tvma. 1^. White. May. Britain. 
 
 Bng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 80. 
 
 — orienta'lis. White. Jacq. Ic. 1. 128. 
 
 — tata'rica. 3. White, .tune. Siberia. 1754. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. 1. 129. 
 
 Cra'mbe mari'tima, or Sea- 
 kale should be grown in an open situa- 
 tion. It is readfly increased by division 
 of its roots, or by seeds, which is the 
 best mode. Seeds sown towards the end 
 of March, or beginning of April, in a. 
 well-manured and deeply-trenched soil, 
 and lined out into four-feet beds, and 
 
CRA 
 
 [263] 
 
 CRA 
 
 ■with two-feet alleys iDetween. Sow the 
 seeds in patches two feet distant from 
 patch to patch. The patches should he 
 made hy drawing a circular drill about 
 eight inches in diameter, and two inches 
 deep. Place therein about eight seeds, 
 at equal distances round ; and, when 
 the seedlings are up and well established, 
 they should be thinned out, leaving 
 from three to four plants in each patch, 
 at equal distances, to form the crop. If 
 the plantation be made from one year- 
 old plants, then three plants should be 
 planted triangularly in each patch, the 
 patches, as before directed, two feet dis- 
 tant from each other. If the plantation 
 is made with pieces or slips of crowns, 
 which will do nearly as well, plant in 
 the same way ; and the hest times are 
 the end of March or beginning of April. 
 Should the weather be dry," watering 
 will be requii-ed. With good attention 
 to earth-stirring during the summer 
 months, the plants will be sufficiently 
 strong to force the following season, 
 and may remain to cut from for many 
 years. 
 
 In sowing for transplanting, the drUls 
 should be at least two feet from drill to 
 drill, and two inches deep, and seeds 
 about live inches apart in the drill, and 
 the seedlings attended to as before 
 during the summer. 
 
 To force, Sea-kaZe.—^om& prefertaking 
 up plants either one year or more old, 
 and placingtheroses carefully onagentle 
 hotbed made up for the purpose, or care- 
 fully planting them in pots or boxes, to 
 be placed in other warm structures, of 
 course, in either case, to be kept in the 
 dark ; but we prefer, in all cases, to 
 force this vegetable in the open ground, 
 by inverting pots over the crowns, and 
 covering over them dung or leaves. .If 
 dung is employed it should be well 
 worked, as for other forcing purposes ; 
 but the best materials for covering the 
 crowns and pots are leaves, which we 
 yearly collect in a corner for the pur- 
 pose ; no turning over is requisite. A 
 dry, calm day should always be chosen 
 for covering up ; and the whole of _ the 
 work should be done at the same time, 
 first placing the pots all ready to suit 
 each crown ; then with the lime-bag 
 give each crown a good dusting over 
 with quick-lime, which wUl destroy all 
 worms and slugs ; put on the pots im- 
 mediately, and the warm leaves over 
 them. The pots should be covered with 
 the driest parts first. When leaves are 
 used, these should be covered over with 
 some long, littery material, to prevent 
 their being blown about by winds. The 
 
 whole covering should be from a foot to 
 a foot and a half thick every way round 
 the pots, and put together snug and 
 tight. We always make our first cover- 
 ing (to be ready to cut kale by Christ- 
 mas day) during the first fortnight in 
 November. Of course the weather has 
 something to do with the covering re- 
 quired. The heat had better be too low 
 than too high ; the best temperatures 
 are from 50 to 60°, and should never 
 exceed 65°. We at all times use a few 
 coal-ashes, just enough to cover the 
 crowns. When we cut the kale, this 
 prevents the slugs, etc., eating into the 
 crowns. This remains until cutting 
 ceases, and the materials and pots are 
 cleared away ,: then the whole is care- 
 fully forked over, and the ashes spread 
 about with the hand, and all is made 
 tidy for the summer growth. See Sea- 
 kale. 
 
 Cranberry. Oxyco'ccus palu'stris. 
 
 Crane's-bill. Gera'nium. 
 
 Crane Fly. Ti'pula olera'cea, 
 
 Craniola'ria. (From cranium, a 
 skull ; the ripe fruit is said to resemble 
 a skull. Nat. ord. , Pedalinece. ) 
 
 Handsome greenhouse annual. For cultiva- 
 tion, see Martynia. 
 
 C. a'nnua. Sulphur, clotted white. July. S. 
 America. 1733. Syn., Martynia Cranio- 
 laria. 
 
 Craspe'dia. (From hraspedon, a 
 fringe ; form of the pappus. Nat. ord., 
 CompositCB ; Tribe, inuloidece.) 
 
 Half-hardy.annual. See Annuals for cultiva- 
 tion. 
 
 C.Ri'chea. 1. Yellow. Swan Eiver. 1881. 
 B. M. t. 5271. Syn., C. glama, B. K. 
 t. 1908. 
 maerocdphala. IJ. Pale yellow. Austra- 
 lia. B. M. t. 3415. 
 
 Cra'ssula. (From the diminutive of 
 crassus, thick, or succulent ; in reference 
 to their leaves, etc. Nat. ord., Crassu- 
 lacem. Syn., Turgosia.) 
 
 Greenhouse plants from South Africa, except 
 where otherwise mentioned. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 C. diffu'sa. i. Pink. . June. 1774. 
 
 — eraa'"^"- i- White. June. 1774. Syn., 
 
 Dasystemon calydnwm. This has been 
 erroneously said to come from Australia. 
 
 — gU'bra. J. White. August. 1774. 
 
 — qlormra'ta. \. White. September. 1774. 
 
 — ilagno'Ui. i- White. June. South Europe. 
 
 1800. 
 
 — moscha'ta. J. White. September. N. b. 
 
 Wales. 1794. 
 
 — pvXcMtta. i. Bed. May. 1810. 
 -retroJUxa. i. Yellow. June. 1788. 
 
 — ru'bens. i. Pink. May. Italy. 1769. 
 
 — sulmla'ta. i. June. 1800. „ ^^ ^ 
 
 — verticUla'ris. J. Pink. July. South Europe. 
 
 1788. 
 
CEA 
 
 [264] 
 
 CKA 
 
 BIENNIALS. 
 C. aloi'des. White. July. 1774. 
 
 — capitella'ta. White. July. 1774. B. C. 
 
 t. 1029. 
 
 — eentauroi'des. i. Pink. May. 1774. B. M. 
 
 1. 1765. 
 
 — corymbulo'sa. 1. White. November. 1818. 
 
 — lineola'ta. J. Yellow. July. 1774. 
 
 — lingucef&lia, J. White. August. 1803. 
 
 — obova'ta. White. June. 1818. 
 
 — pertu'mla. 1. White. October. 1824. 
 
 — spa'rsa. J. White. 1774. 
 
 — tomento'sa. White. April. 1818. 
 
 — tu'rrita. White. March. 1818. B. R. 
 
 1. 1344. 
 
 EVERGREENS AND HERBACEOUS. 
 
 C. acutifo'lia. i. White. July. Greece. 1796. 
 
 — albifl&ra. i. White. June. 1800. B. M. 
 
 t. 2391. Syn., Rochea alUfiora. 
 
 — alpe'stris. J. White. S. Africa. 1878. 
 
 — arhare'scens. 3. Pink. May. 1730. 
 
 — bibraetea'ta. i. White. August. 1823. 
 ma! jar. }. White. August. 1823. 
 
 — Wamve'xa. i- White. August. 1800. 
 
 — Kplama'ta. 1. White. September. 1823. 
 
 — Bolu'sii. One-sixth. • White. Summer. S. 
 
 Africa. 1875. 
 
 — bulhda'ta. 1. Yellow. August. 1800. 
 
 — cane' scens. J. White. July, 1800. Syn., 
 
 Globulea canescens. 
 
 — oilia'ta. h Yellow. July. 1732. 
 
 me'dia. i. Yellow. July. 1818. 
 
 mi'nor. i. Yellow. July. 1818. 
 
 — cocei'Tiea. Bed. B. M. t. 4.^5. 
 
 — cocciTU'Ua. i. Scarlet. July. 1823. 
 
 — columna'ris. i. White. 1789. 
 
 — conci'nna. J. White. July. 1818. 
 
 — Coope'ri. 2. White. S. Africa. 1862. 
 
 — carda'ta. i. Pink. July. 1774. Jacq. H. 
 
 Schoenb. t. 431. 
 
 — Cotylddon. 1. White. 1800. Herbaceous. 
 
 B. M. t. 384. 
 
 — adtra'ta. 1. White. July. 1732. B. M. 
 
 t. 1940. Syn., Globulea cultrata. 
 
 — deje'cta. 1. White. July. 1820. 
 
 — ericoi'des. i. White. September. 1820. 
 —falca'ta. Yellow, red. S. Africa. 1785. 
 
 B. M. t. 2036. Syns., C. obliqiia, Andr. 
 Rep. t. 414, and Rochea falcata. 
 
 — filieau'lis. i. White. August. 1820. 
 — fruticulo' sa. White. 
 
 — gloUflo'ra. 1. White. March. 1809. Syn., 
 
 Septas capensiSf var. glolnjlora, B. M. 
 1. 1472. 
 
 — gra' cilia. Bright red. 1884. Dwarf. 
 
 — imbrica'ta. 1. White. June. 1760, 
 
 — imvre'ssa. J. Pink. S.Africa. 1809. Syn., 
 
 a Sehmidti, Gfl. 1. 1225, 
 — jasmXnsa. White, tipped crimson, June, S, 
 Africa, B. M, t, 2178, 
 
 — la'etea. J, White. September, 1774, B, 
 
 M. 1. 1771. 
 
 — margiiia'lis. 2. Pale yellow. July. 1774. 
 
 Jacq. H. Schcenb. t. 471. 
 
 — tnonticola. 1. Pink. 1882. 
 
 — nudviau'lis. J. White. July. 1732. Syn., 
 
 Globulea nudicautis. 
 
 — obU'qua. Andr. Rep. t, 414, See C. falcata. 
 
 — obtu'sa. J, 1812. 
 
 — olmalla'ta. J, White. July. 1796. Syn., 
 
 Globulea obvallata. 
 
 — odorati'ssima. White. June. S. Africa. Jacq. 
 
 H. Schcenb, t, 434, 
 ■— ar^ula'ris. i. Pink, August, 1731, Her- 
 
 — pa'llida. 8. White, S, Africa, 1879i 
 
 — pellu'cida. 1, Pink, August, 1732, 
 
 — perfo'ssa. 2, Yellow, August. S. Africa, 
 
 Jacq, H, Schcenb, t. 432, 
 
 — perjila'ta. 1, Pink, September, 1785. 
 
 — per/olia'ta. 4. Scarlet. July. 1700. Andr, 
 
 Rep, t, 666. Syn., Rochea per/oliata. 
 
 C. profu'sa. This is the same as C. marginalis. 
 
 — puncta'ta. 1. White. June. 1769. 
 
 — quadri'fida. Pinkish-white. Summer. S. 
 
 Africa, 1872. 
 
 — ramo'sa. 2. Pink. July. 1774. 
 
 — ramulifio'ra. 1. White. June. 1822. 
 
 — recu'rva. 1. Crimson. Zululand. 1890. 
 
 — revo'lvens. 1. White. August. 1820. 
 
 — rhomboidea. \. Mesh-coloured. Transvaal. 
 
 1886, 
 
 — romla'ris. i. White, July, 1819, Herbaceous, 
 
 — rotwndifo'lia 1, White, August, 1820. 
 
 — Sam'fraga. J, Pinkish, June, S. Africa. 
 
 1873. 
 
 — sca'bra. J. Pale yellow. June. 1730. 
 
 — scabre'lla. J. White. 1810. 
 
 — Schmi'dti. Gfl. 1. 1226. See C. impresaa. 
 
 — Se'ptas. 1. White. August. 1774. Syn., 
 
 Septas capensis. 
 
 — spathula'ta. ^, White. August. 1774. 
 
 — squamulo'sa. i. White. July. 1817. 
 
 — sulca'ta. i. White. August. 1813. Syn., 
 
 Giobulea sulcata. 
 
 — telephoi'des. 1. White, July, 1818, 
 
 — tetra'gona. 2, White. August. 1711. 
 
 — t(yrqua'ta. 1. Greenish. S. Africa. 
 
 -~ umbe^lla. 1. Pinkish. Jacq, Ic, t. 362. 
 
 — versicolor. Pink, white, S, Africa, B, M, 
 
 t, 2356, 
 
 Culture. — Of the annual and biennial 
 species the seeds should be sown in pots, 
 in spring, and, when the seedlings will 
 bear handling, separated and planted 
 singly in other pots. The same soil suits 
 them as the perennial succulent species, 
 which are those most in request. The 
 culture of these is as follows, whether 
 for bedding-out or growing constantly 
 under glass : — Make short cuttings, 
 about the end of August or in Septem- 
 ber, of the tops of the young shoots 
 which have not flowered, and, after the 
 cuttings are rooted, place singly in small 
 pots, and grow till the end of October, 
 when the pots are filled with roots. 
 From this time to the end of February 
 keep in a cool greenhouse, on a shelf 
 close to the glass, and give two or three 
 waterings during the winter. As soon 
 as the plants begin to move in the spring, 
 stop them at about three or four inches 
 from the pot; and take off a few of the top 
 leaves, to facilitate the growth of new 
 shoots. As soon as these are well formed, 
 thin them, so as to leave but from three 
 to six shoots on each plant, according to 
 its strength ; and, as soon as the shoots 
 are two inches long, shift into pots a 
 size or two larger, in a mixture of yellow 
 loam and pounded bricks, well drained. 
 
 After the spring potting, indulge with 
 a little more than greenhouse-heat, by 
 placing them for two or three weeks in a 
 
 Eeach-liouse, or vinery, or a close pit, to 
 ave them in fuH vigour by the middle 
 of May ; because, the earlier in the sum- 
 mer they complete their annual growth, 
 the more time and sun they have to 
 finish their ripening process. About 
 midsummer, or before the beginning of 
 
CRA 
 
 [265] 
 
 CRA 
 
 July, their growth is finished, and then 
 turn out of doors, and plunge in sand 
 ■close to the front wall of a hothouse, 
 where the heat, in the dog days, will 
 •often range from 80° to 100 , and where 
 little rain can get at them, the spouting 
 which receives the water from the roof 
 passing over their heads. The sand in 
 ■which they are plunged gets very hot 
 ■also ; and, by watering it occasionally 
 between the pots, the roots are kept 
 sufficiently moist without any water 
 being given on the soil in the pots. 
 This treatment is more uniform and 
 more natural to them than any mode of 
 pit or greenhouse culture. 
 
 On the first indication of frost re- 
 move into shallow, cold pits, where the 
 lights can be drawn off them every mild 
 day till the end of November; then 
 move them to a. dry shelf in the green- 
 house ; but they could be wintered in a 
 dry pit from which the frost could be 
 kept. 
 
 During the following spring keep as 
 cool as possible, being among the first 
 set of greenhouse plants to be removed 
 into coH pits when plants begin to grow 
 in the spring, and about the last plants 
 to be bedded out at the end of May ; 
 and they make the most brilliant bed 
 for the whole season, flowering for six 
 ■weeks to two months, according to the 
 situation of the beds. We prefer the 
 tall, dark scarlet, or old C. cocci'nea, for 
 beds ; but there are three or four distinct 
 sorts that do equally well in pots. 
 
 It often happens that plants with only 
 two shoots will produce out one head of 
 bloom, and then the second shoot will 
 be sure to follow the year after, and 
 thus a plant may be made to flower 
 every year. 
 
 If this plant ■with two shoots ofiers to 
 flower on both instead of one, and you 
 ■wish the plant to flower every year, you 
 must forego the pleasure of having both 
 shoots to flower the first season. In 
 that case, as soon as you can perceive 
 the flower-buds in the spring, you must 
 cut down one of the two shoots, and let 
 the other one flower. The lower down 
 the shoot is cut the better. If there is 
 only an inch or two of it left, it is sure 
 to produce three times the number of 
 young shoots that will be necessary to 
 retain. If you select three of the best 
 placed, these will be enough for a plant 
 so young; therefore, instead of two 
 flower-heads, we have only one of them, 
 and three others coming up to flower 
 next season. As soon as the single 
 truss of flowers begins to fade, about 
 the middle of August, this flowering 
 
 shoot must be cut down close likewise, 
 and from it succession-shoots will be ob- 
 tained, so that, in a large, old specimen, 
 there are many flowering shoots and 
 successive ones growing on at the same 
 time ; and, as soon as the plants have 
 done flowering, the shoots which have 
 borne the flowers are cut back to diffe- 
 rent lengths, according to the size or 
 shape the plant is intended to be grown. 
 Every morsel of the old shoots gut off 
 in August will make cuttings ; but the 
 best cuttings are obtained from the top 
 ends of young, vigorous shoots ; they 
 ■will root either in heat or cold, at any 
 time. Abundance of air, strong sunlight, 
 and plenty of water during their tw^o 
 months or active growth ; but little 
 during the rest of the summer and 
 autumn, and scarcely any in winter, are 
 the leading principles in their culture. 
 
 Cratse'gUS. The Hawthorn. (From 
 kratos, strength ; in reference to the 
 stren^h and hardness of the wood. Nat. 
 OTA.,Bosace(B ; Tribe, Pomece.) 
 
 The family of thorns furnishes a greater num- 
 ber of handsome small trees for ornamental 
 grounds than any other woody family whatever. 
 They are all white-blossomed, except where we 
 have mentioned otherwise ; but they vary in 
 another beauty — the colour of their fruit ; and 
 this, as far as we know, we have particularized. 
 "Sfoung plants are obtained from seed sown in 
 spring; and any particular varieties can be 
 budded or grafted upon one of the most useful 
 — the common whitethorn. Common garden- 
 soil. 
 C. a^'na. 20. May. Italy. 
 
 — apiifo'lia. 15. May. N. Amer. 1812. 
 mi'nor. May. 
 
 — Aro'nia. 15. May. South Europe. 1810. 
 Berries yellow. B. R. 1. 1897. 
 
 grandiflc^ra. 15. May. 1846. 
 
 — Azaro'lus. 15. May. South Europe. 1640. 
 Berries red. AJidr. Ben. t. 579. 
 
 — carpa'Hca. 20. May. Carpathian Mountains. 
 
 — cocci'nea. 20. May. 'JH. Amer. 1683. B. M. 
 t. 3482. 
 
 coralH'na. 15. May. France. 
 
 corda'ta. B. B. 1. 1151. 
 
 glandvXo'm. 20. May. N. Amer. 1759 
 
 Berries red. Syn., C. glandulosa, B. C. 
 
 t. 1012. 
 
 indentalta. 12. May. N. Amer. 
 
 tnaeraJnfha. 20. May. N. Amer. 1819. 
 
 Berries yellowish -red. 
 
 nm'xima. 20. May. N. Amer. 
 
 wMnor. 20. May. N. Amer. 
 
 n^apolita'na. May. Naples. 
 
 submllo'sa. 1832. 
 
 succule^nta. Germany. 
 
 corda'ta. 20. May. N. Amer. 1738. Berries 
 
 bright red. B. R. 1. 1151. 
 crenula'ta. 10. May. Nepaul. 1820. B. R. 
 
 1844, t. 52. 
 eru's-ga'Ui. 20. May. N. Amer. 1691. Berries 
 
 dark red. 
 
 Unea'ris. 20. May. N. Amer. 
 
 na'na. 4. May. N. Amer. 
 
 pyracanthif&lia. 20. May. N. Amer, 
 
 salicifo'lia. 20. May. N. Amer. 
 
 sple^ndens. 20. May. N. Amer. 
 
 Dougla'sii. 16. May. N. Amer. 1830. Berries 
 
 purple. B. B. 1. 1810. 
 
CRA 
 
 [266] 
 
 CEA 
 
 1765. 
 
 20. May. N. Amer. 
 May. 1810. 
 16. May. South Europe. 
 May. N. Amer. 1724. B. E. 
 
 C. elK'ptica. 
 — fi'ssa. 15. 
 — JlabeUa'ta. 
 —fialva. 20. 
 1. 1939 
 
 lota'ta. 15. June. B. E. 1. 1932. 
 
 —Jlorenti'na. 15. May. 1800. 
 —flo'rida. 20. May. N. Amer. 
 
 — gla'bra. 15. May. N. Amer. 1818. B. M. 
 
 t. 2105. 
 
 — grignonie^nsis. Fruit yellowish -green or lemon 
 
 tinged with red. 1890. 
 
 — heteropkj/Ua. 20. May. N. Amer. 1816. 
 
 Berries red. B. E. 1. 1161 and 1. 1847. 
 
 — latifo'lia. 20. May. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 — leucophlc^os. Fruit scarlet. B. United States. 
 
 1882. 
 
 — La'yi. 10. North China. 1844. 
 
 — lu'cida. 20. May. N. Amer. 
 
 — marocca'na. 15. May. Barbary. 1822. B. E. 
 
 1. 1855. 
 
 — - mda/noealrpa. 
 
 mexica'na. 15. 
 1. 1910. 
 
 Carrie^ri. Seedling form. 
 
 1888, iv. p. 736. 
 
 — m/mo'gyna. 15. May. Siberia. 
 
 — ni'gra. 20. May. Hungary. 1819. 
 
 1. 1021. 
 
 — odorati'ssifrui. 15. May. Crimea. Berries 
 
 bright red. B. E. 1. 1885. 
 
 — orienta'lw. 15. May. South Europe. 1810. 
 
 Berries dark red. B. E. t. 1852. 
 iangui'nea. 16. May. Crimea. 1810. 
 
 — ovalifo'lia. 20. May. N. Amer. 1810. 
 
 — oxyaca'ntha. 15. May. Britain. Common 
 
 Hawthorn. 
 
 ap^tala, 15. May. 
 
 auranti'aca. May. 
 
 (m'rea. 16. May. 
 
 - capita'ta. 15. May. 
 " ■ ■ ■ 15. May. 
 
 15. White. May. Britain. 
 Leaves deeply cut. Prussia. 
 
 15. May. Tauria. 1820. 
 May. Mexico. 1823. B. E. 
 
 1882. G. C. 
 
 B. C. 
 
 ■ Celsia'na. 
 
 - erioea'rjaa. 
 
 - Jilidfo'lia. 
 
 1874. 
 -fiexuo'^a. 
 
 15. White. May. 
 -'fo'liis argdnteis. 15. White. May. 
 
 fo'Uis aiilreis. 15. White. May. 
 
 . fo'liis tricolo'ribu8. Leaves variegated 
 
 with red, carmine, and rose. Garden 
 
 variety. 1886. 
 
 ho'rrida. Garden variety. 1861. 
 
 laeinia'ta. 12. White. May. Sicily. 1816. 
 
 leucoca'rpa. 15. White. May. Britain. 
 
 ma' for. 16. White. May. 
 
 mu'ltiplex. 16. White. May. 
 
 ohtuta'ta. 16. White. May. France. 
 
 1822. 
 Oliveria'na. 20. White. May. Asia 
 
 Minor. 1820. Berries black. B. E. 
 
 1. 1933. 
 
 ple'na. 16. White. May. 
 
 pro! cox. 16. White. May. 
 
 pterifo'lia. 15. White. May. 
 
 — pwni'eea. 16. Scarlet. May. B. C. 
 
 1. 1363. 
 pv/ni'cea jWre-pleliw. 15. Dark red. 
 
 May. 
 — quereifo'lia. White. June. Hamburgh. 
 
 1834. 
 regi'noe. 30. White. May. Scotland. 
 
 Queen Mary's Thorn. 
 
 fo'sea tupe'rha. 15. Crimson. May. 
 
 ■ semperflo'rens. Garden variety. 1886. 
 
 sUn'rica. 15. White. May. Siberia. 
 
 tramsylva'nica. 15. White. May. Tran- 
 sylvania. 
 
 — oxyacanthoi'des. 15. White. May. France. 
 
 1822. B. E. t. 1128. 
 
 — parvifo/lia. 15. May. N. Amer. 1704. 
 
 -jMrida. 6. White. May. N. Amer. 
 
 grosmlaria^tyiia. 6. White. May. 
 
 C.penta'gyna. 15. White. May. Hungary. 
 1820. 
 
 ma'jar. White. N. China. 1886. 
 
 — Povretia'na. 20. White. May. Hungary. 1810, 
 
 — Pri^itia'na. White. May. 1810. 
 —pnmellito'lia, 20. White. May. 
 
 — prunifo'lia. 20. White. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1818. Berries dark red. B. E. t. 1868. 
 
 — 'puncta'ta. 16. White. N. Amer. 1746. 
 
 Berries red. 
 
 au'rea. 30. White. May. N. Amer. 1724. 
 
 bremspi'na. White. May. N. Amer. 
 
 ni'gra. White. May. N. Amer. 
 
 ni'gra stri'cta. White. May. N. Amer, 
 
 • ru'bra. 20. White. May. N. Amer. 
 
 ru'bra stri'cta. 20. White. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 — purpyfrea. 15. White. May. 1822. 
 
 — alta'iea. 15. White. May. Altaic Mountains. 
 
 — pyraca'ntha. 10. White. May. South Europe. 
 
 1629. 
 crenvia'ta. 10. White. May. Nepaul. 
 
 1820. 
 fru'ctu-a'lbo. 10. White. May. 1841. 
 
 — pyrif&lia. 15. White. June. N. Amer. 1763. 
 
 Berries yellowish-red. B. R. 1. 1877. 
 
 — sangui'nea. 15. May. Siberia. 1810. 
 
 — spathula'ta. 15. May. N. Amer. 1805. B. C. 
 
 t. 1261. 
 
 — spinod'ssima. 16. May. Europe. B.C. 
 
 1. 1100. 
 
 — stipuZa'ris. Pink. May. Quito. 1843. 
 
 — toMOcetifo'lia. 16. May. Greece. 1789. Berries. 
 
 yellow. B. E. 1. 1884. 
 
 — gla'bra. 15. May. Germany. 1816. 
 
 — ta/ufrica. 15. May. Taurica. 1800. 
 
 — tomento'sa. Branches pale grey. United 
 
 States. 1888. 
 
 — virgi'niea. 6. May. Virginia. 1812. Berries 
 
 green. 
 
 — m'Hdw. 15. May. Carolina. 1810. 
 
 Cratse'va. Garlic Pear. (Named 
 after Cratcevus, a Greek botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Oapparidacew. Allied to the 
 Common Caper.) 
 
 The bark of the roots of the Garlic Pear (C. 
 gyna'ndra) blisters like Cantharides. Stove 
 evergreen trees ; rich, loamy soil ; increased by 
 cuttmgs in sand, under glass, in bottom-heat. 
 C. capparoi'des. Andr. Eep. IIL p. 176, and C. 
 fra'grams, B. M. t. 596. See Sichieck 
 
 — gyna'mh-a. 12. White. Jamaica. 1789. 
 
 — Roxbu'rghii. 15. White. E. Ind. 1822. 
 
 — ta'pia. 30. White. W. Ind. 1752. 
 
 — tapioi'des. 20. White. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 Crawfu'rdia. (In honour of Sir 
 John Crawfurd, governor of Singapore. 
 Nat. ord., Gent'ianacece j Tribe, Swer- 
 tiece. ) 
 
 Showy greenhouse or half hardy herbaceous 
 twiners. They are allied to the Gentians, and 
 may be as hardy as the Indian species of 
 Gentians. For culture, see Gentian. 
 C, fascieula'ta. 4. Blue. August. Himalaya. 
 1855. B. M. t. 4838. 
 
 — lu'teo-vi'ridis. White and green. Sikkim. 
 
 B. M. 6539. 
 
 — speoio'sa. Blue. Himalayas. 1879. 
 
 Cream Fruit. Roupe'llia gra'ta. 
 
 Creepers or Trailers are plants 
 which, by having numerous stems and 
 branches resting upon and siweading 
 over the soil's surface, are useful foi 
 
CRE 
 
 [267] 
 
 CRI 
 
 concealing what would be unpleasing 
 to the eye. They are also handsome 
 objects in pots suspended from the roof 
 of an appropriate structure, and some, 
 as GamtMria procu'mbens, are orna- 
 mental round the margin of ponds, or as 
 an edging to walks and beds. 
 
 Cre'pis harha'ta, B. M. t. 35, and 
 C. macrorrhi'za, B. M. t. 2988. See 
 Tolpis. 
 
 Cresce'ntia. The Calabash -tree. 
 (Named after Crescenti, an old author. 
 Nat. ord., Crescentiece.) 
 
 The flowers of the Calabash-tree (C. Cvjelte) 
 are intermediate between Gesnerworts and Big- 
 noniads, and in all the species are produced 
 from the old stems or branches. Stove ever- 
 ^een trees ; a mixture of loam and peat ; cut- 
 tings of ripened shoots root readily in sand, 
 under glass, in heat. 
 C. acumijia'ta. 20. Green, white. Cuba. 1822. 
 
 — ala'ta. Purple. Nicara^a. 1866. 
 
 — etumrbiti'na. 10. White. Jamaica. 1733. 
 
 — Ciije'te. 20. White. Jamaica. 1690. B. M. 
 
 t. 3430. 
 
 — maerophy'lla. 7. Yellow. S. Mexico. B. M. 
 
 t. 4822. 
 
 — nigripes. Yellowish-green. B«v. Hort. 1882, 
 
 p. 464, f. 99. 
 
 — rega'Us. Mexico. 1859. 
 
 Cress. Lepi'dium sativum. 
 
 Varieties. — There are three varieties : 
 Plain-leaved, which is the one commonly 
 cultivated for salads ; Curly - leaved, 
 equally good, and employed, likewise, 
 for garnishing; Broad -leaved, seldom 
 cultivated. See Mustard. 
 
 Cress Rocket. VeHla. 
 
 Crinode'ndron. See Tricuspi- 
 daria. 
 
 Cri'mim, (From krinon, the Greek 
 name for lily. Nat. ord. , A maryllidem ; 
 Tribe, Amaryllets.) 
 
 A large number of plants formerly included 
 under this name are now referred to other 
 genera, as mentioned below. The perianth-tube 
 IS always long. Bulbous stove, greenhouse, and 
 hardy plants of great beauty ; rich loam, peat 
 and sand; readily increased by oSsets and 
 many by seeds. The sjjecies of this genus hy- 
 bridize readily. C. longifio'rwmy C. Mo&reit and 
 C. Powe-llii are perfectly hardy in England if 
 planted six or eight inches deep. C longiJUyrwm 
 will grow in water, but better on the margins of 
 lakes, ponds, or rivulets. The whole family de- 
 light in strong, rich loam, and an abundance of 
 water when they are growing. 
 C. algoe'Tise. See C. Uneare. 
 
 — ama'bUe. 5. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1810. 
 
 Syn., C. superbum. 
 
 — arnierwa'-num. 2. White. July. S. Amer. 
 
 1762. B. M. t. 1034. 
 
 — amce'nwm. 2. White. Eastern Himalayas. 
 
 1810. 
 
 Mve. 2. White. E. Ind. 1819. 
 
 angusUfo'livm. 2. White. E. Ind. 1819. 
 
 — a/ngustifc/Hwm.. 2. White. June, N. Australia. 
 
 1824. Syn., C arejiarimm, B. M. t. 2365. 
 
 hla'nAum. 2. Filaments whitish. N. 
 
 Australia. 1821. B. M. t, 2536. 
 
 C. angustifo'lium confe'rtum. 2. White. JunSi. 
 N. Australia. 1822. B. M. t. 2622. 
 
 — ano'malum. A variety of C. aHatwum. 
 
 — aqua'ticum. See C. campanulatum. 
 
 — arena'rium. See C. angustifolivm. 
 
 — asia'ticwm. 2. White. July. Tropical Asia. 
 
 1732. B. M. t. 1073. 
 ano'mahim. 1. White. July. China 
 
 1822. Syn., C. plieatum, B. M. t. 2908. " 
 
 camcula'tum. 1883. 
 
 declina'tum. 2. White. May. Silhet 
 
 1818. B. M. t. 2231. 
 pro'cerum. 3. White. July. Peeni, 
 
 1820. B. M. t. 2684. 
 
 — augu'stum. 1. Pink. July. Mauritius. 
 
 1818. B. M. t. 2397. Syn., C. amabile^ 
 var. augustum, B. E. t. 679. 
 
 — austrcUa'sicum. A synonym of C. angusti- 
 
 foHwm. 
 
 — austra'le. See C peduneulatum. 
 
 — Balfou'rii. 1. Pure white. Autumn. Socotra. 
 
 1880. B. M. t. 6570. 
 
 — bla'ndum. See C. angiistifolmm, var. blandum.. 
 
 — bmchya'ndmm. 2. Greenish. N. Australia.. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — trachyne'ma. 1. Pure white. May. Bombay.. 
 
 B. M. t. 6937. 
 
 — braetea'twn. 1. Pure white. July. Mauritius. 
 
 1810. B. K. 1. 179. 
 
 purpura'scens. 1. White, tinted with 
 
 rose. W. Africa. 1879. 
 
 — Brousemdtii. Bed. LiL t. 62. See C. yiucce- 
 
 foliutn. 
 
 — campanula' turn. 3-4. Bose-red. Cape Colony.. 
 
 1817. Syn., C aquaticaim, B. M. t. 2362.. 
 
 — canalicula'tuTn. See C. pedunculatum. 
 
 — cape'Tise. See C. longifiorum. 
 
 — Careya'num. 2. White, tinged with red. 
 
 Novem'^er. Mauritius. 1821. B. M. 
 t. 2466. Syn., C. omatum, var. Careya- 
 num. 
 
 — caribafum. 1. White. Jamaica. 1881. 
 
 — caudi'cewm. A variety of C. amcsnwm from 
 
 Ceylon. 
 
 — Cole'nsoi. See C. Moorei. 
 i. 2-3. White. July. Guiana.. 
 
 1798. Jacq. H. Schcenb. t. 202. Syns., 
 
 C. Cotmnehnia/mnn And C. LvnMega/n'wm. 
 coriffi^rtwm. See C. angustifoliwnn, var. con^ 
 
 fettwm. 
 
 — mrwntya'num, A synonym of C. erubescens. 
 
 — crass^o'liwm. See C. variabile. 
 
 — era'ssipes. 1. White, red. July. Native, 
 
 country unknown. 1887. 
 
 — eruelntum,. 3-4. Bright pink. July. Mexico. 
 
 1810. B. B. 1. 171. 
 
 Loddigesia'nvmi. Mowers tipped dark 
 
 purple. 
 
 — deolina'tv/m. See C. asiatitywm, var. declina- 
 
 twm. 
 
 — defimim. 2. White. October. India. 1810. 
 
 B. C. t. 362. 
 
 ensifo'lium. Flowers tinged red outside. 
 
 B. M. t. 2301. 
 
 — di'stiehum. 2. White, purple. June. Sierra 
 
 Leone. 1774. Syn., Amaryllis omata. . 
 B. M. 1. 1263. 
 ■ — e^legwns. See C.pratense, var. elegwns. 
 
 — erubefseens. 2. Whitish, claret-purple. July.. 
 
 Tropical America. 1784. Jacq. H. 
 
 Schoenb. t. 494, B. M. 1. 1232. Syns., C 
 
 corantyanum and C. Gordonianum. 
 berKce'nse. 2. White. July. Berbice. 
 
 1819. 
 gla'brum a'lbum. ^Vhite. June. S. 
 
 Amer. 1820. 
 glabrwm ru'brum. Red, white, June. 
 
 Maranhan. 1824. 
 ma'jus. 3. Bed, white. July. S. Amer. 
 
 1789. 
 mi'nus- IJ. Bed, white. July. S. Amer. 
 
 1789. 
 
CRI 
 
 [268] 
 
 CRI 
 
 C oeto/lo'rum. White. June. Spanish Main. 
 
 1820. 
 
 rutnli'mbum. Eed. June. S. Amer. 
 
 viridifo'Uum. 3. White. July. Deme- 
 
 rara. 1819. 
 
 — exalta'tmn. See C pedunculatum. 
 —falm'tum, Jacq. Vlnd. iii. t. 60. See Awmw- 
 
 charts falcata, 
 
 — fla'cddum. 2. White. July. Southern 
 
 Australia. 1819. B. M. t. 2133. Syn., 
 Amaryllis australasica, B. R. t. 426. 
 
 — Forhesia'num. 1. White, banded red. 
 
 October. Delagoa Bay. 1824. B. M. 
 t. 6545. Brunsmgia magniJUia, HI. Hort. 
 n. s. t. 552, ia probably identicaJ with 
 this plant. 
 
 — giga'nteum. 3. White. July. Central and 
 
 W. Trop. Africa. 1792. Andr. Eep. 
 1. 169. Syns., C. vanillodorum, HI. Hort. 
 n. s. t.617, Ainm-yllisgigantea,A. ornata^ 
 B. M. t. 923, and A. Candida. 
 — - Gordonia'nuTn, See C. erubescens. 
 
 — Govenia'num, A garden hybrid. 
 
 — gracilijio'rum. 2. White. Venezuela. 1844. 
 
 — Heriertia'nwm, See C. strictwm and C 
 
 zeylam^^'m. 
 
 — Hildebra'ndtii. 2. Pure white. September. 
 
 Johanna Island. 1875. B. M. t. 6709. 
 There is also a many-flowered variety, 
 see lU. Hort. n. s. t. 615. 
 
 — hw'mUe. 1. White. October. Tropical 
 
 Asia. 1822. B. M. t. 2636. 
 
 — msi^gtie. A variety of C. latifoliuTn. 
 
 — Ei'rki. IJ. White, red. September. Zanzi- 
 
 bar. 1879. B. M. t. 6512. Bramoigia 
 Massaiana, 111. Hort. 1887, t. 65, is 
 probably the same. 
 
 — Kunthia'num. IJ. White, striped red. Wien. 
 
 Gart. Zelt. 1890, p 358. 
 
 — La'stii. 1. Pink. E. Trop. Africa. 1881. 
 
 — latifo'lium. 2. Pink. July. Tropical Asia. 
 
 B. B. t. 1297. Syn., C. omatum, var. 
 latifolium. Varieties of this have been 
 named O. 'moluccanv/m, B. M. t. 2293, 
 
 C. speeioswm, B. M. 2217, and Amaryllis 
 insignis, B. B.. t. 579. 
 
 — Uwsoplyjf'Uum. 2. Pale pink. August. 
 
 Damara-land. 1881. , B. M. t. 6783. 
 
 — linea're. 2. White, reddish. Cape Colony. 
 
 1779. Syns., C nvolutum, and var. 
 graelliar, B. M. t. 623, C. algoense, 
 and A-maryllis revoluta, B. M. t. 915. 
 
 — Loddigesia'num, See C cruentv/m^ var. Loddi- 
 
 gesianum. 
 
 — longiflc'rum. 4-5. White, reddish. Jamaica. 
 
 1818. Syn., Amaryllis longi/olia, var. 
 longifiora. 
 
 — longifo'lium. 2-3. Reddish. Summer. Cape 
 
 Colony. 1752. Hardy. Syns., C.capensis 
 and C. riparium, Amaryllis longifolia, 
 
 B. M. t. 661, and A. capensis. 
 
 — Farinia'num. 3-4. White, pink. Kala- 
 hari Desert. 1887. 
 
 — longisty'lwm. See C latifoliMm. 
 Macke'nii. See C. Moorei. 
 
 — Maco'wani. 2-3. Pink. January. Natal. 
 
 1878. B. M. t. 6381. 
 
 — Makoya'num. Rev. Hort. 1877, p. 417, f. 75. 
 
 See C Moorei. 
 
 — Massia'na. See 0. Kirkii. 
 
 — mauritia'nvm. i. Pink. March. Mauritius. 
 
 1812. B. C. t. 660. 
 
 — molnccalnwm, B. M. t. 2292. See 0. latifoliMm. 
 
 — iioo'rei. IJ. Rose. Spring or autumn. S. 
 
 Africa. 1874. B. M. t. 6113. Syns., 
 
 C. Colensm, Mackenii, Makoyanum, and 
 
 Schmi'dtii. Pure white. Gfl. 1. 1072. 
 
 — natale'nse. See C. Moorei. 
 
 — obli'quum. See Cyrtanthus obliquus. 
 
 — omatum. 3. White, tinted with rose. 
 
 Summer. 1821. SeeaiaoC.Sanderianum. 
 
 C. orna'twm ru'tro-iyitta'twm. White, crimson. 
 Brazil. 1876. 
 
 — peduncula'tum. 3-4. Greenish. Summer. 
 
 E. Australia. 1790. B. R. t. 52. Syns., 
 C. australe^ canaliGiilatv/m, exaltatumf 
 and taitense, Red. Lil. t. 408. 
 
 — petiola'tum specta'bUe. See C. giga/nteum. 
 
 — podophy'llum. 1. Pure white. November. 
 
 Old Calabar. 1879. B. M. t. 6483. 
 
 — PowdlUi. 3-4. Reddish. July. 1877. There 
 
 are two hybrids of this, viz. : — aiOmm and 
 intermedium. 1888. 
 
 — prate'nse. 2. White. June. Plains of 
 
 India. 1810. 
 
 e'legoMS. 4. White. September. Pegu. 
 
 B. M. t. 2592. 
 
 — purpura' scens. 1. White, tinged red. June. 
 
 ■ Guinea. 1877. B. M. t. 6626. 
 
 — quiteinse. See Phxdranassa chloracea. 
 
 — redvJctum. A variety of C. zeylaniciimi. 
 
 — revolu'tum. See C. Convmelyni and C. li/nea/ire, 
 
 — ripalriwm. See C. longifolium. 
 
 — Sanderia'num. 2. White, red. Sierra Leone. 
 
 1877. Syn., C. ornatum. 
 
 — scabe'rrimuTn. See C. scabrum. 
 
 — sca'brum. 4. Pink. May. Tropical Africa. 
 
 1810. B. M. t. 2180. Syn., C. scabern- 
 mum, 
 
 — Schimipe'ri. White. 1889. Gfl. 1. 1309. 
 
 — Schmi'dtii. Gfl. t. 1072. A variety of C. 
 
 Moorei. 
 
 — specio'sum, B. M. t. 2217, is O. latifolium; of 
 
 Linnaeus is Vallota purpurea. 
 
 — spira'le. Andr. Eep. t. 92. See Carpolyza 
 
 spiralis. 
 
 — Stra'cheyi. 2. White. Kumaon. 1881. 
 
 — stri'ctum. 1. White. September. Ceylon ? 
 
 1824. B. M. t. 2635. 
 
 — suTnatra'num. 3. White. July. Sumatra. 
 
 1801. B. E. t. 1049. 
 
 — aupe'rbmn. See C. amaUU. 
 
 — taite'nse. See C. pedunculatum. 
 
 — tendlliMm of Linnaeus is Hessea filifolia; of 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 363 is Carpolyza Oralis. 
 
 — undula'tum. IJ. White. November. North. 
 
 Brazil. 1827. Hook. Bxot. Fl. t. 200. 
 
 — unijldrum. 1. Pure white. N. Australia. 
 
 1879. 
 
 — urceola'tum. See XPrceolina pendula. 
 
 — i>anillodc/rum. HI. Hort. 1887, t. 617j See C. 
 
 — variabde. 2. Flushed with red. Cape Colony. 
 
 Syns., C. crassitfoli/um, C. va/riabile, var. 
 roseum, B. R. 1844, t. 9, Amaryllis revo- 
 luta^ var. robustiort B. R. t. 616, and A. 
 variabilis, Jacq. H. Schcenb. t. 429. 
 
 — Verschajjfeltia'nwm. Leaves variegated with 
 
 white stripes, 1877. 
 
 — WaUichia'num. See C. zeylameuTn. 
 yucecefl&rum. Ij. White, banded red. Sierra 
 
 Leone, 1740. Syns., C. Broussonetii, B. 
 M. t. 2121, C. yucc(Soides, Amaryllis 
 Broussonetii, Eed. Lil. t. 62, A. ornata, 
 and A. spectabilis, Andr. Eep. t. 390. 
 
 — yuecceoi'des. See C. yuccceflorwm. 
 
 — zeyla'nicum. 3. Purple, bright red. July. 
 
 Tropical Asia and Africa. 1697. Syns., 
 C. S&rbertianu/m, C. omatum^ vars. Her- 
 bertianum and zeylanicum, C. Walli- 
 ehianum, Amaryllis ornata, B.M. 1. 1171 
 and A. zeylanica. 
 
 Grioce'ris aspa'ragi. The Aspa' 
 ragus_ Beetle in some years is very ae- 
 structive to Asparagus beds, severely 
 injuring the plants by feeding on the 
 leaves, buds, and shoots, and thereby 
 weakening the next year's crop. The 
 eggs are deposited on the stems and 
 leaves (so called, but which in reality 
 
CKI 
 
 [269] 
 
 CRO 
 
 are not true leaves, but slender modified 
 branches which botanists call eladodia). 
 The larvse when full fed are nearly 
 cylindrical, and fleshy, of a dirty olive- 
 green or slate colour, with shining black 
 legs and head. It is during the larval 
 stage that the mischief to the Asparagus 
 is done, as the perfect beetle does not 
 appear to feed on the plant. When the 
 larvse are mature, they descend into the 
 earth, where they form a cocoon in which 
 they change to the pupa state ; after 
 about three weeks the perfect beetle 
 emerges. It is about a quarter of an 
 inch Jong ; the eyes and antennae are 
 black; the thorax reddish, with two 
 black dots in the middle ; the elytra are 
 ochreous, with a stripe along the suture, 
 a spot on each shoulder, a transverse 
 bar across their middle and another near 
 the apex, all of a deep green colour ; the 
 legs are reddish, and the under parts 
 metallic blue-green ; the whole insect is 
 very shining. The best plan to reduce 
 their numbers, and so lessen the amount 
 of damage they may cause, is to spread 
 white cloths under the plants and shake 
 them vigorously ; the larvse and beetles 
 will fall upon the cloths, and may then 
 be destroyed. This process should be 
 repeated after an interval of about two 
 weeks. The old Asparagus stems should 
 also be burnt in autumn, in order to 
 destroy any eggs that may be upon 
 them. 
 
 Crista'ria. (From crista, a crest; 
 the form of the seed-vessel. Nat. ord. , 
 MalvacecB ; Tribe, Malvece. Allied to 
 Sida.) 
 
 A very nffiit little hardy lierba«eous perennial. 
 Peat ; cuttings during the summer months. 
 C. cocd'nea. J. Scarlet. August. Missouri. 
 1811. B. M. 1. 1673. 
 
 Cri'thmum. Samphire. (From 
 krithe, barley ; resemblance of the seeds 
 to barley. Nat. ord., UmhelUfercBj 
 Tribe, Seselinem. Allied to Seseli.) 
 
 Samphire (C. rfiafHtwium} is excellent in 
 pickles. Garden-soil. Seeds; divisions. 
 C. latjfo'lium. 1}. Yellow. July. Canaries. 
 1780. Greenhouse evergreen. Syn., 
 AstydamMi canariensis. 
 -^ mari'tmium. 1. White. August. Britain. 
 Hardy herbaceous. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 t. 606. 
 
 Culture. — Cri'thmum mari'timum, 
 though a native of the sea-shore, may 
 be cultivated successfully in the garden. 
 
 Soil. — It requires a sandy, rich soil 
 and the north side of a wall. 
 
 Propagation. — The roots may be 
 planted, or the seed sown, in April ; the 
 only cultivation required being to keep 
 the plants free from weeds, and to water 
 it about twice a week with water con- 
 
 taining about one ounce of Tidman's. 
 sea salt per gallon. 
 
 Crocking is putting a piece of pot- 
 sherd over the hole at the bottom of a, 
 flower-pot, previously to adding the 
 drainage, etc. 
 
 Cro'cus. (A name adapted from 
 Theophrastus. Nat. ord., Iridem.) 
 
 Hardy autumn, and spring flowers. Th& 
 saffron of commerce consists of the dried stigmas-- 
 of C. sati'vus. The Sicilian saSron is from Uiose- 
 of C. longifio'rus. 
 
 G. ae'rkis. Pale lilac, throat yellow. Spring.. 
 Asia Minor. B. M. t. 6862, f. B. 
 
 — alata'vicus. White, yellow, purple. Spring. 
 
 Ala. Taurus Mts. 1877. 
 
 ochroleu'cus. Dull yellow, white. 1877. 
 
 porphy'reus. Bright claret purple, white^ 
 
 1878. 
 
 — annula'tus. B. M. t. 8868. See C. Hfi<yrm. 
 
 — ancyre'rms. Orange, purple. Spring. Asia 
 
 Minor. 
 
 — a&tu'rume. Purple. Autumn. Asturia. 1842.. 
 
 — avlreus. Orange. Spring. Greece, etc. B. 
 
 M. t. 2986, and t. 2665. B. E. 1843, t. 21. 
 Syns., C. lageiuBjUyruB, B. M. t. 2685, C. 
 mcmacus, B. M. 1. 1111. 
 
 — ■ ■ a'lbus. White. 
 
 fia'vus. Pale yellow. Greece. 
 
 hce^micus. Yellowish. Mt. HEemus. 
 
 la'cteux. Cream. Greece. 1629. 
 
 la'cteus penciUa'tus. Pale cream pen- 
 cilled. 
 
 lute'seens. Pale yellow. 
 
 pa'Uidus, Pale sulphur. 
 
 sulphu'reus. Sulphur. South Europe. 
 
 1629. 
 
 syri'acus. Yellow. Syria. 
 
 trilvfiea'tus. Yellow, blue. 
 
 — Bala'nsce. Orange, bronze feathered. Spring.. 
 
 Smyrna. 
 
 — bana'tieue. Rich purple, blotched. Spring.. 
 
 Transylvania, etc. B. M. t. 6197. 
 
 — bifi&rus. Lilac to white. Spring. Georgia. 
 
 Tuscany. B.Mt.SSi. Syn., C.annulaius,, 
 B. M. t. 3868. 
 Ada'mii. Purplish. Caucasus. 
 
 — • a'lhus. White. Opschina. 
 
 coertddicens. Bluish. Naples. 
 
 estria'tus. Lilac. Florence. 
 
 groB'cus. Yellowish. Greece. 
 
 Leichainii. Cream, lavender. Smyrna. 
 
 1890. 
 nuM' germs. White. Mount Gargarius. 
 
 1845. 
 
 Pestalo'zixe. White. Constantinople. 
 
 purpura! seens. Purple. Dalmatia. 
 
 pusi'llus. White, bluish. Naples. Syn.j 
 
 a mmllus, B. B. 1. 1987. 
 
 tmcricits. Bluish. Odessa. 
 
 Welde'ni. White, purple. Dalmatia. 
 
 — BUlw'tii. Kich purple. Spring. Stauros. 
 
 1880. 
 
 — BoissU'ri. White, spring. Cieilia. 1863. 
 
 — Bo'ryi. White. Autumn. Morea, etc. B. E.^ 
 
 1845, misc. 3. 
 maratham'seus. White. Marathon. 
 
 — byzanti'nus. See C irHifiarus. 
 
 — Ccmibessedefsii. Lilac, purple. Autumn. 
 
 Majorca. B. E. 1846, t. 37, f. 4. 
 eancella'tiis. Purple, yellow. Autumn. Mount 
 
 Taurus. B. E. 1847, 1. 16. B. M. t. 8864. 
 cUi'eieus. Violet, purple. Mount Taurus. 
 
 .Syn., C. dwmascemis. 
 mazzia'ricus. White, yellow. Santa 
 
 Maura. 
 
 — ea'nMdm. White, purple. Spring. Troad. 
 1856. 
 
CRO 
 
 [270] 
 
 CRO 
 
 C. carpeta'rms. Lilac, bluish white. Spring. 
 Central Spain. 
 
 — m'spms. White, yellow. Autumn. Caspian 
 
 Sea. 1838. 
 
 — chrysa'nthus. Orange-yellow. Spring. Greece, 
 
 etc. B. E. 1847, t. 4. 
 
 a'lbidus. White. Bithynian Olympus. 
 
 cxrule^scens. Bluish lilac. Bithynian 
 
 Olympus. 
 fu'sco-linea'tus. Orange, reddish brown. 
 
 Smyrna. 
 fu'ico-tine'tus. Orange, brown. Smyrna. 
 
 — Clu'sii, Purple, Autumn. Spain, etc. B. E. 
 
 1845, t. 47. 
 
 — co'rsicits. Bright lilac, buff. Spring. Corsica. 
 
 1882. 
 
 — Crelwei. White, dark chocolate. Spring. 
 
 Syra. 1874. B. M. t. 6168. 
 
 — ei/vrvM. Bright lilac. Spring. Cyprus. 
 
 — diuma'twu,!. Lilac, purple. Spring. Dal- 
 
 matia. 
 
 — damasce'nus. See C. cancellatuSy var. cilicicus. 
 
 — Danfo'rdwB. Sulphur yellow. Grey. Spring. 
 
 Anti Taurus. 1879. 
 
 — etm'scui. Lilac, cream. Spring. Tuscan 
 
 Maremma. 1876. 
 
 — Fteische'ri, White, purple. Spring. Smyrna. 
 
 1876. 
 
 — GaiUardo'tii. Pale lilac. Spring. Syria. 
 
 — ga/rga'ricus. Bright orange. Spring. Western 
 
 Bithynla. 
 
 — granate'nm. Purple, white. Autumn. Asia 
 
 Minor. 
 
 — hadria' turns. White, purple. Autumn. Ionian 
 
 Islands, etc. B. E. 1847, 1. 16, f. 7-9. 
 chrysobelo'nicus, WMte, yellow. Santa 
 
 Maura. 
 Saundersia'nus, White, rich purple. 
 
 Albania. 
 
 — hermo'neits. Purple, white. Autumn. Mount 
 
 Hermon. 
 
 — hyema'Hs. White, with purple lines. Spring. 
 
 Southern Palestine. 
 
 — Impera'ti. Buffi, purple featherings. Spring. 
 
 Italy. 1830. B. E. t. 1993. There are 
 ■ severalgarden varieties of C. Imperati. 
 
 — imnlalris. B. E. 1843, t. 21. See C. mini- 
 
 WAIS. 
 
 — iridijlo'rus. Purple, lilac. Autumn. Tran- 
 
 sylvania. 1847. Syn., C byzantirms, 
 B. R. 1847, t. 4. 
 
 — karduch&rum. Vinoufs- lilac. Autumn, Kur- 
 
 distan. 1859. 
 
 — Korolko'wii. Orange, brown. Spring. Cen- 
 
 tral Asia. 1880. 
 
 — lagenmflo'rus. See C. aureus. 
 
 — l(svigatus. White to lilac, purple. Autumn. 
 
 Cyclades. 1838. 
 
 — lazi'iyus. Bright orange. Spring. Lazitan. 
 
 1866. 
 
 — longiflofrus. Lilac, purple. Autumn. Italy, 
 
 etc. 1810. Syn., C. odorus. 
 
 — mcesi'acus. See C. aureus. 
 
 — Maly'i. White. Spring. Dalmatia. 1872. 
 
 — me'dius. Bright purple. Autumn. Eiviera. 
 
 B. E. 1845, t. 37, and 1843, t. 21. 
 
 — mi'nimus. Rich violet, buff. Spring. Corsica. 
 
 1805. Syn., C. insula/ris. 
 
 — montenegri'nus. Creamy white. Spring. 
 
 Montenegro. 1881. 
 
 — nevaidnsis. Purplish. Spring. Sierra Nevada. 
 
 1861. 
 ^ nudifidrus. Eich bluish-purple. Autumn. 
 South Europe. 1798. Syn., C. pyrenmus. 
 
 — ochroleu'cus. Creamy white, yellow. Autumn. 
 
 Northern Palestine. 1862, B. M. t. 
 6297. 
 
 — o'dorus. See C. longijlorus. 
 
 — Olivie'ri, Bright orange. Spring. Greece. 
 
 1831. B. E. 1847, t. 4. 
 
 — Orpha'nidis. See C. Tournefortii. 
 
 — parmfio'rus. Lilac. Spring. Taurus. 1877. 
 
 C. puUheHlm. Bright bluish-lilac. Autumn. 
 Greece, etc. 1670. B. E. 1843, misc. 
 p. 28. 
 
 — pusi'llus. See C. biflorus. 
 
 — pyrerux'us. See C. nudifiorus. 
 
 — retioula'tus. White, deep lUac, purple. Spring. 
 
 South Europe, etc. 1808. B. C. 1. 1822. 
 Syn., C. variegatus. 
 
 — Salzma'nni. Purple, lilac feathered. Autumn. 
 
 Spain. 1831. B. E. 1847, t. 4. 
 
 — sati'vus. Bright lilac, suffused purple. Au- 
 
 tumn. Cultivated. 1763. Eed. Lil. 
 - 1. 173. 
 Cartwrightia'nus. White, purple. Greece. 
 
 Cyclades. 
 
 cashmeria'nus. Purplish. Cashmere. 
 
 Elwelsii. Bright purple, lilac. Smyrna. 
 
 Hausskn^chtm. Purple. Kurdistan. 
 
 Orsi'nii. Purple, lilac. Italy, 
 
 Palla'm. Lilac. Crimea. Italy, etc. 
 
 — Scharo'jani. Bright orange. Autumn. N.W. 
 
 Caucasus. 1869. 
 
 — sero'tinus. Bright lilac, purple. Autumn. 
 
 Spain. 1806. Salisb. Parad. t. 20. 
 
 — Siebe'ri. Bright lilac. Spring. Greece. Crete, 
 
 etc. 1831. B. M. 1. 1043. 
 versi' color. White, and purple feather- 
 ings. Crete. Cyclades. 
 
 — speeio'sus. Lilac, feathered purple. Autumn. 
 
 Tauria, Hungary, etc. 1808. 
 
 — stella'ris. Orange, purple. Spring. Garden 
 
 hybrid. 
 
 — suave'olens. Buffi, purple. Spring. Italy. 
 
 1833. B. M. t. 3864. 
 
 — Susia'nus. Orange, feathered deep brown. 
 
 Spring. Crimea. 1795. B. M. t. 662. 
 
 — Suteria'nug. Clear orange. Spring. Asia 
 
 Minor. B. E. 1847, t. 7, f. 1. 
 
 — Tormnasinia'nus- Pale sapphire lavender. 
 
 Spring. Dalmatia. 1847. 
 
 — twu'ri. Purple. Spring. Taurus. 
 
 — Toumefo'rtn. Bright lilac, feathered purple. 
 
 Autumn. Cyclades. 1831. B. M. 5776. 
 Syn., C. Oxphanid^. 
 
 — vaUi'cola. Pale cream. Autumn. Trebizond, 
 
 Lazistan. 
 
 ■ — Ulaci'nus. Purple. Stauros. 
 
 Suwarrowia'mts, Cream. Caucasus. 
 
 — varwga'tus. See C- retiGulatus. 
 
 — velucke'rms. Eich purple. Spring. Balkans. 
 
 1845. B. E. 1847, t. 4. 
 
 — Ydneris. White, lilac. Autumn. Cyprus, 
 
 Crete. 1842. 
 
 — ■ye'mws. White to deep purple. Spring. 
 
 Europe. 1786. Eug. Bot. ed. 3, t. 1499. 
 
 aJMfio'rus. White. Trieste. 
 
 apri'lis. Violet. April. 
 
 ela'tior. Purple. Alps. 
 
 lenerorhy'nchu^. Purple, lilac. 
 
 neapolita'nus. Purple, blue. Naples. 
 
 obova'tus. White, purple. S. Europe. 
 
 parmfio'rus. White. Splugen. 
 
 pfctus. Lilac. 
 
 si'cuius. Purple. Sicily, 
 
 — versi' color. Purple, white, veined purple. 
 
 Spring. 1794. B, M, 1. 1110. 
 
 — vitelli'nus. Orange bronze. Autumn, spring. 
 
 Syria. 1879. 
 
 — Weldi^ni. See C. bifiorus. 
 
 — nona'tus. Eosy lilac, lined purple. Autumn. 
 
 CicLlia. 1866. 
 
 Crocus Culture. — Propagation : 
 hy Seed.—&o-w the seed in October, in a 
 prepared bed of light, rich earth, in an 
 open situation, covering it a quarter of 
 an inch. The seedlings will come up in 
 the spring, and should be kept well 
 weeded. When the leaves decay, clear 
 them away, and spread a thin coat of 
 
CRO 
 
 [271] 
 
 CRO 
 
 fresh, light earth over the corms. Allow 
 them to remain another season, and 
 then, when the leaves decay, take 
 them up carefully, sifting the soil so 
 as to find even the smallest. In August 
 prepare a bed of fresh, rich soil, tui'ning 
 it over two or three times to mellow and 
 pulverize. About the middle of Septem- 
 ber, on a dry day, level the beef, and 
 draw drills across it four inches apart ; 
 then plant the young corms in the drUls 
 one inch apart, pressing them down 
 gently into the soil ; and, when all are 
 planted, level the ridges of the drills 
 vdth a rake carefully down. In this bed 
 they should remain two years. The 
 second year hiost of them will flower ; 
 and, when in bloom, the colours should 
 be marked, to enable you to separate 
 them into their colours when they are 
 taken up. Any new fine varieties should 
 be especially taken care of. 
 
 By Offsets. — When the leaves decay, 
 in the summer, take up the corms, keep- 
 ing them in their various sorts ; separate 
 the large-flowering corms from the small 
 ofisets, and plant the latter in a bed by 
 themselves, m the same way as is de- 
 scribed above for seedlings. In two 
 years take them up, sort the large roots 
 out again, and replant the small ones. 
 
 Sou. — The crocus delights in a dry 
 situation, and a rich, light, sandy soil. 
 In such a place and soil it flowers pro- 
 fusely, and produces large roots ; but in 
 a wet, poor soil it dwindles away. 
 
 Culture.— Kugasb and September are 
 the best months for planting. Take the 
 roots up every second or third year, 
 planting the onsets as described above. 
 
 Insects. — Slugs are their chief enemy, 
 which may be destroyed by watering the 
 beds or clumps with lime-water. 
 
 Diseases. — The corms sometimes be- 
 come like a mass of starch or meal, and 
 then will not grow. There is no remedy 
 for corms actually diseased, but they 
 ought to be carefuRy picked out, and 
 not mixed with the general stock, for 
 fear of infection. It seems to be caused 
 by an internal fungus, which afiects the 
 corms when at rest ; they should there- 
 fore be kept in a cool dry shed until 
 planting time. 
 
 Cropping (Mixed) is growing two 
 or more crops together, one of which 
 may be either drawn young, so as to be 
 out of the other's way before it gets high 
 enough to be injured, or one of which 
 benefits the other by shading it. The 
 object of mixed cropping is to obtam the 
 largest amount of produce in the shortest 
 time from a given space. This is now 
 
 carried on to a very large extent in the 
 market gardens around London. The 
 subject cannot be treated in detail within 
 these limited pages ; and we must, there- 
 fore, refer our readers to an essay on the 
 subject in the " Cottage Gardener," v. 
 274. See Rotation of Crops. 
 
 Crossa'ndra. (From krossos, a 
 fringe, and aner, an anther ; fringed 
 anthers, or pollen-bags. Nat. ord., 
 Acanthacem ; Tribe, Justiciece. Allied 
 to Justicia.) 
 
 Showy stove evergreen shrubs; peat and 
 loam ; cuttings root readily in sand, in bottom- 
 heat, at any season, under glass. 
 C. fia'va. i. Yellow. January. Sierra Leone. 
 1852. B. M. t. 4710. 
 
 — guinee'nsU. i. Lilac, white, j)urple ; leaves 
 
 beautifully reticulated with white veins. 
 October. W. Tropical Africa. 1877. 
 B. M. t. 6346. 
 
 — i/r^wrtdibuZi^o'rm'U. Orange. India. March. 
 
 1882. G. C. 1882, vol. 18, p. 653. 
 
 ■ peduniyuZa'ris. 1^. Orange, scarlet. 
 
 March. India. 1800, Syn., C. undvXoR- 
 folia, B. M. t. 2186. 
 
 Crossy'ne cUia'ris. See Buphane 
 ciliaris. 
 
 Crotala'ria. (From krotalon, a 
 Castanet, or hand - rattle ; the seeds 
 rattle in the pod if shaken. Nat. ord. , 
 LeguminoscB ; Tribe, Genistece. Allied 
 to the Lupines.) 
 
 Notwithstanding the great number of Crota- 
 larias, with their gay-coloured pea-flowers, they 
 are not much prized by gardeners, owing to the 
 difficulty of preserving them from the attacks of 
 the red spider. Seed ; perennial kinds easily 
 from cuttmgs in sand, under glass ; loam and 
 peat. 
 
 STOVE ANNUALS, ETC. 
 
 C. aewmina'ta. 1. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1830. Half-hardy. 
 
 — aZa'ta. 1. Pale yellow. July. Nepaul. 
 
 1818. Biennial. 
 ■ angvla'ta. 1. Yellow. June. S. Amer. 1700. 
 - nmniiainfi^inn.. Ycllow. S. Africa. Jacq. 
 
 H. Schoenb. t. 219. 
 
 — KaWta. See C. sagittalis. 
 
 — Wa'ria. 3. YeUdw. July. E. Ind. 1817. 
 
 — jBumM'rmi. 1. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1800. 
 
 Syn., C. sericea. 
 
 — calyd'na. 1. Blue. June. E. Ind. 1816. 
 
 — eub^nm. 1. Yellow. July. Cuba. 1820. Syn., 
 
 C. hirta. 
 —fu'lva. 1. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 1817. 
 
 — glau'ca. 1. Yellow. July. Guinea. 1824. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. 1. Yellow. July. ' E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — Langsdo'rjii. 1. Yellow. June. 1820. 
 
 — mierophy'lla. J. Yellow. July. Arabia. 
 
 1820. Trailer. 
 
 — ma'lis. 1. Yellow. July. Carolina. 1810. 
 
 Half-hardy. 
 
 — pu'mila. i. Yellow. June. Cuba. 1823. 
 
 Trailer. 
 
 — pwrpu!rea. B. M. 1. 1913. See Bypocalyptus. 
 
 — pwpwra'scens. 1. Purple. July. Madagascar. 
 
 1825. 
 
 — Pu'rshii. 1. Yellow. June. Virginia. 1800. 
 Half-hardy. Syn., C. Icevigata. 
 
 'e'nsis. 1. Yellow. June. Senegal. 
 1819. 
 
 — specta'bilis. H. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1820. 
 "'a'lis. 1. Yellow. June. United States. 
 
 1820. Syn., C. Walata. 
 
CRO 
 
 [272] 
 
 CRO 
 
 C. sHjmla'ris, 1. Yellow. Jnly. Cayenne. 1823. 
 
 — tria'ntha. 2. Yellow. June. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 — tubero'sa. 1. Purple. June. Nepaul. 1^21. 
 
 Greenhouse. 
 
 — verruco'sa. 1. Blue. June. W. Ind. 1731. 
 aeumina'ta. 1. Blue. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1731. 
 
 obtu'sa. Blue. India. Syn., C. ccBrvZea. 
 
 Ja£q. Ic. t. 144. 
 
 — villo'sa. 1. Yellow. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1824. Half-hardy. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 C. arboresfceTis. Yellow. Mauritius and S.Africa. 
 Syn., C eapensiSf Jacq. Vind. t. 64. 
 
 — arge^ntea. 1. Yellow. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1823. 
 
 — axiUa'ris. Guinea. 
 
 — dichc/toma. 1. Yellow. July. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 — obecu'ra. 2. Yellow. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1820. 
 pa'llida. Africa. 
 
 — pulche'lla. Yellow. S.Africa. B. M. 1. 1699. 
 
 — theba'ica. 2. YeUow. June. Egypt. 1818. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 C. ampletmicm'lis. See Vascoa afmlexicaulw. 
 
 — anagyroi'des. 6. Yellow. July. Trinidad. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — anthylloi'des. 4. Yellow. August. E. Ind. 
 
 1789. 
 
 — Berteria'na. 2. Yellow. June. Guadeloupe. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — bractea'ta. 4. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — Bro'wnea. 4. Yellow. July. Jamaica. 1816. 
 
 — cujanifo'lia. 6. Yellow. August. S. Amer. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — chine/nsie. %. Yellow. June. China. 1818. 
 
 — cord^cflia. See HypoccUy^tits obcordatits. 
 
 — Cunninghafmi. 3. Greenish-yellow, purple. 
 
 February. N. W. Australia. 1869. 
 
 — cytisoi'des. 3. Yellow. July. Nepaul. 1826;. 
 
 — fenestra'ta^ Yellow. September. India. 1816. 
 
 B. M. b. 1933. 
 — pyriSywF^da. See Vihwgia obcordata. 
 — folio' m. 3. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 1818. 
 — frutico'sa. 2. Yellow. June. Jamaica. 
 
 1716. 
 
 — Heynea'riO. White, blue. Malabar. 1868. 
 
 — liriifo'lia. 1. Yellow. July. Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 — lotifo'lia. Jamaica. Dill. Elth. 1. 102, f. 131. 
 
 — medieagi'nea. 1. Yellow, green. June. B. Ind. 
 
 1816. Syu., C. trifoliastrum. 
 
 — 7w'v(e hoUa'ndice. 2. Purple. June. N. Hol- 
 
 land. 1823. Herbaceousperennial. 
 
 — obcarda'ta, B. C. t. 509. See Viborgia obcor- 
 
 data. 
 
 — oppositifo'lia. See Rafinia oppoHtifolia. 
 
 — panicula'ta. 3. Yellow. June. Java. 1820. 
 
 — pelli'ta. 1. Yellow. July. Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 — pefndula. 5. Yellow, August. Jamaica. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — pro&iilmbens. 1. Yellow. June. Mexico. 
 
 1823. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 — pu'lchra. Yellow. E. Indies. 1807. Andr. 
 
 Kep. t. 601. 
 
 — Boxburgnia'na. 2. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 
 
 1820. Syns., C. OMthylloidee and 0. 
 striata. 
 
 — semperfio'rem. Golden-yellow. India. 
 
 — stria'ta. 3. Yellow, red. Mauritius. 1831. 
 
 — tenuifo'lia. 2. Yellow. June. Coromandel 
 
 Coast. 1816. 
 -^ tetra'gona. Yellow. November. E. Indies. 
 Andr. Eep. t. 593. 
 
 — tu'rgida. 3. Yellow. Jnly. 1820. 
 
 — virga'ta. 3. Yellow. June. Coromandel 
 
 Coast. 1816. 
 
 — mtelli'na. Yellow, violet. Brazil. B. E. 
 
 t. 447. 
 
 Cro'ton. (From kroton, a tick ; 
 referring to the appearance of the seeds. 
 
 Nat. ord., Euphorbiacece. Allied to 
 Jatropha. ) 
 
 Under the name of Croton, nurserymen have 
 introduced and distributed a large number of 
 plants belonging to the genus CODI JSUM, which 
 see ; both genera belong to the Natural order 
 Euphorbiacete, but to different groups of the 
 order, and are very different in general appear- 
 ance. Croton is a large genus, but very few 
 species are in cultivation, as they have little to 
 recommend them. 
 
 The most powerful of purgatives is Croton oU, 
 obtained from the seeds of C. Ti'gliwm. Stove 
 evergreen shrubs, except C. rosmariniifo'lius; 
 loam and peat ; cuttings root readily in sand^ 
 under glass, in heat. 
 
 C. alabamdnm. 6-10. White. Alabama. 1888,. 
 
 — angustifdlius. 1881. 
 
 — cas(ane^o7iu8. 2. White. August. Trinidad. 
 
 1827. B. M. t. 2794. 
 
 — eleuAfirius. 6. White, green. July. Jamaica,. 
 
 1748. Sea-side balsam. 
 
 — glabeHlus. 6. White, green. Jamaica. 1778.. 
 
 — int^eria'lis. A form of Codiceum variegatum. 
 
 Leaves variegated with crimson and gold,. 
 New Hebrides. Fl. and Pom, 1876, p. 
 209. 
 
 — interrtiptus au'reus. Leaves bright green and 
 
 gold. 1882. Dwarf. 
 
 — linea'ris. 6. White, green. July. 1773. 
 
 — maje' sticits. 1^. Leaves deep green ; midrib- 
 
 f olden. South Sea Islands. Fl. and 
 om. 1876. p. 53. 
 
 — mdrnphis and mira'bUis. Pacific Islands. 
 
 1889. Garden forms of Codioemn vari£~ 
 gatum. 
 
 — N&wrrui'nii. Leaves bright green, varie- 
 
 gated with yellow and white. A form of 
 CodioRum variegatum from Polynesia- 
 1889. 
 
 Leaves golden-yellow at base. 
 
 White, green. July. B. Indies. 
 
 — PhiUi'psii. 
 
 — pi'ctus. 4. 
 
 1810. 
 
 — pictura'tus, 
 
 1888. 
 
 — Rei'dii. Pacific Islands. 
 
 Coditmim variegatum. 
 
 — rosmarinyf&liiLS. 5. June. N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 Greenhouse. 
 
 — Ti'glium. 10. White, green. E. Ind. 1796. 
 
 — trilo'bus. 1-2. Leaves deep green, marked 
 with golden-yellow. Fl. and Pom. 1877, 
 
 A form of Codiceum variegatum^ 
 1889. A form of 
 
 p. 66. 
 
 vXa't 
 
 — undAUa'tus. Leaves dark green, blotched rich 
 
 crimson. 1882. 
 
 — variega'tus. 10. White, green. E. Ind. 1804. 
 
 Syn., Codioewm variegatum: 
 erilspvs. 6. White, green. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1804. 
 lorigifo'lim. 2. White, green. India. 
 
 1847. 
 me'dius. 6. White, green. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1804. 
 
 — Wigma'nnii. Leaves rich green, blotched with 
 
 yellow. 
 
 Crowberry. Empe'tr-um ni'grum. 
 
 Cro'wea. (Named after J. Crowe, 
 a British botanist. Nat. ord., iSMtocete/ 
 Tiihe, Boroniece. Allied to Boronia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia. 
 Cuttings root readily in sand, under glass ; loam 
 and peat. 
 C. elU'ptica. 3. Pink. July. 1845. 
 
 — lati/o'lia. 3. Purple. July. 1825. Pax. 
 
 Mag. xiv. p. 222. 
 
 — saU'gna. 3. Purple. September. New S. 
 
 Wales. 1790. B. M. t. 989. 
 
 — stri'cta. 2. Pink. 1846. 
 
CRO 
 Crowfoot, Banu'nculiis. 
 
 [273] 
 
 CRY 
 
 Cruci'ferse. A large order of plants, 
 ■whose flowers have four petals arranged 
 in the form of a cross (whence the name) 
 and six stamens. Many of them are of 
 garden or economic interest, such as the 
 wallflower ( Cheiranthus ), cabbage, 
 swede, turnip, etc 
 
 CrUCiane'lla. Crosswort. (From 
 the diminutive of crux, a cross ; referring 
 to the way the leaves are arranged. 
 Nat. ord., JRubiacecej Tribe, Galiece. 
 Allied to Rubia. ) 
 
 The leaves of all the plants in this order are 
 produced in whorls along the stem. Hence the 
 name of the genus, 'oie greenhouse species 
 thrive well in loam and peat, and readily increase 
 by cuttings ; the hardy perennial kinds by seed 
 and division, in garden-soil. There are several 
 annual species, but not worth cultivating. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 C. america'na. 1. Yellow. July. S. Amer. 
 1780. 
 
 — ynari'tima. 1. Yellow. July. Shores of 
 
 the Mediterranean. 1640. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 C. a/no'mala. See C inolluginoidee. 
 
 — aJspera. Greenish-yellow. July. Iberia. 1837. 
 
 — chlorosta'chys. Greenish-yellow. July. Persia. 
 
 1837. 
 
 — gila'nica. Yellow. July. Persia. 1837. 
 ^glomera'ta 1. Yellow. July. Iberia. 1824. 
 
 — mollugincyil cLes. 1. Yellow. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1820. Syns., C. anamala and Aspertda 
 t'Ubiflora, 
 
 — pv^scens. 1. Purple. July. Candia. 1799. 
 
 — stylo' sa. B. R. 1838, t. 65. See Phuopsis 
 
 — guave^olens, 1. Yellow. July. Russia. 1838 
 
 Cruiksha'nkia is a synonym of 
 Balbisia. 
 
 Crypta'nthus. (From krypto, to 
 hide, and anthos, a flower; the flowers 
 are nearly buried among the bracts. 
 Nat. ord., Bromeliacece.) 
 
 Stove epiphites. For cultivation, see Bill- 
 
 BERGIA. 
 
 C. acau'lw purpu'reus. White ; leaves purplish- 
 green. Brazil. 1870. 
 
 — BenkSri. Brazil. 1880. Belg. Hort. 1881. 1. 17. 
 
 — Kvitta'tus. White. Tropical America. 1866. 
 
 — Morrenia'mis. Yellowish ; bracts reddish. 
 
 Brazil. 1888. Syn., Distegamthus Moemis. 
 
 — wndtUa'tm. White. August. South Brazil. 
 
 1826. Syn., TUlandsia aeaidis. B. R. 
 1. 1197. 
 zebri'nus. J. White. August. 
 
 CrsrptOchi'lUS. (From kryptos, hid- 
 den, and cheilos, a lip ; the lip, or label- 
 lum, being partly hidden by the sepals. 
 Nat. ord., Orchidem ; Tribe, Epiden- 
 drem-EriecB. AUied to Acanthophip- 
 pinm.) 
 
 Stove orchids; root division; soil, rough fibry 
 peat and rotten wood. 
 C. lu'tea. Pale yellow. June. India. 1882. 
 
 — retwula'ta. See Eria reticulata. 
 
 ~ sangui'nea. 1. Scarlet. June. Nepaul. B. E. 
 1838, t. 23. 
 
 — Wi'gMii. See Eria reticulata. 
 
 Cryptoco'ryne. (From kryptos, 
 hidden, and koryne, a club ; the club- 
 shaped spadix, or spike, in the centre of 
 the flower, is hidden by the hooded 
 spathe peculiar to this order. Nat. ord. , 
 Aroideoe; Tribe, Arinece. Allied to 
 Arum.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials ; divisions, and 
 seeds when obtainable ; loam and peat. 
 C. cilia'ta. Green, purple. May. East Indies. 
 1824. Linn. Trans, xx. tt. 10-12. Syn., 
 ATribrosinia ciliata. 
 — spinllis. 1. Brown. May. China. 1816. 
 
 CryptOgra'mme. (From kryptos, 
 hidden, and gramme,, lettering ; refer- 
 ring to the fructification. Nat. ord., 
 Filices. ) 
 
 Hardy ferns, with the exception of C. crispa, 
 var. Brunoniana, which requires greenhouse. 
 C. cnJspa. \. July. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 1. 1844. Syn., Allosorus crispus. 
 
 acrostichoi'des. North America. Syns., 
 
 - C. acrostichoides and Allosorus acrosti- 
 choides. 
 
 Brunonia'na. Segments of frond oblong, 
 
 not wedge-shaped. 
 
 Cryptome'ria. Japan Cedar. (From 
 kryptos, hidden, and meris, part ; the 
 structure of all the parts of the flower 
 being hidden, or hot easily perceived. 
 Nat. ord., Coniferw. Allied to Taxo- 
 dium. ) 
 
 Splendid evergreen trees, from 60 to 100 feet 
 high, from the north of China and Japan, where 
 they grow in damp situations. Seeds imported; 
 some have ripened in Britain ; cuttings in sandy 
 soil, under a nand-light ; a pure loam seems to 
 suit it best. 
 C. e'legans. Japan. 1861. 
 
 na'na. Bwarf. 
 
 —japo'nica. 100. May. Japan. 1844. Syn., 
 C. pungent. 
 
 - araucarioi'des. 
 
 - dacrydioi'des. 
 -Lo'bbi. Java. 
 
 p. 392. 
 
 1863. Rev. Hort. 1887, 
 1876. 
 
 lycopodio'ides, 
 
 Tnonstr&sa. 
 
 na'na. 2. N. China. Syn., C. japonica, 
 
 var. pygmcea. 
 
 ni'grioans. Japan. 1870. 
 
 rubigino'sa. Leaves turning coppery -red 
 
 in autumn and winter. Japan. 1873. 
 spira'lis. Japan. 
 
 Cryptophora'nthus. (From kryp- 
 tos, hidden, phoros, bearing, and anthos, 
 flower ; the sepals almost conceal the 
 rest of the flower. Nat. ord., Orchi- 
 dem; Tribe, Epidendrem-Pleurothallece. ) 
 C. Daya'nus. Yellowish, orange, purple. July. 
 
 Columbia. 1872. Syn., Masdevallia 
 
 Dayana. 
 — macula'tv^. See Pleurothallis maculatus. 
 
 Crytophra'gmium. (Vrom kryp- 
 tos, hidden, and phragma, a division or 
 partition ; the flowers partly concealed 
 by the leafy bracts. Nat. ord., Acan- 
 thacew; Tribe, Justiciece. Allied to 
 Justicia. ) 
 
 T 
 
CRY 
 
 [274] 
 
 cue 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings, in April, of 
 young shoots, in sandy loam, under glass, and 
 in bottom-heat ; peat and loam. 
 ■C. cane'scens. 2. Yellow. Ceylon. 1863. Wight 
 Ic. 1. 1495. 
 
 — venu'stum. .6. September. Purple. Bengal. 
 
 B. M. t..3208. Syn., Justwia cmiabilis. 
 
 CryptOSte'gia. (Froinkryptos,hid- 
 den, and stege, a covering ; the cup, 
 or corolla, is hidden. Nat. ord., Ascle- 
 piadaceas ; Tribe, Periplocece. Allied to 
 Periploca. ) 
 
 Climbing stove evergreens. Loam and peat ; 
 cuttings root readily m. sand, under glass, in 
 heat. 
 
 C. grqsnMjlo'ra. 6. Pink. June. India. 1818. 
 -B. R. t. 43S. 
 
 — madagasca/rie'nm. 10. Pinlt. July. Mada- 
 
 gascar. 1826. 
 
 Cryptoste'mma. (From hryptos, 
 hidden, and stemma, a crown ; the 
 crown of the flower hidden. Nat. ord., 
 CompositcB; Trihe, Arctotideoe. Allied 
 to Arctotis. ) 
 
 Tender annuals, from South Africa. They are 
 best sown on a gentle hotbed; when large 
 enough may be potted, two or three plants in 
 a pot, and protected again in the same way, and 
 planted out in tlie open border the beginning of 
 June. 
 
 C. calendula' ceum. 1. Yellow. July. Cape 
 Colony. 1762, B. M. t. 2262. Syn., 
 Arctotis calendulaeea. Jacq. H. Schcenb. 
 1. 167. 
 
 hypochondri'actim. 1. Yellow. July. 1731. 
 
 runcma'tum. 1. Yellow. July. 1794. 
 
 — Forbesia'num. Yellow. Summer. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 
 
 — ni'veum. Yellow. Cape of Good Hope. De- 
 
 cumbent. Syn., Microstephi'mn niveum. 
 
 Cryptosty'liS. (From hryptos, hid- 
 den, and stulos, style ; the concave base 
 of the lip encircles the short column. 
 Nat. ord., OrcAirfecE ; Tribe, Neottiew.) 
 C.Vmgifo'lia. 2: Yellowish-green; lip red with 
 
 brownish markings. Australia. G. C. 
 
 vol. 23, p. 276, f . 63. 
 
 Cryso'phila. (Derivation not stated. 
 Nat. ord., Palmece.) 
 
 Dwarf stove palm. 
 C. na'na. - Mexico. 1889. 
 
 Cuba Bast is the inner bark of 
 Hibiscus elatus. 
 
 Cuci'feratheba'ica. SeeHsTphsene 
 
 thebaica. 
 
 Cuckoo Flower. Cardami'ne pra- 
 te'nsis and Ly'chnisflos-cu'culi. 
 
 Cuckoo-spit. See Tettigonia 
 spumaria. 
 
 Cueu'Uia verba'sci. Mullein 
 Moth. This is the parent of a greenish- 
 ■white or slaty-coloured caterpillar, found 
 from the end of May until August, 
 feeding on the various species of mullein 
 ( Verba' scum)w\di &gworrb{Scrophula'ria). 
 On each segment of this caterpillar are 
 
 four large black dots, sometimes sepa- 
 rate, and sometimes running together; 
 there are smaller black dots along the 
 sides, and a double row of yellow sj)ots 
 on the back, with others on the sides. 
 
 The head is yellow," spotted with black. 
 This , moth appears commonly in May. 
 It is about two inches across the ex- 
 panded fore-wings, which are of a dark 
 reddish-brown colour, clouded and lined 
 with black, and with a large wliite spot 
 on each resembling the figure 3, as 
 shown in the annexed drawing. The 
 hind-wings are also reddish-brown, but 
 paler, and sometimes almost white. The 
 female lays her eggs upon the mulleins, 
 and their relative species of plants, 
 which eggs are hatched in a few days if 
 the weather be warm. The caterpillars, 
 when of full growth, descend into the 
 ground at the roots of the plants on 
 which they have been feeding, where 
 they form cocoons of half-rotted leaves 
 and earth, so firmly bound together as 
 to resemble small, hard clods. They 
 remain in the pupa state until the fol- 
 lowing May, or even for two years. 
 
 Cucu'balus, (From kakos, bad, 
 and bolus, snout. Nat. ord., Caryophyl- 
 lacece; Tribe, Silenece.) 
 C. baem'fer. Whitish. Europe. Mill. Ic. 1. 112. 
 
 — catho'licus. Jacq. Vind. t. 69. See SUene 
 
 catholicus. 
 
 — chlaracfo'lms. See Silene perfoliata. 
 
 — staia'tus. B. M. t. 1107. See Silene steUata. 
 
 Cucumber. Cu'cumis saWvus. 
 
 Cu'cumber disease. This disease, 
 which takes the form of tubercles on the 
 roots (Fig. 1), is caused by very minute 
 worms, called Vibrios. The tubercles at 
 first are very small, but rapidly increase 
 in size, sometimes enlarging to the mag- 
 nitude of a nut. On cutting one of 
 these asunder it will be found to contain 
 small cysts, as shown at Fig. 2, magni- 
 fied ; each cyst contains a number of 
 minute vesicles, inclosing the vibrios in 
 various states of development. Fig. 3 
 represents one of these vesicles inclosing 
 a vibrio, and by its side one of the 
 vibrios free, both greatly magnified. 
 
cue 
 
 [275] 
 
 cue 
 
 The disease first makes itself manifest 
 in the leaves by the appearance of 
 hrown spots, which also occur upon the 
 stem ; and by the general unhealthy 
 
 look of the plant. The only remedy is 
 to pull up the diseased plants and burn 
 them, and to clear out all the earth in 
 which they grew, and make fresh beds 
 with new soil. 
 
 The cucumber is also liable to be at- 
 tacked by the Mildew, Canker, 
 Gumming (extravasated sap), and 
 TDeformity. (See those articles.) The 
 fruit is also liable to bitterness, an ill 
 quality usually removed by increasing 
 tlie temperature, and exposure to the 
 light. It arises from an imperfect 
 elaboration of the juices : those in the 
 neck of the cucumber being least 
 digested, are always more bitter than 
 in any other part of the fruit. 
 
 Insects.— See Aphis, Acarus, and 
 Thrips. For Melon - culture, see 
 Melon. 
 
 Cu'cumis. Cucumber. (From cucu- 
 m,is, the Latin for cucumber. Nat. ord., 
 CucurhitacecB ; Tribe, Cucumerinece. ) 
 
 Half-hardy trailing annuals. The C. colocy'n- 
 thus produces the Colocynth of medicine. The 
 whole of the species recmire to be sown in hot- 
 beds, and, when of sumcient strength, to be 
 planted out either in frames or under hand- 
 glasses. 
 C. acwta'ngulus. Jacq. Vind. t. 73-74. See Imffa. 
 
 — afrka'nus. Yellow. S. Africa. B. B. 980. 
 
 — an^ui'neus. See Trichosanthes anguinea. 
 
 — cmgu'ria. 2. Yellow. July. Jamaica, 1692. 
 
 B. M. t. 6817. 
 
 — cantapule'nsis is a variety of C. Mdo. 
 
 — ohi'to, a variety of C. Melo. 
 
 — Ci'truUus. 6. Yellow. June. S. Amer. 1697. 
 Ja'ce. 6. Yellow. July. 1697. Water 
 
 Melon. 
 
 Paste' ca. 6. Yellow. July. 1597. Pas- 
 
 teque cucumber. 
 
 — colocy'nthU. 6. Yellow. June. Japan. 1661. 
 
 Wight Ic. t. 498. 
 
 — Duda'im. Persia. Fl. Ser. 1. 1474. 
 
 — delicio'SKS. 4. Yellow. July. E. Indies. 1818. 
 
 C Hoohe'H. YeUow; fruit brownish-purple 
 marked with white bands. Tropical 
 Africa. 1870. 
 
 — jamaice'nsi^. i. Yellow. July. Jamaica. 1824 
 
 — maderaspatalnus. A synonym of C. Melo 
 
 — Me'lo. 4. Yellow. July. 1570. Melon. 
 e'nsis eantalupe'rms. 4. Yellow. Julv 
 
 1670. ■ 
 
 — melite'nsis. i. Yellow. July. 1570. 
 retwula'tus. 4. Yellow. July. 1670. 
 
 — nwmo'rdica. 4. YeUow. July. E. Indies. 1820 
 
 — murica'tm. 4. Yellow. July. E.Indies. 1817. 
 
 — pi'ctus. Jacq. Vind. iii. t. 27. A synonym of 
 
 C. Melo. 
 
 — propheta'rum. Arabia. Jacq. Vind. i. t. 9. 
 
 — Sacleu'xii. Zanzibar. 1890. 
 
 — sati'mis. 4. Yellow. August. E. Indies. 1597. 
 
 Cucumber. 
 
 a'lbus. 4. Yellow. July. 
 
 fastigia'ttts. 4. Yellow. July. 
 
 fla'vua. 4. Yellow. July. 
 
 sikhime'nsis. Yellow ; fruit chocolate, 
 
 reticulated with ochre. Himalayas. 
 
 1876. 
 
 varwga'tixg. i. Yellow. Jifly. 
 
 mfridis. 4. Yellow. July. E. Indies. 1597. 
 
 — utili'ssirtms. A synonym of C. Melo. 
 
 Garden Varieties. 
 
 These are extremely numerous, the 
 following are a few only of those in 
 cultivation : 
 
 Early short green prickly. Fruit, 
 4 inches long. 
 
 Early long green prickly. 7 in. 
 
 Most long green prickly. 9 in. 
 
 Early green cluster. 6 in. 
 
 White Dutch prickly. 6 in. 
 
 Long smooth green Turkey. 10 in. 
 
 Large smooth green Roman. 10 in. 
 
 Flanegan's. 15 in. 
 
 Russian. 12 in. 
 
 White Turkey. 15 in. 
 
 Nepaul. 17 in. 
 
 Rollisson's telegraph. 
 
 Tender and true. 
 
 Turner's Blue Gown. 
 
 The Snake. 12 in. 
 
 Brownston hybrid. 15 in. 
 
 Victory of England. 21 in. 
 
 Ringleader. 15 in. 
 
 Sion House. 9 in. 
 
 Duncan's Victoria. 28 in. 
 
 Allen's Victory of Suffolk. 24 in. 
 
 Duke of Edinburgh. 
 
 Marquis of Lome. 
 
 Victory of Bath. 17 in. 
 
 Prizefighter. 16 in. 
 
 The Early short prickly is often pre- 
 ferred for the first crop, as being a 
 plentiful cropper, quick m coming into 
 production, and the hardiest of all the 
 varieties. The Early long prickly is a 
 hardy, abundantly-bearing variety, but 
 not quick in coming into production. 
 It is generally grown for main crops. 
 The Most long ^ickly is a hardy good 
 bearer. There is a white sub-vanety. 
 The Early green cluster is a very early 
 bearer. It is chiefly characterized by 
 
cue 
 
 [276] 
 
 cue 
 
 its fruit growing in clusters. The whole 
 plant grows compact, and is well suited 
 for hand-glass crops. The White Dutch 
 prickly has an agreeable flavour, though 
 differing from most of the others. It 
 comes quickly into bearing. The other 
 varieties are slow in coming into pro- 
 duction, and are chiefly remarkable for 
 their great size. The Nepaul often 
 weighs twelve pounds, being occa- 
 sionally eight inches in diameter. It is 
 a native of Calcutta. The Snake cucum- 
 ber is very small in diameter. Victory 
 of England is a favourite variety at 
 Ipswich for early forcing. It is prolific, 
 and the best black-spined kind of that 
 town. Its fruit is very handsome, ave- 
 raging a length of sixteen inches, and a 
 diameter of one inch and three quarters. 
 
 Standard of Merit. — Length, not less 
 than twelve inches. Diameter, one- 
 ninth of the length. Colour, dark green. 
 Spines, black and numerous. Bloom, 
 unremoved. Circwmference, circular and 
 equal throughout. Neck and Nose, each 
 not more than a diameter long. Flesh, 
 crisp and juicy. Flower, remaining on 
 the fruit. 
 
 Soil. — A fresh loam, such as the top 
 spit of a pasture, is perhaps as fine a 
 soil as can be employed for the 
 cucumber. 
 
 Culture : in Dung Beds. — The time of 
 sowing cucumber seeds depends upon 
 the time when the plants are required 
 for final ridging out. Three or four 
 weeks will always be required for rais- 
 ing the plants to a fitness for that pur- 
 pose. The seed-bed should be made up 
 three and a half feet high at the back, 
 and from two feet six inches to three 
 feet high in the front, and on a dry 
 bottom. The frame should be put on 
 as soon as the bed is made, and the seed 
 should not be sown until the heat of the 
 bed is sweet and healthy, to which state 
 it may be hastened by its surface being 
 stirred once or twice daily and watered, 
 plenty of air also being given. The 
 best material to put on the seed-bed to 
 plunge the pots or pans of seeds in is 
 old tan, well-rotted manure, or leaf- 
 mould, which may be run through a 
 very coarse sieve. With this material 
 the bed may be covered all over, or any 
 part of it, to any thickness, to suit the 
 purpose intended ; and its being sifted 
 makes it the more pleasant to handle, 
 either for raising the plants nearer to 
 the glass or lowering them. The seeds 
 may be sown either in small pots or in 
 pans, and the seedlings to be moved 
 from one to three plants in a pot. If 
 sown in the pots so as not to need shift- 
 
 ing, the pots may be crocked, and a;' 
 little better than half filled with earth„ 
 and three seeds in each covered half an 
 inch deep. When the plants are up^ 
 they may be thinned either to one or 
 two in each pot ; and as the plants ad- 
 vance in height, so the pots may bfr 
 filled up with rich, light earth, which 
 should be kept in the frame for the pur- 
 pose ; also, a small pot of water should 
 be kept in the frame, for moistening thft 
 earth or sprinkling the plants when re- 
 quired. The plants should be kept 
 within three or rour inches of the glass. 
 Three or four sowings may be made= 
 dming January. It is important to have 
 the seed-bed in the winter months de- 
 fended from piercing winds, by thatched, 
 hurdles both on the west, north, and. 
 east sides. As soon as the young plants- 
 have formed two rough leaves they 
 should be stopped. 
 
 Fruiting - bed. — The materials for 
 making up either this or the seed-beds- 
 should be thoroughly well worked by 
 being turned over four or five times» 
 shaken together well and mixed, and, if 
 dry and husky, thoroughly well watered 
 at the first two turnings, as the work 
 goes on. The lumps should be broken 
 up, and the short mixed with the long,, 
 until the whole mass has one uniformt 
 appearance, and is nearly half rotten. 
 The size of the beds depends on the 
 season. In February, six feet high at 
 the back and three feet in front ; and if 
 in January, a foot higher will be re- 
 quired ; and if March, a foot less will be 
 sufficient. A dry bottom in all cases, 
 and the materials well put together, 
 shaken up, and beaten down well as the 
 work goes on ; and the bed should be 
 always six or eight inches wider than 
 the frame all round. As soon as com- 
 pleted, put on the frame and lights. 
 When settled, and all become sweet and 
 healthy, the hillocks of earth may be 
 put on for the young plants to be placed, 
 in ; but, before the hiUocks are made, 
 particularly in the early season, when 
 the very strong beds cause some danger 
 of burning, some preventive measures, 
 must be adopted. Almost every dung- 
 bed cucumber grower has his favourite- 
 way to prevent this occurrence. Some 
 pave the bottom of the hillock with six 
 or eight bricks ; others with a thick 
 twist of straw or some hay -bands, over 
 which three or four inches thick of cow- 
 dung are placed of about the substance 
 of mortar ; others, again, remove a little 
 of the centres, and place therein a good 
 thick turf with the grass side turned 
 downward, and on this a good thick 
 
cue 
 
 [277] 
 
 cue 
 
 paste of cowdung. But the best plan 
 for the bottom of the hillocks is that 
 ^iven by Mr. Errington in " The Cottage 
 Gardener," at page 164 of vol. iii., by 
 •carrying up a cold bottom of brick-bats, 
 -etc., from the bottom of the bed, as the 
 work goes on. Whichever method is 
 .adopted, the hillock must be about a 
 bushel of rich earth prepared for the 
 purpose, and in a cone shape, so as to 
 bring the plants within six or seven 
 inches of the glass. Do not cover the 
 whole surface of the beds with earth at 
 this time ; for, should the beds be very 
 strong, it may be necessary to under- 
 jnine the hillocks. As the roots put out 
 round the hillock, they should be covered 
 with a handful or two of earth ; and if 
 all goes on well, the hillocks will very 
 soon require to be extended, and the 
 plants stopped and pegged down. 
 
 Hand-glass Crops. — Sow for these 
 towards the end of March or beginning 
 of April. The plants to be ridged out 
 towards the middle or end of April, 
 under hand-glasses. If the open, warm 
 quarters are to be occupied by this fruit, 
 trenches one or one ana a half feet deep 
 should be dug out, by two and a half 
 ieet wide, and ten feet wide from row to 
 TOW ; these to be fiUed with good, fer- 
 menting dung, that has been well 
 worked as for other hotbeds. The 
 trenches should be filled six or eight 
 inches above the common level of the 
 soil before the earth is put on. Put on 
 the earth in the form of a ridge until the 
 Jheat is up, which will be in the course 
 of three or four days, when it may be 
 levelled down, the glasses put on, and 
 the plants turned out under them, and 
 watered with tepid water. The pots out 
 of which the plants were turned may 
 remain to tilt the lights with when a 
 little air is requiredj and when the 
 .plants begin to fill the lights, two simi- 
 lar pots or haK bricks will be required 
 to stand the lights upon over the plants, 
 after which they may be trained out by 
 degrees, and as they begin to extend 
 over the beds, the sides or alleys must 
 be forked and well broken up, making a 
 neat level surface for the plants to oe 
 trained out upon. The plants will re- 
 quire stopping, training, and plenty of 
 water in dry, not weather. 
 
 Temperature. — Air is to be admitted 
 •every day as freely as contingent cir- 
 cumstances will admit, and also at night, 
 if the degree of heat and steam threatens 
 to be too powerful. It must never be 
 neglected to cover the glasses at night, 
 apportioning the covering to the tem- 
 perature of the air and bed. The heat 
 
 should not exceed 80° in the hottest day, 
 or sink below 65° during the coldest 
 night. If the heat declines, coatings of 
 hot dung are to be applied in succession 
 to the back, front, and sides, if that 
 source of heat be employed. As the 
 mould appears dry, moderate waterings 
 must be given, care being taken not to 
 wet the leaves. The best time for 
 applying it is between ten and two of a 
 mild day, the glasses being closed for an 
 hour or two after performing it. The 
 temperature of the water must be be- 
 tween 65° and 80°. The interior of the 
 glass should be frequently wiped, to 
 prevent the condensed steam dropping 
 upon the plants, which is very injurious 
 to them. 
 
 Hot-Water Beds. — Mr. Latter, one of 
 the most successful of cucumber growers, 
 employed hot-water to heat his beds ; 
 and he gives us these leading points in 
 his culture : — He sows in the first week 
 of September, and the vines from this 
 sowing will be in bearing and very 
 strong before February. The seedlings 
 are first shifted into sixty sized pots, 
 secondly into twenty-fours, and lastly 
 into the largest size. If to be trained 
 on a trellis, the runner must not be 
 stopped until it has, trained to a stick, 
 grown through the trellis. The tem- 
 perature in the pit or frame is kept as 
 nearly 65° as possible during the night, 
 and from 75° to 85° during the day ; air 
 being admitted night and day, little or 
 much, according to the state of the 
 weather. The bottom-heat is kept as 
 near as can be to 70°, although he finds 
 that 85° does not hurt the plants. He 
 waters them with soft water until Feb- 
 ruary, and then employs liquid-manure, 
 taking care that the temperature of the 
 liquid is always from 75° to 80°. The 
 earth over the hot-water tank or pipes 
 ought not to be less than fifteen inches 
 deep. During severe frosts it is an 
 excellent plan to keep a small floating 
 light burning within the frame every 
 night. 
 
 Open Ground Crops. — The sowing for 
 these crops must be performed at the 
 close of May, or early m June. A rich, 
 south-west border, beneath a reed or 
 other fence, is peculiarly favourable, as 
 they then enjoy a genial warmth with- 
 out suflTering from the meridian sun. 
 The border being dug regularly over, 
 and saucer-like hollows, about fifteen 
 inches in diameter and one or two deep, 
 formed five feet apart, the seed may be 
 sown six or eight in each. 
 
 Seed may also be sown beneath a 
 hedge of similar aspect, and the plants 
 
cue 
 
 [278] 
 
 cue 
 
 either trained to it or to bushy branches 
 
 E laced perpendicularly. If the weather 
 e diy, it is requisite to water the patches 
 moderately two or three days after sow- 
 ing. In four or five days, if the season 
 he genial, the plants will make their 
 appearance, and until they have attained 
 their rough leaves, should he guarded 
 from the small birds, who will often 
 destroy the whole crop by devouring the 
 seminal leaves. 
 
 If the season be cold and unfavour- 
 able, plants may be raised in pots, under 
 a frame or hand-glasses, as directed for 
 those crops ; to be thence transplanted, 
 when of about a month's growth, or 
 when the third rough leaf appears, into 
 the open ground, shelter being afforded 
 them durmg the night. Water must be 
 given every two or three days, in pro- 
 portion to the dryness of the season, 
 applying it during the afternoon or early 
 in the morning. 
 
 Only three or four plants may be 
 allowed to grow together in a patch, and 
 these pressed far apart. The training 
 must be as carefully attended to as for 
 the other crops ; but stopping is seldom 
 necessai-y, as the plants are rarely super- 
 luxuriant. They will come into produc- 
 tion in August and September. 
 
 To obtain Seed. — For the production 
 of seed, some fruit must be left of the 
 earliest forced production, as this is 
 found to vegetate and produce fruit in 
 much less time than that raised under 
 hand-glasses, from whence the seed for 
 the open-ground crops is usually ob- 
 tained!! The fruit that is left to produce 
 seed should grow near the root, and 
 upon the main stem, not more than one 
 being left on a plant. They must re- 
 main as long as the seed can obtain any 
 nourishment from the plant, which it 
 does whilst the footstalk remains green. 
 When this withers, and the rind of the 
 cucumber has attained its full yellow 
 hue, they may be gathered, and reared 
 in the sun until they begin to decay. 
 The seed -then being scraped out into a 
 vessel, allowed to remain for eight or 
 ten days, and frequently stirred until 
 the pulp attached to it is decayed, may 
 be cleansed by frequent agitation in 
 water : the refuse rises to the top, and 
 passes away with the liquid. Being 
 thoroughly dried by exposure to the air 
 for three or four days, it is then fit for 
 storing. Seed three or four years old is 
 found to be best for use, producing less 
 luxuriant but more productive plants. 
 
 Propagation by Cuttings. — Cuttings 
 five or SIX inches in length, taken from 
 the tops of bearing branches of vigorous 
 
 plants, about the end of September, or 
 early in October, planted in pots of rich 
 mould, and plunged in a hotbed or bark- 
 bed in a stove, will take root, if regu- 
 larly watered, in less than a fortnight, 
 and' may then be planted in a hotbed for 
 fruiting, which they will do as soon as- 
 the roots can support them, perfecting 
 the fruit before Christmas. They may , 
 thus be had in succession, and being- 
 propagated from year to year, are ren- 
 dered, as it were, perennial. The plant* 
 are less succulent, and consequently less 
 liable to damp off, or suffer from the low 
 temperature to which they are liable 
 to be exposed in severe seasons. Mr. 
 Meams puts four inches and a half of 
 mould in pots nine inches deep, in which 
 the cuttings are planted and watered, 
 the tops of the pots being covered with 
 flat pieces of glass, which answer the- 
 purpose of a hand-light, whilst the sides; 
 of the pot afford a sufficient shade until 
 the roots are formed. When the plants 
 have afforded their first crop, any small 
 fiTiit must not be waited for, but the 
 plants be cut back to the lowest shoot, 
 the mould gently stirred, and a little 
 fresh spread over the surface ; the same 
 attention must be paid them as before, 
 when they will shoot afresh, and pro- 
 duce a good crop. 
 
 Cucumber-tree. Magno'lia acu- 
 mina'ta and Averrho'a bili'mbi. 
 
 Cucu'rbita. Gourd. (From ciirbita, 
 a gourd. Nat. ord., Cucurbitacece ; 
 Tribe, Cueumerinecs.) 
 
 Half-hardy trailing annuals, requiring the- 
 same culture as the Cucumber. 
 C. a/wranUaca. 3. Yellow. July. 1802. 
 
 ■ colocynthoi'des. 3. Yellow. July. 1802, 
 
 arangi'na. 3, Yellow. July. 1802. The- 
 
 Orangine. 
 
 — ci'truUus. See Cucumis citruUus. 
 
 — Lagena'ria. See Lagenaria vulgaris. 
 
 — Utora'lis. Java. Syn., C. digitata, var. 
 
 Utoralia. 
 
 — nwJxmia. 4. Yellow, July. India. Wight Ic. 
 
 t. 507. Syn., C. Farince. 
 
 courge'ra. 10. Yellow. July. 
 
 ■ poti'ra. 10. Yellow. July. 
 
 m'ridis. 10. Yellow. July. 
 
 — Tnelanospe'rma. Siam. Syn., C. fieifolia. 
 
 — mdmuefo'rmis. Rev. Hort. 1881, p. 139. 
 
 — mdope'po. 3. Yellow. June. 1697. The^ 
 
 Squash. 
 
 — mexica'na. Mexico. 1889. 
 
 — moscha'ta. 4. Yellow. July. 
 
 — om'fera. 3. Yellow. August. Astracan. 
 
 gri'sea. 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 pyrifo'rmis. 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 mhgloho'sai 3. Yellow. .July. 
 
 ■pe!po. 16. Yellow. July. Levant. 1670. The- 
 Pumpkin. Syn., C. suecado. 
 
 oblo'nga. 6. Yellow. 1570. 
 
 subrotu'nda. 6. Yellow. July. Levant. 
 
 1750. 
 There are considerably over a Ixundred orna- 
 mental varieties of this species that may be- 
 gi-own in the open air during the summer months^ 
 
CUL 
 
 [279] 
 
 CUP 
 
 either as trailers on the ground, or trained up 
 poles ; the latter we prefer as being the moat 
 eilective. 
 
 C pere'nms. Texas and California. Rev. Hort. 
 1855, p. 61. 
 
 — verruca' m. 12. Yellow. June. 1658. 
 
 — ZapdMto. Yellow. S. Brazil. 1873. 
 
 Clllca'sia. (Derivation same as 
 Colocasia. Nat. ord., Aroidece; Tribe, 
 Philodendrem. Allied to Aglaonema. ) 
 
 Stove climber. For culture, see COLOCASIA. 
 C sca'niens. White. Guinea. 1822. 
 
 Culen. Psora'lea glandulo'sa. 
 
 CuUumbine, or Columbine. 
 
 Aquile'gia. 
 
 Cullu'inia. {After Sir T. C. Cullum, 
 who wrote on English plants in 1774. 
 Nat. ord., Compositce ; Tribe, Arcto- 
 tidece. ) 
 
 Greenhonse evergreen. 
 C. pectina'ta. 2. Yellow. August. S. Africa. 
 1818. Syn.^ Berkheya pectinata. 
 
 Cumin. Lagm'cia cuminoi'des. 
 
 Cumi'num cymi'num Common 
 Cumin, an annual, native of Egypt, 
 bearing white flowers, and belonging to 
 the Nat. ord., Umbelliferce. It is cul- 
 tivated for its aromatic seeds. Sow in 
 a warm situation in March, in a rich, 
 light soil ; the plants flower in June, 
 and ripen their seeds in the autumn. 
 
 Cununi'ngia. (Named after the 
 late Lady Gordon Cumming, of Altyre, 
 in Morayshire. Nat. ord., Liliacem ; 
 Tribe, ConantJierece. Allied to Conan- 
 thera. ) 
 
 Beautiful little haJf-hardy bulbs from Chili, 
 which succeed best in a light, rich border in 
 front of a greenhouse, with Ixias, Brodiaeas, 
 Zephyranthes, Anomathecas, and the like. Off- 
 sets ; loam and peat. They must be weU pro- 
 tected or lifted during the winter season. 
 C. campanvla'ta. i. Blue. August. 1823. Swt. 
 H. Gard. t. 267. Syns., Conanthera 
 Mfolia, B. M. t. 2496, and C. caimpanv,- 
 lata. B. E. 1. 1193. 
 
 tendUa. %. Blue. November. 1829. Swt. 
 
 Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 88. 
 trimcuyuJa'ta. |. Blue. December. 1829. 
 
 Cundura'ngo. Gonolo'bm Cun- 
 dura'ngo. 
 
 Cuni'la. (After a town of that 
 name. Nat. ord., Labiatm ; Tribe, 
 Satureinem. Allied to Balm and Mint. ) 
 
 North American hardy herbaceous perennials ; 
 root divisions ; in loam and peat. 
 C. com'nea. A synonym of Calamintha coecinea. 
 
 — maria'na. 1. Bed. September. 1769. B.C. 
 
 1. 1205. 
 
 Cunningha'mia. Broad-leaved 
 China Fir. (In honour of two brothers, 
 J. and A . Cunningham, British botanists 
 in Australia. Nat. ord., Coniferce; 
 Tribe, Araucariece. Allied to the Spruce 
 Fir.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen tree, but in some situa- 
 tions hardy ; light soil, well drained ; cuttings 
 can be rooted, but seldom make handsome 
 plants ; seedlings are best. 
 C. sine^nsis. 40. China. 1804. B. M. t. 2743. 
 Syns., C. lanceolata and Belis lanceolata. 
 — glau'ca. Branch-leaves glacous. 
 
 Cuno'nia. (Named after /. C. Cuno, 
 of Amsterdam. Nat. ord., Saxifragece ; 
 Tribe, Cunoniew.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen tree ; loam and peal ; 
 cuttings in sand, under glass, in heat. 
 C. cape'nsis. 20. White. August. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1816. B. B. t. 828. 
 
 Cupa'nia, (Named after F. F. 
 Cupani, an Italian monk, who wrote on 
 botany. Nat. ord., SapindacecB; Tribe, 
 SapindecB. Allied to Sapindus.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees with white flowers ; 
 loam and peat ; cuttings of half-ripe shoots in 
 sand, under glass, in heat. 
 C. cwne'scens. 16. Coromandelia. 1818. 
 
 — Cunningha'mi. 20. Green. May. N.E.Aus- 
 
 tralia. 1825. B. M. t. 4470. 
 
 — cienta'ta. 12. Mexico^ 1824. 
 
 — exce'lsa. 20. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 — gla'bra. 14. May. Jamaica. 1822. 
 
 — gra'ndidens. Zanzibar, 1884. 
 
 — Pindai'ba. Brazil. 
 
 — sa'pida. 20. Africa. 1793. Akee-tree. 
 
 — sapona'ria. 6. A^ril. W. Italy. 1810. Syn., 
 
 C. sapmm-ioides. 
 
 — seti'gera. 20. November. Moreton Bay. 1830. 
 
 — tomento'sa. 15. W. Indies. 1815. 
 
 — wndula'ta. Brazil. 1865. 
 
 Cu'phea. (From Icuphos, curved ; 
 referring to the form of the seed-pods. 
 Nat. ord., Lythracem ; Tribe, Lythrem. 
 Allied to Lythrum. ) 
 
 Dry, rich soil; seeds; and cuttings in the 
 spring months. 
 
 ANNUALS, ETC. 
 
 C. cireoeoi'des. f . Purple. September. S. 
 Amer. 1821. Greenhouse. B. M. t. 2201. 
 
 — parvijlo'ra. J. Pink. November. Demerara. 
 
 1824. Stove. 
 
 — procu'mbens. 1. Pale purple. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1816. Stove. B. M. 1. 1931. 
 
 — gUenoi'des. Ij. Bluish. September. 1836. 
 
 Hardy. B. M. t. 4362. 
 
 — spica'ta. Eose. Peru. 1819. Hardy. 
 
 — viscosi'ssvma. 1. Purple. July. Central 
 
 America. 1776. Hardy. 
 
 — virga'ta. IJ. Purple. August. Mexico. 
 
 J824. Greenhouse. 
 
 STOVE AND GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS, ETC. 
 
 C. cinnabari'na. See C. pinetorum. 
 
 — Crnnmerso'ni. S. America. 1884. 
 
 — corda'ta. IJ. Scarlet. June. Peru. 1842. 
 
 B. M. 4208. 
 
 — deca'ndra. IJ. Purple. July. Jamaica. 1789. 
 
 — gra'eilis. 1. Purple. July. Orinoco. 1824. 
 
 — 'i'gnea. li. Scarlet, white. June. Mexico. 
 
 1846. Greenhouse. Syn., C. platycentra. 
 Pax. Mag. xiii. p. 267. 
 a'lba. li. White. June. 1848. 
 
 — joruUe'nsis. 2. Orange-red, yellow. Mexico. 
 
 1856. Fl. Ser. t. 994. Syn., C. emineng. 
 
 — lanceola'ta. 1}. Purple. Mexico. 1796. 
 
 Hardy annual. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 
 t. 402. 
 
 — Lla'vea. IJ. Purple. June. Mexico. 1830. 
 
 Greenhouse. Perennial. B. E. 1. 1386. 
 
 — Mdvi'lla. 3. Scarlet. August. Guiana. 1823. 
 
 Herbaceous perennial. B. E. t. 862. 
 
CUP 
 
 [280] 
 
 CUR 
 
 C. micropeftala. 1. Purple. July. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 — minia'ta. Purple, crimson. June. Pax. Mag. 
 
 xiT. p. 101. 
 ]mrpu'rea. IJ. Purplish. June. 1847. 
 
 — multifio'ra. IJ. Purple. September. Trini- 
 
 dad. 1820. B. C. t. 808. 
 
 — oeymoi'des. 2. Purple. June. Mexico. 1859. 
 ~ pirieto'rum. Crimson. July. Mexico and 
 
 Guatemala. 1849. Syn., C. einnabarina. 
 
 — platyce'ntra. See C. ignea. 
 
 — raeemo'sa. 1. Purple. June. W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — Rae'zlii. 2-3. Vermilion, orange. Mexico. 
 
 1877. 
 
 — serpyllifo'lia. 1}. Eed. August. Trinidad. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — etriguUo'sa. IJ. Yellow, red. July. Andes. 
 
 Greenhouse. Paxt. Mag. xi. p. 241. 
 
 — zima,pa'Hi. 2. Blackish-purple, purple. 
 
 Mexico. Hardy annual. 1878. 
 
 Cu'pia. See Randia. 
 
 Cupre'ssus. Cypress. (From Amo, 
 to produce, and parisos, equal ; in refe- 
 rence to the symmetrical growth of the 
 Italian cypress, C. sempervi'rens. Nat. 
 ord., ConijercB.) 
 
 Evergreen trees ; hardy, unless otherwise 
 stated ; rich, loamy soil ; readily increased from 
 seeds ; can be increased from cuttings. 
 C. aroma'tica. California. 
 
 — attenua'tct. 10. N. California. 
 
 — austra'lis. 10. April. N. Holland. Green- 
 
 house. 
 
 — Itaccif&rmis. 20. May. 1818. 
 
 — Bentha'mi. 60. Mexico. Half-hardy. 
 
 — calif&mica. See C. Goveniana, 
 
 — cash'meria'nii. See C. torulosa. 
 
 — Coulte'ri. May. Mexico. 1838» 
 
 — e'legans. See C. Knightiana. 
 
 — exee'lsa. 100. Guatemala. Tender. 
 —fune'lyrit. 60. AprU. N. B. China. 1849. 
 
 Syn., C pendula. Half-hardy. 
 
 — glcmdulo'sa. See C. MacmiMana. 
 
 — glau'ca. See C. lusitanica. 
 
 — Govenia'na. 20. April. California. 1846. 
 
 Syns., C. calif ornwa and Hartwegii. ^ 
 
 — Hartwe'gii, See C. Goveniana. 
 
 — japo'nica. See Cryptomeriaja^onica. 
 
 — Knightialna. 120. Mexico. 1888. Syn., C 
 
 LindUyi. 
 
 — Lambertia'na. See C. macrocarpa, 
 
 — Lawsonia'na. 100. N. California. 1853. 
 
 Syn., ChaiTuiecyjoaris Lawgoniaiia. 
 a'lbo-spi'ca. Twigs silvery. California. 
 
 1869. 
 
 — arge'ntea. Leaves silvery-glaucous. 
 
 na'na. A, dwarf pyramidal compact 
 
 form. 
 
 stri'cta. Garden variety. 1888, 
 
 variega'ta. 1861. 
 
 — Li'ndleyi. See G. Knightiana. 
 
 — lusita'nica. 60. April. Goa. 1683. Half- 
 
 hardy. Syn., C. otouca. Cedar of Goa. 
 
 — Macnabia'na. 10. N. California. 1853. Syns., 
 
 C, glandulosa and C. nivalis. 
 
 — macrocarpa. 60. California. 1847. Syn., 
 
 C. Lambertiana. Monterey Cypress. 
 
 — Tiepale'nsis. See C. torulosa. 
 
 — niva'lis. See C. Macnabiana. 
 
 — nutkc^nm. 100. N.W. America, 
 — pe'ndMla. See C. fvmebris. 
 
 — sempervtrens. 20. May. Candia. 1548. 
 horizonta'lis. 30. May. Mediterranean. 
 
 1834. 
 
 stri'cta. 20. May. Mediterranean. 
 
 variega'ta. 20. May. England, 1848. 
 
 — thwri'fera. 100. Mexico. 1836. 
 
 — thuyoiJdes. 20. May. N. Amer. 1736. White 
 
 Cedar. 
 f&liiS'Variega'tis. April, Ireland. 1831. 
 
 C. tamlo'sa. SO. Nepaul. 1824. 
 
 maje^stica. Stately. 
 
 nana. Dwarf. 
 
 — vi'ridis. Green. 
 
 — Uhdea'na. 60. Mexico. Greenhouse. 
 
 — Whitleya'na. 100. Nepaul. Half-hardy. 
 
 Curate'lla. (From kureno, to shave ; 
 in reference to the leaves being covered 
 with asperities so hard as to render them 
 fit for polishing, Nat, ord, , Dillemacem; 
 Tribe, Delimem. Allied to Delima,) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs ; sandyloamandpeat ; 
 cuttings in sand, under glass, in heat, 
 C, alalia. 8. White. Guiana. 
 
 — ameriea'na. 8, White, S. Amer. 
 
 Curculi'jgO. (From curculio, a wee- 
 vil ; the seeds have a point like the ros- 
 trum, or beak, of the weevil, Nat, ord., 
 AmarylUdece ; Tribe, Hypoxidem.) 
 
 Hypoxids are distinguished from Amaryllids 
 by the absence of bulbs, and by their hairy 
 leaves. Stove herbaceous perennials, except 
 one ; sandy loam and peat ; onsets. 
 C. bremfo'lia. i. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 1804. 
 
 — de'nsa. Yellow. India. 1884. 
 
 — latifo'lia. li. Yellow. Paulo Pinang. 1804. 
 
 — orchioi'des. i. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 1800. 
 
 — pliaa'ta. li. Yellow. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1788. Greenhouse. 
 
 gla'bra. li. Yellow. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1788. • Greenhouse. 
 
 — recurva'ta. 1. Yellow. Bengal. 1806, B. 
 
 E. t. 770. 
 
 — sumatra'na. 3. Yellow. July. Sumatra. 1818. 
 
 — variega'ta. 1872. 
 
 Curculio. Beetles of this destruc- 
 tive genus are popularly known as Wee- 
 vils. The following are some of the chief 
 species : 
 
 C. allia'rice. Stem-boring Weevil. 
 Steel-green colour. Bores the shoots and 
 grafts of young fruit-trees. Appears in 
 June and July. 
 
 C. ba'cchus. Purple or Apple Weevil. 
 Pierces the fruit of the apple, depositing 
 within it its eggs. Appears in Jime 
 and July, 
 
 C. betule'ti. Vine Weevil, Colour 
 steel-blue. Attacks the leaf, rolling it 
 up as a nest for its eggs. The pear is 
 liable to its attacks also. Appears in 
 June and July, 
 
 C. eu'preus. Copper-coloured Weevil. 
 Attacks the leaves and young shoots of 
 tlie plum and apricot, as well as their 
 fruit. Appears m Jane and July. 
 
 C. lineatus. Striped Pea Weevil, 
 Every gardener must have observed the 
 edges of the young; leaves of his peas, 
 and sometimes of his beans, eaten away 
 in scollops, or semicircular pieces. This 
 is often done by the Sitona tibialis, but 
 still more frequently bj- another of the 
 short-snouted beetles, Curculio lineatiis. 
 In Scotland it is commonly called " the 
 Cuddy," or Donkey, from its grey colour. 
 In our drawing it is magnified ; but the 
 
CUR 
 
 [281] 
 
 CUR 
 
 line by its side shows the natural length. 
 The whole body is grey, and marked 
 with black lines ; the antennae reddish ; 
 the eyes black. They survive the winter 
 sheltered beneath moss, etc., and in bad 
 
 ■weather at all seasons retire under 
 stones, only to reappear with the sun- 
 shine. 
 
 C. macvla'rius. Spotted Weevil. Grey 
 colour. April. Also destroys the pea. 
 Soot or lime sprinkled over peas early in 
 the morning before the dew is off from 
 them, and so thickly as to cover the soil 
 about them, would probably save them. 
 To mitigate the attack of the weevils 
 upon trees, the only mode is to spread 
 a sheet beneath them, to shake each 
 branch, and to destroy those beetles 
 which fall. They usually feed at night. 
 
 C nu'cum. Nut Weevil, of which the 
 maggot is so frequent in our filberts. 
 Mr. Curtis thus describes it: — "The 
 insect is brown, with darker bands ; is 
 about a quarter of an inch long, and has 
 a long horny beak, about the middle of 
 which are placed antennae. When the 
 nut is in a young state the female weevil 
 deposits a single egg. The maggot is 
 hatched in about a fortnight, and con- 
 tinues feeding in the interior of the nut 
 till it is full grown, when the nut falls. 
 The maggot has no legs, nor; indeed, 
 has it any use for them, being hatched 
 in the midst of its food ; and when the 
 nut remains on the tree, it forces itself 
 out of the hole it eats in the nut, and 
 falls almost immediately to the ground. 
 The only remedy we are aware of is, in 
 the course of the summer, to frequently 
 shake the trees, which will cause all the 
 eaten nuts to fall to the ground, when 
 they must be collected and burned." 
 
 C. oUo'ngus. Oblong Weevil. Reddish- 
 brown colour. Feeds on the young leaves 
 of the peach, apricot, plum, pear, and 
 apple. Appears in May. 
 
 C. pi'cipes is a dull black, and is very 
 injurious in the vinery. 
 
 C. porno' rum. Apple Weevil. Colour, 
 darkbrown. Attacks the blossom of the 
 apple, and often destroys the whole crop. 
 
 More rarely it attacks the pear blossom. 
 Appears in March and April. 
 
 C. pi/ri. Pear Weevil. Dark brown, 
 very like the Apple Weevil. Appears in 
 April. 
 
 C. sulca'tus. During the winter 
 months, succulent plants, such as Se- 
 dums, etc., become sickly, and die, 
 apparently without a cause. They are 
 thus destroyed by a small, footless grub 
 feeding upon them j ust below the surface « 
 of the earth. This grub is about half an 
 inch long, colour dirty white, fleshy, 
 slightly curved, bristly, and without 
 legs, but furnished at the sides with 
 tubercles, which aid it in moving. At 
 the latter part of May these grubs 
 enter the chrysalis state, becoming 
 
 white, and having the appearance of 
 the body of a beetle stripped of its 
 wings, and in a mummy state. From, 
 this state the perfect insect comes forth, 
 at the end of June, in the form of a 
 small beetle, as pictured in the accom- 
 panying drawing, but not longer than 
 the curved line by its side. It is black, 
 slightly glossy, numerously granulated, 
 so as to resemble shagreen, and a few 
 pale-grey hairs scattered over it. The 
 best mode oi saving succulents from 
 this pest is to have it very assiduously 
 sought for among them during the month 
 of June. If the beetles are allowed to 
 deposit their eggs, the mischief is done. 
 0. tenehrico' sus infests the apricot. 
 Mr. Curtis says that "every crevice in 
 old garden-walls often swarms with 
 these weevils ; and nothing would prove 
 a greater check to their increase than 
 stopping all crevices or holes in walls 
 with mortar, plaster of Paris, or Roman 
 cement, and the interior of hothouses 
 should be annually washed with lime; 
 the old bark of the vines under which 
 they lurk should be stripped off early in 
 the spring, and the roots examined, in 
 October, when they exhibit any un- 
 healthy symptoms from the attacks of 
 the maggots of C. sulcatus. When the 
 
CUR 
 
 [282] 
 
 CUR 
 
 larvEe are ascertained to reside at the 
 base of the wall, salt might be freely- 
 sprinkled, which will kill them as readily 
 as it will the maggots in nuts. Strong 
 infvisions of tobacco-water, aloes, and 
 quassia are also recommended." 
 
 Curcu'nia. Turmeric. (From hwr- 
 hum, its Arabic name. Nat. ord., Sci- 
 tatninece; Tribe, Zingiberece.) 
 Most of the species possess the same aromatic 
 ' stimulating properties in the roots or rhizomes, 
 and seeds, as the common ^nger, and are ob- 
 jects of some heauty from their coloured bracts. 
 Stove herbaceous peremiials ; rich sandy loam ; 
 root division. 
 
 C. (Britgino'sa. 5. Red, yellow. May. Burmah. 
 1807. , 
 
 — albiMra. White, yellow. July. Ceylon. 1862. 
 
 B. M. t. 6909. 
 
 — Ama'da. 2. B.ed, yellow. April. Bengal. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — atifw/ri ssima. E«d, yellow. April. E. Ind. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — angustifaflia. 3. Yellow. July. B. Ind. 1822. 
 
 — aroma'tica. 2. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 1804. 
 
 — australa'sica. Yellow. N. E. Australia, 1867. 
 
 B. M. t. 6620. 
 
 — adsia. 1. Yellow. May. Bengal. 1819. 
 
 — ctmw'sa. 2. Ked, yellow. May. Pegu. 1819. 
 
 — cordalta. 1. Yellow, orange. July. E. Ind. 
 
 B. M. t. 4436. 
 
 — ela'ta. 3. Crimson. May. Burmah. 1819. 
 — ferrugi'nea. 1. Yellow. May. Bengal. 1819. 
 
 — latnfo'Ua. 12. Yellow. May. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — Leopo'ldii, 
 
 — Uueorhi'za. 1. Red, yellow. May. B. Ind. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — lo'nga. 2. August. E. Ind. 1769. B. R. 
 
 t. 886. Syn., ArmmiuTn Curcuma. Jacq. 
 Vind. iii. t. 4. 
 
 — lu'teo-m'ridis, 1882. 
 
 — monta'na. 2. Red, white. May. E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 — parvijlo'ra. |. White, violet. January. 
 
 Prome. 1828. 
 
 — petiola'ta. H. White, yellow ; bracts rose- 
 
 rple. September. Pegu. 1869. B. 
 t. 6821. 
 
 — Soseoea'na. 1. Scarlet. September. E. Ind. 
 
 1837. B. M. t. 4667. 
 
 — reelina'ta. J. Pink. April. E. Ind. 1829. 
 
 — ritbe^scens. 3. Red. July. Bengal. 1806. 
 
 — rubrieaw'lis. 1. Yellow. May. B. Ind. 1822. 
 
 — swmatra'na, 1882. 
 
 — Jtiridiflo'ra. 2. Yellow, green. July. Su- 
 
 matra. 1822. 
 
 — xcmthorhi'za. 4. Red. May. Amboyna. 1819. 
 
 — zedoa'ria. 3. Red. July. E. Ind. 1797. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1646. 
 
 — Zeru'mbet. 3. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1807. 
 
 Curme'ria. See Homalomena. 
 
 Currants. THEKED,Bi'besru'brum; 
 The White, X. ru'brum, var. a'lbum; 
 and The Black, or B. ni'grum, are all 
 deciduous shrubs. The culture of the 
 Red and White differs in some degree 
 from that of the Black. 
 
 Bed Varieties. — The following are the 
 best: 
 
 Mammoth. One of the largest. 
 
 Raby Castle. Late; large acid fruit; 
 hang well. 
 
 La Fertile. Prolific ; good and large. 
 
 Cherry. Early ; large fruit. 
 
 Red Dutch. Fine fruit ; bunch very 
 
 long. 
 White Dutch. Very large and juicy 
 
 berries. 
 Knight's Sweet Red. As its name 
 
 imports. 
 Knight's Large Red. Said to be larger 
 
 than Red Dutch. 
 Houghton seedling, or Goliath. Is 
 
 both late and fine. 
 Red Champagne. Flesh-colour; good 
 
 cropper. 
 White Varieties. — Common White ; 
 Pearl White ; and White Dutch, the last 
 being the largest and best. Wilmott. 
 Large white ; good cropper. 
 
 Propagation: by cuttings. — This is the 
 ordinary way. Young shoots of the most 
 vigorous and straight wood are to be 
 preferred. Shoots of this description 
 should be preserved at the early autumn 
 pruning, and all the immature portion 
 at the point being pruned away, the 
 Ijest of the remainder must form the 
 cutting, and it should be at least one 
 foot in length — if fourteen inches, all 
 the better. Blind all the eyes or buds 
 below the surface of the ground, to 
 prevent suckers springing up ; for these 
 cuttings will emit roots from the inter- 
 nodes or points between the joints. 
 Cuttings placed in a somewhat shaded 
 situation, and fastened tolerably firm in 
 the soil, will make two or three shoots 
 the first summer. They may be put in 
 rows eighteen inches apart, and about 
 eight inches apart in the rows. In the 
 succeeding autumn prune the shoots 
 they have made back to about four or 
 five eyes or buds on each ; and by the 
 succeeding autumn they will be fine 
 bushes, possessing some six or eight 
 shoots each, from which a selection must 
 be made, for on this depends the future 
 form of the tree. It is seldom that more 
 than five shoots can be retained ; indeed, 
 sometimes the shoots are produced so 
 irregularly, that not more than three 
 canbe saved — standing, of course, nearly 
 in a triangular form. However, only 
 those should be reserved which are really 
 well placed, not only with regard to form , 
 but tneir distance apart. In forming the 
 bush, let there be no central shoot left, 
 but let the whole, if possible, form either 
 a triangle, if three ; a square, if four ; 
 or a bowl-like character — in fact, about 
 the form of a good tulip, if more than 
 four. The trees are now ready for their 
 final destination, if necessary, or they 
 will stand another year before final 
 removal. 
 
 By Layers. — This is seldom resorted 
 to. If, however, any one should possess. 
 
CUR 
 
 [283] 
 
 CUR 
 
 a choice seedling of which he is desirous 
 to make much profit, he might elevate 
 the soil to the branches, as in the act of 
 layering carnations, and lay the shoots 
 for propagation flat on the surface, cut- 
 ting a notch below each bud, pegging the 
 shoot down, and soiling it over about 
 an inch : every bud becomes a plant. 
 
 By Seed. — This is resorted to for the 
 sake of raising new varieties. Sow the 
 seeds as soon as ripe, and in the spring 
 place them in a hotbed ; the plants will 
 
 frow above a foot high the same season, 
 lany of them fruit at two years old, 
 and nearly all at three. 
 
 Suckers. — They grow readily from 
 suckers. There is little doubt but that 
 plants thus reared are more liable to 
 produce suckers than those from cut- 
 tings. 
 
 Soil. — The Red and White Currants 
 love a free, upland soil ; a clayey soil is 
 too cold, and a very sandy one is too 
 hungry. They are averse to water- 
 lo^ed soil in any form. 
 
 Culture in the Groimn^ Period. — In 
 the first place, if the soil is liable to 
 suffer from drought, let a top-dressing 
 of haK- decayed manure, or Uttenr ma- 
 terial, be spread three inches thick over 
 their roots, at the end of May, after 
 rain. The next point is "stop," or 
 remove, what is termed the watery 
 wood. All shoots growing into the 
 interior of the bush, to the exclusion 
 of light and air, may be cut back when 
 about nine inches in length, far enough 
 to render the centre of the bush com- 
 pletely open. This will be necessary 
 about the middle of June. In about 
 another fortnight, the watery or wild- 
 looking breast-spray all round the exte- 
 rior may be pruned back to within four 
 inches of their base. This leaves a 
 regular tuft of foliage all round, abso- 
 lutely necessary for a partial shade to 
 the swelling fruit. Some intervening 
 spray between each two branches must 
 be served likewise ; and if growing 
 freely, the leading points of the shoots 
 may be stopped a&o. 
 
 Culture %n the Best Season. — Early 
 pruning is the first thing to be thought 
 of, as soon as possible after the leaves 
 are fallen. Every healthy branch in a 
 bearing state will, during the summer, 
 produce abundance of side-shoots from 
 amongst the spurs : this is the wood we 
 have first named as being all the better 
 for stopping in June. AU this must be 
 cut back, at the winter's pruning, to 
 within one inch or so of the main stem. 
 An exception must, however, be taken 
 in favour of gaps or blanks, and a shoot 
 
 here and there must be reserved to fill 
 such, taking care that they are well 
 placed, and that they are low enough 
 down; the lower the better. Pruning 
 being carried thus far, it is best to 
 shorten every terminal point. This in- 
 duces a liberal production of side-shoots 
 in the ensuing summer ; and the base of 
 each becomes a centre around which a 
 host of fruit-spurs will be engendered. 
 Any decayed or decaying wood must be 
 cut away ; but, if there is much of this, 
 it is best to destroy the bush, and plant- 
 anew ; for it seldom makes a good bush 
 again. Those who have not top-dressed 
 in the summer may now do so, and th& 
 winter's work will be complete. 
 
 Fruit: uses: how to keep. — The fruit 
 commences ripening, under ordinary 
 circumstances, in the end of June, and 
 continues hanging for a length of time^ 
 if unmolested by the birds or wasps. 
 The White will hang nearly two months, 
 and theRed we have gathered, uncovered 
 and unprotected, in the first week of 
 November. The ordinary way of retard- 
 ing the currant is by inclosing the trees 
 in mats when the fruit is rather more 
 than three parts ripe. These mats should 
 be taken off at least once a week on dry 
 ■days, to dispel the damp. All decaying- 
 leaves and berries should, at such times, 
 also be carefully removed. Some train 
 against north walls, where the fruit 
 keeps very late, but is exceedingly acid. 
 A White Currant or two, planted against- 
 a south wall or fence, will come in very 
 early for the dessert. ^ 
 
 Diseases. — We are not aware of any 
 except a premature decay of the old- 
 shoots, after the manner of apricots, the- 
 causes of which are not well understood. 
 
 Insects. — The caterpillar sometimes 
 attacks them ; but their greatest eneray 
 is an aphis, which distorts the leaves in- 
 a puckered form, producing red blisters.- 
 Tobacco- water is the best remedy. 
 
 Currant (The Black). 
 
 Varieties. — We are not aware of any 
 more than four in this section really- 
 deserving of notice, which are — 
 
 The Common Black. A good bearer^ 
 but fruit small. 
 
 Lee's prolific. Sweet ; good cropper. 
 
 Ogden's black grape. Good cropper. 
 
 The Black Naples. A short bunch,, 
 but noble berries. 
 
 The latter kind is now almost univer- 
 sally cultivated. It both requires and 
 deserves a generous treatment. The> 
 "Black Grape" is recommended by- 
 some ; but we question if it is not syno- 
 nymous with the Black Naples. 
 
CUR 
 
 [284] 
 
 CUR 
 
 Propagation : by Cuttings, Seeds, and 
 Layers, similarly to the Red and White. 
 
 Soil. — Moisture of a permanent cha- 
 racter is the great desideratum with this 
 shrub ; dry soils can never do justice to 
 it. A soil somewhat adhesive in charac- 
 ter suits it best, but not a Cold clay ; 
 although, with due culture, we have 
 Icnown them succeed well in a soil of 
 which clay or marl formed one of the 
 principal compounds. A soft and dark- 
 ish-looking soil, such as the scouring of 
 •old ditches, resting on a clayey sub-soil, 
 and especially if large trees overhang, 
 becomes, by the action of water, an 
 excellent material for a Black Currant 
 plantation. The clayey principle is 
 generally incorporated witli it ; and 
 being rich in vegetable matter, it con- 
 stitutes a fat and pulpy mass. It must, 
 however, he thrown out some time to 
 mellow, previously to its being mixed 
 -with the soil. In Cheshire, it is very 
 usual to see them planted on the sides 
 of ditches, which convey the impure 
 drainage from the house or farmstead ; 
 and there they luxuriate, with a very 
 inferior course of culture in other re- 
 spects. It may, nevertheless, be observed, 
 that almost any ordinary garden-soil, if 
 of tolerably sound texture, will grow 
 them pretty well, with the mulchings 
 we shall have to recommend. 
 
 Culture in the Orovdng Period. — There 
 are three essential points of spring and 
 summer culture, viz. — mulching, water- 
 ing, and the extermination of the 
 aphides. Mulching we prefer done in 
 November, as soon as the bushes are 
 pruned; we will, therefore, advert to 
 this under "rest culture." If, however, 
 it has been omitted at that period, apply 
 it in the early part of May, immediately 
 .after a liberal rain. If dry weather ensue 
 between the period of the berries attain- 
 ing the size of small peas and their final 
 ■change towards ripening, the water-pot 
 must be used freely. The want of a per- 
 manency of moisture is the predisposing 
 cause towards a severe visitation from the 
 aphides ; but these are easily destroyed 
 if the bushes are syringed two evenings 
 in succession with soap-suds, in which 
 tobacco, after the rate of six or eight 
 ounces to the gallon, has been well 
 soaked. 
 
 Culture m theBestPeriod. — Prune and 
 then top-dress. The pruning should 
 he done as soon as the leaves have 
 fallen, unless the trees are very gross, 
 when it will, perhaps, be as well to allow 
 them to waste a little of their surplus 
 .strengthforfearof the bud being impelled 
 "into action too early. In pruning, very 
 
 little of the shortening, as applied to the 
 RedandWhitekinds,isnecessary;infact, 
 we practise none at all, unless in the case 
 of overgrown hushes, when we merely 
 remove altogether, or shorten back, those 
 which are becoming inconveniently high. 
 The whole of the process of winter 
 pruning, therefore, resolves itself into 
 "thinning out," except in the case of 
 young trees forming their head. In thin- 
 ning bearing trees, suffer no two shoots 
 to touch in any part of the tree. En- 
 deavour to remove all cross or very ob- 
 lique shoots, in order to promote easy 
 pruning in subsequent seasons ; and 
 where a bare part of the bush occurs, let 
 a strong shoot or two, in a proper situa- 
 tion, be shortened back about one-third 
 their length, in order to cause young wood 
 to abound in that part the following 
 year. As a general rule, let the shoots 
 average four inches apart all over the 
 tree when pruned. When trees acquire 
 some age, let the praner, as his first 
 act, look carefully over the bush, and 
 see what old shoots may be completely 
 pruned away. All those which possess 
 merely a twig or two of young wood at 
 the extremity may he at once cut out, 
 for they take more from the tree than 
 they repay.. As to forming young trees, 
 the directions given for ttie other cur- 
 rants will apply very well ; only there is 
 no necessity to preserve the interior of 
 the bush open, as in the Red and White 
 kinds. A young tree, therefore, at three 
 years old, may contain ten or twelve 
 shoots, at equal distances. As soon as 
 such a number can be obtained, short- 
 ening may cease. 
 
 Fruit: how to keep. — This fruit is 
 soon over ; for, once ripe enough for the 
 table, it is gone in a few days ; and it 
 is so liable to drop, that this is one of 
 the very few fruits that bid defiance to 
 the art of keeping on the bush. Keep- 
 ing on the tree, if attempted, must be 
 on the retarding principle ; and canvas 
 or mats must be thrown over the bushes 
 when the fruit is about one-third ripe. 
 
 Currant Sphinx. (TrocMlumtipu- 
 lifo'rme. ) Every one acquainted with old 
 gardens must have frequently noticed 
 that one or more of the branches of the 
 currant-trees tenanting them have sud- 
 denly withered and died without any ap- 
 parent cause. In such cases, if the wood 
 of the branch be split down the centre, 
 the pith will be found all consumed, the 
 tube where it had been blackened, and 
 nothing remaining but the excrements of 
 a caterpillar, which may also be caught 
 at his work of destruction if the ex- 
 
CUR 
 
 [285] 
 
 CUS 
 
 animation is made so soon as the branch 
 first shows symptoms of withering. 
 This caterpillar— fleshy, whitish, with 
 four yellowish-brown spots near its head 
 — is the larva of the Currant Sphinx. 
 The parent moth is beautiful, and may 
 be seen at the end of May and early in 
 June during hot sunshine, either settled 
 on the leaves of the currant, or flying 
 around the flowers of the syringa and 
 lilac. It is about three-quarters of an 
 inch across the wings when these are 
 quite opened; the prevailing colour is 
 bluish-black, with various parts yellow ; 
 the antennse black ; the breast with a 
 yellow line on each side ; the abdomen, 
 or lower part of the body, has three yel- 
 low rings round it in thefemales, andfour 
 in the males ; the four wings are barred 
 and veined with black; it has a brush of 
 fine scales at the end of its abdomen, 
 which fan it can expand as it pleases. 
 TheRed, White, and Black Currant, and, 
 we think, the Gooseberry, are all liable 
 to its attacks. It lays its eggs at this 
 time in openings of the bark of a young 
 shoot ; and the caterpillar, immediately 
 it is hatched, penetrates to its pith, and 
 eats its way down this until it reaches 
 the pith of the main branch. The only 
 securitive measures are to kill the moth 
 whenever seen, and to split open the 
 withered branches, and serve the cater- 
 pillars similarly. — The Cottage Gardener, 
 li. 115. 
 
 Currant-bud disease. Currant 
 buds, especially those of the Black Cur- 
 rant, not unfrequently prove abortive 
 without any very apparent cause ; but 
 if the scales be a little opened out, and 
 
 examined under a lens, they will be 
 found to be infested with a very mmute 
 whitish mite. Fig. 1 represents an m- 
 fested bud with the scales partly open, 
 slightly magnified; Fig. 2, a mite, 
 greatly magnified. 
 
 The mites are so minute as to be 
 scarcely visible to the eye, being not 
 more than about Aj, of an inch in length. 
 The body is white and fleshy, with 
 numerous transverse rows of very minute 
 points (represented by lines in the en- 
 graving). In all the examples we have 
 seen, there were only two pairs of legs 
 and two terminal bristles ; but in the 
 "Gardeners' Chronicle" for 1869, p. 841, 
 they are stated to have, later in the year, 
 three or four pairs of legs. The Currant- 
 mites cause the abortion of the flower- 
 ing shoots, by sucking the juices of the 
 young buds, and it is probable that when 
 they have exhausted the juices of one 
 bud they migrate to another ; and as this- 
 is unlikely to take place before the vm- 
 injured buds have fully expanded their 
 leaves, and the next year's buds com- 
 menced to form, it is then that the dis- 
 eased buds should be picked off and 
 destroyed, and in badly infested bushes 
 the branches should be coated with lime, 
 
 Ourrant-^all. See Oak-galls. 
 
 Curti'sia. Hassagay-tree. (In ho- 
 nour of the late WiUiam Ctirtis, who- 
 originated the Botanical Magazine. Nat. 
 ord., ComacecE.) 
 
 Cornels are entirely distinct from Caprifoils,. 
 with which they have long been associated. The- 
 Hottentots and Caffers make from this tree the 
 shalts of their javelins. Greenhouse evergreen, 
 tree; sandy loam and peat ; cuttings in sand,, 
 under glass, in heat. 
 
 C. fagi'nea. SO. Pale. Cape of Good Hope. 
 1775. Harv. Thes. Cap. t. 124. 
 
 Cu'scuta. Dodder. (From kechou, 
 its Arabic name. Nat. ord., Oonvolvu- 
 lacecej Tribe, Cuscutece.) 
 
 One peculiarity in all the Dodders is that the 
 seeds germinate in the earth ; but, as soon as th& 
 branches are grown sufficiently to take hold of a. 
 neighbouring plant, or even of each other, they 
 lose their attachment to the soil. Curious para- 
 sitical plants, with white flowers ; sown in April. 
 They will live upon almost any plant they can. 
 lay hold of, such as the common stinging-nettle, 
 clover, hemp, etc. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 C. america'na. August. S. Amer. 1816. 
 
 — Hooke'ri. September. B. Ind. 1823. 
 
 — odwa'ta. January. Lima. 1820. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 C. austra'lis. August. Port Jackson. 1818. B. B» 
 t. 603. 
 
 — ohiU'nm. August. Chili. 1821. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 C. calif mica. July. California. 1847. 
 
 — chine'rms. August. China and India. 
 
 — epili'mwm. July. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 
 t. 926. 
 
 — epi'thymum. July. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 
 
 — europd'a. July. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 
 t. 927. 
 
 — lupvKfo'rmis. See C. monogyna. 
 
 — mdo-oca'rpa. July. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 — monogy'na. July. Levant. 1818. Syn., C. 
 
 T/upuliformie, 
 
cus 
 
 [286] 
 
 CUT 
 
 C. refle'xa. August. Nepaul. 1821. B. M. t. 
 6566, Syn., C. verrucosa. 
 
 — trifo'lii. July. Britain, Syn., C. minor, var. 
 
 trifolii, 
 
 Cusso'nia. (Named after P. Cusson, 
 a French botanist. Nat. ord., Aralia- 
 cere. Allied to Panax.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from South 
 
 Africa, with green flowers ; cuttings in sand, 
 
 "under a glass, with bottom-heat ; loam and peat. 
 
 C. spica'ta. 6. November. Caflraria. 1789. 
 
 Syn., C. triptera. 
 
 — thrysiflo'ra. 6. Summer. Table Mt. 1795. 
 ■ — tri'ptera. See C. spicata. 
 
 Custard Apple. Ano'na. 
 
 Cutting is a part of a plant capable 
 of emitting roots, and of becoming an 
 individual similar to its parent. The 
 ■circumstances requisite to effect this are 
 •a suitable temperature and degree of 
 moisture. 
 
 A rooted cutting is not a new plant ; 
 it is only an extension of the parent, 
 gifted with precisely the same liabits, 
 and delighting in exactly the same de- 
 cree of heat, light, and moisture, and in 
 the same food. There are numbers of 
 plants which strike most readily from 
 the young shoots ; others from partially- 
 ripened wood ; some from a leaf with a 
 bud at its base; a fourth set from off- 
 shoots from the base of the old plants ; 
 and a fifth from leaves or portions of 
 leaves only; and in some rare cases, 
 irom the mere scolloped edges of the 
 leaves ; whilst several can only be pro- 
 pagated by cuttings of the roots, and a 
 lew by cuttings of the flower-stems. 
 Particular cases will be described under 
 "the names of the species requiring some 
 peculiar mode. In this place only gene- 
 ral hints can be given. 
 
 Cuttings of hardy flowering-plants. 
 — Most kinds of quick-growing, soft- 
 wooded plants are best propagated by the 
 young shoots or tops of the plants. 
 The following list embraces the prin- 
 cipal of them: — Soft-wooded plants. — 
 Anagallis, Antirrhinums, Calceolarias, 
 Carnations, Chrysanthemums, Dahlias, 
 Dianthus, Double Wallflowers, Double 
 Stocks, Gorterias, Gaillardias, Dwarf 
 Lobelias, Fuchsias, Pelargoniums, Petu- 
 nias, Penstemons, Pinks, Salvias, and 
 Verbenas. These may all be placed in 
 pots, in sand, in a frame heated either by 
 leaves, manure, or tan, or in a pit or 
 house built purposely, and heated by a 
 tank and hot water-pipes. Greenhouse 
 hard wooded plants or shrubs that strike 
 best from young shoots or tops : — Aca- 
 cias, Aphelexis, Azalea (Chinese), Bo- 
 ronia, Bossisea, Chironia, Chorozema, 
 Crowea, Correa, Cytissus, Daviesia, Dil- 
 
 wynia, Epacris, Eriostemon buxifolium 
 (for stocks to graft the other species 
 on). Erica, Gastrolobium, Gompho- 
 lobium, Hardenbergia, Leschenaultia, 
 Kennedya, Mirbelia, Oxylobium, Platy- 
 lobium, Pleroma, Podolobjum, Pimelia 
 decussata (for stocks to graft the rest of 
 the genus upon), Pultenaea, Stvphelia, 
 Tacsonia, Zichya, and all New Holland 
 shrubs of similar habit. These require 
 to be placed in a gentle tan-bed, planted 
 in pots, in silver sand, closely covered 
 witn bell-glasses, which should be wiped 
 dry occasionally, and shaded from clear, 
 bright sunshine. Great numbers of stove 
 plants of woody habit require the same 
 mode of treating their cuttings, for which 
 see the body of the Dictionary. 
 
 Cuttings of partially-ripened Wood.'— 
 Camellia, Cape Pelargoniums, Coniferse, 
 Erythrina, Echites, Gardenia, Gordonia, 
 Hakea, Magnolia, Metrosideros, Nerium, 
 Portlandia, Kosa, especially the China 
 and Tea-scented, and most kinds of hardy 
 evergreen shrubs. 
 
 Cuttings of Leaves with a Bud at the 
 Base. — When cuttings of any kind of 
 large-leaved plants are scarce, they may 
 be successfully increased by single leaves 
 with a bud at the base. We need not 
 particularize any species, as most of the 
 last section, and several of the others 
 that have moderate-sized leaves, may be 
 propagated in this mode of making cut- 
 tings. 
 
 Cuttings of Leaves only, without Buds. — 
 The following will increase readily by 
 this mode : Achimenes, Gesnera, Glox- 
 inia, and all of similar habit, as well as 
 some Begonias. 
 
 Cuttings of Offshoots from the base of 
 the old plants. — Cinerarias, tall Lobelias, 
 Statices, and most kinds of herbaceous 
 plants, increase readily by this mode. 
 
 Cuttings of the Boots. — There are a 
 few plants that will not readily increase 
 by any of the above modes, particularly 
 some herbaceous plants : CEnothera ma- 
 crooarpa is one, and CEnothera ceespitosa 
 is another. Amongst hardy shrubs the 
 Pyrus japonica and its varieties will 
 propagate by this mode ; also the Abele 
 poplar. In the stove, the Ardisias, Cle- 
 rodendrons, Dracsenas, Ipomeeas (the 
 tuberous-rooted species), and the Petrsea 
 Stapelia. 
 
 Cuttings of the Flower-stem. — Double 
 white and yellow Rockets, the tall Lobe- 
 lias, Double Lychnis, and a few others, 
 may be increased by cutting the flower- 
 stem into lengths, and placing the cut- 
 tings under a hand-glass in a shady 
 border. 
 
 In all hollow-stemrned plants the pre- 
 
CUT 
 
 [287] 
 
 CUT 
 
 sence of a node, or joint, to cut through. 
 at is essential. This is the reason why 
 cutting through at a joint is also of im- 
 portance in other cases, and also the 
 reason why taking those little shrubby 
 side-shoots as cuttings is often so suc- 
 cessful, what is technically termed the 
 heel — the point of junction between the 
 elder branch and the young shoot — being 
 well -supplied with incipient buds, which 
 readily produce roots. Whatever maybe 
 the mode and the time in which a cut- 
 ting is made, and whether it is necessary, 
 in the peculiar circumstances, to cut 
 clean through at a joint, it is of impor- 
 • tance that wie cut be made with a clean, 
 sharp knife. 
 
 Ttme when Cuttings should he taken. — 
 When any particular period is mentioned 
 for this operation m this work, it is 
 merely the period when, under general 
 circumstances, the practice would be 
 most suitable. Other things being eq^ual, 
 spring and summer are the best times 
 for propagating greenhouse and stove 
 shrubs, as thus the plants are established 
 before winter. 
 
 Leaves of a Cutting. — Unless in par- 
 ticular circumstances, as many leaves 
 should be removed as would enable the 
 cutting to be firmly fixed in the cutting- 
 pot, and if the leaves be large, a portion 
 more may be removed, or lessened in 
 their dimensions, in order to reduce the 
 evaporating suiface, success consisting 
 in keeping the cutting healthy, and yet 
 preventingitfrom parting with its stored- 
 Tip juices ; and hence the reason why we 
 cover them with bell-glasses, and shade 
 them from bright sunshine. The more 
 leaves left, provided they can be kept 
 ■healthy and vigorous, the sooner wUl 
 roots be formed by the elaboration of 
 ;fresh material, and the more quickly and 
 without flagging will this elaboration 
 take place, the more light the leaves 
 receive. Shading, or diffused light, is 
 essential at first ; but the sooner it can 
 be dispensed with the better. Continued 
 too long, the shading would make the 
 cuttings weak and spindly. 
 ■ Soil. — Except for particular cases, 
 nothing is better than silver sand placed 
 over a layer of soil in which the plant 
 delights, and beneath this the pot to be 
 filled with drainage. In general cases, 
 half an inch of sand, and three-quarters 
 of an inch of san^peat, or sandy loam, 
 will be amply sufiiieient ; and the nearer 
 the cuttings are inserted to the side of 
 the pot, the sooner will they protrude 
 i03ts. When a bell-glass is used that 
 would come close to the side of the pot, 
 it is a good thing to put one pot inside a 
 
 larger one, fill up the space between them 
 to within a requisite distance of the top 
 with drainage, then with the soil and 
 sand, and place the cuttings firmly round 
 the outside of the inner pot. In this 
 case the inner pot may be empty, be sup- 
 plied with damp moss, or even, in some 
 peculiar cases, filled with water, though 
 the latter would be more generally appli- 
 cable to stove than greenhouse plants. 
 The turning of a smaller pot topsy-turvy 
 inside of a large one, so that the inner 
 forms a sort of chimney, and inserting 
 the cuttings round the sides of its in- 
 verted bottom, now the top, is also a 
 good plan, especially when it is desirable 
 to give the plants the stimvdus of a good 
 bottom-heat, as by stopping with pot- 
 sherd the hole in the bottom, liow upper- 
 most, the stimulus is applied to the base 
 of the cutting ; and thus roots are en- 
 couraged, rather than lengthened up- 
 wards. 
 Bottom-heat. — Unless where fresh 
 
 frowth is rapidly making, and the plants 
 ave received extra stimulus on purpose, 
 (CreewAoMsejote'rtisshouldnothave bottom- 
 heat, in general, until a callus is formed 
 at their base. When that is done, a mild, 
 moist bottom-heat — a heat a medium be- 
 tween thegeneral temperature of agreen- 
 house and a stove — may be given with 
 advantage. When, however, in many 
 hard-wooded plants, heat has been given 
 to cause the protrusion of short new 
 shoots from one to two inches in length, 
 and these are taken off just as their bot- 
 toms are getting a little firm, then in 
 their case a mild, sweet hotbed at once 
 will just suit them, care being taken that 
 the atmosphere is not kept too hot, to 
 cause more elongation upwards. Stove 
 plants, on the other hand, as they re- 
 quire more heat at all times than green- 
 house plants, so scarcely ever do their 
 cuttings suffer from bottom-heat, though 
 pretty strong ; and hence it often hap- 
 pens that they are more readily propa- 
 gated than greenhouse shrubs. 
 
 Cuttings of hardy Fruit-trees. — Any 
 time between the fall of the leaf and the 
 first swelling of the bud in the spring, 
 such cuttings may be put out. As a 
 general rule, we should say that the end 
 of October is a very good time, provided 
 the trees in question have cast their 
 leaves. By early planting, the wounded 
 portions become, as it were, healed by 
 the callosity which will frequently form 
 at the lower end, even during the mnter. 
 It is of importance to select a good situa- 
 tion : a sunny and dry spot is a bad one ; 
 and one too shady, especially if with 
 overhanging trees, is apt to cause the 
 
CUT 
 
 [288] 
 
 CYC 
 
 cuttings to grow weakly. The north 
 side or a wall is very good, placing the 
 cuttings not nearer than wirthm four feet 
 of the wall, and not farther than seven 
 feet. Here they will get shading during 
 the more difficult portion of their rooting 
 period, which will be during April and 
 May ; and hy Midsummer, or soon after, 
 when all those which will succeed will 
 be well rooted, they will both receive 
 and enjoy a liberal amount of sunshine. 
 The cuttings must be made somewhat 
 firm at their lower end ; and if a very 
 dry time occurs in March, April, or 
 Maj, it may become necessary to lightly 
 sprinkle them occasionally. 
 
 Cutting - in is shortening the 
 branches. 
 
 Cyana'nthus. (From hyanos, blue, 
 and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Cam- 
 panulacece ; Tribe, Caw/panulecB. Allied 
 to Campanula. ) ^ 
 
 A pretty little hardy herbaceous plant ; re- 
 quires a damp peaty soil. Seeds and cuttings 
 under a hand-light ; sandy soil. 
 C. loha'tus. ^. Purple, blue. August. Chinese 
 Tartary. 1844. B. B. 1847, t. 6. 
 
 Cyane'lla. (From the diminutive 
 of hyanos, blue. Nat. ord. , Liliacem ; 
 Tribe, Conantherece, Allied to Antheri- 
 cum.) 
 
 Pretty little bulbous plants, from South Africa, 
 ■which succeed best planted out in a deep border 
 of light, rich compost in front of a greenhouse, 
 to be protected from frost like Ixias, and such- 
 like bulbs. 'All the email bulbs we recommend 
 to be thus treated may be grown in pots like 
 Ixias. Increased by offsets. 
 C. a'lba. 1. White. July. 1819. 
 
 — cap^nsis. 1. Blue. July. 1768. B. M, t. 
 
 — lu'tm. i. Yellow. July. 1788. B. M. t. 
 
 1262. 
 
 — ■ linea'ta. 1. Striped. Jjily. 1816. 
 
 odorati'ssima. 1. Bed. July. 1826. Syn., 
 
 C. odofratissimui, B. B. 1. 1111. 
 
 — orchid-ifo'rmis. 1. Blue. August. 1826. 
 
 — ro'eea. Bose. S. Africa. 1872. Syn., C. lutea 
 
 rosea. Bef. Bot. t. 259. 
 
 Cyanophy'Uum. (From kyanos, 
 blue, and phyllon, a leaf ; referring to 
 the colour of the leaves' under-surface. 
 Nat. ord., MelastomacecB. United to 
 Miconia in the Genera Plantarum.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings under a hand-glass 
 in heat. Sandy peat and loam. 
 C. assa'wdcuw,. Assam. 1858. 
 
 — Bovrma'ni, Brazil. 1868. 
 
 — magni'Jieum. Mexico. 1858. Rev. Hort. 
 
 1869, p. 339. Syn., Miconia magnifica. 
 
 — meta'llimmi. "Pale purple. Andes of Vene- 
 
 zuela. 1852. Syn., Miconia metalUca. 
 
 — spedo'suTn. Mexico. 1861. 
 
 — spectal-ndwm. Brazil. 1866. 
 
 Cyanotha'mnus. (From kyanos, 
 blue, and thamnos, a shrub ; referring to 
 its flowers. Nat. ord., iJwtocecB; Tnbe, 
 BoroniecB, Allied to Boronia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Swan 
 Biver. Cuttings in moderate heat, in sand 
 under a glass ; sandy loam and peat. 
 C. ra/mo'sus. Blue. 
 
 — te^nuis. Blue. Annual. 
 
 Cyano'tis. (From kyanos, blue, and 
 ous, an ear ; referring to the shape of 
 the petals. Nat. ord., Commelynacem. 
 Allied to Tradescantia. ) 
 
 Rich soil ; C. baria'ta is increased by root, 
 division, the others by seed. 
 0. axilla'ris. 1. Blue. August. B. Ind. 1822. 
 Greenhouse biennial. 
 
 — liarba'ta. 1. Blue. August. Nepaul. 1824.. 
 
 Hardy perennial. 
 
 — crista'ta. 1. Blue. August. Ceylon. 1770> 
 
 Greenhouse biennial. 
 
 — kewe!nsis. Bose. Winter and spring. Mala- 
 
 bar. 1874. Syn., Erythrotis Beddomei. 
 
 — nodifio'ra. Purple. S. Africa. 1864. 
 
 — mtta'ta. See Zebrina peTidula. 
 
 Cya'thea. (From kyatheion, a little 
 cup ; in reference to the appearance of 
 the spore or seed-cases on the back of 
 the leaves. Nat. ord., FUices.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree-ferns, except otherwise: 
 specified ; loam and peat ; root division or spores.. 
 C. aculea'ta. W. Indies. 
 
 — ario'rea. 16. W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 — Bu'rhei. 10. Natal. 1873. 
 
 — caTutlicula'ta. Mauritius. 
 
 — Cv/nningha'7nii. 30. New Zealand. 1860, 
 
 — deaXbaOa. New Zealand. Greenhouse 
 
 — Brdgci. 4. Natal. 1873. 
 
 — eHegans. Jamaica. 1843. 
 
 — eoxfllsa. 20. Mauritius. 1825. 
 — fwmlbris. New Caledonia. 1873. 
 
 — Hooke/ri. Ceylon. 1868. 
 
 — insi'gnis^ Syn.^ Cibotiwm priiiceps. 
 
 — i'ntegra. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — meduUa'rig. New Zealand. Greenhouse, 
 
 — 'misrophi/lla. Andes of Peru. 1884. 
 
 — petiola'ta. Jamaica. 
 
 — pubs' scens. 3. Jamaica. 1879. 
 
 — se'rra. W. Indies. 
 
 — sinua'ta. 3. Ceylon. 1861. 
 
 — Smi'thii. 25. New Zealand. 1860 
 
 — spimdo'sa,. India and Japan. 
 
 Cyatho'des. (From kyathos, a cup j 
 referring to the form of the limb, or ex- 
 panded opening of the flower. Nat. ord., 
 Mpacridacece. Allied to Styphelia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens with white flowers,, 
 from Australia. Peat and loam ; cuttings in. 
 sand, with a little peat, under glass. 
 C. acero'sa. 8. July. 1823. 
 
 — glau'ca. 20. April. 1818. 
 
 — oxycelda'a. 6. April. 1822. 
 
 Cy'cas. (Greek name for a Palm. 
 Nat. ord., Cycadacece. 
 
 This order is in close affinity with Conifers. 
 Dr. Lindley says, "The undoubted remains of 
 Cycads attest their having once formed a con- 
 siderable portion of the vegetation of Great 
 Britain." Stove evergreens ; require i)lenty of 
 pot room ; rich, sandy loam, and moist heat. 
 Young plants are often obtained from suckers. 
 C. cirdTMlis and C. revoluta are the species 
 mostly found in small gardens. 
 0. cmgula'ta. 4. Australia. 1874. 
 
 — Armstro'n^ii. Australia. 1870. 
 
 — Beddo'inei, India. 1883. 
 
 — Bellefo'nti. 6. Tonkin. HI. Hort. t. 686. 
 
 — eiraina'lis. 8. India. 1880. B. M. tt. 2826-27 
 
CYC 
 
 [289] 
 
 CYC 
 
 C Duivenbo'dei. 3, Trunk spiny, covered with 
 dark brown scales. Moluccas. 
 
 — glau'ca. 4. India. 1818. 
 
 — vmperia/lis. South Africa. 1873. 
 
 — inifrmw. Cochin China. 1848. 
 
 — me'dia. 70. Queensland. 1874. 
 
 — Normanbya'na. New South Wales. 1875. 
 
 — plvmo'sa. 1865. 
 
 — revolu'ta. 3 July. China. 1737. B. M. 
 
 tt. 2963-64. 
 
 — Riwminialna. Philippines. 1864. 
 
 — Ru'ttiphii. Moluccas. 
 
 — Seema'nni. 5-7. 1883. 
 
 — sia^nulnsis. Cochin China. 1878. 
 
 — spha/rica. Moluccas. 1845. 
 
 — squarro'sa. 4. B. Ind. 1824. 
 
 — uTidtita'ta. Polynesia. 1881. 
 
 Cy'elanien. Sowbread. (From 
 kychos, circular ; referring to the shape 
 of the corm or bulb-like root. Nat. ord., 
 PrimulacecB. ) 
 
 Cyclamens are very acrid, yet are the favourite 
 food of wild boars in Sicily, whence the English 
 name. Beautiful bulbous plants, suitable for 
 naturalizing in woods. 
 
 HAE.DY. 
 
 C OBSti'vwm. See C. europcewn. 
 
 — Offrica'nuin. ^. White, purple. September. 
 
 Algeria, B. M. t. 6768. Syns., C. alge- 
 riense and C. macrophyllum, 
 
 — a'lJywm. See C. persicum. 
 
 — alepe^tise. See C.versieum. 
 
 — ale!ppicu7n. See C. persicum, 
 
 — algerie'nse. See C. africanum, 
 
 — antio'chiimi. See C. persicum. 
 
 — Atki'nsii. i. White, bright purple. Spring. 
 
 A garden hybrid between C. Coum and 
 C. ibericum. . 
 
 — autumna'le. See C. neapolitcmwm. 
 
 — haUa'ricum-. See C. repartdutn. 
 
 — cauca'sicum. See C. ibericum. 
 
 — eUHeicum. ^. Rosy-white, carmine. Autumn. 
 
 Cilicia. 1849. 
 
 — Clu'sii. See C. europoeum. 
 
 — Co'um. J. Lilac, red. Spring. S. Europe. 
 
 1596. B. M. t. 4. 
 
 — ct/priwm. See C. neapolUojnv/m, 
 
 — dlegans. See C. iberiewm. 
 
 — europoelum. J. Lilac, red. August. South 
 
 Europe. 1596. B. B. t. 1013, and 1846, 
 t. 56. Syns., C. CBStivum^ Clusii, litorale, 
 odoratum, qffinnalef PecikUmum, and 
 retrojiexwrn. 
 — ficariifo'lium. Hee C. repmidum. 
 
 — ffiga'ntewm. See C. persicum. 
 
 — grc^eum. J. White, bright purple. Antumir. 
 
 Greece. 1834. Rev. Hort. 1855, t. 24. 
 
 — hedercefo'lium. See C TieafpoKtanum and C. 
 
 repwrtdv/m. 
 
 — ibericum. J. Bright red, purple. Spring. 
 
 Caucasus. 1831. Swt. PI. Card. t. 9. 
 Syns., C. caucasicum, elegcme, vemale, 
 and vemwm. 
 
 — i'ndicvmi. See C.periiemn. 
 
 — latifo'liv/m. See C. per^awm. 
 
 — linearifo'lium. See C. ne<t/polit(t/n/Ufm, 
 
 — litam'le. See C. europoeum. 
 
 — ma(!r(yphj/llum. See C. a/ruxmum. 
 
 — neapolita'num. i. White, red, violet-purple. 
 
 Autumn. South Europe. 1683. B. B. 
 1838, t. 49. Syns., C. autumruUe, cj/prium, 
 hederoe/oUum (in part), Unearifolium, 
 Poliy and subhastatu^n. 
 
 — odora'ttmi. See C. europoewm, 
 
 — ojieina'le. See C. europoeum. 
 
 — Peakia'nwm. See C. ewopmum. 
 
 — Po'li. See C. neapoUtamum. 
 
 — purpura' scene. See C. europt^um. 
 
 — pyrerhd'ieum. See C. nea/politanum. 
 — pyrolce/oUum. See C. persicum. 
 
 0. repa'ndum. J. Rose-red, bright purple. 
 Spring. South Europe. B. M. t. lUOl. 
 Syns., C. balearicum, fieariifolium, and 
 hedertefolium (in part). 
 
 — retrojle'xum. See C. europceum. 
 
 — subhasta'tum. See 0. neapolitanum 
 
 — vema'le See C. ibericum. 
 
 — ve'mum. See C. ibericum. 
 
 C. pe'rsicum. 
 prus. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 i. Bed, white. February. Cy- 
 1731. Syns., C. album, alepenjie, 
 _ . _ . antiochu/mj giganteum, m- 
 dicum, latifoliwm, and pyrolcefolium. 
 albifio'rum. J. White. February. Cy- 
 prus. 1731. 
 
 imodo'rum. J. Red, white. February. 
 
 Cyprus. 1731. 
 
 lordnia'tum. J. Red, white. April. 
 
 lUa'ceum. J. Lilac. February. 
 
 odora'tvan. J. Red, white. February. 
 
 Cyprus. 1731. 
 puncta'tum. J. White, lilac. March. 
 
 Propagation: by Seed. — This is the 
 only way of propagating Cyclamens. 
 The root, being a solid corm, will not 
 divide successfully. Gather the seed as 
 soon as ripe, dry it slowly, and sow it in 
 February, in shallow, wide-mouthed 
 pots, in a compost of peat, loam, and 
 sand, covering the seeds scarcely a 
 quarter of an inch deep ; place them in 
 a cold frame, excepting C. pe'rsicum, 
 which should be placed in a greenhouse, 
 on a shelf near the glass ; sow the seeds 
 thinly, so that they may remain in the 
 seed-pots for one year. 
 
 Soil. — Equal parts light, turfy loam, 
 sandy-peat and leaf -mould ; or, if this 
 cannot be had, half a part of very rotten 
 dung may be substituted. 
 
 Summer Culture. — Pot in autumn, and 
 when spring comes in most of the kinds 
 will be in flower. They require then a 
 good supply of water. Though some of 
 the species are hardy, yet it is safer to 
 cultivate them in pots in frames, and 
 bring them into the greenhouse when 
 in flower. Some of the varieties of C. 
 pe'rsicum are very fragrant ; but there is 
 no certaintythatthe seedlings from them 
 will continue fragrstnt. Seedlings of a 
 year old should be potted singly into 
 thumb-pots, and be re-potted in April in 
 3J-inch pots, and kept in a gentle heat, 
 to encourage the bulbs to grow larger. 
 As soon as the flowering season is over, 
 set them out of doors, giving no water ; 
 and as soon as the seed is gathered, and 
 all the leaves dead, trim these off', and 
 lay the pots on one side, to keep them 
 dry till the plants require potting. 
 
 winter Culture. — When frost Degins, 
 shift them into pots of a size in propor- 
 tion to that of the bulbs, leaving the 
 bulbs just out of the soil, excepting C. 
 Co'um, which should be covered about 
 half an inch. The largest bulbs may re- 
 quire pots six inches in diameter. As 
 
 U 
 
CYC 
 
 [290] 
 
 CYL 
 
 soon as potted, place them in a cold 
 frame, covering up securely from frost ; 
 give air on ali favourable occasions, and 
 water very moderately till the leaves are 
 full-grown and the flowers begin to ap- 
 pear, when it may be more liberally 
 given. 
 
 Insects. — Slugs, green fly, and wire- 
 worms prey upon them. 
 
 Diseases. — Sometimes when the bulbs 
 become large they lose the power of 
 growing again ; the buds on the crown 
 appjear to be dead. We know of no 
 remedy. 
 
 Culture in thevpen air. — All the spe- 
 cies, excepting 0. pe'rsicum and its va- 
 rieties, wul live in a warm border of the 
 compost out of doors ; but, on Eiccount 
 of their early blooming, the flowers are 
 often injured by late frosts. The border 
 should be well drained,' and a covering 
 of tanner's bark or coal-ashes should be 
 spread over the roots in autumn, and 
 allowed to remain on till the warm 
 weather of spring arrives, when it may 
 be removed and renewed in the autumn. 
 The bulbs may either be taken up and 
 replanted in October, or allowed to re- 
 main for two years. 
 
 Cycla'nthus. (Derivation not ex- 
 plained. Nat. ord., Cyclanthacem.) 
 
 Stove perennials. Peat, two parts to one of 
 Tich sandy loam. Seeds. 
 €. hiparti'tus. Guiana. 
 
 — discolor. Young leaves variegated with 
 
 tawny orange. Columbia, 18S2. 
 
 Cyclobo'thra. (From kyklos, a 
 circle, and bothros, a pit ; in reference 
 to a cavity at the bottom of each petal, 
 as is shown in our figure of Caloolior- 
 tus, to which this genus is now united. 
 Nat. ord., LUiacece.) 
 €. a'lba. See Calochortus albus. 
 '- barba'ta. See Calochortus barbatus. 
 
 — lu'tea. See Calochortus luteus. 
 
 — monophi/Ua, See Calochortus vumophyUus. 
 
 — pulche^lla. See Calochortus pulchellus. 
 
 — purpu'rea. See Calochortus purpureuB. 
 
 Cyclo'dium. (From kyMos, a, circle; 
 referring to the form of the indusium. 
 INat. ord., Filices — Polypodiacece.) 
 
 stove fern. See FERNS. 
 C. amfirtum. Guiana. 
 
 Cylo'gyne. (From kyklos, a circle, 
 and gyne, a stigma, or female organ ; in 
 lef erence to the disposition of the pistils. 
 Nat. ord., LegwninoscB; Tribe, GcUegeoe. 
 Allied to Galega.) 
 
 ■C. cane'scens. 1. Purple. May. Swan River. 
 Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 Cyclone'ma. SeeClerodendron. 
 
 Cyclope'ltis. (From kyklos, a circle, 
 and pelte, a shield; alluding to the form 
 
 of the indusium. Nat. ord., Filices — 
 Polypodiacece.) 
 
 Stove fern, allied to Aspidium. See Feens. 
 0. semicorda'ta. 3. W. Indies. 
 
 Cyclo'pia. (From kyklos, round- 
 eyed ; the standard bears a roundish 
 mark. Nat. ord., Leguminoaw ; Tribe, 
 Sophorees. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young 
 wood. Loam and peat. 
 C. genistoi'des. S. Africa. 1884. 
 
 Cycno'ohes- Swan-neck. (From 
 kyknos, a swan, and auchen, the neck ; 
 in reference to the long and gracefully- 
 curved column. Nat. ord. , Orchidece ; 
 Tribe, Vandece-Cyrtopodiece. AUied to 
 Cyrtopodium. ) 
 
 Stove orchids. Strong, moist heat whilst 
 growing; rough, fibry peat, and half -decayed 
 leaves, with a little sand ; root division. 
 C. au'reum. 1. Yellow. Central America. 1861. 
 
 — ba/rba'tu/m. See Polycycnis barbata. 
 
 — ehlorochi'lum. 2. Yellowish. June. Deme- 
 
 rara. 1838. 
 
 — OummXngii. White, yellow. June. Singapore. 
 
 — Lehma'mii. Salmon, orange. Columbia. 1880. 
 
 Syn., Luddemannia\Lehnianni. 
 
 — Loddigisii. 1. White, purple. May. Surinam. 
 
 1830. 
 
 leucochi'lum. 1. Yellow, white. June. 
 
 Guiana. 
 
 — maeula'tv/m. 1. Buff, purple. June. Mexico. 
 
 1839. 
 
 — musiyi'fermn. Brown. February. Columbia. 
 
 1862. 
 
 — pentada'ctylon. 1. Yellow, brown. March. 
 
 Brazil. 1841. 
 
 — Pescato'rei. B. M. t. 7123. See Luddemannia 
 
 Pescatorei. 
 
 — stelli'fermn. Green, brown. May. Oaxaca. 
 
 1843. 
 
 — vcntrico'sum. 2. Green, white. Guatemala. 
 
 1836. 
 
 EgertmAa'num. 2. Purple, green, pink. 
 
 June. Guatemala. 1840. 
 
 — versil color. Dark green to deep brown ; lip 
 
 white to yellowish. Brazil. 1888, 
 
 — Warsceuii'cm. 1. Green. 1879. 
 
 Cydo'nia. Quince. (Its native 
 place Qydon, in Candia. Nat. ord,, 
 Jiosaeece; Tribe, Pomece.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees and shrubs, C. japo'- 
 nica is one of our handsomest flowering shrubs ; 
 layers in September, and to remain until that 
 time twelvemonths before taken off : also by 
 seeds. See Quince. 
 
 C. chine'nsis. 16. Pink. May. China. 1818, 
 Pljramida'lis. White. May. 1847. 
 
 — japonica. 4. Scarlet, Japan. 1815, 
 a!lba,. 4, White, 
 
 ca'mea. Flesh-coloured, March, 
 
 flc/re-se'iml-ple'no. 4. Bed. August. 
 
 — McmHei. Bright red. April. Japan. 1674. 
 
 Syn., Pyrus Maulei. B. M. t. 6780. 
 
 — vulga'rw. 20. White. May. Austria. 1673. 
 
 Common quince. 
 
 lusita'niea. 20. White. May. Spain, 
 
 malifo'rmis. 20, White. May. 1573. 
 
 ma/rmora'ta. Leaves variegated with 
 
 white and yellow. 1889. 
 
 oblo'nga. 20, White. May. Europe. 
 
 pyr^o'rmls. Fruit pear-shaped. 
 
 Cyli'sta, (From kylistos, twining; 
 referring to the habit of the plants. 
 
CYM 
 
 [291] 
 
 CYN 
 
 '^a.t.ordi., Leguminosm, Allied to Khyn- 
 <;hosia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiners. Loam and peat ; 
 -cuttings in sand, under glass, in bottom-lieat. 
 •C.alUfio'ra. 6. Wliite. April. Mauritius. 
 
 — scario'sa. 4. Yellow. B. Ind. 1806. 
 
 — tomento'm. 4. Yellow. E. Ind. 1816. 
 
 — vUlo'sa. 6. Yellow. April. Cape of Good. 
 
 Hope. 1776. 
 
 Cyma'tion Imviga'tum. See Lieh- 
 tensteinia Icevigata. 
 
 Cymbi'dum. (From kymhe, a boat ; 
 referring to a hollow recess in the.lip, or 
 iabellum. Nat. ord., OrchidecB.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Kbry loam, fibry peat, and 
 leaf-mould, well drained ; root division. 
 •C. aji'ne. See C^perorchis ajinis. 
 
 — aibucoBflo'rum. See C. Tnadidum. 
 
 — almf&lium. 1. Purple, black. September. 
 
 E. Ind. 1789. 
 
 — Ander8<yni. Andr. Rep. t. 661. See Cyrto- 
 
 podium Andersom. 
 
 — Wcolor. Purple. Crimson. April. Ceylon. 
 
 1837. 
 
 — hituberculaltum. See Liparig. 
 
 — ca/naliffiUa'tum. Brownish-purple, green, 
 
 white, pink. AprU. N.E. Australia. 
 1870. 
 
 — cMora'nthum. Yellow, crimson. May. Aus- 
 
 tralia. 1840. B. M. t. 4907. 
 
 — cocci'newm. B. M. 1. 1437. See Omithidviwi 
 
 coceineum. 
 
 — cochlea're. See Cyperorchis cochleare. 
 
 — Daya'nuTn. Yellowish-white, dark purple. 
 
 Assam. 1869. 
 
 — depefndeiis. See Cirrhcea viridi-purpurea. 
 
 — Devonia/num. 1. White, crimson. March. 
 
 Assam. 1837. 
 
 — diu'mwm. Bahama. 
 
 . — efntfmeQ-lovna'num. Pale yellow ; lip with a 
 crimson blotch. Garden hybrid. 1889. 
 
 — ebu'meum. White, yellow -striped. May. E. 
 
 Ind. 1846. B. B. 1847, t. 67. B. M. 
 
 t. 6126. 
 
 PMlbricJda'num. White. 
 
 WUliamsia'num. Purple. 1881. 
 
 r—e'legans. Yellow. May. STepaul. 1840. 
 
 Syn., Cyperorchis elegcms. 
 obcorda'tuTn. Honey-colour. 1879. 
 
 — ensifo'Kum. Yellowish, spottedbrown. China. 
 
 1780. 
 
 r estria'tum. Green, white, purple, yellow. 
 
 Assam. 1888. B. B. 1. 1976. 
 
 . stria'tum. Yellowish, striped reddish- 
 brown. China. B. M. 1. 1761. 
 
 — Finlaysonia'nwnh. Cochin China. 
 
 — Qibso'nii. White, red. January. Sylhet. 
 
 1837. 
 
 — giga'nteum. Brown, purple. Nepaul. 1837. 
 
 Paxt. Mag. xiv. p. 241. B. M. t. 4844. 
 
 di' scalar. Green, purple. E. Indies. 1860. 
 
 Lowialnum. See C. Lovnanv/m. 
 
 — Hookeria'num. Cream, crimson. Sikkim 
 
 Himalaya. 1866. 
 
 — Hutto'ni. Chocolate. Java. 1867. 
 
 — hyacinthi'num. B. M. t. 1492. See BUtia 
 
 hyacinthma. 
 
 — iridifo'Uum. Dark brown. March. B. Ind. 
 
 1837. 
 
 — lancifo'Uum. f. White, red. September. 
 
 Nepaul. 1822. B. C. t. 927. 
 
 — Leaehia'num. Whitish-ochre, brown. For- 
 
 mosa. 1878. 
 
 — langifo'lium. Olive-green, brown, whitish. 
 
 November. India. 1873. 
 
 — Lovna'num. Green, brown, yellowish, purple. 
 
 March. Burmah. Syn., C. giganteum, 
 var. Lowianum. 
 
 C. madidum. OUve-green. May. N.E.Australia 
 
 1839. Syn., C. aUmceefiorum. 
 — margma'tvm. B. B. 1. 1530. See JfaaaJiorto 
 
 — Maste'rsii. B. E. 1846, t. 50. See Cyperorchis 
 
 Mastersii. 
 a'lbwm. Flowers unspotted. Assam. 
 
 — ochroleu'cum. B. B.t. 4141. See Camaridimm 
 
 ochroleucuTn. 
 
 — Pari'shii. White, orange, purplish. Burmah 
 
 1874. One of the best. 
 
 — pe'ndMlum. 3. Yellow, red, white. June. 
 
 Nepaul. 1838. B. B. 1840, t. 25. 
 
 atropurpu'reum. 2-3. Dark-purple, white. 
 
 March. E. Indies. 1868. 
 
 bremla'bre. 2. ;Green, red, yellow. 
 
 June. Singapore. 1840. B. B. 1844, 
 t. 24. 
 
 —pubefscens. 1. Purple, yellow. April. Singa- 
 pore. 1838. B. B. 1841, t. 38. 
 
 — Samderso'ni. A synonym of Anselliagigwntea. 
 
 — sine'nse. IJ. Purple, brown. China. 1793. 
 
 B. C. t. 37. 
 
 — ma've. Green, brown. May. Australia. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — tigri'num. Green, white, crimson. Tenasse- 
 
 rim. 1864. B. M. t. 6467. 
 
 — Traeya'num. A large-flowered variety of C. 
 
 grandiftorwm. 1890. 
 
 — tri'pterum. White. July. Jamaica. 1790. 
 
 — tri'ste. B. M. t. 3648. See Luiaia teretifolia. 
 
 — xiphiifo'livmi. Yellowish-green, China. B. E. 
 
 t. 529. 
 
 Cyna'nehum. (From kyon, a dog, 
 and agche, to kill; referring to its 
 poisonous qualities. Nat. ord., Ascle- 
 piadacece. Allied to Asclepias.) 
 
 Cuttings root readily ; the hardy kinds in com- 
 mon garden-soil ; usual stove or greenhouse 
 treatment for the others. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN TWINERS. 
 
 C. Wcolor. 6. White. E. Indies. 1806. Andr. 
 
 Bep. t. 662. Syn., Doemia bieolor. 
 — finibria'tum. 10, Purple. July. Cumana. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — Heynia'nvm,. 6. White, E. Ind. 1825. 
 
 — hirsultwm. 6. Trinidad. 1825. 
 
 — uvda'tuin. Greenish-yellow. July. E. Indies. 
 
 1803. Andr. Bep. t. 410. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN TWINER. 
 
 C. capdnse. 6. White. July. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1820. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 
 C. acvltum 3. White. July. Spain. 1696. 
 
 — cirrho'sum. 3. 1826. Deciduous twiner. 
 
 — eaxe'lswm. 10. White. July. Barbary. 
 
 1816. Deciduous twiner. 
 — Jlave'scens. Yellow. July. Japan. 
 
 — lu'teum. 2. Yellow. June. Europe. 1696. 
 .— mtKrorhi'zon, Yellowish-green, white. Japan. 
 
 1878. 
 
 — metdium. 3. White. June. 
 
 — mela'nthos. 3. Purple. July. 1818. De- 
 
 ciduous twiner. 
 
 — monspeli'acum. 3. White. August. South 
 
 Europe. 1696. Jacq. Ic. t. 340. 
 
 — purpura'seens. Purple. July. Japan. 1852 
 
 — ro'seum. 3. Purple. July. Davuria. 1818. 
 
 Deciduous twiner. 
 
 — mllo'sum. 3. White. July. 1821. Deci- 
 
 duous twiner. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 C. Mcolor. Andr. Eep. t. 562. See Doemia 
 extensa. 
 
 — ea/rolimelnse. Jacq. Ic. t. 342. See Gonololms 
 
 caroliniensis. 
 
 — discolor. B. M. 1. 1273. See Gonolobm. 
 
 — ere'cttim. Jacq. Vind. t. 38. See Marsdenia. 
 
CYN 
 
 [292] 
 
 CYN 
 
 C. exMmwm. Jacq. lo. t. 5i. See Dcemia 
 
 externa. 
 
 — muerona'tum. Andr. Rep. t. 515. See Gonolo- 
 
 bits m/u&ronatuB. 
 
 — ni'grum. B-. M. t. 2390. See VincetOMcwm. 
 
 — obfi'quv/m. See Gonolobus obliquus. 
 
 — pilo'eum. B. R. t. 111. See Vincetoxicum. 
 
 — Vinceto'xicum. See VmcetoxieuTn officinale. 
 
 — mridifio'rum. B. M. 1. 1929. See Tylophora. 
 
 Cyna'ra. Artichoke. (From kyon, 
 a dog ; the spines on the involucre, or 
 
 fuard-leaves, immediately below the 
 ower, being likened to dogs' teeth. 
 Nat. ord., CompoHtce ; Tribe, Cyrm- 
 roidecB.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennialsi except where 
 otherwise stated. Increased by seeds and root 
 division. See Aa,TICHO»tE and Cardoon. 
 C. CarMrtcuius. S. Blue. August. Candia. 
 
 1668. B. M. t. .3241. The Cardoon. 
 —fefrox. 6. Blue. July. Italy. 1820. 
 
 — glomera'ta. J. Blue. August. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1824. Half-hardy. 
 
 — ho'rrida. 6. Purple. August. Madeira. 
 
 1768. Greenhouse. 
 
 — integrif&Ua. 4. Blue. July. Spain. 
 
 — pygmcda. 1. Purple. July. Spain. 1820. 
 
 — Sco'lymwi. 8. Purple. August. South 
 
 Europe. 1648. The Artichoke. 
 
 — spiTtosi'ssivna. 4. Blue. July. Sicily. 1826. 
 
 Cy'nips a'ptera. This insect attacks 
 the roots of several trees, such as the 
 Elm, Oak, Deodar, Holly, etc., but does 
 not appear to be injurious to them to 
 any great extent. It causes the forma- 
 tion of largish clusters of galls (Fig. a) 
 
 upon the roots, in which the larva under- 
 goes its transformations. The perfect 
 insect (Fig. 6) is about a quarter of an 
 inch in length; it is of a light brown 
 colour, quite wingless, and has the ab- 
 domen compressed ; in general appear- 
 ance it much resembles an ant, and if 
 touched emits a peculiar but not un- 
 pleasant odour. See the " Gardeners' 
 Chronicle," 1874, n. s. i., p. 19. 
 
 Cy'nips Ro'scB, C. Bedega'ris, or Bho- 
 di'tes ro'sce, is one of the Gall-forming 
 insects. It deposits its e^s in a bud of 
 the young shoots of the Dog-Rose and 
 Sweet Briar. The grubs or lar\'8e hatched 
 from these eggs produce those galls, or 
 lumps, covered with green and reddish 
 fibres looking like moss, so frequently 
 found upon those shrubs. 
 
 Cynoglo'ssum. Hound's Tongue. 
 (From kyon, a dog, and glossa, a tongue j 
 
 referring to the- shape of the leaves.. 
 Nat. ord., Boraginece.) 
 
 Nearly all hardy ; some are very pretty border- 
 flowers ; common soil ; seeds or root division. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 C. eane'seens. 2. Blue. July. E. Ind. 1819. 
 
 — difu'mm. White. July. India. 1820. 
 
 — hirsu'tv/m. 1. Blue. .Tuly. Cape of Good. 
 
 Hope. 1806. 
 
 — lamceola'tum. White, blue. July. Africa. 
 
 1806. 
 
 BIENNIALS. 
 
 C. apenni'nvm. 6. Bed. May. Italy. 1731. 
 
 — bi'colar. 2. White, purple. July. Germany. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — ecelesti'nwm. 2. White, blue. August. India. 
 
 1837. Greenhouse. 
 
 — ehewifo'lium. H. Blue. June. Levant. 
 
 1696. 
 
 — clande^stmum. 2. Brown. July. Spain>- 
 
 1820. 
 
 — Colu'mruB. 2. Blue. July. Apennines. 1825.. 
 
 — Diosco'ridis. 2. Purple. July. France. 1820., 
 
 — divarica'tum. Purple. June. Siberia. 1837. 
 
 — elonga'tum. 2J. Flesh. July. 1819. 
 
 — glochidia'tum. 2, Blue. June. India. 1837.. 
 
 Greenhousa B. K. 1841, 1. 16, 
 
 — gl&mera'tum,^ 2. June. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 — Hafnkii. 2. Blue, purple. July. Bohemia.. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — holoseri'cewm. 2. Violet. July. Siberia.. 
 
 1821. 
 
 — laterifio'rum. Purple June. Europe. 1838.. 
 
 — o^eina'le. 2. Purple, red. June. Britain. 
 
 — pi'ctwn. 2. Light blue. August. Madeira 
 
 1658. B. M. t. 2134. 
 
 — sylva'ticum. 3 Blue. June. Britain. 
 
 — imibeUa'timi. 2. Purple. June. Hungary.. 
 
 1817. 
 
 PERENNIALS. 
 
 C. a/mplextcOAjtlle, 2. Blue. June. N, Amer.. 
 1812. 
 
 — australle. 2. Pale red. June. Australia. 
 
 1820. Greenhouse. 
 
 — grwndijUi'rwm. 3. Blue, white. India. 1830.. 
 
 — ma^elU^nse. 1. Purple. June. Naples. 1823. 
 
 — pettola'tum. 1. Purple. Nepaul. 1840. Syn.,. 
 
 Anchusa petiolata. 
 
 — tomento'sum. Violet. May. Italy. 1823 
 
 — virgmi'cv/m. Blue, white. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1812. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 
 C. ancTiusoi'des. B. R. 1842, t. 14. See Para*- 
 carywm. 
 
 — caeleslT^nvm,. B. R. 1839, t. 36. See Para* 
 
 caryixtn. 
 
 — longiflo'rum. B. R. 1840, t. 60. See Linde- 
 
 lofia. 
 
 — ni'tidv/m. B. M. t. 2529. See Omphalodes. 
 
 — Omphalo'des. B. M. t. 7. See Omphalodes. 
 
 Cynome'tra. (From kyon, a dog,, 
 and metra, matrix ; referring to the 
 seed'pods. Nat. ord., Leguminosm ; 
 Tribe, Cynometrece. Allied to Hard- 
 wickia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees, from the East Indies. 
 Loam and sandy peat ; cuttings in sand, under- 
 glass, with bottom-heat. 
 C. caulifio'ra. 30. Bed. 1804. 
 
 — polya'ndra. 20. Red. 1822. 
 
 Cynoso'rchis. (Derivation not 
 stated. Nat. ord., Orchidece.) 
 
 Stove orchids.' 
 C. e'legans. White, rose, purple. Madagascar. 
 1888. 
 
 — Lowia'na. Pale green ; lip lilac with a purple- 
 
 spot. Madagascar. 1888. 
 
CYP 
 
 [293] 
 
 CYP 
 
 Cjnpe'na. (From kypellon, a goblet 
 •■or cup ; referring to the form of the 
 flowers. Nat. ord., Iridacece. Allied 
 to Herbertia.) 
 
 Pretty little half-hardy bulbs, requiring the 
 
 — same treatment as Ixias. Sandy loam and peat ; 
 offsets. 
 
 -C, bra'chypus. See Ma/rica. 
 
 — coeru'lea. Orange and brown at base, blue 
 
 upwards ; leaves mottled. Bahia. 1866. 
 Syn., Marica ccerulea. 
 
 — Herhe'rti. 1. Vermilion. July. Buenos 
 
 Ayres. 1823. B. C. 1. 1810. 
 
 — perwoia'na. Yellow, purple, brown. Peru. 
 
 1874. 
 
 — plu'mbea. Blue. Mexico. 18S8. 
 
 Cypero'rchis. (Derivation not 
 given. Nat. ord., Orchidece; Tribe, 
 yandece-CywMdiem.) 
 For culture, see Cymbidhtm. 
 'O. afi'nie. White, crimson, yellow. India. 1878. 
 Syn., Cymbidium afine. Warn. Orch. 
 Alb. 1. 140. 
 
 — cochlealris. Yellow, brown, red. Burtnah. 
 
 1880. ^yn., Cyvibidium cochleare. 
 
 — eHegam. YeUow. India. B. M. t. 7007. 
 
 — itaste'rsii. 1}. White, yellow, red. India. 
 
 1841. Syn., CyTnbidiwm Mastersii, B. K. 
 1841, t. 50. 
 
 CsTpe'rus. (The Greek name for 
 "this genus. Nat. ord. , Cyperacem. ) 
 
 Ornamental grasses, some of the species are 
 largely used for table decoration. Rich loam, 
 -division, seeds. They like plenty of moisture. 
 ■ C. altemifo'lius. 2^. Australia. 
 
 — - — ■ variega'tus. 1^. Stem and leaves striped 
 
 with white. Stove aquatic. 
 
 — compre'ssm. 1. Green. Tropics. 1870. 
 
 — di'stans spiralifo'rmis. 1888. 
 
 — ellegans. 7. July. W. Indies. 1820. Syn., 
 
 Papyrus elegans. 
 
 — Lacou'n. See KylHngia Tnonocephala. 
 
 — laxijlo'rus. 7. July. Madagascar. 1822. 
 
 Syn., Papyrus luxijlorus. 
 
 — la'oyus. 3. Greenish-brown. W. Indies, Brazil. 
 
 1874. 
 variega'tus. Leaves variegated. 1881. 
 
 — lo'ngus. 4. Europe and N. Africa. 
 
 — natale'nsis. See Mariscus sparganifolius. 
 
 — odora'tus. 10. July. W. Indies. 1819. Syn., 
 
 Papyrus odoratus. 
 
 — Papy'rus. 10. August. Egypt. 1803. Syn., 
 
 Papyrus antiquorwm. 
 
 Cy'phia. (From kyphos, curved ; 
 referring to the shape of the style and 
 stigma. Nat. ord., Campanulacece. Al- 
 lied to Campanula. ) 
 
 Greenhouse plants, from Cape of Good Hope. 
 The perennial species root freely from young 
 cuttings; the annual kinds by seed ; loam, peat, 
 .and sand. 
 
 C. WOx/sa. J. Pale blue. August. 1791. 
 Annual. 
 
 — Caria'mmes. 3. July. 1823. Herbaceous 
 
 perennial. 
 
 — ind'sa. i. Pale red. July. 1819. Annual. 
 
 — Phyteu'ma. IJ. Pink. ■ February. 1822. 
 
 Perennial tuber. 
 
 — volu'bilia, 1. Pale blue. 1795. Annual. 
 
 Cyphoke'ntia. (From kyphos, a 
 itumour, aJidKentia; aKentia-like Palm 
 
 having a lateral protuberance on the 
 fruit. Nat. ord., Falmctcete.) 
 
 Stove palm. For cultivation, see Areca, 
 C. robu'sta. New Caledonia. 1878. 
 
 Cyphoma'ndra. (From kyphoma, 
 a hump, and aner, a man ; the anthers 
 form a nump. Nat. ord., Solanacew.) 
 
 Stove shrub. Seeds ; cuttings in bottom-heat 
 
 and under a hand-glass. Loam and leaf-mould. 
 
 C. arge'ntea. Leaves silvery. Brazil. 1880. 
 
 — betaJcea. 14. Purple to green. S. Brazil. 
 
 1836. Syn., Solcmum fragrans. B. M. 
 
 t. 3684. Tree tomato. 
 
 Cyphospe'rma. (From kyphos, a 
 hump, and sperma, a seed ; referring to 
 the shape of the seed. Nat. ord., Palma- 
 cem.) 
 
 Stove palms. For cultivation, see Areca. 
 0. Viella'rdU. New Caledonia. Syns., Keatia 
 robusta and K. Viellardii, 
 
 Cypress. See Cupressus. 
 
 Cypripe'dium. Ladies' Slipper. 
 (From Kypris, Venus, and podion, a 
 slipper ; from a fancied resemblance of 
 the lip to a slipper, as in the annexed 
 figure. Nat. ord., OrchidecB ; Tribe, Cy- 
 pripediece.) See also Selenipedium. 
 
 Both the stove and hardy species of these 
 orchids succeed well in turfy peat, mixed with a 
 little loam, charcoal, and potsherds. The hardy 
 kinds, when grown in pots, should have frame 
 protection during the winter months ; root divi- 
 sion. Some of the species have tessellated 
 
 C. acau'le. Rose, purple. May. N. America. 
 1786. Hardy. Syn., C. hvmUe. 
 
 — Ainswo'rthii. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — aUbo-purpa'reum. Garden hybrid, 
 
 — aVmim. IJ. White. May. N. America. 
 
 1800. Hardy. A garden hybrid received 
 the same name in 1887. 
 
 — AlcXdes. Hybrid between C. insigne and 
 
 C. hirsutissimum. 189 
 
 — A^fre'di. Hybrid between C. venustwm and 
 
 C. Icevigatum. 1890. 
 
 — ama'ndum. Garden hybrid. 1887. 
 
 — ArMsia'rmm. Garden hybrid. Warn. Orch. 
 
 Alb. t. 340. 
 
 — Anti'gone. Garden hybrid between C. Law- 
 
 renckmum and C. niveuin. 1890. 
 
 — Aphrodi'te. Garden hybrid between C niveum 
 
 and^. Lawrenceanvnn. 
 
 — apimla'twn^.. Reddish-brown, purple, ochre, 
 
 yellow. Hybrid between C. barbatum 
 and C. Boxallii. 
 
CYP 
 
 [294] 
 
 CYP 
 
 C. A'rgus. 1. White, rose, green, blackish- 
 purple, g,nd,purple-brown. May. Philip- 
 pines. 1872. B. M. t. 61?6. 
 
 '^— Modnm. Philippines. 1888. C. Meerma- 
 
 num. Lind. 1. 129. 
 
 — arieti'num. i. Green,, rose. April. Canada. 
 
 1808. Fl. Ser. t. 2096. 
 
 — Amoldia'nv/m, Hybrid between C. Veitchii 
 
 and 0. concolor. 
 
 — Arthuria'num. Garfien hybrid. 
 
 'palUdum. Garden hybrid. Lind. 1. 121. 
 
 — AsKburto'nvB. Garden hybrid. 111. Hort. 
 
 1888, t. 61. 
 expalnsum. This has an Ivory crescent 
 
 on the upper sepal. 1884. 
 ma: jus. Garden hybrid between C. tar- 
 
 battmif var. Crossii^ and C. insigne. 
 swpe'rium. Garden hybrid between C. 
 
 tar^atwm, var. mperftwrn, and C iimgne. 
 
 — .47J/S. Garden hybrid. 1888. 
 
 — Ayli'ngii. Garden hybrid between C. nraMm 
 
 and C. cUiolare. Journ. Hort. 1890, xx. 
 p. 480. 
 
 — barhttto-veitchia'num. Garden hybrid ■ be- 
 
 tween C. bariatvm and C. superbiens. 
 Lind. t. 228. 
 
 — iarba'twm. i. Purple, White, red. April. 
 
 Malacca. 1838. B. M. t. 4234. 
 
 — Barte'ti. Green flushed with rose, dark 
 
 purple, white, yeUow. Hybrid between 
 C. barbatwm, and C. Chwntini. 1886. 
 
 — beUa'tuluTn. A large flowered form of C. 
 
 Godefroyce. Lind. 1. 149. 
 egre'gium. Spotted light purple. 1888. 
 
 — Berggrenia'num. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1888, 
 
 iii. p. 798. 
 
 — Boxa'Uii. Green, white, yellowish, brown. 
 
 India. 1877. 
 
 — Buchanialnum. Hybrid between C. Druryi 
 
 and C. Spieericmum. 
 
 — BulUnia'num. 
 
 — anophtha'Vm/wm. No eye spot on petals, 
 
 nor brown on lip. 1884. 
 ocula'tum. Mauve, sepia-brown. Borneo. 
 
 1881. 
 
 — Burbi'dgei. Light green. Borneo. 1881. 
 
 — Burfordie'nse. Garden hybrid, G. C. 1888, 
 
 iv. p. 724. 
 
 — cala'nthum. Pale green, sepia. 1880. 
 
 — CcUce'plus. 1. Yellowish-green. June. Eng- 
 
 land. Hardy. 
 helve' ticum. 1. Yellow. ■ June. Switzer- 
 land. 1825. 
 
 — caliga're. Gardenhybrid. G. C. 1888, iii. p. 264. 
 
 — calWsum. White, flushed purple, nerved 
 
 green. Siam. 1886. 
 
 sublet ve Petals not spotted. G. C. 1888, 
 
 iii. p. 331. 
 
 — catophi/Uum. Garden hybrid, said to be the 
 
 oldest in this genus. Very similar to C. 
 barbatuTn. 
 
 — calu'ruTn. See Selenipedium calurum. 
 
 — ca'ndidtmi. 1. White. June. N. America. 
 
 1826. B. M. t. 6855. Hardy. 
 
 — Canha'mi. Garden hybrid. Wien, Gart. Zeit. 
 
 1888, p. 32. 
 
 — Cdnnartia'num. A variety of C Philip- 
 
 pmense. Syn., C. Boebellini, var. Cmi- 
 Tuirtianum. 
 
 — cardina'le.' Garden hybrid. G. C. 1882, xviii. 
 
 p. 488. 
 
 — caricCnum, Green, brown, purple. Peru. 
 
 1864. 
 
 — Cas^'ope. Hybrid between C. venustum and 
 
 C. Hookerce. 
 
 — Castlea'nwm. Hybrid between C. hirsutissi- 
 
 rmim and C. superbiens. 1890. 
 
 — cauda'tum. See Selenipedium caudatv/m. 
 
 — chelsee'nse. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1888, iv. 
 
 p. 406. 
 
 — chiormimiiron. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1880, 
 
 xiv. p. 526. 
 
 C, chMropB. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1888, iiu 
 p. 564. Syn., Selenipedium chlorops. 
 
 — (Miola're. G. C. 1882, xviii. p. 488. 111. Hort. 
 
 1884, t. 530. 
 
 Miteaminum. Kich purple. Philippmes, 
 
 Lind. 1. 146. Syn., C. Miteauanum. 
 
 — claptonie'nse. Hybrid between C. Harrisia- 
 
 num and C. mllosum. G. C. 1889, v. 
 p. 168. 
 
 — cmch/if/erum. Green, purple. Hybrid be- 
 
 tween C. Pearcei and C. Roezlii. 1881. 
 
 — CfmGi'nnum>. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — co'neolor. Primrose. Moulmein. 1865. 
 
 cMorophy'llum. Spotted. 1886. 
 
 Jiegnie'n,. Yellow, blotched purple,. 
 
 edged white. Cambodia. 1886. 
 
 sulphuri'nwm. Light sulphur, with two- 
 dark yellow blotches. 1888. 
 
 tonkine'nse. Tonkin. 1887. Lind. t. 77. 
 
 — conspi'emtm. Garden hybrid. 
 
 pi'ctum. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1888, iii.. 
 
 p. 521. 
 
 — Crossia'num. White, green, reddish-purple. 
 
 Garden hybrid. Syn., C. Crossii. 
 psittaci'num. Hybrid between C. insigne ■ 
 
 var..* JfoMto', and C. venustum var. 
 
 specmbile. 
 Tautma'num. G. C. 1889, v. p. 43. 
 
 — Curti'sii. Sumatra. 1883. Warn. Orch. Alb. 
 
 t. 122. 
 
 — Cythe'ra. Hybrid between C. Spicerianwun- 
 
 and C. purpuratum. G. C. 1890, vii. 
 p. 73. 
 
 — Danthe'ri. Eev. Hort. 1885, p. 157. 
 
 Rossia'num. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1888,- 
 
 iii. p. 425. 
 
 — Daya'num. White, green, purplish. Borneo. 
 
 1860. Syns., C. speetabile, var. Bayanum,^ 
 and C. superbiens, var. Dayanum. 
 
 — Debfnsia'nwm. Hybrid between C. venustum 
 
 and C. BoxaUi, var. airatum. G. C. 
 1890, viii. p. 747. 
 
 — delicaltulwm. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1887, ii. 
 
 p. 662.1 
 
 — dUdctum. Light green, blackish-purple ; lip' 
 
 yellovrish-green. 1888. 
 
 — di'scolor. Brown-purple, light red. Garden 
 
 hybrid. G. C. 1882, xvii. p. 218. 
 
 — dolia're. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1887, i.. 
 
 p. 447. 
 
 — Dominya'num,, Gardenhybrid. Flor. Mag.. 
 
 t. 499. 
 
 — Bo'ris. Hybrid between C. venustum and C. 
 
 Stonei. G. C. 1890, viii. p. 716. 
 
 — Dru'ryi. i. Green, yellow, purple-brown,. 
 
 India. 1877. 111. Hort. n. s. t. 266. 
 
 — Ele'ctra. Green. Hybrid. G. C. 1888, iii. 
 
 p. 297. 
 
 — miiotia'num. 1^. White, purple-brown, rosy, 
 
 chocolate-spotted. Philippines. G. C. 
 1888, iv. p. 666. 
 
 — Eurya'le. Hybrid between C. Lawrenceanum 
 
 and C. superbiens. 
 
 — eurya'ndrmn. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — Eyermania'num. Hybrid between C. barba- 
 
 turn and C. Spicerianum. G. C. 1890,. 
 viii. p. 746. 
 
 — Fairiea'nmn. 1. 
 
 October. E. 
 Orch. 1891, p. 
 — fasdeula'tum. 1. Greenish, purple-brown. 
 ■ N. W. America. 1888. 
 
 — Figa'ro. Hybrid between C. Spieeriamum and 
 
 cencmthum, var. superbum.. G. C. 1889, 
 vi. p: 750. 
 
 — Fitchia'num. Garden hybrid. Warn. Orch.. 
 
 Alb. t. 360. 
 
 — Frase'ri. Garden hybrid between C. hirsu- 
 
 tissi/TTLum and C. barbatum,? Lind. 
 t. 2u3. 
 
 — Galatda. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1888, iii» 
 
 p. 168. 
 
 Green, purple stripes.. 
 Indies. B. M. t. 6024. 
 
CYP 
 
 [295] 
 
 CYP 
 
 C. gemmi'ferum. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1881, 
 XV. p. 814. 
 
 — Germinya'mum. Qteen, purple, yellow. 
 
 Hybrid between C hirsutissi'nvu'm and 
 C. vUlosum. Journ. Hott. ser. 3, xxi. 
 p. 89. 
 
 — Godtfro'yx. White with chocolate spots. 
 
 1884. m. and Pom. 1884, p. 37. 
 -Lai'ngi. A small-flowered variety. Orch. 
 
 1890, p. 129. 
 Mari'ce. Flowers very large. 
 
 — Godseffla'num. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1888. 
 
 ui. p. 296. 
 
 — gra'ruie. Hybrid between C. Roedii and C. 
 
 caudMvm. G. C. 1881, xv. p. 462. 
 
 — gvMa'tvm. 1. Yellow. April. Siberia. 1829. 
 
 — Barrigia'nvm,. Purple, white, claret-coloured, 
 
 green. Hybrid between C. barbatum and 
 
 C. villosum. 1871. 
 polyehro'mum. Garden hybrid. Lind. 
 
 1. 166. 
 mpdrbvm. Garden hybrid. Lind. 1. 118. 
 
 — Haynaldia'nvm. Gi^eemsh, brown, rosy. 
 
 Winter. Philippines. 1877. 
 
 — hephcB^stus. Garden nybricf. G. C. 1888, iii. 
 
 p. 425. 
 
 — Edra. Hybrid between C. Spicerianwm and 
 
 C. wllosum. G. C. 1890, vii. p. 106. Syn., 
 C. Latha/miarmm, var. inversum. 
 
 — Hinkna'nwm. See Selenipediwm Hiiiksianum. 
 
 — hirsuti'ssiwmm. 1. Green, purple. April. 
 
 Java. 
 
 — Hookefrce. . Purple, CTeen. Borneo. 1868. 
 volontea'nwm. Borneo. G. C. 1890, viii. 
 
 p. 66. 
 
 — Houttea'num. See C. Vanhoutteanwm. 
 
 — hu'mile. See C acauZe. 
 
 — imi'gne. 1. Green, red, orange. June. 
 
 Nepaul, 1819. 
 a'lbo-margvna'twm. Yellowish -green, 
 
 edged white. India. Warn. Orch. Alb. 
 
 t. 232. 
 Balleafnum. Petals dotted with choct- 
 
 late-brown. G. C. 1889, v. p. 168. 
 
 Greenhouse. 
 
 — S&rsmania'num. Garden variety. G. C. 1888, 
 
 . iv. p. 693. 
 longisefpalum. A pale-coloured variety. 
 
 G. C. 1'890, viii. p. 702. 
 Mticf aria' net. Bright yellow, white. 
 
 G. C. 1890, vii. p. 665. 
 
 Mcm'lei. G. C. 1882, xviii. p. 716. 
 
 Moorea'nmn. Garden variety. 
 
 pwncta'tum viola'eeum. G. C. 1882, xviii. 
 
 p. 717. 
 Scmde'rce. Citron - yellow, white and 
 
 brown dotted, 1888. 
 
 — To, Purple, nerved with green. Hybrid be- 
 
 tween C. Argus and C. Lav/rencianum. 
 G. e. 1886, XXV. p. 488. 
 
 — Irapea'mwm. 1. YeUow. June. Mexico. 
 
 1844. 
 — japa'nicmn. 1. Greenish, white, rose. Japan. 
 1874. 
 
 — Klottehia'num. B. M. t. 7178. See Seleni- 
 
 pedium Elotschia/num. 
 
 — lomiga'tum. YeUow, purple. Philippines. 
 
 1865. 
 
 — Lafordca'dd. Garden hybrid. Eev. Hort. 
 
 1885, p. 107. 
 
 — Lathamia'num. Garden hybrid, Lind. iii. 
 
 p. 74. 
 — ' ■mve!r«umi. The same as C. Hera. 
 
 — Lawrenda'num. White, purple, green,. brown. 
 
 Borneo. 1878. 
 colora'tum. Tinted pale mauve. G. C. 
 
 1887, ii. p. 272. 
 
 Hyea'nmm. White, nerved green, lip 
 
 green. Borneo. 1886. Lind. t. 42. 
 pleioleiicmm. Garden variety. G. C. 
 
 1888, iii. p. 744. 
 
 stenosf!mvmn.. G. C. 1887, ii. p. 38. 
 
 C. Leea num. White, green, mauve, dark brown, 
 yellowish. Hybrid between 0. Spiceria- 
 nwm and C. insigm, var. Mmulei, Warn. 
 Orch. Alb. t. 223. 
 
 bifto'rum. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1890 
 
 vii. D. 161. 
 
 giga nternn. Large flowered garden va- 
 riety. 1890. 
 
 maeula'tvm. Garden hybrid. G. and F. 
 
 1888, i. p. 4. 
 
 m:iae!rbum. G. C. 1886, xxv. p. 168. 
 
 — Lenwmeria'num. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1888 
 
 iii. p. 712. 
 
 — leueorrh&dum. Pure white, purple. G. C. 
 
 1885, xxiii. p. 270. 
 
 — LimUeya'mim. See Selenipedium Lindleya- 
 
 nuim. 
 
 — lineola're. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1887, i. 
 
 p. 447. 
 
 — longif&limn and its var. gra'eile. See Seleni- 
 
 ^edi/wm Icnjifolium. 
 
 — Lo'wii. 1. Pale green, purple, light brown. 
 
 Borneo. 1847. Kev. Hort. t. 404. 
 
 — lu'a^Aim,. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — maera'nthum. 1. Purple. May. Siberia. 
 
 1828. Hardy. 
 
 — nMer&pterum. Light green, ochre, mauve, 
 
 spotted black purple. Hybrid between 
 C. Lowei and C. superbmn, G. C. 1882, 
 xviii. p. 552. 
 
 — margarita'ceum. Deep purple, spotted black- 
 
 purple. Yunnan, Chma. Orch. 1888, 
 p. 368. 
 
 — marmorophy'llwm. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — Mastersia'nwm. Green, white, coppery, brown. 
 
 Sondaic Isles. 1879. 
 
 — Maynalrdii. Hybrid between C. pwrpuratum 
 
 and C. Spicerianum. G. C. 1880, viii. 
 p. 702. 
 
 — Ueasurema'nwm. Garden hybrid. Warn. 
 
 Orch. Alb. t. 304. 
 
 — mei'rax. White, green, mauve, purple. 
 
 Garden hybrid. G. C. 1880, xiv. p. 524. 
 
 — meta/nophtha'lmvwm. White, green, j)urple, 
 
 reddish. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1880, 
 xiv. p. 625. 
 
 — mieroehillwm. Purple-brown, white, yellow. 
 
 HybridbetweenC.TO'oetjmandO.injrj/i. 
 G. C. 1882, xvii. p. 77. 
 
 — Minelnia. Garden hybrid between C. venm- 
 
 tum and C Harrisianum, G. C. 1889, 
 vi. p. 464. 
 
 — Sfiteauanum. See C. eiliolare, var. Miteaua- 
 
 num. 
 
 — Moerma'num. Lind. t. 129. See C. Argus, 
 
 var. Moenmimnmh. 
 
 — monta'num. Oregon. FI. and Pom. 1883, p. 10. 
 
 — Morga'nix. Pink, yellow; lip brownish-pink. 
 
 Hybrid between C. Veitchii and 0. Stonei. 
 Garden, Jan. 20, 1883. 
 iurfordie'nse. Echb. ser. 2, i. 1. 1. 
 
 — ni'grittmi. Similar to 0. barbatum,, but darker. 
 
 Borneo. G. C. 1882, xviii. p. J102. 
 
 — Nit/be. Hybrid between C. FairreafnuTn and 
 
 C. Spieeriamum. G. C. 1889, vi. p. 701. 
 
 — ni'tens. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — nitidi'ssvmum. Gardenhybrid. Syn,, Selenipe- 
 
 dium nitidissimum. 
 
 — ni'veum. J. White, dotted with red. Malay 
 
 Archipelago. 1869. One of the most 
 beautiful of this genus. B. M. t. 6922. 
 
 — northu'riibrian. Hybrid between C. calophyl- 
 
 Ivjm and C irmgne, var. Maulii. G. C. 
 1890, vii. p. 160. 
 
 — Nu'ma. Hybrid between C. LavrreneUimmm 
 
 and 0. Stonei. G. C. 1890, vii. p. 608. 
 
 — dbseu'rum. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1887, i. 
 
 p. 8. 
 
 — occidenta'le. California. Gfl. 1. 1036. 
 
 — (Eno'ne. Garden hybrid between 0. Hookera 
 
 and C. mperbiens. G. C. 1890, vii. p. 260. 
 
 — oena'nthv/m. Garden hybrid. 
 
CYP 
 
 [296] 
 
 CYR 
 
 C. o'rhum. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1887, ii. p. 778. 
 
 — Orelstet. Garden hybrid. 1889. 
 
 — orpha'num. White, purple mid-line ; lip 
 
 purple-brown, yellow. Garden hybrid. 
 G. C. 1886, xxTi. p. 166. 
 
 — Pagea'num. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1888, iv. 
 
 p. 264. 
 
 — pardinum. White, green, yellow, coppery. 
 
 India? 1869. m. Mag. n. 3. t. 61. 
 
 — Pari'sMi. 2. Buffi, green, dark purple. July. 
 
 Burmah. 1869. B. M. t. 6791. 
 
 — parmjio'rum. 1. Yellowish. June. N.America. 
 
 1759. Hardy. Gfl. t. 700. 
 
 — paHens. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — pavoni'num. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1888, iii. 
 
 p. 264. 
 
 — Pete'ri. White, brown, green. Malay Archi- 
 
 pelago. 1880. G. C. 1887, i. p. 677. 
 
 — Petersm'num. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1888, 
 
 iii. p. 331. 
 
 — Pitoheria'num. 1. White, §reen, purple- 
 
 brown, light purple. Philippines. G. C. 
 
 1889, V. p. 73. 
 
 — pleistochlo'rum. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1887, 
 
 ii. p. 662. 
 
 — plume'rum. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1887, i. p. 40. 
 
 — poli'tum. White, reddish, copper. Garden 
 
 hybrid. Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 36. 
 
 — Polletia'num,. Hybrid between C. Galophyllwm 
 
 and C. venustwm, var. superbiem. G. C. 
 
 1890, viii. p. 702. 
 
 — polystigma'ticuTn. Garden hybrid. G. C. 
 
 1888, iv. p. 407. 
 
 — porphy'reum. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — pffrphyroehla'mys. Reddish-purple, pale yel- 
 
 low, mauve. Gardenhybnd between C. 
 barbatum, var. btflorum, and C. hirsutis- 
 svmwm.- 1884. 
 
 — parphyrospHlwm. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — proBStans. Yellowish, reddish-brown. New 
 
 Guinea. lU. Hort. xxxiv. t. 26. 
 
 Kinibaniab'nuin. More richly coloured 
 
 variety. Lind. t. 249. 
 
 — jm&e'scens. 1. Yellow, purple. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1790. Hardy. Orch. 1887, p. 175. 
 
 — pmpwrat'tum. Purple. Sumatra. 1836. Eev. 
 
 Hort. 1858, f. 50. 
 obseu'rwm. Green, purple. 1860. 
 
 — pyGno'pterv/m. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — Sadi'ssum. White, nerired with mauve, green, 
 
 brown. Hybrid Between C. LawreTida- 
 num and C. Spicericmv/m. G. C, 1886, 
 xxiv. p. 424. 
 
 — rega'le. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — JReichenba'chii. See Selen^ediumlongifoUwn. 
 
 — reticula'twm. Light green. S.America? 1882. 
 
 — robu'stius. Garden hybrid between C. Sedeni 
 
 and Selenipedium longifoHwrn. G. C. 
 
 1889, v. p. 394. 
 
 — RoebetUenii. Philippine Islands. G. C. 1884, 
 
 xxi. p. 16. 
 
 — Rothschilaia'mlm. 2. Yellowish, dark brown, 
 
 white. New Guinea. 1888. B. M. 
 t. 7102. 
 
 — Sdiideria'nvjm. Yellowish - green, nerved 
 
 purple-brown ; lip greenish - bronze. 
 Malay Archipelago. 1886. Echb. t. 8. 
 
 — Saundersia'num. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1886, 
 
 xxvi. p. 654. 
 
 — Savagea'num. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1888. 
 
 iv.ip. 407. 
 
 — Schli'mii. B. M. t. 6614. See Selmipediwm 
 
 Schlimii. 
 
 — ScJiomburghia'num. British Guiana. G. C. 
 
 1890, vii. p. 336. 
 
 — Sehrosde'rce. Ochre, purple, white, yellow. 
 
 Hybrid between C. caudatum and C. 
 Sedeni. G. 0. 1883, xix. p. 432. 
 ■ spWndem. Garden hybrid. Lind. t. 69. 
 
 — Sede'ni. See Selenipedium Sedeni. 
 
 (Ubandnee, Garden hybrid with C. 
 
 Schli'mii^ 
 
 C. Sede'ni oimdi'dulum. White, rose ; lip pale 
 rose, dotted crimson. Garden hybrid. 
 G. C. 1884, xxii. p. 489. 
 
 — seUi'gerum. Wliite, crimson. Garden hybrid. 
 ma! jus. Flowers larger. Lind. t. 22. 
 
 — slamelnse. Green, purple. Siam. G. C. 1890, 
 
 vli. p. 161. 
 
 — speeta'Wle. Ij. White, purple. June. N. 
 
 America. 1731. Hardy. 
 a'nmm. White. June. N. America. 
 
 1827. Hardy. 
 incarTia'twm. White, purple. June. N. 
 
 America. Hardy. 
 
 — Spieerialnum. i. White, claret, greenish- 
 
 yellow, violet-purple. E. Indies. 1879. 
 Garden, March 3, 1883. 
 
 — stenophy'llwm. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — Sto'nei. Cream, purple. Borneo. 1852. Lind. 
 
 t. 281. 
 
 platytce^nium. White, brown, purple. 
 
 Borneo. 1880. 
 
 — mpefrbiens. White, green, purplish-brown. 
 
 Autumn. 1865. Lind. t. 261. Syn., 
 C Veitchianum, HI. Hort. t. 429. 
 
 — supercilia're. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — Swania'num. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — ToMtzia'num. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1886, 
 
 xxvi. p. 681. 
 
 le'pidwm. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1888, 
 
 iv. p. 768. 
 
 — tessella'tum. Garden hybrid. 
 
 porphy'reum. Deep purplish brown. G. C. 
 
 1883, XX. p. 492. 
 
 — Thibautia'nv/m. Green, brown ; lip yellowish, 
 
 brown. Hjrbrid between C. HctrrmariMT/t 
 and C. insigna, var. Maulei. G. C. 1886, 
 XXV. p. 104. 
 
 — t&nsum,. White, green, sepia. Sondaic Isles, 
 
 G. C. 1883, XX. p. 262. 
 
 — VanJiouttea'num. Garden hybrid. Lind. 
 
 t. 130. Syii., C. Houtteanum. 
 
 — w!ri«-pi'ctum. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1888, 
 
 iv. p. 407. 
 
 — VeiUihianum. 111. Hort. t. 429. See C. 
 
 — ventricaswm. 1. Dark purple. April. Siberia. 
 
 1829. Hardy. 
 
 — venul sto-spiceria'num. Garden hybrid. G. C. 
 
 1889, v. p. 394. 
 
 — venu'etum. J. Green, red. October. Nepaul. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — verm'xwm. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — Yervoetia'num. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1888, 
 
 iii. p. 712. 
 
 — vexUla'rwm. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — mild mum. Orange, red, green, dark purple. 
 
 G. C. 1890, viii. p. 688. 
 
 — Vipa'ni. Hybrid between C. philippinense 
 
 and C. niveum. G. C. 1890, vii. p. 792. 
 
 — vitta'tuan. 
 
 bre^ve. Mauve, brown. Brazil. 1881. 
 
 — WiUia/msia'num. White, with black or green 
 
 nerves ; lip yellowish. Hybrid. G. C. 
 1882, xvii. p. 218. 
 
 — Winnia'num. Pale yellow, purple-brown, 
 
 reddish. Hybrid between C. Druryi and 
 C. mllosum: G. C. 1886, xxv. p. 362. 
 
 — Toungia'nwm. Hybrid between C. superbiens 
 
 and C: Roebelleni. 
 
 Cyri'Ua. (After D. CyrUlo, an Ita- 
 lian botanist. Nat. ord., Cyrillacece. 
 Allied, to Heath worts.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Sandy loam 
 and peat ; cuttings in sand under glass, with 
 slight bottom-heat. 
 
 C. antilla'rum. 6. White. July. Antilles. 
 1824. 
 
 — carolinia'na. 6. White. July. Carolina. 
 
 1766. 
 
 — cocci'nea. See Achimenes coceinea. 
 
CYR 
 
 [297] 
 
 CYR 
 
 C •paXcMlla. B. M. t. 374 ia also a species of 
 Achimenes, 
 
 — roAsemijklra. 4-6. Whitish. July. Carolina. 
 
 1765. B. M. 2466. 
 
 Cyrta'ndra. (From kyrtos, curved, 
 «aA. aner, male ; in allusion to the curved 
 stamens. Nat. ord., Gesneracea ; Tribe, 
 Cyrtandrece. ) 
 
 Stove trees or shrubs. Half -ripened cuttings 
 in heat under a hand-glass. Soil, rough peat, 
 Jeaf-aoil, and pieces of charcoal. 
 C. pe'ndida. Java. 1883. 
 
 — Pritcha'rdii. White. Kji. 1887. 
 
 Cyrta'nthera. (From kyrtos, 
 curved, and anthera, an anther. Nat. 
 «rd., Acanthacece.) 
 
 Soft-wooded stove plants. For cultivation, see 
 
 JUSTICIA. 
 
 C. cmranti'aca. Orange. S. America. B. M. 
 t. 4468. . 
 
 — catalpcefo'Ua. 6. Yellow. June. Honduras. 
 
 1848. B. M. t. 4444. 
 
 — chrysoMphana. Yellow. Winter. Mexico. 
 
 1870. 
 
 — Ghiesbreghtia'na. Scarlet. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 Syn., Justiela Ghiesbreghtiana. ¥1. Ser. 
 t. 339.- 
 
 — Libonia'na. Pink. Leaves violet, beneath. 
 
 S. Brazil. 1847. Lem. Jard. Fl. t. 311. 
 
 Cyrta'ntllUS. (From %rtos, curved, 
 and anthos, a flower,; the flowers bend 
 down from the summit of the scape, or 
 stalk. 'Saii.oxdi.jATnaryllidecE. Allied 
 to Vallota. ) 
 
 Greenhouse bulbs, from South Africa. C. ob- 
 li'quus and C. ca'meus have evergreen leaves ; 
 ithey, therefore, require to be watered all the 
 year round. Strong, friable loam suits them 
 best in deep, narrow pots, and the bulbs covered, 
 preenhpuse culture from April to November, and 
 an airy place in the stove near the glass in winter. 
 The rest are deciduous, and require to be kept 
 (Iry in winter. Offsets. 
 C. angustifo'lms. 1. Bright red. Autumn. 
 
 Cape Colony. 1774. B. M. t. 271. 
 
 grandijlo'rus. Flowprs larger. 
 
 stria'tvi. 1. Bright red, vrith yellow 
 
 ribs. Syn., C. striatm. B. M,: t. 2634. 
 ventrico'sus. Perianth tube swollen in 
 
 the middle. 1770. Syn., C. angustifo- 
 
 livs of Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 76. 
 
 — briuihysoy'phus. 1. Pale red. July. Pondo- 
 
 land. 1886. 
 
 — brevifio'rus is a synonym of Anoiga/nthus hrevi- 
 
 florus. 
 
 — ca'meus. 1. Bright red, August. Cape 
 
 Colony. B. E. 1. 1462. 
 
 — eolU'nus. 1. Bright red. August. Cape 
 
 Colony 1816. B. E. t. 162. Syn., Mo- 
 nellaglauca. 
 
 — heli'etvs. Cape Colony. 1839. Syn., Cypho- 
 
 nema helictus. 
 
 — Eutto'ni. 1. Pale red. May. Cape Colony. 
 
 1864. 
 
 — hy'brid'ug. A hybrid between Vallota and 
 
 CyrtanthtiS sanguineus. 1885. 
 
 — lute'scens. 1. Yellow. Cape Colony. 1863. 
 
 Syn., Monella ochroleuca. Anoiganthvji 
 breviflorus is occasionally to be found in 
 gardens under the erroneous name of 
 Cyrtanthus lutescens. 
 
 Coope'ri. Flowers more numerous. Syn., 
 
 C. lutescens of B. M. t. 6374. 
 
 — Maeke'nii. 1. White. Winter and Spring. 
 
 Natal. 1868. Eef. Hot. t. 366. 
 
 C. Maco'wani. Scarlet. Cape Colony. 1875. 
 Gfl. t. 960. 
 
 — obUquus. f . Bright red, yellowish. August. 
 
 Cape Colony. B. E. 1. 1133. 
 
 — o'darut. |. Crimson. July. Cape Colony. 
 
 1818. B. E. t. 603. Syn., Monella odora. 
 
 — pa'llidus. 1. Pink. June. 1822. B. M. 
 
 t. 2471. 
 
 — sangui'neus. Orange-red. August. Caffraria 
 
 and Natal. 1861. B. M. t. 5218. Syn., 
 Gastronema sa/nguvneum. 
 
 — SmUhia'nus. White, striped with green or 
 
 reddish-brown. May. Caffrana. 1876. 
 
 — spira'.lis. 1. Scarlet. November. Cape 
 
 Colony. 1790. B. E. 1. 167. Syn., Mo- 
 nella spiralis. 
 
 — stria'tws. B. M. t. 2534. A variety of C. an- 
 
 gmtifoHus. 
 
 — Tri'chii. 1}. Blood-red, yeUow. July. Cape 
 
 CoKny. 1884. 
 
 — unijlo'ms. J. White, striped with green or 
 
 reddish-brown. Winter. Cape Colony 
 and Caffraria. Sya., Amaryllis clavata. 
 
 — ventric&sus. ^ A variety of C. an^ustifolius. 
 
 — vittaltus. White, with reddish-brown stripes. 
 
 Cape Colony. Bed. Lil. 1. 182. 
 
 Cyrto'ceras refle'xum. See Hoya 
 coriacea. 
 
 Cyrtochi'lum. (From JcyHos, 
 curved or concave, and cheUos, a lip ; the 
 form of the labellum, or lip. Nat. ord., 
 Orchidece. Allied to Acanthophippium. ) 
 Stove orchids. On blocks of wood, with moss 
 and sphagnum fastened over their roots. Sum- 
 mer, moist temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 66° to 60° 
 rather dry. 
 C. Bietonie'nse. 2. Eed. October. Guatemala 
 
 1836. 
 — .eitri'num. 1. Yellow. April. Central 
 
 America. B. M. t. 4454. 
 
 — fi'lipes. 1. Eed, yellow, March. Guate- 
 
 mala. 1838. B. E. 1841, t. 69. 
 
 — jlave'scens. 1. Yellowish. June. Mexico. 
 
 1830. B. E. 1. 1627. 
 
 — graTninijfo'lvwm. See Oncidiumgra/minifolium. 
 
 — leucochi'limi. Green, spotted brown. Central 
 
 -America. Syn., Oncidiumleuchochilum. 
 Fl. Ser. t. 622. 
 
 — nmcula'twm. 1. Green, purple. Vera Cruz, 
 
 1837. Lindl. Sert. t. 25. 
 
 ecomu'tum. 1. Yellow, purple. March. 
 
 Mexico. B. M. t. 3836. 
 
 parvifio'rvmi. 1. White, yellow, purple. 
 
 February. Guatemala. 1829. 
 
 — '■ — Russellia'nunh. Spotted. March. Guate- 
 mala. 
 
 — mystaci'num. IJ. Yellowish. October. Peru, 
 
 1836. B. E. 1889, t. 62. 
 
 — stella'tum, Lindl. Sert. t. 7. See Miltonia 
 
 Jlavescens, var. stellatu/m. 
 
 Cyrtodei'ra. See Episcia. 
 
 Cyrtogo'nium. (From kyHos, 
 curved, and gonu, a knee ; referring to 
 the creeping stems, or rhizomes. Nat. 
 ord., Filices. Allied to Platycerium. ) 
 
 Stove Ferns, with brown spores. Divisions ; 
 peat and loam. 
 C. costa'tum. July. Java. 
 
 — crispa'tulum. May. E. Ind. 
 
 — diwrsifo'liwrn. May. E. Ind. 
 —fiageUi'ferum. B. Ind. 1826. 
 
 — laemia'tum. May. Isle of Leyte. 
 
 — pwnctula'tum. .May. Java. 
 
 — repa'ndwm. May. E. Ind. 
 
 — sea'nclens. May. E. Ind. 
 
 — serratifo'lium. May. E. Ind. 
 
CYR 
 
 [298] 
 
 CYT 
 
 C sinuo'sum. May. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — subGrma'tum. May. B. Ind. 
 
 — vi'rens. May. Java. 
 
 Cyrto'mium. (From^rfo*, curved; 
 the shape of the spore-cases, or seed- 
 vessels. Nat. ord., Filices.) 
 
 Stove Ferns. Culture as for Cybtogonium. 
 C. mwTnophy'llum. Japan. 1862. 
 
 — caryoti'devmi. India and China, 1861. Nearly 
 
 or quite hardy. 
 / attemui'twm. India. 
 
 — falca'tv/rrii See AsplenvuTn/alcatum. 
 
 Cyrto'pera. (From kyrtos, curved, 
 and pera, a small sack ; alluding to the 
 sack-like appendage to the labellum, or 
 lip. Nat. ord., Orchidece. Allied to 
 Galeandra.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Boot division; peat, rotten 
 wood, and potsherds. 
 C./la'va. See Cyrtopodium Jlavum, 
 — flave^scens. Pale yellow. June, Mexico. 
 1830. 
 
 — pUmtagi'nea. Madagascar. Syn., Linwdorv/m 
 f ptantagiTiewm. 
 
 — plica^a. India. 1840. 
 
 — Regnie'ri. Yellow. Cochin China. 
 
 — sangui'nea. B, M. t, 6161. See Eulophia 
 
 smiguinea. 
 ■ — Woodfo'rdii, Pink. September. S. Amer. 
 1819. Syn., Cyrtopodiwm Woodfordiit 
 B, M, t, 1814, and 1. 1608. 
 
 Cyrtophle'bimn. . (From kyrtos, 
 curved, and phlebs, a vein ; referring to 
 the disposition of the veins in the leaves. 
 Nat. ord., Filices.) 
 
 Stove Ferns. Culture as for Cyrtogonium. 
 C. deeu'rrens. 4. Yellow. July. Brazil. 
 
 — ni'tidwm. Yellow. July. W. Ind. 
 
 Cyrtopo'dium. (From kyrtos, 
 curved, and ports, a foot ; referring to 
 the form of the labellum, or lip. Nat, 
 ord., Orchidece.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Divisions ; peat, sphagnum, 
 
 and broken pots ; plants raised above the pots, 
 
 or suspended in shallow baskets. 
 
 C. Anderso'nii. 2. Yellow. April. St. Vincent. 
 
 1804. B. M. t. 1800. Syn., CynMdiwm 
 
 Andersoni, Andr. Rep. t. 651, 
 
 — cardiochi'lwm. Yellow, crimson. August. 
 
 — erista'tv/m. Guiana. 
 
 —fla'vum. 2. Yellow. India. 1831. Syn. Cyrto- 
 p&rajlava. 
 
 — glutini'ferum. Yellow. S. Amer. 
 
 — puncta'tum. 3. Yellow, red. April. Brazil. 
 
 B. M. t. 3507. 
 
 — Saintlegeria'num. Paraguay. 
 
 — sa/ngui'newm. 1. Reddish-brown, lip rosy, 
 
 Sikkim, 1875. 
 
 — Wilmo'rei. 4i. Yellowish-red. June. Ve- 
 
 — Woodf&rdu. B. M. t. 1814. ' See Cyrtopera 
 
 Woodfordii. 
 
 Cyrtospe'rma. (From kyrtos, 
 curved, and sperma, seed. Nat. ord., 
 AroidecB. ) 
 
 Stove perennial herbs. Treat as recommended 
 for Alooasia. 
 
 C. Johnsto'ni. Leaves red-veined ; stalks spiny. 
 Solomon Isles. 1875. Syn., Alocasia 
 Johnstoni. 
 
 — Malveieffla'rmm. Borneo. Perhaps the same 
 
 as Lasia heterophylla. 
 
 Cystaca'nthus. (From kystos, a 
 bladder, a,nd. Acanthus ; referring to the 
 inflated flowers. Nat. ord. , Acanthacece. ) 
 Stove evergreen herb. Cuttings of young 
 shoots in spring or summer, in sandy soil, in a 
 hotbed, covered by a bell-glass. Light sandy 
 loam and flbry peat. 
 C. tu'rgida. 1 to IJ. White and yellow, veined! 
 
 with pink. April. Cochin China. 1869. 
 
 Syn., Meninia turgida. 
 
 Cysto'pteris. (From kystos, a blad- 
 der, and pteris, a fern. Nat. ord., Filices: 
 — Polypodiacece. ) 
 
 Hardy ferns. For cultivation, see Ferns, 
 C, dlpi'na. J. Mountains of Europe, Eng'. 
 Bot, ed, 3, t. 1866. 
 
 — Inilbifera. 1. N. America. 1638. 
 —frdgilis. 1. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 
 1. 1884. 
 
 anguatalta, narrow var. 
 
 denta'ta, toothed var. J. 
 
 Dickiea'na. 1^. 
 
 deeu'rrens, decurrent var. 
 
 mterru'pta, interrupted var. 
 
 oMu'sa, blunt var. 1. 
 
 sempervi'renB, evergreen var. Madeira. 
 
 — monta'na. 1. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1868, 
 
 — re'gia. J. Britain. 
 
 — te'nuis. 1. N. America, 
 
 Cy'tisus. (From Cythrus, one of the 
 Cyclades, where one of the species was 
 first found. Nat. ord., Legumirmsw ; 
 Tribe, Genistem.) 
 
 Shrubs and trees. Readily increased by seeds f 
 choice kinds are grafted or budded upon the La- 
 burnum ; common garden-soil. 
 
 GREENHOUSE AND STOVte EVERGREENS. 
 
 C. e'legans. 3. Yellow. Cape of Good Hope. 1821» 
 —fi'lipes. White. March. Teneriffe. 1838. 
 
 — glomera'tus. 3. Zanzibar. 1823. Stove. 
 
 — la'niger. 2. Yellow. June. Spain. 1821, 
 
 Half-hardy. 
 ri'giduB. 6, Yellow, June, 
 
 — nuW genus. 6. Yellow. May. Teneriffe. 
 
 1779. 
 
 — proH'/erus. 2. Yellow, April. Canaries, 1779, 
 
 B, M, t, ^908, 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOtrS, ETC 
 
 C. Ada'mi. See Laburnum Adami. 
 
 — ceo'licus. 7, Yellow, May, Stromboli, 1836', 
 
 B. R. 1. 1902. 
 
 fio're-ple'no. White. May. England. 
 
 fo'liisvariega'tis. Yellow. May. Gardens. 
 
 — a'ibidus. 4. White. June. South Europe. 
 
 — a'lbue. 8. White. May. Portugal. 1752, 
 
 Portugal Laburnum. 
 ineaami'tus. 8. Flesh, May, Portugal. 
 
 1752, 
 
 lu'teus. 8, Yellow. May. Gardens. 
 
 mvitiflarrus. Garden variety, 1888. 
 
 — alpi'nus. 30 , Yellow. June. Europe. 1596, 
 
 Scotch Laburnum. 
 
 — Ardoi'ni. Yellow. Maritime Alps. 1867. 
 
 — argelnteus. 3. Yellow. August. France, 
 
 1739. 
 
 — austri'aeus. 3. Yellow. July. Austria. 1741, 
 
 — bijlo'rus. 3. Yellow. May. Hungary. 1760.. 
 
 B. R. t. 308. 
 
 — calyd'nMS. 2. Yellow. August, Tauria, 
 
 1820, B, C, t. 673. 
 
 — eanarie^nm. 4. Yellow. Europe. 1774. 
 
 — eapita'tus. 3. Yellow. July. Austria. 1774. 
 
 B. C. t. 497. 
 
 — cilia'tus. 3. Yellow. July. Carpathia. 1817. 
 
 — divmica'tus. 8. Yellow. August, S, W. 
 
 Europe, B. R. 1. 1387. 
 
CYT 
 
 [299] 
 
 DAD 
 
 Hungary. 
 
 C elonga'tiis. i. Yellow. May. 
 
 1804. Andr. Bep. t. 632. 
 —falca'tus. 3. Yellow. July. Hungary. 1816. 
 
 B. C. t. 620. 
 —flli'fer. Pale yellow. 1886. 
 — foliolo'sus. Yellow. May. Canary Islands. 
 
 1779. B. M. t. 426. 
 
 — granHflo'rus. i. Yellow. June. Portugal. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — hirsu'tus. 5. Yellow. July. South Europe. 
 
 1739. 
 
 — LaMimum. 15. Yellow. May. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1596. B. M. 1. 176. Syn., Labur- 
 
 num. vulgare. 
 
 fo'liis variega'tis. 15. Yellow. May. 
 
 fra' grans. 15. Yellow. June. Gardens. 
 
 pe:'ndulus. Yellow. May. 
 
 purpu'reus. Purple. B. R. 1. 1965. 
 
 quercifo'liti^. 15. Yellow. May. 
 
 urale^rms. May. Russia. 1832. 
 
 — leuca'nthiis. 4. Pale yellow. June. Hungary. 
 
 1806. B. M. t. 1438. 
 
 — mo'Sis. 4. Yellow. June. 1818. 
 
 — maltiJMrtis. 4. Yellow. June. Europe. 
 
 1818. B. E. t. 1191. 
 
 — miffrophy'iltts. 2. Yellow. May. 
 
 — na'nus. 1|. Yellow. May. Levant. 1816. 
 
 Wats. Dendr. il. t. 81. 
 
 — ni'gricaTis. 3. Yellow. June. Austria 
 
 17^0. B. R. t. 802. 
 Tui'rM. Dwarf variety. 
 
 — orieicta'lis. 3. Yellow. June. S. Europe. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — pa! tens. 4. Yellow. June. Portugal. 1752. 
 
 — poly'trichus. li. Yellow. June. Tauria. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — purmilreus. 2. Purple. Austria. 1792. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1176. 
 albijlo'rus. 2. White. June. Austria. 
 
 — pygmoslus. 1. Yellow. June. Calacea. 
 
 — racemo'sus. 3. Yellow. July. 1835. Ever- 
 
 green. 
 
 — rhodophe'na. 2. Yellow. May. 
 
 — ruthe^nieus. 3, Yellow, June. Russia. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — scopa'rius. 6. Yellow. June. England. 
 
 Common Broom. 
 
 a'ltus. ■ 6. White. June. Endand. 
 
 fidre-pldno. 6. Yellow. April. England. 
 
 fo'liU variega'tis. 6. Yellow. April. 
 
 Gardens. 
 
 — sessUiJlo'riLS. 6. Yellow. 
 
 B. M. t. 255. 
 
 — spino'sus. 2. Yellow. 
 
 1596. Evergreen. 
 
 — supi'nus. 1. Yellow. 
 
 1756. Trailer. 
 
 — tomento'sug. Yellow. August. 
 
 1798. Andr. Rep. t. 237. 
 
 — trifio'rus. i. Yellow. June. Sjain, 
 
 July. Italy. 1629. 
 June. S. Europe. 
 June. S. Europe. 
 S. Africa. 
 1640. 
 
 — W'elMnii. . B. R. 1843, t. 40. See Petteria 
 
 ranwntacea. 
 pro'eerus. Yellow. June. Portugal. 
 
 1816. 
 sero'tinus. Yellow. July. Hungary. 
 
 1826. 
 
 so'rdidns. Yellow, purple. May. 
 
 Insect. —Yellowish spots sometimes 
 appear on the leaves of the common 
 LaWrnum, which are caused by the 
 larvse of the Laburnum leaf miner 
 (Cenio' stoma labume'lla). This moth 
 deposits its eggs on the nnder-surface 
 of the leaves, and when the larvse are 
 hatched they bore into the tissue of the 
 leaf, causing yellowish blisters to ap 
 pear, from which they escape when full 
 grown, and hang for a short time sus- 
 pended from the leaf by a fine thread. 
 
 The caterpUlars, which are about a. 
 quarter of an ioch long, and of a green- 
 ish-white colour, with a dark line down 
 the back, enter the chrysalis state in 
 September, from which the moth escapes 
 the following May. The moth is pur& 
 white, with two pale yellow spots on 
 the anterior side of the fore-wing, and a. 
 triangular blackish-violet patch on its 
 posterior edge. Both pairs of wings are- 
 beautifully fringed. 
 
 Cza'ckia. See Paradisia. 
 
 D 
 
 Daboe'cia. (From its Irish name,. 
 St. Dabeoc's. Heath. Nat. ord., Erica- 
 cece.) 
 
 Dwarf, hardy evergreen shrubs. Peat. Shady- 
 spots. 
 D. canta'brica ealycula'ta. Red, white. 1891. 
 
 — polifdlia. 2. Purple. July. Ireland. Syn.^ 
 
 Menziesia potifolia. Eng. Bot. ed. 3„ 
 
 t. 885. 
 
 a'tro-purpit'rea. 2. Dark purple. 
 
 fio're-a'lbo. White. June. Ireland. 
 
 latifo'lia. 2. Purple. July. 
 
 langifo'lia. 2. Purple. July. 
 
 • na'na. J. Purple. July. Ireland. 
 
 pa'Uida. 2. Purple. July. Britain. 
 
 taxifo'lia. Purple. June. Scotland. 
 
 Dacry'dium. (From daikru, a tear ;: 
 referring to the resinous drops, glands, 
 or exudations. Nat. ord., Coniferos ; 
 Tlibe, TaxecB. Allied to Podocarpus 
 and Yew. ) 
 
 D. taxoi'des is the Icakaterro of the natives ;. 
 its young branches, like those of the Norway 
 Spruce, afford a beverage of the same qualities as 
 spruce beer. Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings; 
 of firm young wood in sand, under a glass ; peat 
 and loam. 
 D. cupreesi'nwm. 16. New Zealand. 1826. 
 
 — eld'tum. 20. PuloPenang. 1830. 
 
 — exce'lsum. New Zealand. 
 
 — Fitzgera'ldi. Australia. 1881. Probably a. 
 
 species of Podosphcera. 
 
 — Frankla'ndii. 100. Tasmania. 1844. Huon 
 
 Pine. 
 
 — Ma'i. New Zealand. 1843. 
 
 — taxoi'des. New Caledonia. 1843. 
 
 Dactyla'nthes. See Euphorbia. 
 
 Dactylica'pnos thalictrifo'lia. See- 
 Dicentra scandens. 
 
 Da'ctylis. (From daktuHs, the> 
 breadth of a finger. Nat. ord., Grami- 
 necB ; Tribe, Festucece.) 
 
 A strong-growing hardy grass, well adapted' 
 for damp or marshy land. 
 
 D. glomera'ta. 2. Green. June. Britain and 
 Central Europe. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1778_ 
 Cock's-foot Grass. 
 
 Dactylophy'Uum. See Gilia. 
 
 Daddy Long Legs. Ti'pula ole~ 
 ra'cea. 
 
D^D 
 
 [300] 
 
 DAH 
 
 Dsedalaca'nthus. (From daida- 
 ieos, embellished ; on account of the 
 beauty of these plants. Nat. ord., Acan- 
 ihucece ; Tribe, MuelUem. ) 
 
 Handsome stove giants. Seeds ; cuttings in 
 spring under a bell-glass. Soil; leal-mould, peat, 
 and rich sandy loam. 
 
 D. macrophy'llus. 2-3. Pale violet-blue. Winter. 
 Burmah and Malay Peninsula. B. M, 
 t. 6686. 
 
 — monta'nus. 2. Lilac, purple. March. Ceylon. 
 
 1843. Syn., JErcmthem/um montanurrif 
 B. M. t. 4031. 
 
 — nervo'sms. 2. Blue. Winter. B. Indies. 
 
 1795. Syns., Eranthemwm pulchellum, 
 Andr. Rep. t. 88, and Justicia nervosa, 
 B. M. t. 1358. 
 
 — stri'ctus. 2. Purple. April. Nepaul. 1818. 
 
 Syn., Eranthemwrn strictwin, B. M. 
 t.,3068. 
 
 Dse'iuia. (Its Arabic name. Nat. 
 ©rd., Asclepiadacece ; Tribe, Cynanchece.) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiners, with white flowers, 
 blooming in July. Cuttings of firm side-shoots 
 in sandy soil, under a glass, and in bottom-heat, 
 in April ; peat and loam, both fibry, with a little 
 .silver sand. 
 D. hi'color. See Cynanchv/m hicolor^ 
 
 — corda'ta. 10. Arabia. 1824. 
 
 — exte^nsa. 3. E. Indies. 1777. Syns., D. 
 
 ciliata, Cynanchum extensum (Jacq. Ic. 
 t. 54), and Raphistemma ciliatum (B. M. 
 t. 5704). 
 
 — sca'ndens. 10. Gambia. 1824. 
 
 Dsemono'ropS. (From dema, a 
 •cord, and rhops, a twig ; alluding to the 
 jope-like, climbing stems. Nat. ord., 
 PalmaeecB. Now united to CalamUS.) 
 D. melanochaites. See Calamus tnelanoehoBtes. 
 
 — orna'tits. See Calamus ornatus. 
 
 — palembalnicus. See CaUt/mus palemhanicus. 
 
 — periaca'nthits. See Calamiis periacanthits. 
 
 — pltimo'sus. India. 1870. See Calamus plu- 
 
 mosus. 
 
 Da'ffodil. Narci'ssus pseudo-nar- 
 ■ci'ssus. 
 
 Da'hlia. (Named after Dahl, a 
 ■Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., Compo- 
 ■sitcB ; Tribe, BelianthoidefB. ) 
 
 Half-hardy perennial tubers. Division of the 
 tuberous roots ; cuttings when they have grown 
 three or :^our inches in length, in flue spring, and 
 inserted in light, sandy soil, with a little bottom- 
 heat, and hardened off b^ degrees ; seeds for 
 insuri^ the different species ; fresh, rich, light 
 soil, ©le roots, after the stems are cut down 
 by frost, must be taken up and kept in dry sandy 
 ■soil. 
 
 D. m'lo'rea. G. C. 1883, xix. p. 80. See 2). 
 excdsa. 
 
 — Ba/rMrioe. 2. Blush. August. Mexico. 
 
 1838. 
 
 — Cervante'di. See C. coccmea 
 
 — coed'nea. Scarlet. October. Mexics. B. 
 
 M. t. 762. Syns., D. bidentifolia, D. Cer- 
 vantesii, D. frustranea, Maund Bot. ii. 
 . 88, and Georgina Cerva/ntesii. 
 
 — croca'ta. See C. variabilis. 
 
 — exce'lsa. 30. Purple. "Mexico. 1834. Gfl. t. 861. 
 . anemonc^'ra. 30. Light. September. 
 
 Mexico. 1830. 
 — frustra'nea (with its varieties aura'ntia, cro'- 
 cea, and lu'tea) is synonymous with C. 
 variabilis. 
 
 D. glabra'ta. See C. MercMi. 
 
 — gra'ailis. i. Orange-scarlet, yellow. October. 
 
 Mexico. 1873. 
 
 cu'prea. Coppery-red. 
 
 flo're-ple^no. Double-flowered. 1888. 
 
 fu'lgeTis. Bright crimson-scarlet. 
 
 i'gnea. Fiery orange. 
 
 lu'tea. Pale chrome-yellow. 
 
 supe'rba. Crimson-scarlet. G. C. 1881, 
 
 xvi. p. 524. 
 
 — imperia'lis. 10-12. White or rose, yellow. 
 
 ■ October. Mexico. 1863. B. M. t. 5813. 
 
 — Juare'zii (or Yuare'zii). Crimson. Autumn. 
 
 Mexico. 1872. The Cactus Dahlia. 
 
 — lu'tea. Yellow. 1879. Perhaps a form of 
 
 C. mexicana. 
 
 — Maximilia'na. 7. Mauve. 
 
 — Me'rckii. 2-4. White and yellow, or lilac and 
 
 yellow. October. Mexico. 1839. Syn., 
 
 D. glabrata, B. M. t. 3878. 
 
 Deeaisnea'na. 3. Purple, yellow. Mexico. 
 
 1864. Rev. Hort. lS64j p. 31. 
 
 — pinna' ta. See D. variaMlis. 
 
 — scapi'gera. 2. White. June. Mexico. 1837. 
 
 Maund Bot. iy. 1. 161. Syn., Georgina 
 scapigera. 
 
 — ste^lla-bia'nea. 3. White, golden. 1881. 
 
 — supe'ryitia. See D. variubUis. 
 
 — variabilis. Colour variable, crimson, purple, 
 
 etc. Mexico. Syns., D. superjlua, cro- 
 cata, and pinnata. 
 
 iflo'ra. A form in which the bracts are 
 increased at the expense of the flower. 
 G. C. 1886, xxvi. p. 429. 
 
 — Tuare'zii. See D. Juarezii. 
 
 Dahlia as a riorist's Flower.— 
 The innumerable varieties in our gar- 
 dens are the descendants of D. cocci'nea, 
 D. varia'bilis, and probably D. Me'rckii. 
 
 Propagation by Cuttings. — The time 
 for striking these extends from Feb- 
 ruary to August. The young shoots 
 that spring from the bulbs make the 
 best cuttings, and are the most sure to 
 grow ; but the young tops taken off at a 
 joint will strike root and form small 
 bulbs even so late as August, and often 
 are more sure to grow in the spring fol- 
 lowing, if kept in small pots, than roots 
 that have been planted out late. This 
 more particularly applies to new varie- 
 ties. If the shoots on the old bulbs are 
 numerous, or there appears many buds 
 ready to start, the snoots that have 
 grown three inches long may be slipped 
 off with the finger close to the bulb ; but 
 if the shoots are few, or only one, they 
 must be cut off so as to leave two buds 
 at the base of the shoot to grow again. 
 The cuttings, or slips, must be put ill 
 pots filled with light earth, with a layer 
 of puTe white sand on the surface, and 
 placed in a gentle hotbed. If the pot of 
 cuttings can be plunged in coal-ashes, or 
 other material, the cuttings will strike 
 the sooner ; water very moderately and 
 carefully, and shade from bright sun. 
 They will strike root in a fortnight or 
 three weeks, and should be immediately 
 potted in SJ-inch pots, and kept close 
 for a few days, till they make a few 
 
DAH 
 
 [301] 
 
 DAH 
 
 more roots. They may then be placed 
 in a cold frame, shaded from the sun, 
 and protected from frost and wet. Pot 
 them again into 4i-inch pots, before the 
 roots become matted, and then begin 
 to give air daily, and keep them well 
 watered. 
 
 By Division.— The roots may be di- 
 vided'from the crown downwards, taking 
 care to have a bud or two to each divi- 
 sion. Pot them, if too early to plant 
 out, or plant the division out at once in 
 their places, but not earlier than the 
 middle of April. 
 
 By Seed. — Save the seed from such 
 double flowers as are partially fertile, 
 having bright distinct colours and good 
 form. Gather it as soon as ripe, and 
 hang the pods up in a dry place. When 
 the scales of the pod turn brown, sepa- 
 rate the seeds, dry them in the sun in 
 the morning only, and when dry store 
 them in a dry room. Sow them in March, 
 in shallow pans, and transplant the seed- 
 lings singly into small pots. As soon as 
 the frosts are passed, plant them out a 
 foot apant every way, and allow them to 
 flower. All bad-shaped or dull-coloured 
 throw away; there is no hope of their 
 improving by culture. Such as have 
 good-formed petals and bright colours, 
 though not perfectly double, may be 
 kept another year for a further trial; 
 and such as are excellent shoufl. be pro- 
 pagated from the young tops, to pre- 
 serve the kinds, as the old root might 
 perish. 
 
 Soil. — The dahlia requires a rich, 
 deep, friable soil ; and, as the branches 
 are heavy and brittle, a sheltered situa- 
 tion should be chosen, neither too low 
 nor too high. The ground should be 
 trenched, if it will allow it, eighteen 
 inches or two feet deep, a good coating 
 of well-decomposed dung spread on the 
 surface after the trenching is completed, 
 and immediately dug in one spit deep. 
 Lay the soil so mixed up m slight 
 ridges, to be levelled down just before 
 planting. 
 
 Summer Culture. — Prepare the plants 
 for planting out by constant and full ex- 
 posure when the weather is mild. The 
 season for planting is as soon as there is 
 no fear of any more frost. To grow them 
 fine, and to obtain high colours, they 
 should have plenty of room between each 
 plant^five feet apart every way for the 
 dwarf-growing kinds, and six feet for the 
 tail ones, will not be too much. It is a 
 good method to have the places for each 
 marked out, by driving in the stakes in 
 the exact places first, and then there is 
 no danger of the stakes injuring the 
 
 roots. As late frosts might possibly 
 occur, it is safer to cover the plants at 
 night with clean empty garden-pots of a, 
 sufficient size to cover them without 
 touching the leaves, until all fear of 
 frost has subsided. When the plants 
 have obtained a considerable growth, 
 cover the surface round each plant with 
 some half-rotted, littery stalDle-dung ; 
 this will preserve them from drought, 
 and afford nutriment when the plants- 
 are watered. 
 
 Tying is a very important operation. 
 .As soon as the plants are high enough,, 
 they should be tied to the stakes with 
 some rather broad shreds of soft bass 
 matting ; and the side-shoots must also- 
 be secured by longer pieces of matting,, 
 to prevent the winds and heavy rains 
 from breaking them off: It may some- 
 times be necessary to place three or four 
 additional stakes at a certain distance 
 from the central one, to tie the side- 
 branches to. The best kind of stakes 
 are the thinnings of larch plantations. 
 They should be stout, and six or seven 
 feet long, at least. As the plants grow, 
 if the weather is hot and dry, abun- 
 dance of water should be supplied. 
 
 Protecting the Flowers. — Tliis will be 
 necessary if intended for exhibition. 
 Caps of oiled canvas stretched upon a 
 wire frame are very good for the pur- 
 pose ; even a common garden-pot turned 
 upside down is no bad shelter. They 
 may easily be suspended over each 
 flower by being fastened to a stake, and 
 the flower genfly brought down and tied 
 to the stake under them. The best 
 shade, however, is a square box with a 
 glass front, and a slit at the bottom to 
 allow the stem of the flower to slide 
 into it, and thus bring the flower within 
 the box. The flower then has the ad- 
 vantage of light and air, and is still pro- 
 tected from the sun, wind, and rain. 
 
 Winter Culture. — ^As soon as the au- 
 tumn frosts have destroyed the tops of 
 the plants, cut down the stems, and 
 take up the roots immediately. If the 
 roots come up clean out of the ground, 
 they will only require gentle drying, 
 and may be stored at once in some place 
 where they will be safe from frost. If 
 the soil clings much to the tubers, these 
 should be washed and dried, and then 
 stowed away. The place should not 
 only be free from frost, but from damp 
 also, yet not so dry as to cause them to 
 shrivel up too mucli. It is a good plan 
 to have two or three of each kind struck 
 late and kept in pots through the winter ; 
 but the soil must be perfectly dry before 
 they are put to rest, and no wet or frost 
 
DAI 
 
 [302] 
 
 DAL 
 
 allowed to reach them. A good place 
 for them is to lay the pots on one side 
 under the stage of a greenhouse. In 
 these winter (juarters they must be fre- 
 quently examined, and all decaying roots 
 ■or stems removed. 
 
 Insects. — In the early stages of growth, 
 the great pest to the dahlia is the slug. 
 Watering with clear lime-water is the 
 best article to destroy them, or a dusting 
 ■of quick-lime in dewy mornings will be 
 useful ; a circle of lime round each plant 
 will be a good preventive, and also a 
 carefully gathering up, very early in the 
 morning, of these vermin will greatly 
 reduce their numbers. When the plants 
 are in flower, the earwig is almost sure 
 to attack them, and frequently in one 
 night will disfigure the finest and most 
 perfect bloom, and render it unfit for 
 exhibition. Traps must be set to catch 
 "them. Small garden-pots with a little 
 hay or moss put in them, and then 
 turned upside down upon the stakes, are 
 a good trap for them. They should be 
 examined every morning, and the in- 
 sects in them destroyed. Dried bean- 
 stalks are also a good trap : place them 
 among the branches, and tne insects will 
 ■creep into them as a hiding-place. Also, 
 as they feed chiefly in the night, take a 
 lantern at that time, and examine every 
 flower. 
 
 Preparing for Exhibition. — Cut the 
 :flowers the night before, and if they are 
 i;o be conveyed a considerable distance, 
 iave a box or boxes made with water- 
 tight tin tubes securely fixed in the 
 bottom, to hold water; pass the stem 
 ■of each flower through a plug of wood 
 with a hole in the centre, just wide 
 enough to allow the stem to pass through 
 it, and just thick enough to fit like a 
 cork into the tin tube. Make the flower 
 quite firm in the wooden plug, and let 
 the lid of the box be so elevated as not 
 to touch the flower. 
 
 Da'is. (From daio, to heat ; re- 
 ferring to the causticity of the bark. 
 Nat. ord., Thymdacem ; Tribe, Euthy- 
 melece. Allied to Daphne.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Seeds sown in slight 
 hotbed, in March ; cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots, or of the roots, in April, in sand, under 
 ■a, glass, and mth a little heat ; peat and loam. 
 D. cotinifo'lia. 10. White, green. June. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1776. B. M. t. Wl. 
 
 Daisy. (Be'llis jpere'nnis.) There 
 are many double varieties of this hardy 
 perennial; some white, others crimson, 
 and many variegated. A more curious 
 variety is the Proliferous or Hen and 
 Chicken Daisy. They all will flourish 
 in any moist soil, and almost in any 
 
 situation. They bloom from April to 
 June. Propagated by divisions ; the 
 smallest fragment of root almost enables 
 them to grow. To keep them double 
 and fine, they require moving occa- 
 sionally. Planted as an edging round 
 the Kanunculus bed, their roots tempt 
 the wireworm from those of the choicer 
 flower. 
 
 Dalbe'rgia. (Named after Dalberg, 
 a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., Legu- 
 mitwscB; Tribe, DalbergiecB.) 
 
 The wood of Z>. Si'ssoo is remarkable for its 
 excellence. East Indian stove evergreen trees, 
 almost all with white flowers. Cuttings of firm 
 young shoots in March, in sand, under a glass, 
 and in a little bottom-heat ; fibry peat and turfy 
 loam, with a portion of sand. 
 D. arbo'rea. See JD. la/nemlaria. 
 
 — Barcla'yi. 15. Blue. Mauritius. 1823. 
 
 — dipha!ca. See Ormoca/r%ywm cochinchin&nsis. 
 
 — dommge'Ttsis. See Lonchoca/rpus sericeus, var 
 
 gutbrescens. 
 — /rondo' sa. See C. lanceolaria. 
 
 — lameeola'ria. 30. India. 1818. Syns., D. 
 
 arborea a,nd frondosa. 
 
 — Utifo'lia. 30. E. Indies. Black Wood. 
 
 — margina'ta. 20. Khasia. 1823. 
 
 — Ougeine'nsis, See Ougeinia. 
 
 — pcmicula'ta. 20. India. 1811. 
 
 — rimo'sa,. 20. N. India. 1823. 
 
 — ruMgino'sa. 10. India and S. China. 1811. 
 
 — sca'ndens. See Derris scamdens. 
 
 — Si'ssoo. 80. India. 1820. 
 
 — ta/nux/rmd'^o'lia. 15. Indian Archipelago. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — Tel/ai'rm. 15. Mauritius. 1823. 
 
 — volu'bilis. 20. India. 1818. 
 
 Da'lea. (Dedicated to Samuel Dale, 
 M.D., author of a book upon Materia 
 Medica. Nat. ord., LegummpscBj Tribe, 
 Oalegeoe.) 
 
 Greenhouse shrubby perennials, except D. 
 alopecuroides. For cultivation, see Psoralea. 
 AlUiough this is a large genus, containing at 
 least a hundred species, many of which are 
 exceedingly pretty, the following are the only 
 ones at present in cultivation, 
 D. alopecurol'des. 1-2. Bluish. Summer, N. 
 America. Hardy annual. 
 
 — bi'color. See D. rmitabilis. 
 
 — Kuhniste^ra. See Petalostemon eoryniboswn. 
 
 — nrnta'bilis. Purple, white. October. Mexico, 
 
 1821. B. M. 2486. Syn., D. bicolor. 
 
 — Huti'sii. Purple. July. Mexico. 1828. 
 
 Syn., Psoralea MutisU. 
 
 Dalecha'mpia. (Named after DaZe- 
 chmmp, a French botanist. Nat. ord., 
 EuphorbiaeecB ; Tribe, Crotonece, Allied 
 to Poinsettia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen climbers, with yellowish-green 
 flowers. Cuttings a little dried at their base 
 before insertion into sandy soil, under a hand- 
 light, in April ; peat and loam. 
 D. braziliefngis. 6. July. Brazil. 1824. 
 —fldfo'lia. 6. July. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 — Roeaia'na. Rose, yellow. VeraCmz. 1867. 
 
 B. M. t. 6640. Syn., Cremophyttwm. 
 a'lba. Bracts white. Mexico. 1875. 
 
 — sca'ndens. 12. June. W. Ind. 1739. 
 
 Daliba'rda, (Named after Dali- 
 bard, a French botanist. Nat. ord.. 
 
DAL 
 
 [303] 
 
 DAP 
 
 Sosacece ; Tribe, Potentillece, Allied to 
 Potentilla.) 
 
 An alpine, or rock-plant. Division ; light, 
 sandy soil ; a sheltered, dry place. 
 D. fragarioi'des. B. M. t. 1567. See Waldsteinia 
 
 fragarioides. 
 —re' pens. J. White. May. N. America. 
 
 1768. Syns., D. cordata and D. violceo- 
 
 ides. 
 
 Dalmatian Cap. TuU'pa. 
 
 Damask Rose. Ro'sa damasce'na. 
 
 Damask Violet. He'speris ma- 
 trona'lis. 
 
 Damaso'nium. (From damem, to 
 -conquer ; but the application is obscure. 
 Nat. ord., Sydrocharidew.) ■ 
 
 For cultivation, see AXISMA. 
 D. iteUa'tum. i-2. White, with yellow spot. 
 Summer. Britain. Syn., AUsma Dama- 
 soniwm. 
 
 Dame's Rocket, or Violet. Se's- 
 •peris matrona'iis. 
 
 Da'm.m.ara. (The Dammar Pine of 
 Amboyna. The Kaurie of the natives 
 of New Zealand. Nat. ord., Coniferoe ; 
 Tribe, Araucwriem. United to Agathis 
 in the Genera Plantarum. ) 
 
 Handsome greenhouse conifers. The finest 
 masts are prepared from the I>. austra'lis; it 
 also yields a brittle, resin-like copal. Cuttings 
 of young, ripe, firm shoots, inserted in sand, m 
 the spnng, in a gentle bottom-heat, under a 
 ieU-glass ; loam, with a little sand. 
 D. amtra'lis. 200. New Zealand. 1821. Kauri 
 Pine. Pin. Wob. t. 69. 
 
 — obtu'sa. 160. New Hebrides. 1861. B. M, 
 
 t. 6369. 
 
 — orienta'lis. 50, Amboyna. 1804. Dammar 
 
 Pine. 
 
 Dam.naca'ntllUS. (From damnao, 
 to conquer, and acanthos, a spine ; in 
 Teference to the strong opposite spines. 
 Nat. ord., Jinbiacece j Tribe, Morin- 
 decB.) 
 
 Greenhouse shrubs. Cuttings in sand, in a 
 
 fentle bottom-heat, and under a hand-glass, 
 lich sand, loam and peat, or leaf -mould. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60' to 86° ; winter, 55° to 60°. 
 JD. i'ndicus. White. Japan. 1889. 
 
 — met jar. White. Japan. 1868. 
 
 submi'tis. White, spines very small. 
 
 Japan. 1868. Gfl. t. 570. 
 
 Dampie'ra. (Named after the cir- 
 cumnavigator, Capt. W. Dampier. Nat. 
 ord., GoodeniacecB. Allied to.Scsevola.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbs or shrubs, with blue flowers, 
 from Australia. Division ; and cuttings of 
 jroung shoots in sand, under a glass ; peat and 
 loam. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ; winter, 38° to 
 46°. 
 
 D. ala'ta. May. W. Australia. 1842. Ic. PI. 
 1. 1027. 
 
 — Bro'wnii. J. July. New South Wales. Syn., 
 
 C. ovaHfolia. 
 
 — corona! ta. May. W. Australia. 
 
 — eimea'ta. May. W. Australia. 
 ~fasciciUa'ta. May. W. Australia. 1841. 
 
 — lavendidoicea. W. Australia. 1843. 
 ■ — linea'ris. W. Australia. 1840 
 
 D, ovali/o'lia. See D. Brownii. 
 
 — stri'cta. 1. July. Queensland. 1814. 
 
 — te'res. 1. Blue. June. Swan River. 
 
 Damping off is a name applied by- 
 gardeners to a premature decay of the 
 stems of seedlings, and other tender 
 plants. This decajr arises in many in- 
 stances from the soil and air in which 
 the plants are growing being kept too 
 moist. Seedlings are especially liable 
 to be thus affected ; ana, to prevent 
 this, one third of the depth of the pot 
 should be filled with drainage, and the 
 soil employed only roughly sifted. The 
 seeds should be sown very thinly, pressed 
 down, and a little white sand be 
 sprinkled over the surface, because this 
 is not easily disturbed by watering, and 
 is not a medium that retains moisture 
 to the neck of the seedlings, where 
 dampness most affects them. Cuttings 
 often damp off by being allowed to be- 
 come dry, and then over watering. 
 
 Damson, See Prunus. 
 
 Danse'a. (Named after P. M. Dana, 
 who wrote on the Flora of Piedmont. 
 Nat. ord., FUices.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennial. Divisions ; peat 
 and loam. 
 
 Z). ala'ta. W. Indies. 1823. Hook. lo. Til. i. 
 p. 18. 
 
 — elli'ptica. W. Indies. Hook. Ic. Fil. i., p. 51 
 
 — Moritzia'na. Columbia. 
 
 — nodo'sa. W. Indies. Hook. Ic. Kl. i., p. 51. 
 
 — serrula'ta. New Grenada. 1881. 
 
 Da'phne. (So called after the fabled 
 nymph of that name. Nat. ord., Thyme- 
 lacece; Tribe, Euthymelece.) 
 
 Extreme causticity is the general property of 
 the Daphnads — the Spurge Laurel and Mezereum 
 particularly so. Seed for most of the species, 
 especially of the D. laurel ola, or Spurge Laurel; 
 used as a grafting stock for most of the rarer 
 and tender kinds. As the seed is two years in 
 vegetating, it is usual to keep it some time in 
 sand, in a heap. D. cneo'rum and other dwarf 
 kinds, especially if at all trailing, are gererally 
 propagated by layers in summer. A close pit for 
 grafting the finer kinds, in March or April, is an 
 advantage. Most of them like a good proportion 
 of sandy peat ; but the deciduous Mezelnum 
 does best m pure loam. The odo'ra and odo'ra 
 ru'bra are nearly hardy in the climate of Lon- 
 don ; but farther north they require the cold pit 
 or greenhouse. 
 
 HABDT DECIDUOUS. 
 
 D. Fortu'nei. 3. Lilac. February. China. 1844. 
 Fl. Ser. t. 208. 
 
 — Mene'reian. 4. Pink. March. England. 
 
 Besides those mentioned below there is 
 a variety with white flowers and yellow 
 ' berries. 
 
 a'Vywm. 4. March. 
 
 awlumna'le. 4. Ked. August. Europe. 
 
 fo'lii^-purpvlreis. Leaves tinged with 
 
 purple. Fl. Ser. t. 692. 
 
 ru'lmim. 4. Pink. March. England. 
 
 HABDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 D. alpi'na. 2. White. June. Italy. 1759. 
 B. C. t. 66. 
 
DAR 
 
 [304] 
 
 DAT 
 
 April. Siberia. 1796. 
 
 April. Naples. B. B. 
 
 May. Styria. 1872. 
 July. Australia. 1762. 
 
 August. 
 
 D. alta'uM. 3. White. 
 B. M. 1. 1876. 
 
 — austra'lis. 8. Pink. 
 
 1838, t. 66. 
 
 — Blagaya'na. White. 
 
 — tmec^ru/m. 1. Pink. 
 
 B. M. t. 913. 
 
 f&liis variega'tis. 1. Pink. April. 
 
 grimdifio'rum. 1. Pink. April. 
 
 — eolK'na. 3. Purple. March. Italy. 1752. 
 
 B. M. t. 428. A variety is figured in B. 
 K. t. 822. 
 
 — G^nkwa. Lilac. Japan. 1866. 
 
 — glomera'ta. Lilac-purple. Caucasus. 1891. 
 
 — Gni'dmim. 2. White. July. Spain. 1697. 
 
 B. C. 1. 160. 
 
 — Houttea'na. Purple. May, 
 
 — i'ndica. 
 
 elegaTiti'Gsima. Leaves broadly white- 
 margined. Japan. 1870. 
 —jetogmis. Yellow. Japan. 1866. Fra^nt. 
 
 — Icmrdola. 6. Green. February. ■ Britain. 
 
 Spurge Laurel. 
 
 — MazeHvi. White. Japan. 1873. 
 
 — neapolUa'na. 2. Purple. March. Naples. 
 
 1822. B. C. t. 719. 
 
 — oleoi'des. 2. White. t!rete. 1816. B. M. 
 
 1. 1917. 
 
 — po'ntica. i. Green, yellow. April. Pontus. 
 
 1769. B. M. 1. 1282. 
 
 fo'liis variega'tis. 1. Pink. 
 
 Pontus. 
 
 — puMscens. 3. Yellow. April. Austria. 
 
 1810. 
 
 — ruptfstris, J. Purple orrose. March. Europe? 
 
 — salicifo'liiX'. White. Spring. Caucasus. 1871. 
 
 — seri'cea. 2. White. Apnl. Crete. 1820. 
 
 — stria'ta. 2. Purple. May. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — Ta'rton^ai'rOf. 3. White. June. France. 
 
 1640. 
 . — thymelce^a. 3. Yellow. March. Spain. [1816. 
 Wild Olive. 
 
 — tomento'sa. 2. White. June. Asia. 1800. 
 
 Half-hardy. 
 
 — viridiflo'ra. Green. Nepaul. 1829. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS, ETC. 
 
 D. Auckla'ndii. 2. Himalayas. 1841. Stove. 
 
 — chinelnsis. 4. Yellow. May. China. 1825. 
 
 — i'ndica. 4. White. June. China. 1800. 
 ru'hra. Purplish-pink. China. 
 
 — japo'nica. 2. Pink. March. Japan. 1840. 
 
 — o'dma. 3. Pink, white. July. China. 1771. 
 
 Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 351. 
 
 ru'bra. 4. Pink. April. China. 1831. 
 
 variega'ta. 4. White. October. Japan. 
 
 1800. 
 
 — papyra'cea. 4. White. May. Nepaul. 1824. 
 
 — tinifo'lia. 6. Jamaica. 1773. Stove. 
 
 Da'rea. (Named after Dar, a bota- 
 nist. Nat. ord., Filices. A section of 
 Asplenium. ) 
 
 Stove Ferns, requiring the same treatment as 
 Aspleniums. 
 D. aia'ta. Brown. July. W. Ind. 
 
 — lyultilfera. 1. Brown. June. New Zealand. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — eiiyuMria. 1. Brown. June. W. Ind. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — diversiifo'lia. 2. Brown. March. N. Zea- 
 
 land. 1831. 
 
 — myriophy'Ua. Brown. July. S. Amer. 
 
 — rhizo'phora. ' 1. Brown. July. Jamaica. 
 
 1793. 
 
 — rhizophy'lla. f. Brown. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1680. 
 
 — rutcefo'Ua. Brown. July. W. Ind. 
 
 — sca'ndens. Brown. July. Isle of Leyte. 
 
 — vim'para. 1. Brown. Jime. Mauritius. 
 
 1820. 
 
 Darlingto'nia. (In honour of Dr^ 
 Darlington, an American botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Sarraceniacece.) 
 
 A remarkable half-hardy or hardy perennial, 
 nearly allied to Sarracenia, which see for Cul- 
 ture, etc. 
 
 D. califo'mica. 1}. Green, yellow, with red- 
 brown veins. April. California. 1861, 
 B. M. t. 6920. 
 
 Darnel. Lo'Uum tremuU'ntum. 
 
 Darwi'nia. (Named after Dr. Dar- 
 win, author of The Botanic Garden. 
 Nat. ord., Myriacece; Tribe, Chamce- 
 lauciecB. Allied to Genetyllis. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from Australia. Cut- 
 tings of young shoots in sand, under a bell- 
 glass ; peat and loam, both flbry, and with sand, 
 D.faseicula'ris. 29. Red. June. New South 
 
 Wales. 1820. 
 —fimbriaJta. Bracts large, rose-coloured. June. 
 
 W. Australia. 1864. Syn., Genetyllis 
 
 flmbriata, B. M. t. 6468. 
 
 — taxifo'lia. 29. White. June. New South 
 
 Wales. 1824. 
 
 Dasyli'rion. (From dasys, thick, 
 and lirion, a lily. Nat. ord., Liliac^ce. 
 Allied to Beaucarnea. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens. Seeds. Rich sandy 
 loam. 
 B. cuaro'trichum. 6-10. Mexico. 1861. B. M, 
 
 t. 6030. Syns., D. gracile, Bonapartea 
 
 gracilis, and BarhacoBnia gracilis. 
 
 oph-i/ttum. 12. Whitish. Mexico. 1846- 
 
 B. M. t. 5041. Syn., D. glaucum. 
 
 mifo'lvwm. 8. White. Mexico. 1836- 
 
 Syn., Yucca gra/minifolia. 
 
 wegia'num. See Beaucarnea Eookeri. 
 
 — Sooke'ri. See Beaucarnea Sookeri. 
 
 — longifo'lium. See Beaucarnea longifolia. 
 
 Dasyste'mon. (From dasys, thick, 
 and stemon, a stamen. Nat. ord., 
 Crassulacem. Allied to Crassula.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds in April ; sandy loam. 
 D. calyci'num. White. June. Australia. 1823> 
 
 Dasysto'mg,. See Gerardia. 
 
 D. pedioiila'ria. Gfl. t. 717. See Gerardia pedi- 
 cularia. 
 
 — querdfo'lia. See Gerardia querdfolia. 
 
 Date Palm. Phce'nix dactyli'fera. 
 Date Plum. Diospy'rus Ka'ki. 
 
 Dati'sca. (Derivation not known. 
 Nat. ord., Datiscece.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial, common soil. 
 D. canrmbi'na. 10. Green. July. S. E. Europe 
 to India. 1739. Sbth. Fl. Gr. t. 960. 
 
 Datu'ra. Thom Apple. (From ita 
 Arabic name, Tatorah. Nat. ord., 
 Solanacece ; Tribe, ffyoscyamece. ) 
 
 Violent narcotic principles pervade this order, 
 the seeds being the most powerful. Annuals, by 
 seeds in the open air, in March. Evergreen, 
 shrubs, by cnttmgs any time in spring or sum- 
 mer, in light soil, in a little heat, with a hand- 
 light over them ; rich, flbry loam ; do well in a. 
 sheltered border in summer, and may either be 
 protected there, or removed to a shed or house 
 where the temperature will not fall below 36° to. 
 40' in winter. 
 
DAU 
 
 [305] 
 
 DAV 
 
 HAKDY ANNUALS. 
 v. a'lba. White. July. E. Ind. 
 
 — ceratocau'la. 2. White. August. S. Amer. 
 
 1805. Syn., Ceratocaulos daturoides. 
 
 — fastuo'sa-. 3. Purple. August, Egypt. 1629. 
 
 Gfl. 1873, p. 207. 
 —ftfrox. 3. White. August. China. 1731. 
 — frutieo'sa. See D Metel. 
 
 — guayaquUe'nsis. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 380. 
 
 See D. Metel. 
 
 — hu'milis. 2. Pale yellow. 1829. 
 
 — vndrmis. 2, White. July. ' Africa. 1710, 
 
 Jacq. H. Vind. ili,, t. 82. Syn., D. 
 l<sms. 
 
 — Icel'ms. See D, inermis. 
 
 — Mdtel. 2. White Tropics of India and S. 
 
 America. 1596. B. M. t. 1446. Syns., 
 D. fruticosa and D. guayaquilensis. 
 
 — rrmriea'ta. 2. White. May. 1820. 
 
 — quereifo'lia. Lilac, July. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 — Stramo'nmm. 2. White, August. England. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 935. Thorn Apple. 
 
 fla'va. Sulphur. August. 
 
 Ta'-tula. 3. Blue. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1629. Swt, Fl. Gard. t. 83 
 
 GREENHOHSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 Z>. arto'rea. See S. suaveolens. 
 
 — bi'color. See D, sanguinea. 
 
 — ca'ndida. 10, White. August. Peru. 1813. 
 
 — chlora'rdha. 10. Yellow. May. 
 
 , fio're-plefno. Double flowered, yellow. 
 
 1845. 
 
 — eocci'nea. Scarlet. Columbia. 1876. Syn,, 
 
 BrvgmanBia coccinea. 
 
 — comi'gera. 10. White. July. Brazil. 1844. 
 
 B. M. t. 4252, 
 
 fiolre-ple'ru). 10. White. July. 1846. 
 
 — /astuo'safl(yre-ple''rw. Double flcnvered. 
 ru'bra. 2. White, purple. May. S. Amer. 
 
 1827. Syn., D. Wagmanii. 
 — florSm'nda. Orange. June. S. Amer. 1838. 
 
 — Gardne'rt^ See 2). suaveolens. 
 
 — Kni'ghtii. White. Double flowered. 
 
 — lu'tea. 20. Yellow. September. 
 
 — meteloi'des. 4. White. July. California. 
 
 1866, Syn., D. Wrightii. 
 
 — sangui'nea. 20. Scarlet, August. Peru. 1833, 
 
 n, Ser, 1883, p, 4. Syns,, D, bicolor, 
 Brugmansia bicolor^ B. R. t. 1739, and 
 B. sanguinea. 
 fla'va. Yellow. Quito. 
 
 — suave'olens. 15. White. August, Peru. 1-733. 
 
 Syns,, D. arboreay D. Qardnerij and 
 Brugmajisia suaveolens. 
 
 — Wagma'nii. See D. fastuosa, var. rubra. 
 
 — Wrightii. See D. metelmdes. 
 
 Daubento'nia. (Named after M. 
 Dauhenton, a naturalist. Nat. ord., 
 Leqwminosm ; Tribe, Galegem. Now 
 united to Sesbania. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripened 
 young shoots in sand, under a glass, and in 
 heat; loam and peat, open and fibry, with a 
 little sand. 
 -D. Ifmgifo'lia. See Sesbania longifolia. 
 
 — pwii'cea. S. Vermilion. July. New Spain, 
 
 1820, 
 
 — Tripetia'na. Scarlet, orange. September. 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 1840. Gfl. 1861, p. 341. 
 
 Daube'nya. (In honour of Dr. 
 Daubeny, late prof es.sor of botany in the 
 University of Oxford. Nat. ord., Lilia- 
 cece. Allied to Massonia. ) 
 
 Pretty yellow-floweiing bulbs, from the Cape 
 of Good Hope, which may be planted in a warm 
 border in front of a greenhouse, if protected 
 from frost in winter ; and also in pots, in rich. 
 
 sandy loam, in a ^eenhonse or frame, and to be 
 kept quite dry while at rest ; offsets. 
 D. au'rea. J. Yellow. June. 1832. B. R, 
 t. 1813. 
 
 — fu'lva. i. Dull reddish-yellow. June. 1836. 
 
 B. B. 1839, t. 53, 
 
 Dau'CUS. Carrot. (From daucus, 
 a carrot. Nat. oti., Umbelliferoe; Tribe, 
 CaucalinecB. ) 
 
 The cultivated species is a white-flowered 
 hardy biennial ; but there are others, biennials 
 and annuals, mere weeds. Seeds in March or 
 April ; deep, light, well-pulverized soil. See 
 Carrot. 
 
 Z>. caro'ta. 3. June. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 
 3, t. 615-6. . 
 
 aura'ntia. 3. June. 
 
 horte^nsis. 3. May. 
 
 — , prcefeox. 3. June. 
 
 — monfa'nus. 1. White. Andes of Chili. 1870. 
 
 Ref Bot. t. 299. 
 
 Dava'llia. Hare's - foot Fern. 
 (Named after E. DavalU, a Swiss bota- 
 nist. Nat. ord., Filices.) 
 
 The rhizomes or creeping stems of many of 
 these Ferns are clothed wiwi light-brown scales, 
 and, when without leaves, look much like a 
 hare!s foot. Greenhouse Ferns, Divisions and 
 severing the roots, and by spores ; peat and 
 loam. 
 D. afflnis. 2. Ceylon. Hook. Sp. Fil. t. 62. 
 
 — ata'ta. See S. Emarsoni. 
 
 — anguita'ta. J, Malay Peninsula. 
 
 — barba'ta. 
 
 — braehyca'rpa. New Hebrides. 1883. 
 
 — bulla' ta. 1. East Indies. Hook. Sp, Fil. t. 60. 
 
 — calve' seens. B, C, 1. 142. See D, marginalis. 
 
 — canarie^nsis. IJ. June. Canary Islands, 1699. 
 
 — ch<ero'phylla. 1. N, India, Hook. Sp. Fil. 
 
 t. 51. Syn,, D.pulchra. 
 
 — concavadefnsis. 1. Brazil. 1823. 
 
 — disse^cta. Malay Archipelago, 1855. 
 
 — divariea'ta. Malay Archipelago. Syn., D. 
 
 polyantha. 
 
 — du'bia. 1. June. Australia. 1826. 
 
 — e^legans. 1. June, Tropics of Old World. 
 
 1824. Hook, Sp, Fil, t, 43. 
 
 ela'ta- A large variety. 
 
 flalceida. Fronds finely cut. 
 
 polyda'ctyla. Fronds much cut. 1881. 
 
 — Emerso'ni. 1. Madras, Syn,, D. alata. 
 —ferrugi'nea. Madagascar. 1887, 
 
 — fljie'nsis. IJ. Fiji. 1879. Hook. Sp. Fil. t. 65. 
 ma'jor. Fiji. 1879. 
 
 —fi'rma. See JO. hirta. 
 
 — fla'ccida. SeeD. elegans,ya.T.Jlaccida. 
 
 — fcenicula'cea. 2. Fronds finely cut. 1889. 
 
 — fv/marioi'des. 4. West Indies. 1828. 
 
 — gibbero'sd. 2, June, Polynesia, 1825. 
 
 — Griffithia'na. 1. Assam. 1882. Hook. Sp. Fil. 
 
 t, 49. 
 
 — hemilptera. See V. repens. 
 
 — heterophy'lla. J. Malay Peninsula. Hook. 
 
 Ic, FU. ii, t, 230, 
 
 — hi'rta. 2. North India. Syns., D.^Srma and 
 
 D. scaberula.^ 
 
 — imme'rsa. li. Hindustan. 
 
 — khasya'na. Hook. Sp. Fil. tt. 47 and 57. See 
 
 J). stHgosa. 
 
 — Lindlelyi. New Zealand, Hook. Sp, Fil, t, 58. 
 
 — lonchiti'dea. Hook. Sp. Fil. t. 46. See D. 
 
 — margma'lis. 2, Ceylon, Syns,, D. calvescene, 
 
 D, scabra, and D, viUosa.. 
 
 — Mariefsii. Ja{>an. 1879, Greenhouse. 
 
 — Moorea'na. See D. pallida. 
 
 — no'v(B-zeala'ndi€e. IJ. New Zealand. Hook. 
 
 Sp. Fil. t. 51. Syn., Acrophams pallidus. 
 X 
 
DAV 
 
 [306] 
 
 DEC 
 
 D. oma'ta. IJ. Singapore. 
 
 — pa'llida, 8. Borneo. 1869. Syn,, D. Itooreana. 
 
 — pa'rvula. J. Borneo. 1868. Hook. Ic. Fil. 
 
 ii. 1. 138. 
 
 — pectina'ta. i. Polynesia. Hook. Ic. Fil. ii. 
 
 1. 139. 
 
 — pedci/ta. }. Tropical Asia. Hook. Sp. Fil. 
 
 t. 46. 
 
 — pentaphy'lla. 1. Java. 
 
 — pirma'ta. 2. Malay Peninsula. Hook. Sp. Fil. 
 
 t. 60. Syns., D. graciliSt !>• luzonica, and 
 B. serrata. 
 
 — platyphy'Ua. i. Bast Indies. Syn., D. lonchi- 
 
 tidea. 
 
 — polya'ntha. Hook. Sp. Fil. t. 59. See D. di- 
 
 varicata, 
 
 — pu'lchra. See D. chasrophylla. 
 
 — pyxida'ta. 2. New Soutli Wales, 1808. 
 
 Hook. Sp. Fil. t. 55. 
 
 — re/pens. IJ. 3omeo. 1869. Syns., D. hemi- 
 
 ptera, and Odontoloma repens. 
 
 — retu'aa. Sumatra. Hook. Sp. Fil. t. 62. 
 
 — leabe'nda. See D. hiirta. 
 
 — sca'bra. See D. margmalis. 
 
 — so'ida. 3. July. Isle of Luzon. 1844. 
 oma'ta. Broad variety. 
 
 — strigo'sa. 1-3. Tropical Asia. Syn.,D.iAffl«j/- 
 
 cma. 
 
 rlumiboi'dea. Larger, more deeply cut 
 
 variety. 
 
 — tenujfa/lia. 1-2. July. Tropical Asia. 
 VeitcMa'mi. 1882. 
 
 — Tyemuinni. 1. West Coast of Africa. 1871. 
 I — YeUchia'Tta. See 2>. temuyfolia, var. Veitchi- 
 
 ana. 
 
 — mllo'ea. Hook. Sp. Fil. t. 48. See D. margin- 
 
 alis. 
 Davidso'nia. (Named after Mr. 
 Davidson, by whom the plant was dis- 
 covered. Nat. ord., Saxifragece.) 
 
 A Iiandsome stove plant. Sandy loam, peat. 
 Increased by pieces of the stem in sand under a 
 bell-glass. 
 
 D.pvlngem. Leaves bright red when young, 
 Australia. 1877. Syn., D. prurient. 
 
 Davie'sia. (Named after the Rev. 
 S. Davies, a Welsh botanist. Nat. 
 ord., LeguminosoB ; Tribe, Podalyriece. 
 Allied to Viminaria.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from Australia. Cut- 
 tings of young shoots, rather firm (stumpy side- 
 shoots are best), in sand, under a bell-glass ; 
 seeds sown in a slight hotbed in March ; peat 
 and loam. 
 
 D. acicula'rit. 2. Yellow. June. New South 
 Wales. 1804. B. M. t. 2679. 
 
 — ala'ta. 3. Yellow. June. New South Wales. 
 
 B. B. t. 728. 1818. 
 
 — angula'ta. Yellow. April. A state of D. 
 
 polyphylla. 
 
 — eorda'ta. S. Yellow. June. 1824. West 
 
 Australia. B. E. 1. 1006. 
 
 — conymbo'ta. 2. White, red. July. 1804. 
 
 Victoria. Andr. Bep. t. 611. Syn., D. 
 glaum. 
 
 rmmoeoi'det. 2. Yellow. May to July. 
 
 1809. Syns., D. leptophylla, D. linearis, 
 D. mimoaoides, B. M. t. 1957, and D. 
 virgata. 
 
 — genistoi'dee. B. C. 1. 1552. See D. ulicina. 
 -- gloM'ca. Yellow. May. New South Wales. 
 
 1805. B. C. 1. 1805. 
 
 — inerassa'ta. 2*. Yellow. June. 1820. Syn., 
 
 D. phyaodes. B. M. t. 4244. 
 
 — ju'ncea 2|-. Yellow. July. W. Australia. 
 
 1823. 
 — juniperi'na. 2. Yellow. May. 1825. 
 
 — lati/o'lia. 8. Yellow. June. New South 
 
 Wales. 1805. 
 
 D. leptophy'lla and Unea'ria are synonyms of D, 
 corymhoaa, var. mimoaoidea. 
 
 — langifo'lw,. Yellow. May. W. Australia. 
 
 1840. 
 
 — rmmiaoi'det. A variety of D. corymhoaa. 
 
 — pedwneuXa'ta. Yellow. May. W. Australia. 
 
 — phyao'des. B. M. t. 4244. See D. incraaaata. 
 
 — polyphy'lla. Yellow. May. 1842. 
 
 — pu'rtgeni. Yellow. May. 1826. 
 
 — guaarila'tera. Yellow. May. W. Australia. 
 
 1840. 
 
 — racemulo'aa. See D. umbellulata. 
 
 — ramulo'aa. ' See Mirabelia davieaioidea. 
 
 — reticula'ta. See Pultencea retieulaia, 
 
 — aguarro'sa. 2J. Yellow. June. New South 
 
 Wales. 1824. 
 
 — ulii^na. 3. Yellow. June. 1792. Syn., 
 
 D. geniatoidea. 
 
 — umbellulata. 2J. Yellow. May. Queens- 
 
 land. 1816. 
 
 — mrga'ta. See D. carymboaa, var. mimiaoides. 
 
 "DalVY^- See Meriana. 
 
 Day Lily. Hemeroca'llis. 
 
 Deadly Nightshade. A'tropa 
 Bellado'nna. 
 
 Dead Nettle. La'mium. 
 
 Deal. The wood of Pi'nus sylve's- 
 tris. 
 
 Death's Head Hawk Moth. 
 
 Sphi'nx a'tropus. 
 
 Death's Herb. A'tropa Bella- 
 do'nna. 
 
 Decabelo'ne. (From deha, ten, and 
 belone, a needle ; in reference to the 
 ten filiform processes of the outer 
 corona. Nat. ord., Asclepiadacece ; 
 Tribe, Stapelieas.) 
 
 Dwarf greenhouse succulent perennials. The 
 flowers are very handsome ; they are long-bell- 
 shaped, of a pale yellowish colour, densely spot- 
 ted with blood-red. For cultivation, see Sta- 
 
 PELIA. 
 
 D. Ba'rUyi. J. S. Africa. 1876. B. M. t. 6203. 
 
 — e'legana. J. Angola. 1873. B. M. t. 6116. 
 
 Decaschi'stea. (Derivation unex- 
 plained. "S s,t. otA., Malvacew.) 
 
 Handsome stove shrub. 
 D.ficifo'lia. Coppery-red, yellow, rose. Bur- 
 mah. 1888. 
 
 Decai'snea. {Aiter Joseph Decaisne, 
 a celebrated French botanist. Nat. ord. , 
 Berberidem ; Tribe, Lardizabalece.) 
 
 An erect half-hardy shrub. Greenhouse, rich 
 loamy soil. Seeds. Cuttings in cool frame. 
 D. inH'gnia. 6-10. Greenisn. May. Sikkim 
 Himalayas. 1884. B. M. t. 6781. 
 
 Deciduous, is the term descriptive 
 of any plant which sheds and renews its 
 leaves annually. In cold and temperate 
 climates the leaf-shedding is at the ap- 
 proach of winter, and the reproduction 
 m the following spring, but in hot cli- 
 mates having a very wet and a very dry 
 season annually, many trees shed their 
 leaves during the latter season, and 
 renew them in the wet season. 
 
DEC 
 
 [307] 
 
 DEL 
 
 Decke'ria. See Iriartea. 
 
 De'codon. See Nessea. 
 
 Decuma'ria, (From decuma, a 
 ■tenth ; referring to the ten valvate divi- 
 .sions of the calyx, and the ten cells of 
 the capsule, or seed-pod. v Nat. ord., 
 SoAcifragecB ; Tribe, Mydrangeoe, Allied 
 to Deutzia.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous twiners, with small white 
 flowers, requiring supports, or to be trained 
 against a south wall in a dry, warm border of 
 light, rich soil. Cuttings under a hand-light, in 
 a shady place, and in sandy soil in summer. 
 S. ba'rbara. i. July. Carolina. 1785. 
 
 sarmento'ta. 30. July. Carolina. 1768. 
 
 — prostra'ta. 6. July. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 Deberai'llia. (Named after Pierre 
 Paul Deherain, assistant naturalist of 
 the museum of the Jardin des Plantes, 
 Paris. Nat. ord., Myr^inacece.) 
 
 An interesting stove shrub, remarkable for its 
 large green flowers. Seeds in a hotbed ; cuttings 
 of ripened shoots, with a good heel, taken in 
 spring, in sand, in bottom-heat and under a 
 hand-glasss. Bich sandy loam and Sbrous 
 peat. 
 
 D. smara^di'na, 3. Green. Mexico. B. M. 
 t. 6373. Syns., Jacquinia smaragdina 
 and Theophrasta emaragdina. 
 
 Delabe'chia. See Sterculia. 
 
 Dela'rbrea, (Dedicated to M. 
 Dela/rbre, a French naturalist. Nat. 
 ord., Araliace(B.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. For cultivation, see 
 Akalia. 
 
 D. epecta'bilis. New Caledonia. 1879. HI. 
 Hort. ser. 2, t. 314. Syns., Aralia spec- 
 toMlis and A. conainna. 
 
 Deli'ma. (From delimo, to shave or 
 polish ; referring to the hard asperities 
 -which cover the leaves, and render them 
 fit for polishing. Nat. ord., Dillenia- 
 cem ; Tribe, Delimece. Allied to Tetra- 
 cera.) 
 
 Handsome stove evergreen twiners, with fine 
 large leaves and yellow flowers, having much 
 the aspect of small Magnolia flowers. Cuttings 
 of fine young shoots in April, in sand, under a 
 liell-glass, and in bottom-neat ; peat and turfy 
 loam, with a little silver sand, pieces of char- 
 coal, and good drainage. 
 D. ni'tida. 10. Trinidad. 1830. Possibly a 
 
 species of Dolioca/rpus. 
 — sarmento'aa. 10. Ceylon. 1820. B. M. 
 t. 3058. 
 
 Delo'stoma. (From delos, mani- 
 fest, and stoma, a mouth ; in allusion 
 to the wide mouth of the flower. Nat. 
 ord., Bignoniacece ; Tribe, Tecomem. 
 Allied to Tecoma.) 
 
 Handsome stove trees. For cultivation, see 
 
 BiGlTONIA. 
 
 D. denta'tum. Bluish-white. October. Ecuador. 
 1868. B. M. t. 6754. 
 
 Delphi'nium. Larkspur. (From 
 delphirt, a dolphin ; " supposed resem- 
 blance of the spur to a dolphin's head. 
 
 Nat. ord., Ranunculacece ; Tribe, Helle- 
 borece. ) 
 
 Annuals and biennials, by seeds in common 
 soil, in the open border, in March and April ; 
 perennials, by division of the roots in spring, 
 and by seeds in March or April. A very hand- 
 some group of hardy herbaceous plants. 
 
 D.'Aconi'ti. 1. Purple. June. Levant. 1801. P. 
 
 — Aja'eis. 1}. Pink. June. Switzerland. 1673. A. 
 fio're-pUno. 1. Variegated. June. 
 
 Europe. 1573. 
 
 — aJbitWmim. 4. 'White. July. Armenia. 
 
 1823. P. 
 
 — aJj)i'««m. See D. datum. 
 
 — alta'ieum. 4. Blue. July. Altaia. 1829. P. 
 
 — amhiguwm. Blue. June. Barbary. 1769. P. 
 
 — anUxIriMm. 2. Pale blue.' July. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 P. 
 
 — am'reum. S. Light blue. July. Carolina. 
 
 1806. B. B. 1. 1999. Syn., D. viminewm, 
 B.M. t.8693. P. 
 
 — Barlo'wii. Deep blue. B. R. t. 1944. Pro- 
 
 bably a hybrid between D. grandifiorum 
 and D. elatum. P. 
 
 — Bnmonia'num. Blue, purple. June. Thibet. 
 
 1864. Strongly marked. , B. M. t. 5461. 
 Syn., D. moeehtUvmi. P. 
 
 — cardina'le. 3. Scarlet. August. California. 
 
 B. M.t. 4887. B. 
 
 — cashmiria'nwm,. Dark blue. July. Kashmir. 
 
 1876. B. M. t. 6189. P. 
 Walke'H. Purple, yellow. Vf. Hima- 
 layas. B. M. t. 6880. P. 
 
 — eauea'ncmn. 1. Violet. Caucasus. 1880. P. 
 daeydnthwm. li. . Songoria. 1880. 
 
 — cheila'tlaan. 2. Dark blue. May. Siberia. 
 
 1819. B. K. t. 473. P. 
 Benderao'ni. Ultramarine. July. 1860. 
 
 — ehinelme, B. C. t. 71. See D. grandifiorum. P. 
 
 — cordioptftalum. 1. Blue. June. Pyrenees. 
 
 1818. A. 
 
 — conio'lid/uni. 2. Blue. April. England. A. 
 flo're-ple'ru). 1. 'Variegated. June. 
 
 England. 
 
 — earymJ>o' Bum. IJ. Pale and dark violet, E. 
 
 Turkestan. Gfl. 1. 1069. P. 
 
 — eraesicaiulle. Blue. June. Siberia. 1822. P. 
 
 — eimieaftum. 4. Blue. June. Siberia. 1816. 
 
 B. E. t. 327. P. 
 
 — daeyca'rpimi. i. Blue. July. . Caucasus. 
 
 1819. P. 
 
 — de'comm. IJ. Blue. June. .Russia. 1838. 
 
 B. E. 1840, t. 64. P. 
 
 — denuda'tvm. IJ. Rosy-blue. Santiago. 1870. 
 
 — dictyoca'rpam. i. Blue. July. Siberia. 1817. 
 
 P. 
 
 — discolor. 6. Blue, white. August. Siberia. 
 
 1834. P. 
 
 — divarica'twm. 6. Purple. July. S.E. Europe. 
 
 1836. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 606. P. 
 
 — ela'tum. 6. Blue. July. Siberia. 1697. 
 
 Varieties of this are figured in Gfl. 
 t. 736. P. 
 
 IJ. Blue. July. N. Amer. P. 
 fidn-pUno, \\. Blue. July. N. Amer. 
 1741. 
 
 — exaMaHurn. 3. Blue. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1758. Syn., D. tridactylon. P. 
 
 — fi'ssmm. See D. hybridiun. 
 —flexu&sum. 2. Blue. May. Caucasus. 1820. P. 
 — /ormo'sum. 3. Blue. June. A fine garden 
 
 hybrid. Fl. Ser. 1. 1186. P. 
 
 — gra'cile. Red. July. Spain. 1826. 
 
 — grandiflo'rwm. 2. Dark blue. July. Siberia. 
 
 1816. B. M. 1. 1686. Syn., D. ehinmse. P. 
 
 album. 2. White. July. 
 
 a'lbum-pldno. 2. White. June. 
 
 fio're-plflno. 2. Dark blue. June. 
 
 pa'llid/ujm. 2. Blue. June. 
 
 ru'brum. 3. Red, pink. August. 
 
DEL 
 
 [308] 
 
 DEN 
 
 D htrm'tum. See D hybridum. 
 
 — hi/bridum. 3. Blue. July. Siberia. 1794. 
 
 Syns.y D, fismm ajid D. hirsutum, P. 
 
 — intermefdium Blue. August. Siberia. 1710. 
 
 B B. 1. 1963. P. 
 cceruWscens. 7. Light blue. July. 1836. 
 
 B. B. 1. 1984. 
 
 la'xum. 6. Blue. May. 
 
 Imtosta'ehyum. 6. Blue. May. Pyrenees. 
 
 pa'Uidum. 7. Sky-blue. July. B. E. 
 
 1. 1969. 
 palmati'Jldwm. 6. Bicb blue. June. 
 
 Siberia? B. B. 1838, t. 38. 
 
 pilosi'ssimwrn. 6. Blue. July. Siberia. 
 
 ranuTiculifo'liv/m. 6. Blue. July. 
 
 Pyrenees. 
 saphiri'num. Bicb blue. B. E. 1838, 
 
 t. 62. 
 
 — laxifl</rum. 4. Blue. July. Siberia. B. B. 
 
 1838, t. 30. P. 
 
 — MaacMa'num. 5. Deep blue. Gfl. t. 344. P. 
 
 — MenzU'sii. 2. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 Tuberous rooted. ^ P. 
 
 — meaolevlcum. 3. Blue, July. 1822. P. 
 
 — monta'num. i. Blue. July. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. B. B. 1. 1936. P. 
 
 braeteo'sum. 8. Blue. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1816. 
 
 — moscha'tum. See D. Brunonianwm. 
 
 — nitdicau'le. IJ. Orange-scarlet. July. Cali- 
 
 -fomia. 1869. B. M. t. 6819. P. 
 auranti'aewm. Garden variety. 1888. 
 
 — ochroleu'enm. 2. White. Iberia. 1823. P. 
 
 — Olivieria'num. IJ. Blue. June. S. Europe. 
 
 1826. P. 
 
 — pa'Uidum. Pale blue. June. Siberia. 1822. P. 
 
 — palmati'fidMm. 3. Blue. July. Siberia. 1824. 
 
 P. 
 
 glabe^Uwn, 3. Blue. June. Siberia. 1817. 
 
 ■ — pentagi/nuTn. 2. Blue. July. South Europe. 
 
 1819. P. 
 
 — peregri'num (of Linnseus). 1. Blue. July. 
 
 Italy. 1629. P. 
 
 — pi'ctvm,. li. Light blue. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1816. B. 
 — pv^t^ecens, 2. Blue. August. Mediterranean. 
 1816. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 604. P. 
 
 — pvUdhrwm. Blue. A hybrid. Gfl. 1. 1804. P. 
 
 — puni'ceum. 1. Purple, July. Siberia. 1786. 
 
 Kn. and West, t. 7. P. 
 
 — Pylzo'wi. 1. Violet, black. N. W. China. 
 
 1877. Gfl. t. 879. P. 
 
 — Meguie'mii. 4. Blue. July. Majorca. 1824. 
 
 P. 
 
 — revolu'twm. 6. Pale blue. April. P. 
 
 — spscio'sum. 4. Blue. July. Caucasus. 1810. 
 
 B. B. t. 1503. P. 
 Wheele'ri. Lem. Jard, Fl. t, 196. P, 
 
 — Staphisa'gria. 2, Light blue: July. South 
 
 Europe. 1596. A. 
 
 — Szomtiia'num. 3. Yellow. Armenia. 1872. 
 
 Belg. Hort. 1872, t. 3. P. 
 
 — tenu^sffimuwj. 1. Purple. August. Greece. 
 
 1836. Swt. El. Gard. ser. 2, t. 366. 
 
 — trieo'me. J. Blue. July. N. America. iSTe. 
 
 B. C. t. 306. P. 
 
 — trida'ctylon. See D. exaltatum. 
 
 — tri'ste. 2. Blue. July. Dahuria. 1819. 
 
 Kn. and West, t. 64. P 
 
 — tralliifo'Uum. 2-4. Bright blue. Oregon. 
 
 1889. P. 
 
 — iiera'nwMm. Blue. June. Siberia. 1818. P. 
 
 — urceoUtum. 2. Blue. June. 1801. B. M. 
 
 1. 1791. P. 
 
 — veluti'num. 4. Blue. July. Italy. 1819. P. 
 
 — ■mllo'miem. i. Blue. July. Caucasus. 1818. P. 
 
 — vmvilnevjm. B. M. t. 3593. See Z>. azwewm. P. 
 
 — virga'tum, IJ. Blue. June. Syria. 1823. P. 
 
 — vi'rlde. Yellowish-green, purple. Chihuahua. 
 
 1888. P. 
 
 — m'tti. Pale yellow. Afghanistan. 1887. P. 
 
 Dendro'bium. (From dendron, ee. 
 tree, and bios, life ; referring to the way 
 these air-plants fasten on trees for sup- 
 port. Nat. ord., OrchideoB ; Tribe, Epi- 
 dendrecB — DendrobiecB. ) 
 
 A large and handsome genus of stove and 
 greenhouse orchids. Divide the plant when. 
 in a dormant state ; turfy peat, sphagnum moss, 
 and charcoal, fastening the plant above the sur- 
 face of the pot ; cutting pieces of peeled oak as- 
 long as the diameter of the pot inside at the 
 rim ; fixing the plant to this wood ; and, after 
 placing it m the pot, banking up around it with 
 the suitable compost prevents all danger from 
 damp, owing to the plant sinking. Temp., 60° to 
 90° when growing, with moisture in the air ; and. 
 when at rest, 55° to 60°, and drier. 
 Z>. cuier&swm. Yellow. Pink. Singapore. 1840, 
 
 — acicula're. Yellow. Pink. Singapore. 1840.. 
 
 — acroha'tiewm. Yellowish. Moulmein. 1871. 
 
 — acumiThdti'ssimwn. Greenish. Manilla. 1840- 
 
 — adu'rusum. 2. Pink. Manilla. 1842. 
 
 — oe! milium. J. White, brown. Australia. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — aggrega'tum. 1. Yellow. April. India. 
 
 Syn., Z>. Jenkineii. 
 ma'jue. White. April. India. 1835. 
 
 — Ainswo'rthii. White, with a red-purple spot . 
 
 on the lip. Gfl. 1890, p. 177. 
 
 — a'lho-sa/ngui'newm. IJ. White, crimson 
 
 streaked. April. Moulmein. 
 
 — a'lbuim. Pax. Fl. Gard., vol. 2, p. 176. See 
 
 D. aqueum. 
 
 — alpe'stre. White. Himalayas. 1840. 
 
 — amblyo'rnidis. New Guinea. 1878. The slender- 
 
 stems are used by the Amblyornis bird, 
 for building its home. 
 
 — amioine^nae. J. White, yellow. June. Am- 
 
 boyna. 
 
 — amethystoglo'sBum. White. Purple. Philip- 
 
 pine Islands. 1872. 
 
 — aTlUslnum. White, yeUow. June. Nepaul. 
 
 1843. Syns., D. Egertarmx and mesa- 
 chlorwm. 
 
 — a'-mplum,. Straw-coloured. Khasia. 1837. 
 
 — alTUieps. Greenish or yellowish. Sikkim 
 
 Himalayas. Sya., Aparwm, aneeps. B.M. 
 t. 3608. 
 
 — aino'»irmi/m. IJ. Purple. June. Philippine 
 
 Islands. 1840. 
 
 — anteJo'pe. Yellowish ; lip striped with mauve- 
 
 Moluccas. 1883. 
 
 — Aphrodi'te. Lemon, crimson. Moulmein- 
 
 1862. Syn., D. nodatum, B. M. t. 6470. 
 
 — a'queimi. 1. Greenish white. November 
 
 Bombay. 1842. Syn., D. album. 
 
 — a/rachnites. i. Moulmein. 1874. * 
 
 — a/rachnosta'ehyum. 1. Green, violet. New 
 
 Guinea. 1877. 
 
 — aspa'sut. Garden hybrid. 1890. 
 
 — aspha'le. Whitish. 1874. 
 
 — atromola'eeumi. Deep purple. New Guinea^ 
 
 1890. 
 
 — awranti'aiyum. 1. Orange. Assam. Syn., P- 
 
 chryseum. 
 
 — au'veu/m. See D. heteroca/rpum. 
 
 — auri'ferum. Yellow. China. 1843. 
 
 — barba'tulv/m. White, red. E. Indies. 1844. 
 
 B. M. t. 6444 is b. Fyteheanum. 
 
 — Barrvngto'nice. See Lycaste Barringtonice. 
 
 — BeTiso'nice. Orange, white, crimson, Burmah- 
 
 1867. 
 awwnU'acit/m. Orange, brown. Moul- 
 
 mien. 1874. 
 xanthi'nuTn. White, yellow. 1878. 
 
 — bicaTnera'tuWy. , Yellow, purple. August- 
 
 Ehasia. - 1837. Sjfn., D. bremfiorum. 
 
 — biJio'Twm. White. Society I^ands. 1844. 
 
 — bigi'bbuwy. 1. Pink. November. New Zeap 
 
 land. Garden, March 31, 1883. 
 
DEN 
 
 [309] 
 
 DEN 
 
 L. tigi'tbumca'ndidum. White. Australia. 1878. 
 
 Bupe^r^Tn. Purple, blackish - purple. 
 
 Australia. 1878. 
 
 — binomUa're. Coppery, yellow, purplish. 
 
 Burmah. 1869. 
 
 — hostrycho'des. White, red. Borneo. 1880.. 
 
 — Boxa'llii, White, purple, orange. Moulmein. 
 
 — bracteo'suTti. Purple ; lip yellow, marked with 
 
 red. New Guinea. 1886. Syn., J>. 
 chrysolabrum. 
 
 — Brymeria'num. Yellow, orange. Burmah. 
 
 1876. 
 
 — Bulleria'nimi, See D. gratwsimmum. 
 
 — Burbi'c^ei. Yellowish. Sondiac Islands. 
 
 1878. 
 
 — burgi'gerum. Mp with a yellow area. Philip- 
 
 pine Islands. 1882. 
 
 — eierule'scens. 2. Sky4)lud. April. Khasia. 
 
 1837. 
 
 — calceola'ria. 2. Orange, pink. June. E. 
 
 Indies. 1820. 
 
 — caMolus. Yellow. India. 1838. 
 
 — oamibridgea'nwm. B. M. t. 4460. See D. 
 
 ochreatum. 
 
 — canalwula'tum. 1. Pale yellow ; lip spotted 
 
 purple. 1881. 
 
 — ca'mLidwm. White. April. Trop. Hima- 
 
 layas. 1837. 
 
 — capi'lUpes. Yellow. Moulmein. 1867. 
 
 - — e'legans. Yellow, orange. Burmah. 1880. 
 
 — carmi'ferwm, AVhite, orange, red. India. 
 
 1869. 
 lateri'tiu/m. Yellow, white, brick-red. 
 
 1883. 
 Wa'ttii. White ; lip striped yellow. 
 
 B. M. t. 6716. 
 
 — Cassilope. Hybrid between D. japonieum 
 
 and B. nobile. G. C. 1890, viii. p. 620. 
 
 — cassy thai' dee. Yellow. September. Australia. 
 
 1839. 
 
 — ca'stum. See D. moniliforme. 
 
 — ceri'num. Ochre, shaded with brown, light 
 
 purple. July. Malay Archipelago. 
 1879. 
 
 — chlo'rops. Buff. Bombay. 1842. 
 
 — chloro' pterurti. Light green, striped with red ; 
 
 lip reddish, yellow. New Guinea. 1884. 
 
 — chloro' stele. White, purple. Hybrid between 
 
 D. Lmawumwm and D, Wardianum. 
 
 1887. 
 xanthoce!ntrum. Hybrid. G. C. 1889, v. 
 
 p. 490. 
 Christy a' num. White, cinnabar. G. C. 1882, 
 
 xvii. p. 178. 
 
 — chrysa'nthvm. 1. Yellow. February. Nepaul. 
 
 1828 
 anophtha'lmum. Without yellow spots 
 
 on Up. G. C. 1B83, xix. p. 44. 
 mwrophtha'Jimum. Yellow, pale brown. 
 
 1879. 
 
 — chry'seum. See D. aurantiacum. 
 
 — chrysoere'pis. Yellow, orange. Moulmein. 
 
 1871. 
 
 — chrysodi'scus. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1887, i. 
 
 p. 414. 
 oaiXa'twm. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — chrysola'brmn. See D. bracteoswm. 
 
 — chryso'tis. Fl. and Pom. 1871, p. 145. See 
 
 D. Bookerianum. 
 
 chnisoto'xum. 1. Yellow. March. Burmah. 
 
 1846. B. E. 1847, t. 36. 
 
 — eilia'twm. Green, yellow ; lip fringed. Moul- 
 
 mein. 1864. 
 
 irelve. Stems short, thick. Eangoon. 
 
 G. C. 1883, xix. p. 328. 
 
 — cmnabari'num. Vermilion, purple. July. 
 
 1880. 
 
 — clava'tvm. Yellow. May. Assam. 1851. 
 
 — CoWna'nwm. White. Yellow. G. C. 1881, 
 
 xvi. p. 780. 
 
 — Ccdo'gyne. Straw, purple, orange. Moulmem. 
 
 1871. 
 
 D. comprefssum. B. E. 1844, t. 63. See D. 
 lamellatum. 
 
 — arassino'de. 1-2. White, purple, yellow. 
 
 January. Siam. 1868. 
 
 alhiflo'rum. White, yellow. Burmah. 
 
 1875. 
 Barheria'rmm. White, violet -purple. 
 
 India. 1876. 
 
 — crepida'tuMi. IJ. White, pink, orange. 
 
 Assam. 
 
 — creta'ceuTri'. 1. Whitish, pink-veined. Java. 
 
 1846. B. E. 1847, t. 62. 
 
 — erini'/erum. Yellowish. Ceylon. 1843. 
 
 — crispa'ium. White. E. Indies. 1838. 
 
 — erue^ntum. Whitish, cinnabar. G. 0. 1884, 
 
 xxi. p. 604. 
 
 — crumena'tvmi. 1. White. April. Sumatra. 
 
 1823. B. M. t. 4013. 
 moloB(/dor'um. White. April. Java. 1838 
 
 — erystalli'num. White, purple, orange. 
 
 Burmah. 1868. 
 
 — eueuUa'twn. B. E. t. 748. See D. Pierardi, 
 
 var. cucuUatum. 
 
 ma! jus. Purplish ; lip creamy-white. 
 
 Moulmein. 1862. 
 
 — eucwmerilnum. }. White, pink. N. Holland. 
 
 1841. B. B. 1843, t. 37. 
 
 — mmula'ttiim. 2. Lilac. September. Moul- 
 
 mein. 1856. 
 
 — Cwnnmgha'mii. White. New Zealand. 1843. 
 
 — eiipreum. 2J. Eed, buff. June. E. Indies. 
 
 1826. B. E. 1. 1779. 
 
 — Curti'sii. 2J. Amethyst, white, orange. July. 
 
 Burmah. 1881. 
 
 — cuspidaltum. White. 1844. 
 
 — cybe'le. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1887, ii. p. 778. 
 
 — eyrnbidioi'des. Yellow, white, purple. Java. 
 
 B. M. t. 4765. 
 
 — daxtyWfervim. Light ochre, brown. G. C 
 
 1884, xxi. p. 638. 
 
 — jyAlberte^sii. Whitish, green, red. New 
 
 Guinea. 1878. 
 
 — Dalhousia'num. 3. Purple, rose. India. 
 
 1837. B. E. 1846, t. 10. 
 
 Rossia'num. Nakeen. Burmah ? G. C. 
 
 1882, xvii. p. 796. 
 
 — Daya'num,. Lilac, purple ; lip deep purple, 
 
 with deep blood-purple blotch. 
 
 — Dea'rei. White, yellow. G. C. 1882, xviii. 
 
 p. 361. Possibly Z). swperbum, var. Dearei 
 IS a synonym of this. 
 
 — densiflo'rum. li. Orange. June. Nepaul. 
 
 1829. B. M. t. 3118. B. E. t. 1828. 
 a'lbo-lu'tewm. White, orange. March. 
 
 Moulmein. 1867. Syn., D. myrsiflorum. 
 
 pa'ilidum. Pale yellow. India. 1837. 
 
 thyrsiflo'rum,. White, orange. Burmah. 
 
 1878. Syn., D. thyrsiflorwm. 
 
 — Levonia'nwn. 1. White, yellow, pink. May. 
 
 E. Indies. 1837. B. M. t. 4429. 
 
 candHdulum. White. 1876. 
 
 Slliotia'mmi. Tips of sepals, petals and 
 
 lip dark purplish. 1876. 
 rhodoneu'rum. Lip veined with purple. 
 
 Moulmein. 1868. 
 
 — discolor. 4. Yellow, brown. October. Java. 
 
 1838. B. B. 1841, t. 62. 
 
 — dixa'nlhwm. Yellow. Moulmein. 1866. 
 sterwpe^talum. 2. Burmah. B. M. t. 6564. 
 
 — Doreya'num, New Guinea. 1888. 
 
 — Draco'nis. Tenasserim. G. C. 1883, xix. p. 698. 
 
 Syn., D. ebumeum, B, M. t. 6469. 
 
 — ebu'meum. White, orange. Moulmein. 1864 
 
 I>. ebwneum of B. M. t. 6469 is D 
 Draconis. 
 
 — Egerto'nice. Pink, yellow. N. India. 1844 . 
 
 — elonga'tum. li. Yellow, red N. Holland 
 
 1836. 
 
 — erythrop&gon. Pale ochre, white, scarlet 
 
 Sonda. G. C. 1885, xxiv. p. 198. 
 
 — erythroxa'ntlmm. Orange, purple. Philip- 
 
 pines. 1874. 
 
DEN 
 
 [310] 
 
 DEN 
 
 D. enuiimvim. Cream, marked puiple ; column 
 light green. Hybrid between D. endo- 
 ■ eharis and D. nobiZe. G. C. 1886, xxiii. 
 jp. 174. 
 
 — Fairfd'xii. 'White, green, purple. New 
 
 Hebrides. G. C. 1889, v. p. 798. 
 
 — Faloone^ri. i. White, purple, orange. Bhoo- 
 
 tan. 1866. 
 albi'dulwrn. White, purplish. India. 
 
 1876. 
 giga'nteum. Blush-white, rosy-purple, 
 
 maroon, orange-yellow. N. India. Warn. 
 
 Orch. Alb. t. 267. 
 robu'stvmi. Stems thicker. 1879. 
 
 — Farmf'rii. IJ. Pale straw-yellow. March. 
 
 E. Indies. 1847. B. M. t. 4669. 
 
 a'lbwm,. White, orange. Burmah. 1868. 
 
 am'reo-Jla'vwm. Golden- yellow. Moul- 
 
 metn. 1864. 
 
 — fimbria' turn. 2. Yellow. May. Nepaul. 1823. 
 
 B. M. t. 4160. 
 
 — — ^ ocula'tuTn. Orange, brown, Nepaul. 
 
 Syn., D. oeulatv/m, and D. Paxt(mi, of 
 Paxt. Mag. vi. p. 169. 
 
 — Fi/ndlefyalnwm. Pale lilac, yellow, orange. 
 
 Burmah. 1877. 
 — fAiVf! scene. Yellow. Java. 1844. 
 .—fiexuo'xwm. Similar to D. lohgicomu, but 
 
 smaller veins of lip even. India. G. C. 
 
 1884,-Xxii. p. 489. 
 —/omu/swm. White. May. Khasia. 1837. B. B. 
 
 1839, t. 64. 
 
 — ^^ Berk6le!yi, Smaller, and with narrower 
 
 petals than the type. G. C. 1883, xlx. 
 
 p. 110. 
 gigolntewih. Large - flowered variety. 
 
 India. 
 noM'lius. Purple ; lip darker. G. C. 
 
 .1882, xril. p. 868. 
 .— mlphura'tum. Orange, yellow. Burmah. 
 
 G. C. 1882, xviii. p. 437. 
 
 — Friedricksia'num. Light yellow ; lip blotched 
 
 darker yellow and purple. Siam. 1887. 
 
 — fu'gax. Yellow, purple. India. 1878. The 
 
 flowers remain open only a few minutes. 
 — JvMaltum. Deep orange, purple-brown. April. 
 
 Himalayas. 1864. 
 — f^tcvmi. 2-6. Beddish-brown. Australia. 
 
 G. C. 1879, xil. p. 680. 
 
 — Fytchea'num. 1. White or rosy. Bangoon. 
 
 1864. Syn., D. barbatulwm of B. M. 
 t. 6444. 
 
 ro/sea. Bose, deep crimson - purple. 
 
 Burmah. G. C. 1887, i. p. 209. 
 
 — gallicea'nwm. White ; lip bright yellow. 
 
 Lind. t. 241. 
 , — Qibso'nii. Orange. June. Khasia. 1837. 
 Paxt. Mag. T. p. 169. 
 
 — glunuileewm. Green. Philippines. 
 
 — Qoldi'ei. N. Australia. 1878. 
 
 — Omi'ldii. White ; veins yellow and purple. 
 
 Polynesia. 1867. 
 
 acu'tum. Lip with a purple blotch. 
 
 1867. 
 
 — graeUicau'le. Yellow, spotted red. Australia. 
 
 B. M. t. 7042. 
 
 — gra/fidifio'rv/m. See MaxillarUi. 
 
 — gratioii'ssimum. White, rose. Moulmeln. 
 
 1867. Syn., D. BuUerimium, 
 
 — Grifflthia'num. Yellow. March. E. Indies. 
 
 1838. 
 Guibe'rtii. Syn., D. Guibertii. 
 
 — Marveya'Tvum. Chrome ; the lip has two 
 
 orange blotches. Burmah. G. C. 1883, 
 xix. p. 624. 
 
 — Sa8B£^ltii. Purple. Java. 1844. 
 
 — hedydsmwm. See i>. aeabrilvngue, 
 
 — hercoglo'BSwm. Pale mauve ; lip white, mauve- 
 
 purple. Malacca. G. C. 1886, xxvi, 
 p. 487. 
 
 — heieroca'rpum. Pale yellow. Khasia. 1837. 
 
 B. M. t. 4708. Syo., D. rhombeum. 
 
 D. heteroca'r^m Hensha'ltii. 
 
 — hexade'smium. Greenish, yellow. Moulmein, 
 
 1869. 
 
 — Eeynea'num, White, green. March. Bombay. 
 
 1838. 
 
 — Hi'llii. White. Australia. 1861. 
 
 — Hoohefria'num. 2. Deep yellow, purple- 
 
 brown. Autunm. Assam. 1870. Syn.,. 
 D. chrysotiB. 
 
 — Su'ghii. Pure white, orange, mauve. Singa^- 
 
 pore. G. C. 1882, xvii. p. 764. 
 
 — EutWnii. Pale and deep crimson, purple,, 
 
 yellow. Malay Archipelago. 1869. 
 
 — hymenophy'Uum. Greenish. May. Java.. 
 
 1844. 
 
 — iiiau'ditwm. Pale yellowish ; lip pale ochre„ 
 
 spotted brown. New Guinea. 1886. 
 End. t. 66. 
 
 — infundi''bulwm. White, orange. Moulmein_ 
 
 1863. 
 
 Jameeia'num. See D. Jameaianmn. 
 
 omati'esvmwm. Cinnabar blotches andi 
 
 stripes on column and lip. G. C. 1883, 
 
 xix. p. 666. 
 
 — insi'gne. Yellowish-green. Khasia. 1837. 
 
 — io'rwpxta. Deep yellow, reddish. Burmah? 
 
 G, C. 1882, xviii. p. 808. 
 ~ Jarmgia'num. WTiite, red. Burmah. 1869. 
 Syn., D, wfvMdityulum, var. Ja/mesia- 
 num. 
 
 — japo'nwum. See J), monili/orme. 
 
 — Jenki'nm. 1. Yellow. May. Gualpara.. 
 
 1838. B. E. 1839, t. 37. 
 
 — Jerdonia'nam Bed, purple. Neilgherries. 
 
 1868. Wight lo. 1. 1644. 
 
 — Johtt'nnis. Chocolate. Australia. 1866. 
 sem^u'sev/m. Yellow ; lip lighter, edged. 
 
 with reddish-brown. May. 1877. G. C. 
 1883, xix. p. 368. 
 
 — ju'ncemn. Greenish. Singapore. 1841. 
 
 — Ju'no. Hybrid between D. Wardianum and. 
 
 D. Jjmamxamm. G. C. 1890, vii. p. 88. 
 
 — Kingia'nmn. J, Pinkish. February. New 
 
 Holland. 1843. B. E. 1846, t. 61. 
 
 a'lbum. White. Australia. 1888. Warn.. 
 
 Orch. Alb. t. 332. 
 
 — Ku'hlii. 2. Pale purple. Java. 1844. B. E.. 
 
 1847, t. 47. 
 
 — lamella'iwmi. i. Yellow. Tenasserim, not. 
 
 Ceylon. Syn., D. compressv/m. B. E. 
 1844, t. 33. 
 
 — La/nsbergea'num. New Guinea. 3888. 
 
 — laswgWa&um. White, purple, yellow. Bur- 
 
 mah. 1868. 
 
 — latiifo'Uum. Green. Manilla. 
 
 — Leechia'nv/m. White, rose-purple. 1882.. 
 
 Hybrid between D. aureum and J). 7io- 
 bUe. Garden, July 7, 1883. 
 
 — leiicochWrvmi. White, red, greenish. Moul- 
 
 meln. 1879. 
 
 — Icu&yphdtwm. White. Malay Archipelago.. 
 
 G. C. 1882, xviii. p. 662. 
 
 — leiuso'vtenam. White ; disk of lip rich purple.. 
 
 Hybrid between D. endocnaris and D.. 
 noUle. 1886. 
 
 — lUad'nuTn. Lilac. Borneo. 1865. 
 
 — Imutvna'num. 1. Pale rosy-lilac, crimson. 
 
 China. 1824. Syn., b' moniliforme of 
 Lindley. B. E. t. 1314. 
 mitfjue. A more richly coloured variety.. 
 
 — lineartf&livH. White, purple-mauve, green.. 
 Sumatra. G. C. 1883, xx. p. 618. 
 
 'o'rme. i. Purple. N. South Wales. 
 1810. 
 
 Eosy ; lip partly yellow. Malay 
 Archipelago. G. C. 1882, xviii. p. 662. 
 
 — Utuift&rum. if. Purple, white. E. Indies.- 
 
 1866. 
 
 ca'ndidmn. White. 1880. 
 
 Frema'nni. Assam. 1878. 
 
 rohu'stum, is a form with thicker stems.- 
 
 Burmah. 1877. 
 
DEN 
 
 [311 J 
 
 DEN 
 
 J). Loddigefsii. 1. Yellow. April. E. Indies. 
 Syn., D. pviohellum. See G. C. 1887, li. 
 p. 156. 
 
 — longico'mu. 1. White, May. Nepaul. 
 
 1828. B. E. 1. 1316. 
 
 — Lcfwii. YeUow, red. Borneo. 1862. 
 pleio'trichum. A variety witlxout red 
 
 lines on the lip. G. C. 1886, xxiv. 
 p. 424. 
 
 — I/tibbersia'nuTnM Light yellow, cinnabar. 
 
 Burmah. G. C. 1882, xvii. p. 460. 
 
 — Lu'na. Hybrid between J). Fmdleyanum 
 
 and D. Avmworthii. G. C. 1890, m. 
 p. 88. 
 
 — lutelomm. Pale yellow. Spring. Moulmein. 
 
 1864. B. M. t. 6441. 
 
 ehloroce'ntrum. Primrose ; lip with green 
 
 hairs. G. C. 1883, xix. p. 340. 
 
 — Maeca'rthice. 2. Pink. Ceylon. 1884. 
 
 — Maqfarla'nei. 1. Pure white, marked purple. 
 
 New Guinea. G. C. 1882, xviii. p. 520. 
 
 — Monroe: i. Pink. India. 1839. Syn., D. 
 
 pardaZinwm. 
 
 — maera'nthum. 2. Lilac. Manilla. 1842. 
 
 B. M. t. 3970. 
 
 — moGrochi'lutn. Bose. Manilla. 1838. 
 
 — inacropht/llum. Liudl. Sert. t. 36. A syno- 
 
 nym of D. simerhum. 
 
 gwa'nteimi. Lilac, roae-purple. Manilla. 
 
 Bev. Hort. 1886, p. 348. 
 
 Bteno'pterwnh. Ochre-yellow, dotted red- 
 dish brown outside. G. C. 1888, iii. 
 p. 393. 
 
 — macrosta'chyum. Yellow. June. Ceylon. B. B. 
 
 t. 1865. 
 
 — margina'tum. 'White ; lip orange, margined 
 
 with white. Moulmein. 1864. 
 
 xanthophle'biwm. See D. xanthophle- 
 
 bium. 
 
 — marmora'twm. White, purple. Burmah. 
 
 1875. 
 
 — meUmodi'ictie. Marked rich purple. Hybrid 
 
 between D. Aineworthii and D. Findley- 
 anum. G. C. 1887, i. p. 414. 
 
 — melanophthaHmum. Natural hybrid between 
 
 D. Wardianum audi), craseinodel G. C. 
 1886, XXV. p. 426. 
 
 — mesochlo'rwm. White. June. India. 1846. 
 
 — mi'cans. Hybrid between 2). litu^'rum and 
 
 Z>. Wardiamum. G. C. 1884, xxi. p. 342. 
 
 — mierogla'phya. White, purple. Borneo. 1868. 
 
 — mirmtwm. White. March. New Holland. 
 
 1826. 
 «^ rrdrdbelia'num. IJ. Greenish-yellow, brown. 
 New Guinea. Lind. t. 216. 
 
 — mi' serum. White. ' March. Philippines. 
 
 1837. 
 
 — Mohlia'nv/m. Cinnabar-red. Fyi. 1877. , 
 
 — manilifo'rme. White or purplish. Japan. 
 
 1824. B. B. t. 1314. Syns., Z>. cmtum 
 and D. japonieuin. 
 
 — Moo rei. White. Australia. 1878. 
 
 — m^scha'tum. Eose, buff. May. India. 1828. 
 
 B. M. t. 3837. 
 
 cu'preum. Eeddish-yellow. Syn., D. 
 
 Tnoschatum,^ var. calceolaria. 
 
 — muta'bile. Eose. April. Java. 1844. 
 
 — no'bile. 2. Green, yellow, pink. China. 
 
 Lindl. Sert. t. 3. D. nobile of B. M. 
 
 t. 5003 is D. pri/rmdinwm. 
 a'lbum. White ; lip with a dark purple 
 
 spot. Orch. 1890, p. 304. 
 dlegam. White, pale yellow, maroon, 
 
 rosy purple. 
 formosalnum. Purple, mauve, green. 
 
 G.C. 1883, xix. p. 432. 
 
 intenne'div/m. White, crimson. 
 
 noM'lius. Purple, lip darker, G. C. 1882, 
 
 xviii. p. 366. 
 
 ve'ndulwm. A rich coloured variety. 
 
 Sanderia'nwm. Brightpurple, rosy, white. 
 
 G. C. 1888, iii. p. 6S4. 
 
 tol 
 
 . no'bUeScTineideria'num. Yellow, deep mauve, 
 white. G. C. 1884, xxi. p. 577. 
 - Schroederia'nwm. White, amethyst, pur- 
 ple, maroon, pale yellow. 
 ToUia'rmm. Petals bordered purple. 
 March. 1882. G. C. 1884, xxi. p. 446. 
 
 WaJli'chii. Purple, cream, white. March. 
 
 E. Indies. 1840. 
 
 — noda'tum. A synonym of D. Aphrodite, 
 -nu'dum. Pale purple. June. Java. 1844. 
 
 — nycteridoglo'esum. Green, striped dark red. 
 
 Papua. G. C. 1886, xivi. p. 616. 
 
 — oehrea'tmn. Yellow, purple. June. Khe^ia. 
 
 1886. 
 
 — ocula'twm. A variety of I). fiTnbriatum. 
 
 — palpelbrce. White, yellow. Moulmein. 
 -pa'rcum. Yellowish. Burmah. 1866. 
 
 fardaU'nwn. Seei). Macroei. 
 'ari'shii. Mauve, purple. Moulmein. 1863. 
 
 — parthefnium. White with purple blotches. 
 
 Borneo. G. C. 1886, xxiv. p. 489. 
 -Paxto'ni. The plant mentioned under this 
 name in B. E. 1839, misc. p. 56, is D. 
 chryeanthum ; that in Paxt. Mag. vi, 
 p. 169, and Fl. Ser. t. 725, is D.Jimbriatum, 
 var. oculatxtm. 
 
 — pe^ndulum. See D. nobile, var. pendulum. 
 
 — perena'nthum. Pale yellow ; hp white, yel- 
 
 low, brown. Moluccsis. G. C. 1886, 
 xxvi. p. 70. 
 -Peftri. 1. White. Polynesia. 1877. 
 
 — Phaleno'psis. Mauve or lilac ; lip purple 
 
 with maroon throat. Australia. G. C. 
 
 1880, xiv. p. 38. 
 Statteria'num. Timor Lant. Echb. ser. 
 
 2, i. t. 7. 
 -pi'ctum. Pink, white, crimson. Borneo. 1862. 
 -Piera'rdi. 2. Whitish. April. E. Ind. 1815. 
 
 B. M. t. 2684. 
 cucwUa'tum, Straw-coloured. India. 
 
 1836. 
 latifo'lium. Purple, rose, yellow. June. 
 
 Singapore. 1830. Perhaps the same as 
 
 J), primulinum. 
 lute^scene. Yellowish. May. India. 
 
 1836. 
 ma'jus. Whitish. April. India. 1830. 
 
 — Piteheria'num. Pale rose, deep purple ; lip 
 
 yellow, purple. G. C. 1883, iii. p. 892. 
 
 — pleiosta'chyum. White. New Guinea. G. C. 
 
 1882, xviii. p. 520. 
 —pogonia'tes. Yellowish ; lip orange. North 
 Borneo. G. C. 1886, xxvi. p. 199. 
 
 — polyca'rpwm. 3. Yellowish, purple-red. Son- 
 
 dale Isles. G. C. 1883, xx. p. 492. 
 
 — polyphle!bium. Bright rose, purple, pale 
 
 yellow. Burmah. 1887. Warn. Orch. 
 Alb. t. 229. 
 
 Eme!rici. Eose, white, amethyst, straw. 
 
 Burmah. G. C. 1887, ii. p. 242. 
 
 — polysta'chyum. B. C. t. 468, is now referred 
 
 to Polystachya. 
 
 — porphyroga' strum,. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — prced'nctum. Ochre, purple, sulphur, orange. 
 
 1877. 
 
 — primuli'num. Primrose, yellow, rose-purple. 
 
 Moulmein. 1864. 
 
 — profu'sum. Yellowish-green, yellow. Philip- 
 
 pines. G. C. 1884, xxi. p. 610. 
 
 — pulche'llwm. B. C. t. 1935. Bee B. Loddigesii. 
 
 — purpu'reum,. Purple. March, India. 1834. 
 ca/ndi'dulum. White, tipped green. Lind. 
 
 t. 98. 
 
 MoseUyi. Purple. Aru Islands. G. C. 
 
 1884, xxi. p. 604. 
 
 — pycnosta'chyum. White, purple. Moulmein, 
 
 1866. 
 
 — revohiltum. Straw-colour. April. Singa- 
 
 pore. 1842. 
 
 — rlwdoce'ntrwm. Purple, white, yellow. 1872 
 
 — rhodoptery'gium. Eosy, purplish. Burmah 
 
 1875. 
 
I)EN 
 
 [312] 
 
 DEN 
 
 D. rho'mbewm. B. E. 1843, 1. 17. See D. hetero- 
 carpum. 
 
 — Rima'nm. Yellow, striped purple ; lip white. 
 
 Moluccas. G. C. 1882, xviii. p. 680. 
 
 — Bueke!ri. IJ. Yellow. February. Philip- 
 
 pines. 1843. B. B. 1843, t. 60. 
 
 — rupo'sum. 1. Pale yellow. April. Java. 
 
 1844. 
 
 — rutri'ferum. Rose. New Guinea. G. C. 
 
 1887, ii. p. 746. 
 
 — sallacce'nse. Orange, red. Indian Archi- 
 
 pelago. 1862. 
 
 — stmguinote'ntwm. J. Buff, violet. March. 
 
 Ceylon. 1842. B. E. t. 1291 ; B. M. 
 t. 4352. 
 
 — scaibrilUngue. White, yellow, red. Burmah. 
 
 1862. Syn., 2). ned^osmum. 
 
 — Schneideria'nmn. White, tinged lilac ; lip 
 
 orange, sulphur lilac-purple, striped 
 reddish. Hybrid between D. aureum 
 and D. Mndleyanum. 1887. 
 
 — schoRni'nwm. White. June. N. Holland. 1845. 
 
 — Sehrosdefri. White, yellow, orange. India. 
 
 1870. 
 
 — sctt'lptum. IJ. Pure white; lip white, orange. 
 
 Borneo. 
 
 — seou'ndMm. Eose, purple. Malacca. 1830. 
 ni'veum. White, orange. G. 0. 1882, 
 
 xvii. p. 733. 
 
 pa'Uiamm. Pale purple. July. Sumatra. 
 
 1840. 
 
 se^nile. Golden-yellow ; lip striped red- 
 dish. Moulmein. 1865. B. M. t. 5520. 
 
 — signa'tu-m. White, sulphur, brown. Siam. 
 
 G. C. 1884, xxi. p. 306. 
 
 — Smi'Uue. Whitish, rosy purple, green. N. 
 
 Australia. 1879. 
 
 — ^ediysum. 1. Yellow, white. January. 
 
 E. Australia. 1824. B. M. t. 3074. 
 Bancroftia'num. Sulphur, purple. G. 
 
 C. 1881, XT. p. 782. 
 Hi'UU. See D. Hillii. 
 
 — sphegidoglo'ssum. See D. stitposum. 
 
 — splendidi'ssiTrvum. Rose-purple shading to 
 
 white, purple, yellow.. 
 grandifio'ru'm. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — squa'lens. Pale brownish, green, purple. Eio 
 
 Janeiro. 1822. B. E. t. 732. 
 
 — stratio'tes. Ivory white ; lip cream, veined 
 
 with violet. . Sunda Isles. IlL Hort. 
 t. 602. 
 
 — streN&ceras. Sunda Isles, G. C. 1886, xxv. 
 
 p. 266. 
 
 Itossia'num. White, greenish, yellow. 
 
 New Guinea. 1888. Llnd. 1. 124. 
 
 — Stricklamdia'rmmi. Yellowish, purple. Japan. 
 
 1877. 
 
 — strmwyla'nthum. 1. Yellowish-green, violet- 
 
 Drown. India. 1878. 
 
 — atupo'sum. 1. Pale yellow, orange-red. 
 
 Siam, Burmah. 1888. Syn., D. ephegi- 
 doglosswm. 
 
 — iuavl'ssimum. Yellow, purplish. July. Bur- 
 
 mah. 1873. 
 
 — sulca'tum. 1. Orange. April. Khasia. 
 
 1837. B. E. 1838, t. 66. 
 
 polya'ntha, A more robust form. G. C. 
 
 1887, i. p. 607. 
 
 — supe!rlnens. Purrte. N. Australia. 1876. 
 
 — aupe'rbum. 2. Pink, tinged rose. April. 
 
 Philippines. Syn. , D. maeranthum of B. 
 
 M. 3970. 
 
 Bu'rhei. White, rose, yellow. 
 
 Hutto'ni. White, purple. Moluccas. 
 
 1869. 
 velutHnum. Light purple, dark purple. 
 
 Moluccas. 1869. 
 
 — Taltmda'mmi. White, tipped with yellow ; 
 
 Up white, white mauve disc. N. Aus- 
 tralia. 1866. 
 
 — tauri'num. 6. Yellow, purple. October. 
 
 Philippines. 1837. B. K. 1843, t. 28. 
 
 D. teretifo'livm. 1. Purple. July. N. Holland 
 1823. B. M. t. 4711. 
 
 — tetrachro'rmmi. White, yellow, dark purple, 
 
 green. Borneo. 1880. 
 
 — tetra'gowmn. 2. Yeltow, green. May. 
 
 Moreton Bay. 1838. 
 
 — thyriifio'rum. See D. deTisifioruTti, var. thyrsi- 
 
 florum. 
 •— tipuli'/erum. Purplish. Fiji. 1877. 
 
 — to'rtile. i. White. May. Moulmein. 1847. 
 
 B. M. t. 4477. 
 
 — trimepa'rem. Eose. Nepaul. B. M. t. 4663. 
 
 — • a'lbum. White. G. C. 1889, vi. p. 96.. 
 
 — Treacheria'nym,. Pale purplish. Borneo. B. 
 
 M. t. 6691. 
 
 — triade'nvwm. .2. White, lilac. E. Indies. 
 
 18*4. B. E. 1847, t. 1. 
 
 — trigo'heptis. J. Golden yellow. Burmah. 
 
 ' G. C. 1887, ii. p. 682. 
 
 — undMla'tum. Yellow, brown. March. Manilla. 
 
 1838. 
 
 fimhriXolUum. Lip fringed. N.Australia. 
 
 1878. 
 
 — vagina'tum. Straw coloured, purple. Singa- 
 
 pore. 
 
 — vandiflcfrum. White, lip darker. New Guinea. 
 
 G. C. 1882, xviii. p. 520. ' 
 
 — VanTieria'num. White, purple, sulphur. 
 
 Hybrid between jD. moniliform£ and D. 
 Falconeri. G. C. 1887, ii. p. %2. 
 
 — Veitchia'nvjm. Yellow, white, cream. Java. 
 
 1846. 
 
 — Vdnus. Hybrid between D. Falconeri and 
 
 D. nobae. G. C. 1890, vii. p. 608. 
 
 — veratrifo'lmm. IJ. New Guinea. 
 
 — vexa'bUe. Light sulphur-ochre, white. April. 
 
 1878. G. C. 1884, xxi. p. 271. 
 
 — villcfsulum. Orange. June. E. Indies. 
 
 — mrgi'niewm. Ivory-white, green, light red- 
 
 dish. Burmah. G. C. 1884, xxil. p. 
 620. 
 
 — Wa/rdia'num. White, magenta. Assam. 1863. 
 
 There is a hybrid between this and 
 jD.a«re»7ii, named jD. Wardimno-amrewm. 
 G. C. 1889, V. p. 490. 
 
 — ca'ndidwn. White. 1876. 
 
 • Lo'vni. White, rose, purple-brown. 1876. 
 
 — Wa'ttii. See J), cariniferum, var. Wattii. B. 
 
 M. t. 6716. 
 
 — Williamsia'nv/m. White, rosy, violet-purple. 
 
 New Guinea. 1878. 
 
 — Williamno'ni. White, blood-red. Assam. 1869. 
 
 — xwnthoce^ntruln. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1890, 
 
 vii. p. 88. 
 
 — xamihophleHnju'in. White, yellow. Moulmein. 
 
 1864. Syn., Z). margiruitum, var. xa/iitho- 
 phtebitmi. 
 
 Dendrobium Beetle. The pseudo- 
 bulbs of Dendrobiums have occasionally 
 been found to be hollow, owing to the 
 dejjredations of the larva of some beetle, 
 which, however, has not been identified. 
 A figure of this larva is given by Pro- 
 fessor Westwood in the "Gardeners' 
 Chronicle," 1883, xix. p. 144. 
 
 Dendrochi'lum. (From dendron, 
 a tree, and cheilos, a lip. Nat. ord., 
 OrchidecE.) 
 
 Stove epiphytes. For cultivation, see Den- 
 DROBIDM. The long slender drooping spikes, 
 densely covered with small whitish or yellowish 
 flowers, are exceedingly elegant and pleasing to 
 the eye. 
 D. abbrevia'tum. See I/ipa/ris. 
 
 — Cobbia'num. Sulphur, orange. Philippines 
 
 1880. 
 —JUifo'rme. }. White. Philippines. 1840. 
 
DEN [ 313 ] 
 
 D. gluma'eeum. See Platyclinie qlumaceus. 
 — latifi'lium. Greenish. Manilla. 1843. 
 
 Dendrome'cOn. (From dendron, a 
 tree, and mekon, the poppy ; resembling 
 that flower, with a woody stem. Nat. 
 ord., PapaveracecB ; Tribe, Hunneman- 
 niece.) 
 
 A showy half -hardy shrub. Probably from 
 cuttings as well as seed. Light rich loam. 
 D. ri'gidum. Yellow. June. California. B. 
 M. t. 6134: 
 
 Dendropa'nax. {Fiam dendron, a 
 tree, and Panax; Tree-Panax. Nat. 
 ord., Araliaeece.) 
 
 Stove trees or shrubs. For cultiTation, see 
 Panax. 
 
 D. arbo'reuB. 12. Pale yellow. July. W. Indies. 
 Syns., Aratia arbarea, Jacq. H. Schoenb. 
 t. 51, and p. 62 of this work, also Bedera 
 arborea. 
 
 — arge^nteus. Leaves silvery above, purplish 
 
 beneath ; veins green. Brazil. 1878. 
 
 DendrosS'ris. (From dendron, a 
 tree, and seris, a kind of endive ; in 
 allusion to its tree-like habit and the 
 form of the leaves. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positcB ; Tribe, Cichoracew.) 
 
 Greenhouse tree of small size, with a simple 
 .or rarely branched stem, surmounted by a crown 
 of leaves, and a drooping panicle of large flowers. 
 Seeds ; imported plants. Bich loam. 
 D. macrmhy'lla. 10. Yellow. Summer. Juan 
 Fernandez. 1877. B. M. t. 6353. 
 
 Denha'raia sea'ndens. See Cul- 
 Casla scandens. 
 
 Dennstoe'dtia. See Dicksonia. 
 
 Denta'ria. Toothwort. (From dens, 
 a tooth ; referring to the fanged roots. 
 Nat. ord., Cruciferae ; Tribe, Arabideoe. 
 United with Cardamine by some 
 authors.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Divisions of 
 tuberous-like roots ; seeds sown in April ; rich, 
 light soil, in moist situations, good plants for 
 Rockeries. 
 D. bvlbi'fera. Ih Purple. April. England. 
 
 — dasylo'ba. Russia. 1838. 
 
 — diaita'ta. IL Pale purple. Switzerland. 
 
 1656. B. e. t. 757. 
 
 — dipWlla. |. White, purple. May. N. 
 
 Amer. B. M. 1. 1463. 
 
 — enneaphy'Ua. 1. Pale yellow. May. Austria. 
 
 1666. 
 
 — olandulo'sa. 1. Light purple. May. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1815. 
 
 — Eilli'sii. Hybrid between D. digitata and 
 
 I), polyphylla. Alps. 1889. 
 
 — ladnia'ta. 1. White. May. N. Amer. 1822. 
 
 — ma'xima. 2. Pale purple. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — pentaphy'lla. Pink. April to June. B. M. 
 
 t 2202 
 
 — pirnna'ta. 1. Pale purple. May. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1683. 
 
 — pinna' to-digita'ta. Hybrid. Jura Mountams. 
 
 1889 
 
 — volmhi/lia. 1. Purple.. May. Hungary. 
 
 1818. B. M. t. 6796. 
 
 — qwmquef&lia. 1. Purple. May. Tauria. 
 
 1820. 
 
 DES 
 2). termifo'lia. 1. Light ourple, May Siberia. 
 — trifo'lia. 1. White. May, Hungary. 1824. 
 
 Depa'ria. (From depas, a cup ; re- 
 ferring to the form of the involucre. 
 Nat. ord., Filices — Polypodiacece.) 
 
 Stove ferns. See F-ekns. 
 
 p. proli'fera. Sandwich Islands. Hook, Ic. 
 Fil. ii. t. 164. 
 
 Depressa'ria. A genus of moths, 
 the caterpillars of three species of which 
 attack the carrot. 
 
 D. cicute'lla. — Common flat - body 
 moth. This moth, rather less than an 
 inch across, is of a pale, reddish-ochre 
 colour, with darker and lighter dots. 
 The posterior wings are yellowish-grey. 
 The caterpillars (of which one brood ap- 
 
 Eears in June and another in Septem- 
 er) attack the leaves of the carrot, in 
 which they roll themselves up. They 
 are grass-green, with black spots and a 
 brown head. 
 
 D. dauce'Ua. Syn., Tinea daueella. — 
 Carrot-blossom inoth. Head, back, and 
 upper wings reddish-brown, lower wings 
 light grey ; abdomen grey and white. 
 Its caterpillar is greenish grey, with 
 black tubercles, and lives on the flowers 
 and seeds of the carrot, but prefers the 
 parsnip. 
 
 D. depresse'lla. — Resembling D. dau- 
 cella, but its caterpillars are smaller, 
 brownish-grey, with white spots. It 
 feeds on the seeds of the carrot. 
 
 The caterpillars can be removed . by 
 shaking from the plants, and destroyed 
 immediately by application of lime. 
 Care must be taken to prevent them 
 from returning to the plants. 
 
 Desfontai'nia. (In honour of M. 
 Desfontain, the French botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Loganiacece ; Tribe, Euloganiece.) 
 
 A lov«ly hardy-evergreen shrub. Peat and 
 loam. Cuttings in the same soil with the addi- 
 tion of sand m heat. A splendid greenhouse 
 shrub. 
 
 D. spino'sa. 3. Scarlet, yellow. August. Peru. 
 1863. B. M. t. 4781. Syns., D. acutan- 
 gula, D. Hookeri and Z>. splendent. 
 
 Design. "Consult the genius of 
 the place " before you determine upon 
 your design, is sound advice ; for in 
 gardening, as in all the fine arts, nothing 
 is pleasing that is inappropriate. Mr. 
 Wnateley, our best authority on such 
 subjects, truly says :— " A plain simple 
 fielcl, unadorned but with the common 
 rural appendages, is an agreeable open- 
 ing; but if it is extremely small, neither 
 a liaystack, nor a cottage, nor a stile, 
 nor a path, nor much less all of them 
 together, will give it an air of reality. 
 A harbour on an artificial lake is but a 
 
DES 
 
 [314] 
 
 DEU 
 
 conceit ; it raises no idea of refuge or 
 security, for the lake does not suggest 
 an idea of danger : it is detached from 
 the large body of water, and yet is in 
 itself but a poor, inconsiderable basin, 
 vainly affecting to mimic the majesty of 
 the sea. " 
 
 When imitative characters in garden- 
 ing are egregiously defective m any 
 maternal circumstance, the truth of the 
 others exposes and aggravates the 
 failure. But the art of gardening 
 aspires to more than imitation ; it can 
 create original characters, and give ex- 
 pressions to the several scenes superior 
 to any they can receive from illusions. 
 Certam properties, and certain disposi- 
 tions of the objects of nature, are adapted 
 to excite particular ideas and sensa- 
 tions ; they require no discernment, ex- 
 amination, or discussion, but are obvious 
 at a glance, and instantaneously distin- 
 guished by oxa feelings. Beauty alone 
 IS not so engaging as this species of 
 character ; the impressions it makes are 
 more transient and less interesting ; for 
 it aims only at delighting the eye, but 
 the other affects our sensibility. An 
 assemblage of the most elegant tonus in 
 the happiest situations is to a degree 
 indiscriminate, if they have not been 
 selected and arranged with a design to 
 produce certain expressions ; an air of 
 magnificence or of simplicity, of cheer- 
 fulness, tranquillity, or some other 
 general character, ought to pervade the 
 whole ; and objects pleasing in them- 
 selves, if they contradict that character, 
 should therefore be excluded. Those 
 which are only indifferent must some- 
 times make room for such as are more 
 significant — may occasionally be recom- 
 mended by it. Barrenness itself may be 
 an acceptable circumstance in a spot 
 dedicated to solitude and melancholy. 
 
 Desma'nthus. (From desme, a 
 bundle, and anthos, a flower ; referring 
 to the arrangement of the flowers. Nat. 
 ord., Legwminosce.) A genus of stove 
 herbs or shrubs, with pea-like flowers, 
 allied to Mimosa, said to be attractive 
 in their native wilds. 
 2). na'tans. Andr. Eep. t. 629. See Ne^vnia 
 
 oleracea. 
 — plefnuSj polyphi/Uiis and mmcta'tus are syno- 
 nyms of Neptunia plena. 
 — ■mrga'tus. White. W. and B. Indies. B. M. 
 t. 2464. Syn., Mimosa virgata. 
 
 Desmo'dilim. (From desmos, a 
 band ; alluding to the connected sta- 
 mens. Nat. ord., Legwminosce ; Tribe, 
 HedysarecB.) See also Dicerma. 
 
 Stove and greenhouse shruhs, except when 
 otherwise stated. Cuttings of young shoots in 
 sand under a bell-glass in beat, gaudy loam 
 
 and leaf-mould, tt. gt/ram is the Moving or 
 Telegraph Plant. See Sensitive Plant. 
 D. adsc^ndens cceru'leum. Blue. Brazil. B. E. 
 t. 816. 
 
 — ala'tum, 10. Purple. July. E. Indies. 
 
 1817. Syn., S. triquetrum. 
 
 — biarticula'tvm. 2. Yellow. July. E. Indies. 
 
 1808. 
 — • eamtde'nse. 6. Purple. July. N. America. 
 1640. Hardy. B. M. t. 3563. 
 
 — du'bium. Pale rose. July. Himalayas. B 
 
 M. t. 2980. 
 
 — gi/ram. 3. Violet. July. E.Indies. 1775. 
 
 Wight Ic. t. 294. 
 —japo'nicum. White. Japan. 1875. Hardy. 
 
 — latifo'Hmn. Purple. Oiina. Syn., Hedy- 
 
 sarwm latitfolivmi. B. E. t. 355. 
 
 — nu'tams. Lilac. Summer. India. 1823. B. 
 
 M. t. 2867. 
 
 — pendvMfio'rum. G. C. 1883, xx. p. 748. See 
 
 See Lespedeza Sieboldii. 
 
 — podoca'rpum. 2. Purple. July. Nepaul. 
 — pulche'llum. 3. Purple. July. E. Indies. 
 
 1798. 
 
 — Skwme'rialho-ni'tens. Purple; leaves whitish. 
 
 B. M. t. 6462. Syn., Bhynchosia albo- 
 nitens. 
 
 — trique^trum. See D. alatwm. 
 
 Desmo'ncns. (From desmos, a 
 band, and ogkos, a hook ; the ribs of the 
 leaves ending in bands at the point, 
 Uke tendrils. Nat. ord., Pa^meosy Tribe, 
 CocoinecB. Allied to Cocos.) 
 
 Very ornamental stove Palms. Seeds in a hot- 
 bed ; sandy loam. 
 D. aeulea'tus. Guatemala. 1852. 
 
 — america'niis. 6. St. Vincent. 1824, 
 
 — du'bius. 6. Trinidad. 1824. 
 
 — gramate'nsis. Columbia. 1875. 
 
 — la'tifrons. S. America. 1840. 
 
 — ma'jor. Tdnidad. 
 
 — mi'nor. W. Indies. 
 
 — orthaca'nthws. 6. Brazil. 1822. Mart. Palm. 
 
 tt. 69 and 98. 
 
 — polyaca'nthus. 6. Brazil. 1822 Mart. Palm. 
 
 t. 68. 
 
 Desmo'trichum, A synonym of 
 Dendrobium. 
 
 Deu'tzia. (Named after J. Deutz, 
 a sheriff of Amsterdam. Nat. ord., 
 Saxifragem ; Tribe, Eydrangece. Allied 
 to Philadelphus.) 
 
 Very ornamental hardy deciduous shrubs. D^ 
 sca'brat grown as a dwarf standard, and pruned 
 like the Dlack currant, or cutting out the shoots 
 after flowering, forms a very striking object for 
 a border of select shrubs. It is also a good sub- 
 ject for spring flowering for the conservatory. 
 Cuttings under a hand-gla^s, or strong shoots 
 may be planted in a sheltered place in autumn ;. 
 common soil. 
 
 White. G. C. 1882, xviii. 
 
 White. Himalayas. B. E. 
 Japan. 1863. 
 
 D. candidi'ssima, 
 p. 173. 
 
 — corymbo'sa. 5. 
 
 1840, t. 5. 
 
 — erena'ta p^re-pl^no. White. 
 
 111. Hort. 1864, p. 889. 
 
 — gra'chUs. White. April. Japan. Fl. Ser. 
 
 t. 611. 
 
 fo'liis au'reis. Leaves golden. 1889. 
 
 —parviJlo'raamiure!rms. 3. White. N.China. 
 
 Gfl. t. 370. 
 
 — sa/ngui'nea^ Eed. April. 
 
 — sca'bra. 6. May. Japan. 1833. B. E. t. 1718. 
 
 — stami'nea. 3. White. April. Himalayas. 
 
 1841. B. B. 1847, t. IS. 
 
DEV 
 
 Devil's Apples. 
 
 fficina'lis. 
 
 [315] 
 
 DIA 
 
 Mandrago'ra 
 
 Devil's Bit. Scahio'sa succi'sa. 
 Devil's Pig. Argemo'ne mexica'na. 
 Devil in the Bush. Nige'lla. 
 Devil's Leaf. U'rtica •urenti'ssima. 
 Devonshiring. See Paring and 
 Burning. 
 Dew-berry. Bu'bus cce'sius. 
 
 Diaca'lpe. (From dis, two, or 
 double, and calpis, an urn ; referring to 
 the disposition of the spore-cases, or 
 seed-vessels. Nat. ord., Filices. Allied 
 to Woodsia.) 
 
 Stove Fern. Division ; peat and loam. 
 D. aepidioi'des. Yellow. July Java. 
 
 Dia'criuni. (From dia, through, 
 and achris, point. Nat. ord., Orchidece; 
 Tribe, EpiaendreoB-Lmliece.) 
 
 A fine showy orchid. For culture, see EPIDEN- 
 
 DRUM. 
 
 D. biconrn'tum. IJ. Pure white. Summer. 
 Trinidad. Syn., Epidendrum bicomu- 
 turn. B. M. t. 3332. 
 
 Diade'nium. (From dis, twice, and 
 aden, a gland ; the column has two 
 glands at the base. Nat. ord., Orchi- 
 dece.) 
 
 Stove orchid. Offsets and divisions, placed in 
 a very shallow basket with sphagnum, or tied to 
 a block of wood, and suspended in a high tem- 
 perature and moist atmosphere ; cool and dry in 
 winter.* 
 
 D. Barke'ri. Para. 1837. Syn., Chcenanthe 
 JBarkeri. 
 
 Diane'lla. (A classical diminutive 
 from Diana, the goddess of hunting ; 
 the first discovered species being found 
 in a grove.* Nat. ord., Liliacece; Tribe, 
 Asphodelece.) 
 
 Greenhouse or frame half-hardy perennials. 
 Some of the species may be tried m a mixed 
 border of half-hardy bulbs in front of a stove or 
 greenhouse, with iuithericums, Albucas, Bland- 
 lordias, Cummingias, and the like. All from 
 Australia, and with blue flowers, except where 
 otherwise specified. Seeds sown in a slight hot- 
 bed in spring, and division ; loam and peat. 
 2>. (xeru'Ua. 2. June. 1733. B. M. t. 505. 
 
 — conge'sta. 2. June. 1820. 
 
 — divarica'ta. 3. July. 1835. 
 
 — ensifo'lia. IJ. White. August. E.Ind. 1731. 
 
 B. M. t. 1404. 
 
 — Mvw. 2. August. 1822. 
 
 — longifo'lia. 2i. August. 1839. B. R. t. 734. 
 
 — nemoro'sa. 2. August. E. Ind. 1731. Jacq. 
 
 H. Schoenb. t. 94. 
 
 — revolu'ta. 2. August. 1823. B. B. 1. 1120. 
 
 — ttrumo'sa. IJ. March. 1822. B. C. t. 1136. 
 
 — tasma'rma. Blue. Tasmania. 1866. Blue 
 
 berries, ornamental. 
 
 Dianthe'ra. (From di^, in two 
 parts, and anthera, an anther ; the cells 
 of the anther are more or less separated 
 from one another. Nat. ord., Acantha- 
 cece; Tribe, Justidece.) 
 
 Stove, greenhouse, or hardy herbs, requirins 
 the same treatment as Jtjsticia. 
 D. amerwa'na. 1-3. Pale violet or white. 
 Summer. United States. Syn., Justiciar 
 pedvmculosa. B. M. t. 2367. 
 
 — bulla ta. Leaves purple beneath. Borneo. 
 
 111. Hort. 1886, t. 589. 
 
 — caracasa'na. 6. Violet. May. Caraccas. 
 
 1822. Syn., Justiciacaracasana. Jaca. 
 Ic. t. 208. ^ 
 
 — cilia'ta. 2. Purple, white. Winter. Tene- 
 
 zuela. 1870. SYas.,Jaeobima Bund Belo- 
 perone ciliata. 
 
 — genimUa'ta. 2. Purple. June. W.Indies. 
 
 Syn., JusticiagenictUata. B. M. t. 2487 
 
 — lanceola'ta. 3. B«d. April. E.Indies. 1818. 
 
 Syn., Porphyrocoma Umceolata. B. M. 
 t. 4l76. 
 
 — lu'eida. 3. Scarlet. July. W. Indies. 1795. 
 
 Syn., Jtwfticia lucida. B. M. 1. 1014. 
 
 — nodo'sa. Bed. August. Brazil. 1820. Syn., 
 
 Justida nodosa. B. M. t. 2914. 
 
 — PoMia'na. Purple; bracts red. Brazil. 1880. 
 
 Syn., Am^iscopia PohliaTia. 
 
 Dianthoi'des is now regarded as a. 
 section of Gilia. 
 D. dioMthifio'ra. See Gilia dianthoides. 
 
 .Dia'nthus. Pink. (From rf«os, di- 
 vine, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., 
 Ccuryophyllacece ; Tribe, Silenece.) 
 
 Seeds, divisions, and cuttings, under a hand- 
 light, in Kght soil, any time after midsummer. 
 The tender kinds should be kept in pots, and 
 protected in a cold pit during the winter. Sea 
 Carnation, Pink, and Sweet William. 
 
 HARDY annuals AND BIENNIALS. 
 
 D. aggrega'tus. 1. Pink. June. 1817. Biennial. 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 1. 166. 
 Arme'ria. 1. Bed. June. England. 
 armerioi'dee. 1. Bed. June. New Jersey. 
 1826. 
 
 'nsis. 1. Bed. July. China. 1713. 
 Biennial. B. M. t. 25. 
 Atkinsofni. Blood-red. Garden hybrid. 
 Garden, Jan. 12, 1884. 
 
 — margina'tus. 1. White. July. South Europe. 
 
 1820. Biennial. 
 
 — pro'lifer. J. Pink. July. England. Sibth. 
 
 Fl. Gr. t. 394. 
 
 — pube^ scene. 1. Bed. July. Greece. 1820. 
 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 27. 
 
 — veluti'nus. Bed. May. Calabria. 1837. 
 
 HALF-HARDY PERENNIALS. 
 
 D. a'lbens. |. White. August. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1787. 
 
 — art&reus. IJ. Pink. July. Greece. 1820. 
 
 Evergreen. B. C. t. 459. 
 
 — arbu'scula. IJ. Bed. July. China. 1824. 
 
 Evergreen. B. E. 1. 1886. 
 
 — crena'tus. 1. Flesh. August. Cape of Good. 
 
 Hope. 1817. 
 
 — glutino'sia. i. Pink. July. Europe. 
 —jwnipmJnus. Bed. July. Greece. 1825. 
 
 HARDY PERENNIALS. 
 
 D. alpe'stris. J. Bed. June. Europe. 1817. 
 
 — alpi'nus. J. Bed. June. Austria. 1759. 
 
 B. M. t. 1205. 
 glacia'lis. See D. glacialis. 
 
 — arena'rius. 2. Purple. August. Europe. 
 
 B. M. t. 2038. 
 
 — a'sper. j. Pink. July. Switzerland. 1822. 
 
 — a'tro-ru'bens. 1. Crimson. August. Italy. 
 
 1802. B. M. 1. 1775. 
 
 — attenua'tus. J. Red. J'uly. Spain. 1822. 
 
 — Balbi'sii. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 23. 
 
 — barba'tus. IJ. Pink. July. Germany. 1573. 
 
 B. M. t. 207. 
 lat^o'litis. IJ. Scarlet. July, 1826. 
 
DIA 
 
 [316] 
 
 DIA 
 
 D. K color. 1. Pink. July. Tauria. 1816. 
 
 — bijfio'rus. Red. June. Oreece. 
 
 — Bisigna'ni. See D. rwpicolin. 
 
 — bracliya'tithue. i. Pink. June. Spain. 1861. 
 
 — bre'vis. Bed. June. Jnrassa. 
 
 — huchtorme/rwis. 1. Bed. July. Bussia. 1 
 
 — cce'sius. i. Flesh. July. Britain. 
 
 — calKzonus. J. Bright rosy pink. July. 
 
 Transylvania. 1890. 
 
 — campe!stris. 1. Wliite, red. August. Tauria, 
 
 1815. B. M. 1. 1876. 
 
 — capita'tus. li. Purple. August. Caucasus, 
 
 1822. 
 
 — carolinia'nus. 1. Purple. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1811. 
 . — carthusiaTw'rum. IJ. Bed. July. Germany, 
 
 1B73. B. M. t. 2039. 
 sdbuleMrum. Bed. Banat. 
 
 — caryophylloi'des. 1. Bed. June. 1817. 
 
 — CaryovMlliM. 2. Hesh. June. England. 
 
 B. M. tt. 39, 1622 and 2744. Clove Carna- 
 tion. 
 
 — ■ flc/n-pUno. 2. Crimson. August. Eng- 
 land. 
 
 frutico'sus. 3. Crimson. July. England, 
 
 iiYibrica'tus. IJ. Flesh, August. Eng*- 
 
 land. 
 
 — ecmca'sieua. 1. Purple. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1803. B. M. t. 796. 
 
 — cephalo'tes. IJ. Pink. July. 1823. 
 
 — cilia'tus. IJ. Pink. July. Naples. 1829. 
 
 — cinna'momeus. 1. Flesh. June. Greece. 
 
 — cificinrui'tua. Crimson. Japan. 1864. 
 
 — clava'tus. 1. Flesh. July. 
 
 — coUi'nus. %. White. August. Hungary. 
 
 1800. Sails. Parad. t. 62. 
 
 — Courtoi'sii. A fine hybrid between D. sttperiiM* 
 
 and D. barbatus. 
 
 — crue^ntus. li. Deep scarlet. E. Europe. 
 
 Fl. ser. t. 488. 
 
 — Cy'ri. Bed. June. Natolia. 1843. 
 
 — deltoi'des. J. Flesh. June. Britain. 
 
 — denta'tiis. 1. Bed. July. Siberia. 1826. 
 
 — diffu'siis. IJ. Bed. July. Cyprus. 1820. 
 
 — diminvftus. J. Pink. July. South Europe. 
 
 1771. 
 
 — di'seolw. 1. Pink. August. Caucasus. 1803. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1162. 
 
 — diuti'niis. Bed. June. Hungary. 1820. 
 
 — divarica'tus. 1. Purple. August. Greece. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — du'Mui. White, rose. May. 
 
 — eflegans. Bed. June. Levant. 1825. 
 
 , — erube'acens. Blush. July. Pyrenees. 1825. 
 
 — ferrugi'neus. Brown. July. Italy. 1766. 
 
 Maund Bot. i. t. 22. 
 sulphu'reus. IJ. Sulphur. August. 
 
 Italy. 1836. 
 — fimiria'tue. IJ. Brown. July. Iberia. 1816. 
 
 Syn., D. orientals, B. M. 1. 1069. 
 
 — Fische'H. 1. Bed. June. Bussia. 1820. 
 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 245. 
 
 a'lbus. IJ. White. August. Gardens. 
 
 1830. 
 
 — fioribu'ndus. 1. Bosy-pink. Hybrid. 1883. 
 — fra'gram. 1. White. August. Austria. 
 
 1804. B. M. t. 2067. 
 —fruticdisus. 2. Pink. July. Greece, 1816. 
 — /urca'tus. 1. Pale red. July. Piedmont. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — ga'Uicus. |. Purple. August. South France. 
 
 — ge'Udus. \. Purple. June. Transylvanian 
 
 Alps. 
 giga'nteus. 3. Purple. August. Greece. 
 1824. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 288. 
 
 — glana'Us. J. Bed. June. South Europe. 
 
 1820. 
 glaucophy'Uus, Ih Bfid. July. 1827. 
 
 — glau'cus. J. White. June. Britain. 
 Greiva'i. 1. Pink, white. Hybrid between 
 
 D. alpvnus and D, barbatus. 
 
 — gutta'tiis. 1. Bed. July. Caucasus. 1816. 
 
 D. Hendersonia'nue. 1. Crimson. July. Paxt. 
 Mag. xiv. p. 126. 
 
 — hi'Hus. 1. Bed. July. France. 1821. 
 
 — Boeltaefri. Pink. Turkestan. Gfl. 1. 1032. 
 
 — Hometrui'nni. 1. Bed. August. Italy. 
 
 — horte/nsis. 1. Bed. July. Hungary. 1806. 
 ^~ hyssopif&lius. |. Pink. August. Europe. 
 
 1810. 
 
 — ibe^ricus. J. Purple. July. Iberia. 1817. 
 
 — japo'nicus. 1. Pmk. June. China. 1804. 
 
 — latifo^lius. IJ. Pink. June. 
 
 — leptope'talus. IJ. White. June. Caucasus. 
 
 1814. B. M. t. 1739. 
 
 — libano'tis. 4. White. July. Lebanon. 1830. 
 
 B. E. 1. 1648. 
 
 — Libo8chitzia'ii/us. J. White. July. Tauria. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — liiu'micus. 1. Bed. August. S. E. Europe. 
 
 1817. 
 
 Kna/ppi. 1. White, purple. July. 
 
 Montenegria. 
 
 — longicau'lie. 1. White. August. Italy. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — monade'lphus. 1. White, pink. August. 
 
 Levant. 
 
 — mompessula'nits. 1. Bed. July. Mont- 
 
 pelier. 1764. 
 
 — rmnta'mis. j. Bed. July. Caucasus. 1803. 
 
 — WAtltipimcta'tus. Spotted. June. Levant. 
 
 1825. 
 
 — Mussi'ni, J. White. June. Caucasus. 1823. 
 
 — na'nus. J. Crimson. August. Switzerland. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — negle'ctus. i. Deep rose. Summer. S.W. 
 
 Europe. 1869. 
 
 — ni'tidus. 1. Bed, July. Carpathia. 1822. 
 
 — ochroleu'cus. Yellow. June. JLevant. 1821. 
 
 — oHenta'lis. See D. firribriatice. 
 
 — pallidiflo'rus. 1. Purple. July. Siberia. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — petrce'us. White. July. Hungary. 1804. 
 
 B. M. t. 2104. 
 
 flo'ribus rdajo'ribus. J. Pink. June. 
 
 1804. 
 
 — pVwma'rius. 1. White, purple. Summer. 
 
 E. Europe. 1629. Garden pink, phea- 
 sant's eye. 
 
 sco'ticus jlo're-ple'no. Garden variety. 
 
 1888. 
 
 — Poiretia'nus. 1. Purple. August. 1816. 
 fio're-plelno. 1. Purple. -April. Greece. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — polymo'rphug, 1. Bed. March. Crimea. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — ptmieridia'nus. 1. Yellow. July. Levant. 
 
 1804. 
 
 — pluma'rius. J. White, purple. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1629. 
 
 — pVumdms. IJ. White, lilac. June. Mt. 
 
 Baldo. 
 
 — pvatflnsis. 1. White, yellow. August. Crimea. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — prostra:tws. J. Bed. September. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1824. Evergreen. Jacq. 
 H. Schoenb. t. 271. 
 
 — psevldo-arme^ria. 1. Purple. August. Crimea. 
 
 1820. B. M. t. 2288. 
 
 — pvXeheHlus. 1. White, red. June. Siberia. 
 
 1872. 
 
 — pwnotaltue. 1. Pale lilac. August. 
 
 — pu'ngens. 1. Pink. August. Spain. 1781. 
 
 — re'pens. Bed. Siberia. 1826. 
 
 — ri'gidm. |. Bed. July. Caspian Sea. 1802. 
 
 — rupi'colus. 1. Bed. June. Italy. 1820. 
 
 Syn., D. Bisignani, B. B. 1838, t. 29. 
 
 — mthe'niims. 1. Purple. June. Bussia. 1816. 
 
 — saxa'tilis. J. White. June. South Europe. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — Seguie'rii. Switzerland. 1832. Evergreen. 
 
 — sero'tinus. 1. Purple. August. Hungary. 
 
 1804. 
 
 — si'culus. 1. Bed. August. Sicily. 1829. 
 
DIA 
 
 [317] 
 
 DIG 
 
 D, epino'sus, 2. Fluk. July. Mount Lebanon. 
 1831. 
 
 — squarro'sm. J. White. June. Tauria. 1817. 
 
 — Sternbe'rgii. IJ. Red. June. 
 
 — mavdolens. 1. White. August. 1820. 
 
 — sualvis. 1. Pink. July. 
 
 — subaeau'lis. J. Pink June. Delph. 
 
 — suffl^tioo'sus. IJ. Pink. August. Siberia. 
 
 1804. Evergreen. 
 
 — supelrlms. 2. White. August. Europe. 
 
 1596. B. M. t. 297. 
 Gardne^ri. Petals laciniate. China. 
 
 — gylva'ticue. IJ. Bed. June. Katiabon. 
 
 1815. 
 
 — sylv^stris. 
 
 1732. 
 
 — tavfricus. 
 - teener, J. 
 
 1. Red. 
 
 July. 
 July. 
 
 South Europe. 
 
 1831. 
 1817. 
 
 ful to have it perforated with holes to 
 receive aa iron peg, at two and three 
 inches from the point, as in the annexed, 
 outline. It should he shod with iron ; 
 for if this he kept bright it will mak& 
 
 1. Pink. July. Tauria. 
 Red. August. Europe. 
 
 — wmbella'tiis. Red. July. 1825. 
 
 — versicolor. IJ. Bed. August. Russia. 1823. 
 
 — mrgHneus. 1. Bed. June. .Montpelier. 
 
 1816. B. M. t. 1740. 
 
 — vi'seidus. IJ. Bed. July. Greece. 
 
 — WalcLsteXnii. 1. Pink. July. Carinthia. 
 
 Diape'nsia. (From dis, two, or 
 twice, and^enie, five ; five sepals com- 
 pose the calyx, and five stamens with 
 petal-like filaments. Nat. ord., Diapen- 
 siacecB; Tribe, Diapensiece.) 
 
 An extremely rare alpine prostrate dwarf 
 under-shrub, from Lapland. Seeds or division 
 of the plant. It requires a sandy peaty soil in a 
 shady situation. 
 D. barba'tula and euneifcflia. See Pyxidanthera 
 
 barbatula, 
 — tappo'nica. J. White. July. Alps of Lap- 
 land and Norway. 1801. B. M. t, 1108. 
 
 Dia'scia. (From diaskeo, to adorn ; 
 on account of their pretty flowers. Nat. 
 ord., Scrophulariacece ; Tribe, Hemime- 
 ridem. Allied to Nemesia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse annual. Seeds in a slight hotbed 
 in spring ; in May or June they may be planted 
 out like Lobelias, and make useful bedding 
 plants. Light sandy loam. 
 D. Bmrbilrm. 1. Rose-pink. Jjily. S. Africa. 
 1871. B. M. t. 6933. 
 
 Diaste'Ua vaeciniifo'lia. 
 metes vaccinUfoKa. 
 
 Diaste'ma. (From dis, 
 stemon, a stamen. Nat. ord 
 
 See Mi- 
 two, and 
 , Gesnera- 
 
 cecB ; Tribe, Gesnerece. Allied to Iso- 
 loma.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials. Divisions ; Cut- 
 tings of young shoots, when two or three inches 
 in length, after commencing to grow ; peat and 
 loam. 
 
 D. Lehma'nni. White, violet. New Grenada. 
 1888 
 
 — oehroUu'cwn. 1. Yellow. August. New 
 
 Grenada. 1844. B. M. t. 4264. 
 
 — pl'cta. \. White, purple. Andes of Colum- 
 
 bia. 1888. , ,_ . 
 
 Qvinquemilnerum. White, pink. August. 
 
 New Grenada. El. Ser. t. 832. 
 
 Dibber, or Dibble. This instru- 
 ment for making holes in which to insert 
 bulbs or plants is usually very simple in 
 its construction, being at the best the 
 head of an old spade-handle. To secure 
 uniformity of depth, however, in planting 
 beans, etc., by this instrument, it is use- 
 
 holes into which the soU will not crumble 
 from the sides. The crumbling is in- 
 duced by the soil's adhesion to the dibble. 
 For planting potatoes, a dibble with a 
 head three inches in diameter at the 
 point, eight inches long up to the foot- 
 rest, and with a handle four feet long, is 
 to be preferred. For the insertion of 
 seed, a dibble that delivers the seed has 
 been invented by a Mr. Smith, and 
 another by Dr. Newington ; the last is 
 the best. 
 
 Dibble'inma. (Derivation not 
 known. Nat. ord., Filices — Polypodia- 
 ceos.) 
 
 A stove Fern, now united with POLYPODIUM. 
 Division ; peat and loam. 
 D. samare'nse. E. Indies. 
 
 Dibra'chion. See Homalan- 
 thus. 
 
 Dicentra'nthera. A synonjon of 
 Asystasia. 
 
 Dice'mia. (Fromrfis,two,aBd6r'ma, 
 a prop ; referring to the two bracteoles. 
 under the flower. Nat. ord., Legumi- 
 nosce; United by some authorities to 
 Desmodium.) 
 
 stove and greenhouse evergreens, with yellow 
 flowers. Seeds in hotbed, in March ; cuttings of 
 half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 in bottom-heat, in April or May ; peat and loam. 
 D. biarticula'tum, 2. July. B. lud. 1888. 
 
 Wight Ic. t. 419. 
 — e'hgcms. 1. July. China. 1819. 
 -- pulehe^lhmi. 1. July. E. Ind. 1798. Wight 
 
 Ic. t. 418. 
 
 Dice'ntra. (From dis, twice, and 
 kentron, a spur ; in allusion to the shape 
 of the flower. Nat. ord. , Fumariacea ; 
 Syns., Dactylicapnos and Diclytra, or 
 Didytra.) 
 
 D. specta'bilis is one of the most brilliant hardy 
 
 Elants added to our collections for many years, 
 ut furnishes the most obvious example of the 
 remarkable economy of the sexual organs of it» 
 race. The flowers of Fumitories never open, and 
 their peculiar construction seems to offer nO' 
 means for the pollen to escape ; but, by a pecu- 
 liar contrivance connected with the parts, fecun> 
 
Die 
 
 [318] 
 
 DIG 
 
 datlon is effectually and simply brought about. 
 This beautiful plant was described by Linnaeus 
 irom dried specimens, but was not seen alive by 
 any European until Mr. Fortune found it in 
 
 fardens in Japan, and sent it, in 1846, to the 
 lOndon Horticultural Society. It is a spring- 
 flowering, herbaceous plant, with large fleshy 
 roots; the stalks and leaves rise to eighteen 
 inches or two feet, and look like a small-leafed 
 tree-peony ; the flowers are produced on spikes 
 from four to six inches long,, and hanging down 
 gracefully on one side. Xt requires rich, light 
 soil, and is readily increased by dividing the 
 crown of the roots early in spring, or by cuttings 
 after the plant is in ^owth. All hardy herba- 
 ceous, and flowering in June ; the same culture 
 is applicable to all &e species. 
 D. bracteo'sa. 1. White. N. America. 1823. 
 
 — canade'nm. i. White. May. N. America. 
 
 1822. B. M. t. 3031. 
 
 — chrysa'ntha. 8. Bright yellow. California. 
 
 1862. 
 
 — eiieulla'ria. i. White, tipped yellow. May. 
 
 United States. .1731. El. Ser. t. 920. 
 
 — exi'mia. 1. Reddish-purple. Summer. United 
 
 States. 1812. Syn., Fumaria esdmia. 
 B. E. t. 50. 
 
 — formo'sa. J. Bright red. May. N.America. 
 
 1796. Syn., Fvmaria Jormosa. B. M. 
 t. 1335. 
 
 — sea'ndens. Pink, white. Syn., Dielytra 
 
 scandens, 
 
 — specio'sa. 1. Flesh-coloured. 1810. Syn., 
 
 Dielytra speeiosa. 
 
 — speeta'bilis. 2. Bosy-purple. Siberia. 1810. 
 
 Also found in Japan. 
 
 — tenuifo'lia. 1. Pink. Kamtschatka. 1820. 
 
 Syn., Dielytra termifolia. 
 
 — thalietrifo'lia. 3. Yellow, brown. August. 
 
 Nepaul. 1831. Syn., Dactylicapnos 
 
 thcUictrifolia. Swt. El. Gard. ser. 2, 
 
 1. 127. 
 
 Dichse'a. (From dicha, bifarious ; 
 
 the leaves are in two rows. Nat. ord., 
 
 OrchidecB; Tribe, Vandece-Maxillariece.) 
 
 Stove epiphytes. For cultivation, see Orchids. 
 
 D.m'cta. Green, purplish dotted. Trinidad. 
 
 1870. 
 
 — vagina'ta. Mexico. 1884. 
 
 Dichi'lllS. (From dis, two, and 
 cheilos, a lip ; in reference to two divi- 
 sions of the calyx being longer than the 
 rest. Nat. ord., Leguminosce ; Tribe, 
 GenistecB. Allied to Crotalaria. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young 
 shoots getting Arm at the base, in sand, under a 
 bell-glass ; sandy peat. 
 
 jD. lebecJcoi'des. 2J. White, yellow. April. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1826. 
 
 Dicho'pogon. (From dicha, apart, 
 and pogon, a beard. Nat. ord., LUia- 
 cece ; Tribe, Asphodelece. ) 
 
 Greenhouse bulb. 
 D. stri'ctus. li. Purple. Scent like Heliotrope. 
 June. E. Australia and Tasmania. B. 
 M. t. 6746. 
 
 — undula'tus. Gfl. ij. t. 37. A synonym of D. 
 
 strictUB. 
 
 Dicho'psis. (Derivation not stated. 
 Nat. ord., Sapotacece.) 
 
 A stove evergreen tree, propagated by seeds 
 and cuttings, requiring stove treatment, and 
 light soil, consisting of sandy peat and flbry 
 loam. 
 D.gu'tta. Borneo. 1847. Syn., Iionanik'a gutta. 
 
 Dichorisa'ndra. (From rfw, twice, 
 ehorizo, to part, and aner, an anther ; 
 referring to the anthers being two-celled. 
 Nat. ord., CowmelinacecE ; Tribe, Tra- 
 descantiem. Allied to Campelia. ) 
 
 D. thyrsific/ra is the handsomest plant of this 
 order, and one of the best stove plants in culti- 
 vation, for winter or late autumnal flowering. 
 We have seen it, under liberal treatment, rise to 
 ten feet, branched all round, and every branch 
 ending in a long spike or thyrse of densely-set, 
 sky-blue flowers. When the flowers begin to 
 expand, it may be removed to a warm conserva- 
 tory, where it will last in bloom from six weeks 
 to two months. Stove herbaceous perennials, 
 from Brazil. Division of the plants, when 
 growth is commencing ; seeds sown in a hotbed 
 in spring ; peat and loam, vrith sand and leaf- 
 mould. 
 D. a'lbo-margiTia'ta. S. America. 1861. 
 
 — di'scolor. September. 1848. 
 
 — gra'dlis. IJ. Blue. August. 
 
 — leucophtha'l'm/us. Blue and white. June. 
 
 BrazU. B. M. t. 4733. 
 
 — mmea'iea. Blue, white; leaves white-lined, 
 
 like mosaic work. Maynas. 1866. 
 
 — ovalif&lia. Purple. May. 1846. 
 
 — ova'ta. Blue, yellow. August. Brazil. 1847. 
 
 Paxt. Mag. XV. t. 5. 
 
 — oxype^tala. % Bed. August. 1810. 
 
 — pi' eta. i. Blue. September. 1830. B. M. 
 
 t. 4760. 
 
 — piMrula. 3. Blue. August. 1823. 
 
 — pube!scens tceni^'Tisie. Blue, white ; leaves 
 
 striped white. Brazil. 1888. G. C. 1888, 
 iii. p. 667. Syn., D. pubescene, var. toi- 
 mi^nsis. 
 
 — Saunde'rsii. 2. White, violet. July. BrazU. 
 
 1873. 
 
 — thyreiflo'ra. 4. Blue. August. 1822. B. R. 
 
 t. 682. 
 
 — undalta. Leaves undulated, striped with 
 
 silver-grey. Amazons. 1879. 
 
 — vitta'ta. Leaves purplish-green, with two 
 
 silvery stripes. Brazil. 1871. 
 
 Dicho'sma. 
 thosma. 
 
 Dichrosta'chys. (From dichra, 
 two-form, and stachys, a spike. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminosce; Tribe, Adenanthe- 
 rece.) 
 
 Stove shrub. For cultivation, see Mimosa. 
 D. platyca'rpa. Rose, yellow ; spikes half pink 
 half yellow-flowered. Angola. 1866. 
 
 Diehrotri'chium. (From dickroos, 
 having two colours, and thrix, a hair ; 
 the tiut of hairs at each end of the seed 
 in _the oririnal species are differently 
 coloured. -Nat. ord., Gesneracece.) 
 
 Stove shrub, with the habit of JESCHYSXH- 
 THUS. Cuttings in sandy soil, in bottom-heat, 
 and under a bell-glass. Loam and peat, mixed 
 with bits of charcoal, well drained. 
 Z>. tema'tewm. Crimson. Temate. 1872. B. M. 
 t. 6791. 
 
 Dickso'nia. (Named after James 
 Dickson, a British botanist, who studied 
 this order. Nat. ord. , Filices. See also 
 Cibotium and Sitolobiwn.) 
 
 A large genus of handsome stove and green- 
 house ferns, many of them trees. Light nbrous 
 loam, peat, and sand is the best compost. Di- 
 
 A synonym of Aga- 
 
DIG 
 
 [319] 
 
 DIG 
 
 vision of the roots ; best done when growth is 
 
 commencing ; peat and loam. 
 
 D. adiantoi'des. 2. November. W. Ind. 1828. 
 
 Book. Sp. Fil. t. 26. Syn., Sitolobium 
 
 adiantoides. 
 
 — anta'rctica. September. Australia. 1824. 
 
 Syn., Cibotium Billardieri. 
 
 — ariore' scene. 15. September. St. Helena. 
 
 1786. 
 
 — Ba'rometz. See Ciiotiwm Barometz. 
 
 — Berteroa'na. 12. Juan Fernandez. 1880. 
 
 Hook. Sp. Fil. t. 23. 
 
 — BiUardie'ri. A synonym of D. avtwrctica. 
 
 — chryB&tricha. Java. 1875. 
 
 — cicuta'ria. W. Indies. 
 
 — cinnaTno'mea. Australia. 1865. 
 
 — cu'lcUa. 3. August. Madeira. Syn., Balan- 
 
 tiwm culeitwm. 
 
 — davalKoi'des. 3. September. N. Holland. 
 
 Syn., SitoloMum davallioidea. 
 
 — Depla'nchei. New Caledonia. 1876. 
 
 — fla'ceida. April. Isle of Luzon. Syn., Sito- 
 lobium fiaccCdum. 
 
 — dissdcta. 3. August. Jamaica. 1792. 
 
 — glutino'sa. April. E.Indies. Syn., Sitolo- 
 
 biwm glutinosimi. 
 
 — lana'ta. New Zealand. Hook. Sp. Fil. t. 23. 
 
 — Latha'tni. 14. Garden hybrid between D, 
 
 antarctica and D. arboreacem. 1885. 
 
 — pihsiu'scula. 2. August. N. America. 1811. 
 
 Syn., Sitolobvwm pilosiiiBculum. 
 
 — pubdacena. 6. New Grenada. Syn., Sitolo- 
 
 bium puTUitilobiwm. 
 
 — rubigin&sa,. Brazil. Hook. Sp. Fil. t. 27. 
 
 Syn., Sitolobium rubiginoawm. 
 
 — aca'ndeTia. Java. 
 
 — Sellowia'na. Brazil. 1871, 
 
 — aquajno'aa. New Zealand. 
 
 — squarro'aa. New Zealand. 
 
 — You'Tigii. Australia. 1865. Syn., Denn- 
 
 atoedtia davallioidea, var. Youngii. 
 
 Dicli'ptera. (From dis, twice, and 
 Jclezo, to shut ; referring to tlie two- 
 celled capsule, or seed-vessel. Nat. ord., 
 AeanthacecB ; Tube, Justiciece. Allied to 
 Justicia. ) 
 
 Annuals, by seed in a hotbed, in spring ; pe- 
 rennials, by cuttings of side-shoots, or the points 
 of shoots, m sandy soil, in bottom-heat, with a 
 hand-light, not so close as a bell-glass. Loam 
 and peat, open and fibry, with a little leaf -soil. 
 
 STOTE ANNUALS. 
 
 D. hexangula'ria. 2. Bed. July. S. America. 
 1733. 
 
 — reaupina'ta. IJ. White, purple. March. 
 
 S. Amer. 1805. 
 
 GREENHOUSE PERENNIALS. 
 D. ehine'naia. Pale blue. September. E. Ind. 
 1816. Herbaceous. 
 
 — Tweedia'na. Orange-red. Autumn. Monte 
 
 Video. 1874. E«v. Hort. 1874, p. 171. 
 
 — v^ticilla'ria. See Bypoeatea vertieUlmia. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS, ETC. 
 
 D. assu'rgena. 2. Bed. July. W. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — biva'lvia. i. Purple. June. B. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — martinicelnaii. 2. Purple. July. W. Ind. 
 
 1818. Syn., Juatida marti/nicenaia, Jacq. 
 Vind. jii. t. 22. 
 
 — pectina'ta. See Rwngia pectinata. 
 
 — peruma'na. 2. Purple. June. Peru. 1818. 
 
 — retu'aa. 2. Purple. July. W. Ind. 1821. 
 
 Herbaceous. A synonym of .ijBpftiscopia 
 retusa. 
 
 — acorpioi'dea. See Dregera Wildenowiana. 
 
 — apino'aa. A synonym of Barleria lupulina. 
 
 Dicramx'ra in'nula. Sya.,Cerura 
 ■vinula. The Puss Moth. The cater- 
 
 pillar of this insect attacks Poplars 
 and_ willows, feeding on their leaves. 
 It is about two inches long, purplish- 
 brown striped with white above, and 
 greenish beneath, these colours much 
 resembling the twigs upon which they 
 live. The moths appear about June, and 
 are white and grey with black marks, 
 and a general downy appearance. The 
 size of the caterpillars allows of their 
 being destroyed by hand-picking. 
 
 Dicry'pta Baue'ri. See Maxil- 
 laria crassi/olia. 
 
 Dicta'mnus. Fraxinella, or Dit- 
 tany. {Dictamnus, a name adopted 
 from Virgil ; Fraxinella, a diminutive 
 oifraxitvus, the ash, from the similarity 
 of their leaves. Nat. ord., Rutacem ; 
 Tribe, Butem.) 
 
 This is one of the oldest and best border- 
 plants. Instances are known where the Fraxi- 
 nella has outlived father, son, and grandson in 
 the same spot. Difficult to increase by division, 
 but easily raised from seeds. Sow, as soon as 
 they are ripe, in the common soil of the border, 
 and cover one inch deep ; they will not sprout 
 till the following April. When the seedlings are 
 two years old, transplant them where they are 
 to remain, and they will Hower the third season. 
 They prefer a deep, rich border, on a dry bottom, 
 and all flower in June. It is called the burning 
 bush, the stems being covered with a resinous 
 exudation which bums fiercely when a light is 
 applied. Evening time is the best to see it. 
 D. a'lbua. 3. White. May. Germany. 1698. 
 
 — anguttifo'liua. 9. Lilac. Altai. 1821. Swt. 
 
 FI. Gard. ser. 2, t. 93. 
 
 — fraxine'Ua. 3. Purple. Germany. 1696. 
 
 — Mmalaye^naia. 2. Purple. May. Himalayas. 
 
 Diotya'nthus. (From dictyon, net- 
 work, and anthos, a flower ; alluding to 
 the markings on the corolla. Nat. ord. , 
 AsdepiadouxcB ; Tribe, Gonolohece.) 
 
 Stove climber. For culture, see Passiflora. 
 
 D. Pavo'nii. 10. Green, brown. September, 
 
 New Spain. 1864. B. M. t. 4750. 
 
 Dicty'mia. (From dictyon, a net; 
 alluding to the form of the venation. 
 Nat. ora., Filices — Polypodiacece.) 
 
 Greenhouse fern. See Ferns. 
 D. attenua'ta. Australia. 1828. 
 
 Dietyoca'ryum. (From dictyon, 
 net- work, and karyon, a nut, Nat. ord., 
 Palmem. ) 
 
 Stove palm. 
 D. Walli'aii. Columbia. 1880. 
 
 Dictyoglo'ssTim. See Acrosti- 
 Chuui crinitum. 
 
 Dictyogra'mma. See Gymno- 
 gramma. 
 
 Dictyo'psis Thunbe'rgii. See Hy- 
 lonome reticulata. 
 
 Dictyo'pteris. (From dictyon, net- 
 work, and pteris, a Fern ; referring to 
 the leaves, or fronds. ) 
 
Die 
 
 [320] 
 
 DIE 
 
 Greenhouse Ferns. See Ferns. 
 D attenua'ta. June. Australia. 
 
 — lanceola'ta. June. Mauritius. 1824. Stove. 
 
 — macrodo'nta. May. Australia. 1840. 
 
 — pteroi'des. June. Australia. 1842. 
 
 Dictyoxi'phium. (From dictyon, 
 a net, and xiphos, a sword ; having 
 sword-shaped fronds with netted veins. 
 Nat. ord., Filices — Polypodmcece.) 
 
 Stove fern. See Ferns. 
 D. pa/narae'rise. 1. Panama. 
 
 Didi'scus cmru'leus. B. M. t. 2875. 
 See Traehymene coervlea. 
 
 Didymoca'rpus. (From didymos, 
 double, and carpos, fruit ; referring to a 
 double division along the centre of the 
 seed-vessel. Nat. ord., GesneracecB ; 
 Tribe, CyrtandrecB. Allied to Chirita. ) 
 
 This must not be confounded with its ally, 
 Streptocarpus. Stove herbaceous perennials. 
 Division ; cuttings of young shoots, when com- 
 mencing growth, in sandy soil, in bottom-heat ; 
 peat and loam, with sand, a little turf-mould, 
 and rotten cow-dung. 
 
 D crini'tus. 1. White, yellow. July. Paulo 
 Penane. 1846. B. M. t. 4664. 
 
 — Humboldtia/na. Lilac. October. Ceylon. 
 
 B. R. t. 4767. 
 
 — polya'nthws. Wien. Gart. Zeit. 1886, p. 128. 
 
 — primulcefo'lia. J. lilac. November. Ceylon. 
 
 1858. B. M. t. 5161. 
 
 — Relxii. B. M. t. 3005. See Streptocarpus 
 
 Rexii. 
 
 Didymochlse'na. (From didymos, 
 double, and chlaina, a cloak; referring 
 , to the coverings of the spore-cases, 
 called seed-vessels. Nat. ord., Filices.) 
 Handsome stove Ferns. Divisions ; peat and 
 loam. 
 D pulchdrrima. July. Brazil. 
 
 — truncaltvla. 4. June. Brazil. 1838. Syn., 
 
 D. sinuosa. 
 
 Didymopa'nax. _ (From didymos, 
 double, and Panax ; in allusion to the 
 didyraous fruit. Nat. ord., Araliacece. 
 Allied to Fatsia. ) 
 
 A fine stove or greenhouse tree. For cultiva- 
 tion, see Panax. 
 
 J). Houlle'ti. Mexico. 1869. Eev. Hort. 1864, 
 p. 109. 
 
 Didymospe'rma. (From didymos, 
 double, and sperma, a seed ; the seeds 
 however are solitary. Nat. ord., Pal- 
 mece ; Tribe, Arecem.) 
 
 Stove palms. For culture, see Areca. 
 D. nalnum. 1-3. Pinkish. Winter. Assam. 
 1874. B. M. t. 6836. 
 
 — porphyroea'rpon. 4-8. White, Winter. 
 
 Rhizome creeping. Java. 
 
 — tre'mulwm. 3-4. Whitish. Winter. Philip- 
 
 pine Islands. 
 
 Dieffenba'chia. (Named after Dr. 
 Dieffenbach, a German botanist. Nat. 
 ord., AroideiB ; Tribe, Dieffenbachieoe.) 
 
 Stove evergreen perennials, with bold and 
 often handsomely variegated foliage. Eich loam 
 and peat. Suckers, or portions of the stem 
 struck in bottom-heat under a hand-glass.— Cul- 
 
 tivators should be very careful not to put any 
 part of any of these plants in the mouth, as th& 
 poisonous and exceedingly acrid juice producer 
 mtense pain, and causes the tongue to swell so- 
 as to render speech impossible, on which account- 
 D. Seguine is called the Dumb-cane, having beea 
 usedbyslave-owners to punish their slaves, by 
 causing them to bite it. 
 
 D. aUi&dora. 2. Spathe green ; spadlx white.. 
 Columbia? 1871. 
 
 — ama'bilis. leaves bright green, mottled with 
 
 yellow-green. ToUma. 1876. 
 
 — amazo'niea. Leaves green, with feathery- 
 
 white band and yellowish-white spots. 
 Amazons. 1872. 
 
 — amoefna. Leaves blotched with white and 
 
 yellow. Tropical America. 1880. 
 
 — cmtioquuin&is. Leaves deep green, blotched. 
 
 with yellow. Columbia. 1876. 111. Hort. 
 n. 3. 1. 192. 
 
 — Baramtinia'nO'. Petiole and midrib white. 
 
 Brazil. 1863. Syn., J). Versohaffeltii. 
 
 — Bau'sei. Leaves yellowish-green, spotted dark 
 
 green and white. Garden hybrid. 111. 
 Hort. n. s. t. 338. 
 
 — Bawma'ni. Leaves pale green, blotched with 
 
 dark green. Brazil. 1871. 
 
 — brasilie^nsis. Leaves mottled with greenish- 
 
 yellow and white blotches. Brazil. 
 1872. 
 
 — Carde'ri. Leaves dark green, variegated. 
 
 Columbia. 1880. 
 
 — chelso'ni. Leaves blotched with yellow-green 
 
 midrib with a feathered grey band. Co- 
 lumbia. 1877. 
 
 — costa'ta. Leaves velvety-green, midrib ivory- 
 
 white. Venezuela. 1860. 
 
 — dt'cwa. Para. K68. 
 
 — dele'eta. Leaves variegated with white. Co- 
 
 lumbia. 1880. 
 
 — ebu'mea. Leaves light green, spotted with 
 
 white. Brazil. 1868. 
 
 — giga'ntea. Cream-spotted. Brazil. 1864. 
 
 — gra'ndis. Green-mottled. Brazil. 1864. 
 
 — illv!stri£. Leaves blotched with yellow-green. 
 
 Tolima. 1876. 
 
 — impe'rator. Leaves olive-green, marbled pal& 
 
 yellow and white. Columbia. 1881. 
 
 — imperia'lis. 3. Leaves dark green, with yel- 
 
 low spots ; midrib greyish. S. America. 
 1871. 
 
 — insi'gnis. Leaves dark green, spotted yellow J 
 
 midrib grey. Columbia. 1881. 
 
 — Jemna'ni. Leaves pea-green. British Guiana. 
 
 1884. 
 
 — lance'ola. Leaves with 'feathery whitish cen- 
 
 tral band. Columbia. 1876. 
 
 — landfo'liO'. Leaves blotched with yellow and 
 
 green. Brazil. 1875. 
 
 — latimacula'ta. Leaves clouded with yel- 
 
 lowish-green. Brazil. 1871. 
 Ulu'striss. Leaves blotched with whitish- 
 green and yellowish - gi'een. Brazil. 
 1876. 
 
 — lined'ta. Columbia. 1863. 
 
 — litura'ta. Spathe glaucous-green. Tropical 
 
 America. 1862. 
 
 — Timculo'sa. Leaves blotched with creamy- 
 
 white. Columbia. 1876. 
 
 — tnagnijica. Leaves dark green, variegated 
 
 with white. Venezuela. 1883. HI. 
 Hort. t. 482. 
 
 — maje^stica. Leaves dark ^een, variegated 
 
 with yellow ; midrib silvery. 1882. 
 
 — marmora'ta. Leaves splashed and spotted 
 
 with creamy-white. Columbia. 1877. 
 
 — me'dio-pi'cta. Brazil. 1869. 
 
 — mira'bilis. Brazil. 1868. 
 
 — ni'tida. Leaves dark green, blotched yellow- 
 
 ish-green. Columbia. 1881. 
 
 — no'Mlis. Leaves with central grey band, and 
 
 yellowish-green patches. Brazil. 1869. 
 
DIE 
 
 [321] 
 
 DIG 
 
 D. Parlato'rei. Spathe green. Columbia 
 Tnamw'rea. Leaves blotched with green- 
 ish-white. Antioquia. 1878. HI. Hort. 
 n. s. t. 201. 
 
 — Pea'rcei. Leaves light green, spotted creamy- 
 
 white. Ecuador. 
 
 — pi'cta. Spathe green ; leaves white spotted. 
 
 August. Tropical America. 1820. Syn., 
 Caladiwm maculatwm. 
 
 — pri'nceps. Leaves dark green, spotted yellow 
 
 and silvery-grey. Brazil. 1868. 
 
 — regi'Tia. Leaves greenish-white, mottled 
 
 darker green. S. America. 
 
 — re'x. Leaves velvety green, with lighter green 
 
 spots. 1880. 
 
 — rofrit'sto. Spathe yellowish-green. Tropical 
 
 America. 1864. 
 
 — Segui'ne. 6 Whitish. Spring. W. Indies. 
 
 Syn., Caladiuvfi Seguine.—The Dumb- 
 cane. 
 
 — Shuttlewdrthii. Leaves with a feathery white 
 
 band along the midrib. Columbia. 1878. 
 
 — spedo'sa. Leaves dark green, striped silvery 
 
 grey, purplish beneath. 1882, 
 
 — specta'hilis. Brazil. 1864. 
 
 — sple'ndens. Leaves bottle-green, with white 
 
 striated blotches and white midiib, 
 Columbia. 1880. 
 
 — trvulmphans. Leaves dark green, blotched 
 
 yellowish-green. GoluiS>ia. 1881. 
 
 — velutitia. Leaves satiny green, with white 
 
 petioles. Columbia. 1877. 
 
 — Yerschaffe'ltii. See B, Maraquiniana. 
 
 — vitta'ta. Leaves greyish-greeUj with two 
 
 feathery white bands. Tolima. 
 
 — WalWeii. Leaves with some blotches and a 
 
 feathered central band of greyish-white. 
 Columbia. 1870. 
 
 — Wei'rii. Leaves marbled with yellow. Brazil. 
 
 1866. 
 There are also some garden hybrids, as D. 
 netndo'sa. 
 
 Diely'tra. See Dicentra. 
 
 Diervi'Ua. (Named after M. Dier- 
 ville, a French surgeon. Nat. ord., 
 Camrifoliacece ; Tribe, Lonicerece, Allied 
 to Leycesteria.) " 
 
 Very handsome hardy shrubs. Best known 
 in gardens under their synonym of Weigelia. 
 Suckers from the roots : cuttings in the open 
 ground, in autumn ; rich garden-soil, exposed 
 situations. 
 D. ama'bilis. Fl. Ser. t. 855. See D. hortmm. 
 
 — canaddrms. 3. Yellow. June. N. America. 
 
 1739. Syns., D. humilie, B. M. t. 1796, 
 Z). lutea, and D. trifida. 
 — Jloribu'nda. 3. B«ddish-purple. June. Ja- 
 pan. 1863. lU. Hort. 1863, t. 383. Syn., 
 I). rmiUifiora. 
 
 — grandijlo'ra. 8. Pink. Summer. Japan. 
 
 :- IsoK'nee. "White, yellow. Fl. Ser. 1. 1445. 
 
 stria'ta. Red and white striped. Fl. 
 
 Ser. t. 1446. 
 VanJiou'ttH. White, rose. Fl. Ser. 
 
 1. 1447. 
 variega'ta. Leaves variegated. Fl. Ser. 
 
 1. 1189. 
 
 — hoMrms. 5. Pink. Japan. Syns., D. amabilis 
 
 and Weigelia amabilis. 
 
 ni'vea. white. 1884. 
 
 — japo'niea. See J), versicolor. 
 
 — Middendorfia'na. Yellowish-white. Siberia. 
 
 1864. Fl. Ser. 1. 1137. 
 
 — mnMiflc/ra. See D. Jlmibumda. 
 ^ro'sea. 6. Eosy or white. China. 1844 
 ■ mi'na. Dwarf. 
 
 na'na a/u!rea. Leaves golden. 
 
 Stelme'ri. Purplish red, 
 
 — trifida. See D. canadensis. 
 
 — sessUifo'lia. Yellow. B. United States. 1888. 
 
 D. versi'color. 8. Rosy. April. China. 1884. 
 
 Syns., D.japonica and Weigelia rosea. 
 a'lba. White. May. Japan. This is 
 
 probably the same as Weigelia Candida. 
 
 Diete'ria. See Aster. 
 
 Die'tes. See Iris. 
 
 Digging with the spade or fork has 
 for its object pulverization of the soil 
 and the mixing-in of manures so as to 
 render it more fit for the reception of 
 seeds or plants. Begin at one end of the 
 piece of ground, and with your spade 
 open a trench quite across, one good 
 spade wide and one deep, carrying the 
 soil to the corner where you finish ; then, 
 keeping your face to the opening, pro- 
 ceed to dig one spade deep regularly 
 from one side of the piece to the other, 
 turning the spits neatly into the trench, 
 and the next course against these ; and 
 so keep digging straight back, spit and 
 spit, still preserving an open trench, a 
 good spade width and depth, between 
 the dug and undug ground, that you 
 may have full room to give every spit a 
 clean turn, taking all the spits perpen- 
 dicularly, and not taking too much be- 
 fore the spade, especially in stiff land, or 
 where the surface is fuU of weeds, or is 
 much dunged ; so giving every spit a. 
 clean turn, the top to the bottom and 
 the bottom to the top, that the weeds or 
 dung on the surface may he buried a due 
 depth, and that the fresh earth may be 
 turned up. As you proceed, break all 
 large clods, and preserve an even sur- 
 face carrying both sides and middle on 
 equally, unless one side shall be hollow ; 
 then carry on the hollow side first in a 
 gradual sweep, inclining the spits of 
 earth rather that way, which will raise 
 that side and reduce the high one, ob- 
 serving the same if both sides are high 
 and the middle hollow, or both sides 
 hollow and the middle high, always 
 keeping the lower ground advancing 
 gradually before the higher, by which 
 you will always maintain a uniform 
 level. 
 
 The same should also be observed in 
 beginning to dig any piece of ground, 
 that if one corner is much lower than 
 another, carry on the lower part some- 
 what first, in a slanting direction, as far 
 as necessary. Likewise, in finishing any 
 pieces of digging, gradually round upon 
 the lower side so as to finish at the 
 highest comer ; and having dug to where 
 you intend to finish, then use the earth 
 taken out of the first trench to make the 
 last opening eq[ual with the other ground. 
 In plain diggmg dunged ground, if the 
 dung is quite rotten you may dig clean 
 through, giving each spit a clean turn 
 
 Y 
 
Dia 
 
 [322] 
 
 DIL 
 
 to bury the dung in the bottom of the 
 trench ; but if you c9,nnot readily do this, 
 trim the dung a spade's width at a time 
 into the furrow or open trench, and so 
 dig the groUnd upon it, which is rather 
 the most effectuafmethod, whether rot- 
 ten or fresh long dung. 
 
 All weeds that are perennial should be 
 carefully picked out, particularly couch- 
 grass and bear-bind. But annual weeds, 
 groundsel, and the like, should be turned 
 down to the bottom of the trench, where 
 they will rot. 
 
 A man will dig, by plain digging of 
 light, free-working, clean ground, eight, 
 ten, or twelve rods a day, from six to six, 
 though in some of the light, clean ground 
 about London, a man will turn up fifteen 
 or twenty rods a day, from five to seven ; 
 but in stiff, stubborn soils, a man may 
 work hard for six or eight rods in a day 
 of twelve hours. Trenching, if only one 
 spade deep, without the crumbs or sho- 
 velling at Dottom, a man will dig almost 
 as much as by plain digging ; or two 
 spades' depth, from four to six rods a 
 aay may be good work, though in harsh- 
 working ground digging three or four 
 rods per daymay be hard work. — {Mawe. ) 
 Most garden-soils dig best the day after 
 a, fall of rain ; and if the soil has in its 
 composition a larger proportion than 
 usual of clay, the operation will be facili- 
 tated by dipping occasionally the spade 
 into water. Most gardeners object to 
 digging whUe snow is upon the ground, 
 and the objection is not mere prejudice, 
 for experience proves the bad result of 
 the practice. The evil is owing to the 
 ^eat quantity of heat required to reduce 
 ice or snow from the solid to the fluid 
 . state ; and when buried so that the at- 
 mospheric heat cannot act directly upon 
 it, the thawing must be very slowly 
 effected, by the abstraction of heat from 
 the soil by which the frozen mass is sur- 
 rounded. Instances have occurred of 
 frozen soil not being completely thawed 
 at midsummer. 
 
 Digitalis. Foxglove. (From the 
 Latin digitals, a finger-stall ; referring 
 to the shape of the flowers. Nat. ord., 
 ^crophulariaeecE ; Tribe, Digitalem.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous biennial and perennial 
 plants. The seeds should be sown in the autumn ; 
 in the open ground, or in spring in pits. Division ; 
 and most of them plentifully by seeds ; common 
 soil. 
 
 BIENNIALS. 
 
 D. erioata'chya. 3. Brown, yellow. July. Russia. 
 1827. 
 
 — ferrugi'nea. i. Brown. July. Italy. 1697. 
 B. M. 1. 1828. 
 
 — purpu'rea. 4. July. Britain. Common Fox- 
 glove. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 962. 
 
 a'lba. i. July. Britain, 
 
 PEBENNIAIS. 
 
 D. amWgua. B. R. t. 64. See D. grandiJUira. 
 
 — au'rea. See D. Icemgata. 
 
 — eanarie'nsit. B. R. t. 48. See IsopUms. 
 
 — ertMscens. See D. grandifiora. 
 — /usee' scene. See D. uevigata. 
 
 — fu'lva. 3. Brown. June. 
 
 — grandiflo'ra. 3. Pale yellow. Switzerland. 
 
 1696. Syns., D. ambigua and D. ochro- 
 leuea. 
 
 — lacinia'ta. 1}. Yellow. June. Spam. 1827. 
 
 B. R. 1. 1201. 
 
 — Itsmga'ta. 2. Yellow. July. Hungary. 1816. 
 
 B. M. t. 6999. Syns., D. aurea and D. 
 
 — Icma'ta. 2. Yellow. June. Hungary. 1789. 
 
 — leucovhc^a. 2. White, brown. June. Greece. 
 
 1788. Sibth. K. Gr. t. 607. 
 
 — Lindleya'na. 
 
 — lu'tea. 2. July. France. 1639. Syn., D. 
 
 Tnicrantha. 
 
 fuca'ta. 2. Yellow, red. June. South 
 
 Europe. B. M. t. 8926. 
 
 — tna/ria'Tia. H. Rose. Summer, Spain, 
 
 — me'dia. 2. Yellow. June. Germany. 1817. 
 — 'micra'ntha. See D. lutea. 
 
 — mfnor. |. Purple. July. Spain. 1780. 
 
 B. M. t. 2160. 
 
 — nervc/sa. Yellow. July. 1836. 
 
 — obseu'ra. 1. Orange. June. Spain. 1778, 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen. Jacq. Vind. t, 91, 
 
 — ochroleu'ca. Jaoq. Vind. t. 67. See D. gran- 
 
 difiora. 
 
 — orUnta'lis. li. White. June. Levant. 1820. 
 
 B. M, t, 2263. 
 
 — parvijio'ra. 1}. Brown. July. Asturia. 1798. 
 
 B. M. t 267. 
 
 — purpura' scens. 2. Pink. June. Germany. 
 
 1776. 
 
 — rigida. 1}. Yellow, red. June. 
 
 — sce'ptrwm. See Isqplexis. 
 
 — sibi'rica. Yellow, red. July. Siberia. 1826. 
 
 — Tha'psi. H. Purple. June. Spain. 1762. 
 
 Syn., D. tomentosa. 
 
 — tomento'sa. B. M. t. 2194. See D. Thapsi. 
 
 — ttiMflo'ra. 2. Yellow. June. 
 
 — wridiflo'ra. July. Levant. 1827. 
 
 Diglossophy'Uum serrula'tum. A 
 synonym of Chamserops seiTulata. 
 
 Dila'tris. (From dilato, to open 
 wide ; referring to the opening of the 
 flower. Nat. ori.., HcemodwobcecB ; Tribe, 
 jEn/uBmodorecB. Allied to Anigozanthos. ) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous plants, with sword- 
 shaped leaves, from the Cape of Good Hope. 
 Divisions, when fresh growUi is commencing; 
 seeds in a slight hotbed, in March or AprU ; 
 sandy loam and peat. 
 jD, corymbo'sa. 1. Purple. May. 1790. 
 
 — Heritie'ra. See Lachnanthes tmctoria. 
 —panieula'ta. 1. Blue, June. 1826. 
 
 — mteo'sa. J. Blue. 1796. 
 
 DilL {Ane'thum grave' olens.) Its 
 leaves and umbels are used in pickling, 
 and the former in soups and sauces. 
 
 Soil. — It may be cultivated in any 
 open compartment ; but if for seed, a 
 sheltered soil, rather dry. 
 
 Sowing. — Sow immediately the seed 
 is ripe, for if kept out of the ground 
 until the spring it often is incapable of 
 germinating. If neglected until the 
 spring, sow from the close of February 
 until the commencement of May. Sow 
 in diills a foot apart, the plants to re- 
 
DIL 
 
 [323] 
 
 DIM 
 
 main where sown. When of three or 
 four weeks' growth thin them to ahont 
 ten inches apart. The leaves are fit for 
 gathering as wanted, and the umbels 
 about July and August. In September 
 their seed ripens, when it must be imme- 
 diately cut, and spread on a cloth to dry, 
 being very apt to be shed. 
 
 Dille'nia. (After DUhnius, once 
 professor of botany at Oxford. Nat. 
 ord., Dillenmcew; Tribe, Dilleniece.) 
 
 D. speciosa is a valuable timber -tree, with 
 leaves after the manner of Magnoliads. Stove 
 trees. Cuttings of ripe wood in sand, under a 
 glass, in bottom-heat, in April ; sandy loam. 
 D. dentafta. See Wormia triquetra. 
 
 — retu'sa. White. Ceylon. Linn. Trans, i. 1. 18. 
 
 Syn., J), integra. 
 
 — sca'ndens. See Tetracera volubUis. 
 
 — speeio'sa. 30. White, yellow. Malabar. 1800. 
 
 Dillwy'llia. (In honour of L. W. 
 liillwyn, a British patron of botany. 
 Nat. otA., LegwninoscB ; Tribe, Podaly- 
 riem. Allied to Eutaxia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, with yellow or orange- 
 coloured flowers, from Australia. Cuttings of 
 ■firm side-shoots in March or April, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass ; seeds in peaty soil, in a slight 
 iotbed, in March ; sandy peat two parts, flbry 
 loam one part, with a little silver sand, and 
 pieces of charcoal. 
 J), acumla'ris. See D. ciTierascens. 
 
 — emera'icem. 2. May. 1819. B. M. t. 2247. 
 
 Syn., D. acicuUvris. 
 
 — dava'ta. Paxt. Mag. xL t. 5. See D. ffori- 
 
 bunda. 
 
 — Drummo'ndii. Gfl. 1863, p. 412. 
 
 — erkifo'lm. 2. May. 1794. D. erwifolia of 
 
 B. M. 1. 1645 is D. JUirSnmda. 
 glabe'rrima. 2. May. 1800. Syn., i). 
 
 glaberrvma. 
 —fianbu'nda. 2. May. 1794. B. C. t. 305. 
 
 bremfo'lia. 2. April. 1824. 
 
 hispldula. 2. May. 1824. 
 
 ru'dis. 2. April. 1824. 
 
 taretifdlia. 2. May. 
 
 — gVabelrrima. B. M. t. 944. See D. erJc^/bZm, 
 
 var. glaherrvma. 
 
 — glyamifo'1%a. B. K. t. 1514. A synonym of 
 
 Chorizema amgustyoliwm. 
 — juniperi'na. 2. May. 1818. B. C. t. 401. 
 
 — oiova'ta. B. M. 1. 1274. See Ihitaxtamyrti- 
 
 folia. 
 
 — partAfo'lia. 2. May. 1800. B. M. 1. 1527. 
 
 — phylic(d'd£8. 2. May. 1824. 
 ^pu'ngens. June. 1825. B. C. 1. 1602. Syn., 
 
 Eutaxia pungent. 
 
 — ru'dii. See D. flmnbvmda, var. rudw. 
 
 — sca'ira. 2. May. Lem. Jard. Fl. iii. p. 296. 
 
 — seri'cea. H. April. 1824. 
 
 — speeio'sa. 2. June. 1838. Paxt. Mag. vii. 
 
 t. 27. 
 
 — tenuifo'lia. IJ. May. 1824. 
 
 'Dl[o'\}gi,ccEru'leo-ce'phala. Blue-head 
 •caterpUlar. The greenish caterpillar 
 with a single yellow stripe along the 
 back, and a bluish head, produced by 
 the Figure-of-Eight Moth. It feeds 
 •upon the apple, plum, and other orchard 
 trees. They can be destroyed by well 
 drenching the trees in dry weather, or 
 by catchmg the moths in some sticky 
 matter smeared near a lighted lamp. 
 
 Hilo'phMS vulga'ris. Byn. , IHlophws 
 febrilis. The larva of this insect has 
 caused much damage to hops. It is 
 about a C[uarter of an inch long, and of 
 a brownish colour. The mature insect 
 appears in May. The males are black 
 and the females brownish. It appears 
 probable that the eggs are laid amongst 
 manure and applied with it to the hop 
 roots, upon which the larvae then feed. 
 
 Dima'cria. (From dis, twice, and 
 makros, long ; referring to the two lower 
 stamens being twice the length of the 
 other three. Nat. ord., Geranmcem; 
 Trihe, Pelargoniew. This is now referred 
 to Pelargonium, section Hoarea. ) 
 
 There are about twenty species included under 
 this head, all little botanical curiosities, with 
 fleshy or tuberous roots. Generally they are 
 
 frown in sandy peat ; they live much longer, 
 owever, confined in small pots in equal quan- 
 tities of peat, loam, and pounded brick, well 
 drained. 
 
 D. axtragalifdlia. Swt. Ger. 1. 103. See Pelar- 
 gonvwm astragalyfoliuTn. 
 
 — iiiparJi'te. Pale cream. 1821. Swt. Ger. 
 
 t. 142. Hybrid between PeXargmdum 
 pinTUitum and P. c&rydaXijlorwm,. 
 
 — deprelssa. Swt. Ger. t. 290. See Pelargonivm 
 
 — e'legans. Orange-scarlet, Swt. Ger. t. 202. 
 
 Hybrid between Pelargonium fulgidwm 
 and P. pinnatuTn. 
 
 — pinna'ta. Swt. Ger. t. 46. See Pelargonitmi 
 
 pinnatum. 
 
 — sulphitfrea. Bright sulphur. Swt. Ger. 1. 163. 
 
 Hybrid between Pelargoniwm corydaii- 
 Jloru/m and P. pinnatum. 
 
 Dimoca'rpus. See Nephelium. 
 Dimo'rpha. See Eperua. 
 Dimorpha'nthus. (From dimor- 
 phos, two-formed. Nat. ord., Aralia- 
 eea.) 
 
 Handsome hardy shrubs. For cultivation, see 
 Akalia. 
 
 D. mMndshu'ricus. Manchuria. 1866. Leaves 
 five feet long ; noble for shrubbery. Syn., 
 Aralia mmuischurica. 
 
 fo'liis va/riega'tis. Leaves dark green, 
 
 edged creamy-white. Manchuria. 1886. 
 HI. Hort. t. 619. 
 
 Dimorphothe'ca. (From dimor- 
 phos, two-formed, and theca, receptacle ; 
 florets of disk of two forms. Nat. ord., 
 Composifce; Tribe, Calendulacem.) 
 
 Annual or shrubby perennial herbs, requiring 
 greenhouse protection during winter. The 
 annuals may be sown in the open air in April, 
 lie perennials increased by divisions or cut- 
 tings. Sandy loam. 
 D. a'nnua. 1. White. June. Simon's Bay. 1762. 
 
 — Barhefrice. Purple. Caffraria. 1862. B. M. 
 
 t. 6337. Syn., D. liladna. Gfl. t. 463. 
 
 — ckrysavZhemifo'lia. 2, Yellow. April. S. 
 
 Africa. 1790. St^^., Calendula chrysan- 
 themifolia. B. M. t. 2218. 
 
 — cuma'ta: 2-3. Orange. Syn., Arctotis glu- 
 
 tinosa. B. M. t. 1343. 
 
 — denta'ta. li. Yellow. May. S. Africa. 1790, 
 
 Syn,, Calendula dentata. Andr Rep. 
 t. 407. 
 
DIN 
 
 [324] 
 
 DIO 
 
 D. fruUeo'ia. 2. White, yellpfr. June. S. Africa. 
 1752. .Syn., CaienAvXa fruticosa. 
 
 — grammifo'lui,. 1-2. White, orange-brown, 
 
 purple. S. Africa. 1861. Syn., Calen- 
 dida grammifolia. B. E. t. 289. 
 
 — hj/brida. 1. White. June. S. Africa. 1762. 
 
 Syns., Calendula hybrida, meteoriTM 
 crassiveSj and M. graeilipes. 
 
 — Ula^'na. See D. BarberitB. 
 
 — medicau'lis. 1. White, purple. July. S. 
 
 Africa. 1731. Syn., Calendula nudi- 
 caulis. ' 
 
 — pluma'Us. 1. White. June. S. Africa. 
 
 1693. Syn^ Calendula plumalis. 
 
 — Tra'gus. 2. White, purple. May. S. Africa. 
 
 177*. Syn., Calendula Tragus. Jacq. 
 H. Sohoenb. 1. 163. B. E. t. 28. 
 
 Dine'tus. See Porana. 
 
 Dicecious. T'Wo-housed ; applied 
 to any species having the female and 
 male flowers iu separate flowers on sepa- 
 rate plants. 
 
 Diome'dea. (After Djiomef^as, a clas- 
 sical name. Nat. ord., Compositce ; 
 Tribe, Helianthoidece.) 
 
 A genus of greenhouse evergreens. They have 
 all yellow flowers. Seeds. Cuttings under a 
 bell-glass. Sandy loam. 
 D. argefniea. 2. June. S. Amer. 1824. 
 
 — bidenta'ta. 2. July. W. Ind. 1696. 
 
 — glabra'ta. 3. June. S. Amer. 1699. 
 
 Dionse'a. Venus's Fly-trap. (After 
 Bione, one of the names of Venus. Nat. 
 prd., DroseracecB.) 
 
 Notwithstandingallthefables about this plant, 
 it is one of extreme interest to cultivators, 
 -owing to the irritability displayed by the three 
 bristles on the centre of each lobe. They are so 
 situated, that when an insect lights on the lobes 
 they suddenly fold, like the fingers of the two 
 hands clasped together, and inclose the insect 
 with a firmness beyond its strength to escape. 
 JHardy or greenhouse perennial. Division of the 
 plant ; seeds at times ; leaves laid in damp moss, 
 linder a glass, will sometimes form buds, which 
 develop into plants. Peat, with a little sphag- 
 num, moss, and bits of potsherds brolien small. 
 D, WMSei'pula. J. White. July. Carolina. 
 1788. B. M. t. 785. 
 
 Dio'on. (From dis, two, and oon, an 
 egg ; referring to the two-lobed scales 
 ■vmieh compose the large cones of the 
 Cycad, bearing a large nut-like seed at 
 the bottom of each scale ; otherwise 
 from seeds, being borne in twos. Nat. 
 ord., Cyeadacece; Trihe, Eucephalarteas. 
 Allied to Macrozamia.) 
 
 Fine palm-like plants. The fruit of this Dioon, 
 which is as large as a chestnut, is powdered by 
 the natives, and formed into a kind.of arrowroot. 
 Supposed to be propagated by suckers, and seeds 
 when obtainable ; rough, sandy loam, with some 
 broken bricks and charcoal. 
 Z). edulle. 2. April. Mexico. 1844. B. M. 
 t. 6184. 
 
 — i'mbncaltum. Mexico. 
 
 Diosco'rea. Yam. (After p. Bios- 
 corides, a Greek physician, Nat. ord., 
 Bioscoretccece.) 
 
 Ornamental stove, herbaceous, or hardy 
 climbing tuberous-rooted plants, used as pota- 
 toes, Dividing the tubers ; light, rich soil. 
 
 D. acuJea'ta. 10. E. Ind. 1803. 
 
 — aia'ta. 16. India. 1739. 
 
 — anoectochi'lu^, S. America. 1865. Climber,, 
 
 with bronzed and copper-banded leaves.. 
 
 — argyrce^a. Columbia. 
 
 — Bata'tas. 6-9. Chinese Yam. Hardy. 
 Decaisnea'na. China. 1862., Hardy. 
 
 — brazilie'nsis. 8. Brazil. 1823. 
 
 — bulbi'fera. 12. July. E. Ind. 1693. 
 
 — cvrmamonifo'lia. 6. Eio Janeiro. 1827. 
 
 — crini'ta. Natal. B. M. t. 6804. 
 
 — di'scolor. Central America. 
 
 — egre'gia. leaves blotched with various shades 
 
 of green. Brazil. 1868. 
 
 — eldora'do. Leaves satiny olive-green, silvery 
 
 along the veins. Brazil. 1869. 
 
 — hjfbrida. Supposed to be a hybrid between. 
 
 D. Batatas and Tamus communin. Eer. 
 Hort. 1882, p. 379, f. 80-83. 
 
 — illustra'ta. Leaves satiny green, with some^ 
 
 patches and centralband of silvery-grey. 
 Brazil. 1873. 
 
 — japo'nica. 8. Japan. 1852. 
 
 — multicolor. Eio Negro. 1868. Of this there- 
 
 are the following varieties ; — chryso- 
 phy'lla, leaves olive-brown, variegated 
 with golden ; tnelanoleu' ca, leaves deep- 
 green, with central silvery band and sil- 
 very blotches along the veins ; metallica^ 
 leaves bronzy, vpith coppery central 
 band ; sagitta'riat leaves emerald-green. 
 along the veins, silvery between them.. 
 All from Eio Negro. 1871. 
 
 — Tio'bilis. Leaves velvety bronze, variegated 
 
 with yellow. Brazil. 1868. A very 
 ornamental climber. 
 
 — pentaphy^Ua. 10. B. Indies. 1768. 
 
 — primia'tica. Leaves satiny purplish-green„ 
 
 with silvery ribs. Peru. 1871. - 
 
 — retu'sa. Bull yellowish. S. Africa. 1870. 
 
 — sati'va. 20. August. W. Ind. 1733. 
 
 — vitta'ta. Greenish. Brazil. 1872. 
 
 Dio'sma. (From dios, divine, and 
 osme, odour ; referring to the powerful 
 perfume which characterizes these and 
 other SutacecB ; Tribe, Biosmeee.) 
 
 These are among the Bucku-plants of the Cape 
 colonists, and are old inhabitants of our green- 
 houses ; but some of the more showy species- 
 now form the new genera Adenandra, Agathos- 
 ma, Barosma, etc. ■ Greenhouse evergreens from 
 the Cape of Good Hope. All are white-flowered, 
 except where otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of 
 short-jointed young shoots in April, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass ; sandy peat three parts, fibry 
 loam one part, with silver sand and a few pieces^ 
 of charcoal, to keep the soil open ; some of the 
 most robust species should have more loam, but. 
 in a fibry, rough state 
 
 D. acumina'ta. B. C. t. 493. See Adetmndra 
 u/m/lora. 
 
 — a'lba. See Coleonewa alba. 
 
 — amii'gua. B. C. t. 461. See Agathogma am- 
 
 bigua. 
 
 — eapita'ta. Pirik. Spring. B. C. t. 860. 
 
 — eiha'ta. B. E. t. 366. See Agathosma ciliata,. 
 
 — cofda'ta. Synonymous with Agathosma im- 
 
 bricata, var, acuminata. 
 
 — corymto'aa. See Agathosma mllosa. 
 
 — crena'ta. B. C. t. 404. See Barosma betuUna. 
 
 — mpressi'na. 1}. Pink. May. Cape Flats. 
 
 1790. B. C. t. 303. 
 
 — dioi'ca. See Barosma dioica. 
 
 — eridfo'Ua. Andr. Eep. t. 541. See D. ml- 
 
 garis, var. rubra. 
 
 — ericotdes. B. M. t. 2332. See D. vulgaris, var. 
 
 longifolia. 
 —fmtidi'smna. 2. June. 1824. 
 —fra'gram. B. M. t. 1619. See Adenandra 
 
 fragrams. 
 
DIO 
 
 D. hirsv'ta. See D. vulgaris, var. longifolia. 
 
 — hi'rta. Purple. February. 1794. B, R. t. 369. 
 
 — hy'brida, 2. May. 1823. 
 
 — Ictnceola'ta. B. E. t. 476. A synonym of 
 
 Barosma Icmceolata. 
 
 — la^-ifo'lia. See Barosma crenvZata. 
 
 — linea'ris. A synonym of Adenandra linearis. 
 
 — linifo'lia. See Barosma dioica. 
 
 — longif&lia. See J), vulgaris, var. Imigifolia. 
 
 — margina'ta. See Adenandra marginata, 
 
 — odora'ta. See Barosma crenulata. 
 
 — oppositifo'lia. See D. wZgariSt var. l(mgifolia, 
 
 — orbictUa'ris. See Agathosma orbicularis. 
 
 — ova'ta. B. M. t. 1616. See Barosma ovata, 
 
 — pectiTM'ta. See 2>. vulgaris^ var. longifolia. 
 
 — puUhe'lla. B. M. 1. 1537, See Barosma pul- 
 
 chella. 
 
 — puTicta'ta. A synonym of Barosma ovata. 
 
 — rejlefxa. Synonymous with Agathosma re- 
 
 [ 325 ] DIP 
 
 Syns., D.fertilw, intermedia, lticida,a,nd 
 
 — ru'bra. B. R. t. 563, See D. vulga/nSt var. 
 
 rubra. 
 
 — scopa'ria,. IJ. June. 1812. 
 
 — iserratifo'lia. B. M. t. 456. See Barosma 
 
 serratiifolia. 
 
 — specio'sa. B. M. t. 1271. See Adenavdra 
 
 umbellata, var. speeiosa. 
 
 — sphcerocefphaZa. May. B. C. 1. 1490. 
 
 — sqitarruj^sa. 1. June. 1818. A synonym of 
 
 Agathosma squmnosa. 
 
 — subula'ta. See Z). vulgaris. 
 
 — sv£cule!nta. 2. June. Cape Mats. 
 
 — tene'lla. 1. May. 1823. 
 
 — tenuifo'Ua. See D. vulgaris, var. longifolia. 
 
 — tenui'ssima. B. C. t. 1624. See Agathosma 
 
 erecta. 
 
 — tetra'gona. A synonym of Agathosma tetra- 
 
 gona. 
 
 — uliei'na 1. May. 1823. 
 
 — uniflo'ra. B. M. t. 273. See Adenandra uni- 
 
 flora. 
 
 — mrga'ta. 1. June. 1820. 
 
 — vulga'ris. 1-3. White, tinged blue. 
 
 ^ — longifo'lia. i. Pink. May. 1731. Syns., 
 
 D. ericoi'des, B. M. t. 2332, D. hirsuta, 
 D. longifolia, Z>. ommsitifolia, J>. pecti- 
 nata, and D. tenuyolia. 
 
 ru'bra. 2. Bed. March. 1762. Syns., D. 
 
 eriaifolia, Andr. Eep. t. 641^ and D. 
 rubra, B. M. t. 563. 
 
 Diospy'ros. The Date Plum. (From 
 ■dios, divine, and pwr-o*, wheat ; literally, 
 celestial food. Nat. ord. , Ehenacece. ) 
 
 The European Lotus, or Date Plum, is rather 
 tender in Britain, but ripens its fruit in the 
 south of France. The Virginian Diospyros is 
 not unlike the European Lotus ; it thrives best 
 in peat soil, and is often much ipjured by frost. 
 In India many species of Diospyros are found, 
 where they are remarkable for the hardness of 
 the wood. The Ebony on which the order is 
 founded la D. Ebelnus. The Iron-wood is also 
 one of the species. The Kau Apple of the Gape, 
 
 ' and the Kaki preserve from China, are said to 
 be ihe fruit of Diospyros Kaki. Greenhouse 
 species by cuttings of half-ripened shoots in 
 
 rsand, under a bell-glass. Stove species strike 
 best from ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, 
 and in a brisk bottom-heat, any time from March 
 to May. The hardy species are best propagated 
 by seeds, and sown out of doors in a sheltered, 
 moist place. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 -D. fdrtUis and interme'dia. See D. virgvniaiui. 
 
 — Wtus. 20. Yellow, green. June. Italy. 
 
 1596. Evergreen. 
 
 — lu'cida and pube!scens. See D. virginimia. 
 
 — virgvnia'na. 20. YelloWjgreen. June. N. 
 
 America. 1629. Wats. Dendr. 1. 146. 
 
 O Wiseru/ri. Japan. 1887. 
 
 QREENHOXISE EVERGREENS. 
 
 J>. corona'ria. Japan. 1885. 
 
 — costa'ta. See D, Kaki, var. coatata. 
 
 — Ka'hi. 12. White, green. China. 1789. Wight 
 
 Ic. t. 416. Syn., D. lobata. Garden 
 varieties of this have been named :— 2). 
 aurantium, D. Bertii, D. elliptica, and 
 D. Sahuti, var. galliea. See Eev. Hort. 
 1887, t. 349. 
 
 costa'ta. Fruit ribbed, edible. Flowers 
 
 pale yellow. China. 1869. 
 
 — loba'ta. See D. Kdhi. 
 
 — Maze^H. Fruit orange-red. Japan. 1874. 
 
 — reticuZa'ta. See S. tessellaria. 
 
 — tessella'ria. 20. Mauritius. 1824. Syn., D. 
 
 reticulata. 
 
 — vaccinioi'des. 2. White. May. S. China. 
 
 1823. B. C. 1. 1649. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS., 
 
 D. a/mpUxicau'Us. Mauritius. 1861. Paxt. Fl. 
 Gard. ii. p. 11, f. 139. 
 
 — chloro'xylon. 20. White. India. 1822. Wight 
 
 Ic. 1. 1224. Syn., D. eapitulata. 
 
 — cordifo'lia. See D. montana, var. cordifolia. 
 
 — digy'na. See D. ebena^ter. 
 
 — discolor. 20. Philippines. 1821, Syn., D. 
 
 mabola, B. R. 1. 1139. 
 
 — ehena'ster. 20. Bei^al. 1792. Syns., D. 
 
 digyna, Jacq. H7 Schcenb. t. 313, D. 
 edulis, and D. Sapota, B. M. t. 3988. 
 
 — Ebe'nus. 30. White. India, Malacca, etc., 
 
 1792. Syn., D. melanoxylon. 
 
 — e'dulis. See D. ebenaster. 
 
 — embryo'pteris. 25. White, green. July. E. 
 
 India. 1818. The plant figured in B. R. 
 t. 499 is not this species. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. 20. Ceylon. 1820. 
 
 — lycioi'des. See Royena pallens. 
 
 — ma'bola. See D. discolor. 
 
 — Tnelano'xylon. See D. Ebenus, 
 
 — obova'ta. Jacq. H.- Schoenb. t. 312. See 
 
 D. tetrasperma. 
 
 — Sapo'ta. See D. ebenaster. 
 
 — sylvati'ca. 20. White. B. Indies. 1812. 
 
 — tetraspe'rma. 15. White, green, W. Indies. 
 
 1796. Syn., D. obovata.- 
 
 Dipca'di. (Derivation unexplained. 
 Nat. ord. , Liliacem ; Tribe, Scillece. Syn. , 
 Vropetalon. Allied to LachenaUa,) 
 
 Pretty hardy and half -hardy bulbous plants. 
 Sandy loam and leaf-soil. Onsets and seeds, 
 D. Balfou'ri. 2, Greenish-yellow. September. 
 Socotra. 1880, 
 
 — gla/uJcum. 2-3. Greenish. August. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1814. Syn., Uropetalon 
 glaumim. B. R. 1. 156. 
 
 — longifo'lium. 2. Purple, blue, August, 
 
 Mozambique. 1826. Syn., Uropetalon 
 longifolium. B. R. t. 974. 
 
 — sero'tinum. |. Greenish-brown. July. Spain. 
 
 Syns., ScUla serotina, B. M. t. 869, and 
 Uropetalon serotinum. Hardy. 
 
 fu'lvum. J. Green, red. July. Mogador. 
 
 1808. Syn., Uropetalon fulvwin. 
 
 — umbona'tum. Yellowish. S. Africa. 1865. 
 
 Syn.,'Uropetalonumbonatum. Ref. Bot. 
 1. 17. 
 
 i'tschii. Green. Angola. 1867. Syn., 
 Uropetalon Welwitschii. Ref. Bot. 1. 16, 
 
 Dipha'ca eocMncMn^nsis. See 
 Ormocarpon sermo'ides. Wight Ic. 
 t, 297. 
 
 Diphylle'ia. (From dis, two, and 
 phyllon, a leaf ; the leaves produced in 
 
DIP 
 
 [326] 
 
 DIP 
 
 twos. Nat. ord., Berberidaeece ; Tribe, 
 BerberecB. Allied to Jeffersonia.) 
 
 A pretty, hardy herbaceous perennial, hest 
 treated amongst shade loving plants, usetul for 
 rocketies ; divisions and seed ; rich, light soil. 
 D. cym&sa. }. White. May. N. America. 
 1812. B. M. t. 1666. 
 
 Diphy'sa. (From dis, two, and 
 physa, a bladder ; referring to the seed- 
 pods being produced in twos, and blad- 
 dery-like, as in Sutherlandia, to which 
 it IS nearly allied. Nat. ord., Legu- 
 minosoB; Tribe, Galegem.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots, a 
 little firm at the base, in sand, under a glass, 
 and in a mild hottom-heat ; sandy loam and 
 flbry peat. ■ 
 
 D. earthagine^nsis. 10. Yellow. Carthagena. 
 1827. 
 
 Dipla'cus. See Mimulus. 
 
 Diplade'nia. (From diploos, a 
 double, and aden, a gland ; referring to 
 the presence of two gland-like processes 
 on the o'frary. ' Nat. ord., Apoeynacece ; 
 Tribe, Echitidece. Allied to Mande- 
 villia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings of ripe 
 shoots in sand, under a glass, and in a sweet 
 bottom-heat ; turfy peat, with silver sand, and 
 plenty of drainage ; abundance of water in 
 summer, but very little in winter. 
 D. acumina'ta. 10. Fink. July. Brazil. 1854. 
 B. M. t. 4828. 
 
 — amaliUis. ^ 10. Kosy-crimson. Summer. 
 
 Hybrid between J>. crasiitioAai and D. 
 splendms. Mor. Mag. t. 309. 
 
 — cmue'na. Pink, rosy. Garden variety. 
 
 — a'tropwrpu'rea. 10. Dark purple. July, 
 
 Brazil. 1842. Eeintroduced, 1887. Fl. 
 Ser. t. 29. 
 
 — bolivi^tmB. White, throat yellow. June. 
 
 Bolivia. 1866. B. M. t. 6783. 
 
 — Brea/rteya'na. Pink to reddish scarlet. May 
 
 to September. Garden hybrid. 1881. 
 
 — cari'ssvma. Bluish-pink, striped bright rose. 
 
 Flor. and Pom. 1879, p. 602. 
 
 — efassmo'da. 10. Rosy. October. Rio Janeiro. 
 
 B. E. 1844, t. 64. Syn., D. Martiana. 
 Bouttea'na. Eose, throat orange. Gar- 
 den variety. 
 ' — dele/eta. Pink, shaded rose and violet. Gar- 
 den variety. 1881. 
 
 — dioMma. Pink and rose. 1881. 
 
 — Ellio'tti. Bose, pink, throat yellow striped 
 
 with pink. 1884. 
 —fa'va. Yellow. May. New Grenada. 1846. 
 B. M. t. 4702. 
 
 — Barri'm. ' B. M. t. 4826. See Odontadenia 
 
 speciosa. 
 
 — hy'brida. Crimson-red. Garden variety. 1881. 
 
 — illu'stris gla'bra. Eosy-red. Brazil. 1891. 
 
 B. M. t. 7166. 
 
 — msi'gnis. Rosy-purple. Garden variety. 
 
 — Martia'na. See D. erassinoda. 
 JUorceld. White, blue. Australia. 1873. 
 
 — no'bilis. Pink, purple. July. Brazil. Paxt. 
 
 Mag. xvi. p. 4. 
 
 — oma'ta. Crimson, violet. Garden variety. 
 
 — profvJaa. Crimson. Fl. Ser. ser. 2, t. 491. 
 
 Syn., D. splendens, var. profusa. 
 
 — regi'na. Eose, flesh-colour. 
 
 — rasafca/m/pe'stris. Tropical America? • Fl. Ser. 
 
 t. 266. Syn., Schites rosa-emmpestrU. 
 
 — rosa'eea. Eosy-pisk, throat yellow. Garden 
 
 variety. 
 
 D. sple^ndens. 10. Eose. July. Organ Moun- 
 tains. 1841. Syn., McMtea splendem. 
 B. M. t. 3976. 
 
 r- profu'ea. See D. profusa. 
 
 Willia'msii, Throat deep pink. Garden 
 
 variety. 
 
 — • wophi/lla. 3. Deep salmon. Brazil. 1847.- 
 B. M. t. 426 and 4414. 
 
 -r vinccefio'ra. Fl. Ser. t. 74. 
 
 Dipla'zium. (From dvplazo, to 
 double ; referring to the double covering 
 of the spore-cases. Nat. ord., FUices. 
 Now regarded as a section of Asple- 
 nium.) 
 
 A genus of handsome stove Ferns. The xoot- 
 stocKs of D. escule'ntunh are eaten in India by 
 natives. The spores of all are brown, or brownish- 
 yellow ; divisions ; loam and peat. 
 D. acuTnma'tum. J. Brazil. 
 
 — ajl'ne. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — a/rbore^scem. 12. Mauritius. 1826. 
 
 — alismcefo'liuTn. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — wmH'gwwm. Tropical America. 1822. 
 
 — Arrufttii. Sandwich Islands. 1877. 
 
 — auricula' twm. 10. August. Caraccas. 182CL- 
 
 — iarbade'nse. August. W. Ind. 1822. 
 • — bremjlo'rwm. Isle of Luzon. ' 
 
 — brevis&rum. Jamaica. 
 
 — castanec^&lium. 1. July. Guiana. 1824. 
 
 — Cauda' twm. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — coareta'twm. ifirazil. 1841. 
 
 — detmssa'tum. 2. June. £. Ind. 
 
 — dejle^xmn. Malacca. 
 
 — e&e'?ium. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — e'Ugwns. July. 
 
 — eeciMntwm. 3. E. Ind. 1822. 
 
 — exte'nHwm. Malacca. 
 
 —f rondo' swm. August. E. Ind. 
 
 — globe! rrimum. Java. 1862. 
 
 — gramUfo'liwm. 4. August. Jamaica. 1793. 
 
 — imtegr^o'lium. June. Java. 
 
 — jvgUmdiifo'liwm. 3. August. Jamaica. 1822. 
 
 — Katm'ri. Gfl. t. 282. 
 
 — malaba'rieum. 8. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — ova'tum,. April. Isle of Leyte. 
 
 — plantagi'newm. 2. August. W. Ind. 1819.-- 
 
 — porre'ctum. Malacca. 
 
 — profu'smn. Carmine. 1880. 
 
 — Pulli'ngeri. Hong Kong. 1876. 
 
 — serampore^nee. 3. August. Serampore. 1820.. 
 
 — Schku'hrii. Malacca, 
 
 — 'Shephe^Xdii. Brazil. 1822. 
 
 — 8pinul</sum. July. Java, 
 
 — stria'ttmb. 1. August, W, Ind. 1793. 
 
 — sylva'ticum. E. Indies. 
 
 — thelypteroi'des. 1. July. N. Amer. 1823. 
 
 — Thwaite'sii. Ceylon. 
 
 — unduMsv/m. August. 
 
 — vittcef&rmis. July. Isle of Java. 
 
 — Walli'chii. April. E, Ind, 
 
 Diplochi'ta. See Miconia. 
 
 Diploco'ma inllo'sa. Swt. Fl. Gard.- 
 t. 246. See Heterotheca iwMfoirfes. 
 
 Diploeya'thea. (From diploos,. 
 
 double, and kyatheion, a cup ; in refe- 
 rence to the form of the flower. Nat. 
 ord., AsclepiadacecB ; TlxVoe, Stapelieee.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. For culture, see- 
 Stapelia. 
 
 D. eilia'ta. }. Green-striped, November, S, 
 Africa. 1796. Syn., Stapelia eiliata. 
 
 Diplolse'na. (From diploos, double, 
 and Icena, a cloak ; referring to the coat- 
 ing of the ripe fruit splitting into two» 
 
DIP 
 
 [327] 
 
 DIS 
 
 divisions, as is general in this section of 
 Mutacem ; Tribe, Boroniece. Allied to 
 Correa. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from Swan River, 
 "with cream-coloured flowers. Cuttings of young 
 shoots getting firm ; peat, and a very little flbry 
 loam. 
 D. angustifo'lia. May. W. Australia. 
 
 — Dampie/ri. i. April. W. Australia. 1837. 
 
 B. M. t. 4069. D. Dampieri of B. B. 
 1841, t. 64, is probably D. mierocephala, 
 var. DrumTTumdi. 
 
 — grandiflo'ra. 4. May. W. Australia. 
 
 Diplopa'ppus. (From diploos, 
 doubfe, and pappos, a plume ; referring 
 to the feathery ornaments called pappus, 
 which cro-wn the seeds, as in the Dande- 
 lion. Nat. ord., Compositce. Now united 
 with Aster.) 
 
 D. cane! scene. Paxt. Mag. ii. t. 149. See Aster 
 canescens. 
 
 — chrytaphy'llus. See Aster chrysophyUus. 
 
 — iruia'nus. B. M. t. 3382. B&e Aster canescens. 
 
 — li/tiariifo'lius. See Aster linarifolius, 
 
 Diplope'ltis. (From diploos, double, 
 and pelte, a shield ; referring to a double 
 appendage attached to the inside of the 
 petals. Nat. ord., Sapindacece ; Tribe, 
 SapindeK. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young 
 shoots in sandy soil, under a glass, in April; 
 peat and loam. 
 
 D, Huge'Ui. 1. Bose, white. July. Swan 
 River. 1837. B. R. 1839, t. 69. 
 
 Diplothe'miuin. (From diploos, 
 double, and thema, a sheath ; referring 
 to the spathe, or sheath, out of which 
 issues the flower-stem of Palms, Arums, 
 etc. Nat. ord. , Palmecej Tribe, Cocoince. 
 Allied to Cocos.) 
 
 Those who cannot afford head-room for the 
 giants of this noble race have here three dwarf 
 species to represent the order. Stove Palms. 
 Seeds ; rich, fibry loam. 
 D. cam/pelstris. 10. Brazil. 1823. 
 
 — caude'scens. 26. Brazil. 1847. 
 
 — litora'le. 4. Yellow. May. Brazil B. M. 
 
 t. 4681. 
 
 — mari'tvmwm. 10. Brazil. 1823. 
 
 Dipo'dium. (From dis, twice, and 
 pous, a foot ; in allusion to two teeth at 
 the base of the lip. Nat. ord., OrchidecB.) 
 
 A handsome stove Orchid. 
 D. palvMswm. Creamy-white, spotted purple ; 
 lip white with purple lines. Cambodia, 
 Malacca, Borneo. G. C. 1888, iv. p. 91. 
 
 Dipo'sis. (From dis, twice, and 
 pois, a husband, on account of the 
 three-flowered umbeUules containing 
 two male flowers and one fertile one. 
 Nat. ord., TJmhdliferm; Tribe, Mu- 
 linecB.). 
 
 Greenhouse or half-hardy tuberous perennial, 
 of botanical interest only. IVeatment should 
 be the same as for the tuberous Tropjeolums. 
 D. bulboca'stanum. J. Whitish. Chili. 1872. 
 
 Dipsacoza'mia mexica'na. See 
 Ceratozamia mexicana. 
 
 Di'psaous. Teasel. (From dipsao, 
 to thirst ; referring to the cavity formed 
 by the leaves clasping the stem holding 
 water. Nat. ord., Dipsacacew. Allied 
 to Scabious. ) 
 
 The only plant in this genus worthy of any 
 remark is D. fuUo'nwn, used by fullers in 
 dressing cloth. For the cultivation of this 
 plant, and the use of the heads by the fuller, 
 see " Cottage Gardener," v. 83. Hardy biennials. 
 Seeds ; common soil. 
 D.felrox. 3. Purple. July. South Europe. 
 
 1818. 
 —fxMo'num. 6. Purple. July. South Europe. 
 This has escaped from cultivation, and 
 become naturalized in the West of Eng- 
 land. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 675. 
 
 — GmjeiWni. 3. Blue. July. Caucasus. 1S20. 
 
 — inefrmis. 4. White. Nepaul. 1823. 
 
 — lacinia'tus. 6. Purple. July. Germany. 
 
 1683. 
 
 — pUo'sits. 4. White. August. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 676. 
 
 — sylvelstris. 3. Purple. Summer. Britsrin. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. %, t. 674. 
 
 Dipteraca'nthus is now united to 
 Ruellia. 
 
 Z>. affilnia, B. M. t. 6414. See Rnellia spinOsa. 
 
 — calve: scens. B.M. t. 6106. $,ee RuelUa solitaria, 
 
 — cilia'tus. See Ruellia ciliata. 
 
 — He^rbstii. B. M. t. 6166. See Rv£llia Heristii. 
 — pa' tula. See Ruellia patula. 
 
 — sca'ndens. See Hevfreya scandens. 
 
 — specta'bilis. Peru. B. M. t. 4494. 
 
 Di'pterix. Tonquin Bean. (From 
 dis, double, and pterix, a wing ; re- 
 ferring to the two upper segments of the 
 calyx. Nat. ord., Leguminosce ; Tribe, 
 DalbergiicB. Allied to Dalbergia. ) 
 
 The Tonga, or Tonquin Bean, used by per- 
 fumers and snuff-makers, is the seed of this 
 tree ; hence the specific name. Stove evergreen 
 tree. Cuttings in sand, under a glass, in moist 
 heat, in April ; rich, rough loam, 
 Z>. odora'ta. 60. Purple. Cayenne and N. Brazil. 
 1793. Syn., Bar^osma Tonga. 
 
 — olei'f&ra. 80. Mosquito Country. 
 
 Di'rca. Leather-wood. (From dirJce, 
 a fountain ; the plant growing in moist 
 places. Nat. ord. , Thymelacece ; Tribe, 
 Enthymeleoe. Allied to Daphne.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrub. Layers in autumn ; 
 seeds in spring ; sandy, peaty soil, and moist 
 situation. 
 
 D.palu'stris. 6. Yellow. March. Virginia. 
 1760. B. R. t. 292. 
 
 Di'sa. (Probably the native name. 
 Nat. ord., Orchideoe ; Tribe, Ophydem- 
 DisecB. ) A genus of curious ground-or- 
 chids, natives of the Cape of Good Hope. 
 Perhaps the most splendid is D. grandi- 
 flo'ra, a native of the top of Table Moun- 
 tain, behind Cape Town, growing in a 
 spongy kind of peat earth, on the margin 
 of pools, in the wet season. 
 
 Greenhouse terrestrial orchids. Division ; 
 peat and loam, with a portion of sand. 
 Z). atropurpu'rea. Purple lake. S Africa. 1866. 
 B. M. t. 6891. 
 
 — bractea'ta. |. Green. June. 1818. B. E. 
 
 t. 324. 
 
DIS 
 
 [328] 
 
 DIS 
 
 D, chrysosta'chya. 1. Yellow. Jane. 
 
 — comu'ta. ij. Pale blue. June. 1806. B. 
 
 M. t. 4091. 
 
 — drac&nis. 1. White, purple. June. 1823. 
 
 — ferrugi'nea. |. Brown. June. 1820. 
 
 — flexuo'sa. |. 1823. 
 
 — grandni-fo'lia. 1^. Blue. 1825. 
 
 — graiuUJlo'ra. 1. Scarlet. July. 1825. B, 
 
 M. t. 4073 is B. uniflora. Some varieties 
 are figured in Garden, Feb. 28, 1882. 
 
 Sarrellii. 1. Orange-red, crimson. S. 
 
 Africa. 1874. 
 
 — la'cera. \. White. June. 1826. 
 
 muUi'fida. Lip fringed. G. C. 1888, iv. 
 
 p. 664, f. 93. 
 
 — macra'ntha. Eose. 111. Hort. 1880, p. 74. 
 
 — maeUla'ta. 1. Blue. June. 1816. 
 
 — megace'ras. 1-2. White, spotted with purple. 
 
 August. S. Africa. 1880. 
 
 — polygonoi'des. 1. Brick-red. Autumn. Natal. 
 
 1879. 
 -~ prasina'ta. f . Green, red. June. 1815. B. 
 B. t. 210. 
 
 — racemo'ta. Eose-purple. G. C. 1887, ii. p. 809. 
 
 — spathula'ta. 1. Pale blue. June. 1805. 
 
 — tripetaloi'des. White, pink, spotted crimson. 
 
 G. C. 1889, T. p. 360. Syn., Orchis tripe- 
 tal&ides. 
 ^- vmflo'ra. Scarlet. Syn., D. grandifiora of 
 B. M. t. 4073. 
 
 — Vei'tehii. A hybrid between D. grandifiora 
 
 and D. raeemosa. 1891, 
 Disease. — Livid brown patches some- 
 times appear upon the base and middle 
 of the leaves. This has been found to 
 be due to a minute nematoid worm, 
 similar to that which sometimes attacks 
 the Carnation. 
 
 Disa'ndra prostra'ta, B. M. t. 218. 
 See Sibthorpiai'^'osimto. 
 
 Disbudding is the removal, soon 
 after they have burst into leaves, of 
 such buds as, if allowed to grow into 
 shoots, would be misplaced. Tlius, buds 
 protruded directly in the front of 
 branches trained against walls, or 
 fore-right shoots, as they are correctly 
 termed, and buds that would produce 
 shoots in places already sufficiently filled 
 with branches, may be removed, or dis- 
 budded. The object is to strengthen 
 the desirably-placed buds "by thus con- 
 fining to them the expenditure of sap. 
 There is no better mode of aiding a 
 weakly plant to a more vigorous and 
 robust growth than judicious disbud- 
 ding ; but an over-robust and super- 
 luxuriant tree had better be allowed to 
 exhaust itself by a more profuse develop- 
 ment of leaf-buds. By judicious dis- 
 budding, which should always be per- 
 formed gradually, any winter pruning is 
 almost rendered unnecessary, and in all 
 instances is diminished. 
 
 Disca'ria. (From diskos, a disk ; 
 having a large fleshy disk. Nat. ord., 
 RhamnacecB ; Tribe, Colletiece. Allied 
 to Colletia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse or half-hardy spring shrubs. Cut- 
 tings of half-ripe shoots in sand, under a glass, 
 
 in April, kept rather close and hot ; sandy loam 
 and peat. 
 
 D. avMrdlis: 2. Yellow. May. Australasia. 
 1824. Syn., Tetrapasma jwneeai 
 
 — linifo'lia. Monte Video. 1882. 
 
 ■— serrcttifo'lia. 8. Greenish-white. June. S. 
 America. 1882. Syn., Colletia serrati- 
 folia. 
 
 — Touma'tou. White. June. New Zealand. 
 
 1875. Toumatou,— Wild Irishman. 
 
 Dischi'dia. (From dis, twice, and 
 schizo, to split ; referring to an obscure 
 process in the construction of the flower. 
 Nat. ord., Asclepiadacex ; Tribe, Mars- 
 deniecB. Nearly related to Stephanotis 
 and Hoya. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen trailers, with white flowers. 
 Cuttings in sandy soil, in heat, any time in the 
 spring and summer months ; sandy loam. 
 D. bengale'-rms. IJ. September. India. 1819. 
 B. M. t. 2916. 
 
 — nummula'ria. ^. August. Amboyna. 
 
 — Eafflesia'na. Yellowish. Malay Archipelago. 
 
 Fl. Ser. 1. 1692-3. 
 
 Diseases. The morbid affections to 
 which the vegetable part of the creation 
 are liable, are almost as numerous as 
 those which render decrepid and destroy 
 the animal tribes. The smut which 
 ravages our corn crops ; the mildew 
 which destroys our peas ; the curl in- 
 fecting our potatoes ; the ambury, or 
 club root, to which our turnips and 
 other species of cabbageworts are liable ; 
 the shanking, or ulceration, which at- 
 tacks the stSks of our grapes, are only 
 a few of the most commonly observed 
 diseases to which the plants we cultivate 
 are liable. 
 
 Disease is the negation of health ; and 
 as the health of a plant is the correct 
 performance of its functions, diseases 
 may be defined to be an incorrect per- 
 formance of the functions. 
 
 Such incorrectness arises from the 
 vital energy declining in consequence of 
 old age ; from parasites ; from wounds ; 
 from food improper either in quality or 
 quantity ; and from unfavourable tem- 
 perature. If all these could be avoided, 
 a plant might enjoy a vigorous immor- 
 tality. Such, however, is not the lot of 
 any organized being, and we note them . 
 chiefly to remind the gardener, that in 
 proportion as he can save any plant from 
 such unfavourable circumstances, will it 
 enjoy health, and length of vigorous 
 life. 
 
 Dise'mma. (From dis, double, and 
 stemma, a crown ; referring to the double 
 coronet, or rays. Nat. ord., Passiflo- 
 racece. United to Passiflora, which 
 see.) 
 
 D. adiantifo'lia. B. E. t. 233. See Passiflora 
 adiantifolia. 
 
 — aura'ntia. B. M. t. 4140. See Passijlora 
 
 aurantia. 
 
DIS 
 
 [329] 
 
 DOL 
 
 X). Herbertia'na. B. E. t. V37. See Paseiflora 
 Herbertiana. 
 
 Disoca'ctUS Ufo'rmis. B. R. 1845, 
 t. 9. See Phyllocactus biformis. B. 
 M. t. 6156. 
 
 Dispe'ris. (From dis, double, and 
 pera, a pouch ; from the form of the 
 perianth's outer segments. Nat. ord., 
 ilrehidecB; Tribe, OphrydecB-Coryciem.) 
 
 A genus of ground, or terrestrial orchids, 
 natives of the Cape of Good Hope. Division ; 
 peat and loam, with a little sand and charcoal. 
 D. cape'nsis. i. Scarlet. July. 1816. 
 
 — dumlla'ta. J. Purple. June. 1822. 
 
 — secu'nda. |. Purple. June. 1799. 
 
 Di'sporum. {Fiomdis, double, and 
 poros, a pore ; application not stated. 
 Nat. ord., Liliacem ; Tribe, Uvulariece. 
 Allied to Uvularia.) 
 
 Half-hardy, or in the south hardy, herbaiceous 
 plants. Division of the roots in spring ; also by 
 seeds, sown under glass, in April ; peat and 
 loam, most of the first. 
 D. fu'lvum. See D. puUum. 
 
 — Hooke'rii. 1-2. Greenish. California. 
 
 ^ la/nugino'sum. 1. Yellow, green. May. S. 
 
 Carolina. 1758. Syn., Uvularia lanu- 
 
 ginomim. B. M. t. U90. 
 ■^ Lesehencmltialnum. White. Berries black. 
 
 S. India and Ceylon. B. M. t. 6936. 
 
 — Mennie'sii. 1-3. Greenish. California. 
 
 — pu'Uum. IJ. Brown. October. China. 
 
 1801. Syns., D. fulxfwm and Uvulai-ia 
 chineTisis. B. M. t. 916. 
 
 parvifio'rum. IJ. Yellow. July. Ne- 
 
 paul. 1820. 
 
 Disso'tis. (From dissoi, two kinds ; 
 the anthers having two different forms. 
 Nat. ord., Melastomacece ; Tribe, Os- 
 beckiem. ) 
 
 Stove shrubs. Cuttings. 
 D. inca'na. Purple. Natal. B. M. t. 3790. Syn., 
 Osbeckia uTtilaasiana. 
 
 — Irmngia'na. 3. Purple. W. Trop. Africa. 
 
 1869. B. M. t. 5149. 
 
 Distega'nthus. (From diste^os, two 
 stories, and anthos, a flower; m allu- 
 sion to the disposition of the corolla 
 above the receptacle. Nat. ord., Brome- 
 liacecB. Allied to Cryptanthus.) 
 
 Stove perennial. For cultivation, see BiLL- 
 
 BERGIA. 
 
 D. Moinsi. See Cryptanthus Morrenianus. 
 
 — scarlati'nus. Amazons. 1869. Syn., Bromelia 
 
 amazonica. 
 
 Distiaca'nthus, is a corruption of 
 Disteganthus, which see. 
 
 Dittany. Dicta'mnus. 
 Dittany of Amorgos. Ori'ganum 
 Toiirnefo'rtii. 
 
 Dittany of Crete. Ori'ganum die- 
 ta'mnus. 
 
 Diu'ris. (From dis, double, and 
 cura, a tail ; in allusion to the two tail- 
 
 like sepals. Nat. ord., Orchidece; Tribe, 
 NeottiecB-Diuridece. ) 
 
 A beautiful genus of greenhouse terrestrial 
 orchids, all natives of Australia. Only the fol- 
 lowing species at present introduced. Some of 
 the species grow in peaty soil under the shade of 
 trees, others in open clayey pastures ; and if in- 
 troduced, must be treated in accordance with 
 their habitat. 
 D. a'lba. 1. White, rose, green, brown, purple. 
 
 August. New S. Wales. 1875. B. M. 
 
 t. 6201. 
 
 — cwrmfo'lia. See D. maculata. 
 
 — elonga'ta. See D. pimctata. 
 
 — lilaci'na. See Z). pwnctata. 
 
 — macula'ta. Yellow, spotted with brown or 
 
 purple. March. Queensland. 1826. 
 B. M. t. 3156. Syns,, D. curvifolia and 
 D. pardina. 
 
 — pardi'na. See D. maculata. 
 
 T- puncta'ta. 1-2. Bluish-purple. Australia. 
 Syns., D. elongata and D. lilaeina. 
 
 Dodder. Cu'scuta. 
 
 Dodeca'theon. American Cow- 
 slip. (An ancient name applied by 
 Pliny to a plant having a leaf like a 
 lettuce. Nat. ord., Primulacece ; Tribe, 
 Primulece. Allied to Soldanella. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, from North 
 America. Division of the roots and seeds ; sandy 
 loam. 
 
 jD. Clevela'nAi. 1. Violet-blue, centre yellow 
 and black. California. 1890. 
 
 — integrifo'lium. J. Light purple. April. 
 
 ■ 1829. B. M. t. 3622. 
 
 — Jefre'yi. Eose, yellow, brown. Eocky Moun- 
 
 tains. 1867. Fl. Ser. t. 1662. 
 
 — Lejiwi'nei. Hybrid between D. integrifoliuTn 
 
 and D. Jeffreyi. 
 
 — Mea'dia. 1. Light purple. May. 1744. B. 
 
 M. 1. 12. 
 
 a:iha. 1. White. May. 1824. 
 
 e'legaTis. IJ. Eosy. May. 1827. 
 
 fn!gid/wm. Deep reddish purple. N.W. 
 
 America. 1869. B. M. t. 5871. 
 
 giga'nteum. 2. Lilac. May. 1819. 
 
 lilaci'nwn. 1. Lilac. 
 
 spWndidum. Magenta pink, golden- 
 orange. 1883. 
 
 Dog-berry-tree. Co'mus san- 
 guinea. 
 
 Dog Bramble. Ri'hes cyno'sbati. 
 
 Dog's Bane. Apocy'num, 
 
 Dog's Tooth Violet. Erythro'- 
 nium. 
 Dogwood. Co'mus. 
 
 Do'lia. (From dolios, deceptive ; 
 appearing like the genus Salsola, to 
 which it is in no way related. Nat. 
 ord., C'onvolvulacece ; Tribe, Nolanece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings. 
 D. revolu'ta. Blue. Peru. Syn., Alona revo- 
 luta. 
 
 — tormnto'sa. White. Valparaiso. Sja.,Al(ma 
 
 tomentosa. 
 
 Dolicha'ndra. (From doUkos, long, 
 and aner, male; the stamens are pro- 
 truded. Nat. ord., Bignoniacem.) 
 
 Greenhouse climber. 
 D. q/nanchoi'des. Eed. Argentine. 1891. 
 
DOL 
 
 [ 330 ] 
 
 DOR 
 
 Do'licnOS. (From dolikos, long ; 
 referring to the twining shoots. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminosm ; Tribe, Phaseolece. 
 Syn. , Lablah. ) 
 
 Generally weedy-looking things : D. ligno'sus 
 is the one most favoured by gardeners. Seeds 
 for all ; cuttings of perennial species in sand, 
 under glass, the stove ones requiring a little 
 extra neat. The treatment common to the 
 greenhouse and plant stove will suit them. All 
 , Qie flowering species are twiners. 
 D. acmadfo'/nnis. Jacq. Ic. t. 559. See C(ma- 
 valia eTisiformis. 
 
 — iengaldnsis. Jacq. Vind. t. 124. See D. 
 
 LaMab. 
 
 — Hciynio'rtus. Violet, yellow, white. Japan. 
 
 1869. 
 
 — eai>e!nsis. 6. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1828. Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 — emwrgina'tus. Jacq. H. Schcenh. t. 221. See 
 
 Canavalia obtusifolict', var. evmrginata. 
 
 — gladia'tus. Jacq. Ic. 560. See C(t/navalia> 
 
 gladiata. 
 
 — hirsu'tuB. Yellow. Japan. 1802. Andr. 
 
 Bep. t. 446. 
 
 — JaeqwilnM. 8. White. July. S. Amer. 
 
 1800. Stove evergreen. 
 
 — La'blab. Purple. July to September. Egypt. 
 
 1714. B. M. t. 896. Syns., D. bengalensis 
 and J), purpureus, 
 
 — ligno'sus. 12. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1776. 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. B. M. t. 380. 
 
 — Lu'bia. IJ. White, blue. July. Egypt. 
 
 1818, Hardy annuaJ. 
 
 — lut^olm. Jacq. Vind. t. 90. See Vigna 
 
 — obtu^ifo'lia. See Canavalia obtusifolia. 
 
 — polysta'chyos. See Phaseolus perennis, 
 
 — pube'scens. S. America. Jacq. Vind. 1. 101. 
 
 — purpu'reiis. B. M. t. 830. See D. Lablab. 
 
 — r&sejis. See Canavalia rosea, 
 
 — ses^ipeda'lis. Jacq. Vind. t. 67. See Vigna 
 
 Catjang. 
 
 — stme'msis. B. M. t. 2232. See Vigna. 
 
 — So'ja. Jacc^. Ic. 1. 145. See Glycine Soja. 
 
 — trtmqiteba'rwiLS. Jacq, Vind. t. 370. See 
 
 Vigna Catjang. 
 
 — ungmeuia'tus, Jacq. Vind. t. 23. See Vigna 
 
 Catjang. 
 
 Dolioea'rpnS. (From doUos, de- 
 ceitful, and Tcarpos, a fruit ; in reference 
 to the juice hemg used as rouge. Nat. 
 ord., bilhnicbcece ; Tribe, DelimecB. 
 Allied to Delima. ) 
 
 stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of young 
 firm shoots in sand, under a glass, and in bottom- 
 heat ; seeds, which are poisonous ; peat and 
 loam, most of the former, and a little silver 
 sand. 
 D. Cali'nea. 10. Yellow. Guiana. 1822. 
 
 Dombe'yS- (Named after J. Dom- 
 hey, a French botanist. Nat. ord., 
 SfereuliacecB ; Tribe, Dombeyece. Syn., 
 Astrapcea. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of young 
 shoots, getting firm, in sand, under a glass, and 
 in bottom-heat, in April ; sandy loam and turfy 
 peat. 
 D. AmeHia. 30. Pink. Madagascar. 1823. 
 
 ri. Ser. t. 605. Syn., Astrapcea viswsa. 
 
 B. M. t. 4644. 
 
 — amgula'ta. 10-12. Pink. Mauritius. B. M. 
 
 t. 2906. 
 
 — Burge^ssia. White, rose. S. Africa. 1865. 
 
 B. M. t. 6487. 
 
 D. camnabi'na. 10. White. March. Mauritius. 
 B. M. t. 3619. 
 
 — ehiWnsis. A synonym of Arcmcaria imbri- 
 
 cata, 
 
 — cordifo'Ka, 16. Bed. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — Erythro'xylon. B. M. t. 1000. See MeXhamiai 
 
 3rythro3eyl(m. 
 
 — exce'lsa. A synonym of AraticoHa excelsa. 
 
 — ferrugi'nea. 16. White. Mauritius. 1816. 
 
 — Maste^rsii. White. Tropical Africa. 1867. 
 
 Fragrant. B. M. t. 5639. , 
 
 — nu/Uis. 30. Pink. March. B. M. t. 4679. 
 
 Syn., Astrapcea mollis, Hort. 
 
 — ova'ta. 16. White. Bourbon. 1822. 
 
 — pimcta'ta. 16. White. Bourbon. 1820. 
 
 — tilimfo'lia. 15. White. Bourbon. 1820. 
 
 — vibumifio'ra. 13. White. February. Comoro' 
 
 ■Islands. 1806. B. M. t. 4568. 
 
 Do'nia. See Grindelia. 
 
 D. cUiaJta. See Grindelia ciliata. 
 
 — glutino'sa. B. B. t. 187. See Grmdelic^ 
 
 — pv/nilcea. See Clianthus punicetts. 
 
 — squarro'sa. B. M. t. 1706. See Grindelict 
 
 squarrosa. 
 
 Doodia. (Named after S. Doody, a, 
 London apothecary and botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Filices.) 
 
 Greenhouse Ferns. Spores brown, or yellowish 
 brown. Divisions, just before fresh growth com- 
 mences, in spring ; peat and loam. 
 D. cispera. J. June. N. S. Wales. 1808. B- 
 C. t. 39. 
 
 — — mvUXfijSia. Much-cut variety. 1879. 
 
 — blechnoi'des. August. N. Holland. 1835. 
 
 — Cauda' ta. 1. June. N. Holland. 1820. 
 
 — duriu'scula. New Caledonia. 1868. 
 
 — Kunihia'nn. Sandwich Islands. 
 
 — Imiula'ta. New Zealand. 1834. 
 
 — mddia. |. June. N. Holland. 1823. 
 
 — virgi'nica. August. Virginia. 1774. 
 
 — Harrya'na. 1. Garden variety. G. C. 1884, 
 
 xxi., p. 408. 
 
 Dorco'ceras hygrome'trica. B. M. 
 t. 6468. See Bsea hycfrometrica. 
 
 Dore'ma. (From dorema, a gift } 
 referring to its product — gum ammoniac, 
 but not Dioscorides's plant, which was 
 some species of Ferula, supposed to be 
 F. orienta'lis. Nat. ord., t/mbelHferce ; 
 Tribe, Peucedaneca. Allied to Ferula. ) 
 
 The plant from whicb gum ammoniac is ob- 
 tained. Hardy herbaceous plant. Seeds sown 
 in a sheltered place at the end of April ; common 
 garden-soil. 
 
 D. a/nvmoni'aeum: 7. White, yellow. June. 
 Persia. 1831. Bent, and Tr. 1. 129. 
 
 Doro'nicum. Leopard's Bane. 
 (From doronigi, the Arabic name. Nat. 
 ord. , CompositcB ; Tribe, SeiiecionidecB. 
 Allied to Arnica. ) 
 
 A genus of early-flowering, low, hardy, herba- 
 ceous plants for borders. D. Colu'mnce makes 
 an excellent bed or large patch ; will bear re- 
 moving with a ball as soon as it has done flower- 
 ing ; transplant about the end of September to 
 the flower-garden. Yellow flowers, except D. 
 alta'icum. Dividing at the roots ; common, 
 garden-soil ; if dry and light S,ll the better. 
 D. alta'icum. 1. White. July. Siberia. 1783. 
 Syn., Aronicum altaicum. 
 
 — austri'acum. 1. May. Austria. 1816. 
 
 — Bourgce^i. 3. Purplish; Canary Isles. 185S 
 
 B. M. t. 4994. 
 
DOR 
 
 [331] 
 
 DOU 
 
 D. caum'sicum. 1. July. Caucasus. 1815. B. 
 M. t. 3143. Syn., D. orientale. 
 
 — Colu'mnae. 2. May. Italy. 1824. 
 
 — cordifo'lium. Synonymous with D. Columnm. 
 
 — denta!tum. May. 1825. 
 
 — macrophy'llum, 2. July. Europe. 1828. 
 
 — orienta'le. See D. caucasicwm. 
 
 — pardalia'nches. 2. May. Britain. Eng. Bot. 
 
 ed. 8, t. 761. 
 
 — peruvia'num. See Wemeriafrigida. 
 
 ^ plantagi^neum. 2. May. South Europe. 1870. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 762. 
 eaxelsum. 5. Yellow. March to October. 
 
 Syn., D. hybridum, of Harpur Crewe. 
 
 — scorpioi'des. 1. May. Germany. 
 
 Dorste'nia. (Named after T. Dor- 
 sten, a German totanist. Nat. ord., 
 UrtvMcece ; Tribe, Morece. Allied to 
 the Fig and Mulberry. ) 
 
 Curious little tuited stove plants, cultivated 
 for the remarkable way they produce their in- 
 conspicuous flowers, on a flattened leaf -like re- 
 ceptacle. They are worth growing for covering 
 rock-work, or side-edgings in a damp store. 
 Division, before active growth ; also seeds in a 
 hotbed, in March or April ; rich, sandy loam. 
 D, argenta'ta. Leaves with central silvery band. 
 S. Brazil. 1869. 
 
 — Bmmnania'na. Eio Janiero. 1872. 
 
 — cordifo'lia. i. June. W. Indies. 1822. 
 
 — Housto'ni. J. June. S. America. 1747. 
 
 — macula'ta. Mexico. 1883. 
 
 — Ma'nnii. 1. Green. W. Tropical Africa. 
 
 1863. 
 
 — tuhid'na. June. Trinidad. 1817. 
 
 Dorya'nthes. (From dorp, a spear, 
 and anthos, a flower ; the flower-stem 
 shoots up from twelve to twenty feet 
 high, like the handle of a spear, bearing 
 flowers on the top. Nat. ord., Ama- 
 rylUdem ; Tribe, Agavece. Allied to the 
 American Aloe, but not with succulent 
 leaves.) 
 
 This gigantic half-lily and half-palm looking 
 plant, with its bundled fleshy roots, seems rather 
 put of place among Amaryllids. This, with its 
 fellows, littssea and Eourcroya, can only find 
 head -room in the loftiest conservatories. Green- 
 house evergreen. Suckers and seeds at times ; 
 peat and nch loam. 
 
 D. exceflsa. 20. Bracts bright red. Cream. 
 July. N. S. Wales. 1800. B. M. 1. 1685. 
 
 — Palme'ri. 8. Eich crimson, with white 
 
 centre. New S. Wales. 1874. B. M. 
 t. 6665. 
 
 Dory'cnium. (From dory, a spear ; 
 adopted from Pliny, who applied the 
 name to " a poisonous herb wherewith 
 they poisoned arrow-heads, darts, etc. " 
 Nat. ord. , Leguminosce ; Tribe, Lotem. 
 Allied to Lotus and Trifolium.) 
 
 Pretty, hardy, suhshrubby, or herbaceous 
 perennials. Seeds in March ; herbaceous ones 
 also by division ; common garden-soil, 
 
 , HARDY HEKBACEOUS. 
 
 D. herba'cewm. IJ. White. July. South Europe. 
 1802. 
 
 — ibefricum and interme'dium are synonymous 
 
 with Z). latifolium. 
 
 — latlfo'lium. IJ. White. July. Iberia. 1818. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREEN. 
 
 D. hirm'tum. 3. Bed, white. July. South 
 Europe. 1683. 
 
 D. hirm'tum iiica'num. 3. Red, white. July. 
 S. Europe. 1817. Syn., D. cmnentomm. 
 
 — rdctum. 2. Bed. July. South Europe. 
 
 1640. 
 
 — suffrutico' sum. IJ. White. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1640. HaJf-hardy. Syn., O. 
 moTispelienBe. 
 
 — tomento'suTti, See D, hirsutum, var. in- 
 
 canutn. 
 
 Doryo'phora dicemlinea'ta. Th& 
 Colorado Beetle. This beetle, which is. 
 a native of the Western United States, 
 committed great havoc among the potato- 
 crops in this country in 1877, but owing 
 to the strenous measures then adopted,, 
 it may now be deemed to be eradicated. 
 An Order in Council then made rendered 
 any persons keeping or distributing 
 living specimens liable, on conviction, 
 to a penalty not exceeding ten pounds. 
 The beetle is of small size, and an orange 
 colour with ten longitudinal black stripes, 
 and an arrow-shaped black mark on the 
 head. Its eggs are laid on the young 
 shoots or leaves of the potato. Paris, 
 green, if applied at an early stage, will 
 prevent further mischief. 
 
 Doryo'pteris. (From dory, a spear, 
 and pteris, a fern ; spear-leaved Fern. 
 Nat. ord., Filices. Now united to- 
 Pteris.) 
 
 Pretty stove ferns, with yellowish-browre 
 spores. Division, chiefly in spring; peat and. 
 loam. 
 D. eoUi'na. August. Brazil. 
 
 — cordifo'lia. 
 
 — hasta'ta. June. W. Indies. 1823. 
 
 — palma'ta. i. July. Caraccas. 1821. 
 
 — pedal ta. Brazil. 
 
 — sagittifo'lia. J. July. 
 
 — Walli'chii. E. Ind. 
 
 Dossi'nia. (After E. P. Bossin, a. 
 Belgian botanist. Nat. ord., Orchidem ;■ 
 Tribe, Neottiece. ) 
 
 Stove terrestrial orchid, with beautifully 
 marked leaves. For cultivation, see Ancecto- 
 
 CHILUS. 
 
 D. marmora'ta. J. Leaves velvety-green, tinged- 
 
 orange-brown, veined gold. Borneo. 
 
 Syns., Anoectochilus Loivii and Cheiro- 
 
 stylis marmorata. 
 vire^scens. Leaves brighter green. Syn., 
 
 AfiCBCtochilus Loiirii, var. lyireseens. 
 
 Double flowers. Hybridizing, 
 aided by cultivation and selection gives, 
 birth to these objects of the gardener's, 
 care. To the uninitiated it seems in- 
 credible that the double moss rose should 
 be a legitimate descendant from thfr 
 briar ; neither do the flowers of the Fair 
 Maid of France appear less impossibles 
 derivatives from those of the Banu'nmi- 
 liis aconitifolius ; nor bachelor's buttons- 
 from the common butter-cup; yet so 
 they are. Double flowers, as they are 
 properly called, are more correctly dis- 
 criminated as the full flower, the multi- 
 plicate flower, and the proliferous flower. 
 
DOU 
 
 [332] 
 
 DRA 
 
 The full flower is a flower with its 
 petals augmented in number by the 
 total transfoimation into them of its 
 stamens and its pistils. One-petaled 
 flowers rarely undergo this metamor- 
 phosis, but it is very common in those 
 having many petals, as in the carnation, 
 ranunculus, rose, and poppy. But this 
 is not the only mode in wmch a flower 
 becomes full, for in the columbine (Aqyd- 
 le'gia) it is effected in three different 
 ways, viz. , by the multiplication of petals 
 to the exclusion of the nectaries ; by the 
 multiplication of the nectaries to the 
 exclusion of the petals ; and by the mul- 
 tiplication of the nectaries whilst the 
 usual petals remain. Radiated flowers, 
 such as the sunflower, dahlia, anthemis, 
 and others, become full by the multipli- 
 •cation of the florets of their rays to- the 
 exclusion of the florets of the disk. On 
 the contrary, various species of the daisy, 
 matricaria, etc. , become full by the mm- 
 plication of the florets of the disk. 
 
 The multiplicate flower has its petals 
 increased by the conversion of a portion 
 of its stamens, or of its calyx. It occurs 
 most frequently in polypetalous flowers. 
 Linnaeus gives instances of the conver- 
 sion of the calyx into petals, and these 
 are to be observed in the pink (Dia'n- 
 ihus caryophy'llv^), and a few of the 
 alpine grasses. 
 
 A. proliferous flower has another flower 
 •or a shoot produced from it, as in the 
 variety of the daisy popularly known as 
 the Hen-and-chickens. It occurs also 
 more rarely in the ranunculus, pink, 
 marigold, and hawkweed. A leafy shoot 
 often appears in the bosom of the double- 
 blossomed cherry, anemone, and rose. 
 
 A due supply of moisture, but rather 
 less than tlie plant most delights in, 
 when the production of seed is the de- 
 sired object, a superabundant supply of 
 decomposing organic matter to its roots, 
 *nd an exposure to the greatest possible 
 •degree of sunlight, are the means suc- 
 •cessfuUy employed to promote excessive 
 development of the petals which charac- 
 terize double flowers. 
 
 By those means a greater quantity of 
 sap is supplied to the flower than the 
 natural extent of the petals can elabo- 
 late ; and those parts required for the 
 •extra elaboration are developed at the 
 expense of those not demanded for the 
 purpose. 
 
 In double flowers, as was observed by 
 the late Sir J. E. Smith, the corolla is 
 much more durable than in single ones 
 of the same species, as anemones and 
 poppies, because, as he conceived, in such 
 •double flowers the natural function not 
 
 being performed, the vital principle of- 
 their corolla is not so soon exhausted. 
 Advantage may be taken of this to pro- 
 long the duration of flowers by cutting 
 away the pistils or stamens, whichever 
 are least conspicuous, with a sharp pair 
 of pointed scissors. 
 
 Doucin Stock, See Stock. 
 
 Dougla'sia. (In memory of the un- 
 fortunate D. -DoMg-te, botanical traveller 
 in North West America. Nat. ord., 
 Primulacem ; Tribe, Primuleoe. Allied 
 to Androsace.) 
 
 Ex-tremely lare, hardy, evergreen, alpine 
 plants. Seeds, division ; peat and loam. They 
 require protection from exceasive moisture 
 during winter. 
 
 D, IcBmga'ta. One-twelfth. Brilliant purple. 
 Eocky Mountains. B. M. t. 6998. 
 
 — mva'lis. \. Purple. June. Eocky Mountains. 
 
 1827. B. E. t. 1886. 
 
 Dove Flower. Periste'ria ala'ta. 
 
 Downi'ngia. (Dedicated to A. J. 
 Douming, a promoter of horticulture. 
 Nat. ord. , Campanulacece ; Tribe, Lobe- 
 liece. Allied to Pratia. ) 
 
 Very ornamental hardy annuals. Seeds may be 
 sown in a frame in March, or in the open border 
 in April. D. jivXchella is used for hanging 
 baskets. 
 D. e'legcms. J. Blue, white. Summer. N.W. 
 
 America. 1827. Syn., Clintonia elegans. 
 
 B. E. t. 1241. 
 
 — pulcMlla. i. Blue, white, yellow. California. 
 
 1827. Syn., Clintonia milchella, B. E. 
 1. 1909. 
 
 Dra'ba. (From drabe, acrid ; refer- 
 ring to one of the universal characters of 
 its Nat. ord., Cruciferos; Tribe, Alysd- 
 nece. Connected with Aubretia, Alys- 
 sum, and Cochlearia.) 
 
 Hardy rock or alpine plants. Yellow-flowered, 
 except where otherwise mentioned. Perennials, 
 seeds, and by dividing the roots. Annuals and 
 biennials, by seeds in spring, and under a hand- 
 light, in summer ; gritty soil for the tenderest ; 
 sandy loam and dry situation for the hardiest. 
 They make interesting pot-plants, treated as 
 alpines. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 D.gra'cilis. J. June. Kamtschatka. 1827. 
 
 — lu'tea. J. June. South Europe. 1320. 
 
 — mwra'lis. J. White. June. England. Bng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, 1. 135. 
 
 — nemora'lis. J. June. Europe. 1769. 
 
 BIENNIALS. 
 
 D. au'rea. J. June. Denmark. 1820. B. M. 
 t. 2934. 
 
 — dne'rea. J. White. July. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 — confu'sa. |. White. July. North Europe. 
 
 — dan'rica. J. White. July. Dauria. 1824. 
 
 — inca'Tia. |. White. May. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, 1. 136. Syn., D. contorta. 
 
 HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 
 D. Ada'rmii. J. White. May. Siberia. 1820. 
 Syn., I>, laswcarpa. 
 
 — aizoi'des. J. March. Wales. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 
 t. 138. 
 
DRA 
 
 [333] 
 
 DRA 
 
 D. aiio'on. J. May. Carinthla. 1823. 
 
 — alpi'na. |. April. Lapland. 1820. 
 siZi'culis-pil&sis, i. August. Greenland. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — a'spera. June. Siberia. 
 
 — austri'aca. J. White. June. Austria. 1824. 
 
 — braehyste^mon. i. March. Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 — bruniifo'lia. Yellow. Caucasus. 1820. Gfl. 
 
 t 780. 
 
 — bryoi'des. J. March. Tauria. 1820. 
 
 — cilia'ris. See D. Wahlenbergii. 
 
 — cilia'ta. i. White. E. Alps. 1873. 
 
 — ci/rymbo'sa^ i. White. May, Baffin's Bay. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — crassifo'lia. J. June. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 — citspida'ta, J. March. Iberia. 1820. 
 
 — dasyca'rpa. White. May. Altai. 1887. 
 
 — ericcefo'lia. i. June. Caucasus. 1821. 
 
 — Fladnict/ims. \. White. June. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — glacia'lis. J. June. Siberia. 1826. 
 
 — Gm^i'ni, J. June. Siberia. 1823. 
 
 — grandifo'ra. J. White. May. Altai. 1832. 
 
 — helve^twa. ^. August. Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 — hi'rta. f. White. June. North Europe. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — vnco'mpta. i. April. Caucasus. 1821. 
 
 — lappo'niea. J. White. April. Lapland. 1810. 
 
 — U^oca'rpa, See J). Adarmii. 
 
 — Ma'wii. \. White. Spring. Spain. 1823. 
 
 B. M. t. 6186. 
 
 — nvwriceHla. i. White. June. Lapland. 1810. 
 
 — nivallix. \. White. June. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 — oblonga'ta. i. White. May. BaJBSn's Bay. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — pilo'sa. i. White. June. Siberia. 1825. 
 
 — pyrenai'ca. J. White to purple. May. S. 
 
 Europe. B. M. t. 713. Syn., Petrocallis 
 pyrenaica, 
 
 — re^peris. ^. June. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 — rupe'stris. |. June. Scotland. Eng. Bot. 
 
 ed. 3, 1. 137. 
 
 — SaiMri. J. Spring. Switzerland. 
 
 — siliqu&sa, i. White. June. Caucasus. 1822. 
 
 — Stella! ta. ^. White. June. Pyrenees. 1820. 
 
 B. C. t. 32. 
 
 — tamemtdm. \. White. June. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — tr\dent<^Ui, 1. August. Russia. 1838. 
 
 — vlola'cea. Purple. Quito Andes. 1867, Hardy 
 
 perennial. B. M. t. 5650. 
 
 — Wahlenidrgii. ^. March. Switzerland. 1731. 
 
 Syn., Z). Giliaris. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 
 J>, prc^cox. See Ero^hila prcecox. 
 
 — vema. See Erophila vema. 
 
 Dracse'na. (From drakaina, a fe- 
 male dragon ; because, if this Dragon 
 tree is wounded, the milky juice on dry- 
 ing becomes a hard gum, having the 
 same properties as the resinous substance 
 called^Dragon's-blood. Nat. ord., Lili- 
 acece. ) 
 
 Stove omajnental foliaged evergreens, with 
 white flowers, except D. rmtane. Large pieces 
 of the branches strike when put in strong 
 bottom-heat ; rich, flbry loam, well drained. 
 
 For numerous other plants known in gardens 
 as DraccenaSt see under CORDYLINE. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 D. rwdo'sa. 4. 1820. 
 
 — nu'tans. 4. Brown. July. N. Holland. 1820. 
 
 — undula'ta. 6. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 STOVE. ' 
 jD. anguttifo'lia. India. 
 
 — ariio'reei. 30. May. Sierra Leone. 1800. 
 
 — arge^nteo-stria'ta. Leaves bright green, striped 
 
 creamy-white and silvery grey. S. Sea 
 Islands. 1888. Perhaps a Cordyline. 
 
 D. austra'lii. B. M. t. 2835. A synonym of 
 Cordyline austrolis. 
 
 — BarteHU. Leaves reddish bronze. Garden 
 
 variety. 1886; 
 
 — Bartdti. Garden variety. 1888. 
 
 — bi'color. White ; bracts purplish. Fernando- 
 
 Po. 1861. 
 borea'lis. Andr. Kep. t. 206. See Clintoniit 
 
 borealis. 
 Bo'seii. A synonym of Agave geminiflora, 
 
 B. E. 1. 1146; 
 
 — braoMe'nsis. 6. Brazil. 1826. 
 
 — cannosfo'lia. See Cordyline canncsfolia. 
 
 — ce'rnua. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 96. See D. 
 
 rejlexa. 
 
 — cVncta, Linn. Journ. xiv. p. 530. Syn., D^ 
 
 gracilis. 
 
 — condnrm. 6. Mauritius. 1870. 
 
 — crilstida. Liberia. 1879. 
 
 — mli'ndrioa. 5. White. W. Tropical Africa. 
 
 — Bia'na. 
 
 — Douce'tii. 1890. A form of Cordyline 
 
 — Dra'co. 40. Greenish-white. Summer. Canary 
 
 Islands. 1640. B. M. t. 4571. Dragon 
 Tree. 
 
 — elli'ptica. 2i. Yellow. March. Amboyna. 
 
 : macula'ta. Leaves spotted. India. B. M> 
 
 t. 4787. 
 
 — ensifdlia. A synonym of Dianella ensifolia. 
 Grei'gii. Leaves variegated. 
 
 — exce'lsa. Garden hybrid. 
 
 —fe'rrea. 8. April. China. 1771. B. M. 
 
 t.2053. 
 — fioribu'nda, 8. Greenish. Summer. 1879. 
 
 — FontanesiO/'na. White. Madagascar. 1859. 
 
 Syn., Z>. nigra, 
 —fra' grans. 6. White. April. Tropical Africa. 
 
 1768. B. M. 1. 1081. 
 
 laWo'lia. Pale gi-een. 1862. 
 
 —frutico'sa. 10. White. 1862. Syns., D. 
 
 quiterms, D, cochinchinensiSy D. ens^olia 
 
 and D. excelsa of some gardens. 
 
 — Goldiea'na. Leaves greyish, with dark green 
 
 transverse bands. W. Tropical Africa. 
 1872. 
 
 — gra'dlis. See D. cincta. 
 
 — hy'brida. 1876. 
 
 — indivi'sa. See Cordyline indivisa. 
 
 — interru'pta. 2. White. June. Sierra Leone. 
 
 — javafnica, A synonym of D. elliptica, 
 
 — Lainaii. Garden hybrid. 1882. 
 
 — latiifalia. S. Africa. 
 
 Schmidtui'na. White; leaves variegated. 
 
 1880. 
 
 — leone'nsie. 3. White. June. Sierra Leone. 1824. 
 
 — Lindelni. S. Brazil. 1881. 111. Hort. t. 384. 
 
 Perhaps a variety of D. fragrans. ' 
 
 — moiruZa'ta. A synonym of Z>. elhptiaii,. 
 
 — mada^aseairiel'nsis. Madagascar. 
 
 — imargvna'ta. 4. White. August. Mada- 
 
 gascar. 
 
 — marmora'ta. Leaves bright green, marbled 
 
 with grey. Singapore. B., M. t. 7078. 
 
 — Mastcmgiana. Belg. Sort.' 1881, p. 327, fe 16. 
 
 Said to be a variety of D. fragrans. 
 
 — numritia'na. 4. White. May. Mauritius. 
 
 1825. 
 
 — mira'bilis. Polynesia. 1880. 
 
 — ova'ta. 2. White. August. Sierra Leone. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1180. 
 — pTiryndoi'des. White, purple. Fernando Po. 
 . 1863. 
 
 — pla'cida. 
 
 — Ponbefllei. Garden variety. Eev. Hort. 1888, 
 
 p. 530. 
 
 — purpu'rea. 15. June. E. Indies. 1820. 
 
 — reJU'xa. 12. White. June. Mauritius. 
 
 1819. Syn., D. eemua. , 
 
 — salieifo'lia. Java. D. saXvafolia of Gfl. 1871, 
 
 p. 141, is D. rejlexa. 
 
DKA 
 
 [334] 
 
 DRA 
 
 D. Sa^oschniko'wi. 10. Whitish. Spring. 1870. 
 
 — sepia'ria. White ; berries yellow. Fiji. 
 
 1887. 
 
 — Smi'thii. 16. Yellow. W. Tropical Africa ? 
 
 1875. 
 
 — spica'ta. A synonym of D. elUptica. 
 
 — stenophy'lla. 1861. Syn., D. punctata. 
 
 — stria'ta. 4. White. April. S. Africa. 1820. 
 
 — strileta. B. M. t. 257B. A synonym of Cardy- 
 
 line stricta. 
 
 — surculo'sa. 4. White. July. Sierra Leone. 
 
 1821. B. E. 1. 1169. 
 macula'ta. Yellowish. Old Calabar. 
 
 1867. 
 '—termina'lia. 10. White. S. Sea Islands. 
 
 Jacq. lo. t. 448. A synonym of Cordy- 
 
 line terminalie, 
 rubra. Leaves reddish. 
 
 — temifio'ra. A synonym of D. elliptica. 
 
 — tessella'ta. Madagascar. 1816. 
 
 — thalioi'des. White. Gaboon.' 1860. Syn., 
 
 D. Aubryana. 
 
 — Thomsonia'TM. W. Coast of Africa. 1882. 
 
 — ambracuKfera. 10. Mauritius. 1788. Jacq. 
 
 H. Schcenb. t. 95. 
 
 — venifsa. Borneo. 
 
 — Walli'ohii. A synonym of D. elliptica. 
 WiUia'miii. Polynesia. 
 
 Dracoee'phalum. Dragon's Head. 
 (From drahm, a dragon, and hephMe, a 
 head; referring to the gaping flower. 
 Nat. ordi., LabiatcB ; Trihe, Nepetece. 
 Allied to Nepeta. ) 
 
 Showy hardy herbaceous perennials and annual 
 plants unless where otherwise mentioned. An- 
 nuals by seed in the open ground at tlie end of 
 March ; perennials, by seeds and division ; ever- 
 ^eenSj by cuttings of young shoots under a hand- 
 glass, in April or May ; light rich soil. 
 
 HARDY ANNUArS. 
 
 D. came! scene. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 38. See LaOe- 
 mantia caneacens. 
 
 — moUa'mcum. 2. Blue. July. Moldavia. 
 
 1696. ^ 
 
 r alblfic/rum. 2. White. July. Moldavia. 
 
 1596. 
 
 — peregri'num. J. Purple. July. Siberia. 
 
 1769. B. M. t. 1084. 
 
 — thymifio'rum. J. Purple. July. Siberia. 
 
 .1752. 
 
 GEEENHdUSK EVERGREENS. 
 
 D. camaridnse. See Cedrnmella triphylla. 
 
 — chameedryci'dee. See Sphacele campanulata. 
 
 — origanoi'des. J. July. Siberia. 1829. Trailer. 
 
 HARDY PERENNIALS. 
 
 D. altaidme. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 57. See 
 ■ v. gra/ndiflorum. ■ 
 
 — argmie'nse. if. Blue. July. Siberia. 1822. 
 
 B. 0. t. 797. 
 
 — avistri'acum. 1. Blue. June. Austria. 
 
 1597. Jacq. Ic. 1. 112. 
 
 — botryoi'dee. J. Purple. July. Siberia. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — corda'tum. See Cedronella cordata. 
 
 — denticula'tum. B. M. t. 214. See Physostegia 
 
 virginica. 
 
 — grandiflo'rum. 1. Bine. May. Siberia. 
 
 1801. B. M. 1. 1009. Syn., D. altaiense. 
 
 — ibe^ricum. See Lallema/ntia iberica. 
 
 — imie'rbe. Siberia. Gfl. 1. 1080, f. 4-5. 
 
 — integrifo'Uum. Blue. July. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 — mexica'nmn. See Ced/roneUa meicieana, 
 
 — nu'tans. 1. Blue. July. Siberia. 1731. 
 
 B. R. t. 841. 
 
 — pabna'tum. IJ. Purple. July. Siberia. 
 
 1815. 
 
 — parviflo'rum. J. Blue. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1825. 
 
 — pelta'tum. See Lallemantia peltata. 
 
 D.pimwltv/m. Blue. June. Siberia. 1822. 
 
 — Rupre'ehtii. IJ. Blue. Turkestan. 1880. 
 
 Gfl. 1. 1018. 
 
 — Rvytehia'num. 2. Blue. July. North 
 
 Europe. 1699. 
 ja/po'niau/m. White, blue. Japan. 1879. 
 
 — sibi^ricum. B. M. t. 2185. See Nepeta 
 
 macrantha. 
 
 — speeio'sum. li. Purple, white. June. Hima- 
 
 laya. 1877. B. M. t. 6281. 
 
 — mrgmia'num. B. M. t. 467. See Physostegia 
 
 virgimana. 
 
 Draeo'ntiuin. Dragon. (From 
 drakon, a dragon ; referring to its spots 
 and streaks heing like those on serpents. 
 Nat. ord., Aroidece ; Tribe, Orontiem. 
 Allied to Pothos and Orontium. ) 
 
 Stove tuberous perennials. Dividing the roots ; 
 flbry loam, and a little decayed dung and leaf- 
 mould. More curious tlian beautiful. 
 D. albosti'pes. 3. Antioquia. 1877. 
 
 — annuZa'tum. 3. Antioquia. 1877. 
 
 — a'sperum. 5. Spathe purple ; spadix purple- 
 
 brown. Syn., J), elatwm^ Airwrphophal- 
 lus nivosus, 111. Hort. t. 424, and SoMro- 
 Tnatum asperum. 
 
 — Carde'ri. 3. Spathe green outside, 'purple- 
 
 brown within. Spring. Antioquia. 1877. 
 — fcecu'ndum. Purple. British Guiana. 1882. 
 B. M. t. 6808. 
 
 — gi'gas. 10. Dark brownish-red. Nicaragua. 
 
 1869.- Syn., Godwinia ^igas. B. M. 
 t. 6048. 
 
 — lanccefo'lium. Jacq. Ic. t. 612. See Spathi- 
 
 phyllum laTwaejolium. 
 
 — pertw'sum. Jacq. H. Schcenb. t. 184-5. See 
 
 Monstera pertuea. 
 — polyphy'llum. 2. May. India. 1759. B. E. 
 t. 700. 
 
 — sculptura'tum. 3. Antioquia. 1879. 
 
 — spiru/snm. 2. April. Ceylon. 1759. 
 
 Draeophy'llum. (From drakon, a 
 dragon, axii phyllon, a leaf ; referring to 
 the long bracts, which resemble the 
 young leaves of the Dragon-plant, Dra- 
 cm'na dra'co. Nat. ord. , Mpacridacece ; 
 Tribe, Epacrece. AUied to Kichea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from Australia. Cut- 
 tings of young wood, getting firm at the base, in 
 April ; peat ajid loam, both fibry, with a little 
 silver sand. 
 
 D. capita'tum. IJ. White. Summer. West 
 Australia. 1830. B M. t. 3624. Syn., 
 Sphenotoma capitatum, B. E. 1. 1515. 
 
 — gra'cile. 3. White. June. West Australia. 
 
 1826. B. M. t. 2678. Syn., Sphenotoma 
 gracile. 
 
 — longi/oflium. 2. White. June. 1824. 
 
 — secu'ndvm.^ 2. White. June. New South 
 
 Wales. 1823. B. M. t. 3264. 
 
 Draco'pis ampUxicau'lis and var. 
 mi'nor (B. M. t. 3716). See Rudbeckia 
 
 Dracu'nculus. (A name used for 
 the plants of thisgenus from very ancient 
 times. Nat. ord., AroidecB ; Tribe, 
 Arinem. Allied to Arum.) 
 
 Half-hardy tuberous perennials. Light rich 
 soil. 
 
 D. cre/ticus. IJ. Spathe purple-brown. Crete. 
 1860. 
 
 ris. IJ. Spathe purple-brown. June. 
 S. Europe. 1648. Syn., Arum Draevm- 
 
 CUlUB. 
 
DRA 
 
 [335] 
 
 DRI 
 
 D-ragOn. Dr»eo'ntmm and A'rum 
 draco'ntium. 
 
 Dragon's-blodd. Ca'lamus Dra'co, 
 Dracce'na Dra'co, and cinnabari'na, and 
 Pteroca'rpus Dra'co. 
 
 Dragon's-Head. Dracoce'phalwm. 
 
 Dragon Tree. Dracce'na Dra'co. 
 
 Draining is drawing away the sur- 
 face water, instead of allowing it to chill 
 "the land by evaporation, and further in- 
 juiing the crops by an excessive supply 
 of moisture. There is scarcely a garden 
 existing that would not be benefited by 
 draining. Every gardener knows the ab- 
 solute necessity for a good drainage 
 under his wall-trees and vines, but few 
 gardeners ever think for a moment 
 whether there is any escape and outfall 
 for the water he has drained from im- 
 mediate contact with the roots of the 
 above-named favoured trees. Every gar- 
 den should have drains cut, varying in 
 •depth from two to three feet, according 
 to the depth of the soil, with an interval 
 of twenty-four feet between the drains ; 
 twelve feet will not be too near in clayey 
 soils. At the bottom of the drains 
 should be placed one-inch pipes ; these 
 should be well puddled over six inches 
 •deep with clay, and then the earth re- 
 turned. They should have an outfall 
 into a ditch, at the least elevated side of 
 "the garden. By having the pipes with 
 a bore no larger than an inch moles can- 
 not creep in; and that bore is large 
 icnough to carry off all the water, after 
 «ven the heaviest rains. 
 
 Drakse'a. (Named in honour of Miss 
 Drake, botanical painter for the Botani- 
 ■cal Register, Nat. ord., Orchidew ; 
 Tribe, JSTeottiem ■ DiwridecB. Allied to 
 Caleana.) 
 
 An extremely curious ground-orchid, liaving 
 «ne flower on the top of a slender stalk, eighteen 
 inches long, " resembling an insect suspended in 
 "the air, and moving with every breeze. Green- 
 house. Divisions ; peat, loam, and rough sand. 
 D. ela'stica. Variegated. September. Svin 
 Eiver. 
 
 Drawn. A plant is said to be drawn 
 ■when it is unnaturally increased in 
 length. This is usually by an access of 
 heat and moisture, and a deficiency of 
 air and light. 
 
 D r e g e' r a. (Derivation not ex- 
 plained. Nat. ord., Acanthacece.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Seeds. Bough loam, peat, 
 and sand. 
 
 D. Willdenawia'na. 3. July. Vera Cruz. 1802. 
 Syn., JDieliptera, scorpioides. . 
 
 Drepanoca'rpuS. The Sickle-pod. 
 XFrom drepanon, sickle, and carpos, a 
 
 fruit ; referring to the shape of the seed< 
 vessel. Nat. ord., Leguminosce ; Tribe, 
 Dalbergiece.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots 
 nearly ripe, with their leaves entire, m sand, 
 under a glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat and 
 loam, both flbry. 
 
 D. lima'tus. 12. White. Tropical S. Amer. 
 1792. 
 
 Dressing. Putting the borders in 
 order ; also maiiuring strawberries, as- 
 paragus, and other permanent beds. 
 
 Drift Sand is the sand washed by 
 floods into drifts or banks, whether by 
 the sides of roads or streams. 
 
 Drilling. Scarcely a crop in the 
 garden should be sown broadcast, for 
 drilling saves seed and labour ; and 
 although in some cases it takes more 
 time to insert the seed in drills, yet this 
 is more than compensated by the time 
 saved during the after-culture, for the 
 thinning and hoeing are greatly facili- 
 tated. (See Broadcast.) 
 
 The distance apajt appropriate for the 
 driUs for particular crops will be found 
 under their respective titles ; they are 
 usually made with a hoe and line, but 
 the drill-rake is often used. The teeth 
 are set six inches apart, and are broad 
 and coulter-formed. When the drills 
 are required to be less than six inches 
 apart the implement can be worked 
 diagonally; but it "may be made with 
 teeth movable to any desired space 
 apart. 
 
 Dri'mia. (From drimys, acrid ; re- 
 ferring to the juice of the bulbs. Nat. 
 ovA.,LiliacecB ; Tribe, Scillece. Allied 
 to Lachenalia.) 
 
 Little greenhouse bulbous plants, from South 
 Africa; elegant, though less showy than the' 
 Ixias. Offsets ; peat, or leaf-mould, and sandy 
 loam. Potted when beginning to grow, ana 
 until then kept dry after the withering of the 
 leaf. 
 D. acwmvna'ta. See Sellla lancecefolia. 
 
 — altissima. See Urginea altissmui. 
 
 — apertiflo'ra. See Seilla l&rata.- 
 
 — ailia'ria. IJ. Purple, white. August. 1800. 
 
 — Coope'H. Bef, Bot. 1. 18. Se&SeUlaconcolor. 
 
 — ela'ta. 2. Red, green. Octof)er. 1799. 
 
 — haworthioi'des. J. White, green. S. Africa. 
 
 1876. 
 
 — lamcecefo'lia. See SeiUa lancecefolia. B. C. 
 
 ■ t. 278 is Seilla revoluta. 
 
 — lanceola'ta. See Seilla laticeolata. 
 
 — longipeduncula'ta.- Green, purple. September. 
 
 1800. 
 
 — me'dia. White. August. 1820. 
 
 — purpwa'acem. J. Purple. August. 1818. 
 
 — pusi'lla. J. Green. May. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1793. 
 
 — robu'sta. 3. . Green. S. Africa. 1862. 
 
 — undula'ta. See Seilla wndulata. 
 
 — mJlo'aa. Green. August. 1826. B. B. 
 
 1. 1346. 
 
 Drimio'psis. (From Drimia, and 
 apsis, resemblance ; alluding to its like- 
 
DRI 
 
 [336] 
 
 DRY 
 
 ness to that genus. Nat. ord., Liliacece ; 
 Tribe, Scillece.) 
 
 Greenhouse bulbs. For cultivation, see 
 Drimia. 
 
 D. botroyoi'des. i. Greenisb-white. Zanzibar. 
 1875. 
 
 — Ei'rkii. f . White. Summer. Zanzibar. 
 
 1871. B. M.t. 6276. 
 
 — macnla'ta. }. Green, white. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1861. Kef. Bot. 1. 191. 
 
 — minor. J. Pink. Natal. 1862. Eef. Bot. 
 
 1. 192. 
 
 — per/olia'ta. i. Greenish-white. Zanzibar. 
 
 1878. 
 
 Dri'mys. (From drimys, acrid ; re- 
 ferring to the "Ijitter tonic taste" of 
 the hark, one of the characteristics of 
 its Nat. ord., Magnoliaeece ; Tribe, Win,- 
 terem. ) 
 
 The Winter Bark of commerce is that of Z>. 
 WivjteiH, a good substitute for cinnamon. Half- 
 hardy or greenhouse evergreen trees, with white 
 flowers. Cuttings of hau-ripe shoots in sand, 
 under a glass, and, after standing a fortnight 
 shaded from sun, transferred to a sweet bottom- 
 heat ; fibry peat and sandy, lumpy loam. 
 D, aroma'tica. 10. White, pink. April. Tas- 
 mania. Syn., Tamumia armnatica. 
 B. B. 1845, t. 43. 
 
 — chiU/ims. June. S. America. Syn. D. Win- 
 
 ten of B. M. t. 4800. 
 
 — gmnate'neii. S. America. Syn., D. mexiemM. 
 
 — wmtt^ri; 25. Pure white. S. America. 
 
 ' 1827. Syn., Wintera a/romatica. 
 
 Dropwort. Spirw'a filipe'ndula 
 and Potenti'lla filipe'ndula. 
 
 Dro'sera. Sundew. (From droseros, 
 dewy. Nat. ord,, Droseracece.) 
 
 The Sundews are delicate herbaceous plants, 
 chiefly inhabitants of marshes ; the whole plant 
 is thickly clothed vrith glandular hairs, giving 
 them the appearance of being studded with dew- 
 drops. We have often viewed 2>. rotwnAifo'lia 
 with amazement, on the opposite side of a little 
 pool, arrayed in hundreds of little stars, and 
 sparkling beneath a midday sun. Seeds, gene- 
 rally, and divisions ; peat earth, above it fresh 
 sphagnum moss, in which the tiny plant is to be 
 flied, and then the pot is to be set in a pan of 
 water. Greenhouse unless otherwise stated. 
 B. aeavllis. J. White. July. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1823. 
 
 — amerwa'nM. See D. mtermediaf var. MneH- 
 
 coma. 
 
 — a'ngliea. J. White, red. July. England. 
 
 Hardy. 
 
 — Kna'ta. J. White. July. New S. Wales, 
 
 etc. 1821. B. M. t. 3082. 
 
 — camdims. J. Purple ? S. Africa. 1875. B. 
 
 M. t. 6585. 
 
 — eistifip'ra. Rose-red, scarlet, violet, or white. 
 
 ■ S.W. Africa. 1889. B. M. t. 7100. Syn., 
 D. molacea. 
 
 — dieho'toma. i. White., Australia. G. C. 
 
 1875, iv. p. 184. 
 ru'bra. Eed-leaved var. }. White. 1880. 
 
 — erythrorhi'za. White. July. Swan Biver. 
 
 1843. 
 —filicau'lis. Eose. May. Swan Eiver. 1841. 
 *.-filifo'rw,is. i. Purple. July. New Jersey. 
 
 1811. B. M. t. 3640. 
 
 — giga'ntta. White. July. . Swan Elver. 
 
 — inteemiidia. \. White, red. July. Britain. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 184. Syn., D. longi- 
 folta. Hardy. 
 
 — — america'na. J. White. July. N. America. 
 
 Syn., D. aaneriama. 
 
 D.linea'ris. i. Purple. July. Canaaa. 1818 
 Hardy. 
 
 — hmgi^o'lia. See D. mtermedia. 
 
 — maera'nUia. Eose. July. Swan Eiver. 
 
 — macrophi/Ua. White. July. Swan Eiver 
 
 1842. Ic. PI. t. 376. 
 
 — pa'llida. White. July. Swan Elver. 1843 
 
 — paudflo'm. J. White. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1823. 
 
 — pelta'ta. White. New S. Wales. G. C. 1883 
 
 xix. p. 463. Syn.,D. limata. Ic. PI. i 5il 
 
 — rotundifo'lia. J. White. July. Britain 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 182. Hardy. 
 
 — spaihuWta. Purple. Australia. 1861. B 
 
 M. t. 6240. 
 
 — itoloni'fera. White. July. Swan Eiver. 
 
 Ic. PI. t. 389. 
 
 — viola'cea. See B. cdstijUyra. 
 
 — Wittakeirm, White. Australia. 1862. 
 
 DrOSOphy'llum. (From drosos^ 
 dew, and phyllon, a leaf ; referring to 
 the minute dew-like drops that exude 
 from the glands which everywhere cover 
 the leaf. Nat. ord., Droseracece.) 
 
 A pretty greenhouse plant, with linear leaves 
 and Dright yellow flowers. It is interesting as- 
 forming one of the group of carnivorous plants j 
 the dew-like drops are very viscid, and flies that 
 settle upon the leaves are held tight by this, 
 sticky matter, and the juices of their bodies 
 absorbed and digested by the gla:nds, in a similar 
 way to the process of digestion in animals. Light 
 sandy loam ; keep rather dry. Seeds. No shade- 
 required. 
 
 B. lusita'nimm. 1. Bright yellow. April Spain, 
 Portugal. 1869. B. M. t. 5796. 
 
 Drummo'ndia mitelloi'des. See. 
 Mitella pentandra. B. M. t. 2933. 
 
 Drupe. A fruit with succulent me- 
 socarp, and bony endocarp, e.g., cherry^ 
 apricot, etc. 
 
 Drya'ndra. (Named aiter Dryander, 
 a Swedish botanist. Nat- .ord., Protea- 
 cem; Tvihe, BanksiecB Allied to Bank- 
 sia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia, 
 with yellow flowers. Cuttings of firm side-shootsi 
 taken off in August, inserted in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, shaded to keep the foliage from flag-' 
 King, and in a fortnight or three weeks trans- 
 ferred to a mild bottom-heat; fibry peat and 
 fibry loam, with a portion of sand, broken pot- 
 sherds, and a few pieces of charcoal ; pots, 
 particularly well drained. 
 B. arctotoi'des. 1830. B. M. t- 4035. 
 
 — arma'ta. 3. 1803. B. M. t. 3236. Syn., .D- 
 
 favosa. > 
 
 — Baxt^ri. 3. 1824. 
 
 — bipinnati'fida. 1840. 
 
 — Uechnifc/lia. See B. pteridifoUa. 
 
 — calophy'lla. 1830. 
 
 — cardua'cea. 3. April. 
 
 ' anguslifo'Ua. 3. April. B. M. t. 4317. 
 
 — cunea'ta. 3. June. 1803. 
 
 trevifo'lia. 3. June. 1803. 
 
 loTigi/o'lia. 3. June. 1803. 
 
 —falca'ta. 3. June. 1824. Syn., HemieUdiO' 
 
 Baxteri. 
 —favdsa. See B. armata. 
 — fioribu'nda. 8. 1808. 
 
 — foliola'ta. . 1830. 
 
 — formo'm. 4. 1803, 
 
 — Frase'ri. 1840. 
 
 — longiifo'lia. 2. 1803. 
 
 — fmusronula'ta. 3. 1824. 
 
DRY [ 337 ] 
 
 See D. pteridifolia. 
 
 DRY 
 
 J), nervo'sa. B. M. t. 3063. 
 
 — rn'oea. 2. 1805. 
 
 — no'bais. 1840. B. M. t. 4633. 
 
 — obUifaa. % 1803. 
 —plwmo'm. 3. 1803. 
 
 — proteotdee. 1840. 
 
 — pteridi/b'Jto. \J. 1824. B. M. t. 3S00. Syns., 
 
 i). blechny'oUa and »i«ri«)sa. 
 ^ ruTiciTia'fa. 1852. 
 
 — seneciifo'-lia, 3, 
 
 — ielrra. 
 
 — atupo'ia. 1840. 
 
 — tmuifo'lia. 2. April. 1803. B. M. t. 3613. 
 Dry'as. (From Dryades, the god- 
 desses of the woods, to whom the oak 
 was sacred. The leaves of D. octope'uda, 
 a Scotch plant on which the genus was 
 founded by Linnseus, resemble small 
 oak-leaves ; and he, in a playful mood, 
 made Dryas the badge of Virgil's Drya- 
 des, after the manner of the Scottish 
 clans. Nat. ord., Bosacece; Tribe, Po- 
 tentUlecB. Allied to Coluria and Co- 
 wania.) 
 
 All the speciea but D. Drwmmo'ndi have white 
 flowers, blooming in July. Divisions and seeds 
 in spring ; cuttings under a hand-light in sum- 
 mer ; a calcareous soil on the rockery suit them 
 best. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 D. vntermddia. \. N. Amer. 1832. 
 
 — octopeltala. i. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 
 t. 460. 
 amwrica'na. J. N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 Z>. decapdtala. N. Amer. 1839. 
 
 — geoi'des. Jacq. Vind. iii. t. 68. See Coluria 
 
 geoidet. 
 
 — •mUnoT. \. N. Amer. 
 
 — octop^idla depre-ssa. ^. Ireland. 
 
 HALF-HARDY EVERGREEBS. 
 
 X). Drummdndi. 4. YeUow. N. Amer. 1828. 
 B. M. t. 2979. 
 
 — integrifolia. J. Greenland. 1824. 
 
 — ten^Ua. J. Canada. 1820. 
 
 D r y m o' d a. (From drymodes, 
 woody; probably because the plants 
 grow on the branches of trees. Nat, 
 ord., Orchidece; Tribe, Epidendrece-Den 
 drobiecE. ) 
 
 A minute stove epiphytical orchid which re 
 quires to be grown on blocks. For cultivation, 
 see Orchids 
 V.pi'cta. Greenish, purple. March. Moulmein. 
 1870. B. M. t. 5904, 
 
 D r ym o gl o's sum. The Wood 
 tonfi;ue. (From drymos, a wood, and 
 glossa, a tongue ; alluding to the place 
 of growth and form of the fronds. Nat. 
 ord., Filices. Allied to Poly podium.) 
 
 Stone creeping ferns; spores yellow. Division; 
 peat and loam. 
 B camtysum. Australia. 
 et^xiorda'twm. China and Japan, 
 
 — lanceola'tum. June. India. 1843. 
 
 — paoielloi'dei. June. £. Ind. 1828. 
 
 — ri'gidwm. Borneo. 
 
 — spatulaltum. E. Ind, 
 
 Drymo'llia. (Fromdrywtowia, wood- 
 land; their habitation. Nat. ord., Oes- 
 neracece; Tribe, Cyrtandrece. Allied to 
 Besleria.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climbers. Cuttings in sandy 
 soil, in bottom-heat ; rich sandy loam. 
 D. bi'color. B. E. 18S8, t. 4. See D. semdata. 
 
 — crista'ta. Green. October. Guiana. 1848. 
 
 Fl. Ser. t. 388. 
 
 — mamun-a'ta. Pale yellow, suffused with 
 
 pink. June. Tropical America. 1882. 
 B. M. t. 6763. 
 
 — punctafta. B. M. t. 4089. See JSpisela punc- 
 
 tata. 
 
 — semda'ta. 6. Purple. W. Indies. 1806. 
 
 Syn., D. bicolor. 
 
 — turia'loiB. White. Veragua. 1870. 
 
 — villa' sa. B. M. t. 4866. See Episeia villosa. 
 
 Dryinophloe'us. (From drumos, 
 wood, and phloios, bark. Nat. ord., 
 PalmecB. ) 
 
 Ornamental stove palms. Strong loam ; seeds. 
 D. cerome'nsis. A synonym of J). olivoeformU. 
 
 — olivoBfc/rmw. 30. Moluccas. Syn., Ptycho- 
 
 sperma Rumphii. 
 
 — Ru'mphii. Buitenzorg. Syn., V. leproius. 
 
 — singapore^nsis. Singapore. Syn., Ptycho^ 
 
 spfrma singaporensis. 
 
 Dryna'ria. (From drys, a tree; 
 dwelling among trees. Nat. ord., Fili- 
 ces. A section of Polypodium. ) 
 
 A larg genus of stove Ferns, with brownish- 
 yellow spores. Allied to Polypodium. Division; 
 peat and loam. 
 D. a'lbido-sgiuima'ta. June. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — Baiardiiri. 1. June. N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 — aetpito'sa. April. India. 1841. 
 
 — capitella'ta. July. S. Amer. 1822. 
 
 — coria'cea. June. India. 1S40. 
 
 — c&ronans. June. W. Ind. 
 
 — crassifo'lia. August. W. Ind. 1823. 
 
 — cusptdifUyra. June. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — diversifo'lia. July. Australia. 
 
 — du'bia. June. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — glau'ca. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — herrtioniti'dea. 2. Yellow. March. E. Ind. 
 
 1843. 
 
 — Borsju/ldii. Yellow. Java. 
 
 — irioi'des. 3. June. E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 — jv^ndifo'lia. IJ. May. S. Amer. 1822. 
 
 — lewrMza. March. E. Ind. 
 
 — lomarioi'des. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — l&ngifrons. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — U/ngipes. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 — longissima. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — lonf&rmis. March. E. Ind. 
 
 — morbilo'ta. Malay Archipelago. . 
 
 — muso^dlia. Malay Archipelago. 
 
 — negl^cta. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — narmallii, March. NepauL 
 
 — paZina'ta. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — plarUaginea. June. B. Ind. 1842. 
 
 — propi'iKtua. May. E. Ind. 
 
 — pustulata. 1. March. Manilla. 1840. 
 
 — querd/o'lia. IJ. March. Isle of Luzon. 1824. 
 
 — ru'bitUi. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — rupefstris. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — sesquipe^'lis. May. Nepaul. 
 
 — sterujphy'lla. March. Java. 
 
 — subfalca'ta. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — tenuilo'ris. Mindanao. 
 
 — undula'ta. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — vulga'rit. March. W. Ind. 1816. 
 
 — Walli'chii. March. E. Ind. 
 
 Dryoba'lanops. Camphor - tree. 
 (From drys, a tree, and hallo, to flow'; 
 from the tree yielding much sap. Nat. 
 ord., Dtpterocarpew.) 
 
 A stove evergreen tree, which produces the chief 
 of the natural camphor imported. Vfe say natural 
 
 Z 
 
DRY 
 
 [338] 
 
 DUN 
 
 ■camphor, because camphor is now manufactured 
 :froin turpentine. Kicn loam. Seeds. 
 J3. a/roma'tica. 100. Yellow. Sumatra. Syn. , 
 D. cafm%thdr(B. 
 
 Dryo'pteris. (From drys, a treei 
 ■a.'oA pteris, a fern. Nat. ord., Filices. 
 A genus of stove Ferns. Allied to 
 Pteris.) 
 
 Division ; peat and loam. 
 D. sagittifo'lia. Yellow. April. E. Ind. 
 
 Dryosta'chyum. (From drys, a 
 tree, and stachys, a spike. A genus of 
 Stove Ferns, with yellow spores. Nat. 
 ord., Filices. Allied to Drynaria.) 
 
 Divisions ; peat and loam. 
 D. cauda'twm. May. Celebes. 1842. 
 
 — pilo'sum. May. Isle of Luzon. 1841. 
 
 — sple!nden8. May. Isle of Luzon. 1842. 
 
 Drype'tes. (From drypto, to la- 
 cerate ; being a spinjr shrub. Nat. ord., 
 JEuphorhiacem ; Tribe, Phyllanthece. 
 AlEed to Sarcococca. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sandy 
 loam, under a glass, in heat ; peat and loam, 
 both fibry and sandy. 
 D. erdcM. 6. June. W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 Dry'pis: (From drypto, to lacerate ; 
 leaves armed with spines. Nat. ord., 
 CaryophyllcuxoB ; Tribe, Silenece. Allied 
 to Acanthophyllum.) 
 
 Hardy evergreen. Seeds ; cuttings under a 
 band-light in me early summer months ; requires 
 a dry situation, and equal portions of loam, peat, 
 and rough sand. 
 
 J), tvim^sa. i. Pale blue. June. Italy. 1776. 
 B. M. t. 2216. 
 
 Dry-Stove is a hothouse devoted to 
 the culture of such plants as require a 
 high degree of heat, but a drier atmo- 
 sphere ttian the tenants of the Bark- 
 stove. Consequently, fermenting ma- 
 terials and open tanks of hot- water are in- 
 admissible ; but the sources of heat are 
 either steam or hot- water pipes or flues. 
 See Stove. 
 
 Dubbing is a gardener's term for 
 clipping. The dubbings of a hedge are 
 the parts clipped off with the shears. 
 
 Duck's-foot. Podophy'lltmi. 
 
 Dumai'sia. (Named after Jf.Z)Mnias, 
 one of the editors of Annates des. Sciences 
 Naturelles. Nat. ord., Leguminosce ; 
 Tribe, Phaseolece. Allied to Clitoria. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen tiviners from Nepaul, 
 "both introduced in 1824. Seeds sown in a hot- 
 T)ed, in spring ; cuttings of young shoots getting 
 -firm, under a glass, and in sand, in a little 
 bottom-heat, in April ; sandy peatand fibry loam. 
 B. mihelscens. 6. Yellow. October. B. E. 
 t. 962. 
 
 — mllo'sa. 6. Pale yellow, October. 
 
 Dumb-Cane. Cala'dium Segui'- 
 
 "Dvacaeii'lls. panicula'ta. SeeJun- 
 gia spectahilis. 
 
 Dung. Under this title our atten- 
 tion must be confined to the fseces and 
 urines of animals, and that one most 
 common compound, stable-dung. 
 
 Nigkt-soil is the richest of these ma- 
 nures. It is composed of human faeces 
 and urine, of which the constituents are 
 as follows : ifasce*.— Water, 73 '3 ; vege- 
 table and animal remains, 7 ; bUe, 0'9 ; 
 albumen 0'9 ; peculiar and extractive 
 matter, 1 '2 ; salts (carbonate of soda, 
 common salt, sulphate of soda, ammonia- 
 phosj)hate of magnesia, and phosphate 
 of hme), 2'7 ; insoluble residue, 14'0. 
 Urine. — Urate of ammonia 0-298 ; sal- 
 amraoniao, 0'4:59; sulphate, of potash, 
 2'112 ; chloride of potassium, 3'67't ; 
 chloride of sodium (common salt), 15 '060 ; 
 phosphate of soda, 4 267 ; phosphate of 
 lime, •209; acetate of soda, 2 '770; urea 
 and colouring matter, 23 '640; water and 
 lactic acid, 47'511. 
 
 After stating the above analyses in 
 his excellent work "On Fertilizers," Mr. 
 Cuthbert Johnson proceeds to observe, 
 that the very chemical composition, 
 therefore, of this compost would indicate 
 the powerful fertilizing effects which it 
 is proved to produce. The mass of easily 
 soluble and decomposable animal matters 
 and salts of ammonia with which it 
 abounds, its phosphate of lime, its car- 
 bonate of soda, are all by themselves 
 excellent fertilizers, and must afford a 
 copious supply of food to plants. 
 
 The disagreeable smell may be de- 
 stroyed by mixing it with quick-lime, or 
 stUl better with either chloride or sul- 
 phate of lime ; and if exposed to the at- 
 mosphere in thin layers in fine weather, 
 it speedily dries, is easily pulverized, 
 and in this state may be used in the 
 same manner as rape-cake, and delivered 
 into the furroiy with the seed. 
 
 From the experiments of M. Schubler 
 and others, the relative value of night- 
 soil is as follows : 
 
 " If a given quantity of the land sown 
 without manure yields three times the 
 seed employed, then the same quantity 
 of land will produce five times the quan- 
 tity sown when manured with old herb- 
 age, putrid grass or leaves, garden stuff, 
 etc., seven times with cow -dung, nine 
 times with pigeon's-dung, ten times with 
 horse-dung, twelve times with human 
 urine, twelve times with goat's-dung, 
 twelve times with sheep's-dung, and 
 fourteen times with human manure or 
 bullock's blood. But if the land be of 
 such quality as to produce without 
 
DUN 
 
 [339] 
 
 DUN 
 
 manure five times the sown quantity, 
 "then the horse-dung manure will yield 
 fourteen, and human manure nineteen 
 and two-thirds the sown quantity. " 
 
 Fowl-dung, if composea partly of that 
 of the duck, which is a gross feeder, is 
 nearly equal to guano. This and that 
 of the pigeon contain much ammonia, 
 and all albound in phosphate of lime, 
 mixed with decomposmg organic matters 
 and uric acid, all highly valuable as fer- 
 tilizers. 
 
 Stable or Farin-yard Dung is usually 
 composed of the following matters : 
 Sorse-wrine. — Water and mucus, 94 ; 
 carbonate of lime, 1 "1 ; carbonate of soda, 
 0'9 ; hippurate of soda, 2 '4; chloride of 
 potassium, 0'9 ; urea, 07. But besides 
 the above, it contains common salt, 
 phosphate of lime, and sulphate of soda. 
 Cow-urine. — Water, 66 ; phosphate of 
 lime, 3 ; chloride of potassium, and sal 
 ammoniac, 15 ; sulphate of potash, 6 ; 
 carbonate of potash and carbonate of 
 ajnmonia, 4 ; urea, 4. 
 
 One thousand parts of dry wheat-straw 
 being burnt, yielded M. Saussure forty- 
 «ight parts of ashes ; the same quantity 
 of the dry straw of barley yielded forty- 
 two parts of ashes. The portion dis- 
 sipated by the fire would be principally 
 carbon (charcoal), carburettect hydrogen 
 gas, and water ; one hundred parts of 
 these ashes are composed of — ^various 
 soluble salts, principally carbonate and 
 sulphate of potash, 224; phosphate of 
 lime«(earthy salt of bones), 6J ; chalk 
 (carbonate of lime), 1; silica (flint), 61 J; 
 metallic oxide (principally iron), 1 ; loss, 
 7 4'5ths. The straw of barley contains 
 the same ingredients, only in rather 
 •difierent proportions. 
 
 The solid excrements of a horse fed 
 on hay, oats, and straw, contain, accor- 
 ding to the analysis of M. Zierl, in 1000 
 parts : Water, 698 ; picromel and salts, 
 20 ; bilious and extractive matter, 17 ; 
 green matter, albumen, mucus, etc., 63; 
 vegetable fibre and remains of food, 202. 
 
 These, when burnt, yielded to the 
 same chemist sixty parts by weight of 
 ashes, which were composed of — Car- 
 bonate, sulphate, and muriate of soda, 
 5 ; carbonate and phosphate of lime, 9 ; 
 silica, 46. — Jour. Boy. Agr. Soc, vol. i., 
 p. 489. 
 
 There have been many arguments and 
 much difference of opinion among cul- 
 tivators with regard to the advantage of 
 employing-dung in a fresh or in a putrid 
 state, and, as is too often the case, both 
 . parties have run into extremes — the one 
 side contending for the propriety of em- 
 ploying it quite fresh from the farm- 
 
 yard, the other contending that it can- 
 not well be too decayed. 
 
 The mode employed by Lord Leicester 
 is the mediimi between these equally 
 erroneous extremes. He found that the 
 employment of the fresh dung certainly 
 made the dung go much farther, but 
 then a multitude of the seeds of various 
 weeds were carried on to the land along 
 with the manure. He has, therefore, 
 since used his compost when only in a 
 half-putrefied state (called short dung 
 by farmers), and hence the seeds are 
 destroyed by the effects of the putre- 
 faction, and the dung still extends much 
 farther than if suffered to remain until 
 quite putrefied. Putrefaction cannot go 
 on without the presence of moisture. 
 Where water is entirely absent, there 
 can be no putrefaction ; and hence many 
 farmers have adopted the practice of 
 pumping the drainage of their farm- 
 yards over their dung-heaps ; others in- 
 variably place them in a low, damp 
 situation. This liquid portion cannot be 
 too highly valued by the cultivator. 
 The soil where a dung-hill has lain in a 
 field is always distinguished by a rank 
 luxuriance in the succeeding crop, even 
 if the earth beneath to the depth of six 
 inches is removed and spread with the 
 dunghill. 
 
 Guano. — This now celebrated manure 
 has been known as the chief fertilizer 
 employed by the Peruvians, almost as 
 long as that part of the New World has 
 been recognized by geographers. Its 
 name, in the language of that country, 
 signifies the manure ; and it merits such 
 distinction, as being one of the most 
 powerful assistants to vegetation which 
 can be applied to the soil. Guano is 
 not peculiar to Peru, but is found in 
 immense beds upon many rocks and 
 islands of the Atlantic, being the excre- 
 ments of the marine birds frequenting 
 those ocean solitudes. It has been lately 
 analyzed by Dr. Ure, who reports it as 
 composed of the following proportional 
 constituents : Azotized organic matter, 
 including urate of ammonia, and capable 
 of affording from 8 to 17 per cent, of 
 ammonia by slow decomposition in the 
 soil, 50'0; water, 11 '0; phosphate of 
 lime, 25 '0 ; ammonia, phosphate of mag- 
 nesia, phosphate of ammonia, and oxa- 
 late of ammonia, containing from 4 to 9 
 per cent, of ammonia, 13'0; siliceous 
 matter, I'O. 
 
 This analysis explains the source from 
 whence failure has been derived to many 
 who have tried it. It is the most 
 violently stimulating of all, the known 
 natural manures, and they have applied 
 
DUE 
 
 [340] 
 
 DYC 
 
 it too abundantly. This is shown by the 
 experiments of Mr. Maund. When ap- 
 
 Elied to Strawberries once a week in a 
 quid state (four ounces to a, gallon), it 
 made them very vigorous and produc- 
 tive ; but sprinkled upon some young 
 seedlings of the same fruit, it Killed 
 them. Two ounces per yard (five cwt. 
 per acre), were sprinkled over Onions, 
 and they doubled the untreated in size. 
 Potatoes, manured with one ounce and a 
 half per yard, were rendered much more 
 luxuriant than others having no guano. 
 Brussels Sprouts were half destroyed by 
 being planted in immediate contact with 
 nine parts earth and one part guano. 
 Geraniums were greatly injured by 
 liquid-manure of guano (four ounces per 
 gallon), but " plants of various sorts, in 
 pots, watered only with guano-water, 
 half an ounce to a gallon, have flourished 
 astonishingly'; none have failed. These 
 are lessons which cannot be mistaken. " 
 — "Auctorium,"223. Mr. Rendle and 
 other persons record, as the result of 
 dearly -purchased experience, that where 
 
 fuano has failed to be beneficial, or has 
 een injurious, it has been applied in 
 quantities too powerful for the plants to 
 bear. In a liqviid state, half an ounce 
 jper gallon, and given to growing plants 
 once a week, it never fails to be produc- 
 tive of vigour. When sown as a top- 
 dressing, it should be mixed with five 
 times its weight of dry earth, ashes, etc., 
 and then scattered as thinly as possible. 
 When used as a top-dressing for a flower- 
 pot, a small pinch between the thumb 
 and two fingers will be sufficient. 
 
 Cow-dung, for potting purposes, should 
 be coUected whilst fresh, kept under a 
 dry shed, be frequently turned over, and 
 used when in a dry, loose condition. 
 Two years' old dung is best. 
 
 Dura'nta. (Named after C Duran- 
 tes, a physician and botanist. Nat. ord., 
 VerbenacecB ; Tribe, Verbenem.) 
 
 Handsome stove evergreen shrubs, with blue 
 flowers. Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 in bottom-heat ; loam and peat. 
 D. argefntea, 6. E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 — denta'ta. See D. Plwmieri. 
 
 — Mlli'na. B. M. 1. 1769. See D. Phimien. 
 
 — iTie^rmis. See D. Plimiieri, 
 
 — maeroca'rpa. 8. W. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — mierophy'Ua. Blue. Autumn. 
 
 — Muti'sii. 6. W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — Plitmie'ri. 15. October. TropicalAmerlcaand 
 
 W. Indies. 1733. Jacq. lo. t. 602. B. E. 
 t. 244. Syns., 2>. dentata, D. EUieia, 
 D. inermis, and J), xalapensis. 
 
 o7to. White ; fruit amber. G. C. 1888, 
 
 iii. p. 46, f. 9. 
 
 — tteiweta'chya. 10. White. Brazil, 1876. 
 
 — xalap^nsis. See D. Plumieri, 
 
 Du'rio. (From Duryon, tile Malay 
 name of the fruit, "one of the most 
 
 delicious productions of nature."' Nat, 
 ord., MalvacecB ; Tribe, Bombacece. Al- 
 lied to Cheirostemon.) 
 
 In a putrid state the fruit is used as a bait, 
 to trap the civet-cat : hence the specific name> . 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of firm young 
 shoots in spring, in sand, under a glass, and in- 
 bottom-heat ; peat, loam, and leaf -mould. 
 D. zibethi'nus. 60. White. E. Ind. 1825, 
 Idnn. Trans, vii. tt. 14-16. 
 
 Duvalia. (Named after ff. A. Du- 
 val, of Paris ; author of a work on suc- 
 culent plants. Nat. ord. , Asolepiadacece; 
 Tribe, Stapeliece. Allied to Stapelia.) 
 
 Very dwarf greenhouse succulent perennials,, 
 natives of South Africa. All with dark purple- 
 brown flowers, unless otherwise stated. For 
 cultivation, see Stapelia, under which generic 
 name they are usually cultivated, though they 
 are very distinct in the structure of their flowers.. 
 D. anguetilo'ba. Chocolate brown, white. Karoo, 
 S. Africa. 1875. 
 
 — osepiMsa. 8. Africa. 1790. Syn,, Stapelia- 
 
 ccBtpUosa. 
 
 — Cordero'yi, Olive-green, or purple-brown,. 
 
 with lilac hairs on the central part.. 
 1874. B. M. t. 6082. Syn., Stapelia- 
 Corderoyi, 
 
 i. Purple. August. S. Africa. 
 
 1795. Syn., Stapelia elegana, B. M.. 
 1. 1184. 
 
 — glomera'ta. }. Brown. August. S. Africa.. 
 
 1804. Syn., Stapelia glomerata, 
 
 — hirte'lla: J. Brown. August. S. Africa- 
 
 1800. Syn., Stapelia, hirtella, 
 
 — Jacguinia'rui. J. Purple. August. S.Africa, 
 
 1802. Syn.. Stapelia Jacquiniana. 
 
 — Ueviga'ta. i. Brown. August. S. Africa. 
 
 ISOO. Syn., Stapelia loevigata. 
 
 — masto'deR. 1800. 
 
 — poli'ta. 1876. B. M. t. 6246. 
 
 — radia'ta, Syn., Stapelia radiata, B. M. t. 619, 
 
 — reclina'ta. 1796. Syn., Stapelia reclinata, 
 
 B. M. t. 6082. 
 
 — replica' ta. 1806, 
 
 — tubereula'ta. 1774. 
 
 Duvau'a. (After Duvau, a French 
 botanist. Nat. ord., Anacardiaceos / 
 Tribe, AnacardiecB. Allied to Schinus. > 
 
 Fine evergreens, requiring greenhouse protec- 
 tion north of London. 
 D. denta'ta. 20. White. June. Owyhee. 
 
 1796. Syn., Schinus dentatua, B. E. 
 t. 620. 
 
 — depelndena. 20. White. ChiU. 1790. B. E. 
 
 1. 1673. 
 
 — latif&lia. 20. Yellowish. June. Chill. 1830. 
 
 B. E. 1. 1680. 
 — longif&lia, 3. Pale yellow. June. Buenos 
 Ayres. 1836. B. E. 1843, t. 59. 
 
 — ova'ta. 6. Greenish. Chili. 1824. B. E. 
 
 1. 1668. 
 
 Dwarf Pan-palm. 
 
 hu'milis. 
 
 Chamce'rops 
 
 Dwarf Standard is a fruit-tree on 
 a very short stem, with its branches un- 
 trained. 
 
 Dy'ckia. (NamedinhonourofiVince 
 Salin-Dyck, a German author of a splen- 
 did work on Succulents. Nat. ord., 
 Bromeliacece; Tribe, Pitcaimiece. Allied 
 in appearance to a small Pitcaimia.) 
 , Like a pine-apple plant in miniature ; usually 
 
DYE 
 
 [341] 
 
 EBE 
 
 frown with small greenhouse succulents, 
 uckeis ; loam and peat, with lime-rubbish, and 
 well drained. 
 
 J), alti'ssima. Orange. September. Buenos 
 Ayres. 
 
 — arge^ntea. 2. Leaves covered with hoaiy 
 
 scales. 
 
 — brevito'lia. Yellow. Brazil. 1869. 
 
 — fri'gida. Orange. February. S. Brazil. 1877. 
 
 B. M. t. 6294. Syns., Pourretia frigida 
 and Sydna regalis. 
 
 — Lemairea'na. Orange-red. S. Brazil. 1874. 
 
 — leptosta'chya. Scarlet. Paraguay. 1867. 
 
 — rariflo'ra. 2. Orange. June. Brazil. 1832. 
 
 — rega'lU. See D. frigida. 
 
 Dyer's Green-weed. Geni'sta 
 tincto'ria. 
 
 Dyer's Yellow-weed. Ee'seda 
 
 lute'ola. 
 
 Dy'psis. (From dupto, to dip. Nat. 
 ord., PalmecB.) 
 
 Stove Palms. 
 D. HUdehra'ndtii. Madagascar. 
 
 — Tnadtigascarie^nsis. Madagascar, 
 
 — pirma'tifrons. Madagascar. 
 
 Dyso'dia. (From dusodes, ill-smell- 
 ing ; a characteristic of this genus. Nat. 
 ord., Compositcej Tribe, Helenoidem.) 
 D. chrysanthemoi'dee. S. United States and 
 Mexico. Syns., Tagetes papposa and T. 
 pumila, 
 
 — grandifio'ra. 1. Deep orange. Central 
 
 America. Syns., Baerbera mama, B. B. 
 t. 1602, ClomeTiocoma montana, Coma- 
 clinium aurantiacum, Fl. Ser. t. 756, 
 and Dysodia piibescens. 
 
 Dysophy'lla. (From dusodes, fetid, 
 .and phyllon, a leaf ; referring to the 
 strong peppermint -like smeU. of the 
 leayes. Nat. ord., LabiattiB ; Tribe, 
 Satureineos. Allied to Mint.) 
 
 Division of the roots, just as fresh growth is 
 .-commencing, in spring ; common, sandy soil. 
 D.pu'mila. J. Purple. August. Nepaul. 1826. 
 Hardy herbaceous. Syn., Mentha v&rti- 
 eillata, of B. M. t. 2907, but not else- 
 where. 
 
 — guadrifo'lia. 2. Purple. July. Nepaul. 
 
 1820. Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 — stella'ta. 1. Purple. India. 1816. Green- 
 
 house herbaceous. B. B, 1845, t. 23. 
 
 — verticilla'ta. Lilac. Nepaul. 1828. Green- 
 
 house herbaceous. 
 
 Dyssochro'ma. (From dussoos, 
 sickly, and chirmtm, colour ; in reference 
 to the sickly green colour of the flowers. 
 Nat. oTd., SolanacecE J Tribe, Cestrinece. 
 Allied to Juannlloa. ) 
 
 Greenhouse shrubs. Seeds. Cuttings in heat 
 
 under a glass ; rich loam and sand. 
 
 D. esd'mia. Green. June. Syns., Brngmumsia 
 
 eximiia and JummUoa emmia, B. M. 
 
 t. 5092. 
 
 liflo'ra. 3. Green. S. America. 1815. 
 
 Syn., Solaiidra mridiflmra, B. M. 1. 1948. 
 
 E. 
 
 Eari'na. (From earinos, the spring, 
 Tthe time of their blooming. Nat. ord., 
 
 Orehidece ; Tribe, Epidendre<B-C(do- 
 gynece.) 
 
 Stove orchids, from New Zealand. Division 
 of the plants when fresh growth is commencing ; 
 sphagnum-moss and flbry peat, in which iSe 
 roots are fixed above the surface of a pot, or in 
 a shallow basket, and suspended from the roof. 
 Summer temp., 60° to 85", with moisture ; winter, 
 60* to 60°, and rather dry. 
 
 E. muarona'ta. White. May. 1846. Ic. PI. 
 t. 431. 
 
 — mave/aleru. White. May 1843 
 
 Ear-shelled Slug. See Testa- 
 ce'Ua halioti'dea. 
 
 Earth. Every cultivated soil is 
 maimy composed of four earths in va- 
 rious proportions : — Silica, or pure flint; 
 alumina, or pure clay ; lime, combined 
 with carbonic acid in the state of chalk; 
 and magnesia. See Soil. 
 
 Earthing-up, or drawing the soil in 
 a ridge to the stems of plants, is benefi- 
 cial to those which are fifbrous-rooted, by 
 reducing the distance from the surface 
 of the extremities of the plant's roots ; 
 by inducing the production of rootlets 
 from the stem ; and sheltering the win- 
 ter standing crops, for the closer the 
 leaves of these are to the earth the less 
 is the reduction of heat from the latter, 
 either by radiation or contact with the 
 colder air ; but to tuberous-rooted plants, 
 as the potato, it is detrimental. In our 
 experiments, it has, on an average, re- 
 duced the produce one-fourth. 
 
 Earth-nut. A'rachis hypogcE'a. 
 
 Earwig. (ForffcvZa auricwla'ris.) 
 This destroyer of the peach, apricot, 
 plum, dahlia, pink, and carnation, com- 
 mits its ravages only at night, retiring 
 during the day to any convenient shelter 
 in the vicinity of its prey. Advantage 
 must be taken of this habit, and if small 
 garden-pots with a-little moss within be 
 inverted upon a stick, and pieces of the 
 dry hollow stem of the sunflower, or 
 Jerusalem artichoke, be placed in the 
 neighbourhood of the fruits and flowers 
 enumerated, many of the insects will 
 resort thither, and may be shaken 
 out and destroyed. As earwigs are 
 winged insects, it is useless to guard the 
 stems of plants ia any mode. 
 
 E'benus. (From ebenos, ebony. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminosm.) 
 
 Hardy or half-hardy herbs or sub-shrubs. For 
 cultivation, see Anthyllis. 
 E, cre'tica. IJ. Pink. June. Candia. 1737. 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 260. Syn., An- 
 thyllis eretiea, B. M. t. 1092. 
 
 — Sibtho'rpii. i. Pink. June. Greece. 1786. 
 
 Syn., E. pmnata, Sibth. FL Gr. t. 740. 
 
 Ebenhaie'ra. (Named after Karl 
 Eeinrich Ebermaier, author of a work 
 
EBO 
 
 [ 342 ] 
 
 ECH 
 
 on medicinal plants, i Nat. oid., Acan- 
 thacem; Tribe, Nelsoniew.) 
 Stove herbs. For cultivation, see Eranthe- 
 
 MUM. 
 
 JE. ni'tida. Brazil. 1879. Syn., Chamteranthe- 
 mum nitidutn. 
 
 E'bony. Diospy'ros ebe'num. 
 
 Eoastaphy'Uum. See Ptero- 
 carpus. 
 
 Ecba'lium. Squirting Cucumber. 
 (From ekbalo, to cast out ; because the 
 seeds are violently expelled from the 
 ripe fruit. Nat. ord., Cncurbitacem ; 
 Tribe, Cuctmierinece.) 
 
 The Squirting Cucumber is so called from the 
 remarkable way in which it squirts out the seeds, 
 along with the semi-fluid contents of the fruit. 
 When the fruit is quite ripe a very slight touch 
 causes it to separate from its stem, and by the 
 violent elastic contraction of the pericarp, or 
 rind of the fruit, the contents are ejected 
 from the opening made by its separation from 
 the stem. It is a native of S. Europe, and 
 is usually treated as a hardy annual, though it 
 is really a perennial, and if its roots are pro- 
 tected from the frost they will produce stems 
 annually. 
 
 E, Elate'rium. Yellowish. Trailer. Bent, and 
 'Tr. t. 115. Syns., E. agreste and Momor- 
 dica etaterivjm, B. M. 1. 1914. 
 
 Eccremoca'rpus. (FvovaeKkremes, 
 Jiendent, and karpos, fruit ; referring to 
 the position of the seed -pods. Nat. ord., 
 Bignoniacece ; Tribe, Jacarandece. Syn., 
 Calampelis. ) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen climbers, with orange 
 flowers. Seeds sown in heat, in February, will 
 
 S reduce plants that will bloom out of doors 
 uring the summer ; cuttings taken off in Au- 
 gust, and kept in a cold frame during the winter, 
 will bloom better. In sheltered places the fleshy 
 roots will remain safe in the ground during the 
 winter ; but in most places it is safest to protect 
 them from frost and wet, or take them up and 
 keep them in a dry place, and plant again in 
 May ; any light, fertile soil. • 
 
 E. longijl&rus. 6. July. Peru. 1826. 
 — sca'ier. 6. July. Chili. 1824. B. M. t. 6408. 
 Syn., Calampelis scab&r^ Swt. Fl. Gard. 
 ser. 2, t. 30. 
 
 Echa'rdia. See Peristeria. 
 
 Echea'ndia. (Derivation unknown. 
 Nat. ord., Liliaoeai; Tribe, Asphodelew. 
 Allied to Anthericum. ) 
 
 Division, and, it is believed, by seeds ; peat 
 and loam ; greenhouse and cold pit culture. 
 .B. terniflo'ra. Golden. July. Mexico. 1837. 
 Bed. liU. t. 313. 
 
 Echeve'ria. (After M. Echeveri, a 
 botanical draughtsman. Nat. ord., 
 Crassulacew. Now united to Coty- 
 ledon, which see.) 
 
 Cuttings, chiefly in spring, that the plants 
 may be established during summer ; the base of 
 the cutting should be dried for several days, 
 though the leaves are kept green by shading and 
 moisture, before inserting them in sandy soil ; a 
 bell-glass, if not kept close, will do them good, 
 and also a little bottom-heat ; sandy loam, peat, 
 and lime-rubbish 
 
 E, abyssi'niea. See Sempermvum chrysanthwm~ 
 
 — acutifo'lia. Scarlet. Mexico. B. E. 1842, t. 29_ 
 
 — agavoi'dei. Fl. Ser. t. 2003. See Cotyledon 
 
 agavoides. 
 
 — a'tro-purpu'rea. See Cotyledon atro-purpurea^ 
 
 — braeteota'ta. A synonym of Cotyledon bracteo- 
 
 lata. 
 
 — ccespito'sa. See Cotyledon cceBjntosa. 
 
 — calif&mica. See Cotyledon californica. 
 
 — campanula'ta. See Cotyledon ccespitosa. 
 
 — cami' color. See Cotyledon earnicolor. 
 
 — eoccilnea. See Cotyledon cocdneti. 
 
 — Cordero'yi. See Cotyledon Corderoyi. 
 
 — Desmetia!na. A synonym of Cotyledon Pea- 
 
 cockii. 
 — fmino'sa. A synonym of Cotyledon fannosa. 
 —fvUgens. L^m. Jard. Fl. t. 244. See Cotyledon- 
 
 — gibbifl&ra. B. E. 1. 1247. See Cotyledon gib- 
 
 bifioraf var. Tnetallica. 
 
 — glau'ca. See Cotyledon glauca. 
 
 — glau'co-m^ta'llica. Hybrid between Cotyledon- 
 
 glauca and C gibbijlora var. metallica. 
 1868. 
 
 — grandiflo'ra. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 275. See Coty- 
 
 ledon gibbijlora. 
 
 — la'xa. See Cotyledon ccespitosa. 
 
 — lu'rida. B. R. 1841, 1. 1. A synonym of Coty- 
 
 ledon lurida. 
 
 — meta'lKca. See Cotyledon gibbijlora, var. me- 
 
 tdllica. 
 
 -peruvMna. } See Cotyledon Peacocm. 
 
 — pulverule'nta. A synonym of Cotyledon pul- 
 
 ■ verulenta. 
 
 — pu'mila. Sea Cotyledon pwmila, 
 
 — racemo'sa. B. M. t. 3670. A synonym of Coty- 
 
 ledon lurida, 
 
 — retu'sa. B. E. 1847, t. 67. See Cotyledon re- 
 
 tusa. 
 
 — rosa'cea. A synonym of Cotyledon secunda. 
 
 — ro'sea. B. E. 1842, t. 22. See Cotyledon 
 
 roeeata. 
 
 — ecaphy'lla. A hybrid between Cotyledon aga- 
 
 voides and C linguoefolia. 1872. 
 
 — Schee^ri. B. E. 1846, t. 27. A synonym of 
 
 Cotyledon Scheeri. 
 
 — secu'nda, B. E. 1840, t. 67. A synonym of 
 
 Cotyledon secunda. 
 
 — stoloni'fera. See Cotyledon stolonifera. 
 
 Echi'dnium. (From echidnion, a- 
 young viper; because of its relationship ■ 
 to Dracontium. Nat. ord., AracecB.) 
 
 Stove tuberous-rooted perennial. For cultiva- 
 tion, see Anchomanes. 
 
 E. Segelia'num. lJ-3. Purplish -brown. June. 
 Brazil. 1866. Syn., E. Spruceanum of 
 gardens. 
 
 .Echidno'psis. (From echidne, a 
 viper, and opsis, appearance ; from a 
 fancied resemblance of the stems to a. 
 serpent. Nat. ord., Asclepiadacece. 
 Allied to Boucerosia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse succulent perennial. For cultiva- 
 tion, see Stapelia. 
 
 E. cereifo'rmis. h. Yellow. Summer. Abys- 
 sinia. 1871. B. M. t, 6930. Syn., Bou- 
 cerosia tessellata. 
 
 Echina'cea. (From echinos, a. 
 hedgehog ; referring to the involucre,, 
 or scaly envelope of composite flowers. 
 Nat. oti., Compositce ; Tribe, Helian- 
 fhoidecB. Now united to Rudbeckia.)' 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division and 
 seeds in spring ; common or sandy soil. 
 
ECH 
 
 [343] 
 
 ECH 
 
 S. angustifo'lia. 3. Pink. Texas. 1861. B. M. 
 t. 6281. 
 
 — colwmna'ri^. Yellow. August. Missouri. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1601. 
 
 — Dickso'ni. 1. Lilac. August. Mexico. B. R. 
 
 18S8, t. 27. 
 
 — du'bia. Kn. and West, 1. 131. See Isostephane 
 
 heter&phylla. 
 
 — heterophy'Ua.. IJ. Purple. October. Mexico. 
 
 1829. Swt. Fl. Gard. set. 2, t. 32. 
 
 — interme^dia. Paxt. Mag. xv.^ p. 79. See Rud- 
 
 beckia pv/rpurea, var. intermedia,. 
 
 — napifo'lia. See RudbecMa napifolia. 
 
 — purpu'rea. See Sudbechia purpurea. 
 
 — s&ro'tina. See Rudbeckia serotina. 
 
 — specio'sa. See Rudbeckia speciosa. 
 
 Echinoca'ctus. (From echinos, 
 hedgehog, and cactus. Nat. ord., Cac- 
 tacecB. ) 
 
 Like the genus Mammillaria, this of Melo- 
 cacti is encumbered by one-half too many names 
 of species, f ounaed on trifling variations, pecu- 
 liar either to different ages of the same plants, 
 or to accidental forms from seeds. For culture, 
 see Cactus. 
 E. bola'nsis. 1. Bed. Mexico. Gfl. 1889, p. 106. 
 
 — centetelrius. YeUow. July., Mexico. 1840. 
 
 B. M. t. 3!»74. 
 
 — ceratio'tes. Yellow. Chili. 1837. 
 
 — cJUorophtha'lmus. Purple. June. Rio del 
 
 Monte. B. M. t. 4373. 
 
 — einnabari'nus. Bed. Bolivia. 1840. B. M. 
 
 t. 4386. 
 
 — conci'nntts. Yellow. March. Monte Video. 
 
 1828. B. M. t. 4116. 
 
 — coryTio'des. Yellow. October. S. America. 
 
 1837. B. M. t. 3906. 
 
 — erispa'tus. Purple. Summer. 
 
 — Owmi'ngii. J. Yellow. Bolivia. 1847. B. M. 
 
 t. 6097. ■ 
 
 — cylindra'ceus. Yellowish. Colorado. 1877. 
 
 — diirange'nsis. Brownish-red. Mexico. 1890. 
 
 — echi'dne. YeUow. Mexico. 
 
 — echiiwides. Yellow. Bolivia. 
 
 — electraca'nthua. Yellow. 
 
 — elKptims. Rose. Lem. Jard. Fl. t. 270. 
 
 — exseu'lptus. White. July. Chili. 1830. 
 
 — Eurie'sii. White, yellow. September. Mexico. 
 
 1829. B. M. t. 3411. 
 
 glau'cus. White, green. July. B. R. 
 
 1838, t. 31. 
 
 — giibo'aits. J. White. West Indies. 1808. 
 
 B. B. 1. 137. 
 
 no'Ulis. 2. White. July. Mexico. 
 
 1796. 
 
 — Haselbe'rgii. Orange-red. 1888. B. M. t. 7009. 
 
 — Sa'ynii. 1. Purplish-red. Peru. 
 
 — helo'phorus. Pink. 
 
 — hexoedro'phorus. White. June. Tampico. 
 
 B. M. t. 4311. 
 
 — hystrichtum'nthus. Yellow. 
 
 — Joa'dii. Yellow ; stigmas crimson. Uruguay ? 
 
 B. M. t. 6867. 
 
 — Leea'nus. Pale sulphur. May. Buenos Ayres. 
 
 1840. B. M. t. ,4184. 
 
 — lA'nkii. Yellow. Mexico. 
 
 — lomiihama'tus. i. YeUow. July. Mexico. 
 
 B. M. t. 4632. 
 
 — Mackiaa'nus. Yellow. Chili. 1836. B. M. 
 
 t. 3561. 
 
 — maerodi's<nis. Mexico. 
 
 — Malletia'nus. YeUow. 
 
 — Mirbellii. YeUow. Summer. Mexico. 1873. 
 
 — Monvi'lUi. White. Paraguay. 
 
 — multifio'rm. White. June. B. M. t. 4181. 
 
 — myriosti'gma. B. M. t. 4177. See Astrophy- 
 
 turn tnyriostigma. 
 
 — napi'nus. YeUow. Chih. 1872. 
 
 — obvcUla'tus. i- Purple, white. S. Mexico. 
 
 — oma'tus. YeUow. Meirico. 
 
 — Otttinis. YeUow. Mexico. B. M. t. 3107. 
 
 E. pectini'ferue. Pale green, rose. April. Mexico.. 
 
 1844. B. M. t. 4190. 
 -^ Pentla'ndii. Rose. July. B. M. t. 4124. 
 
 — Pepinia'nus. Pink. 
 
 — Pfeiffdri. YeUow. Mexico. 
 
 — platyee'ros. Yellow. 
 
 — recu'rvus. White. June. Mexico. 
 
 — rhodOfCa'nthus. Mendoza. 1835. 
 
 — rhodophthaHmus. Crimson. August. PotosL 
 
 1860. B. M. t. 4486. 
 
 — robu'stus. YeUow. Mexico. 
 
 — sco'pa. YeUow. April. Brazil. B. R. 1839, 
 
 t. 24. 
 
 — sefnilis. Light pink. ChUl. Gfl. t. 1230, 
 
 flg.a. 
 
 — sessUifo'rus. Yellow. B. M. t. 3669. 
 
 — setispi'nus. Yellow. Red. Texas. 
 
 — Sknpso'ni. YeUowish-green, or purplish. 
 
 Colorado. 1876. 
 
 — spira'lis. June. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 — streptocau'lon. H. YeUow. August. Bo- 
 
 livia. 1846. B. M. t. 4562. 
 
 — tenuispi'nus. Lemon-yeUow. July. B. M. 
 
 t. 3963. 
 
 — tetraiffi' pus. Mexico. 
 
 — texe'nsis. Rosy-pink. Texas. 1888. Gfl. 
 
 1286. 
 
 — tubijlo'rus. White. Mexico. 1836. B. M. 
 
 t. 3627. 
 
 — viride'seene. 5. Greenish. California. 1877. 
 
 — Visna'ga. YeUow, pink. Mexico. 1844. B. M. 
 
 t. 4569. 
 
 — Willia'msii. White. June. Mexico. 1845. 
 
 B. M. t. 4296. 
 
 — Zuecari'nii. White. Mexico. 1836. 
 
 Echinoce'rens. (From echinos, a 
 hedgehog, and Cereus. Nat. ord., Cac- 
 toicecB, Now united with Cereus.) 
 E. pectina'tus. See Cereus pectinatus. 
 
 robu'stus. 1. Rose, white. Mexico. 
 
 1890. Gfl. 1. 1331. 
 
 Eehi'nops. Globe Thistle. CF^om 
 echinos, hedgehog, and opsis, like ; re- 
 ferring to the spiny scales of the in- 
 volucre, or envelope of composite flowers. 
 Nat. ord., Compositce ; Tribe, Cyna- 
 roidew. Allied to Carlina.) 
 
 Beautiful hardy perennials. Bees are very 
 partial to these plants. Seeds, division in March ; 
 common soil. 
 E. banrm'tieus a'lbus. White. Hungary. 1832. 
 
 — crista'tus. Cream, white. July. Bolivia. 
 
 — dahu'ricus. 3. Blue. August. Dahuria. 
 
 1828. 
 
 — exalta'tus. 6. White. July. Austria. 1817. 
 
 Syn., E. strietus. 
 
 — glabe'rrimus. Blue. August.- Sinai. 1830. 
 
 — GmeH'ni. White, blue. 1835. 
 
 — grm'aus. 2. Blue. July. Levant. 1736. 
 
 Syn., E. lanuginosus. 
 
 — hu'milis. H. Blue. June. Caucasus. 1816. 
 
 — lanugino'sus. Slbth. Fl. Gr. t. 925. See 
 
 E. grxcus. 
 
 — panicula'tus. B. B. t. 356. See E. sphceroce- 
 
 pTtalus, var. glabratus. 
 
 — pe'rsicue. White. August. Persia. 1821. 
 
 S}fn., E. pungens. 
 
 — platyle'pis. September. 1835. 
 
 — pu'ngens. See B. persicus. 
 
 — Ri'tro. 3. Blue. July. S Europe. 1670. 
 
 B. M. t. 932. 
 ruthefnieus.'^ 3. Blue. July. Russia. 
 
 1816. G. C. 1873, p. 331. 
 tenuifdlius. 2. Blue. June. Europe. 
 
 1820. Syns., E. tenuif alius and mrgatus. 
 ' " 1-4. Pale blue. Summer. 
 
 E. Europe. 
 glabra'tus. 3. Blue. July. Spain. 1815. 
 
 Syn., E. panimulatus. 
 
ECH 
 
 [344] 
 
 ECH 
 
 E. stri'etut. B. M. (. 2467. See K exaltatm. 
 
 — strwo'tius. Blue. Spain. 1729. B. M. t. 2109. 
 
 — tauricus. 4. Blue. August. Taurla. 1816. 
 
 — Unuifo'Kue. Se. E. Ritro, var. tenuifolius. 
 
 — Toumefo'rtii. Caucasus. 1835. 
 
 — virga'tut. See E. Ritro, var. tenuifolius. 
 
 ■ Echinoglo'ssum. The species are 
 included under Cleisostoma. 
 
 Schino'psis. (From echinos, hedge- 
 hog, and opsis, like ; referring to the 
 spines which clothe its glohuw,r stem. 
 Nat. ord., CactacecB. A synonym of 
 Cereus.) 
 
 stove cacti. Light loam, a little leaf -mould, 
 and a few lumps of lime-rubbish, and well 
 divined. Water sparingly in winter, during 
 which the air must be kept dry. 
 E. campylaca'ntha. B. M. t. 4667. Synonymous 
 with Cereus leucaccmthus. 
 
 — cmto'ta. J. Purple. May. Bolivia, B. M. 
 
 tt. 4621 and 4687. 1846. There is a 
 white-flowered variety. 
 
 — lem^'ntha. See Cereus leucaccmthus. 
 
 — mu'Ztiplex. See Cereus multiplex. 
 
 — rhocUKa'ntha. Brazil. 
 
 — Schelha'sii. Pink. Country unknown. 1873. 
 
 — Zucca/rvniit/Tia. Country unknown. 
 
 Echinosta'chys Pimlia'na. See 
 p^Chmea Pineliana. 
 
 Bchi'tes. (From eehis, a viper ; 
 referring to the snake-like coUs of the 
 twining shoots. Nat. ord., Apocy- 
 tiacecB.) 
 
 Pretty stove and greenhouse, mostly evergreen 
 climbers. Cuttings in sand, in bottom-heat, in 
 spring; lumpy loam and peat. Others, usual 
 greenhouse temperatures. 
 E. argro^a. S. America. Stove climber. 
 -bijlo'ra. 20. White. July. W. Ind. 1783. 
 
 — iolivie'nsis. White, orange. Bolivia, 1882. 
 
 — dominge^nsis. 10. Yellow. June. W. Ind. 
 
 1820. Jacq. Ic. t. 53. 
 
 — franci'scea. Rose, green. September. Brazil. 
 
 1845. B. M. t. 4547. 
 
 — gramdMra. 8. Pink. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 — He/ymi. 6. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. 10. Yellow, rose. September. 
 
 Brazil. 1843. B. M. t. 3997. Syn., C. 
 Miehardii. 
 
 — longijUfra. 6. White. June. Brazil. 1816. 
 
 — moMialriea. 6. Bed. June. Malabar. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — panicula'ta. 10. Yellow. July. S. Amer. 
 
 1823. Wight Ic. t. 396. 
 
 — pelta'ta. 10. Trinidad. 1826. Fl. Ser. t, 
 
 390. 
 
 — retievlaJta. 6. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — Richa'rdii. See E. hirsuta. 
 
 — Tubrieau'lis. 6. Yellow. July. Guiana. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — ru'bro-veno'aa. Midribs yellowish. S. America. 
 
 1867. 
 
 — sple'ndens. White, rose. September. Brazil. 
 
 1841. B. M. t. 3976. 
 
 — etella'ris. 10. Eose, yellow. July. Eio 
 
 Janiero. B. B. 1. 1664. 
 
 — suavefotetis. White. Buenos Ayres. Fl. Ser. 
 
 t. 1142. Syn., MandeviUa euaveolens. 
 B. E. 1840, t. 7. 
 
 — Siibere'cta. 10. Yellow. July. Jamaica. 
 
 1759. B. M. 1. 1064. Savannah flower. 
 
 — toro'sa. 10. Yellow. Jamaica. 1778. 
 
 — wmtiena'ta. 15. Yellow. July. Jamaica, 
 
 1733. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 
 E. antidysente!rica. See Bolarrhena wntidyien- 
 teriea. 
 
 — a!tro-pu,rj^rea. B. E. 1843, t. 27. SeeDipla- 
 
 denia atro-purpurea. 
 
 — bispino'sa. See Pamypodium hUpinosum. 
 
 — earyophyUa'ta. B. M. t. 1919. See Ichno- 
 
 carpus. 
 
 — cwuda'ta. See Strophanthus dichot&mus. 
 
 — crassin&da. • See mpladenia erassinada. 
 
 — cymo'sa. Wight Ic. t. 395. See Ichnocarput. 
 
 — diffo'rmis. See Forsteronia difformis. 
 —frute' scans. Wight. Ic. t. 430. See Ichnocar- 
 
 pusfrutescens. 
 
 — nu'tans. B. M. t. 2473. See HcemaHctyon 
 
 nutans. 
 
 — sanguineoldnta. See Hcemadietyon venosvmr 
 
 — schola'ris. See Alstonia scholaris. 
 
 — splefndens. See Dipladenia splendent. 
 
 — suceule^Ttta. See Pachypodiv/m succulentum. 
 
 — tubero'sa. SeePaehypodiumtuberosimi. B. E. 
 
 1. 1321. 
 
 E'chium. Viper's Bugloss. (From 
 echis, a viper ; seeds like the viper's 
 head. Nat. ord. , BoraginacecB ; Tribe, 
 BoragecB. AUied to Anchusa. ) 
 
 Annuals and biennials, by seed in common 
 
 farden-soil, in March ; evergreen shrubs, also, 
 y seeds, sown in spring, in a slight hotbed ; by 
 layering the young shoots in summer ; and cut- 
 tings in sandy soil of firm young shoots, in April 
 or May, under a bell-glass, but not kept very 
 close, and receiving a little bottom-heat ; peat 
 and loam. During winter they require protec- 
 tion. 
 
 H^BDT AKNCALS. 
 
 K. angustifo'lium. Blush. July. Spain. 1836. 
 
 — aretuirium. Purple. July. Calabria. 1826. 
 
 — calyei'immu Blue, yellow. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1829. 
 
 — er^tieum,. 1. Beddish-violet. July. S. 
 
 Europe. 1683. B. M. 1. 1934. 
 
 — maera'nfhwm. 1. Violet. July. Barbary. 
 
 18ia 
 
 — Si'msii. Eed, blue. August. South Europe. 
 
 1816. 
 
 HARDY BIENNIALS. 
 
 E. ajnce^um. Blue. July. Caucasus. 1826. 
 
 — aspe^rrimwm. Blue. July. Caucasus. 1826. 
 
 — dahu'ricum. ' Blue. July. Dahuria. 1827. 
 
 — ita'licwm. 4. White. July. Jersey. 
 
 — SibtH&rpii. 1. Eed. June. Europe. 1824. 
 
 — te'nue. 1. Blue. July. Sicily. 1824. 
 
 — tubercula'tum. 1. Violet. August. Spain. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — viola'ceum, 3. Blue. June. Austria. 1658. 
 
 — vulga'reJMre-a'lbo. 1. White. July. Britain. 
 
 HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 
 E. arbo'reum. 5. Eed, blue, purple. 
 ^austra'le. IJ. Eed-purpfe. August. S. 
 Europe. Swt. Ft Gard. 1 101. 
 
 — cauda'tum. 1. Eed. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1819. Greenhouse. 
 
 — Lagascamim. Lilac. July. Spain. 1826. 
 
 Hardy, 
 
 — Mertdnsii. IJ. Blue. June. Spain. 1824. 
 
 Hardy. 
 — prostra'tum. 1. Eed. July. Egypt. 1826. 
 Hardy. 
 
 — ru'irum. 1-2. Eed. May. Hungary. B. 
 
 M. t. 1826. 
 
 — spica'tum. J. White. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1791. Greenhouse. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 E. aculea'tum. 4. White. June. Canaries. 
 1816. 
 
 — ambi'guum. 3-6. White, red. July. Cana- 
 
 ries. 1820. 
 
 — arge^nteum. Andr. Eep. t. 164. See Lobo- 
 
 stemon. 
 
EDE 
 
 [345] 
 
 EGG 
 
 if. W front. 3. White, red. June. Canaries. 
 1820. 
 
 — brocAi/a'niAum. 1}. White. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1819. 
 
 — ccCnUams. 8. Bine. June. Madeira. 1777. 
 
 — cwpvtt^twm, SL Red. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1819. 
 
 — cynoglossoi'des. 3. Blue. July. Canaries. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — dmMflofrum. 2. Blue. June. Canaries. 
 
 1820. 
 — fastu</sum. i. Purple. April. Canaries. 
 
 1779. 
 — feroeHssirmmi. Andr. Eep. t. 39. See Lobo- 
 
 stemon. 
 — folio' sum. 3. White. July. Canaries... 1815. 
 — frutioo'sum. B. M. t. 1772. See Lobostemon. 
 
 — giga'nteum. 10. -White. June. Canaries. 
 
 1779. Paxt. Mag. v. p. 149. 
 
 — gla'lyrum. 2. White. May. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1791. 
 
 — glaueophf/Uum. Andr. Eep. t. 165. See Lo- 
 
 bostemon. 
 
 — grandifio'rum. Andr. Eep. t. 20. See Lobo- 
 
 stemon. 
 
 — Mspidum. 2. White. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1818. 
 
 — irua'itwm. Blue. June. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — keviga'tum. 2. Blue. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1774. 
 
 — lasiophi/llum. 2. White. May. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1819. 
 
 — Unea'tuTn. 2. White. Ju^. Canaries. 1815. 
 
 — longtflo'rum. 3. Blue. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1806. 
 
 — maerophj/llwm. 3. Blue. July. Canaries. 
 
 1823 
 
 — m&lU. e! White. TenerifEe. 1820. 
 
 — nerm'swm. 4. Purple. July. Madeira. 1777. 
 
 — panicvla!tum,. 3.- White. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1815. 
 
 — fetraefvm,. B. E. 1843, t. 26. See lAfhoaper- 
 
 m/wm petr(Efwm- 
 
 — pyramida'tum,. 3. Blue. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 — sca'brum.. 2. Purple. Blue. July. Cape 
 
 of Good. 1820. 
 
 — sSm^lex. 1. White. June. Teneriffe. 1820. 
 ■— sphaeroceiphalon. White. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1824. 
 
 — strHctv/m. 3. Blue. June. Canaries. 1779. 
 '— strigo'sum,. 2. Violet. August. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1821. 
 
 — Swa'rtM. Blue. June. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — verruco'sum. 3. White. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1822. 
 
 — vire'seens. 2. Bluish. July. Canaries. 1820. 
 
 Edelweiss. Zeortopo'dmifi alpi'- 
 num. 
 
 Edging, The material used for 
 dividing beds and borders, from the 
 paths. For the kitchen-garden, and all 
 other places where neatness only need be 
 considered, tiles set edgeways form the 
 best edging. In peaty, or any light, 
 soils, the common heath (Eri'ca vulga'- 
 Hs) is very advantageously employed ; 
 it requires to be clipped annually, and 
 may be planted at any season. Box is 
 neat, but objectionable as a harbour for 
 Terrain, liable to decay, troublesome, 
 and as 'a great impovensher of the soil. 
 Thrift is sJmost as objectionable ; when 
 employed, it is best inserted by the 
 
 dibble during September, the plants 
 being placed two inches apart. It re- 
 quires frequent trimming, and to be re- 
 newed every few years. GentianeUla 
 makes a very beautiful edging, but re- 
 fuses to grow in many gardens. It may 
 be planted in Septem oer. Various other 
 substitutes have been, from time to 
 time, recommended, amongst them, 
 Saxi'fraga hypnoi'des, which is, how- 
 ever, a little troublesome. Sprigs have 
 to be planted a few inches apart, they 
 soon spread out and unite. In winter 
 Che leM of this saxifrage is a refreshing 
 green, and in spring and summer it is in 
 great beauty, from its multitude of 
 white flowers and pink buds. The cut- 
 tings strike without difficulty. Turf is 
 sometimes employed, and should be of 
 the finest grasses, such as are found on 
 the chalk downs. Cast-iron edgings, if 
 kept constantly painted,- either very 
 dark green, or dark brown, are very 
 neat, and, if of an open basket-work 
 pattern, very ornamental. 
 
 EdgWO'rtMa. (Named after Mr. 
 Edgworth. . Nat. ord., Thymdacem ; 
 Tnhe, Euthymelece. Allied to Dais.) 
 
 The flower-heads at the end of the shoots are 
 in round balls, covered -with hairs ; -when open 
 they are clear, yellow, and fragrant Must not 
 be confounded with Edgewo'rtkia of Falconer, 
 how called Repto'nia. A Daphne-like, green- 
 house plant. Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass,' 
 in spring ; and grafting should be tried on the 
 Spurge-laurel ; peat and loam. 
 E. chrysa'ntha. 3. Yellow. June. China. 
 1845. 
 
 Edraia'nthus. See Wahlen- 
 bergia. 
 
 Edwa'rdsia. (After Mr. Edwards, 
 botanical draughtsman. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminosm ; Tribe, Sophorece. Now 
 united with Sophora.) 
 
 All have yellow flowers. Cuttings of firm side- 
 shoots, several inches in length, in sand, under a 
 glass, in summer ; sandy peat and a little lumpy 
 loam. H in pots in a greenhouse, winter temp., 
 36° to 46° ; if kept dry during winter, all except 
 E. niti'da will do against a wall. 
 E. chiUrme. May. Chili. 1822. B. E. 1. 1798. 
 
 — chrysophy'Ua. 12. May. New Zealand. B. 
 
 E. t. 738. 
 
 — grandijlo'ra. 12. May. New Zealand. 1772. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1162. Syn., Sophora tetraptera. 
 B. M. 1. 167. 
 
 — MaenaUa'na. 6. July. Australia. 1820. 
 
 B. M. t. 3735. 
 
 — micropMlla. 6. May. New Zealand. 1772. 
 
 B.M. 1. 1442. 
 
 — minima,. 4. May. New Zealand. 1818. 
 
 — myriophf/Ua. 6. . May. New Zealand. 
 
 — ni'tida. 8. Bourbon. 1820. 
 
 — puldie'Ua. New Zealand. 1870. 
 
 Eel Fern. Elaphoglo'ssum Hermi- 
 nie'ri. 
 
 Egg-plant or bearer. Sola'num 
 ovi'gerum. 
 
EGG 
 
 [346] 
 
 EL^ 
 
 Egg-shells. See Animal Mat- 
 ters. 
 
 Eglantine. Bo'sa lu'tea and Ru'hus 
 Eglante'ria, 
 
 Egyptian Lotus. Nymphc^a lo'- 
 tus. 
 
 Egyptian Thorn. Aca'cia ve^ra. 
 
 Ehre'tia. (After JShret, a German 
 botanical draughtsman. Nat. ord., 
 BoraginecB ; Tribe, Ehretiew. Allied to 
 Tournefortia and Heliotropium.) 
 
 All of them unfold their flowers from tivisted 
 (gyrate) stalks, like the Heliotrope. All ever- 
 greens and white-flowered. Cuttings in sandy 
 soil, in April, under a bell-glass, and in bottom- 
 heat ; loam and peat. The Australian species 
 will do in a temperature in winter of 35° to 45°. 
 B. acumina'ta. 16. July. Australia. 1820. 
 
 — biudfo'lia. 8. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 — divaricafta. A synonym of Bourreria divari- 
 
 cata. 
 
 — imterrufdis. 6. Antilles. 1819. 
 
 — Mvie. 12. E. Ind. 1823. Wight Ic. 1. 1382. 
 
 — la'xa. Jacq. H. Schcenb. t. 41. A synonym 
 
 of Bourreria taxa. 
 
 — microphy'na. 10. July. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — serra'ta. 6. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 Eicho'mea. (in honour of F. 
 Eichorn, a learned Prussian. Nat. ord. , 
 Pontederiacece. ) 
 
 Stove aquatics. Divisions of the rhizomes in 
 spring. 
 
 X azu'rea. 1. Light blue, yellow. Summer. 
 Tropical America. 1879. B. M. t. 6487. 
 
 — cra'ssipes. Violet. Summer. S. America. 
 
 Syn., Pontederia azurea of B. M. t. 2932. 
 
 — pcmwula'ta. IJ. Purple, blue. Summer. 
 
 S. America. Syn., K tricolor. B. M. 
 t. 6020. 
 
 Ekebe'rgia, (After Capt. Ekeherg, 
 a Swede. Nat. ord., Meliacece. Allied 
 to Trichilia. ) 
 
 A fine greenhouse evergreen tree, with the 
 aspect of a large Me'lia, which see for culture. 
 S. cape'nm. White. July. Uitenhage and 
 Caffraria. 1789. 
 
 Elsea'gnus, Oleaster, or Wild Olive. 
 (From elmagnos, Dioscorides's name for 
 the Wild Olive. Nat. oid., Elceagnacece. 
 Allied to Shepherdia.) 
 
 Ornamental deciduous and evergreen shrubs 
 or small trees. The flowers of H. orienta'lis are 
 highly fragrant, and the fruit is esteemed in 
 Persia. The deciduous species and their varie- 
 ties, by seeds sown in spnng, and cuttings inser- 
 ted in the open ground, in autumn; the ever- 
 green species, by layers in autumn, and cuttings 
 under a hand-light, in summer ; sandy soil and 
 a little peat, and requiring, during the winter, 
 the assistance of the greenhouse. The hardy 
 kinds are very graceful. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 S. acumina'ta. 4. 
 
 — latifo'lia. 4. July. E. Ind. 1712. 
 
 — orienta'lis. 10. July. Levant. 1748. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS. 
 
 E. angmtifo'lia. Yellow. July. South Europe. 
 
 1633. B. B. 1. 1156. 
 daetylyfc/rmis. White., July. 
 
 K arge'ntea. 10. N. Amer. 1813. Wats. Dendr. 
 1. 161. 
 
 — ccmadefnsis. White. Canada. 1848. 
 
 — cov/e'rta. 10. White. Nepaul. 1825. 
 
 — cri'spa. See K longipes. 
 
 — e'dulis. Yellowish-white. Japan.. 1869. 
 
 — gla'bra, 3-6. Whitish. Japan. 
 
 — norte'rms. 20. Yellow. July. South Europe. 
 
 1633. 
 
 — lo'ngipes. Berries orange. Japan. 1873> 
 
 There are several varieties of this. Syn.,, 
 E. crispa. 
 
 — maorophy'lla. 6. Greenish-yellow. Autumn. 
 
 Japan. 
 
 — parvifo'lia. 10. White. June. India, 1843.. 
 
 Evergreen. B. E. 1843, t. 51. 
 
 — pu'ngens. 6. Yellowish. Japan. 
 
 — reJUixa au'reo-variega'ta. Leaves variegated 
 
 with gold. 1884. 
 
 — rotundifo'lm. Yellow. 1871. 
 
 — Simo'nii. White ; sweet scented. Late 
 
 autumn. China. 1869. 
 
 tricolor. Leaves dark green, variegated 
 
 with golden and greenish yellow. 1889. 
 
 — gpiru/sa. White. July. Egypt. 1826. 
 
 — ionga'rica. Palo yellow. July. Siberia. 
 
 1821. 
 
 — triflo'ra. White. July. Nepaul. 1825. 
 
 — urnbeUa'ta. White. July. Nepaul. 1829. 
 
 Else'is. The Oil Palm. (From elaia^ 
 the olive ; similarity of expressing oil 
 from the fruit. Nat. ord., Falmece,- 
 Tribe, Cocoinece. Allied to Cocos. ) 
 
 The best kind of palm wine is from this palm. 
 Palm oil, so much used in the manufacture of 
 soap, and as a sort of grease, is chiefly the pro- 
 duce of E. guince^nsis and melanoco'cca. Stov& 
 Palms, with greenish-white flowers. Suckera 
 and seeds ; rich, sandy soil. 
 E, guinee'nsig. 30. Guinea. 1730. 
 
 — mda/iwco'cca. 30. New Grenada. 1821^ 
 
 — occidenta'lis. 30. Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 — penm/mMiea'na. 50. Brazil. 1825. 
 
 — speeta'bilis. E. Ind. 1831. 
 
 Elseoca'rpus, (From elaia, the 
 olive, and karpos, fruit ; resemblance of 
 fruits. Nat. ord., TiUacece; Tribe, 
 Elmocarpece. ) 
 
 The rough, bony fruit, or stone, divested of the 
 pulp and polished, makes handsome necklaces. ■ 
 Handsome stove or greenhouse evergreens, with 
 white flowers. Seeds in a hotbed, in spring; 
 cuttings of ripened young shoots, with the 
 leaves attached, in sandy soil, under a bell- 
 glass, and bottom-heat ; loam and a little fibry 
 peat. 
 
 E. cya'nem. 10. July. Australia. 1803. B. 
 M. 1. 1737. Syn., E. retieulatus. 
 
 — denta'tus. Straw-coloured. 1883. 
 
 — grandiflo'rm. 20. White, crimson. E. Ind. 
 
 1829. Syn., E. lanceolatus. 
 
 — gra'ndis. Queensland. 
 
 — peduncula'ris. A synonym of Anstotelict 
 
 pedun&jda/ris. 
 
 — reiicula'tus. B. M. t. 667. See E. eyanem. 
 
 — serra'tus. 20. Tropical Himalayas. 1774. 
 
 Elseode'ndron. Olive Wood. 
 (Frorn elaia, olive, and dendron, a tree ; 
 alluding to the resemblance. Nat. ord. , 
 Celastri'neai ; Tribe, Celastrem. Allied 
 to Hartogia.) 
 
 For culture, see EIuEOCArpus. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS . 
 
 E. A'rgam. See Argcmia sideroxylon. 
 
 — auetra'le 3 Green, white. July. N.S. 
 
 Wales' 1796. 
 
ELA 
 
 [347] 
 
 ELL 
 
 JB. cape^me. 18. Green. June. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1828. 
 
 — cro'ceum, 20-40. "White. June. Uitenhage. 
 
 1794. B. M. t. 3835. 
 
 — itUegrifo'liwrn. 3. Green, white. July. N. 
 
 Holland. 
 
 — sphcerophy'llumpubefscens. S. Africa. Syn., 
 
 Cluemna avellana, 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 E. glau'cum. See E. pedrmeulatum. 
 
 — orUnta'le. 12. Green, yellow. Mauritius. 
 
 1771. 
 
 — pedimcula'tum. 6. Green. Ceylon. 1824. 
 
 Syn., E. glaucum. 
 
 — xyloealYpwrn. 3. Green, yellow. Antilles. 
 
 1816. 
 
 Elaphoglo'ssum. (From elaphos, 
 an elephant, and glossa, a tongue; allud- 
 ing to the form of the fronds. Nat. ord. , 
 Filices — Polypodidcem. ) 
 
 Stove ferns. See Ferns. 
 E. Backhousia'num. Mexico. G. C. 1882, xvii. 
 p. 672. 
 
 — In'oehyneu'ron. Tropical America. 
 
 — Herminie^ri. 3. S. America. 1871. The Eel 
 
 Fern. 
 
 — latifo'lium. Tropical America. 
 
 — Zep^o'tum. Tropical America. 
 
 — Ttiicrole^pis. Venezuela. 
 
 — musco'iuTn. Madeira. 
 
 — Presto'ni. Brazil. 1873. 
 
 — rubigmo' sunn. Tropical America. 
 Olffirsia apo'dum, eaUcefo'lium, ctmfo'rme, 
 
 longiftyiiunt^f and scolopeTidrifo'liuni are now 
 included in this genus. 
 
 Elater. See Wire-Worm, 
 
 Elder. Sambu'cus ni'gra. 
 
 Varieties. — There are several kinds in 
 cultivation, but the old ^S". ni'gra is in 
 most general esteem, being the best 
 adapted for wine-making. The White- 
 berried (S. a'lbida) is much esteemed by 
 some, especially as an ornamental shrub. 
 S. vi'ridis, or the Green-berried, and S. 
 ni'gra variega'ta, the SUver-striped, and 
 S. ni'gra au'rea, the Golden-edged, are 
 interesting varieties. One with scarlet 
 berries is said to be very handsome. 
 Most of the varieties of S. ni'gra are 
 ornamental, and well adapted to assist 
 in forming screens to the exterior of 
 small gardens, or even as hedge-row 
 fruits. 
 
 Propagation. — Generally by cuttings, 
 which strike easily, even as large trun- 
 cheons. They are readily produced, 
 also, by suckers, and in all these cases 
 care should be taken to cnt away from 
 the stem those buds which are to be 
 placed below the ground. They are 
 easily produced from seed, and by such 
 means varieties may be obtained. 
 
 Soil. — They will thrive in almost any 
 ordinary soil ; still, they prefer an upland, 
 light loam, containing a fair, amount of 
 vegetable matter. 
 
 Cultwre. — The form will depend on the 
 situation it is to occupy. The elder will 
 
 bear fruit either as a huge bush, or as a;, 
 small tree, provided the preparatory 
 course of trainmg is properly carried out. 
 Those for fruiting as bushes should b& 
 formed almost as a gooseberry -bush in its. 
 earlier stages, keeping the centre some- 
 what thin. Indeed, thinning out super- 
 fluousshoots is nearly all that can be prac- 
 tised. Those for standard trees, or with 
 stems, must be trained by clearing- away 
 side-shoots, andformingaheadatahigher 
 level. About five or six feet are com- 
 monly allowed for stem height, and the 
 head must then be formed as recom- 
 mended for the bushes. They require 
 scarcely any subsequent culture, and 
 will endure for many years. 
 
 Fruit— Tiies making of elder wine i* 
 the principal use. Elder flowers are. 
 used occasionally to flavour confections. 
 
 Elecampane. I'nula hele'nium. 
 
 Eletta'ria. (The native name in 
 Malabar. Nat. ord., Scitaminem; Tribe,. 
 Zingiberem. ) 
 
 A genus of stove plants, requiring liberal 
 
 treatment. Cardamoms of commerce are the; 
 
 produce of E. Cardatno'mu'm. 
 
 E. Cardamw'mum. 6-9. Greenish-white. Augusts 
 
 Malabar. 1815. Syn., Alpinia Carda- 
 
 tnomutn. 
 
 — eosta'ta. 6. Eed. July. E. Indies. 1815_ 
 
 Syn., Alpinia media. 
 
 — linguifo'rmis. 4-6. Yellow, red. Bengal- 
 
 Syn., Alpinia litiguiformis. 
 
 — puni'cea. Reddish. B. Indies. Syn.. Al- 
 
 pinia punicea. 
 
 Eleu'sine. (From Ehusis, a temple 
 of Ceres. Nat. ord. , Oraminece. ) 
 
 Half-hardy grasses. The inflorescences are 
 very beautiful, and are largely used in winter 
 bouquets. Seeds. Sandy soil. « , 
 
 E. bareimme'nsis. |. September. Spain. An- 
 nual.' 
 
 — oligoataJchya. Brazil. 
 
 Elichry'sum. See Helichry- 
 sum. 
 
 Elise'na. (Ancient name of romance- 
 Nat, ord., AmaryllidaeecB; Tribe, .4 ma- 
 ryllew. Allied to Pancratium.) 
 
 Handsome ^eenhouse bulbs, with a flower- 
 scape a yard high, with six to eight large white- 
 flowers, more like a Peruvian Daffodil (Jsme'neX 
 than a Pancratium. They require more than_ 
 one-half sand, with light loam, to flower well.. 
 Seeds. Offsets ; peat and very sandy loam. 
 E. longipe'tala. May. Lima. 1837. B. M 
 
 t. 3873. 
 — eubli'mis. Andes of Peru. 
 
 Eli'sm.a. (Derivation not explained.. 
 Nat. ord., Alismacece.) 
 
 A very pretty dwarf water plant. It may be: 
 planted in shallow water, or gi'own in pots in 
 the tank. Division. 
 
 E. na'ta/ns. White, yellow. July. Britain. 
 Syn., Alisma natans, Eng. Bot. ed.. 
 3, 1. 1441. 
 
 EUea nthUS. (Berivationnot "'■■' ' ed. 
 
ELL 
 
 [348] 
 
 ENC 
 
 Nat. ord., Orckidece ; Tribe, Epiden- 
 drem — Codogynem. ) 
 
 This is an elder name for B velyna, the species 
 •of which should now be included here.— Stove 
 epiphytes. For cultivation, see Orchids. 
 M bracte'ecms. Red. July. Merida. Syn., 
 Hvelyna brcuitescene. 
 
 — oapita'ta. White. Au^st. Sierra Nevada. 
 
 Syn., Eveiyna capitata. 
 
 — Carava'ta. 1. Yellow. November. Guiana. 
 
 1858. Syn., Eveiyna Caravata. B. M. 
 t. 5141. 
 
 — oUuwMa'rig. White, purple. June. Sierra 
 
 Nevada. Syn., Eveiyna colmnna/Hs. 
 
 — ensatta. Carmine. August, Sierra Nevada. 
 
 Syn., Eveiyna ensata. 
 — Jlave' scene. Yellow. May. Truxillo. Syn., 
 
 Eveiyna Jtavescens. 
 — /ur/ura'cea. Scarlet. June. Merida. Syn., 
 
 Eveiyna fur/uracea. 
 
 — kermesilna. Bright carmine, January. Mari- 
 
 quita. 1843. Syn,, Eveiyna kermesina, 
 
 — lupuli'na. Rose. August. Sierra Nevada. 
 
 Syn., Eveiyna lupulina. 
 
 — zanthoco'mus. 1, Yellow. May. Peru. 
 
 1872. B. M. t. 6016. 
 
 SUio'ttia. (After S. Elliot, an 
 American botanist. Nat. ord., Cyril- 
 ■lacece; Tribe, Rhodorece.) 
 
 A dwarf evergreen bush, with spikes of 
 Andromeda-looking flowers. It requires the 
 protection of a greenhouse, or in the south a 
 warm situation on a peat border. Cuttings of 
 small shoots under a hand-light in spring, or 
 layers at the end of summer ; sandy loam and 
 peat. 
 E. racemo'm. 2. White. June. Georgia. 
 
 EUoboca'rpUS. Pod Fem. (From 
 ■en, in, lobus, a pod, and carpos, a seed- 
 vessel ; alluding to the appearance of the 
 divided fronds. Nat. ord., Filices.) 
 
 A beautiful stove Fem. Divisions ; peat and 
 loam, rather most of the latter. By some bota- 
 Tiists called Cerato'pteris thalvctroi'des. 
 E. olera'ceue. ij. Brown. August. Tranque- 
 bar. 1818. 
 
 £lm. U'lmus campe'stris. 
 Elm-beetle. See Scolytus. 
 Elode'a. (From elodes, a marsh, the 
 native place of the species. Nat. ord., 
 Sydrocharideee. ) 
 
 E, canadefwsis. 1. Green. N. America. 1836. 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t, 1446, This is the only 
 species of this genus and is remarkable 
 for the extremely rapid manner in which 
 itbas become naturalized in this country. 
 It has increased to such an extent in 
 some rivers and canals as to be a great 
 impediment to navigation. 
 
 — guiame/niiis. A synonym of ApalaMha 
 
 guianenHs. 
 
 — puleMlla. See Hypericum. 
 
 Exabe'Iia. (Fram Mmbelia, its 
 name in Ceylon. Nat. ord., Myrsinece.) 
 
 Like Ardisia, the chief beauty resides in the 
 leaves and berries. The pungent berries of 
 Embe'lia rl'bes are eatable, and called currants 
 in India. Stove evergreen. Cuttings of half- 
 ripe young shoots in sandy soil, under a bell- 
 ;glas8, in heat ; peat and loam. 
 _B. Krau'sei. Pale green. Natal. Eef. Bot. 
 t. 345. 
 
 E. ri'bes. 
 
 — robu'sta. 20. White, green. India. 1823. 
 
 E'mblica. See Phyllanthus. 
 
 Embo'thrium. (From en, in, and 
 bothrion, a little pit ; referring to the 
 anthers. Nat. ord., Proteacece ; Tribe, 
 EmbothinecB. ) 
 
 Very ornamental greenhouse evergreen shrubs. 
 Cuttings in sandy soil, taken when the wood is 
 ripe, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat, with a little 
 flbry loam. They may be planted against a wall 
 in the south, but require protection during 
 .winter. 
 E. huxifo'lium. Andr. Bep. t. 218. See GrevUlea. 
 
 — cocci'neum. 3. Scarlet. May. S. America. 
 
 1861. B. M, t. 4856. 
 
 — lamceola'tum. Scarlet, Chili. 
 
 — linea're. Andr. Rep. t. 272. See GrevUlea. 
 
 — sali'gnum. Andr, Rep. t, 216, See Sakea. 
 
 — seri'ceuTn. Andr. Rep, t, 100. See Qrevillea. 
 
 — spedoai'seimium. B. M. t. 1128. See Telopea. 
 
 — speaio'aum. Sails Parad. See Telopea. 
 
 — strobili'num. 3. Green, yellow. April. 1824. 
 
 Emi'lia. (Derivation unexplained, 
 probably commemorative. Nat. ord., 
 Compositce; Tribe, Senecionidece. Allied 
 to Senecio. ) 
 
 Half-hardy annual. •Seeds sown in a hotbed 
 in early spring, or in the open border in April. 
 Ordinary garden-soil. 
 E. sonchi/o'lia. 2. Purple. India. 
 
 E'mpetrum. Crow Berry. (From 
 en, in, or upon, and petros, a rock ; 
 plants growing in .stony places. Nat. 
 ord., Empetracece. ) 
 
 Low, spreading, heath-like plants, better suited 
 for damp peat-beds than rocK-work. The berries 
 are wholesome and very palatable. Their Gaelic 
 name means raven-berries ; but ravens or crows 
 never touch them. Grouse eat them greedily, 
 and Ptarmigans feed on the leaves in winter. 
 Hardy evergreens ; propagated by cuttings under 
 a hand-light, in sandy peat, in summer, and by 
 seeds sown in spring or autumn, which generally 
 remain a year in the soil before vegetating; 
 healthy soil, and rather moist situation. 
 E. m'grum. 1. April. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 
 
 3, 1. 1251. 
 • sco'tieum. |, April. Scotland. 
 
 — ru'brum. Brown, purple. S. Ajner. 1833. 
 
 B. R, t. 1783. 
 
 Empleu'rum. (From en, in, and 
 pleuron, a membrane ; referring to the 
 seed being suspended from the seed-cord 
 by a thin membrane. Nat. ord., Bu- 
 tacem ; Tribe, Diosmece. Allied to 
 Diosma.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of 
 points of shoots when two inches in length, and 
 getting a little firm at their base, taken off with 
 a heel ; peat, one part, sandy flbry loam, two 
 
 E. serrula'tum. 3. Pink. June. 1774. S. W. 
 Africa. 
 
 Ence'lia. (From egchelion, a little 
 eel ; formation of the seeds. Nat. ord., 
 Compositce ; Tribe, Helianthoidece. Al- 
 lied to Solerocarpus. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens. Seeds, when obtain- 
 able, in spring ; cuttings, a little hard at the 
 
ENC 
 
 [349] 
 
 END 
 
 haee, in sand, under a glass, and shaded ; se^dy, 
 
 fibry loam, with a little peat. 
 
 S. cmie'scens. li. Orange. July. Peru. 1786. 
 
 B. B. t. 909. 
 — halimifo'lia. IJ. Yellow. July. Mexico. 
 
 1826. 
 
 Eneephala'rtos. (From en, -with- 
 in, kephale, the head, and artos, bread ; 
 the inner part of the top of the trunk 
 heing farinaceous. Nat. ord., ■Cyca- 
 dacece; Tribe, Encephalarteoe. Allied 
 to Zamia. ) 
 
 For cultivation, see Zamu. All natives of S. 
 Africa. 
 E. Altenatei'nii. 1835. 
 
 — brachyph^U^cg. 
 
 — cycadifo'lvM. 1863 
 
 — eUmga'tus. 1840. 
 
 — Fredenlci-Quilie'lmi. 1879. Syn., E. acantha. 
 
 — GheUi'ncHi. 1867. Syns., E. graeilis and 
 
 Zamia Ghellinckii. 
 
 — gra'ndie. 1869. 
 
 — Sildebra'TuLtii. Zanzibar. 1877. 
 
 — ho'mdiis. 6. S. Africa. 1800. Syn., 
 
 Zamia horrida, 
 
 triepiru^sus. Leaves less spiny than in 
 
 the type. S. Africa. 
 
 — latifro'm. 1844. 
 
 — Lehma'nni. 
 
 — M'Kdnii. S. Africa. 1869. 
 
 — Hoo'rei. See Maerozamia. 
 
 — pVmno'euB. S. Africa. 1869. 
 
 — rega'Us. 6-7. Zululand. 1879. 
 
 — mt/nulo'svs. 1849. 
 
 — VerschaffefUii. S. Africa, 1875. 
 
 — villi/euB. 4. Natal. 1866. Syn., Zamia 
 
 mlloffus. 
 <implia'tu8. S. Africa. 1874. 
 
 — Vroo'mi. S. Africa. 1871. 
 Za'mia ea'jffra, lanugino'sa, longifo'lia, pu'n- 
 
 gene, and tndenta'ta nave been added to this 
 genus. 
 
 Enchanter's Nightshade. Cir- 
 cce'a. 
 
 Encholi'rion. See Vriesia. 
 
 Ency'clia. See Polystachya 
 
 E'ndera. See Lysistigma. 
 
 Endive. (Cicho'riwmendi'via.) Used 
 in salads. 
 
 Varieties. — The green-curled is culti- 
 vated for the main crops, as it best en- 
 dures wet and cold ; the white-curled, 
 chiefly grown for summer and autumn ; 
 the broad-leaved, or Batavian, is pre- 
 ferred for soups and stews, but is seldom 
 used for salads. Other varieties are : — 
 Italian green curled, Large green curled 
 (very hardy, and ties up well). Moss 
 curled, Picus curled. Stag's horn, etc. 
 
 Soil and Situation. — A light, dry, but 
 rich soil, dug deep and unshaded. It is 
 best to form an artificial bed by laying 
 a foot in depth of earth on a bed of 
 brickbats, stones, etc. 
 
 Sowing.— For a first crop about the 
 middle of April, to be repeated in May, 
 butonlyin small portions, as those which 
 are raised before June soon advance to 
 seed. Towards the middle of June the 
 
 first main crop may be sown again, in 
 the course of July, and lastly, early in. 
 August ; and in this month the main 
 plantation is made. Sow in drills twelve 
 inches apart, and about a quarter of an 
 inch below the surface. When an inch 
 in height, thin the plants to three or four 
 inches apart ; those taken away are too 
 small to be of any service if pricked out. 
 Give water freely in dry weather. 
 
 When the larger seedlings have been 
 transplanted, the smaller ones which 
 remain should have a gentle watering, 
 and in twelve or fourteen days they wul 
 afford a second successional crop ; and, 
 by a repetition of this management, ia 
 general, a third. The plants are gene- 
 rally fit for transplanting when of a. 
 month's growth in the seed-bed, or when 
 five or six inches high. 
 
 Planting. — Set them in rows twelve 
 or fifteen inches apart each way ; the 
 Batavian requires the greatest space. 
 "Water must be given moderately every 
 evening until the plants are established, 
 after which only in excessive and pro- 
 tracted drought. Those which are left 
 in the seed-bed, in general, attain a. 
 finer growth than those that have been 
 moved. In November, some plants that 
 have attained nearly their full size may 
 be removed to the south side of a sloping 
 bank of dry, light earth, raised one or 
 two feet behind ; to be protected by 
 frames, mats, or thick covenngs of litter, 
 during severe and very wet weather; 
 but to be carefuUy uncovered during 
 mild, dry days. The plants, in this 
 instance, are not req^uired to be further 
 apart than six or eight inches. This 
 plan may be followed in open daysduring 
 December and January, by which means; 
 a constant supply may be obtained. 
 Instead of being planted in the above 
 manner on a terrace, it is sometimes 
 practised to take the plants on a dry day, 
 and the leaves being tied together, to 
 lay them horizontally in the earth down 
 to the tip of the leaves ; this accelerates 
 the blanching, but otherwise is far more 
 subject to failure. As the number neces- 
 sary for a family is but small, but few 
 should be planted at a time. 
 
 Blanching. — About three months 
 elapse between the time of sowing and 
 the fitness of the plants for blandiing. 
 This operation wilfbe completed in from 
 ten to fourteen days in summer, or in 
 three or four weeks in winter. To blanch 
 the plants tie their leaves together ; or 
 place tiles or pieces of board upon them, 
 or tie their leaves together, and cover 
 them to their tips with mould, making 
 it rise to a point, so as to throw ofl ex- 
 
END 
 
 350] 
 
 ENG 
 
 cessive rains. All these methods succeed 
 in dry seasons, but in wet ones the plants, 
 treated according to any of them, are 
 liable to decay. 
 
 The one which succeeds best in all 
 seasons is to fold the leaves round the 
 heart as much as possible in their natural 
 position ; and, being tied together with 
 a shred of bass-mat, covered up entirely 
 "with coal-ashes in the form of a cone, 
 the surface being rendered firm and 
 smooth with the trowel. Sand will do, 
 but ashes are equally unretentive of 
 moisture, whilst they are much superior 
 in absorbing heat, which is so beneficial 
 in the hastening of the process. If the 
 simple mode of drawing the leaves to- 
 gether is adopted to effect this blanch- 
 ing, they must be tied very close, and, 
 in a week after the first tymg, a second 
 ligature must be passed round the middle 
 of the plant to prevent the heart-leaves 
 hursting out. A dry afternoon, when 
 the plants are entirely free from mois- 
 ture, should be selected, whichever mode 
 is adopted. 
 
 A very excellent mode is to spread 
 over the surface of the bed about an 
 inch in depth of pit-sand, and covering 
 each plant with a small pot made of 
 earthenware, painted on the outside to 
 exclude the wet — that worst hinderance 
 of blanching. To avoid this, the pots 
 should be taken off daily to allow the 
 
 plants to dry, and the insides of the pots 
 wdped. A sea-kale pot in miniature, 
 like the annexed figure, is to be pre- 
 ferred ; and if made of zinc or other 
 metal, it would be better, because not 
 porous and admissive of moisture. 
 
 To obtain Seed. — The finest and sound- 
 est plants should be selected of the last 
 plantation. For a small family three 
 or four plants of each variety will be 
 suflBcient. Plant these in !March be- 
 neath a south fence, about a foot from 
 it, and eighteen inches apart. _As the 
 flower-stem advances, fasten it to a 
 stake, or, if they are placed beneath 
 paUings, by a stnng, to be gathered as 
 the seed upon it ripens ; for if none are 
 gathered until the whole plant is chang- 
 ing colour, the first ripened and best 
 seed will have scattered and be lost. 
 
 Each branch must be laid, as it is cut, 
 upon a cloth in the sun ; and when per- 
 fectly dry, the seed beaten out, cleansed, 
 and stored. 
 
 Engelma'nnia. (After Prof. Engel- 
 mann, an American botanist. Nat. 
 ord,. Com/positcB ; Tiihe, Helianthoidece.) 
 
 A useful hardy annual. Seeds in March in 
 (he open border. 
 
 E. pmnati'fida. 1-2. Yellow. July. Prairies 
 of N. America. 1879. B. M. t. 6677. 
 
 Engine. This name is applied to 
 many contrivances for supplying water 
 to plants. 
 
 1. The pump-syringe, or syringe-en- 
 gine, can be supplied with water from a 
 common bucket, from which it sucks 
 
 ^e water through a perforated base. 
 The handle is sometimes made to work 
 like that of the common pump. 
 
 2. The harrow watering-engine is re- 
 presented in the next figure. It will 
 throw the jet of water to a distance of 
 forty or fifty feet, or somewhat less if a 
 rose is upon the end of the delivery pipe. 
 It holds from twenty to thirty gallons 
 of water ; but may be made, with a 
 leather-hose attacked, to communicate 
 with a pond or other reservoir of water. 
 
 3. The cwrved barrel-engine is excel- 
 lent; for the barrel, piston-rods, etc., 
 being so constructed as to be turned on 
 
ENK 
 
 [351] 
 
 EPA 
 
 a lathe, they are so accurate that there 
 is the least possible loss of power, either 
 from unnecessary fiiction or from an 
 imperfect vacuum. 
 
 There are now many new forms of 
 water-engines for gardens, but the prin- 
 •ciples are much the same. 
 
 Snkia'nthus. (From enkuos, en- 
 larged, and anthos, a flower ; the flowers 
 swollen in the middle. Nat. ord. , Eri- 
 cacece; Tribe, AndromedecB. Allied to 
 Pieris.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of 
 firm young shoots in sand, under a, hand-ught, 
 in April or May ; a bell-glass is too close, unless 
 a little air is admitted ; sandy loam two parts, 
 and flbry peat one part. 
 
 .E. canyparmla't'us. Small tree. Dark red. N. 
 Japan. 1888. B. M. t. 7059. Hardy 
 against a wall. 
 
 — himalaieus. 20. Dull orange, red. June. Sik- 
 
 kim. 1879. B. M. t. 6460. 
 
 — mvo'niffas. White. February. Japan. 1870. 
 
 B. M. t. 6822. 
 
 — qiamqwepirus. 3. Pink. May. Hong Kong. 
 
 1812. B. R. t. 884. Syn., Melidora pellu- 
 cida. 
 
 — reticvla'tus. 3. Pink. January. Hong Kong. 
 
 1822. B. B. t. 885. 
 
 Ensle'nia. (Named after .4. Enslen, 
 a botanist. Nat. oiA.,Asclepiadacece; 
 Tribe, Cynancheoe. Allied to Asclepias. ) 
 
 Sardy herbaceous climber. Seeds and divi- 
 sions in spring ; common soil. 
 E. a'lbida. White. July. United States. 1828. 
 
 Snta'da. (The Malabar name. Nat. 
 ord., LeguTninoscB ; Tribe, .Adenan- 
 tlierece. Allied to Mimosa.) 
 
 The large brown beans, called Gela in India, 
 ^ind used by the natives for washing their hair, 
 are the seeds of E. Pursoeltha. Stove evergreen 
 climbers, with wliite flowers. Cuttings of young 
 shoots getting firm, in sand, under glass, and in 
 heat ; loam and peat in equal portions. 
 E. adena'nthera. 20. South Sea Islands; 1817. 
 
 — Tnonosta'chya. 20. Malabar. 1800. 
 
 — polysta'ehya. 26. Martinique. 1816. 
 
 — Pursceltha. 20. Moluccas. 1780. 
 
 — sca'ndens Jamaica. 1881. 
 
 Snte'lea. (From enteles, perfect; 
 the stamens all fertile. Nat. ord., 
 Tiliacew. Allied to Grewia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from New Zealand, 
 except E. Bakefri. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a glass ; sandy loam and 
 little peat. 
 
 E. austra'lis. 20. White. May. 1820. Syn., 
 E. arboreseens. B. M. t. 2480. 
 
 — Bak^ri. Australia. 1869. 
 
 — palma'ta. i. White. May. 1830. 
 
 — pube'sixm. Wbite. May. 1836. 
 
 Entrances. The approach or road 
 which leads up to the door of the man- 
 sion may go off from it in an equal angle, 
 so that the two sides shall exactly cor- 
 respond ; and certain ornaments, though 
 detached, are yet rather within the pro- 
 vince of architecture than of gardening ; 
 "vvorks of sculpture are not, like buUd- 
 
 ings, objects familiar in scenes of culti- 
 vated nature ; but vases, statues, and 
 termini, are usual appendages to a con- 
 siderable edifice ; as such, they may 
 attend the mansion, and trespass a little 
 upon the garden, provided they are not 
 carried so far into it as to lose their 
 connection with the structure. The plat- 
 form and the road are also appurtenances 
 to the house ; all these may therefore be 
 adapted to its form, and the environs 
 will thereby acquire a degree of regu- 
 larity ; but to give it to the objects of 
 nature, only on account of their proxi- 
 mity to others which are calculated to 
 receive it, is, at the best, a refinement. 
 Upon the same principles regularity has 
 been acquired in the a^pproach ; and an 
 additional reason has been assigned for 
 it, that the idea of a seat is thereby 
 extended to a distance ; but that may 
 be by other means than by an avenue. 
 A private road is easily known ; if car- 
 ried through grounds, or a park, it is 
 commonly very apparent; even in a 
 lane, here and there a bench, a painted 
 gate, a small plantation, or any other 
 little ornament, will sufficiently denote 
 it. If the entrance only be marked, 
 simple preservation wiU retain the im- 
 pression along the whole progress ; or it 
 may wind through several scenes distin- 
 guished by objects, or by an extraordi- 
 nary degree of cultivation : and then 
 the length of the way, and the variety 
 of improvements through which it is 
 conducted, may extend the appearance 
 of a domain, and the idea of a seat, 
 beyond the reach of any direct avenue. 
 
 Eo'mecon. (From eo, dawn, and 
 mechon, a poppy. Nat. ord., Papave- 
 racecB. ) 
 
 A handsome, hardy perennial. Rich, peaty 
 soil. Division in spring. 
 E. chiona'ntha. 1-2. White ; stamens yellow. 
 China. 1889. B. M. t. 6871. 
 
 Eope'pon. Does not appear to diflTer 
 from Trichosanthes, under which it 
 is included. 
 
 Epa'cris, (From epi, upon, and 
 akros, the top. The Epacris grows on 
 the tops of nills and rising grounds. 
 Nat. ord. J EpcuyridacecB ; Tribe, Epa- 
 crece. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia. 
 Cuttings of the tips of the shoots when from one 
 to two inches in length, in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, in spring or early summer ; a few round a 
 small pot. Sands', fibry peat suits them best. 
 They are better kept in turf-pits than in the 
 open air during the summer, as the sun striking 
 upon the pots is apt to scorch the hair-lilie 
 roots. If set out of doors, the pots should be 
 plunged in earth or ashes. The plants should 
 be cut back when done flowering, and kept dose 
 until new growth is making. 
 
EPE 
 
 [352] 
 
 EPI 
 
 E. aeumina'ta. 2-3. Syn., E. mueronattUa. 
 
 — andromedccflo'ra. 2. White, rose. 1848. 
 
 — apiaiia'ta. 2. May. 1825. 
 
 — attenua'ta. B. C. t. 38. See 
 
 pwwens. 
 
 — autwmnalis. 3.4. Bed, tipped with white. 
 
 October. Paxt. Mag. xi. p. 196. 
 
 — bi'eolor. 2. Deep crimson, white. 1848. 
 
 — campamila'ta. 3. Deep blush. April. 1830. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1931. 
 
 a'lba. 2. White. April. 1830. 
 
 ma'seima. 3. Dark crimson. February. 
 
 184& 
 
 — ceratMra. E. M. t. 3243. SaeE. vrnpressa. 
 
 — coccinea. Bright crimson. A seedling. Paxt. 
 
 Mag. vi. 1. 123. 
 
 — Mica'ta. 2. Blush, white. April. 1848. 
 
 — dem^ra. 2. Blush. April. 1848. 
 
 — diosmatf&lia, 
 
 — dvHria. B. U. 1846. t. 38. A variety of E. 
 
 heteronema. 
 
 — extdrta. 2. White. May. Tasmania. 1812. 
 
 — grandifio'ra. 3. Scarlet. March. 1803. B. M. 
 
 t. 3267. 
 
 — Tieteranelma. 3. White. June. 1823. 
 dni'Utt. 3. White. ApriL Syn., E. 
 
 dubia. 
 
 — hyaeinthifU/ra earmmaHa. Red. Flor. Mag. 
 
 t.486. 
 
 — imprelesa. 3. Crimson. June. 1824. B. M. 
 
 t. 3407. S^ps., E. eerxfiora, E. nivalis, 
 
 and E. variabilis 
 
 a'rdens. Pink. Gfl. t. 695. 
 
 fiitlgens. A seedling. 1843. 
 
 parmfio'ra. 3. Bed. April. 1836. B. E. 
 
 1839, 1. 19. 
 
 — longiJUfra. 2-4. Crimson, tipped with white. 
 
 May. Syns., S. gramdi/lora of B. M. 
 t. 982, and E. rmniata of B. B. 1345, 
 t. 5. 
 
 — microphi/lla. 2. White. May. 1822. B. M. 
 
 t. 3668. Syn., M. puUheUa. 
 
 — mtnio'ta. B. B. 1845, t. 5. See E Umgifiora. 
 
 — inuiH/Wra. Crimson, white. 1860. HI. Hort. 
 
 1860, t. 266. 
 
 — nivallis. B. M. t. 3253. See E. vmpressa. 
 
 — oHu8if(^lia, White. October. Port Ja<:kson. 
 
 B M t. 3775. 
 
 — ommnaefia'ra. 2. Bed. June. 1823. B. M. 
 
 t. 3168. Sometimes regarded as a form 
 of E. purpurascens. 
 JU/npl^no. li. White. Australia. 1876. 
 
 — paludo'sa. 3. Pale red. May. 1825. B. C. 
 
 1. 1226. 
 
 — pulche^Ua. B. M. t. 1170. See S. micro- 
 
 phyJla. 
 
 — putngens of B. M. t. 844 is E. purpurascens; 
 
 of B, M. 1. 1199 is Lysinema pungens, 
 
 — pttrpura'scens. 3. Purple. February. 1803. 
 
 B. C. tt. 237 and 876. Syn., E. pungens 
 ofB. M. t. 844. 
 ru'bra. '3. Bed. February. 1803. 
 
 — ro'sea. B. C. t. 862. See Lysinema pungens. 
 
 — m'bra. B. C. t. 876. See E. purpurascens. 
 
 Tar, rubra. 
 
 — squarro'sa. White. Australia. 1865. 
 
 — Tauntonie^nsis. Crimson. A hybrid between 
 
 E. grandiflora and E. impressa. Paxt. 
 Ma^. xiT. 1. 195. 
 
 — varia'bilis. B. C. 1. 1816. See E. impressa. 
 
 £pe'rua. (The native name for 
 sword; referring to the shape of the 
 Beed-pods. Nat. ord., Leguminosce.) 
 
 Stove treatment. 
 E, grandiflo'ra. Guiana. SyTi.,DimM-phagrandi- 
 flora, 
 
 E'phedra.. Joint Firs. (The Greek 
 for the Hippuris, or Horsetail, which it 
 resembles. Nat. ord., Gnetacece.) 
 
 Evergreens. E. inonosta'ehya inhabits the 
 margins of salt lakes and springs in Siberia, and 
 would be a useful little plant to cover spaces 
 flooded by spring tides ; both that and E. aista'- 
 chya would live on the sea-shore, and bear clip- 
 ping. 
 
 E. altSssimu. 24. Barbary. 1826. Half-hardy 
 twiner. 
 
 — distal chya. 2. June. France. 1670. 
 
 — mi'nar. 1838. 
 
 — mmuista'chya. 2. October. Siberia. 1772. 
 
 Ephi'ppiuiU. A synonym of Cir- 
 rhopetalum. 
 
 Epide'ndnim. (From epi, upon, 
 and dendron, a tree ; air-plants attached 
 to trees. Nat. ord., OrchidecB; Tribe, 
 EpidendrecB-LcBliecE. Allied to Laelia.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Division of the plant before 
 active growth commences ; flbry peat, broken 
 pots, a nttle charcoal, and sphagnum-moss ; the 
 plant fixed above the surface of a pot nearly 
 filled with drainage. Summer temp., 60° to 90°, 
 with moisture ; winter, 55° to 60°, with more 
 
 E. acieula're. Purple, white. Bahamas. 1841. 
 Syn., E. bractescens. 
 
 — adenoca'rpum. Syn., E. papillosum, B. M. 
 
 t. 3631. 
 
 — advefnum. Yellow, brown, purple. Brazil. 
 
 1872. 
 
 — e^mulum. B. B. 1. 1898. See E. fragrant. 
 
 — aggrega''tv/m. Peru. 1841. 
 
 — ata'tv/m. Green, white, pink. B. R. 1847, 
 
 t. 53.- Syn., E. calocheUum. 
 
 — aloifo'lium. B. M. t. 387. See E. Parkinso- 
 
 nia/num. 
 
 — ama'bile. See Phalcenopsis amabilis. 
 
 — a/methy'stinum. Amethyst. Tropical America. 
 
 1867. 
 
 — a'nxeps. Brownish. Demerata. 1836. Syns., 
 
 E. mMseiferum and E. fuscatum. B. M. 
 t.'2841. 
 
 — avtenni'ferum. \. Brownish. May. Rio 
 
 Janeiro. Syn., E. longipetalon. 
 
 — arachnogl&ssum. Violet New Grenada. 
 
 1882. 
 
 ea'ndidum. White, oiaAge. 1886. 
 
 ~ armeni'acum. Apricot-colour. Brazil. 1835. 
 
 B. B. 1. 1867. 
 
 — aroma'ticum. 3. Yellow. May. Guatemala. 
 
 1335. 
 
 — a'sperum. Yellowish. Mexico. 
 
 — a'tro-purpu'rewm ocuUtum. Brown, purple, 
 
 white. Venezuela. 1865. 
 
 Sa'ndi. Brown, edged with yellowish; 
 
 lip white, red. Amazons. Syn., £. iian- 
 dianum. Lind. t. 49. 
 
 — auranti'acum. Orange. Guatemala. 1835. 
 
 — auriculi'genmi. Yellowish, purple. G. 0. 
 
 1888, iv. p. 34. 
 
 — auri'tum. Pale green. Guatemala. 1843. 
 
 Syn., E. paleaceum. 
 
 — aufreo-purpu'reum. See E. mxtcrochilum. 
 
 — Bwrkeri'ota. Pale rose, lip white. 1884. Syn., 
 
 Earkeria Barkeriola. 
 
 — bicainuTa'tum. Ochre. 1871. 
 
 — biaimu'tum. B. M. t. 3332. See HormidiMm. 
 
 — bi'fldum. Green, white, crimson, yellow. 
 
 July. W. Indies. 1836. B. B. 1. 1879. 
 
 — Boothia'nvm. i. Green. September. Cuba. 
 
 1836. 
 
 — braehix/tum. Yellow. Mexico. 1880. 
 
 — brachychnum. Yellow, brown. Sierra 
 
 'Nevada. 
 
 — bractdscens. See E. aciculare. 
 
 — Brassa'voUe. Straw, purple. Guatemala. 
 
 1867. 
 
 — ceespito'sum. White, rose. Peru. 
 
 — cahga'rum. Mexico. 1869, 
 
EPI 
 
 [353] 
 
 EPI 
 
 S. caloehei'lum. B. M. t. 3898. See K alatum, 
 
 — campe'stre, Bra^sil. 1844. 
 
 — campyloBta'lix. J. Greenish, brown, white. 
 
 Central Amelrlca. 1869. 
 
 — Cando'llei. Brown, yellow. Mexico. 1836. 
 
 Syn., jE. cepiforme. 
 
 — eamo/swm. Yellow. Brazil. 
 
 — Catailxis. Cinnabar, yellow. Columbia. 1872. 
 
 — caiuKJl&rum. Yellow. Rio Janeiro. 1830. 
 
 — ce^o'rme. B. M. t. 3765. See E. CandoUei. 
 
 — cMo'newm. White. New Grenada. 
 
 — chloroleu'cum. Green, white. Demerara. 
 
 1838. B. M. t. 3557. 
 
 — chlo'rops. Green. Mexico. 1880. 
 
 — ChHstya'num, Green, brown. Bolivia. G. C. 
 
 1884, xxii. p. 38. 
 
 — eilia're. 1. White. July. Martinique. 1793. 
 
 B. M. t. 463. Syn., E. cusvidatum. 
 
 — cingi'Uum. Ochre ; lip spotted with mauve 
 
 and purple. G. C. 1882, xvii. p. 330. 
 
 — einnahari num. 1. Crimson, Pemambuco. 
 
 1837. B. R. 1842, t. 26. 
 
 latifo'Umn. Trinidad. 1836. 
 
 milnvs. Trinidad. 1836. 
 
 — dtri'num. B. M. t. 3742. See Cattleya 
 
 citrina, 
 
 — clava'tum. B. R. t. 1870. See Saccolabkim 
 
 - Clowe'sii. Yellow, white. Guatemala. 1835. 
 
 - en£muU}'phoru7n. Yellow, brown, rose. 
 
 Guatemala. 1867. 
 
 - coehlea'tum. 1. Purple. July, W. Indies. 
 
 1799. Jaoq. Ic. i. 605. 
 lat'^o'lium. XaJapa. 1828. 
 
 - coUa're. IJ. White. Guatemala. 1843. 
 
 - coto'rans. See E. polyanthwm. 
 
 - cono'pseum. Green, white. Florida. E. M. 
 
 t. 3457. 
 
 - conspi'cuum. White, rose, purple. Brazil. 
 
 1869. 
 
 - Cooperia'nmn. Green, rose. Bengal. 1867. 
 
 B. M. t. 6654. 
 
 caloglo'ssum. Lip bright purple. G. C. 
 
 1882, xvii. p. 460. 
 
 - carda'tuTn. See E. cvrdifolium, 
 
 - cordifo'liwrn. Peru. Syn., E. cordatwm. 
 
 - coria'cewm. B. M. t. 3696. See E. variega- 
 
 tutrbf var. eoriaceum. 
 ~ coriifo'liuvi. 1. Green. March. Central 
 America. 1850. 
 
 - CacCa'ntt/m. Brownish, yellow, green. 1877. 
 
 - arasslfdlium, B. M. t. 3643. See E. ellipti- 
 
 cum. 
 
 - crinifenrum. Yellowish-green, brown, white. 
 
 Costa Rica. 1871. 
 
 - erUpa'twm. See Dendrobium erigpatUTn. 
 
 - cubefnse. Yellow, purple. June. Cuba. 1842. 
 
 - cueuUa'tum. B. M, t, 543. See Brassavola 
 
 cTicuUata. 
 
 - cuipida'twm. B. C. 1. 10. See E. cUiare. 
 
 - cyclote/lla. Mauve, purple. 1880, Syn., 
 
 Barkeria cyclotelUi. 
 
 - Delle'nse. Hybrid between E. xanthinum and 
 
 E. radicans. 1891. 
 
 - demifio'rum. Green, brown. Mexico. 1836. 
 
 B. M. t. 379. Syn., E. rvbro-emctum,. 
 ■ didirdrnwrn ama'bUe. Biose, crimson. Bahia. 
 
 1865. 
 etri'ctum. White ; veins purple. Bahia. 
 
 1866. 
 ■diffu'sum. B. M. t. 3665. See Seraphyta 
 
 - di'pui. B. B. 1845, t. 4. See E. nutans. 
 
 - di'seolor. See E. noctumum. 
 
 - durum. Yellow. Guiana. 
 -ebu'meum. Cream. White. Panama. 1867. 
 
 - eUi'pticum: Pink. April. W. Indies, B. C. 
 
 1. 1276. Syn., E. crassyfoliwm. 
 
 - elonga'twm, Jacq. Ic. t. 604. See E. seewndwm. 
 
 ■ Endre'sii. White, green, orange, mauve. 
 
 Costa Rica. 1883. 
 
 ■ enta'tum. Mexico. 
 
 1874. 
 
 E. ensifo'Hum. Andr. Rep. t. 344. See Oymbi. 
 dium ensifolium. 
 
 — ervMacene. Rose. Mexico. 1837. 
 
 — c»e'c««m. Rose-purple. Columbia. 1871 
 —falca'tum. Yellow. Oaxaca. 1838. Syn., 
 
 E. lactiflorum. 
 —falsi'loqum. Pale ochre ; lip white, with 
 
 three mauve keels. G. C. 1885, xxiii. 
 
 J). 566. 
 — fam'rw. Yellowish, brown. Mexico. 
 
 — fimbria'tvmh. White, violet. Peru. 
 —fla'mdum. Yellow. Pamplona. 
 
 — fia'vum. Yellow. Brazil. 
 
 — fiexua^sum. White, green. Demerara. 1836. 
 —fioribu'ndumi. 1. Greenish. October. Mexico. 
 
 B. M. t. 3637. 
 —fra'grans. |. White. September. Jamaica. 
 
 1778. B. M. 1. 1669. Syn., E. cmmluTn. 
 cmnamo'meum,. White, September, 
 
 Jamaica. 1836. 
 — /rauduUntum. Rosy, yellow, G. C, 1886, 
 
 XXV. p. 64. 
 
 — Frederi'eirGuilitHmi. Crimson, white. Peru. 
 
 1871. 
 —fuca'tum. Yellow, pink, white. Cuba. 
 — fusca'tum. B. M. t. 2844. See E. anceps. 
 
 — Ghiesbreghtia'num. Claret, white, purplish. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 — giga'nteum. Brazil. 1843. 
 
 — glau'cwm. A synonym of DichcBa glauca. 
 
 — glwma'cewm. White. Brazil. 1839. B. R, 
 
 1840, t. 6. 
 
 — glutirw'sum,. 1. Green, purple, white. Bio 
 
 Janeiro. 1843. 
 
 — gra'cile. 3. Red, green. March. Bahamas. 
 
 B. R. 1. 1766. 
 
 — Graha'mi. B. M. t. 3885. See E. phoeniceum, 
 
 — grandijto'rwm. See Stanhopea Inicepkalus. 
 
 — grani'ticwm. See E. onciditndes. 
 
 — guatemale^nse. See E. oncidimdes. 
 
 — Raribu'rii. 2. Rose. August. Mexico. 1843. 
 
 — if amso'nMe. Pale green, white. Brazil. B. 
 
 M. t. 3209. 
 
 — Hartw^gii. Peru. 
 
 — havatielnse. Havana. 1836. 
 
 — herba'ceum. Brazil. 1837. 
 
 — Bormi'dium. Yellow, green. August. Mexico. 
 
 1836. 
 
 — ibagu£/nse. Orange, einnabar, yellow. New 
 
 Grenada. 1868. Sometimes 
 ybcuuense. 
 
 — imantophy'llum. Rose. Demerara. 
 
 — ionoce!ntrum. Lemon, greenish-brown ; lip 
 
 white, with violet centre. G. C. 1883, 
 XX., p. 8. 
 
 — wno'smum. Yellow, green. June. Guiana. 
 
 1836. 
 
 — Karwinskii, Ochre, brown, white. Mexico. 
 
 1869. 
 
 — Ki&ncdstii. Rose, veined with purple ; lip 
 
 white, with purple lines. G. C. 1387, ii, 
 5-126. 
 
 — laeert'lnum. 3. Pale pink. November. 
 
 Havannah. 1836. 
 
 — lactifWrum. See E.falcatwm. 
 
 — lacu'stre. Yellow, green. March, Caraccas. 
 
 1840. Syn., E.leucocliilum. 
 
 — lamella! tumn. See E. stenopetalum. 
 
 — lancifo'liuTn. Pale yellow. March. Mexico. 
 
 1839. B. R. 1842, t. 50. 
 
 — latila'brum. Green. March. Brazil. 1840. 
 
 — tedifo'li/um,. Yellow. Mexico. 
 lentigino'sum. Yellow, green. March. Deme- 
 rara. 1837. 
 
 — leucocM'lu/m. See E. lacustre, 
 Lindelnii. Rose. Merida. 
 
 — lAndleya'num. 2. Rosy-purple; lip white 
 purple. Costa Rica. 1842. Syn. Bar- 
 kena Idndleyana. B. M. t. 6098. 
 
 Cewte'rce. Rosy-lilac. Costa Rica. 1873. 
 
 Syn., Ba/rkeria LimdUyana, var. C«n- 
 terce. 
 
 AA 
 
 spelt 
 
EPI 
 
 [334] 
 
 EPI 
 
 £. Unea're. Andr. Eep. t. 445. See Isochilm 
 linearis. 
 
 — linea/irifo'lium, 1. White, purple. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1860. B. M. t. 4672. 
 
 — Linkia'nuTn. Yellow, white. March. Mexico. 
 
 1840. Syn., E. pastoris. 
 
 — longibu'lbmi. Guiana. 1839. . 
 
 — longi'ooUe. White, yellow. February. Deme- 
 
 rara. 1844. B. M. t. 4166. 
 
 — longipe'talon. See E. antenniferum. 
 
 — mucrochi'lum. J. Brown, white. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1836. B. M. t. 6634. 
 a'lbum. White, rose. May. S. America. 
 
 1824. 
 
 rdsenm. Hose. May. Guatemala. 1842. 
 
 ^ maerosta'Ghyum. .Green, white. Ceylon. 
 
 — marmora!tum. White, purple-brown. Mexico. 
 
 1876. 
 -^Matfhelwm. Purplish. G. C. 1886, xxvi., p. 
 
 468. 
 -T- meZio'smum., Mexico. 1869. 
 
 — inichuaca'num. Pale yellow. Mexico. 1840. 
 -r- microcha'ris. Yellow, purple. Guatemala. 
 
 1870. 
 
 — monophy'Uum. White. Demerara. 
 
 — Monroea'num. White, pink. July. Guate- 
 
 mala. 1840. 
 
 — Moorea'num, 1. Green, purple. Costa Kica. 
 
 1891. 
 
 — Uoaelm. Vermilion. Columbia. 1880. 
 
 — tnuBci'ferum.. See E, anceps. 
 
 — myria'nthum. Lilac. June. Guatemala. 
 
 1866. 
 
 — ncevo'sum. White, yellow. February. Oaxaca. 
 
 1846. 
 
 — nemora'le. Purple. June. Mexico. 1840. 
 -r- noctu'mum. 1. White. September. Mar- 
 tinique. 1836. B. M. t. 3298. 
 
 — ■ aiigustifc/limn. W. Indies. 1835. 
 
 lati/o'Kum. 1. Yellow, white. October. 
 
 W. Ind. 1836. 
 ^ pvlwAlum. Esquisebo. 1835. 
 
 — nu'tans. 1. Green. July. Jamaica. 1793. 
 
 B. B. 1. 17. Syn., E. dipus. 
 
 — O'Brienialnv/m-. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1888, 
 
 iii., p. 770, fig. 103. 
 
 — ockra'ceum. i. Yellowish-white. Mexico. 
 
 1838. B. B. 1838, t. 26. 
 
 — odorati'ssimwm. 1. Din^ green. August. 
 
 Bio Janeiro. 1827. B. B. 1. 1416. 
 
 — oncidioi'des. 3. Yellow, brown. S. Amer. 
 
 B. E. 1. 1623. Syns., E. graniticum and 
 E, gitatemalense. 
 
 — orchidifio'rum. Brown. Bahia. 
 
 — orgya'le. Yellow. St. Bogota. 
 
 — ovalifo'liwm. Green, white. April. Mexico. 
 
 1836. 
 
 — o'vulum. Green, white. July. Bolanos. 
 
 1842. 
 -~ oxype^talv/m. Yellow. April. Cuba. 
 ^- pachya'nthum. Green, Guiana. 1837. 
 
 — palea'cewm. Bo^ E. auritum. 
 
 — pallidiflo'rum. J. White, rose, purple. , May. 
 
 W. Indies. 1829. B. M. t. 2980. 
 
 — palpi' gerum. Lilac. Mexico. 1879. 
 
 — paniciUa'tum. 2-4. Lilac. April. Peru 
 
 and Columbia. 1868. 
 
 — papilla' swm. B. M. t. 3631. See E. adeno- 
 
 carpum. 
 
 — Parkinsonia'num. 2. Green, yellow. Sep- 
 
 tember. -Mexico. 1838. B. M. t. 3778. 
 
 — panto'ris. See E. Idnkianvjm. 
 
 — pa' tens. White. October. St. Vincent. B. 
 
 M. t. 3800. 
 
 — payte'nse. Scarlet, vermilion, orange. Colum- 
 
 bia and Peru. G. C. 1886, xxiii., p. 726. 
 
 — phceni'ceivm. ^. Cream, purple, green. June. 
 
 Cuba. 1840. Llndl. Sert. t. 46. 
 
 — physo'des. Whitish -brown. Costa Bica. 1873. 
 
 — pi ctum. Yellow, crimson. July. Demerara. 
 
 1838. 
 
 — ^peri'num. Quito. 1846. 
 
 E-pliea'tmn. Green, violet, purple, yellow. 
 
 Cuba. B. B. 1847, t. 35. 
 — polya'nthum. Brown, white, yellow. Mexico. 
 
 1851. 
 —polyiu'lbon. Yellow, lip white. Jamaica. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1230. 
 
 — polysta'chywin^ Yellow. June. Peru. 1840. 
 
 — prinvitU'nufn. Yellow, brown. Bahamas. 1837. 
 — prismatoea'rpon. Yellow, pink, purple. Cen- 
 tral America. 1862. 
 
 — pri'stes. Cinnabar; lip yellow, spotted with 
 
 cinnabar. G. C. 1886, xxvi., p. 262. 
 
 — propi'nquwm. Brown. Mexico. 
 
 — pseu'd-epi^ndrwrn. 2. Green, orange-ver- 
 
 . mUion. . Central America. 1871. 
 ca'rpuTn. Brownish-green ; lip yellow, 
 white. December. Mexico. B. B. 1842, 
 t. 34. 
 
 — pugvmifo'rme. Greenish, changingto yellow ; 
 
 lip white, changing to yellow. Mexico. 
 1890. , 
 
 — puTiGta'twin. See Cyrtopodium punctatum. 
 
 — punctvZa'tum. Brown, green ; lip sulphur, 
 
 with brown spots. Mexico. G. C. 1886, 
 xxiv., p. 70. 
 
 — pu'rum. Greenish-yellow; lip white. Caraccas. 
 
 1842. 
 
 — pvM'llum. J. Yellowish-green, spotted with 
 
 , brown. Brazil. 1891. 
 
 — pyrifo'rme. Bed, yellow. January. Cuba. 
 
 B. B. 1847, t. 50. 
 
 — pygmcefvm, B. M. t. 3232. See Hormidium 
 
 pygnuxum. 
 
 — quadra'tum. Green, brown. Central America. 
 
 1860. 
 
 — radia'tum. 1. Green. Purple. Mexico. 
 
 1836. B. E. 1844, t. 45. 
 fused! turn. Purple. G. C. 1889, v. p. 43. 
 
 — radHcans. Orange, yellow. October. Mexico. 
 
 1839. Paxt. Mag. xii. p. 146. Syn., E. 
 rhizophorum. 
 
 — ramo'sum. 1. Pale yellow. June. Jamaica. 
 
 1836. Syn., E. rigidutn. 
 
 — rani'/erwm, i. Green, brown. May. Mexico. 
 
 1839. B. E. 1842, t. 42. 
 
 — recmrva turn. Eose. April. Columbia. 
 
 — r^ra'ctum. Dark red. May. Caraccas. 
 
 — replica'tum,. Yellowish, pink. July. New 
 
 Grenada. 1881. 
 
 — rhizo'phorwm. See E. radicans. 
 
 — ri'gidwm. Ic. PI. t. 314. See B. ramoswm. 
 
 — rubro-ci'netum. See E. densifiorum, 
 
 — ru'/um. Bed. Brazil. 1846. 
 
 — saxa'tile. Bed, purple. Guiana. 
 
 — sce'ptrum. Yellow, purple. Jago. 
 
 — Schombu'rgkii. 2. Scarlet. Guiana. 1837. 
 
 B. E. 1838, t. 63. 
 
 — scute'lla. Green, yellow. Guayana. 
 
 — selli'gerum. Pale white. April. Mexico. 1836. 
 , — serm'tutn. Olive-green, brown, white, violet. 
 
 Guatemala. 1870. 
 
 — se^rpens. Violet. Peru. 
 
 — sine'nse. Andr. Bep. t. 216. See Cymlndium 
 
 sinense. 
 
 — Skinne'H. |. Green, white. July. Cumana. 
 
 1834. B. M. t. 3951. 
 
 , ma'jor. 1. Light purple. November. 
 
 1847. 
 
 — Sophroni'tis. Greenish, purple. Peru. 1867. 
 
 — squa'lidum. Yellow, brown. June. Mexico. 
 
 1810. 
 
 — Stariiifordia'nwm. White, red. April. Guate- 
 
 , mala. 1836. B. M. t. 4769. 
 
 Leealnum, Ochre, rose, spotted with 
 
 purple. G. C. 1888, iii. p. 521. ■ 
 
 — ' Walla'cei. Mountains or S. Bogota. G. 
 
 ,C. 1887, i. p. 643. 
 ,— Stangerea'num. i. Green. Panama. G. C, 
 1881, XV. p. 462. 
 
 — stenope'talum. 1. Eose. March. Jamaica. 
 
 B. M. t. 3410. Syn., E. lamellatum. 
 
 — stria'tum. White, red. May. Mexico. 1838. 
 
EPI 
 
 [ 355 ] 
 
 EPI 
 
 JE. aruJmlatifo'livmi. Yellow. Mexico. 
 -~ syrmgothy'rsum. Rosy-purple, white, yellow. 
 Bolivia. 1868. 
 
 — tampe^nse. J. Yellowish-brown ; lip white, 
 
 with purple veins. Florida. 
 
 — tessella'tu/m. Guatemala. B. M. t. 3638. 
 
 — tibi'cinia. 8. Rose. Honduras. 1836. 
 
 — tigri'num. Yellow, red. Merida. 
 
 — toUme'nse. Yellow. Tolima. 
 
 — torqua'tum. Peru. 
 
 — trachyehi'lum. Olive-green, dotted with red ; 
 
 lip yellow, dotted with red. Mexico. 
 Gfl. t. 1206. 
 
 — tri'dens. White, green. April. Bemerara. 
 
 1836. 
 
 — tripuncta'tum. Greenish -yellow, purple, 
 
 orange. Mexico. , 
 
 — turia'loce, Costa Rica. 1871. 
 
 — umbella'tum. Green. June, ■tamaica. 1793. 
 
 B. M. t. 2030. 
 
 — undula'tum. B. M. t. 777. See Oneidiwm 
 
 carthagenense. 
 
 — vamdifio'rum. Purple. April. Mexico. 
 
 — va/tiega'tmn. 1. Green, white. January. 
 
 Rio Janeiro. 1829. B. M. t. 3161. 
 
 coria'ceuTfi. 1. Green, purple. Deme- 
 
 rara. Syn., M. cwiaceum. B. M. t. 
 3895. 
 
 — veno'sum. "White, violet. Mexico. 
 
 — verrueo'sum. 1. Green, brown. Jamaica. 
 
 1826. B. R. 1844, t. 51. 
 -^ vmcenti'n/wm. St. Vincent. 1840. 
 
 — nola'ceum. B. C. t. 337. A synonym of 
 
 Ccuttleya Loddigesii. 
 
 — m'rens. Green. Serampore. 
 
 — mrilscens. Green, brownish-yellow. July. 
 
 Dominica. B. C. 1. 1867. 
 
 — viridiflo'rwm. Green, purple. May. Brazil. 
 
 — viridipurpu'r&imi. Jamaica. B. M. t. 3666. 
 
 — mtteKnum. 1. Orange, yellow. September. 
 
 Mexico. 1840. B. R. 1840, t. 35. 
 flo're-pl^nx}. Vermilion. Flowers regular. 
 
 July. G. C. 1890, viii. p. 123. 
 ma' jus. Orange, yellow. September. 
 
 Oaxaca. 1841. Syn., E. vitellmum, 
 
 var. gigantemn. Warn. Orch. Alb. ser. 
 
 3, t. 27. 
 
 — mm'parum. White. January. Guiana. 1838. 
 : — volu'bile. Peru. 
 
 — Wdgene'ri. Yellow. Venezuela. 1851. 
 
 — Walli'sii. Yellow, brown, white. Columbia. 
 
 1875. 
 
 — Xiphe'res. i. Brownish-yellow, sulphur. 
 
 Columbia. 1853. 
 
 Epide'miis. The membrane which 
 •covers leaves and the younger parts of 
 stems. It is frequently furnished with 
 pores, called stomata. 
 
 Spigse'a. (From epi, upon, and 
 ■aaia, the earth ; referring to its trailing 
 habit. Nat. ord., Ericacem; Tribe, 
 Andromedece. ) 
 
 Hardy evergreen sweet-scented trailers, suit- 
 able foi* rock-works, and delightifig in moist, 
 tieaty soU in shade ; :propagated,chiefly by layers. 
 E. re'vens. J. White. July. Canada and 
 United States. 1736. Andr. Rep. 1. 102. 
 
 rjSieu'nda. J. Red. March. 1836. 
 
 Swt. FI. Gard. ser. 2, t. 384. 
 
 Epigy'nium. (From epi, upon, and 
 gyne, a female ; stamens apparently at- 
 tached to the pistil Nat. ord. , Vaccinia- 
 cem.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings under a hand- 
 glass in heat. Rich sandy loam. 
 
 E. acumina'tum. 4. Red. Khasia. B. M. 
 t. 6010. A synonym o£ Corallobotrys 
 acuminata. 
 
 — leucobo'trys. B. M. t. 6103. See raccinium. 
 
 Epilp'bium, WiUow herb. (From 
 epi, upon, and lobos, a pod ; flowers 
 superior, or seated on the seed-pod. 
 Nat. ord., Onagracem. Syn., Chamm- 
 nerium. Allied to Clarkiaand Zausohs- 
 neria.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Divisions, and 
 many by seeds; common, light garden-soil. 
 E. piUo'swm requires the greenhouse or a cold 
 pit. 
 
 E. alpe'stre. J. Purple. June. Switzerland. 
 1820. 
 
 — art^ustifo'lium. i. Purple. July. Britain. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, tt. 495-6. 
 a'lbwm. 4. White. July. Britain. 
 
 — angusti'ssimum. B. M. t. 76. See E. Dodmmi. 
 
 — caTie'tuxtis. See E. junceum. 
 
 — eolora'twm. 3. Purple. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1805. 
 
 — erassifcfliitan. 1. Red. June. 1829. 
 
 — cyli'ndricwm. Red. June. N. India. 1837. 
 
 — dahu'ricvm.. |. White. June. Dahuria. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — Sodonoefi. U. Purple. July. France. 1700. 
 
 Syn., JB. angustissimum. 
 
 — hirsu'tv/m. 4. Inirple. July. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 497. Codlins and Cream. 
 variega'tum. 4. Rosy. June. England. 
 
 — hyperidfo'lium. Red. June. South Europe. 
 
 1837. 
 — ju'nceum. Rose. June. Australia. 1826. 
 Syn., E. caTiescens. 
 
 — lanceola'twm. 1^. Purple. July. Italy. 
 
 1810. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 600. 
 
 — Tninu'tUTn. 1. White. August. Russia. 
 
 1838. 
 
 — nu'tams. Bluish. June. Bohemia. 1827. 
 
 — obcorda'tuTti. J. Bright rose. California, 
 
 1886. 
 
 — rosmarinifo'Kum. 2. Purple. June. North 
 
 Europe. 1800. 
 
 — sine'-nse. See E. condmvuTn. 
 
 — spica'tu/m. 4. Purple. June, N. Amer. 
 
 — stri'ctum. IJ. Purple. July. Pennsylvania. 
 
 1817. 
 -^tomento'sum, 3. Purple. June. Asia. 
 1818. 
 
 — variega'twm. O. C. 1881, xvi. p. 302. 
 
 — villo'sum. . 2. Purple. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1799. 
 
 — Virgo! turn. 2. Purple. July. Sweden. 
 
 Epime'dium. Barrenwort. (From 
 epimedion, a name used by Pliny. Nat. 
 ovd.., BerberidecB ; Tiihe, JBerberecB. Al- 
 lied to Jefifersonia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds, divi- 
 sions; sandy loam. E. alpi'num does best in 
 moist, peaty soil. 
 E. alpinum. |. Crimson. May. England. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 607. 
 pvMgerwm. Yellowish -red, yellow. 
 
 Caucasus. 1880. 
 
 — ccmcilnnum. J. Purplish. Spring. Japan. 
 
 1872. Syn., E. sinense. 
 
 — diphy'Uum. J. Red. May. Japan. 1830. 
 
 B. M. t. 3448. A synonym of Aceranthus 
 diphyllus. 
 
 — gramdifio'rum. White. April Japan 1836. 
 
 — Iipxalndrwrn. . See Vancuuveria hexand/ra. 
 
 — maora'Ttthum, 1. White, violet. April. 
 
 Japan. 1836. 
 
 — Mmschia'num. 1. White. March. Japan. 
 
 1836. B. M. t. 3745. 
 
 — sine'nse. See E, coneinnwm. 
 
EPI 
 
 [356] 
 
 EPI 
 
 R versi'eolor. 
 
 — viola'eeum. |. White, violet. April. Japan. 
 
 1837. B. M. t. 3761. 
 
 — Perralderia'num. i. Yellow, red. Algeria. 
 
 June. 1879. B. M. t. 6509. 
 
 — pinna' turn. |. Yellow. March. Persia. 
 
 B. M. t. 4466. 
 
 — ptero'ceras. J. Yellow. Levant. 
 
 — ru'brum. 1. Crimson, yellow. May. Japan? 
 
 Epipa'ctis. (From epipegnito, to 
 coagulate; its effect on milk. Nat. 
 ord., Orchidece; Trite, Neottiece-Limo- 
 dorecE. Allied to Cephalanthera.) 
 
 Pretty British orchids, not difficult to grow. 
 Divisions ; connnon soil ; kept rather dry during 
 the resting period. 
 B. ensifdlia. See Cephalanthera ensifoUa. 
 
 — latifo'lia. IJ. Purple. July. Eng. Hot. ed. 
 
 3, 1. 1480. Syn., E. purpurata. 
 rubigino'sa. Dingy red-purple. Syns., 
 
 E. tnedia, E. ovalis, and E. rubiginosa, 
 ~me!dia and ovallis. See E. latifolia, var. 
 
 rubiginosa. 
 
 — palu'stris. 1-li. Green, purple. July. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1482. 
 
 — pur^ra'ta. See E. latyfolia. 
 
 — rubigino'sa. See E. latifolia, var. rubiginosa. 
 
 — ru'bra. See Cephalanthera rubra. 
 
 Epi'phora. (From epiphora, in- 
 flammation of the eyes. A Cape terres- 
 trial or ground Orchid. Nat. ord., 
 Orchidece; Tribe, Vandece-Cymbide(B.) 
 See Polystachya. 
 
 E. pube'scens. See Polystachya ptibescens. 
 Epiphroni'tiS. (A combination 
 
 formed from Epide'ndrum and Sophro- 
 
 nifis, from which genera this has been 
 
 produced by hybridization. Nat. ord., 
 
 Orchidece.) 
 A pretty orchid. For culture, see Sopheo- 
 
 NITIS. 
 
 E. Vei'tchii. }. Orange, yellow. A hybrid 
 between Epidendrum radicaTis and 
 Sophronitis grandifiora. 1890. Journ. 
 Hort. ser. 3, xxi. p. 613, f. 68. 
 
 Epiphy'llum. (From epi, upon, 
 and phyllon, a leaf ; flowers borne on 
 the edges of the leaf-like branches. 
 Nat. ord., Cactaceas.) 
 
 Stove or Greenhouse fleshly-leaved plants. 
 Cuttings in sununer, dried at the bottom Before 
 inserting them, or rather, laying thera down in 
 any loose material, such as gravel and rough 
 leaef -mould ; soil, loam, peat, lime-rubbish, and 
 dried cow-dung in equal proportions. The 
 smaller kinds do well grafted on the Ce'reits 
 speeiosC ssimus, etc. 
 E. Alstentei'nii. Brazil. 
 
 — cnte'ntum. White. 
 
 Ackerma'nni. Scarlet, flushed with 
 
 violet-purple. 1880. 
 
 — G<ertne'ri. Brazil. 1884. B. M. t. 7201. Syns., 
 
 E. Makoyanum and E. RusseUianuvi 
 var. Gcertrteri. 
 
 — Gibs&ni. Dark orange-red. 1886. 
 
 — Guaddneyi. Keddish, cream, wl.ite. 1883. 
 
 — Makoya'num. Joum. Hort. 1889, p. 362. See 
 
 E. Gcertneri. 
 
 — Mussellia'nwm. Eose. May. Brazil. B. II. 
 
 t 3717. 
 
 Goertne'ri. See E. GcertiMsri, 
 
 ru'bmm. Eosy-red. 
 
 swpf^rbum. Purple, white. 
 
 — spl^ndidum. See Cerenis splendidus. 
 
 E. trunea'tum. Red or rose. June. Brazil. 1818. 
 Syn., Cactus trwncatus. B. M. t. 2662. 
 
 M'color. White edged with rose. 
 
 cocci'neum. Deep scarlet. 
 
 e'lega'ns. Orange-red, purple. 
 
 magni'JUmm. White, rose. 
 
 Buckeria'num. Eeddish-purple, violet. 
 
 salm&neum. Eeddish-salmon. 
 
 specta'bile. White, purple. 
 
 viola'eeum. White, pale purple. 
 
 — supe'rimm. White, deep purple. 
 
 Epipre'mnum. Tonga Plant. 
 (From epi, upon, and premnon, a trunk ; 
 the plant attaches itself to the trunks of 
 trees. Nat. ord., Aroidece ; Tribe, 
 Callece. ) 
 
 Ornamental stove climber. 
 E, mira'bile. Leaves dark green, the young 
 ones entire, mature ones pinnatifld. 
 Fiji. 1882. 
 
 Epi'scia. (From epi, upon, and scia, 
 a shadow ; the species growing in shady 
 places. Nat. ord., Gesneracece; Tribe,. 
 C'yrtandrecB. ) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials. For cultivation,, 
 see Gesnera. 
 
 E. bieo'lmr. i. Purple, white. New Grenada.. 
 B. M. t. 4390. 
 
 — iractt^scens. 2. White. June. New Grenada. 
 
 1852. Syn., Centrosolenia bractescens^ 
 B. M. t. 4676. 
 
 — chontal^rms. ^. White. Nicaragua. 1867. 
 
 Syns., Cyrtodeira chontalensis and Achi- 
 'men£B chontalensis. 
 
 — cuprea'ta. IJ. Scarlet, yellow. June. Mexico. 
 
 1844. Syn., AchiTnsnes cupreata. B. M, 
 
 t. 4312. 
 meta'Uica. Orange-scarlet. Columbia. 
 
 1869. 
 viridifo'lia. Leaves tinged with copper. 
 
 New Grenada. 1860. Syn., Cyrtodeira 
 
 cupreata. B. M. t. 6196. 
 
 — erythro'pus. Flesh, yellow, purple-orange. 
 
 Columbia. 1876. B. M. t. 6219. 
 —fu'lgida. J. Scarlet. July. Columbia. 1873. 
 B. M. t. 6136. 
 
 — gla'bra. 1. Wftite. October. La Guayra. 
 
 1846. Syn., Centrosolenia glabra, B. M. 
 t. 4552. 
 
 — Luda'na. Red. Columbia. 1876. 111. Hort. 
 
 1876, t, 236. 
 
 — macula'ta. Yellow, brown. British Guiana. 
 
 1890. B. M. t. 7131. 
 
 — melittifo'lia. 1. Crimson. March. Dominica. 
 
 1862. B. M. t. 4720. Syn., Besleria. 
 melitt%folia. 
 
 — pi' eta. J. White. Banks of the Amazon. 
 
 1851. Syn., Centrosolenia picta. B. M. 
 t. 4611. 
 
 — pulchellla. 2. Yellow, red. July. Trinidad. 
 
 — sple'ndene. Pale red. Columbia. 1857. Syns.,, 
 
 Achimenes splendens and Tapina i^len- 
 dene, 
 
 — tessella'ta. See Centrosolenia bullata. 
 
 Epise'ma cceru'leo-ee'phala. The 
 
 Figure-of-eight Moth appears early ire 
 
EPI 
 
 L357] 
 
 ERA 
 
 October. The bluish-grey upper wings 
 have a yellowish-white spot in their 
 ■centres. The spot being shaped like a 
 ■double kidney, or 8, gives the popular 
 name to the insect. It should be de- 
 -stroyed whenever observed, as its cater- 
 pillars, at the end of the following spring 
 very often destroy the young leaves of 
 jhuns and peaches. 
 
 Episte'phiiun. (From epi, upon, 
 .and stephas, a crown. Nat. ord., Orchi- 
 .dew; Tribe, Neottiem-VanillecB.) 
 
 Terrestrial orchid. For cultivation, see Or- 
 
 •CHIDS. 
 
 E. Willia'msii. Eosy purple. Bahia. 1865. 
 B. M. t. 5485. 
 
 Equise'tum. Horse-tail. (From 
 .equits, a horse, and seia, a hair. Nat. 
 •ord., EquisetaeecE.) 
 
 Hardy perennials, many of which are cultivated 
 "in Botanic Gardens. E. vu^ximum is an excel- 
 lent plant for the margins of ponds and damp 
 .shady woods ; divisions. 
 
 E. ma'ximwm, 3-6. Britain. Syn., E. Teima- 
 teia. 
 
 — sylva'ticwm, 1-2. Britain. 
 
 Eragro'stis. Love grass. (From eras, 
 love, and agrostis, grass. Nat. ord., 
 GraminecB; Tribe, Festucece.) 
 
 Hardy and half-hardy grasses, of no particular 
 Ibeauty. 
 E. cegypti'aca. Egypt. 
 
 — ca^la'ris. W. Indies. 
 
 — eUia'rus. Tropical America. Syn., Poara7ians. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 304. 
 
 — e'legans. Brazil. 
 
 — megasta'chya. Euroj)e. Syn., E. major. 
 
 — peruvia'na. S. America. Syn., Poajjerttm'cma. 
 Jacq. Ic. 1. 18. 
 
 Era'nthemum. (From erao, to 
 love, and anthos, a ilower ; referring to 
 the beauty of the flowers. Nat. ord., 
 Acanthacem.) 
 
 Warm greenhouse and stove perennials. Cut- 
 tings of points of shoots when a little firm, in 
 sandy loam, in bottom-heat, under a hand-glass ; 
 peat one part, loam two parts. 
 E. actmtho'phorum. Lilac. July. China. 1822. 
 
 Synonymous with Barleria acantho- 
 
 phora. 
 
 — aVnJlo'rum,, 2J. White, July. B. M. 
 
 t. 4225. 
 
 — a'lbo-Tna/rgitia'twm. Leaves white-margined. 
 
 Polynesia. 1880. 
 
 — ambl'gvMm. 2. Bed. July. 1821. Syn., 
 
 Anthaeanthus adcula/ris, 
 
 — Anderso'ni. White, purple. November. India. 
 
 1868. B. M. t. 6771. 
 
 — asp^rsum. White, spotted with purple. 
 
 March. Solomon Isles. 1867. B. M. 
 t. 5711. 
 
 — a'tro-purpu'rewm. Leaves and stems dark 
 
 lund purple. Polynesia. 1875. 
 
 — barlerioi'des. JBlue. August. E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 A synonym of BcedcUacamthus mfruti- 
 cosus. ' 
 
 — Beyri'chii. 1. Pale lilac. Leaves dark green. 
 
 Brazil. Gfl. t. 536. 
 
 variega'tmn. Leaves variegated. Syn., 
 
 Chwmceramhemum Beyriehii, var. varie- 
 gatmti. E. M. t. 5557. 
 
 — K'color. i. White, red. July. Lucona. 
 
 1802. Syn., Jueticia bieolar. B. M. 
 1. 1423. 
 E bamee^nse. May. N. W. Borneo. B. M 
 t. 6701. 
 
 — capdnse. 1. Pnrple. May. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 A synonym of Voedalacanthua purpura- 
 scens. 
 
 — dnnabari'nwm. Scarlet. Martaban. 1880. 
 
 Gfl. t. 910. 
 
 ocella'tmn. Crimson, with white eye. 
 
 Monlmein. 1871. B. M. t. 5921. 
 
 — Coope'ri. White, purple. June. New Cale- 
 
 donia. 1864. B. M. t. 5467. 
 
 — erenula'tuni. 1. Lilac. October. Nepaul. 
 
 1824. B. B. t. 879. 
 
 gramMJlo'rwm. B. M. t. 6440. See E, 
 
 ParUihii. 
 
 — eboracefnse.. White, Duke of York Island. 
 
 1881. 
 
 — eliora'da. Leaves yellow, mottled and veined 
 
 with green. Polynesia. 1877. 
 
 — eilegang. 3. Scarlet. June. Guinea. 1824. 
 — fcecu'nduTn. 1^. Lilac. June. Brazil. 1829. 
 
 B. E. 1. 1494. 
 
 — Gaudichau'dii. Gfl. t. 636, f . 2. A variegated 
 
 form of E. Beyrichii, 
 
 — hypocraterifo'rme. Eed. W. Tropical Africa, 
 
 1870. B. M. t. 6181. 
 
 — i'gfwiim. See Cha/mcermitliemura ignsum. 
 
 — laxtfio'rvm,. 2-4. Purple. Polynesia. 1877. 
 
 B. M. t. 6336. 
 
 — leuconeu'ron. Lilac. Gfl. t. '174. 
 
 — longifo'lium. 1. Scarlet. November. Gfl. 
 
 t. 536, f . 1. 
 
 — macrophy'Uum. Light blue. Winter. India. 
 
 — manru/ra'tvm. New Hebrides. 1874. Gfl. 
 
 t. 536, f. 2. 
 
 — Moo'rei. Leaves mottled. Polynesia. 
 
 — mfmta'nwn. B. M. t. 4031. See Doeddtacav^ 
 
 thus irumtanus, 
 
 — nervo'sum. See Dcedalacanthus nervosus. 
 
 — nigre' scene. Leaves blackish-purple Poly- 
 
 nesia. 1878. 
 
 — ni'grum. Leavespurplish. Solomon Islands. 
 
 1880. HI. Hort. new ser. t. 404. 
 
 — palati'ferwm. Scarlet or lilac, yellow. India. 
 
 1871. B. M. t. 5957. 
 
 — Pari'shii. Pinkish lilac. Monlmein. 1864. 
 
 ,Syn., E. crenulatum,y&r. grandi^iorum, 
 B. M. t, 5440, and Asystctsia Parishii. 
 
 — pulche'Uum. Andr. Eep. t. 88. See Dteiala- 
 
 canthus tiervosus. 
 
 — racemo'sum. Blush. August. E. Ind. 1826. 
 
 — retkuda'tuim. Leaves with yellow venation. 
 
 Polynesia. 1876. 
 
 — ro'seum. Eose-purple. Amazons. 1876. HI. 
 
 Hort. new ser. t. 236. 
 
 — rubrondrviwm and rubroveno'sv/m. See Fit- 
 
 t&nia Verschaffeltii. 
 
 — sanguinole'ntum. Leaves red-veined. Mada- 
 
 gascar. 1864. Fl. Ser. 1. 1683. 
 
 — Schombu'rgkii. Leaves green, with yellow 
 
 veins. AustraJia. 1878. m. Hort. new 
 ser. t. 349. 
 
 — spina' sum. 3. July. W. Ind. 1733. Syn., 
 
 Anthaca/nt3ius spinosits. 
 
 — stri'ctvm,. B. E. t. 867. See Bcedalacanthus 
 
 strictus. 
 
 — tri'color. Leaves olive-green, with purplish 
 
 - and salmony-pink blotches. Polynesia. 
 1876. 
 
 — tuberaila'tum. White. New Caledonia. 1863 
 
 B. M. t. 5406. 
 
 — vana'bile. 2. Purple. June. Port Jackson. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — veluti'num. Eos^ pink. 
 
 — verbena ceum, Silvery variegated Brazil, 
 
 1862. 
 
 — Verschaffe'ltii. See Fittonia. 
 
 — versi'colcyr. Leaves variegated. Polynesia. 
 
 1875. 
 
 Era'nthis. Winter Aconite. (From 
 
ERC 
 
 [358] 
 
 ERI 
 
 er, spring, and anthos, a flower; referring 
 to its early flowering. Nat. ord., Eanun- 
 culacece; Tribe, Hellehorem.) 
 
 Hardy tuberous perennials ; offsets ; common 
 soil. 
 E. hiema'lis. J. Yellow. February. Cent, and 
 
 S. Europe, 1596. Naturalized in England 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 43. 
 
 — sibi'rica. J. Yellow. March. Siberia. 
 
 1826. 
 
 Erci'Ua. (From erds, creeping. 
 Nat. ord. , Phytolaccacece. ) 
 . Hardy evergreen creeper, adhering, like ivy, to 
 walls, etc. 
 H. spica'ta. Purple. Chili. 1840.. 
 
 Eremse'a. (From eremos, solitary ; 
 referring to the female organ, or solitary 
 style. Nat. ord., Myrtacem ; Tribe, 
 Leptospermece. Allied to Calotliamnus. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from Swan Eiver. 
 Cuttings of young shoots in April or May, in 
 sand, under a bell-glass ; peat one part, and 
 loam two parts. 
 
 B. eHcifo'Ua. Synonymous with E. pilosa. 
 ^~ jimbrialta. Purple. June. 1841 
 
 — pil&sa. Pink. June. 1842. 
 
 Ere'mia. (From eremos, solitary; 
 referring to the seed being but one in a 
 cell. Nat. ord., ^ricacece; Tribe, .Encece. 
 Allied to Erica. ) 
 
 Greenhouse everjireens, from South Africa. 
 Cuttings of the points of shoots when young 
 growth has extended beyond an inch or so ; 
 sandy peat. 
 E. To'tta. 2. Ked. June. 1810. 
 
 — tvbercuMris. Syn., Erica tiibercvla/ris. 
 
 Eremosta'chys. (From eremos, 
 solitanr, and stachys, a spike. Nat. 
 ord., LahiatcB; Tribe, Stachydew.) 
 
 Hardy perennial. Cuttings in spring. Light 
 rich loam. 
 
 E. laeinia'ta. 6. Yellow, purple. July. Cau- 
 casus. 1731. B. E. 1846, t. 52. Syns., 
 E. iberica, and Phlomii laciniatus, Swt. 
 PI. Gard. t. 24. 
 
 Eremu'rus. (From eremos, solitary, 
 and ourq, tail ; referring to the flower- 
 spike. Nat. ord., Liliacece ; Tribe, 
 AsphodelecB. Allied to Asphodel. ) 
 
 Very showy herbaceous perennials. Divisions 
 and seeds. Bich sandy loam, in warm sunny 
 positions. 
 
 E. mira/nWaiyiu. i. Yellow. Afghanistan. 
 1876. Gfl. 1. 1168, fig. 6. 
 
 — lufsha'rlcus. 3. 'White with reddish-brown 
 
 central line. Buchara. 1890. Gfl. 
 1. 1315, fig. 1. 
 
 — Bu'ngei. 1. Yellow. Persia. 1879. Gfl. 
 
 1. 1168, fig. a. 
 
 — cauca'tiem. Yellow. May. Caucasus. 1834. 
 
 — himala'icus. 2. White. W.Himalayas. 
 
 G. C. 1881, xvi. p. 49. 
 
 — Cyigce. White. Summer. Central Asia. Gfl. 
 
 1. 1048. 
 r'Tolni'stua. Rose. Turkestan. 1874. 
 
 — specta'Ulis. 2. Yellow. May. Siberia. 
 
 1800. 
 •^ tv/rkeata'nims. 4. Reddish-brown, white. 
 Turkestan. 1800. 
 
 Ergot. Cla'vheps purpu'rea. A 
 
 fungus which attacks grasses, especially 
 rye, by destroying the ovary, and form- 
 ing in its place a hard mass of fungoid 
 filaments (sclerote). From this sclerot© 
 drum-stick shaped bodies are, at length, 
 formed, in the head of which are nume- 
 rous cavities containing elongated bags, 
 each of which holds linear spores, oy 
 which the fungus is reproduced. Thes& 
 structures are shown, much magnified, 
 in the accompanying figures. 
 
 E'ria. (From ermi, wool ; referring- 
 to the down on the leaves of some of the 
 species. Nat. ord., Orchidece ; Tribe, 
 Epidendrece — Eriece. Allied to Den- 
 drobium. ) 
 
 Stove orchids. Divisions ; fibry peat and. 
 chopped, decayed moss ; the plant to be raised, 
 roots and all, above the surface of the pot 
 or shallow basket. Abundance of moisture 
 during summer. 
 E. acerva'ta. J. White. E. Indies. 
 
 — acutifiyiia. White, veined violet ; lip purple^ 
 
 yellow. India. 1842. 
 
 — acutifssima. Yellow, brownish. 1876. 
 
 — . armeni'aca. 1. Bracts apricot ; flowers 
 
 feenish. Phillippines. B. B. 1841, 
 42. 
 
 — tarba'ta. Yellow, purple. Khaaia. 1856. 
 
 — Barringtonia'rM. Yellowish. Borneo. 1872. 
 
 — bi'eolor. J. White. Ceylon. 1888. 
 
 — bigi'bba. Pale red, green, white, yellowish, 
 
 purple. Borneo. G. C. 1884, p. 680. 
 
 — bracte'sceTis. White, crimson. Singapore. 
 
 B. B. 1844, t. 29. 
 
 — carina'ta. See E. Fordii. 
 
 — clamcau'lis. White, yellow. Chirra. 1837. 
 
 — convallarioi'des. White, yellow. India. B. R, 
 
 1841, t. 62. 
 
 ma'jor. Ivory-white. B. E. 1847, t. 63. 
 
 — Come'ri. Greenish, white, purplish. Formosa. 
 
 1878. 
 
 — eoronalria. Yellow. Khasia. 1837. Syn.,. 
 
 Ccelogyne coronaria. 
 
 — Curti'sii. Yellowish-white. Borneo. 1880. 
 
 — DayaJna. Honey-yellow, brown. India. 
 
 1877. 
 
 — DUlwSnii. White or cream. Philippines.. 
 
 B. M. t. 4163. 
 
 — Elwelsii. Brownish-ochre. Himalayas. G. C. 
 
 1883, xix. p. 402. 
 
 — excava'ta. J. White, yellow, pink. Nepaul. 
 
 — esclirwtdria. Whitish, purple. Burmah. 1871.. 
 —Jdrox. Brownish, white. Java. 1869. Syn., 
 
 TrichotoBia ferox. 
 — fermgi'nea. i. White, pink. Khasia. B. B. 
 
 1839, t. 35. 
 —JtM'va. 1. Yellow, marked with purple. 
 
 Trop. Himalayas. Syns., E. pubescent 
 
 and Dendrobium pitbescens, 
 — fioribu'nda. 1. White, crimson. Singapore. 
 
 1842. B. B. 1844, t. 20. 
 
 — Po'rdii. 1. Light yellowish-green. Hong: 
 
ERI 
 
 [359] 
 
 ERI 
 
 Kong. G. C. 1886, xxvi, p. 684. Syn., 
 E. carinata. 
 E. i'gnea. Vermilion. Borjleo. G. C. 1881, xv. 
 p. 782. 
 
 — leueoxa'ntha. White, yellow, brownish. 
 
 — lineoUgera. White, purple. Siam. G. 0. 
 
 1885, xxiv. p. 262. 
 
 — longicau'lis. White. Chirra. 1837. 
 
 — longila'bris. White, purple. Philippines. 
 
 1838. 
 
 — margina'ta. J. White ; lip pale yellow, edged 
 
 with red. Burmah. G. C. 1889, v. p. 200. 
 
 — mei'rax. J inch. Purple-brown. Autumn. 
 
 Burmah. 1880. Syn., Oryptoahilus 
 Tneirax. 
 
 — mergiie'nsis. Sulphur-yellow. Burmah. 1880. 
 
 — mono&ta'chya. Greenish-yellow. Java. G. C. 
 
 1886, xxiii. p. 632. 
 
 — m/usci'cola. Yellowish-green. Ceylon. 1887. 
 
 — myristiexfor'mis. AVhite. Monlmein. 1863. 
 
 — mi!tane. White, red, tipped yellow. Singapore. 
 
 — obdsa. White, tinged pale pink. February. 
 
 Malay Peninsula. 1863. B. M. t. 6391. 
 — panieula'ta. Greenish-yellow. Sikkim and 
 Khasia Mountains. 
 
 — pa'nnea. Singapore. 1842. 
 
 — polyu'ra. Pink, purple, yellow. Manilla. 
 
 — puiche'Ua. Yellow. India. 1840. 
 
 — reticula'ta. J inch. Purple-brown. India. 
 
 Syn., Porpax reticulata. 
 
 — rhodo'ptera. Pale ochre, purple. G. C. 1882, 
 
 xviii. p. 686. 
 
 — Rima'nni. Pale yellow, purple. Bunnah. 
 
 G. C. 1885, xxiv. p. 712. 
 
 — r&sea. Pink. October. China. 1824. B. R. 
 
 t. 978. 
 
 — sphoerocki'la. Ochre-yellow, violet - purple. 
 
 Khasia. 1878. 
 
 — stella'ta. 2. Yellowish-red. February. Java. 
 
 B. R. t. 978. 
 
 — striola'ta. Ochre, purple. NewGuinea. 1888. 
 
 111. Hort. XXXV. t. 48. 
 
 — veluti'na. Singapore. 
 
 — vesti'ta. 1. Red, brown. India. 1842. B. 
 
 R. 1846, t. 2. 
 
 — vitta'ta. Green, striped with red. Ceylon. 
 
 G. C. 1882, xvii. p. 330. 
 
 Eria'nthus. (From erion, wool, 
 and anthos, a flower ; in allusion to the 
 tuft of hairs at the base of each spikelet. 
 Nat. ord., Graminece ; Tribe, Aridro- 
 pogonece. Allied to Andropogon.) 
 
 Ornamental perennial grasses. 
 E. Monstie'rii. 10. Mount Olympus. 1872. 
 Hardy. 
 
 — Rave!nnce. Useful in subtropical gardening. 
 
 Eri'ca. Heath. (From erjco, to break; 
 referringto the brittle nature of the wood. 
 Nat. ord., Ericacem ; Tribe, Ericex.) 
 
 All natives of South Africa, except where 
 otherwise mentioned, many, however, of those 
 mentioned below are of garden origin. Cuttings 
 of the points of shoots, when fresh growth enables 
 the handling of them easily, inserted in sand, the 
 pots previously being half -filled with drainage, 
 and then filled with sandypeat, in various degrees 
 of fineness — the rough over the drainage, the line 
 at the top, all surmounted by, at least, half an 
 inch of silver sand, well pressed and watered, and 
 pressedagainadaybefore using, and then covered 
 with a bell-glass^ and set in a close pit or frame. 
 Some slow-growmg kinds require to be put into 
 heat, in order to get cuttings. Sandy peat for 
 all, especially the slow-growmg, using plenty of 
 drainage; for the very strong-growing^ a very 
 little nbry loam may be used. In potting from 
 the cutting-pots, it is best to place three or four 
 round the sides of small pots for the first vrinter, I 
 
 singlmg tJiem out, and then keeping them close 
 the following spring, hardening them off by de- 
 grees as larger pots are wanted, pieces of char- 
 coal and sandstone are valuable for keeping the 
 soil open. The pots, it set out of doors, should 
 be protected from the sun in summer ; if plunged 
 drainage should be secured by setting the pot on 
 bricks. Abundance of air when possible during 
 winter. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREEN. 
 
 E. m-bdrea. 6. White. May. South Europe. 
 
 1668. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 361. 
 
 minima. White. April. South Europe. 
 
 squarro'sa. 4. White. April. South 
 
 Europe. 1800. 
 stylo' sa. 5. White. May. South Europe. 
 
 1658. 
 
 — ca'mea. i. Pale purple. February. Germany. 
 
 1763. B. C. 1. 1462. 
 herba'cea. i. Pink. February. Germany. 
 
 — ein^'rea. 1-2. Crimson-purple. July. Britain. 
 atropurpu'rea. Purple. Summer. Scotch 
 
 Highlands. B. C. 1. 1409. 
 
 pa'llida. Pale pink. Scotland. B. C. 
 
 1. 1605. 
 
 — herba'cea. Flesh. May. South Europe. 1763. 
 
 — Mackialna. Purple. July. Ireland. 
 
 — mediterra'nea. 4. Purple. April. Portugal. 
 
 1648. B. M. t. 471. 
 allba. 3. White. 
 
 — «tami'««a. 2. Red. June. 1799. Andr. 
 
 Heath. 1. 193. 
 
 — iliridApurpu'reii. 3. Green, purple. May. 
 
 Portugal. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN. 
 
 E. aeumina'ta. IJ. Red. August. 1800. Andr. 
 
 Heath. 1. 101. 
 pa'llida. 1. Pale red. June. 1820. 
 
 — acu'ta. i. Red. June. 1799. Andr. Heath. 
 
 1. 1. 
 
 — CB'mula. 
 
 — ag^rega'ta. Pink. July. 1803. B. C. 1. 1678. 
 
 — Aitcnia'na. 2. White, purple. August. 1790, 
 
 B. M. t. 429. 
 
 — a'lbens. 
 
 — a'lbOa. 2. White. July. 1826. 
 
 — alQpeffuroi'des. Pink. 1817. B. C. t. 874. 
 
 — mnce'na. 1. Purple. June. 1795. 
 
 — ampulla'cea. 2. White, red. June, 1790. 
 
 B. M. t. 303. 
 
 — andromedoefio'ra. 2. Pink. May. 1803. 
 
 Andr. Heath, t. 151. 
 
 — arbu'scula. 1. Bed. May. 1810. B. C. 
 
 t. 848. 
 
 — Archeria'na. 1^. Dark scarlet. September. 
 
 1796. Andr. Heath, t. 3. 
 
 — a'rdens. 2. Scarlet. May. 1800. Andr. 
 
 Heath, t. 61. 
 
 — argetiiijio'ra. 
 
 — aristalta. IJ. Purple, white. June. 1501. 
 
 Andr. Heath. 1. 152. 
 
 — articula'rie. Pink. Spring. B. M. t. 423. 
 
 — a'spera. 2. Yellow. Winter. Andr. Heath. 
 
 1. 104. 
 
 — assu'rgens. 1. White. May. 1821. 
 
 — au'rea. 2. Orange. August. 1799. Andr. 
 
 Heath. 1. 153. 
 
 — austra'lis. 2. Pale purple. March. Andr. 
 
 Heath, t. 62. 
 
 — azalemfo'lia. Lilac. June. 1798. 
 
 — ha'ccans. IJ. Pink. April to July. B. M. 
 
 t. 358. 
 
 — Baudonia'na. 2. Purple. July. 1810. Andr. 
 
 Heath, t. 205. 
 
 — Bariksia'na. i. White, purple. 1789. Andr. 
 
 Heath. 1. 106. 
 
 a'Tba. J. White. June. 1812. 
 
 pwrpu'rea. J. Purple. June. 1800. 
 
 Andr. Heath. 1. 106. 
 
 — Beaunumtia'na. J. Purple. June, 1820. 
 
 Andr. Heath. 253. 
 
ERI 
 
 [360] 
 
 ERI 
 
 June. 1757. B.C. 
 
 April. 1800. 
 
 li. Eeddish-purple, yellow. 
 Andr. Heath, t. 206. 
 Flesh-colour. Spring. Andr. 
 
 May to 
 
 E. Bergia'tM li. Purple, 
 t. 939. 
 
 — W color. 2. Green, red. June. 1790. Andr. 
 
 Heath, t. 64. B. C. 1. 1001. 
 
 — Uflo'ra. White, pink. B. C. t. 683. 
 
 — bMnda. 2. Purple, orange. May. 1798. 
 
 Andr. Heath. 1. 107. 
 
 — Blandfmrdia'na. li. Yellow. May. 1803. 
 
 B M. 1. 1793. 
 
 — Bonplandia'na. 1. Pale yellow. July. 1812. 
 
 B. C. t. 345. 
 
 — Bordiea'na. 1. White. October. 1822. B.C. 
 
 t. 842. 
 
 — breoifo'lia, 1. 
 
 — Broadleya'na. ~ 
 
 Autumn. 
 
 — Brum! odes. 6. 
 
 Heath, t. 6. 
 
 — hwxinifio'ra. i. Mesh-coloured. 
 
 September. B. M. t. 2465. 
 
 — Bume'ttii. Bed, white. Fl. Ser. t. 845. 
 
 — Ca'fra. li. White. May. 1802. Andr. 
 
 Heath, t. 7. 
 >pica!ta. IJ. White. September. 1802. 
 
 — Caledo'nica. Bose. June. 1816. 
 
 — ccUo'stoirm. 
 
 — calyci'na. i. Light flesh-colour. Autumn. 
 
 Andr. Heath, t. 8. 
 eampanula'ta. 1. Yellow. June. 1791. 
 Andr. Heath, t. 55. 
 
 — camipylophy'Ua. Iiilac. April. 1802. 
 
 — cdnalicula'ta. 2. Pale purple. Spring. Andr. 
 
 Heath. 1. 156. 
 
 mi'nor. 2. Pale purple. Spring. Andr. 
 
 Heath. 1. 157. 
 
 — eaTie'sceni. IJ. Pink. June. 1790. 
 
 — cantharcefo'lius. White. May. B. C. 1. 1961. 
 
 — carina' ta. li. Purple. September. 1820. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1071. 
 
 — cwmXola. Pink. July. 1810. B. C. t. 926. 
 
 — CavKnMiihwina. Yellow. May to July. 
 
 Paxt. Mag. xiii, p. 3. 
 
 — Celsla'na. 1. Orange, rose May, 1810. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1777. 
 
 — cerinthoi'des. Dark scarlet. September. 1774. 
 
 B. M. t. 220. 
 
 Tncdjor, 4, Scarlet. May. 1800. 
 
 na'na. 1. Scarlet. May. 1800. 
 
 — ce^mua. 1. Pink. Late autumn. Andr. 
 
 Heath, t. 9. 
 
 — CTiamisso'nis. Ij. Bose-pink. S. Africa. 
 
 1874. 
 
 — chloroltyma. Crimson, green, November. 
 
 1838. B. B. 1838, t. 17. 
 
 — cilia'ris. Purple. July to September. Spain 
 
 and Portugal. 1773. B. M. t. 484. 
 
 — cinna' scene. 1. Purple. May. 1810. 
 
 — Cliffordia/na. 1. White. April. 1812. E. 
 
 C. t. 34. 
 
 — cocd'nea. IJ. Scarlet. 1783. Andr. Heath. 
 
 t. 57. 
 
 — codono'deSf 10-12. Pale pink. February to 
 
 May. B. B. t. 1698. 
 
 — eolo'rcme. 2. White, red. May. 1817. B. 
 
 E. 1. 1698. 
 
 — conw'sa. f . Bed. June. 1787. Andr. 
 
 Heath. 1. 10. 
 
 ■ a'lba. J. White. June. 1787. 
 
 ru'bra. f. Bed. June. 1787. Andr. 
 
 Heath. 1. 11. 
 
 — Comptonia'na. 2. Purple. June. 1802. 
 
 Andr. Heath, t. 265. 
 
 — conca'va. 1. Pale pink. Spring. 1808. B. 
 
 C. 1. 134. 
 
 — cond'nna. 2i. Flesh-colour. September. 
 
 1773. Andr. Heath, t. 68. 
 
 — c&ncolor. 2. June. 1820. 
 
 - confe'rta. 2. White. Winter. Andr. Heath, 
 t. 69. 
 
 — conge'eta. White. June. B. C. 1. 1743, 
 
 — co'nica. 2. Purple. June. 1820. B. C. 
 
 1. 1179. 
 
 1774. 
 
 E. coTispi'cua. 2. Dark yellow. July. 
 Andr. Heath. 1. 12. 
 
 — Coventrya'na. 1. Pink. May. 1801. Andr. 
 
 Heath, t. 210. 
 
 — crassifo'lia. Lilac. May. 1827. Andr. 
 
 Heath, t. 257. 
 
 — crinHta. Bed. Spring and Summer. B. C. 
 
 t. 1432. 
 
 — crue'nta. Bed. Late Summer. 1774. B. C. 
 
 t. 1656. 
 
 — au'Uea. 1, Purple. May. 1790. Andr. 
 
 Heath. 1. 14. 
 major, 1. Purple. June. 1800. 
 
 — curmfiora. 2. Yellow. August. 1774. 
 
 Andr. Heath. 1. 16. 
 ru'bra. 2. Bed. August. 1800. 
 
 — CusMnia'TM. 2. September. 1816. 
 
 — cyathWrmis. White. Gflj t. 43. 
 
 — cyH'ndrica. 2. Bright-brownish orange. April 
 to July. Andr. Heath, t. 60. 
 
 "o'ra. Bed. Spring. 1792. B. C. 
 t."543. 
 .noi'des. 2, White. May. B. C. 1. 154. 
 
 — deei'piens. Flesh-colour. May. 1822. 
 
 — dedina'ta. Flesh-coloured. Autumn. 1774. 
 
 B. C. t. 1662. 
 
 — decora. 2. Purple. June. 1790. Andr. 
 
 Heath. 1. 169. 
 
 — dilnsa. IJ. Bed. June. 1810. Andr. Heath. 
 
 t. 212. 
 
 — AentieiiMta. IJ. Purple. April. 1821. B. 
 
 C. t. 1090. 
 
 — deprflssa. J. Yellow. July. 1782. Andr. 
 
 Heath. 1. 17. 
 
 — dwhroma'ta. 3. Yellow, pink. August. 1800. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1813. 
 
 — Diehso'ni. 2. Yellow. June. 1809. B. C. 
 
 t 1793 
 
 White. June. 1809. 
 
 Bed. May. 1809. 
 i. May. 1792. 
 di'scolar. Flesh-colour, yellow. November to 
 April. Andr. Heath. 1. 160. 
 
 — di'stans. Violet. November. 1822. 
 
 — droseroi'des. Pxirple, August. 1788. Andr. 
 
 Heath, t. IB. 
 
 — dum&sa. 1. Purple. May. 1812. Andr. 
 
 Heath, t. 213. 
 
 — echiflo'ra. 1}. Scarlet. April. 1798. Andr. 
 
 Heath. 1. 161. 
 coccSnea. 1. Scarlet. April. 1812. 
 
 — ela'ixi,. 6. Orange. Autumn. Andr. Heath. 
 
 t. 112. 
 
 i. Green. August. 1799. Andr. 
 Heath, t. 111. 
 
 mma. Pink, white. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — eUmga'ta. White. November. 1810. B. C. 
 
 t. 738. 
 
 — empetrifo'lia. Pink. May. 1774. B. M. 
 
 t. 447. 
 
 — empelroides. Pale pink. June. 1796. B. C. 
 
 1. 1768. 
 
 — eplsto'mia,. 2. Yellow, green. May. 1810. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1186. 
 
 — erioce'phala. White. July. 1816. Andr. 
 
 Heath, t. 61. 
 
 — ero'sa. White, pink. April. B. C. t. 133. 
 
 — erube'scens. li. Flesh-colour. May. 1810. 
 
 Andr. Heath. 1. 113. 
 
 — Ewera'na. 2. Pink. August. 1793. B. C. 
 
 t. 1303. 
 
 longifl'ora. 2. Bed. June. 1792. 
 
 pUo'sa. 2-3. Pink, green. July. 1800. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1992. 
 spedo'sa. 2. Bed. August. 1732. 
 
 — exi'mia. 2. Scarlet. June. 1800. B. C. 
 
 1. 1105. 
 
 — expa'nsa. 1. Scarlet. July. 1818. 
 
 — expo'sita. Bed. August. 1820. B. C. 1. 1521. 
 
 — exsu'rgem. IJ. Dark orange. 1723. Andr. 
 
 Heath, t. 20. 
 — : — ca'mea. 1. Orange. 1800. 
 
 a'lba. 2. 
 
 ru'bra. 2. 
 
 — diosmcRJlo'ra. 
 
ERI 
 
 [361] 
 
 ERI 
 
 U. cxeu'rgens grandiflo'ra. 1. Orange. 100. 
 
 ma'jor. 1. Orange. 1800. 
 
 — pa'Uida. 1. Pale red. 1810. 
 
 — exu'dens. B. C. t. 287. 
 
 ' — faseieula'ris. IJ. Purple. April. 1787. 
 
 — fa»tigia'ta. IJ. White. July. 1797. Andr. 
 
 Heath, t. 62. 
 
 — femwi'nea. 1. Red. May. 1793. Andr. 
 
 Heath. 1. 162. 
 
 — fla/mento'm. IJ. Purple. November. Andr. 
 
 Heath, t. 22. 
 — jimbrui'ta. 4. Spring. Reddish-purple. 
 
 Andr. Heath, t. 6S. 
 ■ — fiagella'ta. 1^. Deep flesh-colour. Summer. 
 
 Andr. Heath, t. 262. 
 ■—fia'mmea. IJ. Light yellow. June. 1798. 
 
 Andr. Heath, t. 23. 
 
 — fltt'va. 2. Yellow. July. 1796. Andr. Heath. 
 
 t. 64. 
 imbrica'ta. 2. Yellow. July. 1796. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1816. 
 — flemio'sa. 1. White. April to July. Andr. 
 
 Heath, t. 66. 
 —flcrribu'iida. 1. Pale pink. May. 1800. B.C. 
 
 1. 176. 
 — fio'rida. 1. Eed. June. 1803. B. C. t. 
 
 234. 
 
 campanula'ta. B. M. t. 3639. 
 
 moscha'ta. 1. Red. May. 
 
 folia'cea. Yellow. Autumn. Andr. Heath. 
 
 t. 263. 
 
 — formo'sa. 2. Red. August. 1795. Andr. 
 
 Heath. 1. 114. 
 a'lba. 2. White. August. 1795. 
 
 — fra'grans. f. Purple. April. 1803. Andr. 
 
 Heath. 1. 163. 
 
 — fu'lgida. Eed. June. B. C. 1. 1633. 
 
 — ge'bda. 3. Green, white. June. 1799. Andr. 
 
 Heath, t. 24. 
 aUbens. 2. White. June, 
 
 — gemmilfera. Orange. August. 
 
 t. 467. 
 
 — globo'sa. li. Pink. August. 
 
 Heath. 1. 116. 
 
 — glomifio'ra. White. June. 
 
 — gra'cilis. 1. Purple, red. March. 
 
 Andr. Heath, t. 68. 
 
 — grandiflo'ra. 3. Yellow. July. 1785. B. M. 
 
 1. 189. 
 hu'milis. 2. Yellow. May. 1806. 
 
 — grwndino'sa. J. White. March. 1810. Andr. 
 
 Heath, t. 265. 
 
 — halicaca'ha. 1. Yellow. June. 1780. Andr. 
 
 Heath. 1. 164. 
 
 — HartneHU. 2. Purple. July. 1820. 
 
 — herba'cea. Pink. March. Mountains of Ger- 
 
 many. B. M. 1. 11. 
 
 — Hiibertia'na. 2., 'Orange, yellow. July. 1800. 
 
 Andr. Heath. 1. 118. 
 
 — Mrm'ta. Red, white. Spring. 1800. B. C. 
 
 t. 754. 
 
 — hi'rta. 2. Red, purplish-green. January to 
 
 April. Andr. Heath. 1. 165. 
 
 mridiflo'ra. H. Green. Winter. Andr. 
 
 Heath, t. 166. 
 
 — hirtiflo'ra. Red. Autumn to spring, 
 
 t. 481. 
 
 — hi'spida. 1. Flesh-colour. August. 
 
 Heath, t. 69. 
 
 — hispi'dula. Purple. July. 1790. 
 
 — Humea'na. IJ. Pink. March. 1808, 
 
 t. 389. 
 
 — igm'scens. Ih Red. May. 1792. 
 
 Heath, t. 27. 
 
 — inUnica'ta. i- Flesh-colour. July. Andr. 
 
 Heath. 1. 119. 
 
 — irmeria'lis. 2. Scarlet. June. 1802. Andr. 
 
 Heath, t. 266. 
 
 — inca'na.' li. White. July. 1810. 
 ru'bra. IJ. Bed. July. 1810. 
 
 ~- incariia'ta. Pink. 1793. Andr. Heath. 
 1. 168. 
 
 1820. 
 1820. B. C. 
 
 1789. Andr. 
 
 1794. 
 
 B. M. 
 Andr. 
 
 B.C. 
 Andr. 
 
 E.irunirva. Pink. March. Andr. Heath. 1. 169. 
 
 — infia'ta. 1\. White, red. July. 1809. 
 
 — i'ttifwndibvlifo'rm'is. 2. Pale red. Septem* 
 
 ber. 1802. Andr. Heath, t. 218. 
 
 — intert^xta. White. Early summer. 1810. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1034. 
 
 — Irbya'rui. IJ. White, green. August. 1800. 
 
 Andr. Heath, t. 219. 
 
 — jasminijl&ra. 2. White, pink. August. 1794. 
 
 Andr. Heath, t. 26. 
 a'lba. 2. White. August. 
 
 — jitba'ta. 2. August. 1800. 
 
 — JvMa'na. 3. Red. July. 1800. B. C. t. 
 
 799. 
 
 — lachncefa. 1. White. May to July. Andr. 
 
 Heath. 1. 120. 
 
 purpu'rea. 1. Pink. July. Andr. Heath. 
 
 1. 170. 
 
 — lachnafo'lia. IJ. White. June. 1793. 
 
 — lactifio'ra. White. March. B. C. t. 991. 
 
 — lalmis. 1. White. March to July. Andr. 
 
 Heath, t. 221. 
 
 — Lomiierfw'Tia. 1. White. June. 1800. Andr. 
 
 Heath. 1. 171. , 
 
 — lana'ta. IJ. White. July to December. 
 
 Andr. Heath, t. 121. 
 
 — lamtgirw'sa. 1. Dingy yellowish-white and 
 
 purplish-brown. Winter. Andr. Heath. 
 1. 122. 
 
 — larieHna. Pink. July. 1824. 
 
 — latera'lis. 1. Purple. August to December. 
 
 Andr. Heath, t. 71. 
 
 — latifo'Ua. 1. Bright red. May to August. 
 
 Andr. Heath, t. 72. 
 
 — Lawso'ni. 3. Flesh. May. 1802. B. M. 
 
 1. 1720. Syn., JS. leptocarpa. 
 
 — la'xa. Eose. September to February. Andr. 
 
 Heath, t. 73. 
 
 — Leed'na. 2^. Orange, yellow. April. 1788. 
 
 Andr. Heath, t. 74. 
 
 — leptoca'rpa. See E. Lawsoni. 
 
 — levm'nthera. 1. White. January to March. 
 
 Andr. Heath, t. 28. 
 
 — Linncea'na. IJ. Purple, white. March. 
 
 1790. Andr. Heath, t. 75. 
 
 — Liwnceoi'des. li. Purple, red. April. 1812. 
 
 Andr. Heath. 1. 123. 
 
 — langifio'ra. 2. Red, orange. May. 1812. 
 
 Andr. Heath, t. 222. 
 
 — lonaifo'Ua calmea. Flesh-colour. May. B. M. 
 
 t. 706. . 
 
 — longipedwneula'ta. 1. Pink. July. 1805. 
 
 — lu'k&a. 2. Pale flesh-colour. April to June. 
 
 Andr. Heath. 1. 172. 
 
 — lu'tea. |. Pale-yellow. March. 1774. 
 
 — magni'jUsa. Purple. August. Andr. Heath. 
 
 t. 223. ' 
 
 — nummno'ta. 2. Purple. August. 1762. 
 minor. 1. Purple. August. 1800. 
 
 — ■margarita'cea. 1\. White. June to Septem- 
 
 ber. Andr. Heath. 1. 126. 
 
 — marifo'lia. 1. White. April to July. Andr. 
 
 Heath. 1. 127. 
 
 — Masso'ni. 3. Red, green. August.* 1787. 
 
 — - — minor. 1. Eed, green. August. 
 
 — mela'nthera. 3. Pale pink. Spring. 1802. 
 
 B. 0. t. 867. 
 
 — mela'stoma. 2. Red, brown. June. 1786. 
 
 — metulceflo'ra. 1. Red. April. 1798. 
 discolor. 1. Rose, white. August to 
 
 October. Andr. Heath, t. 269. 
 
 — mmutajlo'ra. Purple. June. 1822. 
 
 — mira'bilis. 1. Purple. May. 1800. 
 
 — mollea'ris. Purple. June. 1803. 
 
 — mo'llis. 1. Red. Andr. Heath, t. 272. 
 
 — Monsorda'na. 4. White. July. 1787. 
 
 — Moorea'na. Pink, white. Garden hybrid. 
 
 Lem. Jard. Fl. t. 259. 
 
 — moscha'ta. IJ. Green. June. 1805. 
 
 — mvto'sa. 3. Brilliant purple. June to Sep- 
 
 tember. Andr. Heath. 1. 174. 
 
 — mueosoi'dies. Lilac. May. 1800. 
 
ERI 
 
 [362] 
 
 ERI 
 
 JE. muerona'ta. IJ. Flesh-colour. May to 
 August. Andr. Heath, t. 225. 
 
 — muUillo'ia. Flesh-colour. Winter. Andr. 
 
 Heath. 1. 176. 
 
 — mu'ndula. 2. Purple. June. 1810. 
 ma'jor. 2. Purple. June. 1810. 
 
 — Murraya'na. Scarlet. Garden hybrid. Paxt. 
 
 Mag. xi. p. 77. 
 
 — Muiea'ri. 1^. Pale yellow. March to July. 
 
 Andr. Heath. 1. 130. 
 
 — muta'hilis. Deep purple, becoming paler. 
 
 February to October. Andr. Heath. 
 1. 176. 
 
 — Nei'Uii. Pink, white. Garden hybrid. Paxt. 
 
 ■ Mag. ix. p. 186. 
 
 — nidida'na. 1-2. White, pale pink. 1809. 
 
 B. C. t. 764. 
 
 — ni'grita. 1. White. April to July. Andr. 
 
 Heath, t. 31. 
 
 — ni'tida. 1^. White. July to October. Andr. 
 
 Heath. 1. 131. 
 
 — niva'lis. White. June. 1820. 
 
 — ni'vea. 2. White. April. 1816. 
 
 — nivenialna. Purple. February to June. Andr. 
 
 Heath. 76. 
 
 loTigijU/ra. Purple. March to June. 
 
 Andr. Heath, t. 227. 
 
 — obla'ta. Eed, white. June. 1796. 
 
 umbella'ta. 1. White. May to August. 
 
 Andr. Heath. 1. 132. 
 
 — obli'gna. IJ. Purple. August. 1800. 
 
 — oUo'nga. Bed. July. 
 
 — obtvlta. 1. Purple. September. 1789. 
 
 — odMra'ta. 1. Pink. June. 1829. 
 
 — dUula. 1. Eed. May to August. Andr. 
 
 Heath, t. 276. 
 
 — opponUfdlia. J. White. April to July. 
 
 Andr. Heath. 1. 178. 
 ma! jar. 1. White. March. Andr. Heath. 
 
 1. 179. 
 nCtn-a. J. Eed. May to August. Andr. 
 
 Heath. 1. 180. 
 
 — aria'ta. White. 1810. 
 
 . — orbicula'ris. B. C. 1. 163. See Blcsria eri- 
 eoides. 
 
 — ostri'na. Eed. Spring. B. C. 1. 1218. 
 
 — ovalifo'lia. White, pink. North India. 1842.' 
 
 — ova'ta, 1. Purple. June. 1811. 
 
 — pa'Uens. i. Yellow. April to July. Andr. 
 
 Heath. 1. 182. 
 — pa'Uida. Flesh-colour, white. May to Octo- 
 ber. Andr. Heath, t. 77. 
 
 — palu'stris. 1. Flesh-coloured. July. 1799. 
 
 — panicula'ta. Fink. Late summer. 1774. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1194. 
 
 — Parmeniieria'na. 1. Pale purple. July. 
 
 1810. 
 
 — pa'tem. 2. Purple. February to June. Andr. 
 
 Heath. 1. 133. 
 
 — Patersonia'na. 2^. Yellow. May. 1791. 
 — ma'jor, 3. Yellow. May. 
 
 — patersmiioi'des. 2. Orange, red. June. 1800. 
 — peduneula'ta. 1. Pale purple. March to 
 
 June. Andr. Heath, t. 229. 
 
 — pellu'cida. 2. White. September. 1800. 
 ru'bra. IJ. Eed. August. Andr. Heath. 
 
 t. 277. 
 
 — pelta'ta. Green, purple. July. 1804. 
 
 — pelvifdrmis ca'rnea. Flesh-colour. Gfl. t. 43. 
 
 — pe'ndula. Pale pink. June. 1791. B.C. 
 
 t. 902. 
 
 — penwttWta. 2. Greenish-yellow. May to 
 
 August. Andr. Heath. 1. 136. 
 
 — periolu'ta. IJ. Purple. April. 1774. 
 a'lba. 1. White. March. 1800. 
 
 — perspi'cua, 2. White, purple. May. 1790. 
 na'im. 1. Pink. April. 1800. 
 
 — petiola'ta. White. May to July. Andr. 
 
 Heath. 1. 136. 
 
 — Petive'rii. 2. Yellow. May. 1774. 
 cocci'nea. 2. Scarlet. May. 
 
 — Pezi'za. 1. White. June. ISl^, 
 
 E.physo'des. 1}. Wliite. May. 1788. 
 
 — pUo'sa. White. June. 1800. B. 0. t. 606. 
 
 — pilula'ris White. November. 1820. 
 
 — piluKfera. 1. White. May to July. (Andr. 
 
 Heath, t. 278. 
 
 — pi'nea. 2. Eed. October. 1790. 
 — ^ — di' scalar. 2. Red. October. 
 
 favoi'des. 2. Eed. October. 
 
 pulche'lla, 2. Eed. October. 
 
 pvrpu'rea. Pink. April. B. C. 1. 1259, 
 
 — pini/o'lia. IJ. White. February to July. 
 
 Andr. Heath. 1. 184. 
 cocci'nea. Scarlet. May. Andr. Heath. 
 
 1. 137. 
 di'scolor. Pink, white. May to July. 
 
 Andr. Heath, t. 138. 
 
 — planifo'lia. IJ. Purple. August. Andr. 
 
 Heath. 1. 186. 
 
 — Plukene'tii. J. Eed. May. 1774. 
 a'lbeTis, Whitish. 1^. May to Septem- 
 ber. Andr. Heath. 1. 187. 
 
 na'na. 1. Eeddish-purple. June to 
 
 November. Andr. Heath. 1. 139. 
 pa'llida. 1. Pale red. June. 1794. 
 
 — plumo'sa. 1. Purple. March to July. Andr. 
 
 Heath, t. 36. 
 
 — Pohlma'nni. Pale pink. May. 1816. B. C. 
 
 1. 1852. 
 
 — pro! cox. 1. Pink. Spring. 1800. B. C. 
 
 1. 1413. 
 
 — prodgnans. 2. Red. August. 1796. 
 
 — prce^stans. 1. White. August. 1810. 
 
 — priTtmloi'dee. J. Purple, red. May. 1802. 
 
 — pri'nceps. IJ. Scarlet. June. 1800. 
 ca'rnea. 1. Flesh-coloured. June. 1804. 
 
 — proeu'Tnbens. Pink. Summer. B. C. 1. 1993. 
 
 — prope!ndm,s. IJ. Purple. July. 1800. 
 
 — pseu'do-vesti'ta. 
 
 — pube'acens. Ij. Purple. August to Feb- 
 
 ruary. Andr. Heath, t. 37. 
 
 mi'iwr. 1^. Purple. October to March. 
 
 Andr. Heath, t. 38. 
 
 — pulcMlla. li. Eed. July. 1792. 
 
 — puXverule'nta. 1. Purple. July. 1820. 
 
 — pu'mila, 1. Purple. June. 1812. 
 
 — pv!ra. White. Autumn. B. C t. 72. 
 
 — purpu'rea. 2. Light purple. 1789. 
 
 — py'gnuea. Deep purple. July to October. 
 
 Andr. Heath, t. 279. 
 
 — pyramiida'lis. IJ. Pink. March. 1787. 
 
 — pyrifdrmis. 
 
 — quadrangula'ris. IJ. White, flesh-colour. 
 
 April to June. Andr. Heath, t. 280. 
 
 — quadra'ta. White. May. 1829. B. C. 
 
 t. 1943. 
 
 — quadr\fo'lia, IJ. Purple. June to August. 
 
 Andr. Heath, t. 41. 
 
 — racemi'fera. 1. Purple. April to June. 
 
 Andr. Heath. 1. 188. 
 
 — racemo'sa. IJ. Pink. April. 1795. 
 
 — radia'ta. 1. Crimson. September. 1798. 
 di'scolor. 2. Rose, white. Autumn. 
 
 Andr. Heath, t. 281. 
 
 — ramenta'cea. 1}. Dark red. September. 
 
 1786. 
 
 — recurva'ta. 1. Whitish. March to June. 
 
 Andr. Heath", t. 282. 
 
 — r^'xa. 1. Flesh-colour. July to October. 
 
 Andr. Heath, t. 283. 
 
 — refu'lgens. 2. Scarlet. May. 1800. 
 
 — rege'rmvmms, IJ. Red. June. 1701. 
 
 — resino'sa. Yellow, green. May to August. 
 
 B. M. t.' 1139. 
 
 — reto'rta. 1. Pink, white. June. 1787. 
 
 — ri'gida. Pink, white. July. B. C. 1. 1286. 
 
 — MoUinso'nii. 2. Purple. June. 1820. 
 
 — ro'sea. 1. Red. July. 1810. 
 
 — rube^Ua. 2. Pink. June. 1814. 
 
 — ru'be-ns. 1. Dark red. July. 1810. 
 
 — ru'bida. Corolla white ; calyx deep red. 
 
 Summer. B. C. 1. 1166. 
 
 — ruiroea'lyx. 1. White, changing to rose. 
 
ERI 
 
 [363] 
 
 ERI 
 
 Spring and summer Andr. Heath. 
 t. 286. 
 E. rubrosefpala. Red, white. June. 1826. 
 
 — rug&sa. 2. Deep red. June to August. 
 
 Andr. Heath, t. 236. 
 
 — rupefstrw. White. July to November. Andr. 
 
 Heath. 1. 145. 
 ru'bra. IJ. Red. February to Novem- 
 ber. Andr. Heath, t. 237. 
 
 — RusselUa'na. IJ. Pink. May. 1820. 
 
 — Sainsburya'na. 2. Purple. July. 1800. 
 
 — SalUburya'na. Rose. June. 1815. 
 
 — sangui'nea. 1. Crimson. 1816. 
 
 — sanguinole'nta. f. Deep blood-red. Summer. 
 
 B. M. t. 2263. 
 
 — Savilea'na. |. Red. June. 1800. 
 
 — scabriu'scula. 1. "White. May. 1805. 
 
 — seario'sa. Pale pink. Summer. 1812. B. C. 
 
 t. 477. 
 
 — Schorilii. Purple. 1799. B. C. t. 638. 
 
 — Seba'na. 2. Orange. April. 1774. 
 aura'ntia. 1. Orange. July. Andr. 
 
 Heath, t. 83. 
 
 fu'sca. 2. Brown. May. 1812. 
 
 lu'tea. 2. Yellow. May. 1800. 
 
 mi'Tior. 1. Orange. May. 1810. 
 
 na'na. 1. Purple. April. Andr. Heath. 
 
 t. 189. 
 
 — ■ spica'ta. 2. Deep scarlet. September. 
 
 Andr. Heath. 1. 190. 
 
 rri'ridis. 1. Pale green. March to May. 
 
 Andr. Heath, t. 86. 
 
 — serpyllif&lia. 1. Pale flesh-colour. July to 
 
 November. Andr. Heath, t. 286. 
 
 — serratifo'lia. 1^. Orange-yellow. August 
 
 to December. Andr. Heath, t. 44. 
 
 — sessilifltyra, 2. Pale green. August to Oc- 
 
 tober. Andr. Heath, t. 86. 
 
 — seta'cea. Whitish. February to April. Andr. 
 
 Heath, t. 87. 
 
 — iexfa'ria. 1. White. March to July. Andr. 
 
 Heath, t. 88. 
 
 — Sha/nnonia'na. H. White, purple. June. 1816. 
 
 — si'eula. See Pentaptera sicula. 
 
 — Smithia'na. 2. Purple. April. 1791. 
 
 — Solandria'na. 2. Pink. June. 1800. 
 
 — solandroi'dee. IJ. Whitish. April to July. 
 
 Andr. Heath, t. 290. 
 
 — so'rcKda. Deep orange. July to January. 
 
 Andr. Heath. 1. 191. 
 
 — spa'rsa. Pink. 1800. B. C. 1. 1467. 
 
 — spedo'sa. 2. Red, green. July. 1800. 
 
 — spica'ta. 1. Pale yellow, green. November 
 
 to April. Andr. Heath, t. 45. 
 
 — gple'ndevs. 2. Scarlet. July. 1792. 
 " 2. Yellow, pui pie. June. 1806. 
 
 J. Bed. May. 1786. B. C. 
 
 Sprenge'Hi 
 
 — 8pum&sa. 
 
 t. 666. 
 
 — spu'ria. 2. 
 
 Purple. June. 1796. 
 'a. 2. April. 1796. 
 equemio'ad. IJ. Purple. April to July. Andr. 
 Heath, t. 91. 
 
 — stami'nea. 2. Bed, green. June to Septem- 
 
 ber. Andr. Heath. 1. 193. 
 
 — etella'ta. White. 1806. B. C. t. 893. 
 
 — steUi'fera. 1. Flesh-colour, white. May to 
 
 August. Andr. Heath, t. 291. 
 
 — stri'cta. 2. Purple. September. South Eu 
 
 rope. 1796. 
 
 — mave'olens. IJ. Pale purple. May to July. 
 
 Andr. Heath, t. 292. 
 
 — sulpJiu'rea. 2. Yellow. June. 1806. 
 Swainso'nii. 2. Bed, purple. August. 1794. 
 taxifo'lia. Pink. 
 
 ma'jor. 1^. Flesh-colour. July to De^ 
 
 cember. Andr. Heath, t. 243. 
 
 — Templea'na. 2. Bed, purple. July. 1820. 
 
 — tmeflla. J. Purple. June. 1791. 
 ra. 1. Yellow. April to June. 
 
 Andr. Heath, t. 146. 
 
 a'lba. 2. White. July to December. 
 Andr. Heath. 1. 194. 
 
 E. tenuiflo'ra ca'mea. 1. Flesh-colour. Summer. 
 Andr. Heath, t. 294. 
 
 — teretiv! scvZa. 2. Keddish-purple, green. 
 
 February to April. 
 
 — thalicitnfio'ra. Wlute. 1800. B. C. 1. 1294. 
 
 — Thomso'nii. Pink, white. Garden hybrid. 
 
 Lem. Jard. Fl. t. 259, fig. 1. 
 
 — Thunbergia'na. IJ Orange. June. 1794. 
 
 — thymifo'lia, |. Purple. July. 1789. 
 
 — tiarcejio'ra. IJ. Flesh-colour. May to July. 
 
 Andr. Heath, t. 196. 
 
 — toga'ta, f . Red. June. 
 
 — tomento'sa, 2. Purple. June. 1778. 
 
 — tortuo'sa. 2. May. 1816. 
 
 — translu'cens. 2. Red. June. 1797. 
 
 — transpa'rens. 1^. White. May. 1800. 
 bla'nda. Carmine. February. 1843. 
 
 — tri'ceps. White. Autumn. 1800. B. C. 
 
 t. 962. 
 
 — tri'color. 2. Red, green. June. 1810. 
 
 Tna'jor. 2. Red, green. June. 1810. 
 
 mi'nar. 1. Red, green. June. 1810. 
 
 — trifio'ra. H. White. April. 1774. 
 
 — triu'mphans. 2. White. April. 1802. 
 
 — tro'asula. IJ. White, pink. April. 1800. 
 ru'bra. 1. Red. April. 1810. 
 
 — tubercula'ris. See Eremia tubercvXaris. 
 
 — tubifio'ra. 2. Pink. May. 1776. 
 
 — tuMvl&cuia. Pink. Autumn and winter. B. 
 
 C. 1. 1167. 
 . — tidmida. IJ. Scarlet. July. 1812. 
 
 — turlniia!ta. Flesh-colour. May to July. 
 
 Andr. Heath, t. 297. 
 
 — tu'rgida. 1. Purple. May. 1821. 
 
 — V'hria. 2. Blood-red, green. August. Andr. 
 
 Heath. 1. 149. 
 
 pUo'sa. 2. Reddish-purple, green. 
 
 August. Andr. Heath. 1. 160. 
 
 — umbella'ta. Pale purple. April to July. Por- 
 
 tugal. Andr. Heath, t. 99. 
 
 — UTidtMta. Bed. May to July. Andr. Heath. 
 
 t. 300. 
 
 — urceola'ris. White. Summer. 1778. B. C. 
 
 1. 1894. 
 
 — va'ria. 1. Purple, yellow. July. 1810. 
 
 — ventrico'sa. 1. Flesh-coloured. June. 1787. 
 a'lba. 1. White. June. 
 
 ' — ca'mea. 1. Flesh-coloured. June. 
 
 cocci'nea. 1. Scarlet. June. 
 
 ere'cta. 1. Flesh-coloured. June. 
 
 hirsu'ta. 1. Flesh-coloured. June. 
 
 na'na. i. Flesh-coloured. June. 
 
 supdrba. 1. Scarlet. June. 
 
 — vereciilnia. Pink. Summer. 1820. B. C. 
 
 — vema'iis. 3. Pink. March. 1827. 
 
 — ve'mix. 1. Gold, green. January to May. 
 
 B. C. t. 260. 
 ^ru'bra. 1. Fiery red. Spring and 
 
 Autumn. Andr. Heath, t. 298. 
 langifio'ra. 1. Gold, tinged with red, 
 
 edged with- deep green. April to July. 
 
 Andr. Heath, t. 248. 
 
 — verH' color. 2. Orange, red. August. 1720. 
 longifio'ra. 3. Flesh-colour, green. Octo- 
 ber to July. Andr. Heath, t. 249. 
 
 ma'jm-. 2. Scarlet. September. 1800. 
 
 — verticilla'ta. 3. Scarlet. August. 1774. 
 ma'jor. 2. Scarlet. September. 1800.. 
 
 — vesti'ta. 3. White. 1789. 
 
 a'lba. 2. White. 1789. 
 
 bla'nda. 2i. Pink. May. 1827. 
 
 ca'mea. 2. Flesh-colour. July to Octo- 
 ber. Andr. Heath, t. 246. 
 
 cocci'nea. 3. Scarlet. 1789. 
 
 e'legane. 2. Purple. 1810. 
 
 fu'lgida. 3. Orange. 3789. 
 
 incama'ta. 2. Pink. 1789. 
 
 lu'tea. 3. YeUow. 1789. 
 
 muta'bilis. 3. Scarlet, white. 
 
 purpu'rea. 2. Purple. June. 
 
 ro'eea. 3. Light red. August. 
 
 1800. 
 1789. 
 1789. 
 
ERI 
 
 [364] 
 
 ERI 
 
 jff. viUo'sa. White. February to June. Andr. 
 Heath, t. 200. 
 
 — villosivlBcula. Pale pink. May. B. C. 
 
 1. 18414. 
 
 — viride'sceiis. Yellowish-green. Spring. 1804. 
 
 B. C. t. 233. 
 
 — viridif&ra. 2. Orange. July. 1810. 
 
 — vi'ridis. 2^. Dark green. July. 1800. 
 
 — vism'ria. 2. Purple. April to July. Andr. 
 
 Heath, t. 49. 
 
 — Walkeria'Tia. Bed. July. 1806. 
 
 ru'bra. 1. Beep flesh-colour. February 
 
 to June. Andr. Heath, t. lUO. 
 
 — WUlm&rei. Bright, but pale red. Garden 
 hybrid. Kn. and West. t. 73. 
 
 'e'W. Lilac. June, 1824. 
 
 Bricine'Ua. (Diminutive of Erica. 
 J^at. ord., Ericacece; Tribe, EricecB.) 
 
 Greenhouse shrub. For cultivation, See 
 -Heaths. 
 
 _B. Ma'ntiii. Crimson. July. Cameroon Moun- 
 tains. 1866. B. M. t. 5569. 
 
 Eri'geron. (From er, the spring, 
 and geron, old man ; some being noary 
 ■with a downy covering eariy in the 
 season. Nat. ord., Compositce; Tribe, 
 Asteroidem. Allied to Conyza.) 
 
 Showy hardy herbaceous plants. Seeds and 
 <Uvisions ; garden-soil. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 E. bonwrie'nsis. IJ. Purple. July. S. Amer. 
 1732. 
 
 — canade^nsis. 1. White. August. England. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 773. 
 
 — ehin^nsis. 1. White. August. China. 1818. 
 
 Jacq, H. Schoenb. t. 303. 
 
 HARDY BIENNIALS. 
 
 .B. a'cris. IJ. Blue. July. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 774. 
 asteroi'deg. 1. Purple. July. Podolia. 
 
 1821. Syn., M. podolicm. 
 
 — divarwa'tus. 1. White. August. Missis- 
 
 sippi. 1818. 
 
 — laeviga'ttts. 1. White. July. Cayenne. 1822. 
 
 — pod&lieus. See E. acHs, var. asteroides. 
 
 HAKDY PERENNIALS. 
 
 E. alpi''nus. 1. Purple. July. Scotland. Eng. 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 776. 
 
 rupe'strii. J. Purple. July. Switzer- 
 land. 1819. Syn., E. rupestris. 
 
 — armeru^o'lins. Purple. July. Barcelona. 
 
 1S29. 
 
 — a'sper. Purple. August. N. Amer. 1828. 
 
 — a'tticus. See E. VUlamii. 
 
 — OMranti'aeus. 1. Orange. Turkestan. 1879. 
 
 — hellid%fo'Vmt. IJ. Purple. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1790. B. M. t. 2402. 
 
 — Blu'ma. SeeE. VUlarm. 
 
 — carolimUnus. 1. Purple. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1727. 
 
 — canea'sicus, |. Purple. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1821. 
 
 — compo'gitut. i. White, red. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1811. 
 ^glaie'Uus. 1. Purple. Missouri. 1828. B. 
 M. t. 2923. 
 
 — gloM'cus. f . Purple. November. S. America ? 
 
 1810. B. E. 1. 10. 
 
 — gramdiflo'rm. |. Purple. July. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — hu'milis. J. Flesh. August. N. Amer. 1828. 
 
 — hyssomfo'lius. 2. Pale purple. September. 
 
 N. Amer. Syn., Aster gramiml/olius. 
 
 — Lehnui'nnL Lilac. August. Eg^t. 1828. 
 
 — ma/xitrms. Purple. July. Mexico. 1830. 
 
 Half-hardy. Syn., Leptostelma mamma. 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 38. 
 
 E. mAierona'tus. i-1. Purplish. Australia. 
 
 Syn., Vittadenia triloba. 
 ~ muitiradia'tua. i-2. Purple, yellow. June. 
 
 Himalaya. 1880. B. M. t. 6530. Syn., 
 
 Ast&r inuloides. 
 
 — philadellphums. 1. Purple. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1778. 
 
 — jraie'scens. White. July. Mexico. 1827. 
 
 Syn., EeterockoRte pvibescena. 
 
 — pulehe'llus. Purple. AprU. Dahuria. 1818. 
 
 Syns.,.4««ej- Alwartenm, B. M. t. 2321, 
 and A. pulchellus. 
 
 — pu'milus. White. August. N. Amer. 1818. 
 
 — purpu'retia. 1. Purple. August. Hudson's 
 
 Bay. 1776. 
 
 — rupe'stris. See E. alpinuSt var. rttpestris. 
 
 — salsiigino'sus. 1. Purple, yellow. June. 
 
 Athabasca. 1829. Syn., Aster salsuffino- 
 sns. B. M. t. 4940. 
 
 — sero'tinus. Purple. 
 
 — specie: sus. Blue. June. California. 1833. 
 
 Syn., Stenactis speeiosa. B. M. t. 3606. 
 
 sup^rbus. Large flowered garden variety. 
 
 1889. Garden, xxxvi., p. 377. 
 
 — ViUalriai. 1. Purple. July. Piedmont. 
 
 1804. B. B. t. 683. Syn., E. attims. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 
 E. cegypti'acus. Jacq. Vind. iii. t. 19. See 
 Conyza cegyptiaea. 
 
 — asteroi'des is Ehmiiea pvM^ora. 
 
 — chile^nsis. See Conyza chilensis. 
 
 — delphinifo'lius. See Polyactidium delphini. 
 
 foli/wm. 
 —fce'tiAus. See Nidorellafoetida. 
 
 — Goua'ni. Ja«q. Vind. t. 165. See Inula vis- 
 
 cosa. 
 
 — graTni'neus is Arctogeron gra/minewm. 
 
 — grave' oUns. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 866. See Inula 
 
 — linifoliws. See Conyza amMgua. 
 
 Erina'ceate_pa'mca. SeeAnthyl- 
 lis Erinacea. 
 
 Erino'sma. (From er, the spring, 
 and osme, to smell ; referring to the early 
 flowering of this sweet-scented bulb. 
 Nat. ord., AmaryllidacecB ; Tribe, Ama- 
 ryllecB. ) United to LeucoJTim. 
 E, ve'mum. See Leucojum vemwm. 
 
 earpa'thicam. See Leticojum vemum, 
 
 var. ca/rpathicum. 
 
 Eri'nus. (From er, the spring; re- 
 ferring to the early time of flowering. 
 Nat. ord., Scrophulariacece ; Tribe, Digi- 
 talecB. Allied to Wulfenia.) 
 
 Hardy rock plants. Seeds and divisions. 
 Succeed well on crumbling walls, etc. Sandy 
 loam. 
 E. alpHnus. J. Purple or white. March. 
 
 Pyrenees. 1739. B. M. t. 310. Syn., 
 
 E. hispanicus. 
 —fra' gratis. See Lyperiafragrans. 
 
 — hisna'nicus. See E. alpinus. 
 
 — lyOmoi'deus. B. M. t. 2504. See Zaiuniaskia. 
 
 — tri'stis. See I/yperia tristis. 
 
 Eriobo'trya. Loquat. (From erion, 
 wool, and botrys, a bunch of grapes; 
 referring to the downy flower-racemes. 
 Nat. ord., Bosacece ; Tribe, Pomea.) 
 See Photinia. 
 
 Erioca'lia ma'jor. A synonym of 
 Actinotus helianthi. 
 
 Eriocau'lon. Pipewort. (From 
 
EEI 
 
 [365] 
 
 ERI 
 
 erion, wool, and caulos, a stem. Nat. 
 Old., EriocaulonecB.) 
 
 The only known European Pipewort is K sept- 
 angula'ret a small bog or marsh-plant in the 
 Isle of Skye. There are other species, but all 
 more curious than beautiful. 
 a. decangula're. 2^-3. Yellowish. July. United 
 States. B. M. t. 3126. 
 
 Ulioce'phalus. (From erion, -wool, 
 and kephcue, a head ; referring to the 
 appendage. Nat. ord., Compositce ; 
 Tribe, Anthemidece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from South Africa. 
 Cuttings of young shoots, getting firm, in April, 
 in sand, under a glass ; sandy loam and a little 
 peat. 
 
 E. afriea'nus. White. Winter. 1731. B. M. 
 t. 833. 
 
 — gla'ber. i. Yellow. April. 1816. Syn., E. 
 
 decussatus, 
 
 larid'nus. 4. Purple. April. 1816. 
 
 Syns., E. laricinus and E. purpureus. 
 
 — racemo'sus, 3. Yellow. March. 1739. 
 
 Erioclli'luS. (From erion, wool, and 
 cheilos, a lip ; downy on the labellum, 
 or lip. Nat. ord., Orchideos ; Tribe, 
 NeottiecB-Diuridew. ) 
 
 Ground orchids, from Australia. Divisions; 
 peat and loam, both fibry, with a portion of sand 
 and lumps of charcoal. 
 
 E. autumna'lis. 1. Red. October. 1823. Syn., 
 Ejaipactis eucullata. 
 
 — diEata'tus. May. 
 
 — latifo'lius, October. 
 
 — mtUtiJU/rus. March. 
 
 — ssa'ber, September. 
 
 Eriocho'sma.. (From erion, wool, 
 and chasme, a rent; referring to the 
 spore-cases. Nat. ord., Filiees, Now 
 united with Nothochlsena.) 
 
 Pretty stove and greenhouse ferns, with brown 
 or brownish-yellow spores. Division, before 
 fresh growth commences ; peat and loam. E. 
 vesti'ta may be hardy. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 E. di'stans. i- May. N.S. Wales. 1823. 
 
 — hi'rta. J. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 — etella'pUis. May. N. S. Wales. 1840. 
 
 — mlca'ta. May. N. S. Wales. 
 
 — vesti'ta. i. August. America. 1812. Hardy. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 E. hypoleu'ca. July. W. Ind. 
 
 — lanvgino'sa. J. July. Bourbon. 1818. 
 
 — ru'/a. August. W. Ind. 1830. 
 
 — tommto'sa. 'May. N. S. Wales. 1842. 
 
 Eriocne'ma. (From erion, wool, 
 and kneme, a leg ; alluding to the hairy 
 stalks. Nat. oxA..,Melastomaeece; Tribe, 
 Microlieiem. ) 
 
 Stove herbaceous plants. For cultivation, see 
 Ancectochilus. 
 ■ E. cefneum. i. Pink. Brazil. 1850. 
 
 — marmm-a'tum. \. Pink. Brazil. 18S0. Fl. 
 
 Ser. t. 750. 
 
 Erioco'ma. (From e/rion, wool, and 
 home, hair ; referring to the appendage 
 on the seed of some Composites. Nat. 
 ord., Compositce; Tiihe, HelianthoidecB.) 
 See Montanoa. 
 
 Enode'ndron. (From erion, wool, 
 and dendron, a tree ; referring to the 
 silky wool in the seed-pods. Nat. ord., 
 Malvacece ; Tribe, Bombacem. Allied 
 to Bombax. ) 
 
 Fine stove evergreen trees ; seeds in a hotbed ? 
 rich, sandy loam. 
 E. anfractuo'sum. 100. Scarlet. E. Ind. 1739. 
 
 B. M. t. 3360. Syn., Bomiax anfraotuo- 
 
 swrn. 
 
 — carSba^um. 70. Cream. W. Ind. 1739. 
 
 — guinefl'me. 160. Scarlet. Guinea. 1826. 
 
 Syn., Bfmibax guineertse. 
 
 — leianthe'i-um. 70. Scarlet. Brazil. 1818. 
 
 Syn., Bombax pentandrum. 
 
 Eriogo'nuin. (From erion, wool, 
 and gonu, a joint ; downy at the joints- 
 of the stems. Nat. ord., Polygonacem ; 
 Tribe, Eriogonem. Allied to Polygonum . > 
 
 Hardy herbaceous and woody perennials with 
 yellow flowers, from North America. Seeds and 
 divisions in March and April ; loam and a littl& 
 psat. 
 E. compo'situTn. IJ. June. 
 
 — longifo'lium. 2. June. 1822. 
 
 — pauffifio'ruwj. 2. June. 1820. 
 
 — seH'ceum. 1. July. 1811. Syn., E, flavuin,- 
 
 — tom^nto'swrn. 2. May. 1811. 
 
 Eriopa'ppus. See Layia. 
 
 Erio'phorum. Cotton Grass. (From. 
 erion, wool, and phoreo, to bear ; in re- 
 ference to the silky tails or coverings of 
 the seeds. Nat. ord., Cyperaceoe; Tribe, 
 ScirpecE. ) 
 
 Pretty, hardy bog loving plants, with silky- 
 cottony flower heads. They are natives of peat- 
 marshes, and do not belong to Grasses, thougli 
 erroneously so called. 
 E. polyata'chymi. i-lj. May. Britain. 
 
 Eriophy'llum. (From erion, wool,, 
 andphytlon, leaf; woolly -leaved. Nat. 
 ord., VompositcB ; Tribe, Helenoidece. } 
 Now referred toBahia under thespecifia 
 names annexed. 
 
 Hardy evergreens, from North America. Divi- 
 sions of the roots in spring ; common soil. 
 E. ccespito'sum. 1. Yellow. May. Bahia. 
 
 LANATA. 
 
 — oppositifo'lium. IJ. Yellow. Bahia oppo- 
 
 SlII FOLIA. 
 
 Erio'psis. (From Eria, a genus of 
 orchids, and opsis, like. Nat. ord., 
 OrchidecB ; Tribe, Vandem-Cyrtopodiece.) 
 
 Very ornamental greenhouse or stove orchids- 
 Division ; fastened to blocks with a little moss. 
 E. bUo'ba. 1}. Orange. September. 1845. 
 B. M. t. 4437. 
 
 — rutidobu'lbo7i. 2. Orange, purple. August. 
 
 New Grenada. 1846. 
 
 — Spru'cei. Lemon-colour, red. Brazil. 1854. 
 
 EriOSe'lUa. (From erion, wool, and 
 sema, a standard ; referring to the top 
 petal, or standard, as in a pea-flower. 
 Nat. ord. , Leguminosai ; Tribe, Phaseo- 
 lecE. Allied to Rhynchosia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds in March ; cut- 
 tings in April, in sand, under a glass, and in 
 heat ; peat and loam. 
 
EEI 
 
 [366] 
 
 ERO 
 
 H.grandAfiorwm. 2. Yellow. August. Mexico. 
 ' — viola'ceum^ 4, Purple. March. Guiana. 
 1820. 
 
 Eriospe'rmum. (From erion, wool, 
 and spermos, a seed ; woolly - seeded. 
 Nat. ord., LUiacece ; Tribe, Asphodelece. 
 Allied to Antherioum. ) 
 
 Greenhouse bulbs from South Africa. Offsets ; 
 sandy peat. 
 
 _E. albucoi'des. J. Yellow, green. S. Africa. 
 1875. 
 
 — Bellende'ni. 1. Light blue. July. 1806. 
 
 — bre'vipes. IJ. White, gi-een. July. Algoa 
 
 Bay. 1862. 
 
 — calcara'tum. J. White, green. S. Africa. 
 
 1875. 
 
 — folioWferum. i. Yellow, green. July. 
 
 1806. Andr. Eep. t. 521. 
 
 — lawseasfo'lium. 1. Light blue. July. 1795. 
 
 Jacq. lo. t. 421. 
 
 — lanugvno'mm. 1. White, green. July. 1820. 
 
 Jacq. H. Schcenb. t. 264. 
 
 — latifo'Kwm. 1. Light blue. July. 1800. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1382. 
 
 — j/acfte'mii. Yellow. July. Natal. 1871. 
 
 Syn., Bulbine Macheniit B. M. t. 5955. 
 
 — parado'oowm. 1. July. 1825. 
 
 — parvifo'lium. }. Dark blue. July. 1796. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 422. 
 
 — proKferum. f. White, green. Summer. 
 
 1821. 
 
 — vube! scene. 1. White, green. July. 1820. 
 
 B. B. t. 578. 
 
 Srioste'iuon. (From erion, wool, 
 and stemon, a stamen ; appearance of 
 stamens. Nat. ord., Butacece; Tribe, 
 Boroniece. Allied to Crowea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from Australia. Cut- 
 tings of young shoots in April, in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, and in about a week plunged in a mild 
 hotbed ; three parts sandy peat, and one sandy, 
 iibry loam. 
 
 S. buxifo'Kue. 2. Pink. May. 1824. B. M. 
 t. 4101. 
 
 — cuspida'tus. See E. Tnyoporoides. 
 
 — eridfo'liits. 3. Red. June. 1824. 
 
 — glance' scens. Lilac. April. 1824. 
 
 — gra'cUis. 1. Lilac. June. 1831. 
 
 — interme'diu^. B. M. t. 4439. See M. myopo- 
 
 roideg, var. tniruyr, 
 
 — lanceola'tus. 3. Red. June. 1823. 
 
 — latifo'lius. 3. White. 1845. 
 
 — linearifo'lius. 3. Red. June. 1823. 
 
 — myoporoi'des. 1^. White. September. 1824. 
 
 B. M. t. 3180. Syns., K cuspidatus, and 
 £1. neriifolius. 
 
 mi'nor. Rose. April. Syn. K inter- 
 
 medius. 
 
 — twriifo'lius. See E. myoporoides. 
 -^ nodijlo'rus. Blush. 1841. 
 
 — ohlong-ifo'lms, WTiite. April. 1825. 
 
 — ohova'lis fio're ple'iw^ 2-3. G. 0. 1888, iii. 
 
 p. 85. 
 
 — puWheHlus. 3. A garden hybrid. 
 
 — soblidfo'lius. B. M. t. 2854. See Philotheca 
 
 awstralis. 
 
 — sca'ier. IJ. Pink. April. 1840. Paxt. Mag. 
 
 xiii. p. 127. 
 
 Eri'othrix. (From erion, wool, and 
 thrix, hair ; referring to the appendages 
 on the seeds. Nat. ord., Cowipositce ; 
 Tribe, Senecionidem. Allied to Nejiro- 
 Itena. ) 
 
 For culture, see Bacoharis. 
 -E. lycopodioi'des. White. July. Bourbon. 
 1828. Syn., Baecharis lycopodioidea. 
 
 Eri'sma. (From erisma, strife ; re- 
 ferring to the difficulty of assigning their 
 position in the natural arrangement. 
 Nat. ord., Voohysiacem.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of young shoots 
 getting firm, in April, in sand, under aglass, and 
 m bottom-heat ; sandy loam and peat. 
 E.fioribu'nda. 40. Blue. October. Guiana. 
 1825. 
 
 Erithalis. (From erithallo, to grow 
 green ; referring to the glossy, deep green 
 of the leaves. Nat. ord., Rubiacece; 
 Tribe, Chiococce(B. Allied to Guettarda.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs or trees. Cuttings of 
 young stubby side-shoots in springer summer, in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat; 
 sandy, fibry loam, and a little peat. 
 E.fructico'sa. 13. White. July. Jamaica. 
 1793. 
 
 — Ti'Tnon, See Timonms Ev/mphii. 
 
 Eritri'chiuta. (From- more, wool, 
 and thrix, a hair ; alluding to the woolly 
 hairs of some of the species. Nat. ord., 
 Boraginem ; Tribe, Boragem. Allied to 
 Cynoglossum. ) 
 
 Hardy perennial or annual herbs. Seeds, or 
 divisions of the plants in spring. Garden-soil. 
 E. na'num is very difficult to establish. 
 E. barbi'geruTn. White. California. Rev. Hort. 
 1885, p. 557. Annual. 
 
 — na'num. One-twelfth. Blue, with yellow 
 
 eye. Alps. 1869. B. M. t. 6853. 
 
 — rupe'stre. 1. Blue. July. Galicia. 1824. 
 
 Syn., Anchusa rupestris. 
 
 — stri'ctwm. 1. Blue. July. Himalayas, 
 
 Annual. 
 
 Emo'dea. (From ej-nof^e*, branched, 
 Nat, ord,, Rubiacece; Tribe, Spermato- 
 cocece. ■ Allied to Spermacoce. ) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen trailer. Division ; dry, 
 gravelly soU ; protection of a cold frame m 
 winter, 
 
 E. littora'lis. White. Winter. W. Indies. 
 Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 31. 
 
 — monta'na. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 143. See Pwtoria 
 
 calabrwa. 
 
 Ero'diimi. Heron's-bill. (Fromero- 
 dios, a heron ; referring to the resem- 
 blance of the style aud ovaries to the 
 beak and head of the heron, Nat, ord,, 
 GeraniacecB ; Tribe, Geraniem. Allied 
 to Geranium,) '^ 
 
 The biennials and annuals may be sown in 
 front of a border in April ; perennials, divided 
 in March ; the half-hardy, by seeds and divi- 
 sions ; sandy loam, and the protection of a cold 
 pit in winter, 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 E. Chi'um. Blush. June. Levant. 1724. 
 
 — cico'nium. . LUac. July. South Europe, 
 
 1711. 
 
 — cicuta'rium pimpinelVfo'lium. }. Purple. ' 
 
 July. South Europe. 1800. 
 
 — grui'nwm. Blush. July. Crete. 1596. Sibth. 
 
 Fl. Gr. t. 666. 
 
 — nrnrica'tum. J. Red, July. 1827, 
 
 — Mu'reicum. 1. Red, July. 1827. 
 
 HARDY BIENNIALS. 
 
 E. eiauta'rium bipinna'tum. Fink, June, Nu- 
 midia, 1804, 
 
 — geifo'lium. 1. Lilac, 1835, 
 
ERO 
 
 [367] 
 
 ERY 
 
 2?. pulverule^ntum. 1. lalac. Spain. 
 ^— roma'num-. i. Purple. June. Borne. 1724. 
 B. M. t. 377. 
 
 BABDY HEEBACEOirS. 
 
 E. alpi'nwm. J. Red. June. Italy. 1814. 
 
 — anthemidifo'lium. J. Purple. June. Iberia. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — coMcalifo'lmm. 1. Purple. June. France. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — glaiKophy'Uum. Lilac. July. Egypt. 1732. 
 -^ Gusso'nL 1. Pale purple, June. Naples. 
 
 1821. B. M. t. 2445. 
 
 — hi'rtum. J. Purple. June. Egypt. 1818. 
 
 — lito'reum. Lilac. June. Narbonne. 1818. 
 ■^malapoi'des. i. Purple. June. N. Africa. 
 
 1800. 
 
 eo'rsicum. J. Purple. June. Corsica. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — petrce^um. J. Purple. July. South Europe. 
 
 1640. 
 ■:- sero'tinwm. |. Blue. August. Siberia. 
 1821. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 312. 
 Syns., E. nvuZticaule and ruthenicum^ 
 
 — Slephcmia'num. J. Blue. June. 1820 
 -r— styla'tum. ^. Purple. June. 1826. 
 
 HALF-HAEDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 E. crassifo'lium. J. Scarlet. June. Cyprus. 
 1788. 
 
 — glanduLo'swrn. See E. npaeradenium. 
 
 — gutta'tum. Purple, black. N. Africa. 1861. 
 
 Trailer. 
 
 — hymeru/des. f. Pink. July. Barbary. 1789. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1174. 
 
 — incama'tum. J. Flesh. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1787. Evergreen. B. M. 
 t. 261. 
 
 — lacinia'tvm-. i. Eed. June. Crete. 1794. 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 655. 
 ' — nutDrad^niitm. Purple. Pyrenees. 1867. 
 B. M. t. 5665. Syn., E. gland/uZosv/m. 
 
 — melasti'gmum. 1, Purple. June. 1823. 
 ^ Munbya'num, Purple. Algeria. 1872. 
 
 .— pelargoniifif/rum. White, violet. July. Ana- 
 tolia. 1850. Gfl. 1862, p. 19. 
 
 — Eeicha'rdii. ^. White, July. Minorca. 
 
 1783. Syn., E. chanuBdryoides. 
 
 Sro'phila. (From er, the spring, 
 aniphileo, to love ; referring to the time 
 •t)f nowering, Nat. ofd., Oruciferce ; 
 Tribe, AlyssinecB. Allied to Draba.) 
 
 Hardy annuals, -with white flowers. Seeds ; 
 -common soil. 
 
 ^. ameriea'na. }. March. N. Amer. 1816. 
 ^-prce/cox. J. March. Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 — vulga!ris. J, March, Britain. 
 
 Erpe'tion. New Holland, or Spur- 
 less Violet, See Viola. 
 
 E'rvum. 
 
 ! Vicia. 
 
 Ery'ngium. Eryngo. (VromEryn- 
 veon, a name adopted by Pliny from 
 Dioscorides. Nat. ord., Umbelli/erm ; 
 Tribe, .SanicuUce. Allied to Sanicula. ) 
 
 Showy biennial and perennial herbs. The 
 roots of E. ma/n!timwm and ca/mpelstre are sweet, 
 aromatic, and tonic ; they are candied, and sold 
 by the name of Eringo-roots, Seeds and divi- 
 .sions in common sou ; they will thrive best 
 in sandy loam. Half-hardy species require the 
 protection of a pit or greenhouse in winter, and 
 jsandy loam, 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS, ETC, 
 -B. te'mw. 1. Blue. July. Spain. 1824. 
 — truyaspida'tum. 2. Green. September. 
 Spain. 1699. Biennial. 
 
 HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 E. bromelice/o'lium, 3. White. July. New 
 Spain. 
 
 — Carli'rm. Blush. August. North Spain, 
 
 1827. 
 
 — CervtmU'sii. 1. Green. August. Mexico. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — eomo'mm. Blue. July. New Spain. 1818. 
 
 — ebractea'tum. 2. July. Buenos Ayres. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — ebu'meum. 6. White. Autumn. S. Brazil. 
 
 1872. Eev. Hort. 1876, p. 112. 
 —faHidum. 1. Green. September. W. Ind. 
 1714. 
 
 — gra'eile.- 1. Blue. July. New Spain. 1824. 
 
 — grami'neum. Blush. August. New Spain. 
 
 1825. 
 
 — Lassau'xii. 6. White. Autumn. Monte 
 
 Video. 1872. 
 
 — longifo'lium. 3. White. July. Mexico. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — Tnonoce^phalvm. Purple. August. Mexico. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — ovi'nwm. li. White. July. Bathurst, 
 
 Australia. 1824. 
 
 — serra'twm. 1. Blue. July. New Spain. 
 
 1800. 
 
 — terna'tum. Purple. August. Crete. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 E. alpi'num. 2. Blue. July. Switzerland. 
 1607. B. M. t. 922. 
 
 — a/methystilnwrn. 2. Steel blue. July. Styria. 
 
 1648. 
 
 — Artderso'nii. -2. Blue. July. 1800. 
 
 — aqua'tidwrn. 4. White. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1699. Jacq. lo. t. 347. 
 
 — aqmfo'lvwm. 1. Blue. August. Spain. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — asperifo'lium. See E. giganteum. 
 
 — azu'reum. 2. Blue. July. South Europe. 
 
 1790. 
 
 — BaXdvyi'nii. Blush.' August. Carolina. 1824. 
 
 — Billardielrii. Blush. July. South France. 
 
 1731. 
 
 — Baurga'ti. 2. Pale blue. July. South France. 
 
 1731. 
 
 — cceru'leum,. 2. Blue. July. ■ Caspian. 1816, 
 
 — campe'stre. 2. Blue. July. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 570. 
 
 — cornicvXa'tum. 1. Grey, green. July. 
 
 Portugal. 1803. B. M. 1. 1427. 
 -^ erini'twm. Blue. August. Spain. 1826. 
 
 — dioho'tomum. 2. Blue. July. South Europe, 
 
 1820. 
 
 — dilMa'twm. IJ. Blue. July. Portugal. 1821. 
 
 — giga'ntewm. -4. Blue. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1820. Syn., E. asperifolium. 
 
 — gloTnera'Punii 1. Blue. July. South Europe, 
 
 1826. 
 
 — Tnaerophy'lliim. 1831. 
 
 — mari'tiTn/UTn. IJ. Blue. July. Britain. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 689. • 
 
 — Oliviera'num, 2-3. Blue. Rummer. Cau- 
 
 ■ casus? 
 
 — pla'num. 3. Light blue. July. Europe. 
 
 1696. 
 
 — pusi'llum. |. Green. July. Spain. 1640. 
 gaVwUdes. J. Green. July. Portugal, 
 
 1810. 
 
 — ri'gidum. f . Blue. July. France. , 1816. 
 
 — te'rra. 6. White. Autumn. S. Brazil. 
 
 1872. ■ Syn., E. platyphyllum. 
 
 — spi'na-a'lba. White. August. South Europe, 
 
 1816. 
 
 — trtque'trwm, 1. Blue. July. South Europe, 
 
 , 1824. ■ 
 
 — virga'tum. 1. Light blue. June. N. Amer. 
 
 . ;810. B. C. t. 1636. 
 
 — mrgmia'num. 2. Blue. August. N. Amer. 
 
 Ery'simum. Hedge Mustard. 
 (From eryq, to draw ; supposed to pro- 
 
ERY 
 
 [ 368 ] 
 
 ERY 
 
 duce blisters. Nat. ord., Cruciferm; 
 Tribe, Sisymbriece. Allied to Sisym- 
 brium.) 
 
 Annuals and biennials, by seed in the open 
 border, in September or March; perennials, 
 seeds and divisions. 
 
 HARDY PERENNIALS. 
 
 R lameeola'tum. Yellow^ May. Alps o£ Europe. 
 B. M. t. 2423. 
 
 — pulche'Uum. 1. Saffron-yellow. April. 1880. 
 
 — pu'milum. i. Yellow. May. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — mfrutico'sum. 2. Yellow. June. Europe. 
 
 1820. Evergreen. 
 
 — versicolor. 1. variegated. May. Caucasus. 
 
 1825. 
 
 — Wahlenhe'rgii. 2. Bright yellow. July. 
 
 Transylvania. 1891. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 E. perfoKa'tum. 1. White. May. Austria. 
 1818. 
 
 — quadrico'me. 1. Yellow, June. Siberia. 
 
 1821. 
 
 HARDY BIENNIALS. 
 
 E. altissinvwm. 3. Yellow. June. Germany. 
 1818. 
 
 — An^zejosTcia'nuTn. \\. Yellow. June. Tau- 
 
 ria. 1818. Syn., E. diffumm. B. E. 
 t. 388. 
 
 — au'reum. 1. Yellow. June. Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 — Barbare'a. See Barbarea vulgaris. 
 
 — bi'eolor. 1. Yellow. May. Switzerland. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — cane!scene. 1. Yellow. June. South Europe. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — coUi'num. 1. Yellow. May. Caucasus. 1823. 
 
 — Gra'ssipes. 1. Yellow. June. 1835, 
 
 — decu'-mbem. J. Yellow. June. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — fi'rmum. 1. Yellow. July. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — hierwyijo'lium. 1. Yellow. June. North 
 
 Europe. 1816. 
 
 — ibifricum. 1. Yellow. May. America. 1803. 
 
 — intermeldium. 2. Yellow. June. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1819. 
 
 — Uptophy'llwn. 1. Yellow. June, Iberia. 
 
 1821. 
 
 — Itmgyfo'liwm. 1. Yellow. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1823. Syn., E. grandijUtruvi. 
 
 — l&ngisiliquo'swm. IJ. Yellow. June, Swit- 
 
 zerland. 1819. 
 
 — ochroleu'eum. Yellow. Europe. Gfl. t. 54. 
 
 — pa'tidum. 1, Yellow. June. South Europe. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — Perowskia'num. IJ. Orange. July. 1838. 
 
 B. M. t. 3757. 
 
 — prtxfcox. See Barbarea prcBcox. 
 
 — Reddwekii. 1, White. June. Siberia. 1821. 
 
 — rhceftieum. 1. Yellow, June. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — strigo'sum. 1. Yellow. June. Siberia. 1806. 
 
 — strifctum. 2. Yellow. June Austria. 1819. 
 
 Ery'tliea. (A name adapted from 
 Greek mythology. Nat. ord., FalmecB.) 
 
 Graceful greenhouse palms. For culture, see 
 Areca. 
 
 E. arma'ta. California. Syn., E. aculeata. 
 Gfl. 1887, p. 279, f. 24. 
 
 — efdulis. 30. March. California, Syn., 
 
 Brahea ediUis. 
 
 Erythrae'a. (From erythros, red; 
 the coloui- of the flowers of some species. 
 Nat. ord., GentianecB.) 
 
 The biennial should be sown in autumn : the 
 perennials, by seeds and division ; sandy loam, 
 with a little peat. All are worth cultivating, 
 
 E. aggrega'ta. 1. Ked. July. South Europe. 
 1824. Biennial. Swt. Fl. Gard. 1. 137. 
 
 — confe'rta. See E. Ivtiarifoliay var. h/wmilis. 
 
 — diffu'sa. Eose. 1882. Syns., E. pulchella, 
 
 var. diffusa^ Gfl. 1. 1038, E. rarnomsuma^ 
 and Chironia pulchella. Hardy peren- 
 nial. 
 
 linarifo'lia hu'milig. J. Pink. June. Spain, 
 1824. Herbaceous perennial. Syn., E, 
 conferta. 
 
 mari'tima. J. Yellow. July. Switzerland. 
 1777. Herbaceous trailer. 
 
 — MvMeribe'rgii. 6. Deep pink. Spring. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 
 
 — Musso'ni. Yellow, July, Azores. 1777, 
 
 Herbaceous. 
 
 — venu'sta. f . Rose, with white eye. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1878. 
 
 Erythri'na. Coral-tree. (Fiom ery- 
 thros, red ; the colour of the flowers. 
 Nat. ord,, Leguminosce; Tribe, Phaseo- 
 lecB.) 
 
 According to Dr. Eoyle, gum lac is the produce 
 of a species of Coral-tree, E. monospe'rma, not 
 here in cultivation. Stove plants ; all scarlet- 
 flowered. Bycuttines of the young shoots break- 
 ing from the old collar of the plant in spring, and 
 when two or three Inches long ; also by cutting 
 up the old flowering-stems when ripe, and in 
 both cases covering with a bell-glass, after 
 placing them in sand, and in a strong bottom- 
 neat ; peat, loam, and dried cow-dung, in equal 
 proportions, with a portion of sand. E, cri'sta- 
 ga'lli does out of doors in sheltered places, cut 
 down, and the roots slightly protected as for 
 fuchsias, in winter. 
 
 E. Bidvii'lli. A hybrid between E. Aer&oceaand 
 E. crista-galli. 
 
 — bogote'nsis. Scarlet. Columbia. 1873, 
 
 — calfra. B. M. t. 2431. See E. Humei. 
 
 — ca'mea. 7. Flesh-colour. Early spring. 
 
 Vera Cruz. 1733. B. R. t. 389. Syn., 
 E. americana. 
 
 — conypa'cta. Coral-red. 1882. A form of E. 
 
 cristorgalli. 
 
 — corallode'ndron. 20. May. W. Ind. 1690. 
 
 Syn., E. spinosa. 
 
 — cri'sta-ga'lli. 40, June. Brazil. 1771, B. 
 
 M. t. 2161. Syn., E. laurifolia. 
 
 Coltya'na. Rich red. 
 
 fiorUntlnda. Rosy-crimson. 
 
 . oma'ta. Dark vermilion. 
 
 — rubelrrima. Crimson, tinged with rose. 
 
 sp'ecta'bUis. Leaves variegated with 
 
 yellow. 
 
 — erythrosta'chya. Scarlet. July. 
 
 — fu'lgens. 10. B. Ind. 1810. 
 
 — glau'ca, 10. Copper-colour. Summer. 
 
 — herba'cea. S. Scarlet. July. Carolina. 
 
 1824. Herbaceous. B. M. t. 877. 
 
 — Bu'iiui. 30-60. Scarlet. S. Africa. Syn., E. 
 
 caffra. S. M. t. 2431. 
 
 — i'ndica. 20. Scarlet. E. Indies. 1814. 
 marmora'ta. Scarlet. May. Leave* 
 
 blotched with white. Polynesia. 1879. 
 Syn., E. marmorata. 
 
 Parce'lli. Red. Leaves variegated with 
 
 yellow. S. Sea Islands. 
 
 — ine'rmis. See E. raitis. 
 
 — ingi'gnis. 40, Scarlet. April. 1857. Gfl. 
 
 t. 988. 
 
 — laurifoflia. See E. erista-galli. 
 
 — macrophy'lla. 20. Tenenffe. 1822. 
 
 — marmora'ta. See E. mdica, var. trbarmorata, 
 
 — mi'tis. Scarlet. May. Caraccas. Jacq. H. 
 
 Schoenb. t. 216. Syn., E. inermis. 
 
 — ovalifo'lia. 10. E.Indies. 1816. 
 
 — Parce'lli. Flor. Mag. new ser. t. 95. A 
 
 variety of E. indiea. 
 
 — pUcta. Red. Polynesia. 1874. 
 
ERY 
 
 [369] 
 
 ESC 
 
 S. poia'nthes. Scarlet. January to March. 1828. 
 
 B. B. 1. 1246. 
 suiime'rmis. 15. Scarlet. Madeira. 
 
 B. R. 1. 1617. 
 
 — portorice'nme. Perhaps a synonym of Rudol- 
 
 phia volubilis. 
 
 — pulche^rrima. Crimson. 1876. 
 
 — Becundifio'ra. 20. Brazil, 1820. 
 
 — spedo'ea. 10. September. W. Indies. 1805. 
 
 Andr. Bep. t. 443. 
 
 — ^ecta'bilis. S. Sea Islands. 1881. 
 
 — spina' sa. See E. eoraUoiendran. 
 
 — velutSna. 30. Scarlet. June. Madeira. 
 
 B. M. t. 3227. 
 
 — vesperti'lio. W. Australia. 1885. 
 
 Erythrochse'te. See Seneeio. 
 
 Erythrochi'ton. (From erythros, 
 red, and chiton, a tunic ; referring to 
 the flower-envelope, or calyx. Nat. ord. , 
 Rutacem ; Tribe, Ctispariece. Allied to 
 Galipea. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Seeds and cuttings, in 
 sand and heat ; peat and loam. 
 JS. brazilie^tisis. 10. White. July. Brazil. 
 1842. B. E. 1843, t. 47. 
 
 — hypophylla'nthus. White. Columbia. 1863. 
 
 Syn., Bypophyllanthus Lindeni. 
 
 — Linddni. Mexico. 1840. 
 
 Erythrolse'na. Mexican Thistle. 
 (From erythros, red, and Icena, a cloak ; 
 referring to the scarlet flowers. Nat. 
 ord., Compositcej Tribe, Cynaroidece.) 
 United with Cnicus. 
 E. conspi'cua. Swt. Fl. Gard. 1. 134. See Cnityus 
 conspieuus. 
 
 Erythro'nium. Dog's-Tooth 
 Violet. (From erythros, red; referring 
 to the colour of the leaves and flowers 
 of the species first discovered. Nat. 
 ord., LiliacecB; Tribe, Titlipece.) 
 
 Hardy bulbous plants ; offsets ; common gar- 
 den-soil ; 
 E. a'lbidum. }. White. April. Louisiana. 
 
 1824. 
 — • america'num. B. M. 1. 1113. See E. Icmceo- 
 
 latum. 
 
 — de!ns-ca'nis. J. Lilac. March. Europe. 
 
 1596. B. M. t. 5. 
 a'lbidum. i. White. March. Italy. 
 
 1596. 
 longifo'lium. Rose. March. Garden 
 
 variety. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 76. 
 ru'brum. J. Red, lilac. March. Europe. 
 
 1696. 
 
 — giga'nteum. Yellow. April. N. Amer. 
 
 — grandifio'rwm. J. Yellow. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1826. B. R. t. 1786. 
 alUfio'rum. White. N.W. America. 1874. 
 
 — Benderao'ni. J. Pale lilac, with dark purple 
 
 spot at base. Oregon. 1888. B. M. 
 t. 7017. 
 
 — laneeola'tvm. J. Yellow. April. N. Amer. 
 
 1665. Syn., E. amerieanwm. B. M. 
 1. 1113. 
 
 — revolu'tum. Purple, yellow. California. 
 
 ErsrthropMe'um. RedWater-tree. 
 (From ery throws, red, and phelos, an 
 ancient name for a prickly plant ; refer- 
 ring to the flow of red juice when the 
 tree is wounded. Nat. ord., Legvmi- 
 nosce; Tribe, Wimorphomd/rex. Allied 
 to Mimosa.) \ I 
 
 See Cya- 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings 01 ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; rich 
 flbry loam, with a little peat. 
 E.gumee'nse. 100. Pale yellow. Sierra Leone. 
 
 1793. 
 — pubi(itam,i'neum. 20. Angola. 1889. 
 
 Erythro'pogon. (From erythros; 
 red, and pogon, a beard j referring to 
 the colour of the chafly scales of the 
 flowers. Nat. ord., Compositce; Tribe, 
 MuloidecB. ) See Metalasia. 
 
 E. iTribrica'tug. See Metalasia imbricata. 
 
 — umbelia'tus. See Metalasia umbellata. 
 
 Erythro'tis Beddo'mei. 
 notis hcwensis. 
 
 Erythro'xylon. (From erythros, 
 red, and xylon, wood. Nat. ord., imece; 
 Tribe, Erythroxylece.) 
 
 The wood of some species is deep red. E. 
 havwne'nse is the best garden-plant among 
 them. Stove evergreen trees, with yellowish- 
 green iiowers. Cuttings of half-ripe shoots in 
 sand, under a glass, and in heat; peat and 
 loam. 
 
 E. Co'ea. 3-6. Greenish. S. America. 1869. 
 The leaves form an important article of 
 commerce amongstlhe Indians, by whom 
 they are chewed. 
 
 — havame'nse. 10. Hayannah. 1822. 
 
 — hypericifo'lium. 40. Mauritius. 1818. 
 
 — lavjr%fo'liu7n. 50. Mauritius. 1823. 
 
 — mexiai'num,. Greenish. Mexico. 1869. Gfl. 
 
 t. 615. 
 
 Escallo'llia. (Named after jEscosWom, 
 a Spanish traveller. Nat. ord., Saxi- 
 frageoB; Tribe, Escalloniece.) 
 
 Evergreen greenhouse or half-hardy shrubs. 
 Cuttings of young shoots rather ripe, in sandy 
 soil, under a hand light, in summer ; or younger 
 smaJler shoots under a bell-glass, in the green- 
 house ; peat and loam, with a little road-drift, 
 and well drained ; most of them will do against 
 a wall, with the protection of a spruce-branch in 
 frosty weather, m winter, especially if the wall 
 has a broad coping. 
 E. bi'fida. See E. nKmtevideTi&is. 
 
 — Candida. White. St. Paul's, Brazil. Lem. 
 
 Jard. Fl. t. 403. 
 
 — earacasa'na. White. Caraccas. 1827 
 
 — di'scolor. 6. White. S. Amer. 1820. 
 —floribu'nda. White. July. New Grenada. 
 
 1827. B. C. t. Ii72. 
 
 — glamdMlo'sa of B. C. 1. 1291, see E. rubra, var. 
 
 aMflora ; of Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 81, 
 see E. Grahami. 
 
 — Gra'hami. 5. White. November. Chili. 
 
 Syn., E. glamdulosa of Swt. Fl. Gard. 
 ser. 2, t. 81. 
 
 — grandifl&ra. 6. July. 1846. 
 
 — lUini'ta. 5. White. August. Chili. 1830. 
 
 — iMca'na. July. 1847. 
 
 — maera'ntha. 3. Red. June. Chiloe. 1848. 
 
 B. M. t. 4473. 
 
 Tngra/rm. Garden variety. 
 
 sanguilnea. Deep red. Chili. 1873. 
 
 Syn., E. aanguinea. 
 
 — nwmta'na. Bed. Chili. 1873. 
 
 — montevide^nsis. 6. White. July. Brazil. 
 
 1827. B. M. t.l467. Syn., E.Ufida. 
 
 — orgwne'nsis. 3. Rose. Organ Mountains. 
 
 1844. B. M. t. 4274. 
 
 — Fhilippia'na. White. Valdivia. 1873. G. 
 
 C. 1878, X. p. 109. 
 
 — pteroela'don. 4. White, red. July. Pata- 
 gonia. 1854. Hardy. B. M. t. 4827. 
 B B 
 
ESC 
 
 [370] 
 
 ESP 
 
 E. pulverule'nta. 8. Chili. 1831. 
 
 — revolu'ta. 10-20. White. September. Chili. 
 
 1887. B. M. t. 6949. 
 
 — ru'bra. 3. Med. September. . Chili. 1827. 
 
 B. M. t. 2890. » 
 atbifl&ra. 6. White. July. Chili. 1828. 
 
 Ryn., E. glcmdidosa of B. C. 1. 1291. 
 
 puhefscens. 6. Bed. July. 
 
 pwncta'ta. 3-6. Dark red. July. Chili. 
 
 1828. B. M. t. 6599. Syn., E. sanguinea. 
 
 — visco'sa. 6. White. Mendoza. 1829. 
 
 Eschallot, or Shallot. A'lUwm 
 
 AscalQ'nicum. 
 
 Varieties. — The Common, which puts 
 up long, slender, dark green leaves ; and 
 the Long keeping, with larger bulbs and 
 dwarfer habit, and keeps good for nearly 
 or quite two years. Both have a stronger 
 taste than the onion, yet not leaving its 
 disagreeable smell on the palate. 
 
 Pi'opagation. — Each offset will in- 
 crease in a similar manner as its parent, 
 and may be planted out either in the 
 months of October and November, or 
 early in the spring, from February to 
 the beginning of April. Autumn is the 
 best season for planting, if the soil lies 
 dry. If planteu in beds, let them be 
 tliree feet and a half wide, and three or 
 four inches higher than the alleys, and 
 the surface of the bed a little arched. 
 Set out the rows nine inches apart from 
 row to row, and plant the offsets singly 
 with the hand upon the surface of the 
 bed, six inches apart in the row, just 
 pressing each bulb down firm in the soil ; 
 see occasionally that they are not cast 
 out of their places by worms or other 
 vermin ; or each bulb may be covered 
 with either a little old tan or coal-ashes, 
 in little ridges along the rows, an inch 
 and a half or two inches deep. When 
 the bulbs are well established and grow- 
 ing, this covering should be removed 
 with the hand ; no other culture is re- 
 quired, except earth-stiiTing. Take them 
 Tip for .storing, when full grown, towards 
 the end of Jime or July, as soon as the 
 leaves begin to decay. Spread them 
 out to dry, on boards, in some airy 
 situation. 
 
 Insect. — Anthomy'iaplatu'ra. Closely 
 allied to the Onion fly, Anthomy'ia cepa- 
 rwm, but attacks the plant by depositing 
 its eggs at the hose of the bulb, and not 
 in the leaves. The damage is done by 
 ■the maggots eating the bulbs. As soon 
 'as the shallots show signs, of being at- 
 tacked, the whole plant should be pulled 
 <up and at once burnt, to prevent any 
 spread of the damage. 
 
 Eschscho'ltzia. (Named after Dn 
 CEschscholtz, a botanist. Nat. ord., 
 IPapdveracem ; Tribe, Hunnemanniece.) 
 
 Showy hardy annuals, with yellow flowers 
 seeds sown in the open border, in March ; when 
 
 once introduced they will generally sow them- 
 selves ; if sown in autumn, and an evergreen 
 branch bent over them in severe weather, they 
 will bloom early. 
 
 E. caMfdrmca. IJ. Bright yellow. Summer. 
 N. W. America. 1790. Syns., E. crocea, 
 B. E. 1. 1677, and Chryseis crocea, B. E. 
 1. 1948. See also E. Douglasii. 
 ciympa'cta. 1. Yellow. August. Cali- 
 fornia. 1833. Syn., Chryseis compacta. 
 ■ erdoea. 1. Deep orange. August. Cali- 
 fornia. 1823. B. M. t. 3495. 
 
 Dougla'gH. 1. Yellow. California. 
 
 Syn., .B. calif arnica oi B. M. t. 2887, and 
 B. E. 1. 1168. 
 
 — fumaric^dlia. SeeHunnemanniafumarice- 
 
 folia, B. M. t. 3061. 
 
 — termifo'lia. J. Yellow. California. B. M. 
 
 t. 4812. 
 
 Esmeralda. (Derivation not given. 
 Nat. ord., QrchidecB ; Tribe, Vandece.) 
 
 Showy stove epiphytal orchid. Culture same 
 as Aerides. 
 
 E. he'Ua. Light ochre, barred with brown ; lip 
 white, purplish brown. 1888. 
 
 — Cla'rk&i'. Now known as Arachnanthe Clarkei. 
 
 B. M. t. 7077. Syn., Vancia Clarhei. 
 
 Espaliers. A term used to express 
 modes of training fruit-trees on rails of 
 iron or wood, as bordering to the walks 
 of kitchen-gardens, whereby the margins 
 are rendered more ornamental, and the 
 walls are relieved of many trees too 
 tender to withstand the ordinary rigours 
 of our climate. The forms of these 
 trellises vary much ; some are placed 
 perpendicularly, others horizontal, and 
 others, again, m a curved or saddle-like 
 form, vrith various other shapes which 
 the fancy of the owner, or the peculiar 
 situation, may dictate. These rails are 
 generally placed within a few feet of the 
 garden-walk, having, also, another walk 
 or alley at the back, in order to facilitate 
 operations. Espaliers being nearer to 
 the ground than ordinary standards, we 
 need hardly say that in such a position 
 they are warmer. The mode of training 
 tends to check exuberance of growth, 
 which is of some service in a dwarfing, 
 and, by consequence, an early fruiting 
 system. The trees are completely within 
 reach for stopping, and various other 
 manipulations, which, on standards, re- 
 quire ladders and other cumbrous ma- 
 chines. Again, a much greater collection 
 of fruits maybe cultivated, in any garden, 
 by an espalier system, than by the ordi- 
 naiy course of cultui-e^ The espalier 
 system can be rendered c onducive to the 
 greatest amount of produce, as well as 
 to the most ornamental tippearance. 
 
 Form of Trellis. — Thig .)s very material. 
 There are fruits which ipust have sun- 
 shine to perfect them, y|t will succeed 
 with a moderate share, 'f here are others 
 which wUl succeed in what is commonly 
 termed a northern aspiect; such are 
 
ESP 
 
 [371] 
 
 EUC 
 
 adapted for the northern side of trellises, 
 ■which run east and west. Again, others 
 must have a fuU exposure to the sun. 
 Elitchen-gardens are mostly rectangular, 
 and if most or all of the margins he ap- 
 propriated to trellises, there will he a 
 ^reat difference between those which run 
 north and south and east and west. To 
 avoid over-shadowing, we think that 
 what have been termed Table Trellises, 
 that is, those which present a flat sur- 
 face, parallel to the horizon, at about a 
 foot or half a yard from the ground are 
 by far the best for the majority of fruits. 
 
 Perpendicular Bails are, however, veiy 
 well adapted for many of our fruits, and 
 if iron is not used, a very nice, but some- 
 what perishable structure may be formed 
 by means of wood. Permanent stakes 
 of oak, larch, etc., may be driven at 
 from two to tliree feet apart perpendicu- 
 larly, and temporary stakes driven as 
 wanted between them, of more perish- 
 able material. The temporary, or inter- 
 vening stakes are to be movable at 
 pleasure, and when the trees acquire a 
 strong fabric, may be entirely dispensed 
 ■with. 
 
 The Strained-wire Bail is, however, 
 much superior, and will, doubtless, prove 
 most economical in the end. Such, well- 
 constructed, with stone bases to the iron 
 uprights, would endure a century, and 
 •are, at least, particularly to be recom- 
 mended for trees of slender wood. As 
 for perpendicular iron treillage, an ordi- 
 nary field hurdle will give a pretty good 
 idea ; the distance between the rails 
 being, of course, ruled by the mode of 
 growth of the tree. 
 
 With regard to Arched or Saddle Trel- 
 lises, we would speak with some caution. 
 Kunning north and south, and occupied 
 with trees properly adapted, they will 
 doubtless succeed, and they are assuredly 
 ornamental. 
 
 Gooseberries and currants we have 
 found conveniently trainable to a cheap 
 trellis of this form — 
 
 It is not the least advantage attendant 
 upon this mode of training that the 
 fruit is easily covered and protected. 
 
 Espele'tia. (In honour of Don Jose 
 ■de Espelata, a viceroy of New Grenada. 
 Nat. ord., Comypositm ; Tribe, Melian- 
 thoidece.) 
 
 Greenhouse woolly-leaved plants. Sandy peat. 
 Leaves not to be wetted during the winter. 
 
 B. argefntea. 6. Yellow. July. New Grenada. 
 1846. B. M. t. 4480. 
 
 — grandijio'ra. 10. Yellow. New Grenada. 
 
 — neriyfo'lia. Yellow. Venezuela. 
 
 Etiolation, The same as blanching. 
 
 Euade'nia. (From etc, well, and 
 aden, a gland ; referring to the glands 
 in the flowers. Nat. ord., Capparidece ; 
 Tribe, Capparece.) 
 
 Stove herbs or sub-shrubs. Cuttings in bottom- 
 heat; rich sandy loam. 
 
 E. e'minens. Yellow. January. W. Tropical 
 Africa. 1861. B. M. t. 6578. 
 
 Eucaly'ptuS. Gum-tree. (From 
 eu, good, and kalypto, covering; re- 
 ferring to the flower-envelope, or calyx, 
 which covers the flower and falls off like 
 a cap. Nat. ord., Myrtacece ; Tribe, 
 LeptospermecB. Allied to Metrosideros. ) 
 
 Greenhouse and half-hardy or hardy evergreen 
 trees, from Australia, with white blossoms (ex- 
 cept where otherwise stated). Cuttings of young 
 firm side shoots in the beginning of summer, in 
 sandy soil, under a bell-glass, but mostly from 
 imported seeds ; peat and loam ; a cool green- 
 house. Most of them in warm places will do 
 well against walls, with a little protection, if 
 dryness is secured. 
 E. ala'ta. 1816. 
 
 — amygdali'na, June. 1880. B. M. t. 3260. 
 
 Syns., E. Lindleyana and E. longifolia. 
 
 — Andrea'na. 1890. Rev. Hort. 1890, p. 346. 
 
 — aUophy'tta. Rev. Hort. 1885, p. 420. Syn., 
 
 E. splachnicarpon, B. M. t. 4036. 
 
 — dtriod&ra. The leaves smell like Citron when 
 
 rubbed. 1881 
 
 — cocci' fera. 20. Purple. December. Tas- 
 
 mania. B. M. t. 4937. 
 
 — carda'ta. B. C. t. 328. See E. pulverulenta. 
 
 — comu'ta. 10-80. Red, yellow. 
 
 — corymho'sa. 1788. 
 
 — cotinifo'lm. 1818. 
 
 — eugewUri'des. 1830. 
 —Ju^cflia. Crimson. 1882. 
 
 — glo'bulus. 150. 1810. 
 
 — Gu'nnii. Victoria. (J. C. 1883, six. p. 437. 
 
 — hcema'stmna. 30. 1803. 
 
 — heterophy'lla. 30. 1820. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. 20. 
 
 — hyperieifo'lia. 1820. 
 
 — incrassa'ta. 6. 1818. 
 
 — Umgifdlia. B. R. t. 947. See E. amygdalina. 
 
 — iimrgma'ta. May. 1794. 
 
 — me'dia. 1823. 
 
 — maaroca'rpa. 6. Purple. June. 1842. B. 
 
 M. t. 4333. 
 
 — mierophj/Ua. 20. 1823. 
 
 — muerona'ta. 1823. 
 ^ nwZtifio'ra. 1820. 
 
 — myrtifo'lia. 6. 1823. 
 
 — obU'qua. 100. July. 1770. 
 
 — orbi&uZa'ris. 1816. 
 
 — ova'ta. 6. 1820. 
 
 — perfolia'ta^ 1820. 
 
 — persieifo'lia. July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1817. B. C. t. 501. 
 
 — phiUyreoi'des. 1820. 
 
 — pilula'ris. 1804. 
 
 — polya'nthemos. White. Hardy. 
 
 — Preissia'na. 8. Yellow. 1843. B. M. 
 
 t. 4266. 
 
 — pulckeHla. 1820. 
 
 — pulverule''nia. 30. June. 1810. B. M. 
 
 t. 2087. Syn., E. eardata. B. C. t. 328. 
 
 — pulvi'gera. 1824. 
 
 — purpura'scens. 1823. 
 
EUC 
 
 [372] 
 
 EUC 
 
 M. reskd'fera grandiflo'ra. White. July. Andr. 
 Kep. t. 400. 
 
 — eali'gna. 1804. 
 
 — sca'Sra. 1810. 
 
 — tplaehnica'rpon. B. M. t. 4036. See E. calo- 
 
 yhylla. 
 
 — Staigerm'na. G. C. 1889, v. p. 437. 
 
 — stenophy'Ua. 1823. 
 
 — stri'cta. B. M. t. 7074. 
 
 — tetra'gmM. 16. Eed. July. 1824. Syn., 
 
 Eudesmia tetragona, 
 
 — umi'g&ra. Tasmania. G. C. 1888, iii. p. 460. 
 
 — verrueo'sa. 1820. 
 
 — vimma'lis. 1810. 
 I'ta. 10-16. 
 
 Suchse'tis. (From eu, well, and 
 chaite, a head of hair ; the bottom of 
 the petals furnished with hairs inside. 
 Nat. ord., Butacew; Tribe, Diosmece. 
 Allied to IDiosma.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub, from S. Africa. 
 For culture, see Dio'sma. 
 B. glotnera'ta. 1. White. May. 1818. 
 
 Euehari'dium. (From eucharis, 
 agreeable ; referring to the general ap- 
 pearance of this exquisite little hardy 
 annual. Nat. ord., Onagracece. AUied 
 to Clarkia.) 
 
 Sow in the open ground in September, March, 
 and middle of May, for flowering from May to 
 September ; sow also in a slight hotbed in 
 March, and transplant into the borders. Hardy 
 annuals. 
 E. Brewdri. 1. Rich purple. July. California- 
 
 — conci'nnum. 1. Purple. June. California. 
 
 1836. B. B. t. 1962. 
 
 — grcmdiflo'rum. Rosy-red. June. California. 
 
 1824. 
 
 Eu'charis. (From eucharis, agree- 
 able ; alluding to the fragrant flowers. 
 Nat. ord., Amaryllidece ; Tribe, Ama- 
 rylleoe.) 
 
 Stove bulbs. Offsets. Light loam and peat. 
 Summer temperature. 
 B. amazo'nica. White. Upper Amazons. 1866. 
 
 — Bakeria'na. White. Columbia. 1890. B. 
 
 M. t. 7144. 
 
 — ca'ndida. 1. White. Columbia. 1876. Fl. 
 
 Ser. t. 788. 
 
 — grimiifio'ra. IJ. White. December. New 
 
 Grenada. Fl. Ser. t. 967. 
 Uoo'rei. White, yellow. 1888. 
 
 — Lehma'nni. White. Popayan. 1889. Gfl. 
 
 1. 1300, f. 1. 
 
 — Mastefriii. 1. White, striped yellowish- 
 
 green. February. New Grenada. 1886. 
 B. M. t. 6831. 
 
 — Sande^ri. 1. White, striped primrose. March. 
 
 New Grenada. 1882. B. M. t. 6676. 
 
 imuUiJlo'ra, Flowers smaller, striped 
 
 green. B. M. t. 6831. 
 
 — Steve'naii. Hybrid between E. ccmdida and 
 
 E. Sanderi. 1890. 
 
 — suiedenta'ta. 1. White. December. Andes 
 
 of New Grenada. 1878. Syn., Calli- 
 phuria mbedentatOf. B. M. t. 6289. 
 
 Euchi'lus. (From eu, fine, and 
 cheilos, a lip; referring to the upper 
 division of the flower-envelope, or calyx. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminoste.) See Pulte- 
 nsea. 
 
 E. oicorda'tus, B. E. t. 408. See Pultencea oi- 
 eordaia. 
 
 Euchlse'na. (From eu, beautiful, 
 and chlama, wool; in reference to the^ 
 long beautiful stigmas. Nat. ord., Gra- 
 minecBj Tribe, May dew. Allied to Zea. ) 
 
 A valuable fodder-grass for tropical climates ;: 
 it is extremely productive, each plant producing: 
 many stems which grow 10 to 15 feet high, and. 
 when in flowerpresent a magnificent appearance, 
 ^^tove annual ; seeds raised in a hotbed and 
 transplanted to a border in a stove where they 
 may have plenty of room. Rich loam. 
 E. luxu'ricms. 16. Purple, green. Guatemala. 
 B. M. t. 6414. Syn., Reana luxuriant. 
 
 Euchre'sta. (From euchrestos, use- 
 ful; on account of the medicinal pro- 
 perties of the seeds. Nat. ord., Legu- 
 minosoe ; Tribe, Dalbergiece. Allied tO' 
 Andira.) 
 
 The seeds of the Javan E. Horsfeildii are used 
 by the natives as a remedy against poison taken 
 into the stomach, and as a general medicine, 
 being highly esteemed by them ; the whole plant 
 is intensely bitter. Greenhouse shrub. Seeds, 
 cuttings of the ripened shoots, in heat and under 
 a hand-glass. 
 
 E.japo'nica. Bluish-white. Japan. 1866. Gfl. 
 1866, t. 487. 
 
 Euchro'ma. (From eu, good, and' 
 chroma, colour ; referring to the colour 
 of the bracts. Nat. ord., Scrophulari- 
 acece.) See CastiUeja. 
 E. cocd'nea. See CastiUeja coceinea. 
 
 — grandijlo'ra. See CastiUeja sessUiflora, 
 
 Eu'clea. (From eukleia, glory ; re- 
 ferring to the beauty of the ebony-like^ 
 wood, and fine green leaves. Nat. ord.,. 
 Ebenacece. Allied to Diospyros.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings of half -ripe 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, m April ; peat, 
 and loam. 
 
 E. raceimo'sa. 5. White. November. S.W.. 
 Africa. 1772. 
 
 — wndvla'ta. 5. White. Transvaal. 1794. 
 
 Eucni'de, See Mentzelia. 
 Eucodo'nia. See Achimenes. 
 
 Eu'comis. (From eukomes, beauti- 
 ful-haired ; referring to the tufted crowa 
 of the flower-spike. Nat. ord., Lilia- 
 cece ; Tribe, ScMecB. Allied to Dau- 
 benya. ) 
 
 Strong bulbs, which, if planted six Inches deep' 
 in a rich, light border in front of a wall or house, 
 remain uninjured, and flower every year. Pro- 
 pagated by offsets. 
 E. anmryUidi/o'Ua. 1. Green. S. Africa. 1879.. 
 
 — U'eotar. 1. Green. Purple. Natal. 1878. 
 
 — Ufo'lia. i. Light green. April. S. Africa. 
 
 1792. Jacq. Ic. t. 449. 
 
 — clam: ta. 1. Green. S. Africa. 1862. ' _ 
 
 — gamiesi'aea. Green. E. Tropical Africa. 
 
 1886. 
 
 — na'na. %. Brown. May. S. Africa 1774. 
 
 B. M. t. U96. 
 
 — pallidiflo'ra. 8. Greenish-white. 1887. 
 
 — puncta'ta. 2. Green, brown. June. S.. 
 
 Africa. 1783. B. M. t. 913, and 1. 1639. 
 
 — purpwreocau'lie. 2. Green, brown. April. 
 
 S. Africa. 1794. Andr. Rep. t. 369. 
 
 — re'gia. 2. Green. March. S. Africa. 1702. 
 
 Red. Lil. 1. 176. 
 
EUC 
 
 [373] 
 
 EUL 
 
 H. striafta. 2. Green. S. Africa. 1790. 
 
 — undMla'ta. 2. Green. April. S. Africa. 
 
 1760. B. M. t. 108S. 
 
 Eucro'sia. (From eu, beautiful, 
 :and krossos, a fringe ; referring to the 
 •cup above the insertion of the stamens. 
 Nat. ord., Amaryllidece ; Tribe, Amor 
 ryllecB. Allied to Stenomesson and Eli- 
 sena.) 
 
 Very ornamental greenhouse bulb. Bi'color 
 refers to a dark-green stripe in the middle of 
 ^the petals, outside; the flower is of a bright 
 vermilion. It deU^hts In strong loam ; rests in 
 winter. Offsets ; light, rich loam. 
 S. bi'eolor. 1. Scarlet, green. April. Ecuador. 
 1816. B. B. t.207. 
 
 Eucry'phia. (From eu, well, and 
 Jcryphia, a cover ; alluding to the calyp- 
 tra-like calyx of the flower. Nat. era, 
 Jiosacece; Tribe, Quillajece.) 
 
 Evergreen trees, hardy or nearly so. cuttings 
 'Of young shoots in sand, under glass. Loam 
 and peat. 
 
 -B. BUlardMri MUliga'ni. White. Tasmania. 
 1891. B. M. t. 7200. 
 
 — cordif</lia. 20. White. Chiloe. 1851. 
 
 — pimnatif&lia. 10. White. August. ChUi. 
 
 1880. B. M. t. 7067. 
 
 Eude'smia. (From eu, beautiful, 
 ■and desma, a bundle ; referring to the 
 connected parcels of stamens. Nat. ord. , 
 MyrtacecB.) See EucaljTptus. 
 E. tetra'gona. See Eiwalyptus tetragona. 
 
 Eufra'gia, (Derivation not given. 
 Nat. ord., Scrophulariacece.) 
 
 Showy perennial. Light sandy soil. Seeds. 
 -B. lati/o'lia. 1. Purple. August. S. Europe. 
 Syn., Bartsia tatifoUa. 
 
 Euge'nia. (Named after Prince 
 Euffene of Saxony. Nat. ord., Myrta- 
 cece; Tube, Myrtece. Syns., Gary ophy litis 
 and Jambosa. ) 
 
 Stove and greenhouse evergreen trees and 
 shrubs white blossomed, except where otherwise 
 mentioned. Cuttings of firm shoots, vpith leaves 
 ' on, in heat, under a bell-glass. Fibry loam, and 
 . leaf -soil. 
 
 B. amplexwau'lis. 3. Summer. Chittagon^. 
 B. K. t. 1033. Syn., Ja/mbosa amplexi- 
 caulis. 
 
 — apicula'ta. See DTyrtus Lvma, var. wpiculata- 
 
 — a'quea. 20. E.Indies. 1820. Syn., Jambosa 
 
 aguea. Wfeht. Ic. t. 216. 
 
 — aUfStra'iis. See E. myrtifolia, 
 
 — axiUa'rie. Jamaica. Syn., M. bamensis. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 486. 
 
 — balsa'tnicct. 15. Jamaica. 1816. 
 
 — barne'nsis. See E. axillwris. 
 
 — bifa'ria. May. E. Indies. 1824. Syn., 
 ~i Jambosa lawrifolia. 
 
 — 6rasiJi«'ims. 6. April. Brazil. B. M. 
 
 t. 4526. 
 
 — bumfo'lia. 4. May. Jamaica. 1818. 
 
 — caryophyUa'ta. 20. Moluccas. 1797. Syns., 
 
 Ca/ryophyllus aromatieus, and SyzygiMm 
 caruophylU^oUwm. 
 
 — eompac tifo'lia. Brazil. Gfl. t. 251. 
 
 -^- elli'ptica. 8. July. New S. Wales. 1790. 
 
 B. M. t. 1872. See E. Smithii. 
 — Jtoribu'nda. 5. Jamaica. 
 — fra'grans. 10. April. Jamaica. 1790. B. 
 
 M. 1. 1242. Syn., Anammnis punetat a. 
 
 E.frondo'sa. May. Nepanl. 1824. Syn., 
 
 Syzygium venosum. 
 —fratiedsa. May. E. Indies. 1824. Syn., 
 
 Syzygiwm fncticosum. 
 
 — QwMri. 60-60. Florida. 1889. G. and F. 
 
 1889, ii. p. 28, f. 87. 
 
 — glamdMli'fera. See E. zeylamUa. 
 
 — glomera'ta, May.^ Mauritius. 1824. Syn., 
 
 Syzygmmglomeratum. 
 
 — hy'brida. 3. Garden hybrid. 1862. Hardy. 
 
 — inophy'tta. May. -E. Indies. 1826. Syn., 
 
 Syzygium inophyUum. 
 
 — Jambolla'na. 20. August. E. Indies. 1796. 
 
 Syn., SysygiuTti Ja/mbollamwm. 
 
 obtusifo'lia. 10. E. Indies. 1821. Syn., 
 
 E. obtimfolia. 
 
 — Ja'Tnbos. 25. E. Indies. 1768. Jacq. H. 
 
 Schoenb. t. 402. Syn., Jambosa vulgaris. 
 B. M. t.3356. 
 
 — java'nica. 10. Java. 1823. Syn., Jambosa 
 
 maerophylla. 
 
 — Kortha'leii. Sumatra. 1872. 
 
 — latif&lia. 10. Guiana. 1793. 
 
 — Lu'ma. B. M. t. 6040. See Myrtua Lwma. 
 apiaula'ta. Gfl. t. 890. See Myrlvx 
 
 Lwma, var. apiculata. 
 
 — macroca'rpa. 20. E. Indies. 1822. Syn., 
 
 Ja/mbosa tnacrocarpa. 
 
 — magni'fica. Pale rose. New Caledonia. 
 
 1878. 
 
 — malaece^mie. 25. Scarlet. July. E. Indi s. 
 
 1768. Andr. Bep. t. 458. Syn., Jambosa 
 m^alacceTisis. 
 
 purpu'rea. Purple. June. E. Indies. 
 
 1768. Syn., Jam,bo8a purpurea. 
 
 — Miche'lii. 12. Brazil. 
 
 — myrtifo'lia. E. Bengal and Singapore. B. 
 
 M. t. 2230. Syns., E. oMstralii, and 
 Jambosa australis. 
 
 — obova'ta. Bourbon. 1823. Syn., Syzygium 
 
 obovatwm. 
 
 — obtu^o'lia. Wight Ic. t. 620. See E. Jam- 
 
 bolana, var. obtitsifolia. 
 
 — oleoi'des. Columbia. 
 
 — panicwtafta. April. Mauritius. 1822. Syn., 
 Syzygium paniculatum. 
 
 — Pime'riia. See Pimenta vulgaris. 
 —pvUheHla. 10. Moluccas. 1824. 
 
 — racemo'sa. See Barringtonia racemosa. 
 
 — rugo'sa. E. Indies. 1824. 
 
 — sinemxirie'nsis. 4. June. Guiana. 1823. 
 
 — Smi'thii. 8. July. New S. Wales. Syn., 
 
 E. elliptica of B. M. 1. 1872. 
 
 — trine^rvia. B. M. t. 3223. See Bhodamnia 
 
 trinerma. 
 
 — U'gni. B. M. t. 4626. See Myrtui Ugni. 
 
 — zeyla'niea. 10. India, Malaya aid Ceylon. 
 
 1825. Andr. Bep. t. 619. Syns., E. 
 glandidifera, and Syzygvwm zeylanicum. 
 
 Eula'lia. (From eu, well, and lalia, 
 speech ; referring to the praise bestowed 
 upon this genus as ornamental grasses. 
 Nat. ord., Graminece.) 
 
 Highly ornamental hardy grasses. Seeds 
 divisions. Ordinary garden-soil. Useful for 
 cool conservatories, etc. 
 
 E. graei'llima vnimtla'ta. Leaves with a central 
 yellow band. Japan. 1889. 
 
 — ja/po'nica. Sqq Mischanthus smensis. 
 a'lbo-linea'ta. 5. Purple. 
 
 fo'liis stria' tis. Leaves with a central 
 
 creamy band. 
 
 zehri'na. 5. Purple. Leaves with trans- 
 verse yellow bars. 
 
 Eulo'phia, (From evlophos, hand 
 some crested ; referring to the handsome 
 lip, or labellum, furrowed into elevated 
 ridges. Nat. ord., Orchidem ; Tribe, 
 
EUM 
 
 [374] 
 
 EUO 
 
 Vandece-EulophiecB. Allied to Galean- 
 dra.) 
 
 A ^euns of pretty «tove orchids, which like our 
 British species are terrestrial. An Indian species 
 of Eulopnia is said to furnish from its tuberous 
 roots, the nutritive substance called salep. 
 Division of the plant when in a state of rest, 
 just as fresh growth commences ; peat and loam, 
 both flbry, and well drained ; well watered when 
 growing, kept nearly dry when resting. Those 
 from Sierra Leone and East Indies require a 
 high temperature. 
 B. barba'ta. 1. July. S. Africa. 1825. 
 
 — be^lla. 2. Yellow, white, carmine, rose, green 
 
 and brown. Zambesi. 1889. 
 
 — cttJlichrci'ma. Zambesi. G. C. 1889, vi. p. 298. 
 
 — Dregea'na. Chocolate, white. S. Africa. 
 
 — ensa'ta. 1. Greenish-yellow. Sierra Leone? 
 
 1822. B. R. 1. 1147. 
 
 — euglo'ssa. White, red. Old Calabar. 1866. 
 
 — giga'ntea. 3-4. Lilac, yeUow, purple. W. 
 
 Tropical Africa. Syn., Liseochilus 
 pigantem. G. C. 1888, iii. p. 616, f. 83. 
 
 — gra'eUit. B. B. t. 742. See Galeandra gracilis. 
 
 — guineelnHs. 1. Purple, brown. September. 
 
 Sierra Leone. 1822. 
 
 — hellebori'na. See Oymtiadenia mucrantha. 
 
 — Ledie'nii. Eeddish-brown, white. Lower 
 
 Congo. Syn., E. maeulata of Gfl. 1. 1286. 
 
 — Madkaya'na. B. B. 1. 1433. See ZygopetaXwm 
 
 Mackaii, 
 
 — maarosta'chya. 2. Yellow, green. October. 
 
 Ceylon. B. E. 1. 1972. 
 
 — maeula'ta. Pink, white. B. E. t. 618. 
 
 — megistophi/lla. 1. Comoro Islands, G. C. 
 
 1885, xxiii. p. 787. 
 
 — rm'da. Rosy-lilac. India. G. C. 1891, ix. 
 
 p. 701. 
 
 — pu'lchra. Yellowish-green, purple. Comoro 
 
 Islands. 1882. 
 — dive^rgens. G. C. 1884, xxii. p. 102. 
 
 — scri'pta. Green, brown, yellow. Madagascar. 
 
 1872. 
 
 — squa'lida. Dingy-yellow. July. Manilla. 
 
 1838. 
 
 — streptopeltiUa. B. M. t. 2931. See Lissochilus. 
 
 — m/retis. Green, purple. Ceylon. 1866. B. 
 
 M. t. 5579. 
 
 Eume'rus ce'neus. Brassy Onion- 
 fly. Mr. Curtis says the maggots are 
 trownish, and are very rough from a 
 multitude of rigid bristles, especially 
 towards the tail. The fly itself is of a 
 reddish-ochre colour, freckled with dark 
 hrown, and there are two spiny pro- 
 cesses like short horns upon the thorax, 
 in the female at least. It is densely 
 clothed with short hairs, thickly and 
 'distinctly punctured, and of an olive- 
 green colour, with a brassy tinge; the 
 antennae (feelers) are entirely black, the 
 seta naked ; the face is very hairy, sim- 
 ply convex, and silvery white ; eyes 
 dark brown, and slightly hairy ; rostrum 
 very short; thorax with two whitish 
 lines down the back. The maggots of 
 this fly do not seem to be confined to 
 the onion, for Mr. Curtis bred one in the 
 middle of May from cabbage-roots, and 
 specimens have been taken flying about 
 hedges in June and July, in the neigh- 
 bourhood of London ana Bristol. As it 
 often happens, the female has not been 
 observed depositing her eggs ; the spot 
 
 that she selects is therefore yet un- 
 known. Drought does not suit them. 
 
 Euno'mia. (From eu, well, and 
 nomas, arranged ; referring to the dis- 
 position of the leaves in pairs and the 
 twin seeds. Nat. ord., Cruciferm; Tribe„ 
 Lepidinece. Allied to Lepidium. ) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen. Seeds under a glass,, 
 in spring ; cuttings under a glass, in summer ;; 
 common sandy sou ; requires the protection of a. 
 pit, in most places, in wmter ; may be treated as. 
 an alpine. 
 E. opposiiiifc/lia. 1. White. July. Syria. 1827.. 
 
 Euo'nymus. The Spindle-tree. 
 (From eu, good, and onoma, a namey 
 literally, of good repute. Nat. ord.^ 
 Celastrinece ; Tribe, Celastrem. Syn.,, 
 Evonymus. ) 
 
 Interesting hardy or half-hardy trees and 
 shrubs. Their .opening capsules look very beauti- 
 ful in autumn when other things are losing 
 their attractions. Seeds may be sown either in. 
 autumn or spring ; cuttings of ripe young shootsr 
 may be .planted in a border in autumn ; common 
 soil. The American species require a moist 
 situation. Those from Nepaul, though from a 
 high altitude, have not been proved quite hardy,, 
 though it is presumed they would in many' 
 places ; protect them in winter. 
 
 HALF-HAKDY EVEEGREENS. 
 
 E. buUa'tus. Pinkish. May. Nepaul. B. C. 
 1. 1749. 
 
 — ehintl'mit. 4. Pink. May. China. 1820. 
 
 — echima'tm. 10. White. May. Nepaul. 1824.. 
 
 Deciduous. B. M. t. 2767. 
 
 — grcmdiflo'rus. 8. White. June. Nepaul^ 
 
 1824. 
 
 — Hamiltonia'nm. 20. White. June. Nepaul... 
 
 1826. 
 —japo'niois. 6. Pink. July. Japan. 1804. 
 
 B. E. 1844, t. 6. There are numerous. 
 
 varieties of this, such as -.—albo-mar- 
 
 ginatU, aureo-marginatis, Chouveti, 
 
 coluw/naris, latyfolius albus, latifoHus- 
 
 aureus^ etc. 
 macida'tus. 6. Pink. July. Japan. 
 
 1836. 
 
 radi'eans. Decumbent. Japan. 1862. 
 
 variega'tus. 6. Pink. July. Japan.. 
 
 1836. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS. 
 
 E. ala'tus. Green. 1870. 
 
 — anwrvsa'nus. 6. Pink. June. N. Amer.. 
 
 1683. B. C. 1. 1322. 
 
 — angustifo'Km. 6. Yellow, red. June. N.. 
 
 Amer. 1806. Evergreen. 
 
 — a'tro-purpu'reus. 6. Purple. June. N.. 
 
 Amer. 1766. Jacq. Vind. 1. 120. 
 
 — Carrie'ri. Garden variety. 1881 . 
 
 — elegantisHmus variega'ta. Leaves silvery.. 
 
 Garden variety. 1882. 
 
 — eurirpalus. 15. White. June. Britain. 
 fo'liit variega'tis. 16. White. May.. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 fru'cto-a'lbo. 12. White. May. Britain.. 
 
 latifo'Uus. 16. White. May. 
 
 na'nus. 4. White. May. 
 
 — fimbria'tiLS. Green. May. Japan. 
 
 — latifo'Um. 10. Green. June. Austria. 1730.. 
 
 B. M. t. 2484. . 
 
 — lu'cidAis. 7. White. Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 — obova'tm. 3. Pink. June. .N. Amer. 1820.. 
 
 — pulehe'lVus fo'liis variega'tis. Garden variety.- 
 
 1890. 
 
 — ti'ngens. Green. Japan. 
 
 — veluti'nus. White. June. Caucasus. 1838.- 
 
 — verruco'sus. 6. Green. May. Austria. 1763.- 
 
EUO 
 
 [375] 
 
 EUP 
 
 Suo'sma albiflo'ra. Andr. Eep. 
 t. 520. See Logania florihunda. 
 
 Snpato'riimi. (Named after Mi- 
 thridates Eupator., King of Pontus, who 
 discovered one of the species to be an 
 antidote against poison. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positcEj Tribe, Eupator iacece.) 
 
 Stove, greenhouse, and hardy shrubs, under- 
 shrubs, and herbaceous perennials^ by cuttings 
 in sand, under a bell-glass ; division, seeds ; 
 peat and loam ; common soil. Usual stove and 
 greenhouse temperatures. 
 E. ageratm'dei, 4. White. August. N. Amer. 
 1640. Hardy. 
 
 — alti'amnmn. 5. Pink. September. N. Amer. 
 
 1699. Jacq. Vind. 1. 164. Hardy. 
 
 — aroma'ticwm. 4. White. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1739. Hardy. 
 
 — atroru'bens. Reddish-lilac. Mexico. Syn., 
 
 Hebecliniwm atrorubens. 
 
 — Bellandie'ri. Autumn. 1877. Syn., E, graeile, 
 
 var. odoratwrn. 
 
 — Berteroia^num. White. August. W. Indies. 
 
 1830. 
 
 — eane^scens. S. Purple, yellow. Jamaica. 
 
 ' 1821. 
 
 — cmmabi''nwm. i. Pink. July Britain. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 785. Hemp Agrimony. 
 Hardy. 
 
 — chartKsdrifo'Uwm. 1. Blue. August. S. 
 
 America. 1822, 
 
 — ayronovifo' Hum. 3. White. August. Caro- 
 
 lina. 1824. Hardy. 
 
 — Dallea. 6. Pink. August. Jamaica. 1773. 
 -rfjoribvlndum. IJ. Blue. July. S. America. 
 
 1823. 
 — fomieulalceum. i. Pale yellow. August. 
 N. America. 1807. Hardy. 
 
 — Frasf^ri. 3. White. August. Carolina. 
 
 1820. Hardy. 
 
 — glanduld«mn. 3-4. White. Mexico. B. E. 
 
 1. 1728. 
 
 — grcmdijUi'rwm. White. Eev. Hort. 1882, 
 p. 384. 
 
 )gea'num. White. S. America? 1867. 
 
 Gfl. t. 665. 
 opifo'lium. 1. White. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1699. Hardy. 
 
 — ianthi'num, 2. Purple. January. Mexico. 
 
 1849. 
 
 — ivasfo'lixmn. 3. Pink. September. Jamaica. 
 
 1794. 
 
 — Eirilo'wii. 2-3. White. Mandschuria. Gfl. 
 
 t. 850. Hardy. 
 
 — laruseola'tum. 3. White. July. N. America. 
 
 1819. Hardy. 
 
 — ligustri'num. Winter. 
 
 — macrophy'llvmi. i. White. July. Jamaica. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — macula! twm. 3. Purple. July. N. America. 
 
 1666. Hardy. 
 
 — megalophy'llum. Lilac. Mexico. 1862. 
 
 Sweet-scented. Syn., Sebeclinium me- 
 galophyUtcm. 
 
 — odora'tum. 3. Pink. August. Jamaica. 1762. 
 
 — paname'nse. Lilac-rose. Panama. 1877. 
 
 Syn., Sebeclinium pcmamense. 
 
 — panicula'tum. 6. Pink. August. S. Amer. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — parfolia'tum,. 2. White. July. N. America. 
 
 1699. Hardy. 
 
 — pro'bum. Wliite. Peru. 1890. 
 
 — pubel scene. 4. White. July. N. America. 
 
 1819. Hardy. 
 ~ purpu!reum. 5. Pink. August. N.America. 
 1640. Hardy. 
 
 — reticula'tum. White. 1879. 
 
 — ripalrimm. White. S. America ? 1867. Gfl. 
 
 t. 625. 
 
 E. rotundifo'lium. 1. White. July. N. America. 
 1699. Hardy. 
 
 — scUvicejf&lium. Wnite. August. N.America. 
 
 1815. B. M. 2010. 
 
 — Schiedea'nUTn. White. June. Mexico. 1833. 
 
 — sesstHfo'liwrn,. 1. White. September. N. 
 
 America. 1777. Hardy. 
 
 — syrHacvAn. 4. Purple. August. Syria. 1807. 
 
 — tetra'gonum. White. Mexico. 1832. 
 
 — trifolia'tum. 6. Purple. August. N. America. 
 
 1768. Hardy. 
 
 — tnmca'tum. 6. Purple. August. N. America. 
 
 1811. Hardy. 
 
 — urole'pis. 2. Rosy-lilac. Summer. Brazil. 
 
 May be treated as an annual. Syn., 
 HebeclvniuTti urolepis. 
 
 — vema'le. February. Gfl. t. 760. Syn., Coma- 
 
 cliniimi grandiflorumj. 
 
 — verticilla'tvm, 6. , Purple. August. N. Ame- 
 
 rica. 1811. Hardy. 
 
 — WeiMmannia'man. White. S. America ? 1867. 
 
 Ref, Bot. 1. 165. 
 
 — xalape'nse. 3. White. July. Mexico. 1826. 
 
 Eupe'talum. (From eu, handsome, 
 and petalum, a petal ; referring to the 
 large handsome flowers. Nat. ord., 
 Begoniaceas.) Now united with Be- 
 gonia. 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennial ; division of 
 the plant ; cuttings of shoots when young, in 
 sandy soil, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat and 
 flbry loam. 
 
 E.petalp'des. Pink, white. April. Peru. 1833. 
 B. E. 1. 1757. 
 
 — punota'tum. See Begonia heracleifolia. 
 
 EiUpho'rbia. Spurge, or Milkwort. 
 (Named after Euphorbus, physician to 
 the king of Mauritania. Nat. ord., 
 EuphorbiaceiB. ) ^ 
 
 The unripe seed-pods of E. la'thyra are the 
 British capers. A large family of stove, green- 
 house, or hardy trees, shrubs,, and lierbs, differ- 
 ing widely in their habits. Hardy annuals may 
 be sown in the open border, in April ; but, 
 with the exception of plum^'sa and a few more, 
 the rest are not worth growing. Even the 
 tropical annuals are little better ; they require 
 to be raised in a hotbed and transplanted. Her- 
 baceous perennials are chiefly hardy ; divisions 
 of the plant, and seeds ; sandy soil ; shrubs and 
 under-shrubs chiefly require a dry stove and 
 warm greenhouse, and are propagated by seeds 
 and by cuttings, which should be dried at the 
 base before placing in any rough, loose material. 
 The species which are firm and hard require a 
 rich, light loam, with a little peat; those that 
 are very succulent should have a large portion 
 of lime-rubbish and broken bricks. Winter 
 temp., not much below 46°. There are two sub- 
 evergreen shrubs, natives of England, amygda- 
 loi'des and chara'eias, both of which, and espe- 
 cially the latter, do well for rock-work. E. 
 spvno'Ba, from the south of Europe, is also hardy, 
 and a useful rock-plant. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 E. globo'sa. 1. July. 1818. B. M. t. 2624 
 
 — neapolita'na. 1^. July. Naples. 1816. 
 
 — plurtw'sa. July. 1816. 
 
 — rvlbra. J. June. France 1818. 
 
 — serpyllifo'Ua. J. July. S. Amer. 1817. 
 
 — tau'riea. 1. June. Tauria. 1820. 
 
 — variegalta. September. Louisiana. 1811. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1747. 
 
 STOVE ANNUALS. 
 
 E. Tii'rta. }. July. B. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — ophtha'lmica. |. July. Eio Janeiro. 1824. 
 
 — scordi/o'lia. J. July. Africa. 1823. Jaco. 
 
 Ic. t. 476. 
 
EUP 
 
 [376] 
 
 EUP 
 
 GREENHOCSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 E. aphi/Ua. li. Teneriffe. 1816. 
 
 — a'pios. i. July. Candia. 1696. 
 
 — a'tro-mniu'rea. S. July. Teneriffe. 181B. 
 
 B. M. t. 3321. 
 
 — balsami'fera. June. Canaries. 1779. 
 
 — fruticdm. 1. June. Sicily. 1824. 
 
 — mibrvia'ta. 1. Au^st. Portugal. 1804. 
 
 — Ue'ta. 1. June. 1768. 
 
 — nuTrnnularicefo'lia. ^. July. 1800. 
 
 — ami! thopus. 1. July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — tpafhvXoeifo'lia. 2. August. 1800. 
 
 — tpinw'm. 2. June. Levant. 1710. Sibth. 
 
 Fl. Gr. t. 463. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 
 
 E. aWppica. 1. July. Europe. 1820. 
 
 — eryuiri'na. 1. July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — mirgina'ta. 1. June. S. Amer. 1824. 
 
 — prunifo'lia, 2. August. 1799. Biennial. 
 
 Jacq. H. Schteno. t. 277. 
 
 — serra'ta. 1. July. South Europe. 1710. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 483. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 E' anacampseroi'des. 1. S. Amer. 
 
 — antiquo'ruTn. 9. April. E. Ind. 1768. 
 
 — biglandulo'sa. , 3. Bourbon. 1808. 
 
 — Boje'ri. i. Scarlet. November. Madagascar. 
 
 B. M. t. 3527. 
 
 — bractea'ta. IJ. August. 1809. Jacq.- H. 
 
 Schoenb. t. 276. 
 
 — Iryo'nii. Scarlet. 
 
 — tupleurif&lia. IJ. August. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1793. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 106. 
 
 — ccBTule^scens. 3. June. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — canarie'nsis. 20. July. Canaries. 1697. 
 
 — ca'put Medu'sce. 2. August. Africa. 1731. 
 
 B. C. t. 1315. 
 
 pu'mUa. 1. August. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1768. 
 
 — cereifo'rmit. 2. April. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1731. 
 
 — Commeli'ni. August. Africa. 1806. 
 
 — corolla' ta is a synonym of Poinsettia pulcTier- 
 
 riTTUit var. albida. 
 
 — cri'spa. i. July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — cucumeri'na. i. June. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 — ennea'gbna, 3. June. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1790. 
 —fru'otu-spi'na. |. August. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1731. 
 gemina'ta. J. August. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1731. 
 
 — fu'lgens. 4. Scarlet. August. Mexico. 
 
 1836. Paxt. Mag. iv. p. 31. 
 
 — gra'ndidens. 5. July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — mwndijdlia,. 6. Sierra Leone. 1789. 
 
 — Hawo'rthii. 1. May. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1800. 
 
 — hepta'gona,. 3. September. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1731. 
 
 ' ru'bra. 4. September. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1731. 
 
 — heterophy'Ua. 1. Purple. July. Mexico. 
 
 — hy'stnx. 6. July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1696. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 207. 
 
 — la'ctea. 4. July, E. Ind. 1804. 
 
 — Lama'reHi. IJ. July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1808. 
 
 — laurifo'lia. 2. Peru. 1820. 
 
 ■ — Imea'ris. July. Vera Cruz. 1824. 
 
 — linifo'Ua. 2. W. Ind. 1774. Jacq. Ic. t. 86. 
 
 — lopho'gona. 3. Madagascar. 1824. B. C. 
 
 1. 1477. 
 
 — magnima'mma. 8. Mexico. 1823. 
 
 — maimmlla'rie. 2. July, Cape of Good 
 
 Hope, 1759. 
 
 rrofe. J. July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 1774, Andr. Eep. t. 617. 
 
 — Jfontet'roi. Green. S.W. Africa. 1866. 
 
 — myrtifo'lia. 2, July, Cape of Good Hope, 
 
 1699. 
 
 — odontophj/lla. 6. Cape of Good Hope. 1821 
 
 — ofieMrwm. 6. June. Africa. 1597. 
 
 — cxyMgia. 3. Green, yellow. S. Africa. 1862. 
 
 — pe'ndula. 1. 1808. 
 
 — piltUi'/era. 1-3. Green. Tropical America. 
 1870. Syn,, E. genicnlata of some 
 gardens, 
 
 — plwmenoi'des. Bracts scarlet, Java. 1874. 
 
 — firocM'mSene. J. August. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1768. 
 
 — puanifo'rmiis. i. Green, orange. S. Africa. 
 
 1862. 
 — puni'eea. 6. April. Jamaica, 1778, B, M, 
 1. 1961. 
 
 — repa'nda,. 2. August. B. Ind. 1808. 
 
 — spUndene. i. Scarlet. June. Me of France. 
 
 1826. B, M, t, 2902, 
 
 — squa/rro'sa. i. 
 
 — stygia'na. Yellowish, Azores, 1865. 
 
 — tetra'gona. 4. 
 
 — tubero'sa. J. July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1808. 
 
 — uncina'ta^ |. July. Cape of Good llope 
 
 1794. 
 
 — vertieiUa'ta. August, W, Ind. 1826. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 E, amygdaloi'des. 2. April. England. 
 
 — —: — variega'ta, 2. March. Britain. 
 
 — chara'aias. 4. April. England. 
 
 — dendroi'des. J. July. Italy, 1768, 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS, 
 
 E. angmtifo'lia. 1. Yellow. July. Trinidad. 
 1827. 
 
 — atla'ntica. 1, June, South Europe. 1818. 
 
 — biumbella'ta. 1. Barbary. 1780. 
 
 — aespito'sa. i, July. Italy. 1820. 
 
 — Corderia'na. 1. May. South Europe. 1824. 
 
 — dentimlaJta. 1. June. South Europe. 1810. 
 
 — du'leis. 1. July. South Europe. 1769. Sibth. 
 
 Fl. Gr. t. 464. 
 —fiavi'cmna. IJ. July. South France. 1820. 
 
 — Umgifo'lia. 1. June. Nepaul. 1823. 
 
 — multicorymbo'sa. 1. July. 1805. 
 —portla'ndica. *. Britain. Jacq. H. Schoenb. 
 
 t. 487. 
 
 — purpura'ta. 1. June. France. 1820. 
 
 — trunca'ta. July. South Europe. 1820. 
 
 — VcUerm'ntB. July. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 — mllo'sa. 2. June. Hungary. 1820. 
 
 Eupho'ria. See Nephelium. 
 
 Euphra'sia. Eyebright. (From 
 euphraino, to delight; fabled to cure 
 blindness. Nat. ord., Scrophulariacece ; 
 Tribe, Euphrasiem. Allied to Bartsia.) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Seeds, in March or April, in 
 the open border. 
 E. alpi'na. 1. Purple. July. Tasmania. 1827. 
 
 — Umfo'Ua. }. Purple. August. France. 1826. 
 
 — lu'tea. IJ. Purple. August. South Europe. 
 
 1816. Syns., Bartsia lutea and Odontites 
 lutea. 
 
 Eupo'dium. (From eu, well, and 
 poiis, a foot ; referring to the fleshy 
 frond-stalks. Nat. ord., Filices—Poly- 
 podiacem. ) 
 
 Stove fern See Ferns. 
 E. Kaulfu'ssii. 2. Brazil. 
 
 Eupoma'tia. (Prom eu, well, and 
 poma, a lid ; the calyptra covering the 
 
EUR 
 
 [377] 
 
 EUT 
 
 unexpanded flower like an extinguisher. 
 Nat. ord., Anonacece ; T^nhe, MUiusece.) 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Seeds in a slight 
 hotbed, in spring ; cuttings of ripened shoots in 
 sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat and flbry 
 loam. 
 
 E. Bene'ttii. i. Greenish-yellow. Port Jackson. 
 1824. Syn., E. launna of B. M. t. 4848, 
 but not elsewhere. 
 
 Eu'rya. (From euri/s, large ; re- 
 ferring to the flowers. Nat. ord., Tern- 
 ■stromiacecB ; Tribe, Temstrdmiem. Al- 
 lied to Freziera. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings of ripened 
 shoots in early autumn or spring, in sandy peat, 
 with a glass over them ; peat and loam, ooth 
 flbry, with a portion of silver-sand. 
 H. miguati/o'lia. Leaves creamy-edged. Japan. 
 1862. 
 
 — ehine'nsis. 2. White. June. China. 1823. 
 
 — Jacquema'rtii. Japan. 1809. Rev. Hort. 
 
 1869, p. 369. 
 
 — japo'nica. Greenish. Japan. 
 
 -; lai\ft/Ua variegii'ta. Leaves variegated 
 
 with white. Japan. 1861. 
 
 — muUiflo'ra. 2. White. Nepaul. 1823. 
 
 — mtie'nsis. Green. Fyi. 1887. 
 
 Eury'ale. (The name of one of 
 Ovid's Gorgons, whose heads he fabled 
 to be covered with vipers instead of 
 hair; referring to the fierce aspect of 
 the plant in flower. Nat. ord., Nym- 
 phmacecB J Tribe, Nymphceew. Allied 
 to Victoria regia. ) 
 
 The leaves of Euryale in the East Indies vie 
 with those of Victoria ; but its flowers are in- 
 conspicuous. Tlie seeds are eatable. Stove 
 aquatic. Seeds ; loamy soil, in a tub set in 
 water, and kept at a high temperature. 
 JS. amazo'nica. See Victoria regia. 
 —fe'rox. Bed. August. India. 1809. B. M. 
 1. 1447. Syn., Anneslia spinoaa. 
 
 Eurya'ngium Sa'mbul. See Fe- 
 rula. 
 
 wide- 
 Nat. 
 ord., Cmnpositce ; Tribe, Asteroidece.) 
 See Olearia. 
 
 Eu'iycles. (From eiirya, broad, and 
 Mas, a branch; referring to the broad 
 leaves or branch-like footstalks. Nat. 
 ord., AmaryllidecE. .Allied to Calo- 
 stemma. ) 
 
 Stove bulbs, requiring rest in winter. Seeds, 
 liut chiefly onsets ; light, sandy loam, and a 
 little vegetable-mould, or very rotten cow-dung ; 
 watered and heat given when growing, drier and 
 cooler when resting. 
 
 E. Cunmngha'mi. 1. White. Summer. Queens- 
 land. 1824. 
 
 — sylvestris. 1-1}. White. August. Malaya to 
 
 N. Australia. 1759. Syns., E. amboinen- 
 sis, E. australasiea, Pancratium atn- 
 boinense, B. M. 1. 1419 and P. axistralasi- 
 cum. B. B. t. 716. 
 
 Eury'coma. (From eurys, \a,Tge, 
 and kome, a head of hair ; in reference 
 to fringe-like hairs on the ovary. Nat. 
 ord., Connaracem.) 
 
 Eury'bia. (From 
 spreading ; referring to the roots. 
 
 Stove evergreen. For culture, see CONNARna" 
 E. l<mgifc/lia. 20. Purple. Sumatra. 1826. 
 
 Euryga'nia. (Named after Eury- 
 gania, the wife of (Edipus. Nat. ord., 
 yaccinece; Tribe, Thibaudiece.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub, requiring the same 
 treatment as Thibaudia, to which ft is allied. 
 E. ova'ta. Crimson, July. Peru. 1878. B. M. 
 t. 6393. 
 
 Eusca'phis. (From eu, beautiful, 
 and scaphis, cup ; the fruit has the re- 
 mains of the calyx forming a cup at its 
 base. Nat. ord., Sapindacem.) 
 
 Pretty hardy shrub ; seeds, orcuttings ; garden- 
 soil. 
 
 E.staphyleoi'des. White. Fruit dark red. Japan. 
 1889. 
 
 Euste'gia. (From eu, good, and 
 sieye, a covering; referring to the bracts. 
 Nat. ord., Asclepiadacece ; Tribe, Cy- 
 nanchew. AUiea to Peplonia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen trailer. Cuttings in 
 sandy soil, and by trailing runners ; peat and 
 loam. 
 
 E. hasta'ta. 1. White. July. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1816. 
 
 Eusto'ma. (From eustoma, a beau- 
 tiful mouth; referring to the opening 
 of the flower. Nat. ord., Gentianece ; 
 Tribe, Chironiece. Allied to Leianthus. ) 
 Seeds sown in a slight hotbed in March, and 
 transplanted into the border in May, and some 
 in the end of April. E. exalta'tum by division, 
 and cool greenhouse treatment. 
 E. exalta'tum. 2. Purple. July. Mexico. 1804. 
 Greenhouse herbaceous. B. B. 1845, 
 t. 13. Syns., E. sUenifolium and lAsi- 
 anthus glattcifolius. Jacq. Ic. t. 33. 
 
 — Russellia'num'. Purple. August. Texas. 1835. 
 
 Hardy biennial. Syn., lAsianthus Rug- 
 sellianus. B. M. t. 3626. 
 
 — sUen'^o'lium. See E. exaltatwm. 
 
 Eustre'phus. (From eu, good, and 
 strepho, to twine; literally, oeautiful 
 twiners. Nat. ord., LiliacecB ; Tribe, 
 Luzui-iagecB. Allied to Sianella. ) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen twiners, from New 
 South Wales, with pale purple flowers. Cuttings 
 of firm young shoots in early autumn or spring, 
 in saqdy soil, under a glass ; sandy peat. They 
 will bear the same treatment as Dianella. 
 E. angustifo'Kus. 3. July. 1820. 
 
 — Bro'imiii. A synonym of E. latifolims. 
 
 — latifo'lius. 3. June. 1800. B. M. t. 1246. 
 
 Euta'cta. A synonym of Arau- 
 caria. 
 
 E. Muelle'rii, See Arauca/ria MueUerii. 
 
 — Ru'lei. See Araitcaria Ridei. 
 
 Euta'xia. (From eutaxia, modesty ; 
 referring to the delicate aspect of the 
 flowers. Nat. ord., ieg'Mjremosos; Tribe, 
 PodalyriecB. Allied to Dillwynia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia. 
 Cuttings of short young shoots, getting firm at 
 the base, in sand, under a bell-glass, in April or 
 May ; peat and loam, in equal projjortions. E. 
 myrti/o'lia, with a little protection, will do 
 against a wall near London. 
 
EUT 
 
 [378] 
 
 EXC 
 
 -B. Baxte'ri. 6. Yellow. 1830. Kn. and West, 
 t. 43. Perhaps synonymous with Oxylo- 
 bium scandens. 
 
 — myrtif(flia. IJ. Orange. August. 1803. 
 
 — pu'ngeng. Paxt. Mag. iii. p. 245. SeeBiU- 
 
 Eute'rpe. (After Euterpe, one of 
 the nine Muses. Nat. ord., Palmece ; 
 Tribe, Arecece. Allied to Areea.) 
 
 Elegant tall growing stove palms. Seeds; 
 rich loam. 
 B. caritoela. 30. W. Ind. 1666. 
 
 — e!dulis. 100. Brazil. 1841. 
 ^gloho'sa. 30. Mauritius. 1819. 
 
 — monta'Tia. Yello-vw. Grenada. 1815. 
 
 — olera'cea. 100. Brazil. 1847. 
 
 Eutha'les. (From eu, well, and 
 tJialeo, to push or sprout. Nat. ord., 
 Goodeniaceee.) United to Velleia. 
 E. maerophy'Ua. B. E. 1841, t. 3. See Velleia 
 Tnacrophylla. 
 
 — trinelrms. See Velleia trinervis. 
 
 Eutha'mia. See Solidago. 
 
 Euto'ca. (From eutokos, fruitful; 
 referring to the abundance of seeds. 
 ^Nat^g rd., HydrophyllacecB ; Tribe, Pha- 
 Mif^' United to Phacelia. 
 
 ■FdMai-fcd'ta. B. M. t. 3706. See Phacelia 
 ff^ divaricata. 
 
 "^ Frankli'nii. B. M. t. 2985. See Phacelia 
 Franhlinii. 
 
 — gramMfldra. See Phacelia grandiflora, 
 
 — Menzie!sii. B. M. t. 3762. See Phacelia 
 
 Memiesii, 
 ~ multijlo'ra. B. M. t. 1180. See Phacelia 
 Memiesii. 
 
 — parviflo'ra. See Phacelia parviftora. 
 
 — seri'eea. B. M. t. 3003. See Phacelia sericea. 
 
 — vi'scida. B. M. t. 3572. See Phacelia viseida. 
 
 — Wrarigelia'na. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 362. 
 
 See Phacelia divarieata. 
 
 Euxe'nia. (From eu, beautiful, and 
 a!en.o«, a stranger. Nat. ord., Compositw; 
 Tribe, Helianthoidew. United to Po- 
 danthus.) 
 
 E, gra'ta. See Podanthus ovatifolius. 
 
 Eu'xolus. See Amaranthus. 
 
 E. Unea'tus. See Anuwa/nthus lancecefolius. 
 
 Evely'na. (Named after John Eve- 
 lyn, our first good writer on trees, etc. 
 Nat. ord. , Orchidece ; Tribe, EpidendrecB- 
 CwlogynecB.) See EUeanthus. 
 
 Evening Flower. Ee'sperus. 
 
 Evening Primrose. (Enothe'ra. 
 
 Evergreens are such plants as do 
 not shed all their leaves at any one time 
 during the year. 
 
 Evergreen Thorn. Cratce'gus 
 
 pyraca'ntha. 
 
 Everlasting Flower. GnapM- 
 
 Everlasting Pea. La'thyrus lati- 
 fo'lius. 
 
 Evo'dia. (From evodia, sweet scent ; 
 
 referring to that of the leaves. Nat, 
 ord., JRutacecB ; Tribe, Zanthozylem. 
 AUied to Medicosma. ) 
 
 StoTO evergreen shruh. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and 
 in bottom-heat, in April ; light, flbry loam. 
 E. triphy'lla. 7. White. Amboina. 1821. Syn,, 
 Xa/nthoxylon ptelecefoliv/m, 
 
 Evo'lvulus. (From evolvo, the op- 
 posite to Convolvulus ; referring to the 
 plants not twining. Nat. ord., Convol- 
 vulacece ; Tribe, Convolvulece. Allied to 
 Convolvulus.) 
 
 For culture, see Convolvulus. All blue- 
 flowered trailers, except where otherwise 
 
 HARDY ANNUAL. 
 
 E. arge'ntews. J. July. N. Amer. 1824. Syn., 
 E, Nuttallicmits. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 E. ccBfu'leus. Blue. July. Jamaica. 1845. 
 
 — lanceola'tus. See E. vUlosus. 
 
 — latifo'lius. 2. White. June. Brazil. 1819- 
 
 B. E. t. 401. 
 
 — pv/rpu'reo-cceru'leus. 1^. July. Jamaica. 1845- 
 
 B. M. t. 4202. 
 
 — villo'sus. 1. July. S. Amer. 1810. Syn., E, 
 
 loMceolatus. 
 
 STOVE ANNUALS. 
 
 E. alsinoi'des. J. July. E. Ind. 1817. 
 
 — emargvna'tus and gafige'ticus. See IpomcBa- 
 
 renifoTTnis. 
 
 — hirmi'tus. *• July. B. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — iTica'nus. J. July. S. Amer. 1810. 
 
 — lijmfo'lius. 2. August. Jamaica. 1732. 
 
 — nwimmila'ris^ J. September. Jamaica. 1816- 
 
 — seri'ceus. J. White. July. W. Ind. 1816. 
 
 Evo'nymus. See Euonymus. 
 Evo'smus. See Laurus. 
 
 E'xacum. (From ex, out of, and a^o, 
 to drive; supposed virtue of expelling 
 poison. Nat. ord., Gentianacem ;Tnhe, 
 Exaeece.) 
 
 stove or greenhouse annuals, or perennials- 
 Seeds ; cuttings under a bell-glass. Peat and 
 turfy loam. 
 
 E. afflne. J. Violet-purple, yellow. February. 
 Socotra. 1881. Gfl. 1. 1108. 
 
 — maera'nthum. IJ. Purple. December. Ceylon. 
 
 1853. 
 
 — pvlcheHlwm. See Cicendia pulchella. 
 
 — tetrago'num. IJ. Blue. August. Nepaul- 
 
 1820. 
 
 M color. 1. Pale purple. June. Corcan. 
 
 1846. 
 
 — viseo'sum. See Ixanthus mscosus. 
 
 — zeyla'nicum. Blue. September. Ceylon. 1848. 
 
 Syn., Chironia trinervis. Paxt. Mag. iii. 
 p. 149. 
 
 Excseca'ria. (From excceco, to 
 blind ; the juice and smoke of burning 
 branches injure the eye-sight. Nat. 
 ord., Euphorbiacem ; Tribe, Crotonece. 
 Allied to Gussonia and Hippomane.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, with white flowers ; 
 cuttmgs in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, in 
 sprmg or autumn ; flbry, sandy loam. 
 B. Agallo'cha. 5. May. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — glamdulo'sa. 6. May. Jamaica. 1821. 
 
 — aerra'ta. 6. May. Chili. 1796. 
 
 Excrescence. Independently of 
 
EXO 
 
 [379] 
 
 EXT 
 
 Galls, which are caused by the punctures 
 of insects, and the swellings which always 
 accompany Canker, the excrescences 
 which injure the gardener's crops are 
 very few. That which appears above 
 the point of union between the scion and 
 stock is caused by the former being the 
 freer grower of the two, and is a warning 
 that should be remembered, for it cur- 
 tails the longevity of the tree, the supply 
 of sap gradually becoming inefficient. 
 The excrescences which occur upon the 
 branches of some apples, as those of the 
 codling and June-eatmg, cannot belooked 
 upon as disease, for they arise from con- 
 geries of abortive buds, which readily pro- 
 trude roots if buried in the soil, making 
 those among the few apples which can 
 be propagated by cuttings. Of a similar 
 nature are the huge excrescences so pre- 
 valent on aged oaks and elms. Bulbous 
 excrescences are formed upon the roots 
 of many plants if compelled to grow upon 
 a soil drier than that which best suits 
 them. This is the case especially with 
 two grasses, Phle'um prate'nse and Alo- 
 pecu'rus genieula'tus, and is evidently 
 a wise provision of a nature to secure 
 the propagation of the species, for those 
 bulbs will vegetate long after the re- 
 mainder of the plant has ijeen destroyed 
 by the excessive dryness of the soil, 
 
 Sxoca'rpus. (From exo, outside, 
 and karpos, fruit. Nat. ord., Santala- 
 cece.) 
 E. cupresglfo'mds. Gfl. 1888, p. 288, f. 60. 
 
 Exocho'rda. (From exo, outside, 
 and chorde, a cord ; referring to the 
 placentas. Nat. ord. , Eosacece ; Tribe, 
 Spirece.) 
 
 Very handsome hardy deciduous shrub ; seeds, 
 cuttings ; light sandy soil. 
 JE. grandiJUi'ra. 6. White. May. N. China. 
 Syn., SpCrcea grandiflora. B. M. t. 4795. 
 
 S'xogens. An old name for Di- 
 cotyledons. 
 
 Exogo'niuin. (From exo, external, 
 and gome, a joint; referring to the 
 stems. Nat. ord., Convolvulacece ; Tribe, 
 ConvolvulecB.) United to Ipomsea. 
 E. flifdrtm. See Ipomcea JUi/ormis. 
 
 — pu'rga. B. M. t. 4280. See Ipomcea purga. 
 
 — repa'ndum. See Ipmncea repandum. 
 
 Exoste'mma. (From exo, externa], 
 and stemma, a crown ; referring to the 
 flower-heads. Nat. ord., BubiacecB ; 
 Tribe, Cinchoneoe. Allied to Luculia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings o£ ripe young 
 shoots in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat ; 
 loam and peat. 
 
 E. longifio'rum. 30. White. June. Caraccas. 
 1820. B. M. t. 4186. 
 
 Exotics. Plants belonging to a 
 
 country different from that in which 
 they are growing. 
 
 Extravasated Sap may arise from 
 five causes. 
 
 1. The acrid or alkaline state of the 
 sap, which has been considered already, 
 when treating of the Canker. 
 
 2. Plethora, or that state of a plant's- 
 excessive vigour in which the sap is 
 formed more rapidly than the circulatory 
 vessels can convey it away. When this 
 occurs, rupture must take place. If the 
 extravasation proceeds from this cause, 
 there is but one course of treatment to- 
 be pursued — root-pruning, and reducing 
 the staple of the soil, by removing some 
 of it, and admixing less fertile earthy 
 components, as sand or chalk. This- 
 must be done gradually, for the fibrous 
 roots that are suited for the collection 
 of food from a fertile soil are not at once: 
 adapted for the introsusception of that 
 from a less abundant pasturage. Care 
 must be taken not to apply tlie above 
 remedies before it is clearly ascertained' 
 that the cause is not an unnatural con- 
 traction of the sap vessels, because, in 
 such case, the treatment might be in- 
 jurious rather than beneficial. We have 
 always found it arising from an excessive 
 production of sap, if the tree, when 
 afflicted by extravasation, produces at- 
 the same time super-luxuriant shoots. 
 
 3. Local contraction of the sap ves- 
 sels. — If the extravasation arises from 
 this cause, there is usually a swelling of 
 the bark immediately above the place 
 of discharge. In such a case the culti- 
 vator's only resource is to reduce cau- 
 tiously the amount of branches, if the 
 bleeding threatens to be injuriously ex- 
 tensive, otherwise it is of but little 
 consequence, acting, like temporary dis- 
 charges of blood, as a relief to the 
 system. 
 
 4. The extravasation of the sap from 
 a wound is usually the most exhausting, 
 and as the wound, whether contused or 
 cut, is liable to be a lodgment for water 
 and other foreign bodies opposed to the 
 healing of the injured part, the discharge: 
 is often protracted. This is especially 
 the case if the wound be made in the- 
 spring, before the leaves are developed, 
 as in performing the winter pruning of 
 the vine later than is proper. In such 
 case, the vine always is weakened, and in 
 some instances it has been destroyed. 
 
 5. Heat attended by dryness of the 
 soil, as during the drought of summer, 
 is very liable to produce an unnatural 
 exudation. This is especially noticeable 
 upon the leaves of some plants, and is; 
 
EXT 
 
 [380] 
 
 popularly known as honey-d&w. It is 
 somewhat analogous to that outburst of 
 blood, which in such seasons is apt to 
 occur to man, and arises from the in- 
 creased action of the secretory and cLr- 
 culatoiy system to which it affords 
 relief. There is this great and essential 
 difference, that, in the case of plants, 
 the extravasation is upon the surface of 
 the leaves, and in proportion, conse- 
 quently, to the abundance of the ex- 
 truded sap are their respiration and 
 digestion impaired. 
 
 Azaleas sometimes, but rarely, have 
 the hairs on their leaves, especially on 
 their lower surface, beaded, as it were, 
 with a resinous exudation. This can 
 scarcely be called a disease. It is never 
 found but upon plants that have been 
 kept in a temperature too high, and in 
 a soil too fertile. It is an effort to relieve 
 the surcharged vessels, and occurs in 
 various forms in other plants. 
 
 The various successful applications of 
 liquids to plants, in order to prevent the 
 occurrence of the honey-dew and similar 
 •diseases, would seem to indicate that a 
 morbid state of the sap is the chief 
 cause of the honey-dew, for otherwise it 
 would be diificult to explain the reason 
 Tvhy the use of a solution of common 
 salt in water, applied to the soil in which 
 ■a plant is growing, can prevent a disease 
 caused by insects. But if we admit that 
 the irregular action of the sap is the 
 cause of the disorder, then we can under- 
 stand that a portion of salt introduced 
 in the juices of the plant would natu- 
 rally have an influence in correcting any 
 morbid tendency, either preventing the 
 too rapid secretion of sap, stimulating it 
 in promoting its regular formation, or 
 preserving its fluidity ; and that by such 
 a treatment the honey-dew may be en- 
 tirely prevented, we have often wit- 
 nessed when experimentalizing with 
 totally different objects. Thus we have 
 seen plants of various kinds, which have 
 been treated with a weak solution of 
 common salt and iv&ter, totally escape 
 the honey-dew, where trees of the same 
 kind growing in the same plot of ground 
 not so treated, have been materially in- 
 jured by its ravages. 
 
 Eye-bright. Euphra'sia. 
 
 Eysenha'rdtia. (Named after 
 Eysenharclt, a Prussian botanist. Nat. 
 ord. , LeguminoscB ; Tribe, GalegecB. Al- 
 lied to Amorpha.) 
 
 Half - hardy evergreen shrub ; cuttings of 
 young shoots in sand, in bottom-heat, In April 
 or May ; loam and peat. 
 JE. amorphoi'des. 15. Pale yellow. June. Mexico. 
 
 FAG 
 
 F. 
 
 Pa'ba. Garden Bean. (Fiomphago, 
 to eat. 'Ma.t. Old., Leguniinosce. United 
 to Vicia.a 
 
 F. mdga'ris. See Vida Faba. 
 
 Faba'go. See Zygophyllum. 
 
 Pabia'na. (Named afrer F. Fahiano, 
 a Spaniard. Nat. ord., Solanacece ; 
 Tiihe, Cestrinece. Allied to Vestia. ) 
 
 A half-hardy eyergreen shrub, having the 
 aspect of a Gape Heath. Seeds in a hotbed, in 
 March ; cuttings of firm young shoots in saiid, 
 under a bell-glass, in Apnl ; set at first in a cold 
 
 freenhouse or pit, and then plunged in a mild 
 ottom-heat ; sandy peat. 
 F. imbrica'ta. 8. White. May. Chili. 1838. 
 
 B. R. 1839, t. 59. 
 
 Pabri'eia. (Named after Fahricvus, 
 a Swedish naturalist. Nat. ord., Myrta- 
 cecB. United to Leptospermum.) 
 
 F. Iceviga'ta. B. M. 1. 1304. See Lepto^iermMtn 
 Icevigatwn. 
 
 — myrtifo'lia. See Leptospermum Fabricia. 
 
 — stri'cta. 2. June. W. Australia. 1827. B. 
 
 C. t. 1219. A synonym of Agonu margi- 
 nata. 
 
 Fadye'llia. (Named after Dr. Fad- 
 yen, author of a Flora of Jamaica. Nat. 
 ord., Filices. Allied to Aspidium.) 
 
 This must not be confounded with Endlicher*s 
 Fadye'nia^ which belongs to Garryacese. Stove 
 Fern. Division ; loam and peat. See FERNS. 
 F.proU'fera. J. Brown. May. Jamaica. 1843. 
 
 Faga'ra. See Zanthoxyltun. 
 
 Fage'lia. (Named after Fagel, a 
 botanist. Nat. ord. , LeguminoscB ; 
 Tribe, Phaseolem. Allied to Cajanus.) 
 
 An ornamental greenhouse evergreen twiner. 
 Seeds, steeped in warm water, sown in light soil, 
 and put in a mild hotbed. Cuttings of the points 
 of young shoots before they get nard, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass ; peat and loam, both sandy 
 and lumpy. 
 
 F. bitwmino'sa. 4. Yellowish-purple. June. 
 S.W. Africa. 1774. Syn., Glycine bitu- 
 mmosa, B. R. t. 261. 
 
 Fagopy'rum. Buck wheat. (From 
 pfiago, to eat, and pyren, a kernel ; re- 
 ferring to the triangular kernel of the 
 nut. Nat. ord., Polygonacece ; Tribe, 
 Eupolygonece. Allied to Polygonum. ) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Seed in April. Common soil. 
 F.'cymo'sum. Pink. July. Nepaul. 1827. B. 
 R. 1846, t. 26. 
 
 — eseuWntum. 2-3. Pink. Summer. Central 
 
 Asia. 
 
 Fagrse'a. (Named after Dr. i^'ajrj-osvs. 
 Nat. ord., Loganiacece ; Tribe, Eulo- 
 ganiem. Allied to Logania.) 
 
 Loganiads stand foremost among the most 
 deadlypoisons In the vegetable kingdom. Orna- 
 mental stove evergreen trees or shrubs. Cuttings 
 of young shoots beginning to get firm, in AprU, 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat, 
 peat and loam. 
 
FAU 
 
 [381] 
 
 FAR 
 
 F. aurieula'ta. Yellow. Singapore. 
 
 — im'peria'lis. Sumatra. 1866. 
 
 — lanceola'ta. White. Java. Fl. Ser. 1. 1026. 
 
 — obaoa'ta. 20. White. Silhet. 1816. 
 
 — zeyla'nica. 12. White. Ceylon. 1816. 
 
 Pa'gUS. The Beech. (From phago, 
 to eat ; referring to the edible seeds. 
 Nat. ord., CupuUferm ; Tribe, Quer- 
 cinem. ) 
 
 Handsome evergreen, or deciduous, hardy 
 trees or shrubs, by seeds, gathered in autumn, 
 dried in the sun, kept dry during the winter, and 
 sown in light soil, in March. They might be 
 sown in the autumn, only mice, etc., make havoc 
 among them ; loamy soil, over chalk, suits them 
 well, as the roots seldom run deep, llie different 
 varieties are propagated by grafting in March 
 and April. The morel and the truflSe are chiefly 
 found under beeches. 
 
 EVERGREENS. 
 
 F. betulai'des. BO. Magellan. 1830. Hardy. 
 
 — Cumningha'mM. New Zealand. 1843. Half- 
 
 hardy. 
 
 — obli'qua. 50. Chili. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS. 
 
 F. anta'retica. 50. Magellan. 1830. 
 -;- Casta'nea. See Castanea vulgaris. 
 
 — castanc^o'lia. June. N. Amer. 
 
 — cmnptonia^o'lia. May. 
 
 — ferrugi'nea. 30. June. N. Amer. 1766. 
 carolinub'na. Carolina. 
 
 — purpu'rea. April. Germany. 
 
 ro'seo-margina'ta. Young leaves edged 
 
 with pink. 1888. 
 
 — ■ sylva'tica. 70. June. Britain. 
 
 america'na. 100. May. N. Amer. 
 
 • asplenifo'lia. 
 
 a'tro-rvJhens. 30. June. 
 
 cmhgl<ymera'ta Ban^Hlle'ri. Garden va- 
 riety. 1888. 
 
 crista'ta. 30. May. 
 
 cu'prea. 70. May. 
 
 fq'liis arge'nteis. May. 
 
 fo'liis avJreis. June. 
 
 heterophy'lla. 40. April, May. 
 
 incnlsa. 10. June. 
 
 pdndvla. May. Gardens. 
 
 Fairy rings, which occur as darker 
 circles m grass, are produced by a pe- 
 culiar mode of growth of certain fungi, 
 e.g., Agaricus arvensis, MarasmiMS 
 oreades, etc. The darker part is due to 
 a luxuriant growth of the grass, through 
 a copious supply of nitrogenous matter 
 afforded by the decay of the fungi. On 
 the outer side of the ring the grass pre- 
 sents a somewhat scorched appearance, 
 owing to its having been exhausted by 
 the fiingi, the next crop of which will 
 appear outside this ring, and continue 
 to spread in subsequent years. 
 
 Pa'lkia. (Named MeiFalk, a Swe- 
 dish botanist. Nat. ord., Convolvula- 
 cece; Tribe, Dichondrm.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen creeper. Cuttings under 
 a hand-glass, in sandy peat, in April or May ; 
 peat and loam. 
 
 F. repent, i. Pink. July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 1774. B. M. t. 2228. 
 
 Fall of the Leaf. Dr.Lindleythus 
 explains this phenomenon :— In the 
 course of time a leaf becomes incapable 
 
 of performing its functions ; its passagesi 
 are choked up by the deposit of sedi- 
 mentary matter ; there is no longer a. 
 free communication between its veins, 
 and the wood and liber. It changes 
 colour, ceases to decompose carbonic 
 acid, absorbs oxygen instead, gets into a 
 morbid condition, and dies ; it is then 
 thrown off. This phenomenon, which 
 we call the fall of the leaf, is going on 
 the whole year. Those trees which lose 
 the whole of their leaves at the approach 
 of winter, and are called deciduous, be- 
 gin, in fact, to cast their leaves within a^ 
 few weeks after the commencement of 
 their vernal growth ; but the mass of 
 their foliage is not rejected till late in 
 the season. Those, on the other hand, 
 which are named evergreens, part witk 
 their leaves much more slowly ; retain 
 them in health at the time when the 
 leaves of other plants are perishing j 
 and do not cast them till a new spring 
 has commenced, when other trees are 
 leafing, or even later. In the latter 
 class, the function of the leaves is going 
 on during all the winter, although lan- 
 guidly ; they are constantly attracting 
 sap from the earth through the rootlets, 
 and are therefore in a state of slow but 
 continual winter growth. 
 
 Fallowing is needless where there 
 is a due supply of manure, and a suffi- 
 cient application of the spade, for.k, and 
 hoe to the soil. Fallowing can have no 
 other beneficial influence than by de- 
 stroying weeds, aiding the decomposi- 
 tion of offensive exuvise, exposing the 
 soil to the disintegrating influence of 
 the air, and accumulating in it decom- 
 posing matter. Now all these effects 
 can be produced by judicious manuring, 
 and a constant application of the hoe 
 and fork. 
 
 False Blossom is the very erro- 
 neous name applied sometimes to the 
 male flowers, which, containing only 
 stamens, do not produce fruit, yet are 
 essential for causing fruitfulness m what 
 gardeners call the true blossoms which 
 contain the pistils. 
 
 Fallu'gia. (After Fallugms, a. 
 Florentine botanist of the seventeenth 
 century, Nat. ord., Bosacece ; Tribe, 
 PotentUlem.) 
 
 A handsome, half-hardy, erect, branched 
 shrub. Seeds, cuttings, sandy loam. 
 F. parado'xa. 2-4. White. July. New Mexico. 
 1877. B. M. t. 6660. Syn., Sieversia 
 paradoxa. 
 
 Fan Palm. Conj'pha. 
 Farada'ya. (In honour of Prof. 
 
FAR 
 
 [382] 
 
 FEN 
 
 Faraday. Nat. ord., Verhenacece ; Tribe, 
 ViticecB. ) 
 
 Stove climbers. Seeds, cuttings, ricli sandy 
 loam. 
 F. papua'-na. White. Java. 1884. 
 
 — spie'ndida. White. Fragrant. Australia. 
 
 1890. 
 
 Fara'mea. (The derivation has not 
 leen explained ; probably a commemo- 
 rative one. Nat. ord., Rubiacece ; Tribe, 
 CoussarecB. Allied to the Coffee-tree. ) 
 
 A sweet-scented stove evergreen bush, long 
 tnown in our gardens as Tetrmrhe'riwrn. Cuttings 
 of firm young shoots in May, in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, in bottom-heat ; peat and loam, both 
 flbry, with silver-sand, and lumps of charcoal. 
 F. odorati'ssima. 6. White. W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 Farfu'giTim gra'nde. See Senecio 
 Kcempferi, var. aureo-maculata. 
 
 Farina, a name for the pollen or fer- 
 tilizing dust produced by the anthers, or 
 male organs, of a flower. 
 
 Farm-yard Manure. See Dung. 
 
 Farse'tia. (Named after Farseti, an 
 Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Crueiferce; 
 Tribe, Alyssinece. Allied to Alyssum.) 
 
 Hardy or half-hardy annual and perennial 
 "herbs or sub-shrubs. Annuals in open border in 
 April. Perennials, by division and seeds ; half- 
 hardy evergreens, by cuttings under a hand- 
 light, in May, in sandy loam. Sandy loam ; good 
 for rock-works and mounds. The half-hardy 
 should have the protection of a pit in winter. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 JF. cheiroMtJiifo'lia. 1. Yellow. July. Levant. 
 1818. Annual. Syn., Alyssum cheiranthi- 
 folium. 
 
 — clypea'ta. 1^. Yellow. July. South Europe. 
 
 1596. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 F. cegypti'aca. 1. White, purple. July. Egypt. 
 1788. Syn., F, cheiranthoides. 
 
 — erioca'rpa. 1. Yellow. July. Greece. 1820. 
 
 — lunaroi'des. 1. Yellow. July. Grecian 
 Archipelago. 1731. B. M. t. 3087. 
 Uico'sa. 1. Violet. April. Persia. 1823. 
 
 Fascicle is the name applied to 
 flowers on small stalks variously sub- 
 divided and attached to one flower-stem, 
 and collected into a close bundle, level 
 at the top, as in the Sweet William, or 
 to bundles of leaves, as in the Larch. 
 
 Fa'tsia. (From Fatsi, the Japanese 
 name of J*", japonica. Nat. ord. , Aralia- 
 cect. ) 
 
 Half-hardy shrubs or small trees. Seeds, cut- 
 tings. Good light soil. The celebrated rice paper 
 of the Chinese is made from the pith of F. papy- 
 Hfera ; a cylinder of the pith is taken, and very 
 thin sheets cut from its circumference with a 
 large knife, the cylinder being dexterously turned 
 round with the hngers whilst cutting. 
 F. ho'rrida. 6-12. Stem armed with yellow 
 
 spines. N.W. America. 1829. Hardy. 
 
 Syn., Panax horridwm. 
 — jap&nica. White. Japan. 18B8. Gfl. t. 420. 
 
 Syns., Aralia japonica and A. Sieboldii. 
 r- au'reo-margina'ta. Golden-margined var. 
 
 E. japo'nica au'reo-reticula'ta. Leaves with yel- 
 
 low veins. 1870. 
 
 — papyri! fera. 7. Greenish. Formosa. 1852. 
 
 B. M. t. 4897. Syn., Aralia papyri/era. 
 Bice paper tree. 
 
 Feaberry. A local name for the 
 Gooseberry. 
 
 Feathers. See Animal Mat- 
 ters. 
 
 Fe'dia. (A word of unknown origin. 
 Nat. ord., Valerianacem. Allied to 
 Centranthus.) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Seeds in the open border, 
 in April. 
 
 F. comuco'pice. 1. Bed. July. South Europe. 
 
 1796. Syn., Valeriana cornucopioe. B. 
 R. 1. 156. 
 
 Jioribxdnda ple'na. Fink. ■ Double 
 
 flowered, Gfl. 1. 1218. 
 
 — gradliJUra. J. Pink. July. Algiers. 
 
 — rupe'stris. See Patrinia rupestris. 
 
 Fee'a. (In honour of M. Fie, Pro- 
 fessor of Botany at Strasburg. Nat. 
 ord., Filices — Polypodiacece. Allied to 
 Trichomanes. ) 
 
 Stove ferns. See Ferns. 
 F. na'na. Guiana. 
 
 — spica'ta. W. Indies. 
 
 Peli'cia. ( From /efe'a;, happy; from 
 their cheerful appearance. Nat. ord., 
 Composite; Tribe, Asteroidece. Syn., 
 Agathcea. Allied to Aster. ) 
 
 Natives of the Cape of Good Hope. Annuals, 
 sown in open border, in April ; evergreens re- 
 quire the protection of a cool greenhouse, and 
 may be easily raised by cuttings under a hand- 
 light, in May ; soil, chiefly sandy loam. 
 
 HARDY ANNUAL. 
 
 F. tenellla. Violet. June. 1769. Syn., Aster 
 tenellus, B. B. t. 83. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 F. angusti/o'lia. i. Lilac. May. 1812. Syns., 
 angustifolius, Jacq. H. Sehoenb. t. 370, 
 and Aster conyzoides. 
 
 gla'hra. 6. Blue. May. 1804. 
 
 — echina'ta. Yellow. May. 1820. 
 —frutico'sa. 1-2. Purple. May. Syn., Aster 
 
 frutieosus. B. M. t. 2718. 
 
 — refie'xa. Bed, white. February. 1769. Syn., 
 
 Aster refiexus. B. M. t. 884. 
 
 — mlMsa. 4. White. May. 1812. Syn., 
 
 Aster villosus. 
 
 Felwort. Swe'rtia. 
 
 Female Fern. Asple'nium fi'lix- 
 falmma. 
 
 Fences are employed to mark the 
 boundary of property, to exclude tres- 
 passers, and to afford shelter. They are 
 either live fences, and are then known 
 as hedges ; or dead, and are then either 
 banks, ditches, palings, or walls; or 
 they are a union of two, to which titles 
 the reader is referred. 
 
 Fendle'ra. (After Mr. Fendler, a 
 botanical collector in Trinidad. Nat. 
 ord., SaxifragecB.) 
 
 Hardy or haU-hardy shrub. It will be better 
 
FEN 
 
 [383] 
 
 FEE 
 
 for the protection of a wall. Garden-soil, seeds, 
 
 .and cuttings or layers, 
 
 F. rwpi'cola. %-i. White. Mexico. 1888. 
 
 Fennel. (Fceni'culum milga're. ) In 
 a dry soil it is longest-lived. It is propa- 
 gated both by off-sets, partings of the 
 joot, and by seeds, any time between the 
 beginning of February and the end of 
 April. The best season for sowing is 
 autumn, soon after the seed is ripe, at 
 which time it may also be planted. 
 
 Insert the plants a foot apart, and the 
 seed in drills, six or twelve inches 
 asunder, according as it is intended that 
 the plants are to oe transplanted or to 
 remain. 
 
 When advanced to the height of four 
 or five inches, if they are intended for 
 removal, the plants are pricked out 
 eight inches apart, to attain strength 
 for final planting in autumn or spring. 
 Water must be given freely at every 
 removal, and until estabUsned, if the 
 weather is at all dry. 
 
 The stalks of those that are not re- 
 quired to produce seed must be cut down 
 as often as they run up in summer. If 
 this is strictly attended to the roots will 
 last for many years ; but those which 
 are allowed to ripen their seed seldom 
 endure for more th^n five or six. 
 
 Fennel-flower. Nige'Ua. 
 
 Fenugreek. Trigme'lla. 
 
 Fe'nzlia. See Gilia. 
 
 Ferdina'ndea mpe'rba. See Cres- 
 <:entia macrocarpa. 
 
 Fernande'zia. (After Fernandez, 
 a Spaniard. Nat. ord., Orchidece.) See 
 Lockhartia. 
 
 jF. acu'ta. B. E. 1. 1806. See Lockhartia acuta. 
 
 — e'legans. B. C. 1. 1214. See Lockhartia elegaTis. 
 
 — robu'sta. B. H. t. 5592. See Lockhartia verru- 
 
 cosa. 
 Feme'lia. (Named after J. Fernel, 
 ,a French physician. Nat. or A., Buhia- 
 cecB ; Tribe, Gardeniem. Allied to Oxy- 
 anthus.) 
 
 Stoveevergreen shrubs. Cuttings of firm young 
 ■shoots in May, in sand, undera bell-gla.ss, and in 
 .bottom-heat ; peat and loam, lumpy and sandy- 
 JF. iuxifo'lia. Isle of France. 1816. 
 
 — ohma'ta. Isle of France. 1816. 
 
 Ferns are flowerless plants (Crypto- 
 gams) furnished with fibro-vascular 
 bundles, and vary in size from an inch 
 ■high to that of a small tree, and in tex- 
 ture from a thin film to leathery. The 
 stems are often creeping, and then 
 termed rhizomes. The leaves, generally 
 on a stalk (sijpe) are "knoyfusa fronds, 
 and may be simple {e.g., Asplenium 
 Nidus) or divided. The primary divi- 
 ■sions are known as pinnae, the ultimate 
 
 as pinnules. On the back of the fronds 
 are borne clusters (sori) of sporangia, 
 containing spores, sometimes they are 
 naked (e.g'.jPotoorfjMm), but more often 
 covered by a scale (indusium), the .shape 
 of which has been used as a character to 
 distinguish the various genera. In 
 HymenophylluTn, the spores are in cups 
 at the tips of the pinnules. The spores 
 when sown germinate, and produce a 
 small membranous prothallium, bearing 
 sexual organs (antheridia and arche- 
 gonia), from the female of which, after 
 fertilization, a new fern plant arises. 
 In some cases (e.g., Asplenium bulbife- 
 nim) young plants are produced in a 
 bud-like manner from the frond itself. 
 
 Ferns. Stove Ferns. 
 
 Propagation: by Division. — Any spe- 
 cies of Fern that sends out stolons, or 
 creeping stems underground, readily in- 
 creases by division. This requires con- 
 siderable care. They should never be 
 divided till the parts to be separated 
 have a portion or roots to each. Turn 
 the plants out of the pots, and with a 
 sharp knife divide the plants into as 
 many parts as have roots and a small 
 ball ; pot them into pots only a little 
 larger than the little call; drain them 
 well, give a gentle watering, and place 
 them in a shady place till they begin to 
 grow again, and send up fresh fronds. 
 
 By Young Buds on the Fronds. — 
 Several species produce miniature or 
 embryo plants on the fronds. These 
 should be pegged down in a pot filled 
 with the proper soil, and placed so near 
 to the parent plant as to allow the fronds 
 to remain attached to it. When the 
 buds have made roots into the new soil, 
 and pushed forth some new fronds, they 
 should be detached from the parent, and 
 potted into 2J-inch pots, gently watered, 
 and placed in a shady place. Some 
 few kinds have these buds or knobs so 
 strongly developed, that they may, 
 when in a sufficiently forward state, be 
 cut off and potted at once. Examples 
 of this kind of bud may be observed in 
 Pte'ris palma'ta, P. effu'sa, Dare'a 
 rhizophyllum, and Wooawalrdia radi'- 
 cans. 
 
 By Spores. — Several of the finest Ferns 
 cannot be increased by division, or, if 
 they can, several years elapse. If right 
 means are followed, they may be raised 
 by spores. This requires a constantly 
 humid, warm atmosphere, and little, if 
 any, sunshine. Procure a wide earthern 
 pan, a hand or bell glass that will 
 go within it, and rest on the bottom, 
 and a shallow, wide pot that will stand 
 
FER 
 
 [384] 
 
 FER 
 
 within the glass and above the rim of 
 the pan two or three inches. Fill this 
 pot half full of potsherds, and upon 
 them a sufficient number of small pieces 
 of turfy peat, mixed with small pieces of 
 sand stone, about the size of peas, to 
 come up to the pot. Then take the 
 frond of any Fern that is full of spores 
 or seeds, and, with the hand, brush them 
 off upon the prepared pot, set it in the 
 pan, place the glass over the pot, and fill 
 the pan nearly with water. Place the 
 whole in the warmest part of the stove, 
 shading it from the sun. The small 
 pieces of turf and stone can be easily 
 separated, and the seedlings on each put 
 into small pots, without any danger of 
 destroying them by the process of pot- 
 ting. In the moist atmosphere of the 
 orchid-house, several species of Ferns 
 will come up spontaneously in the pots, 
 baskets, and upon the blocks. These 
 may be carefully detached as soon as 
 they are large enough, and potted in 
 small pots, placed for a time in a shady 
 situation, and they will soon make nice, 
 bushy plants. 
 
 Soil. — Ferns require alight, open soil. 
 A compost of sandy, fibrous peat two 
 parts, tnrfy loam one part, and leaf- 
 mould one part, with a tree admixture 
 of sand, will suit them well. 
 
 Summer Culture. — ^Temperature, 65° 
 minimum, 75° maximum by day, and 60° 
 by night. 
 
 Time ef Potting. — Early in March, 
 drain well, and give a moderate shift. 
 Small plants may be potted twice, the 
 second time the first week in July. 
 
 Watering. — Ferns are like Heaths, if 
 they once get thoroughly dry they will 
 pensh, therefore keep them constantly 
 well watered, more especially when the 
 pots are full of roots. Should they by 
 any chance appear to be suffering se- 
 verely from drought, take such and let 
 them stand in a vessel of water, that 
 will cover the top of the pot, for an hour 
 or two. This will thoroughly wet every 
 part of the ball, and often recover the 
 plant. If such a convenience is at hand, 
 the smaller Ferns, like other stove 
 plants, will be greatly benefited by a 
 few weeks' sojourn in the middle of 
 summer in a deep, cold pit. Here they 
 should be well supplied with water, and 
 nearly every afternoon, about three 
 o'clock, have a gentle syringing, shut- 
 ting them up close afterwards. As soon 
 as the nights begin to be cold in Sep- 
 tember, remove them back again into 
 the stove, and give them an extra supply 
 of water for a short time, till they 
 become used to the drier atmosphere. 
 
 Winter Culture. — Temperature, 60° 
 maximum, and 55° minimum by day; 
 52° by night. During this season, rather 
 less water will be required. Remove all 
 decaying fronds, and give them a top- 
 dressing in December. This will carry 
 them uirough till the potting season 
 arrives in March. 
 
 Insects. — The green fly and thrip will 
 frequently appear on them. Smoking 
 with tobacco will destroy them both. 
 
 GREENHOUSE FERNS. 
 
 Propagation. — The same methods of 
 increase suit the greenhouse varieties, 
 and also the same compost. The only 
 difference is in the temperature. In 
 summer they may be set out of doors- 
 with the rest of the greenhouse inhabi- 
 tants, and brought into it as soon as there 
 is any danger of frost. The great advan- 
 tage of growing Ferns in a greenhouse 
 is, that they fill up many a corner where 
 nothing else will grow. 
 
 HARDY FERNS. 
 
 Propagation: hy Division. — All thaf)- 
 produce offsets may be increased by 
 division. If they are planted out in a. 
 bed, or on rock-work, they should be 
 taken up and divided into pieces, with a, 
 portion of earth to each. They may be 
 replanted; but a better plan is to pot 
 them, and place them in a cold frame, 
 kept close, and shaded till they make 
 fresh roots and fronds. Scarce kind* 
 may be. increased by spores. Even the 
 rare Woo'dsia ilvensis has been in- 
 creased by spores. Something of the 
 same method as that described for stove 
 Ferns must be adopted for hardy ones. 
 If some small sand-stones be placed in a. 
 damp, shady place, and the Fern seed 
 be scattered upon them, and then be 
 covered with a hand-glass, the seed will 
 germinate, and the stones will be covered 
 with Ferns. For the more rare kinds a- 
 little extra care will be necessary. Sow 
 them upon rough pieces of dead turf, 
 place them under a hand-glass, in a. 
 situation where they can have a close, 
 warm, moist atmosphere ; a cold frame, 
 kept close in summer, will answer 
 admirably. 
 
 Culture. — Hardy Ferns are found in 
 variou* situations, and, consequently, 
 require various modes of treatment. 
 Some grow on rocks in exposed situa- 
 tions ; others in boggy, moist ground ; 
 some grow on hedge-banks and shady 
 woads, whilst others, again, grow near 
 waterfalls, where the spray keeps them 
 constantly moist. To succeed in culti- 
 vating all these in one place, an approxi- 
 mation must be made to the circum- 
 
FEE 
 
 [385] 
 
 FEV 
 
 stances in which they are found wild. 
 A low, moist sou, at the foot of a bank 
 of rock-work, will suit those found in a 
 similar situation ; the lower part of rock 
 will suit those found on hedge-banks. 
 Those found in shady woods may be 
 planted on the north side of the rock- 
 work, near to the ground ; whilst those 
 that grow wild on exposed rocks, or old 
 walls, may be placed near the top of the 
 rock-work in chinks between the stones. 
 The most difficult to manage are those 
 found within the reach of the spray of a 
 waterfall. The only way to succeed 
 tolerably with these is to place them so 
 as they can be covered with a hand-glass 
 in the shady side of the rock, and to 
 keep them moist by sprinkling them 
 every day through the rose of a water- 
 ing-pot, protecting them in winter by a 
 covering of matting thrown over the 
 hand-glass in frosty weather. 
 
 Pero'nia. (After Feronia, the god- 
 dess of the groves. Nat. ord., RutaceoB ; 
 Tribe, Aurantieos.) 
 
 The young leaves, when bruised, are said to 
 be dellciously fragrant; the wood and flowers 
 also partake of the fragrance of the orange and 
 citron. Stove evergreen. Cuttings of ripe young 
 shoots in spring or summer, in sandy peat, under 
 a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; loam, peat, 
 rotten dung, and a little sand. 
 
 F, elepha'niwm. 4. Blush, April. India up 
 to the Tropical Himalayas. 1804. Wight 
 Ic. 1. 15. 
 
 Perra'ria. (Named after Ferrara, 
 an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Iridece. 
 Allied to Pardanthus.) 
 
 Very dwarf bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hone. 
 Seeds sown when ripe, or kept dry until the fol- 
 lowing spring ; offsets, which are plentifully pro- 
 duced; sandy loam and a little peat ; bulbs to 
 be kept dry after the leaves have withered ; fresh 
 potted when they begin to move, and then sup- 
 plied with moisture. If planted on a wann 
 border, pla«ed at least six inches deep, and the 
 soil and 5[oung shoots protected from frost,' they 
 may possibly be grown in the open ground. 
 
 F. angmtifo'lia. Swt. Hort. Brit. t. 499. A 
 v3.Tiei,y ot F. Ferrariola.- 
 
 — anthero'sa. B. M. t. 761. See F. Ferrariola. 
 
 — atra'ta. i. Dark purple. June. B. C. 1. 1366. 
 
 — divarica'ta. i. Brown. June. 1826. Swt. 
 
 n. Gard. 1. 192. 
 
 — elonga'ta. Dark purple. July. Montevideo. 
 
 1828. 
 
 — F&rrwri'ola. i. Greenish-brown. Summer. 
 
 1800. Eed. Lil. t. 484. Syns., F. antherosa, 
 F. viridifiora^ Andr. Rep. t. 285, and 
 Morcea Ferrariola, Jacq. H. Schoenb. 
 t. 466. 
 
 angustifo'lia. i. Brown. June. 1825. 
 
 Syn., F. angustifolia. 
 
 — obtusifo'lia. i. Brown. June. 1825. Swt. 
 
 Fl. Gard. t. 148. 
 
 — pavo'nia and Timi'dia. See Tigridia. 
 
 — tricu'spis. See Vieuseiucia tricuspis. 
 
 — wnema'ta. i. Brown. June. 1825. Swt. 
 
 Fl. Gard. 1. 161. 
 
 — tmdmlalta. J. Green, brown. April. 1775. 
 
 B. M. 1. 144. 
 
 Ferre'ola huxifo'lia. Wight Ic. 
 t. 763. See Maba buxifolia. 
 
 Pe'rula. Giant Fennel. (Pliny's 
 name for this plant. Nat. ord.. Urn- 
 belliferw; Tribe, Peucedaneoe. Allied 
 to Heracleum.) 
 
 The Giant Fennels, like the Cow Parsnips, are 
 peculiarly well fitted to form striking contrasts 
 near water, on banks, or by the recesses of rock- 
 work in gardens, besides their interest as furnish- 
 ing asafoetida from the milky juice of some of 
 the species, etc. Hardy herbaceous perennials, 
 with yellow flowers, except where otherwise 
 specified. Seed in spring ; common garden-soil. 
 F. ammumi'aca. 6. White. June. Persia. 1831. 
 
 — asafoe'tida. 7. July. Persia. 
 
 — au'rea. See Peucedanum aurev/m. B. R. 
 
 t; 669. 
 
 — eampeistris. 3. June. Tauria,. 1829. 
 
 — eapilla'ris. 4. June. Spain. 1820. 
 
 — ca'spica. 3. July. Caucasus. 1819. 
 
 — cormnu'nis. 13. July. South Europe. 1597. 
 
 — Feru'lago. 6. July. South Europe. Syn., 
 
 F. nodifiora. 
 —foetidi'ssima. Yellowish-white. Turkestan. 
 1878. 
 
 — glau'ca. 8. July. Italy. 1596. 
 
 — long^fcflia. 4. July. Siberia. 1820. Sync. 
 
 nymous with Eriosynape longifolia, 
 
 — meoi'des. See Liyphosciadium, miUefolmm, 
 
 — Na'rthex. 6-8. Green. July. Orient. 
 
 — nu'da. 1. July. Siberia. 1821. 
 
 — nudicavlliiiy January. Sicily. 1825. 
 
 — obtusifo'lia. 1. Green. July. Greece. 1819. 
 
 — orienta'lis. 3. July. Levant. 1769. 
 
 — pauciju'ga. IJ. June. Persia. 1830. 
 
 — pe'rsica. 6. August. Persia. 1782. B. M. 
 
 t. 2096. 
 
 — pube^scens. 1. July. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 — Su'nUml. 9. Yellow. Summer. Turkestan. 
 
 1872. B. M. t. 6198. Syn., FuryoMgium- 
 SuTnbul. 
 
 — sibi'rica. See Peucedanum sibiricum. 
 
 — songa'rica. August. Siberia. 1825. 
 
 — stnlcta. 2. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1818. 
 Itica. 3. June. Fodolia. 1829. 
 
 — thyrsifio'ra. Ij. June. Candia. 1823. Sibth. 
 
 Fl. Gr. t. 280. 
 
 — tingita'na. 8. July. Earbary, 1639. 
 
 — villo'sa. 1. White. Julj;. N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 A synonym of Angelica triquinata. 
 
 Festoon. An arch curving down- 
 wards, and the most graceful form for 
 training climbers, either out of doors or 
 in the conservatory. 
 
 Pestu'ca. Fescue Grass. A genus 
 of grasses containing some of the best of 
 our pasture-grasses, such as Sheep's 
 Fescue (F. om'na), and Hardish Fescue 
 (F. duriu'scula). F. cri'nvm-'u'rsi is an 
 ornamental grass, about 3 inches high. 
 Introduced in 1890. 
 
 Feverfew. 
 
 the'nium. 
 
 Pyre'thrum Par- 
 
 ^> Feverwort. Trio'steum. 
 
 P evil lea. (Named after Louis 
 FeuilUe, a German botanist. Nat. ord., 
 CucurhUacece. ) 
 
 A rampant evergreen stove climber. Seeds, 
 sown in a hotbed ; cuttings of the young wood 
 in summer, inserted in sandy loam. In heat and 
 under a bell-glass. 
 
 CC 
 
FIC 
 
 [386] 
 
 FIE 
 
 F. Moo'risi. Brick-red. Guiana? 1870. B. M. 
 t. 6356. 
 
 — peda'ta. B. M. t. 2681. See Telfairea pedata. 
 
 Fica'ria. Pilewort. {Fromjicus, a 
 fig ; in reference to the fig-shaped little 
 tuhers of the root. Nat. ord. , Banun- 
 ctilacecB. United to Ranunculus. ) 
 
 F. ranuneuloi'des and F. ve'ma. See Rammcv,- 
 lus Ficaria. 
 
 Fi'cus. Fig-tiee. (The fig-tree has 
 nearly the same name in all the Euro- 
 pean languages, and is supposed to be 
 derived from the Hebrew name fag. 
 Nat. ord., Urticacece ; Tribe, Artocar- 
 pece.) 
 
 Besides the cultivated figs, there are a vast 
 number of otlier species belonging to Ficus, all 
 natives of the tropics, where they arrest the 
 attention of the traveller either by their grateful 
 shade, their enormous growth, or by their man- 
 ner of sending down roots from their branches 
 to support and extend their distorted arms, as 
 in the Banyan-tree. By layers and cuttings ; by 
 the latter mode in the case of greenhouse and 
 stove species. In either case, (£y the cut ends 
 before mserting them in sandy soil, but not re- 
 moving more of the leaves than those at the joint 
 cut through ; in each case, place a hand-light 
 over them. For the stove species there should 
 be the addition of a hotbed ; peat and loam will 
 suit them well, the latter should preponderate 
 when compactness of growth is desirable. F. 
 ela'stica is the India-rubber plant. F. Ca'rica, 
 the cultivated fig. Is the only one hardy enough 
 to bear our climate. Most of the stove species 
 will do in a warm greenhouse. See Fia. 
 
 HALF-HARDY. 
 
 F. Coape'ri. Leaves red-veined. Australia. 1862. 
 
 — minimus. Is probably a form of F. stipulata. 
 
 It is quite hardy. 
 
 — stipula'ta. China. 1721. Syn,, F. repens. 
 
 Creeping and rooting lite ivy. 
 
 — virga'ta. N.India. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN'S. 
 
 F. cape'nsis. i. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 — Ca'rica. 16. June. South Europe. 1548. 
 
 Deciduous. Common fig. 
 
 — corda'ta. 6. Cape of Good Hope. 1802. 
 
 — diversyfo'lia. Leaves bright jgreen, dotted 
 
 with pale brown spots. G. C. 1881, xvi. 
 p. 247. 
 
 — maerovhy'lla. 14. N. Holland. 
 
 — pu'mila. J. China. 1769. Trailer. 
 
 — stipula'ta. J. China.' 1771. Creeper. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 F. aeum,ina'ta. 6. Bright orange. Silhet. 1833. 
 B. M. t. 3282. 
 
 — amazo'nica. Amazon and Bio Negro. 
 
 — angustifo'lia. 15. Guiana. 
 
 — arbutifo'lia. March. 1825. 
 
 — a'spera. 10. New Holland. 1820. 
 
 — wuranti'aca. 10. 1824. 
 
 — austra'lis. Similar to F. elasti^a, but tsr- 
 
 minal buds green, not red. 
 
 — harba'ta. E. Indies. 1832. Creeping and 
 
 rooting like ivy. 
 
 — Benjami'na. 10. E. Ind. 1757. 
 
 — Bonne'ti. 1869. 
 
 — Cano'ni. Society Islands. Syn., Artocarpus 
 
 Canoni. 
 
 — Cawo'ni. Leaves dark green, with yellowish- 
 
 white midrib. Brazil. 1887. 
 
 — eerasifo'rmis. B. Indies. 
 
 — cestrifo'lia. Brazil. 
 
 — como'sa. 40. India. B. M. t. 3305. 
 
 — coria'cea 10. B. Ind. 1772. 
 
 F. cornifo'Ua. Java. 1846 
 
 — corona'ta. 6. June. 1800. 
 
 — erasmufrvia. 10. S. Amer. 1823. 
 
 — ■ dealba'ta. Leaves silvery-haired. Peru. 1867. 
 Syn,, Coussapoa dealbata. 
 
 — Decra!ni. Peru. 1869. 
 
 — dunw'sa. 6. 1826. 
 
 — ebu'rnea. Leaves with white veins India 
 
 1869. Syn., F. philippinensis. 
 
 — ela'stica. 20. B. Ind. 1816. 
 
 — e'legans. Java. 1871. 
 
 — elKptica. 20. S. Amer. 1824. 
 
 — eriobotryoi'des. 
 
 — exaspera'ta. 6. Guinea. 
 
 — exi'Ttiia. Brazil. 
 
 — exscu'l^ta. Polynesia. 1879. 
 — ferrugi'nea. S. America. 
 
 — fu'lva. Brazil. 
 
 — gardenicefo'lia. Brazil. 
 
 — heterophy'lla. 20. E. Indies. 1816. 
 
 — Hookiri. 6. W. Ind. 1816. 
 
 — infecto'ria. 15. W. Ind. 1763. 
 
 — lieviga'ta. 6. W. Ind. 1823. 
 
 — leumto'ma. 20. E. Ind. 1763. 
 
 — Lichtenstei'nii. 3. Cape of Good Hope 1824. 
 
 — Loga'nii. 20. Caraccas. 1824. 
 
 — longifo'lia. 20. E. Ind. 1825. 
 
 — lute'scens. Java. 
 
 — mucroca'rpd. 25. Columbia. 1869. 
 
 — macrophy'Ua. Australia. 1869. The More- 
 
 ton Bay Fig, or Australian Banyan. 
 
 — microca'rpa. Java. 
 
 — myrti^o'ha. 4. 1824. 
 
 — ni'tida. B. Indies. 
 
 — nu'da. Philippine Islands. 
 
 — nymphceiifo'lia. 10. E. Ind. 1759. 
 
 — obtu^o'lia. 20. Mexico. 1823. 
 
 — oppositifo'lia. 4. E. Ind. 1802. Syn., F. 
 
 scabra. 
 
 — ovoi'dea. Penang. 
 
 — Parce'Ui. Leaves variegated with white and 
 
 green. Polynesia. 1874. 
 
 — pertusa. 8. S. Amer. 1780. 
 
 — popu'lnea. 12. S. Amer. 1812. 
 
 — Portea'na. Philippines. 1864. 
 
 — pri'nceps. Brazil. 
 
 — purpura'scens. Java. 
 
 — quercifo'lia. Sumatra. 
 
 — racemo'ea. 4. E. Ind. 1769. 
 
 — radi'cans. 
 
 — Reinwa'rdtii. Java. 
 
 — religio'sa. 26. E. Ind. 1731. Banyan-tree. 
 
 There is a variety with yellow-edged 
 leaves. 
 
 — reopens. \. E. Ind. 1805. Creeper. 
 
 — rhizoca'rpa. Java. 1875. Syn., Covellia rhi- 
 
 zocarpa. 
 
 — Roe'zlii. S. America. 1876. 
 
 — Roxbu'rgMi. 20. Silhet. 
 
 — rubigin&sa. New South Wales. 1827 B. M. 
 
 t. 2939. 
 
 — rubine'rma. 10. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 — sagitta'ta. J. E. Ind. 1810. Creeper 
 
 — salicif&lia. Assam. 
 
 — sca'bra. Jacq. H. Schcenb. t. 315. See F. 
 
 oppositifolia. 
 
 — eca'nMni. Silhet. 
 
 — seta'cea. July. India. 1826. Leaves three. 
 
 lobed. 
 
 — SuriTiga'rii. Leaves red-veined. Amboyna. 
 
 1866. 
 
 — syringoefdlia. Caraccas. 
 
 — Thunbdrgii. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 — timcto'ria. 14. May. Society Isles. 1793 
 
 — urophy'lla. 2. June. India. 182J |B. C. 
 
 t. 1697. 
 
 — veno'sa. 10. E. Ind. 1763. 
 
 — ve'sca. Australia. 1869. 
 
 — msd/o'lia. 10. 1820. 
 
 Fiddle-wood. CitJmre'xylum. 
 Fieldia. (Named after Bawn Field, 
 
FIG 
 
 [387] 
 
 FIG 
 
 -once cliief judge of New South Wales. 
 Nat. ord., Gesneracem ; Tribe, Cyrtan- 
 idreos. Allied to Cyrtandra.) 
 
 Greenhouse climber; cuttings of points of 
 shoots getting a little firm, or, better still, firm 
 side-shoots, about two inches in length, in sandy 
 soil, under a bell-glass^ kept shaded, and after a 
 fortnightplacedinamild bottom-heat ; peat and 
 Joam, with a little sand, and pieces of charcoal. 
 
 F. austra'Hs. 1. White. July. W. extra- 
 tropical Australia. 1826. B. M. t. 6089. 
 
 Pig. Fi'cus Ca'rica. 
 
 Varieties. — For forcing, we recom- 
 mend the Brown Turkey, or Lee's Per- 
 petual, Precussata, and White Mar- 
 seilles. The Nerii is also well spoken 
 ■of. To plant out-doors, the Brunswick, 
 Brown Turkey, Brown Isehia, Black 
 Ischia, Precussata, and Oshom's prolific. 
 
 Propagation. — The fig roots so firmly 
 T)y cuttings, that few resort to any other 
 mode. They propagate, however, as 
 freely by .layers . Some persons, also, 
 have raised them from seed, but it does 
 not appear that they are valuable, 
 though new kinds have been originated 
 by such means. Cuttings of ripe wood, 
 about three or four inches long, planted 
 in pots in January or February, and 
 plunged in any ordinary bottom-heat, 
 will make very nice plants during the 
 same summer. Those for forcing in pots 
 or boxes must be potted off when rooted, 
 and again plunged in bottom warmth, 
 .and the highest course of culture pur- 
 sued, shifting them when necessary. 
 Those who plant on the open walls 
 should do so in the middle of March ; 
 and if the plants are from pots, the 
 roots must be uncoiled and spread nicely 
 out. Many persons who have esta- 
 blished trees merely take .mr.kers away 
 from them ; such only need fastening in 
 the soil, and, it may be, a shading when 
 they begin to grow. 
 
 -'J^oil. — The fig will thrive in almost any 
 -ordinary garden-soil, but it is said to 
 prefer a chalky loam. When planted 
 against walls out of doors, care must be 
 taken not to make the soil rich, for in- 
 "vincible grossness would be the conse- 
 quence. A plain "maiden" soil is 
 quite good enough for general pur- 
 poses. 
 
 Culture in Growing Period. — Out-door 
 culture consists in an early disbudding 
 of all superfluous shoots ; this is per- 
 formed when the young shoots are about 
 three inches long, reserving all those 
 which are short-jointed and compact- 
 looking. Care must be taken to reserve 
 shoots for blank places. This disbudding 
 is generally performed two or three times 
 during the season ; for waste and watery- 
 
 looking shoots will continue to spring up 
 until August, especially in moist sum- 
 mers, and when the plants are gross. 
 Such disbudding should be sarried out 
 until almost every leaf of the future 
 year's bearing-wood obtains a free ex- 
 posure to sunshine, say by the middle of 
 August. About the end of this month 
 it is accounted good practice to pinch the 
 ends of all growing shoots, or rather to 
 squeeze them with the thumb and finger. 
 Nothing more is needed as summer cul- 
 ture, except a timely training of all 
 reserved shoots, in order to obtain all 
 the sunlight possible. 
 
 Cultv/re in Best Period. — This merely 
 consists in protection from frost, and in 
 pruning. Towards the beginning of 
 December, some protection ought to be 
 given, as mats, straw, fern fronds, or 
 spruce boughs. Before closing them, or, 
 indeed, at the end of October, every fig 
 which has become as large as a horse- 
 bean, should be pulled away, for such 
 rob the trees, and are sure to perish. 
 The trees must be uncovered again in 
 the end of February, if matted, other- 
 wise such materials as fern or straw 
 may remain on a little longer ; thespruce, 
 until pruning time. The latter opera- 
 tion should not be performed untu the 
 young buds are beginning to swell, when 
 wood of a proper character may be dis- 
 tinguished readily from that which is 
 useless. All the latter must be cut 
 away, unless required for blank spaces ; 
 but if summer disbudding has been pro- 
 perly performed, there will be little for 
 the pruner to do. After this, they must 
 be duly trained. 
 
 Forcing. — Some buUd houses for the 
 fig, but most prefer growing them in 
 tubs or large pots. The general prin- 
 ciples of forcing them so closely resemble 
 those for the vme, that it will be need- 
 less to go into details. As, to general 
 temperature, although they will bear 
 mucn heat, yet most cultivators agree 
 that one intermediate between thepeach- 
 house and the forcing vinery is the most 
 congenial. It requires, however, a little 
 more excitement to bring the fig into 
 leaf than the peach. Under good nouse 
 culture it will produce two satisfactory 
 crops in one year. A first crop may be 
 obtained as early as May, and after 
 a couple of months or so, the second will 
 commence ripening; the latter being 
 that on the wood of the current season. 
 The first crop, or the embryo fruit of the 
 previous year, is very apt to fall prema- 
 turely, and much care is necessary. 
 Regular waterings the moment they are 
 dry, and an avoidance of atmospheric 
 
FIG 
 
 L388] 
 
 FLA 
 
 extremes, are the best preventives. 
 Most good cultivators make a point 
 of pinching the ends of the young shoots 
 when about six or eight eyes or buds in 
 length ; this soon causes the fruit to 
 form in the axils of the leaves. Fre- 
 quent syringings should be practised in 
 tne growing season ; and when at rest 
 they should never be subjected to a 
 lower temperature than 40°. Under all 
 circumstances, the fig delights in a soil 
 somewhat moist : a neglect of watering 
 when necessary, even for a day, may 
 cause them to cast their fruit. 
 
 Fruit. — Its use is almost entirely eon- 
 fined to the ripe state, as dessert ; as 
 for keeping, if such is attempted, it 
 must be on the retarding system, by 
 partial shade, and a lowering of tem- 
 perature just before ripening. 
 
 Insects. — The Red Spider and the 
 Brown Scale alone cause any alarm to 
 Fig cultivators. The spider must be 
 combated by the syringe, by an occa- 
 sional dusting of sulphur, and by dress- 
 ing the shoots all over, before commenc- 
 ing forcing, with soap water and sulphur ; 
 three ounces of soft soap to a gallon of 
 warm water, well beat up, adding four 
 handsful of sulphur, will make a mix- 
 ture, which, brushed into every crevice, 
 will extirpate both scale and spider. 
 Sulphur, however, should be used on 
 the pipes during the growing season. 
 
 Pig Marigold. Mesemhrya'nthe- 
 mum. 
 
 Figure-of-8 Moth. Dilo'ba cceru- 
 leoce'phala. 
 
 Filbert. See Corylus. 
 
 Pimbria'ria. (Frova fimbria, fringe; 
 a fine shrub with fringed leaves. Nat. 
 ord. , Malpighiacece. ) See Schwannia. 
 
 F. e^legwns. See Schwannia elegans. 
 
 Fingers-and-Toes. See Cabbage 
 Diseases. 
 
 Finochio, or Azorean Fennel 
 
 {Ane'thum azo'ricum) cannot be culti- 
 vated successfully in this country. 
 
 Fir. Pi'nus. 
 
 Fire. See Furnace. 
 
 Fische'ria. (Named after Br. Fis- 
 cher, of St. Petersburgh. Nat. ord., 
 AsclepiadacecB ; Tribe, Cynanchece. Al- 
 lied to Gonolobus.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climbers. Cuttings of shoots, 
 young or old, in light, open soil, and in heat ; 
 peat and loam, with broken bricks and charcoal 
 mixed with the compost, in addition to good 
 drainage. 
 
 F, hi'spida. Brown. July. Brazil. 1837. Syn., 
 Gonolobus hispidue. B. M. t. 3786. 
 
 F. Martia'nus. White, green. May. Brazils 
 1846. Syn., Gonolobus Martiomus. B, M.. 
 t. 4472. 
 
 — sca'ndens. Green, yellow. May. S. Amer. 
 
 1826. 
 
 Fish. See Animal Matters. 
 
 Fitto'nia. (Named after Elisabeths 
 and Sarah Mary Fitton, authors of 
 " Conversations on Botany." Nat. ord.^ 
 Acanthacece ; Tribe, Justiciece.) 
 
 Stove evergreen perennials, with handsome 
 foliage. Cuttmgs of naif -ripened shoots in sandy 
 loam, in a bottom-heat of about 80° under a. 
 hand-glass. Rich sandy loam and peat. 
 F. argyroneu'ra. Leaves dark green, with white 
 
 venation. Brazil. 1867. Fl. Ser. t. 
 
 1664. 
 
 — giga'ntea. H. Purplish ; leaves with red 
 
 veins. Ecuador. 1869. Rev. Hort. 1869^ 
 p. 186. 
 
 — Versehaffe'ltii. Yellow, pink. Brazil. 1863. 
 
 Syns., GymnostachyuTn and Eranthe- 
 Tnum Verschaffeltii, E. rubronerviumy 
 and E. rubrovenosum. 
 
 Fitzro'ya. (So called after Capt. E. 
 Fitzroy, B.N., commander of a survey- 
 ing expedition. Nat. ord., Coniferm.) 
 
 Evergreen hardy trees. Cultivated like the 
 Ce'drus deoda'ra. 
 F. Anke'ri. Tasmania. S'jn.,Diselma Archeri. 
 
 — patag&nica. 80. Yellow, green. Patagonia.. 
 
 B. M. t. 4616. 
 
 FlaCOU'rtia. (Named after E. Fla- 
 court, a French botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Bixinece; Tribe, Flacourtiece.) 
 
 Stove evergreens with white flowers, the fruit- 
 of which is wholesome. Cuttings of half -ripened 
 shoots in April, in sand, and m heat, under a- 
 bell-glass ; peat and loam, 
 ii'. cataphra'ota. i. E. Ind. 1804. 
 
 — flave^scens. 15. Guinea. 1780. 
 
 — ine/rmis. 20. E. Ind. 1819. 
 
 — Bam&ntcM. 12. July. Madagascar. 1775. 
 
 Wight Ic. t. 85. 
 
 — rhamwiMdes. 4. Cape of Good Hope. 1816.. 
 
 A synonym of Dovyalis zizyphoides. 
 
 — rotundifo'lia. 12. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — sa'pida. 10. E. Ind. 1800. 
 
 — sepia'ria. 6. E. Ind. 1816. 
 
 Flagella'ria. (F-rom flagello, to whip 
 or scourge ; in reference to the long, 
 flexible shoots. Nat. ord. , Flagellariem. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, but chiefly by suckers ; peat 
 and loam ; more curious than beautiful ; leave* 
 very astringent. 
 
 F. i'ndica. 7. White. June. India and Malay- 
 Archipelago. 1782. Red. Lil. t. 267. 
 
 Flake is the term by which a carna- 
 tion is distinguished that has two colours- 
 only, and these extending thi'ough the 
 length of the petals. 
 
 Flame-Lily. PyroU'rion. 
 
 Flat-body Moth. 
 
 cicute'Ua. 
 
 Flave'ria. CPromflavus, yellow ; a 
 dye of that hue being extracted from, 
 this genus. Nat. ord., Compositce.) 
 
FLA 
 
 [389] 
 
 I'LO 
 
 Greenhouse biennial, out may be treated as a 
 liardy annual, of no garden value, seeds, sandy 
 -loam. 
 
 -F. contraye'rba. ^. Yellow. Autumn. Peru. 
 1794. B. M. t. 2400. 
 
 Flax. Li'num. 
 
 Plax-Lily. Pho'rmium. 
 
 Flax- Star. Lysima'chia li'num 
 ■stella'tum. 
 
 Fleu'rya. (Named after J'. F. Fleury, 
 a writer on orchids. Nat. ord., Urti- 
 caeecB. Allied to Urtica.) 
 
 Stove annuals, usually famished with stinging 
 hairs like a nettle. Seeds. Rich loam. 
 JF. alstuans. 3. Green. Trinidad. Syn., Urtica 
 cestnans. Jacq. H. Schcenb. t. 388. 
 
 Flinde'rsia. (Named in honour of 
 Capf. M. Flinders, B.N., who explored 
 the coast of New Holland in the begin- 
 ning of this century. Nat. ord., Meli- 
 acece. Allied to Chloroxylon.) 
 ^ A greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings of the 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a beU-glass, in 
 .spring ; loam and peat. 
 F. amtra'lis. 60. White. Queensland. 1823. 
 
 Floral Diagrams are designed for 
 indicating the relative position of the 
 various parts of a flower, of which they 
 may be said to form a ground plan. 
 Kg. 1 represents such a diagram of a 
 
 Fig. 1. Wallflower. 
 
 Wallflower ( Cheiranthus Cheiri), in which 
 ■the foTir outer organs (sepals) are shown 
 to be free from each other, and slightly 
 ■overlapping each other at the edges in 
 bud (imbricate). The four next, in- 
 "wardly (petals), are alternate with the 
 sepals and also imbricate. Of the six 
 stamens, one pair of long ones is on that 
 side of the flower next me axis of the 
 inflorescence, while the other pair is on 
 the opposite side of the flower, one short 
 istamen being on each side of the flower. 
 The ovary in the centre of the flower is 
 two-celled by a prolongation of the edge 
 of the carpels, while the ovules spring 
 from the true edges. 
 JKg.J2is a. similar diagram of a Con- 
 
 volvulus, which shows the petals to be 
 united, and folded in bud by one margin 
 only of each segment overlapping the 
 next (plicate). The edges of the carpels 
 meet in the centre of the ovary, making 
 it two-celled. This method of arrange- 
 ment of the young seeds (ovules) is 
 
 Fig. 2. Convolvulus. 
 
 termed axile placentation, that of the 
 Wallflower parietal. 
 
 These diagrams form a useful means 
 of indicating the structuie of a flower, 
 when accompanied by a longitudinal 
 section also. 
 
 Floresti'na. (Derivation not ex- 
 plained. Nat. ord., Compositce ; Tribe, 
 Helenioidem. Allied to Bahia.) 
 
 Seeds of callo'sa in the open ground, in April ; 
 seeds of peda'ta in a hotbed, in March, and 
 transplanted in May to a sheltered situation, or 
 grown in a cool greenhouse. 
 F. caUo'sa. IJ. White. June. Arkansas. 
 
 1824. 
 — peia'ta. White. July. Mexico. 1803. 
 
 Florets. The small stalkless flowers 
 united on a common undivided recep- 
 tacle, and inclosed in one common invo- 
 lucre to form a compound flower, as in 
 the sunflower. 
 
 Florist. A dealer in flowers, flower- 
 ing shrubs, and their seeds. 
 
 Florists' Flowers are those which, 
 by their beauty or fragrance, power to 
 produqe permanent varieties, and facility 
 of cultivation, are so largely in demand 
 as to render them especially worthy 
 of cultivation as an article of com- 
 merce. 
 
 Mr. Glenny has enumerated the ne- 
 cessary characteristics of a florist's 
 flower to be — 1st. The power to be per- 
 petuated and increased by slips and 
 other modes independent of its seed. 
 2ndly. The power to produce new varie- 
 ties from seed, capable, like their parent, 
 of being perpetuated; and, 3rdly, it 
 
FLO 
 
 [390] 
 
 FLO 
 
 must possess sufficient interest and 
 vajiety to be grown in collections. 
 
 At present, the chief florists' flowers 
 are the Amaryllis, Anemone, Auricula, 
 Calceolaria, Carnation, Chrysanthemum, 
 Cineraria, Crocus, Dahlia, Fudhsia, Gla- 
 diolus, Hyacinth, Hydrangea, Iris, Ixia, 
 Lily, Lobelia, Narcissus, Pansy, Pelar- 
 gonium, Peony, Petunia, Phlox, Pink, 
 Polyanthus, Ranunculus, Rhododen- 
 dron, Rose, Tulip, Verbena, etc. etc. 
 
 Flower. A flower is a branch of a 
 plant modified in such a way as to per- 
 form the function of reproducing the 
 E articular species of plant to which it 
 elongs. When perfect, a flower con- 
 sists of four circles, or whorls, of organs, 
 viz. : — 1. The calyx, whose segments 
 (sepals) are either united or distmct, is 
 generally green, and serves to protect 
 the flower when in bud ; 2. The corolla, 
 also with either united or distinct seg- 
 ments (petals), is generally coloured to 
 attract insects to convey the pollen from 
 the anther to the stigma; 3. Ins stamens, 
 the male reproductive organs, generally 
 have a stalK (filament) terminated by a 
 one to two-celled anther, containing 
 dust-Uke pollen; 4. "ihe pistil, consist- 
 ing of a one or more celled oi^ary, tipped 
 by a filamentous style, terminating in a 
 stigma, which is viscid to receive the 
 pollen. The various modifications of 
 flowers are due to the following causes, 
 viz. : Cohesion of the members of any 
 whorl ; Adhesion of the members of one 
 whorl with those of another, e.g., the 
 stamens with the corolla in Labiatse ; 
 Suppression of any whorl, or some of 
 its members, e.g., unisexual flowers of 
 Cucurbitacese ; Multiplication of the 
 number of members of a whorl, often 
 at the expense of some other whorl, 
 as in the case of double flowers, e.g.. 
 Rose. 
 
 Flower Fence. Poinci'ana. 
 
 Flowering Ash. Fra'xinus O'mus. 
 
 Flower-Garden is that portion of 
 the ground in the vicinity of the resi- 
 dence entirely devoted to the cultivation 
 of flowers and trees and shrubs of an 
 ornamental character. The flower-beds 
 may be laid out in a great variety of 
 ways, the trees and shrubs being planted 
 for general as well as particular effects. 
 See Landscape Gardening, Plan- 
 tation, etc. 
 
 Flower of Jove. Ly'chnis flo's 
 Jo'vis. 
 
 Flower-Pots are of various sizes 
 and names : 
 
 Thimbles and thumbs ; any size under three- 
 Inches in diameter at the top. 
 
 
 Width of 
 top in 
 inches. 
 
 Depth in 
 
 Old 
 
 
 inches. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Three-inch pot . 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 603 
 
 Five-inch . . . 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 48s 
 
 Six-inch . , . 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 32s 
 
 Eight-inch . . 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 24s 
 
 Nine-inch . . . 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 16s 
 
 Eleven-inch . . 
 
 H 
 
 10 
 
 123 
 
 Twelve-inch . . 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 8s 
 
 Thirteen-inch . 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 6s 
 
 Fifteen-inch . . 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 43 
 
 Eighteeh-inch . 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 2s 
 
 In addition to the above, there is a 
 description of flower-pots called uprights- 
 which are used for growing bulbous 
 plants, the roots of which do not spread 
 laterally, but perpendicularly. They are 
 deeper m proportion to their width than 
 common flower-pots, and may be thus, 
 particularized : 
 
 
 TJprightlS-inch 
 (Old upright 
 16s). . . 
 
 Upright 8-lnch 
 (Old upright 
 
 Upright 6-inch 
 (Old upright 
 
 Upright 6-inch 
 (Old upright 
 48s). . . 
 
 R-' 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 Used for growing 7, or- 
 a large mass of Gla- 
 dioli, and third-sized 
 bulbs of Japan lilies ;. 
 for ordinary-sized Al- 
 stromerias ; and for'- 
 large tubers of Tro- 
 poeolv/m tricoWrum 
 and its allies. 
 
 For 5 Hyacinths, Nar- 
 cissi, or strong early 
 tulips, like it^olden 
 Standard and Rex- 
 rubo'rum. 
 
 For 3 Hyacinths, or- 
 Narcissi, and for 1 
 strong Grladiolus, Au- 
 ricula, etc. 
 
 For single Hyacinths,, 
 or Narcissi ; for 5 
 Ixias or Crocuses ^. 
 and for 4 dwarf early 
 Tulips, such as the 
 Van Houtte. 
 
 For sizes larger than 15-inch it is need- 
 less to have any pots but those of the= 
 usual proportions. 
 
 Thimbles are sometimes called " small' 
 nineties," and thumbs "large nineties." 
 
 The form and material also vary. Mr. 
 Beck makes them very successnilly of 
 slate ; and the prejudice against glazed 
 pots is now exploded. 
 
 It was formerly considered important 
 to have the pots made of a material as 
 
 Sorous as possible ; but a more miserable^ 
 elusion never was handed down un- 
 tested from one generation to another. 
 Stone-ware and china-ware are infinitely 
 preferable, for they keep the roots mor&- 
 uniformly moist and warm. Commoit 
 
FLO 
 
 [391] 
 
 FLU 
 
 garden-pots, if not plunged, should be 
 thickly painted, liarge pots have been 
 recommended to be employed, and there 
 is no doubt that this is a system much 
 abridging the gardener's labour ; but as 
 with due care small pots will produce 
 magnificent specimen plants, we cannot 
 recommend an adoption of large pots, in- 
 suring as they do such an immense sacri- 
 fice of room in the hot and greenhouses. 
 Captain Thurtell,oneofthemost success- 
 ful of growers of the Pelargonium, never 
 employed pots larger than twenty-fours. 
 It is usual to have saucers in which to 
 place flower-pots when in the house, and 
 so far as preventing stains and the occur- 
 rence of dirt, they are deserving adop- 
 tion ; but as to their being used for apply- 
 ing water to plants, they are worse than 
 useless, except to plants almost aquatic. 
 The great difficulty in pot cultivation is 
 keep the drainage regular ; and no more 
 effective preventive of this could be de- 
 vised than keeping a pot in a saucer con- 
 taining water. No plan for most culti- 
 vated plants could be invented more 
 contrary to nature ; for we all know 
 that she supplies moisture to the sur- 
 face of the soil, and allows it to descend, 
 thus supplying the upper roots first. 
 For drawings of various flower-pots, see 
 " The Cottage Gardener," No. 64. 
 
 , Flower Stages are made for the 
 exhibition of flowers at shows, in the 
 greenhouse, and elsewhere. The follow- 
 ing are some observations on the sub- 
 ject : — The first object in the construc- 
 tion of stages should be to have them 
 so formed and situated as to afford 
 facilities for grouping plants ; the second 
 should be to give plants more the ap- 
 pearance of growing in borders than 
 upon artificial structures ; and the third 
 to keep the pot out of sight. This is re- 
 quisite for two reasons : first, because 
 tney are no ornament ; and, secondly, 
 that it is always desirable to protect the 
 plant from being scorched by exposure 
 to the sun. It is also desirable to adopt 
 another mode of construction, for the 
 purpose of giving plants that aspect 
 which is most suited to their habits ; 
 and, therefore, instead of placing the 
 stages from the front to the back of the 
 house, as is generally the case, let them 
 be placed in groups of stages, thus pro- 
 ducing an effect similar to the borders in 
 awell-arrangedflower-garden. The spec- 
 tators, in their progress from group to 
 group, would be attracted by the sepa- 
 rate display in each, instead of having 
 their attention drawn away by a whole 
 blaze of beauty at once. 
 
 Mr. Ainger, also, makes these good 
 suggestions :— Stages are frequently 
 formed of an equal or nearly equal 
 series of ascents, in consequence of which 
 the upper plants are by no means so well 
 seen as the lower ones. The proper plan 
 is to commence by small elevations, 
 gradually increasing as the shelves re- 
 cede from the eye. The lowest shelf to 
 be eighteen inches from the floor, the 
 first rise is six inches, the next nine, 
 twelve, fifteen, eighteen, twenty-one', 
 and so on. The upper shelves should 
 also be broader than tne lower, for larger 
 pots. The advantage of this arrange- 
 ment, as commanding a better view of 
 the flowers, is obvious. 
 
 FluedWall, See Wall. 
 
 Flues are pipes formed of brick or 
 slate, for conducting heated air through 
 stoves or other buildings where a high 
 artificial temperature is desired. It is a 
 mode of heating much less used than 
 formerly, being superseded by the much 
 more manageable and effectual modes of 
 heating by hot water ; and flues have 
 the additional disadvantages, that they 
 require frequent sweeping, and that they 
 emit a sulphurous fume that is injurious 
 to plants, and disagreeable to the fre- 
 quenters of the structures so heated. 
 This has been obviated byusrng Valencia 
 slates in the place of bricks ; yet flues 
 under few circumstances can compare 
 with either the pipe or tank system of 
 hot-water heating. When flues are em- 
 ployed, they are constructed inside and 
 near the walls of the building ; each flue 
 eight or nine inches wide in the clear, by 
 two or three bricks on edge deep, ranged 
 horizontally one over the other the whole 
 length of the back wall, in three or four 
 returns communicating with each other, 
 continued, also, along the end and front 
 walls in one or two ranges, to be used 
 occasionally ; furnished with a regulator 
 to slide open and shut as required, the 
 whole proceeding from the first lower- 
 most fliie, which communicates imme- 
 diately from the furnace or fire-place 
 behind either the back wall at one end, or 
 in the back part of the end walls ; or if 
 very long stoves, of more than forty feet 
 length, two fire-places are requisite, one 
 at each end ; each having its set of flues 
 ranging half-way ; each set of flues ter- 
 minating in an upright chimney at the 
 end of the back outside. Flues are 
 merely chimneys horizontal, instead of 
 beingentirely upright, terminating, how- 
 ever, generally in an upright tube or 
 shaft, which discharges their contents 
 into the open air. They are mosteffectual 
 
FLU 
 
 [392] 
 
 FOR 
 
 ^■when they traverse the ends andtliefront 
 of the house ; as, if the back wall is a 
 solid material, there can be less danger of 
 cold there. Arrangements must be made 
 for a good draught, by having the bottom 
 of the furnace two feet below the level of 
 the bottom of the flue. The flue should, 
 after entering the house, rise a little to 
 the extreme end. It should stand a little 
 raised above the floor, and never be 
 placed below it, unless when well sup- 
 plied with air by cross drains. It should 
 be constructed of the best brick and 
 tiles, be plastered over if a strong heat 
 is necessary, and merely whitewashed if 
 a heat is only wanted occasionally. 
 Evaporating basins should be secured, 
 so that the atmosphere be supplied with 
 moisture as well as heat. See Stove. 
 
 Flue'gga. See Ophiopogon. 
 
 Fln'ggea. (In honour of John 
 Flugge, a German botanist. Nat. ord., 
 EuphorbicicecB. ) 
 
 Stove shrub. Rich sandy loam ; cuttings. 
 F. leucopj/rus. Fruit white. E. Indies. 1826. 
 
 riy. See Black Flea. 
 Flywort. Mya'nthus. 
 
 FcBni'culum. (The Latin name. 
 Nat. ord., Umbelliferoe.) 
 
 For cultivation, see Fennel. 
 F. du'lce. 3. Yellow. Biennial. 
 — vulga're. i. Yellow. Autumn. Britain. 
 Syn., F. officinale. Bng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 t. 601. Common Fennel. 
 
 Foeti'dia. (From fcetidus, fetid ; re- 
 ferring to the unpleasant smell of the 
 leaves and wood. Nat. ord. , Myrtacece. 
 Allied to Gustavia.) 
 
 Cuttings of ripe wood, with the leaves re- 
 maining, In sand, In spring, under a bell-glass, 
 and in heat ; flbry loam and turfy peat, with 
 silver sand. 
 F, mauritia'na. 26. White. Mauritius. 1825. 
 
 Fogging-off, The same as damping- 
 off. 
 
 Follicle, a seed-vessel of one entire 
 piece, and one-celled, bursting length- 
 wise along one side only, and having the 
 seeds on or near its edges, on a receptacle 
 parallel with it. Examples are the seed- 
 vessels of the Periwinkle and Peony. 
 
 Fontane'sia. (In honour of the 
 French botanist, Des Fontaines. Nat. 
 ord. , OleinecB ; Tribe, Fraxvuece. Allied 
 to Lilac. ) 
 
 Grafted standard high on the Manna Ash 
 (JFra'xlnus O'rnua) it would make an interesting 
 object on lawns. It resembles the common Privet, 
 but with rough bark. Layers and cuttings under 
 a hand-glass, in autumn, and by grafting on the 
 Privet. When grown to a single stem It has a 
 graceful appearance, owing to its slender, droop- 
 ing branches. 
 
 F. Forta'nei. China. Eev. Hort 1859, p. 43. 
 — phillurceoi'des. 12. Yellow. August. Syria. 
 1787. Wats. Dendr. t. 2. 
 
 Forcing is compelling culinary vege- 
 tables to be edible, flowers to bloom, and 
 fruits to ripen at unnatural seasons, 
 being the very contrary of the object for 
 which our greenhouses and hothouses 
 are constructed ; viz., to secure a tempe- 
 rature in which their tenants will be in 
 perfection at their natural seasons. 
 Under the heads of Hotbeds, and of 
 each particular plant, will be found di- 
 rections for forcing, and it will be suffi- 
 cient here to coincide with Dr. Lindley 
 in saying, that as forced flowers are 
 always less beautiful and less fragrant, 
 and forced vegetables and fruits less 
 palatable and less nutritious than thosq 
 
 Serfected at their natural periods, it is 
 esirable, at tlie very least, to devote 
 as much effort and expense to obtain 
 superior produce at accustomed times, 
 as to the procuring it unseasonably. 
 Rarity is good, but excellence is better. 
 
 Fore-right shoots are the shoots 
 which are emitted directly in front of 
 branches trained against a wall, and, 
 consequently, cannot be trained in with- 
 out an acute bending, which is always 
 in some degree injurious. 
 
 Fore-shortening. A method of 
 pruning back fruit-trees in summer, and 
 of pruning forest-trees at any time, by 
 which the lower branches are shortened, 
 without removing them altogether. 
 
 Forget-me-not. Myoso'tis palu's- 
 tris. 
 
 Fork. This instrument is preferable 
 to the spade, even for digging over open 
 compartments, for the soil can be re- 
 versed with it as easily as with the 
 spade; the labour is diminished, and 
 the pulverization of the soil is more 
 effectual. (See Digging.) For stirring 
 the soil in plantations, shrubberies, and 
 fruit-borders, a two-pronged fork is often 
 employed; but that with three prongs 
 is quite as unobjectionable, and a mul- 
 tiplicity of tools is an expensive folly. 
 Dr. Yelloly's fork is certainly a good 
 working implement. Entire length, 
 three feet three and a half inches ; 
 handle's length, two feet two inches; 
 its diameter, one and a half inch ; width 
 of the entire prongs, seven inches at the 
 top ; width at the points, six inches ; 
 prongs, thirteen and a half inches long, 
 and at the top seven-eighths of an inch 
 square, tapering to a point. The straps 
 fixing the head to the handle are eleven 
 inches long, two inches wide, and half 
 
FOR 
 
 [393] 
 
 FOU 
 
 an inch thick, feathering off; weight of 
 iorlc, eight pounds. 
 
 Leaf-work. Mr. Toward, of Bagshot 
 Park, descrihes a very serviceable imple- 
 ment of this kind. He says : — One per- 
 son with this implement will take up with 
 greater facility more leaves than two per- 
 sons could do with any other tool. It is 
 simply a large four-tined fork, made of 
 wood, shod with iron ; the tines are 
 ■eighteen inches long, and are morticed 
 into a head about seventeen inches long, 
 and one and a half inch by two and a 
 quarter inches thick. The tines are one 
 inch in width, and one and a half inch 
 in depth at the head, gradually tapering 
 to a point, with a curve or bend up- 
 wards. The wood of which they are 
 formed ought to be hard and tourfi 
 either oak or ash will do, but the jRo 
 bi'nia pseu'do-aca'cm is preferable to 
 either. The head should be made of 
 ash, with a handle of the same, and 
 should be two feet four inches long. Its 
 recommendations are its size and light 
 ness; the leaves, also, do not hang upon 
 it as on a common fork, the large size 
 of the tines tearing them asunder. 
 
 Po'rmica. The Ant. To drive this 
 insect away, dig up its nests and haunts, 
 and mix the earth with gas-lime. To 
 kill it, pour over the nest, at night, a 
 strong decoction of elder-leaves. To 
 trap it, smear the inside of a garden-pot 
 with honey, invert it over the nest, and 
 when crowded with them, hold it over 
 the steam of boiling water ; or turn a 
 flower-pot, with its hole stopped, over 
 the nest. The ants build up into it, and 
 the whole colony may be taken away in 
 a shovel. They may be kept from as- 
 cending standard and espalier trees, by 
 tying a piece of wool round the stems 
 and the supporters. 
 
 P O r r e's t i a. (A commemorative 
 name. Nat. otA.,CommelinacecE ;1jnibe, 
 Tradescantiem. ) 
 
 stove perennial. For cultivation, see COM- 
 
 MELINA. 
 
 F. margina'ta. 3. Purple ; leaves purple be- 
 neath. Malay Archipelago. 1864. Syns., 
 P. hispida, B. M. t. 1864, and PoUia 
 purpurea. 
 
 Forsy'thia. (In honour of Mr. For- 
 syth, royal gardener at Kensington. 
 Nat. ord., (Heinem; Tribe, SyringecB. 
 Allied to Syringa.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs. Cuttings or layers ; 
 common, sandy loam. P. mridi'ssima is all the 
 better for a little protection. 
 F. Portu'nei. Yellow. Pekin. 1864. 
 
 — intermedia. A garden hybrid between P. 
 
 suepema and P. ■mridissma. Gfl. 1891, 
 p. 397, f . 82. 
 
 — siispe'nsa. Yellow. Japan. 
 
 P. mridi'saima. 10. Yellow. March. North 
 China. 1846. 
 
 Forsyth's Plaister for healing the 
 wounds and restoring to vigour decayed 
 trees, was as follows : — One bushel of 
 fresh cowdung ; half a bushel of lime- 
 ruhbish, (that from ceilings of rooms is 
 preferable,) or powdered chalk; half a 
 bushel of wood-ashes ; one-sixteenth of 
 a bushel of sand ; the last three to be 
 sifted fine. The whole to be mixed and 
 beaten together until they form a fine 
 plaister. There is nothing in this com- 
 pound sufficiently differing from others 
 recommended by his contemporaries and 
 predecessors to have entitled him to call 
 it his invention. 
 
 Fortunae'a. (Named in compliment 
 to Mr. Fortune, botanical collector in 
 China. Nat. ord., Juglandece.) See 
 Platycarya. 
 
 p. chine'mis. Joum. Hort. Soc. i. p. 51. See 
 Platycarya strobilacea. 
 
 Pothergi'lla. (Named after Dr. 
 Fothergill. Nat. ord., HamamelidecB.) 
 
 Hardy little shrubs, from North America ; 
 their white, sweet-scented flowers appearing 
 before the leaves. Seeds, which frequently 
 
 ripen in this country, sown in spring, in a peat 
 border, or in pans, and transplanted ; layers in 
 March and August ; sandy, moist peat. 
 P. alnifo'lia. 4. May. 1765. 
 
 aeu!ta,. 4. June. 1766. Syn., P. Gar- 
 
 deni, Jacq. Ic. 1. 100. 
 
 ma'jor. 4. May. 1765. 
 
 oMu'sa. 4. June. 1765. 
 
 sero'tina. 4. August. 1765. 
 
 — mira'bilis. See Micoma. 
 
 Pougerou'xia. See Baltimora. 
 
 Fountains, or, as they are some- 
 times called, Jets d'eau, surprise by 
 their novelty, and the surprise is pro- 
 portioned to the height to which they 
 throw the water ; but these perpendi- 
 cular columns of water have no pretence 
 to beauty. The Emperor fountain at 
 Chatsworth is the most surprising in 
 the world, for it tosses its waters to a 
 height of 267 feet, impelled by a fall 
 from a reservoir 381 feet from the aju- 
 tage, or mouth of the pipe from which 
 it rushes into the air. The supply of 
 water, either naturally or artificially, is 
 brought from a higher level than the 
 discliarging pipe ; but the water vnll not 
 rise so high as the level from whence it 
 came, which is owing to the resistance 
 of the air at the discharging point, its 
 own gravity, and the friction of the sides 
 of the pipe in which it is. conveyed. 
 Whatever be the form in which the 
 water is discharged, if it is designed to 
 throw it up in a perpendicular direction, 
 the pipe must be so narrowed where 
 the water issues out as not to be above 
 
FOIJ 
 
 [394] 
 
 FRA 
 
 one-fourtli the diameter of the conduct- 
 ing pipe. 
 
 Fouquie'ra. (In honour of Tir. 
 F<nt,gwi&re, a French physician. Nat. 
 ord., Tama/riscinem ; Tribe, FouguierecB.) 
 
 Warm greenhouse shrub. Cuttings in heat 
 under a bell-glass. Sandy loam and flbry peat. 
 F. spino'sa. 12. Scarlet. Mexico. 
 
 Pourcro'ya. See Furcrsea. 
 Foxbane. Aconi'tum vulpa'ria. 
 Foxglove: Digita'Us. 
 
 Fractures. If an immaterial branch 
 is broken, it is best to remove it entirely, 
 but it sometimes happens that a stem or 
 branch which cannot be replaced is thus 
 injured, in which case it is advisable to 
 attempt a reduction of the fracture ; and 
 if it be only partial, and the stem or 
 branch but small, the parts will again 
 unite by being put back into their natu- 
 ral position, and well propped up. The 
 cure may be expected not to succeed if 
 the fracture is accompanied with contu- 
 sion, or if the stem or branch is large ; 
 and even where it succeeds, the woody 
 fibres do not contribute to the union ; 
 but the granular and herbaceous sub- 
 stance only which exudes from between 
 the wood and liber, insinuating itself 
 into all interstices, and finally becoming 
 indurated in the wood. Splints extend- 
 ing at least a foot above and below the 
 fracture should be bound very firmly all 
 round, and a plaister of grafting-clay to 
 exclude wet be placed over all, and every 
 precaution adopted to prevent the sur- 
 faces of the wound being moved by the 
 force of the wind. 
 
 Fraga'ri'a. The Strawberry. (From 
 fragrans, perfumed ; in reference to the 
 flavour of the fruit. Nat. ord., Rosa- 
 cea ; Tribe, Potentillece. ) 
 
 Hardy evergreena. Seeds, sown early in a 
 slight hotbed, and planted out early, wiU in 
 many cases produce fruit in the autumn of the 
 same season. Plants are most easily obtained 
 by detaohiiig the runners. Deep loam suits 
 them. See Strawbebiiy. 
 F. ionaru'nm. 2. Apetal. June. Buenos 
 Ayres. 
 
 — BresU'ngea. 1. White. May. France. 
 
 — calycilna. 1. White. April. France. Syn,, 
 
 F. graTidiflora. 
 
 — ccmade^nsis. IJ. White. May. N. Amer. 
 
 — chik^nsis. |. White. May. S. Amer. 1727. 
 
 Some varieties are figured in Fl. Ser. 
 tt. 604-6. 
 
 — colli'na, 1. White. June. Germany. 
 
 — ela'tior. IJ. White. May. Britain. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 439. Hautbois. 
 
 — grcmdifl&ra. See F. ealycma. 
 
 — i'ndioa. 1. Yellow. July. India. 
 
 Andr. E«p. t. 479. 
 
 — Majau'fea. 1. AATiite. May. France. 
 
 — monophi/Ua. B. M. t. 63. See F. vesca, var. 
 
 monophylla. 
 
 — platmioi'des. 1. Bed. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1768. 
 Eng. 
 
 1806. 
 
 F. ve'sca. 1. White. May. Britain. En^ 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 438. Common Strawberry.. 
 
 monophy'Ua. 1. White. May. 1773. 
 
 Syn., F. monryphylla. 
 
 — virginia'Tia. 1. White. April. N. Amer.. 
 1629. 
 
 Frames are structures employed 
 either in forcing, or in protecting plants, 
 and are of various sizes. 
 
 According to the good practical rules 
 of Abercrombie, the one-hght frame may- 
 be about four feet and a half in width 
 from back to front, and three feet six 
 inches the other way ; fifteen or eighteen 
 inches high in the back, and nine in 
 front, with a glass sash or light, made 
 to fit the top completely, to slide up and 
 down, and move occasionally. 
 
 The two-light frame may be seven 
 feet long, four and a half wide, and 
 fifteen or eighteen inches high in the 
 back, with bars reaching from it at top 
 to the front, serving both to strengthen 
 the frame and help to support the lights ; 
 the two lights to be each three feet six 
 inches wide, made to fit the top of the 
 frame exactly. 
 
 The three-light frame should be ten 
 feet six inches long, four and a half 
 wide, and from eighteen inches to two 
 feet high in the back, and from nine to 
 twelve or fifteen inches in front — ob- 
 serving that those designed principally 
 for the culture of melons may be rather 
 deeper than for cucumbers, because they 
 generally require a greater depth of 
 mould or earth on the beds ; though 
 frames, eighteen or twenty inches in 
 the back, and from nine to twelve in. 
 front, are often made to serve occasion- 
 ally both for cucumbers and melons. 
 Each frame should have two cross bars, 
 ranging from the top of the back to that 
 of the front, at three feet six inches 
 distance, to strengthen the frame, and 
 support the lights ; and the three lights 
 should be each three feet six inches 
 wide ; the whole together being made to 
 fit the top of the frame exacfly, every 
 way in length and width. 
 
 Sometimes the above sort of frames 
 are made of larger dimensions than be- 
 fore specified ; but in respect to this it 
 should be observed, that if larger they 
 are very inconvenient to move to difie- 
 rent parts where they may be occasion- 
 ally wanted, and req^uire more heat to 
 warm the internal air; and in respect 
 to depth particularly, if they are out 
 just deep enough to contain a due depth 
 of mould, and for the plants to have 
 moderate room to grow, they will be- 
 better than if deeper, as the plants will 
 be then always near the glasses, which 
 is an essential consideration in early 
 
FRA 
 
 [395] 
 
 FRA 
 
 work, and the internal air will be more 
 effectually supported in a due tempera- 
 ture of warmth ; for the deeper the 
 frame, the less in proportion will he the 
 heat of the internal air, and the plants 
 heing far from the glasses will be some 
 disadvantage in their early growth. 
 Besides, a too deep frame, both in early 
 and late work, is apt to draw the plants 
 up weakly; for they always naturally 
 aspire towards the glasses, and the more 
 space there is, the more they will run up ; 
 for which reason the London kitchen- 
 gardeners have many of their frames not 
 more than fourteen or fifteen inches high 
 behind, and seven in front, especiafly 
 those which are intended to winter the 
 more tender young plants, such as cauli- 
 flower and lettuce, and for raising eajly 
 small salad, herbs, radishes, etc. 
 
 The wood- work of the back, ends, and 
 front should be of inch or inch and a 
 quarter deal, as before observed, which 
 should be all neatly planed even and 
 smooth on both sides ; and the joints, in 
 framing them together, should be so close 
 that no wet or air can enter. The 
 cross-bars or bearers at top, for the sup- 
 port of the glasses, should be about three 
 inches broad and one thick, and neatly 
 dovetailed in at back and front even with 
 both edges, that the lights may shut 
 down close, each having a groove or chan- 
 nel along the middle to conduct off all 
 wet falling between the lights. At the 
 end of each frame, at top, should be a thin 
 slip of board, four inches broad, up to 
 the outside of the lights, being necessary 
 to guard against cutting winds rushing 
 in at that part immediately upon the 
 plants, when the lights are occasionally 
 tilted behind for the necessary admission 
 of fresh air, etc. 
 
 With respect to the lights, the wood- 
 work of the frame should oe one inch and 
 a half thick and two and a half broad ; 
 and the bars for the immediate support 
 of the glass-work should be about an mch 
 broad, and not more than an inch and a 
 half thick ; for, if too broad and thick, 
 they would intercept the rays of the sun, 
 so Mould be only just sufficient to sup- 
 port the lights, and be ranged from the 
 back part to the front, nine or twelve 
 inches asunder. 
 
 All the wood- work, both of the frames 
 and lights, should be painted, to preserve 
 them from decay. A lead colour will be 
 the most eligible ; and if done three 
 times over, outside and in, vrill preserve 
 the wood exceedingly well from the in- 
 juries of weather, and from the moisture 
 of the earth and dung. 
 
 Mr. Knight has suggested an impor- 
 
 tant improvement in the form of frames. 
 He observes, that the general practice 
 is to make the surface of the bed per- 
 fectly horizontal, and to give an uiclma- 
 tion to the glass. That side of the frame 
 which is to stand towards the north is 
 made nearly as deep again as its oppo- 
 site ; so that if the mould is placed of an 
 equal depth (as it ought to be) over the 
 whole bed, the plants are too far from 
 the glass at one end of the frame, and 
 too near at the other. To remove this, 
 inconvenience, he points out the mode of 
 forming the bed on an inclined plane ;. 
 and the frame formed with sides of e jual 
 depth, and so put together as to continua 
 perpendicular when on the bed, as repre- 
 sented in the accompanying sketch. 
 
 There are several minor points in the 
 construction of frames that deserve at- 
 tention. The strips of lead or wood that- 
 sustain the panes of glass should run 
 across the frame, and not lengthwise ; 
 they then neither obstruct so much the- 
 entrance of light, nor the passing off of 
 rain. The inside of the frame should be 
 painted white, since plants generally 
 suffer in them for want of light : if the 
 accumulation of heat was required, the 
 colour should be black. 
 
 Baisiruj the Frames. — It is a well- 
 known difficulty that the gardener has 
 in raising the frames so as to keep the' 
 foliage or the plants within them at a- 
 
 determined and constant distance from; 
 the glass. To remedy this, Mr. Nairn, 
 gardener to J. Cresswell, Esq., of Batter- 
 sea Priory, has introduced the ingenious 
 contrivance represented in the accom- 
 
FRA 
 
 [396] 
 
 FRA 
 
 ■panyins sketch and references :— A, a 
 movable frame ; B B, inside lining of 
 "the pit ; c C, outer wall. Between these 
 the sides of the frame pass, and are 
 lowered or elevated by racks and spin- 
 dles, D D. 
 
 A more simple plan might perhaps be 
 -adopted, by having frames of the same 
 length and breadth as the original, but 
 •only from an inch to three inches, or up- 
 wards, deep. These, as necessary, might 
 be put on the top, and would be kept 
 ■close by the pressure of the lights ; bolts 
 and nuts might also be easfly applied, 
 and the interstices rendered stUl more 
 impervious to air by being faced with 
 list. 
 
 Glass and Olazing. — See Stove. 
 
 Shelter for the Glass. — In proportion 
 to the number of lights, mattmg for 
 ^shading and sheltering must be at hand. 
 The usual mode of covering at night is 
 by laying on mats, and over these htter, 
 in thickness according to the severity of 
 the season. Some gardeners lay nay 
 immediately in contact with the glass, 
 ■and over this the mats. Every person 
 conversant with these modes of shelter 
 is aware of their inconvenience. In 
 rainy weather they soon become wet, 
 and rapidly chill the beds ; added to 
 which, the trouble caused in placing and 
 removing them, and the danger to the 
 glass from the stones laid on as a resis- 
 tance to the wind, are by no means in- 
 considerable. 
 
 Mr. Seton, to obviate these incon- 
 veniences, employs a particular covering, 
 which he constructs of four laths, two 
 of such a length as to exceed a little that 
 -of the frame, and the others in a similar 
 manner that of its breath. These are 
 bound together at right angles, so as to 
 form a parallelogram of the irorm and size 
 -of the frame ; and pieces are bound 
 across this at a foot apart from each 
 ■other. Over this a mat is spread, and 
 over the mat a layer of straw is fastened, 
 laid on level like thatch, from three to 
 ;six inches thick, as may appear neces- 
 sary. If the breadth of the name is, or 
 -exceeds, four feet, it is best to have the 
 ■covering in two parts, otherwise it be- 
 comes weak and unwieldy. These pan- 
 nels, as they may be called, Mr. Seton 
 also employs in preserving tender plants 
 through the winter. A pit of frames, 
 earthed up all round, andT covered with 
 -one of them, or two or three if needful, 
 is completely impervious to frost. 
 
 Substitutes for Glass. — OUed paper 
 was formerly employed; but this has 
 been superseded oy linen dressed with 
 Whitney's or Tanner's compositions ; or 
 
 the gardener may employ the following 
 preparation : — Old pale Imseed-oil, three 
 pints ; sugar of lead (acetate of lead), 
 one ounce ; white resin, four ounces. 
 Grind the acetate with a little of the oU, 
 then add the rest and the resin. Incor- 
 porate thoroughly in a large iron pot 
 over a gentle fire ; and, with a large 
 brus'h, apply hot to a fine calico stretched 
 loosely previously, by means of tacks, 
 upon the frame. On the following day 
 it is fit for use, and may be either done 
 over a second time, or tacked on tightly 
 to remain. — Gardeners' Chronicle. 
 
 The quantity made according to this 
 recipe will be sufficient for about 100 
 square feet of calico. 
 
 Franei'scea. See Brunfelsia, 
 
 F. acvmiina'ta. B. M. t. 4189. See Brunfelsia 
 aaummata. 
 
 — calyci'Tia. B. M. t. 4583. See Brunfelsia 
 
 calycina. 
 
 — Sopea'na. B. M. t. 2829. See Bmmfelsia 
 
 Hopeana. 
 
 — hydrangecefo'rmis. B. M. t. 4209. See Brun- 
 
 felsia hydrwngeceformis. 
 
 — latifo'lia. B. M. t. 3907. See Brunfelsia 
 
 latifolia. 
 
 — Litidenia'na. See Brunfelsia Lindenia/na. 
 
 — macra'ntha. Lem. Jard. Fl. t. 249. See 
 
 Brunfelsia macrantha. 
 
 — wniflo'ra. B. C. t. 1332. See Brunfelsia 
 
 unijlora. 
 
 Franci'scia, A synonym of Dar- 
 winia. 
 
 Franco'a. (Named after F. Franco, 
 a Spaniard. Nat. ord., Saxifragem ; 
 Tribe, Francoece.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, natives of Chili, 
 and impatient of wet under cultivation. A few 
 plants should be Itept in cold frames, to repliice 
 such as die off during severe winters. Seeds in 
 a slight hotbed, in spring ; plants hardened off, 
 and then transplanted ; dry, sandy loam suits 
 them best. In severe weather, they are worth 
 the labour of sticking a few evergreen boughs 
 round them. 
 
 F. avvetiMcula'ta. 2. Purple. July. 1830. 
 B. M. t. 3178. 
 
 — ramo'sa. 2. White. July. 1831. B. M. 
 
 t. 3824. 
 
 — smchifo'lia. 2. Purple. July. 1830. B.M. 
 
 t. 3309. 
 
 Franke'nia. Sea Heath. (Named 
 after Frankenius, a Swedish botanist. 
 Nat. ord., Frankeniacece.) 
 
 Small plants, found chiefly near the sea, more 
 curious than pretty, though useful for rock-works, 
 or for a collection of alpmes. Seeds, cuttings, 
 and dividing the roots ; sandy loam, and a little 
 peat. 
 
 HALF-HARDY EVEKQREEN TRAILERS. 
 
 F. erieifo'lia. J. Red. July. Canaries. 1816. 
 
 — nodAflo'ra. J. Hesh. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1818. 
 — poMyiflo'ra. 1. Pink. July. N.Holland. 
 1824. B. M. t. 2896. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREEN TRAILERS. 
 
 F. eorymbo'sa. J. Bed. July. Barbary. 1819. 
 
 — hi'spida, J. Light blue. July. Siberia. 
 
 1789. Syn., f. Ursula. Sibth. Fl. Gr. 
 t. 343. 
 
FRA 
 
 [397] 
 
 FRE 
 
 F. intermedia. J. White. July. South Europe. 
 1817. 
 
 — laelme. i. Flesh. July. England. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, 1. 190. 
 
 — Tno'Uis. i. Red. July. Caucasus. 1824. 
 
 — No'thria. J. Flesh. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1816. 
 
 — pvlverulenta. \. Bed. July. England. 
 
 Annual. Sibth. H. Gr. t. 344. 
 
 Frankincense. Pi'nus tce'da. 
 
 Pranse'ria. (After Ant. Franser, 
 a Spanish botanist and doctor. Nat. 
 ord., CompositcE.) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous biennial or perennial 
 seeds, sandy loam. 
 F. artemisioi'des. 6-6. Chilian Andes. 1890. 
 
 Frase'r a. ( Named after John Fraser, 
 botanical collector in North America. 
 Nat. ord., Gentianece ; Tiihe, Swertiea. 
 Allied to Gentiana. ) 
 
 Hardy biennial marsh-plant. Seeds in spring, 
 and transplanted ; also by division of the roots ; 
 sandy peat, with a little turfy loam. 
 F. ewroline'nsis. i. Green, yellow. July. Caro- 
 lina. 1795. Syn., F. Walten. 
 
 Fraxine'Ua. Dicta'mnus. 
 
 Fra'xinus. The Ash. {Fraxintcs 
 is the Latin for an ash-tree. Nat. ord. , 
 Oleinece; Tribe, Fraxinece. Syn., Or- 
 nus.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees, with green flowers. 
 Seeds ripe in October, then to be collected, and 
 stored in thin layers in the ground, mixed with 
 sandy soil, and turned once or twice during the 
 winter ; the seeds sifted from the soil, and sown 
 in March or April. Most of the species may be 
 propagated by seeds, and the most distinct of 
 them, as also the varieties by grafting. Dry, 
 deep loam makes them produce the best timber. 
 The Weeping, the Silver, and Qolden-iarhed 
 varieties of F. exce'lsior are interesting. 
 F. ammdna'ta. 40. May. N. Amer. 1723. 
 
 — a'Vba. SO. Green. May. N. Amer. 1823. 
 fo'liis arge'nteo-margina/tis. Leaves 
 
 edged with pale yellow, rosy when 
 young. Garden variety. 1886. 
 
 — atnari'ssima. 20. May. 
 
 — amenca'na. 20. May. N. Amer. 1723. 
 latifo'lia. 20. May. 
 
 — angustifo'lia. May. Spain. 1826. 
 
 — appi^ndica. 20. May. 
 
 — appendicula'ta. 20. May. 
 
 — arbuitifo'lia. Leaves with a rusty down be- 
 
 neath. 
 
 — arge'ntea. 15. June. Corsica. 1825. 
 
 — a'tro-vi'rens. i. May. Britain. 
 au'rea. April. 
 
 — aucuhoefo'lia no'va. Garden variety. 1887. 
 
 — carolinia'na. 30. June. N. Amer. 1783. 
 
 — nn^rea. 30. May. N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 — amcavcefo'lia. Growing points variegated. 
 
 — cu'rmdens. May. Caroluia. 1811. 
 
 — elK'ptica. 30. May. N. Amer. 1825. 
 -^ epi'ptera. 30. May. N. Amer. 1823. 
 '-exce'lsior. 80. May. Britain. Common 
 
 Ash. Bent, and Tr. 1. 171. / 
 
 argi/ntea. 20. May. Britain. 
 
 au'rea. 20. May. Britain. 
 
 au'rea pe'ndula. May. Britam. 
 
 ero'sa. 20. May. Britain. 
 
 , fdliis au'reis. 1879. Garden vanety. 
 
 'fungo'sa. 26. May. Britam. 
 
 horizmta'lis. 20. May. Britain. 
 
 jaspi'dea. 30. May. . 
 
 kineai'mioe. 40. May. Kmcairney. 
 
 F. exce'lsior lu'tea. 20. May. Britain. 
 
 — na'na. 10. May. Britain. 
 
 pe'ruhda. 20. May.- 
 
 -stria'ta. 20. May. Britain. 
 
 verruca' sa. 60. May. England. 
 
 verruco'sa pe'ndula. May. England. 
 
 veirtieilla'ris. 20. May. Britain 
 
 — expa'nsa. 30. May. N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 — fu'sca. 30. May. N. Amer. 1823. 
 
 — globo'sa. Head of tree roundish. 
 
 — heterophy'lla. 30. May. England. 
 variega'ta. 12. May. Ireland. 1836. 
 
 — juglandifo'lia. 40. May. N. Amer. 1783. 
 suHntege'rrima. 40. May. 
 
 — lacinia'ta. May. N. Amer. 
 
 — la'ncea. 30. May. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 — lentieelfo'lia. 6. May. Aleppo. 1710. 
 pe^ndula. 20. June. Germany. 1833.. 
 
 — longicu'spis. Japan. 1869. 
 
 — longifo'lia. 30. May. N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 — lu'cida. 20. May. 
 
 — maerophy'lla. 40. May. 1823. 
 
 — Marie'sii. White. May. N. China. B. M. 
 
 t. 6678. 
 
 — mexica'na. 30. Green. May. Mexico. 1826. 
 
 — mi'xta. 30. May. N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 — monsiro'sa. July. Britain. 
 
 — na'na. 6. June. 
 
 — ni'gra. 30. May. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 — O'mus. 20. Greenish-white. May. S. 
 
 Europe. 1780. Syn., Orrnts europaea 
 Manna Ash. 
 
 — ova'ta. 30. May. N. Amer. 
 
 — oxyca'rpa. 20. May. Caucasus. 1815. 
 oxyphjtUa. 20. South Europe. 1821. 
 
 — va'llida. 30. May. N. Amer. 
 
 — panno'sa. 30. May. Carolina. 1820. 
 
 — parmfo'lia. 20. May. Levant. 1822. 
 
 — platyca'rpa. 30. May. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 — polemoniifo'lia. April. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 — pube^scens. 20. April. N. Amer. 1811. 
 latifo'lia. 20. May. 
 
 longifo'lia. 20. May. 
 
 subpuhe'sc&ns. 20. May. 
 
 — pulverule'nta. 30. May. N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 — quadrangula'ta. 30. May. N. Amer. 1822. 
 nervo'sa. SO. May. 
 
 — Rege'Ui. Central Asia. 1889. 
 
 — Richa'rdi. 30. May. N. Amer. 
 
 — rubicu'nda. 30. May. N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 — r«7s. 30. May. N. Amer. 1822. 
 
 — samimci/o'Ko. 30. May. N. Amer. 1800. 
 cri'spa. 30. May. 
 
 — tamariscif&lia. April. Levant. 
 
 — turkesta'nica. Turkestan. 1887. 
 
 — versicolor. May. Britain. 
 
 — vi'rens. 20. May. 
 variega'ta. 20. April. 
 
 — vi'ridia. 30. May. N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 — xanthoxyloi'des. North of India. 1846. 
 
 Free'sia. (Commemorative. Nat. 
 ord. , IridacecB ; Tribe, Ixieai. ) 
 
 Handsome greenhouse bulbs. For cultivation, 
 see Babiana, to which they are allied. 
 F. Leichtli'nii. 1. White, orange. S. Africa. 
 
 1876. Gfl. t. 808. 
 ma'jor. Cream, orange. 1882. 
 
 — odora'ta. White, yellow. June. S. Africa. 
 
 1880. Syn., Tritonia odorata, B. C. 
 1. 1820. 
 
 — refra'cta. Pure white, orange, occasionally 
 
 with a few violet lines. May. S. Africa. 
 1815. Syns., Gladiolus refractus, Jacq. 
 Ic. t. 241, and Tritonia refracta, B. B. 
 1. 136. 
 a'lba. Pure white. 
 
 Free-stone peaches and nectarines 
 are those with fruit, the ilesh of which 
 parts freely from the stone. 
 
FEE 
 
 [398] 
 
 FKI 
 
 Freezing. See Frost. 
 
 Premo'ntia. (In honour of Colonel 
 Fremont, an American officer. Nat, 
 ord., Sterculiacem.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrub. Cuttings In spring 
 Tinder a hand-glass. Sandy loam and a little 
 leaf-mould. 
 
 F. califo'mica. 4. Yellow. April. California. 
 1851. B. M. t. 5591. 
 
 French Bean. See Kidney 
 Bean. 
 
 French Marigold. Tage'tes pa'- 
 tula. 
 
 Frenela. See Callitris. 
 
 Preycine'tia. (In honour of Ad- 
 miral Freycinet, the French circum- 
 navigator. Nat. ord., PandanacecB.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climbers. Offsets. Sandy 
 loam. 
 
 F. Ba'nksii. Green. New Zealand. B. M. t. 6028. 
 — Baueria'na. Pink. Norfolk Island. 
 
 Frezie'ra. (Named after A. F. Fre- 
 zier, a French traveller in South Ame- 
 rica. Nat. ord., Ternstrom,iacecB ; Tribe, 
 TernstromieoB. ) See Cleyera. 
 
 F. theoi'des. See Cleyera theaides. 
 
 Frideri'cia. (In honour of Frede- 
 rick III., king of Bavaria. Nat. ord., 
 BignoniacecB ; Tribe, BignoniecB. ) 
 
 Stove climbing shrub, allied to BiGNONIA, 
 which see for cultivation. 
 F. OuUie'lma. Yellow. Bahia, Brazil. 
 
 Frie'sia. (Named after Dr. Fries, 
 of Lund. Nat. ord., Tiliacece.) Now 
 united to Aristotelia. 
 
 A fit plant for training against a conservatory 
 wall. Cuttings of young snoots, rather firm, in 
 sand, under a glass, in April ; turfy loam and 
 iibry peat, with a little sand. 
 F. pedurwula'ris. 6. White. Van Diemen's 
 
 Land. 1818. B. M. t. 4246. A synonym 
 
 of Aristotelia peduncularis. 
 
 Fringe-tree. Chiona'nthus. 
 
 Fritilla'ria. Fritillaiy. (From/j-i- 
 tillus, a chess-board ; referring to the 
 checLuered flowers of some species. Nat. 
 ord., LiliacecB; Tribe, Tulipece. Hardy 
 bulbs, in close affinity with the true 
 Lilies.) 
 
 F. aemopeftala. 1. Green, purple. Spring. 
 Asia Minor. 1876. 
 
 — a'lta. 1. White. May. N. Amer. 
 
 — arme'na. J. Lurid purple. March. Armenia. 
 
 1878. 
 fu'seo-lu'tea. Bright yellow inside, cop- 
 pery-brown outside. Smyrna. 1887. 
 
 — au'rea. J. Yellow, bla«k, Taurus. 1876. 
 
 — bucha'rica. Greenish-white. April, Buchara. 
 
 Gfl. 1. 1171, B. M. t. 7080. 
 
 — Burne ti. Lurid brown-red, white. 1879. 
 
 — canalieulalta. Purple. February. Kurdis- 
 
 tan. 1890. 
 
 — conto'rta. White. Perianth segments united. 
 
 G. C. 1886, XXV. p. 681. 
 
 — cu'prea. 1. Copper. July. Mexico. 1834. 
 
 — dasyphy'lla. J. Purple, yellowish. April. 
 
 Asia Minor. 1876. 
 
 F. gralca. }. Brown, green. March. Greece, 
 B. M. t. 5052. 
 
 — hericau'lis. Dark purple. April. Asia Minor, 
 
 1889. 
 
 — Boolcelri. 1-2. Lilac. Summer. Sikkim. 
 
 1878. Syn., lALiwm Bookeri. 
 
 — imperia'lit. i. Dark yellow. April. Persia. 
 
 1696. B. M. tt. 194 and 1216. Crow^ 
 
 Imperial. 
 
 —fia'va. 4. Yellow. April. Persia. 1696. 
 
 — ru'ira. 4. Eed. April. Persia. 1696. 
 
 sca'ndens. Yellow. April. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 — karmchatke'nsis. i-lj. Purple. Spring. E. 
 
 Siberia. Gfl. t. 173. Syn., XAlium 
 camtschateense. 
 
 — Zareli'ni. J. Pale, purple-spotted. Central 
 
 Asia. 1834, Syn., Rhinopetalum Ears- 
 lini. 
 
 — Kotsphya'na. |. April. Hazartschall. 1844. 
 
 — la/nceola'ta. White. N.W. America. 1872. 
 
 Syn., lAliorhiza la/nceolata. 
 
 — latifo'lia. 1. Eed. May. Caucasus. 1604. 
 
 Eed. Lil. t. 61. 
 
 — Uuca'ntha. 1. White. May. Siberia. 1822, 
 
 B. M. t. 3083. 
 
 — luBita'nica. 1. Brown, purple. June, Spain. 
 
 1825. 
 
 — lu'tea. 1. Yellow. May. Caucasus. 1812. 
 
 Belg. Hort. i. 49. 
 
 — macra'ndra. J. Purple, yellow, green. Spring. 
 
 Levant. 1876. 
 
 — macrophyflla. 3. Eosy-lilac. Spring. India. 
 
 1843. Syns., lAlium roseum, B. M. 
 t. 4725, and L. Thomaanianum, B. B. 
 1846, t. 1. 
 
 — melea'gris. 1. Purple. May. Britain. 
 
 — meleagroi'dee. 1. Purple. May. Siberia, 
 
 1824. 
 
 — messane'nsie. 1. Brown, purple. June. Italy. 
 
 1826. Belg. Hort. i. 49. 
 
 — mi'nor. 1}. Purple-spotted. April. Altai 
 
 Mountains. 1830. 
 
 — Moggridgei. 1. Yellow, brown. August. 
 
 Maritime Alps. 1880. 
 
 — nervo'sa. 1^. Dark purple. May. Caucasus. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — ni'gra. 1. Yellow. Purple. May. Pyrenees. 
 
 1596. 
 
 — obKqua. 1. Brown, purple. April. Caucasus. 
 
 B. M. t. 857. 
 
 — orane'JMM. Purplish-brown, yellowish-green. 
 
 March. Algeria. 1877. Syn., F. Munbyi. 
 
 — oxype'tala. IJ. Purple. June. N. India. 
 
 B. M. t. 4731. 
 
 — pallidifio'ra. Yellow. Songaria. 1850. Gfl. 
 
 t. 209. 
 
 — Pe^rryi. Garden hybrid between F. reewrva 
 
 and F. laneeolata. 1886. 
 
 — pe'rsica. IJ. Brown. May. Persia. 1696. 
 
 B. M. tt. 962 and 1637. 
 
 mi'nima. *. Brown. May. Persia. 
 
 1696. 
 
 — prce^cox. 1. White. May. Europe. 
 
 — pudi'ca. 1. Purple, yellow. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1324. 
 
 — pyrena'ica. IJ. Dark purple. June. Spain. 
 
 1606. B. M. t. 664. 
 
 — Raddea'na. Greenish-yellow. Central Asia. 
 
 1887. 
 
 — recu'rva. i-2. Scarlet, yellow. May. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1870. 
 
 — nithe'nioa. 1. Purple. May. Caucasus. 
 
 1826. Swt. PI. Gard. ser. 2, t. 343. 
 
 — Sewerzo'ivi. IJ. Yellowish-green, or purplish, 
 
 or purplish-green. Turkestan. 1873. 
 Syn., Korolkowia Sewerzowi. 
 
 — tene'lla. 1. Purple. May. Caucasus. 1826. 
 
 — tuJipifo'lia. 1. Brown, purple. May. Crimea. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — verticilla'ta. 1. Purple. April. Crimea. 1823. 
 
 — Walttje'ivi. 1. Outside lead-colour, inside 
 
 red-brownand white. Central Asia. 1879. 
 
FRI 
 
 [399] 
 
 FKU 
 
 Pritillary as a Florist's Flower. 
 Propagation: by Offsets. — The offsets are 
 produced round the old bulbs ; these 
 should be detached every second or third 
 year when the bulbs are taken up, and 
 be planted in a bed of light, rich earth, 
 ■each variety by itself, where they may 
 remain till they are large enough to 
 flower. Then take them up, and plant 
 them in October, either in Sj-inch pots, 
 three or four bulbs in a pot, or plant 
 "them in patches near the front or the 
 mixed flower-border. The above remarks 
 -apply only to the smaller kinds of Fri- 
 tUlaria. The noble F. imperia'lis, 
 when the bulbs attain a certain size, 
 produces two flower-stems, and each 
 .stem perfects a bulb. They may then 
 be taken up, divided, and replanted. 
 This species, on account of flowering 
 ■early, maybe planted when divided into 
 beds in the grouped flower-garden, which 
 they will highly ornament, and will die 
 ■down early enough to be succeeded by 
 .summer flowers. This species is too 
 large for pots. 
 
 SoU. — The Crown Imperial, with its 
 varieties, should be planted in a deep, 
 Tich soil, well drained. If the soil is not 
 rich, it must be made so by the addition 
 <of a good dressing of well-decomposed 
 manure. 
 
 If the smaller species be cultivated in 
 pots, the proper soil for them will be a 
 compost of turfy loam, peat, and vege- 
 table mould, in equal parts. 
 
 Growing Season. — All the smaller 
 kinds of the FritiUary will flower beauti- 
 fully in pots. Pot them in October in 
 5J-mch pots, four bulbs in each, in a 
 light, rich compost. Plunge the pots in 
 ^oal-ashes in a bed, and protect them 
 through the winter with hoops and mats. 
 There they may remain till they flower, 
 and then be removed into the green- 
 Jiouse. When intended to bloom m the 
 •open ground, plant them in patches in 
 the mixed flower-border. 
 
 Besting Season. — As soon as the bloom- 
 ing season is over and the leaves decayed, 
 -take the bulbs up, and keep them in a 
 cool, rather moist place, till the season 
 for planting arrives again. 
 
 Frog Orchis. Gymnade'nia vi'ri- 
 dis. 
 
 Frost. If a plant be frozen, (and 
 though some defy the attacks of frost, 
 •others are very liable to its fatal in- 
 fluence,) death is brought upon them as 
 it is in the animal frame, by a complete 
 Tireaking down of their tissue ; their 
 Tessels are ruptured by the expansion of 
 
 the ice, when it thaws and putrefaction 
 follows. 
 
 The following contingencies render a 
 plant especially liable to be frozen : 
 
 First. — Moisture renders a plant sus- 
 ceptible of cold. Every gardener knows 
 this. If the air of his greenhouse be 
 dry, the plants within may be submitted 
 to a temperature of 32° -without injury, 
 provided the return to a higher teln- 
 perature be gradual. 
 
 Secondly. — Gradual decrements of 
 temperature are scarcely felt. A myrtle 
 may be forced and subsequently passed 
 to the conservatory, to the cold-pit, and 
 even thence to an open border, if in the 
 south of England, without enduring any 
 injury from the cold of winter ; but it 
 would be killed if passed at once from 
 the hothouse to the border. 
 
 Thirdly. — The more saline are the 
 juices of a plant, the less liable are they 
 to congelation by frost. Salt preserves 
 vegetables from injury by sudden tran- 
 sitions in the temperature of the atmo- 
 sphere. That salted soil freezes with 
 more reluctance than before the salt is 
 applied, is well known, and that crops of 
 turnips, cabbages, cauliflowers, etc., are 
 similarly preserved, is equally well estab- 
 lished. 
 
 Fourthly. — Absence of motion enables 
 plants to endure a lower degree of 
 temperature. Water may be cooled down 
 to below 32° without freezing; but it 
 solidifies the moment it is agitated. 
 
 The seeds of some plants are benefited 
 by being frozen, for those of the rose and 
 the hawthorn never germinate so freely 
 as after being subjected to the winter 
 frosts. 
 
 Freezing is beneficial to soils, not only 
 by destroying vermin within its bosom, 
 but by aiding the atmosphere to pervade 
 its texture, which texture is also rendered 
 much more friable by the frost. A soil 
 in our climate is rarely frozen to a depth 
 of more than four inches, and in ex- 
 tremely hard winters it does not pene- 
 trate more than six inches in light soils, 
 and ten inches in those that contain 
 more clay, or an excess of moisture. 
 
 If a plant be frozen, dip it into the 
 coldest water, or syringe it, and put it 
 into a dark, cold cellar, so that it may 
 thaw gradually. 
 
 Frost, degrees of. When a gardener 
 uses this phrase, he means degrees of 
 cold below 32° Fahrenheit, the freezing 
 point of water. 
 
 Froth-fly. See TJettigonia. 
 Fruit-room. Fruitforstoringshould 
 be gathered before it is quite mature; 
 
FRU 
 
 [400] 
 
 FEU 
 
 for the ripening process, the formation 
 of sugar, -with its attendant exhalation of 
 carbonic acid and water, goes on as well 
 in the fruit-room as in the open air at the 
 season when the functions of the leaves 
 have ceased, and the fruit no longer en- 
 larges. In gathering fruit, every care 
 should be adopted to avoid bruising ; and 
 to this end, in the case of apples, pears, 
 quinces, and medlars, let the gathering 
 basket be lined throughout with sacking, 
 and let the contents of each basket be 
 carried at once to a floor covered with 
 sand, and taken out one by one, not 
 poured out, as is too usual, into a basket, 
 and then again from this into a heap ; for 
 this systematic mode of inflicting small 
 bruises is sure to usher in decay, inas- 
 much as that it bursts the divisional 
 membranes of the cells containing the 
 juice, and this being extravasated, 
 speedUy passes from the stage of spi- 
 rituous fermentation to that of putre- 
 faction. To avoid this is the principal 
 object of fruit storing, whilst, at the same 
 time, it is necessary that the fruit shall be 
 kept firm and juicy. Now it so happens 
 that the means required to secure the 
 one also effects the other. 
 
 The following, we think, will be found 
 safe principles to guide the inexpe- 
 rienced : 
 
 Site. — A somewhat low level, with a 
 sub-soil, perfectly dry, or rendered so. 
 We have said low, because we feel as- 
 sured that by keeping the floor, if pos- 
 sible, even a little below the ground 
 level, less fluctuation of temperature will 
 be experienced. Sooner, however, than 
 be liable to much damp, we would go as 
 much above the level as is necessary in 
 order to avoid it. Concrete should be 
 used for the flooring, and a portion of the 
 foundation walls done in cement, to pre- 
 vent the transmission of damp upwards 
 by capillary attraction. The rats and 
 mice are great annoyances ; the cement 
 and concrete would keep them at arm's 
 length. A preventive drainage may be 
 applied also round the exterior, if the 
 locality be damp. 
 
 Aspect. — An easterly or northerly 
 one ; any point but south or south-west. 
 
 Frost. — The house to be rendered per- 
 fectly secure against this. We would 
 never have the general store-room sink 
 below forty or rise above fifty degrees. 
 To create an artificial warmth, and 
 merely to keep out the cold, or rather, to 
 procure, as much as possible, the amount 
 of warmth which the interior possesses, 
 are two very different affairs. The pre- 
 servation of the natural interior warmth 
 in winter is best effected by double walls, 
 
 possessing a cavity of some three inches 
 m width. The power of what are termed. 
 hollow walls, as non-conductors of heat, 
 is well known. Neither can exterior 
 damps bereadily transmitted; and, more- 
 over, such are cooler in summer; for the 
 sluggish agency of such walls in trans- 
 mittmg heat is as much in keeping out 
 summer heats as the colds of winter. If 
 the roof is an exterior one, it should, 
 either be double, or other means taken, 
 to keep out the summer heat. 
 
 Air.— The power of thorough ventila- 
 tion when necessary, and equally the 
 power of rendering it almost hermeti- 
 cally sealed is necessary. Of course, a. 
 very liberal ventilation is needed when 
 much fruit is housed in the autumn. 
 There should, therefore, be a special pro- 
 vision for both the egress of moisture, 
 and for the ingress of fresh and dry air. 
 The higher the level at which the latter 
 enters, the brisker will, in general, be the 
 circulation. 
 
 Light. — Windows to admit light, of 
 course, for the sake of operations in the 
 room; generally speaking, however, a 
 fruit- room cannot be kept too dark. Most- 
 good practitioners agree in the necessity 
 of excluding light as much as possible. 
 Scientific men say, that the surface skin 
 of fruit perspires exactly as the surfac& 
 of leaves, and that light is a prime 
 agent in inducing such perspiration r 
 hence, heat and light are conjoint causes 
 of shrivelling. The windows or other 
 apertures, therefore, must be provided 
 with close-fitting shutters, and these, 
 should be double, even as the walls. 
 During severe weather, mats inclosing 
 hay may be fastened over the exterior. 
 
 As to artificial heat, we think every 
 good general fruit store-room should 
 open into a small closet, which should 
 be so fitted up as to produce an artificial 
 warmth when necessary. If adjoining a 
 mushroom-house on the one side, or any 
 place where a surplus of heat was avail- 
 able, such would be readily accom- 
 plished without extra expense in fuel. 
 Some persons have advocated the placing 
 piping to convey heat inside the cavity 
 of the exterior walls : this sounds some- 
 what philosophical, inasmuch as in such 
 a situation, with a slight amount of con- 
 trollable ventilation, the non-condu'cting 
 cavities might be kept dry and warm. 
 The situation of pipes or other appa- 
 ratus, however, should depend on the ar- 
 rangement made for the fruit ; the heat- 
 ing source, pipes, etc. , being as far re- 
 moved from tnem as possible, and cer- 
 tainly not immediately beneath them. 
 Such a little closet might possess merely 
 
FUC 
 
 [401] 
 
 FUC 
 
 a stand for drawers down the centre ; 
 which stand should be an exact counter- 
 part of a stand in the centre of the ge- 
 neral store-room ; and the best pears, or 
 other tender fruits, being placed in par- 
 cels in the general store, might be re- 
 moved in portions to this ripening room, 
 a whole drawer at once, without moving 
 the fruit. 
 
 Fu'chsia. (Named after Leonard 
 Fuchs, a German botanist. Nat. ord., 
 OnagracecB. ) 
 
 Shrubs or small trees. For culture, see below. 
 There are numerous garden hybrids. 
 F. aei/nifo'Ua. Bose, variegated with white. 
 Mexico. 
 
 — aXp^Aris. 20. Crimson. August. Brazil. 
 
 1841. B. M. t. 3999. 
 
 — ampUa'ta. 3-6. Scarlet. June. Andes of 
 
 Ecuador. 1877. B. M. t. 6839. 
 
 — api/tala. 10. Purple. September. Chili. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — arborflscens. 16. Pink. October. Mexico. 
 
 1824. Syn., F. paniculata. 
 
 — bacilla'ris. 5. Rose. July. Mexico. 1829. 
 
 B. E. 1. 1480. 
 
 — holimalna. Crimson. Bolivia. 1876. B,ev. 
 
 Hort. 1876, p. 160. 
 
 — cocci'nea. 2. Crimson. 1878. B. M. t. 6740. 
 
 F. coccinea of gardens is usually F. 
 mageUanica; the true _plant is known 
 by Its short hairy petioles and hairy 
 twigs. 
 
 — co'niea. See F. macrostema, var. conica. 
 
 — coralli'na. 20. Crimson, deep purple. Syn., 
 
 F. exoniensis of G. C. 1883, xx. p. 666. 
 
 — cordi/o'lia. 5. Orange. August. Mexico. 
 
 1840. B. R. 1841, t. 70. 
 
 — eorymbiflo'ra. 6. Scarlet. August. Peru. 
 
 1840. 
 
 — cyliTidra'cea. 2. Scarlet. August. Demerara. 
 
 1837. 
 
 — tUcussa'ta. B. M. t. 2507. See F. maerogtema. 
 
 — dsnticula'ta. Crimson. August. Brazil. 
 
 — depe'ndens. 4. Crimson. June. Brazil. 
 
 1848. Ic. PI. t. 65. 
 
 — di'gcolar. 3. Purple, red. August. Port 
 
 Famine. 1830. B. R. t. 1805. 
 
 — Dmninia'nd. Scarlet. Garden hybrid. 1862. 
 
 Fl. Ser. 1. 1004. 
 
 — excartica'ta. 3. Green, purple. July. New 
 
 Zealand. 1824. B. R. t. 867. 
 
 — excmie^nsis. Scarlet, purple. Hybrid between 
 
 F. oordifolia and F. globosa. 1842. 
 Paxt. Mag. X. p. 151. 
 — fu'lgens. i. Vermilion. July. Mexico. 1830. 
 
 — globo'sa. 2. Scarlet, purple. Mexico and 
 
 Peru. B. M. t. 3364. 
 
 — gra'dlis. 8. Scarlet, purple. August. Chili. 
 
 1823. 
 
 mvMijWra. 6. Scarlet, purple. August. 
 
 Chill. 1824. 
 
 — integrifo'lia. Red. June. Brazil. 1841. 
 
 B. M. t. 3948. 
 
 — macra'ntha. 2. Red. April. Peru. 1845. 
 
 B. M. t. 4233. 
 
 — niacrophy'Ua. 
 
 — inaerostdma. 3. Scarlet, purple. July. 
 
 Cliili. 1823. Syn., F. decussata. B. M. 
 
 t. 2607. 
 co'niea. 3. Scarlet, purple. Chili. 1824. 
 
 Syn., F. conica. 
 pu'mila. Dwarf variety. 
 
 — magella'niea. Crimson, blue. Tierra del 
 
 Fuego. 1789. 
 
 — magnifio'ra. Garden variety. 
 
 — mieropWlla. 6. Scarlet, purple. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1828. B. M.t. 1269. 
 
 F. minia'ta. Red. August. New Grenada. 
 
 — nigricans. Dark crimson. Venezuela. 1848. 
 
 — panicula'ta. See F. arborescens. 
 
 — pendukeflo'ra. Crimson. March. Tropical 
 
 America. 1879. Flor. Mag. n.s. t. 412 
 
 — prom'mbens. J. Yellow, green ; berries red, 
 
 very ornamental. New Zealand. 1874. 
 Hardy ; creeps on the ground, or can be 
 trained on a Dalloon. B. M. t. 6139. 
 
 — radi'cans. 20. Scarlet. September. Brazil. 
 
 1837. 
 
 — sem^erfio'rens. Garden hybrid. 1888. 
 
 — serraUfo'lia. 6. Scarlet, green. August. 
 
 Peru. 1844. B. M. t. 4174. 
 
 — sessilifo'lia. Green, crimson. Columbia. 1866. 
 
 — simplicioau'lis. Crimson. July. Brazil. B. 
 
 M. t. 6096. 
 
 — specta'bUis. 4. Scarlet. August. Andes of 
 
 Cuenca. 1847. B. M. i. 4876. 
 
 — sple'ndens. 6. Scarlet, green. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1841. B.M. &4082. 
 
 — syringceflo'ra. Rose. 1873. Rev. Hort. 1873, 
 
 p. 311. 
 
 — Uru!lia. 8. Scarlet, purple. August. Chili. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — tetrada'ctyla. 2. Rose. July. Guatemala. 
 
 1842. 
 
 — tliymifdlia. 4-6. Rose to deep red. Mexico. 
 
 B. E. 1. 1284. 
 
 — Toddia'na. Scarlet, purple. Hybrid between 
 
 F. fulgenB and F. globosa. 1843. Rev- 
 Hort. ser. 2, ii. p. 349. 
 
 — triphy'Ua. Crimson. September. Pichinchia. 
 
 1842. B. M. t. 6796. 
 
 — venu'sta. 6. Purple. October. Mexico. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — virga'ta. 4. Scarlet, purple. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1826. 
 
 Fuchsia CnltVire.—Propagationby 
 Cuttings. — The best time for this is in 
 Februaryand March. The plants require 
 a little' heat to stimulate them into 
 growth. The best kinds of cuttings are 
 the young shoots taken off close to the 
 old wood as soon as they are an inch long. 
 Fill a sufficient number of 5-inch pots 
 with a compost of loam and leaf -mould, 
 in equal parts, to within an inch of the 
 top ; fill the remaining space up with 
 silver sand ; water it gently to make it 
 firm, then put in the cuttings after trim- 
 ming off the lower leaves, give another 
 gentle watering, and place them in a 
 mOd hotbed, or in a propagating house. 
 If in the latter, place hand-glasses over 
 them. The cuttings will soon strike root, 
 and should then be potted off into the 
 smallest pots ; shade them from the sun 
 for a time, and then repot them into pots 
 two sizes larger. 
 
 By Seed. — They are as easily raised 
 from seeds as by cuttings. The object 
 of raising them in this way is not so 
 much to increase the plants as to raise 
 improved varieties. There are two di- 
 visions, in regard to colour, that should 
 be aimed at — light and dark varieties, 
 and the colours in each ought to be well 
 defined. The light ones should have the 
 sepals pure white, and the corolla rich 
 purple. Size is also a necessary quality, 
 and a good form is also indispensable. 
 
 DD 
 
FUO 
 
 [402] 
 
 FUC 
 
 The sepals should be stout and broad 
 and well reflexed ; that is, turned up- 
 wards, to show off the corolla to the 
 greatest advantage. The corolla should 
 be large, and protrude boldly out from 
 the sepals. It should be round and cup- 
 shaped. The flower-stalk should be not 
 less than three inches long, which will 
 allow the flower to hang down gracefully. 
 The flowers should be produced abun- 
 dantly, and the foliage not too large or 
 coarse. The same points should appear 
 in the dark varieties, except the colour 
 of the sepals, which should be of the 
 brightest scarlet or crimson. Though a 
 fine self-coloured flower, with every good 
 point, is not to be despised, yet a purple 
 corolla, with the scarlet or dark crimson 
 tube, all other points being present, is 
 the perfection of a good dark Fuchsia. 
 
 Saving the iScerf.-^Any variety possess- 
 ing one or more of the above qaalities 
 (form being indispensable) is one to save 
 seed from. Supposing a fine-shaped 
 flower, with a tolerably pure white tiibe, 
 but deficient in a good coroHa of the 
 right form and colour ; then take the 
 pollen of a variety that has a good corolla, 
 and apply it to the stigma of the one with 
 a good tube and sepals, and save the 
 seed. The same principle must be fol- 
 lowed to improve the dark varieties. 
 When the seed is ripe, gather the berries, 
 crush them with tne fingers, and wash 
 away all the pulp ; then spread the seed 
 on a sheet of paper, and expose it to the 
 sun till it is dry. Then put it up in 
 brown paper,andstoreitawaytillMarch ; 
 sow it then in shallow pots, potting ofl' 
 the plants as soon as they can be handled, 
 and grow them on till they flower. Seed- 
 lings will flower in 4-incn pots, so that a 
 great number of them may be grown in a 
 small space. As soon as they flower, 
 choose such as have good points ; and 
 give them a good shift into larger pots. 
 
 Sv/w/mer Culture. — Pot the old plants 
 early in the spring. Commence by shak- 
 ing off the greater part of the old soil, 
 reducing the roots and trimming in the 
 branches, so as to leave them in a pyra- 
 midal form ; pot in the proper soil, and 
 place them in a heat of 55° by day, and 
 50° by night. Water moderately, and 
 syringe overhead frequently. When the 
 plants are freely gi'owing, give weak 
 liquid-manure every other time. Young 
 plants should have a good shift from 
 5-inch to 8-inch pots. The tops should 
 be nipped off', to force out the lower 
 branches, the great object being the 
 pyramidal form. One of the upper shoots 
 should be removed as soon as the lower 
 ones have pushed a few inches, and the 
 
 olJier tied to a stick, to be again stopped 
 when it has advanced about a foot. Pro- 
 ceed in this way, with both old and new 
 plants, tUl the desired height is attained. 
 The side-shoots, if not sufficiently nume- 
 rous, should be stopped also, to cause 
 the right number of side branches to be 
 produced. The potting should finish in 
 12-inch pots, which are sufliciently large 
 to make fine plants fit for the exhibition 
 tables. 
 
 Winter Culture. — As soon as the bloom 
 is over set the young plants out of doors 
 in some open place in the garden. The 
 older plants may either be thrown away, 
 or be planted out in the borders, it not 
 being worth while to keep them the third 
 year. When the frost begins to appear 
 take the plants under cover, either under 
 the stage of the greenhouse, or in a back 
 shed, or even a cellar, where the severe 
 frost cannot reach them; here they may 
 remain without water till the potting 
 time comes round again. 
 
 SoU. — Mellow, strong, yellowloam one- 
 half, well-decomposed hotbed manure 
 one-quarter, and one year old decayed 
 tree leaves one quarter, all thoroughly 
 mixed, will form a suitable compost. 
 
 Insects. — The green fly and red spider 
 are very apt to find their way to the 
 young shoots. See Aphis and Acarus. 
 
 Open Border Culture. — The whole of 
 those having the habit of the old coc- 
 ci'nea, virga'ta, co'nica,gra'cUis,globo'sa, 
 etc. , are well-fitted for flower-garden pur- 
 poses, requiring no attention butcutting 
 them down after the firstf rest, and cover- 
 ing the stools with moss, coal-ashes, or 
 other litter, to exclude the frost, removing 
 it in April, and thinning the shoots in 
 May. When it is desirable to keep such 
 kinds as cocci'neu as dwarf as globo'sa, 
 raising the plants out of the ground in 
 May, and shaking the soil from them 
 before transplanting them, will be efliec- 
 tual. This, also, furnishes a good means 
 for increasing the stock. Good stout 
 cuttings of the stems, planted at the 
 end of October, in the open ground,, will 
 furnish nice little plants in spring, if the 
 ground is covered with moss or litter ; 
 for though what is above ground will be 
 killed, what is below the moss will be 
 safe. Those likefu'lgens in their habit 
 must be kept dry if left out ; it is better 
 to take them up, and house them in a 
 shed where frost will not reach them. 
 Standards of any kinds for the lawn 
 may be thus inserted in dry earth in a 
 shed, and transplanted again in April 
 or May. Most of the hybrids will stand 
 the winter in the open garden, and push 
 strongly in the spnng, if, in addition to 
 
FUE 
 
 [403] 
 
 FUM 
 
 being kept from frost, they are also kept 
 dry. Though thus able to endure cold, 
 they ■will, also, stand a high temperature 
 and a moist atmosphere when growing, 
 and, in these circumstances, grow with 
 great rapidity. F. corymhiflo'ra must 
 iave the wood well ripened, and not be 
 pruned too close. Specta'bilis and ser- 
 rati'foUa are late bloomers, and must 
 be treated accordingly. All sorts in 
 pots look best trained to a simple stem. 
 
 Fuel is no small item in the annual 
 expenditure of the stove, greenhouse, 
 and conservatory departments, and 
 therefore deserves consideration. The 
 cheapest of all fuel is the breeze, or 
 small coke, procurable at gas-works. 
 
 The heating qualities of the different 
 «oals known in Great Britain are in the 
 following proportions : 
 
 Scotch Cannel 199 
 
 Lancashire Wigan 196 
 
 Yorkshire Cannel 188 
 
 Newcastle (best Wallsend) . . .169 
 Gloucestershire (Forest of Dean) . . 108 
 
 Welsh (common) 25 
 
 Hence, if the Scotch Cannel coal cost 
 19s., when the Gloucestershire could be 
 bad for 10«. per chaldron, the latter 
 -would be no cheaper; for the heating 
 powers of the first are as 199 to 108 of 
 the latter. In other words, 108 chaldrons 
 of Scotch would afford as much heat as 
 199 chaldrons of Staffordshire. 
 
 The followiT>j are the quantities of 
 the fuels named required to heat eight 
 gallons of water, from 52° to 112°, 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Caking coals 1.2 
 
 Splint or hard coal . . . • \ 3 13 
 
 Cannel Coal / ' 
 
 Cherry or soft Coal .... 1.6 
 
 Wood of lime 3.10 
 
 beech . . . . , . 3.16 
 
 elm 3.62 
 
 oak (chips) .... 4.20 
 
 ash. 3.50 
 
 — maple 3.00 
 
 service 3. 
 
 cherry 3.20 
 
 fir 3.62 
 
 poplar ... . 3.10 
 
 hornbeam .... 3.37 
 
 Peat (average, not compressed) . . 7.6 
 
 Charcoal of wood 1-52 
 
 peat 3.28 
 
 It is essential to good and profitable 
 fuel that it should be free from moisture ; 
 for unless it be dry, much of the heat 
 which it generates is consumed in coh- 
 verting that moisture into vapour : hence 
 the superior value of old dense, dry 
 wood, to that which is porous and damp. 
 A pound of dry will heat thirty-five 
 pounds of water from 32° to 212° ; but a 
 pound of the same wood in a moist or 
 fresh state will not similarly heat more 
 than twenty-five pounds. The value, 
 
 therefore, of different woods for fuel is 
 nearly inversely, as their moisture ; and 
 this may be readily ascertained by find- 
 ing how much a pound weight of the 
 shavings of each loses by drying during 
 two hours, at a temperature of 212°. 
 
 Fugo'sia. (Named after Bernard 
 Cien-Fuegos, a Spanish botanist. Nat. 
 ord. , Malvacece ; Tribe, HibisoeoB. Allied 
 to Malvaviscus.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the points 
 of shoots in AprU or May, in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, and placed in a mild bottom-heat ; peat 
 and loam, vrith a little silver sand. 
 F. tsim^ifdmm. White, purple. August. W. 
 Australia. 1856. 
 
 — luikeo^o'lia. 6. Lilac, red. August. Swan 
 
 Biver. 1846. B. M. t. 4261. Syn., 
 Hibiscus muUifidAiiS, Paxt. Fl. Gard. vii. 
 p. 103. 
 
 — heteropht/Ua. Yellow, red. August. > St. 
 
 Martha. 1845. B. M. t. 4218. 
 
 Full-Flower. See Double- 
 Flower. 
 
 Fuma'ria. Fumitory. (From 
 fumos, smoke; referring to the dis- 
 agreea'-le smell of the plant. Nat. ord., 
 FumariacecB. Allied to Corydalis.) 
 
 Hardy annuals. If once sown in March or 
 April, on rock-work, or undisturbed banks^ they 
 will sow themselves annually, and mamtaiu 
 themselves without care or trouble. 
 F. eapreola'ta. i. Flesh. July. Europe. 
 
 Climber. 
 BwrcheHUi. 4. April. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1816. 
 
 — leum'ivtha. li. White. August. Corsica. 
 
 1836. 
 
 — rm'dia. 3. Flesh. July. Britain. 
 
 Fumigating is employed for the 
 destruction of certain insects ; the in- 
 haled vapour or smoke arising from 
 some substances being fatfl to them. 
 Tobacco is the usual substance employed ; 
 and it may be ignited, and the smoke 
 impelled upon the insect by belloios; or 
 the ignited tobacco may be placed under 
 a box, or within a frame, together with 
 the affected plant. The vapour of spirit 
 of turpentine is destructive to the scale 
 and other insects, employed in this 
 mode. Mr. MUls has stated the follow- 
 ing as the best mode of fumigating with 
 tobacco. According to the size of the 
 place to be fumigated, one or more pieces 
 of cast iron, one inch thick, and three 
 inches over, are made red hot (pieces of 
 old tiles, such as are used for covering 
 smoke flues, would probably answer 
 equally well) ; one of these is placed in 
 a twenty -four sized pot, on which is put 
 the quantity of tobacco considered neces- 
 sary to charge the structure with smoke 
 sufficient to destroy insect life. To 
 fumigate an ordinary sized eight-light 
 . house, use three heaters, and three 
 
FUM 
 
 [404] 
 
 GMR 
 
 twenty-four sized pots, which are best 
 placed on the front flue or walk; one 
 pound of strong tobacco is put on the 
 three heaters in equal parts, and this is 
 found sufficient to fill the house, so as 
 to destroy all the kinds of insects that 
 perish by fumigation. The system has 
 these advantages : the tobacco is so 
 quickly consumed, that the house is 
 completely filled in a very short time, 
 and but little smoke can escape before 
 the insects are destroyed ; the pure heat 
 from the iron heaters prevents injury 
 from gas, and as no blowing is required 
 there is no dust, it being only necessary 
 to put the tobacco on the heaters and 
 leave the house. A better mode is to 
 soak the tobacco in a strong solution of 
 saltpetre, and when dry to ignite it. 
 The combustion is so complete and in- 
 stantaneous that a smaller quantity is 
 sufficient. 
 
 To fumigate with sulpjiuv, paint the 
 hot-water pipes with some sulphur mixed 
 with whitewash ; or put thlJ mixture 
 against the side of the flue furthest 
 from the furnace ; or put some sulphur 
 on a hot- water plate, and keep the water 
 in this boiling by means of a lamp. 
 
 Fumitory. Fuma'ria. 
 
 Fungi constitute a large class of 
 plants varying much in size and struc- 
 ture, but all agree in being destitute of 
 green colouring matter (chlorophyll), and 
 consequently having to derive, at least 
 part, of their nounshment from some 
 other vegetable or animal matter. The 
 chief one of use to the gardener is the 
 mushroom (Aga'ricus campe! stris), which 
 see. Many are extremely minute, and 
 their appearance on living plants, is a 
 sure sign of some weakness in the plant's 
 constitution, due to some improper treat- 
 ment, such as insufficient drainage, etc. 
 Some of these, such as the Barberry 
 fungus, live on two distinct genera of 
 plants in the course of their fife cycle, 
 and so may be eradicated by the destruc- 
 of one of these host plants. The number 
 of these fungi is so great, and the reme- 
 dies for them too numerous to mention 
 here, that when they make their appear- 
 ance, to the injury of plants, they should 
 at once be submitted to some competent 
 authority for identification and advice 
 as to their extermination. 
 
 Fu'nkia. (After H. Funk, a German 
 botanist. Nat. ord., Liliacece; Tribe, 
 Hemerocallece. Allied to Hemerocallis. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, from Japan ; 
 dividing the roots ; sandy loam, and a dry 
 situation. 
 
 P. a'lho-margma'ta. IJ. Lilac. July. 1837. 
 B. M. t. 3657. 
 
 — gr<mMJk/ra. 2. Pure white. July. Japan. 
 
 Syn., F. japanica. 
 
 — Imusecefo'Ua. 1. Lilac. August. 1829. Swt. 
 
 Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 273. 
 
 — aiia'ta. 1^. Blue. May. 1790. 
 
 margina/ta. Leaves edged with white. 
 
 — Sieboldia'na. 1. Lilac. June. 1830. B. M. 
 
 t. 3663. 
 Fortu'nei. White. Japan. 1876. 
 
 — stiieorda'ta. 1. White. August. 1790. 
 
 Syns., Hemerocallis alba, H. cordata, H. 
 japonica, B. M. t. 1433, and if. planta- 
 ginea. 
 
 — v/ndula'ta, 1. Lilac. August. 1834. 
 
 — variega'ta. 1. Lilac. August. 1834. 
 
 Purcrae'a. (Named afterilf.jP'oMrcroy^ 
 a distinguished French chemist. Nat. 
 ord., AmmryllidecB ; Tribe, Agavece. 
 Syn., Fourcroya.) 
 
 Increased by seeds, or by suckers. For cultiva^ 
 tion, see Agave. 
 F. BarilleHi. 3. Tropical America. 1867. 
 
 — Bedinghau'sii. 6. Mexico. 1860. Belg> 
 
 Hort. 1863, p. 327. Syns., F. Roedii,. 
 Eev. Hort. 1887, p. 363, Roezlia bulbi/eraj. 
 S. regia, Tncca argyrophylla, and xi 
 Tonelia/na. 
 
 — CcymTfiely'ni. 25. Tropical America. 
 
 — cubelnsis. 6. Milk-white, green. November^ 
 
 Tropical America. 
 
 vnerrmis. Leaves without spines. 
 
 November. B. M. t. 6573. 
 
 — BefmovXinia^na. 10. Mexico. 1866. 
 
 — eHegans. 20. Greenish. Winter. Mexico. 
 
 1868. Syns., F. Ghiesbreghtii, F. pugioni- 
 formie, and Agave regia. 
 — fia'vo-m'ridis. 14. Greenish. Mexico. 1846.. 
 B. M. t. 6163. 
 
 — geminispi'na. 4. Tropical America. 
 
 — Ghiesbre'ghtii. See F. elegans. 
 
 — giga'ntea. 20-40. Greenish-white. November. 
 
 Tropical America. 1690. B. M. t. 2260.. 
 
 — Imidefni. Columbia. 1869. 111. Hort. n.s. 
 
 1. 186. 
 
 — Kpsie^nsis. S. Tropical America. 1868. 
 
 — longalva. 40. White. May. Mexico. 1833. 
 
 B. M. t. 6619. 
 
 — Rodzlii. 10-12. Pale yellow. Mexico. Eev.. 
 
 Hort. 1887, p. 363. Syn., Roedia regia. 
 
 — Sello'a. 20. Greenish-white. Guatemala. 
 
 1865. B. M. t. 6148.- 
 
 — striata. 8-9. I'ropical America. 1868. 
 
 — tvhero'sa. 6. Pale yellow. 1739. 
 
 — tubiJWra. See Beschomeria tuMJlora. 
 
 — midula'ta. 10. Green. Mexico. 1868. B. 
 
 M. t. 6160. 
 
 Furze. U'lex. 
 
 Fustic. Maclu'ra tincto'ria. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gse'rtnera. (Named after Dr. 
 Gmrtner, a celebrated botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Loganiacem; Tribe, Gcertnerem. 
 Allied to .Gardneria. ) 
 
 All Loganiads are to be suspected, as no order 
 IS more venomous. Stove evergreen twiners ; 
 cuttmgs of firm young shoots in April, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat : peat, 
 loam, and sand. 
 
 6. oUusifo'lia. 20. White. Cliina. 1810. Syn., 
 Bvptage obtusifolia. 
 
 — raeemo'ea. 16. White, yellow. April. E. 
 
 Ind. 1793. Andr. Eep. t. 600. Syn., 
 Hiptage rmdablota. 
 
GAG 
 
 [405] 
 
 GAL 
 
 Ga'gea. (Named after Sir Thomas 
 €rage. Nat. ord., LUiaeece ; Tribe, 
 TvlipecB. Allied to the Tulip. ) 
 
 All hardy, little yellow-flowering bulbs. They 
 should ocpupy the front row oi a light-soiled 
 border, like Crocuses ; offsets in spring or au- 
 tumn. Seeds. 
 G. bohe'ndca. J. April. Bohemia. 1825. 
 
 — hraeteola'ris. J. April. Europe. 1817. 
 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. 1. 168. 
 
 — bulbi'fera. May. Tauria. 1829. ' 
 
 — chlora'ntha. i- April. Siberia. 1819. 
 
 — cireina'ta. J. May. Siberia. 1789. 
 
 — /ascicula'ris. i. April. Britain. 
 
 -— glau'ca. Swt. Fl. Gard. 1. 177. See Cr. steno- 
 petala. 
 
 — Idota'rdi. May. South Europe. 1825. 
 
 — lu'tea. i. Yellow. Spring. Europe. Yellow 
 
 Star of Bethlehem. 
 
 — ini'nima. 
 
 — podo'lica. May. Podolla. 1827. 
 
 — pusi'Ua. i. April. Bohemia. 1825. 
 
 — pygmae!a. J. April. Spain. 1825. 
 
 — aero'tina. J. June. Wales. 
 
 — spatha'cea. i. May. Germany. 1759. 
 
 — stella'ris. J. May. Sweden. 1769. 
 
 — stenope!tala. i. April. Switzerland. 1825. 
 
 Syn., G. glauca. 
 
 — Sterribe'rgii, i. May. Switzerland. 1826. 
 
 — stria' ta. J. July. Europe. 1826. 
 
 — sylva'tica. \. April. Europe. 
 
 — %cniflo'ra. ^. May. Siberia. 1781. 
 
 — villo'sa. J. April. Caucasus. 1825. 
 
 Gagnebi'na. (Probably the native 
 name of one of the species. Nat. ord., 
 LeguminosoB ; Tribe, Adenantherem. 
 Allied to Prosopis. ) 
 
 Stove evergreens, from Mauritius. Seeds in 
 hotbed, in spring, after being moistened for 
 •several hours in warm water ; cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, in April, under a bell- 
 flass, and in mild bottom-heat ; peat and loam, 
 oth turfy and fibry. 
 6. axaia'ris. 6. Yellow. 1824. 
 
 — tamari'sdna. 6. Yellow. 1824. 
 
 Ga'hnia. (After Dr. Henry Gahn, 
 a botanist, who wrote on grasses. Nat. 
 ord., Cyperacece.) 
 
 Stove sedge ; sandy loam ; division. 
 ■G. a'spera. Whitish-yellow ; fruit reddish-yel- 
 low. Fiji. 1887. 
 
 Gailla'rdia. (Named after M. Gail- 
 lard, a French patron of botany. Nat. 
 ord., CompositcB ; Tribe, Helenioidece. 
 Allied to Helenium.) 
 
 This, like many other composite genera, is in- 
 'Clined to sport from seed^. Numerous varieties, 
 both single and double-flowered, are now in 
 •cultivation. Hardy herbaceous plants, with the 
 exception of corona' ta and amJbl'/odon, which re- 
 quires a cold pit in winter. In cold, damp situa- 
 tions, cuttings of jmfcAe'toandjji'ctomayalsobe 
 saved in a similar manner. Cuttings under a 
 hand-light in summer, and division of the root 
 in spring ; sandy loam, in sunny position. 
 G-ambli/odon. Blood-red. October. Texas. 
 1873. B. M. t. 6081. Annual. 
 
 — arista'ta. Orange. August. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 B. R. 1. 1186. Syn., 6. perermia. 
 
 grandijlo'ra. Large-flowered variety. 
 
 Gard. Dec. 13, 1884. 
 
 — M'colar. See O. puUhella. 
 
 — cormm'ta. Bed, brown. July. 
 
 — Drwmmo'ndii mtege'rrvma. 2. Carnation, 
 
 jellow. Ajigust. Louisiana. 1833. 
 
 0. hy'brida sple'ndena. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — Lorenzia'Tia, A variety of ff . pulehella. 
 
 — pi'cta. See G. pulehella, var. picta. 
 
 — pulehelUa. 8. Crimson, tipped with yellow 
 
 Autumn. N. America. Syn., d. Ucolor. 
 B. M. 1. 1602. 
 
 pi'cta.^ Leaves slightly succulent. Syn., 
 
 G. bicolor, var. Xh^m/numdii, B. M 
 t. 3368. In addition to this there are 
 numerous varieties in gardens, such as : 
 Boissela'ri, corana'ta, hy'brida, Loise'lli, 
 Lorenaia'na (Gfl. t. 1083), Bichardao'ni, 
 Telema'cM, iri'color, etc. 
 
 Gala'ctia. (From ^cda, milk; in 
 reference to the milky juice of some of 
 the species. Nat. ord., Leguminosa ; 
 Tribe, Phaseolece. .Allied to Glycine.) 
 
 Deciduous, by division of the plant, and grown 
 in sandy loam. Stove, by cuttings of short, 
 stubby side-shoots in sand, in April, under a 
 bell-glass, and plunged in a hotbed ; sandy loam 
 and peat. 
 
 HARDY DECroUOUS TWINERS. 
 
 0. glabdlla. 3. Purple. July. N. Amer. 
 
 — mo'llie, 3. Purple. July. N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN TWINERS. 
 
 ff. ctibe'nsis. Rose. July. Cuba. 1826. 
 
 — fUfo'ntm. 3. Purple. July. S. America. 
 
 1820. Syns., eaZegntjiJ^^ormis, Jacq. Ic. 
 
 t. 573, and Sweetia JUitfofrnm. 
 
 — longjfo'lia. 4. Purple. S. America. ' 1818. 
 
 Syns., Oalega longffoVia, Jacq. Ic. t. 572, 
 and Sweetia longifolia. 
 
 — pdndula. 6. Red. July. Jamaica. 1794. 
 
 — pirma'ta. See Barbieria polyphylla. 
 
 — seri'cea. 6. July. Bourbon. 1824. 
 
 — stria'ta. 4. Yellow. July. S. America. 
 
 1818. Syn., Glycine striata, Jacq. Vind. 
 t. 76. 
 
 Galacti'tes. (From gala, milk; 
 referring to the juice and to the milk- 
 white veins on the leaves. Nat. ord.j 
 Compositce; Tribe, Cynaroidece. Allied 
 toSuybum.) 
 
 Hardy annuals, requiring to be sown in the 
 flower-borders in March or April. 
 G. austra'lis. 1. Purple. July. Australia. 1824. 
 
 — tomento'sa. IJ. Purple. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1738. 
 
 Galactode'ndron. Cow - tree. 
 (From gala, milk, and dendron, a tree. 
 Nat. ord., Urticacem; Tribe, Arto- 
 earpecB.) See Brosimmn. 
 
 G. u'Hle. B. M. tt. 3723-4. See Brosimmn 
 HuTnboldtii, 
 
 Galangale. Kmnvpfe'ria. 
 
 Gala'nthus. Snowdrop. (From 
 gala, milk, and anthos, a flower. Nat. 
 ord., Amaryllidece.) 
 
 Hardy bulbs. Offsets ; division of masses of 
 bulbs ; common garden-soil ; should be lifted 
 every four or five years. 
 G. Alle'ni. White. March. Caucasus. 1891. 
 
 — eoMca'sic'us. White, green. February. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1887. 
 
 — corcyre^nsis, A variety of G. nivalis. 
 
 — Elwe'sii. J. White, green. February. Asia 
 
 Mmor. 1875. B. M. t. 6166. 
 
 globo'sus. White. Smyrna. Garden, 
 
 1887, p. 393. 
 
 — Foste^ri. White. February. Asia Minor. 
 
 1889. 
 
 — Impe/rati. See G. nivalis, var. grandidr. 
 
GAL 
 
 [406] 
 
 GAL 
 
 <?. lati/o'lius. White, green. Caucasus. 1868. 
 
 Gfl. t. 678. Syn., 6. Redowtei. 
 — niva'Us. i. White. February. Britain. 
 
 Bed. lil. t. 200. 
 
 Atki'nsii. Howers large. 1891. 
 
 ■ — cauca'siciifi. See 0. caueasicus. 
 
 corcyre^nm. December. Corfu. Syns., 
 
 O. corcyrenMsand Q. prcBcox. 
 
 Els<x. November. Macedonia. 1891. 
 
 gra'ndior. White, greenish-yellow. Um- 
 
 bria, Italy. Syns., 0. wmtrriaus and Q. 
 
 Invperati. 
 lute' scene. Inner segments tipped with 
 
 yellow. 
 
 MelvSUei. White, yellow. 
 
 octohrefrms. October. Albania. 
 
 Rache^licB. October. Mount Hymettus. 
 
 1891. 
 refle^mis. J. White. February. Mount 
 
 uargarus. 1818. Syn., G. refiexue. 
 
 tero'tmus. Autumn. 1888. 
 
 Shaylo'cKi. White, green. 1879. 
 
 - (yigoB. White. Greece. 1888. Syns., 0. 
 
 ~ ' var. Olgce, and G. Olgoe, var. 
 
 — plica'tuB. J. White. February. Crimea. 
 
 1818. B. M. t. 2162. 
 
 — refielxus. See G. nivalis, var. reflexus, 
 
 — Segi'noe. See G. Olgce. 
 
 — Scharlo'lni. White, striped green outside. 
 
 Europe. 1888. 
 
 — u'Tnhricus. See G. nivaXxs, var. grwndiffr. 
 
 G^late'lla. (A diminutive of gala, 
 milk, literally, milky ; referring to the 
 colour of the leaves. Nat. ord,, Com- 
 positCB. ) United to Aster. 
 
 Hardy herbaceous. Division in spring ; com- 
 mon garden-soil. 
 
 G. punclalta. _2J, Violet, yellow. August. 
 Hungary. 1815. Syn., Aster aeris, var. 
 pvmetatus. 
 
 Galax. (From gala, milk ; referring 
 to the milk-white flowers. Nat. ord., 
 DiapensiacecE ; Tribe, Galaccinece.) 
 
 Fine bog plants. Divisions in spring ; moist, 
 sandy peal ; in partially shady border. 
 G. aphj/lla. i. White. July. Carolina. 1786. 
 B. M. t. 764. Syn., Blamdfordia cordata. 
 Andr. Bep. t. 343. 
 
 Gala'xia. (From galahtido, to 
 abound in milk ; referring to the juice. 
 Nat. ord., Irideoe; Tribe, SisyrinchiecB. 
 Allied to Romulea. ) 
 
 Greenhouse bulbs, from the Cape of Good 
 Hope. Offsets ; sandy peat, with a little flbry 
 loam. In a state of rest keep in the greenhouse 
 or cold pit. If planted in a sheltered place, out 
 of doors, the roots must be protected from frost. 
 G. gramilnea. Light yellow. July. 1795. B. 
 M. 1. 1292. 
 
 — grimdijMra. }. Dark yellow. July. 1799. 
 
 Andr. Bep. 1. 164. 
 
 — m.itcrfyivtda'ri^. \. Purple. July. 1799. 
 
 — mia'ta. J. Dark yellow. July. 1799. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 291. 
 
 — plica' ta. Jacq. Ic. t. 292. See LapeyrousM 
 
 faseiciLlata. 
 
 — versicolor. J. Purple. July. 1799. 
 
 Galea'ndra. {From galea, ahelmet, 
 and aner, a stamen ; referring to the 
 crested male organ on the top of the 
 column. Nat. ord., Orchidece; Tribe, 
 VandecB—Eulophiew. Allied to Eulo- 
 phia.) 
 
 Stove terrestrial orchids. Fibry peat, and a 
 little turfy loam, with some broken pots, and 
 pieces of charcoal. Summer temp., 60° to 86% 
 with moisture ; vrinter, 48° to 56", and rather 
 dry. 
 G. Baue/ri. J. Pink. August. Guiana. 1840. 
 
 — crista'ta. Purple. May. Cayenne. 1844. 
 
 — VeseagnoUea'na. Ochre-brown ; lip pale sul- 
 
 phur, purple. Para. 111. Hort. xxxiv. 
 
 i. 22. 
 — • Devonia'na. 2. Purple, white. May. S. 
 
 America. 1840. B. M. t. 4610. 
 Delphi'na. Bed, edged with yellow ; lip. 
 
 white, veined with purple. Venezuela. 
 
 1887. Lind. t. 80. 
 — JtavetolO'. Yellowish-brown ; lip yellow, dotted 
 
 with purple. Venezuela. 1887. Lind. 
 
 t. 90. 
 
 — gra'cUis. 2. Green, yellow. May. Sierra 
 
 Leone. 1822. B. B. t. 742. Xow re- 
 ferred to EULOPHIA. 
 
 — Harveya'na. Sepia-brown. Tropical America. 
 — ju'ncea. Eosy -purple ; lip with a darker edge. 
 
 Indian Archipelago. 1847. Syn., Phams 
 roseUus. Fl. Ser. t. 301. 
 
 — mi'nax. Yellowish-copper, whitish-purple. 
 
 June. Columbia. 1874. 
 
 — niva'Us. Olive-colour ; lip white, violet. Tro- 
 
 pical America. G. C. 1882, xvii. p. 536. 
 
 Galedu'pa. A synonym of Pon- 
 gamia. 
 
 Gale'ga. Goat's Rue. (From gala, 
 milk ; referring to an old idea that the 
 herbage was superior for milk-cows, 
 goats, etc. Nat. ord., Legwminosm ; 
 Tribe, Galegece.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous, rather rambling perennials. 
 Seeds sown in spring ; division of the plant at. 
 the same time ; common soil. 
 G. bUo'ba. 3. Blue. July. 1823. Swt. Fl. 
 Gard. 1. 159. 
 
 — offidna'lis. 4. Blue. July. Spain. 1568.. 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 726. 
 a'lba. 4. White. July. Spain. 
 
 — orientaHis. 4. Blue. July. Levant. 1801. 
 
 B. M. t. 4192. 
 
 — petrsica. 2. White. July. Persia. 1826. 
 
 Svrt. Fl. Gard. t. 244. 
 lUa'ema. 3. LUac. June. Persia. 1830. 
 
 — tricolor. A synonym of G. persica. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 
 G. hijyra. See Tephrosia Hfiora. 
 
 — cari'bcea. See Tephrosia caribcea. 
 
 — emelrea. Jacq. Ic. t. 575. See Tephrosia, 
 
 cinerea. 
 — jUiffo'rmis. See Galactia jUiformis. 
 
 — gramdiflo'ra. See Tephrosia gra/ndijlora. 
 
 — longifo'lia. See Galactia Itmgifolia. 
 
 — rmicrona'ta. See Tephrosia muoronata 
 
 Galeo'bdolon. Yellow Dead Nettle.. 
 (From gale, weasel, bdolos, foetid ; re- 
 ferring to the strong disagreeable odour 
 of the plant. Nat. ord., Labiai(e,~ 
 Tribe, Staehydece.) See Lamium. 
 G. lu'teum. See Lamium Galeobdolon. 
 
 Galeo'ttia. (In honour of M. H.. 
 Galeotti, of Ghent, who travelled in 
 Mexico. Nat. ord. , OrcMdeoe ; Tribe, 
 Vandem — Cyrtopodiece.) Now united 
 with Zygopetalum. 
 
 stove orchid. See Orchids. 
 G. Beavmui'ntia. Green, brown. Brazil. I860. 
 — fimbria' ta. Syn., Batemarmia jimbriaia. 
 
GAL 
 
 [407] 
 
 GAM 
 
 Galinso'ga. (After Don M. de 
 Galinsoga, a Spanish botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Compositm; Tribe, Helianthece.) 
 
 Weedy annual. Common soil ; seeds. 
 G.parmfio'ra. 1-2. YeUow, white. Autumn. 
 Peru, naturalized, and a pest in the 
 market gardens around Kew. 
 
 — triloba'ta. B. M. 1. 1895. See Tridax. 
 
 Gali'pea. (The Indian name in 
 South America. Nat. ord., Hutacecsj 
 Tribe, CmpariecB. Allied to Almeidea. ) 
 The Angostura bark is that of G. trifolia'ta. 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April, and 
 in heat ; peat and loam. 
 
 G. macrophy'lla. 2. Pink. Brazil. B. M 
 t. 4948. 
 
 — odorati'ssima. 2. White. May. Eio 
 
 Janeiro. 
 
 — trifolia'ta. 4. 
 
 2. White. May. 
 Green. Guiana. 1816. 
 Bed Straw. 
 
 A synonym of Asperula 
 
 Galium. Bed straw. (From gala. 
 milk; referring to the flowers of Cf. 
 ve'rum having been used to curdle milk. 
 Nat. ord., Mubiacew; Tribe, Galiece. 
 Allied to Rubia. ) 
 Few of these plants are interesting to the 
 
 fardener, except to cover rock or root-work, 
 hey possess, in a more or less degree, the dye- 
 ing qualities of Madder. Of the following 
 selected species all are herbaceous perennials, 
 except G. suave'oleni, which is an annual. 
 Annuals merely require to be sown in the com- 
 mon border, in March ; and the perennials 
 divided at the same time. 
 G. ca/mpa/mita'tum. 
 galioid^. 
 
 — capi'Uipes. 1. White. October. Eussia 
 
 1838. 
 
 — glau'cum. Synonymous with AspenUa 
 
 galioides. 
 
 — gralcMm. i. Purple. July. Candia. 1798., 
 
 — pe'rsieum. Yellow. July. Persia. 1837. 
 
 — purpu'reum. 1. Purple. July. Switzerland.. 
 
 1831. 
 
 — ru'brwm. 1. Purple. July. Italy. 1597. 
 
 — mave'oUns. 1. White. July. North Europe. 
 
 1821. 
 
 — tau'riewm. J. Yellow. July. Tauria. 1818. 
 
 — Vailla'ntii. 2. Green. May. England. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 667. 
 
 Gall is a tumour formed in conse- 
 quence of the part being punctured by 
 an insect, the tumour becoming the 
 nidus of the insect brood. The Oak- 
 apple caused by the Cynips querci is a 
 familiar example ; as, also, are the 
 bunches of leaves, not unlike a rose, 
 on the Kose, Willow, and the mossy 
 tufts on the twigs of the Wild Rose, and 
 erroneously called Bedeguar. These 
 tufts are caused by the Cynips rosce, 
 another species of Gall-fly. 
 
 Galphi'mia. (An anagram of Mal- 
 pighia, to which it is nearly allied. 
 Nat. ord., Malpighiacew ; Trine, Mai- 
 pigkiecE. ) 
 
 Stove evergreens, from Mexico, with yellow 
 flowers. Cuttings of young shoots, firm but not 
 too old, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bot- 
 tom-heat ; peat and loam. 
 
 G. glandulo'sa. April. 1824. 
 
 — glau'ca. 8. 1829. MaundBot. i. t 18 
 
 — gra'cilis. 8. 1848. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. September. 1824. Rev. Hort. 1847, 
 
 Galto'nia. (Named after Francis 
 Gallon, author of a "Narrative of an 
 Explorer in South Africa." Nat. ord., 
 LiliacecB; Tribe, Scillem. Allied to 
 Hyacinthus.) 
 
 Hardy bulbs. Seeds and offsets. Eich leaf- 
 mould and a little sandy peat. Planted in a 
 sheltered border, they are exceedingly orna- 
 mental plants ; the flowers are large and 
 drooping. 
 
 G. ca'ndicam. 3, White. Syn., Hyadnfhus 
 candicans. Eef. Bot. 1. 174. 
 
 — clava'ta. Greenish. S. Africa. B. M. t. 6885. 
 
 Eequires protection. 
 
 — pri'nceps. 3. White. Syn., Hyaainthm prin- 
 
 ceps. Eef. Bot. 1. 175. 
 
 Gamma Moth. Just after sunset, 
 in October, and hovering round flowers, 
 ma.y be seen this moth (No'etua ga'mnia). 
 It is called the Gamma Moth, because 
 about the middle of the upper wings, 
 but towards their inner border, there is 
 a silvery shining mark, like the Greek 
 letter gamma (y). The shape of this 
 mark has acqiiired to this insect another 
 name, the Y-Moth. The outspread 
 
 wings are about an inch across; the 
 upper ones grey-coloured, marbled with 
 brown, and shining; the under wings 
 pale ash, with a brown edge ; the head 
 and throat brownish, edged with grey 
 lines ; the belly, or abdomen, yellowish- 
 grey, tufted with brown hairs. In 
 October they deposit their eggs ; and it 
 would be an aid to the warfare against 
 them to ascertain what plants they select 
 for this purpose. The eggs hatch at 
 various times from May to September, 
 but chiefly during July. The cater- 
 pillars proceeding from them are green, 
 beset with greenish single hairs ; head 
 brownish-green ; on the back and sides 
 three or four yellowish- white lines ; feet 
 twelve in number, and marked with a 
 yellow stripe. These caterpillars com- 
 mit great ravages, especially in the 
 south of England, upon our peas and 
 other garden vegetables, the best remedy 
 for which is hand-picking. 
 
 Gamoohla'mys. 
 antheum. 
 
 See Spath- 
 
GAM 
 
 [408] 
 
 GAR 
 
 Gamole'pis. (From gameo, to 
 unite, and lepis, a scale ; the scales of 
 the involucre are united into a cup. 
 Nat. ord. , Compositee ; Tribe, Senecioni- 
 dea. Allied to Othonna. ) 
 
 Greenhouse dwarf showy shrub. Seeds ; 
 ripened cuttings, in sand, under a hand-glass. 
 Rich sandy loam. 
 
 G. euryopoi'des. 1-2. Yellow. S. Africa. 
 1863. B. M. t. 6249. 
 
 Gangrene. See Cankei?. 
 
 Garci'nia. Mangosteen. (Named 
 after Dr. Garcia, an eastern traveller. 
 Nat. ord., Guttiferce ; Tribe, Oardnew. 
 Allied to Mammea. ) 
 
 Of all the fruits in the East, that of G. Man- 
 gosta'na is the most highly extolled by Euro- 
 peans ; and the Gamboge from Siam is furnished 
 by G, Gambo'gia. Stove evergreen trees. Cut- 
 tings of ripened shoots in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, in a strong bottom-heat ; peat and loam. 
 G. co'mea. 30. Yellow. Indian Archipelago. 
 1823. Wight Ic. t. 105. 
 
 — Co'wa. 20. Yellow. India. 1822. 
 
 — Gambo'gia. 30. Yellow. Indian Archipelago 
 
 and Ceylon. 1820. 
 
 — Mamgosta'na. 20. Purple. Java. 1789. 
 
 Garden. Is generally understood 
 to mean that portion of the ground sur- 
 rounding or near a residence, and de- 
 signed either for the purpose of growing 
 fruit and vegetables, or for the cultiva- 
 tion of flowers, ornamental trees, etc. 
 These, however, will all be treated under 
 their various heads. Fruit garden. 
 Flower garden. Pleasure garden, etc, etc. 
 
 Garden Balsam. JusU'da pecto- 
 ra'lis. 
 
 Garden Beetle. In June and July, 
 a small, pretty beetle very often may be 
 found among the petals of white roses. 
 It is nearly half an inch long, and ratl»er 
 less than a quarter of an inch broad. Its 
 wing-cases are reddish-brown, shining, 
 and shorter than the body ; the body and 
 head are dark green, and the antenwae 
 reddish, having at their ends a dark green 
 club. This is the garden beetle {Phyllo'- 
 pertha horti'cola and Melolo'ntha horW- 
 cola of some). It feeds on the leaves of 
 apples, pears, and roses, gnawing them 
 full of small holes, and even transferring 
 its attacks to the young fruit of the apple. 
 During the latter part of July the female 
 retires into the earth for the purpose of 
 there depositing her eggs, from which the 
 grubs are speedily produced, and feed 
 upon the roots of plants. The only mode 
 of reducing the number of these beetles 
 is by searching for them during the even- 
 ing, when, if detected, they stiffen their 
 outstretched legs, and feign death ; but 
 in the day they fly about swiftly, and 
 are captured with great difficulty. 
 
 Garden Pebble-Moth. (Sco'pula 
 forficula'ris.) The perfect insect, says 
 
 Mr. Curtis, measures rather more than 
 an inch across when its wings are ex- 
 panded. The upper pair are hazel- 
 coloured, with four stripes, two of which 
 are distinct, and the other faint; the 
 under wings as well as the body are 
 whitish; and on the former, near the 
 centre, there is a curved brown streak, 
 and another black on the margin. The 
 first brood of caterpillars occurs in May, 
 and the second in the autumn ; and 
 when very numerous they do considerable 
 injury to cabbages and plantations of 
 horse-radish. The caterpillar is eight 
 or ten lines long, with the head of a 
 light-brown colour, and the body is yel- 
 lowish green, with black, longitudinal 
 stripes. Like other caterpillars, it may 
 be destroyed by being dusted with white 
 hellebore powder. 
 
 Gardener. The day is gone when 
 the spade and the blue apron were the 
 only appropriate devices forthe gardener. 
 He must now not only have a thorough 
 practical knowledge of his art, but he 
 must also have an intimate acquaintance 
 with its scientific aspects. No man 
 can have stored in his mind too much 
 knowledge ; but there are always some 
 branches of information of more value 
 than others. Of these, to the gardener, 
 there are none so important as botany 
 and chemistry — botany, physiological as 
 well as morphological — chemistry, espe- 
 cially as applied to the examination of 
 organic nature. The under gardeners, 
 though necessarily hardy, and the open 
 air is their appropriate whereabouts, 
 should have work assigned to them suit- 
 able to the clemency or inclemency of 
 the season ; for no men are more liable 
 to suffer early in life from rheumatism. 
 There are two golden sentences which 
 we would have always kept in mind by 
 the gardener : 
 
 1. Let all things be done orderly. 
 
 2. Be always ready to give an account 
 of your stewardship. 
 
 Gardener's Garter. Pka'laris. 
 
 Garde'nia. (Named after Dr. Gar- 
 den, an American. Nat. ord., Bubiacece; 
 Tribe, Gardeniew.) 
 
 Sweet-scented evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of 
 shoots half ripe, in sand, under glass, and in a 
 moist bottom-heat. This moist heat, when 
 growing and when coming into bloom, is the 
 very life of all the stove species. Even the 
 
 greenhouse kinds do best when pruned after 
 owering, grown rapidly afterwards ; if in a 
 moist atmosphere from decomposing material, 
 such as dung and leaves, all the better ; har- 
 dened off and ripened by exposure to light and 
 air in autumn, rested in a cool and dryish atmo- 
 sphere in winter, and started into bloom in a 
 moist heat again, and then removed to the 
 greenhouse ; peat and loam. 
 
GAR 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 Pink. July. 
 
 [409] 
 
 GAR 
 
 China. B. M. 
 
 G. amce'na. i. 
 t. 1904. 
 
 — angvMifo'lia. 3. White. 1823. 
 
 — citriodo'ra. B. M. t. 4987. See MUHostignm 
 
 acdlla/re. 
 
 — Jlo'rida. 6. Pale yellow. August. China. 
 
 1754. 
 Fortu'ni. 5. White. July. North China. 
 
 1844. 
 ple'na. 5. Pale yellow. August. China. 
 
 1754. 
 si'mplici. 6. White. January. E. Ind, 
 
 1831. 
 variega'ta. Leaves cream-spotted. 
 
 — globo'sa. White. June. Caffiraria. 
 
 — maru'bra. White. Japan. 1866. 
 
 — radi'cdns. 1. White. June. China- 1804. 
 
 B. M. t. 2627 and 3349. 
 
 — Rothma'nii. 10. Pale yellow. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1774. G. C. 1856, p. 436. 
 
 — spino'sa. 8. White. July. China. 1800. 
 
 — Thunbdrgii. B. White. February. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1773. 
 
 STOVE 
 
 G. arma'ta. 10. White. July. W. Ind. 1813. 
 
 — ca/mpanulalta. E. Ind. 1815. 
 
 — Devonia'na. B. B,. 1846, t. 63. See Randia. 
 
 — dumeto'rum. 6. White. July. E. Ind. 1777. 
 — fra' grans. 4. White. E. Ind. 1820. 
 ^hexa'gona. White. Brazil. 1868. 
 
 — latifi/lia 7. Pale yellow. E. Ind. 1787. 
 
 — longiflo'ra. Salis. Parad. t. 93. See Randia. 
 
 — longisty'la. B. M. t. 4322. See Maerophyra. 
 
 — lu'cida. 4. White. E. Ind. 1819. 
 
 — mallei'fera. B. M. t. 4307. See Randia 
 
 Tnallei^erd. 
 
 — monta'na. 8. White. E. Ind. 1819. 
 
 — ni'tida. 3. White. October. Sierra Leone. 
 
 — octomdria. B. M. t. 6410. i See Randia 
 
 inalleifera. 
 
 — pavi/tta. 6. White. July. E. Ind. 1817. 
 
 — Sherbou'vnioE. 3. White, red. June. Sierra 
 
 Leone. 1842. Climber. B. M. t. 4044. 
 Now referred to Amaralia. 
 
 — Stanleya'na. B. M. t. 4185. See Raiuiia 
 
 Stanleyana. 
 
 — tubijlo'ra. Andr. Rep. t. 183. See Oxyanthus 
 
 tubijlorus. 
 
 Gardening is the art of cultivating 
 and arranging plants, so as to obtain 
 from them the greatest ainount of pro- 
 duce and of beauty. 
 
 Garden Rocambole. A'Uium 
 /}phiosco'rodon. 
 
 Garden Swift Moth. {Hepi'alm 
 Iv/puhinus. ) The caterpillar of this moth 
 is more indiscriminate in its attacks upon 
 our plants than any other ravager of the 
 garden. The roots of the auriculas, snow- 
 drops, bear's - ear, parsnips, lettuces, 
 celery, potatoes, and strawoerries, have 
 all been observed destroyed.by this larva. 
 The moth, usually, is chalky -brown, 
 head and thorax woolly, and its upper 
 wings dark, bright brown, with a broad 
 line of white ; but sometimes this is ab- 
 sent, and at other times the upper wings 
 are chalky-white. These moths appear 
 about the end of May, and are very 
 abundant in the evening in meadows 
 and other grassy places. They deposit 
 their eggs apparently without discrimi- 1 
 
 nation, which soon hatch, and the cater- 
 pillars produced are cylindrical, and yel- 
 lowish-white, with black dots and hairs 
 on the upper part and sides of their seg- 
 ments. Tfhe caterpillar changes to an 
 ochreous, shining, cylindrical pupa. — 
 Gard. Chron. 
 
 Gardo'quia. (Named after Gardo- 
 cmi, a Spaniard. Nat. ord., LahiatcB ; 
 Tribe,' Satureinece. Allied to Melissa. ) 
 Of all the Lipworts, there is not a greenhouse 
 rival to G. Hooke'ri when well grown. Green- 
 house evergreens, except G. betoni^oi'deSf which 
 is herbaceous. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots 
 in June, in sand, under a hand-glass ; peat and 
 loam, with a fair portion of sand, and pieces of 
 broken bricks and charcoal. Winter temp., iO" 
 to 48' ; a shady place in summer. They should 
 be tried against a wall, with a slight protection 
 in winter. 
 
 G. betonicoi'des. B. M. t. 3860. See Cedronella 
 mexicana. 
 
 — di'tmlor. Purple. June. Chili. 1827. 
 
 — Oillie'sii. 2. Lilac. June. Chili. 1828. 
 
 — Hooke'ri. B. M. t. 1747. See Calamintha 
 
 coceinea. 
 
 — mvUifto'ra. 1. Purple. April. Chili. 1837. 
 
 B. M. t. 3772. 
 
 Garland Flower. Pleura'ndra 
 cneo'rum. 
 
 Garlick. (A'llium sati'vum.) Grows 
 best on a light, rich soil. 
 
 Planting. — It is generally propagated 
 by parting the roots, but may be raised, 
 from the Dulbs produced on the stems. 
 Plant any time in February, March, and 
 early in April ; but the middle of March 
 is the usual time. A single clove to be 
 placed in each hole, made six inches 
 apart, and one deep, in straight lines, 
 six inches distant from each other, care 
 being taken to set the roots downwards. 
 To do this, it is the best practice to 
 thrust the finger and thumb, holding a 
 clove between them, to the requisite 
 depth without any previous hole being 
 made. Keep them frequently hoed, and 
 in June the leaves are to be tied in knots, 
 to prevent the plants running to seed. 
 A few roots may be taken up as required 
 in June and July ; but the whole must 
 not be lifted until the leaves wither at 
 the close of July, or in the course of 
 August. It is usual to leave a part of 
 the stalk attached, by which they are 
 tied into bundles, being previously well 
 dried for keeping during the winter. 
 
 Garlic Pear. CratcB'va. 
 
 Ga'rrya. (Named after Mr. Garry, 
 of the Hudson's Bay Company, who 
 facilitated Douglas' botanical researches 
 in North West America. Nat. ord., 
 CornacecB. ) 
 
 Hardy evergreen shrubs. Layers in the 
 autumn, and cuttings toward the end of sum- 
 mer, in sandy soil, under a hand-light ; sandy 
 loam. 
 
GAR 
 
 [410] 
 
 GAS 
 
 G. elH'ptiea. 6. Green. October. California. 
 1828. B. R. 1. 1686. 
 
 — Frenw'nti. N.W. America. G. C. 1881, xv. 
 
 p. 431. 
 
 — lauHfo'lia. 6. White. Mexico. 1839. 
 
 — Macfadyenia'na. 6. Green. Jamaica. 1842. 
 
 — Tnacrophy'lln, 6. Green. Mexico 1846. 
 
 — Thurefti. Hybrid between G. elliptica and 
 
 G. Macfaydiana. 1862. Eev. Hort. 1869, 
 p. 17. 
 
 Garu'ga. (Its East Indian name. 
 Nat. ord., Burseracece; Tribe, Burserece. 
 Allied to BosweUia.) 
 
 One of the frankincense-trees so celebrated in 
 the Bast. Stove evergreen trees, with yellow 
 flowers ; cuttings of half -ripened shoots in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, and set in a little bottom- 
 heat ; peat and loam. 
 
 G. ■madagascarw'Tisis. 50. May. Madagascar. 
 1824. 
 
 — pinna' ta. 60. B. Ind. 1808. Wight Ic. 
 
 tt. 1594-5. 
 
 Gas-heating. If the flame is sup- 
 plied with air by the aid of a small pipe 
 communicating with the outside of the 
 house, is inclosed in a small iron stove, 
 and has the gases produced carried away 
 by a pipe, gas may be employed for pro- 
 tecting greenhouse plants in winter. 
 We have known a small greenhouse, 16 
 feet by 12, thus protected by a single 
 Argand burner. 
 
 Gaste'ria. (From gaster, a belly; 
 alluding to the swollen base of the 
 flowers. Nat. ord., LiliacecB; Tribe, 
 AloinecB.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of 
 Good Hope, and all with red flowers, except 
 ■wihere otherwise specified. Many of the species 
 have been described and figured under the name 
 of Aloe. 
 
 G. acmaei^o'lia, 3. Orange. July. 1819. 
 Tm'nor. 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 — angvla'ta. 2. July. 1791. 
 miTwr. li. August. 1820. 
 
 — angufstiifo' tia. 1^. June. 1731. 
 Umgifo'lm. IJ. July. 1796. 
 
 — apicr<rilde8. 2. 1879. 
 
 — Bayjuil&ii. |. Syn., Aloe Bayfieldii. 
 
 — bi'eolor. 1. 1824. 
 
 — brevifo'lia. 3. July. 1809. 
 
 pervi'ridis. IJ. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 — cafndicime. 1. July. 1822. 
 
 — ca/rma'ta. 2. July. 1731. 
 
 — cheUophj/lla. 1879. 
 
 — colubrina. 2. Coral-red, green. S. Africa. 
 
 1873. 
 
 — conBpurca'ta. 2. June. 1796. 
 
 — erasnifo'Ua. IJ. July. 1820. 
 
 — Crouch^ri. 2. Red, whitish. August. Natal. 
 
 1870. 
 
 — ded'piens. 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 — di'eta. IJ. Coral-red. S. Airica. 1876. 
 
 — di'stioha. 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 ma'jor. 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 natale^neis. Natal. 1879. 
 
 — eneifo'lia. 1. July. 1823. 
 
 — excava'ta. 1^. 1824. 
 
 ohli'qua. IJ. July. 1759. 
 
 — exce^laa. 4. Coral-red. 1860. 
 — fmcia'ta. IJ. July. 1820. 
 la'xa. 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 — formo'ga. 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 — fuscoptmcta'ta. 2. 1860. 
 
 G. gla'bra. 3. July. 1796. 
 
 mi'nor. 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 — gra'cilis. Natal. 1860. 
 
 — mterme^dia. 2. July. 1790. 
 aspe'rHma. 2. July. 1820. 
 
 — MvUn: 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 lo'ngior. 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 — loetepimeta'ta. 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 dentimda'ta. 2. Scarlet. July. 1822.. 
 
 — Icelvis. IJ. July. 1820. 
 
 — Imi'ta. 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 — maaula'ta. 2. Scarlet. July. 1759. 
 
 — —fa'lJax. 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 — marmora'ta. IJ. 1879. 
 
 — mo'llie. 1. July. 1823. 
 
 — ni'gricans. 2. July. 1790. 
 
 marmora'ta. IJ. July. 1820. 
 
 polyspi'la. Algoa Bay. 1862. 
 
 — ni'tens. 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 Irre'vior, 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 — ni'tida. 1. July. 1820. 
 
 gramdvpwnata'ta. 1. July. 1822. 
 
 — oUu'sa. 1\. July. 1820. 
 
 — oUusifo'lia. IJ. July. 1796. 
 
 — paXle'scens. 1. Algoa Bay. 1860. 
 
 — palrva. 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 — parvifo'lia. 1860. 
 
 — pethame'nsis is a hybrid between G. verrucosa- 
 
 and Aloe variegata. 
 
 — pi' eta. 3. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 — pUmt^o'lia, Red, greenish. Summer. Algoa. 
 
 Bay. 1860. 
 
 — plviripuunettita. 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 — porphryophy'lla, 1873. 
 
 — pu'lchra. 3. Scarlet. July. 1759. 
 
 — re'pens. 1. July. 1821. 
 
 — reta'ta. 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 — sqvarro'sa. 2J. 1879. 
 
 — atriga'ta. 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 — ffubeariTia'ta. 2. Orange. July. 1818. 
 — viri'dior. 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 — subni'griccms. 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 — gla'brior. 2. Scarlet. July. 1826, 
 
 — sahvermeo' m. 2. July. 1820. 
 parvipumcta'ta. 2. July. 1820. 
 
 — mlea'ta. 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 — trigo'na. IJ. July. 1820. 
 
 — unda'ta. 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 — varidlo'sa. 1. Algoa Bay. 1860. 
 
 — venu'sta. 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 — verrueo'sa, 2. July. 1731. 
 
 Gasto'nia. (After Gaston de Bour- 
 bon, son of Henri IV. of France. Nat. 
 ord., Arai'iacece.) 
 G. cutigpo'ngia. See Polyscias. 
 
 — palma'ta. B. R. t. 894. See Trevesia. 
 
 Gastroca'rpha. (From gaster, the 
 belly, and karphos, twigs. Nat. ord.,, 
 Compositm. ) 
 
 G. rundna'ta. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 229. See Moa- 
 charia. 
 
 Gastrochi'lus._ (From gaster, belly, 
 and cheilos, lip ; in reference to the 
 swollen lip. Nat. ord. , Seiiaminece ; 
 Tribe, Zingiherece. Allied to Hedy- 
 chium.) 
 
 Must notbe confounded with Don's Gastochi'lus, 
 a synonym of Saeeol^bvum. Stove herbaceous, 
 perennials. Divisions of the plant as fresh, 
 growth is commencing ; sandy loam. 
 G. Jenkinso'nii. 2. Orange, crimson. June, 
 E. Ind. 1841. 
 
 — longiflo'rus. 2. Yellow, red. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1843. ; 
 
 — pulcWrrinms. 2. Yellow, pink. August, 
 
 Rangoon. 1828. 
 
GAS 
 
 [411] 
 
 GAU 
 
 Gastroglo'ttis. See Liparis. 
 
 Gastrolo'bium. (From gaster, 
 belly, and lohos, a pod ; inflated seed- 
 
 ?od. Nat. ord., LeguminoscB ; Tribe, 
 'odalyriece. Allied to Eutaxia. ) 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from West Australia, 
 and all with yellow flowers, except where other- 
 wise mentioned. Seeds sown in a hotbed in 
 spring, after being soaked in warm water ; cut- 
 tings of half-ripened shoots in May, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass ; peat and loam, hoth flbry, 
 with a portion of silver sand, and small pieces 
 of charcoal ; impatient of sour, stagnant soil. 
 Gr. acu'tum. B. M. t. 4040. See Oxylobium am- 
 twm. 
 
 — bilo'tmm. 2. May. 1803. B. M. t. 2212. 
 
 — calyH'num. April. 
 
 — cofrdaltwm. See O^cylohium spectabUe, 
 
 — epacrM'des. 1847. 
 
 — obova'tum. April. 
 
 — ovalifo'lmm. Lem. Jard. Fl. t. 247. 
 
 — oicyloMoi'des, April. 1840. 
 
 — pyrwmida'le. Syn., Oxylobiwm ovalifoliwm of 
 
 Paxt. m. Gard. ii. t. 86. 
 
 — retu'swm. See Qa^bmm retusum. 
 
 — spathulatum. 1| '^ 
 
 — specta'bile. Orange, crimson. 1859. 
 
 — epino'sum. 3. April. 1840. Paxt. Mag. xi. 
 
 p. 171. 
 
 — trito'bwm. 
 
 — vduti'rmm. Orange. April. 1862. Paxt. H. 
 
 Gard. iii. p. 76. 
 
 — vUlo'sum. 3. Bed, crimson. May. 1845. 
 
 Gastrone'ma. (From gaster, belly, 
 and nema, a filament ; in reference to 
 the filaments seen below the point of 
 insertion. Nat. ord., Amaryllidece. A 
 sub-genus of Cyrtanthus.) 
 
 Dr. BurcheU discovered the pretty bulb, da- 
 va'tum, and flowered it in an open border along 
 with other Cape rarities ; its native i)lace at the 
 Gape is in ** fields beyond Camtowrs river," Off- 
 sets ; sandy loam, nbry peat, and dried leaf- 
 mould ; plenty of water when growing, and dry 
 when at rest. 
 
 G. clava'twm. B. M. t. 2291. See Cyrtcmthus 
 unijlorus. 
 
 — samgui'newm. See Cyrttmthus saTigumeus. 
 
 B. M. t. 6218. 
 
 fla'mmeum. Eosy-crimson. S. Africa. 
 
 1871. 
 
 Gaten or Gater-tree. Co'mm 
 sangui'nea. 
 
 Gatherer. The hand is the best 
 instrument for collecting fruit into the 
 basket; but to avoid the danger and 
 No. 1. No. 2. 
 
 breakage of branches incidental to using 
 long ladders, the following instruments 
 have been designed. No. 1 for apples 
 
 and other single fruit ; No. 2 for grapes, 
 the stalk of which it severs and retains 
 in its grasp. 
 
 Gathering. See Fruit-room. 
 
 Gaudichau'dia. (Named after C> 
 Gaudichaud, a French Naturalist. Nat. 
 ord., MalpighiacecE ; Tribe, Gaudi- 
 chaudem. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Cuttings of ripe shoots in. 
 summer, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in 
 bottom-heat ; peat and loam, with sand, and 
 pieces of charcoal to keep it open. 
 G. cyncmchoi'des, 10. Yellow. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 Gaulthe'ria. (Named after Dr^ 
 Gaulther, a Canadian. Nat. ord.. Erica- 
 cece; Tribe, Andromedece. Allied to. 
 Pemettia.) 
 
 The oil of Wintergreens used to flavour drugs,, 
 and also by perfumers, is obtained from the ber- 
 ries of 0. p^ocu'mbens. Chiefly by layers and 
 seeds. G. procu'inb&ns requires a moist peat- 
 soil; ff./SAa'HoM will grow in any soil. The fruit is 
 prized for its flavour so much by the natives, 
 that they make it into bread forwinter use. The 
 greenhouse kinds require peat, and similar treat- 
 ment, with the exception of a temperature from 
 35° to 45" in winter. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 ff. cocei'nea. 1. Pink. Caraccas. 1849. 
 
 — num/mularioi'des. White, or rosy -pink. 
 
 Himalayas. Syns., G. nummulariiR- 
 (Paxt. Fl. Gard. ii. p. 164) and (?> 
 repens. 
 
 — procu'mbens. J. White, July. N. Amer^ 
 
 1762. 
 
 — Sha'Uon. 4. White, May. N. Amer. 1826.. 
 
 B. M. t. 2843. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 G. anti'poda. 6. White. New Zealand. 1820.. 
 
 — bractea'ta. Eed, July. Columbia. 1848.- 
 
 B. M. t. 4461. 
 
 — eorda'ta. White. May. Japan. 
 
 — di'scolor. White, pink. Bootan. 
 
 — ferrugilnea. Pink. June. Brazil. 1862. 
 — fra'gra/n£. See G. fragrantissima. 
 —fragrtmtisnma. White. Himalaya. 1869.. 
 
 Syn., Cf. fragrams. 
 
 — gla'bra. 
 
 caraccasa'nu. White. Columbia. 1874. 
 
 — insi'pida. 6-8, White. Columbia. 1873. 
 
 Half-hardy. 
 
 — Lindenia'na. Pure white. Venezuela. Paxt. 
 
 Fl. Gard. i. p. 112. 
 
 — serpyUifo'lia. A synonym of Fhalerocarpus 
 
 Gau'ra. (From gauros, superb ; re- 
 ferring to the beauty of some of the 
 species. Nat. ord., Onagraceai. Allied, 
 to Stenosiphon.) 
 
 Annual, biennial, and perennial herbs— ar& 
 all hardy, and all may be sown in April, and the. 
 perennials may also be divided. Sandy, rich 
 foam suits them all. 
 
 O. amgiMtifollia. 2. .Pink. August, Carolina^ 
 Perennial. Syn,, G.fruticosa. 
 
 — bidimis. 6. Eed, white. September. N.. 
 
 Amer. 1762. B. M. t, 389. 
 
 — cooci'nea. J. Scarlet. September. Louisiana. 
 
 1811. Perennial, 
 —frutico'sa. Jacq. Ic. t. 457. See G. angusti- 
 folia. 
 
 — Lvndhei'meri. 4. White, red, July. Texas.. 
 
 1860. Paxt. Fl, Gard. iii. p. 127. Peren- 
 nial. 
 
GAU 
 
 [412] 
 
 GEL 
 
 C muta'Ulis, 2. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 
 1795. Annual. 
 
 — cenothercefo'lia. IJ. Purple. July. S. Amer. 
 
 1816. Biennial. 
 
 — parvijlo'ra. 4. Yellow. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1836. Annual. B. M. t. 3606. 
 
 — sinua'ta. Blush. July. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 Biennial. 
 
 — tripe'tala,. 1^. Pink. August. Mexico. 
 
 1804. Annual. 
 
 Gau'ssia. (Commemorative. Nat. 
 ■ord. , Palmece ; Tribe, Areceai. ) 
 Stove Palms. 
 
 0. Ghiesbre'ghtii. W. Indies. SyTis., ChaTncedorea 
 Ghiesbreghtii and Oreodoxa ventricosa. 
 
 — pH'nceps. "W. Indies. 
 
 Gaylussa'cia. (Named after M. 
 Gay Lussac, a celebrated French chemist. 
 Nat. ord., Vaceiniacece. Allied to Vao- 
 •cinium. ) 
 
 Cranberry-like half-hardy evergreens. Seeds 
 .and layers ; sandy peat, a little loam, and leaf- 
 mould ; require the protection of a pit or the 
 greenhouse in winter. 
 G. dumo'sa. 1-5. White to rose-red. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1774. Syn., Vacciniv/m d/u- 
 
 moswn. B. M. 1. 1106. 
 — /rondo' sa. 3-6. Greenish-purple. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1761. Syn., Vaccinium frori- 
 
 dosum. Andr. Rep. 1. 140. 
 ^ Lindenia'na. White. Caraccas. 1850. 
 
 — ni'tida. Scarlet. Bahia. 1853. 
 
 — nuTnmula'rice. White. Himalaya. 1851. 
 
 — pseu'do-vacd'neum. 1-2. Crimson. May. 
 
 Brazil. 1843. B. K. 1844, t. 62. Syn., 
 Vaccinium. brasiliense. 
 
 — resino'sa. 1-3. Reddish. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1782. Syn., Vacmnium remioswm. B. 
 M. 1. 1288. 
 
 — ro'sea. Rose. May. Peru. 1843. 
 
 Gaza'nia. (From gaza, richness ; in 
 reference to the large gaudy flowers. 
 Nat. ord., CompositoB ; Tribe, Arcto- 
 tidecB. Allied to Gorteria. ) 
 
 Natives of Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of 
 .side-shoots, produced in abundance near the 
 base of the plant, in August ; more sparingly in 
 ;spring, in sandy soil, under a hand-light ; peat 
 .and loam, with a portion of sand. Useful plants 
 on sunny borders in summer. 
 <T. heterophj/Ua. i. Orange. July 1812. 
 Herbaceous. 
 • — longiicalpa. J. Orange-yeUow. July. Algoa 
 Bay. 
 
 — pavo'nia. IJ. Yellow. July. 1804. B. R. 
 
 t. 35. Syn., Gorteria pavonia, Andr. Rep. 
 t. 523. 
 
 — pinna'ta integrifo'lia. Yellow. 1881. 
 
 — ri'ngens. 1. Orange. June. 1766. Syn., 
 
 Gorteria ringens, B. M. t. 90. 
 
 — spUndens. IJ. Orange, black, white. Perhaps 
 
 a hybrid. 
 
 — iubula'ta. 1. Yellow. July. 1792. 
 uniflo'ra. 1. Yellow. July. 1816. B.M.t.2270. 
 
 Gazanio'psis. (From Gazania, and 
 ■opsis, like; resembling thegenus(?a2ara«a. 
 Nat. ord., Compositce ; Tribe, Arcto- 
 ■iidece. ) 
 
 Half-hardy perennial. A sunny position In 
 common soil. Seeds ; cuttings under a hand- 
 Jight, 
 
 ■G. stenophy'U'a. Leaves bronzy-green to golden 
 yellow, white beneath. Garden hybrid. 
 1882. 
 
 Geisso'is. {From ffeisson, the iio-aae 
 tiles ; alluding to the imbricated seeds. 
 Nat. ord., Saxifragaeece ; Tribe; Cuno- 
 niecB.) 
 
 A magnificent stove tree. Racemes of flowers 
 produced on tiie old wood. Cuttings under a 
 hand-glass in heat. Peat and loam. 
 G. raeemo'sa. Crimson. New Caledonia, 1861. 
 111. Hort. ser. 2, t. 385. 
 
 Geissome'ria. (From geisson, a 
 tile, and meris, a part ; referring to the 
 way the bracts are imbricated, or fall 
 over each other as tiles on a roof. Nat. 
 ord. , Acanthacece ; Tribe, Justiciece. Al- 
 lied to Aphelandra. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of shoots 
 getting firm, any time in summer, in sand, under 
 a bell-glass, and a sweet bottom-heat ; loam and 
 peat, with sand, and a little old cow-dung. 
 G. aurmiti'aca. 2. Orange, red. Autumn. 
 1848. 
 
 — cocci'nea. Scarlet. Autumn. Jamaica. 
 
 Syns., Eranthermim coccineum and Sal- 
 piscantha coccmea. B. M. t. 4158. 
 —fu'lgida. Scarlet. August. W. Ind. 1804. 
 
 — longiflo'ra. B Scarlet. July. Brazil. 1826. 
 
 B. R. 1. 1045. 
 
 Geissorhi'za. Tile Root. (From 
 geisson, a tile, and rhiza, a root ; refer- 
 ring to the dry coats which cover the 
 fleMiy roots like tiles on a, roof. Nat. 
 ord., Irideoe; Tribe, Ixiece. Allied to 
 Trichonema.) 
 
 Half-hardy bulbs, from South Africa. Except 
 when planted out on a border, in front of a green- 
 house, or in frames, the roots should be planted 
 in a handful of white sand ; offsets ; sandy peat, 
 with a little loam ; must be kept from the frost 
 in winter. 
 G. cilia'ris. 1. May. 
 
 — erelcta. See Hes-perantha. 
 
 — exci'sa. J. White. May. 1789. 
 
 — gra'ndis. 1. Straw, crimson. May. S. 
 
 Africa. 1866. B. M. t. 6877. 
 
 — hi'rta. 1. White. May. 1826. 
 
 — hu'milis. Yellow, rose. May. 1822. 
 
 — imbrica'ta. 1. Variegated. May. 1825. 
 
 — infie'xa. 1^. Yellow, purple. May. 1824. 
 
 Syn., G. vaginata. 
 
 — ju'ncea. 1. White. July. 1822. 
 
 — Laro'chei. |. Violet. May. 1790. 
 
 — oituaa'ta. 1. Yellow. May. 1801. B. M. 
 
 t. 672. 
 
 — secu'nda. 1. White. May. 1795. Syn., 
 
 /«ia secunda. B. M. t. 1106. 
 albilsoens. 1. White. May. 1795. 
 
 — - easnilea. 1. Blue. May. 1796. 
 
 — setaJeea. 1. Sulphur. July. 1809. B. M. 
 
 1. 1265. 
 
 — mUu'tea. 1. Yellow. May. 1825. 
 
 — vagina! ta. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 138. See G. 
 
 injiexa. 
 
 Geitohople'sium. (From geiton, 
 a neighbour, and plesion, near ; alluding 
 to its affinity with the genus Eustrephus. . 
 Nat. ord., LUiacece ; Tnbe, Luzuriagece.) 
 Greenhouse climber. For cultivation, see 
 Eustrephus. 
 G, cymo'sum. Green. New Holland. 1832. 
 
 Ge'la. (From geleo, to shine ; refer- 
 ring to the surface of the leaves. Nat. 
 
GEL 
 
 [413] 
 
 GEN 
 
 ord., Rutacem.) By some authorities 
 united to Acronychia. 
 
 Greenhouseevergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in May, under a band-light, in 
 sandy soil ; sandy peat. 
 
 G. laruieola'ta. 4. Yellow. Cochin China. 1820. 
 — oblongifo'lia. See Ximenia oblongifolia. 
 
 Gela'sine. (FTomgeltismos, a smiling 
 dimple ; referring to the flowers of these 
 pretty bulbs. Nat. ord., iVirf«(B; Tribe, 
 Sisyrinchiece. Allied to Nemastylis. ) 
 
 A bulb, from the Rio Grande in South America, 
 almost, if not altogether, hardy ; Nuttall's Nema- 
 sty'lisis the nearest genus to it ; but Trichone'ma, 
 so well known, will give a good idea of it ; light, 
 sandy soil suits it best. It seeds freely, and 
 seedlings flower the second season from the 
 sowing, and, like most Irids, they increase by 
 offsets, 
 
 G. azu'rea. 1. Blue. May. S. Amer. 1838. 
 B. M. t. 3779. 
 
 Gelse'iniuni. (From gelsemiv^, an 
 Italian name of the Jasmine ; alluding 
 to the similarity of the flowers. Nat. 
 ord. , LoganiacecB ; Tribe, Gelsemiece.) 
 
 A hardy climbing shrub, commonly called 
 Carolina Jasmine. Cuttings under a hand-glass. 
 Kich loam. 
 
 G. ni'tidum. Yellow. June. N. America. 1840. 
 Bentl. and Tr. t. 181. 
 
 Genety'llis. (From genetyllis, pro- 
 tective of birth ; alluding to the form 
 and position of the flowers. Nat. ord., 
 MyrtacevB. ) Now united to Darwinia. 
 Greenhouse evergreens. Cultivated like the 
 Myrtle. 
 
 G. Jimbria'ta. B. M. t. 5864. See Darwinia 
 fimbriata. 
 
 — fuchsioi'des. 3. Scarlet. 1865. L'Hort. Fr. 
 
 1864, 1. 15. Syn., Darwinia Hookeriana. 
 
 — Tnacrost^gia. 2. Crimson. May. Western 
 
 Australia. 1864. Syn., Darwinia mac- 
 
 — tvlipi'fera. 2J. Straw, crimson. April. Swan 
 
 River. 1854. B. M. t. 4668. Syn., Heda- 
 roma tulipifera. 
 
 Geni'pa. Genip-tree. (From Gene- 
 papa, the native name. Nat. ord., 
 RuhiacecB ; Tribe, Gardeniece. Allied to 
 Gardenia. ) 
 
 The Genipap, a South American fruit, is pro- 
 duced by G. america'na ; it is as large as an 
 orange, and much esteemed. Stove evergreen 
 trees. Cuttings of shoots just getting a little 
 firm, in May, m sand, under a bell-glass, and in 
 bottom-heat ; peat and loam, with a little sand 
 and cow-dung. 
 G. america'na. 30. Pale yellow. S. Amer. 1779. 
 
 — edu'lis. Synonymous with AWbertia ediUis. 
 
 — esaiMnta. 20. China. 1823. 
 
 — Meria'nm. 10. White. Cayenne. 1800. 
 
 — oblonfii/o'lia. 20. Yellow. Peru. 1821. 
 
 Geni'sta. (An old Latin name used 
 by Viral. Nat. ord., Leguminosw ; 
 Tribe, Genisteoe. Allied to Spartium.) 
 
 Low shrubs, all with yellow flowers. The 
 greenhouse and half-hardy kinds like peat and 
 loam, with a little sand and leaf-mould, and are 
 propagated by cuttings of the young shoots in 
 summer, in sand, under a bell-glass. The hardy 
 kinds are easily increased by seed, and the most 
 
 rare by cuttings under a hand-light, after April, 
 in a shady place. Whatever plan is adopted, 
 they should be frecjuently transplanted, or it. 
 once removed to then* position in the shrubbery, 
 as they make long, naked roots. Canarie'nsis is. 
 about the best of the greenhouse ones, and that 
 in a dry place requires only a little protection, 
 out of doors. Lunta'nicaa.TiA radial ta look inte- 
 resting even in winter, when the leaves are gone. 
 A!njglica is the rough-looking spring dwarf -bush 
 that blooms so freely in our moist moors. Tino 
 to'ria is used in all its parts for producing a 
 yellow dye ; and on a rock-work, or on the top 
 of a mound, with its branches allowed to creep 
 downwards, few things in spring and the begin- 
 ning of summer are more splendid than the trail- 
 ing trigue!tra, and its next-door neighbour, 
 tnangma'ris. Common, loamy soil suits all the 
 hardy ones. 
 
 GREENHOUSE DECIDUOUS. 
 
 G. conge'sta. 4. June. Teneriffe. 
 
 — monospe'rma. 4. July. South Europe. 1690. 
 
 B. R. 1. 1918. Hardy against a wall in 
 the South of England. 
 
 — sphceroca'rpa. See Ketania spluBrocarpa. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 G. bracteola'ta. 2. May. 1823. Maund Bot. v. 
 t. 236. 
 
 — canariefnsis. 2. June. Canaries. 1659. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1201. 
 
 — dava'ta. 3. June. Mogadore. 1812. 
 
 — fe'rox. 1}. July. Barbary. 1800. 
 
 -- linifo'lia. 3. June. Spain. 1739. B. M. 
 t. 442. 
 
 — Qwcniolna. A hybrid between G. Everstianoi 
 
 and G. elegans. 1889. 
 
 — Spachia'na. 2. Canaries. B. M. t. 4195. 
 
 — wmbeUa'ta. 3. June. Barbary. 1799. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS. 
 
 G. aphi/Ua. A synonym of Erffmospa/rtmn- 
 aphyllum. 
 
 — hwmifu'sa. 1. July. France. 1819. Trailer^ 
 
 — sco'rpius. i. Aj)ril. South Europe. 1670. 
 
 — tetra'gona. 1. July. Podolia. 1822. Trailer^ 
 
 — virga'ta. A synonym of Eremeapartv/m aphyl- 
 
 Iwtn. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 G. (Ethne'nBis. 3. July. Sicily. 1816. Synonymous 
 with Dendrospartwm osthnense. 
 
 — Arma'nctia. Yellow. 1884. 
 
 — Andrea'rM. Wings bright chestnut. Nor- 
 
 mandy. Rev. Hort. 1886, p. 372. Syn., 
 Sarcothamnus scopari'us, var. Andreana. 
 
 — a'ngliGa. 2. July. Britain. 
 
 — arigvlalta. 3. June. Maryland. 1739. A 
 
 synonym of Cytisus angulatus. 
 
 — Anxa'ntica. 4. July. Italy. 1818. Swt» 
 
 Fl. Gard. t. 266. 
 
 — ca'ndicans. 2. May. Spain. 1736. Wats. 
 
 Dendr. t. 80. 
 
 — capita'ta. Perhaps a synonym of G. elavata. 
 
 — cim^'rea. 4. July. South Europe. Wats- 
 
 Dendr. t. 76. 
 
 — decu'mben.s. J. June. Burgundy. 1775. 
 
 Trailer. A synonym of Cytisus decum- 
 bem. B. C. t. 718. 
 
 — diffu'sa. 3. June. Hungary. 1816. 
 
 — fio'rida. 6. July. Spain. 1762. 
 
 — fra' grans. Syn., Spartium fragrans. 
 
 — germa'nica. 2. July. Germany. 1773. 
 ine'rmis. 2. July. Germany. 
 
 — hispa'nica. 2. July. Spain. 1769. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 657. 
 
 — Mrrida. 2. July. Pyrenees. 1821. 
 
 — ita'liea. 3. July. Italy. 
 
 — Zusita'nica. 2. May. Portugal. 1771. 
 
 — ma'ntica. 3. July. South Europe. 1816. 
 
 — ova'ta. 3. July. Hungary. 1816. B, C. 
 
 t. 482. 
 
 — parvifio'ra. 3. July. South Europe. 1817. 
 
 Synonymous with Goniocystis angulatus. 
 
GEN 
 
 [414] 
 
 GEN 
 
 ■C. pa'tem. 2. June. Spain. 
 
 — pa' tula. 3. July. Caucasus. 1818. 
 
 — pilo'sa. 6. June. England. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 
 t. 327. Green weed. 
 
 — polygakefo'lia. 3. July. Spain. 1820. 
 
 — prce'cox. A garden hybrid. 1882. 
 
 — proaii!mi)ens. IJ. July. Hungary. 1816. 
 
 Trailer. B. R. t. 1160. A synonym of 
 Cytisus decutnbens. 
 
 — pu'rgafis. Yellow. April. S. Europe. 
 
 — radia'ta. 1}. July. Italy. 1758. 
 
 — sagitta'lis. i. June. Germany. 1570. 
 md'tuyr. May. Trailer. 
 
 — scario'sa. 6. July. Italy. 1821. Syns., G. 
 
 triangularis and G. triquetra, B. C. 
 1. 1136. 
 
 — seri'eea. 3. June. Austria. 1812. Jacq. Ic. 
 
 1. 141. 
 
 — sibi'rica. 2. July. Siberia, 1785. 
 
 — siloe'stris. 2. July. Hungary. 1818. 
 
 — tiiicto'ria. 3. July. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 
 t. 328. 
 
 ■ Jlo're-ple^no. 2. July. 
 
 hirsu'ta. 2. July. Britain. 
 
 latifo'lia. 2. July. Auvergne. 1824. 
 
 prate'nsis. 2. July. Italy. 
 
 — triaca'nthos. 2. July. Spain. 
 interru'pta. 2. May. Tangieiv 
 
 — triangula'ris and triqiietra. B. M. t. 314. 
 
 See G. scariosa. Hungary. 1816. 
 
 — visco'sa. B. M. t. 2136. See Ixanthos. 
 
 Gentia'na. Gentian. (Named after 
 ■Geiitius, king of lUyria, who first ex- 
 perienced the virtue of Gentian. Nat. 
 ord. , Gentianacece ; Tribe, SwertiecB. ) 
 
 The root of G. lu'tea is the true Gentian of the 
 druggists, an intense bitter, only exceeded by 
 that otAle/trisfarin&sa, a little North American 
 Bloodroot, the most intense bitter known, and 
 by Qua'ssia ama'ra. All may be propagated by 
 ■seed sown as soon as ripe ; the perennials, also, 
 by division in spring. Some of the creeping, low- 
 . growing kinds, as acavllig, make nice edgings to 
 walks and borders. The rarer species require 
 li^ht sandy peat, and all should be periodically 
 raised from seeds. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 ^. ammre'lla. i- Purple. August. Britain, 
 lu'tea. J. Yellow. August. 
 
 — amgiKtifo'lia,. J. Purple. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1812. 
 
 — ca/rinthiaca. See PleAj/togyne carinthiaea. 
 
 — germa'niea. i. Blue. August. Germany. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — glaeiallie. J. Blue. July. Alps. 1819. 
 
 — hu'milis. J. Purple. April. Caucasus. 1824. 
 
 — liooreroftia'na. i. Pale blue. W. Hima- 
 
 layas. B. M. t. 6727. 
 
 — niva'lis. \. Blue. August. Scotland. 
 
 — obtusifo'lia. \. Yellow. July. Switzerland. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — pratelngis. J. Blue. July. Siberia. 1817. 
 
 — prostra'ta. J. Blue. Corinthian Alps, Siberia, 
 
 and N. America. 1888. 
 
 HARDY BIENNIALS. 
 
 <?. barbaJta. J. Blue. August. Siberia. 1764. 
 
 — eauca'sica. i. Violet. July. Caucasus. 1804. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1038. 
 
 — cori/e'rta. Blue. August. Altaia. 1827. 
 
 — arinilta. *. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1804. 
 
 B. M: t. 2031. 
 
 — uligino'sa. Blue. August. Germany. 1827. 
 
 — umjlo'ra. Violet. July. Carpathian Moun- 
 
 tains. 1828. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 
 ■G. cesti'va. J. Blue. July. Austria. 1818. 
 
 — acau'lis. i. Blue. May. Wales. B. M. 
 
 t. 62, There are many varieties of this 
 species. 
 
 Cr. adsce'ndens. }. Blue. July. Siberia. 1799, 
 
 B. M. tt. 705 and 723. 
 
 deeu'mbens. J. Blue. June. Siberia, 
 
 1799. 
 
 — aj/i'nis. l-lj. White, striped greenish out- 
 
 side. Rocky Mountains ? 
 
 — a'lgida. j. White. July. Siberia. 1808. 
 
 — alm'na. \. Blue. July, Alps. 1817. B. 
 
 C. t. 476. 
 
 — alta'iea. 1. Purple. May. Sibena. 1824. 
 
 — Andre'wm. 1-2. Blue. N. America. 1776. 
 
 Syn., G. aaponaria of most gardens. The 
 Closed Gentian. 
 
 — amgul&sa. J. Purple. Altai. 1824. 
 
 — angustifo'lia. J. Blue. May. Alps. 1819. 
 
 — arverne^nsis. Deep blue. Allied to G. Pneu- 
 
 ■monanthe, Fl. and Pom. 1882, p. 76. 
 
 — asclepia'dea. 1. Blue. July. Austria. 1629. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1078. 
 
 a'lba. 2. White. 
 
 ma'jffr. 2. Blue. July. 
 
 ochroleu'ca. 1. Cream. July. 
 
 — au'rea. J. Yellow. August. Norway. 1823. 
 
 — barba'ta. 1. Blue. June to August. Caucasus. 
 
 1890. 
 
 — bava'rica. i. Blue. July. Europe. 1776. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1266. 
 
 '■o'vii. 1. Violet. New Mexico. B. M. 
 t. 6874. 
 
 — bilo'ba. 2i. Yellow. July. Alps. 1820. 
 
 — Burse^ri. 2. Yellow. July. Pyrenees. 1820. 
 
 — calyco'sa. i. Blue, dotted with white. W. 
 
 United States. 1883. Gfl. t. 1270, a-o. 
 
 — caTnpanula'ta. 2. Sulphur. July. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1819. 
 
 — carpa'thica. Carpathian Alps. Jard. 1888, 
 
 p. 113. 
 
 — Catesbaii. IJ. Blue. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1803. Andr. Eep. t. 418. 
 
 — Charpentie'Ti. Yellow, dotted with red. 
 
 Swiss Alps. 1888. 
 
 — cilia'ta. f . Blue. Germany. 1769. B. M. 
 
 — clava'ta. i 
 
 — Clu'Hi. i. 
 
 — crucia'ta. 
 
 1596. 
 
 — Fetisscfwi. 
 1. 1069, 
 
 Blue. 1820. 
 Dark blue. Alps. 1888. 
 1. Dark blue. July. Austria. 
 
 Turkestan. 1882. Gfl. 
 
 Blue, 
 f . 1-6. 
 — jimbricb'ta. i. Blue. August. Caucasus. 
 
 1818. Andr. Rep. t. 609. 
 — fidrida. Yellow. 
 
 —folio'sa. Lilac. Andes of Pichincha at the 
 snow line. 
 
 — Fortu'n^i. Lilac. Siberia. 
 —fri'gida. J. White. July. Syria. 1817. 
 
 — Frceli'chii. Stemless. Blue. Alps. 1888. 
 
 — Gaudinia'na. Lurid purple. Swiss Alps. 
 
 Syn., G. spuria. 
 
 — GebU'ri. Blue. August. Russia. 1832. 
 
 — ge'lida. 1. Blue. July. Siberia. 1807. 
 
 Faxt. Mag. vii. p. 6. 
 
 — Aj/'Wda. 2i. Yellow, purple. July. Swit- 
 
 zerland. 1817. 
 
 — imbrica'ta. J. Blue. July. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — iruiama'ta. 2. Pink. September. N. Amer. 
 
 1812. B. M. 1. 1856. 
 
 — intermedia. 2. Purple. September. N. 
 
 Amer. 1820. B. M. t. 2303. 
 
 — Kesselri'ngi. i. Blue. Turkestan. 1882. 
 
 Gfl. 1. 1087, i. 3-4. 
 
 — Eochia'na. Stemless. Dark blue, with five 
 
 dark-green spots. AJps. Wein. Gart. 
 Zeit. 1888, p. 181. 
 
 — Kwmmeria'na. Hybrid between G. lutea and 
 
 G. pannonica. N. Tyrol. 1888, Syn., 
 Q. Rcengsti. 
 
 — Kv!rroo. J. Blue, white. Autumn. W. 
 
 Himalaya. 1879. 
 
 — Knea'riis. 1. Blue. August. Carolina. 1818. 
 
 — Mtea. 4. Yellow. July. Alps. 1596. 
 
GEO 
 
 [415] 
 
 GEO 
 
 July. Siberia. 
 
 ■G. ■macrophy'Ua. 1. Blue. 
 1796. B. M. t. 1414. 
 
 — ochroleu'ca. 2. Yellowish. N. Amer. 1803. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1551. 
 
 — oma'ta. \. Blue. May. Himalaya. 1880. 
 
 B. M. t. 6614. 
 
 — fanno'iiica. 1. Purple. July. Alps. 
 
 — plebeOa. J. Dark blue. J ly. Germany. 
 
 1834. 
 
 — Pneimiana'nthe. J. Blue. August. England. 
 Jlo're-fi'lbo, ^. White, gi'een. August. 
 
 Germany. 1834. 
 
 gulta'ta. }. Blue. August. B. M. 
 
 1. 1101. 
 
 — pseu'do-pneumona'nthe. ^. Blue. August. 
 
 N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 — pu'mila. J. Blue. May. Switzerland. 1817. 
 
 — puncta'ta. 3. Yellow. July. Alps. 1776. 
 
 — purpu'rea. 3. Blue. July. Alps. 1768. 
 
 Andr. Rep. 1. 117. 
 
 Jlo're-a!lbo. 2. "White. July. European 
 
 Alps. 1823. 
 
 — pyrena'ica. J. Blue. July. Pyrenees. 1825. 
 
 — quingueflo'ra. i. Blue. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1824. B. M. t. 3496. 
 
 — ru'bra. Yellow, purplish outside. Swiss 
 
 Alps. Syn., G. Thmnasii. 
 
 — sapona'ria. 2. Blue. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1776. B. M. t. 1039. G. Andrewm is 
 often cultivated under this name. 
 
 076a. White. 1880. 
 
 fio're-a'lho. i. White. September. N. 
 
 Amer. 1826. 
 
 — septeinfi'da. |. Blue. July. Persia. 1804. 
 
 B. M. tt. 1229 and 1410. 
 
 cauca'sica. Blue. August. Caucasus. 
 
 cordifo'lia. 1. Blue. Asia Minor. Syn., 
 
 6. gelida of some gardens. 
 gutia'ta, J. Blue. June. Levant. 
 
 1804. 
 
 — Thoma'sii. See G. rubra. 
 
 — trijio'ra. J. Blue. July. 
 %. Purple. 
 
 Siberia. 1807. 
 June. Caucasus. 
 
 i. Purple. April. S. Europe. 
 Blue. May. England, 
 White. 
 
 B. M. 
 
 — UTnbella'ta. 
 1823. 
 
 — utriciUo'sa. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — velma. \. 
 
 t. 491. 
 Jlo're-a'lbo. ^. White. April. 
 
 — Waluje'm. Whitish or pale blue. Turkestan. 
 
 1884. Gfl. t. 1140. 
 
 Geodo'ruiU. (From c/e, the earth, 
 and doron, a gift. Nat. ord. , Orchidem ; 
 Tribe, VandecB-Cymbidiece. Syn., Otan- 
 dra. ) 
 
 Stove terrestrial orchids. 
 G. cUri'num. 1. Yellow. October. E. Indies. 
 1800. B. M. t. 2195. 
 
 — dilata'tum. 1. Pale flesh-colour. Summer. 
 
 India. B. B. t. 675. 
 
 — JDuperrea'nv/m. Cochin China. 1882. 
 
 — fuca'tum. 1. Pink. July. Ceylon. 1832. 
 
 B. E. 1. 1687. 
 
 GeofiFrse'a. Bastard Cabbage-tree. 
 (Named after Br. Geoffroy, of Paris, 
 author of " Materia Medica." Nat. ord., 
 Leguminosos ; Ivihe, Dalbergiew. Allied 
 to Andira.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripened 
 shoots in sand and peat, and under a bell- 
 glass ; peat and loam. 
 6. Bredeme'yeri. See G. mperba. 
 
 — ine'rmis. See Andira iriermis. 
 
 — raccTiw'sa. See Andira racemosa. 
 
 — apino'sa. 30. Yellow. New Grenada. 1818. 
 
 — mpe'rba. Yellow. July. Caraccas. 1824. 
 
 Syn., G. Bredemeyeri. 
 
 — viola' cea. 20. Violet. Guiana. 1823. 
 
 Geo'ffroya. See Geoffrsea. 
 
 Geome'tra. The Amphidasis and 
 Hybernaria of some entomologists form 
 a genus of moths including O. polosa'ria, 
 Pale Brindled Beauty-Moth, which ap- 
 pears in March ; eggs deposited in bands 
 round a twig, as done by the Lackey- 
 Moth. Caterpillars appear with the 
 opening leaves of the elm, lime, lilac, 
 and apple-tree. They are at first, alight 
 green. 
 
 G. defolia'ria, Lime-Looper, or Mottled 
 Umbre-Moth, feeds on the leaves of the 
 lime and apple. Moth appears in Novem- 
 j ber. Caterpillar reddish, with a bright 
 yellow stripe on each side. Female moth 
 has no wings, so that a piece of cloth 
 dipped in tar, and bound round a tree's 
 stem, prevents its ascent. 
 
 G. pinia'ria attacks the pine and fir 
 tribe. 
 
 Geono'ma. (From genomos, skilled 
 in agriculture ; as much as to say that 
 only a skilful planter could increase 
 these palms. Nat. ord.,Pafo»ecBy Tribe, 
 Arece(B.) 
 
 Stove palms. Seed ; rich, sandy loam. 
 Cr. acau'lis. 6. Brazil. 1823. 
 
 — acutijlo'ra. 8. French Guiana. 1846. 
 
 — Carde'ri. See Prestoea Carderi, B. M. t. 7108. 
 
 — coralli'f&ra. 5^. Red. 
 
 — deve'rm. 3. French Guiana. 1846. 
 — fra'gilis. French Guiana. 1849. 
 
 — Ghiesbre'ghtii. See Calyptrogyne Gldesbregh- 
 
 tiana. 
 
 — gra'eilis. Brazil. 1874. 
 
 — H^rbitii. Garden variety. 1889. 
 
 — imperia'lis. S. America. 1868. 
 
 — intemw^dia. Leaves light green ; leaf -stalks 
 
 reddish-brown. 1882. 
 
 — interru'pta. 6. Peru. 1849. 
 
 — lacera'ta. Central America. 1869. 
 
 — macnrosta'chys. 5. Brazil. 1828. 
 
 — magni'fica. See CalyptrogyneGhiesbreghticma. 
 
 — Martia'na. Costa Rica. 
 
 — Seema'nni. Central America. 1873. 
 
 — ma'xima. 12. French Guiana. 
 
 — pinna'tifrons. 15. Caraccas. 1821. 
 
 — Fortea'na. New Grenada. 1853. 
 
 — putche'lla. New Grenada. 1863. 
 
 — Schattia'na. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 — simpli'cifrons. 6. Trinidad. 1818. 
 
 — Spixia'na. 16. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 — mida'ta. Venezuela. 1850. 
 
 — Verachaffe'ltii. See Calyptrogyne GhiesbregJi- 
 
 tiana. 
 
 — zanwre'nsis. Peru. 1869. 
 
 Geo'rchis. See Goodyera. 
 
 Georgi'na. Attempts were made 
 some years since to substitute this name 
 for that of Dahlia; but the law of 
 priority settles the question. Dahlia 
 was named by the Spanish botanist 
 Cavanilles in 1791 ; and neither WUde- 
 now nor Sprengel's Georgina appeared 
 for more than eighty years subsequently. 
 G. varia'bUis is a synonym of Dahlia 
 varia'bilis. 
 
GER 
 
 [416] 
 
 GER 
 
 Gera'nium. Crane's Bill. (From 
 geranos, a crane ; referring to the beak- 
 like torus, or projection beyond tlie 
 seeds. Nat. ord., Geraniaceee ; Tribe, 
 GeraniecB. ) See also Pelargonium. 
 
 The name Geranium has often been 
 used in gardens and garden literature to 
 include numerous plants belonging to 
 the genus Pelargonium. The differences 
 between these two genera may be stated 
 thus : 
 
 Geranium. — Flowers regular, without 
 a spur. Stamens, ten. 
 
 Pelargonium. — Flowers irregular, 
 rarely sub-regular. Posterior sepal, with 
 a spur united to the pedicel. Stamens, 
 five or fewer. 
 
 A very few require the pit or greenhouse in 
 winter, and these should have equal portions of 
 peat, loam, leaf-mould, and sand. Almost all 
 are hardy, and flourish in common ground; 
 many grow under the shade of trees and hedges, 
 and tuns' secure a portion of vegetable earth. 
 There are worse things than the common weed 
 Robertia'nu'm for twining itself round the sides 
 oif a rustic basliet, or crawling over a rock-work. 
 The following are a few of the Dest for gardens :— 
 sylvaJtiGwrn, arme'nwm, swugwiinewm^ lancastri- 
 enfi0_, Wallichia'num, pratense fio're-ple'Tio, da- 
 hu'ricumt pito'sum, and cri^ta'twm, etc. 
 
 HALF-HAUDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 G. aconitifo'lium; 1^. White. June. Switzer 
 land. 17Y5. 
 
 — arg^nieum. \, Striped. July. S. Europe. 
 
 1699. Jacq. lo t. 646. 
 
 — atla'nticum. 1-lJ. Purple. Algeria. June. 
 
 1878. 
 
 — ea'ffmm. |. Lilac. S. Africa. 1862. 
 
 — can^icens. J. Pink. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1787. 
 
 — inca'num. i. Pink. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1701. 
 
 — mexica'nwm. 1. Pale purple. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1832. 
 
 — omitho'podum. White, with red veins. S. 
 
 Africa. 1872. 
 
 HARDY ANNUAIS. 
 
 0. lanugino'sum. Rose. July. N. Amer. 1817. 
 Jacq. H. Schcenb. t. 140. 
 
 — pa'llens. Pale. June. Iberia. 1827. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 G. aM'ne. 1. Blue. June. Altaia. 1832. 
 
 — alMfld/rum. 1^. Whitish. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1827. B. M. t. 3124. 
 
 — alta'icum. H. Pale red. July. Altaia. 
 
 1818. 
 
 ',m. 3. Bed. August. Ma- 
 deira. 1788. Greenhouse evergreen. 
 B. M. t. 206. Swt. Ger. t. 244. 
 
 — a/ngula'tum. 1. Purple. June. 1789. B. 
 
 M. t. 203. 
 
 — armefnum. 2. Purple, with black veins. 
 
 Nepaul. 1874. Syn., G. Backhmma/num. 
 
 — asphodeloi'des. Levant. 1828. 
 
 — batrachioi'des. 1. Blue. July. Europe. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — eoeru'leum. 1. Blue. July. Dahuria. 1824. 
 
 — cmeirevm,. 1. Red. August. Pyrenees. 
 
 — coUi'num. 1. Purple. July. Siberia. 1815. 
 
 — crieta'tum. IJ. Bed. July. Iberia. 1820. 
 
 B. M. t. 3732. 
 
 — dahu'ricuTn. 1. Purple. June. Dahuria. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — erm'nthum. 2, Crimson. June. California. 
 
 1839. B. E. 1842, t. 62. 
 
 G. erio'stemon. IJ. Blue. July. Siberia. 1822. 
 Swt. Ger. t. 197. 
 
 pa'llidum. IJ. Pale blue. August.- 
 
 Nepaul. 1822. 
 —fu'soum. H. Brown. July. South Europe. 
 1759. 
 
 1. Blue. July. Iberia. 1814. 
 Blue. July. Levant. 1802. 
 
 Red. July. Nepaul. 1824. 
 f. Striped. June. Britain. 
 
 — gymnocau'lon. 
 
 — ibe^rimim. IJ. 
 
 B. M. t. 13 
 
 — Lambe^rti. li. 
 
 — lancastrie'nse. 
 
 Trailer. 
 
 — lo'ngipes. 1. Lilac. July. 1823. 
 
 — lu'cidvm. i. Pink. June. Britain. 
 
 — macrorMzum. IJ. Purple. June. Italy. 
 
 1576. Jacq. lo. 1. 134. 
 
 — ■)iiacnltt:tum. %. Purple. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1732. Swt. Ger. t. 332. 
 
 — nraZM'^Mum. 1. Red. August. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1817. Swt. Ger. t. 245. 
 
 — nemoro'swm. 1. Purple. July. Italy. 1821. 
 
 — nepaWnse. i. Red. June. Nepaul. 1818. 
 
 Swt. Ger. 1. 12. 
 
 — palu'stre. 2. Purple. July. Germany. 1732. 
 
 — parotfio'Tum. f. Purple. June. Van Die- 
 
 men's Land. 1816. 
 
 — phoe/um. 1}. Blackish purple. May. England. 
 
 — pilo'sum. S. Purple. July. New Zealand. 
 
 1821. Andr. Rep. fe 259. 
 
 — prate'nse. 1^. Blue. June. Britain. 
 
 fio're-a'ibo. li. White. June. Britain. 
 
 JWre-a'lbo-ple'no. 2. White. May. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 JU/re-ple'no. 2. Blue. June. Scotland. 
 
 fio're-variega'ta. IJ. Variegated. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 — pyrema'iiyimi. 1. Purple. June. Britain. 
 
 — refit! xwm. IJ. Bed. July. Italy. 1758. 
 
 Andr. Bep. t. 224. 
 
 — Robertia'num. 1. Bed. April. Britain. 
 fio're-allbo. 1. White. April. Britain. 
 
 — rubif&lium. 1. Pink. July. Himalayas. 
 
 1839. B. E. 1840, t. 67. 
 
 — sangui'neum. 1. Crimson. July. Britain. 
 r- mUosi'ssvmum. J. Blood. July. Europe. 
 
 Trailer. 
 
 — sibi'ricum. 1. Wliite. July. Siberia. 1768. 
 
 Jacq. Vind. t. 19. 
 
 — sSria'ittm. 1. Striped. August. Italy. 1629. 
 
 B. M. t. 65. 
 
 — sylva'ticvm,. 2. Purple, with crimson veins. 
 
 July. Europe. 
 
 — tubero'sum. 1. Pink. July. Italy. 1596. 
 
 Swt. Ger. 1. 165. 
 Charle'sii, Afghanistan. 1887. B. M. 
 
 t. 6910. 
 — ramo'sum. 1. Purple. July. South 
 
 Europe. B. R. 1839, t. 10. 
 
 — wmbro'sum. 1. Purple. July. Hungary. 
 
 1804. 
 
 — VJasBovia'num. 1. Red. July. Crimea. 
 
 1821. Swt. Ger. t. 228. 
 
 — Wallichia'nuTn. f . Striped. July. Nepaul. 
 
 1819. Swt. Ger. t. 90. 
 
 Gera'rdia. (Named after Gerard, 
 the English herbalist. Nat. ord., Scro- 
 plmlariacecB ; Tribe, Gerardiece. Syn., 
 Dasystoma. ) 
 
 All but delphinifo'lw, from North America. 
 Annuals, bientiials, and perennials by seed, in 
 sandy peat ; perennials and biennials also by 
 cuttings in sandy peat, under a hand-light; 
 stich as quereifo'lia, by divisions in spring; 
 sandy, fibrjr loam, if peat is not to be had ; the 
 stove species require similar treatment, but 
 extra heat. 
 
 STOVE HERBACEOUS. 
 
 Q. dilphmifo'lia. See SopuUa delphinifolia. 
 
 HARDY ANNUAtS AND BIENNIALS. 
 
 0, afze'lia. See Seymeria tenu\folia. 
 
GER 
 
 [417} 
 
 GES 
 
 G.aphy'Ua. 3. Rose. July. 1834. Annual. 
 
 — mari'tima. 2.. Yellow. July. 1823. 
 
 — pedicida'ria. Yellow. June. 1826. G. C. 
 
 1872, p. 43. Syn., Dasystoma pedi<yu- 
 laria. 
 
 — purpu'rea. IJ. Purple. July. 1772. B. M. 
 
 t. 2048. 
 
 — tenuif&Ua. 1. Purple. July. 1812. 
 
 HARDY HEKBACEOnS. 
 
 G.fla'va. 1}. Yellow. July. 1796. Syn., 
 Dasystoma pubesc&ns, 
 
 — guereifo'lia. 1. Yellow. July. 1812. FL 
 
 and Pom. 1872, p. 33. Syn., Dasystoma 
 quercifoUa. 
 
 Ge'rbera. (Named after Gerber, a 
 German naturalist. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positcB ; Tribe, MutisiacecB. ) 
 
 Greenhouse perennials, seeds or cuttings of 
 the side-shoots, and preserved over the winter ; 
 sandy loam and a little peat. Winter temp., 40° 
 to 46". 
 G. crena'ta. B. E. t. 856. See Mairea crenata. 
 
 — Jwmeso'ni. Rich orange-scarlet. Natal. 1889. 
 
 B. M. t. 7087. 
 
 German Catchfly. Visca'ria vul- 
 ga'ris. 
 
 Germander. Teu'crium. 
 
 Germination is the sprouting or 
 first ste_p in vegetation of a seed. To 
 enable it to germinate it must have a 
 perfectly-developed embryo, and be ripe, 
 or nearly ripe. It must not be too old, 
 and there must be present a certain 
 degree of heat, moisture, and oxygen 
 gas, the latter being furnished by the 
 air. 
 
 Gero'pogon. Old Man's Beard. 
 (From geron, old man, and pogon, a 
 beard ; referring to the hair-like pappus 
 which crowns the calyx in this order. 
 Nat. ord., Compositm ; Tribe, Cicho- 
 riaceoe. Now united with TragO- 
 pogon.) 
 
 Hardy plants, from Italy. Annuals by seed in 
 April, in common soil ; perennial by seed and 
 division of the plant in spring. 
 G. cdlycula'tus. See Scorzonera hirsata. 
 
 — glaJier. B. M. t. 479. See Tragopogon glaber. 
 
 — hirsu'tui. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 778. See Trago- 
 
 pogon hirsutus. 
 
 Gerrarda'nthus. (From Gerrard, a 
 collector in Natal, and anthos, a flower. 
 Nat. ord., Oucurbitacew ; Tribe, Zano- 
 niece.) 
 
 A greenhouse climber. Sandy loam. Seeds. 
 G. tomento'sus. Yellow. August. Natal. 1874. 
 B. M. t. 6694. 
 
 Ge'snera. (Named after Conrad 
 Gesner, a celebrated botanist of Zurich. 
 Nat. ord., GesneracecB; Tribe, Gesnerece. 
 Allied to Gloxinia. ) 
 
 A most interesting family of plants, that, by 
 regulating their rest period, may be brought 
 into bloom at almost' any time. All scarlet- 
 flowered, except where otherwise stated. 
 G. acau'lis. 1. June. Jamaica. 1793. 
 
 — aggrega'ta. 3. June. Brazil. 1816. 
 
 G. allagophy'lla. IJ. Orange. July. BraziL 
 1834. B. M. 1. 1767. 
 
 — Amo'ldi. 1. July. Brazil. 1841. 
 
 — barba'ta. Scarlet, yellowish. 
 
 — Bla'ssii. Brazil. Syn., Dirccea Blassii. FI. 
 
 Ser. 1. 1140. 
 
 — hremfidra. 1. Red. August. 1847. 
 
 — bulbo'sa. 2. June. Brazil. 1816. B. E. 
 
 t. 343. O. bidbosa of B. M. t. 3041 is G. 
 Cooperi; of B. M. t. 8886 is G. magnijUa. 
 lateri'tia^ See (?. Hookeri. 
 
 — caraccasa'na. 2. July. Caraccas. 1842. 
 
 — cardirm'lis. Scarlet. Brazil. Syns., 0. late- 
 
 rUia, Paxt. Mag. ix. p. 245, G. macran- 
 iha, Dirccea cardinalis, Gfl. t. 41, and D. 
 lobulata, Fl. Ser. 1. 183. 
 
 — ehelonoi'des. Columbia. Syn., Corytholoma 
 
 chelonioideSf Gfl. t. 374. 
 
 — eochlea'ris. 2. Bright scarlet. May. Brazil. 
 
 B. M. t. 3787. 
 
 — Coopflri. 2. May. Brazil. 1829. Syn., G. 
 
 buliesa of B. M. t. 3041. 
 
 — corda'ta. }. Pale scarlet. . July. 
 
 — corynibo'sa. 2. July. Jamaica. 1822. 
 
 — digita'lis. June. Brazil. 1842. 
 
 — diseolor. Red, yellow. September. S. Amer. 
 
 1843. Syn., G.polyantha of B. M. t. 3995. 
 
 — Donkela'rii. 2 Red. June. Columbia. 
 
 B. M. t. 5070. 
 
 — Dougla'sii. li. Red, yellow. September. 
 
 Rio Janeiro. 1826. B. R. t. 1110, B. C. 
 1. 1939. 
 
 verticUla'ta. 2. Crimson. May. Rio 
 
 Janeiro. 1835. 
 
 — elli'ptica. 
 
 lu'tea. 1. Yellow. May. Santa Martha. 
 
 1844. B. M. t. 4242. 
 
 — elon^a'ta. 2. Scarlet. September. S. Amer. 
 
 1835. 
 frutico'sa. 2. August. 
 
 — exonie'nsts. 1. Orange-scarlet, yellow. Win- 
 
 ter. Garden hybrid. 
 —fauaa'lis. 2. July. Brazil. 1833. B. M. 
 t. 3659. 
 
 — Gera/rdialna. 2. Red, yellow. September. 
 
 S. Amer. 1843. Paxt. Mag. xiii. p. 66. 
 Syn., G. Herbertiana. 
 
 — gloxinioBfl&ra. Pink. 1860. 
 
 — Gollmma'na. Scarlet, yellow; Columbia. 
 
 — gra'cilis. Purple spotted. Columbia? 1848. 
 
 Syns., G. punctata amd Corythrolmna 
 gracUe. 
 
 — Herbertia'na. See G. Gerardiana. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. 1. July. Cumana. 1826. 
 
 — Hooke'ri. Scarlet. Columbia. Syn., 6. bul- 
 
 bosa, var. lateritia. B. M. t. 4240. 
 
 — hu'mUis. i. Cuba. 
 
 — lasia'ntha. 3. Autumn. Mexico. 
 
 — lateritia. 2. July. Brazil. 1834. B. R. 
 
 1. 1960. Syn., G. Selloii in part. 
 
 — latifo'lia. August. Caraccas. 1839. Syn., 
 
 0. macrostaehya. B. R. 1. 1202. 
 
 — Leopo'ldi. Red. Brazil. Fl. Ser. tt. 704-6. 
 
 Syn., G. tetraphylla. 
 
 — lAndUyi. Scarlet, yellow. July. BraziL 
 
 1826. Syn., G. rutUa, var. atrosamguvnea. 
 B. R. 1. 1279. 
 
 — maera'ntha. See G. cardinalis. 
 
 — maerosta'chya. B. R. 1. 1202. See G. latifolia. 
 
 — macula' ta. Purplish spotted. Brazil. Syns., 
 
 G. Douglasii, var. verticillata of Paxt. 
 Mag. vi. p. 26, G. purpurea, B. M. 
 t. 5116, G. verticillata, B. M. t. 2776, 
 Dvrceeo-Geenera purpurea, Fl. iSer. 1. 191 
 and 1046, and Dirccea picta, Lem. Jard. 
 Fl. t. 302. 
 
 magni'fica. Purple. August. Syn., G. bulboia 
 
 of B. M. t. 3886, but not of B. R. t. 343, 
 nor B. M. t. 3041. 
 
 — Ma'rehii. 3. Scarlet. Mexico. 1844. B. R. 
 
 t. 3744. Syns., G. pendidina, Corytho- 
 loma J^arMi and C. pendulinum. 
 
 EE 
 
GES 
 
 [418] 
 
 GES 
 
 G.mtUtiflo'ra 2. White. August. Columbia. 
 1848. 
 
 — nwgelioi'des. Rosy -pink, red ; throat yellow. 
 
 Summer. A garden hybrid of which 
 there are numerous varieties 
 
 au'reo-ro'seum. Rosy lilac, orange, 
 
 spotted with red. 
 
 M color. Eosy-red, orange-yellow 
 
 — . ca'ndida. White, pale yellow. 
 
 coralli'na. Deep red, orange, spotted 
 
 with red. 
 
 liladne'Ua'. Lilac, marbled with a darker 
 
 shade of lilac, lemon-yellow. 
 
 sci'ntittans. Plum, rosy-red, orange- 
 yellow. 
 
 — nigre^ecens. Dark red, light orange. Garden 
 
 hybrid. 
 
 — oblmga'ta. Crimson. April. S. Amer. 1830. 
 
 — palu'stris. Gfl. t. 247. See G. sceptrum, var. 
 
 ignea. 
 
 — penduli'na. See 0. Marchii. 
 
 — pi'cta, 3. Bed, yellow. August. Columbia. 
 
 1848. 
 
 — polya'ntha. 2. June. Brazil. 1839. 0. 
 
 polycmtha of B. M. 3995 is G. discolor. 
 
 — reJUxa. April. Valparaiso. 1837. Kn. and 
 West. ii. t. 67. Syn., Dirccea reflexa. 
 
 Mag. 
 
 p. 68. See G. 
 
 1835. 
 
 Syn., 
 Brazil. 
 
 — rupe'strifi. Paxt. 
 
 tuberosa. 
 
 — rupi'cola. }. May. Brazil. 
 
 Corytholoma rupicolum, 
 
 — ru'tila. 2. Scarlet, yeUow. August. 
 
 1825. B. B. t. 1168. 
 
 a'tro-simguinea. B. B. 1. 1279. See G. 
 
 Lindleyi. 
 
 — gca'bra, 1. July. Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 — sce'ptrum. 4. July. Brazil. 1836. 
 i'gnea. 3. Eeddish-yellow. September. 
 
 Brazil. 1835. Sya., G. pcUmtns. 
 
 — Sehiedia'na. li. July. Mexico. 1844. 
 
 — Sello'ii. 2. July. Brazil. 1836. See also 
 
 6. lateritia. 
 
 — spicata. Grenada. 1831. 
 
 — sple'ndens. Scarlet. Brazil. Syns., ff. Bouttii, 
 
 Dvrcoea cardinalie, Gfl. t. 344, D. lobu- 
 lata, hem. Jard. Fl. tt. 219-220, and D. 
 SuttoV'it 7ar. picta. 
 
 — itri'cta. 6. July. Brazil. 1835. B. M. 
 
 t. 3738. 
 
 — Sutto'nii. 2. July. Bio Janeuro. 1833. B. B. 
 
 1. 1637. 
 
 alUm. July. Brazil. 1840. 
 
 pi' eta. See G. splendent. 
 
 — tetraphy'lla. See Q. Lcopoldi. 
 
 — trifio'ra. 2. Yellow, red. July. New Grenada. 
 
 1846. 
 
 — tviiero'sa. }. Autumn. Brazil. 1834. B. 
 
 M. t. 3664. Syn., G. rupestris. 
 
 — tubiflo/ra. 2. March. S. Ainer. 1815. 
 
 — vesti'ta. IJ. Orange. July. Bogota. 1842. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 O. dimnbarHna. B. M. t. 5036. See Nagelia. 
 
 — Gardenelri. Fl. Ser. 1. 145. See Houttea. 
 B. M. t. 4121. See Houttea. 
 B. M. t. 4217. See Isoloma. 
 B. M. t. 4380. See Pentarhapia. 
 B. B. 1842, t. 40. See Isoloma. 
 B. B. t. 428. See Paliavana. 
 B. M. t. 4504. See Isoloma. 
 
 B. M. t. 1023. See Rhytido- 
 
 ; B. B. 1842, 1. 16. See 
 
 — Gardndri. 
 
 — hoTtde'Tisis. 
 
 — libane^nsiB. 
 
 — loTigifo^lia. 
 
 — prasina'ta. 
 
 — Seema'rmi. 
 
 — tomAnto'sa. 
 phyllv/m. 
 
 — zebri'na. B. M. t. 
 
 Xcegelia. 
 
 Propagation : by Cuttings. — They 
 may be.propagated by cuttings of three 
 kinds. 1st, the young shoots, as soon 
 as they are three inches long, springing 
 irom the old tubers (these are the best) ; 
 2nd, leaves taken off with a bud at the 
 luase ; and 3rd, by the leaves only, with- 
 
 out buds. The first mode may be used 
 when the kind or variety is plentiful, 
 and the bulbs so strong as to send out 
 more shoots than are wanted for flower- 
 ing ; the second mode, when the variety 
 is new and more scarce ; and the last 
 when it is more rare still. There is an 
 advantage in the first and second mode, 
 that the cuttings, if struck early in the 
 year, will, with moderate care and at- 
 tention to repotting, flower the same 
 year ; whereas those struck from leaves, 
 or parts of leaves, wUl only form small 
 tubers that season. Each kind of cut- 
 ting requires to be put in sand, under 
 bell or hand-glasses, in bottom-heat, to 
 strike them quickly. A moist, warm 
 heat is necessary ; a moist, cold place 
 would rot the cuttings immediately. 
 Such species as do not make tubers must 
 be propagated by cuttings. 
 
 By Seed. — To raise new varieties it is 
 necessary to save seed. Choose the finest 
 and brightest-coloured to save it from. 
 As soon as it is ripe, gather it and dry 
 it ; keep it very dry tul the March fol- 
 lowing ; then sow the seed on the sur- 
 face of a light, sandy compost, place it 
 in a warm, moist atmosphere, and as 
 soon as the seedlings are up, and the 
 plants have attained a leaf or two, 
 transplant them thinly on the surface 
 of shallow pots, and let them grow there 
 during the summer. Allow them to go 
 to rest in the autumn, and keep them 
 in the same pots through the winter, 
 giving but little water. As soon as 
 life appears again in the spring, pot 
 them off singly into small pots, water- 
 ing and re-potting the same as the 
 cuttings ; but it is more than probable 
 they will not flower till the second 
 year. 
 
 SoU. — Light, fibrous loam, turfy peat, 
 and half -decayed leaves, in equal parts, 
 with a due portion of sand, well-mixed, 
 but not sifted. 
 
 Summer Culture. — To have a succes- 
 sion of bloom, pot a poi-tion of the 
 bulbs in January, and place them in 
 heat, giving a little water. Temperature, 
 60° to 80°. Pot a second batch about the 
 middle of February, and another to- 
 wards the end of March. These wiU 
 supply flowers for several months. Put 
 them in pots, according to the size of 
 the bulbs ; keep them regularly watered, 
 but never very wet. They may be 
 syringed occasionally previously to 
 flowering, but not much ; for the leaves 
 are so woolly that they hold moisture 
 too long, it syringed severely. When 
 the blooming season is over they may 
 be set out of doors during summer,, but 
 
GET 
 
 [419] 
 
 GIL 
 
 should be sheltered from heavy rains. 
 They will then gradually go to rest. 
 
 Winter Culture. — ^All fliat they re- 
 quire is to be kept in their pots in a 
 place where neither frost nor wet can 
 reach them ; yet the place should never 
 be below 45°, nor above 55°. If the cold 
 is much lower they will be apt to rot ; 
 and if higher, to start into growth. 
 
 Diseases. — The only disease that these 
 plants are subject to is a kind of dry rot 
 in the bulbs, which changes the sub- 
 stance into a soft pulp, destroying the 
 buds, and so causmg them to perish. 
 There is no cure for it. 
 
 Gethy'Uis, (From getheo, to re- 
 joice ; referring to the sweetness of the 
 flowers of some of them. Nat. ord., 
 Amaryllidem ; Tribe, Amaryllem. Al- 
 lied to Sternbergia. ) 
 
 Here the Amaryllida reach their minimum 
 :stature ; (?. cilia'ris, it not the smallest, is as 
 dwarf aB any in the order. There are only a few 
 of them in cultivation. Greenhouse bulbs, from 
 Cape Colony, with white flowers. Offsets and 
 seeds ; sandy loam and peat ', kept nearly dry 
 in winter. 
 
 •<?. a'fra. J. White, flushed with red outside. 
 August. 1820. B. E. 1. 1016. 
 
 — eiUa'rU. J. White. July. 1788. Jacq. H. 
 
 Schoenb. t. 79. 
 
 — laneeola'ta. 8. White. July. , 1794. Now 
 
 known as Apodolirion lanceolatwm. 
 
 — spira'lis. }. White. December. 1780. B. M. 
 
 t. 1088. 
 
 — viUo'sa. i. White, tinged with pink outside. 
 
 July. 1787. 
 
 Geto'nia. (Probably the native 
 name. Nat. ord., Comhretacece. Now 
 referred to Calycopteris under the 
 specific names mentioned below. Allied 
 to Terrainalea. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen climbers from the hot hills of 
 the Indian peninsula. Cuttings of ripened shoots 
 in sand, under a glass, in bottom-neat ; sandy 
 peat and flbry loam. 
 
 G.fiaribu'nda. 6. Yellow, green. 1815. Caly- 
 copteris FLOB.IBDNDA. 
 
 — mi'tans. 6. 1816. Calycoptebis nutans. 
 
 Ge'um. Avens. (From geyo, to 
 stimulate ; the roots of some of them, 
 •and of allied species, have the same 
 properties as Peruvian bark. Nat. ord., 
 JiosacecB ; Tnbe, PotentUlecB. Allied to 
 Potentilla.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. G. chilcense, 
 var. gremdifiorum is very showy. Seeds, and 
 dividing the plants in sprmg ; sandy loam, with 
 a little leaf -mould. 
 
 G. agrimonim'des. li. White. July. N. Amer. 
 1811. 
 
 — a'livm. 1. White. July. N. Amer. 1730. 
 
 — ale[ppicum. Jacq. Ic t. ,93. See G. strictwm. 
 
 — atla'ntiemn. 1. Yellow. July. South Europe. 
 
 1810. 
 
 — brcushypi/taXum. 1. YeUow. July. 1818. 
 
 — camacie'iise. IJ. Yellow. July. Canada. 
 
 1810. 
 
 — chiMme. 2. Copper. July. Chili. 1826. 
 
 Syns., G. cocHneum of B. E. 1. 1088, ex- 
 
 cluding the synonyms there given, and 
 G. Quellyon, Swt. H. Gard. t. 292. 
 
 G. ehUalnse a'tro-swnguinewm. 2. Dark blood 
 
 fio're-pU'no. Bright scarlet. 
 
 grandifio'rvm. If. Scarjet. July. B. B. 
 
 t. 1348. 
 
 minia'tum. Salmon coloured. 
 
 — cilia'tum. 1. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 1818 
 
 — cocd'newm. W. Purplish. Asia Minor. Swt 
 
 H. Gard. t. 486. G. coccineum of B. e' 
 1. 1088 is G. chilcense. 
 
 — ela'tum. 1-2. Yellow. July. Himalayas 
 
 1879. B. M. t. 6568. Syn., SieverHaelata. 
 
 — Jieter(^hy'llum. 2. White. July. 1816.' 
 
 — hy'bridum. 1. Bed, brown. July. Europe. 
 
 — iTicli'na'twm. See G.pyrenawum. 
 
 — vntermdd.iwm. IJ. Yellow. July. Volhinia. 
 
 ■ 1794. 
 —jwpr/nimm. 1-2. Yellow. Summer. Japan. 
 
 — Laxmalnni. See Coluriok geoides. 
 
 — maermhiiUwm,. 2. Yellow. July. Kamts- 
 
 ^tka. 1804. 
 
 — miiia'fe a76«m. White. June. 
 
 — ■mCtans. IJ. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 1825. 
 
 — Pe'chii. J. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 Syn., Sieversia Peckii. B. JJ. t. 2863. 
 
 — Que^Uyon. Swt. M. Gard. t. 292. See G. 
 
 ckilcerise. 
 
 — Portenschldgia'num. IJ. Yellow. July. 1820. 
 
 — pyrena'icmn. If. Yellow. July. Pyrenees. 
 
 1804. 
 
 — radia'twm. 1. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1815. 
 
 — rcmuncvloHdes. 1. Yellow. July. 1823. 
 
 — rhx'twwm. J. Bright yellow. 1882. Gfl. 
 
 1. 1229. A hybrid. 
 
 — riva'le. 1-3. Eeddish-purple. June. Britain. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 469. 
 
 — rotumdifcflium. 1. Yellow. July. Eussia. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — stn'ctwm. 1. Striped. June. N. Amer. 1778. 
 
 Syn., G. aleppicum. Jacq. tc. t. 93. 
 
 — mrginia'nwm. IJ. White. July, N. Amer. 
 
 Giant Fennel. Fe'rula. 
 
 Me'ntha pule'- 
 
 Gibraltar Mint. 
 
 gium gibralta'ricwn. 
 
 Gi'Ua. (Named after GUio, a Spanish 
 botanist. Nat. ord. , Polemoniacece. Syns. , 
 Mgochloa, Cwntua, Dact'^lophytlum, 
 Fenzlia, Sttegelia, Ipomfipsis, Lepto- 
 daetylon, Leptosiphon, Lisianthvs, and 
 Nomarretia.) 
 
 Hardy annuals, except G. aggrega'ta and Bran- 
 ddgei. Sown in September, and slightly pro- 
 tected during winter, they bloom earljr in the 
 summer; sow in the end of March in open 
 border ; common soil. The greenhouse biennial 
 (G^. ctggrega'ta), sown in August, potted, and kept 
 over the winter, will bloom freely the following 
 summer. 
 G. aehiUemfo'lia. 1}. Pink. August. California. 
 
 1833. B. M. t. 6939. G. cichillec^olia of 
 
 B. E. t. 1628, B. M. t. 3440 and Swt. 
 
 Fl. Gard., ser. 2, t. 280 is G. multicaulis. 
 — aggrega'ta. ■ Scarlet. July. America. 1822. 
 
 Greenhouse biennial. Syn., Cantua ag 
 
 — a/ndrosa'eea. 1. Blue, white. August. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1833, Syn., LeptoeipKon andro- 
 sacens. 
 
 — arenalna. 1. Blue. June. California. 1833, 
 —T Brimde'gei. i. Yellow. Colorado. 1878. 
 
 B. M. t. 6378. 
 
 — calif o'nvusa. 3. Pink. July.. California. 
 
 1854. Syn., LeptodacAylcn calitfomvium. 
 B. M. t. 4872. 
 
 — capita'ta. 1^- Blue. July. Columbia. 1826. 
 
GIL 
 
 [420] 
 
 GLA 
 
 0. eapita'ta cordlla allba. 2. White. June. 
 Gardens. 1829. 
 
 — eilia'ta. Pink, yellow. 1853. Syn., Lepiosi- 
 
 phon dliattmi^ 
 
 — coronopif&lia. 2J. Scarlet. July. Carolina. 
 
 1726. 
 
 — cotulctf&lia. J. White. June. California. 
 
 1833. Syn., Navarretia cotvlcefolia. 
 
 — crasaiifo'lia. 2. Yellowish. June. Chili. 1832. 
 ^- densijio'ra^ f . Purple, June. California. 
 
 1833. Syn., Leptosiphon cbndflorus. 
 
 a'lia. }. White. June. California. 1833. 
 
 -r- dimithoi'des. J. Lilac. July. California. 
 
 1866. 
 
 — eryngioi'dee. Blue. Chili. 1833. Syn., Ha- 
 
 vwrretia eryngwides. 
 -^flocco'sa. %. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1833 
 
 — gra'alis. J- Pinit- Jnly- N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 — grwndijlo'ra. IJ. Blue, yellow. September. 
 
 California. Syn., LeptoHphvn gramdi- 
 florus. 
 
 — ineonspi'cua. 2. Blue. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1793. Syn., Cemtua parmflora. 
 
 — interte'xta. li. Blue. June. California. 
 
 Syn., Navarretia i/ntertexta. 
 
 — laemia'ta. i. Purple. July. Chili. 1831. 
 
 — lmifi(/ra. J. White. June. California. 1833. 
 
 — iu'tea. Yellow. J. California. 1852. Syn., 
 
 Leptosiphon luteus. 
 
 pa'llidus. 1}. Pale yellow. September. 
 
 California. 1833. Syn., Leptosiphon lu- 
 teu^t Y&T. pallidas. 
 
 — miera'ntha. |. Rose. California. 1870. Syns., 
 
 LeptoHphon parviJUyrus and L. roseus. 
 oM'rea. J-f. Yellow. California. 
 
 — rmtUicau'lia. 2. Blue. California. 1833. Syn., 
 
 G. achillecefolia as mentioned above. 
 —parmfio'ra. 2. Blue. October. America. 1793. 
 — phamaceoi'd£8. i. White. June. California. 
 
 1833. 
 
 — pubefscens. J. Blue. June. California. 1833. 
 
 Syn., Navarretia pubegcens. 
 
 — pulche'Ua. 2i. Scarlet. July. North-west 
 
 America. 1826. Syn., Ipomopsis elegam 
 of B. B. 1. 1281, but not of Michaux. 
 
 — pu'ngem. ij. Pink. July. N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 Syn., Navarretiapun^ens. 
 
 — pun'lla. i June. Chill. 1833. 
 
 — sqvarro'sa. 1. Blue. August. Santa Cruz. 
 
 1847. Syn., Navarretia squarrosa. 
 
 — tenuiflo'ra. 2. Rose, violet. August. Cali- 
 
 fornia. B. E. 1. 1888. . 
 
 — trU color. 1. Purple, orange. August. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1833. B. M. t. 3463. Gfl. 1. 1042, 
 f. 2. 
 a'ma. i. White. July. California. 1833. 
 
 — virga'ta. J. Blue. June. California. 1833. 
 
 Syn., Buegelia virgata. 
 
 Gilibe'rtia. (Named after Gilibert, 
 a German botanist. Nat. ord., Aralia- 
 cem. Allied to Cussonia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the young 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in heat ; 
 sandy peat and fibry loam. 
 0. bra«ilie/nsie. 4. Greenish. Tropical America. 
 
 — pahtui'ta. See Trevisia pahnata. 
 
 — umiella'ta. Greenish. Peru. Syn., Dejidro- 
 
 panax vmiellatvmt, Eev. Hort. 1864, 
 p. 107. 
 Gille'nia. (Named after one Gille- 
 nius. Nat. ord., Bosacew; Tribe, 
 Spireee. Allied to Exochorda. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials^ with red and 
 white flowers, from North America. Division of 
 the plant seed ; common soil. 
 G. stipvia'eea. 2. July. 1806. 
 
 — tr&olia'ta. 2. July. 1713. Syn., Spiraea tri- 
 
 /oliata. B. M. * 
 ma'jor. 3. July. 
 
 GilUe'sia. (Named after Dr. Gillies- 
 of Mendoza. Nat. ord., XifoacecE.) 
 
 Showy greenhouse, or half-hardy bulb. Sandjr 
 loam. 
 
 0. grami'nea. 1. Greenish. September. Val- 
 paraiso. 1826. B. R. t. 992. 
 
 Gilliflower, Gilloflower, or 
 Gillyflower. Corrupted from the; 
 French Giioflee, and applied to Dia'n- 
 thus Carophyillus, Matthi'ola inca'na,, 
 and Che,wa!nthus Chei'ri. 
 
 Ginger. (Zingi'heroffidTm'le.) Green, 
 ginger may be easily cultivated two 
 ways, either in pots, or in a deep pit. 
 If in pots, take the plants, shake them 
 out of the pots when at rest in Feb- 
 ruary, divide them, and pot each piece- 
 into a pot six inches across ; plunge 
 them, as soon as the heat is temperate, 
 in a bark-pit, or a frame heated with 
 dung like a cucumber-bed, the surface 
 being covered with tan deep enough for 
 the ijots. As soon as the plants come 
 up give a small supply of water, gra- 
 duafly increasing the quantity as the 
 plants advance in growth. By August 
 they will be fit to take up and preserve. 
 If a large quantity is required, a deep 
 pit of two or three lights will be neces- 
 sary, the bottom to be filled with rich 
 soil to the depth of a foot; plant the 
 roots in this soil, and line the pit with 
 hot dung, renewing it as the heat de- 
 clines. The time for planting in the pit 
 is February or March. Water whilst 
 growing, give air in hot weather, and 
 in September you will have a large 
 supply of fine ginger-roots, equal to 
 foreign. 
 
 Ginger Beer Plant. A micro- 
 scopic fungus, allied to yeast (To'rula). 
 
 Ginger Bread Palm. EyphcB'm 
 theha'ica. 
 
 .Ginger Bread Plum. Parina'- 
 ri/wm maorophy'llum. 
 
 Gi'nko. The Maideu-hair Tree. 
 (The Japanese name. Nat. ord., Coni- 
 feroe. Syns., Pterophyllus and Salis- 
 
 Ornamental hardy trees of handsome appear- 
 ance. Seeds, common soil. 
 (?. bUo'ha. 80. Spring. N. China. 1764. Syn., 
 Salisburia adiantifolia. 
 
 ladnia'ta. Leaves deeply cut. 
 
 pe'ndula. Branches drooping. 
 
 pyramida'lie. Garden variety. 1888. 
 
 variega'ta. Leaves slightly variegated. 
 
 Gipsy Moth. Li'paris di'spar, 
 
 Githa'go. See Lychnis. 
 
 Gladi'olus. Com Flag. (Fromg'te- 
 diiis, a sword ; referring to the shape of 
 the leaves. Nat. ord., Iridece ; Tribe, 
 IxiecB.) 
 
GLA 
 
 [421] 
 
 GLA 
 
 Bulbs, from South Africa, except where other- 
 ■wiae mentioned. The hardiest merely require 
 Jorder-room, and are propagated by seeds, and 
 by taking up and dividing the itizomes or bulbs 
 before growth has commenced. Those generally 
 designated frame and greenhouse species wiU 
 thrive very well in dry, sandy loam and peat 
 outof doora,ifplantedfromsixtoteninchesaeep, 
 according to the strength of the bulbs. The 
 earliest-flowering, such as tla'ndus, etc., may be 
 planted in the end of October ; ramo'sus, formo- 
 -'si'asymuSj etc., in December ; and Gmidavefnsis, 
 Jl&ribu'ndus, psittacL'nus, and sple'Tidens from 
 February to March, when they will keep bloom- 
 ing all the autumn. The whole make fine pot 
 plants, potted in autumn and spring, and kept 
 m a cold pit nntil they show flower. Tliey may 
 Also be forced for the greenhouse after the roots 
 have filled the pots. 
 
 G. abtrevia'tus. Andr. Rep. t. 166. See Antho- 
 lyza qwidrmmulariis. 
 
 — Adla'mi. DuD yellow with minute red spots. 
 
 Transvaal. 1889. 
 
 — aquinoctia'lis. April. Sierra Leone. 1842. 
 
 A synonym of Acidanthera CRquinoc- 
 tuUis. 
 
 — ala'tus. J. Scarlet, yellow. June. 1796. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 259. 
 -algoerms. }. Orange. July. 1824. 
 
 — a'lbidm. 1. White. June. 1774. Jacq. Ic. 
 
 t. 266. 
 ' — pi'ctus. 1. Bed, white. July. 1794. 
 
 — angustifo'lms. A synonym of Bal)ia/na tubi- 
 
 flora. 
 
 — angustus. 2. Yellow. June. 1766. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 262. 
 
 mi'nar. Flowers smaller. Andr. Eep. 
 
 t. 689. 
 
 — atroviola'ceus. Dark blue, purple, white. 
 
 Palestine. 1889. 
 
 — Ua'ndus. 1*. Flesh. June. 1774. B. M. 
 
 tt. 626, 648 and 1665. 
 
 cwmpwnula'tiis. Pale purple. B. M. 
 
 t. 646. 
 
 — brachya'ndrus. 2. Scarlet, whitish. Zam- 
 
 besi Land. July. 1879. B. M. t. 6463. 
 
 — brevifo'lius. IJ. Pink. June. 1802. 
 
 — byzanti'nus. 2. Bed. July. Turkey. 1629. 
 
 B. M. t. 874. 
 
 — ca/mpantUa'tus. IJ. Light purple. May. 
 
 1794. Andr. Eep. 1. 188. 
 
 — eardina'Ue. B. M, t. 135. See Tritonia croeata, 
 
 — ca'rneus. 2. Flesh. June. 1796. Jacq. Ic. 
 
 t. 265. 
 
 — eauca'sicus, Caucasus. 1842. 
 
 — cochlea'tus. IJ. White, red. March. 1829. 
 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 1. 140. 
 
 — Colvi'ttei, IJ. Bright red, marked with pale 
 
 purple. July. Hybrid between G. car- 
 dinalis and G. iristis. 
 a'lha. White. 
 
 — eomnm'rm. 2. Bed. July. South Europe. 
 
 1596. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 37. 
 
 a'lbue. 2. White. June. South Europe. 
 
 ca'rneus. IJ. Flesh. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1596. 
 
 — ee/rusolor. 1. Tellow. June. 1790. 
 
 — Coopelri. S. Bed, yellow. September. Natal. 
 
 1862. B. M. t. 6202. 
 
 — orispt/lo'rw. Various. July. 1842. 
 
 — eri'spus. Jacq. Ic. t. 267. See Tritonia 
 
 crispa. 
 
 — erue^ntus. Blood-red, white. September. 
 
 Natal. 1868. B. M. t. 5810. 
 
 — euspida'tus. IJ. White, brown. May. 1795. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 267. 
 
 — de'bilis. IJ. White. May. B. M. t. 2685. 
 
 — decora'tus. 3. Scarlet, yellow. E. Africa. 
 
 1890. 
 — draeace^phalus. 2i. Greenish-yellow, with 
 purple lines. Natal. 1871, B. M. 
 J>.:6884. 
 
 G.Ecklo'ni. l-lj. Pinkish-white, densely red 
 spotted. Autumn. S. Africa. 1862. 
 
 — e'dulis. li. White. June. 1816. B. R. 1. 169. 
 
 — Ello'ni. White tipped with purple. 1890. 
 
 — elonpa'tue. See BabUma tubifiora. 
 — fentiJmm. Pale rose. July. 1844. 
 
 — fislvlo'sa. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 16. See 
 
 IToteomia spiaita. 
 — jUxiMlmx. 1. Orange. June. 1825. 
 — pmMndvx. 1. Citron. July. 1788. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 264. 
 —fra'grans. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 14. See 
 
 Babia/na plwata. 
 
 — gandave'nsis. Bich crimson, yellow. Summer. 
 
 Hybrid. 
 
 — gra'eilis. 2. Blue, white. April. 1800. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 246. 
 
 — hasta'twi. 1. Flesh. May. 1816. B.M. 1. 1564. 
 
 — hir«ultus. IJ. Pink. June. 1796. B. M. 
 
 tt. 674,727, 823, and 992. 
 
 — hyaZi'mie. 1. YeUow, red. June. 1825. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 242. 
 
 — imbrica'tus. 1. Bed. June. Russia. 1820. 
 
 — inclina'tus. See Babia/na tubiflora. 
 
 — involu'tTzs. IJ. Pink. June. 1767. 
 
 — iridif&Uwi. Jacq. Ic. t. 236. See Watsonia 
 
 Meriana. 
 
 — Ki'rkii. S. Bose. Grahamstown. 1890. 
 
 — KotBchya'nus. Light violet. Afghanistan 
 
 and Persia. B. M. t. 6897. 
 
 — Lei'chtlini. Scarlet, yellow. Transvaal. 1889. 
 
 — linea'tus. B. M. t. 487. See Montbretia 
 
 Uneata, 
 
 — Umgifldrus. Jacq. Ic. t. 262. See BaMama 
 
 tiMflora. 
 
 — MUli/ri. IJ. Violet. May. 1761. B.Mt.632. 
 
 — Marto'niMB. IJ. White. 1837. B. M. t. 3680. 
 
 — mmerana'tue. Jsuai. Ic. t. 253. See BaMama 
 
 'muoronata. 
 
 — Tiamaqu^rms. }. Orange. June. 1800. 
 
 — na'rms. Andr. Bep. t. 137. See Babiama 
 
 na/na. 
 
 — natale'nsie. 4. Scarlet, yellow. August. 
 
 Natal River. 1830. B. C. 1. 1756. 
 
 — ochroleu'cus. Transvaal Republic. 
 
 — oppositifio'rus. April. Madagascar. 1843. 
 — papi'lio. Purple, yellow. S.Africa. 1866. 
 
 B. M. t. 5565. 
 atra'tus. Dark purple. 1886. 
 
 — permea'bUis. }. Orange. June. 1826. 
 
 — plica' tus. Jacq. Ic. t. 237. See Babiana 
 stricta, var. suZphurea. 
 
 — Po'ttsii. See Mtmtbretia Pottsii. 
 
 —pro! cox. Andr. Rep. t. 38. A synonym of 
 
 Ardliolyza revolutuTn. 
 — primuli'nus. Primrose-yellow. E. Africa. 
 
 1890. 
 — psittaei'rms. S. Scarlet, yellow. Summer. 
 
 S.E. Africa. B. M. t. 3032. 
 — pudibu'Tidus. 3. Rose. Hybrid between ff. 
 
 bJmuLus and G. eardinaiis. Swt. Fl. 
 
 Gard. ser. 2, 1. 176. 
 — puncta'tui. Greenish-yellow, brownish- 
 purple. 1889. 
 — pwrpu'reo-a/u/ra'tTiB. YeUow, purple. Natal. 
 
 1872. 
 
 — quadrangula'rii. B. M. t. 667. See Antho- 
 
 lyza quadramgularis. 
 
 — Qua/rtmianus. 4. Yellow spotted with 
 
 scarlet. August. Tropical Africa. 
 1884. B. M. t. 6739. 
 
 — ramclsui. 6. Rose. July. 1838. Paxt. 
 
 Mag. vi. p. 99. 
 
 — recu'rvus. 2. Striped. May. 1768. B. M. 
 
 t. 678. Syn., 6. rimgens. 
 
 — re/ra'etus. Jacq. Ic. t. 241. See Freesia 
 
 refraeta. 
 
 — ri'rtgens. Andr. Rep. t. 27. A synonym of 
 
 G. recurmts. 
 
 — ro'sem. Jacq. Ic. t. 261. See Tritonia capentis. 
 
 — sarnbuci'nus. Jacq. H. Schoenb. 1. 16. See 
 
 Babicma samMuina. 
 
GLA 
 
 [422] 
 
 GLA 
 
 G Saunde'i'm. Scarlet, white. August. S. 
 Africa. 1871. 
 
 — segeltum. 2. Purple. July. South Europe. 
 
 1696. B. M. t. 719. 
 
 — seHlceo-vSlo'aue. 3. Yellow. S. Africa. 
 
 1864. 
 
 — stri'etus. See Babiana etricta. 
 
 — sulphu'reits. J acq. Ic. t. 239. See Sabia/na 
 
 strictat var. sulphurea, 
 
 — tene'Uus. i. Yellow. June. 1826. Jaoq. 
 
 Ic. t. 248. 
 
 — tefnwii. 1. Bed. June. Tauria. 1823. 
 
 — trichanemifo'lms. IJ. Yellow. June. 1800. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1483. 
 
 — trima<Maltus. 1. Red, white. June. l794. 
 
 — tristii. 1. Brown, red. July. 1746. B.M. 
 
 t. 272 and 1098. 
 
 — tuhaltvs. Jacq. Ic. t. 264. See Babiana 
 
 tubata. 
 
 — tuUfio'rus. Jacq. Ic. t. 266. See Babiama 
 
 tuinpyra. 
 
 — turMnsis. Garden hybrid between G. 
 
 gaTidavensis and 0. Saundersii. 1889. 
 
 — uncma'tue. 1. Pink. May. 1760. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 251. 
 pa/lMus. 1. Pink May. 1760. 
 
 — v&r«i' color. Xi. Brown. June. 1794. Andr. 
 
 Eep. 1. 19. 
 
 Kne'rvis. li. Pink. June. 1806. 
 
 tenu'ior. 1. Variegated. June. 1779. 
 
 — victoria'lis. Garden hybrid between G. 
 
 communis and G. Colmllei. 
 
 — vi'nuliis. Creamy white, feathered with 
 
 crimson. 1888. 
 
 — iKpera'tus. i. Green, white. May. 1787. 
 
 B. M. t. 688. 
 
 — watsonioi'des. H. Scarlet. Mount Kiliman- 
 
 jaro. 1887. B. M. t. 6919. 
 
 — Wateo'nius. Jacq. Ic. t. 233. See Antholyza 
 
 revoluta. 
 
 — xanthospi'lua. Bed. Lil. 1. 124. See I^eesia 
 
 refracta. 
 
 Propagation: by Offsets. — The offsets 
 are produced plentifully round the base 
 of each bulb. When the bulbs are taken 
 up, separate the flowering bulbs from 
 the offsets, and then again divide the 
 latter into two lots, one of the larger 
 roots and one of the smaller. Towards 
 the end of August prepare a bed for 
 them in an open situation, and drain 
 the ground well if damp. Place a layer 
 of brick-rubbish under the soil, not less 
 than a foot deep, and not more than 
 fifteen inches ; upon the drainage place 
 a layer of stable-litter, then throw in 
 the soil, mixing it freely with well-de- 
 compos6d manure ; let it settle about a 
 fortnight, then plant the larger offsets 
 in one bed and the smaller ones in an- 
 other ; the larger sized four inches apart 
 in the row, six inches from row to row, 
 and three inches deep. Plant by draw- 
 ing drills across the beds with a trian- 
 gular-shaped hoe, and put in the bulbs 
 with the hand, pressing each pretty 
 firmly down into the sou. When all 
 are planted, level the soil with a rake. 
 The small-sized offsets may be planted 
 much thicker, but in every other respect 
 the same as the larger sized. _ The 
 reason for planting them in two sizes is, 
 because the larger sized produce such 
 
 large leaves as smother the smaller 
 ones ; besides, the larger sized will pro- 
 duce, after one year's growth, flowering 
 bulbs, which, wnen taken up after th& 
 growth is perfected, may be sorted t* 
 plant with the older flowering ones. 
 The smaller size had better remain in 
 the bed for two years, then be taken 
 up, sorted, and replanted in two sizes, 
 again, till they are large enough to. 
 flower. 
 
 By Seed new varieties are obtained. 
 All that is wanted are a few square 
 yards of ground, a few roots of the best 
 kinds, but as dissimilar in habit as pos- 
 sible, and then, when in bloom, to exer- 
 cise a little taste and discernment in 
 hybridizing, by impregnating the finest 
 form as the breeder of seed, with the 
 pollen of the highest and most distinct- 
 coloured male parent, removing the- 
 pollen of the breeder before it bursts, 
 and applying the pollen of the mal& 
 parent as soon as the anthers open. 
 When the seed is ripe gather it, and 
 keep it dry till spring ; then sow it in 
 shallow pots or boxes; place them in a 
 gentle heat, and when the seedlings are 
 up give plenty of air, and very mode- 
 rate supplies of water. As soon as the 
 weather will permit, set them in the 
 open air, and as the leaves advance in 
 size give more water, and allow gentle 
 showers to fall upon them, but shelter 
 them from heavy rain. When the leaves 
 are all decayed, take the soil and care- 
 fully sift it through a fine sieve, picking: 
 out every bulb, however small. Prepare 
 a bed in the same manner, and of the 
 same materials, as is described above 
 for offsets. Plant the seedling bulbs in, 
 it the first week in September, in the 
 same way as the small offsets. Let- 
 them remain in this bed for two years ;. 
 then take them and replant them in a 
 bed fresh prepared. It is likely that 
 some of the strongest will then flower, 
 and the very worst will be worth plant- 
 ing in the borders. 
 
 Slimmer Culture. — The bulbs want- 
 very little attention during summer. 
 Keep them clear of weeds, and when 
 the flower-stems are a foot high place a 
 stick to support them, as the winds are- 
 apt to twist them off close to the bulbs. 
 When the bloom is over, and the leaves 
 turn yellow, take them up dry, and sort 
 them, separating the bulbs that are 
 large enough to flower from the offsets ;; 
 put them away in drawers marked with 
 the name of each variety, keeping them 
 dry and cool till the planting season, 
 arrives again. 
 , Winter Culture. — In September pre- 
 
GLA 
 
 [423] 
 
 GLA 
 
 pare the beds by throwing out all the 
 soil to the depth of fifteen inches ; if in 
 the same situation as beds were before, 
 examine the drainage. If it is open and 
 ready to work well, it will need nothing 
 doing to it, but if it be choked up, re- 
 move it entirely ; sift it, throwing in 
 the rough, and removing the finfe earthy 
 part ; add some fresh rubble, and then 
 cover it with litter ; mix a goodly por- 
 tion of thoroughly decayed dung with 
 the soil, or, which is better, renew it 
 entirely ; level the bed, leaving it a few 
 inches higher. Plant the first week in 
 October, three inches deep, giving each 
 of the bulbs six inches square to grow 
 in. Place a thin layer of haU-rotten 
 dung upon the bed, to protect the bulbs 
 in severe frost. They will require no 
 other care during this season. 
 
 Vermin. — Mice, wireworms, and the 
 red spider prey upon them. Wireworms 
 may De caught with slices of potatoes 
 buried in the soil, and taken up occa- 
 sionally. The red spider, happily, only 
 appears when there is a long continuance 
 of dry weather. Watch for its first 
 appearance, and as soon as it is per- 
 ceived, causing the leaves to be spotted, 
 let every leaf be sponged over with 
 water impregnated with flower of sul- 
 phur. If dry weather prevails much, 
 syringe the plants every evening se- 
 verely.- 
 
 Gladiolus disease. In wet sea- 
 sons, especially in damp heavy soils, the 
 Gladiolus is subject to a peculiar di- 
 sease, caused by some fungus. At pre- 
 sent the disease is very imperfectly 
 understood, for badly diseased corms 
 are often found to contain the mycelium 
 of two or three kinds of fungi, as well 
 as infusoria. A curious mycelial OTOwth 
 is, however, usually fotmd in the di- 
 seased corms, called Rhizoctonia croco- 
 rum, or "Copper-web," which also at- 
 tacks and destroys the corms of Crocus, 
 Narcissus bulbs, Asparagus, etc., and 
 probably is the main agent in producing 
 the Gladiolus disease. The fruit of this 
 fungus is unknown, but in 1876 Mr. W. 
 G. Smith discovered some curious bodies 
 in a diseased Gladiolus 
 corm which may per- 
 haps prove to be the 
 fruit of Khizoctonia ; 
 no mycelium was, how- 
 ever, found with them. 
 These bodies, one of 
 which is shown in our 
 engraving, belong to 
 the genus Urocystis, and have received 
 the name of U. gladioli; they are com- 
 
 pound spores, consisting of from three 
 to six inner brown cells or spores, and 
 an indefinite number of outer nearly 
 transparent cells. Both kind of cells or 
 spores burst and produce threads of my- 
 celium. No remedy is known. — From 
 the "Gardeners' Chronicle," 1876, n. s. 
 vi. 420. 
 
 Glass is the best agent employed by 
 the gardener to exclude the cold, whilst 
 the Dght is admitted to his plants which 
 are natives of hotter climates than that 
 in which he cultivates them. Now that 
 the excise-duty is removed from glass, 
 the gardener is enabled to employ the 
 best, and a thicker kind than formerly, 
 when the duty was high in proportion to 
 the good quality anf weight. Anxiety 
 to obtain the best glass for hothouses, 
 etc., is every way laudable; but the 
 benefit sought for is frustrated if it be 
 not constantly well cleansed. The best 
 glass, if dirty, allows fewer rays of light 
 to pass through than inferior glass kept 
 bright. A thorough cleansing should 
 be given both to the outside and inside 
 twice annually, during the first weeks 
 of February and of October, and a third 
 cleansing, on the outside only, at the 
 end of June. In proportion to the de- 
 ficiency of light does the plant under 
 glass become, in the gardener's phraseo- 
 logy, drawn; that is, its surface of 
 leaves becomes unnaturally extended, 
 in the vain effort to have a sufficient 
 elaboration of the sap effected by means 
 of a large surface exposed to a dimi- 
 nished light, for which a less surface 
 would have been sufficient if the light 
 were more intense. Taking into con- 
 sideration the consequences of breakage, 
 and other contingencies to be avoided as 
 well as secured, we consider glass of 21 
 ounces to the square foot, and in panes 
 of 18 inches by 12 inches, the substance 
 and size most desirable. Rough plate- 
 glass is desirable, because, without di- 
 minishing the light, it reduces the danger 
 of scorching the leaves. 
 
 Glass Cases are of various kinds. 
 One is formed of glazed wooden frames, 
 fitting together, to protect espaliers, 
 wall-trees, or shrubs, too large to be 
 covered with a hand-glass. 
 
 Another glass case is made for pro- 
 tecting a single branch. It is thus de- 
 scribed by Mr. Maund : 
 
 " Grapes grown on open walls in the 
 midland counties are rarely well ripened ; 
 therefore I provide a small glazed frame, 
 a sort of narrow hand-glass, of the shape 
 shown in the annexed outline, to fix 
 against the wallj and inclose one branch 
 
GLA 
 
 [424] 
 
 GLE 
 
 of the vine, with its fruit and foliage. 
 The open part, which rests against the 
 wall, is thirteen inches wide, 
 and may be of any length 
 required to take in the fruit. 
 The sides are formed of 
 single panes of glass, seven 
 inches wide, and meet on a 
 bar which may represent 
 the ridge of a roof, the 
 ends inclosed by triangular 
 boards, and having a notch 
 to admit the branch. This 
 is fixed on the branch a 
 month before the vine is in 
 flower, and brings it a week 
 earlier than the exposed. 
 Theframeisnotfitted closely 
 to the wall, but in some 
 places may be a quarter of an inch from 
 it. The lateral branches being shortened 
 before it is fixed, it does not require 
 removal even for pruning, because I 
 ado_pt the long-rod mode of training, 
 which is peculiarly adapted to my par- 
 tial protection system. The temperature 
 within the frame is always higher than 
 without, sometimes at mid-day even 
 from. 20° to 30°. By this simple pro- 
 tection 1 find grapes may be ripened 
 from three weeks to a month earlier 
 than when wholly exposed, and this 
 saving of time will, I believe, not only 
 secure their ripening well every year in 
 the midland counties, but also that such 
 advantage will be available in the north 
 of England, where grapes never ripen 
 on the open walls." 
 
 Lastly, there is the so-called Wardian- 
 ease, to cover plants growing in rooms, 
 preserving to them uniform moisture, 
 and excluding dust. To prevent the 
 dew which is occasionally deposited in- 
 side the glass, it is only necessary to 
 open the case frequently, for a few 
 minutes, to render the temperature 
 within similar to that outside. They 
 are not intended to exclude the air, and 
 are now made very ornamental. 
 
 Glastonbury Thorn. A variety 
 of Crataegus oxyea'ntha. 
 
 Glasswort. Salim'mia, 
 
 Glau'cium. Horn Poppy. (From 
 glaukos, greyish-green ; referring to the 
 colour of the leaves. Nat. ord.. Papa- 
 veracecE; Tribe, EupapaA>erecB, Allied 
 to Eschscholtzia.) 
 
 Seeds in common borders, in March or April. 
 
 HARDY BIENNIALS. 
 
 O.Jla'wm. See G. lutewm. 
 
 — /M'^OTtm. 2. Orange. August. South 
 
 Europe. 1802. 
 
 — IvHevim. 2. Yellow. August. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 66. Syn., Q. flavum. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 0. ara'Kcmn. Bed. June. Arabia. 1837. 
 — pe'TsUmm. 1. Bed. August. Volhynia. 
 1829. 
 
 — c<yrni&uXa'tumphoe'ni'ceu'm. 2. Purple. July. 
 
 S. Europe. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 489. 
 
 — -^—fiavifit/nium. 2. Yellow. July. Tauria. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — riiirwrn. 1. Bed. July. Greece. 1818. 
 tn: color. 1. Bed. July. Persia. 1828. 
 
 — Serpw!ri. Yellow. Greece. 1873. Gfl. 
 
 t. 776. 
 flo're-ple!no. Yellow. Greece. 1873. 
 
 — squamvKgerwm. Yellow. Altai. 1879. 
 
 Glaucous. Greyish, or mflky-green. 
 
 Glau'x. (From glaukos, greyish- 
 green. Nat. ord., PrimulacecB ; Tribe, 
 Lysimachiece. Allied to Anagallis. ) 
 
 Hardy British perennial trailers, found in 
 marshes near the sea. Sandy, moist soil ; seeds. 
 G. mari'tima. Flesh-coloured. June. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1160. 
 a'lba. i. White. May. 
 
 Glazing. See Greenhouse and 
 Stove. 
 
 Glecho'ma. See Nepe'ta. 
 
 Gledi'tschia. (Named after Gle- 
 ditsch, a German botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Legumingsce; Tribe, EuecBsalpinece. Al- 
 lied to ColviUea.) 
 
 Ornamental hardy deciduous trees. Seeds im- 
 ported from America and the South of France, 
 where triaca'nthos, etc., ripen their seeds. SI- 
 ne'nm ine'rmis, etc., are generally grafted. 
 The seed should be sown in March, after being 
 soaked twelve hours in warm water. Common 
 soil. 
 G. ftava. See G. tria'eanfhoi. 
 
 — ho'rrida. Wats. Dendr. t. 76. See ff. si- 
 
 ne'nsls. 
 
 — Icdvii. See G. triaccmthog, var. inermis. 
 
 — macra'ntha. 20. Green. July. 
 
 — micTam,'nfhos. 10. Green. July. 
 
 — numomiirrrm. 20. Green. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1723. 
 
 — sme'mie. 20. Green. CJhina. 1812. Syn., 
 
 G. horrida. 
 
 indrmie. 20. Green. June. 
 
 ma'jor. 30. Green. June. China. 
 
 na'na. 12. Green. June. China. 
 
 pe'ndula. Green. June. 
 
 — triaca'nthos. 30. Green. N. Amer. 1700. 
 
 Honey Locust. Wats. Dendr. t. 138. 
 Syn., G.fiava. 
 inefrmis. 30. Green. July. 
 
 Gleiche'nia. (Named after Glei- 
 chen, a German botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Filiees.) 
 
GLO 
 
 [425] 
 
 GLO 
 
 Ornamental Stove Ferns, with brown spores. 
 Division of the plant ; peat and loam. 
 G. Wfurca'ta. May. Malacca. 
 
 — eryptoca'rpa. S. Chili. 1865. 
 
 — dica'rpa. Tasmania. Hook. HI. Exot. t. 40. 
 longipinna'ta. Australia. 1879. 
 
 — dwho'toma. Tropics. 
 
 — exce'lsa. May. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — flabella'ta. July. N. Holland. 1823. Hook. 
 
 Kl. Exot. t. 71. 
 
 — furcalta. Jamaica. 1860. 
 
 — giga'ntea. June. E. Ind. Hook. Sp. Fil. t. 3. 
 
 — hecistophj/Ua. New Zealand. 
 
 — Uerma'nni. Isle of Luzon. 1839. Hook. Ic. 
 
 Fa. 1. 14. 
 
 — Mende'lii. Australia. 1879. 
 
 — mierophy'tta. July. N. Holland. 1823. 
 
 — mucrona'ta, Mindora. 
 
 — pectma'ta,. 3. August. Trinidad. 1824. 
 
 — pube! 8ce.7i8. 3. August S. Amer. 1822. 
 
 — ri'gida. June. Isle of Luzon. 1839. 
 
 — rupelstris. New Holland. 1880. 
 
 — se/mi-vesti'ta. New Zealand. 1857. Hook. 
 
 Sp. Fil. t. 2. 
 
 — spelu'ncce. July. N. Holland. 1824. Hook. 
 
 Sp. FiL 1. 1. 
 
 Glo'bba. (A native name. Nat. 
 ord., Scitaminece ; Tribe, Zingiberece. 
 Allied to Colebrookia.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous plants. Parting the roots ; 
 sandy loam. 
 
 O. a'Jba. Belg. Hort. xxxv. p. 286, t. 20. See 
 G. aCbo-bracteata. 
 
 — a'lbo-bractea'ta. 2. White, yellow. Sumatra. 
 
 1882. 
 
 — (^'tro-sar^3«t'7l«a. 1. Bed, yellow. Borneo. 
 
 1882. B. M. t. 6626. Syn., G. eoceinea. 
 
 — bidbi'fera. 2. YeUow. July. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — Careya'na. li. Yellow. August. Pegu. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — eocci'nea. See G. atn-sanguinea. 
 
 — ere' eta. 1. White. July. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — MarantSna. Ih- YeUow. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1800. B. C. 1. 100. 
 
 — onae'rmB. 2. Pink. July. E. Ind. 1819. 
 
 — pe:ndula. 1. YeUow. July. B. Ind. 1822. 
 
 — raeenu>'sa. 1. Yellow. July. Ceylon. 1812. 
 
 — Sehmtibu'rgldi. 1. Yellow, orange. August. 
 
 Siam. 1864. B. M. t 6298. 
 
 — eeesilifio'ra. IJ. Yellow. August. Pegu. 
 
 1807. B. M. 1. 1428. 
 
 Globe Amaranth. Gomphre'na. 
 
 Globe Flower. Tro'lUus. 
 
 Globe Mallow. Spluerala'em. 
 
 Globe Thistle. Echi'nops. 
 
 Globula'ria. (From globulos, a 
 small round head; referring to the 
 flower-heads. Nat. ord., Selaginacem. 
 Allied to Selago.) 
 
 Seeds in spring ; cuttings of young shoots in 
 summer, in sandy soil, under a hand-hght ; sandy 
 loam and peat. The greenhouse species require 
 similar treatment ; longifo'lia will do against a 
 conservative wall ; and aXt/prum should be tried 
 in a dry, sheltered place, on a rock-work, with 
 a, slight protection in winter. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 
 
 G. alj/pwm. 2. Pale. August. South Europe. 
 
 1640. 
 integrjfo'lia. 2. Pale. August. South 
 
 Europe. 
 
 — salici'na. 3. White. July. Madeira. 1776. 
 
 Syn., 6. longifoUa. 
 
 HAKDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 G. bellidi/o'lia. See G. eord{foUa. 
 
 — cordi/o'lia. J. Blue. July. Germany. 1633. 
 
 Syn., G. lettidifolia. 
 
 na'na. \. Blue. July. France. 1824. 
 
 Syn., Q, nana. 
 
 — ineandeeens. Purple. June. Italy. 1828. 
 
 — linifc^lia. See <?. spinosa. 
 
 ■ — nu'na. See G. cordifoUa, var. naTia. 
 
 — nudieau'lis. J. Blue. July. Germany. 1629. 
 
 — spino'sa. i. Blue. June. Spain. 1640. 
 
 Syn., 6. linifolia. 
 
 — vulga'ris. J. Blue. June. Europe. 1640. 
 
 Globu'lea. (From glohulos, a small 
 globe ; referring to glands on the petals. 
 Nat. ord., Crassidacece. United to 
 Crassula by Bentham and Hooker.) 
 
 Greenhouse succulents, from the Cape of Good 
 Hope, and with white flowers, except a'tro-pur- 
 pu'rea. Cuttings of flrmish young shoots, taken 
 off and dried for a day or two before inserting 
 them in sandy soil, and placing a hand-light 
 over them, but not close. Sandy loam, a little 
 peat, charcoal, and brick-rubbish, in small pieces, 
 the dust being sifted out. Keep dry during 
 winter. 
 G. a'tro-purpu'rea. i. Purple. August. 1823. 
 
 — cane^scetis. See Crassula canescens. 
 
 — capita'ta. J. July. 1819. 
 
 — emtra'ta. See Crassala eultrata. 
 
 — hi'spida. i. November. 1823. 
 
 — impre'ssa. i. August. 1820. 
 — mi'nor. J. August. 1820. 
 
 — rmifllis. 1. August. 1774. 
 
 — nudwau'tis. See Crassula nudicaulis. 
 
 — obvalla'ta. See Crassula obvallata. 
 ^ panicula'ta. J. July. 1823. 
 
 — sulca'ta. See Crassula sulcata. 
 
 Glo'nera. See Psychotria. 
 
 Glorio'sa. (From gloriosus, glo- 
 rious; referring to the flowers. Nat. 
 ord., LiliacecB ; Tribe, Uvulariece.) 
 
 Stove bulbs, except nepaU^nsis. Divisions of 
 the roots and seeds ; if by the former, take a 
 
 Sot that has been kept dry all the winter, say in 
 [arch, turn it out, and separate the bulbs care- 
 fully, without bruising them. Place each bulb, 
 with the end farthest from the old tuber, upper- 
 most in the centre of a clean pot, covering it 
 with an inch or two of soil, the pot being five or 
 ten inches, or any intermediate size, in diameter, 
 according to the size of the bulb ; peat, loam, 
 leaf-mould, old cow-dung, and sand in equal 
 proportions, with good drainage. Give no water 
 until the bud appears above ground, then water 
 and place in a strong, moist heat, growing 
 vigorously, and training as the plant proceeds. 
 When it has done flowering, and the leaves 
 tumedyellow, refrain from watering, and shortly 
 after turn the plants on their broadsides in a 
 dry place, and allow them to rest until next 
 season. 
 
 G. nepalefnsis, 2. Yellow. June. Nepaul. 
 1825. Half-hardy. 
 
 — gi'Ttiplex. 2. Blue. July. Senegal. 1766. 
 
 — supe'rba. 6. Orange. July. E. Ind. 1690. 
 
 Andr. Eep. 1. 129. 
 grandifio'ra. Orange. Tropical Africa. 
 
 Syn., Methonica grandiJUyra, B. M, 
 
 t. 6216. 
 Leopoldia'na. 6. YeUow. July. 1847. 
 
 — vire'seens. 4. Orange. August. Mozam- 
 
 bique. 1823. B. M. t. 2539. 
 
 Glory Pea. Clia'nthus. 
 
 GlOSSa'nthUS. (From glossa, a 
 
GLO 
 
 [426] 
 
 GLY 
 
 tongue, and anthos, a flower ; referring 
 to the shape of the corolla. Nat. ord., 
 GesneracecB ; Tribe, CyrixindrecB.) See 
 Klugia. 
 
 G. malaba'rUms. See Klugia Notoniana. 
 
 — Sotfrnialna. See Klugia Notoniana. 
 
 — zeyla'nicuB. See Klugia zeylanica, 
 
 GlOSSOCO'mia. (From glossokomos, 
 a money-bag ; referring to the shape of 
 the flower. Nat. ord., Campanulacece ; 
 Tribe, Campanulece.) See Codonop- 
 sis. 
 
 G. ova'ta. B. E. 1842, t. 3. See Codonopsis ovata. 
 
 — lu'rida. See Codonopsis rotundifolia, B. M. 
 
 t. 4942. 
 
 Glosso'dia. (Fromflffossos, a tongue, 
 and eidos, like ; referring to the lip, or 
 labellum. Nat. ord., Orchidece; Tribe, 
 NeottiecB-Diuridece. Allied to Arethusa. ) 
 Greenhouse terrestrial orchids. Offsets ; sandy 
 loam and peat ; dryish in winter. 
 G. ma' jar. Blue. June. Australia. 1810. 
 Syn., Caladenia major. 
 
 — mi'nor. Blue. June. Australia. 1810. 
 
 Syn., Caladenia minor. 
 
 Glotti'dium. (From glottis, the 
 valve of the windpipe ; referring to the 
 division in the seed-pod. Nat. ord., 
 LeguTninoscB ; Tribe, Galegeoe.) See 
 Sesbania. 
 
 6. Jlorida'num. See Sesbania disperma. 
 
 Gloxi'nia. (Named after P. B. 
 Oloxin, a botanist of Colmar. Nat. 
 ord., GesneracecB ; Tribe, Gesnerece.) 
 
 Very handsome stove herbaceous perennials. 
 For culture, see Ge'snera. 
 G. eaulelgcenx. }. Purple. July. Pemambuco. 
 1826. B. E. 1. 1127. 
 
 — digitaiyio'Ta. f . Pale crimson. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1843. Paxt. Mag. x. p. 193. 
 
 — di' scalar, li. Lilac, blue. March. Brazil. 
 
 1843. 
 — fimbria' ta. IJ. White, yellow. September. 
 B. M. t. 4430. 
 
 — hirmlta. B. E. 1. 1004. See Sinningia. 
 
 — hypocyrtiflo'ra. B. M. t. 5665. See Isoloma 
 
 hypoeyrtifiora. 
 
 — hvrm'ta. \. Blue. July. S. Amer. 1824. 
 
 — maerophj/Ua. Violet. September. Brazil. 
 
 1844. 
 
 — mMSuUta. 1. Purple. September. S. Amer. 
 
 1739. B. M. 1. 1191. 
 imi'gnis. Lilac, crimson. Brazil. 1864. 
 
 — paUidiflora. 1. Purple. October. Santa 
 
 Martha. 1846. B. M. t. 4213. 
 
 — PassingTia'mi. Paxt. Mag^ xii. p. 267. See 
 
 Svani/ngia speciosa. 
 
 — pi'cta. Lilac, blue. June. S. Amer. 1842. 
 variega'ta. Pale blue. S. Amer. 
 
 — ru'bra. Scarlet. September. Eio Janeiro. 
 
 1840. Paxt. Mag. vli. p. 271. 
 
 — spedo'sa. B. E. t. 213, 1127, 1844, t. 48. B. 
 
 M. t. 1937, 3206, 4934, and 3943. See 
 Sinningiajpeciosa. 
 
 — tuMflo'ra. 1. white. July. South Brazil. 
 
 1387. B. M. t. 3971. Now referred to 
 Achimenes. 
 
 — virgina'le. Garden variety. 1889. 
 
 Gly'ce. (From glukus, sweet; al- 
 luding to its flavour. Nat. ord., Cruci- 
 fercB, Now referred to Alyssum.) 
 
 G. mari'tvma. Synonymous with Alyssum 
 mmitimum, 
 
 Gly'cine. (From glukus, sweet ; re- 
 ferring to the taste of the roots of some 
 Nat. ord., LegvminoscB.) 
 
 The well-known Chinese twiner, popularly 
 called Gly'cine sindnsis, belongs to Wistalria. 
 Seeds in a hotbed, in spring ; cuttings of young 
 side-shoots in spring, in sand, under a bell-glass ; 
 peat and loam, with silver sand. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN TWINERS. 
 
 G. BackhousUCna. 
 
 — hedysaroi'des. 1}. Purple. July. Guinea. 
 
 1823. Shrub. 
 
 — rdsea. 1. Rose. Ceylon. 1848. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN TWINERS. 
 
 G. cla/nde!slina. 2. Purple. July. Australia. 
 1818. Syn., G. mmima. 
 
 — mi'jiima. See G. clawiestitM. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 
 G. afpios. B. M. 1. 1198. See Apios tuberosa. 
 
 — buo'ba. See Cologania biloba. 
 
 — bimacuia'ta. B. M. t. 263. See Hardenbergia, 
 
 — bitumimo'sa. " B.' E. t. 261. See FageliOt 
 
 bituminosa. 
 
 — cocH'nea. B. M. t. 270. See Kenneyda. 
 
 — Comptonia'na. B. M. t. 298. See Harden- 
 
 bergia Comptoniana. 
 — fil&sa. See Armfhicarpcea sarmentosa. 
 
 — heteroph^lla. See Rhynchosia gland/ulosa. 
 
 — humifii'sa. See Westonia humtfu^a. 
 
 — ligno'sa. See Sweetia lignosa. 
 
 — mo'llis. See Teramnus mollis. 
 
 — Tnonoi'ca. See AmphicwrpcBa Tnonoica. 
 
 — monophy'tta. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 232. See 
 
 Sallia. 
 puncta'ta. See Turpinia punctata. 
 
 — rubicu'ndja. B. M. t. 268. See Kenneyda. , 
 
 — sarmento'sa. See Amphicarpcea sarmentosa, 
 
 — stria'ta. See Galactia. 
 vincenti'na. B. E. t. 799. See Chcetoealyx 
 
 vincentina. 
 
 Glycyrrhi'za. Liguorice. (Front 
 gcukus, sweet, and rhiza, a root; re- 
 ferring to the sweet juice of the roots 
 of the liquorice. Nat. ord., Legumi- 
 nosce; Tribe, Galegeoe. Closely allied 
 to Astralagus. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. The true liquo- 
 rice is the root of G. gla'bra; but those of 
 echina'ta and glanduli'fera are equally esteemed 
 as a pectoral. Dividing the roots, taking care 
 that there Is one or several buds on each piece ; 
 deep, sandy loam. 
 G. aspdrrima. 2. Blue. July. Siberia. 1795. 
 
 — echima'ta. 3. Pale. July. Italy. 1696. 
 
 B. M. t. 2164. 
 —foc'tida. 3. Pale yellow. July. Africa. 
 1817. 
 
 — gla'bra. 3. Pale blue. July. Italy. 1562. 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 709. 
 
 — glanduli'fera. 3. Pale. July. Hungary. 
 
 1806. ' 
 
 — hirsu'ta. 3. Pale. July. Levant. 1739. 
 
 — lepido'ta. S. Pale. July. Missouri. 1811. 
 
 B. M. t. 2160. 
 
 — urale'nsis. 3. Pale blue. July. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 Glycyrrhi'za gla'bra Culture. 
 Common Liquorice. 
 
 Soil and Situation. — It thrives best in 
 a rich, light soil, two or three feet deep, 
 which should be trenched completely to 
 the bottom before planting, and a little 
 
GLY 
 
 [427] 
 
 GOD 
 
 well-decomposed manure turned in with 
 the bottom spit. In shallow or poor 
 ground it will not succeed : the situa- 
 tion cannot be too open. 
 
 Planting. — It is propagated by cut- 
 tings of the side-roots, which spring from 
 the crown of the plants, and run hori- 
 zontally just beneath the surface. Plant 
 in February, or early in March. Each 
 set, having a bud or two, should be 
 about two inches beneath the surface. 
 The only cultivation they require is to 
 be frequently hoed, and in autumn the 
 decayed stalks to be cut down, and the 
 earth stirred between the rows. 
 
 The roots are not fit for use until of 
 three or four years' growth. The season 
 for taking them up is December, Ja- 
 nuary, orTebruary. A trench must be 
 dug up regularly along each row, quite 
 down to the extremity of the principal 
 roots, which descend two feet and more. 
 
 G 1 y p h. 86 ' a. (Derivation unex- 
 plained. Nat. ord., Tiliacece; Tribe, 
 ApeibecB.) 
 
 Stove shrub. For cultivation, see Apeiba, to 
 which it is allied. 
 
 G. Montei'roi. Yellow. Benguela. 1866. B. 
 M. t. 5610. 
 
 Glyphospe'rma. (From glyphe, 
 carving, and sperma, a seed. Nat. ord. , 
 Liliacem; Tribe, Asphodelew. Closely 
 allied to Anthericum.) 
 
 Hardy plant with gjass-like leaves, requiring 
 slight protection in winter. Sandy soil. 
 0. Paimefri. IJ. Light salmon-colour, or white. 
 February. Northern Mexico. 1881. B. 
 M. t. 6717. 
 
 Glyptostro'bus. SeeTaxodium. 
 
 Gmeli'na. (Named after O. Gmelin, 
 a German naturalist. Nat. ord., Ver- 
 benacece; Tribe, Viticem. AlKed to 
 Tectona. ) 
 
 Evergreen trees. Seeds; cuttings of firm 
 yonng shoots in sand, and in heat ; rich, flbry 
 loam. 
 e asia'tiea. 10. Yellow. E. Ind. 1792. Stove. 
 
 — Rhee'dii. 14. Orange. May. E. Ind. Stove. 
 
 B. M. t. 4396. 
 
 — spedosi'ssima. 15. White. Nepaul. 1823. 
 
 Greenhouse. 
 
 Gnapha'lium. Cudwort, or Ever- 
 lasting. (From gna/pfialon, soft down ; 
 in reference to the woolly covering of 
 the leaves. Nat. ord., Commositm ; 
 Tribe, IntdoidecB. Allied to Helichry- 
 sum.) 
 
 Seeds of the hardy and tender annuals and 
 biennials in the open ground, and in heat re- 
 spectively ; shrubs, by cuttings under a hand- 
 light : and perennials, by divisions ; sandy loam 
 and leaf-mould. 6. aMscens requires a cool 
 stove, and the addition of a little neat. 
 G. dCbe'teem. 2. White. Jamaica. 1793. Stove 
 evergreen. 
 
 — vnmlwralum. 1. Brown, yellow. July. 
 
 New Zealand. 1699. Hardy herbaceous, 
 B. M. t. 2582. 
 G. obtvsiSdVmm. 1. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 
 1732. Hardy annual. 
 
 — penmsylva'nicum. IJ. Purple. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1732. Greenhouse biennial 
 Syn., O. purpureum. 
 
 — swngui'Tiewm. IJ. Crimson.' July. Egypt^ 
 
 l768. Hardy biennial. 
 
 — und/ulaJtwm. 1. Yellow, white. July. Africa. 
 
 1732. Hardy annual. 
 
 EXCLBDED SPECIES. 
 
 ff. apicula'tmn. B. E. t. 240. See Eelichrysum. 
 
 — arena'riwm. B. M. t. 2159. See Helwhrysu-m, 
 
 — con^e! itum. B. M. t. 2328. See Helichrysum. 
 
 — dioi'cwni. See Antennaria dimca. 
 
 — exi'miwrn. B. M. t. 300. See Belipterum. 
 
 — grandMo'rum. Andr. Eep. t. 489. See 
 
 Helichrysv/m. 
 
 — Leontopo'divmi. B. M. 1. 1968. See Leantopo- 
 
 dium. 
 
 — mode/stum. B. M. t. 2710. See Seliptenim. 
 
 Gni'dia. (An ancient name for 
 laurel. Nat. ord., Thymelcbcece ; Tribe,. 
 Enthymelece. Allied to Pimelea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, with pale yellow 
 flowers, from South and East lb:opical Africa. 
 Young shoots, when two or three inches long, in? 
 sand, above sandy peat, well drained, under a. 
 bell-glass ; stagnant water quickly destroys 
 them. Shade in summer. 
 G. argdntea. 2. June. 1826. 
 
 — bifio'ra. 2. June. 1800. 
 
 — capita'ta. 1. July. 1788. 
 
 — denuda'ta. li. Pale yellow. 1820. B. R. 
 
 t. 767. 
 — Jla'va. % Dark yellow. June. 1825. 
 
 — imbrica'ta. 2. June. 
 
 — ^uni^&rifo'lm. 2^. June. 1810. 
 
 — loBmga'ta. 1. June. 1822. 
 
 — pimJFo'Ha. 2. June. 1768. B. M. t. 2016. 
 
 — oppotiUifo'lia. 1. June. 1783. B. M. 1. 1902. 
 
 Syn., G. latifolia. 
 
 — seri'eea. IJ. July. 1786. 
 
 — simplex. 1. July. 1786. B. M. t. 812. 
 
 — stri'cta. 2i. June. 1810. 
 
 — tomenMsa. 4. Pale yellow. March. B. R. 
 
 t. 2761. 
 
 Goat's Beard. Spirce'a aru'ncus. 
 Goat's Foot. O'xalis capri'na. 
 Goat Moth. See Co'ssus Uifm'~ 
 
 Goat's Rue. GaWga. 
 Goat's Thoill. Astra! galus traga- 
 ea'ntha. 
 
 Gobtoo. See Artichoke. 
 
 Gode'tia. (Named after M. Godet,. 
 a foreigner. Nat. ord., Onaqracece.y 
 See (Enothera. 
 
 Hardy annuals. Seed sown in common soil, in 
 March and April ; also in September, and pro- 
 tected with an evergreen branch in winter. 
 G. albe^scens. IJ. Purple. June. Columbia 
 River. 1841. B. R. 1842, t. 9. 
 
 d^cu'TTibens. See CETWthera decumbens. 
 
 — grcmdifio'ra. 2 J. White, purple. July. 
 Columbia River. 1831. B. R. 1842, t. 61. 
 
 — lefpida. B. R. 1. 1849. See CEnothera levida- 
 jMHUe'yi. See CEnothera LindXeyi. 
 
 — pu'nvila. See (Enothera. 
 
 pwrpu'rea. See CEnothera purpurea. 
 
 — guadHvu'lnera. See (Enomera WMdrivalms^ 
 
GOD 
 
 [428] 
 
 GOM 
 
 G. Komanzo'vU. 1. Purple. June. N. Amer. 
 1827. B. B. t. 662. 
 
 — ro'ieo-a'lba. 1. Bed, white. May. Nepaul. 
 
 1827. 
 
 — rubicu'uda. B. B. t. 1856. See OSnothera 
 
 rubicwnda. 
 
 — tene^Ua. See (EnotJiera tenelZa. 
 
 — tenuifo'lia. See Qinothera tenu^olia. 
 
 — vimi'nea. See CEnothera vvminea. 
 
 — vino'sa. B. B. 1. 1880. See (Bnothera vmosa. 
 
 — WhitTieyi. 1. Crimson. Summer. 1871. 
 
 Fl. Mag., newser. t. 227. 
 
 Godo'ya. (Named after E. Godoy, 
 vhose Spanish title was the Prince of 
 Peace. Nat. ord., Ochnacew; Tribe, 
 Luxemburgiew. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripened 
 -shoots in sand, under a glass, and in strong bot- 
 tom-heat. 
 G. gemmifio'ra. 8. Yellow. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 — spldiidida. 10. White. Columbia. 1869. 
 
 Godwi'nia gi'gots- B. M. t. 6048. 
 See Dracontiiim gigas- 
 
 Goe'thea. (In honour of the jjoet 
 Goethe. Nat. ord., Malvaceae; Tribe, 
 Urenece. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen. For culture, see Pavo'nia. 
 ■G. Xackoya'na. 2. Blackish, rose. Brazil. 
 1878. B. M. t. 6427. Syn., Pavonia 
 Mackoyana. 
 
 — nrnltiflo'ra. Dull purple, red. September. 
 
 BraziL 1876. Syns., Pamnia mitlti- 
 flora and P. Wioti. 
 
 — gtrictiflo'm. li. Crimson, white. August. 
 
 BrazU. 1852. B. M. t. 4677. 
 
 Golden Apple. JS'gle. 
 
 Golden Hair. Chryso'coma eo- 
 ■mau'rea. 
 
 Golden Rod. Solida'go. 
 
 Golden Saxifrage. Chrysople'- 
 nirnn. 
 
 Golden Thistle. Sm'lymm and 
 Pro'tea sco'lymus. 
 
 Goldfu'ssia. (Named after Dr. 
 •Goldfuss, professor of natural history in 
 the university of Bonn. Nat. ord., 
 Jlcantha<:ecB.) United with Strobi- 
 lanthes. 
 
 ■6. amUophiftta. B. M. t. 3403. See StroUlamthes 
 anisophyUa. 
 
 — glomera'ta. B. M. t. 3881. See StrobiUmthes 
 
 glomeratus. 
 
 — isophy'lla. B. M. t. 4363. See StrobHamthes 
 
 isophpllus. 
 
 — Thomso'ni. B. M. t. 6119. See StrobUtmthea 
 
 Wallichii. 
 
 Goldy Locks, Chryso'coma. 
 
 Gome'za. (After Bemhard Ant. 
 ■Gomez, a Portuguese naval surgeon, 
 who wrote on Brazilian plants in 1803. 
 Nat. ord., OrchidecB ; Tribe, Vandex- 
 Oncidece. ) 
 
 .Stove orchids. 
 'C.Barke'ri. 1. Green. January. Brazil. 1836. 
 Syns., Rodriguezia Barkeri, B. M. t. 3497, 
 and Odontoglossmn Barkeri. 
 — eri'epa. Greenish-yellow. October. Brazil. 
 
 1839. Syns., Rodrigueiia erispa, B. B. 
 
 1840, t. 64, and OaontogloBBwn erispa- 
 tulum. 
 
 G. folio' ea. Yellow, red. February. Brazil. 
 1825. Syns., Odimto^ossum folioswm, 
 Pleurothallis folio&a, B. M. t. 2746, and 
 RodriguezM suaveolens. 
 
 — laxiflo'ra. *. Pale green. Brazil. 1834. 
 
 Syns., Rodriguezla laxifiora and Odonto- 
 glogswm laxiflorwm. 
 — plamfo'lia. Yellowish -green, white. Feb- 
 ruuary. Brazil. Syns., G. Teeurva of 
 B. C. t. 660, RoWri^uezia planiifoUa, B. 
 M. t. 3504, and Odontoglosswm planifo- 
 Hum. 
 
 — recu'rva. |. Yellowish-green. May. Brazil. 
 
 1824. B. M. t. 1748. Syns., Rodriguezia 
 recurva, and Odontoglossum recurvum. 
 
 Go'mphea. Button Flower. (From 
 gomphos, a club ; said to be the shape 
 of the fruit. Nat. ord., Ochnacece ; 
 Tribe, Ochnece.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, with yellow flowers. 
 Cuttings of young shoots getting firm, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, and in heat ; sandy loam and 
 a little peat. 
 
 G. de'corans. Yellow. Brazil. 1868. 
 ~ Jabota'pita. 6. Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 — Iceviga'ta. 4. 1820. 
 
 — laurifo'lia. 6. Jamaica. 1823. 
 
 — ni'tida. 4. Jamaica. 1803. 
 
 — obtusifo'lia. 3. Madagascar. 1803. 
 
 — olivcefo'rmis. Yellow. Brazil. 1861. 
 
 — Theophra'sta. Orange. Mexico. Syn., Wolken- 
 
 steinia Theophrasta. 
 
 — zeyla'nica. 4. Ceylon. 1823. 
 
 Gomphoca'rpus. (From gomphos, 
 a club, and karpos, a fruit ; shape of the 
 seed-pods. Nat. ord., AsclepiadacecB ; 
 Tnhe, CynanchecB. Allied to Asclepias.) 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from South Africa. 
 Seeds sown in a hotbed in spring. Cuttings of 
 the points of shoots, and better still, small side- 
 ahoots, when growth is commencing, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass. Sandy loam and flbry peat. 
 G. arbore'scens. 5. White. December. 1714. 
 
 Syn., Asdepias arborescent, Jacq. H. 
 
 Schoenb. t. 60. 
 
 — cri'S]ms. 1. Yellow. July. 1714. 
 —frutico'ms. 6. White. July. 1714. B. M. 
 
 1. 1628. Syns., G. svnaims and Asolepias 
 fruticosus. 
 
 — navicula'ris. White. July. 
 
 — padifo'Kus. Bef . Bot. t. 264. See Xysmalo- 
 
 biv/m. 
 
 — Sinai cue. See G. fruticosus. 
 
 Gompholo'bium. (From gom- 
 phos, a club, and lobos, a pod ; shape of 
 seed-vessel. Nat. ord., Leguminosm; 
 Tribe, Podalyriew.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from Australia. Cut- 
 tings of young shoots, about two inches in 
 length, in sand, under a bell-glass, in a shaded 
 
 glace, in April or May ; peat and loam in little 
 bry pieces, with rubbly charcoal, potsherds, 
 and silver sand ; drainage must be well attended 
 to, as saturated soil is their ruin. All have 
 yellow flowers, except where otherwise men- 
 tioned. 
 G. adu'nmim. May. 1837. 
 
 — an^u^tifo'livm,. May. 1826. 
 
 — ansta'tvm,. May. 1837. 
 
 rrm'ticuim. August. 1839. Syn., G. Drum- 
 
 moTidii. 
 
 — barU'gerum. B. M. t. 4171. See ff. latifolium. 
 
 — capita'tum. 2. July. 1830. 
 
GOM 
 
 [429] 
 
 GON 
 
 G. Drummo'ncLii. See £?. aristatum, var mvii- 
 cum. 
 
 — glabra'tum. li. June. 1820. 
 
 — glauee!ecens. See 6, grandiflorum, var. seti- 
 
 foliwm. 
 
 — grwndi/Ut'rum. 2. June. 1803. 
 
 setifo'lvum. 2. June. 1826. Syn., 6. 
 
 glaucescens and Q. maculatum. 
 
 — Henderso'nii. August. 1840. Syn., Burtonia 
 
 Hendersoni. 
 
 — Knightia'nvm. i. August. 1830. B. R. 
 
 t. U68. 
 
 — lana'tvmi. See G. tOTnentosum, 
 
 — latifo'lium. 2. May. 1803. Syn., G. bar- 
 
 bigeruTn. 
 
 — maeula'tum. Andr. Rep. t. 427. See G. 
 
 grandiflorum. 
 
 — margma'tum. 2. May. 1820. B. B. 1. 1490. 
 
 — mi'mis. i. May. 1812. Syna., G. tetrathe- 
 
 coides and Burtonia minor. 
 
 — mirielioi'des. IJ. May. 1832. 
 
 — peduncula're. J. May. 1824. B. C. t. 1639. 
 
 — pimM'tum. J. May. 1820. 
 
 — polymo'rphwm. 2. June. 1803. B. M. 
 
 t. 1533. Syns., Cf. tenue, G. venuloium, 
 and G. versicolor. 
 
 — reticuta'Ufm. 1^. May. 1-824. 
 
 — sple^ndens. June. 1843. 
 
 — teneHlwm. IJ. May. 1824. 
 
 — te^mte. B. R. 1. 1615. See G. polymorphum. 
 
 — tetrathecoi'des. See G. minus. 
 
 — tomento'sum. 3. May. 1803. B. B. 1. 1474. 
 
 — venulo'sum. B. R. t. 1674. See 6. poly- 
 
 morphum. 
 
 — venu'stum. 3. May. 1803. B. M. t. 4268. 
 
 — versicolor. B. B. 1839, t. 48, and B. M. t. 
 
 4179. A form of Q. polymorphum, 
 
 — virga'tum. IJ. May. 1820. 
 
 Gomplire'na. Globe Amaranth. 
 (From gomphos, a, club ; the shape of 
 the flowers. Nat. ord. , AmamnthacecB ; 
 Tribe, GomphrenecB.) 
 
 Stove plants. Perennials, by seed and divi- 
 sions ; the shrubby, by seed and cuttings ; the 
 annuals and biennials, by seed in a notbed. 
 The Globe varieties are very useful for ornament, 
 and should have equal care, potting, soil, heat, 
 etc., as the Cockscombs. 
 G. brasilie'tms. Jacq. Ic. t. 346. See Mogiphanes. 
 
 — cocd'riea. Orange-red. Mexico. 1863, Rev. 
 
 Hort. 1854, p. 9. 
 
 — dscu'mbens. ' Rosy -red. Central America. 
 
 Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 482. Syn., G. 
 bicolor. 
 
 obova'ta. Leas brilliantly coloured than 
 
 the type. 
 
 — globo'sa. IJ. Red. July. India. 1714. 
 
 Annual. 
 albiflo'ra. 1. White. July. India. 1714. 
 
 Annual. 
 — perefnnis. 2. Pale yellow. .August. S. 
 
 Amer. 1732. Herbaceous. 
 
 — pulche'lla. IJ. Rosy. July. Brazil. 1843. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 — seri'cea. 2. White. Quito. 1820. Syn., 
 
 AUemanthera sericea. 
 
 — villo'sa. Striped. June. Montevideo. 1826. 
 
 Evergreen shrub. 
 
 Gomu'tUS. (A palm of that name 
 in Malabar. Nat. ord., Palmece; Tribe, 
 ArececB. ) Now included in Arenga. 
 
 Stove palm. Seed, on strong heat ; peat and 
 loam. 
 G. saccha'rifer. 40. Moluccas, 1820. 
 
 Gonata'nthus. (From gmia, a,n 
 angle, and anthos, a flower ; alluding 
 to the hent flower-spathe. Nat, ord,, 
 
 AracecE ; Tribe, ColoccisiecB. Allied to 
 Colocasia.) 
 
 Stove perennial with handsome- leaves. For 
 cultivation, see Colocasu. 
 G. sarmento'sus, 
 t. 5276. 
 
 Yellow. E. Indies, B, M 
 
 Gona'topus. (From ffonu, the joint 
 or knot of a reed, and pons, a foot ; 
 the leaf-stalk is swollen at the middle. 
 Nat. ord., Aracece.) Now referred to 
 Zamioculcas. 
 
 stove tuberous perennial, requiring the same 
 treatment as Anchomanes, which it somewhat 
 resembles in general appearance. 
 G. Bmvinii. 3. Spathe greenish-yellow, brown ; 
 
 spadix greenish-yellow. Zanzibar. 1873. 
 
 Syn., Zami/Kvl^as Boivmii. 
 
 Gongo'ra. (Named after a Spanish 
 viceroy of New Grenada, Nat. ord., 
 Orchidece; Tribe, VandecE-Cyrtopodieoe. 
 Allied to Batemannia. ) 
 
 Stove orchids. Divisions ; baskets filled and 
 packed with sphagnum, fibry peat, and broken 
 pots, and pieces of charcoal. Summer temp., 60" 
 to 90°, -with plenty of atmospheric moisture ; 
 winter, 56° to 65°, and dryish. 
 G. a/rmeni'aca. Apricot. July. Nicaragua. 
 1850. Syn., Aeropera armeniaca. 
 
 — a'tro-purpu'rea. 1. Dark purple. June. 
 
 Trinidad. 1824. B. M. t. 3220. 
 
 ma'jor. Purple. May. Demerara. 1834. 
 
 pi' eta. Yellow, purple. May. Deme- 
 rara, 1836. 
 
 — bvfo'nia. 1. Variegated. 
 
 1841. B. E. 1841, t. 2. 
 leucochi'la. B. R. 1847, 
 
 May. 
 17. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 See G. 
 
 May. Brazil. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 quvnquenenns. 
 Tna'jor,- Purple, white. 
 
 1837. • 
 fvJlva. J. Yellow, blue. July. 
 
 1838. 
 ■— vtteUi'na. Yellow. May. Mexico. 1841. 
 
 — cassi'dea. Yellow, purple. Columbia. 1874. 
 
 — Charo'ntis. Yellow, brown, white, crimson. 
 
 Columbia. 1877. 
 —flavefola. Light ochre. G. C. 1886, v. p. 466. 
 
 — galea'ta. 1. Yellow, spotted. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1828. Syns., Aeropera Loddi- 
 gesii, B. M. t. 3563, and Maxillaria 
 . gcOeata, B. C. t. 1646. 
 
 — Gaieott,ia!na. Bed, yellow. April. Mexico. 
 
 1842. 
 
 — gr&ssa. Yellowish, blackish-purple. Ecuador. 
 
 1877. 
 
 — leuchochi'la. See G. quinqtten^rvis. 
 
 — macula'ta. 2J. Yellow-spotted. May. De- 
 
 meraja. 1832. B. E. 1. 1616. 
 
 a'lba. 2. White. May. Guiana. 1836. 
 
 aura'^tia.- Orange. " 
 
 ca'ndida. White. 
 
 citri'na. Yellow. 
 
 fa'lgens, Guiana. 
 
 fu'sea. Guiana. 1 
 
 gra'cUis, Guiana. 
 
 • gri'sea. Demerara. 
 
 — — — i'gnea. 2. Flame. May. Brazil. 1837. 
 lu'tea. Guiana. 1835. 
 
 : sangui'Tiea. Demerara. 1836. 
 
 squa'lens. Guiana. 1837. 
 
 tricolor. 5. Golden-brown. May. Pa- 
 nama. 1842. B. R. 1847, t. 69. 
 
 — nigri'ta. Dark purple. July. Demerara. 
 
 1838. 
 —portento'sa. Yellowish, violet, purple. Spring, 
 Ecuador. 1869. B. M. t. 6284. 
 
 — guinqumirm. Yellow, purple. May. Peru. 
 
 May. Guiana. 1842. 
 May. Guiana. 1843. 
 May. Guiana. 1837. 
 
 1837. 
 836. 
 
 1839. 
 
GON 
 
 [430] 
 
 GOO 
 
 Syns., G. iv/onia, var. leuchochUa, and 
 G. levMchila. 
 G. si mUis. Brazil ? 
 
 — apecMsa. B. M. t. 2765. See Coryanthes 
 
 speciosa. 
 
 — trurica'ta. Bed, yellow. April. Mexico. 
 
 1842. B. E. 1846, t. 66. 
 
 — utridi-purfulrea. B. M. t. 2978. See Cirrhcea 
 
 viridi-purpurea. 
 
 Goniophle'bimn. (From gonia, an 
 angle, aria phlebia, a vein; alluding to 
 the veins of the fronds. Nat. ord. , Fuices 
 — PolypodiacecB. Allied to Polypodium. ) 
 Stove ferns. Division in the spring, as fresh 
 growth is commencing ; peat ana loam. G. at- 
 tenua'tv/m will do with greenhouse treatment. 
 G. a'lbo pimcta'tum. July. S. Amer. 1840. 
 
 — argu'tum. Xepaul. 1845. 
 
 — attmAm'tum. J. June. N.S. Wales. 1823. 
 
 — catherince. 1. Brazil. 1841. 
 
 — colpo'des. Venezuela. 
 
 — cuspida'tum. Java. 
 
 — disai'mile. 2. June. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 — di'stcme. Tropical America. 
 
 — fraxinif&liwm,. Tropical America. 
 
 — glaucophy'Uum. Columbia. 1874. 
 
 — gla/u'citnn, Brazil. 
 
 — gra'ndiceps. i. Formosa. 1886. 
 
 — harpeo'des. Brazil. 1847. 
 — ' inca'nii/m. W. Ind. 1840. 
 
 — la'twes. Brazil. 1841. 
 
 — la'cnnopus. N. India. 1879. 
 
 — lori'ceum. Tropical America. 
 
 — menisffifo'UuTn. Brazil. 1840., 
 
 — neri\f&lmi,m. 5. July. Brazil, 1837. 
 
 — pectima'tum. IJ. J\Uy. W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 — piloaelloi'des. 
 
 — sepu'ttmn. 1. Brown. Brazil. 1841. 
 
 — sub-auricula' turn. Malay Archipelago. 
 
 — triloba' tu/m. Chili. 
 
 — vaccini\fo'lium. Brazil. 1841. 
 
 — va'cUlans. Brazil. 
 
 — verruco'sum. Malacca. 
 
 Gonio'pteris. (From gonia, an 
 angle, and pteris, a fern ; referring to 
 the leaves. 'Sia.t. oni., Filices.) 
 
 Stove ferns. Treatment the same as for 
 Ooniophlebium. The New Zealand and N^w 
 Holland species will thrive in the greenhouse. 
 G. a'spera. July. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — asplenim'des. July. Jamaica. 1841. 
 
 — costa'ta. June. E. Ind. 
 
 — crena'ta. W. Ind. 1836. 
 
 — fraxinMlia. 2. August. Brazil. 1841. 
 
 — megalffdes. July. W. Ind. 1843. 
 
 — penni'gera. July. New Zealand. 1835. 
 
 — proli'fera. 1. May. B. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — nCbida. July. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — tetra'gona. W. Ind. 1843. 
 r- urophifUa. June. E. Ind. 
 
 Gonioscy'pha. (From gonia, an 
 angle, and scyphos, a cup ; referring to 
 the bracts at the apex of the in&re- 
 scence. Nat. ord., LUicKece.) 
 
 stove or greenhouse perennial. Sandy loam ; 
 seeds. 
 
 G. euconwi'des. 1. Dull green, Bhotan. G. C. 
 1886, xxvi. p. 744. 
 
 GoTCiO' calyx. P'ii''lcher, is probably a 
 species of Ceratostemma. It is a 
 beautiful greenhouse sluub, with bright 
 rose-coloured flowers, and was introduced 
 from Columbia in 1858, 
 
 Gonolo'bus. (From g^owios, an angle, 
 and lobos, a pod ; referring to the shape 
 of the seed-vessel. Nat. ord., Asdepia- 
 dacecB; Tribe, Gonohbece.) 
 
 The hardy species by seeds and divisions, in 
 dry, sandy soU. The greenhouse and stove 
 species by divisions by seed in heat, and by cut- 
 tmgs of the young shoots in sand, under a bell- 
 glass. The stove kinds require bottom-heat; 
 peat and loam, with silver sand, and a little dry 
 cow-dung. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS TWINERS. 
 
 G. di'scolor. See G. obliquus. 
 
 — lafvis. Green. June. N. Amer. 1806. Syn., 
 
 G. viridijlorus. B. R. 1. 1128. 
 
 — mOfCrophy'lliis. 6. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — Nuttallia'mis. 4. Green. July. Mississippi. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — obWquMg. 8. Purplish. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1809. Syns., G. discolor and Cynanchujn 
 discolor. B. M. 1. 1273. 
 
 GREENHOUSE TWINERS. 
 
 G. caroline^nsis. 6. Brownie-purple. July. 
 Carolina. 1824. Deciduous. Syn., 
 Cyna/nchum carolinensis. Jacq. Ic. 
 t. 342. 
 
 — prostra'tus. See Jjachnostoma prostrat'wtn. 
 
 STOVE TWINERS. 
 
 G. crispijio'rus. See Fischeria scand&vg. 
 
 — Cundv/ra'ngo. See Marsdenia Cund/arango. 
 
 — diademM'tus. Green. September. Mexico. 
 
 1812. B. E. t. 252. 
 
 — Ghicsbre'ghtii. Jamaica. 1858. 
 
 — grandifiarus. 10. Green. July. Trinidad. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — H'spidMS. B. M. t. 3786. See Fischeria. 
 
 — mariltvmus. B. E. t. 931. See Lachnostoma. 
 
 — Martia'nus. See Fischeria. 
 
 — ni'ger. 6. Dark purple. October. Mexico. 
 
 1825. 
 
 — refra'cta. Brazil. 
 
 — re^pta/ns. Jamaica. 
 
 — scoU^endro^ides. Jamaica^ 
 
 — serrula'ta. Jamaica. 
 
 — subero'sus. 6. Green. August. S. Amer. 
 
 1732. Syn., Cynanchum suberoswm. 
 
 Goode'nia. (Named after Z)r. Goot?- 
 enough, bishop of Carlisle. Nat. ord., 
 Goode'noviecB.) 
 
 All Australian plants, with yellow flowers, 
 except where otherwise mentioned. Herbaceous, 
 by seeds and divisions in spring ; the shrubby, 
 by cuttings in sand, under a beltglass, in April ; 
 peat and loam. Greenhouse. 
 G. albefscens. Yellow. Australia. 1862. 
 
 — a'lMda. See Sccemla microca/rpa. 
 
 — beUidif</lia. }. July. 1823. 
 
 — calen^flila'cea. Andr. Eep. t. 22. See ScoBvola 
 
 suaveolert^. 
 
 — eceru'lea. Blue. June. Syn., G. rigida. 
 
 — decu'rrens. 1. May. 1S25. 
 
 — gra'cilis. IJ. July. 1822. B. C. 1. 1032. 
 
 — gramdiJMra. 4. July. 1803. B. M. t. 890. 
 
 — hederalcea. \. July. 1813. 
 
 — heterophy'lla. 1. Pale red. July. 1826. 
 
 — imca'na. J. Blue. May. 1842. 
 
 — Icemga'ta. B. M. t. 287. See Secevola miero- 
 
 carpa. 
 
 — ova'ta. 2. July. 1793. 
 
 — pamicula'ta. 1. July. 1823. 
 
 — ri'gida. See Q. coerulea. 
 
 — stelli'gera. f. June. 1823. 
 
 — tendila. Andr. Eep. t. 466. See Velleia 
 
 trinerm. 
 
 Goo'dia. (Named after P. Good, a 
 
GOO 
 
 [431] 
 
 GOO 
 
 collector of plants in Australia for Kew 
 Gardens. An anomalous genus of Legu- 
 minoscE.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with yellow 
 blossoms. Seeds and cuttings of the young 
 shoots in May, in sand, under a glass ; sandy 
 peat and flbry loam. A shady place for the pots 
 in summer. 
 
 O. latifo'lia. 3. June. Australia and Tasmania. 
 1793. B. M. t. 968. 
 
 — polyspe'rma. 2. June. S. Africa. 1790. Now 
 
 called Argyrolobium Andrewaiamum. 
 —pubefscms. June. Tasmania. 1806. B. M. 
 1. 1310. 
 
 Goodye'ra. (Named after J. Good- 
 yer, a British botanist. Nat. ord., Or- 
 ■chidecB ; Tribe, NeoUiea-Spiranthece. 
 Allied to Neottia. Byn., Peramium.) 
 
 Terrestrial orchids. Divisions of the roots; 
 peat and loam, with a little decayed wood and 
 «harcoal. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 6. pute' scene. J. White. July. N. Amer. 1802. 
 B. M. t. 2640. 
 
 — reopens. %. White. July. Scotland. B. C. 
 
 1. 1987. 
 
 — tessella'ta. f. White. July. N. Amer. 1821. 
 
 B. C. t. 952. 
 
 STOVE. 
 O. corda'ta. Yellowish - brown. September. 
 India. 1870. Syn., Georchis cordatfi. 
 
 — di'scolor. 1. White. November. S. Amer. 
 
 1815. B. E. t. 271. 
 
 — macra'ntha. Pink ; leaves yellow - edged, 
 
 veins bright green. Japan. 1867. 
 
 — maerophy'lla. f. White. August. Madeira. 
 
 1886. 
 
 — Ordia'na, See AnoRctochilus. 
 
 — pr&eera. 2. White. June. Nepaul. 1821. 
 
 B. B. t. 639. 
 
 — ruUcu'nda. Cinnamon. July. Manilla. 1838. 
 
 — Rodrigasia'na. Leaves velvety green ; midrib 
 
 whitish. New Guinea. 1886. 111. Hort. 
 t, 618. 
 
 — veluti'na. Pink ; leaves purplish-green, midrib 
 
 white. Japan. 1867. 
 G. Domi'nii and 6. Vei'tchii are garden hybrids. 
 
 Gooseberry. Bi'besgrossvla'ria. 
 
 Varieties. — General Dessert Kinds. 
 
 The letters R. Y. G. w. refer to the 
 colours, red, yellow, green, white. 
 — Champagne, R. and Y. ; Early Green, 
 hairy, G. ; Golden Drop, Y. ; Kockwood, 
 Y. ; Pitmaston Green-Gage, G. ; War- 
 rington, or Aston Seedling, R. ; Taylor's 
 Bright Venus, W. ; Whitesmith, W. ; 
 Glenton Green, G. ; Walnut, G. ; Early 
 Sulphur, Y. ; Massey's Heart of Oak, 
 G. ; Wellington's Glory, w. ; Kumbul- 
 lion, Y. 
 
 Late Dessert kinds (for retarding on 
 trellises). — Warrington, R. ; Pitmaston 
 Green-Gage, g. ; Coe's Late Red, R. ; 
 the Champagnes, R. and Y. 
 
 Bottling. — Rumbullion, Y. 
 
 Preserving. — Rough Red, Warrington, 
 .Champagne. 
 
 Large kinds (very good). — Prince Re- 
 gent, R. ; Wonderful, R. ; Roaring Lion, 
 R. ; Top Sawyer, B. ; Rockwood, Y. ; 
 No Bribery, Y. ; Sovereign, Y. ; Wel- 
 
 hngton's Glory, w ; Queen Charlotte, 
 w. ; Greenwood, G. ; Glenton Green, g. 
 There are many new sorts that do well 
 in particular localities, and these should 
 be selected with great care. 
 
 Propagation : by Cuttings. — Large 
 straight, and healthy young shoots 
 should be procured at the end of autumn, 
 and these may be shortened to about 
 fifteen inches in length, cutting away 
 the weaker portion — the point. All the 
 eyes or buds must be cut out, except the 
 four top ones, in order to prevent the 
 future plant from producing suckers. 
 These should be planted in any ordinary 
 garden-soil, in alight situation, but not 
 too sunny. Plant about four inches 
 deep, and keep them tolerably moist 
 durmg spring and early summer. Cut- 
 tings of young growing shoots, also, 
 strike readily under a glass. 
 
 Layering is performed as with other 
 deciduous shrubs ; if in the old wood, at 
 the same period as the cuttings, and for 
 the same reasons ; if in the young shoots, 
 when they have acquired some strength, 
 about the beginning of July. 
 
 Seed. — This is the source whence new 
 varieties may be obtained. The seed 
 being washed out of the pulp when ripe, 
 may be sown immediately ; and in ttie 
 ensuing spring, if the plants can be early 
 subjected to a slight bottom warmth, 
 they wiU be a foot m height in the first 
 summer, and may, with 'good manage- 
 ment, be brought to bear, some in the 
 second year, and all in the third. 
 
 Soil. — A deep, sandy loam is best 
 adapted to the gooseberry. Any free 
 garden-soil, of average quality, will pro- 
 duce them in tolerable perfection, if well 
 manured, and, above all things, freed 
 from excess of moisture. Gooseberries 
 will never thrive in stagnant soil ; they 
 will become hide-bound speedily, and 
 their stems covered with moss. Never- 
 theless, they are very partial to a perma- 
 nency of surface moisture in the growing 
 season, andforthat purpose top-dressings 
 are had recourse to. Wherever fine 
 gooseberries are required, the situation 
 must be totally unshaded ; it, however, 
 becomes good policy at times to plant 
 some under the partial shade of small 
 trees. In such situations they vrill set 
 in a frosty spring, when those exposed 
 are cut off. 
 
 Culture in Growing Period. — A due 
 training, especially whilst young, is 
 necessary. Those who grow them for 
 exhibition use two sorts of sticks, viz., 
 forks and hooks. These are cut out 
 of any ordinary brush-wood, about half 
 a yard long, and they must be neatly 
 
GOR 
 
 [432] 
 
 GOU 
 
 pointed. Thus the hooks are made to 
 draw down refractory shoots, and the 
 forks to prop up the drooping ones. It 
 is a goodT practice to apj^ly a top-dressing 
 of half-rotten manure in the beginning 
 of May; and just before the fruit has 
 completed its last swelling, the points of 
 all the longest straggling shoots may he 
 pinched or dubhed. It is well to go over 
 the bushes in the early part of June, and 
 remove much of the waste spray which 
 chokes the interior of the bush. Some 
 of the grosser shoots may be entirely re- 
 moved, and all others of a doubtful 
 character may have the points pinched. 
 This will throw both size and flavour 
 into the berry, and add to the value 
 of the remaining wood for the ensuing 
 crop. 
 
 Culture in the Rest Period. — Pruning 
 is the first point ; and the sooner this is 
 performed after the fall of the leaf the 
 better. It consists, mainly, in thinning 
 out. When a bush is well thinned, no 
 two shoots will touch; indeed, they 
 should be, on an average, three inches 
 apart all over the bush. Most good 
 cultivators keej) the middle of the bush 
 very open. This is especially necessary 
 during the first three years from striking 
 the cutting ; and the principle should be 
 attended to, more or less, at every annual 
 pruning afterwards. In selecting wood 
 to remain, choose that which is strong, 
 but not over luxuriant ; the latter, with 
 all weakly and inferior wood, may be 
 cut clear away ; cutting away, also, all 
 coarse snags in the interior of the 
 branches. Lastly, shorten every point 
 which appears weakly or incomplete 
 in character, just so far as such in- 
 feriority is manifest. The root must 
 now receive attention. Some of our 
 show gooseberry growers open a trench 
 around their bushes annually, at about 
 the distance the branches extend, cut- 
 ting away all coarse roots beyond that 
 line. They then fill in the trench with 
 
 food fresh loam and cow-dung blended. 
 Vhether this be done or not, a top- 
 dressing of half-decayed manure should 
 be annually applied, scraping away the 
 loose surface, and placing the manure 
 next the top fibres, and then soiling the 
 whole over. 
 
 Insects.— ^ee Abraxus, Aphis, and 
 Nematus. 
 
 Gordo'nia. (Named after Mr. Gor- 
 don, a London nurseryman. Nat. ord., 
 Ternstromiacece ; Tribe, Gordoniece. Al- 
 lied to Stuartia. ) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrabs, except where other- 
 wise stated ; cuttings of young shoots in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, in beat, T^e others, though 
 
 hardy, flowering late, are ornaments for tha 
 greenhouse ; layers in autumn, seeds in spring, 
 and cuttings in sandy peat, under a hand-light, 
 in summer, in a shady place. G.pube'scem and 
 its variety suhgla'bra are the hardiest; but 
 latUiintha is the most beautiful, and blooms, 
 chiefly in summer and autumn. Peat, leaf- 
 mould, and sand, with a trifle of loam, deep, 
 and on a retentive sub-soil ; if not naturally so, 
 puddled with clajr, so that the plant may ob- 
 tain something of its native position in swampy 
 soil. 
 
 0. arw'mala. 3. Cream -colour. November. 
 Tropical Asia. 1816. Syn., Polyspara 
 axillaris. B. M. t. 4019. Greenhouse. 
 
 — Pramkli'ni. See G. pubsscens, var. mbglabra. 
 
 — gra'ndis. White. 1880. Greenhouse. 
 
 — haematdxylon. 40. White. Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 Stove. 
 —java'nim. i. White. August. Java. 1860. 
 Paxt. Fl. Gard. i. p. 140, f . 98. 
 
 — lasia'nOia. 6. Yellow. September. N. Amer. 
 
 1739. B. M. t. 668. 
 
 — pube'scms. 4. White. July. Carolina. 1774» 
 mbgla'bra. 4. White. September. N. 
 
 Amer. 1774. Syn., G. FramhUni. 
 
 Gorse. U'lex europm'us. 
 
 Gorte'ria. (Named after D. fftwier, 
 a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord. , Cmrvpositee ; 
 Tiihe, Arctotidece. Allied to Gazania. ) 
 
 Greenhouse annual. Sow in common soil in: 
 the greenhouse, in March ; or in the open border 
 at the end of May. 
 0. acau'lis. See Hajilocarpha Leichtlinii. 
 
 — astercn/des. Jacq. Ic. t. 591. See Berkkeya 
 
 incam.a. 
 
 — pavofnia. Andr. Eep. t. 628. See Gaza/nia 
 
 pavonia. 
 — persona' ta. J. Yellow. August. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1774. 
 
 — ri'ngms. B. M. t. 90. See Gazamia ringens. 
 Gossy'pium. Cotton-tree. (From 
 
 ffoz, Arabic for a soft substance. Nat. 
 ord., Malvacem ; Tribe, Eibiscece.) 
 
 The cotton of commerce is the woolly covering 
 of the seeds of several species of this genus. 
 G. barbade'nse and herba'ceum. especially the 
 former, furnish the best cotton. Stove plants. 
 Annuals and biennials, by seed in moist heat, in 
 spring ; perennial herbaceous, by seed and divi- 
 sions, in similar circumstances ; shrubs, by cut- 
 tings of young shoots, just getting firm, in sandy 
 soil, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat: 
 rich, sandy loam. 
 
 G. arbo'reum. 12. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1694. 
 Evergreen shrub. 
 
 — barbade'nse. 5. Yellow. September. Bar- 
 
 badoes. 1760. Biennial. B. E. t. 84. 
 
 — Com^sii. Yellow, with blood-red spot at the. 
 
 TDaae of each petaL 1889. Syn., G. indi- 
 
 ciwm, var. Comesii. 
 herba'eeum. 3. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1594. 
 
 Annual. 
 i'ndicwm. 3. Yellow. August. E. Ind. 1800. 
 
 Biennial 
 Ki'rkii. E. Tropical Africa. 1881. Probably 
 
 the source of the cultivated varieties of 
 
 G. barbadense. 
 yaifo'livm. 5. Yellow. July. 1800. Ever- 
 green shrub. 
 obtvsifilli'mn. 5. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 
 
 Evergreen shrub. 
 religw'sum. 3. Yellow. July. India. 1777. 
 
 Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 Goua'nia. (Named after .4. Gouan, 
 once professor of botany at Montpelier. 
 Nat. Old., Bhamnece; Tribe, Gouaniece.^ 
 
GOU 
 
 [433] 
 
 GRA 
 
 Everereen stove climbers. Cuttings of haJf- 
 rtpened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 bottom-heat ; fibry peat and sandy loam. 
 
 6. oordifo'lia, 10. Yellow, Bio Janeiro. 
 1820. 
 
 — dojmn^e'Tmg. 10. Yellow. W. Ind. 1739. 
 
 — integrjifo'lia. 10. Green, yellow. 1800. 
 
 — mauvitia'na, 10. Green, yellow. Mauritius. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — tiMo^o'Ua. 10. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1810. 
 
 — tomento'sa. 10. Green, yellow. W. Ind. 
 
 1823. 
 
 Gourd. Oucu'rbita and allied genera. 
 
 Goye'nia. (Namedafter/. iJ. Goioere, 
 a distinguished horticulturist, and cross- 
 breeder of plants. Nat. ord., OrchidecB ; 
 Tribe, Vandece-Cyrtopodiece. Allied to 
 Batemannia.) 
 
 Stove terrestrial orchids. Divisions of the 
 plant ; peat and loam, with a little charcoal and 
 silver sand. 
 
 G. Andrieu'xii. Yellowish, white, purple. 
 Mexico. 1884. 
 
 — delicio'sa. White, purple. 1884. 
 
 — fascia'ta. IJ. Yellow. January. Mexico. 
 
 1843. 
 
 — Gardne'ri. 2. Green, yellow. December. 
 
 Organ Mountains. 1837. B. M. t. 3660. 
 
 — lageno'phora. IJ. White. January. Mexico. 
 
 1844. 
 
 — lilia'cea. 1. White. July. Mexico. 1837. 
 
 — mlphu'rea. Pale yellow. Paraguay. 1885; 
 
 — supe^rba. 5. YeUow. March. Mexico. 
 
 1828. 
 
 — utricula'ta. IJ. Cream. August. Jamaica. 
 
 1843. B. M. t. 4161. 
 
 Grabo'wskia. (In honour of H. 
 Grdbowsky, a Silesian botanist, who 
 lived at the end of the last century. 
 Nat. ord., Solanacece.) 
 
 Hardy or half-hardy shrubs. 
 0. ioerhamtefo'lia. 6. Dull blue. April. Peru. 
 
 1780. B. B. t. 1985. 
 ^duplica'ta. Greenish. July. S. Brazil. 
 1840. B. M. t. 3841. 
 
 GrSB'llsia. (Name unexplained. 
 Nat. ord., Cruciferce ; Tribe, Alys- 
 sinece. Allied to Aubretia. ) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous plant, suited for rock- 
 work ; common sandy soil ; division, and cuttings 
 under a hand-light, in sandy soil, in summer. 
 G. saxl/ragce/o'lia, }. White. July. Persia. 
 1844. 
 
 Graff, or Graft. This, also called 
 the scion, is the portion of a branch 
 selected to be inserted or grafted upon a 
 stock or rooted stem, to form the head of 
 the future plant. See Grafting and 
 Stock. 
 
 Grafting is uniting a scion of one 
 plant to the root, branch, or stem of 
 another. The scion and stock must be 
 of nearly-related species. 
 
 The objects of grafting are : — 1st. To 
 increase choice kinds., 2nd. To increase 
 the vigour of delicate kinds, 3rd, To 
 
 7^ 
 
 reduce the vigour of those which are too 
 gross. 4th. To accelerate the period 
 of fruiting. 5th. To adapt kinds to soils 
 for which they would be unfitted on 
 their own roots. 6th. To renovate old 
 kinds. 
 
 We now proceed to give a series of 
 cuts, illustrative of all the modes which 
 are usual in general horticulture : 
 
 1. Whip Grafting, called also Splice 
 and Tongue Grafting. — This is the most 
 common mode, and is that almost uni- 
 versally adopted in our nurseries; and 
 when the stock and scion are equal in 
 size, is perhaps the handiest. The head 
 of the stock is pruned off at 
 the desired height, and then 
 a slip of bark and wood re- 
 moved at the upper portion 
 of the stock, with a very 
 clean cut, to fit exactly with 
 a corresponding cut which 
 must be made in the scion. 
 A very small amount of 
 wood must be cut away, 
 and the surface made quite 
 smooth. Care must be taken 
 that no dirt be upon the cuts 
 in this, and, indeed, in aU 
 the other modes. The scion 
 must now be prepared. This 
 should have at least three or 
 four buds, one of which 
 should, where possible, be at 
 the lower end, to assist in uniting ft to 
 the stock. A sloping cut must now be 
 made in the scion : this cut must corre- 
 spond with that on the stock, and a slit 
 made to fit in a cleft made in the stock 
 when heading it. This slit serves to 
 maintain the scion steadily in its place 
 until properly fastened, and is more a 
 matter of convenience than anything 
 else. Care must be taken that the scion 
 fits bark to hark, on one side at least ; for 
 it is not the old or existing portion of 
 wood that forms the union, out a tissue 
 from which the wood itself is produced, 
 just as when the sides of a wound have 
 to be reunited. This power existsjn the 
 cambium layer, which lays next the inner 
 bark ; and the substance which forms the 
 union, and which is secreted by the re- 
 turning sap, is termed cambium. Where 
 the stock and ' scion disagree in point of 
 size, of course only one side can touch, 
 and great care should be taken in this 
 part of the operation ; and in the case 
 of a young scion on an old tree, some 
 allowance must be made for the rugeed- 
 ness of the bark. The scion being uius 
 adjusted, the whole is bound close, but 
 not too tightly, with a' shred of bass 
 mat, care oeing taken that the inner 
 
 FF 
 
GRA 
 
 [434] 
 
 GRA 
 
 barks coincide. The clay is now applied, 
 in order to keep the parts moist, and 
 some practitioners pile soil over the 
 grafted part, when near enough the 
 ground. In all the modes of grafting 
 it may be observed, that the chief ground 
 of success lies in nicely fitting together 
 some corresponding portions of the inner 
 baric of the scion and stock. 
 
 2. Crown, called also Cleft or Wedge 
 Grafting. — This is applied to various 
 plants as well as fruits, as, for instance, 
 the rose, cactuses, etc. Vines, also, are 
 frec[uently grafted by this mode. As in 
 whip grafting, it accelerates the union if 
 the bottom of the scion has a bud or two. 
 In the case of the vine, it is considered 
 necessary to let the stock grow a little 
 before grafting ; care must be taken, 
 however, to keep some growing portions 
 on the stock, above the graft, or severe 
 bleeding would ensue. As the name in- 
 dicates, a cleft, or division, is 
 made in the stock to receive 
 the scion, which is cut like a 
 wedge ; again taking care, 
 in case of inequality of size, 
 to make one side fit bari^ to 
 bark. When the scion and 
 stock are unequal in size, 
 both sides of the scion may 
 be brought to fit by cutting 
 the cleft nearer to one side of 
 the crown than the other. 
 
 The wound is bound over, as in the 
 other processes, with bast, and covered 
 over with clay, or erafting-wax. The 
 camellia succeeds well when grafted this 
 way : even a single bud will make a 
 plant, provided the stocks are kept in a 
 damp and shady atmosphere for a few 
 ■weeks after grafting. The stock here, 
 also, should be slightly in advance, that 
 is, should be forwarder in growing than 
 the graft or scion. The best time is just 
 as the sap is rising. 
 
 3. Cleft Grafting, as represented in 
 this sketch, is only a kind of crown 
 grafting, and is practised on stocks one 
 or two inches in diameter, and, thei-e- 
 
 fore, too large for whip graft- 
 ing. Cut or saw oif the head 
 of the stock in a sloping form ; 
 with a knife or chisel cleave 
 the stock at the top, making 
 the cleft about two inches 
 deep ; keep it open by leaving 
 in the chisel; cut the lower 
 end of the scion into the form 
 of a wedge, one inch and a 
 half long, and the side that is 
 to be towards the middle of 
 the stock sloped off to a fine 
 edge; place the bark of the thickest 
 
 side of the wedge-end of the scion so 
 as to correspond exactly with the bark 
 of the stock; take away the chisel, 
 and then the sides of the stock will 
 pinch and hold fast the scion. Two 
 scions may be inserted, one on each side 
 of the cleft ; but in this case the top of 
 the stock must not be cut off sloping. 
 Bast and clay must be put on as in the 
 other modes of grafting. 
 
 4. Saddle Grafting.— The top 
 of the stock is cut to a wedge 
 shape, and the scion or graft cleft 
 up the middle, and placed astride 
 on the wedge of the stock ; hence 
 the name. The binding and clay- 
 ing are performed as in the other 
 modes, care being taken to make 
 at least one of the sides meet bark 
 to bark. 
 
 A modification of this mode is 
 practised in some of our cider 
 counties, where they do not hesi- 
 tate to practise it in the middle of 
 summer, when the young wood 
 has become somewhat mature. 
 The scion is chosen smaller than 
 the stock, and is cleft about 
 three inches at the lower end, 
 so that one side is rather thicker 
 than the other. The rind of the 
 stock is then opened on one 
 side, and the thick side of the 
 scion introduced between the bark 
 and wood ; the thinner portion 
 is carried astride the stock, 
 and down the opposite side, a 
 slight cutting having been made 
 to receive it, on the principle of 
 making corresponding parts meet. 
 This, though tedious, is a very 
 safe mode of grafting, inasmuch 
 as it presents a greater expanse 
 of alburnum for efeoting the junc- 
 tion. 
 
 5. Side Grafting.— This, in general, 
 is performed on trees on 
 which the top is required to A^ 
 remain, and is well adapted Vov 
 forthe insertion of new kinds ^^ 
 of pears, or other fruits, ^ 
 on established trees, in 
 order to increase the col- 
 lection, or to hasten fruit- 
 bearing. It is also adapted 
 to furnish naked portions 
 of old shoots. It IS, how- 
 ever, not so safe a mode 
 as some of the others. Little 
 description is needed ; the cut will suffi- 
 ciently illustrate it. 
 
 6. Chink or Shoulder Grafting. — This 
 is not much in use in this country ; and, 
 indeed, we see little occasion for its 
 
 
 \ 
 
GRA 
 
 [435] 
 
 GRA 
 
 practice. 
 
 ground. 
 
 When the stock and scion 
 are equal in size, however, it 
 offers an opportunity of gain- 
 ing the advantage of an extra 
 amount of albumous union. 
 Tlie cut will explain it. 
 
 7. Boot Grafting. — An old 
 practice ; but, with regard to 
 deciduous fruit-trees, it offers 
 no particular advantage over 
 the ordinary whip grafting, 
 when performed near to the 
 It is, perhaps, better adapted 
 for very large scions, 
 for in many trees audi 
 may be used when two 
 or three inches dia- 
 meter. When strongly 
 bound they may be 
 soiled overhead, merely 
 leaving a hole for the 
 bud of the scion to 
 come through, which, 
 in this case, will rise 
 like a sucker. 
 
 8. Peg Grafting. — 
 Tliis mode is now never practised in 
 England, and we onlj insert 
 the annexed engraving, be- 
 cause it completes our cata- 
 logue of all the known modes. 
 Of these eight modes there 
 are many modifications; but 
 they are all derived from the 
 eight enumerated. Peg graft- 
 jiff never having been prac- 
 tised by ourselves, we shall 
 only make this extract rela- 
 tive to it : " The scion must 
 be of the exact size of the 
 •stock ; bore a hole into the centre of the 
 stock, one and a half inches deep ; cut the 
 bottom of the scion to fit ; the edges of 
 the barks must be very smooth and fit 
 exactly." 
 
 General Observations. — For ordinary 
 garden purJDoses, we think the whip, 
 the cleft, the saddle, and the crown, the 
 most eligible modes by far. These may 
 be said to be the rule, the others are 
 merely exceptional cases. 
 
 In all these proceedings a few axioms 
 or main principles must be kept steadily 
 in view. Of such are the following : 
 
 1st. The scions of deciduous trees 
 should be taken from the parent tree 
 some weeks before the grafting season, 
 and "heeled " (the lower ends put into 
 the soil) in some cool and shady place. 
 This causes the stock to be a little in 
 advance of the graft, as to the rising of 
 the sap, a condition admitted on all 
 liands to be essential. 
 2nd. Let ajl the processes be per- j 
 
 formed with a very clean and exceed- 
 ingly sharp knife, taking care that no- 
 thing, such as dirt or chips, gets between 
 the scion and the stock. 
 
 3rd. Let thebandagebe applied equally 
 and firmly ; not so tight, however, as to 
 cut or bruise the bark. For this reason, 
 broad strands of bast are exceedingly 
 eligible. 
 
 4th. In selecting grafts be careful in 
 choosing the wood, avoiding, on the one 
 hand, exhausted or bad-barked scions, 
 and, on the other, the immature, watery 
 spray which frequently springs from the 
 old trunks of exhausted or diseased 
 trees. 
 
 Grafting Clay, to make. — Take some 
 strong and adhesive loam, approaching 
 to a clayey character, and oeat and 
 knead it until of the consistence of soft- 
 soap. Take, also, some horse-droppings, 
 and rub them through a riddle, of Mf- 
 inch mesh, until thoroughly divided. 
 Get some cow-manure (the fresher the 
 better), and mix about equal parts of 
 the three, kneading and mixing them 
 until perfectly and uniformly mixed ; 
 some persons add a little road-scrapings 
 to the mass. A vessel with very finely- 
 sifted ashes must be kept by the side 
 of the grafter, and after the clay is 
 closed round the scion the hands should 
 be dipped in the ashes : this enables the 
 person who applies the clay to close the 
 whole with a perfect finish. It must be 
 so closed as that no air can possibly 
 enter ; and it is well to go over the 
 whole three or four days afterwards, 
 when, if any have rifted or cracked, they 
 may be closed. 
 
 Grafting Wax. — The following recipe 
 has been recommended by a first-rate 
 authority : Take common sealing-wax, 
 any colour but green, one part ; mutton 
 fat, one part ; white wax, one part ; 
 and honey, one-eighth part. The white 
 wax and the fat are to be first melted, 
 and then the sealing-wax is to be added 
 gradually, in small pieces, the mixture 
 being kept constantly stirred ; and, 
 lastly, the honey must be put in just 
 before taking it off the fire. It should 
 be poured hot into paper or tin moulds, 
 to preserve for use as wanted, and be 
 kept slightly stirred tUl it begins to 
 harden. 
 
 Grains of Paradise. Amo'mum 
 
 gra'na-paradi'si. 
 
 Gramma'ngis. (From gramma, 
 writing; referring to the markings on 
 the flowers. Nat. ord., OrchidecB jTrHoe, 
 Vandece-CymbidiecB. ) 
 
 Stove orchids. Same culture as S ACCOLOBIUM 
 
GRA 
 
 [436] 
 
 GRA 
 
 6. ElH'eii. i. Sepals yellow, marked with 
 brown ; petals ana lip whitish. Summer. 
 Madagascar. Syn., GranmiatophyUum 
 Etliaii. . B. M. 6179. 
 
 Daya'rmm. Brown, yellow. 1880. 
 
 — Htitt&ni. Pale brown, chocolate ; lip greenish 
 
 with chocolate stripes. June. Java. 
 1867. Syn., Cymbidium Huttoni. B. M. 
 t. 6676. 
 
 Gramma'nthes. (From gramma, 
 ■writing, and anthos, a flower ; marks 
 like V Doing on the corolla. Nat. ord., 
 CrassulacecB. ) 
 
 Half-hardy annuals, from South Africa. Sow 
 thinly in pots, well-drained ; lime-rubbish and 
 sandy loam, equal parts ; plants may be kept 
 in a greenhouse, or planted on rock-work in 
 summer. 
 G. chlmcejWra, }. Yellow, red. July. 1774. 
 
 B. M. t. 4607. 
 cce'eiO: J. Orange, yellow. July. B. 
 
 M. t. 6401. 
 
 — gentianoi'des. J. Pinkish-red. 1788. Fl. 
 
 Ser. t. 518. Syns., Q. diehotoma and B. 
 retrofiexa. 
 
 Grammatoca'rpus. (From gram- 
 mata, letters, and karpos, fruit ; in allu- 
 sion to the markings on the fruit. Kat. 
 ord., LoasecE. Syn., Scyphanthtis.) 
 
 Half-hardy annual twiner. 
 O. mlu'bilit. Golden-yellow. August. Chili. 
 1824. B. M. t. 6028. Syn,, Scyphanthus 
 
 Grammatophy'lluni. (From 
 
 grammata, letters, and phyllon, a leaf ; 
 referring to the markings on the leaves. 
 Nat. ord., Orchidece; Trihe, Vandece- 
 CymhidiecB. Allied to Brassia.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Divisions ; basket well raised 
 in it, and packed with sphagnum and fibry 
 peat. 
 G. e'legane. Polynesia. 1883. 
 
 — ElliJsii and its var. Oaya'nmn. See Oram- 
 
 man0W EUisii, 
 
 — Mauuresia'num. 5. Yellow, with dark brown 
 
 blotches. Fhillipine Islands. 1889. 
 
 — multijuyrum. 2. Brown, green. May. 
 
 Manilla. 1838. B. B, 1839, t. 66. 
 -; trigri'nwm. Spotted. May. Manilla. 
 
 1837. B. E. 1839, t. 89. 
 f- vamtheri'num. New Guinea. 1878. 
 
 — Roem^lericiJn'wm. Madagascar. 1877. 
 
 — sveeio'sum. 6. Yellow, brown. May. B. 
 
 Ind. 1837. B. M. t. 6167. 
 
 Grammi'tis. (From gramma, writ- 
 ing ; in reference to the spore-cases, or 
 seed apparatus. Nat. ord. , Filices. See 
 also Gymnogra/mme and Folypodium,.) 
 
 Chiefly stove ferns, with brownish • yellow 
 spore^. Division ; peat and loam. 
 0. austra'lis. July. N.S. Wales. 1822. 
 
 — euciilla'ta. July. Isle of Luzon. 1840, 
 
 — elonga'ta. July. W. Ind. 1824. 
 — fwrca'ta. July. Trinidad. 1826. 
 
 — hi'rta. July. Isle of Luzon. 1840. 
 
 — lanceola'ta. July. Mauritius. 1824. 
 
 — linea'rU, July. Jamaica. 1823. 
 
 Granadi'lla. This is a name some- 
 times given to several species of the Pas- 
 siflora ; but one only is the true Grana- 
 dilla, Passiflo'ra miadrangula'ris ; but 
 P. e'dulis also produces edible fruit, and 
 
 may be similarly cultivated. We are 
 aware that there are other species of 
 Passiflora, the fruits of which are 
 eatable, such as the P. malifo'rmis, ov 
 sweet calabash ; P. laurifo'lia, the 
 laurel-leaved or water-lemon ; and P. 
 mcama'ta, or the flesh-coloured, etc. 
 
 Propagation. — T-hey are nearly all 
 readily propagated by seeds, but most 
 cultivators who grow them for table pur- 
 poses prefer cuttings ; and they are quites 
 right ; for, like most of the Cucurbita- 
 ceous group, to which they approximate^, 
 they are apt to run much to bine if raised 
 from seed. Plants from cuttings grow 
 more moderately, and blossom sooner. 
 Seedlings will fruit readily at two years- 
 old; but cuttings struck very early in 
 the spring, and highly cultivated, will 
 fruit the same autumn, but not produce 
 a full crop. 
 
 SoU. — ^A somewhat light and generous- 
 soil is best. The following is an excel- 
 lent compost : — Decomposed, mellow,, 
 turfy loam, two parts ; old leaf -soil, twa- 
 parts ; heath-soil, one pairt ; and sand,, 
 one part. 
 
 Culture in Growing Period. — P. guad- 
 rangula'ris requires a greater heat than 
 P. e'dulis — in fact, a heat equivalent to- 
 the Pine stove ; whilst P. e'dulis will 
 succeed well in an ordinary vinery. 
 Bottom-heat is most essential, especially 
 for the P. guadrangula'ris ; and, indeed, 
 in this, and a generous soil, consists th& 
 chief secret of successful culture. No- 
 place can exceed the corner of the bark- 
 bed for the culture of either, provided 
 they can ramble freely overhead, un- 
 shaded by vines or other creepers ; for 
 light is also essential. The corner of 
 the bark-bed must be separated by 
 bricks, pigeon-holed; a triangular space, 
 which will hold a wheelbarrow of soU, 
 will suffice, putting some bricks below- 
 for drainage. The shoots must be carried 
 up to within a foot or so of the roof, and- 
 may then be trained in any way most 
 convenient. The P. e'dulis will produce 
 many branches ; these must be kept 
 thinned out, after the manner of Melons ;: 
 but no stopping is requisite. The P. 
 quadranguta'ris does n t so soon crowd 
 itself with s^ray ; nevertheless, it will, 
 at times require thinning out. Liberal 
 waterings must be given, and it must b& 
 remembered that the roots will extend 
 through the pigeon-holes into the bark- 
 bed, and will principally follow the side 
 of the pit walls. The most important' 
 matter, however, is the artificial im- 
 pregnation of the blossoms; for they 
 will seldom "set" without it. The- 
 foUowing is Mr. Appleby's mode of 
 
GRA 
 
 [437] 
 
 GRA 
 
 setting P. qtmdrangula'ris : — The whole 
 <of the calyx, corolla, and crown must be 
 •cut oif with a sharp pair of pointed 
 scissors : and this must be done without 
 injuring the flower-stem. When all these 
 are cut away, there only remains the 
 essential parts of the flower; the stamens, 
 five in number, and the three stigmas. 
 Then cut off one or more of the stamens 
 bearing the anthers ; and do this with- 
 out shaking the dust or pollen out of the 
 anthers ; then touch each stigma with 
 the anther, covering them with the fer- 
 tilizine powder. Take an opportunity 
 of performing this operation early in the 
 imorning, at the very time when the 
 anthers are observed to be bursting. So 
 far Mr. Appleby is, doubtless, right as 
 ■concerns the P. cruadranqula'ris, which 
 has an exceedingly succulent calyx, and 
 1 other appurtenances ; but we never took 
 any further pains with P. e'dwlis than 
 to look over the plants every day about 
 -noon ; and whatever blossoms might he 
 out, to pluck one of the anthers from it, 
 and touch the face of the stigmas with 
 it. By these means they generally be- 
 come impregnated. 
 
 Culture in Best Period, — As soon as 
 the bearing season is over, towards 
 October, the plants will sink to rest, 
 ■and this may be facilitated by withhold- 
 ing water entirely. They will now be- 
 come partially deciduous, and this will 
 induce a ripeness in the shoots ; and in 
 the following February they may be 
 pruned, cutting back all spongy and 
 immature growths. 
 
 Fruit. — It is used in the dessert, and 
 is capable of being kept for a fortnight 
 or so in a fruit-room, or other place, if 
 perfectly dry. 
 
 Insects. — We have known the Red 
 Spider to attack the P. quadrangula'ris 
 Por remedy, see Acaeus. 
 
 Granary Weevil. See Cala'ndra 
 
 £raTia'ria. 
 
 Grange'ria. (Named from N. 
 Granger, a traveller in Egypt and 
 Persia. Nat. ord., Bosacece ; Tribe, 
 CrysobalanecE. ) 
 
 StoTe evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots 
 in sandy soil, in heat, under a glass ; peat and 
 Joam. 
 
 ><?. barbo'nica. 40. White. Bourbon. 1823. 
 Syn., G. buxifolia. 
 
 Grape Hyacinth. Mmca'ri. 
 
 Grape Pear. Armla'ncMer botrya' 
 jnum. 
 
 Grape Vine. Vi'tis vini'fera. 
 
 Varieties for Walls.— \, August Mus- 
 cat. 2, Early Black July. 3, MUler's 
 
 Burgundy. 4, Esperione. 5, Hatif di 
 G^nes. 6, Royal Muscadine, White. 
 7, Royal Mxiscadine, Black. 8, Sweet 
 Water, White Dutch. 9, Sweet Water, 
 Black. 10, Black Hamburgh. 11, Black 
 Prince. 12, Claret. 13, Verdelhe. 14, 
 Pitmaston White Cluster. 15, Lash- 
 mar's Seedling. 
 
 As superior kinds for a pretty good 
 climate and aspect, we recommend Nes. 
 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11 ; as kinds for inferior 
 aspects, Nos. 2, 6, 10, 14. 
 
 For Greenhouse. — 1, Black Hamburgh. 
 2, Black Damascus. 3, Black Prince. 
 4. West's St. Peter's. 5, Royal Mus- 
 cadine. 6, Dutch Sweet Water. 7, 
 Chasselas Musqu^. 8, Esperione. Of 
 these, Nos. 1, 3, 5, 6, are the most to be 
 relied on. 
 
 For Stove. — 1, Muscat of Alexandria. 
 
 2, Cannon Hall Muscat. 3, White Fron- 
 tignan. 4, Black Frontignan. 5, Black 
 Hamburgh. 6, Black Damson. 7, Royal 
 Muscadine. 8, Dutch Sweet Water. 9, 
 Chasselas Musqu4 10. West's St. 
 Peter's. 11, Charlesworth Tokay. 12, 
 Black Barbarossa. Of these, Nos. 1, 2, 
 
 3, 4, 11, are kinds of superior merit, and 
 require much heat. No. 7, 8, at the 
 warmest end, will be exceeding early. 
 Nos. 5, 6, 9, 10, will provide for a suc- 
 cession, of No. 12, we at present have 
 no experience : it is stated to be a very 
 loiig keeper, and is highly recommended. 
 
 Propagation. — Layering has almost 
 fallen into disuse, their culture from eyes 
 or single buds having superseded it. 
 Layers will root either from the growing 
 shoot, or from young wood layered in a 
 state of rest. The latter operation is 
 performed any time from November to 
 the beginning of March, and no tongue 
 or sHt is requisite. Most of the Vines, 
 in former days, were raised in this way ; 
 the nurserymen having old plamts, or 
 stocks for the purpose, around which the 
 shoots were layered in pots, generally in 
 February, and they made saleable plants 
 by the autumn. Layering of the growing 
 shoot is a more delicate procedure, and 
 it is well to introduce a portion of the 
 previous year's wood where possible. 
 
 Cuttings are best made from shoots in 
 the rest state, and may either be made 
 short or long. Speedily recommends two 
 inches of the two year old, and one bud 
 or eye of the new. These were inserted 
 perpendicularly in pots, the bud just 
 level with the surface. They will, how- 
 ever, strike root from thick shoots, of 
 three or four years old, of a greater 
 length and these may, if necessary, be 
 planted at once in the border ; or if in 
 pots, deep ones must be used, and the 
 
GRA 
 
 [438] 
 
 GRA 
 
 cutting may be sloped or bent. In all 
 these cases, the cuttings must be buried 
 nearly their whole length beneath the 
 surface. Bottom-heat will facilitate 
 speedy rooting. 
 
 Eyes. — This is the mostapproved plan, 
 for the plant thus approaches nearest to 
 a seedling state. These are generally 
 planted in pots, a single eye in each, at 
 the end of January, and plunged in a 
 bottom-heat of from 70° to 80°. Prun- 
 ings are reserved for this purpose in the 
 autumn, and these being out in conve- 
 nient lengths, are imbedded in moist soil 
 until winter. About half an inch of wood 
 may be reserved above the eye, cutting 
 it sloping away from the bud, and about 
 an inch or so below the bud ; the latter 
 section made horizontally. These, in- 
 serted singly in five-inch pots, may be 
 plunged in a bottom-heat of from 70° to 
 80°, and care must be taken that the 
 worms do not get into the soil. When 
 grown nearly a foot in height, they 
 should be re-potted into pots of about 
 seven inches diameter, using a rich, 
 turfy soil, and draining thoroughly. 
 Many good gardeners reserve a portion 
 of the two years old wood at the Dase of 
 each eye, and there can be little doubt 
 that it is good practice. 
 
 Goils. — Obtain prunings from healthy 
 and fruitful vines on the rod system ; 
 these prunings should be fi'om two to 
 four feet in length. Such being plunged 
 in a bottom-heat of from 70° to 80°, and 
 in an atmosphere ranging from 50° to 
 60°, have a tendency to produce roots be- 
 fore shoots ; and this is the object sought. 
 Fruiting-pots of twelve to fifteen inches 
 in diameter should be used, and a com- 
 post of turfy loam and half -rotten ma- 
 nure, with the addition of charred ma- 
 terial, lime-rubbish, or sand ; any or all 
 of them added in the proportion of a 
 sixth of the mass, in order to insure 
 the free passage of moisture. Thorough 
 drainage being secured, the end of the 
 shoot is pressed down against the bottom 
 of the pot, and the shoot bent round, 
 until as many coils or turns as possible 
 are made ; leaving, at last, four or five 
 stout eyes above the level of the pot rim. 
 The wood is then filled with the compost, 
 and careful watering, a judicious control 
 of heat, augmenting the amount of at- 
 mospheric warmth as the leaves unfold, 
 together with the usual routine of stop- 
 ping, thinning the berries, etc., as ap- 
 plied to established vines, must be carried 
 out. The turfy compost is filled in as 
 the coiling proceeds. 
 
 Oraftmg is not often practised. As in 
 most other cases of grafting, the stock 
 
 should be slightly in advance of the 
 scion. Perhaps thie stock should have 
 unfolded a few large leaves before the 
 operation is practised. Then the usual 
 ■vrtiip grafting is the best plan. A couple 
 of eyes on the graft are sufficient. It is 
 good practice to bind moss round the 
 whole at last, even shading the buds of 
 the scion for a while. The moss may be 
 moistened daily. 
 
 Inarching. — This may be performed 
 with either the growing shoot, or with 
 that in a rest state. A plant established 
 in a pot of the kind to be introduced 
 must be procured. With regard to in- 
 arching in a rest state, it is proper that, 
 the sap should be in motion at the 
 period of operating, and that the stock, 
 if possible, should, as in grafting, be 
 slightly in advance of the scion, vines- 
 which are breaking are in an eligible 
 state, and the kind to be inarched may 
 be just emerging from a rest state. The 
 point of junction being determined, the 
 pot must be so fixed as that no slipping 
 can occur, and that the shoot may be 
 readily bent to meet the parent plant. 
 Nothing is necessary but to pare a thia 
 slice of bark with a little of the wood 
 from the facings of the scion and stock, 
 which are to be fitted, and then to bind 
 them carefully together close, but not too 
 tight, just as in ordinary grafting. A 
 little moss may be fastened round the 
 point of junction, and this frequently- 
 moistened. Inarching of the growing 
 shoot is, however, the best practice ; but,, 
 it is an operation that requires nice 
 handling. The shoot of the stock is best 
 at about the middle of its annual growth, 
 when it has begun to acquire some soli- 
 dity and toughness. The scion may be 
 somewhat younger, and everything being 
 adjusted, a section must be made in each, 
 as before, cutting through the bark and 
 a little into the alburnous matter, and 
 fitting them nicely together. It may be 
 observed, that the ligature must not be 
 so tight as in the old wood. The whole 
 may be covered with moss, and in six 
 weeks the junction will be complete. In 
 the mean time a progressive stopping of 
 the spray on the stock must take place,, 
 in order, by degrees, to transfer a portion 
 of the luxuriance of the stock to the 
 scion. When the pruning season arrives, 
 the stock maybe cut. back in part or 
 wholly. Thus, a vinery possessing in- 
 ferior kinds may be renovated in a very 
 short period. 
 
 Seed. — Perfectly ripe grapes of the 
 kinds intended to be propagated fi-oin 
 should be pressed, the seeds washed and 
 thoroughly dried, and then secured, like.: 
 
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 [ 439 ] 
 
 GRA 
 
 other seeds, lintil the following February. 
 They may then be sown in well-drained 
 pots, in a light, rich soil, rather sandy, 
 and plunged in a bottom-heat of from 
 70° to 80°. In about a month they will 
 vegetate ; the seedlings may be potted 
 oft", and hencefoijward reared as plants 
 from eyes, continuing bottom-warmth 
 until Midsummer, and training the shoot 
 (unstopped) fully to the light m a warm 
 situation. They may, in the autumn, be 
 cut back to two or three eyes, and grown 
 through the following summer as before, 
 again pruning back in the autumn. In 
 about lour years they will fruit on their 
 own roots ; but, perhaps, a year wUl be 
 gained by inarching them near the ex- 
 tremity of a sound and fruitful old 
 vine. 
 
 Wall Culture. — The first essential is 
 a mellow and thoroughly-drained soil. 
 An ordinary sandy loam isthe beststaple ; 
 but almost any common garden-soil will 
 suit, if it is capable of receiving and 
 transmitting moisture withfacility. Vine 
 roots will descend to a considerable depth 
 if the soil be mellow ; but we would 
 rathergrant them extra width, especially 
 if the situation is not particularly favour- 
 able. Whether borders, or, what are 
 much more economical, stations, are 
 made, we would first thoroughly drain the 
 site, and then place some imperishable 
 material, as stone, brick, or clinkers 
 rammed close beneath them, leaving only 
 half a yard of soil in depth, unless the 
 roots are securely limited in width. This 
 done, the natural soil must be examined 
 ■with practical accuracy, and accordingly, 
 as sand or clay predominates, so must be 
 the amount and character of the correct- 
 ing material. If destitute of organic 
 matter or turfy fibre, something must be 
 introduced to enrich it, such as fresh 
 manure, and abundance of rotten weeds, 
 leaves, etc., indeed, anything of a decay- 
 ing vegetable kind ; remembering that a 
 good portion must be Such as will endure 
 E)ng, and slowly give out its enriching 
 quauities. Some coarse bone-manure 
 and rubbly charcoal wUl be a capital ad- 
 dition ; and a good deal of charcoal-rub- 
 bish or brush- wood. If the situation is 
 cool and damp, place half the volume of 
 this material above the ordinary ground 
 level. 
 
 Planting.— The end of March is the 
 most eligible time ; and strong plants 
 iDeing at hand, if in pots, let the soil be 
 shaken away gently, and every root be 
 carefully uncoiled, and spread out, like a 
 tree fan-trained, and place a little supe- 
 rior compost about tne roots, covering 
 the surface with three inches of coarse 
 
 chaned material. This will absorb a 
 great amount of heat from the sun, and 
 admit water freely when necessary. As 
 the plants grow, they must be carefully 
 trained, and no stopping practised the 
 first season. In the autumn, however, 
 they must be pruned back to three or 
 four eyes ; and in the next season the 
 shoots from these eyes must be trained 
 to the desired form, which will be regu- 
 lated by the character of the space they 
 are to occupy, whether on a building or 
 a wall. 
 
 Out - door Culture during the Best 
 Period. — Pruning is a first consideration, 
 and this is done soon after the fall of the 
 leaf. Many confiicting practices, as to 
 out-door culture, have competed for the 
 pahn of victory here, even as with in-door 
 vines; but it is probably best not to 
 attempt to tie the hands of those who 
 try their culture by too severe rules, 
 One safe maxim is, that no two of the 
 principal leaves should so overlap each 
 other as to obstruct the solar light. 
 From about eight to ten inches, there- 
 fore, at least, may be given between each 
 of the growing snoots. This, then, will 
 be a guide as to the distance at which 
 the shoots should be trained. As for 
 root culture at this period, nothing will 
 be needed but to preserve the surface 
 fibres from the spade, which is but too 
 apt to approach too close to those on 
 kitchen-garden walls. When vines be- 
 come somewhat exhausted with much 
 bearing, top-dressings of good soil and 
 manure become necessary. 
 
 Out-door Culture during Growth. — We 
 must here be brief, for the main princi- 
 ples will be found somewhat identical 
 with those connected with in-door cul- 
 ture. All superfluous young spray must 
 be thinned away, and the bearing shoots 
 stopped an eye or two beyond the bunch. 
 Where, however, there is walling to be 
 filled, the dresser may leave several eyes 
 or buds beyond the bunch. In due time 
 the bunches must be thinned ; one to a 
 square foot of wall wUl, in general, suf- 
 fice. The berries, too, must be thinned 
 out at the proper period, and a frequent 
 stopping of the lateral shoots practised, 
 never suffering them to shade the prin- 
 cipal leaves. Towards the beginning of 
 September, all the stopped laterals may 
 be entirely removed, in order to permit 
 a free circulation of air, and allow the 
 sun to heat the wall ; protection, also, 
 must he afibrded to the Dunches against 
 wasps, flies, etc. 
 
 Greenhouse Culture. — Having attended 
 to the character of the soil requisite for 
 the vine, we have little to report on the 
 
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 (440] 
 
 GRA 
 
 subject of border-making, which must, 
 however, be at all times considered the 
 most important point in the whole of the 
 proceedings. A more generous soil is 
 necessary for in-door vines, inasmuch as 
 a greater demand exists at times on their 
 vital powers through the powerful effects 
 of solar light beneath glass ; as also 
 owing to a greater amount of dryness at 
 times in the atmosphere. The first point 
 is to elevate the border above the ground 
 level in proportion to the lowneas, cold- 
 ness, or dampness of the situation. 
 Thorough drainage we have before 
 pointed to ; it is not possible to drain 
 too much if the soil be of proper texture. 
 As to soil, turfy loam, inclinmgto sand, 
 should form nearly one-half the volume 
 of soil. To this may be added another 
 quarter of coarse manure, leaf-mould, 
 etc , rather raw than otherwise ; and 
 the other quarter, part of rubbly and 
 imperishable materials, such as lumpy 
 charcoal, old plaster, and the rubbish of 
 old buildings, coarse bone-manure, etc. 
 All these well blended, and filled in. 
 when dry, will produce a first-rate com- 
 post, taking care to place a layer of turf 
 at the bottom. 
 
 Course of Culture. — Whatever com- 
 bination exists as to a greenhouse vinery, 
 whether it be for vines alone or used m 
 conjunction for pot-plants, an uniform 
 system should be pursued as to the vines, 
 both during the Rowing season and 
 the rest period. This system consists in 
 the regular pruning, dressing of the wood, 
 in order to facilitate the extirpation of 
 all insects, and the usual vine-dressing 
 during the growing period, the latter 
 being, disbudding, stopping, thinning 
 the berry, and training — principles appli- 
 cable to the vine in all its positions. 
 
 Stove Culture. — Vines in stoves are 
 generally combined with pineculture, and 
 the excitement by heat is, therefore, at 
 times considerable. In former days it 
 was supposed that vines must be turned 
 outside the house and frozen, in order to 
 restore their energies ; but abundant 
 proofs exist that from 50° to 55° may be 
 submitted to, in extreme cases, during 
 the rest season. Whatever culture is 
 combined with that of the vines, it is 
 best to confine these to the rafters on the 
 spurring system. For early forcing, and 
 where the house is specially devoted to 
 vines, it is another affair: here either the 
 lone-rod system or the spurring may be 
 used. We need not repeat advice as to 
 border-making, and the usual routine of 
 disbudding, stopping, thinning the berry, 
 and the frequent pinching of the laterals. 
 One remark may be permitted as to bor- 
 
 ders ; let them be inside the house if the 
 interior arrangement will permit, and 
 the front wall on arches. When at rest, 
 we would not allow the thermometer to 
 sink below 35°. 
 
 Vines in Pots is a mode of culture only 
 to be recommended as an adjunct to late 
 vineries, and where the possessor, not 
 desiring to build a house for early forcing, 
 yet desires to have a few early grapes. 
 The plants should be reared from eyes, 
 and receive very high culture ; and at 
 the end of the second summer they 
 should be strong canes, and in high per- 
 fection for forcmg. They must receive 
 liberal shifts when they need re-potting, 
 and their shoots be constantly trained in 
 a very light situation. The young plants, 
 at the end of the first season's growth, 
 will require pruning back to two buds, 
 from wnich one may, during their pro- 
 gress, be carefully trained, and the other 
 removed. When the cane has grown 
 about five feet in length, during the 
 second season, it is well to stop it, in 
 order to strengthen the lower leaves, on 
 the healthy action of which the future 
 crop depends. The leader, however, 
 which succeeds, may be laid in full 
 length, well exposed to the light ; but 
 the laterals which push from the sides 
 must be pinched back, leaving one bud 
 only, and this pinching must be continued 
 all through the season, when necessary. 
 In the second autumn they will be strong 
 canes, with remarkably plump buds ; and 
 they may now, when the leaves are de- 
 cayed, be pruned back to some five or six 
 eyes, according to the wish of the culti- 
 vator. Having received their final shift 
 into pots of about fifteen inches in 
 diameter in the preceding June, they 
 will require nothing but a rich top-dress- 
 ing. They enjoy a bottom-heat of 70° 
 to 80°; but they may be made to succeed 
 on the kerb-stones or back shelves of 
 the stove, away from cold draughts, and 
 near the flues or piping. Liquid-manure 
 must be liberally supplied, and the same 
 course of culture as to disbudding, stop- 
 ping, thinning the berry, and training, 
 pursued as with the rafter vines. A rich, 
 turfy loam must be used as compost; 
 three parts of this to one of rich, half- 
 decoraposed manure, will be found ex- 
 cellent, adding some charcoal and a little 
 lime-rubbish. The turfy loam should be 
 nearly a year old, and must be well 
 chopped with the spade, not sifted. The 
 pots must be most carefully drained, 
 nearly one-fifth of their depth : any 
 stagnation whatever will surely prove 
 fatal. If the pots were unplunged, some 
 screen, such as moss or old matting, 
 
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 [441] 
 
 GRA 
 
 .should be interposed between them and 
 the sand, or they may have double pots. 
 
 Diseases. — Shrivelling ot the berries of 
 the grape in stoves appears to arise from 
 the roots of the vine not supplying a 
 sufficiency of sap, as well as from its not 
 being duly elaborated in the leaves. 
 This occurs if the roots are in a cold 
 soil, or are vegetating in an outside 
 border, the temperature of which is too 
 low compared with that of the stove. In 
 the first case, thorough draining and the 
 incorporation of calcareous rubbish, and 
 in the second case, protection to the 
 border and stem, will remove the evil. If 
 the sap be not duly elaborated, it must 
 arise, either separately or conjointly, 
 from the leaves vegetating in an ungenial 
 atmosphere, or from their being too 
 reduced in number. 
 
 If the roots of the vines are found to 
 have penetrated the soil deeply, they 
 should be lifted very carefully, brickbats 
 placed beneath the roots, and these 
 trained about nine inches beneath the 
 surface. If drainage of the border has 
 been neglected, let it be effected at the 
 same time. If the loss of the crop which 
 would be occasioned by the lifting of the 
 whole of the vines would be inconvenient, 
 only one or two can be so treated in suc- 
 cessive autumns. The most injurious 
 time for an unnatural disparity of tempe- 
 rature in the air and soil to occur is at 
 night ; for, as was justly observed by th^ 
 late Mr. Knight, an ill effect of high 
 temperature during the night is, that it 
 exhausts the excitability of the tree much 
 more rapidly than it promotes the growth 
 or accelerates the maturity of the fruit, 
 which is, in consequence, ill supplied 
 with nutriment at the period of its 
 ripening, when most nutriment is pro- 
 bably wanted. The Muscat of Alexan- 
 dria, and other late grapes, are, owing 
 ix) this cause, often seen to wither upon 
 the bunch in a very imperfect state of 
 maturity ; and the want of richness and 
 flavour in other forced fruit is often 
 attributable to the same cause. _ The 
 Frontignans are among the varieties apt 
 to shrivel under great disparity of tem- 
 perature between the roots and Branches. 
 
 Somewhat allied in its causes to 
 shrivelling is that unsightly imperfection 
 where the berries do not come to matu- 
 rity at the point of the bunches, leaving 
 from five to ten quite colourless and sour, 
 though ethers on the same bunch are fine 
 and large. In such case the remedies 
 are to give more heat and air, keeping 
 the border warmer than before, and to 
 .avoid cold damps in the house: leave as 
 much foliage as can be exppsed fully to 
 
 light. The leaves removed must be by 
 little at a time. In thinning, clip off a 
 few berries at the lower extremity of tlie 
 bunch ; the rest will swell better. 
 
 Shanking is an ulceration, or gangrene, 
 attacking the footstalks of the bunches, 
 and appears to be occasioned, like 
 shrivelling, by the temperature of the 
 soil being too much below that in which 
 the branches are vegetating ; and, con- 
 sequently, the supply of sap to the 
 grapes is much diminished, and the parts 
 which thus fail of support immediately 
 begin to decay. This is an eft'ect always 
 the consequence of a diminished supply 
 of sap, apparent either in the leaves, 
 flower, or fruit. The disease, like every 
 other putrefaction, does not advance 
 rapidly unless there be much moisture 
 in the atmosphere. 
 
 The coldness of the soil causes this 
 torpidity in the action of the root ; and 
 this, perhaps, at the veiy period when 
 the greater demand is made upon it to 
 sustain the excessive perspiration which 
 is going on in the leaf, and to furnish 
 fresh matter for elaboration, to both 
 which ends it is frequently quite inade- 
 (Juate, owing to drenching rams. If the 
 young fibre be examined at such incle- 
 ment periods, it will be found somewhat 
 discoloured-, and, in some cases, quite 
 rotten. Shanking, we conceive, is gene- 
 rally caused by the unnatural disagree- 
 ment of temperature between the root 
 and top, independent, in the main, of 
 the question of moisture. It generally 
 occurs with vines which have been some- 
 what forced ; seldom on open walls — 
 seldom with vines forced in pots or tubs. 
 The obvious prevention of shanking is 
 securing a congenial relative tempera- 
 ture to the roots and foliage. 
 
 Rtist comes upon the berries in the 
 form of a rough, rusty appearance of 
 their skins, which have, in fact, become 
 thick and indurated. Some think it 
 arises from their being handled, or the 
 hair of the head touching them ; but the 
 disease is often too general to admit of 
 this topical explanation. We believe it 
 to arise from an over-heating of the 
 vinery, however unintentional, whilst 
 the grapes were young, and thus tending 
 to force them to a premature rapidity of 
 growth. Any excessive pressure upon 
 the cuticle, whether from within or from 
 without, causes its thickening. This 
 considerable elevation being succeeded 
 by a sudden reduction of temperature, 
 will almost certainly induce the disease. 
 
 The Spot affecting the berries seems to 
 be the same disease as shanking, only 
 affecting a different part. Like this dis- 
 
GKA 
 
 [442] 
 
 GKA 
 
 ease, it is a gangrene, and is probably 
 occasioned by an irregularity in the 
 supply of moisture and vicissitudes of 
 temperature, but especially if one of the 
 extremes is much below the degree of 
 heat most favourable to the healthy 
 growth of that plant. Muscats are par- 
 ticularly liable to the spot. Our opinion 
 that sudden vicissitudes of temperature 
 are the causes of this disease, seems to 
 be well sustained by the fact, that the 
 parts nearest the glass, that is, the upper 
 portions of the bunches, and those parts 
 most exposed to the sun's influence, are 
 the first to suffer ; and this, also, goes 
 far towards substantiating the assertion, 
 that the shade of the foliage is necessary 
 to the well-doing of grapes. 
 
 Want of Colour is often a defect of the 
 Black Grape, but not at all necessarily 
 arising from deficient light. The green 
 colour of leaves depends entirely upon 
 the presence either of light or of uncom- 
 bined hydrogen gas ; but vegetable reds, 
 purples, and other colouring matters of 
 fruits are formed, though less intense, 
 even in a total absence from light. So 
 far from full exposure to light bein^ 
 requisite for the full colouring and 
 ripening of grapes, they never attain 
 these desired qualities so well as when 
 shaded by one thickness of leaf. The 
 colouring matter of all fruit is dependent 
 partly upon the leaves immediately 
 above it, and partly upon the fruit itself, 
 the necessary digestion of the sap being 
 commenced in the one and perfected in 
 the other. If this digestion or elabora- 
 tion of the sap is checked by ungenial 
 temperature, but more particularly if 
 the crop is too heavy for the vine, or if 
 •the leaves, especially above the bunches, 
 are too much thinned, defect of colour 
 ■win be the very usual consequence to 
 the berries. We have seen the blackest 
 of berries in situations where the sun 
 had never shone on them since they 
 blossomed ; indeed, it only requires a 
 little close observation for one season to 
 dispel such a fallacy. It sometimes, 
 however, happens, that the principal 
 leaves on the same shoot with the bunch 
 are shaded by other main leaves, or by 
 laterals. Such shading, is sure to be 
 prejudicial to the colouring of the berry, 
 as well as to the maturation of the buds 
 connected \vith the shaded leaves. And 
 here we have one of the reasons for such 
 close stopping as the vine is subjected 
 to. Over-cropping alone wUl lead to 
 bad colouring; indeed, is one of the 
 most fruitful sources of it. It exhausts 
 the tree of every particle of prepared 
 sap, and produces debiUty in the root, 
 
 which renders it readily susceptible to 
 the stagnating rains of an unpropitious 
 season. 
 
 In order to promote good colouring, 
 the rijpening process should not be 
 hurried. It is evident that very high 
 temperatures are not required for this 
 purpose, for the Black Hamburgh, on 
 common walls, is not deficient in colour, 
 in a good season. Now, the colouring 
 process, in the latter case, occurs in the 
 end of September, when the temperature 
 at night must sometimes be near the 
 freezing point. It is a common obser- 
 vation of practical men, that the cold 
 nights of autumn hasten maturity in 
 many crops ; and this is undoubtedly a 
 fact, and traceable, we presume, to a 
 cessation of thegrowingprinciple, causing 
 thereby a concentration of the energies 
 of the plant. We would say, therefore, 
 beware of too high a temperature during 
 the colouring process, unless accom- 
 panied with much solar light, and even 
 then avoid extremes. We would more 
 especially avoid night heat at this period, 
 and would promote a circulation of air 
 night and day. 
 
 Bleeding. — This only occurs to the 
 vine from the unhealed surfaces of cuts 
 made after the sap has commenced its 
 motion, and before the leaves are well 
 expanded. A red-hot iron, applied to the 
 bleeding surface until it be charred, will 
 stop the effusion of sap for a time, if not 
 permanently; and to effect a complete 
 stoppage atonce, coatthe charred surface, 
 and rub well into it a paste made of lime 
 newly burnt and grease. This hardens 
 and forms an effectual plaister. 
 
 Mr. Knight's plaister we know to be 
 eflfectijal, and is thus composed : 
 
 One-fourth of calcined oyster-shells, 
 beaten to fine powder in a mortar, and 
 three-fourths of cheese, worked together, 
 until they form a sort of paste. This mix- 
 ture, pressed into the pores of the wood, 
 either with the thumb or any other means, 
 will effectually stop the flow of the sap : 
 sometimes a repetition maybe necessary,, 
 if it is not well forced into the pores. 
 See Mildew. 
 
 /resecte— See Acarus, Aphis, Coc- 
 cus, Curculio, and Thrips. 
 
 Grape Phyllo'xera, or Grape 
 
 Louse. Phyllo'xera vasta'trix. This 
 terrible enemy to the Grape-vine is an 
 insect intermediate in character between 
 the A^hididcB (plant-lice), and Coccidasr 
 (scale-msects, mealy bug, etc.), but i& 
 retained in the former family. 
 
 The Phylloxera attacks both the 
 leaves and roots of the Vine, and has 
 
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 [443] 
 
 GRA 
 
 two corresponding types of existence, 
 which, may be designated respectively 
 the Gall type and Root type. 
 
 The Gall type is found in the ^lls 
 formed by itself upon the leaves (Fig. 
 1). Each gall contains one, or some- 
 
 times two insects ; they are always fe 
 males, as no male of the gall type is 
 known to exist. The insect is exceed- 
 ingly small, being about ^ of an inch 
 in length, and is of a dull orange 
 colour ; it has very short legs and 
 antennoe, and is furnished with a sucker. 
 Fig. 2 represents the insect seen from 
 above, and Fig. 3 seen from beneath, 
 highly magnified. These females . de- 
 posit a number of eggs in the gall, 
 which hatch in a few days ; the young 
 lice then crawl out of the gall and 
 spread over the plant, usually settling 
 aowii upon the younger leaves, and at 
 once commence to suck their juices. 
 The puncture causes the tissues of the 
 leaf to bulge out and thicken on the 
 underside, lorminga cavity above, which 
 gradually deepens and incloses the 
 louse, forming the gall ; the mouth of 
 the gall is closed in with hairs. In 
 a few days after forming the gall, the 
 louse commences to deposit eggs— the 
 number deposited by each louse is said 
 to average about two hundred — these 
 hatch and make new galls, and the 
 process is repeated during the summer 
 for five or six generations. When the 
 leaves fall, the gall louse migrates to the 
 roots and there hybernates. The gall 
 type does comparatively little harm to 
 the Vine. 
 
 The Root type.—Oi this type there are 
 twoforms,awmgless and a winged form. 
 When first hatched the larvsB of both 
 forms are alike, and almost undis- 
 tinguishable from those hatched in the 
 galls; aiter a time they shed their 
 smooth larval skin and become tuberckd 
 or waited, which is never the case with 
 
 the gall type. Soon two forms are dis- 
 tinguishable : the one is of a greenish 
 yellow, with the front part swoflen out, 
 tapering at the abdomen ; the other is- 
 of a brighter yellow, with a more oval 
 outline, and the abdomen more truncated 
 at the tip. 
 
 The first form, like the gall type, 
 never acquires wings, but remains upon 
 the roots of the Vine, and is employed 
 in depositing parthenogenetic egga 
 during the greater period of its exis-' 
 tence. As it matures it becomes mor& 
 degraded in structure, especially with 
 regard to the eyes, which are perfect 
 in the larva state, and gradually become 
 more simple with each moult, finally 
 consisting of but triple eyelets. 
 
 The second form is more active than 
 that just described, and when mature is- 
 furnished with wings. In the larval 
 and pupa state the body is tuberoled. 
 When the pupa are full fed, they crawl 
 up to the surface of the ground and 
 over the Vines, and there assume the 
 winged state. The body of the winged 
 insect is without tubercles ; it is of a. 
 deep yellow colour, with whitish wings. 
 Most of these are females with an 
 enlarged and elongated abdomen ; the 
 abdomen of the males is short and con- 
 tracted, terminating in a fleshy pro- 
 tuberance. The winged insects arfr 
 chiefly developed during the latter part- 
 of July, August, and September ; and 
 it is this form that is chiefly concerned 
 in the spread of the disease, for the 
 wingless root type and gall type can 
 only spread the disease by crawling- 
 from vine to Vine — necessarily a slow 
 process. 
 
 The injury done to the Vines is 
 effected by the root type, as the gall 
 type is comparatively harmless. The 
 root Phylloxera commences its attack by 
 feeding on the juices of the tips of the- 
 roots, the punctures made by the insect 
 causing a swelling, and finally the decay 
 of the root attacked ; they then attack 
 a fresh root, until the whole of the root 
 system is eventually destroyed by them, 
 and the Vine dies. The first year of 
 attack there is scarcely any outward 
 sign of disease ; but the second year it 
 is made evident by the unhealthy ap- 
 pearance of the leaves, and the small 
 amount of growth. The symptoms be- 
 come more and more evident, and the- 
 third or fourth year the Vine dies ;: 
 though before death takes place the 
 Phylloxera leaves the doomed Vine for 
 a fresh one. 
 
 Remedies. — No disease among plants 
 has probably ever caused such consterna- 
 
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 [444] 
 
 GRA 
 
 tion in Europe as the Phylloxera dis- 
 ■ease, and consequently no disease has 
 perhaps had so many remedies tried 
 upon it, or with such little effect. The 
 remedies said to be most efficacious are 
 submersion, and the application of 
 sulplio-carbonate of potassium. 
 
 If submersion by flooding with water 
 be tried, it should be done very 
 thoroughly or it is of little avail. It 
 shouldlDe done two or three times during 
 the autumn and winter months, allowing 
 the water to remain five or six weeks 
 •each time. During the growing season 
 the Vines should not be inundated for 
 more than two or three days at a time ; 
 by this plan, where practicable, the 
 insect may be effectually exterminated. 
 
 The application of the sulpho-car- 
 bonate of potassium seems to be the best 
 and simplest yet discovered, as it is said 
 to completely destroy the Phylloxera, 
 without injuring the Vine in the least. 
 It is applied thus : — Take from 1 to 1^ 
 oz. of dry sulpho-carbonate of potassium 
 and dissolve m water; the solution is to 
 he poured into holes made around the 
 .stem of the Vine, and the holes plugged 
 up. 
 
 Great care should alwajrs be taken 
 to prevent the introduction of the 
 Phylloxera into a vinery. Any sus- 
 pected plants should be bathed in some 
 .strong soap-suds before planting, and 
 the soil well sprinkled with lime, 
 sulphur, or potassic salts mixed with 
 ^uano, or alkaline sulphate, mixed 
 with copperas and rapeseed ; or watered 
 with sulphuret of potassium dissolved in 
 liquid manure. — Condensed from the 
 ■*' Gardeners' Chronicle " for 1874. 
 
 Graptophy'llum. (From grapho, 
 to write, and phyllon, a leaf ; referring 
 to the markings on the leaves. Nat. 
 ord., Acanthaceoe ; Tribe, Justiciece. 
 Allied to Beloperone.) 
 
 Stove evergeen shrubs. Cuttings of young 
 .'Shoots, just getting a little firm, and a heel of the 
 older wood at its base, in sand, under a bell- 
 . glass, in heat ; peat and loam. 
 G. Ba'rlii. 10-15. Eed. Australia. Syn., 
 Earlia excelsa, 
 
 — horte'nse. Crimson. July. 1815. Syn., Jus- 
 
 ticia pieta. B. M. t. 1227. The Carica- 
 ture Plant. 
 
 — lu'rido-sangui'neum. Leaves puri)lish, TPith 
 
 blood-red veins. Syn., Justida pieta, 
 var. lurido-sanguinea. B. M. 1. 1870. 
 
 — mediaura'tum. See Aphela/ndra medicm- 
 
 ratum, 
 
 — verei' color. Leaves blotched with rosy-white, 
 
 veins purple. India. 1861. 
 
 Grasses for lawns and grass-plots. 
 —See Lawns. 
 
 Grati'ola. Hedge Hyssop. (From 
 ^racia, grace; referring to its medicinal 
 
 virtues. Nat. ord., Scrophulariacece ; 
 Tribe, Gratiolece. Allied to Mimulus. ) 
 Hardy herbaceousplants. Division of the plants 
 in spring; rich, moist soil. G. latifo'Ka and 
 tetra'gona require the protection of a frame in 
 winter. 
 
 G. au'rea. i. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1820. 
 B. C. 1. 1399. 
 
 — caroline'nsis. See G, virgiAiiana. 
 
 — latifo'lia. See G. peruviana. 
 
 — megaloca'rpa. Pale yellow. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1828. 
 
 — ojicina'lu. 1. Light blue. July. Europe. 
 
 1668. 
 
 — peruvia'na. 1. White. July. N. Holland. 
 
 1822. Syn., G. latffoUa. 
 
 — pilo'sa. White. July. N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 — quadridenta'ta. See G. rwmosa. 
 
 — ramo'sa. J. White. June. N. Amer. 1821. 
 
 Syn., G.quadridentata. 
 
 — tetra'gona. B. M. t. 3134. See StemodiOu 
 
 tobelioides. 
 
 — veronwafo'lia. See Bownaya veroniccefolia. 
 
 — virgi'nica. 1. Yellow. August. Virginia. 
 
 1759. G. carolinenew. 
 
 Gravel Walks, like all other walks, 
 require a good substratum of drainage, 
 and the facing about five inches deep of 
 gravel. It must have no stones mixed 
 with it larger than good-sized marbles, 
 and about one-fourth of it must be much 
 finer to fill the interstices. Pit-gravel, 
 with a slight admixture of clay, and the 
 more rubbly the better, is the best for 
 binding and forming a solid walk. The 
 more speedily it is laid down after digging 
 from the pit, the more firmly will it 
 bind. 
 
 The following is an excellent plan to 
 make orturn gravel walks in dry weather. 
 If of a sandy or gravelly nature, strew a 
 little clay or marl upon the walk. When 
 turned over, take away the large stones 
 and place them at the bottom of the soil. 
 Immediately after you level your walk, 
 apply your iron roller steadily, and let a 
 labourer follow the roller, pouring upon 
 it water regularly as it passes over the 
 ground ; in twenty-four hours after, if the 
 weather is dry, it will be as solid as a 
 stone-floor. 
 
 The best method of extirpating ,grass 
 from a gravel walk, is to spread salt in 
 considerable quantities over its whole 
 surface ; and if, after the first application, 
 it is found that portions of the grass still 
 exist, let another coating of salt be 
 applied, which will effectually destroy 
 it. Care must be taken, however, if 
 the walk is edged with box, that the 
 salt does not come in contact with 
 it, otherwise it will destroy the edging 
 also. 
 
 In the early part of April, gravel 
 walks are usually turned. Afterthewalk 
 has been broken up and levelled, and'a 
 facing of new gravel spread over, this 
 ought to be left for three or four days. 
 
GRE 
 
 [445] 
 
 GRE 
 
 and until a shower of rain has fallen, 
 before the roller is used. This bleaches 
 the gravel, and washes down the fine 
 particles, so that, immediately after roll- 
 ing, the walk is solid, and has a clean, 
 bright surface. 
 
 Grave'sia. (Dedicated to Mr.' 
 Graves, a botanical collector in Mada- 
 gascar. Nat. ord., Melastomacece. 
 Allied to Bertolonia. ) 
 
 Dwarf stove herbs, with beautiful varieffated 
 leaves. Seeds and cvttings, which should be 
 rooted in bottom-heat. Kich sandy loam. Moist 
 atmosphere. 
 
 G. gutta'ta. Lilac. Brazil. 1864. Belg. Hort. 
 1870, t. 14. Syn. Bertolonia guttata. 
 B. M. t. B624. 
 
 a'lbo-punctuUa'ta. Brazil. 1864. 
 
 murgarita'cea. Leaves white-spotted. 
 
 Brazil. 1862. Syn., Bertolonia margari- 
 tacea. 
 
 ro'seo-pwnetulla'ta. Brazil. 1864. 
 
 nupe'rha. Leaves brilliant olive-green, 
 
 marked with rose-coloured spots. Mada- 
 gascar. Syn., Bertolonia superbissima. 
 
 Great Bumet. Pote'rium Bangui- 
 so'rha. 
 
 Great Centau'rea. Centau'rea 
 centau'rium. 
 
 Greene'ria fuUgi'nea. A fungus 
 producing the disease, known as "Bitter- 
 rot," on grapes. 
 
 Greenhouse. This is a light, airy 
 structure designed for plants which can 
 sustain a lowish temperature, but cannot 
 withstand the vicissitudes from frost to 
 sunshine, and from damp to dry, of our 
 common winters. It is distinguished 
 from a plant-stove in recLuising but little 
 artificial heat ; and from a conservatory 
 in having all the plants (with, perhaps, 
 the exception of climbers for the rafters) 
 grown in portable pots or tubs, and these 
 generally set upon a stage to bring them 
 nearer the glass. 
 
 The mode of constructing such a house 
 must be regulated by the wishes of the 
 proprietor, and the conveniences at his 
 disposal. For general purposes any as- 
 pect will do in an emergency, except the 
 north, and that might be selected for 
 those plants that delight in the shade. 
 The more command of light, with the 
 means at hand of reducing its fierceness 
 and heat when too powerful, the better. 
 From due south to south-east and south- 
 west may be considered the best aspects. 
 If it is a lean-to house, having a sloping 
 roof from a back wall, it should always 
 have a considerable amount of upright 
 glass in front to receive the oblicjue rays 
 of the sun in winter. By the side of a 
 cottage ornie the front of the house may 
 thus partake of the same style of archi- 
 tecture, while the shed-like, sloping roof 
 
 maybe exchanged for a ridge-and-furrow 
 one, and that concealed from external 
 observation by a light entablature or 
 frieze work. For a neat detached struc- 
 ture it should stand, less or more, north, 
 and south, have a ridge-and-furrow roof, 
 and means for breaking the sun's rays 
 in the morning and afternoon. We ar& 
 supposing it to be glass all round. When 
 in connection with other buildings a very 
 useful and elegant house is formed, hav- 
 ing the front and ends of glass, a hipped 
 roof, and an opaque back wall. Here, 
 likewise, by an ornamental entablature, 
 the roof, it desirable, may be wholly or 
 partially concealed, so as not to interfere 
 with architectural propriety, though we 
 should have no great scruples on this 
 score, as the utility of an object, if ap- 
 parent, gives its appropriateness. 
 
 The size of the glass to be used must, 
 depend upon the taste and the money 
 wished to be spent by the proprietor. 
 For the roof, especially, it will be desir- 
 able to have it at least sixteen ounces ta 
 the foot. Small squares can be procured 
 in boxes very cheap ; but what you gain 
 in glass you partly lose from requiring so 
 many sash-bars. We should not care 
 about having them much above eighteen 
 inches in length. AU things considered, if 
 we were to roof a house most economi- 
 cally, we should obtainstrongmachinery- 
 cut sash-bars, dispense with rafters, use 
 glass from fifteen to eighteen inches, 
 wide, and say a foot in depth, and secure 
 means of ventilation without touching 
 the roof by the upright glass and wooden 
 ventilators at the ridge in the roof and in 
 the back wall. 
 
 Stages. — These are generally shelves, 
 arranged in stair-like fashion, partaking 
 less or more of the character of the roofT 
 For a general collection, the stage may 
 be from ifive to six feet from the glass- 
 roof; for inssuring dwarf , compact, bushy 
 plants, the distance should be from three 
 to four feet. The lowest shelf of the 
 stage should he a little higher than the 
 shelf that surrounds the house next the 
 front glass. Where the roof is hipped, 
 even Qiough the back wall be opaque, if 
 the house faces the south thestageshould 
 he hipped, too, terminating in a single 
 shelf, broad or narrow in the centre. 
 The north part would be admirable for 
 keeping many plants in winter, and ex- 
 hibiting in summer those that were in 
 full bloom. In a wide house it is always 
 preferable to have several stages, in the 
 shape of circles, ovals, ortriangles, which- 
 ever is most approved, with walks be- 
 tween them. The expense, and the room 
 apparently lost, are more than compen- 
 
GRE 
 
 [446] 
 
 GRE 
 
 sated by the ease with which all the 
 plants may be examined, and the greater 
 thickness with which they may be safely 
 set, as the pathway will be so many 
 breathing zones. (See Flower Stages.) 
 For lowlipped, roofed, and ridge-and- 
 iurrow roofed houses, flat, table-like, 
 trellised stages will be the best ; the 
 liighest plants being set in the centre, or 
 if necessary, one being placed now and 
 then on a pot. As an improvement on 
 tliis, where extreme economy was the 
 object, we would dispense with the 
 wooden trellis, and substitute a bed of 
 •earth, kept in its place by brick walls, 
 the earth being first covered with 
 binders, and then with pure sand, 
 on which to set the pots. The damping 
 of this sand from watering in summer 
 would be a source of health to the 
 plants, and save them from many 
 visitations. Small inclosures in such an 
 earth-pit, if suitable compost were used, 
 would be excellent for the less hardy 
 ■creepers, which would be likely to main- 
 tain a lingering existence if planted, as 
 they sometimes are, in a border close to 
 the front wall. 
 
 Temperature. — If merely preserving 
 the plants is theobject,thenartificialheat 
 may only be applied to maintain a 
 temperature of from 35° to 40°. This 
 low temperature must not, however, be 
 long continued in a stagnant atmosphere. 
 It will, therefore, be necessary to raise 
 the temperature to admit air during the 
 day. Where it is desired to grow the 
 shoots slowly, and to keep a winter dis- 
 play of plants in bloom, the temperature 
 must not sink below 45°. In eitner case 
 a rise of 10° or 15° may be allowed for 
 sunshine in winter. In summer, the 
 chief difficulty will be to keep the house 
 cool by admitting all the air possible, 
 and having it on night and day. If the 
 plants are turned out into pits and shady 
 places, and even very sunny places if 
 their nature requires it, and their place 
 issuppliedwithtenderannuals, etc.,then 
 more clo.seness and moisture must be 
 obtained — a limitation of air and plenty 
 of moisture giving all the essentials of a 
 plant stove. 
 
 Artificial Heat. — The best, because 
 the most equal and the cleanliest, is hot 
 water; and the simplest of all contri- 
 vances is the best : a compact little 
 boiler, well set, and a flow and return 
 pipe on the simplest principles. A small 
 boiler and two or three-inch pipes are 
 the most suitable for a greenhouse where 
 only quick and occasional fires are 
 wanted. Flues are far from being de- 
 spicable conveniences. In some respects, 
 
 in small houses where a higher tempera- 
 ture is wanted at one end than another, 
 they answer better than hot water. 
 When neatly built they are no eye-sore 
 in a house. To insure draught the flue 
 should be at least a third deeper than it 
 is wide, and the mouth of the flue should 
 be eighteen inches above the bottom of 
 the surface. For greenhouses, one foot of 
 four-inch pipe will be necessary for every 
 forty cubic feet of air, making allowance, 
 more or less, according to the surface of 
 glass, or the presence of opaque walls ; 
 in other words, taking the square foot of 
 glass, it would require a foot of foiir- 
 mch pipe for every six feet of glass ; or 
 a foot of common flue above the ground 
 for about ten or eleven feet of glass. 
 
 Ventilation. — Means should be secured 
 for a thorough circulation of air from the 
 sashes in front, and the highest point in 
 the roof, as there the heat will generally 
 be the greatest. In cold weather in 
 winter, unless there are means for heat- 
 ing the air before it enters, the little 
 given should be at the top of the house, 
 as thus the cold, dry air would be heated 
 and absorb the moisture before reaching 
 the bulk of the plants. When the air is 
 very dry, and the weather very cold, the 
 less air that is given the better. In 
 such circumstances, the heating medium 
 should be cool before the sun strikes 
 upon the house, and then the sun-heat 
 will raise the house the less ; and 10° or 
 20° for a short time, from sun-heat is a 
 very difierent affair from having that 
 increase from artificial means. For 
 greenhouse plants, generally, in favour- 
 able weather, too much air cannot be 
 given, night or day, from the middle of 
 May, to the middle of September. For 
 two months preceding May, and subse- 
 quent to September, air should be given 
 early in the morning, even if it should 
 be withdrawn or reduced soon after- 
 wards, or early in the afternoon. In 
 winter, unless the air is very mild, it 
 will be time enough to give air by ten 
 o'clock, and shut up between two and 
 three. When the weather is very severe, 
 one hour, or even less, in the middle of 
 the day must be sufficient. In dull, close 
 weather, air should be given, though a 
 brisk fire should be put on during the 
 day on purpose. When, however, the 
 greenhouse is changed into a vinery, a 
 place for growing tender annuals, etc., 
 the forwarding of the growth of Camel- 
 lias, Epacris, Azaleas, etc., then the 
 temperature in spring and summer must 
 be higher, and the atmosphere closer 
 and moister. By means of divisions, 
 you may have almost as many tempera- 
 
GRE 
 
 [447] 
 
 GKE 
 
 tjires and atmospheres in one house as 
 you please, by regulating the ventilation 
 of the different compartments. Slight 
 wooden movable divisions we find ex- 
 tremely useful in pots, as we can then 
 give a peculiar treatment to one or any 
 number of lights at pleasure. 
 
 Firing. — The heat from the furnace 
 merely extends vegetable tissues ; that 
 from the sun expands and concentrates 
 them. No stoker should visit his furnace 
 without knowing the temperature of his 
 liouse, the temperature of the external 
 atmosphere, the direction of the wind, 
 and the changes that have taken place 
 in a certain number of hours, and thence 
 calculate what will be the most likely 
 to happen. The minimum temperature 
 should never be exceeded by fire-heat 
 during the night. More than sufficient 
 is not only waste, the plants are d/ravm 
 and dried, while less Mvantage can be 
 taken of the glorious light and heat 
 which come from the sun. For dispers- 
 ing damps, etc., use a brisk little fire 
 during the day, and allow it to go out. 
 In very dull, close weather in winter, 
 such a fire often, if even for an hour, 
 would be useful ; not for heat, but for 
 enabling us to give more air, and causing 
 a rapid circulation among the plants. 
 
 Watering. — The rule is, water so as to 
 reach every fibre of the plant's roots, 
 and then wait until a similar repetition 
 is neces-sary. A plant may want water- 
 ing twice a day in summer, and, perhaps, 
 only twice a month in dull weather in 
 winter. From the end of September to 
 the middle of May, let the temperature 
 of the water used be from 5° to 10° 
 higher than the minimum temperature 
 of the house. From the periods men- 
 tioned, making, of course, due allowance 
 for peculiar weather, watering should 
 be performed in the morning ; in cold 
 weather not too early. Thusthestimulus 
 of sun-heat, diminished though it be, 
 meets the plants when they have received 
 their refresher; the extra moisture is 
 parted with before the evening comes ; 
 and there is not that rapid cooling of the 
 soil by evaporation during the night. 
 In the summer we reverse the time of 
 watering, and perform the operation in 
 the afternoon and evening. Anything 
 that tends to cool the soil and the plant 
 is then refreshing. By watering in a 
 bright morning, the moisture is exhaled 
 rapidly from the soil, as well as through 
 the foliage of the plant, which does not, 
 in consequence, receive the full benefit 
 of the watering, and, therefore, soon 
 requires a fresh supply. In the evening 
 the evaporating tendencies are approach- 
 
 ing the minimum ; the plant has full 
 time to absorb and refresh itself, and 
 thus is more able to stand the brunt of 
 the following day. 
 
 Manure Watering. — This should be 
 applied often, but weak and clear ; a 
 little quick-lime added will effect the 
 clearing, at the expense of driving off a 
 portion of the ammonia. It is applicable 
 in almost any case where luxuriance of 
 plant is the chief object ; where size of 
 bloom and compact, rather than slender, 
 growth, are the desideratum, it should 
 not be applied until the flower-buds 
 appear. 
 
 Syringing. — This is a most valuable 
 mode of applying water, as it promotes 
 cleanliness, and is as necessary for re- 
 moving dust and incrustations from the 
 foliage as soap and water are for cleaning 
 our own skins. In winter it should be 
 done at mid-day, when the sun shines ; 
 in spring and autumn, in the morning ; 
 in summer, chiefly in the evening, though 
 at that season we frequently give them a 
 dash several times a day. 
 
 Pruning. — This is generally done when 
 the plant has finished flowering — when 
 we wish it to start into fresh growth. 
 Of course there are exceptions ; without 
 these exceptions the nature of a plant 
 and the mode of its growth must be the 
 basis for a system of pruning. For in- 
 stance, we cut down the flowering shoots 
 of an Epacris and a Pelargonium ; but 
 we act very differently both before and 
 after in the two cases. The Epacris is 
 hard-wooded, and, if tolerably ripened, 
 it requires no preparation. The long 
 branclies of most kinds are cut in at 
 once, and the plant is then transferred 
 to a closer and warmer atmosphere, to 
 encourage the formation of new shoots. 
 A cold pit, kept close, is the thing; 
 some people, with great success, keep 
 them a couple of months in a plant stove. 
 Of course they are duly hardened, and 
 the wood ripened by autumn. On the 
 other hand, the stems of the Geranium 
 are soft and spongy ; if a very valuable 
 kind, this will have been increased by 
 shading, to preserve the colour of the 
 flower. The plant altogether is at a 
 minimum as respects its possession of 
 organizable material ; while, for the sake 
 of the old plant to be kept, and the 
 cuttings for seed from its stems, it is 
 desirable it should be at the maximum. 
 The plants are, therefore, exposed fully 
 to the sun ; not a drop more water is 
 given than just to keep the leaves from 
 flagging ; and the stems, instead of being 
 soft and green, become hard and brown, 
 by parting with their watery evapora- 
 
GEE 
 
 [448] 
 
 GEE 
 
 tiona, and assimilating fresh solid ma- 
 terial. Many other close-headed plants, 
 such as the Azalea, merely require, in 
 general, the stopping of a few of the 
 strongest shoots. 
 
 Time of Potting. — This should gene- 
 rally be done after pruning, and when 
 fresh growth has taken place, because it 
 is advisable never to give more checks 
 to a plant at once than can be avoided. 
 When cut down, or pruned, the energies 
 in the stems, and the unmutilated, un- 
 touched roots, are at once put forth in 
 the production of fresh shoots. When 
 these are formed and forming, and the 
 plant is kept close for a time after shift- 
 ing, fresh roots will soon be formed 
 through their agency, upon the same 
 principle that roots are protruded from a 
 cutting of half-ripened wood under a 
 hand-glass. 
 
 Time for Cuttings. — Now we speak 
 merely in general terms. Other tnings 
 being equal, the older and harder the 
 wood of the cutting, the longer will it 
 be in striking. The younger the wood 
 is, provided it is just hard enough at the 
 base to possess a suliiciency of organiz- 
 able material, the sooner it will strike ; 
 if too soft and spongy it will rot and 
 damp off. Hence the general time for 
 propagating is regulated by the general 
 time of pruning and fresh growth taking 
 place. Small side-shoots, from IJ to 3 
 inches in length, just getting firm at the 
 base, cut to a point with a clean, sharp 
 knife, or taken off close to the older 
 branch, and a few of the lower leaves 
 removed, will succeed in the great 
 majority of cases. It is desirable to get 
 them in in April or May, in the case of 
 slow-growing plants to have them es- 
 tablished before winter. We shall merely 
 add a few requisites : 1st, clean pots ; 
 2nd, secure drainage by an inverted 
 small pot inside a larger one, or by 
 crocks so as to fill it three-quarters full ; 
 3rd, place rough material or moss over 
 the drainage, to prevent the finer soil 
 washing through it ; 4th, cover it with 
 an inch or so of sandy soil, similar to 
 that the plants delight in, if a little 
 charcoal is added all the better, finishing 
 with a layer of pure sand, watering all 
 well, and then allowing it to drain before 
 inserting the cuttings; 5th, insert the 
 cuttings firmly, fill the small holes made 
 by the dibber with sand, dew all over 
 with the fine rose of a watering-pot, 
 allow the foliage to become dry, place 
 each pot under a bell-glass, or a number 
 under a hand-light, and shade from the 
 sun, either in a corner of the greenhouse, 
 or, better still, in a close frame or pit 
 
 without any artificial heat being applied, 
 at least none before the cutting begins to 
 swell at its base. Some things may have 
 bottom-heat at once, especially those 
 that have been a little forced previously. 
 Though shade be indispensable, yet as 
 much light as the cuttings will endure- 
 must be given, increasing the quantity 
 gradually. 
 
 Sowing Seeds. — This may be done at 
 any time when the seeds are thoroughly 
 ripe. As it is of importance to have the 
 seedlings potted off and established be- 
 fore winter, April and May are the best 
 periods in several circumstances. Where 
 there is no hotbed the latter period wUl 
 be the best, and even then, for confining; 
 heat and moisture, the pot should be 
 covered with a bell-glass, or a square of 
 glass laid over it. Where there is a hot- 
 bed, such as a cucumber frame, the seeds 
 may be sown a month or six weeks earlier, 
 and hardened off as soon as they are 
 fairly up and potted off. In sowing, any 
 light, sandy soil will do ; for all fine 
 hairy-rooted plants sandy peat is thebest. 
 The pots should be nearly as well drained 
 as for cuttings, watered, and allowed to- 
 drain before sowing, as the less water 
 they have afterwards until they are up 
 the better. Hard seeds that have been 
 kept dry over the winter will vegetate all 
 the sooner for being steeped several 
 hours in warm water, say from 13° to 14°. 
 In covering the seeds the thickness 
 should be regulated by the size of the 
 seeds. Hence, for very small dusty 
 seeds, the surface of the fine soil should 
 be made smooth, the seeds evenly scat- 
 tered over it and slightly pressed m, and 
 then just dusted with a little fine sand ; 
 but in unpractised hands it is safer to 
 be content with the slight pressing in 
 with_ a clean, round board, having a 
 nail in the centre to hold by, and then 
 place a square of glass over the pot, 
 with moss or paper above, to shade until 
 vegetation has taken place. 
 
 After-Treatment of Cuttings and Seed- 
 lings. — This is almost identical. Neither 
 cuttings nor seedlings, if at all thick, 
 will thrive long in the cutting and seed- 
 ling pot. The sooner they are potted 
 off the better they will thrive. Before 
 that, air must be given to prevent them 
 damping; first at night; next, night, 
 morning, and evening ; and lastly, when 
 roots are well formed, during the day, 
 removing the glasses altogether from the 
 cuttings. All this time the little moisture 
 necessary must be carefully given. The 
 less it touches either the stems or leaves, 
 the better. When a. little advanced, 
 dust them overhead with a fine rose 
 
GKE 
 
 [449] 
 
 GRE 
 
 watering-pot ; or a syringe, but be care- 
 ful to have the foliage drybef ore shutting 
 up for the night. In potting off tender 
 plants that are very small, three or four 
 may be put round the sides of a four-inch 
 pot ; a strong-growing one into such a 
 pot at once. In every such potting, and 
 every time that re-shifting is necessary, 
 a moist, close atmosphere is of importance 
 for a short time afterwards ; thus lessen- 
 ing, by means of shading and syringing, 
 the evaporating processes until the roots 
 have begun to work in the new soil, when 
 air must be given, first gradually, and 
 ultimately plentifully. 
 
 GreenManureis a massof recently- 
 growing plants dug whilst green and fresh 
 into the soU, for the purpose of enriching 
 it ; and it is a rule without any exception 
 that all fresh vegetable matters so turned 
 into the earth do render it more fertile ; 
 and if plants are grown upon the soil for 
 this purpose, the greater the amount of 
 the surface of leaves in proportion to that 
 of roots the better, because such plants 
 obtain a large proportion of their chief 
 constituent — the chief constituent of all 
 plants, carbon — from the atmosphere. 
 They therefore return to the soil more 
 decomposing matter than they have taken 
 from it. 
 
 The putrefaction of the vegetables, 
 and the gases in that case emitted, says 
 Mr. Cuthbert Johnson, appear to be on 
 aU occasions highly invigorating and 
 nourishing to the succeeding crop. 
 During this operation, the presence of 
 water is essentially necessary, and is 
 most probably decomposed. The gases 
 produced vary in different plants ; those 
 which contain gluten emit ammonia; 
 onions and a few others evolve phospho- 
 i-us ; hydrogen, carbonic acid gas, and 
 carburetted hydrogen gas, with various 
 vegetable matters, are almost always 
 abundantly formed. All these gases, 
 when mixed with the soil, are very 
 nourishing to the plants growing upon 
 it. The observations of the farmer assure 
 us that they are so. He tells us that all 
 green manures cannot be employed in 
 too fresh a state. 
 
 Sea Weed is a species of green manure, 
 for it ought to be employed whilst quite 
 fresh. There are many species, and 
 they differ very essentially in their com- 
 ponents. The Lamina' ria, those long, 
 tawny-green, ribbon-like algae, so com- 
 mon on our coasts, contain, besides vege- 
 table matter, a large proportion of the 
 salts of potash in addition to those ot 
 soda; whereas the Fu'ci contain none 
 of the salts of potash. All, however, 
 
 are excellent manures ; and we know a 
 garden, near Southampton, very produc- 
 tive, that for some years had no other 
 manure. It is particularly good as a 
 manure for potatoes. The Fu'cus vest- 
 culo'sus, so distinguishable by the blad- 
 ders fuU of air embedded in its fronds, 
 is a very excellent manure. It contains, 
 when dry, about eighty-four parts vege- 
 table matter, thirteen parts sulphate of 
 lime and magnesia, with a little phos- 
 phate of lime, and three parts sulphate 
 and muriate of soda. 
 Greenweed. Geni'sta pUo'sa and 
 
 'Grei'gia. (Named after Major- 
 
 General Greig, a promoter of Russian 
 
 horticulture. Nat. ord., Bromeliaceie ; 
 
 Tribe, Bromeliem. ) 
 
 Stove epiphyte. For cultivation, see Bill- 
 
 BERGIA. 
 
 G. sphacela'ta. Wliite and purplish. Chili. 
 1866. Fruit eatable. Syns., Eillbergia, 
 sphacelata and Bromelia clatidestina. 
 
 Grenvillea conspi'cua. This is Pe- 
 largo'nium conspi'cuum. 
 
 Grevillea. (Named after C. F. 
 Gremlle, a patron of botany. Nat. ord., 
 Proteacece ; Tribe, Grevilhce. Allied to 
 Hakea. ) 
 
 Gteenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia. 
 Seeds sovm in a slight hotbed, in spring, or 
 in the greenhouse, as soon as ripe ; cuttings o£ 
 the young shoots when ripened, in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, and when a callus has formed at the 
 base to have a slight bottom-heat; peat and 
 loam, with silver sand and bits of charcoal, to 
 keep the soil open. Winter temp., 35° to 46°. 
 Roamarinifo'lia and rmieronula'ta have stood 
 out in sheltered places, with little or no protec- 
 tion. 
 
 0. acanthifcfUa. i. Purple. June. New S. 
 Wales. 1824. 
 
 — acumvna'ta. See G. mucronulata, 
 
 — al:pina. 4. Bed, yellow. May. Victoria. 
 
 Syn., G. alpestris. B. M. t. 6007. 
 
 — annvXi'fera. W. Australia. 1882. 
 
 — aquifo'lia. Victoria. 1820. 
 
 — aspera. 3. Pink. June. S. Australia. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — amUnifo'lia. 5. Pink. July. New S. 
 
 Wales. 1806. B. M. t. 7070. Syn., (?. 
 longifoUa. 
 
 — Ba'nksii. 16. Red. Queensland. 1868. 
 
 B. M. t. 6870. 
 
 — Bau'eri. 4. Bed. June. New S. Wales. 
 
 1824. Syn., G. pubescens, B. C. 1. 1229. 
 
 — berberi/o'lia. 4. Bed. June. 1821. 
 
 — bipinnaWJida. W. Australia. 1837. 
 
 — brachya'ntha. Purple. 
 
 — buxifo'Ka. 6. Pink. June. New S. Wales. 
 
 1790. B. B. t. 443. Syn., Embothrium 
 buxifolium. Andr. Bep. t. 218. 
 
 — Cale'yk 6. Bed. June. 1830. B. M. 
 
 t. 3133. 
 
 — eanefscens. 5. Green, tawny. New S. Wales. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — eeratophy'lia. See G. refracta, var. eerato- 
 
 phylla. 
 
 cm^rea. 4. Bed. June. New S. Wales. 
 
 1822. Syn., G. styloaa. G. cinerea of 
 B. C. t. 857 is G. mucronulata. 
 
 GG 
 
GEE 
 
 [450] 
 
 GRI 
 
 Q. eoUi'na. 4. Pink. June. 1812. 
 
 — contd'nna. i. Purple. June. 1824. 
 
 — Drwnmo'ndii. 4. White, yellow. June. 
 
 W. Australia. 1859. 
 
 — e'legans. 4. Red, yellow. June. 1869. 
 
 — ericifo'Ka. Bed, greenish. Winter. E. and 
 
 S. Australia. B. M. t. 6361. 
 
 — eriosta'cliya. 3-6. Orange. W. Australia. 
 
 — /ascicula'ta. Eeddish. Spring. W. Australia. 
 
 1873. B. M. t. 6106. 
 — ferrugi'nea. See G. flmlntnda. 
 
 — Flinae'rsii. 3. Purple. June. New S. 
 
 Wales. 1824. 
 — fiarOm'nda. 3. 1837. %ja., G. ferrugmm. 
 
 — Farsteln. Scarlet. Australia. 1873. 
 
 — gibbo'sa. Queensland. 1821. 
 
 — Gillivra'yi. 5. White. June. New Cale- 
 
 donia. 1854. 
 
 — glahra'ta. 5. White. May. Syns., G. Man- 
 
 glesii, Anadenixi Manglesii and Manglesia 
 glabrata. 
 
 — heUrophy'lla. See G. refraeta, var. cerate- 
 
 phylla. 
 
 — Billia'na. Queensland. 1862. 
 
 — Hookeria'na. Yellow, crimson. S.W. Aus- 
 
 tralia. B. M. t. 6879. 
 
 — intriea'ta. 6. White. May. W. Australia. 
 
 1871. B. M. t. 6919. 
 
 — junyperina. 4. Pink. June. N.S, Wales. 
 
 1822. B. K. 1. 1089. 
 sulphiirea, 4. Pale yellow. June. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — Lawreneea'na. White. 1839. 
 
 — linearis. 6. White. June. 1790. Syns. 
 
 G. striata and Embothrium lineare. 
 
 Andr. Eep. t. 272. 
 
 a'lba. 4. White. June. 1790. 
 
 ineama'ta. 4. Flesh. June. 1790. 
 
 — Ivngiffo'lia. See G. aspleni^olia. 
 
 — macrosty'lis. Crimson and yellow. April. 
 
 W. Australia. 1868. B. M. t. 6916. 
 
 — Mangle' sii. See G. glabrata. 
 
 — monta'na, 4. Violet. June. 1822. 
 
 — mucronifc/lia. 3. Violet. June. 1824. 
 
 — mueronula'ta. 4. Pink. June. 1809. Syns., 
 
 G. acuminata and G. cinerea o£ B. C. 
 t. 857. 
 
 — plan'^o'lia, 2. Orange. June. 1823. 
 
 — Prei'ssii, B. M. t. 6837. See O. Thelnummiama. 
 
 — pube!scens. B. C. 1. 1229. See G. Baneri. 
 
 — pulche'lla. 2. White. April. S.W.Australia. 
 
 1872. B. M. t. 6979. 
 
 — puni'eea. Purple. June. 1822. 
 
 — re/ra'cta ceratophy'Ua. 4, White. June. 1821. 
 
 Syus., G. ceratophylla and G. hetero- 
 phylla. 
 
 — robv!sta. 5. Orange. June. 1829. B. M. 
 
 t. 3184. 
 
 — ro'eea. Pink. June. 1850. 
 
 — romuinnifo'lia. i. Bed. June. 1824. B. 
 
 M. t. 6971. 
 
 — seri'cea. 6. Pink. June. New S. Wales. 
 
 1790. Syn.j G. dubia. B. M. t. 3798. 
 
 — stri'cta. See G. linearis, 
 
 — styWsa. See G. cinerea. 
 
 — sulphu'rea. See G. juniperinat^nr. sulphurea. 
 
 — Thelmannia'na. 3-5. Yellowish-green, red. 
 
 Spring. W. Australia. 1838. Syn., G. 
 ■Preissii. B. M. t. 6837. 
 
 — trifurea'ta. 3. Bed. June. 1821. 
 
 Gre'wia. (Named after Nehemiah 
 €frew, M.D., who wrote on the Anatomy 
 of Plants. Nat. ord., ritocecB. Syns., 
 Chadara and Mallococca. ) 
 
 Stove and greenhouse trees and shruhs. Cut- 
 tings in sand under a bell-gla«s. Sandy loam 
 and leaf -soil. 
 G. asia'tica. 12. Yellow. July. E. Indies. 1792. 
 
 — ooeidenta'lis. 10. Purple. July. S. Africa. 
 
 1690. B. M. t. 422. 
 
 G. parviflo'ra. 2-8. Yellow. N. China. 1888. 
 
 — lapi'da. Yellow. Tropical Himalayas. De- 
 
 cumbent. 
 
 Gre'yia, (Named after Sir George 
 Grey, Governor-General of the Cape 
 Colony at the time of the discovery of 
 this plant. Nat. ord., Sapindacem.) 
 
 Greenhouse shrub. Seeds ; cuttings of the half- 
 ripened shoots, in sand, un der a hand-glass. Eich 
 sandy loam. To make it flower well it should be 
 periodically deprived of water f oratime. Its time 
 of flowering in its native country is August and 
 September, a period that corresponds with our 
 early spring. Should be exposed to full sunlight 
 and not over-watered. 
 
 G. Sutherla'ndi. Crimson-scarlet. March. Natal. 
 1869. B. M. t. 6040. 
 
 Gri'as. Anchovy Pear. (From grao, 
 to eat ; the fruit IJeing eatable. Nat. 
 ord., MyrtacecB ; Tribe, Lecythidew. 
 Allied to Gustavia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, in peat ; rich sandy 
 loam. 
 
 G. caMiflo'ra. 60. 'White. Jamaica. 1768. 
 B. M. t. 6622. 
 
 — zamore'nsis. Peru. 1879. 
 
 Grie'lum. (From grielum, old -look- 
 ing : referring to the grCT, hoary aspect 
 of the plants. Nat. ord. , Eosacece ; Tribe, 
 NeuradecE. Allied to Neurada. ) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, from South 
 Africa, all having yellow flowers. Division of 
 the roots in sprmg ; rough, sandy soil, well 
 drained. 
 
 G. hvmifu'sum. 1. May. 1826. Swt. Geran. 
 t. 306. 
 
 — tadnialtum. J. August. 1825. 
 
 — temtif</liwm. 2. May. 1780. Swt. Geran. 
 
 1. 171. 
 
 Griffi'nia. (Named after W. Griffin, 
 Esq., a patron of botany. Nat. ord., 
 Amaryllidece; Tribe, Amaryllem. Al- 
 lied to Eucrosia in leaf, and to Lycorus 
 in the flower.) 
 
 Stove bulbs, from South America. Seeds in a 
 hotbed, either when ripe or early in spring, and 
 young oSset bulbs ; peat and loam, with plenty 
 of sand, and a little dried leaf-mould. Temp., 
 when growing, 60° to 80°, with plenty of moisture ; 
 when at rest, 40° to 50°, and dry. 
 G. Blumena'via. 1. White, pink. Brazil. 1866. 
 B. M. t. 6666. . . 
 
 — drya'des. IJ. Lilac-blue. Eio de Janerio. 
 
 1868. B. M. t. 6786. Syn., Amaryllis 
 dryades. 
 
 — hyad'nthina. 1. Blue. July. 1815. Syn., 
 
 Amaryllis hyaeinthina, B. R. 1. 163. 
 
 miera'ntha. Flowers smaller. Winter. 
 
 1880. 
 
 — interme'dia. i Blue. April. 1823. B. B. 
 
 t. 990. 
 
 — Libonia'na. J. Blue. March. Brazil. 1848. 
 
 Lem. Jard. Fl. t. 290. 
 
 — orna'ta. 1. Pale lilac. February. Brazil. 
 
 1876. B. M. t. 6367. 
 
 — parvijlc/ra. 2. Pale purple. August. 1816. 
 
 B. B. t. 511. 
 
 Grinde'lia. (Named after E. Grin- 
 del, a German botanist. Nat. ord., Com- 
 Tribe, Asteroidew.) 
 
GRI 
 
 Hardy and half-hardy plants, all trith yellow 
 flowers, and from Mexico, except when otherwise 
 mentioned. CUia'ta is a hardy biennial, by seeds 
 sown in autumn, or early in spring, underprotec- 
 tion ; herbaceous species by division and cut- 
 tings; evergreens, cuttings in April of half- 
 npened shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat 
 ^ndloam. 
 
 HERBACEOUS. 
 
 G. angustifo'lia. 1. August. 1822. Syn., G. 
 
 Buvalii. O. angustifolia of B. E. t. 781 
 
 is G, arguta. 
 ^ cilia' ta. IJ. August. N. Amer. 1821. Biennial. 
 
 Syn., Bonia ciliata. 
 
 — Dwva'lii. See 6. angustifolia. 
 
 — grandiflo'ra. 4. Orange. July. Texas. 1851. 
 
 Biennial. B. M. t. 4628. 
 
 — specw'sa. 2. Yellow. Patagonia. 1852. 
 
 — squarro'sa. 2. August. Missouri. 1811. 
 
 Syn., Donia squarrosa. B. M. t. 1706. 
 Hardy. 
 
 EVERGREEN. 
 
 G. cmronopifo'Ka. li. August. 1826. 
 
 — glutino'sa. 2. Peru. 1803. Syn., Donia 
 
 ^lutinosa, B. R. 1. 187. 
 
 — inuloi'des. IJ. August. 1815. B. R. t. 248. 
 
 — Lambe'rtii. 2. August.. 1816. 
 
 — spathula'ta. IJ. August. 1819. 
 
 Griseli'nia. (Apparentlycommemo- 
 rative. Nat. ord., Comacece.) 
 
 Evergreen laurel-leaved shrubs, nearly hardy. 
 Layers and cuttings. Light rich loam. 
 €. Utora'lis. 30. New Zealand. 1872. 
 
 — lu'oida. 10. New Zealand. 
 nrnerophr/lla, A large-leaved variety. 
 
 1884. 
 
 Gri'slea. (Named after G. Grisley, 
 a Portuguese botanist. Nat. ord., Ly- 
 thracece. Allied to Cuphea. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in April of 
 firm young shoots, in sandy soil, under a bell- 
 glass, in heat ; peat and loam, fibry and sandy. 
 6. seffu'nda. 4. Pale pink. Venezuela. 1820. 
 
 — tmnento'sa. B. M. t. 1006. See Woodfordia 
 
 fioribunda. 
 
 Gro'taya. (Named after Lord Grey 
 <of Orohy. Nat. ord. , Orchidew ; Tribe, 
 Vandece- Cyrtopodiece. ) United to ZygO- 
 petalum. 
 
 Grono'via. (Named in honour of 
 Dr. John Frederick Gronovvus, a learned 
 botanist of Leyden. Nat. ord., Loasem.) 
 
 Stove or greenhouse climbing annuals. The 
 seeds should be sown on a hotbed ; when large 
 enough, pot off singly and train upon sticks. 
 Rich sandy loam. The hairs sting like those of 
 1 nettle, which is likewise the case with many of 
 the Loasece. 
 G. pulche'Ua. Lilac, purple, white. Brazil. 1866. 
 
 — sca'ndens. Yellow. S. America. 1790. Jacq. 
 
 lo. t. 338. 
 
 Grotto is a resting-place, formed 
 rudely of rock-work, roots of trees, and 
 shells, and is most appropriately placed 
 beneath the deep shade of woods, and on 
 the margin of water. Its intention is to 
 be a cool retreat during summer. 
 
 Groimd Cherry. Ce'rasus chamce- 
 
 Ground Cistus. 
 
 cftamcB-ci'stus. 
 
 Ehodotha'mnus 
 
 [ 451 ] GUA 
 
 Ground Ivy. Ne'peta gUeho'ma. 
 
 Ground Nut. A'pios tubero'sa. 
 
 Ground Senna. Ca'ssia chamm- 
 crista. 
 
 Groundsel Tree. Ba'ccharis hali- 
 mifo'lia. 
 
 Grove is a moderately extensive as- 
 sociation of trees without underwood. 
 The most fitting character of a grove is 
 beauty ; for fine trees are lovely objects, 
 and a grove is an assemblage of them, 
 in which every individual retains much 
 of its own peculiar elegance, and what- 
 ever it loses is transferred to the superior 
 beauty of the whole. To a grove, there- 
 fore, which admits of endless variety in 
 the disposition of the trees, differences 
 in their shapes and their greens are sel- 
 dom very important, and sometimes they 
 are detrimental. Strong contrasts scatter 
 trees which are thinly planted, and which 
 have not the connection of underwood ; 
 they no longer form one plantation ; they 
 are a number of single trees. A thick 
 grove is not, indeed, exposed to this mis- 
 chief ; and certain situations may re- 
 commend different shapes and different 
 freens for their effects upon the surface, 
 'he eye, attracted into the depth of the 
 grove, passes by little circumstances at 
 the entrance : even varieties in the form 
 of the line do not always engage the 
 attention : they are not so apparent as 
 in a continued thicket, and are scarcely 
 seen if they are not considerable. 
 
 Gryllota'lpa. See Mole Cricket. 
 
 Guai'acum. Lignum Vitse Tree. 
 (The aboriginal name in South America. 
 Nat. ord., Zygophyllacece.) 
 
 The Guaiacura bark of G. o^icina'le is well 
 known for its medicinal properties. Stove ever- 
 green trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots in April or 
 May, in sand, under a bell-glass, in brisk bottom- 
 heat ; rich, sandy, fibry loam. 
 G. arbo'rmm. 30. Blue. Trinidad. 1816. 
 
 — okeina'le. 40. Blue. August. W. Ind. 1694. 
 B. R. 1839, t. 9. 
 
 — vertica'le. 8. Blue. W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 Guano. See Dungs. 
 
 Gua'rea. (The native name. Nat. 
 orA., Meliacem; Tube, Tric/iiliew. Al- 
 lied to Amoora.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Same culture as for 
 Guaiacum. 
 
 G. grandiflo'ra. 20. White. June. S. Amer. 
 1752. Syn., 6. trichilioides. 
 
 — ramifio'ra. 20. White. Porto Rico. 1822. 
 
 — Swa'rtzii. 20. White. June. W.Indies. 1822. 
 
 — trichHioi'des., See G. grandiflora. 
 
 Guatte'ria. (Named after Guatteri, 
 an Italian botanist. Nat. oxd,.,Anoiiace,m; 
 Tribe, UvariecB.) 
 
GUA 
 
 [452] 
 
 GUN 
 
 The flowers of 0. vvrga'ta are exceedingly 
 sweet. Stove evergreen trees and shruba. Cut- 
 tings of half-ripened shoots in April, aa for 
 Guaiacnm. 
 G. cerasoi'des. 16. Green. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — laurifo'lia. 8. White. Jamaica. 1818. 
 
 — ru'fa. 3. Brown. July. China. 1822. B. 
 
 B. t. 836. 
 
 — svbero'sa. 8. White. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — virga'ta. 30. White. Jamaica. 1793. Lance- 
 
 wood. 
 
 Guava. (Psi'diumpyH'ferum.) This 
 stove evergreen shrub is not generally 
 cultivated for the sake of its fruit ; but 
 it is deserving of some encouragement 
 where hothouse room is plentiful. Its 
 fruit, in size and appearance, somewhat 
 resembles a small Orleans plum, and is 
 of a dull purple colour ; it is juicy, and 
 in flavour somewhat resembles a straw- 
 berry. 
 
 Propagation is effected by cuttings, 
 layers, and seeds. 
 
 SoU. — Two parts of loam and one part 
 peat. 
 
 Culture. — It requires the ordinary cul- 
 ture given to evergreen shrubs in our 
 stoves. As soon as the plants attain a 
 little age they bear abundantly and in a 
 long succession, often producing fruit 
 through the winter. They will succeed 
 very well in a comfortable conservatory, 
 but a climate of an intermediate cha- 
 racter will suit them best, as they enjoy 
 a moderate amount of heat. They occa- 
 sionally require the pruner's assistance 
 in thinning-out crowded or cross shoots, 
 when such occur, and in pinching the 
 tops from those which become over 
 luxuriant. 
 
 Fruit. — It is used for the dessert, and 
 making jelly. 
 
 Guazu'ma. Bastard Cedar. (The 
 aboriginal name in Mexico. Nat. ord., 
 Sterculiacece ; Tribe, Buettnerice. Allied 
 to Theobroma. ) 
 
 The fruit of G. ulmifo'lia is full of a sweet, 
 agreeable pulp. Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings 
 of ripened shoots, and general treatment as for 
 Guaiacum. 
 
 G. polybo'trya. 12. Yellow. Brazil. 1816. Syn., 
 Bubroma polybotryum. 
 
 — t(ynwnto'm. 20. Cumana. 1820. 
 
 — ulmifo'lia. 40. Yellow Jamaica. 1739. 
 
 Syn., Bulyroma, Guazuma. 
 
 Guelder Rose. Vibu'rnum o'pvlus. 
 Guernsey Lily. Neri'm samie'nsis. 
 
 Guetta'rdia. (Named after .E. Guet- 
 tard, a French botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Buinaeem ; Tribe, Guettardem.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. General treatment as 
 for Guaiacum. 
 G. cocd'nea. See Isertia coccitiea. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. 20. Peru. 1820. 
 
 — lu'cida. See StenostoTtvwm luddum, 
 
 — odMra'ta. 10. Red. Jamaica. 1818. 
 
 — rug&sa. 20. W. Ind. 1753. 
 
 G. toTnento'sa. See Stenostiymv/m t<ymentosvm, 
 
 — soa'hra. 20. White. W. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — svecio'sa. 20. White. Madagascar and India.. 
 
 1771. B. E. 1. 1393. 
 
 Guevi'na. Chilian Nut. (The native- 
 name. Nat. ord., Proteacece. Syn., 
 Quadria.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen tree. Peat and loam. 
 Cuttings in sand under a hand-glass. 
 G. Avella'na. 40. White ; fruit coral red, edible.. 
 June. Chili. 1826. G. C. 1884, xxii. 
 p. 41. 
 
 Guicheno'tia. (In honour of M. 
 Antoine Guichenot, a French gardener 
 and traveller. Nat. ord., Sterculiacece; 
 I'ribe, Lasiopetalece.) 
 
 Greenhouse shrubs. Cuttings in sand under a. 
 bell-glass. Loam and a little peat. 
 G. ledifo'lia. 3. White. Spring. Australia, 
 1868. Syn. , Lasiopetalum Baueri oi SOUI& 
 gardens. 
 
 — macra'ntha. 3. Purple. March. Swan 
 
 Eiver. 1847. B. M. t. 4661. 
 
 Guilandi'na. Nicker-tree. (Named 
 after M. Gmlaridina, a Prussian botanist. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminosce ; Tribe, Cmsal- 
 pinece.) Now united to Csesalplnla. 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds in a hotbed, in- 
 spring ; cuttmgs, etc., as for Guaiacum. 
 G. Bo'ndue. 19. Yellow. India. 1640. Syn., 
 CcBsalpinia Bonduc. 
 
 — Bonduce'lla. 8. Yellow. E. Ind. 1700. 
 
 Syn., Cossalpinia, Bonducella. 
 
 — mdcrophy'lla. Brazil. 
 
 — Mori'nga. Jacq. Ic. t. 461. SeeMoringaptery- 
 
 gosp&rma. 
 
 Guilie'lma. (Dedicated to Queen 
 Frederica G^ilielma Carolina of Bavaria. 
 Nat. ord., Palmacece.) 
 
 Stove palm. Imported seeds. Rich loam and 
 peat, with a top dressing of rottai cow-dung. 
 Cr. u'Ulis. Costa Rica. 1872. 
 
 Guinea Peach. Sarcoce'pJmlus. 
 
 Guinea Plum. Parina'rium exr 
 ce'ls^im. 
 
 Gum Ammoniac. Dore'ma amr 
 monia'cum. 
 
 Gum Arabic Tree. Aca'cia ara'- 
 
 bica. 
 
 Gum Cistus. Ci'stvs ladoni'ferus. 
 
 Gum Elemi Tree. A'myris Plu- 
 mie'ri. 
 
 Gum Lac Tree. Bn' tea f rondo' sa. 
 
 Gum Senegal Tree. Aca'cia. 
 Se'negal. 
 
 Gum-tree. Eucdly'ptus rohu'sta. 
 
 Gumming. See Extravasated 
 Sap. 
 
 Gunde'lia. (In honour of Andrew 
 Gundelsheimer, a German botanist and 
 traveller, who lived at the commence- 
 ment of the eighteenth century, Nat. 
 ord., Gompositce.) 
 
GUN 
 
 [453] 
 
 GYM 
 
 A hardy perennial. Sandy peat. Divisions 
 -and seeds. 
 ■G. Toumef&rtii. IJ. ChocolaW, yellow. June. 
 
 From Afghanistan to Algeria. 1739. 
 
 Eev. Hort. 1888, p. 53, f. 12. 
 
 Gu'nnera, (In honour of J. E. 
 'Gunner, a Swedish bishop and botanist. 
 Nat. ord., Araliacew.) 
 
 Hardy ornamental foUaged herbaceous peren- 
 nials, requiring a protection of leaves in winter. 
 Division. Rich loam. 
 G. brepho'gea. Greenish. Columbia. 1873. 
 
 — tnanica'ta. Leaves large, parasol-shaped. S. 
 
 Brazil. 1867. Eev. Hort. 1884, t. 631. 
 
 — perpe'nsa. IJ. Green. August. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. B. M. t. 2376. 
 
 — sca'bra. 4. Green. August. Chill, 1849. 
 
 Syn., G. chilenm. It has large rhubarb- 
 like leaves ; their acid stalks are eaten. 
 
 Gu'nnia. See Sarcochilus.-. 
 
 Gusta'via. (Named after Gusta- 
 'mcs III. of Sweden. Nat. ord., Myr- 
 tacecB ; Tribe, Lecythidece.) 
 
 There are several species of these fine stove 
 •evergreens not yet in cultivation. Cuttings of 
 ripe shoots in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, and 
 in bottom -heat; rich loamy soil. G. augu'sta is 
 a splendid, low, evergreen tree, something like a 
 Myrtle or a Barringtonia. 
 G. migu'sta. 10. White. Guiana. 1794. 
 
 — brasilie!nsis. Rosy-white. Rio Negro. 1866. 
 
 — foituo'sa. 20. White. May. Guiana. 1824. 
 
 — grad'llima. Rose. September. Columbia. 
 
 1874. B. M. t. 6151. 
 
 — in^'gnis. 4. White. July. Columbia. 1855. 
 
 B. M. t. 5069. 
 
 — pteroca'rva. White. Tropical America. 1861. 
 
 B. M. t. 5239. Syn., G. Leopoldii. 
 
 — Theophra'sta. While. Tropical America. 1873. 
 
 Gutierre'zia. (Probabljr commemo- 
 rative. Nat. ord., CompositcB ; Tribe, 
 Asteroidem.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Division. Common garden-soil. 
 G. gymnospermm'des. 4. Yellow. ■ September. 
 New Mexico. 1859. B. M. t. 6166. 
 
 Guzma'nnia. (Named after A. 
 Guzman, a Spanish naturalist. Nat. 
 ord., BromeliacecB ; Tribe, Tillandsiece. 
 Allied to Caraguata, with which it is 
 sometimes united. ) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennial. Suckers; rich 
 soil. 
 
 <r. BvUia'na. Bright red. Summer. Andes of 
 New Grenada. 1884. Syn., Caraguata 
 
 aiiAj'aviijui'iAb. 
 
 — Devansaya'na. Bracts scarlet ; flowers white. 
 
 Ecuador. 1882. Belg. Hort. 1883, p. 113. 
 ^ enjthroce'phata. Chiriqua. 1883. 
 
 — fra'grans. Se4 Canistrum ebumeum. 
 
 ^ Fuerstenbergia'na. Bracts bright red ; flowers 
 white. Ecuador. 1883. Syn., Caraguata 
 Fuersteribergiama. 
 
 — tri'colar. i. Green, scarlet. April. S. Ame^ 
 
 1820. Syns., Tillandnamonostachy a a,nd 
 T. pachyearpon. There are varieties— 
 fragrans, groMdis, and maculata. 
 
 Gjrmnade'nia. (From „„ 
 naked, and aden, a gland ; the glands 
 of the pollen-masses are naked. Nat. 
 ord., OrchideoB ; Tribe, Ophrydem- 
 Mabenariem.) 
 
 This genus is scarcely distinguishable from 
 Habenaria, which see for cultivation, and in 
 which it is included in the Genera Plantarum. 
 G. maera'ntha. 1. Green, flesh-colour. Septem- 
 ber. Sierra Leone. 1870. Syn., Eulophia 
 heUeborma. 
 
 Gymne'ma. (From gymnos, naked, 
 and nema, a filament ; in reference to 
 the stamens. Nat. ord. , Aselepiadacece ; 
 Tribe, Marsdeniece. Allied to Stepha- 
 notis.) 
 
 6. lacti'ferwm is the Cow Plant of Ceylon, the 
 milk of which is used as food by the natives. 
 Stove evergreen twiners, with yellow flowers. 
 Cuttings of stiff young side-shoots in May, in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; flbry loam and 
 sandy peat, well drained. 
 G. tenaiyi'sHmum. See Marsdenia t&nacissima. 
 
 — ti'ngens. 8. July. Trop. Himalayas. 1823. 
 
 Syns. G. tingens, var. cordifolia, Wight 
 Ic. 593, and Asclepias tingens. 
 
 Gymnocla'dus. Kentucky Coffee- 
 tree. (From gymnos, naked, and klados, 
 a branch ; in reference to the soft young 
 wood, devoid of buds. Nat. ord. , Legumi- 
 nosce ; Tribe, EuccesalpinecB. Allied to 
 Parkinsonia. ) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees. By imported seeds 
 and cuttings of the roots, keepingthe part nearest 
 the surface uppermost ; deep, mellow loam. The 
 tree hasa peculiar dead-like appearance in winter, 
 as the buds are inconspicuous, but has a fine 
 effect in summer with its very large green leaves. 
 G. canade'nHs. 20. White. Canada. 1748. 
 
 — chine'nm. 10. China. 1889. Soap tree. 
 
 Gymnodi'scus. (From gymnos, 
 naked, and discus, a disk. Nat. ord., 
 Compositm ; Tribe, Senecionidea. Al- 
 lied to Othonna.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds in March or April, in 
 any common soil. 
 
 6. capilla'ris. Yellow. June. Cape of Good 
 ^ope. 1822. 
 
 Gynmogra'mma. (From gymnos, 
 naked, and gramma, writing; in refe- 
 rence to the spore-cases. Jiat. ord., 
 Filices.) 
 
 Beautiful stove ferns, with brown spores, 
 except where otherwise stated. Division of the 
 plant, and spore-cases from the fronds scattered 
 freely on rough peat, in a pot, and covered with 
 a square of glass, before being placed in a damp, 
 warm, shady place ; peat and loam, most of tlie 
 former, with a little silver sand. Summer temp., 
 60° to 86°, a little shade ; winter, 60° to 60°, and 
 rather dry. 
 G. caUymdlanoa. 2. July. W. Ind. 1790. 
 
 — chcerophy'Ua. J. June. Brazil. 1826. 
 
 — ehrysophy'Ua. 1. July. W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 — corda'ta. 1. August. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1838. 
 
 — decompo'gita. S. America. 1873. 
 
 — eleganti'ssitTM. 1889. 
 —falca'ta. May. W. Indies. 
 
 — farwiXfermn. Fronds powdered with white. 
 
 lU. Hort. t. 604. 
 — ferruginea. Tropical America. 
 
 — fiemio'sa. Peru. 1866. 
 
 — hy'brida. May. S. America. 
 — japo'tiica. Japan. 1863. 
 
 variega'ta. Japan. 1876. 
 
 —java'niea. May. Java. 
 
GYM 
 
 [454] 
 
 GYN 
 
 G. Latha'rmce. Garden hybrid. 1884. 
 
 — leptophy'lla, 1. July. South Europe. 1819. 
 
 — UHerminU'ri. 1. Guadeloupe. 
 
 — Marte'nsii. 2. 
 
 — myriophy'na. 1. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 — ochracea. 1. Yellow, March. Buenos 
 
 Ayres. 
 
 — Pea'rcii. -Peru. 1864, 
 
 — pedal ta. \. June, New Spain. 1822. 
 
 — peruviaJna. 1, July, Peru. 1822, 
 
 — pulchellla. IJ. Venezuela, 
 
 ramo'sa. Fronds- branched. Garden 
 
 variety, 
 
 — ru'fa. \. June. Jamaica. 1793, 
 
 — ndc^o'lia. i, Australia, Hook, Ic, FU, 
 
 t, 90. 
 
 — schizophy'Ua. Jamaica. 1881. 
 
 — ffui-pinTia'ta. 
 
 — sulphu'rea. 1. July. Jamaica. 1808. 
 
 — tarta'rea. 1. August. W, Ind, 1817, 
 aura'ta. 2, Peru. 1870. 
 
 — tmnent&sa. Brazil, 1831. 
 
 — triangula'ris. i. Fronds dark orange, or 
 
 white beneath. 1874, Hook. Ic, Fil, 
 t, 153, 
 
 — trifolia'ta. 2, July, Jamaica, 1810. 
 
 — ve'llea. New Grenada, 1881. 
 
 — vesti'ta. Yellow, May, W, Ind, Ic, PI, 
 
 1. 116, 
 
 — villo'sa. June, Brazil. 1836, 
 
 Gsonnolo'mia. (From gymnos, 
 naJied, and loma, a border ; because 
 there is no pappus, Nat, ord., Com- 
 positcB ; Tribe, HdianthoidecB. Syn,, 
 Gymnopsis.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, except conna' fa, 
 which requires a greenhouse ; allied to RUD- 
 BECKIA, to which refer for cultivation. It 
 should be protected from severe cold. 
 O. conna'ta. 4. October. Brazil. 1821. Syn., 
 GynwLopsli connata. 
 
 — imultijlo'ra. 1. Yellow. New Mexico. Gfl. 
 
 1887, p. 281. Syn., fleZio?7wri«m«Z(i/iora, 
 
 — tripline!rvia. 3. October. New Spain. 1825. 
 
 Syn., Gymnopsis triplinerma. 
 
 Gyiniio'psis. (From giymraos, naked, 
 and opsis, like ; naked-looking grains. 
 Nat. ord,, Compositm ; Tribe, Selian- 
 thoideee.) United to Gymnolomia. 
 
 O. conna'ta. See GyTmiolomia connata. 
 
 — maeula'ta. B, R. t. 662. See Witlfia mam- 
 
 lata. 
 
 — tripline'rvia. See Cfymnolomia triplinermi. 
 
 Gymno'pteris. (From gymnos, 
 naked ; and pteris, a fern. Nat, ord, , 
 FUices. ) 
 
 Stove ferns. Treatment similar to Gymno- 
 
 GKAMMA. 
 
 O. acwmina'ta. July. 1831. 
 
 — alWna. Tropical America, 
 
 — axilla'ris. June. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — nicotianifo'Ua. July, W, Ind, 1843, 
 
 — norma'lis. June, Samarcand. 
 
 — ophioglossoides. July. W. Ind. 
 
 — platyrhy'nchos. Brown. W. Ind. 
 
 — quercifo'lia. Brown. W. Ind. 1840. 
 
 — subrepa'nda. Brown, yellow, June. Isle of 
 
 Luzon. 
 
 — tacocefo'lia. June. B. Ind. 
 
 — triloia'ta. August. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 Gymnosphse'ra. (From gymnos, 
 naked, and sphaira, a globe ; referring 
 to the spore-cases. Nat. ord., FUices.) 
 
 Stove fern. Treatment similar to Gymno- 
 
 GBAMMA. 
 
 Q. squa/nmla'ta. Brown, yellow. April. Ma- 
 lacca. 
 
 Gymnosta'chys. (From gymnos, 
 naked, and stachys, a spike. Nat, ord, , 
 Aroidece; Tribe, Orontiece. Allied to> 
 Acorus.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Suckers 
 and divisions ; peat and loam. 
 G. a'Ticeps. 1. June. N. Holland. 1820. 
 
 Gymnosta'chyum. {Viomgymnos, 
 naked, and stachys, a spike. Nat. ord. , 
 AcanthacecB ; Tribe, Justieiece.) 
 
 Stove plants. Leaves variegated. Cuttings. 
 Usual stove treatment. Loam and sandy peat. 
 O. ceyla'nicum. Yellow, white. Ceylon. B. M. 
 t. 4706. 
 
 — venu'stmn. J. Purple. September. Khasia 
 
 Mts. Syn., Justida venusta, B. R. 
 t. 1880. 
 
 — Terschage'ltii. Fl. Ser. 1. 1681. See Fittonia^ 
 
 Gymnothe'ca. See Marattia. 
 
 Gymnothri'x. See Pennisetum, 
 
 Gynandro'psis. (From gyne, fe- 
 male, andros, a male, and opsis, like s 
 referring to the appearance of the sta- 
 mens as if borne on the style, Nat, ord,-, 
 Capparidacece ; Tribe, Cleomece. Allied: 
 to Cleome,) 
 
 Hardy annuals, seed in the open border, in- 
 April, or in a slight hotbed, in March, and 
 transplanted ; tender annual and biennial in a- 
 hotbed in March, potted and flowered in the 
 greenhouse ; rich, sandy, loamy soil, 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 G. pentaphy'lla. 2. White. July. E. Ind, 
 1640. Annual. Syn., Cleome penta- 
 phylla, B. M. t. 1681. 
 
 — specio'sa. 3. White. July. Carthagena.. 
 
 1818. Biennial, 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 G. candela'brum. 1. Red. July. S. Ameiv 
 1824. B. M. t. 2666. 
 
 — cocci'nea. 6-8. Scarlet. Columbia. 1878,. 
 
 111. Hort. 1878, t. 310. 
 
 — pulche'lla. 1. White. June. Maranhatta,- 
 
 1826, 
 
 — sessUifio'ra. 1. White. July. W. Ind. 1820,. 
 
 — triphy'lla. 1, White. July. W. Ind. 1816,. 
 
 Gyne'rium. (From gpie, female,, 
 and erion, wool; the stigmas being 
 woolly. Nat. ord., Graminece; Tribe, 
 Festucem. ) 
 
 Very ornamental grasses, hardy in the south 
 of England. (?. argenteum—t\i& Pampas grass 
 — succeeds in any deep rich soil not clayey, but 
 flourishes best on the south side of a sloping 
 
 f'ound, sheltered on the north and east sides, 
 pril is the best time for planting it. It re- 
 quires abundance of water during the growing 
 season, and the protection of a mat in winter 
 north of London. If the flower -spikes are re- 
 quired for decorative purposes they should be- 
 gathered before the early frosts set in, or they 
 become discoloured. 
 
 G. arge'nteum. 12. White. October. Mont&. 
 Video, 1848. 
 
 purpu'reum. Panicle purplish. 1866., 
 
 —juiatum. Chimborazo. 1878, 
 
GYN 
 
 [455] 
 
 HAB 
 
 Gsnio'xys. (Fromjrt/ree, female, and 
 oxys, sharp ; alluding to the pointed 
 style. Nat. ord., Compositce ; Tribe, 
 SenecionidecB. ) 
 
 Stove climber, with opposite leaves ; suitable 
 for treUis-work, and not liable to be attacked by 
 insects. Cuttings. Sandy loam and peat. 
 G. fra' grans. Yellow, white. Becember. Gua- 
 temala. B. M. t. 4611. 
 
 Gynu'ra. (From gyne, female, and 
 oura, a tail ; the stigma being elongated 
 and hispid. Nat. ord., Compositw ; 
 Tribe, SenecionidecB.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennial. Cuttings. Sandy 
 loam and peat. 
 
 G. mtranti'aca. Leaves tinged with bright 
 purple. Java. 1882. 111. Hort. t. 436. 
 
 — bScolar. 3. Yellow. Moluccas. 1779. B. 
 
 M. t. 5123. Syn., Cacalia Mcolor^ B. B. 
 1. 110. 
 
 — ova'lis. 3. Yellow. July. China. 1734. 
 
 Syn., Cacalia ovalis, B. B. 1. 101. 
 
 Gypso'phila. (From gypsos, chalk, 
 and phileo, to love ; in reference to the 
 soil most suitable for them. Nat. ord., 
 Caryophyllacem ; Tribe, Silenew. Al- 
 lied' to Saponaria.) 
 
 Both annuals and perennials by seed, and the 
 latter also by division ; common garden-soiL 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 G. tme'lla. 1. White. July. Europe. 1816. 
 
 — visco'm. IJ. White. June. Levant, 1773. 
 
 HARDY PERENNIALS. 
 
 G. eerastioi'des. White or lilac, veined pink. 
 May. Temperate Himalayas. 1882. 
 B. M. t. 6699. 
 
 — eflegam. 1. White. July. Crimea. 1828. 
 —fastigia'ta. 1^. White. June. Germany. 
 
 1769. 
 
 — glau'ca. IJ. White. August. Caucasus. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — glomera'ta. See Tunica. 
 
 — Gmeli'ni. 1. White. August. 1831. 
 
 — perfoKa'ta. 2. Flame. July. Spain. 1732. 
 
 — prostra'ta. 1. Bed. August. Siberia. 1769. 
 
 B. M. t. 1281. 
 
 — RaMea'na. Pale rose. E. Persia. 1889. 
 
 — ripens. J. Striped. August. Siberia. 1774. 
 
 — ri'gida. See Tunica. 
 
 — sabtao'sa. IJ. White. July. Tauria. 1817. 
 
 — sali'gna. Pink. June. Europe. 1837. 
 
 — Sam'fraga. See Tunica. 
 
 — spino'sa. Pink. June. Persia. 1837. 
 
 — Stevdni. 2. White. July. Iberia. 1822. 
 
 — stru'thium. 2. White. July. Spain. 1729. 
 
 — tenuifo'lia. 1. Bed. July. Caucasus. 1824. 
 
 Gjrpsum, or Plaster of Paris, is 
 a sulphate of lime, composed of — Sul- 
 phuric acid, 43; lime, 33; water, 24. 
 It has been employed advantageously 
 as a manure to clover, the turnip, and 
 potato, at the rate of 3 cwt. per acre. 
 Potato sets are frequently rolled in it 
 when pulverized. It has been recom- 
 mended to be sprinkled in stables, and 
 to be mixed with dung-hills, " to fix the 
 ammonia," as it is popularly termed. 
 All the ammonia lost in fumes from a 
 dung-hill might be more readily and as 
 cheaply restored to it by mixing -with 
 
 it, when dug into the soil, a little of 
 the ammoniacal liquor from the gas- 
 works. 
 
 Gyro'mia. (From guroma, round ; 
 the shape of the flowers in section. 
 Nat. ord., LUiacece.) See Medeola. 
 
 H. 
 
 Habena'ria. (From hahena, a rein ; 
 referring to the long, strap-shaped spur. 
 Nat. ord., OrchidecB ; Tribe, Ophn/dece- 
 Rabenariece. Allied to Gymnadenia and 
 Bonatea. Syn., Platanthera.) 
 
 Some will grow in peaty soil in the open bor- 
 der, if kept a little protected, and somewhat 
 dry in wmter ; others are stove orchids, re- 
 quiring peat and loam, and treatment similar 
 to a Bletia. Divisions of the root. Summer 
 temp., 60° to 80° ; rest period, in winter, 50° ; 
 and when starting into flower, 70°. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 H. Wfo'Ua. White. June. Britain. Eng. Bot. 
 ed. 3, 1. 1464. 
 
 — blepharigU/ttis. White. May. Canada. 1820 
 
 B. C. t. 925. Syn., Platanthera holo- 
 petala. 
 
 — iractea'ta. 1. Pink, white. Salis. Parad. 
 
 1. 112. 
 
 — ciiia'ris. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1796. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1668. Syn., Platajithera ciliaris, 
 
 — corda'ta. Green. Madeira. 1832. B. M. 
 
 t. 3164. 
 
 — crista'ta. Yellow. September. N. Amer. 
 
 1806. Syn., PlatantJiera erietata. 
 
 — dUata'ta. IJ. White. September. Canada. 
 
 1823. Syn., Platanthera dHatata. 
 
 — herbi'ola. Green. June. N. Amer. 1789. 
 
 Syn., Platanthera herbiola. 
 
 — Hooke'ri. Green. June. N. Amer. 1822. 
 
 Syn., Platanthera Hookeri. 
 
 — hyperbo'rea. -Green. June. N. Amer. 1806, 
 
 Syn., Platanthera hyperborea. 
 
 — inci'sa. Pale yellow. June. N.Amer. 1826. 
 
 Syn., Platanthera incisa. 
 
 — inta'cta. Purplish. Spring. S.Europe. Syn., 
 
 Aceras seeundijiora, B. E. 1. 1625. 
 
 — Hacowania'na. S. Africa. 1889. Syn., Bra* 
 
 chyctrrythis Macowaniana. 
 
 — pro'cera. 2. Green. August. N. Amer, 
 
 1822. B. B. t. 1868. 
 
 !. YeUow. June. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 B.ala'ta. J. YeUow. June. W.Indies. 1823. 
 
 — ca'ndida. 1. White. July. Sierra Leone. 
 
 1844. 
 
 — ca'mea. Pink. Singapore. G. C. 1891, x. 
 
 p. 729, fig. 106. 
 
 — fttt'va. Yellow. July. Australia. 1823. 
 
 — giaa'ntea. B. M. t. 3374. See H. Susanna. 
 
 — aoodyeroi'des. 1. White. December. Bom- 
 
 bay. 1834. B. M. t. 3397. 
 -ara'eilis. H. YeUow. July. B.Ind. 1823. 
 
 — interme'dia. 1. Greenish. N.India. 1879. 
 
 — lepto'ceras. Ih Green, yeUow. October. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — JAnde'nii. White. August. Caraccas. 
 
 — longicauda. Greenish-white. Demerara. 
 
 1830. „, ^ , 
 
 — maero'ceras. 2. White. June. W. Ind. 1826, 
 
 — maculo'sa. White. September. Nerida. 
 
 — margarita'eea. See Spiranthes. 
 
 — margina'ta. |. Yellow. July. E.Ind. 1822, 
 
 — membrana'cea. July. Sierra Leone. 1826. 
 
HAB 
 
 [456] 
 
 H^M 
 
 H. milita'ris, 1, Green ; lip scarlet. Cochin 
 China. 1886. Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 281. 
 
 — ochroleu'ca. J. Pale yellow. June, N. Hol- 
 
 land. 1824. 
 
 — radia'ta. Green, white. Japan. 1880. Syn., 
 
 Platwnthera radiata. 
 
 — Susa'nnce. Green, white. India. 1834. Syns., 
 
 H. gigantea and PlatantheroLSuscmnm. 
 
 Habe'rlea. (In honour of Karl 
 Konstantin Haberle, a Professor of Bo- 
 tany at Pesth. Nat. ord., Gesneracew; 
 Tribe, Cyrtandrem.) 
 
 Hardy perennial herb, a native of the Balkan 
 Mountains. For cultivation, see Bamondia, to 
 which it is allied. 
 
 H..rhodope''nMs. }. Pale blue. Greece. 1880. 
 B. M. t. 6651. 
 
 Habit is the appearance or mode of 
 growth. Thus a verbena may be of 
 straggling, shrubby, or compact habit. 
 This habit is much influenced Dy soil and 
 cultivation. Thus Bu'xus sempervi'rens 
 in a poor soil is dwarfish, but in a rich 
 soil becomes tree-like. The term habit 
 is applied to the power a plant possesses 
 of vegetating earlier or later, wnen once 
 accustomed to do so. Thus, a vine once 
 forced to break early will retain the habit 
 of doing so the following year, though 
 not forced. 
 
 Habitat. The native place of a 
 plant. 
 
 Habli'tzia. (After C. von Hablitz, 
 a Prussian author and traveller. Nat. 
 ord., Chenopodiacem.) 
 
 A hardy, climbing, deciduous herb. Garden 
 soil. Seeds ; divisions. 
 
 H. tamnoi'des. Green. Autumn. Caucasus. 
 1828. 
 
 Habra'nthus. (From hahros, deli- 
 cate, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., 
 Amaryllidece.) The species with soli- 
 tary flowers are now referred to Ze- 
 pll3nranthes, those with umbellate 
 ones to Hippeastrum. 
 
 H. Anderso'ni, B. R. 1. 1345. See Zephyrantkes 
 
 Andersoni, 
 texa'nus. B. M. t. 3596. See Zephyr- 
 
 antkee texana. 
 
 — angu'stus. B. M. t. 2639. A variety o£ Bip- 
 
 peastrum bifidum. 
 
 — Bagno'ldi. B. R. t. 1396. See Hippeastrum 
 
 Bagnoldi. 
 
 — hi'jidus. B. M. t. 2599. See Hippeastrum bi- 
 
 fidum. 
 
 — oonco'lor. B. B. 1845, t. 64. See Zephyranthes 
 
 concolor. 
 —fu'lgens. B. M. t. 5563. 
 
 — gracilifo'lius. B. B. t. 2464. See Zephranthes 
 
 gracilifolia. 
 
 — hesperius. See Hippeastrum advenum. 
 
 — interme^dius. B. B. 1. 1148. See Hippeastrum 
 
 bijidum. 
 
 — lee!rmesi'nus. B. R. 1. 1638. A variety of Hvp- 
 
 peastruTTi biftd/um. 
 
 — minia'tus. Swt. M. Gard. ser. 2, t. 213. See 
 
 Hippeastrum advemim, var. pallida, 
 
 — nemora'lis. See Hippeastrum bijldum, 
 
 — Tw'bUis. See Hippeastrum bifid/um,. 
 
 — pedunculo'sus. See Hippeastrum biftdum. 
 
 H. phycelloi'des. B. B. 1. 1417. See Hippeastrum. 
 phycelloides. 
 
 — prate!rms. B. R. 1842, t. 36. See Hippeastrum 
 
 prateTise. 
 
 — pu'lcher. See Hippeastrum bifldwrn. 
 —pu'milus. B. C. £ 1771. See Hippeastrum 
 
 roseum. 
 
 — puncta'tus. Gfl. t. 1163, fig. 3. See Hippeas- 
 
 — robu'stus. Swt. H. Gard. ser. 2, t. 14. See 
 
 Zephyranthes robusta. 
 
 — ro'seus. Swt. Fl. Gard, ser. 2, t. 107. See 
 
 Hippeastrum roseum. 
 
 — spatha'ceus. See Hippeastrum bifidum,. 
 
 — specio'sus. See Hippeastrum pratense. 
 
 — versicolor. B. M. t. 2485. See Zephyra/nihes 
 
 versicolor. 
 
 Habrotha'mnus. (From hahros, 
 gay, and thamrws, a shrub. Nat. ord., 
 tiolanacecB ; Tribe, Cestrinece.) United 
 to Oestrum, which see. 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Mexico. 
 H. fascieula'tus grown against a conservatory 
 wall, on an east or west aspect, is hardly sur- 
 passed by any in the Mexican flora. The sun is 
 too powerful for the flowers on a south aspect ; 
 it flowers on last year's wood, and should not be 
 pruned till after the flowers fade. They may be 
 grown as specimens, or against pUlars. Cuttmgs 
 of firm side-shoots, taken off when the plant is 
 growing, in sand, under a bell-glass, and placed 
 m a mild bottom-heat ; loam and peat, lightened 
 with sand and charcoal. Winter temp., 40° 
 to 48°. 
 
 H. carmvna'tus ru'ber. Red. Garden variety. 
 1886. 
 
 — corymho'sus. B. M. t. 4201. See Oestrum 
 
 Endlicheri. 
 
 — cya'nAus. See lochroma tubulosum. 
 
 — e'legatifi. See Cestrwm elegans. 
 
 — faseicula'tus. B. M. t. 4183. See Oestrum 
 
 fasinculatitm. 
 
 — Newe'lli. Bright crimson. Seedling. 1876. 
 
 Garden, August 4, 1888. 
 
 — purpu'reuSf B. R. 1844, t. 43. See Oestrum 
 
 elegans. 
 
 — tomentosus. See Oestrum Benthami. 
 
 Hackberry. Ce'ltis occidenta'lis. 
 
 Hacque'tia. (In honour of B. Hac- 
 quet, a German botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Umbelliferce ; Tribe, SaniculeOB. Allied 
 to Astrantia. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division ; peat 
 and loam. Does best in a peat bed near water. 
 H. epipa'ctis. J. Yellow. April. Alps. 1823. 
 
 Hsemadi'ctyon. (From haima, 
 blood, and diktyon, a net ; referring to 
 the colour of tlie veins in the leaves. 
 Nat. ord., Apocynacece ; Tribe, Echi- 
 tidece.) In accordance with the law of 
 priority this name should be superseded 
 by Prestonia. 
 
 Yellow-flowered, stove, evergreen twiners, 
 from the West Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bot- 
 tom-heat i loam and peat, both flbry and sandy. 
 H. Tfia/rgina'tum. 6. Yellow. 1888. 
 
 — nultans. See H. venosum. 
 ma'xima. Fl. Ser. t. 1728. 
 
 — refu'lgens. Leaves richly coloured. Peru. 
 
 1871. lU. Hort. 1871, t. 49. 
 
 — subere'ctum. July. 1759. 
 
 — veno'mm. 20. July. 1821. Syns., H. nutans 
 
 and Echites nutans. B. M. t. 2473. 
 
H^M 
 
 [457] 
 
 HAK 
 
 Hsema'nthus. Blood Flower. 
 ■(From haima, blood, and anthos, a 
 flower; referring to the colour of the 
 spathe and filaments of some species. 
 Nat. ord., AmaryllidecB ; Tribe, Ama- 
 sryllecc. ) 
 
 Greenhouse bulbous plants. Chiefly valued 
 for their leaves, and the markings on the flower- 
 scape. Except multiflo'rus they might be tried 
 in a border, with a glass covering in winter, pro- 
 tected from frost. Offsets ; sandy loam, tibry 
 peat, and a little dried cow-dung. 
 
 H. abyasi'mcus. iSee H. mulUJiorus. 
 
 — a'lMfios. 1. White. June. 1791. Jacq. H. 
 
 Schcenb. t. 59. 
 
 — a'lbo-macula'tus. J. White ; leaf white- 
 
 spotted. S. Africa. 1878. 
 
 — amarytlai'des. }. Pink. August. 1826. 
 
 — Amo'ttii. White. S. Africa. 
 
 — Baue'rii. White. KafErai-ia. B. M. t. 6875. 
 
 — carina/tiis, A variety of if. coccmeus. 
 
 — ca'meus. J. Pink. June. 1819. B. B. 
 
 t. 509. 
 -i— elrmabarin'us. ^. Eed. W. Africa. 1855, 
 Fl. Ser. t. 1196. 
 
 — coarcta'tus. 1. Pink. February. 1795. 
 
 — coccineus. 1. Ked. September. 1629. B. M. 
 
 1. 1075. 
 carina' tus. i. JPink. August. 1759. 
 
 H. carmatus. 
 -^era'ssipes. i. Bed. June. 1820. Jacq. H. 
 
 Schcenb. t. 412. 
 ^ defo'rmis. J. White. March. Natal. 1869. 
 
 B. M. t. 5903. 
 
 — hirsu'tus. J. White. Transvaal Eepublic. 
 
 1878. 
 ~—hv!mUis. J. Scarlet. September. 1826. Jacq. 
 H. Schcenb. t. 411. 
 
 — hyaloca'rpus. 1. Ked. July. 1822. 
 
 — incama'ttts. Pink. S. Africa. 1866. 
 
 — insi'gnis. See H, TnagniJUms. 
 
 — Kdwre'yeri. See H. Tnultifiorics. 
 
 — Kathari'nce. 1. Bed. Natal. 1877. B. M. 
 
 t. 6778. 
 
 — laneecefo'lius. 1. Red. October. 1794. 
 
 H. Schcenb. 1. 60. 
 
 — Lind^ni. li. Bosy-scarlet. Congo. 
 
 1890, viii. p. 436. 
 
 — macula'tus. 1. June. 1790. 
 jnifieus. IJ. Scarlet. July. 1838. 
 ■ irm'gnis. Scarlet. August. Natal. Syn., 
 
 H. insignis. B. M. t. 4745. 
 ~ Ma'nnii. 1. Crimson-scarlet. Spring. Guinea. 
 1877. B. M. t. 6364. 
 
 — ■moscha'tw. 1. Bed. September. 1816. 
 
 — muUiJUi'rus. 1. Scarlet. June. Tropical 
 
 Africa. 1783. Warm greenhouse. B. M. 
 t. 961, and 1995. Syns., H. aiysmdeus, 
 H. temdfloms (B. M. t. 3870)and B. Kal- 
 breyeri (Fl. Ser. t. 2377). 
 
 — natale^nsis. Green, crimson. Natal. 1863. 
 
 B. M. t. 5378. 
 
 — orbicitla'rU. A synonym of Bnmsmgia gi- 
 
 Jacq. 
 G. C. 
 
 — ■miW scene. 1. White. July. 1774. 
 
 — pumi'lio. i. Pink. August. 1789. Jacq. 
 
 H. Schcenb. t. 61. 
 
 — puni'ceus. 1. Scarlet. June. 1722. B M. 
 
 tl315. „ , ^.,., „ 
 
 — auadnva'lms. See Buphane dutieha. U. 
 
 quadnvalms of B. M. t. 1523 is B. pu- 
 hfi.gcgns 
 
 — rotwndifo'Kus. 1. Scarlet. July. 1790. B. M. 
 
 — nwdsiris h Bed. W. Coast of Africa. 
 
 — mnguinem. 1. Crimson. August. 1820. Jacq. 
 
 H. Schcenb. t. 407. ^ . ., ,, 
 
 — te.nuifio'rm. 1- Bnghtred. April. Mozam- 
 
 cmSrievs. Scarlet. Abyssinia. 1868. 
 
 B. tigri'nw. 1. Flame. April. 1790. B. M. 
 
 t. 1705. 
 
 — tomca'rius. See Buphwne toxicaria. 
 
 Hsema'ria. (From haima, blood ; 
 the under surface of the leaves of some 
 species is of a blood-red colour. Nat. 
 ord., OrchidecB ; Tribe, N mtticm-Sm- 
 ranthece.) 
 
 Terrestrial orchids. 
 (?. di'scolor. 1. White ; bracts crimson. No- 
 vember. S. China. 1815. Syn., Good- 
 yera discolor. B. M. t. 2065. 
 
 — Otle'tce. f. White ; lip yellowish. Leaves 
 
 olive green, with coppery veins. 111. 
 Hort. 1. 124. 
 
 Haemato'xylon. Logwood. (From 
 haima, blood, and xylon, wood. Nat. 
 ord., Legvm,inosw ; Tribe, Euccesalpi- 
 nece.) 
 
 Stove ever^een tree. Cutting of young shoots 
 getting firm, in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; 
 and seeds steeped before sowing, and then placed 
 in a hotbed, in spring ; peat and loam. 
 B. campechia'num. 20. Yellow. S. Amer. 1724. 
 Bent, and Tr. t. 86. 
 
 Hsemodo'rum. Bloodroot. (From 
 haima, blood, and doron, a gift ; re- 
 ferring to the roots being eaten by the 
 natives of Australia. Nat. ord., Rcema- 
 doracecs ; Tribe, Euhmmodorem.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous plants, from Australia, 
 with orange flowers. Division of the roots, as 
 growth commences, in spring ; peat and loam. 
 B, planifo'HuTn. IJ. ■• August. 1810. 
 
 — teretifc/lium. 1. August. 1822. 
 
 Ha-ha is a sunk fence, being placed 
 at the bottom of a deep and spreading 
 ditch, either to avoid any interruption 
 to an expanse of surface, or to let in a 
 desired prospect. As aU deceptions are 
 unsatisfactory to good taste, and as, 
 when viewed lengthwise, these fences 
 are formal and displeasing, they ought 
 never to be adopted except in extreme 
 cases. 
 
 Hair. See Animal Matters. 
 
 Ha'kea. {Jfa.med aitei Baron Sake, 
 a German patron of botany. Nat. ord., 
 ProteacecE ; Tribe, GrevUlece. Syn., 
 Mercklinia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Australian and Tas- 
 manian shrubs, all with white flowers, except 
 where otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of young 
 shoots well ripened, in sand, over peat, and 
 under a bell-glass, kept cool until a callus is 
 formed, and then placed in a mild bottom-heat ; 
 peat two parts, and one of loam, with suflSciency 
 of sand and broken freestone and pieces of char- 
 coal, to keep the compost open. An exposed 
 place out of doors in summer. 
 B. acanthophy'lla. See B. ceratophylla. 
 
 — aeicula'rii. 3. June. 1790. 
 
 — Baxte'ri. 1830. Ic. PI. t. 439. 
 
 — ceratophy'lla. 4. Brown. June. 1824. Syn., 
 
 B. acanthophylla. 
 
 — cine'rea. 5. June. 1803. 
 
 — clava'ta. 5. July. 1824, 
 
 — crista'ta. 1837. 
 
HAL 
 
 [458] 
 
 HAM 
 
 H. cumOa'ta. i. June. 1824. B. M. t. 4628. 
 Syn., H. Victorue. 
 
 — Cunningha'mii, 14. May. 1824. Syn., H. 
 
 longifolia, 
 
 — dactyloi'des. 1. July. 1790. B. M. t. 3760. 
 
 Syn., H. femwmea of B. C. 1. 1601. 
 
 — denticula'ta^ See H. glabella. 
 
 — echina'ta. 3. June. 1824. 
 
 — epiglo'ttis. 4. May. 1819. 
 
 ~ ferrugi'nea. i. June. W. Australia. 1824. 
 B. M. t. 3424. Syn., H. repanda. 
 
 — fie^xais. 4. 1824. 
 —Jlo'rida. 5. 1803. 
 
 — gibbo'sa. 7. May. 1790. 
 
 — gUMlla. 12-16. W. Australia. 1837. 
 
 — ilviifo'lia. 4. August. 1803. 
 
 — La/mbe'rti. 4. 1825. 
 
 ^ lani'gera. 3^. June. 1820. 
 
 — latifo'lia. 4. 1826. 
 
 — lauri'na. Bosy-lilao. Australia. G. C. 1885, 
 
 p. 148, fig. 30. 
 
 — lin^a'ris. 4. May. 1824. 
 
 — longifi/lm. See H. Cunnvnghami. 
 
 — ma/rgina'ta. 4. July. 1824. 
 
 — microca'rpa. N. S. Wales. B. E. t. 475. 
 
 — mi'xta. See M. trifurcata. 
 
 — myric€^&lia. 1823. 
 
 — myrtoi'dee. IJ. Bed. February. Swan Elver. 
 
 B. M. t. 4643. 
 
 — ni'tida. 6. June. 1803. B. M. t. 2246. 
 
 — nodo'sa. 1824. 
 
 — obli'qua. 6. May. 1803. 
 
 — oleijo'lia. 5. June. 1794. 
 
 — pectina'ta. 4. May. 1810. 
 
 — propi'Tigua. June. 
 
 — pugiom/o'rmis. 6. 1796. B. C. t. 363. 
 
 — repa'nda. B. C. 1. 1760. See H. ferruginea. 
 
 — ruscifo'lia. 4. July. 1824. 
 
 — sali'gna. 7. April. 1791. Syn., Embofhrium 
 
 salignum. Andr. Eep. t. 215. 
 
 — scopa'ria. Yellow. Swan Eiver. 
 
 — suave^olens. 4. 1803. 
 
 — sit^ula'ta. 4. May. 1820. 
 
 — sulca'ta. 4. May. 1820. 
 
 — tr^&rmis, 
 
 — trifwrcalta. 5. June. 1824. 
 
 — tubercula'ta. 1830. 
 
 — vHaJrui. 4. 1844, 
 
 — VMiula'ta. 3. June. 1803. lo. PI. t. 435-6. 
 
 — va'ria. 3. July. 1825. 
 
 — Victo'rwe. See H. cucullata, 
 
 Hale'sia. Snowdrop-tree. (Named 
 after Dr. Sales, author of " Vegetable 
 Statics." Nat. ord., Styracacem. Syn., 
 Pterostyrax.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs ; by seed in spring, 
 by layers, and cuttings of the roots in spring and 
 autumn ; require a deep, sandy, moist soil to 
 grow them to a large, healthy size. 
 H. di'ptera. 6. White. April. N. Amer. 1768. 
 
 — hi'spida. White. Japan. 1876. G. C. 1884, 
 
 xxii. p. 177. Syn.y Pterostyrax hispiduTn. 
 •—panApt'ra. 8. White. May. N. Amer. 
 1822. 
 
 — tetralpiera. 10. White. May. Carolina. 1766. 
 
 Half-hardy Plants are those which 
 require partial shelter, as in a cold pit or 
 frame, during the winter. Here some 
 attention is required to exclude from 
 them dampness and frost, but especially 
 the first. 
 
 Halimode'ndron. Salt-tree. 
 (From halimos, sea-coast, and dendron, 
 a tree ; referring to its native habitat. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminosce ; Tribe, Galegew. 
 -Allied to Colutea.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs, natives of Siberia. 
 Grafted standard high on the Laburnum it forms 
 one of the most graceful drooping trees that can 
 adorn a lawn. Seeds, cuttings, and layers of the 
 roots ; common soil ; if sandfy and open all the 
 better. 
 
 H. wgeinteum. 6. Pink. May. 1779. Syn., 
 Eobinia HaJimodendron, B. M. 1. 1016. 
 
 brachyse'ma. 6. Pink. June. 
 
 submre^scens. 6. Pink. May. 
 
 — specio'mm. Siberia ? 1876. Eev. Hort. 1876. 
 
 p. 30. 
 
 Halle'ria. (Named after Dr. Haller, 
 a botanist. Nat. ord., Scrophula/riaeem ; 
 Tribe, Chelonece, Allied to Phygelius. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from South 
 Africa. Cuttings of halt-ripened shoots in sand, 
 under a bell-glass; rich, sandy loam. They 
 require plenty of ventilation both summer' and 
 winter. 
 H. elli'ptica. 6. Scarlet. May. 1816. 
 
 — lu'nda. 6. Scarlet. May. 1752. 
 
 Ha'llia. (After Bergen Martin Hall, 
 a pupil of Linnaeus. Nat. ord., Legu- 
 minosce. ) 
 
 Greenhouse perennial, sandy loam. Seeds, 
 division, or cuttings in spring. 
 H. corda'ta. 1. Purple. August. South Africa. 
 Syn., Sedysarwm cordatwm. Jacq. H. 
 Sohienb. t. 296. 
 
 — imbrica'ta. li. Purple. South Africa. 1812. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1860 and 2696. 
 
 Ha'ltica. See Black Flea. 
 
 Hamame'lis. Witch Hazel. (From 
 hatna, together with, and mela, fruit ; 
 referring to the flowers and fruit being 
 on this tree at the same time. Nat. ord. , 
 Hamamelidem. ) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs, which produce their 
 yellow flowers during the winter, after the leaves 
 have fallen. Cuttings of the roots, layers, and 
 seeds, the latter generally requiring two years 
 to vegetate ; soil sandy and moist ; male and 
 female flowers generally on separate plants ; th© 
 female flowers are the most attractive, 
 H. arbo'rea. See H". japonica. 
 — jap&hica. 20. Pale yellow, claret. Winter. 
 
 Japan. 1862. B. M. t. 6659. Syn., H. 
 
 arborea. 
 
 — rrutffrophy'lla. See S. virginiana. 
 
 — virginia'na. 10. May. N. America. 1812. 
 
 B. C. t. 698. Syn., H. macrophylla. 
 
 Hamburgh Parsley. Petroseli'- 
 num. sati'vum, var. latifo'Uum. 
 
 Use. — This, known also by the name 
 broad-leaved and large-rooted Parsley, 
 is cultivated for its root, which attains 
 the size of a middling parsnip, boiling 
 exceedingly tender and palatable. It is 
 eaten both as a sauce to flesh meat, and 
 in soups, etc. 
 
 Sowing. — Sow at monthly intervals, 
 from February until the middle of June, 
 thinly in drills nine inches apart. The 
 plants appear in about a month after 
 sowing, and require to be thinned to 
 nine inches asunder. Frequent hoeing 
 is the only cultivation required. By 
 the end of July, or during August, the 
 
HAM 
 
 [ 459 ] 
 
 HAN 
 
 earliest sowings will have acquired a 
 sufficient size for occasional use; but 
 theroote seldom attain their full growth 
 untU Michaelmas ; and the latest crops 
 not until the following year. On the 
 arrival of frost, some of them must be 
 taken up, and buried in sand, in a dry 
 situation under cover. 
 
 To save -Seed— Some plants must be 
 left, and allowed to run m May. Their 
 produce will ripen in July or August. 
 Then to be cut, dried, cleaned, and 
 stored. 
 
 Hame'lia. (Named after the cele- 
 brated botanist, Du Hamel. Nat. ord., 
 Mubiacece ; Tribe, Hameliew. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots In the beginning of summer, in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; 
 sandy peat and fibry loam. 
 B. axUla'ris. See H. lutea. 
 
 — chryBa'ntha. 8. Yellow. November. Jamaica. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — latAfcllia. A synonym of B. patem. 
 
 — lu'tea. 2. Yellow. August. W. lud. 1822. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 335. Syn., B. amllaris. 
 
 — pa' tens. 5. Yellow. July. Hispaniola. 
 
 1762. 
 
 — sphceroca'rpa. 10. Orange. July. Peru. 
 
 1811. 
 
 — ventriccfsa. 8. Yellow. September. W. 
 
 Ind. 1778. 
 
 Hamilto'nia. (Named after Mr. 
 Hamilton, an American botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Bubiacece; Tribe, PcederiacecB. 
 Allied to Guettarda. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, with sweet-scented 
 flowers. Cuttings of half-npened shoots in sand, 
 under glass, and in a moist bottom-heat. Sum- 
 mer temp., when growing, 60° to 80° ; in winter, 
 when at rest, 48° to 55° ; when in bloom, 66°. 
 E. frutico'sa. See Leptod^rmis lanceolata. 
 
 — sca'bra. Pale blue. January. Nepaul. 1823. 
 
 — specta'bilis. Lilac. Winter. India? 1872. 
 
 Eev. Hort. 1872, p. 191. 
 
 — suav^olens. White. October. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 B. B. t. 848. 
 
 Hanunato'phora buce'phala. Buff- 
 tip Moth. This moth is from two or 
 three inches across the opened fore- 
 wings, which are silver-grey, crossed by 
 a slender black line, and preceded by a 
 red one near the base of the wings, seve- 
 ral dusky bars in the middle, and with 
 a large oval cream-coloured patch, in- 
 closing some small buff spots; edged 
 with a curved red line, preceded by a 
 black one ; the edges of the wings varied, 
 black, grey, and tawny red. Hind- 
 wings whitish ; body buff, dark brown 
 at the sides, and behind. The cater- 
 pillars are yellow, with black legs, and 
 several rows of interrupted black stripes. 
 Sometimes the green and black most 
 prevail, so that the yellow seems to 
 constitute the bands. They are found 
 whilst young, thirty or forty together, 
 on the leaves of the filbert during Au- 
 
 gust and September, but also on th» 
 leaves of the elm, oak, etc. The chry- 
 salis is found in the earth ; it has twO' 
 small points at its taU. 
 
 Hammers for gardening purposes, 
 are made with a clawed head, for draw- 
 ing as well as driving in nails. They 
 are made of five different sizes. No. 5^ 
 being the largest. Those are best with 
 a stud in the centre of the head, as this, 
 acts as a fulcrum in drawing nails, and. 
 prevents bruising any branch beneath 
 the hammer during tte operation. 
 
 Hanbury. See Cabbage Di- 
 seases. 
 
 Hand-barrow. This is useful for 
 carrying plants, which might be damaged 
 by the vibrations of a wheel-barrow. 
 The form mostly used now has the^ 
 stage, on which the plants are carried, 
 on a level with the handles. There is 
 also a form with a cage below, which is 
 useful for carrying leaves and other 
 litter; and when the close, movable- 
 cover is on, it serves as a conveyance 
 for plants in large pots or tubs, which, 
 when in flower or bearing fruit, might, 
 be too violently shaken in a wheel- 
 barrow. 
 
 Hand-glass is a portable glass-case 
 used for sheltering cauliflowers and other 
 plants in winter, and during early spring, 
 or to retain a regular supply of moisture^ 
 to cuttings, or until they are rooted. 
 The most durable and convenient are- 
 made with cast-iron framing of this 
 form : 
 
 They are sometimes made with mov- 
 able tops, as here represented ; but the 
 only advantage it afifords is, that several", 
 of the lower portions may be placed 
 upon each other to protect any tall- 
 growing shrub in severe weather, other- 
 wise they are more troublesome to move,, 
 and more liable to breakage than if made 
 entire. 
 
 Hand Plant. Cheiro'stemon. 
 
 Hand-weeding might be banished 
 almost from the garden, if in the kitchen 
 department all crops were inserted in 
 drills. This is most desirable ; for the 
 stirring of the surface consequent to- 
 hoeing is much more beneficial to thss 
 
HAN 
 
 [460] 
 
 HAR 
 
 -crops, and cannot be repeated too fre- 
 quently. 
 
 Hanging is when a plant is so badly 
 inserted by the dibble, that the lower 
 parts of the roots are in an unfilled hole, 
 while the earth is pressed round their 
 collar, so as to keep them suspended 
 upright in their place. 
 
 . Haploca'rpha. (From haploos, 
 simple, and karphe, a dry scale ; the 
 pappus consists of a single row. Nat. 
 ord., Compositce ; Tribe, ArctotideK.) 
 
 A hardy or half-hardy perennial. Seeda or 
 cuttings. Sandy loam in a sunny dry position. 
 H. Leichtli'nii. 1. Yellow, stained with purple 
 beneath. S. Africa. 1883. Syn., Gor- 
 teria acaulis. 
 
 Haplopa'ppus. (From haploos, 
 simple, smApappos, down ; because there 
 is no outer pappus. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positce ; Tribe, Asteroidew.) 
 
 Half-hardy perennial herb. Seeds, or divisions 
 of the plants. Sandy loam. 
 Zf. spinulo'sus. 1-2. Yellow. August. Rocky 
 Mountains. 18V4. B. M. t. 6302. Syn., 
 ATnellus spinulosits. 
 
 Hardenbe'rgia. (Named after the 
 Countess of Hardenberg, in Germany, 
 sister to Baron Hugel. Nat. ord., Le- 
 guminoscB ; Tribe, Phaseolem. -Allied 
 to Kennedya.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen climbers, from Aus- 
 tralia, with purple flowers, except where other- 
 wise mentioned. Cuttings of tne youn^ side- 
 shoots, a little firm at their base, t^ken off in 
 April, in sand, under a bell-glass, and placed in 
 a close frame or pit without bottom-beat ; peat 
 two parts, loam one part, with sand and a little 
 charcoal, to keep the compost open. They like 
 a little shade in the middle of summer. 
 H. Comptcmia'na. 12. Purple, lilac. March. 
 1803. Syns., H. digitata, H.macrophylla, 
 Glycine CoTnptoniana (Andr. Rep. t. 602), 
 and Kennedya macrophylla (B. R. 
 t. 1862). 
 
 — cordd'ta. April. 1820. 
 
 — digita'ta. B. R. 1840, t. 60. See H. Compto- 
 
 niana. 
 
 — longiracejtw' scL. A synonym of H. monophylla. 
 — - macrophy'Ua. A synonym of if. Comptoniana. 
 
 — Makoya'na. Rev. Hort. 1882, p. 344, flg. 74. 
 
 A narrow-leaved form of II Cme-p- 
 tonmna. 
 
 — monophy'Ua. 10. April. 1790. Syns., H. 
 
 cordata. Glycine bimaciUata(B. M. t. 263), 
 Kennedya cordata (B. R. t. 944), K. 
 longiracemosa (B. 0. t. 1940), and K. 
 monophylla (B. R. 1336). 
 
 — om'ta. 6. April. 1820. B. M. t. 2169. 
 r&sea. White and pink. Australia. 1874. 
 
 Hardening-Off. By this term gar- 
 deners intend the gradual preparation 
 of plants to endure exposure to a colder 
 and more airy situation. Thus, before 
 bedding-out geraniums, or ridging-out 
 cucumbers, in open beds, the plants that 
 iiave been nursed under glass are, by 
 -degrees, exposed to more air and less 
 warmth, by opening the lights wider, 
 
 and for a greater length of time, not • 
 only by day, but by night, untU they 
 become inured to so low a temperature 
 as to suffer no check by being ^aced in 
 the open ground. 
 
 Hardwi'ckia. (Named after Gene- 
 ral Hardwicke, of the East India Com- 
 pany. Nat. ord., Leguminosce ; Tribe, 
 CynometrecB. Allied to Cynometra. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees, with yellow flowers, 
 from the East Indies. Cuttings of ripe young 
 shoots in sandy soil, and in a brisk heat ; rich 
 sandy loam. ' 
 
 H. bina'ta. 40. March. 1820. 
 — pinna' ta. 40. April. 1818. 
 
 Hardy. Plants are those which en- 
 dure uninjured our seasons without pro- 
 tection. 
 
 Harebell. Campa'nula rottmdi- 
 fo'lia. 
 
 Hares and Rabbits are deterred 
 from injuring trees and shrubs, by mix- 
 ing night-soil and clay in water, and 
 daubing it over the stems, with a brush, 
 in November ; and, if the winter proves 
 very wet, in February. The November 
 dressing is, however, generallysufficient. 
 This mixture has stormed their depreda- 
 tions entirely, even when they had com- 
 menced operations. 
 
 Hare's-Ear; Bupleu'rum. 
 
 Hare'S-Fern. Dava'lUa canarie'n- 
 sis. 
 
 Hare's-Foot. Ochro'ma logo'pus. 
 
 Haricot. See Kidney Bean. 
 
 Hari'na. (From the Indian name. 
 Nat. ord., Palmea; ; Tribe, AreceoB.) 
 See Wallichia. 
 
 Haro'nga. (From rongo, the name 
 in Madagascar. Nat. ord., Hyperica- 
 cecB ; Tribe, Vismieoe. ) 
 
 Evergreen stove shrub. Cuttings of young 
 shoots getting a little firm, in sandy peat, under 
 a bell-glass, in heat ; sandy loam and peat. 
 H. madagascarv'nsis. 10. Yellow. July. Mada- 
 gasfcar. 1825. Syn., II. paniculata. 
 
 Harpa'lium. (From Harpalyce, 
 daughter of Lycurgus. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positm ; Tribe, Helianthoidew. ) Most 
 of the species of this genus are now in- 
 cluded in Vigniera, but the only one in 
 cultivation (ti. ri'gidum) is known as 
 Helianthus rigiaus, which see. 
 
 Harra'chia. (In honour of Count 
 von Harrach, an Austrian nobleman. 
 Nat. ord. ,AcanthMcecE; Tribe, Justiciew. ) 
 United with Crossandra. 
 
 B. specio'sa. A synonym of Crossandra infundi- 
 ImlifomviSt var. pedun<:ularis. 
 
 Harriso'nia. (Named in honour of 
 Mrs. Harrison, of Liverpool, its intro- 
 
HAR 
 
 [461] 
 
 HAW 
 
 ducer. Nat. ord. , Asclepiadacece ; Tribe, 
 Marsdeniece. ) See Marsdenia. 
 
 H. loniceroi'des. B. M. t. 2699. See Marsdenia 
 lonweroides. 
 
 Harto'gia. (Named after J. Sar- 
 tog, a Dutch naturalist. Nat. ord., Ce- 
 lastrinecB; Tribe, Celastrece. Allied to 
 Elseodendron. ) 
 
 Evergreen shrub, from South Africa. Cuttings 
 of the ripe shoots under a bell-glass ; sandy loam 
 and peat. Usually grown in the greenhouse, but 
 may stand out of doors in sheltered places in the 
 south, 
 if. cape'nsii. 6. July. 1800. 
 
 Hart's Tongue. Scolope'ndriwm. 
 
 Hartwe'gia. (Named after M. 
 Ear tweg, court gardener to the Emperor 
 of Austria, once a botanical collector 
 for the Horticultural Society. Nat. ord. , 
 Orchidece ; Tribe, Epidendrece-Lceliece. ) 
 
 Stove orchids. Division of the plant in spring ; 
 very flbry peat, potsherds, and charcoal. 
 H. erassifo'lia. Purple. April. Guatemala. 
 1840. 
 
 — ge'imna. Amethyst. 1878. 
 
 — purpu'rea. 1. Purple. August. Vera Cruz. 
 
 1837. 
 
 angustifo'lia. 1. Purple. June. Mexico. 
 
 1842. 
 
 Hassagay-tree. Curti'sia. 
 
 Hasti'ngia. (in honour of Warren 
 Hastings, once Governor-General of 
 India. Nat. ord., Verbenacece ; Tribe, 
 ViticiecB. ) See Holmskioldia. 
 
 Hatchet- vetch. Bisdrrula. 
 
 Hautboy or Hautbois. See 
 Strawberry. 
 
 Hawk-fly. See Scseva. 
 
 Hawkweed. Hiera'ceum. 
 
 Hawo'rthia. (Named in honour of 
 A. B. Haworth, Sag., a distinguished 
 English botanist. Nat. ord., Liliacece; 
 Tribe, Aloinece.) 
 
 For culture, etc., see Aloe, to which it is 
 closely allied. They are natives of South Africa, 
 some, however, are of garden origin, and all 
 have grey flowers. 
 H. oM'nii. 1876. 
 
 — albicans. 1. July. 1795. Syn., Aloe albicans, 
 
 B. M. 1. 1462. 
 
 — altiK'nea. i. August. 1824. 
 
 — angustifo'lia. i. June. 1824. 
 
 — araehmyi'des. 1. August. 1727. Syn., Aloe 
 
 arachnoides, B. M. t. 756. 
 mi'nor. 1. August. 1819. 
 
 — wrista'ta. 1. July. 1820. 
 
 — asperiu'scula. J. June. 1818. 
 
 — a'tro-vi'rens. 1. May. 1823. Syn., Aloe 
 
 arachnoides, var. atro-virens, B. M, 
 1. 1361. 
 
 — attmua'ta. 1. July. 1790. Syn., Aloe 
 
 Radula, B. M. t. 1345. 
 
 — Klinea'ta. White, red. 1876. 
 
 — Bolu'gii. Whitish. 1873. 
 
 — brelvis. J. June. 1810. 
 
 — chloram'ntha. J. August. 1820. 
 
 — claripefrla. i- June. 1824. 
 
 B. coarcta'ta. i. August. 1821. 
 
 — conci'nna. i. 1823: 
 
 — Coope'n. J. White, red. S. Africa. 1862.. 
 
 Eef. Bot. t. 233. 
 
 — cordifo'lia. i.. June. 1817. 
 
 — m'rta. J. July. 1816. 
 
 — cuspida'ta. i. August. 1819. 
 
 — cymMfo'rmis. J. June. 1795. Syn., Aloer 
 
 eymMfarmis, B. M. t. 802. 
 — - dentieula'ta. i. August. 1819. 
 
 — disti'ncta. i. Whitish. S. Africa. 1876. 
 
 — ere'cta. J. August. 1818. 
 
 — expa'nsa. ' 1. August. 1795. 
 
 — fascia' ta. \. August. 1818. 
 ma'jor. i. July. 1820. 
 
 — glabra'ta. White, reddish. 1834. 
 co'ncolor. 
 
 pervilridis, 
 
 — glau'ca, 1879. 
 
 — grana'ta. J. July. 1735. 
 
 — Gree'nii. 1879. 
 
 — hy'brida. i. June. 1821. 
 
 — icosiphy'lla. 1872. 
 
 — indura'ta. ^. June. 1820. 
 
 — lae'te-m'rens. J. August. 1819. 
 
 — Icefvis. i. August. 1820. 
 
 — li'mpida. i. August. 1819. 
 
 — margariti'fera. 1. July. 1739. Syn., Aloe: 
 
 margaritifera. 
 
 • coralti'na. 
 
 mfldia. Syn., Aloe margaritifera, var. 
 
 media,, B. M. t. 815. 
 
 — mi'nima. 1872. 
 
 — ■minor. 1. June. 
 
 — mira'bUis. |. July. 1796. Syn., .4toe mira- 
 
 Ulis, B. M. 1. 1354. 
 
 — mucrona'ta. J. July. 1820. 
 
 — multijfa'ria. i. July. 1824. 
 
 — rrm'tica. J. July. 1820. 
 
 — ni'gra. 1822. Syn., Apicra nigra. 
 
 — nilgricans. ^. August. 1822. 
 
 — ni'tida. 1. July. 1825. 
 
 — obtu'sa. i. June. 1824. 
 
 — pa'llida. i. June. 1820. 
 
 — papillo'sa. 1. June. 1820. 
 
 semipapillo'sa. 1^. June. 1820. 
 
 — pa'rva. J. May. 1821. 
 
 — Peaco'cHi. 1879. 
 
 — pUi'fera. J. Wliite, green. S. Africa. 1862. 
 
 Eef. Bot. t. 234. 
 
 — planifo'lia. J. April. 1824. 
 
 — polyphjflla. 1860. 
 
 — pseu'do-tortu</sa. 1. .July. 1818. 
 
 — pu'mila. 1. May. 1762. 
 
 — ra'dula. 1^. May. 1805. Syn., Aloe radula,. 
 
 Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 482. 
 
 aspe'rior. 1. August. 1820. 
 
 la/vior. 1. August. 1826. 
 
 pluriperla'ta. 1. August. 1820. 
 
 — rami'fera. i. August, 1821. 
 
 — reeu'rva. 1. August. . 1795. Syn., Aloe 
 
 recurva, B. M. 1. 1363. 
 
 — Eeinwa'rdtii. i. June. 1820. 
 
 — retimtla'ta. i. June. 1794. Syn., Aloe 
 
 arachnoides, var. reticulata. B. M. t. 
 1314. 
 
 — retvfsa. 1. June. 1720. Syn., Aloe retusa. 
 
 B. M. t. 465. 
 
 — ri'gida. i-1. 1795. Syn., Aloe expansa, B. C 
 
 1. 1430. 
 
 — rugo'sa. 1814. 
 
 — sca'bra. J. June. 1818. 
 
 — semiglabra'ia. i. June. 1811. 
 
 — semimargariti'fera. 1. April. 1819. 
 
 ma'jor. 1. April. 1819. 
 
 mi'nor. 1. April. 1819. 
 
 mvMiperla'ta. 1. April. 1819. 
 
 — seta'ta. 1. June. 1820. 
 
 ma'jor, 1. July. 1820. 
 
 ,ke!dia. 1. July. 1820. 
 
 ni'gricans. 1. July. 1820. 
 
 — so'rdida. J. July. 1820. 
 
HAW 
 
 [462] 
 
 HEA 
 
 H. s^ibatteraM'ta. 1814. 
 
 — hiibfascialta. 1814. 
 
 — suiregula'ris. i. White, green. S. Africa. 
 
 1862. Eef. Bot. t. 232. 
 
 — suhri'gida. Eeddisli-tinted. 1818. 
 
 — subula'ta. 1814. 
 
 — tessella'ta. i. June. 1823. 
 
 — Ti'sleyi. 1879. 
 
 — torqua'ta. 1. August. 182S. 
 
 — torte'Ua. i. July. 1817. 
 
 — tortu&sa. 1. July. 1794. Syn., Aloe rigida. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1337. 
 
 — trttTislu'cens ^. .June. 1795. Syn., Aloe araeh- 
 
 noides, var. translucens. B. M. 1. 1417. 
 
 — tu'rgida. i. August. 1819. 
 
 — veno'sa. i. June. 1820. 
 
 — vire'scens. 1. August. 1819. 
 mi'nor. J. August. 1819. 
 
 — visco'sa. IJ. June. 1727. Syn., Aloe visoosa. 
 
 B. M. t. 814. 
 
 — vitta'ta. i- White, green. S. Africa. 1862. 
 
 Eef. Bot. t. 263. 
 
 Hawthorn. Cratw'gus. 
 Hawthorn-butterfly. Pie'ris. 
 
 Haylo'ckia. (Named after Mr. 
 Haylock, gardener to Dr. Herbert. Nat. 
 ord. , Amaryllidem ; Tribe, Amaryllece. 
 Allied to Sternbergia. ) 
 
 A small bulb, with very narrow leaves and one 
 flowered scape. Offsets ; sandy loam, with a 
 little peat and leaf-mould ; requires the protec- 
 tion of a frame, or to be deeply planted in a dry 
 place in winter. 
 
 H. pusi'lla. i. Straw. March. Buenos Ayres. 
 1829. B. E. 1. 1371. 
 
 Hazel. Co'rylv^ avella'na. 
 
 Heading, or as it is also termed, 
 ■Cabbaging or Loaving, is an inaptitude 
 to unfold the central leaves, characteriz- 
 ing the various members of the Cabbage 
 tribe. They have their centre, com- 
 posed of a larger number of leaves than 
 usual, and these, in some instances, are 
 so complexly combined that weak plants 
 have not sufficient power to force them 
 open. The closeness of the heading is 
 regulated by the exposure to the light. 
 In a shady situation all the leaves are 
 required to elaborate the sap, on ac- 
 count of the deficient light rendering 
 each less active ; therefore they open as 
 they are formed. In a free exposure a 
 few leaves are able to effect the requisite 
 •decomposition; and hence the reason 
 why cabbages always have "harder 
 hearts" in summer than in spring or 
 autumn, when the light is less intense. 
 
 Heading-downj is cutting off en- 
 tirely, or to a considerable extent, the 
 branches of a tree or shrub— a process 
 not to be resorted to rashly, and adopted 
 i)nly to reduce them wheji the plant 
 seems declining in vigour, or has at- 
 tained an undesirable size. 
 
 Heart's-ease, See Pansy. 
 Heat is the prime agent in the de- 
 Telopment of all vegetable life, in effect- 
 
 ing all vegetable changes, and in ripening 
 all vegetable produce. All these effects 
 are performed most efficiently, in the 
 case of every plant, at some different 
 temperature or degree of heat ; and he 
 who ascertains most correctly those heats 
 has taken a gigantic step towards excel- 
 lence as a gardener. An uncongenial 
 heat is as pernicious to vegetables as to 
 animals. Every plant has a particular 
 temperature, without which its functions 
 diminish or cease ; but the majority of 
 them luxuriate most in a climate of 
 which the extreme temperatures do not 
 exceed 32° and 90°. No seed will vege- 
 tate, no sap will circulate, in a tempera- 
 ture at or below the freezing point of 
 water. No cultivation will render plants, 
 natives of the torrid zone, capable of 
 bearing the rigours of our winters. 
 Others are capable of resisting the 
 greatest known cold to which they can 
 be exposed ; yet all have degrees of 
 temperature most congenial to them, 
 and if subjected to lower temperatures, 
 are more or less injured proportionately 
 to the intensity of that reduction. If 
 the reduction of temperature be only 
 slightly below that which is congenial, 
 it merely causes the growth of the plant 
 to diminish and its colour to become 
 more pale ; this effect being now pro- 
 duced oy the plant's torpidity, or want 
 of excitement to perform the requisite 
 elaboration of the sap, as it is by over- 
 excitement when made to vegetate in a 
 temperature which is too elevated. 
 
 If blossoms are produced at all, they 
 are unfertile, and the entire aspect of 
 the plant betrays that its secretions are 
 not healthy, and its functions are 
 deadened. Mr. Knight says, "that 
 melons and cucumber plants, if grown 
 in a temperature too low, produce an 
 excess of female blossoms ; out if the 
 temperature be too high, blossoms of 
 the opposite sex are by far too pro- 
 fuse." The drier the air the greater is 
 the amount of moisture transpired ; and 
 this becomes so excessive, it it be also 
 promoted by a high temperature, that 
 plants in hothouses, where it has oc-. 
 curred often, dry up as if burned. Mr. 
 Daniell has well illustrated this by 
 showing, that if the temperature of a 
 hothouse be raised only five degrees, 
 viz., from 75° to 80°, whilst the air 
 within it retains the same degree of 
 moisture, a plant that in the lower tem- 
 perature exhaled fifty-seven grains of 
 moisture, would, in the higher tempera- 
 ture, exhale one hundred and twenty 
 grains in the same space of time. 
 
 Plants, however, like animals, can 
 
HEA 
 
 :463] 
 
 HEA 
 
 bear a higher temperature in dry air 
 than they can in air charged with 
 vapour. Animals are scalded in the 
 latter if the temperature is very ele- 
 vated, and plants die under similar cir- 
 cumstances, as if hoUed. MM. Edwards 
 and Colin found kidney-beans sustained 
 no injury, when the air was dry, at a 
 temperature of 170° ; but they died in a 
 few minutes it the air was moist. Other 
 plants under similar circumstances would 
 perish probably at a much lower tem- 
 perature ; and the fact affords a signifi- 
 cant warning to the gardener. 
 
 Certain plants flourish in hot-water 
 springs, of which the temperature varies 
 between the scalding heats of from 150° 
 to 180° Fahrenheit, and others have been 
 found growing freely on the edges of 
 volcanoes, in an atmosphere heated 
 above the boiling point of water. In- 
 deed, it is quite certain that most plants 
 will better bear, for a short time, an 
 elevated temperature, which, if long 
 continued would destroy them, than 
 they can a low temperature. Thus a 
 temperature slightly above the freezing 
 point of water, to orchidaceous and 
 other tropical plants, is generally fatal 
 if persisted in ; whereas a considerable 
 elevation above a salutary temperature 
 is rarely injurious to plants. But this 
 is not universally the case ; for the ele- 
 gant PrVrnvla margina'ta is so impa- 
 tient of heat, that, although just about 
 to bloom, it never opens a bud if 
 brought into a room in which there is a 
 fire. 
 
 The temperature should always be 
 regulated, in our hothouses, with a due 
 regard to the light. At night it should 
 be so low as to put the circulation of the 
 sap into a comparative state of rest; 
 and in dull days the temperature should 
 be full 10° lower than in those of bright 
 sunshine. 
 
 Heaths. See Eri'ca. 
 
 Propagation: hy Cuttings. — In order 
 to be successful in striking the hard- 
 wooded heaths, it is necessary to put a 
 plant of each kind in gentle heat, to 
 cause them to push forth young shoots. 
 WhUst they are growing, the materials 
 for the operation of propagation should 
 be prepared : these are the requisite 
 number of clear bell-glasses. It will be 
 advantageous to have them of different 
 sizes ; the smallest 3J inches, and the 
 largest 6 inches diameter, with two sizes 
 between. Also prepare the drainage by 
 breaking a quantity of potsherds. These 
 should be m three sizes, the largest 
 about an inch across, the next haU an 
 
 inch, and the smallest the size of mar- 
 row-fat peas, with the dust sifted out 
 from amongst them. Next, have the 
 soil ready. The best is to be had from 
 some dry moorland where the heather 
 grows wild. Break the turves into a 
 fine state, and pass it through a fine 
 sieve, reserving the rougher pieces to 
 cover the drainage with. The next 
 things to look after are the pots. If 
 new, they must be placed in a tub of 
 water for a few hours ; if old, they must 
 be well scoured and made perfectly 
 clean. Lastly, procure a sufficient quan- 
 tity of pure silver sand, a pair of prtma- 
 gating scissors, and a small ivory-handled 
 knife. All these being in readiness, see 
 that the cuttings are in a fit state to 
 take off the plants. If they have made 
 fresh shoots an inch long, they are ready 
 for use. Then take a small clean pot, 
 invert it, and place it over the hole at 
 the bottom of the pot for the cuttings, 
 then fill in round a few of the largest 
 potsherds, and cover them with some of 
 the second size, and then, lastly, with a 
 considerable quantity of the smallest 
 size, cover these with a layer of the 
 rough siftings. The whole of these 
 should fill the pot to within two and a 
 half inches of the rim of the pot. Upon 
 that place an inch and a half of the 
 heath mould, with a large admixture of 
 the silver sand ; level this last layer 
 with a circular piece of wood, with a 
 nail driven into the centre, to form a 
 handle. Finish with a layer of the pure 
 white sand quite level with the rim of 
 the pot. Give a good watering with a 
 fine rose pot, to settle the same. Then 
 take off the cuttings with the scissors, 
 and dress them with the knife ; cut the 
 bottom of the cutting clean off with a 
 level cut, just at the part between the 
 new and the old wood ; then cut off the 
 leaves close to the stem, without woundi 
 ing its bark, about two-thirds of its 
 length from the bottom. As each cut- 
 ting is made, place it under the bell- 
 glass upon the sand, till a sufficient 
 number are mad^e to fill the pot. Make 
 a mark in the sand to show the size of 
 the glass, and then proceed to put in 
 the cuttings in regular rows across the 
 pot, keeping the leaves just clear out of 
 the sand. When they are all planted, 
 give another gentle watering, to settle 
 the sand firm ; aUow them to drjrpar- 
 tially before the glass is put on. Then 
 place them in a house where they 
 can be shaded from the sun, and keep 
 up a gentle heat of 55°, as near as pos- 
 sible. Wipe the glasses dry every morn- 
 ing, and as soon as the cuttings are 
 
HEA 
 
 [464] 
 
 HEA 
 
 rooted, remove them into a cooler-house, 
 and give a little air by placing three 
 short pieces of wood, a quarter of an 
 inch thick and two inches long, so as to 
 form a triangle, and let the bell-glass 
 rest upon them. In this house it will 
 stUl be necessary to shade them from 
 the blazing sun. This is easily done by 
 spreading some sheets of paper over 
 ttiem ; but remove this shade instantly 
 when the sun is overclouded. When 
 they have been in this situation for a 
 month, remove the glasses entirely, and 
 a month afterwards commence potting 
 them off in 3-inch pots, four in a pot, 
 stopping them at the same time, to 
 make them bushy. Place them in a 
 cold frame, upon a layer of river-sand 
 on coal-ashes ; shade again for a time, 
 and give air moderately. When they 
 have made fresh roots expose them oc- 
 casionally to gentle showers, but by no 
 means to heavy rain. Give them due 
 supplies of water in dry weather, and 
 keep them clear of weeds. In these pots 
 they must remain till the spring follow- 
 ing. During the winter place them on 
 a shelf, near the glass, in a light, airy 
 greenhouse. About March, pot them 
 singly into the same sized pots; shading 
 them again till fresh roots are formed. 
 They are then ready for the usual rou- 
 tine of culture. Heaths, with soft wood 
 and free growth, are more easy to propa- 
 gate, and do not require so much pre- 
 paration ; but in other respects the 
 management is the same. 
 
 By Seed. — Several kinds of heaths 
 prodxice plenty of good seed ; even some 
 that are extremely difficult to propagate 
 any other way, such, for instance, as E. 
 e'legans, E. odo'ra ro'sea, E. halioaca'ba, 
 E. triu'mphans, and some others of 
 similar habit. Fill the pots in the same 
 way as for cuttings, only mix the top 
 layer of sand with as much heath- 
 mould ; make the surface smooth, and 
 sow the seed in spring on the surface, 
 covering it as slightly as possible ; water 
 with the finest syringe, so that it may 
 fall upon the seed lik^ the finest dew ; 
 place the pots near the glass, shade 
 from bright sun, and keep the surface 
 just moist. The seedlings will soon 
 come up, and require great care, or they 
 will fog off. To prevent this give air 
 daily. As soon as they can be handled 
 transplant them into 5-inch pots rather 
 thickly, but standing clear of each other. 
 In this state they may remain for six or 
 eight months, and then pot them off into 
 3-mch jpots, four in a pot, and manage 
 them afterwards in the same way as the 
 cuttings. 
 
 Soil. — This has been already described 
 above, in writing of the soil proper for 
 the cuttings to root into ; but for larger 
 plants it must not be sifted so fine. For 
 very large plants do not sift it at all ; 
 for such, if a few pieces of sand-stone are 
 mixed amongst the mould, they will be 
 useful to allow the water to penetrate to 
 the centre of the ball. 
 
 Potting-. — Heaths thrive best if the 
 mould is left below the rim of the pot 
 from half an inch for small plants in 6- 
 inch pots, to two inches in large ones. 
 This space holds a supply of water which 
 gradually sinks through, and effectually 
 moistens the ball to the centre. Drain, 
 thoroughly with broken potsherds, half 
 an inch for small plants, to three inches 
 for very large ones. 
 
 Culture. — Cold pits orframes, in spring 
 and autumn, are the best protection tO' 
 place heaths in during their youth, and 
 a good, airy, light, span-roofed green- 
 houseforthem through winterand spring, 
 when they, are too large for the frames. 
 In summer they sliould be set out of 
 doors upon a thick bed of coal-ashes, be- 
 hind a low wall or hedge. Whilst in 
 this position theymust have an abundant' 
 and constant supply of water. If the 
 ball ever becomes thoroughly dry, the 
 plants will certainly die ; therefore, at- 
 tend to this point of watering most 
 rigidly and perseveringly. In winter 
 they do not require so much ; but even 
 in mat season they must be kept mode-- 
 rately, but constantly and thoroughly 
 moistened. 
 
 Diseases. — Heaths are subject to gooffs 
 at the point where the stem ends and the 
 roots begin. This is caused often by an 
 irregular supply of water, and cannot be 
 cured when it once takes place. The 
 plant may appear green and flourishing, 
 and the roots fresh, and the ends are 
 lively even when the stem is dead. 
 Another fell disease is the mildew. This 
 maybe sometimes cured by first damping 
 the plants infected, and then dusting 
 them over with flowers of sulphur. This 
 disease is often brought on by a long- 
 continued damp atmosphere ; and if that 
 is not dried by a little heat, with abun- 
 dance of air, the disease will spread 
 rapidly, and soon destroy the plants. If 
 only one or two are infected, they 
 had better be sulphured, and placed by 
 themselves till the mildew fungus is 
 killed. 
 
 Insects. — See Aphis for cure, when 
 the Green Fly attacks them. 
 
 Heath-mould. See Bog-earth. 
 Heather. Callu'na vidga'ris. 
 
HEB 
 
 [465] 
 
 HED 
 
 Hebecla'dus. (From hehe, pubes- 
 cence, and klados, a branch; in refe- 
 rence to the hairiness of the young 
 shoots. Nat. ord., Solanacem; Tribe, 
 SolanecE. ) 
 
 Stove shrub. Half-ripened cuttings, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass and in bottom-heat. Kich 
 sandy loam and leaf-mould. 
 if. ventrico'mis. 3. Pale yellow. Peru. 1869. 
 B. M. t. 4192. 
 
 Hebecli'nium. SeeEupatorium. 
 
 Hebenstrei'tia. (Named after Pro- 
 fessor Hebenstreit, of Leipsic. Nat. ord. , 
 Selaginacem. Allied to Selago.) 
 
 Most of the Cape Sela^ds are well adapted for 
 planting out in summer.mmixedborders. Green- 
 house evergreen shrubs or annuals ; all from 
 South Africa, and all white-flowered. Short 
 young shoots in sandy peat, in spring, nnder a 
 bell-glass ; sandy, flbry loam, and a little peat ; 
 denta'ta by seed in early spring. 
 if. albijla'ra. 1. July. 1822. Syn., Biehisma 
 cUiatum. 
 
 — au'rea. 1. May. 1792. Andr. Kep. t. 252. 
 
 Syn., H, integri/olia. 
 
 — capita'ta. 1. June. 1823. Syn., Diehisma 
 
 clandestinum. 
 
 — chamcedrifo'lia. 2. 1822. Syn., Dichmna 
 
 chamosdrifolium. 
 
 — eUia'ta. 1. June. 1815. Syn., Diehisma 
 
 eiliatwm. 
 
 — como'sa serratifdlia. White with blood-red 
 
 spot. Gfl. 1890, p. 191, fig. 46. 
 
 — corda'ta. See Polyc&nia cordata. 
 
 — denta'ta. 1. July. 1739. 
 
 — erinoi'des. 1. May. 1816. 
 
 — frutico'sa. IJ. August. 1816. 
 
 — integrifo'lia. See H. aurea. 
 
 — sca'ora. 1. June. 1824. 
 
 — tenwifo'lia. 1. White, orange. 1887. 
 
 He'chtea. (In honour of M. Hecht. 
 Nat. ord., Bromeliacem ; Tribe, Pit- 
 cairniecB. ) 
 
 Greenhouse plants. For cultivation, see Dasy- 
 
 LIRION. 
 
 H. argefntea. 2. White. Mexico. 
 
 — emrdylinai'des. Mexico. 1881. B. M. t. 6564. 
 
 — Sllemee/ti. See Ruckia. 
 
 — Ghieshre'ghtii. White. Mexico. 1863. 
 
 — pUcaimMefo'lia. Scarlet. Tropical America. 
 1868. 
 
 Hedaro'ma. (From hedys, sweet, 
 and aroma, perfume. Nat. ord., Myr- 
 taeew. United with Darwinia in the 
 Genera Plantarum.) 
 
 Evergreen stove trees, all purple-blossomed, 
 and from Swan Eiver. For culture, see MYRTUS. 
 H. latifo'Kum. May. W. Australia. Syn., 
 Darwinia dtriodora. 
 
 — pini/o'Hmn. May. Swan Elver. Syn., Dar- 
 
 winia pvnifolia. 
 
 — tKymoi'des. May. Swan River. Syn., Dar- 
 
 winia thymoides, . . 
 
 May. Syn., Darwvma macro- 
 
 Hede'oma. {From hedeoma, the 
 Greek name of mint. Nat. ord., ia- 
 biatce; Tribe, Saturemece. Allied to 
 Micromeria.) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Seed in early spring ; light, 
 rich garden-soil. 
 
 H. pulegioi'des. }. Blue July. N Amer. 
 Bent, and Tr. t. 200. 
 
 — thymoi'des. J. Red. July. France. 
 
 He'dera. The Ivy. {Hedra is the 
 Celtic word for cord, alluding to the 
 Ivy's stems. Nat. ord., Araliacem.) 
 
 The common ivy (H. he'lix) may be propagated 
 by seeds, but in all its varieties is quickest propa- 
 gated by slips, inserted in a north border, in 
 sandy soil, kept moist in the autumn. This is a 
 far better plan than inserting it at once where it 
 is intended to remain. Deep, rich soil suits the 
 common ivy; the tender kinds should have 
 lighter soil. For clothing dead trees, covering 
 open fences, giving an air of antiquity, security 
 and warmth and dryness to buildmgs, and even 
 producing architectural effects, and covering the 
 ground in shady places with a green carpet, 
 where scarcelyamything else would grow, the ivy 
 is invaluable. 
 
 GREENHOTJSG EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 
 H. aculea'ta. White. Nepaul. 1816. Syn., 
 
 Bra^saiopsis aculeata. 
 — fra' gravis. See Pentapanax Leschenaultii. 
 
 — maerophj/lla. White. N. Holland. 1831. 
 
 SIOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 
 H. aridrea. Jacq. H. Schtenb. t. 51. See 
 Dend/ropanax arboreum. 
 
 — capita'ta. See Oreopanax capitatum. 
 
 — catalpcef&lia. S. America. 
 
 — digita'ta. White. March. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — emargina'ta. Green. 1848. 
 
 — ferrugi'nea. See Trevesia. 
 
 — glomenUa'ta. 7. Yellow. April. Java. 1847. 
 
 B. M. t. 4804. Syn., Brassaiopsis speciosa. 
 
 — pe!ndvla. Green. Jamaica. 1824. 
 
 — wmbracviaSera. White. March. E. Ind. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — xalapfi'mix. See Orswpa'nax xalap&nse. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREEN CLIMBERS. 
 
 K. Tie'lix. 40. Green. September. Britain^ 
 Eng. Hot. ed. 3, t. 633. 
 
 arbore'scem. 8. Green. Britain. 
 
 20. Green. October. 
 
 Green. October. 
 
 Green. October. 
 October. Tauria. 
 
 canarie nsis. 
 
 Canaries. 
 ehrysoca'rpa. 
 
 India. 
 digita'ta. 20. Green. October. Britain. 
 
 Shrub. 
 fo'liis arge'nteis. 20. Green. October. 
 
 Britain. 
 f&liis avireis. 20. 
 
 Briiain. 
 txtvlrica. Green, 
 
 1841. 
 vulga'ris. Green. Britain. 
 
 Hedge properly includes every kind 
 of fence ; but the present details apply, 
 for th^ most part, to growing fences. 
 Abercrombie says, that all outward 
 hedges designed as fences should have a 
 ditch on the outside, three or four feet 
 wide at top, three deep, slopina; to one 
 wide at bottom, raising a low bank on 
 the inside on which to plant the hedge. 
 Having lined out the width of the ditch, 
 then along the inner edge lay a row 
 of square spit turves, grass side down- 
 wards, to form the beginning of the 
 bank, backing it up with spits of earths 
 from the formation of the ditch, and top 
 it with a little of the fine mould or 
 crumbs ; and then upon this proceed to 
 lay the first row of plants. First let the 
 
 H H 
 
HED 
 
 [466] 
 
 HED 
 
 sets be headed to about five or six inches, 
 and the roots trimmed ; then lay them 
 upon the bed of turf with their tops out- 
 ward, in an upward direction, about ten 
 or twelve inches asunder, covering their 
 roots with mould, also out of the ditch ; 
 and then lay another row of turf along 
 upon the necks of the plants, and more 
 mould from the ditch upon and behind 
 the turf ; and when the bank is thus 
 raised a foot above the row of sets, plant 
 another row in the same manner, placing 
 each set against the spaces of those or 
 the first row, so covering them with more 
 earth from the ditch to the depth of 
 three feet, sloping each side to one foot 
 width at bottom, and trim up all re- 
 maining earth, throwing a sufficiency 
 behind the top of the banking to bank 
 up the whole evenly. But in planting for 
 an outward fence, some form the ditch 
 and bank first as above, and plant the 
 sets in two rows along the top ; that is, 
 after having formed the ditch and bank, 
 then levelling the top, forming a foot of 
 border all along a yard wide ; plant the 
 sets along its middle upright, in two 
 rows a foot asunder, and six inches dis-' 
 tant in each row, observing the same 
 when intended to raise a hedge at once 
 from seed sown where you design the 
 edge to be, sowing them along the top in 
 drflls a foot asunder. Sometimes, when 
 hedges are designed for middle fences to 
 divide fields, a two-sided bank is raised 
 a yard high, and as broad at top, having 
 a slight ditch on each side ; and each 
 side of the bank is formed with square 
 spit turves from the adjoining gi'ound, 
 and the middle filled up with mould from 
 the ditches on each side ; so that when 
 finished, it forms a yard- wide border all 
 the way along the top, and along the 
 middle of which plant two rows of 
 hedge-sets or seeds, in drills, as before 
 observed. But in places where no ditch 
 nor raised bank is required, as may 
 be the case for middle hedges in the in- 
 terior parts of grounds, especially in 
 fardens, then ^he place for the hedge 
 eing marked out on the level ground 
 two or three feet broad, dig it along one 
 good spade deep at least, and then plant 
 your sets of anjr sort in two rows, rang- 
 ing along the middle ; or, if you design 
 to sow seeds, etc., of any sort at once, 
 where you intend to have the hedge, 
 sow them in two drills a foot asunder 
 the whole length. 
 
 In respect to general culture of these 
 sorts of hedges it must be remarked, that 
 all such as are exposed to cattle must, as 
 soon as planted, be fenced either with a 
 stake and bush hedge, with hurdles, or 
 
 with rails and open paling, for four or 
 five years, till the hedge grows up, ob- 
 serving not to place the fence too close 
 to the hedge to interrupt its growth. 
 The hedge must, also, be duly weeded 
 while young, and this should be par- 
 ticularly attended to the first two 
 years. 
 
 Evergreen Hedge -shrubs are Holly, 
 Yew, Laurel, Viburnum laurustinus, 
 Phillyrea, Alaternus, Bay, Furze, and 
 Evergreen Oak ; but the Holly and Yew 
 form the best hedges for general use. 
 
 Deciduoits kinds. — Hawthorn, Black- 
 thorn, Crab, Elder, Hornbeam, Beech, 
 Elm, Lime-tree, and Alder are all proper 
 either ior middling or tall hedges, as 
 they may be trained up from about six or 
 eight to fifteen or twenty feet high, and 
 the Elm to double that height if re- 
 
 ?[uired. Privet is also sometimes used 
 or moderately high hedges ; and for low 
 hedges, the Rose, Sweet-briar, Syringa, 
 and Barberry. 
 
 All full-trained hedges, in order to 
 preserve them in proper form, must be 
 clipped, both on the sides and top, once 
 or twice a year, but never less than once ; 
 and the best time of the year for this 
 work is summer, from about the middle 
 or latter end of June to the end of 
 August, for then the hedges will have 
 made their summer shoots, which should 
 always, 'if possible, be clipped the same 
 season while in leaf, ana before the 
 shoots become hard, whereby you will 
 be able to perform the work more expe- 
 ditiously and with greater exactness, for 
 regular hedges should be cut as even as 
 a wall on the sides, and the top as 
 straight as a line ; observing, after the 
 hedge is formed to its proper neight and 
 width, always to cut each year's dipping 
 nearly to that of the former year, parti- 
 cularly on the sides ; for by no means 
 suffer them to grow above a foot or two 
 wide, nor suffer them to advance upon 
 you too much at top, where it is designed 
 or necessary to keep them to a moderate 
 height. But to keep hedges in perfectly 
 good order, they should be clipped twice 
 every summer ; the first clipping to be 
 about Midsummer, or soon after, when 
 they will have made their summer 
 shoots ; and as they will shoot again, 
 what may be called the autumn shoot, 
 the second clipping is necessary towards 
 the middle or latter end of August, and 
 they will not shoot again that year. 
 However, when it does not suit to clip 
 them but once in the summer, the 
 clipping should not be performed until 
 the beginning of August ; for, if cut 
 sooner, they will shoot again, and appear 
 
HED 
 
 [467] 
 
 HED 
 
 almost as rough the remainder of the 
 summer and all winter as if they had not 
 heen clipped. Very high hedges are 
 both troublesome and expensive to cut. 
 The clipping is sometimes performed by 
 the assistance of a high machine, scaf- 
 folding, or stage, twenty or thirty feet 
 high or more, having platforms at 
 different heights for the men to stand 
 upon, the whole made to move along 
 upon wheels. It is composed of four 
 long poles for uprights, well framed to- 
 gether, eight or ten feet wide at bottom, 
 narrowing gradually to four or five at 
 top, having a platform or stage at every 
 seven or eight feet high, and one at the 
 top of all; and upon these the man 
 stands to work, each platform having a 
 rail, waist high, to keep the man from 
 falling, and a sort of ladder formed on 
 one side for the man to ascend, and at 
 bottom for low wheels to move it along. 
 Upon this machine a man may he em- 
 ployed on each stage or platform, trim- 
 ming the hedge with shears, and some- 
 times with a garden hedge-bill fixed on 
 a handle five or six feet long, which 
 is more expeditious, though it will not 
 make so neat work as cutting with the 
 shears. 
 
 A hedge is not only an imperfect 
 screen, but in other respects is worse 
 than useless, since nothing can be trained 
 to it, and its roots exhaust the soil in 
 their neighbourhood very considerably. 
 As the south fence of a garden, it may 
 be employed ; and hawthorn, in some 
 respects, is the worst shrub that could be 
 made use of. It is the nursery of the 
 same aphides, beetles, and caterpillars, 
 that feed upon the foliage of the apple 
 and pear, from whence they often spread 
 to the whole garden. Evergreen are 
 better than deciduous hedges, and more 
 especially those of the hoUy, which 
 is not so slow a grower as is generally 
 imagined. 
 
 In a cloudy day, in April or May, the 
 ■wind seems to be actually refrigerated in 
 passing through a thick hawthorn hedge ; 
 and this may be accounted for on the 
 same prinoiple that cool air is obtained 
 in the houses of India by sprinkling 
 branches of trees with water in their 
 verandas. HoUy, laui-el, and most ever- 
 greens, exhale but little moisture from 
 their leaves, except for about a month in 
 June : consequently, in April and May, 
 when we most require warmth, and m 
 September and October, the leaves of 
 these, when fully exposed to the sun, 
 become heated to the touch to 85° or 90°. 
 Added to this, hoar frost, or a deposi- 
 tion of moisture of any kind, never 
 
 attaches so readily, or remains for so 
 long a time, upon the foliage of ever- 
 greens as upon the sprays of deciduous 
 shrubs ; consequently, the refrigeratory 
 power is greatly diminished. When 
 the garden is of considerable extent, 
 three or four acres and upwards, it 
 admits of cross-walls or fences for an 
 increase of training surface and addi- 
 tional shelter. 
 
 Hedges should always be clipped into 
 a conical form, as the diminution of the 
 branches towards the top increases their 
 development at the bottom. 
 
 Furze makes one of the best and hand- 
 somest of hedges if kept regularlyclipped. 
 Upon the formation of such a hedge, we 
 have the following remarks by Mr. McI. , 
 of HUlsborongh : — The most ancient, 
 and perhaps the most simple of all fences, 
 are walls made of turf. These walls, 
 however, are much injured by the atmo- 
 sphere, and the rubbing and butting of 
 the cattle. To guard against this they 
 should be planted or sown with the XJ'lex 
 e,uropm'us, or Furze. The roots of this 
 plant will soon penetrate the turf, and 
 tend to bind the wall. The plants not 
 only afford shelter as well as food for the 
 cattle, but add to the height of the wall, 
 and give it a formidable appearance. 
 When walls are made for this, the foun- 
 dation should be three feet wide, and 
 tapering to fifteen inches at top. As the 
 plants advance in growth, they should 
 be regularly trimmed with the shears : 
 by proper attention to this they wiU be 
 prevented from growing too tall and thin 
 at the bottom. If this is annually re- 
 peated, the plants wiE be longer pre- 
 served in a healthy and vigorous state : 
 clipping has also a good effect in check- 
 ing the furze from spreading over the 
 field. A good and substantial fence may 
 thus be quickly formed on a soil that 
 will not produce a biding fence of any 
 other kind. 
 
 Sweet-hriar (Ro'sa ruhigino'sa) makes 
 a good hedge. Its seeds may be sown in 
 the autumn, as soon as ripe, or, which is 
 better, in the month of March, having 
 kept them, in the mean time, mixed with 
 sand. But it is far more convenient to 
 buy young plants, and to plant them a 
 foot apart early in the month of Novem- 
 ber. Let them grow as they like for the 
 first year, and cut them down to the 
 ground the second ; they will then spring 
 up arid require no more care than occa- 
 sionally trimming, with the pruning- 
 knife or shears to keep the hedge in 
 shape. When it gets naked to the hot- ' 
 tom, it must be again cut down. — Gard, ■ 
 
HED 
 
 [468] 
 
 HED 
 
 Hedge-hog Thistle. Ca'ctus (Echi- 
 noca'ctus). 
 
 Hedge Hyssop. GraWola. 
 
 Hedge Mustard. Ery'simum. 
 
 Hedge Nettle. Sta'chys. 
 
 Hedwi'gia, of Swartz. (Named 
 after John Hedgmg, a botanist. Nat. 
 ord. , Burseracem ; Tribe, Surserece. 
 Allied to Bursera. ) 
 ■ Closely allied to the Orange tribe. Beawme a 
 merier, a substitute for Copaiva, is obtained 
 from talsami'fera. Stove evergreen trees. Cut- 
 tings of ripe shoots in sandy soil, and in a good 
 heat ; sandy loam and a little peat. 
 H. balsami'fera. 4a White. August. W. 
 Ind, 1820. 
 
 Hedy'chium. (From hedys, sweet, 
 and chion, snow ; in reference to the 
 sweet-scented, snow-white flowers of H. 
 ma'ximum and corona'rivmi, the best 
 two garden-plants of the genus. Nat. 
 ord., Scitaminece; Tribe, ZingiberecB.) 
 
 Stove and greenhouse herbaceous plants. 
 Division of the plants before fresh potting 
 them; loam and peat, with a portion of 
 sand and dried cow-dung. They must have 
 
 Plenty of water and light when growing. 
 t should be tried to give them their rest 
 period by keeping them cooler and drier in 
 winter, and, if well grown before, the advancing 
 heat in spring and summer will bring up the 
 beautiful flowers. Summer terap., 6(r to 85% 
 with moist atmosphere when grovring, cooler 
 and drier when flowering ; winter, 60° to 66°. 
 M. aowmina'tnm. i. White. July. E. Ind. 
 1820. B. M. t. 2969. 
 
 — anguatifo'lium. 5. Scarlet. August. E. 
 
 Ind. 1816. B. M. t. 2079. 
 
 — auranWacum. 5. Orange. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1812. 
 
 — ca^meum. i. Pink. August. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 B. M. t. 2637. 
 
 — chrysoleu'cwm. 5. Yellow, white. August. 
 
 E. Indies. B. M. t. 4616. 
 
 — coccifneum. 6. Scarlet. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1816. B. C. t. 706. 
 
 — eorona'riwm. 5. White. E. Ind. 1791. B. 
 
 M. t. 708. 
 
 — ela'tum. 6. Pale red. E. Ind. 1818. B. C. 
 
 t. 866. 
 
 — elli'pticum. 5. White. August. E. Ind. 
 
 1804. B. C. t. 1881. 
 — Jlavt^sceiis. 6. Yellow. June. India. 1822. 
 
 B. 0. t. 723. 
 — Jla'mmi. 3. Yellow. July. Nepaul. 1822. 
 
 B. M. t. 2378. 
 
 — GardTieria'num. 7. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1819. B. B. t. 774. 
 
 — glau'ewm. 4}. White. July. E. Ind. 1822. 
 
 — gra'dle. 3. White. June. Bengal. 1823. 
 
 — heteroma'UuTn. 3. Yellow. July. B. Indies. 
 
 1822. B. E. t. 767. 
 
 — longifo'limn. 6. Bed. June. E. Ind. 1819. 
 
 — ma/ximum. 8. White. August. E. Ind. 
 
 1820. B. R. t. 1022. 
 
 — peregri'num. Madagascar. 1883. 
 
 — Bvedo'sium, 8. Pale yellow. August. E. 
 
 Ind. 1823. 
 
 — epica'tum. 3. Yellow. June. India. 1810. 
 
 B. M. t. 2300. 
 
 — eterwptltaluim. 7. White. April. India. 
 
 1830. B. C. 1. 1902. 
 
 — (hyrtif</rme. 4. White. July. Nepaul. 
 
 B. wrophy'llum. 4. Yellow. August. India. 
 1828. B. C. t. 1786. 
 
 — iiiBo'sitm. 8. Cream. July. E. Ind. 1823, 
 
 — imidifio'rv/in. 2. White, Sikkim. 1881. 
 
 Hedyo'tis campamdiflo'ra. B. M. 
 t. 2840. See Coccocypselum cam- 
 panuliflorum. 
 
 Hedysa'rum. (A plant's name 
 adopted from Theophrastus. Nat. ord., 
 LegimiinoscB ; Tribe, Hedysarece.) 
 
 Annuals and biennials in the open border, in 
 spring ; perennials by division of the plant in 
 spring; common soil. The dwarf er ones are 
 useful iior rock -work and mixed borders. 
 
 HARDY ANNUAL. 
 
 n. carno'gwm. J. Purple. July. Barbary, 
 1820. 
 
 HARDY BIENNIALS. 
 
 M. carona'num. 4. Scarlet. June. Italy. 1696. 
 
 — pa'llidwm. 3. Pale red. June. N. 'Africa, 
 
 1820. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 
 M. A'lhagi, See Alhagi mauroTum. 
 
 — alpi'num. See H. sibiricwn. 
 
 ^edicela're. Purple. June. Siberia. 
 
 — alta'zaim. J. Purple. July. Siberia. 1818, 
 
 — a/rge'nteum. Purple. June. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 — argophy'Umn. Purple. June. Altaia. 1827. 
 
 — brachyse'mum. See H, obscurum, var. brachy- 
 
 seTriv/m. 
 
 — ea'ndidum. J. Purple. May. Tauria. 1824. 
 hvlmiU. J. Purple. June. Tauria. 1817. 
 
 — cauca'sitywm. 1. Purple. July. Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 — consangui'newm. 1. Purple. July. Siberia, 
 
 1820. 
 
 — corcia'twm. Jacq. H. Schcenb. t. 296. See 
 
 Hallia cordata. 
 
 — creta'ceum. }.. Purple. July. Siberia. 1819. 
 
 — elonga'twm. Purple. June. Bussia. 1823, 
 
 B. C. t.l401. 
 
 — fruticd sum. 4. Purple. June. Siberia. 1782. 
 
 — grcmdifio'rum. IJ. Purple. June. Tauria. 
 
 1821. 
 
 — gy'rcms. Jacq. Ic. t 666. See Desmodium 
 
 gyrans. 
 
 — ibe'rimm. i. Purple. July. Iberia. 1818. 
 
 — lasiom'rpum. 1. Purple. Siberia. 
 
 — latifo'lium. B. E. t. 366. See JDesmodiunt 
 
 latifolium. 
 
 — Macke^nzii. Eose-purple. Summer. N. 
 
 America. 1878. B. M. t. 6386. 
 
 — microea'lyx. Bright puiTile. N.W.Himalayas. 
 
 1888. B. M. t. 693L 
 
 — rrmltiju'gum. Purple. S. Mongolia. Gfl. 
 
 1. 1122. 
 
 — m/wrica'tum. See Adesmm mwicata. 
 
 — obscu'rum. J. Purple. July. Alps. 1640. 
 
 B. M. t. 282. • • 
 
 brachyse mum. IJ. Purple. July, . 
 
 Siberia. 1817. Syns., H. braehysemMm, 
 and H. obscurum, var. altaicum. 
 
 — pi'ctum. Jacq. lo. t. 567. See Uraria picta. 
 
 — polymarphum. Eose. June. Altaia. 1828. 
 
 — ro'sewm. J. Pink. August. Caucasus. 
 
 1803. B. M. t. 996. 
 
 — rutidoca'rpum. i. Purole. August. Siberia 
 
 1826. 
 
 — sibi'ricum. 2. Purple. June. Siberia. 1798. 
 
 B. E. t. 808. Syn., B. alpinum. B. M, 
 t. 2213. 
 
 — spldndms. }. Cream. July. Siberia. 1819. 
 
 — tcmlrioum. |. Pale purple. July. Tauria. 
 
 1804. 
 
 — vmbella'tum. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 297. A 
 
 synonym of Desmodiwn umbellatwn. 
 
 — uncina'tum. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 298. A 
 
 synonym of JJemwdiwm v/ncinatum. 
 
 — va'rivm. 1. White. July. South Europe. 
 
 1820. 
 
HED 
 
 S. venu'stum. Purple. June. 
 
 — vespertilio'nis. Jacq. Ic. t. 6 
 
 vespertilionis, 
 
 Hedysce'pe. (From 
 and skepe, a covering. 
 JPalmece. ) 
 
 A stove palm, cultivated in the same manner 
 as Kentia, which see. 
 
 [469] 
 
 HEL 
 
 Altaia. 1828. 
 66. See Lowrea 
 
 hedys, sweet, 
 Nat. ord., 
 
 Yellowish. Lord 
 Syn., Kentia Canter- 
 
 JU. Canterburya'na. 
 
 Howe's Island. 
 buryana. 
 
 Heel. When a cutting is taken off 
 with a small portion of the older wood 
 from which it sprang, that older portion 
 is called the heel. 
 
 Hee'ria. (After Oswald Heer, a 
 Swiss botanist. Nat. ord., Melasto- 
 macem; Inhe, Osbeckiece. Syn., Hetero- 
 ■centron.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of young 
 
 shoots in sandy peat, under a beU-glass in spring 
 
 Sandy loam and fibry peat. 
 
 H. ro'sea. Pink. June. Mexico. Syns., 
 
 Hetrocentron menAeanum, B. M. t. 6166, 
 
 and H. rosewm. 111. Hort. t. 97. 
 
 — mbtripHne'rma. White. June. Mexico. 
 
 1824. Syn. , Hetronoma subtriplinermum. 
 
 Hei'mia. (Named after Dr. Heim, 
 a German. Nat. ord., ijfiArcececB.) See 
 Nesaea. 
 
 H. myrtifo'lid. See Nesoea myrtifolia. 
 
 — salicifo'lia, and its var. gmndijlo'ra (B. E. 
 
 1841, t. 40). See Nescea saliMfolia. 
 
 Hei'nsia. (Named after M. Hein- 
 sim. Nat. ord., BubiacecB ; Tribe, 
 HameliecB. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young 
 shoots in sand, under a beU-glass, and in a brisk 
 bottom-heat ; fibry peat and sandy loam, with a 
 little dried leaf-mould. 
 
 H. jasmMiiflo'ra, 4. White. March. Siena 
 Leone. 1824. B. M. t. 4207. 
 
 Hei'ntzia. (Inhonourof ilf. S«4?ifo. 
 Nat. ord., Gesneracem ; Tribe, Cyrtan- 
 drecB.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Moist atmosphere. Sandy 
 
 loam, turfy peat, and decayed leaves in equal 
 
 quantities, thoroughly mixed but unsifted. 
 
 S. tigri'na. 5. White, pink. Caraccas. 1852. 
 
 B. M. t. 4774. Now known as AUoplectut 
 
 tigrinus. 
 
 Heiste'ria. Bois Perdrix. (Named 
 after L. Heister, a Swedish botanist. 
 Nat. ord., Olacinem; Tribe, OlacecB. 
 -Allied to Olax.) 
 
 This ia the source of the Partridge-pea of Mar- 
 tinique, but not of the Partridge-wood, as has 
 been erroneously asserted. Stove evergreen tree. 
 Cuttings of firm young shoots in a brisk heat ; 
 sandy loam and a dash of peat. 
 S. eocci'nea. 26. Scarlet. Martinique. 1822. 
 
 Helcia. (From helcmm, a horse- 
 collar ; in reference to the curious for- 
 mation of the flowers. Nat. ord., Or- 
 chidem ; Tribe, Vandem.) United to 
 Trichopilia. 
 
 S.. aaliguimole'nta. Echb. Xen. ii. t. 131. See 
 Triahopilia sangumolenta. 
 
 t■t^^¥P^^"^■ (Named after the beaur 
 titul Melena csmse of the Trojan war. 
 Nat. ord., Compositai j Tribe, Hdeni- 
 oidem. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, with yellow 
 flowers. By division of the plant in spring- 
 common garden-soU. There are some aSnS 
 and biennials, but not deserving cultivation. 
 H. atropurp^reum. 3. Bays scarlet; disk 
 
 blackish-purple. Texas. 1846. Ill 
 
 Hort. 1. 10«. 
 
 — autumna'le. 3. September. N. Amer 1729 
 
 B. M. t. 2994. 
 pu'milum. Dwarf. Yellow. 
 
 — Bolande'n. 2. Bays bright yellow; disk 
 
 dark brown. N. America. Eev. Hort. 
 1891, p. 377, flg. 93. 
 
 — canalicula'twm. 3. August, N. Amer. 1800 
 
 — Hoope'sii. 2}. Bright orange. Summer, 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 — Tnexica'num. 
 
 August. Mexico. 1825. 
 Yel" 
 
 and 
 
 — nudific/rum. 3. Yellow. Summer 
 
 autumn. S. United States. 
 
 — pubefscens. 3. August. N. Amer. 1776. 
 
 — pu'milum. See H. autumnale, var. vumilum. 
 
 — quagridenta'tum. Yellow. May. Louisiana. 
 
 1790. Syn., RudbecHa alata, Jacq. Ic. 
 t. 693. 
 
 — seti'gerwm. See AmUyoUpls setigera. 
 
 — tenuiflo'rum. IJ. Bright yellow. 1883. 
 
 — undula'tum. 3. September. California. 
 
 1830. 
 
 Helia'mphora. (From heUos, the 
 sun, and amphora, a pitcher. Nat. ord., 
 Sarraceniacece. ) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Divisions ; 
 seed, peat, sphagnum and crocks. 
 H. nu'tans. 1-2. White or pale rose. Eoraima, 
 British Guiana. 1883. B. M. t. 7091. 
 
 Helia'nthemum. Sun Eose. 
 (From helios, the sun, and anthemon, a 
 flower. Nat. ord., Cfeimeo?.) 
 
 If gardeners, would turn their attention to 
 these Eock-roses, and cross them judiciously, 
 they might expect in time to produce a race 
 which would nyal the Verbenas. Annuals, by 
 seeds in the open border, in April. A few of 
 the best shrubby ones are rather tender, and 
 young plants might be saved in a cold pit. 
 Shrubby evergreens, by inserting little pieces of 
 ripened and half-ripened shoots with the leaves 
 attached, in June, in sandy soil, in a shady place, 
 under a hand-light. Few things can surpass the 
 beauty of these plants when trailing over stones, 
 and banks, and rock-works, in spring and sum- 
 mer. In such positions, the tenderest merely 
 require, at times, an evergreen branch, placed 
 over them in winter ; sandy loam, with a little 
 peat, suits them well. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 J. White. 
 
 June. 
 
 Egypt. 
 J. YeUow. Spain. 1817. Swt. 
 
 H. oegypti'acum. 
 ■ 1764. 
 
 — eriocau'ltm. 
 Cist. t. i 
 
 — gutta'tum. J. Yellow. June. England. 
 
 — ledifo'lium. J. Yellow. June. England. 
 Swt. Cist. 41. ' 
 
 — nilo'tvcum. J. Yellow^. June. South 
 Europe. 1817. 
 
 mdjus. 1.' Yellow. Europe. 1817. 
 
 — plantagin&u/m. \. Yellow. June. South 
 Europe. 1823. 
 
 minetaJtwm. J. Yellow. July. South Fiance. 
 
 1816. Swt. Cist. t. 61. 
 salieafo'liwrn. J. Yellow. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1769. Swt. Cist. t. 71. 
 
HEL 
 
 [470] 
 
 HEL 
 
 H. sangui'neum, i. Yellow. July. Spain. 1826. 
 
 — mUosum. i. Yellow. July. Spain. 1823. 
 
 HERBACEOUS PEEENNrALS. 
 
 H. eanade^nse. 1. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 
 1799. 
 
 — carolinia'nUTn. 1. Yellow. July. Carolina. 
 
 1823. Swt. Cist. t. 99. 
 
 — globula/ricBfo'Hum. J. Yellow. June. Portu- 
 
 gal. 1826. 
 
 — roamarinifo'lium. 1. Pale yellow. June. 
 
 Canada, 1823. 
 
 — tuiera'ria. J. Yellow. June. South Europe. 
 
 1752. Swt. Cist. 1. 18. 
 
 EVERGREEN TRAILERS. 
 
 H. acumina'tum. J. Yellow. June. Nice. 1820. 
 
 — alpe'elre. i. Yellow. June. Germany. 1818. 
 
 Swt. Cist. t. 2. 
 
 — angustifo'Kium. J. YeUow. June. 1800. 
 
 — ca'num. i. Yellow. June. South Europe. 
 
 1772. Swt. Cist. t. 66. 
 
 — confii'sum. i. White. June. South Europe. 
 
 Swt. Cist. t. 91. 
 
 — cro'ceum. i. Yellow. July. Spain. 1800. 
 
 Swt. Cist. t. 53. 
 
 — dieho'tomum. 1. YeUow. July. Spain. 1826. 
 
 — grandijlo'rum. 1. Yellow. June. Italy. 
 
 1800. Swt. Cist. t. 69. 
 
 — hi'spidum. }. White. South Europe. 1816. 
 
 — hyssopiftyiium. J. Yellow. May. Italy. 
 
 A form of H. vulgare. 
 
 — —^ eroca'tum. }. Copper. June. Europe. 
 
 Swt. Cist. t. 92. 
 cu'preum. i. Copper. May. Naples. 
 
 Swt. Cist. t. 68. 
 nrm'ltiplex. J. Copper. May. Italy. 
 
 Swt. Cist. t. 72. 
 
 — ita'Kcwm. 1. Yellow. August. Italy. 1799. 
 
 — laga'scm. \. Yellow. July. Spain. 1826. 
 
 — UptopWllum. 1. Yellow, Spain. 1818. 
 
 Swt. Cist. t. 20. 
 
 — lu'dium. 1. Yellow. June. 1826. 
 
 — maara'nthvm. 1. White, yellow. July. Swt. 
 
 Cist. 1. 103. A form of H. vulgare. 
 
 Tnu'ltiplex. 1. White, yellow, June. 
 
 Europe. Swt. Cist. 1. 104. 
 
 — marifo'lium. i. Yellow. May, South Europe. 
 
 — MiUe/ri. J. Yellow. June. South Europe. 
 
 Swt. Cist. 1. 101. 
 
 — muta'bile. J. Ked. Yellow. July. Spain. 
 
 1829. 
 
 — nudicauU. J. Yellow. June. Spain. 1826. 
 
 — mmmiula'rium. J. Yellow. July. Spain, 
 
 1762. Swt. Cist. t. 80. 
 
 — obova'tujn. 1. Yellow. Spain, 1826. 
 
 — oela'ndicum. |. Yellow, July, Germany. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — origanifo'Uum. i. Yellow. Spain. 1795. 
 
 — ova'tum. J. Yellow. Geneva. 1818. 
 
 — peniciUa'twn. i. Yellow. June. Spain. 1817. 
 
 — piMmm. li. White. July, South France. 
 
 1831. Swt, Cist. t. 49. 
 — polifo'Uum. i. White. June. England. 
 
 Swt. Cist, t, 88. 
 — proeu'mbens. J. Yellow, South Europe. 
 
 Swt. Cist. t. 68. 
 
 — pviche^Uum. i. Yellow. May. South 
 
 Europe. 1820. Swt. Cist. t. 74. 
 
 — pulverule'ntum. J. White. June. France. 
 
 Swt. Cist, t. 29. 
 
 — rhoda'nthum. J. Bed. June. Spain. 1800. 
 
 Swt. Cist. t. 7. 
 
 — ro'seum. i. Pink. June. South Europe. 
 
 1816. Swt. Cist. t. 35. 
 
 mu'ltipUx. J. Pink. June. 1815. Swt. 
 
 Cist. t. 86. ■ 
 
 — strami'neum. i. Straw, Europe. Swt. 
 
 Cist. t. 93. 
 mu'Uiplex. h. Striped, Europe. 
 
 — sulphu'revm,. Pale yellow. Spain. 1795. 
 
 — smreja'nwm. }. Yellow. August. England. 
 
 A form of S. vulgare with .deeply cut 
 petals, Swt. Cist. t. 28, 
 
 B. tau'rieum. 1. Yellow. June. Tauria, 
 
 — tomento'eum. |. Yellow. July. Scotland, 
 
 — venu'stvm,. J. Red. June. South Europe. 
 
 1800. 
 
 Jlo're-ple'no. J. Red, June. South 
 
 Europe. 1800. 
 
 — viola'ceum. 1. White. Spain. 1826. 
 
 — vulga're. J. Yellow. June. Britain. Swt, 
 
 Cist. t. 34. See also H. hyssopifolimn,. 
 
 and JS. macranthwm. 
 
 plelrmm. i. Yellow. June. 
 
 EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 3. algarm'nse. 3. Yellow. July. Portugal.. 
 
 1800. Swt. Cist. t. 40. 
 
 — wppm/mlnwm, A. White. June. Italy, 
 
 1731. Swt. Cist. t. 62. 
 
 — iaria'twm. 1. Yellow. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1820. 
 
 — Barrelie'ri. 1. Yellow. July. Italy. 1826, 
 
 B. M. t. 2371. 
 
 — eanarie'nae. IJ. Yellow. June. Canaries, 
 
 1790, 
 
 — ea'ndidmn. 3. Yellow. June. Spain. Swt.. 
 
 Cist. t. 26. 
 
 — txme! semis. J. Ked. June. Swt. Cist. t. 61. 
 
 — chevranthoi'des. 3. Yellow. June, Portugal.. 
 
 1818. Swt. Cist. 1. 107. 
 
 — cilia'tum. 1. Bed. June. South Europe. 
 
 — cine^reum. 1. Yellow. July. Spain. 
 
 — confe'Hum. 1. Yellow. August. Teneriffe. 
 
 — c/rass/ijo'lvwm. 1. Yellow. June. Barbary,: 
 
 1818. 
 
 — diversifo'lium. J. Flame. June. Europe. 
 
 — eUi'pticwm. 3. Yellow. July. Egypt. Swt.. 
 
 Cist. 1. 108. 
 
 — erieoi'des. IJ. Yellow. June, South Europe. 
 — farino'sum. White. June. Spain. 
 
 — formo'sum. 4. Yellow. Portugal. 1780.. 
 Swt. Cist. t. 60. 
 
 — glau'mm. 2. Yellow. July. Spain. 1816. 
 
 Swt. Cist. t. 111. 
 
 — glomera'tum. 1. Yellow. June. Mexico. 
 
 1823. Swt. Cist. t. 110. 
 
 — gluiino'suTn. 2. Yellow. July. Swt. Cist, 
 
 t. S3. 
 
 — halimifo'lvum. 4. Yellow. July. Spain. 
 
 1666. Swt. Cist, t. 4. 
 
 — M'rtum, 1. Yellow. June. Spain. 1769, 
 
 Swt. Cist. 1. 109. 
 
 — involuera'timi. 3. Yellow. Spain. 1626. 
 —juniperi'num. 1. Yellow. July. South 
 
 Europe. 180O. 
 
 — kahi'rieam. 1. YeUow. June. Egypt, 
 
 1820. 
 
 — Uefve. 1. Yellow. June. Spain. 1826. 
 
 — lasia'nthum. 3. Yellow. June. Spain. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — lavcmdulatf&lmm, 1. Yellow. June. South 
 
 France. 1817. 
 
 — libcmo'tvs. 1. Yellow. South Europe.. 
 
 1762. 
 
 — ligno'mm. J. Yellow. June. South Europe.. 
 
 1806. Swt. Cist. t. 46. 
 
 — limea're. 1. White. June. South Europe. 
 
 1818. Swt. Cist. t. 48. 
 
 — Li'ppii. 1. Yellow. Egypt. 1820. 
 
 — lunula'tum. i. YeUow. July. Spain. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — marjaranifo'livmi. J. YeUow, white. June, 
 
 — microphy'Umn. ^. Yellow. June. Europe.. 
 
 1800. Swt. Cist. t. 96. 
 
 — mo'Ue. IJ. YeUow. July. Spain. 1817. 
 
 — muta'bUero'seum. i. Bed. July. South 
 
 Europe. Swt. Cist. 1. 106. 
 
 — ocymoi'des, 3. Yellow. June. Spain. 1800, 
 
 Swt. Cist. 1. 13. 
 
 — panimla'tum. J. Yellow. July. Spain. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — racemo'sum, 1. White. July. South Europe. 
 
 1820. Swt. Cist. t. 82. 
 
 — rugo'sum. 3. Yellow. June. Portugal,. 
 
 1800. Swt. Cist. t. 65. 
 
HEL 
 
 [471] 
 
 HEL 
 
 H. scabro'sum. 3. Yellow. Portugal. 1776. 
 
 — scopa'rium. Yellow. September. California. 
 
 184S. 
 
 — squama'tum. 1. Yellow. June. Spain. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — stri'ctum. 1. White. June. Spain. 1820. 
 
 — tliymifo'lium. IJ. Yellow. July. Spain. 
 
 1668. Swt. Cist. t. 102. 
 
 — umbella'tum. 2. White. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1731. Swt. Cist. t. 6. 
 
 ere'ctum. White. June. South Europe. 
 
 — subdecu'mbens. White. July. South 
 
 Europe. 
 
 — versHcolor. 1. Bed, white. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1800. Swt. Cist. t. 26. 
 
 — virga'tum. J. White, Barbary. 1818. Swt. 
 
 Cist. t. 79. 
 
 Helia'nthus. Sunflower. (From 
 helios, the sun, and anthos, a flower ; in 
 reference to the opinion that the flowers 
 turn round after the sun. Nat. ord., 
 Compositce ; Tribe, Hdianthoidece. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous plants, all yellow-flowered ; 
 well fitted for the back of flower-borders and the 
 front of shrubberies, where such modes of plant- 
 ing prevail. The annuals, such as the common 
 Sunflower, should be sown in a slight hotbed, and 
 afterwards transplanted ; the perennials must be 
 divided in the spring ; common, good soil ; a few 
 of the tenderest want a little protection in very 
 cold and wet winters. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 H. a'nnuus. 6. July. S. Amer. 1696. 
 
 — Dcmvmalnni and var. suZphvlreits. Garden 
 
 hybrids between H. annum and U. or- 
 gyrophyihis. 1890. 
 
 — i'ndieus. 3. July. Egypt. 1786. 
 
 — ttva'tw. 4. Mexico. 1829. 
 
 — petwla'ris. S. September. Arkansas. 1826. 
 
 — specio'sus. B. M. t. 3296. See Tithonia. 
 
 — tubcefo'rmis. B. E. t. 1519. See Tithonia 
 
 tubcefiara. 
 
 PERENNIALS. 
 
 H. cmguatifo'li'M. 3. September N. Amer. 
 1799. B. M. t. 2061. 
 
 — alti'ssimus. See H.giganteus. 
 
 — a'tro-rubem. B. M. t. 2668 and B. B. t. 608. 
 
 See I£. rigidus. 
 
 — comifo'liiis. 3. August. Mexico. 1825. 
 
 — decape'talus. 6. September. N. Amer. 
 
 1759. 
 
 — difu'iut. See H. rigidus. 
 
 — divaruM'tug. 6. N. Amer. 1759. 
 
 — dormimi'des. i. N. Amer. 1(59. Syn. if. 
 
 pubescens of B. M. t. 2778. 
 
 — exceHam. 8. Mexico. 1820. 
 
 — gigante'us. 10. N. Amer. 1714. byn., a. 
 
 altissirrms. ... ,. 
 
 — Bookeria'nus. See Wyethia anguatifolia. 
 
 — ItBtifio'rus. 3. August. N. Amer. 1810. 
 -Imticularis. 1827. B. M. 1. 1225. 
 
 — linea'ris. B. B. t. 623. See Viguena. 
 
 — Umgifo'lius. 6. Georgia. 1812- 
 -maerophyllus. 6. N- Amer. 1800. 
 
 — Maximilia'ni. 10-12. October. N. Amer. 
 
 — miseu'ricus. See H. rimdus. 
 -mollis, i. August N. Amer. 1805. 
 eorda'tw. 3-5. Orange yellow. Western 
 
 Georgia and Texas. G. and F. 1889, 
 
 _m«4oV.S.'^\'%. Amer. 1697. B. M. 
 t 227. 
 
 , nip'nus 6. N. Amer. 1797. 
 
 -^gyfuri. Yellow. United States 1879. 
 -parmflo'rus. 3. July. Mexico. 1826. 
 
 — pa; tern. See H. petiolans. . 
 -pa'ucijio'r'us. 2. August. Louisiana. 1824. 
 
 — ietioia'ris. 3. August. N. Amer. 18^9. 
 
 Syn., H. patens, 
 —prostra'tus. SeeB. traoJielifohm. 
 
 H. pube'scens of B. M. t. 2778 is E. doronieoidee, 
 of B. B. t. 624 is B. tomentosus. 
 
 — rigidus. 3. Golden-yellow. August. N. 
 
 Amer. Syns., H. atrorubens of B. M. 
 t. 2668 and B. E. t. 608, B. diffums, 
 B. M. t. 2020, and Barpalimm rigidum. 
 There is also a garden variety of 1888. 
 
 — semiple'nus. 
 
 — strumo'sus. 8. N. Amer. 1710. 
 
 — trachelifo'lius. 6. September. N, Amer. 
 
 1825. Syn., H'. prostratus. 
 
 — triloba'tus. 3. September. Mexico. 1824, 
 
 — tubero'sus. 8. September. Brazil, 1667. 
 
 Jerusalem Artichoke, 
 
 — vill(/sus. 3. August. N. Amer. 1820, 
 
 See Jerusalem Artichoke and Sunflower, 
 
 Helichry'sum. (From helios, the 
 sun, and chrysos, gold ; referring to the 
 beauty of the flowers. Nat, ord, , Com- 
 positcB ; Tribe, Inuloidece. Allied to 
 Helipterum,) 
 
 Many may be raised from seed ; others, such 
 as hardy and greenhouse herbaceous, by division 
 and cuttings in spring, in sandy soil, under a 
 hand-glass ; evergreen shrubs from the Cape, if 
 small side-shoots are taken off when getting firm 
 at their base, will strike freely in sandy, peaty 
 soil, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam, three of 
 the former to one of the latter. Staichas is the 
 hardiest shrubby kind, flourishing in a sheltered 
 place in dry, calcareous soil. Angustifo'lium, 
 coTtge'stum^ and fru'ticaTis are the next in 
 point of hardiness, and probably would do on a 
 South wall, 
 
 hardv annuals, 
 B. braetea'tum. 4, Pale yellow. September, 
 N, Holland, 1799, 
 
 au'reutn. Golden yellow, 
 
 bi'color. 3, Yellow. July. Van Die- 
 men's Land. 1835. B. E, t, 1814. 
 
 compo'Htum. Various colours. 
 
 vmolu'cro-alUndo. 3, Yellow, July. 
 
 1838, 
 
 — robu'stum. White, yellow, July, Swan 
 
 Eiver, 1839. 
 
 — speeta'bile. B. C. t. 69, See Belipterum 
 
 humile. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 
 S. arena'rium. ,1. Yellow. August. Europe. 
 1739. 
 
 — braetea'tum moGra'nthum. Blush. Swan 
 
 Biver. 1837. 
 
 niveum. 4. \\'hite, yellow. July. 
 
 Swan Eiver. 1837. 
 
 — camdidissimum. 2, Pale yellow. June. 
 
 Caspian. 1823. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREEN SHRUBS, 
 
 B. tmgwstifo'lium. 2. Yellow, August, Naples. 
 Half-hardy, 
 
 — co'nioum: 2, Yellow, July, South Europe. 
 
 1824, 
 
 — rwpelstre. 'Yellow, June, Naples, 1830, 
 
 — Stc^chas. 2. Yellow, August, Europe. 
 
 1629, 
 
 HALF-HARDY. 
 
 B.fri'gidum. J, White, May, Corsica. 1879. 
 B. M. t, 6615, 
 
 — grav^olens. Yellow, Greece, 1877. 
 
 — nlica'tum. Yellow. Greece, Asia Minor. 
 
 1877, Gfl.-t. 889. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 
 H. apicula'tum. IJ, Yellow, Van Dieme.n's 
 Land, 1804, B, B, t. 240. 
 
 — arge'nteum. 2. White. June, Cape of 
 
 Good Hope, 1800. 
 
 — eri'spum. 6. Pink. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1809. 
 
 — eyU'ndriciom. 1. Yellow, June, Cape of 
 
 Good Hope, 1780, 
 
HEL 
 
 [472] 
 
 HEL 
 
 H. cymo'sum. IJ. Yellow. June. Africa. 
 1731. 
 
 — dealta'tum. IJ. White. Van Diemen's 
 
 Land. 1S12. 
 
 — odorati'ssirmmi. 2. Yellow. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1691. 
 
 — ru'tilaTbs. 1. Bed, yellow. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1731. 
 
 — scorpioi'des. Yellow. N. Holland. 1838. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 
 H. ctcumina'tum. 3. White. July. Tasmania. 
 1823. 
 
 — affi'ne. IJ. Pale yellow. August. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 
 
 — ario'reum. 6. ^Vhlte. May. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1770. 
 
 — eephalo'tes. 4. Pink. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1789. / 
 
 — conge'stum. 3. Purple. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1791. 
 
 — crassifo'lium, 1. Yellow. August, Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 — da^a'nthum. 4. Yellow. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1812. 
 
 — de'vium. 3. White, black. Madeira. 
 
 — diosTnatf&lium. 1^. White. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 — divarica'tujn, 3. White. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 — ericoi'des. IJ. Pink. April. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1774. Syn., Aphelexis erieoides. 
 ~ faseicvla'ta. 2. Purple, yellow. March. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1799. Syn., 
 
 Aphelexis fascictdata. 
 a'lba. 2, White. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1799. 
 ru'bra. 2. Red. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope.- 1799. 
 versi'color. 2. Variegated. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1799. 
 — fru'ticans. 3. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1779. 
 
 — fu'lgidum. 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1774. 
 
 — grandifio'rum. 3. White. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1731. 
 
 — heliantheinifo'liwni. 1. White. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 — lasioeau'lon. 3. White. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1823. 
 
 — orienta'le. 1^. Yellow. June. Africa. 1629. 
 
 — panicula'tum. 2. White. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1800. 
 
 — pa'tulum. 3. White. May. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1771. 
 
 — ri'giduTih, See H. striatum. 
 
 — spUndens. B. M. t. 1773. See H. squamo- 
 
 sum. 
 
 — sq^lamo'8um,. South Africa. Syns., Elichry- 
 
 sum splendens, B. M. t. 1773, and 
 Xeranthemum herbaceum, Andr. Rep. 
 t. 487. 
 
 — stria'ium. IJ. White. July. South Africa. 
 
 1801. Syns., H. rigidum and Xeranthe- 
 mum rigidum; Andr. Rep. t. 387. 
 
 — vesti'tum. 2. White. August. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1774. 
 
 STOVE PERENNIAL. 
 
 H. Ma'nnii. 2. White, yellow. September. 
 Cameroon Mountains. 1864. 
 
 Helico'dea zebn'na. A synonym 
 of Billbergia zebrina. 
 
 Helicodi'ceros. (From Ae&, spiral, 
 dis, twice, and keras, a liorn ; because 
 the basal divisions of the leaf twist and 
 stand erect, and thus somewhat re- 
 semble horns. Nat. ord. , Arctcece ; Tribe, 
 Arinem. ) 
 
 Hardy tuberous perennial herb ; it requires 
 the protection of a frame in severe winters. 
 For cultivation, see Arum, to which it is allied. 
 U. crini'tus. 1-lJ. Dark purple-brown. April. 
 
 Corsica. 1777. Syn., Arum ermitunu 
 
 B. R. t. 831. 
 
 Helico'nia. (From helicon, a hill, 
 consecrated to the Muses ; in reference 
 to the affinity of this genus to Musa. 
 Nat. ord., Scitaminem; Tribe, Musece.) 
 
 The fleshy roots of H. psittaco'rum are eat- 
 able. Stove herbaceous perennials. Division 
 of the roots ; strong, rich, loamy soil. Summer 
 temp., 60° to 90*, with plenty of moisture: 
 winter, 60° to 60°. 
 
 H. angustifo'lia. Red, white. January. Brazil. 
 B. M. t. 4476. 
 
 — auranti'aca. IJ. Cream, orange. Mexieo. 
 
 1862. 
 
 — au'reo-stria.'ta. Leaves deep green, with 
 
 yellow veins. Solomon Islands. 1881. 
 lU. Hort. t. 464. 
 
 — bi'color. 3. White, crimson. Brazil. 1828. 
 
 Maund Bot. iii. t. 101. 
 
 — Bi'hai. 12. Red. July. W. Indies. 1786. 
 
 B. R. t. 374. 
 
 — })raziUe'neis. 8. Scarlet. August. Brazil. 
 
 1820. Paxt. Mag. iii. p. 193. 
 
 — brevispa'tha. 3. White, scarlet. S. America. 
 
 1864. 
 
 — choconia'na. 4. Spathes scarlet ; flowers 
 
 yellow. Guatemala. Gard. and Tor. 
 1888, i. p. 161, fig. 31. 
 
 — dealba'ta. 3. 
 
 — densijlo'ra. 2. Orange-yellow; bracts red. 
 
 Guiana. 
 
 — glau'ca. 3. Green ; bracts red. S. America. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. 5. Orange. S. Amer. 1800. 
 
 — hu'milis. Green, scarlet. Guiana. 1867. 
 
 Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 48-49. 
 
 — i'ndiea. 4. Madagascar. 1818. 
 
 — Tneta'llica. Crimson ; leaves metallic purple 
 
 beneath. New Grenada. 1862. 
 
 — ni'tens. Mexico, 
 
 — psittaco'rum. 4. Orange. August. W. Ind. 
 
 1797. Andr. Rep. 1. 124. 
 
 — puUeruXtlwta. 2. Greenish-scarlet. July. S. 
 
 Amer. 1830. B. R. 1. 1648. 
 
 — Swartzia'na. i. Yellow. July. Jamaica. 
 
 1800. 
 
 — triu'mphams. Leaves dark green, with 
 
 blackish veins. Sumatra? 1883. 111. 
 Hort, t. 448. 
 
 — mno'sa. Columbia. 1871. 
 
 — m'ridis. Polynesia, 
 
 Helicophy'llum. (From helix, 
 helikos, spiral, and ^te^/ora, a leaf . Nat. 
 ord., AraoecB.) 
 
 Hardy perennial. Same treatment as the 
 
 hardy Arums. 
 
 H. Albe'rti. Spathe pale green outside, brown- 
 purple within. Central Asia. 1887. 
 B. M. t. 6969. 
 
 Heli'eteres. (From helikter, a 
 twisted bracelet ; alluding to the shape 
 of the fruits. Nat. ord., Sterculiacece ; 
 Tribe, Helicterece.) 
 
 Stove trees or shrubs. Cuttings taken off at 
 joint in sand under a bell-glass. Fibry loam 
 and peat. 
 H. iso'ra. 6. Scarlet. September. E. Indies. 
 
 B, M. t. 2061. 
 — jamMwe'nsis. White. Autumn. Jamaica. 
 
 1767. Jacq. Vind. t. 143. 
 
 — verbasci/o'lia. Brownish-red. Brazil B. E. 
 
 t. 903, 
 
HEL 
 
 [473] 
 
 HEL 
 
 He'linus. (From helinos, a branch ; 
 on account of its spreading branches. 
 Nat. orcl., Bhamnacece; Tribe, Goua- 
 niece. ) 
 
 A climbing greenhouse slirub, suitable for 
 training up rafters, etc. Seeds ; cuttings of the 
 half -ripened shoote in sand, in a moderate heat 
 and protected from the sun. Eich sandy loam ; 
 requires plenty of pot room, 
 H. ma'tus. Greenish. Natal. 1862. Ref. Bot. 
 1. 146. Syn., Rha/mmis mystOGinits. 
 
 Helioca'rpus. (From helios, the 
 sun, and karpos, a fruit ; in reference to 
 the fringes on the cells, or carpels, of the 
 fruit. Nat. ord., TiliacecB ; Tribe, 
 Grewiece. Allied to Grewia and Trium- 
 fetta.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in summer, in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, and in heat ; sandy loam and Sbry 
 peat. 
 
 H. america'nus. 16. Purple. Vera Cruz. 1733. 
 Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 463. 
 
 Helio'meris. See Gymnolomia. 
 
 Helio'phila. (From helios, the sun, 
 and phileo, to love ; referring to the 
 sunny aspect where they delight to 
 grow. Nat. ord., Criiciferce ; Tribe, 
 Sisymbriece.) 
 
 ' All from South Africa. Annuals, by seed in a 
 ■warm, dry border, in April, or, better still, in a 
 slight hotbed, under a glass, in March, and 
 transplant in May. The under-shrubs require 
 the greenhouse, or cold, dry pit, to winter tnem 
 in, and are propagated by cuttings of young 
 
 Shoots in sandy soil, under a hand-glass. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 H. catto'sa. 1. Yellow. July. 1802. Syn., 
 H. cleomoides. 
 
 — Knearifo'lia. 1. Blue. June. 1819. 
 — platysi'liqua. See H. sueeulenta. 
 
 — sea'hdens. White, tinged rose. Natal. 1887. 
 
 A climber. 
 
 — scopa'ria. 1. Bed. June. 1802. 
 
 — mccule'nta. 1. Purple. July. '1774. Syn., 
 
 H. platysiliqtM. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 tl. anwlexicau'lis. }. 'White, purple. July. 
 1774. 
 
 — arabioi'des. B, M. t. 496. See H.pilom, var. 
 
 vtuyisa. 
 
 — mronopifo'lia. Ih Violet. July. 1778. 
 
 — crithmifo'lia. i. Violet. July. 1816. 
 
 — diffiMsa. J. White. June. 1818. 
 
 — digita'ta. See H. pUoaa, var. dlgitata. 
 
 — disse'cta. 1. Blue. June. 1792. 
 pinna' ta. 1. White. June. 1792. 
 
 — fmnimla'cea. IJ. Purple. June. 1774. 
 
 —7 integri/o'lia. Jacq. Ic. t. 606. See B. pilosa, 
 var. integrifolia. 
 
 — pectina'ta. 1. White. June. 1819. 
 
 — pe'ndula. li. Yellow, white. July. 1792. 
 
 Syn., H.psrmata. 
 
 — pUo'sa. 1. Blue. July. 1768. 
 
 digita'ta. 1. Brownish. June. 1819. 
 
 Syn., S. digitata. 
 imtsa. i. Blue. June. 1768. Syn., 
 
 H. arabwides. 
 integrifo'lia: f. Blue. June. 1823. Syns., 
 
 U. integrifolia, Jacq. Ic. t. 506, and H. 
 
 striata, B. M. t. 2626. 
 
 — stri'cta. See H. pilosa, var. mtegnfoUa. 
 
 — trijida. |. Purple. June. 1819. 
 
 Helio'psis. (From helios, the sun, 
 and opsis, like ; the appearance of the 
 flowers. Nat. ord., Compositcn; Tribe, 
 Helianthoidece. Allied to Zinnia. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, with yellow 
 flowers. By seed and division ; common soil ; 
 treatment similar to that for Helianthus. 
 H. cane' scene. 2. August. Peru. 1818. Syns., 
 
 H. rugosa and Eelianthus buphthal- 
 
 mmdes. 
 
 — Ic^vis. 6. August. N. Amer. 1714. B. M. 
 
 t. 3372. 
 
 grandiJUra. 6. Orange. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 — scaJbra. 6. August. N. Amer. 1824. Syn., 
 
 H. canescens of B. B. t. 592. 
 
 Heliotro'pium. Turnsole. (From 
 helios, the sun, and trope, twining ; in 
 reference to the curled or twining of the 
 flower-branch. Nat. ord., Boraginece ; 
 Tribe, HeKotropiece.) 
 
 Hardy annuals, sown in open border, in April ; 
 tender annuals and biennials, in hotbed, and 
 transplanted; biennials to be kept on by cut- 
 tings ; shrubs, by cuttings at any timCj but best 
 in spring and autumn : at the first period give a 
 little bottom-heat, at the latter period place 
 them under glass, and shade j rich, light soil. 
 
 STOVE ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. 
 
 H. breoifo'lium. 1. White. Nepaul. 1824. 
 Biennial. 
 
 — coromand£li'num. i. White. E. Ind. 1812. 
 
 — parvijlo'rum. 1. White. August. W. Ind. 
 
 1732. Biennial. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 S. cegypti'a<mm. See H. pallen^. 
 
 — capelnM. J. White. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — commmta'tian. J. White. August. South 
 
 Europe. 1800. 
 
 — cmivolvulaceum. 2. White. New Mexico. 
 
 1867. Sweet-scented, night-blooming. 
 B. M. t. 5615. Syn., Eutoca conwlvu- 
 lacea. 
 
 — cfyromandelia'nuTn oblongifo'liwm. |. White. 
 
 July. South Europe. 1824. 
 
 obova'twm. i. Brown. May. Nepaul. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — ewropalum. f . White. July. South Europe. 
 
 1562. 
 
 — pa'llens. White. June. Egypt. 1642. Syn,, 
 
 H. (egyptiacum. 
 
 GREENHOUSE AND STOVE EVERGREEN 
 SHRUBS. 
 
 H. carymbo'sum. 4, LUac, July, Peru. 1800. 
 — /rMtico'sitm. 1. White. June." W. Ind. 1752. 
 Stove. Syn,, H. humile. 
 
 — inea'num. 2. White, June, Peru, 1844. 
 gUbrum. G. C. 1884, xxii. p. 809. 
 
 — linifo'lium. IJ. White. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1816. 
 
 — Ttharoccalnmn. 1. White. June. Morocco. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — undulaltum. J. LUac, brown. July. N. 
 
 Africa. 1820. 
 GREENHOUSE DECIDUOUS SHRUBS. 
 H. pemma'nwm. 2. Lilac. July. Peru. 1757. 
 
 — Voltairea'num. Violet. Garden hybrid. 
 
 Heli'pterum. (From helios, the 
 sun, and pteron, a wing. Nat. ord., 
 Ccmpositm.) 
 
 Half-hardy annual, and perennial, with ever- 
 lasting flowers. Annuals in open ground, or in 
 frames in March; other seeds and cuttings; 
 sandy soil. 
 
HEL 
 
 [474] 
 
 HEL 
 
 H. cane'icenB. 2. Purple. June. S. Africa. 1794. 
 Syns., Astelma caneacens, Helichryswm 
 caneacens, and Xeranthemum canescens. 
 B. M. t. 420. 
 
 — dtHnum. See E. Cotula. 
 
 — corymbiflo'rum. |. White. S. Australia. 
 
 Gfl. t. 430. 
 
 — Co'tula. Yellow, white. Swan River. 1866. 
 
 Syn., S. ntrina. 
 
 — exi'mium. Yellow, rosy. July. 1793. Syns., 
 
 AsteVma exwiium and GnaphaliuTn 
 eximiuTn. B. M. t. 306. 
 —fra'gram. 2. Pink. July. S. Africa. 1803. 
 Syn., Astelma fragrmis^ 
 
 — Bumboldtia'num. Yellow. W. Australia. 
 
 1863. 
 
 — hu'milis. 2. Pink. May. Cajje of Good 
 
 Hope. 1810. Syn., Aphelexin humilis. 
 
 macra'ntha. 2. Purple, N.Holland. 
 
 1840. 
 
 purpu'rea. 2. Purple. N. Holland. 1840. 
 
 Syns., Aphelexis raacrantha, var. pur- 
 purea, and A. spectabilis. 
 
 re/ sea. 2. Bose. Gardens. 1845. Syn., 
 
 Aphelexis rruicnraviha, var. rosea. 
 
 — gnaphaliai'des. IJ. Red, yellow. S. Africa. 
 
 Syn., GrMphalvu/ni modestwm. B. M. 
 t. 2710. 
 
 — imbrka'tum. 2. White. August. 1820. Syn., 
 
 AstelTna imbHcatum, 
 
 — phlomoi'des. 1. Pale purple. July. 1802. 
 
 Syn., Astelma milleflorum. 
 
 — rc/aeum. 2. Pink. June. S. W. Australia. 
 
 1853. Syn., AcrocUnium roseum. B. M. 
 t. 4801. 
 — gramdiji&rum. 1879. 
 
 — Smwifo'rdii. B. M. t. 5360. See B. Bum- 
 
 boldtianum. 
 
 — seaamoi'des. ?. Purple, white. May. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1739. Syn., Aphelexis 
 seaamoidea. 
 
 — spedQai'asimum. 8. White. August. S. Africa^ 
 
 1691. Andr. Eep. t. 61. Syna., Aatelma 
 specioaiaaimuTn and A. stcBheli/na. 
 
 — variega'tum. 3. White. September. S.Africa. 
 1801. Syns., Astelma apirale and A. 
 
 — xmrga'tuim. Yellow. S.Africa. Sya., Pterania 
 
 paudJUyra, B. M. t. 1697. 
 
 Helle'borus. Helleliore. (From 
 heUim, to kill, and hora, food ; referring 
 to its poisonous quality. Nat. ord., 
 Banunculacece J Tribe, Hdlehorem. Al- 
 lied to Eranthis.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials ; by seeds, and 
 by division of the plant in spring ; common soil, 
 in a shady place. 
 
 B. aicha'sieus. See B. eaucasicus, var. alchoH- 
 cus. 
 
 — a'tro-ru'bena. 1. Purple. March. Hungary. 
 
 1820. B. M. t. 4681. 
 
 — cauca'sicus. 1}. Green. Caucasus. 1853. 
 abcha'sicus. 1. Green orpurple. January. 
 
 Caucasus. Gfl. 496. Syn., B.abchaaicua. 
 
 gutta'tus. Gfl. t. 400. 
 
 pa'llidus. Gfl. t. 400. 
 
 pumcta'ta. Bose, dotted with darker. 
 
 1880. Gfl. t. 623. 
 
 — eo'lehieua, IJ. Bright purple. January. Asia 
 
 Minor. Syn,, a. caucasicv^, of Gfl. t. 293. 
 
 — eu'preus.. Copper. January, 1838. 
 
 — dwmsto'rvm. IJ. Green. March. 1817. 
 
 — faltidm. \\. Green. March. England. 
 Bear's Foot. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 46. 
 
 — grav^olema. Yellow. February. 1838. 
 
 — mM^tua. A variety of B. eaueaswua. 
 
 U'vidus. 1. Purple. March. Corsica. 1710. 
 
 B. M. t. 72 
 integrilc/bua. 1. Purple. February. 
 
 Corsica. 1710. 
 
 B. ni'ger. 1. Pink. Austria. 1596. Christmas 
 rose. There are varieties— aid/oiiusj 
 majoff and maximua. 
 
 angustifo'lma. 1. Pink. March. Austria* 
 
 1696. 
 
 — odafrus. 1}. Green. March. Hungary. 
 
 1817. B. B. 1. 1643. 
 
 — oli/mpicus. 2. Green. February. Greece. 
 
 1840. 
 
 — orienta'lia. 1. Dark. February, Greece. 
 
 1839. There are several hybrids from 
 thia—eleganSf iridescens and pun^tatus. 
 
 — pv/rpural scens. \\. Purple, green. March. 
 
 Hungary. 1817. 
 
 — vema'lis. i. White. March. Austria. 1596. 
 
 — vi'ridia. l|. Bright green. Spring. Europe. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 44. 
 
 Helle'nia. (Named after C. N. Hel- 
 lenms, professor at Abo. Nat. ord., 
 Scitaminece ; Tribe, Zinyiberece. Now 
 united to Alpinia.) 
 
 stove herbaceous perennials, with white 
 flowers ; division in spring ; rich, sandy loam 
 and a little peat. Treatment similar to Hedy- 
 
 CHIUM. 
 
 B. abno'rmia. 10. June. China. 1824. 
 
 — cceru'lea. 4. N. Holland. 1820. 
 
 — chiru/nsis. 3. China. 1826. 
 
 Helmet Flower. Aconi'tum, 
 Corya'nthes, and Scutella'ria. 
 
 Helmho'ltzia. (Dedicated to Her- 
 mann Helmholtz, a celebrated Professor 
 of Ophthalmology. Nat. ord., PhUy- 
 drecB. ) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennial of tufted habit. 
 Seeds, divisions. Sandy loam and peat, well 
 drained ; it requires plenty of water. 
 B. gldbe'rrima. 3. White. Polynesia. 1873. 
 
 Syn., Philydrwm glaberrimum. B. M. 
 
 t. 6066. 
 
 He'lmia., (In honour of JPn C. Helm, 
 Nat. ord. , Dioscorecusece. ) 
 
 Stove shrubby climber, with tuberous roots. 
 For cultivation, see S10SCORE4, to which it is 
 united in the Genera Plantarum. 
 B. racemo'ea. Yellow, purple. Central America. 
 
 Helminthosta'ohys. (From hel- 
 minthion, a litte worm, and stachys, a- 
 spike. Nat. ord. , Filices — Polypodiacece. ) 
 
 Stove fern. See Ferns. 
 B. zeyla'niea, Ceylon. 1861. 
 
 Helo'nias. (A diminutive of helos, 
 a marsh; small marsh-plants. Nat. 
 ord., Liliacew; Tribe, Nartheciece. Al- 
 lied to Tofieldia. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, from North 
 America. By seeds, and dividing the roots in. 
 spring ; sandy, flbry loam and peat, and requir- 
 ing a moist, somewhat shaded situation. 
 B. anguatifo'lia. 1. White. May. 1823. 
 
 — asphodelwi'dea. B. M. t. 748. See Xero- 
 
 phyllum. 
 
 — braetea'ta. B. M. t. 1703. See Zygadenus 
 
 braeteatus. 
 
 — bulla' ta. B. M. t. 747. See B. latifolia. 
 
 — erythrospe'rma. i. White. June. 1770. 
 
 Syn., B. lata. 
 
 — gldbefrrima. B. M. t. 168Q. See Zygadenus 
 
 cormrt/utatus. 
 
 — grami'nea. B. M. 1. 1699. See Xerophyllum 
 
 gramineum. 
 
HEL 
 
 [475] 
 
 HEM 
 
 See Herytho- 
 Summer. 1768. 
 
 E. laelta. B. M. t. 803 and 1540. 
 sp&mna. 
 
 — lati/o'lia. U. Purplish 
 
 Syn., fl7 bvllata. 
 
 — lu'tea. B. M. 1. 1062, antli)«'mito. Jacq. Ic. 
 
 t. 463. Now referred to Chamcelirium. 
 
 — mrgi'nica. B. M. t. 986. See Zygadenus mr- 
 
 ginicus. 
 
 — m'rides. B. M. 1. 1096. See Veratrum viride. 
 
 Helonio'psis. (From Helonias, and 
 cmsis, like. Nat. ord., Liliacem ; Tribe, 
 NarthedecB. ) 
 
 Hardy perennial. Treatment similar to He- 
 lonias. 
 
 B. japo'nica. Eose-colour. Japan. Syn., H. 
 wmbeUata. G. C. 1887, i. p. 711. 
 
 Helwi'ngia. (After G. A. Helwing, 
 a Prussian botanist. Nat. ord., .4raZi- 
 acecB.) 
 A dwarf hardy shrub, more curious than beau- 
 iful. 
 
 H. ruscifo'lia. Flowers greenish, produced upon 
 the midrib of the leaves. Japan. 
 
 Hemeroca'llis. Day Lily. (From 
 hemero, a day, and kallos, beauty. Nat. 
 ord., Liliacem; Tribe, Hemerocallece.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division in 
 spring ; common garden-soil. 
 a. allba. Andr. Eep. t. 194. See Funkw, sub- 
 cordata. 
 
 — ccem'lea. Andr. Rep. t. 6. See FuiJaa omta. 
 corda'ta. See Funkia nubcardata. 
 
 — Durmrrtie'ri. l-lj. Orange-yellow. Japan. 
 
 1833. Bef. Bot. t. 213. Byns., H. ruti- 
 lanB and Sieboldii. 
 
 — di'sticha. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 28. A synonym 
 
 of S. fulva. 
 —fia'-oa- 2. YeUow. June. Siberia. 1S96. 
 
 B. M. 1. 19. 
 —fvllva. 4. Tawny. July. Levant. 1696. 
 
 B.M. t. 64. 
 
 fio'repl^no. 4. Copper. July. 
 
 variega'ta. 4. Copper. July. 
 
 — ara'cUis. Japan. 1871. 
 
 — qrami'nea. Andr. Eep. t. 244. See B. minor. 
 -japo-niea. B. M. t. 1433. See Funkm sub- 
 
 cordata, .. „ 
 
 — Middendo'rfii. 2. Golden-yellow. Summer. 
 
 N.B. Asia. . , .4.,. 
 
 -minor, h Yellow, tinged with green. 
 Summer N. China and Japan. 1769. 
 Syn., fl. grcmiinea. 
 
 — pi'eta. 1868. ,. , , . 
 
 — plantagi'nea. See FunTaa subcordata. 
 
 — ru'tilans. See B. Biimortieri. 
 
 — Siebo'ldii. See B. Dumortien. 
 
 — svedo'm. YeUow. July. 
 -Thunb^rgii. 2. Orange. August. Japan. 
 
 Hemia'ndra. (From hemi,h&U, 
 and aner, a man ; in reference to the 
 absence of the two upper stamens, being 
 half the normal number. Nat. ord., 
 Labiatee; Trihe, Frosiantherex. 
 toProstanthera.) 
 
 AUied 
 
 Oroenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia. 
 Cutttaes of haM-ripened shoots in sand under a 
 beuSSs in AprS; loam and peat, lightened 
 wiKnk ""/pieces of char^al. Summer 
 temp., 66= to 76" ; winter, 38 to 46 
 B. bremfo'lia. See B.jmngem, va,r. 
 
 ^ i. 985. 
 
 See B. pungens, var. hispida. 
 
 B. pu'ngens diffu'sa. May. King George's Sound. 
 
 1840. Syns., B. bremfotia and hirsuta. 
 hi'spida. May. W. Australia. 1837. 
 
 Syns., H. emargirmta and rupestris. 
 — rupe'stris. See B. pungens, var. hispida. 
 
 Heraichse'na. (From hemi, half,. 
 and chaino, to gape. Nat. ord., Scro- 
 phularinecB ; Tribe, Cheloneai. Allied 
 to Leucocarpus.) 
 
 A handsome stove shrub, with mimulus-Iike 
 flowers. Ripened cuttings in sandy loam, under 
 a hand-glass and in bottom-heat. Loam and 
 peat or leaf -mould. 
 
 B. /rutico'sa. 6. Yellow. Central America. 
 1873. B. M. t. 6164. 
 
 Hemicli'dia. (From hemi, half, 
 and kleio, to shut; referring to th& 
 appearance of the flowers. Nat. ord., 
 FroteacecB ; Tribe, Banksiece.) See Dry- 
 andra. 
 
 B. Baxte'ri. B. M. 1. 1455. See Dryandrafal- 
 cata. 
 
 Hemidi'etyon. (From hemi, half, 
 and diktyon, a net. Nat. ord., Filices.y 
 Now referred to Asplenium. 
 
 A stove fern. Division in spring ; peat and 
 loam. 
 B. margina'tum. Brown. S. Amer. 
 
 Hemige'nia. (From hemi, half, and 
 genea, to beget ; referring to the absence 
 of the two upper stamens, being half the- 
 normal number. Nat. ord., Labiatee ; 
 Tribe, Prostranthereoe. Allied to Hemi- 
 andra. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of 
 short young shoots m sand, under a bell-glass ;. 
 peat and loam. Requires good drainage. 
 B. inca'na. 2-3. Pink or purple Swan Eiver. 
 
 Syn., Atelandra incana. 
 —purpu'rea. Purple. April. N.S.Wales. 1824. 
 
 Hemigo'nium. (From hemi, half, 
 and gonu, angle. Nat. ord., Filices.) 
 
 Herbaceous stove fern. Divisions in spring ;: 
 peat and loam. 
 B. eadu'eum. Brown, yellow. May. W. Ind. 
 
 Hemigra'phis. (From hemi, half,, 
 
 and grapho, to write. Nat. ord., Aca'n:<' 
 
 thaceoe ; Tribe, JRuelliew. ) 
 Stove perennials. For culture, see RUELLIA. 
 
 B. austra'lie. 1. Bright blue, throat reddish. 
 Australia. Syn., Ruellia australis. 
 
 colora'ta. White. Leaves bright purple be- 
 neath. India. 1885. 
 
 e'legans. 2. Blue, purple. August. E- 
 
 Indies. 1834. Syn., Suellia degans^ 
 B. M. t. 3389. 
 
 Hemime'ris. (From hemi, half» 
 and meris, a part ; referring -to the ap- 
 
 Eearance of the flowers as if in two 
 alves. Nat. ord., Scrophulariacece. 
 Allied to Alonsoa.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perenniaL Cuttings of young- 
 shoots in sandy soil, and in bottom-heat ; sandy- 
 loam and a little peat. 
 
 B. eocci'nea. A synonym of Alonsoa indscefolia^ 
 — uHicxfo'lia. A synonym of Alonsoa inciaas- 
 folia. 
 
HEM 
 
 [476] 
 
 HER 
 
 Hemioni'tis. (From hemionos, a 
 mule; supposed to be barren. Nat. ord., 
 -Filiees.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials. Dividing the 
 roots ; sandy loam and peat. 
 H. cwda'ta. Brown, yellow. July. E. Ind. 
 
 — palma'ta. J. July. W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 — peda'ta. J. Mexico. 1822. 
 
 — pinna'ta. Brown, yellow. July. E. Ind. 
 
 Hemio'rchis. (From hemi, half, 
 ^nd orchis; the inflorescence resembles 
 that of some orchids. Nat. ord., Scita- 
 minem ; Tribe, Zingiberece. ) 
 
 Stove or greenhouse herbaceous perennial. 
 .Seed. Sandy loam, peat. 
 B. burma'nica. Purple, yellow. Himalayas 
 and Burmah. B. M. t. 7120. 
 
 Hemiphra'gma. (From Ae»i8, half, 
 and phragma, a partition ; in allusion 
 to the partition in the capsule. Nat. 
 ord. , Scrophulariacece. ) 
 
 A prostrate, hall-hardy herb. 
 B. heterophffUmn. Pink. Summer. Hima- 
 layas. 
 
 Hemipilia. (From hemi, half, and 
 pilos, a cap. Nat. ord. , Orchidece. ) 
 
 Stove terrestrial orchid. See ORCHIDS. 
 H. ealophj/lla. White ; lip rich purqle. Tenas- 
 serim. 1887. B. M. t. 6920. 
 
 Hemiste'mma. (From hemi, half, 
 and stemma, a crown ; alluding to the 
 stamens crowning one side of the flower, 
 Nat. ord. , DUleniaceoe. ) A synonym of 
 Hibtaertia. 
 
 Hemite'lia. (From hemi, half, and 
 ■mitella, a mitre ; shape of root-stock. 
 Nat. ord., Filiees.) 
 
 Stove femSj except H. capensis and Smithii, 
 requiring similar treatment to HEMIONITIS. 
 H. cape'nsis. 14. S. Africa, Brazil, and Java. 
 
 Greenhouse. 
 — grandifo'lia. W. Indies. 1862. 
 
 — guianefrms pm-a'dx. Oolumbia. 1877. 
 
 — ho'rrida,. 20. Brown, yellow. W. Indies. 
 
 1843. 
 
 — Karstenia'TM. Venezuela. 
 
 — muUiflo'ra. Brown, yellow. W. Indies. 1824. 
 
 — seto'sa, Brazil. 
 
 — Smi'thii. New Zealand. Syn., Cyathea 
 
 Smithii. Greenhouse. 
 
 — specio'sa. Tropical America. 
 
 Hemlock. Coni'um. 
 
 Hemlock Spruce. Pi'nus cana- 
 ■ de'nsis. 
 
 Hemp Agrimony. Eupato'rium 
 ^annabi'num. 
 
 Hen-and-Chickens. Be'Uis 
 pere'nnis, var. proli'fera. See Daisy. 
 
 Henbane. Hyoscy'amMs. 
 
 He'nfreya. (Named after Arthur 
 Jlenfrey, Esq., a distinguished botanist. 
 Nat. ord., Acanthacece; Tribe, Justicece. 
 -Allied to Crossandra.) A synonym of 
 Ji.systasia. 
 
 stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of small 
 side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in a brisk 
 bottom-heat ; turfy loam and flbry peat ; keep a 
 high moist temperature after shifting. 
 H. sca'ndens. White. May. Sierra Leone. 
 1846. B. R. 1847, t. 31. Now known as 
 Asystasia qudt&rna. 
 
 Henkelia. (After Friedrich Eenlcel, 
 a botanical author of the eighteenth 
 century. Nat. ord. , Gesneracece ; Tribe, 
 Cyrtandrece.) United with DidsnUO- 
 
 carpus. 
 
 H. crini'ta. Asynonym oiDidynwcarpus crinitus. 
 
 Henna-plant. Lawso'nia alba. 
 
 Hepa'tica. (From hepatieos, relat- 
 ing to the liver ; referring to the lobed 
 leaves. Nat. ord. , Banuncvlacece ; Tribe, 
 Anemonece.) See Anemone. 
 
 H. acutHo'ta. See AtieTnone hepatica, var. acuti- 
 loba. 
 
 — ainerica'na. B. R. t. 387. See Anemone hepa- 
 
 tica. 
 
 — a/n^uWsa. See Atiem^me a/ngulosa. 
 
 — truo'ha. See AnemAme hepatica. 
 
 Hepi'alus Hu'muli. 
 Moth. 
 
 See Otter 
 
 Heptapleu'nim. (From hepta, 
 
 seven, and plewron, a rib ; in allusion to 
 
 the ribbed fruit. Nat. ord., Amliaoeoe.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, requiring the same 
 
 treatment as Aralia. 
 
 H.polybdtrywm,. Green. Winter. Java. 1860. 
 B. M. t. 6238. Syn., Pwrairopia Teys- 
 mav/nia/na. 
 
 — venido'sum. Greenish. India. Syns., ParO' 
 
 tropia venulosa and Aralia dngitata* 
 
 Heraca'ntha. (From heros, a hero, 
 and akantha, a thorn ; alluding to the 
 large thorns. Nat. ord. , Composites ; 
 Tribe, Cynaroidece.) See Kentro- 
 phyllum. 
 
 H. taurilca. See Kentrophyllum. tawicum. 
 
 Hera'cleum. Cow Parsnip. (From 
 heracles, a plant consecrated to Hercules. 
 Nat. ord., Umbelliferce ; Tribe, Peuce- 
 danecB. ) 
 
 Strong, coarse plants, adapted for rough 
 ground, banks of lakes, rivers, and waterfalls. 
 H. viMmm is the best for these puiposes. All 
 the species are hardy biennials or herbaceous 
 perennials, and white flowered. 
 fl^ absinthiifo'liwm. 2-3. Caucasus. 
 
 e^minenB. G. C. 1871, p. 876. 
 —Jlave'scens. Austria. Jard. 1889, p. 166. 
 
 — giga'nteum. See H. villosum. 
 
 — pe'ruicwm. 13. White. Persia. 1888. 
 
 — seto'^wm. S. Europe. 
 
 — siH'ricum. 6. Summer. Europe, Asia. 
 
 1789. , 
 
 — vUlo'eum. 10-12. Caucasus. 1820. Syn.,£r. 
 
 giganteum. 
 
 Herbaceous Plants are plants 
 which produce stems annually from a 
 perennial root. 
 
 Herbal. A title given by many old 
 authors to books treating on plants. 
 
HER 
 
 [477] 
 
 HEB 
 
 Herbarium. A collection of dried 
 plants. 
 
 Herbary was a department of the 
 garden formerly much more cultivated 
 than at present, when the more potent 
 medicinal plants of hotter climates are 
 so easily procurable. The following is a 
 list of the tenants of the herbary, the 
 appropriate cultivation of which will be 
 found under their particular titles : — 
 Angelica, Balm, Basil, Blessed Thistle, 
 Borage, Burnet, Caraway, Chamomile, 
 Chervil, Coriander, Dill, Hyssop, Laven- 
 der, Liquorice, Marigold, Marjoram, 
 Mint, Pennyroyal, Peppermint, Purs- 
 lane, Rue, Sage, Savory, Scurvy Grass, 
 Tansey, Tarragon, Thyme, Wormwood. 
 
 Herbe'rtia. (Named after Dr. Her- 
 bert, Dean of Manchester, a distin- 
 §uished investigator of bulbous plants, 
 fat. ord. , Iridem. This name, published 
 in 1838, has been superseded in the 
 Genera Plantarum by Alophia, pub- 
 lished in 1840. Herbertia should 
 therefore be retained. ) 
 
 Pretty little half-hardy bulbs. Seeds and off- 
 sets in spring ; sandy loam and a little peat ; 
 should be kept in a cold pit in winter, or pro- 
 tected in a dry border. 
 
 H. ccsru'Ua. Blue. April. Texas. 1842. B. 
 M. t. 3862, fig. 3. 
 
 — Drummumdialna. Violet. April. Texas. 
 
 1842. 
 
 — pulcMlla. }. Blue, purple. July. Chili. 
 
 1827. 
 
 — pim'Ua. Yellow. June. Brazil. 1830. B. 
 
 M. t. 3862, figs. 1 and 2. 
 
 Herb-beimet. Ge'um. 
 Herb-grace. See Rue. 
 Herb Paris. Pa'ris. 
 Herb Robert. Gera'nium Bohertia'- 
 nuin. 
 
 Hercules' Club. ZantJw'xylum 
 
 da'va Re'rculis. 
 
 Heritie'ra. Looking-glass plant. 
 (Named affer L'Seritier, a French 
 botanist. Nat. ord., Sterculiacew ; 
 Tribe, Sterculiece. Allied to Sterculia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees ; cuttings of ripe young 
 
 shoots in sand, under a glass, and in brisk 
 
 bottom-heat ; sandy, rich loam and a little peat. 
 
 H. littara'Ks. 20. Bed. Leaves silvery beneath. 
 
 E. Ind. 1780. Syn., H. minor. 
 
 — macrophy'lla. Whitish. Leaves larger than 
 
 in H. littoralis. India. G. C. 1886, xxv., 
 p. 81. 
 
 — mXniyr. See B. httorahs. 
 
 Herma'nnia. (Named after Paul 
 Hermann, a botanist. Nat. ord., Ster- 
 culiacew; Tribe, Eermanniem. Allied 
 to Mahernia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from South 
 Africa, with yeUow Bowers, except where other- 
 wise mentioned. Cuttings of young shoots m 
 
 sandy soil, in spring, under a glass ; sandy loam 
 
 and a little flbry peat. 
 
 if. alnifo'lia. 7. March. 1728. 
 
 — althceifo'lia. 2J. April. 1728. B. M. t. 307. 
 
 Syn., H. fragrans. 
 
 — a/rge'ntea. 2. Orange. May. 1820. 
 
 — conglomera'ta. Yellow. S. Africa. 1872 
 
 Eef. Bot. t. 217. 
 
 — eoronopifo'lia. 2. June. 1823. 
 
 — crwta'ta. Orange-red. Transvaal. B. M. 
 
 t. 7173. 
 
 — cuneifo'lia. 2. August. 1791. 
 
 — decu'mbens. 1. May. 1821. 
 
 — disermaefo'lia. April. 1794. Jacq. H. Schoehb^ 
 
 t. 121. 
 — fasdeula'ta. Claret-purple. S. Africa. 1869. 
 
 Bef. Bot. t. 289. 
 — fla'mmea. 3. Orange. December. 1794. 
 —fra' grans. See H. atthoBifoUa. 
 
 — gUmdulo'sa. 2. June. 1822. 
 
 — grandijlo'ra. See Mahernia grandiflora. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. 3. April. 1789. Hyn., H. scdbra. 
 
 — hispi'diUa. March. 1824. 
 
 — holoseri'cea. 2. June. 1792. 
 
 — hyssop\fo'lia. 7. Straw. May. 1725. 
 
 — inci'sa. 2. June. 1816. 
 
 — inJkdUi. 3. Tawny. September. S. Amer.- 
 
 1829. 
 
 — involiusralta. See H. salvifolia. 
 
 — latifo'Ua. Jacq. H. Schoenb. 1. 119. See E. 
 
 salvifolia. 
 
 — lavandulcn/ryiia. 1^. June. 1732. 
 
 — mi'cans. 2. 1790. 
 
 — multijl&ra. 3. ' April. 1791. 
 
 — odora'ta. 3. May. 1780. 
 
 — plica' ta. 3. November. 1774. 
 
 — procii'mbens. IJ. May. 1792. 
 
 — puivervXe'nta. 2. June. 1820. 
 
 — salvifo'lia. 2. May. 1794. Syns,, H. in- 
 
 wluGrata and lati folia. 
 
 — sca'bra. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 127. See H. 
 
 hirsuta. 
 
 — scopa'ria. Cream-coloured. S. Africa. 1870. 
 
 Kef. Bot. t. 196. 
 
 — tenuifo'lia. 2. June. 
 
 — trifolia'ta. 2. 1752. 
 
 — trtfurca'ta. 3. Purple. May. 1789. 
 
 — triphi/lla. 2. June. 1819. 
 
 Hermaphrodite. Flowers con- 
 taining both male and female organs. 
 
 Herminie'ra. Ambash or Pith 
 
 Tree. (From hermine, a bed-post ; in re- 
 ference to the shape of the stem. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminosai.) 
 
 Stove shrub, requiring a damp situation. The. 
 pot should be partially submerged. Seeds. 
 H. ElapJwo'xylon. Yellow. Tiopical Africa. 
 
 Hermi'nium. (Derivation not ex- 
 plained. Nat. ord., Orchidece ; Tribe, 
 Ophrydem — HabenariecB. Allied to 
 Ophrys. Syn., Aopla.) 
 
 Terrestrial orchids, inhabiting dry, chalky 
 banks. Divisions of the roots ; chalky loam and 
 flbry peat ; some hardy enough for a shady- 
 border, and others requiring the greenhouse. 
 H. alpi'num. White. May. Switzerland. 1824.. 
 
 — corda'tum. j. Yellowish-green. March. 
 
 N.W. Africa. 1830. 
 
 — conge^stUm. Green. November. Madeira. 
 
 — mmw'rchis. Green. June. England. Eng, 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1701. 
 
 Herna'ndia. Jack-in-a-box. 
 (Named after F. Hernandez, M.D., a. 
 Spanish botanic. Nat. ord., iawrireecB; 
 
HER 
 
 [478] 
 
 HES 
 
 Tribe, Hernandiece. Allied to Ino- 
 ■carpus. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, and in brisk bottom- 
 heat ; peat and loam. 
 H. guiane'-nsis. 50. Guiana. 1820. 
 
 — Mcerenhoutia'na. Yellowish. Friendly Islands. 
 
 1S69. 
 
 — ovi'gera. 50. E. Ind. 
 
 — sono'ra. 60. E. Ind. 1693. Wight Ic. 1. 1856. 
 
 Hernia'ria. (From hernia, a rup- 
 ture ; from a supposition that this plant 
 is a cvire for ruptures. Nat. ord., Mlece- 
 bracece. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous plants, of little use, except 
 for carpet bedding. 
 
 H. gla'lra. J, Green. Europe. Eng. Bot. 
 ed. 3. 1171. 
 
 Heron's Bill. Ero'dium. 
 
 Hei^e'stes. (From herpestes, a 
 ■creeping thing ; in reference to the 
 creeping stems. Nat. ord., Scrophula- 
 -riacecB ; Tribe, Gratiolece. Allied to 
 Gratiola.) 
 
 ' Aquatic perennials. Seeds and divisions ; rich, 
 loamy soil. H. mmeifo'lia is hardy ; the other 
 two require pans or tubs of water In a green- 
 housej. 
 H. cuneifo'lia. See H. Monnieria. 
 
 — Monnie'ria. J. Light blue. August. S. Amer. 
 
 1772. B. M. t. 2657. Syn., H. cuifeifolia. 
 
 — polya'niha. See S, stricta. 
 
 — rej^xa. See MyHophylluvfi proserpmacoides. 
 
 — stri'cta. 1. Blue. August. Brazil and W. 
 
 Indies. 1824. Syn., H. polyantha. 
 
 Herra'nea. (Named after General 
 Herran, a President of the Republic of 
 New Grenada. Nat. ord., Sterculiacece; 
 Tribe, BuettnerieoB.) 
 
 . Stove evergreen tree. For cultivation, see 
 T?HE0BK0MA, to which it is allied. 
 S. palma'ta. Australia. 1866. 
 
 Herre'ria. (In honour of Gabriel 
 ■de Herrera, a Spanish agriculturist of 
 the fifteenth century. Nat. ord., Lili- 
 acew. ) 
 
 Greenhouse climber. A mixture of peat, sand, 
 and loam. Seeds or cuttings. 
 H. Saraapari'lla. 8. Green, yellow. June. 
 
 Brazil. 1824. Syn., H. parmfiara. B. 
 
 B. 1. 1042. 
 
 Hespera'loe. (To indicate its 
 affinity with Aloe. Nat. oxA., Liliacex ; 
 Tribe, Dracwnew.) 
 
 Half-hardy succulent plant, with the habit of 
 ■a dwarf aloe. 
 
 if. yucccefo'Ma. 3-4. Pale rose. Texas. 1882. 
 G. C. 1882, xviii. p. 199, fig. 34. Syns., 
 Aloe yticeceflora and Yucca parviflora. 
 
 Hespera'ntha. Evening Flower. 
 (From hesperos, the evening, and anthos, 
 a, flower. Nat. ord., IrMece; Tribe, 
 IxiecB. Allied to Ixia. ) 
 
 Small bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope. 
 Offsets; sandy loam and peat; requiring tiie 
 protection of a cold pit in winter, 
 if. angu'sta. J. White. May. 1825. 
 
 H. cinnamo' mea. J. Violet. April. 1787. B 
 M. t. 1064. 
 
 — ere'cta. Yellow, blue. May. 1826. Syn., 
 
 Oeissorhiza erecta. 
 —falca'ta. J. Violet. May. 1787. Syn., 
 Ixia falcata,. B. M. t. ."iOO. 
 
 — graminifo'lia. J. Greenish-white. August 
 
 1808. Syn., B. pilosa, var. nuda. B. M. 
 t. 1254. 
 
 — longitu'ba. 1. White, reddish-brown. S. 
 
 Africa. 1877. 
 
 — pilo'sa. i. White, speckled with red outside 
 
 AprU. 1811. B. M. 1. 1475. 
 n^da. See H. graminifolia. 
 
 — radia'ta. J. Violet. May. 1794. Syn., 
 
 Ixia radiata. B. M. t. 673. 
 
 He'speris. Rocket. {From hesperos, 
 the evening star ; rockets being sweeter 
 towards the evening. Nat. ord., Cruei- 
 ferce; Tribe, Sisynwrieoe.) 
 
 Annuals and biennials sow in open border; in 
 March and April ; perennials, division of the root, 
 and giving them fresh soil ; the best time for this 
 is after they have finished flowering and fresh 
 growth has commenced ; light, rich soil. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 H. pulche'lla. 1. Red. July. Levant. 1827. 
 
 — pygmceia. Purple. June. Syria. 1828. 
 
 — ramosi'ssima. i. Bed. July. Algiers. 1819. 
 
 HARDY BIENNIALS. 
 
 H. bitumino'sa. See H. runainata, var. bitu- 
 minom. 
 
 — ela'ta. 4. Pink. June. Europe. 1824. 
 —fra'gram. 1. Purple. May. Siberia. 1821. 
 
 — grandifio'ra. 4. White, purple. July. 1820. 
 
 B. M. t. 2683. 
 
 — heterophy'lla. 4. Bed. May. Italy. 1823. 
 
 — laeinia'ta. IJ. Purple. May. South France. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — runcina'ta. IJ. White, purple. June. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1804. 
 
 bitumiru/m. IJ. White, purple. June. 
 
 Syn., H. bituminosa. 
 
 — tri'stis. 1. Purple. May. Austria. 1629. 
 
 B. M. t. 730. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 
 n. a'prica. J. Purple. May. Siberia. 1822. 
 
 — exce'lsa. 3. White. May. 1828. 
 
 — ino'dora. See if. matrmialis, var. sylmstris. 
 
 — matrona'lis. 4. Purple, pune. Europe. 
 
 1697. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 106. 
 albijlo'ra. 4. White. June Europe. 
 
 1759. ^ 
 a'lbo-ple'TM. 2. White. June. Europe. 
 
 1597. 
 foliifio'ra. 2. Green. June. Europe. 
 
 1597. " 
 
 hortetnsis. Purple. June. Europe. 1769. 
 
 purpu'reo-ple'na. Bed. June. Europe. 
 
 1697. 
 sibi'ruia. 3. Purple. June. Siberia. 
 
 1800. Syn., H. sibirica. 
 sylve'etris. Pink. June. Britain. Syn., 
 
 a. vnodora. 
 variega'ta. 2. White, red. June. Eu- 
 rope. 1697. 
 
 — repa'nda. 2. Purple. June. Spain. 1821. 
 »ibi'rica. See H. matronalis, var. sibirica. 
 
 — speaio'sa. J. Bose, purple. April. Siberia. 
 
 1829. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 1. 136. 
 
 — viola'cea. J-l. Deep violet. June. Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 
 H. africa'-na. See Malcomia Oifricana. 
 
 — anrenalria. See Malcomia arenaria. 
 
 — litto'rea. See Malcomia Uttorea. ' 
 
 — ve'rna. See Arabit vema. 
 
 Hespero'eallis. (A name "to 
 
HES 
 
 [479] 
 
 HET 
 
 suggest affinity with Hemerocallis." 
 Nat. ord., LUiacem ; Tribe, Draccsnem.) 
 H. undmla'ta. 2. Whitish. Sweet-scented. 
 California. 1882. 
 
 Hespero'chiron. (Derivation not 
 stated. Nat. ord., Solanacem.) 
 
 Half-hardy annual. Seeds. 
 H. caHfo'mica. J. White, with black stripes. 
 July. California. 1823. Syn., NiGotiana 
 nana. B. B. t. 833. 
 
 — pv!milus. White, violet, yellow. N. Amer. 
 
 1888. 
 
 HesperosGo'rdum. (The onion of 
 the west ; from hesperos, the evening, 
 and scordon, garlic. Nat. ord. , LiUacece ; 
 Tribe, Alliece.) United to Brodisea. 
 
 Seeds oroffsefcs in spring; sandy loam; require 
 a little protection in winter. 
 H. hyaei'nthinum. 1. Blue. July. 1826. 
 
 — la'cteum. See Brodicea lactea. 
 
 He'ssia. (After Paul Hesse, a bo- 
 tanical traveller. Nat. ord., .A?narylli- 
 decB ; Tribe, Amaryllece. Syn., Im- 
 hofia. ) 
 H. eri'spa. h Pink. Summer. Cape Colony. 
 
 1790. Syns., Amaryllis cHspa, Jacq. H. 
 
 Schoenb. t. 72, Imhofia erispa, and Stra- 
 
 maria erispa, B. B. 1. 1383. 
 
 — filifo'lia. i. White. November. Cape Colony. 
 
 1774. Syns., Imhofia Jilifolia smdStru- 
 maria JUifolia, Jacq. lo. t. 361. 
 
 — gemmia'ta. 1. Pale yellow. October. Cape 
 
 Colony. 1812. Syns., Imhofia Burchel- 
 limia, I. g&mm-ata, and Strwmaria gem- 
 mata, B.M. t. 1620. 
 
 — stella'ris. i. Pink. October. Cape Colony. 
 
 1-794. Syns., Amaryllis stellaris, Jacq. 
 Ic. t. 71, and Strumaria stellaris. 
 
 Hessian Fly. Cecido'mya destru'c- 
 tor. 
 
 Hetera'nthera. (From heteros, 
 variable, and aner, anther. Nat. ord., 
 Pontederacem. ) 
 
 Water perennials, allied to Eicho'mia. H. 
 Umo'sa will thrive in a pond or stream ; the others 
 require tubs in the greenhouse and stove; division ; 
 ridi loam. 
 
 II. aou'ta. White. June. Virginia. 1812. 
 -^limo'sa. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1822. B. 
 M. t. 6192. 
 
 — reni/o'rmis. Blue. July. S. Amer. 1824. 
 
 Heteroce'ntron. (From heteros, 
 variable, and centron, a spur. Nat. ord., 
 MelastomaceoB ; Tribe, Osbechiew.) See 
 Heeria. 
 
 H. msxica'nwm. B. M. t. 5166, and H. ro'seum, 
 m. Hort. t. 97. See Heeria rosea. 
 
 Heterochse'ta. (From Mteros, va- 
 riable, and ehaite, a bristle ; referring to 
 the flower-envelopes. Nat. ord,, Com- 
 positce; Tribe, Asteroidece.) Referred 
 to Aster and Erigeron. 
 
 H. pube'seens. See Erigeron pubescent. 
 
 Heteromo'rpha. (From heteros, 
 variable, and morpha, form ; referring 
 to the leaves. Nat. ord., Umbelhferm ; 
 Tribe, Amminiew. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of 
 young shoots under a bell-glass, in sand ; sandy 
 loam. 
 
 H. arbore'scens. 2. Yellow. August. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1810. 
 
 . Hetero'noma. (From heteros, va- 
 riable, and nome, distribution ; referrino- 
 to the leaves. Nat. orA., Melastomacem; 
 Tribe, Osheckiem. ) A synomyn of Ar- 
 throstemma. 
 
 H. diversifo'lium. See Arthrostemma .fragile, 
 
 — subtripline'rvium. See Heeria subtripliiiervia. 
 
 Heteropa'ppus. (From heteros, 
 dissimilar, and pappos, down ; on ac- 
 count of the pappus of the ray and disc 
 florets being different. Nat. ord. , Com- 
 positce; Tribe, Asteroidem.) 
 
 Hardy perennial Aster-like herb. For cultiva- 
 tion, see Aster, to which it is allied. 
 H. ded'piens. Purple. Amur Eiver. 1864. Gfl. 
 t. 425. 
 
 , Hetero'pterys. (From heteros, va- 
 rious, sjiApteron, a wing; leferring to 
 the wings of the seed-vessels being of 
 different forms. Nat. ord., Malpighia- 
 cece; Tribe, BanisterecB. Allied to Ba- 
 nisteria. ) 
 
 Stove climbers, except ni'tida, which is a shrub. 
 Cutting of firm young shoots in silver sand, over 
 sandy peat, and plunged in bottom-heat, in April ; 
 sandy peat and loam, with pieces of charcoal, 
 and thorough drainage. Summer temp., 60° to 
 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°. 
 H. cceru'lea. 10. Blue. W. Ind. 1823. 
 
 — chrysophy'lla. Orange. Brazil. 1793. E. M. 
 
 t. 3237. 
 — floribufnda. Blue. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 — gla'bra. Yellow. S. America. 
 
 — laurifo'lia. 10. Yellow. Jamaica. 1793. 
 
 — ni'tida. 10. Yellow. Brazil. 1809. 
 
 — platj/ptera. 10. Purple, yellow. July. Cay- 
 
 enne. 1823. Syn., Byrsonvma reticu- 
 lata. 
 
 — purpu'rea. Purple. Tropical America. 1759. 
 
 — seri'cea. 6. YeUow. July. Brazil. 1810. 
 
 — undula'ta. July. Buenos Ayres. 1838. 
 
 Heterospa'the. (From heteros, va- 
 riable, and spathe, a spathe. Nat. ord., 
 Pcdmem; Tribe, Arecece.) 
 
 Stove palm. Imported seeds. Rich sandy 
 loam and leaf -mould. Summer temp., 65° to 85° ; 
 winter, 60° to 65°. 
 H. ela'ta. Java. 1880. Syn., Metroxylon elatum. 
 
 Heterospe'rmum. (From heteros, 
 variable, and sperma, seeds. Nat. ord., 
 ComposUai ; Tribe, HelianthoidecB. ) 
 
 Hardy annual. Sow in the open border in 
 April, or in a slight hotbed in March ; seedlings 
 to be transplanted. 
 
 H. pimna'twm. 2. Yellow. August. New 
 Spain. 1799. 
 
 Hetero'stalis. See Tj^honium. 
 
 Heterota'xis. (From heteros, va- 
 riable, and taxis, arrangement. Nat. 
 ord., OrchidecB ; Tribe, Vandece-Maxil- 
 lariem.) See MaxiUaria. 
 
 H. erassi/o'Ua. B. E. t. 1028. See i/hxiUaria 
 craseifolia. 
 
HET 
 
 [480] 
 
 HIB 
 
 Heterothe'ca. f'From heteros, va- 
 rious, and theca, a covering ; referring 
 to the flower-envelopes. Nat. ord., 
 CompositcB; Tribe, Asteroidece.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds and 
 divisions of the plant in spring ; common garden- 
 soil, 
 if. inulm'des. 1. Yellow. June. Mexico. 1826. 
 
 Syn., Diploeama villosa. Swt. Fl. Gard., 
 
 t. 246. 
 
 — sca'bra. Yellow. August, Carolina and 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 Hetero'toma. (From heteros, va- 
 riable, and tonia, a cut ; in allusion to 
 the unequally cut corolla. Nat. ord., 
 Lobeliacece. ) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous plant, with handsome 
 spurred flowers, which bear a remarkable re- 
 semblance to a bird. Seeds in a slight hotbed, 
 Bich loam and fibrous peat. Summer temp., 
 60° to 80° ; winter, 65° to 66°. 
 H. lobelioi'des. Crimson. Mexico. 1861. G. C. 
 1887, p. 101. m. Ser. 1. 1464. 
 
 Hetero'trichum. (From heteros, 
 various, and iAriaj, hair ; referring to the 
 disposition of the hairs on the leaves, 
 etc. Nat. ord., Melastomacece ; Tribe, 
 MiconiecB. Allied to Miconia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of young 
 shoots in sandy peat, under a bell-glass, and in 
 bottom-heat, in spring ; sandy peat and fibry 
 loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 48° 
 to 66°. 
 
 H. ma'cTodon. 1. White. September. S. Amer. 
 1848. B. M. t. 4421. 
 
 — nilveum,. White. May. St. Domingo. 1820. 
 
 — pa'tens. Blush. May. St. Domingo. 1826. 
 
 Heuche'ra. (Named after Professor 
 Heucher, a German botanist. Nat. ord., 
 SaxifragacecB ; Tribe, Saxifragece.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials ; divisions of the 
 plant any time in spring ; common garden-soil. 
 H. america'na. 1. Purple. May. N. Amer. 
 1666. 
 
 — eyliTidra'cea. 2. Green, May. N. Amer. 
 
 1830. B. B. t. 1924. Sometimes called 
 H. cyHndrica. 
 
 — gla'tra. 1. Pink. May. N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 — hAIgpida. 3. Purple. May. Virginia. 1826. 
 
 — Menzie^sii. See Tolmiea Menziesii. 
 
 — pube^scens. 1. Pink, violet. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1812. 
 
 — Riehards&nii. 1. Green. N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 — sangui'Tiea. 1-1^. Bright -crimson. June. 
 
 New Mexico and Arizona. 1885. B. M. 
 t. 6929. 
 
 — vilU/sa. J. Violet. May. Canada. 1812. 
 
 He'vea. (From SevS, the vernacu- 
 lar name. Nat. ord., Eiiphorbiacece. 
 Syns., Micrandra and Siphonia.) 
 
 Stove tree. Cuttings of half -ripened wood, in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, in heat. 
 H, brazilie^nsis. 60. Green, white. May. Tro- 
 pical S. America. 1823. Para Bubber 
 tree. 
 
 Hewa'rdia. (Named after Mr. He- 
 ward. NaA. ord., Filices.) Synonymous 
 with Adiantum. 
 
 A stove fern ; divisions in spring ; peat and 
 sandy loam. 
 H. adiantoi'dee. Brown. Jane. Guiana. 
 
 Hewi'ttia. (After Mr. Hemtt. Nat 
 ord., ConvolvulacecB.) 
 
 Stove climber. For cultivation, see Convol- 
 vulus. 
 
 H. W color. White, purple. Guinea. Syn., 
 Conwlmtlus involw>rcdus. B. B. t. 318. 
 
 Hexace'ntris. (From hex, six, and 
 centron, a spur ; alluding to two of its- 
 stamens having one spur each, and two 
 of them two spurs each. Nat. ord. , Acan- 
 thacece ; Tribe, Thunhergiece.) See 
 Thunbergia. 
 
 H. mysordrme. B. M. t. 4786, and var. lu'tea. 
 Fl. Ser. t. 942. See Thunbergia myso- 
 ren«is. 
 
 Hexade'smia. (From hex, six, and 
 desmos, a bond or thong ; in allusion to 
 the six pollen masses. Nat. ord., Orchi- 
 decB ; Tribe, EpidendrecB-Stenoglossece.) 
 
 Stove epiphyte. Should have similar treat- 
 ment to Masdevallia. 
 
 H. cruri'gera, J. White. Central America. 
 1869. 
 
 — Reefdii. Yellowish-green. Brazil. 1868. 
 
 Hexaglo'ttis. (From hex, six, and 
 glotta, a tongue ; in reference to the six 
 spreadinglobes of the style. Nat. ord., 
 irirfecB ; I'ribe, Morece. Allied to Ho- 
 meria. ) 
 
 Greenhouse bulbs. For cultivation, see IxiA. 
 
 B. longifo'lia. H. Yellow. May. S. Africa. 
 
 1766. Syns., Homeria JUxuosa, Ixia lon- 
 
 mfolia, Jacq. H. Viud. iii. t. 90, and 
 
 Morcea fieamosa. B. M. t. 695. 
 
 — mrga'ta. 2. Yellow. May. 1825. Syn., 
 
 Morcta virgata. Jacq. Ic. t. 228. 
 
 Hexi'sea. (From ezisoein, to equa- 
 lize ; the lip is similar to the petals. 
 Nat. ord. , Orehidece; Tribe, Epidendrece- 
 StenoglossecB. ) 
 
 A pretty stove epiphytal orchid. Culture same 
 as Ornithidium. 
 
 H. bidenta'ta. Bright scarlet. Panama and 
 Columbia. 1887. B. M. t. 7031. 
 
 Hey'nea. (Named after Br. Heyne, 
 a German botanist. Nat. ord. , Melia- 
 cem ; Tribe, Trichiliece. Allied to Tri- 
 chilia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen, white-flowered trees. Cut- 
 tings of weU-ripened young shoots in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ; sandy, rich, 
 loam and a little peat. 
 H. qumgue'juga. 20. Java. 1816. 
 
 — tri'juga. 20. September. Nepaul. 1812. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1738. 
 
 Hibbe'rtia. (Named by O. Hibhert, 
 a distinguished promoter of botany* 
 Nat. ord. , DUleniacece ; Tribe, Hihber- 
 tiecE. Allied to CandoUea. Syn., He- 
 mistemma. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with yellow 
 flowers, from Australia, except where otherwise, 
 mentioned. Cuttings of half-ripened roots in 
 sandy soil, under a Dell-glass, in spring ; sandy 
 loam and a little peat. Volu'bilis is an elegant 
 twiner, and grosBulariceft/lia makes either a. 
 creeper or a trailer ; it has a fine effect sus- 
 pended from a basket; does beautifully for 
 
HIB 
 
 [481] 
 
 HIB 
 
 hanging down the sides of a rock-work in 
 summer. 
 
 H. aeicula'ris. Yellow. Australia. 1822. Syn., 
 Pleurandra acicularis. 
 
 — Bmtdoui'nii. Yellow. New Caledonia. 
 —MUardie'ri. Yellow. Australia. 1824. Syn., 
 
 Pleurandra scabra. 
 
 — eUtif&lia. 1. June. 1826. 
 
 — corif&lia. B. M. t. 2672. See H. pedmieiUata. 
 
 — ereiia'ta. Andr. Bep. t. 472. SeeH.grosm- 
 
 larieefolia. 
 
 — Ourmingha'mi. 2. July. W. Australia. 1832. 
 
 Twiner. B. M. t. 3183. Syn., CamdoUea 
 Cwnninghami. Maxind Bot. t. 85. 
 
 — denta'ta. 6. 1814. Twiner. 
 —fasdcula'ta. 3. July. Victoria to New S. 
 
 Wales. 1822. Syn., H. virgata. lo. 
 PI. t. 267. 
 —flexu&sa. 2. May. 1823, 
 
 — grossidaruiefcflia. 6. May. W. Australia. 
 
 1816. Trailer. Syns. H. crenata and 
 Burtonia grosmdaricefolia. Salis. Farad, 
 t. 73. 
 
 — linea'rit. 6. June. Queensland. 1821. 
 obtueifo'lia. 2. Van Diemen's Land. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — ni'tida. Yellow. Australia. 1823. Syn., 
 
 Pleuramdra nitida. 
 
 — pedmrumla'ta. 2. June. New South Wales. 
 
 1821. B. E. 1. 1001. Syn., H. corifolm. 
 — perfolia'ta. 3. May. W. Australia. 1842. 
 B. E. 1843, t. 64. 
 
 — saWgna. 3. July. New S. Wales. 1823. 
 
 — stri'cta. Yellow. Australia. Syns., S. Reedii, 
 
 Pleuramdra calycina, and P. ericce/olia. 
 
 — virga'ta. See H. fasciculata. 
 
 — volv/HHs. 8. June. Queensland. 1790. 
 
 Twiner. Andr. Eep, t. 126. Syn., Dil- 
 lenia spedosa, B. M. t. 449. 
 
 Hibi'scns. (Virgil's name for the 
 Marsh Mallow. Nat. ord., Malvacece; 
 Tribe, HiUscecB.) 
 
 Hardy annuals sow in open border, in the 
 beginning of April ; tender annuals sow in hot- 
 bed—seedlings to have out-door or greenhoiise 
 treatment; hardy herbaceous require dividmg 
 in spring, and a warm situation to grow in ; 
 hardy shrubs require an open situation fully 
 exposed to the sun, by seeds, and double ones 
 by layers, by cuttings of ripe shoots under a 
 hand-light, m autumn, and kept on all the 
 winter, and also by grafting. Greenhouse and 
 stove species are propagated by young shoots in 
 sandy soil, under a oell-glass, the stove kinds 
 requiring bottom-heat, peat and loam ; usual 
 greenhouse and stove temperatures. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 H. afriea'nus. 2. White. June^ Africa. 1826. 
 !ge!Ui. May. Swan Elver. 1841 
 - quinquemdlnera is a variety with five 
 crimson spots. 1863. 
 
 — trMnum. 2. Yellow, brown. July. Italy. 
 
 1596. B. M. t. 209. 
 
 STOVE ANNUALS. 
 
 H. digita'tus. 2. White, red. August. Brazil. 
 
 1816. B. E. t. 608. 
 Eeria'nus. 2. White, red. August. 
 
 Brazil. 1816. 
 
 — longiflo'rus. Pale yellow. August. E. Ind. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — radiatus. 2. Yellow. July. E Ind. 1790. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1911. 
 
 — tetrapWlUu. IJ. Yellow. July. Bengal. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — vitifo'lms. 2. Yellow. August. E. Ind. 
 
 1690. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS 
 
 H. ealifo'mieus. 5-6. White, centre purple. Cali- 
 fornia. 1891. 
 
 B. cocci'neue. 2. Scarlet. July. N. Amer. 
 1804. -Syn., H. speciosus. 
 
 — gramdifio'rus. 3. Flame. July. Georgia. 
 
 1816. Half-hardy. Salis. Farad, t. 22. 
 
 — mca'nus. 3. Yellow. September. Carolina. 
 
 1806. 
 
 — milUa'rw. 3. Purple. August. N. Amer 
 
 1804. B. M. t. 2385. 
 
 — moscheu'tos. i. AVhite, pink. August. N. 
 
 Amer. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 286. 
 
 — palu'stris. 3. Pink. August. N. Amer. 1769. 
 
 B. M. t. 882. 
 
 — pentaca'rpm. 3. Lilac, red. August. Venice. 
 
 1752. Jacq. Ic. t. 143. 
 
 — ro'aeus. 4. Pink. August. Fi-ance. 1827. 
 
 Maund Bot. 1. 19. 
 
 — sea'ber. 2. Yellow. August. Carolina. 1810. 
 
 — speck/ ms. B. M. t. 360. See R. coeeineus. 
 
 — syri'aam. 8. Purple. August. Syria. 1596. 
 
 Deciduous shrub. B. M. t. 83. 
 
 a'lbus. 8. White. 
 
 a'lbus-ple/nus. 8. White. August. 
 
 margina'tus. 8. Purple, white. August. 
 
 Syria. 
 
 purpu'reus. 8. Purple. August. 
 
 purpUreo-pU/rwM. 8. Purple. August. 
 
 ru'ier. 8. Eed. August. 
 
 variega'tus. 8. Striped. August. 
 
 — virgi'nwue. 2. Eed. August. Virginia. 1798. 
 
 Jacq. lo. 1. 142. 
 
 — Wralyoe. 10. Purple. October. Swan Biver. 
 
 1839. Deciduous shrub. B. E. 1840, 
 t. 69. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 
 H. ekpla'tmms. Eosy-lilao. Brazil. 1887. 
 
 — gossypi'nus. 4. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1818. 
 
 — grossula'rice-fo'lius. 4. Blush. June. Swan 
 
 Elver. B. M. t. 4329. 
 
 — heterophi/lhis. 6. White, red. August. 
 
 N.S. Wales. 1803. B. E. t. 29. 
 
 — lasioca'rpus oceidenta'lis. White, pink. N 
 
 Amer. 1888. 
 
 — miuUi'Mus. 2. Azure. September. N. Hol- 
 land. 1837. Deciduous. Paxt. Mag. vii. 
 p. 103. 
 
 — Richardso'ni. 3. Yellow. August. N.S. 
 Wales. 
 
 — va/riega'tus. Leaves marked with grey and 
 
 pink. New Caledonia. 1863. Warm 
 greenhouse. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS, ETC. 
 
 H. aJ)elmo'schus, 3. Yellow. August. India. 
 
 1640. 
 — - cethio'picus. 15. Purple. August. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 — Bapti'stii, is a double-flowered var. of H. ro- 
 
 sa-xinensis. 
 
 — Hfurca'tus. 2. Purple. June. Brazil. 1826. 
 borbo'nicus. 10. Yellow. July. Bourbon. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — calym'nus. Natal. Syn., H.jshrysanthus. 
 Camero'ni. 1. Eosy. July. Madagascar. 
 
 1838. Kn. and West. t. 82. 
 
 fu'lgens. Eed. August. Madagascar. 
 
 1843. 
 
 — eameeUa'tus. 3. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 
 1817. 
 
 — ehryspt/nthus. See H. ealycmus. 
 
 — Coll^rii. A form of 3. rosa-sinensis with 
 
 double yellow flowers. Polynesia. 1876. 
 
 — eolH'nus. 4. Yellow. Brown. January. 1836. 
 
 — Coope^ri. Scarlet ; leaves variously mottled, 
 
 green, white, and rose. New Caledonia. 
 1864. 
 
 — erini'tus. 3. Yellow, red. September. Prome. 
 
 1828. Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 — diversyb'Hus. 6. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 
 
 1798. Jacq. Ic. t. 551, 
 
 — ela'tus. 50. Eed. W. Indies. 1790. Syn., 
 
 Paritmm elatv/m. From its inner bark 
 Cuba bast is formed. 
 
 II 
 
HIC 
 
 [482] 
 
 HIE 
 
 New Grenada.' 
 
 Brazil. 
 Paxt. 
 
 B.R. 
 
 July. Mauritius. 
 December. India. 
 August. W. Ind. 
 
 U.ferox. 6. Yellow. May. 
 
 1844. B. M. t. 4401. 
 —ferrvgi'neus. 16. Scarlet. Madagascar. 1824. 
 
 — flculneoi'des. i. Yellow, purple. June. 
 
 Ceylon. 1732. B. R. t. 938. 
 —furea'tus. 2. Yellow. August. E. Ind. 1816. 
 Herbaceous perennial. 
 
 — Jerroldia'nits. 6. Crimson. July. 
 
 1843. Herbaceous perennial 
 Mag. xiil.p. 1. 
 
 — la'mpas. 10. Pink. B. Ind. 1806. Wight 
 
 Ic. t. 6. 
 
 — liiaci'nus. 6. Lilac. N. Holland. 
 
 t. 2009. 
 
 — lUiiJlo'rus. 10. Scarlet. 
 
 1828. B. C. t. 1995. 
 
 — lA'ndleyi. 3. Purple. 
 
 1828. B. C. t. 1849. 
 
 — Ma^leg,ya!nu8. Yellow. 
 
 1827. 
 
 — Ma'nihot. 3. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1712. 
 
 Herbaceous perennial. B. M. t. 1702 
 and 3152. 
 
 — marmora'tus. 3. White, rose-pink. February. 
 
 Mexico. 1854. 
 -^ inuta'bilis. 15. White. November. E. Ind. 
 1690. Andr. Bep. t. 228. 
 
 — peduncula'tus, 2. Bed. August. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1812. B. C. t. 836. 
 
 — pentaspe'rm'us. 3. Yellow. July. Jamaica. 
 
 1825. 
 
 — phceni'eeus. 8. Purple. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1796. B. E. t. 230. 
 
 — pulche'Uus. 3. July. B. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — rhomiifo'livs. 4. Purple. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — ro'sa-maliiba'ricus. 2. Scarlet. August. E. 
 
 Ind. B. C. t. 769. 
 
 — ro'sa-sin^'nsis. 10. Red. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1731. B. M. 1. 168. 
 
 briUianti'ssuna. Crimson. 
 
 Calle'rii. Buff, crimson. 
 
 ea'meorple'na. 10. Flesh. July. E, 
 
 Ind. 1731. 
 
 fia'va-pU^na. 10. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 
 
 fu'lgens. Garden variety. Garden, 1888, 
 
 xxxiii. p. 96, t. 634. 
 intermedia. Hybrid between H, rosa- 
 
 sinevmSt var. •magnificus^ and H. schizo- 
 
 petalus. 1889. 
 lu'tea. 10. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1823. 
 minia'tus se'Tni-ple^nus. Vermilion- 
 scarlet. 
 
 — — ru'bra-ple'na. 10. Bed. .July. E. Ind. 
 vanega'ta-ple'Tia. 10. Striped. July, 
 
 E. Ind. 
 
 vi'vicans. Crimson-scarlet. 
 
 zebrUnue. Scarlet, creamy-yellow. 
 
 — spldndem. 10. Bose. May. N. Holland. 
 
 1828. 
 
 — uraUe^nsis. Yellow, crimson. 
 
 C. 1891, ix. p. 529, flg. 106. 
 
 — Telfai'rice. 2. Bose. July. 
 
 1826. Maund Bot. t. 212. 
 
 — tri'lohwi. 2. YeUow. July. W.Ind. 1818. 
 
 — tvJml&sus. 2. Yellow. August. E. Ind. 
 
 1796.' 
 
 — veluti'mua. 6. White. July. Timor. 1818. 
 
 — venu'stits. Creamy-yellow. Tahiti ? 1891. 
 
 B. M. t. 7183. 
 
 Hickory. Cary'a. 
 Hide-bound. See Bark-bound. 
 
 Hiera'cium. Hawkweed. (A name 
 from Pliny for eye-salve ; referring to 
 the ancient employment of the juice. 
 Nat. ord., ConvpositCB ; Tribe, Cicho- 
 racece. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, with one ex- 
 
 Tropics. G. 
 Mauritius. 
 
 ception, and yellow-flowered, except where other- 
 wise mentioned. The dwar! ones fitted for the 
 front of borders, rock-works, and alpine grounds. 
 Seeds and divisions of the plant in spring ; ]i<;ht, 
 rich loam. Frutico'sum is a greenhouse shrub ; 
 cuttings will strike in sandy soil, either under a 
 bell g^ss or a hand-light, during the summer ; 
 sandy loam suits it, with a little peat. It is a 
 very large genus, only a very few species being 
 suitable for garden plants. 
 
 H. alpe'stre. J. July. Switzerland. 1822. 
 
 — alpi'nwm. i. July. Britain. 
 
 — ampleacicaa'le. IJ. July. Pyrenees. 1739. 
 pulmonmwi'des. IJ. July. Svritzer- 
 
 land. 1819. 
 
 — anehuscefo'liv/m. 1. July. Italy. 1816. 
 
 — aii^ustifo'lium. J. May. Switzerland. 1823. 
 
 — auranti'acum. l|. Orange. June. Scotland. 
 fia'vwm. IJ. July. Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 — Auri'cula. 1^. July. England. 
 
 — bUfidwm. IJ. June. Hungary. 
 
 — braeteola'tum. IJ. August. Europe. 1823. 
 
 — calca'remm. i. July. Europe. 1816. 
 
 — candde'me. 2. July. Canada. 1800. 
 
 — cerinthoi'des. IJ. August. Scotland. 
 
 — cilia'tum. 2. .fuly. Crete. 1824. 
 
 — coUi'num. |. July. Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 — corymho'sum. 2. July. 1817. 
 
 — crassifo'liwm. ^. July. Hungary. 1820 
 
 — ero'cewm. 1. June. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 — cydonicBfo'lium. 2. July. France. 1816. 
 
 — cynw'xwm. 1. May. Europe. 1739. 
 
 — dentvivXa'twrn. 1. July. Scotland. 
 
 — echiai'dea. }. July. Hungary. 1802. 
 
 — elonga'twm. 1. July. Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 — enffphorum. 1. August. South Europe. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — eriophy'll'wm. 1\. June. 
 
 — fasGieula'twm. 5. July. Canada. 
 
 — flagellaire, 1. May. 1816. 
 
 — JlormM'mmi. 2. July. Germany. 1791. 
 — folio' mirni. 2. July. Hungary. 1805. 
 
 — frutico'sum. 2. July. Madeira. 1785. 
 
 Greenhouse shrub. 
 
 — glabra' turn. J. July. Switzerland. 1819. 
 tv.bulo' sum. J. July. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — Omeli'ni. IJ. June. Siberia. 1798. 
 
 — Gochna'ti. 1. June. Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 — Groru/vii. 1. June. N. Amer. 1798. 
 
 — Halle'ri. J. July. Britain. 
 
 — heterophy'llum. 2. August. Woods. 
 
 — Hoppea'num. J. June. Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 — hu'mile. ^. July. Germany. 1804. 
 brachia'twm. i. June. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — inca'num. 2. July. Caucasus. 1817. 
 
 — incama'tum. IJ. Pink. June. Carniola. 
 
 1815. Jacq. Ic. t. 678. 
 
 — inei'swm. \. July. Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 — inuloi'des. 4. August. Scotland. 
 
 — Ka'lmii. 1^. August. Pennsylvania. 1794. 
 
 — Icemga'tum. 2. August. 1804. 
 
 — - lana'tvm,. 3. Yellow. Densely covered with 
 shaggy pubescence. 
 
 — La/ws&ni. J. June. Britain. 
 
 _ifo'l!Mm. li. July. 1821. 
 
 — mdiMla'tum. l|. August. Britain. 
 
 — mo'lle. IJ. August. Scotland. 
 
 — ma'tum. i. July. Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 — palle'scens. 1. July. Hungry. 1818. 
 
 — panicula'tum. IJ. June. Canada. 1800. 
 
 — pi'ctv/m. IJ. July. Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 — piloce'phalum. 1. July. 1823. 
 
 — pilosellif(/rme. 4. June. Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 — porrifo'lium. 1. July. Austria. 1640. 
 
 — prcBTno'rsum. 1. June. Switzerland. 1818. 
 
 — prenanthoi'des. 2. July. France. 1819. 
 
 — prunellaefo'lium. J. July. Switzerland. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — pvlmonarioi'des. 1. July. France. 1819. 
 
 — pulmona'rium, H. July. Scotland. 
 
HIE 
 
 [483] 
 
 S. pum'Uwm. J. July. Labrador. 1800. 
 
 — racemo'sum. 2. July. Hungary. 1816. 
 
 — rarrwsum. 2. August. Hungary. 1805. 
 
 — re pens. IJ. July. Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 — ngtdum. 2. June. Britain. 
 
 cmguetifo'lium. 2. June. Britain. 
 
 pi'ctum. 2. June. Britain. 
 
 — rotunda' turn. S. July. Hungary, 1817. 
 
 — nipe'stre. J. June. Switzerland. 1820. 
 
 — saxatUe. 1. July. Austria. 1801. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. 1. 163. 
 
 — Schmi'dtii. 1 J. June. 
 
 — SehraMri. 1. July. Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 — speewsi'ssimum. l\. August. S. Europe. 
 
 — specio'mm. IJ. June. 1818. 
 
 — statieifo'lium. IJ. June. Europe. 1804. 
 
 — Sternbe'rgii. J. July.- Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 — atotoni'ferum. 1. ]VIay. Switzerland. 1820. 
 
 — gucelaxfo'livm. 1. June. Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 — xylva'tiewm,. IJ. August. Britain. 
 
 — trioocelphalwm. 1. July. 1823. 
 
 — wa^ella'tum. 3. August. Britain. 
 
 — wnclMla'tum. IJ. July. Spain. 1778. 
 
 — veno'sum. J. July. N. Amer. 1790. 
 
 — verbascifo'lium. 1. May. S. Europe. 1732. 
 
 — verrucula'tum. 1. July. 1821. 
 
 — villo'sum. 1. July. Scotland. 
 
 — virga'tum. 2. July. N. Amer. 1816. 
 
 Hiero'chloe. Holy Grass. (From 
 hieros, sacred, and Moa, grass ; on ac- 
 count of its being strewn before church 
 ■doors, on saints' days, in some parts of 
 North Europe. Nat. ord., Graminem.) 
 
 Hardy perennial sweet-scented grasses, suit- 
 able for mixed borders, etc. 
 H. alpi'na. 1. July. Mountains of northern 
 hemisphere. 1827. 
 
 — borea'lis. 1-2. Chestnut-brown. May. 
 
 Caithness. 
 
 — re!dolens. New Zealand. 1882. 
 
 Higgi'nsia. ('Ha.meA.BitevDonO'Hig- 
 ■gins, a Spanish- American officer. Nat. 
 ordL, Rubiacece ; UnbG, Hameliew.) See 
 Hoffinannia. 
 
 iff. mexiea'na. See Hofinannia mesdccma. 
 
 Hi'Uia. (Named after Sir John Hill, 
 a botanical author. Nat. ord., Buhia- 
 cecB ; Tribe, Cinchonece. Allied to Cin- 
 chona. ) 
 
 Stove evergreens, with white flowers. Cuttings 
 in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat ; sandy 
 loam and peat.. 
 
 ff. Imgifio'ra. IJ. March. W. Ind. 1789. B. 
 M. t. 721. 
 
 — prasia'ntha. Greenish. W. Ind. 1824. Fl. 
 
 Ser. 1. 188. Syn., Solandra oppositifolia. 
 
 — tetra'ndra. IJ. June. Jamaica. 1793. 
 
 Hillebra'ndia. (After W. mile- 
 'brand, a botanical collector. Nat. ord., 
 Begoniacece. ) 
 
 Stove herb, with the appearance of a Begonia, 
 which see for culture. 
 
 S. scmdunce^niis. White. Sandwich Islands, 
 1887. B. M. t. 6953. 
 
 Hi'ndsia. (Named after B. B. 
 Binds, a promoter of botany. Nat. ord., 
 Buhiacem ; Tribe, CinchoneoB. Allied 
 to Manettia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Brazil. 
 'Cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a bell- 1 
 
 soil. 
 
 HIP 
 
 in bottom-heat. Sandy loam and leaf- 
 
 H.longi/hra 2. Blue. August. 1841. Syn 
 
 Ronddetia longiflora, B. M. t. 3977 
 —a'lba. 2. White. May. 1845. ' 
 
 — mola eea. 3. Violet. May. 1844. B. E. 
 
 Hippea'strum. Equestrian Star. 
 (From hippeus, a knight, and astron, a 
 star; referring to one of the species, 
 eque'stre. Nat. ord., Amaryllidece ; 
 Tribe, AmaryllecB. Allied to VaUota.) 
 This genus of bulbs has no affinity with Ama- 
 ryllis, with which the species are often con- 
 founded. Offsets ; sandy loam, peat, and leaf- 
 mould. Temp., 60° to 80° when growing ; 40° to 
 50° when at rest. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 H. Banksia'nwm. Pink. October. 1840. 
 
 — Forbe'eii. 2. Purple, white. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1823. 
 purpu'revm. 2. Purple. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1823. 
 —formosi'seim'um. 1. Dark red. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1658. 
 —jap&niewm. Yellow. July. Japan. 
 
 — Imea'twm. f . April. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 — piidi'eum. 1. Pink. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1795. 
 
 — SlaterCa'num. Red. March. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1844. 
 
 STOVE. 
 B. Ackerma'md and its var. pulchelrrima, are 
 garden hybrids. 
 
 — admfmim. J-l. Yellow or red. December. 
 
 Chill. Syns., Amaryllis advena, B. E. 
 t. 849, Hdbranthits kesperius, H, mmia- 
 tus, Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 213, and 
 Ihistephia Macleanica of Eef . Bot. t. 332. 
 pa'Uida. Pale yellow. B. C. 1. 1760. 
 
 — Albe'rti. Orange-scarlet. Cuba. 1867. 
 
 — amMgwum. B. M. t. 3542. Hybrid between 
 
 U. vittatum and H. solcmdrijlorv/m. ■ - 
 
 — Andrea'nimi. 1. Red. Columbia. 1880. 
 
 — angu'stum. B. M. t. 2639. See B. bifiditm. 
 
 — ano'malu/m. Crimson, green. S. Amer. 
 
 — au'liewm. IJ. Green, crimson. May. Central 
 
 Brazil. 1819. Syn., Amaryllis avXica, 
 B. M. t. 3311. 
 
 glavmpht/Uum. B. M. t. 2983. See B. 
 
 organense. 
 
 stenope^talvmi. Perianth segments nar- 
 rower than in the type. B. R. t. 444. 
 
 — Bagno'ldi. 1. Yellow, tinged with red, 
 
 Chili. Syn., Babranthus Bagnoldi. B, 
 R. 1. 1396. 
 
 — barba'tum. White. A form of H equestre. 
 
 — M'eolor. 1-lJ. Bright red, yellovnsh-green, 
 
 October. Chili Syns., AmaryUis bi- 
 color, A cyrtcmthoides B M. t. 2399, 
 
 A. ignea, B. R. t. 89, and PhyeeUa bi- 
 color, B. R. 1. 1943. 
 
 — bi'Jidum. 1, Bright red. March. Buenos 
 
 Ayres. 1825. Syn., Babranthus biftdus, 
 
 B. M. t. 2599. Probably also Bdbranthvs 
 kermesinus, B. R. 1. 16&. B. intermeditis, 
 B. R. t. 1148, B. amgustus, B. M. t. 2639, 
 B. nobilis, B. nenwralis, B. pedunciilo- 
 sus, B. puleher, and B. spathacens. 
 
 — braehya'ndrum. Pale pink to blackish-red. 
 
 S. Brazil. 1890. 
 
 — breviflo'rmn. 3. White, red. April. Buenos 
 
 Ayres. 1836. B. M. t. 3549. 
 
 — buUyulo'swm and its numerous varieties are 
 
 forms of ff. rutUum, 
 
 — ealyptra'tvmi, IJ. Green, red. June. Brazil. 
 
 1816. Syn., Amaryllis calyptrata, B. R. 
 t. 164. 
 
 — Camarvo'rna. Garden hybrid. 
 
HIP 
 
 [484] 
 
 HIP 
 
 B. Chelso'ni. Fl. Mag. t. 645. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — Colvi'llei. Garden nybrid. 
 
 — Cro&mii. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — Cybi'ster, 2. Bright crimson, tinged with 
 
 green. Andes of Bolivia. 1810. Syn., 
 Sprekelia Cybister, B. E. 1840, t. 33. 
 
 — eque'stre. li-2. Yellowish-green, bright red. 
 
 August. Tropical America. 1710. Syn., 
 
 Amaryllis egueetris, B. M. t. 306. 
 ma'jfyr. 2. Orange, green. W. Indies. 
 
 1710. B. R. t. 234. 
 —~ sendpleinv/m. 2. Orange, green. August. 
 
 Cuba. 1809. 
 
 — eguestri^'rme. See H. rutUv/m^ var. fvZ- 
 
 ffMum. 
 
 — form/}' sum. Garden hj^brid. 
 
 — Qmadni. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — GrayilTUS, Garden hybrid. 
 
 — Griffi'ni. E, M. t. 3528. Hybrid between B. 
 
 psittacinum and B, Johmmii. 
 
 — Baylo'ckii. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — BemSerso'rd. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — Berbefrti. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — Berbertia'nwm. 1. Bright red. Chili. 1825. 
 
 Syn., Phycella B&rbertia/na, B. R. 1. 1341. 
 
 — interme^dium. 2. Striped. August. Brazil. 
 
 1821. 
 
 — Johngo'ni. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — kemhRn'mm/m. Carmine. June. Brazil. 1833. 
 
 — Leopo'ldii. Crimson, white, greenish. Peru. 
 
 1869. Flor. Mag. t. 476-6. Syn., Ama- 
 ryllis Leopoldii. 
 
 — margina'tum. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — MemieHii. Fl. Mag. new ser. 1. 167. Garden 
 
 hybrid. 
 
 — mima'tum. 1-lJ. Bright red. June. Peru. 
 
 1826. 
 
 1-li. Bright crimson, green. S. 
 
 Brazil. 1841. Syn., Amaryllis avZica, 
 
 var. glaucophylla, B. M. t. 2983. 
 - comjffrelsswm. Red, white. Brazil. 
 di'nwm. 2. Straw with scarlet spots. 
 
 February. Peru. 1867. Flor. Mag. 
 
 t. 344. Syn., ATna/ryUis pajrdifM, B. M. 
 
 t. 5645. 
 rubtlscens. Reddish. 1870. 
 
 — prate'nse. l-lj. Bright red. ChUi. 1840. 
 
 Syn., Babranthus pratensis, B. R. 1842, 
 t. 35, and B. speciosus, 
 
 — pro'eerum. 2-3. Lilac. Winter. S. Brazil. 
 
 1864. Syns., Amaryllis procera, Fl. Ser. 
 t. 2077-8, and A. Sayneri, B. M. t. 6883. 
 
 — p^ttaei'numf, 2. Green, scarlet. July. Brazil. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — pnlverule!ntum. B. M. t. 2273. See ff. ruti- 
 
 lum, var. acuminatum,. 
 
 — pyerochro'wm. Scarlet. Brazil. 1866. 111. 
 
 Hort. t. 420. 
 
 — Regi'nte. 2. Bright red, greenish-white. 
 
 May. Tropical America. 1726. Mexican 
 Lily. Syns., B. regiwm and Amaryllis 
 Regirue, B. M. t. 453. 
 
 — reti£/ula'tum-. 1. Scarlet. April. S. Brazil. 
 
 1777. Syn., Amaryllis retienlata, B. M. 
 t. 657, Coburgia reticulata and Leopoldia 
 reticulata. 
 
 striatifo'lium. 1. Purple. August. 
 
 Brazil. 1815. Syn., Amaryllis reticulata, 
 var. striatifolia, B. M. t. 2613. 
 
 — retinefrmumi. 2. Scarlet. May. W. Indies. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — Soe^zlii. Light orange or brick-red. Bolivia. 
 
 1875. 
 
 — ro'sexim. J. Bright red, greenish. Chili. 
 
 1831. Syns., Babranthus roseus, Swt. 
 Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 107, and B. pumilus, 
 B. C. 1. 1771. 
 ru'tilum. 1. Bright crimson, green. S. Brazil. 
 1810. Syne., Amjiryllw rutHa, B. B. 
 t. 23, and Bippeastrv/m btUbulosum, var. 
 rutUum. 
 aeumina'tum. Pale pink. Syns., B. 
 
 pulverulmtwm, B. M: t. .2273, AmaryUig 
 acuminata, B. B. t. 634 and 1183, and A- 
 pulverulenta, B. C. t. 484. 
 
 B. Tuftilum cMri'n/mn. Bright yellow. 
 
 croca'tum. Saffron-colour. Syn., Ama- 
 ryllis crocata, B. R. t. 38. 
 
 fu'lgidtmi. Bright scarlet, green. Syns.; 
 
 Amaryllis fiUgida, B. R. t. 226) A. 
 miniata, B. M. t. 1943, Bippeantrnm 
 snbbarbatvmi, B. M. t. 2475, B. ulbu- 
 losum, vars. equestriforme, ftdgidvm,,, 
 Simsianum, subbarbatum and ungili- 
 cvXatwm. 
 
 — ^/msia'n/wm. See B. rutilwm, var. fulgidum, 
 
 — solamdnfl&rwm. IJ. White, green. January. 
 
 Guiana. 1820. B.' M. t. 2673 and 3771. 
 
 stria'tum. Green, white. 
 
 ~ spatha'cemn. B. M. t. 2316. Probably a 
 
 variety of B. equestre. 
 
 — specta'bile. B. C. 1. 159. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — stylo' srnn. IJ. Bright fleshy-red. May. 
 
 Guiana. 1821. syia., Amaryllis stylosa 
 and A. mara/nensis, B. R. t. 719. 
 
 — Swee^tii. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — va/ria'bUis. 1. Red, white. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1821. 
 
 — vitta'tum. 3. White, red. April. Andes of 
 
 Peru. 1769. Syn., Amaryllis iriUMa. 
 
 B. M. 1. 129. 
 Barrisonia'na. White, red. Peru. 1874. 
 
 B. R. t. 988. 
 latifo'liu/m,. White, red, green. 
 
 Hi'ppioil. (From hippiee, the name 
 of a herb from Pliny, which, he said, if 
 put into a horse's mouth, makes him in- 
 sensible to hunger or thirst. Nat. ord., 
 Gentianacem. ) 
 
 Half-hardy biennial. Sown in a hotbed, in 
 spring, or the end of summer, and carefully kept 
 in stoves and greenhouses during the winter, 
 they win bloom early the following season. 
 B. hyssopbfo'lium. See Slevogtia orientalis. 
 
 — verticUla'tv/m. See Slevogtia occidentalis. 
 
 — visco'sum. 2. Yellow. June. Canaries. 
 
 1781. 
 
 Hippobro'ma. (From hippos, a 
 horse, and bromos, food. Nat. ord., 
 LobeliacecB.) See Isotoma. 
 
 B. bremflo'riim. See Isotoma bremflara. 
 
 — longijlo'rumy. See Isotoma longvfiara. 
 
 Hippobro'mus. (From hippos, a 
 horse, and bromos, food. Nat. ord., Sa- 
 pi'ndaeecE. ) 
 
 Greenhouse shrub. Cuttings under a hand- 
 glass in sand. Sandy loam. 
 B. ala'tus. Natal. 
 
 Hippocre'pis. Horse-shoe Vetch. 
 (From hippos, a horse, and orepis, a. 
 shoe ; referring to the form of the seed- 
 pod. Nat. ord., Legwrninosce ; Trih?, 
 Medysarece. ) 
 
 Hardy pea-blossomed, yellow-flowered plants. 
 The annuals merely requu'e sowing in the open 
 border, in March or April ; the herbaceous 
 trailers require dividing at a similar period. B. 
 balea'rica is the only shrub it resembles, and 
 requires similar treatment to the Coronilla, 
 needing a cold pit or a greenhouse in winter. 
 B. como'sa is a useful rock plant. 
 B. balea'rica. 2. May. Minorca. 1776. Shrub. 
 Jacq. lo. 1. 149. 
 
 — como'so. i. April. England. Perennial 
 
 trailer. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 380. 
 
HIP [ 485 
 
 B. glau'ca. J. May. Italy. 1819. Perennial 
 trailer. 
 
 — helve' tica. A synonym of H, comosa. 
 
 — multisiliquo'sa. 1. July. South Europe. 1670. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 Hippo'mane. (From Hippomwnes, 
 a name used by Theophrastus for a kind 
 of spurge. Nat. ord., Euphorbiacece. 
 Syn., Mancinella.) 
 
 A stove tree with poisonous milky juice. 
 Sandy loam and peat. Cuttings in sand under a 
 hand-glass. 
 
 H. Manaine'lla. 50. Greenish. May. Central 
 America. 1690. 
 
 Hippo'phse. Sea Buckthorn. (From 
 hippos, a horse, a.TxA phao, to kill. Nat. 
 ordT., ElcBognacecB. Allied to Shepher- 
 dia.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs. Layers, suckers, 
 cuttings of the roots, and seeds ; common soil. 
 These are first-rate shrubs for the sea-coast, for 
 fixing sands along with Ca'rex and grasses. 
 H, argdntea. See Shepherdia argentea. 
 
 — canadensis. See Shepherdia ccmadensis. 
 
 — rhamnoi'des. 12. May. England. 
 
 angtiSti/o'Ka. 2. May. south England. 
 
 sibi'rica. April. Siberia. 
 
 — saliciif&lia. 8. Nepaul. 1822. 
 
 Hippu'ris. Mare's Tail. (From 
 hippos, a horse, and onra, a tail ; from 
 a fancied resemblance of the plant to a 
 horse's tail. Nat. ord., Halorageos.) 
 
 Perennial ac[uatic herb, suitable for the edge 
 of a pond. Division of roots ; seeds. 
 H. vulga'rie. J. Greenish, red. Summer. 
 Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 616. 
 
 Hi'ptage. (From hiptamai, to fly ; 
 in allusion to the hairs on the seed, 
 which assist in its dispersion by wind. 
 Nat. ord., Loganiacece ; Tribe, Gwrtne- 
 rem. Syn., Gcertnera.) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiners ; cuttings of firm 
 young shoots in April, in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat and loam, 
 if. Madablo'ta. 16. White, yellow. April. E. 
 Ind. 1793. Syn., Gcertnera raceiiwsa. 
 
 — obtusifo'lia. 20 White. China. 1810. Syn., 
 
 Gcertnera obtvsifolia. 
 
 Hirse'a. (Named after De La Hire, 
 a French botanist. Nat. ord., Mal- 
 pighiacecE ; Tribe, Hi/rceece.) 
 
 Stove climbers- Cuttings of firm young shoots 
 in sand, under a beU-glass, in bottom-heat; 
 sandy, fibry loam, and flbry peat, with a little 
 freestone or charcoal, 
 H. gloMce'scens. Yellow. A doubtful plant. 
 
 — fndica. 10 White July, E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 Syn , Aspidopterys RosSmrghiana. 
 
 — nu'tans. 10 White. July. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 Syn., Aspidopterys nutans. 
 
 — odora'ta. See Triaspis odarata. 
 
 — reclina'ta. See Triastellateia australasioa. 
 
 — Simgia'na. 10. Yellow. August. 1793. 
 
 Syn., Byrscmvma volubUis. 
 
 Hoa'rea. A section of the genus 
 Pelargonium. 
 
 HodgSO'nia. (After B. H. Hodgson, 
 F.L.S. Nat. ord., CumrUtacem.) 
 
 A stove shrub, with slender climbing stems, 
 
 HOE 
 
 which are said to attain a length of 100 feet in 
 their native country. Keep in a damp heat in 
 summer, but more cool and dry in winter. Eich 
 sandy loam. Seeds. 
 
 H. hetero'cUta. Yellow, white. May. Malay 
 Archipelago. 
 
 Hoe. This is the implement which 
 should be most frequently in the gar- 
 dener's hand during summer, for the 
 surface of the soil scarcely can be too 
 frequently stirred. The handles should 
 never be made of heavy wood, for this 
 wearies the hand, and is altogether a 
 useless weight thrown upon the work- 
 man. It is merely the lever, and eveiy 
 ounceneedleaslygivento this diminishes, 
 without any necessity, the available 
 moving power. The best woods for 
 handles are birch or deal. 
 
 For earthing-up plants, broad blades 
 to hoes are very desirable, and they may, 
 without objection, have a breadth of 
 nine inches ; but for loosening the soil 
 and destroying weeds, they should never 
 extend to beyond a breadth of six inches, 
 and the work will be done best by one 
 two inches narrower. The iron plate of 
 which they are formed should be well 
 steeled, and not more than one-sixteenth 
 of an inch thick. The weight necessary 
 should be thrown by the workmen's arm 
 and body upon the handle ; and the 
 thicker the blade, the greater is the 
 pressure required to make it penetrate 
 the soU. It should be set on the handle 
 at an angle of 68°, as this brings its edge 
 at a good cutting angle with the surface 
 of the soil, and the workman soon learns 
 at what point most effectively to throw 
 his weight, and holds the handle further 
 from, or nearer to, the blade, accordingly 
 as he is a tall or short man. Mr. Barnes, 
 of Bicton Gardens, employs nine sized 
 hoes, the smallest having a blade not 
 more than one-fourth of an inch broad, 
 and the largest ten inches. The smallest 
 are used for potted plants and seed-beds, 
 and those from two inches and a half to 
 four inches wide are used ■ for thinning 
 and hoeing among crops generally. 
 These have all handles varying in length 
 from eight inches and a half to eighteen 
 inches, all the neck or upper part formed 
 of iron, for the smaller sizes not thicker 
 than a large pencil, and that part which 
 has to be grasped by the workman is 
 only six inches long, and formed either 
 of willow or some other soft, light wood, 
 which is best to the feel of the hand. 
 Each labourer works with one in each 
 hand, to cut right and left. The blade 
 is made thin, and with a little foresight 
 and activity it is astonishing how much 
 ground can be got over in a short time. 
 
HOF 
 
 [486] 
 
 HOL 
 
 Mr. Barnes has all his hoes made with 
 a crane neck, as in the accompanying 
 sketch No. 1. The blades broader than 
 four inches Mr. Barnes has made like a 
 Dutch hoe, No. 2. 
 
 No. 1. No. 2. 
 
 The crane neck allows the blade to 
 pass freely under the foliage of any crop 
 where the earth requires loosening ; and 
 the blade works itself clean, allowing 
 the earth to pass through, as there is no 
 place for it to lodge and clog up as in 
 the old-fashioned hoe, to clean which, 
 when used on a dewy morning, causes 
 the loss of much time. 
 
 The thrust, or Dutch hoe, consists of 
 a plate of iron attached somewhat ob- 
 liquely to the end of a handle by a bow, 
 used only for killing weeds or loosening 
 ground which is to be afterwards raked. 
 As a man can draw more than he can 
 push, most heavy work will be easiest 
 done by the draw-hoe. 
 
 In the island of Guernsey a very effec- 
 tive weeding -prong is used, something in 
 the shape of a hammer, the head flat- 
 tened into a chisel an inch wide, and the 
 fork the same. The whole length of 
 this prong is nine inches, and it is at- 
 tached to a staff Ave feet long. Such an 
 implement is light and easy to use, it 
 requires no stooping, and will tear up 
 the deepest-rooted weeds. 
 
 Hoflfma'nnia. (After Prof. Hoff- 
 mann, a German botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Rubiacece ; ItTibe, Eameliece. 8yn.,Sig- 
 ginsia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of 
 half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 in spring ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 38° to 
 45° ; will thrive out of doors in summer. 
 H. discolor. J. Bed. Leaves satiny-green 
 
 above, red purple beneath. Mexico. 
 
 1850. Syn., Cwmpylobotryis discolor. B. 
 
 M. t. 4530. Stove. 
 
 — Ghiesbre'ghtii. 2-4. Yellow, spotted with 
 
 red. S. America. 1861. Syn., Higginsia 
 Ghieebreghtii, B. M. t. 6383. 
 variega'ta. Leaves variegated with cream- 
 yellow and red. 
 
 — mexka'na. Yellow. June. Mexico. 1840. 
 
 Syn., Higginsia mexicana. 
 
 — pedwncula'ta. 2-3. Yellow, red. Jamaica. 
 
 — refu'lgem. 1-2. Pale-red. May. S. America. 
 
 Syn., Bigginsia refvZgens, B. M. t. 6346. 
 
 — rega'lis. 1. August. Mexico. 1869. Syn., 
 
 HigginHa regalis, B. M. t. 5280. 
 
 Hoffiuanse'ggia. (Named after 
 J. C. Hvffmansegg. Nat. ord., Legwmi- 
 nosce; "mbe, EucmscApinece.) 
 
 Stove, yellow, pea-blossomed evergreens. Cut- 
 
 tings of young shoots in sand, in bottom-heat ;-, 
 
 also division of the plant in spring ; peat and 
 
 loam. 
 
 H.falca'ria. 2. July. Chili. 1806. 
 
 — prostra'ta. July. Lima. 
 
 Hog-nut. Cary'a porci'na. 
 
 Hog-plum. Spo'ndias. 
 
 Hohenbe'rgia. (Named after M,. 
 Hohenherg, a German botanist. Nat. 
 ord., BromeliacecB ; Tribe, Bromeliece.)' 
 See .ffichmea. 
 
 H. calycula'ta. See JEchmea calyculata. 
 
 — cofpvta'ta. See uEchTtiea exsudmis. 
 
 — ctele^stis. See JBchmea caelestis. 
 
 — disticlia'ntha. See JSchmea distichanthct. 
 
 — erythrosta'chya. See ^chmea erythrostachya.. 
 -^ exsTjddaTis. See jEchmea exevdans, 
 
 — ferrugi'nea. "Now known &s -/^chmea augusia.. 
 
 — Legrellia'na. See JEchmea Legrelliana. 
 
 — nvdicau'lis. See JEehmea nudicaulis. 
 
 — paniculi'gera. See ^chmea paniculigera. 
 
 — strobila'cea. Now referred to Ananas. 
 
 Hoi'tzia. (From hoitzil, its PeruviaB 
 name. Nat. ord., PoUmoniacece. Allied 
 to Polemoninm. ) See Loeselia, 
 H. c(Eru'lea. See Loeselia ccerulea. 
 
 — cocci'n£a. Kn. and West. t. 99. See Loeselia 
 
 coccvnea. 
 
 — gltmdulo'sa. See Loeselia gla/ndulosa. 
 
 — mexka'na. See Loeselia coccinea. 
 
 Holarrhe'na. (From holos, entire^ 
 and arrhen, a male ; referring to the 
 anthers. Nat. ord., Apocynacece; Tribe,, 
 Plumeriem. Allied to Alstonia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots, 
 as fresh growth has commenced, in sand, under 
 a bell-gla^B, and in bottom-heat ; peat and 
 loam. 
 H. viUo'sa. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 Holboe'llia. (Named after F. L. 
 Holboll, of the Royal Botanic Gardens,. 
 Copenhagen. Nat. ord., Berheridece ; 
 Tribe, Lardizabalece. Allied to Akebia.^ 
 
 Greenhouse or hardy climbers, from Nepaul, 
 valued for the fragrance of their dull flowers. 
 Their fruit is eaten in India. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened young shoots in sandy soil, under a 
 glass ; open, sandy loam, with a little peat;, 
 will stand in a cool greenhouse, in winter, and 
 twine up the wires of a conservatory wall, in, 
 summer. H. lati^dlia is hardy against a wall. 
 H. acAimmaHa. A synonym of R. latifolia. 
 
 — a/ngustif&lia. Purple. March. 
 
 — latifo'lia. 10. Green. March. 1846. B. E. 
 
 1846, t. 49. 
 
 Ho'lcus. (From holkos, the Greek 
 name of a grass. Nat. ord., Oraminem.) 
 
 Hardy grass of no particular value. 
 H. lana'tus. J. Green. Britain. 
 a'lbo-variega'tus. Leaves with silvery- 
 white, lon^tudinal stripes. 
 
 Holly. {2'lex aquifo'lium. ) Of this- 
 hardy evergreen shrub there are nu- 
 merous varieties of which the following- 
 are a selection : — 1, Silver-edged ; 2,. 
 Golden - edged ; 3, Thick-leaved ; 4,. 
 Priekly ; 6, Yellow-leaved ; 6, Varie- 
 gated ; 7, Spotted ; 8, Recurved. 
 
HOL 
 
 [487] 
 
 HOL 
 
 The holly will not thrive in any poor, 
 light, sandy soil, or in a swampy situa- 
 tion, but likes a strong, deep, dry, loamy 
 soil. If grown as single ornamental 
 shrubs they should not be overshadowed 
 by other trees ; and if the land is ma- 
 nured, so much the better. As to prun- 
 ing it, with a view to make it grow fast, 
 the less you do of that the better. All 
 that is necessary is to encourage the 
 leader, by stopping any laterals that try 
 to interfere *ith it. When plants are 
 thin vigorous pinching of the laterals 
 should be resorted to. 
 
 The most expeditious way of making 
 holly-hedges is to procure large plants 
 from some nursery ; but, with the 
 smallest expense and more time, the 
 following may be recommended : — 
 Gather a sufficient quantity of berries 
 when ripe ; then dig a hole three or 
 four feet deep, and throw the berries in, 
 crushing and mixing them with some 
 line soil at the same time ; close the 
 hole with the soil taken out, and throw 
 some litter, or other covering, over the 
 whole, to prevent the wet or frost pene- 
 trating. Take them up and sow them in 
 March. They will make nice little 
 plants the first season ; and, by trans- 
 planting the stronger ones, you will have 
 fine plants in about three years. 
 
 Large hollies are best moved in early 
 May or about the third week in August. 
 With a small cord tie up the lower 
 branches, then mark a circle two feet 
 from the bole of the tree, and another 
 circle two feet beyond the first ; the 
 space between the two circles must have 
 all the soil dug deeply out of it ; whilst 
 this is going on, let another labourer be 
 digging a hole larger than the ball of 
 the tree will require, making it rather 
 deeper ; fill in some of the best soil, 
 chopped fine, and mix it with water till 
 it forms a puddle of the consistence of 
 thick paint. Gradually undermine the 
 ball below the roots tiU it stands quite 
 loose ; then wrap some garden-mats 
 round, and tie the ball firmly together 
 with a strong rope ; then wrap the stem 
 round as near the soil as possible with 
 some old carpet or sacking ; tie to the 
 stem at that part a stout pole eight or 
 nine feet long; then lower the tree 
 gently down, and let as many men as 
 are necessary to carry it take hold of 
 the pole, and remove the tree to its 
 place, letting it down gently into the 
 hole amongst the puddle, taking care 
 that it is not below, but rather above, 
 the general level; fill in good soil round 
 the ball after the tree is set upright, 
 and the mats, ties, etc.,^ removed. Mix 
 
 this soil with water till it is a puddle 
 like the bottom ; secure the tree with 
 props, to prevent the winds from shaking 
 it. 
 
 The best time for cutting hollies is 
 early in the spring, about the end of 
 February, before they have begun to 
 shoot. Never clip them with shears, 
 but cut them in with a sharp knife. 
 
 Hollyhock. {Althm'a ro'sea.) By 
 Cuttings.— Thene are made from the 
 young shoots that rise from the base of 
 the strong fiower-stems. They may be 
 formed of the tops only, or, if the young 
 shoots are long, they may be cut into 
 lengths of two joints each, removing 
 the lower leaf, and shortening in the 
 upper one. To cause them to send 
 forth roots, a gentle hotbed should be 
 made either of well-fermented dung, 
 tanner's old bark, or fresh-fallen leaves. 
 As soon as the heat is moderated, place 
 the frame upon it, and a covering of dry 
 saw-dust upon the bed within the frame 
 to the depth of five inches. Then pre- 
 pare the cuttings, put them round the 
 edge of pots filled with moist, sandy 
 loam, press the earth close to the bottom 
 of each cutting, and fill up the botes 
 with a little more soil. Then plunge, 
 them nearly up to the rim in the saw- 
 dust, but give no water, because they 
 are very full of sap, and would damp off 
 immediately. Shade closely and give 
 no air, excepting a little at the back to 
 let out the steam for an hour in the 
 morning. In six weeks they will begin 
 to show signs of growth, and should then 
 have a little water given without wet- 
 ting the leaves. When roots are formed, 
 pot them off into small pots, place them 
 m a cold frame kept close, and shaded 
 for a week or two. Then gradually 
 inm-e them to bear the full sun, and 
 give plenty of air, and moderate but 
 constant supplies of water. They are 
 then ready for planting out. The best 
 time to perform this is in early spiing, 
 but it may be done aiso in August, so as 
 to have them rooted before the winter 
 sets in. 
 
 By Division.— hajTge, strong plants, 
 with numerous shoots, may be taken up 
 as soon as they have done flowering, and 
 be divided with a strong knife. Care 
 must be taken that each division has a 
 good share of roots, and at least one 
 shoot to it. Plant these divisions in a 
 bed in a shady part of the garden, but 
 not under the drip of trees. They may 
 remain here till March, and then are 
 ready to plant out in the place where 
 the.y are to flower. 
 
HOL 
 
 [488] 
 
 HOL 
 
 By Seed. — Save seed from the most 
 double and best coloured flowers. Clean 
 it from the husks, and keep it in a dry- 
 drawer, or in a bag hung up in a dry 
 room. Sow early in March in shallow, 
 wide pans, in a gentle heat. When the 
 seedlings are so large as to be readily 
 handled, transplant them either into 
 boxes three inches apart, or prepare a 
 bed of rich earth in a frame without 
 heat, and plant them out in it at the 
 same distance from each other. As soon 
 as the weather will permit, make a suffi- 
 ciently large piece of ground very rich 
 with well-decomposed hotbed dung, in a 
 dry, open part of the garden. Take the 
 plants up carefully with a garden trowel, 
 keeping as much earth as possible to 
 each. Carry them, a few at a time, in a 
 basket, to the prepared ground, and 
 plant them out in rows two feet apart, 
 and one foot between each plant. There 
 they may remain till they flower. Then 
 mark such as are well shaped and bright 
 coloured ; cut them down, and plant 
 them in the place where they are to 
 flower next season, giving a name to 
 each. Write in a book kept for the 
 purpose a description of eac-h, both of 
 shape and colour. Single and badly- 
 shaped flowers throw away at once. 
 
 Soil. — They must have a dry, deep 
 soil, enriched with pleniiy of manure. If 
 the situation is damp, they will die off 
 in the winter, unless well drained, and 
 the bed elevated above the natural level. 
 
 Summer Culture. — When the plants 
 begin to grow in the spring, give them a 
 mulching about two inches thick, with 
 some light littery manure. This will 
 protect the roots from the drying winds, 
 and strengthen the flower-shoots. Place 
 tall, strong stakes to them in good time, 
 and as they advance in growth, tie the 
 shoots separately to the stakes regularly, 
 but not too tightly, and leave room for 
 the stems to swell. During dry weather, 
 give, once a week, a thorough good 
 watering. If the flowers are intended 
 for exhibition in spikes, cut off their 
 extreme ends. This will cause the 
 flowers to form a fine pyramid of bloom, 
 and make them open more equally and 
 much larger. 
 
 Winter Culture. — Cut down the flower- 
 stem as early as possible after the bloom 
 is over, and the seed is ripened. Dig 
 the ground between the plants, leaving 
 it moderately rough to mellow with the 
 weather, adding a dressing of well- 
 decomposed manure. Before the severe 
 frosts are likely to set in, give a mulch- 
 ing of light, half-decayed dung, dosing 
 it round the plants. This will keep the 
 
 roots warm through the frosty weather, 
 and will enrich the ground as it decays. 
 
 Vm-ieties. — These are too numerous 
 to note in detail, and many are very 
 beautiful. Good results may be obtained 
 from packets of mixed seecllings obtain- 
 able at any florists. 
 
 Insects. — The green fly will, in dry 
 seasons, attack the leaves and young 
 shoots. (See Aphis.) Slugs will also 
 attack the young shoots. They must be 
 diligently sought for and destroyed, or, 
 if, very numerous, give the ground a 
 watering with clear lime-water occasion- 
 ally. In new ground, a brown grub is 
 sometimes very destructive by eating 
 off the young shoots just level with tlie 
 ground. Nothing will kill these except 
 hand-picking, the soil must be stirred 
 with the hand, and the insects found 
 and destroyed. 
 
 Diseases. — Sometimes they die off sud- 
 denly, the consequence of a too rich or 
 too damp soil. Whenever a plant is 
 struck with this disease it should be in- 
 stantly removed. If it has any young, 
 healthy shoots, they may be taken off 
 and put in as cuttings. The place must 
 have the soil removed for a foot square, 
 fresh soil put in, and a new healthy 
 plant inserted. 
 
 Hollyhock fungus. Pucei'nea 
 mcUvueea'rum. For some years past the 
 Hollyhocks and other Malvacew have 
 been attacked and destroyed by this 
 virulent pest. It is said to have been 
 first detected in Chili, whence it has 
 gradually spread to Australia, Britain, 
 and the Continent. 
 
 Our illustration represents an infected 
 leaf of the hollyhock reduced (Fig. a). 
 At Fig. b is shown a section through one 
 of the fungus pustules, representing the 
 
 fungus in fruit bursting through the 
 skin of the leaf. Fig. c represents one 
 of the two-celled spores magnified 250 
 diameters. Whenever this Pticcinea 
 attacks a Hollyhock, whether it be a 
 
HOL 
 
 [489] 
 
 HOM 
 
 young or an old plant, it is jjretty cer- 
 tain to kill it ; and wherever it appears 
 the plants attacked should be pulled up 
 and burnt to prevent the spreading of 
 the Puccinea ; half measures are not of 
 the least use. 
 
 Holly-leaf fly. Phytomy'za i'licis. 
 The Holly oftentimes has its leaves 
 much disfigured by brownish blister-like 
 patches, as represented by Fig. 1 ; these 
 are caused by the larva of a small two- 
 
 winged fly, bearing the name given 
 above. The larva lives within the leaf, 
 feeding upon the tissue immediately 
 beneath the upper epidermis, its position 
 often being made visible as a darker 
 spot (Fig. 2). The larva is about yV of 
 an inch m length, and of a pale greenish 
 colour ; it changes to a brown pupa 
 within the leaf, and the perfect fly 
 emerges in the course of a few da,ys. 
 Fig. 3 represents the pupa, natural size, 
 and Fig. 4 the same, magnified. The 
 perfect fly (Fig. 5, magnified, the crossed 
 lines Fig. 6 showing the natural size) is 
 of a greenish-brown colour, having trans- 
 parent iridescent wings, with brown 
 nervnres. Beyond greatly disfiguring 
 the leaves, we do not know that it does 
 any material harm to the Holly ; neither 
 can we suggest a remedy, unless smoking 
 the bushes be of any avaU. For our 
 illustration we are indebted to the 
 "Gardeners' Chronicle." 
 
 Holmskio'ldia. (Named after 7. 
 Eolmshiold, a Danish botanist. Nat. 
 OTd., VerbenacecB ; Tribe, Viticece. Syn., 
 Hastingia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreens, with scarlet flowers, from 
 the East Indies. Cuttings of young shoots, just 
 getting firm at the base, in sandy soil, under 
 glass, and in heat ; sandy peat, and hght, flbry 
 loam. 
 H.scmgui'ma. i. 1796. Shrub. B. R. t. 692. 
 
 -sca'ndJn^. May. 1824. Climber. Syn., 
 Hastingia 
 
 Ho'lothrix. (From holos, entire, 
 and thrix, hair; small plants with 
 minute leaves and flowers. Nat. ord 
 Orchidece. ) 
 
 Small terrestrial orchid. Warm stove ; sphag- 
 num, peat, and charcoal. 
 
 H. Lindleya'na. White. S. Africa. G. C 1888 
 iii. p. 364, figs. 65 and 66. 
 
 Homala'nthus. (From homalos. 
 smooth, and ajiiAo*, a flower. Nat. ord., 
 EuphorbiacecB ; Tribe, Crotonem. Allied 
 to Hippomane. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of firm shoots 
 in sand, in heat ; loam and peat. 
 H. pelta'tws. Greenish. Philippines. 1866. 
 Syns., DibracMon peltatum and Mappa 
 
 — polya'ndrum. Lord Howe's Island. 1876. 
 
 Syn., CaruTtibiuTth polyandrum. 
 
 — populiJVlia. 6. White. August. N. Holland. 
 
 1825. 
 
 Homalium. (From homalos, 
 smooth. Nat. ord., Samydacece. Syn., 
 Astranthus.) 
 
 Greenhouse, evergreen shrub ; cuttings in 
 sandy soil, under a glass ; rich, light loam. 
 H co'chin-chine'rms. i. White. July. China. 
 1823. Syn., Astranthus eochin-chmensis. 
 B. M. t. 2659. 
 
 Homalome'na. (From homalos, 
 flat, and mene, moon; a translation of 
 the native name of some species of this 
 genus, the application is not apparent. 
 Nat. ord., Aracece. Syn., Homalonema.) 
 Stove evergreen dwarf shrubby plants. Seeds, 
 divisions of the stem. Fibrous peat and a little 
 sharp sand ; sometimes broken charcoal and 
 rotten leaves are mixed with the peat, but they 
 do equally well without it. Moist atmosphere, 
 shade. 
 H. corda'ta. White. June. China. 1820. 
 
 — insi'gnis. Borneo. 111. Hort. t. 560. 
 
 — pelta'ta. 3. Spathe pinkish, white ; spadix 
 
 cream-coloured. Columbia. 1877. 
 
 — pictura'ta. J. Spathe green ; spadix white ; 
 
 leaves with silvery central stripe. Co- 
 ilumbia. 1873. Syn., Curmeria pic- 
 turata. 
 
 — Bxydzlii. J. Spathe olive-brown outside, 
 
 creamy within. Columbia. 1875. Syn., 
 Cumwria Roezlii. 
 
 — rubdscens. 2. Spathe purplish-red outside, 
 
 inside and spadix whitish. India. 1870. 
 
 — Siesmayeria'num. Borneo. 1884. 
 
 — Wcdli'sii. Spathe reddish ; spadix white ; 
 
 leaves variegated. Columbia. 1877. 
 Syn., Curmeria Wallisii. 
 
 — Wendla'iulii. 4. Costa Eica. 
 
 Home'ria. (From homereo, to meet ; 
 the filaments are connected in a tube 
 around the style. Nat, ord., Iridece ; 
 Tribe, Morceece. Allied to Ferraria.) 
 
 Greenhouse bulbs, requiring the same treat- 
 ment as IXIA. All from South Africa. 
 H. auranti'aca. 1. Orange-red, yellow. 1810. 
 Syns., Bobartia aurantiaca, Morcea 
 a/urcmtiaca, and M. collma, var. mmiata 
 minor. , B. M. t. 1612. 
 
 — coUi'na. Eeddish or yellow. 1793. Syns., 
 
 Iforeea coUina, B. M. 1. 1033, and Sisy- 
 rinchiwm elegans. Red. Lil. t. 171. 
 
 minia'ta. Reddish. Syn., Mwcea 
 
 miniata. Andr. Rep. t. 404. 
 
HOM 
 
 [490] 
 
 HOR 
 
 B coUfna ochnleufea. Yellowish. Syn., Morcea 
 eollirm. B. M. 1. 1103. 
 
 — e'legans. 1. Yellow and dull blue or orange- 
 brown. 1797. Syns., if. spicata and 
 Morcea gpieata. B. M. 1. 1283. 
 
 —Jlexwi'sa. See Hexaglottis longifoUa. 
 
 ~-Knea'ta. 1. Bed-yellow ; leaves with a white 
 midrib. 1826. 
 
 Homoia'nthus. (From homoios, 
 like, and ianthos, violet-colour. Nat. 
 Old., Compositce; Tribe, Mutisiaem.) 
 See Perezia. 
 
 ;/. visco'sm. B. M. t. 6401. See Perezia viscosa. 
 
 Honesty. Luna'ria. 
 
 Honey Bee. A'pis mdU'fica. See 
 Bee. 
 
 Honey-berry. Melico'eca. 
 
 Honey-dew. See Extravasated 
 Sap. 
 Honey-flower. Melia'nthus. 
 Honey-garlic. Nectarosco'rdum. 
 
 Honey-locust. Gledi'tschia tri- 
 ca'nthos. 
 
 Honeysuckle. Loni'cera. 
 
 Honeywort. CeH'nthe. 
 
 Hoo'dia. (Commemorative. Nat. 
 ord. , Asclepiadacece ; Tribe, Stapeliece. 
 Allied to Boucerosia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse succulent perennials, with thick, 
 cylindric, many-angled stems, armed with 
 spines. The large and curious flowers are pro- 
 duced at the summit of the stems. Seeds, and 
 cuttings of the young shoots, which should be 
 cut off as close as possible to the stem, and 
 placed in the sun for several days, to allow the 
 wound to cicatrize ; then insert in a soil com- 
 posed of one-third brick -rubbish, one-third sand, 
 and one-third rich loam, place in full sunlight, 
 and keep very slightly damp. In summer, 
 when growing freely they may be well watered ; 
 in winter, give onlyiust enough water to prevent 
 the soil going dust-dry. Summer temp., 70° to 
 90° ; winter, 60° to 70°— always in full sunlight. 
 H. Bai'nii. 1. Buff, with purplish tint. July. 
 S. Africa. 1877. B. M. t. 6348. 
 
 — Gordo'ni. l-lj. Buffi and purplish. Summer. 
 
 S. Africa. 1876. B. M. t. 6228. 
 
 Hoo'kera. (After Sir W. J. Hooker. 
 Nat. ord. , Iridex. ) A synonym of Bro- 
 disea. 
 
 H. corona' ria. A synonym of Brodwa grandi- 
 flora. ^ . , , , 
 
 — piMidlla, Sails. Parad. t. 117, is probably a 
 
 Broiicm. 
 
 Hopp-petticoat. Narcissus bul- 
 boco'dium. 
 Hoop-ash. Ce'Uis crassifo'lia. 
 Hop. Hu'mulus. 
 Hop-hornbeam. Phologo'phora. 
 
 Hopki'rkia. (After Mr. Eopkirh. 
 Nat. ord., Compositce; Tribe, Helian- 
 thoidem.) See Salmea. 
 H. semdens. See Salmea scandens. 
 
 Hoplophy'tum. (Nat. ord., Brome' 
 liacece ; Tribe, Bromeliem. ) See iBch- 
 mea. 
 
 H. oalycula'tuin. See .^ehmea calycidata. 
 
 — coile'ate. See JEchmea ecelettis. 
 
 — axrvle! scene. See jEchmea ccenUescem, 
 
 — LiTide^ni. See ^chmea Lindeni. 
 
 Ho'rdeum. Barley. (The Latin 
 name. Nat. ord., Graminem.) 
 
 Hardy grasses, of greater use to the fanner 
 than the gardener. H. jv^a'tum is ornamental. 
 Propagated by seeds. 
 H. di'stichon. Long-eared barley. 
 
 — hexa'stichon. Winter or Square Barley. 
 —juba'tmn. 2. N. America. 1782. Squirrel- 
 tail Gtrass. 
 
 — vulga're. Spring Barley. 
 
 — zeo'criton. Sprat or Battledore Barleyi 
 
 Horehound. Marru'bium: 
 
 Horkelia. (Named after J. Horkel, 
 a German botanist. Nat. ord. , Bosacece; 
 Tribe, PotentUlecB. In the Genera Plan- 
 tarum united to Potentilla. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds and 
 dividing the plant in spring ; common garden- 
 soil. 
 H. capita'ta. Gfl. t. 711. See H. fwsca. 
 
 — conge^sta. 2. White. August. California. 
 
 1826. B. M. t. 2880. 
 
 — fu'sca. White. Summer. California. B. M. 
 
 1. 1997. Syn.'H. capitata. 
 
 — Tili'ngi. White. California. 1872. 
 
 Hormi'dium. (From ormos, a neck- 
 lace ; the flowers are sessile on the rachis. 
 Nat. ord., Orchidem; Tribe, Epidendrece.) 
 B. Hcornu'tvm,. li. White. April. Jamaica. 
 Syn., Spidendrum bicormttum. B. M. 
 t. 3332. 
 
 — pygmce^mn. Green ; lip white tipped with 
 
 rose. January. Brazil. 1832. Syn., 
 Epidendrum pygwuKumi. B. M. t. 3232. 
 
 — Sophroni'tis. Yellow, reddish-brown, green, 
 
 May. Peru. 1867. Syn., Epidendrum 
 Sophronitie. B. M. t. 6314. 
 
 Hormi'num. (From hormao, to 
 excite ; its medicinal qualities. Nat. 
 Old., Labiatw; Tiihe, Satureinece. Allied 
 to Monarda. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the 
 plant, and seeds in spring ; requires a dry situa- 
 tion, or a damp winter will injure it. 
 B. coAildseens, See Lepechinm spicata. 
 
 — pyrena'icmn. 1. Blue. June.' Pyrenees. 
 
 1820. Syn., Melissa pyrenauM. Jacq. 
 H. Vind. 1. 183. 
 
 Hornema'nnia. (After Dr. Horne- 
 mann, a German botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Scrophulariacew; Tribe, Gratiolece. ) See 
 Vandellia. 
 
 B. ova'ta. See Vandellia Crustacea. 
 
 — visco'sa. See Vandellia kirsuta. 
 
 Horn. See Animal Matters. 
 Hornbeam. Carpi'nus. 
 Hom-of-plenty. Fe'dia. 
 Horn-poppy. Glau'ciwm. 
 Horse-chestnut. .M'scvlus. 
 
HOR 
 
 Horse-radish. {Cochlea' ria armo- 
 ra'cia.) Delights in a deep, rich soil, 
 banks of a ditch, etc. Should the ground 
 require manure, it should be dug in at 
 the depth at which the sets are intended 
 to be planted. It is propagated by sets, 
 provided by cutting the main root and 
 offsets into lengths of two inches. The 
 tops, or crowns of the roots, form the 
 best, those taken from the centre never 
 becoming so soon fit for use, or of so 
 fine a growth. Each set should have at 
 least two eyes ; for without one they re- 
 fuse to vegetate at all. For a supply of 
 the crowns, any inferior piece of ground 
 planted with sets six inches apart and 
 six deep, will furnish from one to five 
 tops each, and may be collected for 
 several successive years with little more 
 trouble than keeping them clear of 
 weeds; but the times for planting are in 
 October and February. 
 
 Insert the sets in rows eighteen inches 
 apart each way. The ground trenched 
 between two and three feet deep, the cut- 
 tings being placed along the bottom of 
 the trench, and the soil turned from the 
 next one over them. The earth ought 
 to lie lightly over the sets ; therefore 
 treading on the beds should be carefully 
 avoided. The shoots make their appear- 
 ance in May or June, or earlier if the 
 sets were planted in autumn. 
 
 Remove the leaves as they decay in 
 autumn, the ground being also hoed 
 and raked over at the same season, 
 which may be repeated in the following 
 spring. 
 
 In the succeeding autumn they merely 
 require to be hoed as before, and may be 
 taken up as wanted. By having tJiree 
 beds devoted to this root, one will always 
 be lying fallow and improving ; of which 
 period advantage should be taken to 
 apply any requisite manure. 
 
 Takinqup. — To take them up, atrench 
 is dug along the outside row down to the 
 bottom of the roots, which, when the bed 
 is continued in one place, may be cut off 
 level to the original stool, and the earth 
 from the next row then turned over them 
 to the requisite depth; and so in rotation 
 to the end of the plantation. By this 
 mode a bed will continue in perfection 
 for five or six years, after which a fresh 
 plantation is usually necessary. But the 
 best practice is to take the crop up en- 
 tirely, and to form a plantation annually ; 
 for it not only causes the roots to be 
 finer, but also affords the opportunity of 
 changing the site. If this mode is fol- 
 lowed care must be taken to raise every 
 lateral root; for abnost the smaUestwiU 
 vegetate if left in the ground. 
 
 [ 491 ] HOT 
 
 Horse-radish Tree. Mori'nga. 
 Horse-shoe Vetch. JSippocre'pis. 
 Horse-thistle. Cni'cus. 
 
 Horsfie'ldia. (Dedicated to Dr. 
 Horsfield, a traveller and collector in 
 Java. Nat. ord., Araliacece.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub, anned with spines. For 
 cultivation, see Aralia. 
 H. aculea'ta. Java. 1866. 
 
 Hort. A contraction of the Latin 
 hortensis, appertaining to a garden. 
 Often added to the name of a plant of 
 
 garden origin. 
 
 Horte'nsia opuloi'des. See Hy- 
 dra'ngea horte'nsis. 
 
 Hosa'ckia. (Named after Dr. Ho- 
 sack, an American botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminosce ; Tribe, Lotece. Allied to 
 Ononis.) 
 
 Hardy plants, with yellow flowers, except 
 where otherwise mentioned. Suitable £or front 
 of borders and rock- works ; seeds and division 
 of the plants in spring ; cuttings of perenniala 
 in summer, under a handlight. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 H. subpinna'ta. June. Chili. 1836. 
 
 — WraTigelia'na. June. California. 1836. 
 
 HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 
 H. bi'color. i. Yellow and white. August. 
 N. Amer. 1826. Syn., Lotus pinnatus.. 
 B. M. t. 2913. 
 
 — crassifo'lia. June. California. 1833. Syn., , 
 
 H. stolonifera. 
 
 — decu'mbens J. August. N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 — parvifio'ra. J August. N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 — Purshia'na. i. July. N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 — stoloni'fera. B. M. t. 1977. See H. crassi- 
 
 folia. 
 
 Hose in Hose is a form of double 
 flowers when one corolla is inserted 
 within the other, as is frequently the 
 case with the primrose. 
 
 Ho'sta. (Named after N. T. Host, 
 a German botanist. Nat. ord., Ver- 
 henacece; Tribe, Viticiece.) A synonym 
 of Comutia. 
 
 H. cceru'lea. Jacq. H. Schcenb. t. lU. See 
 C(ymutia punctata. 
 
 — latifo'lia. See Comutia pyrwmidata. 
 
 — limgifo'lia. A synonym of Cornmtia longi- 
 
 folia. 
 
 Hotbed is a bed of earth,'&r other 
 material, usually covered by a glazed 
 frame, and heated artificially, and em- 
 ployed either for forcing certain vege- 
 tables, for raising seedlings, or for strik- 
 ing cuttings. It is heated either by dung,, 
 leaves, tan in a state of fermentation, or 
 by hot water. 
 
 Hotbed of Stable Dung: Pre,paration of 
 Dung. — We will commence with the dung 
 fresh at the stable door : the first thing is 
 to throw it into a close body to " sweat. " 
 Those amateurs who have plenty, and to 
 spare, will do well to shake it over loosely. 
 
HOT 
 
 [492j 
 
 HOT 
 
 sindrej ect a portion of the mere droppings ; 
 for these require the most purifying, 
 and, moreover, engender an over-power- 
 ful, and sometimes unmanageable heat, 
 which, in unpractised hands, is capable of 
 much mischief. The main bulk of the 
 material thus thrown together will, in a 
 week or so, become exceedingly hot, and 
 must then be turned completely inside 
 out ; and, in so doing, every lock or patch 
 which adheres together must be divided. 
 Water will now be requisite, and must be 
 regularly applied as the work proceeds, 
 rendering every portion equally moist. 
 After the mass has lain for about four 
 ■days longer, it is well to administer a li-. 
 beral amount of water on the top ; this 
 will wash out at the bottom of the heap 
 much of its gross impurities. In a few 
 more days it must be again turned inside 
 ■out, using water if dry in any portion, 
 and after laying nearly a week it should 
 be almost fit for use ; but it is well to give 
 it even another turn. If any tree-leaves, 
 strawy materials, etc., or any simple ve- 
 eetablematter is to be added to the mass, 
 it may be added at the last turning but 
 ■one. The heap ought now to be "sweet," 
 and such may be readily ascertained even 
 by unpractised persons; for a handful 
 drawn from the very interior, and applied 
 to the nostrils, will not only be devoid 
 of impure smell, but actually possess a 
 somewhat agreeable scent, similar to the 
 ^mell of muSirooms. 
 
 Beds. — All things will now be in readi- 
 ness for building the bed, and one ne- 
 <!essary point is to select a spot perfectly 
 dry beneath, or rendered so. It must, 
 moreover, be thoroughly exposed to a 
 whole day's sun ; but the more it is shel- 
 tered sideways the better, as starving 
 winds, by operating too suddenly in low- 
 ■ering the temperature, cause a great 
 waste of material as well as labour. The 
 ground plan of the bed, or ground sur- 
 face, should be nearly level. A good 
 builder, however, will be able to rear a 
 substantial bed on an incline; and such 
 is not a bad plan, so forming the slope as 
 to have the front, or south side, several 
 inches below the back ; the front being 
 with the ground level, the back raised 
 above it. By such means there will be 
 as great a depth of dung at front as back, 
 which is not the case when the base is 
 level; for then, unluckily, through the 
 incline necessary for the surface of the 
 glass, the dung at back is generally much 
 deeper than the front, at which latter 
 point most heat is wanted. Good gar- 
 ■deners not unfrequently use a portion of 
 weaker material at the back, such as lit- 
 tery stufl', containing little power as to 
 
 heat. It is well, also, to fill most of the 
 interior of the bed, after building it half 
 a yard in height, with any half -decayed 
 materials, such as half- worn linings, fresh 
 leaves, etc. This wUl, in general, secure 
 it from the danger of burning, whilst it 
 will also add to the permanency of the 
 bed. 
 
 For winter-forcing a bed should be at 
 least four feet high at the back — if five 
 feet, all the better; and as soon as built 
 let some littery manure be placed round 
 the sides, in order to prevent the wind 
 searching it. As soon as the heat is well 
 up, or in about four days from the build- 
 ing of it, the whole bed should hav,e 
 a thorough watering. It is now well to 
 close it until the heat is well up again, 
 when a second and lighter watering may 
 be applied ; and now it will be ready for 
 the huls of soil any time. 
 
 In making the hills of soil for the 
 plants, in forcing melons or cucumbers, 
 make a hoUow in the centre of each light, 
 half the depth of the bed. In the bottom 
 of this, place nearly a barrowful of brick- 
 bats, on this some half -rotten dung, and 
 finally a flat square of turf, on which the 
 hillock is placed. It is almost impossible 
 for the roots of the plants to " scorch " 
 with this precaution. 
 
 As the neat declines, linings, or, as 
 they might be more properly called, coat- 
 ings, are made use of, which consist of 
 hot fermenting dung laid from eighteen 
 to twenty-four inches, in proportion to 
 the coldness of the season, etc., all round 
 the bed to the whole of its height ; and if 
 founded in a trench, one equally deep 
 must be dug for the coating, it being of 
 importance to renew the heat as mnoli as 
 possible throughout its whole mass. If, 
 after a while, the temperature again de- 
 clines, the old coating must be taken 
 away, and a similar one of hot dung ap- 
 plied in its place. Asthespringadvances, 
 the warmth of the sun will compensate 
 for the decline of that of the bed ; but as 
 the nights are generally yet cold, either 
 a moderate coating, about nine or ten 
 inches thick, is required, or the mowings 
 of grass, or even litter may be laid round 
 the sides with advantage. 
 
 Various structureshavebeen suggested, 
 whereby the heat only of f emienting dung 
 is employed, and its steam is prevented 
 from penetrating within the frame. One 
 of the best of these structures is the fol- 
 lowing, proposed by Mr. West: 
 
 D D, chamber in which the dung is 
 placed, thi-ee and a half feet deep, sur- 
 rounded by nine-inch brickwork. One 
 half of this is filled longitudinally with 
 dung at the commencement, wMoh, it 
 
HOT 
 
 [493] 
 
 HOT 
 
 kept close shut up, -w.ill last twelve or 
 eigliteen days, according to the quality 
 of the dung. As the heat declines, the 
 other side is filled, and the temperature 
 
 is further sustained by additions to the 
 top of both as the mass settles. When 
 this united heat becomes insufficient, the 
 side first filled being cleared, the old 
 manure must be mixed with some fresh, 
 and replaced, this being repeated alter- 
 nately to either heap as often as neces- 
 sary. A A, are the doors, two of which 
 are on each side for the admission of the 
 dung. They are two and a half feet 
 square, fitted into grooves at the bottom, 
 and fastened by means of a pin and 
 staple at the top. B B, are small areas 
 sunk in front, surrounded by a curb of 
 wood ; G G G, are bars passed longitudi- 
 nally as a guide and support in packing 
 the dung ; C, represents a bar of cast iron, 
 two inches wide, and three quarters of an 
 inch thick, placed on the edge of which 
 there is a row, afoot asunder, across the 
 chamber, to support a layer of small 
 wood branches and leaves, H,for the pur- 
 pose of sustaining the soil, K, in the 
 upper chamber; E E, represents the ori- 
 fices, of which there are a series all 
 round the pit, communicating with the 
 flue F F F, which surrounds the beds ; the 
 exterior wall of this flue is built with 
 bricks laid flat, the inner one of bricks 
 set on edge. The flue is two inches wide, 
 and, for the sake of strength, bricks are 
 passed occasionally from side to side as 
 ties. The top of the flue, and the internal 
 part of the wall, which rises at the back 
 and front to the level the earth is 
 meant to stand, are covered with tiles, 
 over the joints of* which slips of slate, 
 bedded in mortar, are laid, to prevent the 
 escape of the steam of the dTung ; I, re- 
 presents one of two plugs, which stop 
 holes left to regulate the heat and steam 
 as may be necessary. The outer wall 
 supports the lights. For the conve- 
 nience of fixing the diing, it is best to 
 fill half of the chamber at the com- 
 mencement, before the branches, mould, 
 etc., are put in. 
 
 Hot- Water Beds.— It hot water be the 
 source of heat, the following sketch of 
 
 the bed and frame employed by Mr. 
 Mitchell, at Worsley, is about the bestr 
 that can be employed. The objects kept 
 in view when it was constructed, were— 
 1st. A circulation of air without loss of 
 heat. 2nd. A supply of moisture at 
 command, proportionate to the tem- 
 perature. 3rd. A desirable amount of 
 bottom-heat. 4th. A supply of external 
 air (when necessary) without producing 
 a cold draught. 
 
 The method by which the first of these 
 is accomplished will be understood by 
 referring to the section, in which a repre- 
 sents the flow-pipes, bbb the rethrn-pipes 
 in the chamber A. It is evident that, as 
 the air in the chamber becomes heated, 
 it will escape upwards by the opening c, 
 and the cold air from the passage B wiU 
 rush in to supply its place ; but the 
 ascending current of heated air, coming 
 in contact with the glass, is cooled, de- 
 scends, and entering the passageB, passes 
 into the chamber A, where it is again 
 heated ; and thus a constant circulation 
 
 is produced. In order to obtain the 
 second object, to some extent are combined 
 the tank-and-pipe systems. The flow- 
 pipe a is put half its diameter into the 
 channel c, which, when filled with water 
 (or so faV as is necessary), gives off' a 
 vapour, exactly proportionate to the 
 heat of the pipe and pit. 
 
 The third requisition is produced by 
 the surrounding atmosphere and heating 
 materials. The fourtn is accomplished 
 simply by lowering the upper sash ; the 
 cold air thus entering at the top only, 
 falls directly into the passage B, and 
 passes through the hot chamber be- 
 fore coming in contact with the plants. 
 When the heat in the chamber is 95°, in 
 the open space over the bed it is 71° ; in 
 the bottom of the passage only 60°; and 
 in the mould in the bed it is 80°. The 
 amount of vapour is regulated with the 
 greatest facility, even from the smallest 
 quantity to the greatest density. — Gard. 
 Chron. 
 
 Hotei'a. See Astilbe. 
 
 Hothouse. See Stove. 
 
[494] 
 
 HOT 
 
 Hottentot Bread. Diosco'rm. 
 Hottentot Cherry. Cassi'ne 
 
 maiiroce'nia, 
 
 Hottentot Fig. Mesembrya'nthe- 
 mum e'dvle. 
 
 Hotto'nia. Water Violet. (Named 
 after P. Hotton, a Dutch botanist. Nat. 
 ■ord. , Primulacece ; Tribe, Hottoniece. ) 
 
 A hardy aquatic or marsh plant. Divisions in 
 spring ; ponds or ditches. 
 B.palu'stris. 1. Flesh. August. England. 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1128. 
 
 Hot Wall is a hollow wall, the in- 
 terior air being so heated by flues or hot 
 water as to keep the bricks, of which its 
 faces are composed, so warm as to pro- 
 mote the ripening of the wood and fruit 
 trainedagainst them. See Wall (Flued). 
 
 Hot Water, as a source of heat for 
 gardening purposes, is preferable to any 
 other for large structures. In these it 
 is less expensive, and in all it is more 
 manageable and less troublesome than 
 any other. See Greenhouse, Hot- 
 "bed, and stove. 
 
 HouUe'tia. (Namedafter J/. HouUet, 
 a French gardener. Nat. ord., Orchi- 
 dem; Tribe, Vandece-Stanhopiece. Allied 
 to Stanhopea.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Division of the plant ; peat, 
 broken pots, charcoal, and rotten wood ; plants 
 ■elevated above the pot, or in a shallow basket. 
 Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 50° to 60°. 
 H. Brocklehurstia'na. 2. Brown, yellow. June. 
 Brazil. 1841. 
 
 — chrysa'ntlm. Yellow, purple. Columbia. 
 
 1872. 
 
 — Jjowia'na. White, yellow. Columbia? 1874. 
 
 — od(yrati'88inM. 
 
 antiogue!ngia. Blood -purple, white; 
 
 brown outside. Antioquia. 1870. 
 xanthi'na. Orange, sulphur, white. 1884. 
 
 — pi'cta. Bed-brown, yellow, blackish purple. 
 
 Columbia. 1855. 
 
 — tigri'na. Yellow, crimson. New Grenada. 
 
 1862. 
 
 — mtta'ta. 1. Brown, yellow. June. Brazil. 
 
 1841. 
 
 — Walli'sii. Central America. 1868. 
 
 Hound's Tongue. Cynoglo'ssum. 
 
 Houseleek. Sempervi'vum. 
 
 Housto'nia. (Named in honoui- of 
 Dr. W. Houston, an English botanist. 
 Nat. ord., BuUacece; Tnhe,HedyotidecB.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, from North 
 America. Division in spring ; sandy loam and 
 peat ; beautiful for small beds and rock-works. 
 H. alMJlo'ra. White. June. 1823. 
 
 — ccervllea. }. Blue. June. 1786. 
 a!lha. White. 
 
 — eilMa'ta. \. White, blue. July. 1826. Syn., 
 
 H. ierpylli^olia. 
 
 — coceinea. Andr. Bep. 1. 106. A synonym of 
 
 Bouvardia triphyUa. 
 
 — longifo'lia. J. Scarlet. 
 
 — purpu'rea. 1. Purple. Julyi 1800. 
 
 — serpyUifo'lia. B. M. t. 2882. See H. dliolata. 
 
 — tene'Ua. Purple. May. 1812. 
 
 HOV 
 
 Hou'ttea. (After Louis Van Houtte, 
 a Belgian nurseryman. Nat. ord., 
 GesneracecB. ) 
 
 Stove shrubs. These grow best in a compost 
 
 of peat and leaf-soil, mixed with a little sand. 
 
 Propagated by tubers and cuttings. 
 
 H. Gardne'ri. 2. Red. July. Brazil. 1841. 
 
 Syns., Ge»nera Gardmeri, B. M. t, 4121, 
 
 and G. Gardneri, Fl. Ser. 1. 146. 
 
 — pardi'rut. IJ. Orange, red. Brazil. 1847. 
 
 Syh., 6e»nera pa/rdina. B. M. t. 4348. 
 
 Houttuy'nia. (Named after Dr. 
 
 Eouttuyn, of Amsterdam. Nat. ord., 
 
 Piperacew; Tribe, Saururece.) 
 Herbaceous greenhouse marsh-plant, from 
 
 Japan. Seeds, or dividing the plant in spring ; 
 
 peat and loam, kept moist, and the plant a little 
 
 shaded. 
 
 H, califo'mica. White, red. Summer. Cali- 
 fornia. Syn., Anemiopsis californica. 
 B. M. t. 5292. 
 
 — emda'ta. i-3. White. July to September. 
 
 Japan and China. B. M. t. 2731. Syn., 
 H.foetida 
 
 Ho'vea. (Named after A. P. Hove, 
 a Polish botanist. Nat. ord., Legumi- 
 nosce; Tribe, Genistece. Syn., Poiretia. 
 Allied to Lalage. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs; from Australia 
 and Tasmania, with purple flowers, except 
 where otherwise mentioned. Seeds, which 
 should be sown in a hotbed, and moistened in 
 warm water before sowing ; cuttings of young 
 side-shoots in April or May, in sand, under a 
 bell-gla^s, and kept in a close frame ; sandy peat 
 with a very little flbry loam, and pieces of char- 
 coal and freestone, or small pieces of pounded 
 bricks. In summer they should be a little shaded 
 from bright sunshine. B. lanceolata, pwrpurm, 
 rosmarinifolia, and villoma are sometimes re- 
 garded as varieties of S. longi/olia. 
 H. Ce'lsii. 4. Blue. June. 1818. B. E. 
 t. 280. 
 
 — cTiorozenuefo'lia. 2. March. Australia. 1824. 
 
 Syn., Plagiolobium chorozerncefolvum. 
 
 — vri'spa. 2. February. 1837. 
 
 — aii'ptvM. 3, April. 1817. 
 
 — Uiaifo'lia. 3. April. 1844. Syn., Plagiolo- 
 
 bium ilieifotm'm. 
 
 — lanceola'ta. 3. May. 1805. B. M. 1. 1624. 
 
 — latifo'lia. 3. June. 1820. B. C. t. 30. 
 
 — Hnea'ris. 3. July. 1796. 
 
 — longifo'lia. 3. July. 1806 B. R. t. 614. 
 
 — Mcmgle!sii. 1. January. 1837. 
 
 — rmusrona'ta. 4. May. 1824. 
 
 — panTK/sa. 3. May. 1824. 
 
 — pu'ngms. Blue. 1837. Flor. Mag. t. 238. 
 ma'jor. Blue. May. 1841. 
 
 — py/rpu'rea. 3. June. 1820. B. C. 1. 1469. 
 
 — raeemulo'sa. 2. May. 1842. 
 
 — rosmarinifo'lia. 3. Blue. June. 1824. 
 
 — ^le'ndens. 2. Blue. March. 1843. Paxt. 
 
 Mag. X. p. 103. 
 
 — trispefrma. Vermilion. May. ■ 
 
 — mllo'sa. 3. Lilac, April, 1829, 
 
 Hove'nia. (Named after D. Hoven, 
 a Dutch senator. Nat. ord., Bham- 
 nacecB ; Tribe, Bhamnece. Allied to 
 Alaternus.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with white 
 flowers. Cuttings of ripe young shoots in sand, 
 under a glass ; sandy loam and a little peat. 
 Winter temp., 40" to 46°. H. du'lds has stood 
 against a wall in the Horticultural and Kew 
 Gardens, with a little protection. 
 
HOW 
 
 [496] 
 
 HUE 
 
 B. aee'rba. B. R. t. 501. A synonym of H. 
 dtilcis. 
 
 — du'lcw. 8. July. Japan, China, and Sub- 
 
 tropical Himalayas. 1812. 
 
 — iruKqiM'lis. A synonym of H. duleis. 
 
 Howa'rdia. (In honour of J. C. 
 Howard, author of a work on Cinchona 
 harks. Nat. ord., Buhiacew ; Trihe, 
 Condaminem. ) See Pogonopus. 
 
 H. earaccdse'nsis. B. M. t. 6110. See Pogonopus. 
 
 Ho'wea. (From Lord Howe's Island, 
 of which this genus is a native. Nat. 
 ord., Palmece.) 
 
 Stove palms. For culture, see Kentia. 
 M. Belmotea'na. 30. Cream. Lord Howe's 
 Island. 1872. B. M. t. 7018. Syns., 
 Gnsebachia Belmorewna and Kentia 
 Belmoreana. Curly Palm. 
 
 — Forsteria'na. Lord Howe's Island. 1872. 
 
 Syn., Kentia ForsteHana. 
 
 Hoy'a. Honey Plant. (Named after 
 Mr. Hoy, once gardener at Sion House. 
 Nat. ord., Asdepiadacem ; Trihe, Mars- 
 deniecB. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings inserted in 
 almost any open soil, and plunged in a moist 
 heat, root quickly ; even the leaves will root and 
 soon produce a plant ; peat and loam, w.th a 
 ■considerable portion of little pieces of pounded 
 bricks and lime-rubbish. They flourish best in 
 the temperature of the stove, and full exposure 
 to the sun ; but in winter they should be kept 
 rather dry, and in the temperature of a warm 
 ■greenhouse— 45°, 50°, or even lower. 
 H. a'tro-purpu'rea. Brownish -purple. Septem- 
 ber. Java. 1848. 
 
 — austra'lis. White. October. Australia. 1820. 
 
 B. M. t. 5820. 
 
 — ie'Ua. IJ. White, purple. Taung Kola. 
 
 1847. B. M. t. 4402. 
 
 — campanula'ta. B. M. t. 4545. See Physo- 
 
 stelma WalliehU. 
 
 — carno'sa. 10. Pinkish-white. July. Asia. 
 
 1802. Syn., Asclepias camosa, B. M. 
 788. 
 fo'Uit-vaHega'tis. 10. Pink. July. 
 
 — einruimmmifc/lia,. 10. Pale green. July. Java. 
 
 1847. B. M. t. 4347. 
 
 — coria'cea. 2. White, yellow. August. 
 
 Manilla. 1838. B. M. t. 4518. Syns., 
 Centrostemma reflexwm and Cyrtooeras 
 refiexum. B. eoriacea of B. E. 1839, t. 18 
 is H. in/ultiflora. 
 
 — carona'ria. Yellow. November. Java. 1856. 
 
 B. M. t. 4969. 
 
 — crasnfo'lia. 10. China. 1817. 
 
 — Cumingia'na. Yellow. Malay Archipelago. 
 — frateima. Yellowish-buff, with reddish-brown 
 
 blotches. July. Java. 1861. B. M. 
 t. 4684. 
 —frutwo'm. 1848. 
 
 — fu'sca. Brownish. Sylhet. 1837. 
 
 — globulo'sa. Yellowish-white. April. India. 
 
 1880. Flor. Mag. n. ser. t. 406. 
 
 — gonolotoi'des. Deep brown, paler outside. 
 
 India? 1884. , „^ . 
 
 — 6ri0thii. Pale rose-red. July. Khasia. 
 
 1886. B. M. t. 6877. 
 
 — imperia'lis. 20. Scarlet. June. Borneo. 
 
 Bau'schii. Bed. 1855. Gfl. 1. 132. 
 
 — lamno'sa. 3. Greenish-yellow. March. Java. 
 
 1854. B. M. t. 4826. 
 
 palimjio'ra. White; shaggy. Java. 
 
 1861. B. M. t. 6272. 
 
 — lana'ntha. Yellow. July. Borneo. 1858. 
 
 B. M. t. 6081. Syn., Plocoslemma lasi- 
 
 antha. 
 H. linea'ris. White. October. Himalayas. 
 
 B. M. t. 6682. 
 gikJdme'nm. White, yellowish. Autumn. 
 
 Sikkim. 1883. B. M. t. 6682. 
 
 — longyfo'lia Shephe'rdi. Pinkish. India. 1861. 
 
 G. C. 1885, xxiv. p. 617. 
 
 — multijlo'ra. White, yellow. July. Borneo. 
 
 Syns. H. eoriacea of B. E. 1839, t. 18 ; 
 Centrostemma mmltiflorum, B. M. t. 
 6173. 
 
 — ovalifc/lia. Pinkish-yellow. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1840. 
 
 — pa'ima. 6. White. July. E. Ind. 1816. 
 
 B. M. t. 961. 
 
 — parasi'tica. Yellow. E. Ind. 
 
 — pi'cta, vars. arge!ntea and atilrea are forms of 
 
 H. variegata. 
 
 — Po'ttm. 10. Yellow. India. 1824. 
 
 — purpu'reo-fu'sea. Brown, purple. September. 
 Java. 1849. B. M. t. 4520. 
 
 — Shephefrdi. See H. longi/olia, var. Shepherdi. 
 
 — trine'rvie. ID. Yellow. July. China. 1824. 
 
 — variega'ta. Pink. Japan. 1846. Edges of 
 
 leaves often pinkish. Fl. Ser. t. 838. 
 Syns., H. pwta, vars. argentea and 
 aurea. 
 
 Hudso'nia. (Named after W. Hud- 
 son, F. B. S. , author of the Flora A nglica. 
 Nat. ord., CistinecB. Allied to Helian- 
 themum. ) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreens, from North America, 
 with yellow flowers. Generally by layers in 
 spring and autumn, and cuttings in sand, during 
 summer, under a hand-light ; sandy peat, and a 
 moist situation. They require a little protec- 
 tion in winter, and may be placed in a pit. Un- 
 like any other group of the order, the foliage 
 more resembles a Heath than a Cistus. 
 H. erieoi'des. 1. June. 1805. B. C. 1. 192. 
 
 — Nutta'Uii, 1. July. 
 
 — tomtnto'sa. 1. May. 1826. 
 
 Hugelia. (Named after Baron 
 Hugel, of Vienna. Nat. ord., Polemo- 
 niacece.) See Gilia. 
 H. densifio'ra. See 6Uia dermfiora. 
 
 — elonga'ta. See Gilia densijlora. 
 
 — lu'tea. See Gilia ^ccosa, 
 
 — virga'ta. See Gilia virgata. 
 
 Hue'mia. (Named after J. Huer- 
 nius, a collector of Cape plants. Nat. 
 ord., AsclepiadacecB ; Tribe, Stapeliece. 
 Allied to Stapelia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen succulents, from South 
 Africa. Cuttings in spring, well dried before in- 
 serting, or dividing the plant after flowering ; 
 sandy^oam, and a little peat, leaf-mould, and 
 lime-rubbish ; plenty of water when growing and 
 flowering, but dry, or nearly so, during the 
 winter. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 46" to 
 50°. 
 
 H. barha'ta. 1. White-striped. August. 1796. 
 Syn., Stapelia barbata. B. M. t. 2401. 
 
 — Irremro'strit. J. Yellowish, blood-red. S. 
 
 Africa. 1877. B. M. t. 6379. 
 
 — eUmlgera. J. Yellow-striped. September. 
 
 1796. Syn., Stapelia campanulata, B. 
 M. 1. 1661, not 1293. 
 
 — eri'spa. h Perhaps a monstrous form of H. 
 
 barbata. 
 
 — hu'mUit. J. Yellow-striped. September. 
 
 1795. Syn., Stapelia hwmilis. 
 
 — hy'strix. J. Buff, crimson. Summer. S. 
 
 Africa. 1868. Syn., Stapelia hystrix. 
 
 — lentigino'sa. J. Yellow-striped. 1796. B. 
 
 M. t. 606. 
 
HUE 
 
 [496] 
 
 HUS 
 
 B ocella'ta. i Yellow-striped. Syn., Stapelia 
 ocellata. 
 
 — oeula'ta. Violet, purple, white. Damara 
 
 Land. 1880. B. M. t. 6668. 
 
 — retieula'ta. i. Pink-striped. August. 1793. 
 
 Syn., Stapelia reticulata. B. M. 1. 1662. 
 
 — tuia'ta. Flesh-colour, spotted with pink. 
 
 Syn., Stapelia tubata, B. C. t. 225. 
 
 — venu'sta. i. Yellow-striped. June. 1796. 
 
 Syn., Stapelia vennsta. 
 
 Huemio'psis. (From Huemia, and 
 opsis, like ; the flowers resemble those 
 of Huemia. Nat. orA.., AsclepiadacecB ; 
 Tribe, Stapelieoe. Allied to Stapelia. ) 
 
 A very dwarf greenhouse succulent. For culti- 
 vation, see Stapelia. 
 
 H. deai'piens. J. Crimson-brown, yellow. 
 Diamond Fields, S. Africa. 1877. 
 
 Huma'ta. (Probably from humatus, 
 interred ; the stems being deep in the 
 earth. Nat. ord., JV&es.) Now united 
 with Davallia. 
 
 stove ferns, with brownish-yellow spores. 
 Division ; peat and loam. See Ferns. 
 H. angusta'ta. April. Singapore. 
 
 — heterophy'Ua. April. Samaria. 
 
 — pectvna'ta. April. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — peda'ta. May. E. Ind. 
 
 — Tyerma'nii. W. Coast of Africa. 1871. Syn., 
 
 Davallia Tyermanii. 
 
 Humble Bee. Bo'nibus terre'stris. 
 This insect is of much use in fertilizing 
 certain leguminous plants (especially 
 Red Clover), by carrying the pollen from 
 one flower to the stigma of another, with 
 the consequent production of seeds. It 
 is attracted to tlie flowers by the nectar 
 situated near the base of the petals to 
 obtain which it occasionally bores through 
 the calyx, but the damage it does is small 
 in comparison with the benefit it more 
 frequently renders. 
 
 Humble Plant. Mimo'sa pu'dica. 
 
 Hu'mea. (Named after Lady Hume. 
 Nat. ord., Compositcn; Tribe, InuloidecB.) 
 
 Greenhouse biennial. Sow in heat, in spring ; 
 prick out and grow under glass ; place out of 
 doors in the heat of the summer ; house in good 
 time in the autumn ; shift into larger pots as 
 wanted, and transfer to its bloommg-pots in 
 April, or plant out in good, rich soil in May. 
 Smgle plants in a sheltered corner have a fine 
 effect. 
 
 H. ellegans. 6. Bed. July. N.S. Wales. 
 1800. Syn., CaXomeria amaranthoides. 
 
 Hu'm.ulus. The Hop. {FromhumuSr 
 the ground ; creeping on the ground if 
 not supported. Nat. ord., Cannabinace(B.) 
 
 Hardy twiners. H. japo'nicus is an annual ; 
 H. Ivlpulus, a perennial. Seeds and divisions in 
 spring ; deep, loamy soil. It is useful for sum- 
 mer shade, as It grows very quick. 
 B. japo'nicm. Yellowish. Japan. 1885. G. C. 
 1885, xxiv. p. 716. 
 
 — lu'pwlue. 16. Yellow. July. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1284. Common hop. 
 variegaltiis. 15. Yellow. July. Britain. 
 
 Hu'mus. When the putrefaction o' 
 dead plants is completed, there remains 
 
 a soft, black mass, known as vegetable 
 mould, or humus. One hundred parts of 
 the humus of wheat straw have of ex- 
 tractive, or apotheme, rather more than 
 twenty-six ^arts, and the residue is lime, 
 peroxide of iron, phosphate of lime, and 
 carbonaceous matter. This apotheme is 
 identical with the humio acid of Liebig^ 
 the ulmic acid of Braconnot, and the geic 
 acid of Berzelius. It contains — carbon, 
 46-6 ; hydrogen, 20-0 ; oxygen, 33 '4. It 
 was once believed, indeed, is still believed 
 by a few men of science, that this apo- 
 theme is the immediate fertilizing com- 
 ponent of organic manures, being soluble 
 under some circumstances, and entering 
 at once into the roots of plants, dissolved 
 inthemoistureof thesoiL Buteveryrela- 
 tive research of more modern chemistry 
 is against this conclusion ; and it is now 
 tolerably certain, that a chief nutritive 
 portion of vegetable manures is their 
 carbon converted into carbonic acid, 
 absorbed either in solution with the 
 earth's moisture, or in gaseous form by 
 the roots. 
 
 Hungarian Lotus. Nym^hm'a 
 therma'lis. 
 
 Hunnema'nnia. (Named after 
 J. Hunnemann, a botanical a^ent: Nat. 
 ord. , Papaveracece ; Tribe, Hunnenwm- 
 niecB. very closely allied to Esch- 
 scholtzia. ) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds in 
 spring ; rich soil ; will bloom the second year 
 with greenhouse treatment, or may be kept over 
 the winter in a dry, cold pit. 
 B.fuma/rimfo'lia. 2. Yellow. Mexico. 1827. 
 B. M. t. 3061. 
 
 Huntle'ya. (Named after the Rev. 
 Mr. H^mtley, azealous collector of plants. 
 Nat. ord., Orchideai ; Tribe, Vandece- 
 CyrtopodiecB. ) Now regarded as a section 
 of Zygopetalum, which see. 
 H. Tnelea'gris. See Batemannia meleagris. 
 
 Hu'ra. Sand-box tree. (The native 
 name. Tfiat. ord., Euphorbiacew. Allied 
 to Hippomane.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees, with whitish-yellow 
 flowers. Seeds, and cuttings of ripe young 
 shoots under a bell-glass, in sandy soil, and in 
 heat ; rich loam and peat. 
 B. ere'pitans, 12. S. Amer. 1733. 
 — strepens. 12. S. Amer. 
 
 Hurdles of iron are the most eligible 
 modes of fencing, whether for perma- 
 nency or temporary purposes. They are 
 invisible at a short distance, elegant, and 
 durable. See Railing. 
 
 Hu,rtle-berry. The fruit of Vacci'- 
 nium Vi'tis-Idm'a. 
 
 Husky. The dung for a hotbed, when 
 too dry, is said to be husky. 
 
HUT 
 
 [497] 
 
 HYB 
 
 Hutchi'nsia. (Named after Miss 
 Mutchins, an accomplished Irish crypto- 
 
 famist. Nat. ord., Cruciferce ; Tnbe, 
 TUaspidece. Allied to Iberis and Tees- 
 dalia.) 
 
 Annuals, by seeds in April, in dry situations. 
 Herbaceous perennials, by seed and divisions in 
 spring, and cuttings under a hand-light, in sum- 
 mer ; sandy loam, with a little peat or leaf- 
 mould, and dry situations, such as banks or 
 rock-work. 
 
 HARDY ANNUAM. 
 
 H.petr(e!a. J. White. April. England. Bng. 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 151. 
 
 — procu'mbens. i. White. May. South Europe. 
 
 1823. Now referred to Capsella. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 B. alplna. J. White. May. South Europe. 
 1775. 
 
 — brevi'styla. White. May. Syria. 1826. 
 
 — calyci'na. See SmelowsMa. 
 
 — cepecBfo'lia. See Thlaspi cepectfoKum. 
 
 — pu'mila. See Thlaspi pumilUTn. 
 
 — rotundifo'lia. See Thlaepi rotundifolium. 
 
 — stylo'sa. i. White, pink. June. Caucasus. 
 
 1826. 
 
 Hyaci'nthus. The Hyacinth. (In 
 mythology, a beautiful boy, who, after 
 being killed, was transformed into this 
 flower. Nat. ord., Liliacem ; Tribe, 
 ScUlecB.) 
 
 Offsets from the bulbs, after the foliage has 
 died down in summer ; light, rich, sandy loam, 
 with a little leaf-mould. A valuable bulb for 
 forcing. Best florists' kinds grown out of doors, 
 should: be taken up after the foliage is withered, 
 kept in shelves and drawers until the end of 
 autumn, and then planted and protected from 
 severe frost in winter, and frost and heavy rains 
 in spring, by an awning. For a brilliant out- 
 door display, where the kinds are not so valuable, 
 the roots may remain in the ground many years 
 if top-dressed, and the bulbs are not too near 
 each other. When grown in pots, these should 
 be deeper than usual, in proportion to the dia- 
 meter—nine inches are not too much. The com- 
 post we have found most suitable for them in 
 pots is a good loam, three-fourths, and decayed 
 cow-dung, two years old, one-fourth. -In October 
 they ought to be potted, and immediately 
 tdunged in tan or ashes, quite overhead, at 
 least two inches. In potting, make the soil very 
 firm under the bulb, to prevent the roots going 
 directly down too soon. In a month after potting 
 and plunging, a few may be brought into heat, 
 and forced to flower about Christmas ; and 
 "others may be brought in, month after month, 
 to supply flowers tDl May. To grow them in 
 water, glasses with a hollow cup at the top, to 
 hold the bulb, are used. It is not good to begin 
 too soon with glasses. December is quite early 
 enough. After being kept for a few days in 
 slightly-damped sand, they should be placed in 
 their glasses. At first the water should only just 
 touch the base of the bulbs, and the glasses 
 should be kept in a dark closet until the roots 
 have attained the length of an inch. Two drops 
 of spirit of hartshorn may be added to the water 
 in each glass when the bulbs are growing, and 
 whenever the water is changed. Dark-coloured 
 glass is always to be preferred, as the absence of 
 light is natural to all roots. By keeping the 
 g&sses in a dark closet until the roots are full 
 an inch long, the hyacinths wlU not get top- 
 heavy, but the roots, being in advance of the 
 leaves, vrill preserve the plant balanced erect. 
 The bloom will also be finer, as the roots will 
 be in a state to nourish the leaves before these I 
 
 are prematurely advanced. A piece of charcoal 
 put into each glass prevents putridity in the 
 water. ' 
 
 H. amethtfstinus. J. Blue. April. South 
 Europe. 1769. B. M. t. 242S. 
 
 — azu'reus. Deep blue. February. Asia Minor. 
 
 1866. B. M. t. 6822. 
 
 — bruma'lis. f . Various. February. 
 
 — ca'ndioans. See Qaltonia candicans. 
 
 — corymbo'sus. J. Rosy lilac. Autumn. S. 
 
 Africa. 1793. Syn., Massonia corymboaa. 
 B. M. t. 991. " 
 
 — faetigia'tus. Bright lilac. March. Corsica 
 and Sardinia. B. M. t. 6663. 
 
 — linea'tua. J. Blue. Asia Minor. Gfl. 1887, 
 
 p. 446, fig. 114. 
 
 — orienta'fis. J. Blue. March. Syria. 1596. 
 
 B. M. t. 937. , 
 a'lbulus. }. White. March. 1596. 
 
 Bo^nan Hyacinth. 
 
 fia'vue. J. Yellow. March. 1696. 
 
 nm'Uiplex. }. Variegated. April. 1696. 
 
 provincia'lis. A slender variety. S.. 
 
 France to Italy. 
 
 ru'ber. }. Bed. March. 1696. 
 
 semiple'nua. }. Variegated. March. 
 
 . 1696. 
 
 — pri'nceps. See Oaltonia prineeps. 
 
 — roma'nus. J. White. May. Italy. B. M. 
 
 t. 939. Syns., Bellevalia operculata and 
 Scilla romana. 
 
 — spica'tua. J. Blush. February. Zante. 1826. 
 
 — syri'acus. 1. White. Syria. 1840. Syn., 
 
 Bellevalia syriaca. 
 
 — vi'ridis. Green. August. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1774. 
 
 Hyba'nthera. (FromAy6o*,acurve, 
 and anthera, an anther, or pollen-bag ; 
 referring to the curve in the gouty 
 anthers. Nat. ord., Aselepiadace<s.) See 
 Tylophora. 
 
 H. cordi/o'lia. See Tylophora ealcarata, 
 
 Hybe'mia defolia'ria. The Mottled 
 Umber Moth. The caterpillars of this 
 moth are very destructive to many fruit 
 trees, especially cherries, by eating the 
 leaves and fruit, even when the latter is 
 unripe. It belongs to the group known 
 as " loopers," and is reddish-brown above 
 edged with a black wavy line, bright 
 yellow at the sides shading to greenish 
 on the under surface. The moths appear 
 about October. The males are winged ; 
 the front wings are brownish with two 
 darker bands and a dark spot between 
 them; the hind wings are paler. The 
 wings of the females are very small, and 
 quite insufficient to enable the insect to 
 fly. Such being the case, they can be 
 prevented from ascending the tree by 
 placing round it a band of sticky matter. 
 As the caterpillars go to the ground to 
 enter the chrysalis state, the latter can 
 be destroyed by burying the surface soil 
 in aiitumn, before the moths emerge. 
 Hybemia bruma'ta. See Cheimatobia brurruUa. 
 
 Hybrid. (From hubris, violence.) 
 A plant produced from seed, which has 
 been impregnated with the pollen of 
 another species, variety or occasionally 
 genus. 
 
 KK 
 
HYB 
 
 [498] 
 
 HYB 
 
 Hybridizing. This may be con- 
 sidered as one oithe higher branches of 
 the art of Gardening, since by its prac- 
 tice the gardener is able to produce a 
 new and distinct organism. In the mere 
 mechanical operation of hybridizing, or 
 cross breeding, there is no great amount 
 of skill required, but in order to insure a 
 greater probability of success, there is 
 often required an amount of knowledge, 
 of a nature which every gardener does 
 not possess, and perhaps nas no direct 
 means of obtaining. 
 
 The first thing to do is to acquire as 
 thorough a knowledge of flower structure 
 as possible. The more thorough that 
 knowledge is, the better ; for although a 
 general knowledge is sufficient to work 
 upon, it should be remembered that he 
 who has the deeper knowledge is the 
 most likely to obtain the best results. 
 
 The parts of a flower necessary to 
 produce seed are the pistil, and stamens. 
 The pistil is the organ that occupies the 
 centre of a flower, and generally consists 
 of three parts, viz. a .swollen part at the 
 base, called the ovary; this part con- 
 tains the ovules or unfertilized seeds. 
 From the top or side of the ovary arises 
 the style; this is usually elongated, 
 slender, and thread-like, but sometimes 
 short and stout, or absent. At the apex 
 of the style is placed the stigma, which 
 is sometimes simple, and sometimes 
 lobed or branched. Around the pistil, 
 which is the female organ of the nower, 
 are arranged the stamens, which are the 
 male organs. A stamen usually consists 
 of two parts — the Jilament, which is 
 generally slender and thread-like, and 
 the anther, which is the oblong body 
 terminating the filament. The anthers 
 contain a fine powder caWeA-pollen, which 
 they discharge when mature. Some- 
 times the filament is extremely short or 
 altogether absent, when the anther is 
 generally seated upon the corolla, as in 
 the primrose. Fertilization is effected 
 by the application of the pollen to the 
 stigma, and hybridizing is the fertili- 
 zation of one species by pollen taken 
 from another species. "When pollen is 
 placed or falls upon the stigma, each 
 pollen-grain sends out a slender tube, 
 which grows down through the style into 
 the interior of the ovary, and applies 
 itself to the mouth of an ovule and 
 fertilizes it. Without this no seed would 
 result. 
 
 In many genera, such as Begonia, 
 Erica, Pelargonium, etc., hybridization 
 is very easily effected, and needs scarcely 
 any more knowledge than that above 
 given. But there are other genera which 
 
 are not so easy to hybridize, and when 
 hybridizing between different genera is 
 tried, the difticulty increases. In some 
 cases the failures (for, in spite of the 
 many successes in hybridizing, failures 
 might be counted by the score) are 
 perhaps due to some constitutional or 
 phxsical cause, which renders hybridiz- 
 ing between the plants selected impos- 
 sible ; but in some, perhaps many cases, 
 it is probable that the failure is due to a 
 want of knowledge on the part of the 
 operator. 
 
 In hybridizing species belonging to 
 the same genus, the operator should first 
 observe if, when the pollen of the one 
 species is discharged from the anthers, 
 the stigma of the other species is in a 
 fit condition to receive it, for if this be 
 not the case, it is not of much use to 
 attempt to hybridize, as in all probability 
 failure would be the result. 
 
 The most successful mode of obtain- 
 ing good and very distinct varieties is 
 to employ the pollen from a male flower 
 grown on another plant than that bear- 
 ing the feipale parent. To avoid previous 
 and undesired impregnation, the anthers 
 in the female parent, if they are produced 
 in the same flower with the pistils, must 
 be removed by a sharp-pointed pair of 
 scissors, and the flower inclosed in a 
 
 fauze bag, to exclude insects, until the 
 esired pollen is ripe. Another effectual 
 mode of avoiding undesired impregna- 
 tion is bringing the female parent into 
 flower a little earlier than its congenors, 
 and removing the anthers as above de- 
 scribed : the stigma will remain a long 
 time vigorous if unimpregnated. 
 
 In most plants the stamens and pistil 
 exist in the same flower ; in others they 
 are separate in different flowers upon 
 the same plant, and in others still one 
 plant will have all staminate flowers, 
 and another all pistillate ones. In the 
 case of those plants which have the 
 stamens and pistil in the same flower, or 
 hermaphrodite flowers as they are called, 
 some ripen their pollen at the same time 
 that the stigma of the same flower is 
 fully developed and ready to receive it. 
 If both plants selected to hybridize do 
 this, hybridization will probably not be 
 difficult to effect. But in other plants 
 the anthers discharge their pollen before 
 the stigma of the same flower is ready to 
 receive it, or the stigma is perfected and 
 its functions ceased before the anthers of 
 the same flower are ready to discharge 
 their pollen. In such cases it is necessary 
 to observe if the stigma is properly de- 
 veloped before applying the pollen to 
 it; this may often be known by the 
 
HYB 
 
 [499] 
 
 HYD 
 
 appearance of a secretion upon its sur- 
 face; or if thestigmaislobed or branched, 
 it is most fully developed when these are 
 most widely expanded. The nectaries 
 also secrete honey more copiously at the 
 times when the stigma and anthers are 
 -most mature. Another fact that should 
 be taken into account when hybridizing, 
 is that some flowers in a natural state 
 are only fertilized by particular insects, 
 which only fly during certain hours of 
 the day ; and in accordance with this, 
 the flowers only give out their perfume 
 dm-ing those hours, some in the morning, 
 some in the afternoon, others in the 
 evening or at night, and there can be 
 very little doubt that if plants to be 
 hybridized are acted upon during the 
 time when their perfume is greatest, 
 fertilization will be more likely to result 
 than if the pollen be applied at a time 
 when they are not giving out an odour. 
 
 Some plants, such as those of the genus 
 Primula, many Rubiacese, etc., have the 
 anthers and stigmas placed at different 
 heights in the flowers of different plants 
 «f the same species. . In Primula the 
 flowers of some plants have the anthers 
 seated at the mouth of the tube of the 
 corolla, the styles of these flowers being 
 short, so that the stigma only reaches 
 to about halfway up the corolla tube 
 (commonly called thmm-eyed flowers) ; 
 in others the anthers are placed in the 
 middle of the tube, and in these the 
 style is long, so that the stigma is nearly 
 •on a level with the mouth of the corolla 
 tube (pin-eyed flowers). These two forms 
 of flower are now spoken of as short- 
 styled and long-styled flowers, and in 
 hybridizing or raising improved varieties 
 of this or any other genus that has long 
 and short styled flowers — a character 
 that should always be looked out for by 
 liybridizers — the operator should take 
 the pollen from a short-styled flower if 
 lie wishes to fertilize a long-styled flower, 
 or from a long-styled flower if he wishes 
 to fertilize a snort-styled flower, as being 
 likely to give better results than if two 
 long-styled or two short-styled plants 
 are intercrossed. 
 
 Plants belonging to different genera 
 are more difficult to hybridize than those 
 belonging to the same genus. And when 
 it is desired to intercross two genera in 
 order to improve the habit of flowers, 
 care should be taken to select genera 
 that are as nearly related to each other 
 as possible, and in fertilizing, all the 
 points above alluded to should be taken 
 into consideration. 
 
 In all cases when hybridizing, the 
 flower to be fertilized should have its 
 
 anthers cut out before they discharge 
 their pollen, in order to prevent any 
 chance of self - fertilization ; and the 
 flower should be marked by loosely at- 
 taching a label, on which the name of 
 the pollen-producing plant wherewith it 
 was fertilized, and other particulars, 
 should be written. When possible, also, 
 it should be covered over with a gauze 
 net for a time, so as to prevent the 
 chance of insects bringing to it pollen 
 from another flower of the same species, 
 in which case the probabilities of obtain- 
 ing a hybrid from the seed would be 
 very small, as the pollen of the same 
 species is generally more potent than 
 that of another species, even though it 
 is applied after the pollen of another 
 species has been upon the stigma for 
 some little time, providing the stigma is 
 still receptive. 
 
 The conditions of temperature, light, 
 shade, and water should also be carefully 
 attended to ; these, of course, would be 
 very different for different plants, but 
 in all cases the nearer the natural con- 
 ditions under which the hybridized plant 
 flowers and perfects its seed in its native 
 habitat are imitated, the greater will be 
 the chance of success. With some plants 
 a little more direct sunlight during the 
 development of the seed would probably 
 be very beneficial. 
 
 Hydra'ngea. (From hydor, water, 
 and aggeion, a vessel ; referring to the 
 cup-form of the capsule, or seed-vessel. 
 Nat. ord., Saxifragece ; Tribe, My- 
 drangece. ) 
 
 Deciduous shrubs. Propagated by division of 
 the roots, cuttings of the npened shoots, and 
 flourishing best in moist, sheltered places. Her- 
 te'nsis, the common garden Hydrangea, though 
 a little more tender, stands the winter well in 
 the southern parts of the island ; and though 
 cut down in most winters in the neighbourhood 
 of London, yet, if a slight protection of mulching 
 is thrown over the roots, the stems will rise 
 strongly, and bloom well after Midsummer, if 
 care be taken to remove all the weaker ones, 
 just as is done with a Fuchsia stool. This species 
 makes, also, fine ornaments in pots, and may be 
 propagated at almost any time ; the young side- 
 shoots, when two or three inches in length, in- 
 serted in sandy soil and in heat, striking m a 
 few days, while the old stems will strike any- 
 where, but require their time. To grow it well 
 requires Ught, rich compost, well drained, and 
 abundance of water. The flower generally 
 appears first of a greenish colour, becoming of 
 a pale rose ; but in some districts the colour 
 becomes a beautiful blue. Notwithstanding all 
 the experiments that have been made, there is 
 still a little doubt as to the cause that produces 
 the change. When iron filings and a solution 
 of alum are used, in some soils the blue colour 
 is produced, while the same means will not 
 produce it in others ; and other soils will almost 
 invariably produce this blue colour without any 
 peculiar matter whatever being added. The 
 loams at Kenwood, at Hampstead Heath, and 
 
HYD 
 
 [500] 
 
 HYD 
 
 Stanmore Heath, and the peats at 'Wimbledon, 
 as well as some bogs near Edinburgh, are famous 
 for producing this Dlue in the Hydrangea. When 
 trying artificially with iron filings and alum- 
 water, we have had different colours on the 
 same plant. This variation is merely temporary 
 —it cannot be propagated like a variety: a 
 cutting from a blue plant will produce a rose 
 one, unless the peculiar treatment be continued. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 H. aeumina'ta. Bose. Japan. 1871. Bev. 
 Hort. 1874, p. 91. 
 
 — Belzo'nii. 3. Blue. Japan. 
 
 — cyane!ina. Pink, white. Bootan. 
 
 — horte/nsis. 2-3. White to pink. April to 
 
 September. China. 1790. Syn., Bar- 
 
 tensia opuloides. 
 cceru'lea. 3. Blue, white. June. Isle 
 
 of Nlpon. 1844. B. M. t. 4263. 
 japo'nica. 3. Blue, white. Japan. 1843. 
 
 Syn., H. japonioa. B. E. 1844, t. 61. 
 
 tnacroBefpala. White. Gfl. t. 520. 
 
 Ota'ksa. 2^. Flesh-coloured. Japan. 
 
 1868. Bev. Hort. 1868, p. 460. 
 
 r&seo-a'lba. Eosy. Fl. Ser. 1. 1649-60. 
 
 stella'ta. 2. Pink. July. Japan. 1868. 
 
 Syn., H. itellata. Other varieties are :— 
 
 LinAUyi, stellata rubrct-plenaf tricolor, 
 
 vmriegata, etc. See Gfl. 1866, p. 289. 
 
 — involucra'ta. IJ. White and bluish. Nepaul. 
 
 1876. Fl. Ser. 1. 187. 
 
 — japo'nica. See S. hortensis, var. japonica. 
 
 — Ota'ksa. Bev. Hort. 1868, p. 460. See H. hor- 
 
 tensiSf var. Otaksa. 
 
 — panicula'ta floribu'nda. White. Gfl. t. 530. 
 grandifio'ra. White. Japan. 1874. Fl. 
 
 Ser. 1. 1666. 
 
 — petiola'rii. White. April. Japan. 1878. 
 
 B. M. t. 6788. 
 
 — Buie'scens. White. Japan. G. C. 1884, xxii. 
 
 p. 617. 
 
 — ra'multtB-cocci'nea. Bosy. Young shoots 
 
 Jilum-red. Garden variety. 1890. 
 ena. White. Japan. 1879. 
 
 — stella'ta. See S, horteneis, var. stellata. 
 
 — Thuniefrgii. Blue or roSe. Japan. 1870. 
 
 G. C. 1870, p. 1699. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 6. White. 
 
 B. arbore'seene. 6. White. July. iVirginia. 
 
 1736. 
 discolor. 6. White, green. August. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 — a'spera. White. Pekin. 1889. It is doubtful 
 
 whether this is the true B. aspera of 
 Don. 
 
 — eorda'ta. White. July. Carolina. 1806. 
 
 — heteroma'lla. 4. White. Nepaul. 1821. 
 
 — horte'nsis. This is rather tender. For descrip- 
 
 tion see Greenhouse section above. 
 
 — ni'vea. Wats. Dendr. t. 43. See B. radiata. 
 
 — quercifo'lia. 4. White. July. Florida. 1803. 
 
 B. M. t. 976. 
 
 — radial ta. 6. White. August. Carolina. 
 
 1786. Syn., B. nivea. 
 — glabe'lla. 6. White, green. July. 
 
 Hydra'stis. Yellow Root. (From 
 hydor, water ; referring to the marshy 
 places where it grows. Nat. ord., Ra- 
 nunculacecB ; Tribe, Helleboreas. AUied 
 to Helleborus and Caltha. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the 
 root; loam and peat; moist situation. 
 B. canade'nsie. J. Green. May. N. Amer. 
 1769. B. M. t. 3019 (flower), and 3232 
 (fruit). 
 
 Hydroco'tyle. (From %rfor, water, 
 and kotyle, a flat cup ; the peltate leaves 
 
 of many species being somewhat clip- 
 shaped. Nat. ord., U'mbeUiferce ; Tiihe, 
 Hydrocotyleas. ) 
 
 Dwarf marsh perennials, with round or kidney- 
 shaped leaves. Seeds ; cuttings or lajrers. Wet 
 boggy soil. There are several species in Botanic- 
 Gardens. 
 
 B. asia'tica. i. Pinkish. Asia and America.. 
 1869. Wight Ic. t. 666. 
 
 Hydroglo'ssum. A synonym of 
 Lygodictyon. 
 
 Hydro'lea. (From hydor, water,, 
 and elwia, oil ; referring to the marshy 
 habitat and oily feel of the leaves. Nat. 
 ord. , Sydrophyllaceoe; Tribe, Hydrolem. )i 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous plants. Divisions, 
 cuttings, and seeds ; spino'sa is a small aquatic, 
 growing best in peat and loam ; quadrivaliHs is> 
 also found in boggy places. 
 B. q^iodjriva'lvis. Pale blue. July. Carolina.. 
 1824. Syn., B. carolvniaTia. 
 
 — tpinc/sa. 1. Blue. S. Amer. 1791. B. E.. 
 
 t. 666. 
 
 Hydrome'stus. (From hydor„ 
 water, and mestos, half ; referring t<> 
 the plant living in water during the 
 rainy season. ^a,t. oid., Acanthcuxw.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of young- 
 shoots any time in spring and summer, in sandy 
 soil, and bottom -heat ; peat and loam. Summer 
 temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 65°. 
 B. macula'tus. 2. Yellow. May. Mexico. 
 
 1842. B. M. t. 4556. Now known as 
 
 Aphelandra Bydromestus. 
 
 Hydrope'ltis. (From %c?(»-, water,, 
 and pelte, a shield ; referring to the 
 floating shield-like leaves. Nat. ord., 
 NymphcBocecB ; Tribe, Cabombece.) Se& 
 Brasenia. 
 
 B.purpu'rea. B. M. t. 1147. See Brasenia 
 peltata. 
 
 Hydrophy'llum. Water-leaf. 
 (From hydor, water, and phyllon, a leaf. 
 Nat. ord., Hydrophyllacece.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, from North. 
 America. Divisions and suckers ; rich loam and 
 peat ; in marshy situations. 
 B. appendicvXa'twm. %. Blue. May. 1812.. 
 Syn., Nemophila paniculata. 
 
 — canade'nse. J. White. May. 1759. B. E.. 
 
 t. 242. 
 
 — magella'nicv/m. See Phacelia cirdfiata. 
 
 — virgi'nicunt. J. Blue. June. 1739. B. E.. 
 
 t. 331. 
 
 Hydro'sme. (From hydra, a water 
 serpent, and osme, smell ; referring to 
 the odour of the flower at the time of 
 fecundation. Nat. ord., Aroidece.) 
 
 Stove tuberous-rooted aroids. 
 H. Leopoldia'rm. 2. Spathe velvety purple- 
 brown. Congo. G. C. 1887, i. p. 642. 
 
 — Teu'sni. W. Tropical Africa. Gfl. 1. 1142. 
 
 Hydrotse'nia. (From^tior, water,, 
 and tainia, aband ; referring to a triangu- 
 lar band in the flower secreting a liquid. 
 Nat. ord., Iridece ; Tribe, Morceew.), 
 See Tigridia. 
 
HYG 
 
 [501] 
 
 HYG 
 
 Hygrometer. An instrument for 
 iascertaming the (juantity of moisture in 
 the air. Everythmg that swells by mois- 
 ture, and contracts by dryness, is capahle 
 'Of being formed into one. Every gar- 
 dener, who has taken a cool bunch of 
 grapes into a hothouse well supplied 
 with moisture, would, in the grapes al- 
 jnost instantly being covered with dew, 
 ^ee the principle upon which the hygro- 
 meter acts. The colder the grapes, the 
 warmer the house, the more the vapour 
 (contained in it, the sooner would the 
 •dew be formed, and the more plentiful 
 its depositure. Pouring cold water into 
 a glass tumbler, in similar circumstances, 
 will be attended with a similar result : 
 dew will be deposited on the outside of 
 the glass; because, in either case, the 
 cold body condenses the vapour in its 
 neighbourhood; and this is wh^t is 
 called the dew point, being that tempera- 
 ture at which moisture is deposited from 
 "the surrounding atmosphere upon any 
 object of that particular temperature. 
 The drip in frames, greenhouses, etc., 
 is similarly caused. The thermometer 
 is the best instrument for showing the 
 temperature ; and by taking two similar 
 ones, keeping one dry and the other, 
 covered with a fold of muslin or silk, 
 wet, with a thread of flos-silk acting 
 as a syphon from a vessel of water, 
 the greater the difference of temperature 
 indicated by the moist and dry thermo- 
 meter, the greater the deficiency of 
 atmospheric moisture. The nearer the 
 temperature of the moist and dry bulb, 
 the nearer is the air to being saturated 
 with moisture. To obtain more perfect 
 details Daniel's Hygrometer is the best 
 instrument. It is represented in the 
 following figure. It consists of two 
 
 ^> 
 
 hollow glass balls containing ether, and 
 communicating by the glass tube which 
 rests on the support. The ball which 
 ■forms the termination of the longer leg 
 is of black glass, in order that the forma- 
 
 tion of dew on its surface may be the 
 more perceptible. It includes the bulb 
 of a delicate thermometer dipping in 
 the ether, its scale being inclosed in the 
 tube above the ball; and whatever 
 change takes place in the temperature 
 of the ether is indicated by this thermo- 
 meter. The other ball is covered with 
 muslin. In making an observation it is 
 first necessary to note down the tempera- 
 ture of the air; next turn the instru- 
 ment, so that when the muslin-covered 
 ball is held in the hand, the ether may 
 escape into the blackened ball ; and it 
 should also be held tiU the included 
 thermometer rises a few degrees above 
 the temperature of the air, when it 
 should be replaced on the support. 
 Then drop, or gently pour, a little ether 
 on the muslin. The evaporation of this 
 extremely volatile substance produces 
 cold ; and attention must be instantly 
 directed to the black glass ball and in- 
 cluded thermometer, i The latter will 
 be seen falling rapidly ; and at length a 
 ring of dew will appear at the line which 
 runs across the black ball — quickly, if 
 the air is very moist, slowly, if the air 
 is dry. If the air is very dry, no mois- 
 ture will be thus deposited till the ther- 
 mometer falls to 10°, 20°, or 30° below 
 the temperature of the air. But at what- 
 ever temperature the dew forms, that 
 temperature should be noted as the dew- 
 point ; and the dilference between it and 
 the temperature of the air, at the time, 
 is the degree of dryness according to the 
 indications of this hygrometer. Thus, 
 in a moderately dry day, let it be sup- 
 posed that the temperature of the air is 
 65° in the shade, and that the muslin 
 requires to be kept moist, before dew is 
 formed, till the blackened ball contain- 
 ing the ether has its temperature reduced 
 to 50°, as indicated by the included ther- 
 mometer, there are then said to be 15° 
 of dryness. Again, supposing the tem- 
 perature is 85°, and the dew-point found, 
 as before, to be 70°, the degree of dry- 
 ness is stiU expressed by 15° ; but the 
 quantity of moisture diffused in the air 
 is, notwithstanding, somewhat greater 
 in the latter case than in the former. 
 If 1,000 represent complete saturation, 
 the quantity of moisture, when the tem- 
 perature is 65° and the dew-point 50°, 
 will be 609 ; but when the temperature 
 is 85° and the dew-point 70°, the mois- 
 ture will be represented by 623 ; these 
 numbers being ascertained by tables pre- 
 
 Sared for the purpose. The difference, 
 owever, in such a case is so small, it is 
 not worth taking into account in a horti- 
 cultural point of new. But as these 
 
HYG 
 
 [502] 
 
 HYM 
 
 Hygro'phila. 
 
 and phileo, to love ; 
 
 numbers can only be. ascertained by- 
 calculation, it is more convenient to 
 reckon bj the degrees of dryness, bear- 
 ing in mind that the dryness of the air 
 is indicateid by the difference between 
 the temperature of the air and of the 
 dew-point. Thus, if the ring of dew is 
 formed as soon as ether is applied, and 
 only 1° difference is obsei-vable, the air 
 is nearly saturated ; if the difference is 
 5° to 10 the dryness is very moderate ; 
 while 15° to 20° of difference indicate ex- 
 cessive dryness, and beyond this the air 
 is parching. — Gard. Chron. 
 
 (From hygros, moist, 
 referring to the 
 habitat of the plant. Nat. ord., Acan- 
 thacece ; Txihe, Buelliew. Syn., Astera- 
 cantha. ) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of young shoots 
 
 in sandy soil, in heat ; peat and loam. Summer 
 
 temp., 60' to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°. 
 
 H. longifo'lia. Purple. June. India. 1821. 
 
 Syns., Asteracanthalongp'oliat Wiglit Ic. 
 
 t. 449 and Barleria loiigifolia. 
 
 — H'n^ene. i. 1820. 
 
 — salicifo'lia. Violet. June.. India. 1822. 
 
 Wight ic. 1. 1490. 
 
 Hyle'sinus pini'perda. A species 
 of beetle, which preys upon the pith of 
 young shoots of sickly or recently-felled 
 Scotch and spruce-firs. It is not very 
 injurious in this country. 
 
 Hylo'nome. (Derivation not stated. 
 Nat. ord., Liliacece — Asparagew. Al- 
 lied to Polygonatum. ) Now known as 
 Behnia. 
 
 A greenheuse climber with the habit of one of 
 the Myrsiphyllum group of Asparagus ; remark- 
 able for the beautiful netted venation of the 
 leaves when dried. Seeds , suckers. Bich light 
 loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 65 to 
 60°. 
 
 H. reticula'ta. White. S. Africa. 1867. Syn., 
 Dictyopsis -Thunbergii. 
 
 Hyloto'nia ro'sw. A saw-fly, which 
 injures rose-trees seriously, by punctur- 
 ing in rows their young shoots, and de- 
 positing its eggs in the holes. The best 
 remedy is spreading a cloth beneath the 
 trees in the evening, and killing the 
 insects shaken down upon it. 
 
 HyBaense'a. Locust-tree. (From 
 Hymen, the god of marriage ; referring 
 to the leaflets being joined. Nat. ord., 
 LeguTninoscB ; Tribe, AmherstiecB. Al- 
 lied to Saraoa. ) 
 
 Fine, close-grained, hard wood ; and the resins 
 Anime and Copal are produced by these stove 
 evergreen trees. Cuttings of firm young shoots 
 in spring, inserted firmly in sand, covered with 
 a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ; _peat and rich loam. 
 Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 65° to 60°. 
 B CwndoUea'na. 30. White. Acalpulco. 1824. 
 
 — Cou'baril. 40. Yellow, purple. W. Ind. 16S8. 
 
 — verruco'sa. See Trachylobium verruooswnu 
 
 Hymena'ndra. (From hymen, a, 
 membrane, and aner, a man ; the an- 
 thers being connected by a membrane. 
 Nat. ord., Myrsinacew.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. For cultivation, see 
 Ardisia, to which it is allied. 
 H. WaUi'chii. 3. Greenish. E. Indies. 
 
 Hymena'nthera. (From hymen, 
 a membrane, and anthera, an anther, or 
 pollen-bag. Nat. ord., Violacece ; Tribe, 
 Alsodeiece. Allied to Alsodeia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of 
 young shoots, getting a little firm, in spring, in 
 sand, over peat, and well drained, under a bell- 
 glass ; sandy peat, with a third of fibry loam. 
 Winter temp., 40° to 46°. 
 
 H. erassi/o'lia. 2-4. Berries white. New Zea- 
 ISind. 1875. G. C. 1875, iii. p. 237. 
 
 — denta'ta. 6. Yellow. May. New S. Wales, 
 
 1824. B. M. t. 3163. 
 
 Hymenoca'Uis. (From hymen, &. 
 membrane, and kalos, beautiful ; refer- 
 ring to the membranous cup inside the 
 flower. Nat. ord., Amaryllidem ; Tribe, 
 Am,aryllem. Allied to Pancratium. ) 
 
 They have all white flowers, andmuch resemble 
 . Pancratiums. Their seeds differ- in being large 
 and green, the seeds of Pancratium having a. 
 black, brittle skin. Offsets ; rich, sandy loam. 
 See Amaktllis. 
 
 HAB.DY BULBS. 
 
 H. adna'ta. May. S. Amer. 1768. 
 acutifo'lia. May. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 — la'cera. l-lj. Greenish. S. United States.. 
 
 Syns., H. rotata anji Pancratium rota- 
 tum. B. M. t. 827. 
 
 — littora'lis. May. S. Amer. 1758. Syn., 
 
 Pwncratium Uttorale. Jacq. H. Vindl 
 
 iii. t. 76. 
 
 Brya'ndri. 2. May. 
 
 Staple! sii. June. Mexico. 1826. 
 
 — rota'ta. See H. lacera. 
 
 GREENHOUSE BULBS. 
 
 H. histuba'ta. H. April. Mexico. 1844. 
 
 — carolinia'na. 2. June. Carolina. 1759. 
 
 — eapa'nsa. 2. Greenish. July. W. Indies.. 
 
 Syn., Pancratium expansum. B. >L 
 t. 1941. 
 
 — galvestonie'ndL 1. White. Texas. Syn.,. 
 
 Choretis galvestoniensis. 
 
 — glau'ca. 1. White. July. Mexico. 1837.. 
 
 Syn., Choretis glauca. 
 
 — hu'milis. Greenish. Florida. G. and F„ 
 
 1888, i. p. 114, fig. 23. 
 
 — Palme'ri. White. Florida. G. and F. 1888, 
 
 i. p. 138, fig. 25. 
 
 — paname'nsis. May. Panama. 1844. 
 
 — Skinneria'na.. March. Guatemala. 1843. 
 
 STOVE BULBS. 
 
 H. rnncc'na: 1. August. Guiana. 1790. 
 
 — An^ea'TW,. 1. Green, white. Ecuador.. 
 
 1884. Syn., Ismene Andreana. 
 
 — angu'sta. IJ. July. S. Amer. 
 
 — Borskia'na. 2J. White. LaGuayra. 1845. 
 
 — caribce'a. li. July. W. Ind. 1730. Syns.,, 
 
 Pa/ncratiu7n amoenum and P, caribmum,. 
 B. M. t. 826. 
 
 — caymaiie'nBis. August. Cayman. 1823. 
 
 — crassifo'lia. li. July. S. Amer. Syn.,. 
 
 Pancratium crassifoliitm, Eef. Bot. 
 t. 331. 
 
 — defle'xa. 1. Peru. 1839. Syn., ImwM de- 
 
 Aexa. 
 
HYM 
 
 [503] 
 
 HYO 
 
 H. eucharidifo'Ua. |. Green. May. Tropical 
 America. 1884. 
 
 — expa'ma. 2. May. W. Ind. 1818. Syn., 
 
 Pancratiwin expan&wm, B. M. 1. 1941, 
 —fra'groMS. 1. July. W. Ind. 
 
 — guicmelrme. See a. tulMora. 
 
 — Sarrisia'na. June. Mexico. 1838. B. M. 
 
 t. 6662. 
 
 — ^Taelea'na. 1. Greenish. Andes of Peru. 
 
 1834. Syn., Ismetie Macleana, B. M. 
 t. 3675. 
 
 — macrostepha'na. 2. White. Spring. 1879. 
 
 B. M. t. 6436. 
 —'mexica'na. 1. August. Mexico. 1782. 
 
 — ova'ta. 1. Greenish. W. Indies. Syn., 
 
 Pancratium ovatum, B. E. t. 43. 
 
 ovalifo'lia. June. S. Amer. 1820. B. C. 
 
 t. 610. 
 
 — pa'te/m. 2. July. W. Ind. 1822. 
 
 — peda'lis. May. Brazil. 1816. Syn., Pan- 
 
 cratium pedale, B. C. t. 809. 
 
 — pedia'lis. 3. August. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 — q^dtoe^nsis. 1. White, green. June. Moun- 
 
 tains of Ecuador. Syn., Isniejie tenui- 
 folia, B. M. t. 6397. 
 
 — specio'sa. 1^. July. W. Ind. 1769. Syn., 
 
 Pancratiitm spedoswm, B. M. 1. 1453. 
 
 — t&imifio'ra. August. 
 
 — tubifio'ra. 1. White. Tropical America. 
 
 Syns., H. gwianensis aiid Pancratium 
 guianensis, B. R. t. 266. 
 
 — un&ula'ta. 1. July. S. Amer. 
 
 Hyraenodi'ctyon. (From hymen, 
 a membrane, and diktyon, a net ; the 
 envelope of the seeds being a net-like 
 membrane. Nat. ord., Rubiaceai; Tribe, 
 CinchoneoB. Allied to Bouvardia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees, from the East Indies, 
 ■with greenish-yellow flowers. !For culture, see 
 Cinchona.. 
 H. exce'lsum. SO. July. 1820. Wight Ic. t. 79. 
 
 — thyrsiJWrum. 15. June. Bengal. 1819. 
 
 Hymeno'dium, (From hyTnen, a 
 membrane ; alluding to the membranous 
 fronds. Nat. ord., Filices — Polypo- 
 diaeecB.) 
 
 Stove fern. See Ferns. 
 H. crini'tum. 1. W. Indies. 
 
 Hymenole'pis. (From hymen, a 
 membrane, and lepis, a scale ; alluding 
 to the scales of the sporangiferous 
 receptacles. Nat. ord., Filices — Poly- 
 podiacece. ) 
 
 Stove fern. See Ferns. 
 E, spiea'ta. Malay Archipelago. 
 
 Hymenophy'Uum. Filmy - leaf 
 Fern. (From hymen, a membrane, and 
 phyllon, a leaf. Nat. ord., Filices.) 
 
 Ferns, all with brownish-yellow spores, except 
 where otherwise mentioned. By spores, and 
 dividing the roots ; peat and loam ; should be 
 rather cramped for room. See FERNS. 
 
 HAHDY. 
 
 H. tunbridge*me. J. Brown. June. Britain. 
 
 — Wilso'ni. i. Brown. June. Britain. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 H. arispa'tum. Tasmania. 1868. 
 
 — demi'ssum. |. New Zealand. 1858. 
 
 — dilata'twm. August. New Zealand. 
 —flabella'tvm. New Zealand. 1869. 
 — flexuo' suiim. April. New Zealand. 
 
 — - ni'iens May. New Zealand. 
 
 H. ra'rvm. Tasmania. 1869. 
 
 — sanguinole'ntum. May.. New ZeaJand 
 
 — ecu! brum. New Zealand. 1869. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 H. abru'ptum. J. Jamaica. 1859. 
 
 — asplenioi'dee. J. Jamaica. 1859. 
 
 — attenua'tivm. |. Brazil. 
 
 — biva'lve. May. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — Borya'num. i. Mauritius. 1848. 
 
 — cilia'tum. J. W. Indies. 1859. 
 
 — ela'sticum. Mauritius. 1859. 
 
 — flmbria'tum,. April. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — fucoi'des. Jamaica. 1869. 
 
 — hirsu'tum. May. Trinidad. 1823. 
 
 — hirte'llum. Jamaica. 1869. 
 
 — polya'nthum. W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 — protru'sum. |. W. Indies. 1859, 
 
 — seri'ceum. 2. W. Indies. 1869. 
 
 — itndula'tum. ^. Jamaica. 1859, 
 
 — valva'tum. W. Indies. 1863. 
 
 Hymeno'sporum. (From hymen, 
 a membrane, and sporos, seed. Nat. 
 ord., Pittosporece.) 
 
 Greenhouse shrub. For culture, see PlTTO- 
 
 SPORUM. 
 
 H. fia'vwm. Yellow. February. E. Australia. 
 Syn., Pittosporumflavum, B. M. t. 4799. 
 
 Hymenosta'chys. (From hymen, 
 a membrane, and stachys, a spike. Nat. 
 ord., Filices — Polypodiacem.) 
 
 Stove fern. See Ferns. 
 H. dlegam. Tropical America. 1861. 
 
 Hyopho'rbe. (From hyos, a hog, 
 and phorbas, pasturage. Nat. ord., 
 Palmece; Tribe, Arecece.) 
 
 Stove palms. For cultivation, see Areca, to 
 which it is allied. 
 H. amarkau'lis. Mauritius. 1866. Syn.,Areca 
 
 — i'ndica. 30. Isle of France. 1824. Syns., 
 
 H. Comm£rsoniana and Areca lutesceTis. 
 
 — Verschafffiltii. Rodriguez. Syn., Areca Ver- 
 
 Hyoscy'amus. Henbane. (From 
 hyos, a hog, and kyamos, a bean ; fruit 
 eaten by swine. Nat. ord. , Solanacece ; 
 Tribe, Myoscyamew. TUlied to Datura. ) 
 
 The annual, B. Camera'rii, by seed in the open 
 border, towards the end of March ; the shrubby 
 kinds, by cuttings under a bell-glass, in April ; or 
 under a hand-light in a shady place, in summer. 
 Sandy, flbry loam, and a little leaf-mould ; when 
 planted out of doors, young plants must be reared 
 for saving through the winter in a cold pit or 
 greenhouse. There are many other species 
 besides the following ; but they are mefe weeds. 
 E. au'reus. Yellow, purple. Crete. B. M. 
 t. 87. 
 
 — Camera'rii. Yellow, purple. July. South 
 
 Europe. Hardy annual. 
 
 — canaric'mis. B. E. t. 180. See E. major.. 
 
 — dato'ra. See SeopoUa mutica. 
 
 — ma' jar. l\. Yellow. December. Canaries. 
 
 1816. Syn., E. oanariensis. B. E. 1. 180. 
 Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 — ni'ger. 1-2. Dull yellow with purple veins. 
 
 Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 936. 
 
 — orimta'lis. B. M, t. 2414. See Physochlaina. 
 
 — physaloildes. B M. t. 852. See Physo- 
 
 chlai/na. 
 
 — Scopo'lia. B. M. 1. 1126. See Scopolia. 
 
 Hyospa'the. (From hyos, a hog. 
 
HYP 
 
 [504-] 
 
 HYP 
 
 and spatke, a spathe. Nat. ord., Pal- 
 me<B.) 
 
 Stove palm. For culture, see Bactris. 
 H. e'legans. Green. Fruit violet. Para. 
 
 Hype'coum. (From hypecheo, to 
 rattle ; referring to the seeds in the 
 pods. Nat. ord., Papaveracem ; Tribe, 
 Fumariece. ) 
 
 Hardy annuals, with yellow flowers. Seeds in 
 the open border, in March and April. 
 H. ere'ctuTn. J. May. Siberia. 1759. 
 
 — grandiflo'rum. 1. Yellow. Pyrenees. Gfl. 
 
 t. 1C60. 
 
 — littora'le. i. Yellow. S.Europe. Jacq.Ic. 
 
 t. 809. 
 
 — pefndulum. J. June. South France. 1640. 
 
 — proeu'mbens. 1. July. South Europe. 1696. 
 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 217. 
 
 Hypera'nthera Mori'nga. See 
 Moringa pterygosperma. 
 
 Hype'ricum. St. John's Wort. 
 (The Yperikon of Dioscorides ; said to 
 be from yper, on account of, and ereike, 
 heath ; from its growing in similar 
 places. Nat. ord., Hypericinem ; Tribe, 
 Hypericece. ) 
 
 All yellow-flowered, except where otherwise 
 mentioned. The hardier ones flourish in common 
 and sandy loam, and the more tender in loam and 
 peat. Annuals, sow in the open border, in 
 March ; herbaceous, sow, and divide the plants 
 in spring; shrubs are easily divided, as they pro- 
 duce runners freely, and also by seeds ; green- 
 house and frame kinds, by divisions, but chiefly 
 by cuttings of young shoots in sand, under glass ; 
 most of them, if protected in winter, would grow 
 against a wall. For exposed places the following 
 are the best shrubby ones : ela'tior, hird'num, 
 calyci'num, Kalmia'nujn, and proli'ficuTn. 
 
 HARDY BIENNIAL. 
 
 H. si'mplex. 1. July. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS, ETC. 
 
 B. OBgypti'acum. 2. June. Egypt. 1787. B. R. 
 t. 196. 
 
 — athio'picum. 1. July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — ialea'rwum. IJ. May. Majorca. 1774. 
 
 B. M. 1. 137. 
 
 — canarie'n&e. 2. August. Canaries. 1699. 
 
 B. C. t. 963. 
 
 — chine'nse, 8. June. China. 1763. 
 
 — co'cAin-cfciTie'nsfl. 3. Red. July. China. 
 
 1821. 
 
 — cariiifo'lium. 2. Nepaul. 1825. Half- 
 
 hardy. 
 
 — co'ris. 1. June. Levant. 1640. Half-hardy. 
 
 B. M. 1. 178. 
 
 — ffmrnetrifo'lium. 1. July. South Europe. 
 
 1820. Half-hardy. B. M. t. 6764. 
 
 — ericoi'des. 1. June. Spain. 1821. Half- 
 
 hardy. 
 — Jloribu'ndum. 3. June. Madeira. 1779. 
 Deciduous. 
 
 — folio' sum. 3. August. Azores. 1778. Jacq. 
 
 H. Schoenb. t. 299. 
 
 — glanduUi' suTTL. 2. June. Madeira. 1777. 
 
 — grandi/lo'rum. 3. July. Teneriffe. 1718. 
 
 — neterohhi/Uum. 2. July. Persia. 1812. 
 
 — mono'gi/rmm. Yellow. China. 1753. B. M. 
 
 f. 334. 
 
 — oblongifo'fdum. 1. June. Nepaul. 1823, 
 
 — sinf'ni «. Deep yellow 1883. 
 
 — trifl&rv m. Golden-yellow. India and Java. 
 
 ItiS.i. T I ;i rdy in South Ireland. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS AND EVERGREEN 
 SHRUBS. 
 
 H. axiUa're. 2. July. Georgia. Evergreen. 
 
 — Bu'chUyi. Bright yellow. N. Carolina. G. 
 
 and F. iv. p. 581, fig. 91. 
 
 — calydlnwm. 1. July. Ireland. B. M. 
 
 1. 146. 
 
 — dminfio'rum. United States. G. and F. ni. 
 
 p. 524, fig. 67. 
 
 — ela'tvm. 5. July. N. Amer. 1762. Wats. 
 
 Dendr. t. 86. 
 —faaeieula'tum. 1. July. Carolina. 1811. 
 
 — frondo'mm. 5. July. N. Amer. 1806. 
 
 — galioi'des. 2. August. N. Amer. Ever- 
 
 green. 
 
 — Cfeile'ri. July. Altai. 1829. 
 
 — glau'cum. IJ. August. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 — hirei'num. 8. August. South Europe. 1640. 
 
 Wats. Dendr. t. 86-87. 
 mi'nttg. 2. August. South Europe. 
 
 — Kalmia'num. 2. June. N. Amer. 1769. 
 
 — nummula'ri'mn. 1. June. South Europe. 
 
 1823. Trailer. 
 
 — oh/mmcum. 4. August. Levant. 1706. 
 
 Evergreen. B. M. 1. 1867. 
 
 — pa'tuLum. 1. June. Nepaul. 1823. Ever- 
 
 green. 
 
 — proli'flcvm. i. July. N. Amer. 1768. 
 
 — punota'tum. li. June. N. Amer. 1823. 
 
 — romiarinifo'Kum. 2. July. Carolina. 1812. 
 
 — serpyllifo'Hum. J. July. Levant. 1688. 
 
 Evergreen. 
 
 — wa'lum. 1. July. Nepaul. 1823. B. M. 
 
 t. 2375. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 
 H. anux'num. IJ. July. Carolina. 1802. 
 
 — angulo'sum. 2. June. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 — ascyroi'des. 2. June. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 — asq/ron. 2. June. Siberia. 1774. 
 
 — attenua'tum. IJ. July. Dahuria. 1822. 
 
 — au'reum. Orange-yellow. S. Carolina and 
 
 Georgia. 1882. 
 
 — baria'tum. 2. July. Scotland. 
 
 cala'bricum. IJ. August. Calabria. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — canade'nee. 1. August. N. Amer. 1770. 
 
 — mlia'tum. 2. July. Levant. 1739. 
 
 — cri'svum. 1. July. Greece. 1683. Sibth. 
 
 Fl. Gr. t. 776. 
 
 — denta'tum. 2. August. Mediterranean. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — dolabri/o'rme. 2. June. N. Amer. 1821. 
 
 — e'legans, IJ. June. Siberia. 1822. 
 
 — fimbria'tum. 2. July. Pyrenees. 1821. 
 
 — hysBopifo'lium. 1. July. South Europe. 
 
 1823. B. M. t. 8277. 
 
 — involu'tum. 1. July. N.S. Wales. 1822. 
 
 Half-hardy. 
 — japo'nicum. IJ. July. Nepaul. 1828. 
 
 — macroca'rpwm. August. N. Amer. 1828. 
 
 — monta'num. IJ. July. Britain. 
 
 — Moseria'num. Garden hybrid. 1888. 
 
 — myrtif&Hitm. 1. July. N. Amer. 1818. 
 
 — nepaule'nse. IJ. September. Nepaul. 1826. 
 
 — nudiflo'ruTn. IJ. July. N. Amer. 1811. 
 Androsoefmum. 2. Yellow. August. 
 
 Britain. Syn., Androscemwn officinale, 
 
 — perfolia'twm. 1. July. Italy. 1786. 
 
 — angueii/o'liwm, IJ. July. Britain. 
 
 — perforatum. IJ. July. Britain. 
 
 — procu'mbeTis. J. August. N. Amer. 1822. 
 
 — puti'Uum. J. July. N.S. Wales. 1818. 
 
 HaU-hardy. 
 
 — pyram.ida'tum. 2. July. Canada. 1759. 
 
 — quadra' nguluTn. IJ. July. Britain. 
 
 — quinqitene^rvium. 1. July. N. America. 
 
 1759. 
 
 — re'ptans. Golden-yellow. Temperate Hima- 
 
 layas. A trailer. 
 
 — tomento'smn. 1. August. South Europe. 
 
 1648. 
 
 — tripline'rve. IJ. July. N. Amer. 1821. 
 
HYP 
 
 [506] 
 
 HYP 
 
 ■ff. virga'twm. IJ. July. N. Amer. 1820. 
 ~ mrgi'nicum. Ij. August. N. Amer. 1800. 
 Andr. Rep. t. 652. 
 
 Hyphse'ne. (From hypMino, to 
 entwine ; referring to the fibres of the 
 iruit. Nat. ord., Palmeoe ; Tribe, Bo- 
 rassew. Allied to Latania. ) 
 
 This is the Doum Palm, and the Gingerbread- 
 tree of Egypt, the bark having the appearance 
 
 loam ^ ™ ^'''™' ®®^*° • "•*' ^^^^ 
 
 H. mria'cea. 20. Egypt. 1824 
 
 — Peteraia'na. Mozambique. 1848. 
 
 — theba'iea. iO. Egypt. 1828. Fl. Ser. t. 2162- 
 
 3. Doum Palm. 
 
 Hypoealy'mma. (From hypo, 
 under, and kalymma, a veil ; referring 
 to the calyx falling off like a veil or 
 cape, on account of the cohesion of the 
 points, or apices. Nat. ord., Myrtaeem ; 
 ■Tribe, Leptospermece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia. 
 Cuttmgs of young shoots in sand, under a bell- 
 glass ; loam and peat, with a little silver sand 
 and pieces of charcoal. 
 
 H. angustifo'lvum. 2. White. May. 1843. 
 B. E. 1843, t. 8. Syn., H. suave. 
 
 — rohu'atum. 1. Bose. May. 1843. 
 
 — sua've. See S. anguetifolium. 
 
 H3rpopaly'ptus. (From hypo, 
 
 under, and kodypto, to veil ; referring 
 to the two bractlets under the flower. 
 Nat. ord. , LeguminoscB ; Tribe, Genistece. 
 Allied to Loddigesia.) 
 
 A very old evergreen greenhouse plant, once 
 called a Crotalaria, and one of the best of that 
 section. Cuttings of young side-shoots in. April, 
 in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam. 
 H, obcorda'tus. IJ. Purple. June. Gape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1823. B. M. t. 3894. Syns., 
 
 Crotalaria cordi/olia, C. elegatis, and C. 
 
 putpurea. B. M. t. 1913, and B. E. 
 
 1. 128. 
 
 Hypochae'ris. (Derivation doubt- 
 iul. Nat. ord., Compositce j Tribe, Ci- 
 choracece. ) 
 
 Hardy perennial herb. 
 Zf. mamla'ta. Yellow. July. Europe, rare in 
 Britain. 
 
 Hypocy'rta. (From hypo, below, 
 and kyrtos, curved; alluding to the 
 flowers being swollen on the under side. 
 Nat. ord., Gesneracece ; Tribe, Cyrtan- 
 dreoB. ) 
 
 Stove plants. For cultivation, see Gesnera. 
 B. tremca'lyx. See Isoloma hypocyrtiflora. 
 
 — di'scolor. See Alloplectus dichrue. 
 
 — gla'bra. 1. Scarlet, yellow. June. S. 
 
 America. 1847. B. M. t. 4346. 
 
 — gra'cilis. B. M. t. 4531. See Codona/nthe 
 
 gracilis. 
 
 — leuco' stoma. B. M. t. 4310. See Besleria 
 
 leucostorma. 
 
 — sca'brida. Scarlet, yellow. Brazil. Fl. Ser. 
 
 t. 238. 
 
 — strigillo'sa. Scarlet, yellow. May, Brazil. 
 
 1843. B. M. t. 4047. 
 
 Hypode'rris. (From hypo, under, 
 and derris, a skin. Nat. ord., Filices.) 
 
 A stove fern. See Ferns. 
 H. Bro'vmii. 2. Brown. May. Trinidad. 
 
 Hypoe'stes. (From hypo, under, 
 and estes, covering; referring to the 
 bracts covering the calyx. Nat. ord., 
 Acanthaceos ; Tribe, Justiciem. Allied 
 to Dicliptera. ) 
 
 Stove plants. Cuttings of young shoots in 
 sandy soil, u)ider a gla^s, in heat ; peat and 
 loam. 
 
 decidCous. 
 H. co'chin-chindnsis. White. July. China. 
 
 Climber. 
 —purpu'rm. 2. Purple. May. China. 1822. 
 Herbaceous. 
 
 evergreen. 
 H. arista'ta. 2. White, purplish. February. 
 S. Africa. 1874. 
 
 — fastudsa. 2. Eed. June. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — inmluora'ta. IJ. White. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1811. 
 
 — sanguinoUnta. Purple ; leaves pink-veined. 
 
 Madagascar. 1866. B. M. t. 6511. 
 
 — se'rpens. J, July. Australia. 1820. 
 
 Hypole'pis. (From hypo, under, 
 and lepis, a scale. Nat. ord., Filices.) 
 
 Ferns, with brown spores. The first two re- 
 quire the stove, and the others a warm green- 
 house. See Ferns. 
 B. acvlea'ta. August. Jamaica. 
 
 — anuiurora'cMs. 1. New Holland. 1867. 
 
 — anthriecifo'lia. Bourbon. 1856. 
 
 — Bergia'na. S. Africa. 1874. 
 
 — di'stans. 1 J. New Zealand. 1861. 
 
 — mill^o'lium. New Zealand. 1880. Very 
 
 elegant, and hardy. 
 
 — re'pens. 6. August. W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 — rugulo'sa. September. Van Siemen's Land. 
 
 1844. 
 
 — tenuifo'lia. June. N.S. Wales. 1824. 
 
 Hypoly'tron. (From hypo, be- 
 neath, and elytron, a sheath. Nat. ord., 
 Cyperacece.) 
 
 Stove perennial grass-like herb, suitable for 
 table decoration, etc. Seeds ; divisions. Sandy 
 loam and peat ; requires shade and plenty of 
 water. 
 
 B. latifo'limn. 2-4. Brown. Ceylon. 1877. 
 B. M. t. 6282. 
 
 Hypophylla'nthus Linde'ni. See 
 Erythrochiton Hypophyllanthus. 
 
 Hypo'xis. (From Aj^jo, beneath, 
 and oxys, sharp ; referring to the seed- 
 pod. Nat. ord., Amaryllidew ; Tribe, 
 MypoxidecB. ) 
 
 Very pretty little bulbs, from South Africa, 
 and with yellow flowers, except where other- 
 wise mentioned. They are little known to 
 gardeners. Division of the plant in spring, and 
 division of the roots ; peat and loam. Tem- 
 perature, according as tne , species is hardy, or 
 requiring the greenhouse or stove. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 B. erdcta. J. June. N. Amer. 1762. B. M. 
 t. 710. 
 
 — plica' ta. Jacq. Ic. t. 367. A synonym of 
 
 CurcvXigo veratrifolia 
 
 — serra'ta. 1. June. 1788. B. M. t. 709 and 
 
 917. 
 
 — veratrifo'lia. A synonym of Curculigo veratri- 
 
 folia. 
 
HYS [ 506 ] 
 
 ICA 
 
 1822. 
 
 .371. 
 
 STOVE. 
 B. gra'cilis. J. July. Mexico. 1829. 
 
 — Sello'viii. June. Buenos Ayres. 1827. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 //. Amo'ttii. |. Yellow. S. Africa. 
 
 — Bau'ri. J. Bed. Caffraria. 1878. 
 
 — cwroline'nns. i. June. Carolina. 
 
 — elalta. Yellow. Natal. 1868. 
 
 — e'legam. %. White, blue. May. 1762. 
 
 — lat\fo'lia. Yellow. Natal. 1864. 
 
 — linea'riB. Andr. Rep. t. 171. See S. stel- 
 
 lata. 
 
 — long\fo'lia. Yellow. Algoa Bay. 1871. 
 
 — obh'qua. i. July. 1795. Jacq. Ic. t. 
 
 — obtu'sa. i. June. 1816. B. E. 1. 169. 
 
 — om'ta. Yellow. February. S. Africa. 1807. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1010. 
 
 — panno'sa. 1. Yellow. June. S. Africa. 1874. 
 
 — praUnsis. i. April. N. HoUamd. 1824. 
 
 — ramo'sa. J. June. 1828. 
 
 — soboWfera. J. August. 1774. Jacq. Ic. 
 
 t. 372. 
 
 — stella'ta. J. White, blue. May. 1762. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 363. Syn., H. Imearia. 
 
 — stelUpillis. Yellow. July. S. Africa. 1821. 
 
 B. E. t. 663. B. M. t. 3696. 
 
 — mUo'ea. |. June.. 1774. Jacq. Ic. t. 370. 
 
 Hysso'pus. Hyssop. (Yssopusoi 
 Dioscorides, but certainly not the same 
 plant. Nat. ord., Labiates ; Tribe, Sa- 
 tureinew. ) 
 
 Hardy, blue-flowered everereens. Sow in 
 March or April ; propagate Dy dividing the 
 plant at the same time^ or in September ; also, 
 by stout cuttings at a smiilar period ; the varie- 
 ties are propagated by cuttings, and require a 
 hand-light over them ; dry, light soil. The 
 plant is not only aromatic, but the flowers are 
 beautiful. 
 H. offlcma'lis. 2. June. South Europe. 1548. 
 
 amau&tyfo'lius. July. Caucasus. Syn., 
 
 H. orientalis. B. M. t. 2299. 
 
 cane'-scens. June. Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 Jlo're-ru'bro. 2. Eed. July. Gardens. 
 
 ^— . . variega'tus. H. July. Gardens. 
 
 — orienta'lis. B. M. t. 2299. See iT. oj^iGinalis. 
 
 var. angvstifolius. 
 
 — septemerena'tus, June. Egypt. 1829. 
 
 — septemfi'dus. June. Egypt. 1827. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 
 — MKolot^' H^® Lophanthm anisatm. 
 
 — Lopha'nthus. Jacc[. Vind. 1. 182. See Lop?ia/n- 
 
 thus chinensw. 
 
 — nepetoi'des, Jacq. Vind. t. 69. See Lophan- 
 
 thus nepetoides. 
 
 — scrophula/ricef&lius. See Lophanthus scrophu- 
 
 laricxfolius. 
 
 I. 
 
 la'nthe. See Celsia. 
 
 Ibbetso'nia. (in honour of Mrs. 
 Agnes Ibbetson, a writer on Vegetable 
 Physiology. Nat. ord., Legitminosw ; 
 Tribe, Sophoriae. ) United with Cyclo- 
 pia. 
 
 /. gerdstoi'dee. B. M. t. 1259. A synonym of 
 Cyclopia genistoides. 
 
 Iberide'Ua. (Diminutive oilberis. 
 Nat. ord., Cruciferm ; Tribe, Thlaspi- 
 decB.) 
 
 Hardy perennial alpine herb. For cultivation. 
 
 see HUTOHINSIA, in which it was formerly in- 
 cluded. 
 /. rotwndifc/tta. i-}. Eosy-lilao, yellow. April. 
 
 Alps. 1868. B. M. t. 6749. Syn., 
 
 Hutchinsia rotimdifolia. 
 
 Ibe'ris. Candy Tuft. (From Iberia, 
 the ancient name of Spain, where the 
 species abounds. Nat. ord., Cruciferm ; 
 Tribe, TMaspidew. Allied to Thlaspi.) 
 
 All white-flowered, except where otherwise 
 specified. Annuals and biennials, by seeds in 
 March and April; most of the annuals, and 
 especially the unibella'ta group, are very hardy, 
 and if sown in autumn will generally stand the 
 winter, and bloom in April and May in conse- 
 quence. The shrubby evergreen group, by seeds, 
 but chiefly by cuttings after flowering, under a 
 hand-light, in a shady comer, in summer. /. 
 sempervi'rens may be taken as a type of this 
 
 froup, and whether in a clump, by the side of 
 orders, or hanging over knolls and rock-works, 
 its masses of white flowers are really beautiful. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. 
 
 /. ama'ra. i-1. White. June. W. Europe. 
 
 Common Candy Tuft. Annual. 
 hesperidifo'lia. A larger variety. 
 
 — Bernardia'na. i. Pink. Summer. Pyrenees. 
 
 Syn., I. Bubanii. Annual. 
 
 — cUia'ta. }. June. Provence. 1802. Biennial. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1030. 
 
 tau'rica. |. May. Caucasus. 1802. 
 
 Biennial. 
 
 — corona'ria. 1. July. 1836. Swt. Fl. Gard. 
 
 ser. 2, t. 359. 
 
 — interme'dia. 1. June. France. 1823. Bien- 
 
 nial. 
 
 — na'Tia. J. Purple. June. S. Franca 1822. 
 
 B. M. t. 2788. 
 
 — odora'ta. 1. June. Crete. 1806. 
 
 — umbella'ta. 1. Purple. June. South Europe. 
 
 1696. B. M. 1. 106. 
 
 atropurpu'rea. Dark crimson. 
 
 ca'rnea. Flesh-coloured. 
 
 na'na purpu'rea. Deep purple. 
 
 purpu'rea lUad'na. Lilac purple. 
 
 — viola' cea. \. Purple. June. 1782. 
 
 — virgi'nica. June. N. Amer. 1836. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN. 
 
 J. gibralta'rica. 1. Whitish - pink. May. 
 
 Gibraltar. 1732. B. M. 1. 124. 
 hy'brida. Creamy-white to rosy-purple.. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 /. confe^rta. J. June. Spain. 1827. 
 
 — contra'cta. J. May. Spain. 1824. 
 
 — cmTeoefo'Ua. h. June. South Europe. 1739. 
 
 — PruHtii. J. White. May. Sicily. 
 
 — pubeisceris. J. Pale violet. June. 
 
 — pu'mila. May. Sicily. 1828. 
 
 — saxa'tilis. |. May. South Europe. 1739. 
 
 — semperflo'rens. IJ. May. Sicily. 1679. 
 
 — sempervi'rens. |. May. Candia. 1731. 
 Garrexia'na. i. May. Piedmont. 1820. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 /. stylo'sa. J. White. Europe. 1879. 
 
 — Tenorea'TM. i. Pale purple. June. Naples. 
 
 1802. B. M. t. 2783. 
 
 Icaci'na. (A name given on ac- 
 count of the resemblance of the branches 
 to a tree called the Icaco. Nat. ord., 
 Olacinece; Tribe, leacinecB.) 
 
 Stove perennial, with a large tuberous root- 
 stock and slender climbing stems. Cuttings of 
 the young shoots in sandy loam, in bottom- 
 heat, under a hand-glass. Eich sandy loam and 
 leaf-mould. 
 
 /. Ma'rmi. Yellow. October. Old Calabar. 
 1865. B. M. t. 6260. 
 
ICA [ 507 ] 
 
 Icacp'rea guiane'nsis. A synonym 
 of Ardisia acuminata. 
 
 ICE 
 
 lee. Mr. Beaton finds that the 
 cheapest and most effectual mode of 
 preserving this is in what he terms an 
 Jceherg, and it is thus constructed:— 
 Choose a natural hollow for the sight of 
 the iceherg, where the hank on one side 
 is steep, and let the outside,,of the cone, 
 when it is finished, he at six feet from 
 the hottom of the bank. Some such 
 space is necessary between the bank and 
 the icOj to get rid of any rain or snow 
 water that may run down the bank be- 
 fore it gets to the ice. At the bottom 
 of the ba,nk, and half way up, pots are 
 to be let into the ground in paii's, four 
 feet apart, and braced together with a 
 strong piece of timber set across, as 
 builders do their scaffolding ; let planks 
 for wheeling on be made into a long 
 trough, inclining from the top of the 
 bank, and resting on those cross pieces ; 
 the bottom of the trough being carried 
 out to near the intended centre of the 
 cotae, and far above it; and the ice 
 should be broken on a platform of 
 boards at the top of the bank, and 
 poured down the inclined trough. The 
 broken ice should be spread a little by 
 some one as it falls from the spout, care 
 being taken that the cone is brought up 
 regularly ; and when the ice reaches the 
 height of the bottom of the spout, the 
 planks are to be re-arrang.ed, so as to 
 allow room for throwing off the ice as 
 fast as it comes down ; and, finally, 
 when the eone is finished into a sharp 
 point, the whole must be left till the 
 first frost after mild or thawing weather. 
 The outside of the iceberg has then 
 melted a little ; but on the first hard 
 frosty night the whole is frozen over 
 again, and the outside of the cone is 
 then as if it were one solid face of 
 rugged ice; and now is tlie time to 
 thatch it entirely over with good long 
 straw, about the same thickness as you 
 would a wheat or barley stack, and no 
 more, provided you have cheaper ma- 
 terials to give it a good thick cover- 
 ing afterwards. At Shrubland Park 
 they use large quantities of leaves, and 
 nothing else, over the straw ; these 
 are thrown on at intervals, so that the 
 leaves do not heat by putting too many 
 on at once. The depth of covering over 
 the straw is sometimes twice as much 
 as in other seasons, according to the 
 quantity of leaves on hand ; but two 
 feet in thickness does not preserve the 
 ice better than one foot. The ice is 
 never uncovered by high winds blowing 
 
 Fig.l. 
 
 off the leaves, though nothing is put 
 upon them to keep them down. 
 
 Perfect exemption from wet or dami> 
 IS necessary for the bottom of an ice- 
 berg ; and a few pieces of rough wood, 
 put upon such a place, and covered witk 
 brushwood about a foot, and that again 
 covered with six inches of straw, is suffi- 
 cient. The brushwood and straw ar& 
 soon compressed into a few inches by 
 the weight of the ice ; and as the ice 
 melts, the water passes through, with- 
 out hinderance, into cross open drains, 
 at the bottom. When ice is required, 
 the thatch is opened at the bottom, each 
 time, the ice cut out with a pickaxe, 
 and the thatch replaced. 
 
 If an Ice-house is built, Mr. Cobbett's 
 plan, as foUows, is the 
 best:— Fig. 1 a is the 
 centre of a circle, the 
 diameter of which is ten 
 feet, and at this centre , 
 you put up a post to *. '• "■ •'' ; 
 stand fifteen feet above \ ■•...•' .' 
 the level of the ground, e". ^t' 
 which post ought to be ••* « 
 
 about ten inches through at the bottom,, 
 and not much smaller at the top. Great 
 care must be taken that this post ba 
 perfectly perpendicular, for if not, the- 
 whole building will be awry; h b ar& 
 fifteen posts, nine feet high, and six 
 inches through at the hottom, without- 
 much tapering towards the top. These 
 posts stand about two feet apart, reckon- 
 ing from centre of post to centre of post, 
 which leaves between each two a space 
 of eighteen inches ; c c c are fifty -four 
 posts, five feet high, and five inches 
 through at the bottom, without much 
 tapermg towards the top. These posts^ 
 stand about two feet apart from centre- 
 of post to centre of post, which leaves 
 between each two a space of nineteen 
 inches. The space between these two- 
 rows of posts is about four feet in width, 
 and is to contain a wall of straw ; e is a 
 passage through this wall ; d is the out- 
 side door of the passage ; /is the inside^ 
 door ; and the inner circle, of which a is. 
 the centre, is the place in which the ica 
 is to he deposited. The wall is to be 
 made of straw, wheat straw, or rye 
 straw, -with no rubbish in it, and made 
 very smooth by the hand as it is put in. 
 Lay it in very closely and very smoothly, 
 so that if the wall were cut across, as at- 
 ff cf in Fig. 2 (which Fig. 2 represents- 
 the whole building cut down through the 
 middle, omitting the centre post), th&: 
 ends of the straw would present a com- 
 pact wall. It requires something to 
 keep the straw from bulging out between. 
 
ICE 
 
 [508] 
 
 ICl 
 
 *he posts ; little stakes as big as your 
 ■wrist will answer this purpose. Drive 
 them into the ground, and fasten at the 
 top to the plates, which are pieces of 
 wood that go all round both the circles, 
 and are nailed upon the tops of the posts. 
 Their main business is to receive and 
 sustain the lower ends of the rafters, as 
 •at m m and nnm Fig. 2. From siom 
 there need be only about half as many 
 as from m to n. The roof is forty-five 
 •degrees pitch, as the carpenters call it. 
 If it were even sharper it would be none 
 the worse. There will be about thirty 
 ends of rafters to lodge on the plate as 
 -at m, and these cannot all be fastened 
 to the top of the centre post rising up 
 from a. The plate which goes along on 
 the tops of the row of posts, 6 6 6, must 
 be put on in a somewhat sloping form, 
 otherwise there would be a sort of hip 
 formed by the rafters. The best way to 
 put on such deep thatch is to have a 
 -strong man to tie for the thatoher. The 
 thatch is to be of clean, sound, and well- 
 prepared wheat or rye straw, four feet 
 
 Kg. 3. 
 
 thick, as at A A in Fig. 2. The bed for 
 the ice is the circle of which a is the 
 centre. Begin by laying on the ground 
 round logs, eight mches through or 
 thereabouts, and placing them across 
 the area, leaving spaces between them 
 of about a foot. Then, crossways on 
 these, poles about four inches through, 
 placed at six inches apart. Then, cross- 
 ways on them, rods as thick as your 
 finger, placed at an inch apart, llien, 
 again, small, clean, dry, last winter-cut 
 twigs, to the thickness of about two 
 inches, or, instead of these twigs, good, 
 clean, strong rushes, free from grass and 
 moss, and from rubbish of all sorts. 
 Upon this bed the ice is put, broken, 
 and beaten down together in the usual 
 manner. As we have seen, there is a 
 passage, e ; two feet wide is enough for 
 this passage, so that you may have two 
 doors, and the inner door open. This 
 inner door may be of hurdle-work and 
 ;straw, and covered on one of the sides 
 with sheep-skins with the wool on, so as 
 to keep out the external air. The outer 
 'door, which must lock, must be of wood, 
 
 made to shut very closely, and covered, 
 
 besides, with skins like the other. At 
 
 times of great danger from heat or from 
 
 Kg. 8. 
 
 wet, the whole of the passage may be 
 fiUed with straw. The door, Fig. 3, 
 should face the north, or between north 
 and east. As to the size of the ice- 
 house, that must of course depend upon 
 the quantity of ice that you may choose 
 to have. A cubic foot of ice will, when 
 broken up, fill much more than a Win- 
 chester bushel. 
 
 Ioe-j3lant. 
 
 "i'num. 
 
 Mesembrya'nthemum 
 
 Ichnetimon Flies are of intere.st 
 to the gardener, from the fact that they 
 keep down the number of many other 
 kinds of insects by laying their eggs 
 either in their chrysalids or caterpillars, 
 which become destroyed by the fiy mag- 
 gots when hatched. This is especialfy 
 the case with one species — Mieroga'ster 
 glomera'tus — which lays its eggs in the 
 caterpillar of the Large White Cabbage 
 Butterfly. The cocoons, which are 
 small and bright yellow, are often seen 
 upon cabbages, and should not be de- 
 stroyed. The flies have long, slender 
 bodies, four small wings, and two long 
 vibratile antennse. 
 
 Ichnoca'rpus. (From ichnos, a 
 vestige, and karpos, a fruit ; in reference 
 to the slender seed-vessels. Nat. ord., 
 Apocynacece ; Tribe, EchitidecB. Allied 
 toApocynum. Byn., Aganosma.) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings of small 
 side-shoots in April in sand, and in Beat. 
 I. acwmina'tue. White. Sylhet. Syn., Agamema 
 acuminata. Wight Ic. t. 424. 
 
 — earyovhyUa'ttis. Pale yellow. October. B. 
 
 Ind. 1812. Syn., Aganosma caryo- 
 phyllata. 
 
 — eynufmx. White. Sylhet. Syns., Agarwmia 
 
 aymosa, Wight Ic. t. 396, and Echitee 
 oymosa. Shrub. 
 
 — e'legans. Purple. E. Ind. Syn., Aganoema 
 
 frute'ecens. 10. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1759. 
 Wight Ic. t. 430. 
 
 — margirufta. White. Sylhet. Syn., Aganosma 
 
 mM-gvnata, Wight Ic. t. 426. 
 
 — Moxbu'rghii. White. October. E. Ind. 1812. 
 
 Syn., Aganosma Roxburghii. 
 WaUi'chU. White. E. Indies. Syn., Aganosma 
 Wallichii. 
 
 I'cica. (The native name in Guiana. 
 Nat. ord., Burseracece; Tribe, Burserece. 
 
IDE 
 
 [509] 
 
 ILL 
 
 AUied to Bursera, with which it is united 
 by Bentham and Hooker. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen balaam producing trees vrith 
 white flowers, and all but one natives of Guiana. 
 Cuttings of ripened young shoots in strong heat, 
 in sand, and under a bell-glass : flbry peat and 
 loam. 
 
 I. alti'ssima. See Protivmi altisemmm. 
 
 — deca'ndra. 40. 1826. Syn., IcicopHs caudata. 
 
 — eiinea ndra. See Protium S^homburgkianum. 
 
 — guianefneis. See Protium guianejise. 
 
 — h^teropMlla. See Protium Araconchini. 
 
 — Tacamaha'ca. See Protium heptaphyllum. 
 
 Ide'sia. (Named after the Butch 
 traveller Ysbrants Ides, who made ex- 
 plorations in China. Nat. ord. , Bixinew. ) 
 An ornamental hardy tree, with terminal 
 pamcles of inconspicuous flowers, followed by 
 blue-black berries. Seeds sovra in spring in a 
 slight heat germinate readily ; by cuttings it is 
 more difficult to propagate : they should be 
 taken from the half-ripened shoots in spring or 
 autumn, and inserted in sandy loam, and placed 
 in a slight bottom-heat under a bell-glass. 
 I. polyoa'rpa. China. B. M. t. 6794. Syns., 
 
 Flacourtia japonica and Polycarpa 
 
 Maaimowiczii. 
 
 I'lex. The Holly. ' (From the re- 
 semblance of the leaves to the Ilex of 
 yirgil, Que'rcus i'lex. Nat. ord., Ili- 
 cinece. ) 
 
 All white-flowered but one. By seed, which 
 should be kept in the rot-heap for twelvejnonths 
 after gathermg, frequently turned in the mean 
 time, to rot the pulp, and then sown in beds. 
 The varieties by grafting and budding— the first 
 in March, and the second in July ; by cuttings 
 of the ripened summer shoots in autumn, on a 
 north border, and covered with hand-glasses ; 
 soil, sandy loam, in any pla^e free from stagnant 
 water. See Holly. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 /. anguiti/o'lia. 6. May. Carolina. 180«. 
 
 — chine'ims. 10. July. China. 1814. B. M. 
 
 t. 2043. 
 
 — magella'nica. Magellan. 1838. Half-hardy. 
 
 — Pera'do. 10. Pink. May. Madeira. 1760. 
 
 — serra'ta. Japan. 1840. 
 
 stove evergreens. 
 I. gongo'na. 30. Brazil. 
 
 — monta'na. 3. W. Indies. 1820. Syn., Prinos 
 
 montanus, 
 
 — myrtifo'lia. 6. July. W. Indies. 1806. 
 
 — pwraguaye'nsis. 15. Paraguay. 1823. B. M. 
 
 t. 3992. Paraguay Tea. 
 
 — salicif&lia. 5. May. Mauritius. 1818. 
 
 HARDY evergreens. 
 
 I. cmibi'gua. 4. Carolina. 1812. Syn., Prinos 
 anibiguus, 
 
 — aquifo'liuTn. 20. May. Britain. 
 
 — a'lbo margina'tum. 12. May. Britain. 
 
 a'lbo pi'ctum. 20. April. Britain. 
 
 altaclare'me. 20. April. Britain. 
 
 angvsti/o'lium. 20. May. Britain. 
 
 aureo margina'tum. 12. May. Britain. 
 
 au'reo pi'ctum. 20. May. Britain. 
 
 ' cameUioefo'lium. Garden variety. 1887. 
 
 ■ ciiia'twrn. 20. May. Britain. 
 
 cUia'tum mi'nus. 20. May. Britain. 
 
 — ■ — - crassifo'lium. 20. May. Britain 
 
 cri'spum. 20. May. Britain. 
 
 fefrox. 12. May. Britain. 
 
 Je'rox argdntemn. 20. May. Britain. 
 
 fe'rox avlrcwn. May. Britain. 
 
 Fischdri. Garden variety. 1887. 
 
 fia'vum. 16. May. Britain. 
 
 I.aquifo'liumfru'ctua'lbo. 20. May. Britajtt. 
 
 fru'ctu lu'teo. 20. May. Britain. 
 
 fru'ctu ni'gro. 20. May. Britain. 
 
 heterophy'Uum. 20. May. Britain. 
 
 ■ latifo'lium. 20. May. Britain. 
 
 laurifo'livm. 20. May. Britain. 
 
 margina'tum. 20. May. Britain. 
 
 me'dio-pi'ctum. 10. May. Britain. 
 
 platyphy'Uum. May. Europe. 1844. 
 
 recu'rmim. 20. May. Britain. 
 
 ■ sene'scens. 20. May. Britain. 
 
 serratif&Uum. 20. May. Britain. 
 
 — balea'ricuTn. 10. May, Minorca. 1815. 
 
 — cmiaridnse. 16. May. Canaries. 1820. 
 
 — cassi'ne. 12. August. Carolina. 1700. 
 
 — comu'ta. White. April. China. G. C. 1850, 
 
 p. 811. 
 
 — Bahoo'n. 6. May. Carolina. 1726. 
 ^ m/yrtifo'lia. 6. May. S. United States. 
 
 1806. 
 
 — dipyre'na. 12. May. North India. 1840. 
 
 — Fortu'nei. Japan. 1862. 
 
 — gla'bra. 3. June. N. America. Syn., Prinos: 
 
 gldber. B. C. t. 450. 
 
 — insi'gnis. Sikkim. 1880. 
 
 — loBviga'ta. 4. June. N. America. Syn., 
 
 Prinos Icevigatus. 
 
 — lanceola'ta. 4. July. Carolina. 1811. Syn.,. 
 
 Prinos lanceolatus. 
 
 — latifo'lia. 20. Japan. 1840. 
 
 — laxijlo'ra. 20. May. Carolina. 1811. 
 
 — leptacalntha. N. China. 1852. . 
 
 — lu'eida. 3. N. America. 1779. Syns., Pri- 
 
 nos atomariuSy P. coriaceus, and P. luci- 
 dtts. 
 
 — microca'rpa. White. April. China. Paxt.. 
 
 Jl. Gard. i. p. 43. 
 
 — mo'lUs. N.America. Syn., Prinos dubius. 
 
 — monti'cola. May. E. United States. 
 
 — opa'ca. 30. May. Carolina. 1744. 
 
 — platyphy'Ua. 20. May. Canary Islands. 
 
 1844. B. M. t. 4079. 
 
 — recu'rva. 6. May. 
 
 — verticiUa'ta. 6. May. N. America. 1736. 
 
 Syn., Prinos verticillatus. 
 
 — mmiito'ria. 10. July. Florida. 1700. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS. 
 
 /. deci'dua. 4. June. S. United States. 1736. 
 Syn., Prinos dedduus. 
 
 lUai'rea. (Commemorative of if. 
 lUaire. Nat. ord., Loasaceoe.) United 
 with Loasa by Bentham and Hooker. 
 
 Half.hardy climbing annual, with stinging^ 
 hairs. For cultivation, see Loasa. 
 I. canarinoi'des. Bed. July. Central America. 
 1866. B. M. t. 6022. 
 
 Illece'brum. Knot Grass. (From 
 illecebra, a charmer ; referring to the 
 pretty little annuals giving a charm to 
 waste places. Nat. ord. , Illecebracece. ) 
 
 AH white-flowered, and all propagated by 
 seed ; common soil, though verticilla'tum like» 
 a little moist peat. The greenhouse and stova 
 perennials merely require the extra heat, and 
 may also be propagated by division in the 
 spring. 
 
 I. diffu'sum. 1. June. Trinidad. 1817. Green- 
 house herbaceous perennial. 
 
 — glomera'tum. \. June. Brazil. 1820. Stove. 
 
 herbaceous perennial. 
 
 — gmnphrenoi'des. J. June. Peru. 1810. 
 
 Stove annual. 
 
 — verticilla'tum. J. July. England. Hardy 
 
 trailing annual. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1173. 
 
 Illi'ciuxn.. (From illicio, to allure ;; 
 referring to the perfume. Nat. ord., 
 Magnol'iacece ; Tribe, Winterece. Allied 
 to Diimys. ) 
 
ILL 
 
 [510] 
 
 IMP 
 
 , The fruit of anisa'tum has the flavour of anise, 
 ■being used as a spice in Chinese cooliery ; and 
 the seed of religic/swm is burnt aa incense in 
 their temples. Half-hardy evergreen slirubs. 
 Cuttings of the young ripened shoots in sand, 
 :under a glass, in summer ; by layers, from a 
 stool in a cold pit, where they generally remain 
 two years before being removed ; sandy loam 
 and peat ; require the protection of the cold pit 
 or greenhouse in winter, though ^orida'jmm has 
 stood out in many places with but a slight pro- 
 tection in severe weather. 
 /. anisa'tv/m. 6. Red. May. Japan. 1790. 
 variega'tum. Japan. 1861. 
 
 — florida'num. 8. Bed. May. Florida. 1766. 
 
 B. M. t. 439. 
 
 — parvifto'rum. 6. Yellow. May. Florida. 
 
 1790. 
 
 — religio'sum. 4. Yellow, green. March. Japan. 
 
 1842. B. M. t. 3965. 
 
 — ve'fum. Greenish, tinged with pink. S. 
 
 China. 1688. B. M. t. 7005. True Star 
 Anise of China. 
 
 lUupie-tree. Ba'ssia. 
 
 Imantophy'Uum. (From imas, a 
 leather thong, and phyllon, a leaf ; al- 
 luding to the shape and substance of the 
 ioliage. Nat. ord. , Atnaryllide.m ; Tribe, 
 AraarylUm.) See Clivia. 
 7. Aito'ni. B. M. t. 2856. See Clivia nobUis. 
 
 — atrosangui'neum. A variety of Clivia-Tniniata. 
 
 — cyrtanthiflo'rum: Fl. Ser. 1. 1877. See Clivia 
 
 cyrtanthijlora. 
 
 — Garde'iii. A synonym of Clivia Gardeni. 
 
 — minia'tum, B. M. t. 4783. See Clivia Tniniata. 
 
 Imbrica'ria. (From imhrico, to 
 cover like tiles on a roof ; referring to 
 the divisions of the calyx. Nat. ord., 
 SifpotacecB. Allied to Mimusops. ) 
 
 Stove trees, which produce fruit similar to an 
 orange. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under 
 a glass, in strong, moist heat ; sandy loam and 
 peat. 
 /. borho'nica. White. Isle of Bourbon. 1820. 
 
 Imbricated. Leaves, sepals, etc., 
 are said to be imbricated when one laps 
 over the next, and so in succession, like 
 the tiles of a house, as in the leaves of 
 the common Heath, or Ling, Eri'ca vul- 
 ga'ris, or the scales of a pine cone. 
 
 Impa'tiens. Balsam. (From im,- 
 patiens ; referring to the elasticity of 
 the valves of the seed-pod, which dis- 
 charge the seeds when ripe, or when 
 touched. Nat. ord., Gerawmcece ; Tribe, 
 BalsaminecB. ) 
 
 Hardy annuals and biennials, by seed in the 
 open border, in April. Scapiflo'ra, a bulb, re- 
 quires stove heat, and to be kept almost dry 
 in winter. Greenhouse annuals and biennials 
 merely require to be sown in a hotbed in March, 
 and planted outas half-hardy and tender annuals. 
 All these may be kept over the winter by taking 
 off cuttings in the beginning of autumn, which 
 would bloom in the house early in the spring. 
 See Balsams. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 /. amphora'ta. 3-6. Pale purple. August. 
 
 W. Himalayas. B. M. t. 6660. 
 ^ hijlo'ra. Orange. June. N. Amer. 
 
 — crista'ta. 2. Yellow. August. China. 1827. 
 
 — di'scolor. 1. Yellow. August. Nepaul. 
 
 1820. 
 
 I. fu'lm. 3. Dark yellow. June. N. America. 
 Aquatic. 
 
 — Ro'yUi. 10. Purple. August. Hinmlayas. 
 
 1839. Syn., 1. glandulifera, B. K. 1840, 
 
 t. 22. 
 macrochi'la. 8. Pale purple. August 
 
 India. 1839. B. K. 1840, t. 8. 
 Tuoscha'ta. Serrations of leaf less acute. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 J. Balsami'na. 2. Scarlet. August. Tropical 
 Asia. Syns., /. cocdnea, B. M. 1. 1266, 
 and BaUamina hortenMs. 
 
 — U'color. Purple, white. Fernando Po. 1863. 
 
 B. M. t. 5366. 
 
 — ca'ndida, 6. White. May. Himalayas. 
 
 1839. Biennial. 
 
 — cocci'nea. See /. Balsamina. 
 
 — comordnsin. Carmine ; spur white. Comoro 
 
 Islands. 1887. 
 
 — cornu'ta. 2. Red. August. Ceylon. 1826. 
 
 — cuspida'ta. Bluish, rose. Burmah. 1884. 
 
 — Hookeria'na. 2^. White. Ceylon. 1852. 
 
 — fasciada'ta. 2. Pink. July. Ceylon. 1861. 
 
 — Hawke'ri. Deep carmine. Summer. S. Sea 
 
 Islands. G. C. 1886, xxv. p. 761. 
 
 — hGrtdnsis. 3. Red. September. E. Ind. 
 
 1596. 
 
 — latifo'lia. 1. Pale red. August. B. Ind. 
 
 1818. B. M. t. 6626. 
 
 — longi^o'mu. May. E. Ind. 
 
 na'tans. 2. Bed. July. E. Ind. 1810. 
 
 — macrophy'ila. 2i. Bed and orange. Ceylon. 
 
 — Maria'jKe. Lilac-purple. June. Assam. 
 
 1881. 
 
 — Mastersia'na. 1. Purple. July. Khasia 
 
 Hills. 1837. 
 
 — Tnira'bilis, 4. Golden yellow. Langkawi 
 
 Island. B. M. t. 7196. The trunk is 
 sometimes nine inches in diameter. 
 
 — pi'cta. 2. Pink. June. E. Ind. 1837. 
 
 Biennial. 
 
 — platype^tala. ' IJ. Bose. June. Java. 1844. 
 a'lba. A synonym of /. jUtccida, var. 
 
 alba. 
 
 — pukhe'rrima. IJ. Purple. July. Bombay. 
 
 1860. B. M. t. 4615. 
 
 — rdpens. Ij. Yellow. June. Ceylon. 1848. 
 
 — Rodriga'ii. Bosy- purple. Java. HI. Hort. 
 
 1889, p. 25, t. 78. 
 
 — scapijWra. J. Lilac. August. E. Ind. 1835. 
 
 Bulb. 
 
 — Sulta'ni. Scarlet. Zanzibar. 1882. B. M. 
 
 6643. 
 
 — trico'mis. 6. Yellow-spotted. June. India. 
 
 1839. 
 
 GREENHODSE ANNUALS. 
 
 I. Wfida. J. Bed. August. Japan. 1820. 
 
 — cape'Tisis. J. Red. August. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1818. 
 
 — chine'neis. 1. Purple. August. China. 1824. 
 
 — comigera. 4. Yellow, purple. July. Ceylon, 
 
 1851. 
 
 — fla'ccida. Pink. Ceylon. 1861. 
 
 albiflo'ra. White. lU. Hort. t. 619. Syr,. 
 
 /. platypetala, var. alba. 
 
 — glanduli'/era. B. R. 1840, t. 22. See I. Roylei. 
 
 — Jerdo'nim. \. Green, red, and yellow. June. 
 
 Neilgherries. 1852. 
 
 — madagascarie'-nsis. J. Red. August. Mada- 
 
 gascar. 1820. 
 
 — mi'nor. i. Red. August. E. Ind. 1817. 
 
 — mysore'nsis. i. Bed. August. Mysore. 1820. 
 
 — rosea. 6. Bose. July. Himalayas. 1839. 
 
 — triflo'ra. 1. Pale red. August. Ceylon. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — tripe'tala. 1. Bed. August. Nepaul. 1825. 
 
 Culture. — The chief object in culti- 
 vating these is their fine, large, double, 
 flowers ; and, to secure this object, seed 
 
IMP 
 
 [511] 
 
 INA 
 
 shoTiid be saved only from the finest 
 plants. 
 
 To have them very fine, the seed 
 should be sown in a sweet hotbed, in 
 the middle of March; the plants pricked 
 out into small pots when tnree inches in 
 height, using light, rich soil, shifting 
 them again, and successively, never al- 
 lowing them to be pot-bound, and plung- 
 ing the pots into a medium temperature 
 •of. 75°, until some time after their last 
 shifting into eight or twelve-inch pots, 
 according as you aim at moderate-sized 
 or very large specimens. Allow, all the 
 time, a current of air, more or less ac- 
 cording to the weather, to keep the 
 plants bushy, and using richer materials 
 every time of potting, until the last soil 
 used may consist of nearly as much very 
 rotten, but sweet dung (cow-dung is 
 best^ as turfy, sandy loam. 
 
 Successions may be sown in April and 
 May, and treated in a similar manner, 
 either for pots, or to be turned into beds, 
 where they frequently do well until the 
 middle of October. 
 
 When you cannot accommodate any 
 but the best flowers in the greenhouse, 
 adopt the foUovrtng method : — After 
 pricking out into three or four-inch pots, 
 and plunging them in the bed, allow the 
 pots to get full of roots, keep them drier 
 and cooler, and give plenty of air, which 
 will soon cause ttowers to appear ; then 
 select plants with the best flowers, rub 
 every fiower-bud off' them, fresh pot, dis- 
 entangling the roots a little as you pro- 
 ceed, and grow them on as advised 
 above ; and what vou lose in time you 
 will make up in selectness. 
 
 Impatient. A plant is said to be 
 impatient of heat or cold when it is 
 speedily injured by a slight excess of 
 either one or the other. 
 
 Impregnation. No seed ever at- 
 tains the power of germinating, unless 
 the pollen from the stamens in the same, 
 or some nearly allied flower, has reached 
 and impregnated its pistils. In favour- 
 able seasons, when genial warmth and 
 gentle winds prevail, impregnation is 
 readily effected by the plant's own pro- 
 ^•ision. 'The pollen is never shed from 
 the anther of the stamen until the 
 stigma of the pistil is fully developed, , 
 and this soon withers after the contact. 
 
 Insects aid in effecting this impregna- 
 tion, and, in frames, hothouses, etc., 
 from whence they are almost totally ex- 
 cluded, other artificial means might be 
 adopted with success to render flowers 
 fertile that had hitherto failed in pro- 
 ducing seed. Thus the gardener always 
 
 finds the advantage of using the camel- 
 hairpencil to apply pollen to the stigmas 
 of his forced melons, cherries, and 
 peaches. See Hybridizing, 
 
 Inarching, or Grafting by approach, 
 differs from grafting only in having the 
 scion still attached to its parent stem 
 whilst the process of union with the 
 stock is proceeding. It is the most cer- 
 tain mode of multiplying an individual 
 that roots or grafts with difficulty, but 
 is attended with the inconvenience that 
 both the stock and the parent of the 
 scion must be neighbours. 
 
 Having the stocks properly placed, 
 make the most convenient branches ap- 
 proach the stock, and mark in the body 
 of the branches the parts where they 
 will most easily join to the stock, and in 
 those parts of each branch, pare away 
 the bark and part of the wood two or 
 three inches in length, and in the same 
 manner pare the stock in the proper 
 place for the junction of the graft ; then 
 make a slit upward in the branch so as 
 to form a sort of tongue, and make a 
 slit downward in the stock to admit it ; 
 let the parts be then joined, slipping the 
 tongue of the graft into the slit of the 
 stock, making the whole join in an 
 exact manner, and tie them closely to- 
 gether with bass, and afterwards cover 
 the whole with a due quantity of clay, 
 or wax. After this, let a stout stake 
 be fixed for the support of each graft, 
 and so fastened as to prevent its being 
 disjoined from the stock by the wind. 
 
 The operation being performed in 
 spring, let the grafts remain in that 
 position about four months, when they 
 will be united, and they may then be 
 separated from the mother-tree. In 
 doing this be careful to perform it with 
 a steady hand, so as not to loosen or 
 break out the graft, sloping it off down- 
 wards close to the stock ; and the head 
 of the stock cut down close to the graft, 
 and all the old clay and bandage cleared 
 away and replaced with new, to remain 
 a few weeks longer. Observe, however, 
 that if the grafts are not firmly united 
 with the stock, let them remain another 
 year till autumn, before you separate 
 the grafts from the parent tree. Instead 
 of approach-grafting in the usual man- 
 ner, it is sometimes convenient to detach 
 shoots of the kinds to be propagated 
 from the plants on which they grew, and 
 inarch them upon the single plant, leav- 
 ing a piece at the bottom of each shoot 
 sufficiently long to thrust into a phial, 
 which must be Icept constantly supplied 
 with water. 
 
INC 
 
 [512] 
 
 IND 
 
 Incarvi Ilea. (In honour of P. In- 
 carville, a Chinese Jesuit, who lived in 
 the middle of the eighteenth century. 
 Nat. ord., Bignoniacece ; Tribe, Teco- 
 inece. ) 
 
 Hardy perennials, exoept I. sme'n^, requiring 
 light rich soil. Seeds ; division of roots. 
 /. argu'ta. A synonym of Amphicome arguta. 
 
 — compa'cta. Roseipurple. Summer. N.W. 
 
 China. 1880. Gfl. 1. 1068. 
 
 — grcmdiflo'ra. See Tecotna grandiftora. 
 
 — Kmpma'tmi. 3. Purplish, pink, white. Sep- 
 
 tember. Central Asia. 1880. 
 
 — cyigce. 3-4i. Purple. Turkestan. 1880. 
 
 — sinensis. 1-2. Scarlet. China. Greenhouse. 
 
 — tomentt/sa. See Paulownia imperiali^. 
 
 Indehiscent. A term used to de- 
 note those fruits which do not open 
 regularly when ripe, e.c/., apple, cherry, 
 etc. 
 
 Indian Bay. Lau'rus i'ndica. 
 Indian Blue. Nymphm'a eya'nea. 
 Indian Cress. {Tropm'olum.) See 
 Nasturtium. 
 Indian Fig. Opu'ntia. 
 Indian Grass. Aru'ndo. 
 Indian Hawthorn. BapMole'pis. 
 
 Indian Hemp. Apocy'num oan- 
 nahi'num. 
 
 Indian Lotus. Nymphce'a lo'tus. 
 
 Indian Mulberry. Mori'nda. 
 
 Indian Physic. Magno'lia auri- 
 tvla'ta. 
 
 Indian Pink. Dia'nthus chine'nsis. 
 
 Indian Shot. Ca'nna i'ndica. 
 
 Indigenous. Native, or naturally 
 produced. Thus, the Crab-tree is indi- 
 genous to England. 
 
 Indigo'fera. (From indigo, a blue 
 dye, and/ero, to bear. Nat. ord., Legu- 
 minosas ; Tribe, GalegecB.) 
 
 Annuals and biennials, in hotbed, in spring, 
 potted and treated as tender and half-hardy 
 annuals ; shrubby plants, by cutting of young 
 shoots, getting firm, in summer, in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, and a little bottom-heat, especially 
 the tropical species ; sandy loam and peat, equal 
 parts. Bed spider is their chief enemy. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 
 /. echina'ta. Bed. June. B. Ind. 1824. Stove. 
 
 — procu'mbens. J. Blood-red. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1818. 
 
 — sarmento'sa. J. Purple, July, Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1786. 
 
 STOVE ANNUALS. 
 
 I. dipht/lla, J. Purple. July. Africa. 1816. 
 ^ emietf^hy'lla. 4. Purple. July. E. Ind. 
 1776. Trailer. 
 
 — gla'bra. 1. Bed. July. E. Ind. 1820. Trailer. 
 — • glandulo'sa. 1. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — latert'tia. 1. Purple. Guinea. 1806. Trailer. 
 
 — Leichenau'Uii. 1. Purple. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1820. Greenhouse. 
 
 I. Unifo lia. 1. Red. July. E. Ind. 1792.J 
 
 — trif olio! ta. \. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1816. 
 
 — visco'stt. 1. Bed. May. B. Ind. 1806. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 
 I. A'nil. 3-6. Pink, -green. W. Indies. 1880. 
 One of the Indigo plants. 
 
 — Kflo'ra. Purple. May. E. Ind. 1826. 
 
 — cceru'lea. See I. tinctorial var. nmcrocarpa. 
 
 — dendroi'des. Boae. Guinea. Jacq. Ic. t. 571. 
 
 — Do' sua. IJ. Purplish. India. B. B. 1842„ 
 
 t. 67. 
 stricta. Violet-red. 1870. 
 
 — elKptica. Bed. July. Bengal. 1820. 
 
 — endeca/phi/lla. W. Tropical Africa. Jacq. Ic. 
 
 t. 670. 
 —fra'grans. 1. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1816. 
 
 — Gerardia'na. Pale red. July. India. Syns., 
 
 I. Dosua of B. B. 1842, t. 67, and/..;!ori- 
 hunda. 
 
 — hirau'ta. J. Dark purple. July. Guinea. 
 
 1823. Jacq. Ic. t. 669. 
 
 — leptosta'chya. 3. Purple. June. E. Ind. 1818. 
 ~ mucrona'ta. - B«d. July. Jamaica. 1824. 
 
 — pulche'lla. Red. July. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 — tineto'ria. 3. Pink. July. E. Ind. 1731. 
 Tnacroca'rpa. Blue. June. B. Ind. 
 
 1820. Syn., /. ccerulea. 
 
 — viola'cea. 6. Pale rose. June. E. Ind. 
 
 1819. B. M. t. 3348. 
 
 — mrga'ta. IJ. Purple. June. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 
 /. alopecuroi'dee. Rose. April. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1826. 
 
 — amcelna. IJ. Purple. March. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1774. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 234. 
 
 — angula'ta. B. R. t. 991. See /. sylvatica. 
 
 — angit^ifo'lia. 2. Purple. August. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1774. B. M. t. 465. 
 
 — arge'ntea. 2. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1776. 
 
 — a'tro-pwrpu'rea. 3. Purple. July. N'epaul, 
 
 1816. B. M. t 3065. 
 
 — austra'lis. 4. Pink. April. N.S. Wales. 
 
 1790. B. C. t. 149. 
 
 — ca'ndicans. 1^. Red. ,Tuly. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1774. B. M t. 198. 
 
 — coHa'cea. 3. Purple. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1774. 
 
 — oyli'ndrica. Rose. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1822. 
 
 — eytisoi'des. White, purple. July. S. Africa. 
 
 1774. B. M. t. 742. 
 
 — ddoora. Pink. July. China. 1840. B. E. 
 
 1846, t. 22, B. M. t. 6063. There is also 
 a variety with white flowers -.—a'lba. 
 
 — dmvuda'ta. Purple. S. Africa. Jacq. H. 
 
 Schoenb. t. 233. 
 
 — divarica'ta. 3. Bed. July. Jacq. H. Schoenb. 
 
 t. 366. 
 
 — JUifo'lia. 1. Purple. August. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1812. 
 
 — Jilifo'rrm.s. 2. Purple. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1822. 
 — Jrute^sce'm. 3. Purple. July. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1822. 
 
 — inoa'na. 2. Pink. August. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1812. B. B. t. 957. 
 
 — lotoi'des. 8. Red. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1800. 
 
 — macroBta'chya. Rose. May. China. 1822. 
 
 — nu'da. 1. Purple. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1820. 
 
 — psoraXoHdes, Bright purple. July. S. Africa. 
 
 1768. B. M. t. 476. 
 
 — H'gida. 2. Bed. .Tuly. B. Ind. 1816. 
 
 — spinofsa. 1. Purple. June. Arabia. 1820. 
 
 — stachyoi'des. Summer. N.E. India. 1840. 
 
 B. R. 1843, 1. 14. 
 
 — etri'eta. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 236. See Te- 
 
 phroeia stricta. 
 
 — tyhatioa. 8. Eosy, lilac. June. N. Holland. 
 
 1826. B. M. t. 3000. Syn., /. anguUUa. 
 
IISTG 
 
 [ 513 ] 
 
 ION 
 
 I'nga. (The name in South America. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminosos ; Tribe, Ingece. 
 Allied to Acacia.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of young shoots, 
 getting firm, in spring and summer, in sandy 
 peat, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; 
 peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 
 45^ to 55°. PiUche^rrima has large clusters of 
 long crimson stamens. To succeed well with it, 
 and in a small plant, give it a fair heat in sum- 
 mer, and plenty of moisture ; but Iceep it cool 
 and rather dry for several months in winter. 
 I. affl'nis. 20. Pink. Brazil. 1800. 
 
 — ano'mala. 10. Bed. June. Mexico. 1729. 
 
 A synonym of Calliandra Zunthii. 
 
 — Ugloto'm. See Parkia biglobosa. 
 
 — JBourpo'ni. 20. Pink. Guiana. 1762. 
 
 — c&mo sa. See Pithecolobium comos^im. 
 
 — coromandelia'na. White. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — cycloca'rpa. See PitkecoloHum cyclocarpum. 
 
 — du'lcis. See Pithecolobiwm dulce. 
 
 — fastuo'sa. Bed. ■ Caraccas. 1820. 
 
 — Feni'llei. 8. White. Lima. 1824. 
 
 — foe'tida. 20. Pink. W. Ind. 1816. 
 
 — Ham'sii. See Calliandra Harrisii. 
 
 — Boitsto'ni. 10. Purple. July. Mexico. 1729. 
 
 A synonym of Calliandra Hovstoni. 
 
 — hymenoi'des. 20. Pink. Cayenne. 1823. 
 
 — Jiri'nga. See Pithecolobiumfasciealatum. 
 
 — latif&lia. See Pithecolobiwm latifolium. 
 
 — lauri'na. 20. While. S. Amer. 1818. 
 
 — maeroph^Ua. 12. Yellow. April. S. America. 
 
 1849. 
 
 — margiim'ta. 20. Pink. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 — tnAlli'fera. White. Arabia. 1826. 
 
 — miffrophy'lla. See Pithecolobium microphyl- 
 
 lum. 
 
 — pulche'rrima. 20. Jlexico. 1822. 
 
 — purpu'rea. 6. Purple. April. W. Ind. 1733. 
 
 Soldier wood. A synonym of Calliandra 
 purpurea. 
 
 — Sa'man. See Pithecolobium Saman. 
 
 — seta f era. 20. Pink. Guiana. 1824. 
 
 — splefndens. White. March. Caraccas. 1825. 
 
 — stipula'ris. Cayenne. 1831. 
 
 — terge'mina. 20. Pink. W. Ind. 1820. A 
 
 synonym of Calliandra tergemina. 
 
 — veluti'na. 30. Para. 1820. 
 
 Inoca'rpus. Otaheite Chestnut. 
 (From is, a fibre, and karpos, a fniit. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminosce.) 
 
 The kernels are roasted and eaten in the islands 
 as we use chestnuts. Stove evergreen tree. Cut- 
 tings of the ripened shoots in sand, and in heat ; 
 peat and loam. 
 
 J. e'dulis. 20. White. July. South Sea Islands. 
 1793. 
 
 Inoculation. Same as Budding. 
 Inoculating Grass. See Turf. 
 
 Intermediate. A species is often 
 named intermediate, because possess- 
 ing the different characteristics of two 
 others. 
 
 A hothouse is intermediate when kept 
 at a temperature higher than that usual 
 in a greenhouse, and lower than that 
 usual in a stove. 
 
 I'nula. (A word of doubtful origin, 
 said to be a corruption of helenium. 
 Nat. ord., Compositce ; Tribe, Inuloi- 
 dew.) 
 
 I'nula hele^nivm or Elecampane, furnishes the 
 Yin d'Aulnee of the French. Hardy herbaceous 
 
 perennials, with yellow flowers. The annuals 
 not being worth cultivating, are omitted. Seeds, 
 or divisions! "Of the roots ; common garden-soil. 
 They are fnteresting, though rather rough- 
 looking. 
 I. calyci'na. H. July. Sicily. 1827. 
 
 — ensifo'lia. |. August. Austria. 1793. 
 
 — germa'nica. 4. July. Germany. 1769. 
 
 — gla'bra. June. Caucasus. 1831. 
 
 — glwndul&sa. 2. August. Georgia. 1804. 
 
 — gramdifio'ra. 2. July. Caucasus. 1810. 
 
 — hUrta. 1. July. Austria. 1759. 
 
 — Hookelri. 1-2. Yellow. September. Sikkim 
 
 Himalaya. 1861. B. M. t. 6411. 
 
 — hy'brida. 2. July. Podolia. 1813. 
 
 — macrophy'lla. See Telekia cordifolia. 
 
 — Mariti!na. See Chrysopsis Mariana. 
 
 — mo'llis. 2. July. 
 
 — monta'na. IJ. August. South Europe. 1769. 
 
 — o'culus Chri'sti. IJ. July. Austria. 1769. 
 
 — odo'ra. See Pulicaria odora. 
 
 — quadridenta'ta. 1. August. Spain. 1820. 
 
 — saxa'tiZis. See Jasonia ghttinosa. 
 
 — sca'bra. A synonym of Seterotheca scabra. 
 
 — suave'olenn. 1\. July. South Europe. 1768. 
 
 — trilo'ba. July. Sinai. 1837. 
 
 — Vailla'ntii. 2. September. France. 1739. 
 
 — verbascifo'lid. 1^. July. Caucasus. 1819. 
 
 — msco'sa. IJ. July. South Europe. 1696. 
 
 lo'chroma. (From ion, violet, and 
 chroma, colour ; referring to the purple 
 colour of the flowers. Nat. ord., Sola- 
 nacece ; Tribe, Solanem. Allied to 
 Hebecladus. ) 
 
 Greenhouse shrubs. Cuttings of young shoots, 
 getting a little firm, in sandy soil, with a bell- 
 glass in summer; sandy peat and fibry loam. 
 Winter temp., 40° to 45°. 
 I. calyd'num. Green. Guiana. 
 
 — cocci'neum. Scarlet. S. America. 
 
 — /uchsioi'des. 5. Orange-scarlet. Summer. 
 
 Andes of Quito. 1843. Syn., Lyeium 
 fuchsioides. B. M. t. 4149. 
 
 — gesneroi'des. 4. Scarlet. Peru. Gfl. t. 358. 
 
 Syn., Lycium gesneroides. 
 
 — grandijio'rum. Saragina. 
 
 — lamceola'tum. 6.' Purplish-brown. July. 
 
 Quindiu. 1846. Syn., Chcenestes lanceo- 
 lata. B. M. t. 4338. 
 
 — tuiulcfsum. Purple. August. Yangana. 
 
 I'one. This genus does not differ 
 from Bulbophyllum, under which 
 the species will be found. 
 
 loni'dium. (From ion, violet, and 
 eidos, resembling. Nat. ord., Violacea:. 
 Allied to our Violets. ) 
 
 The South American species possess much of 
 the qualities of, and are substituted for, :^eca- 
 cuanlia. Herbaceous plants, flowering in June , 
 by division and seed ; under-shrubs, by cuttings 
 in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam. All 
 the following require greenhouse culture, except 
 stri'ctmn, which is a stove plant. 
 /. ca^dnse. 1. White. Cape of Good Hope. 
 1824. 
 
 — lon^ifo'liurri: See Noinettia longifolia. 
 
 ■ — poly galcef& Hum. 1. Green, yellow. S. Amer. 
 1797. 
 
 — Spr&ngelia'num, 1. White. Pennsylvania. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — stri'ctum. J. White. W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 lono'psis. (From ion, violet, and 
 opsis, like. Nat. ord., Orchidece ; Tribe, 
 VandecB-OncidiecB. Allied to Burling- 
 tonia. ) 
 
 Lli 
 
IPE 
 
 [514] 
 
 IPO 
 
 Stove orchids. For culture, see Burlingtonia. 
 I. panicula'ta. White, violet. Brazil. 1865. 
 B. M. t. 5541. 
 
 — pulche'lla. Violet. July. Merida. 
 
 — te'nera. White, lilac. W. Indies. B. B. 
 
 t, 1904. 
 
 — utrundarioi'dea. i. White, purple. October. 
 
 Trinidad. 1822. 
 
 Ipecacua'nlia. Cephce'lis ipeca- 
 eiia'nha, the roots of which yield an 
 emetic. 
 
 Iphige'nia. (After IpMgenia, 
 daughter of Agamemnon. Nat. ord., 
 Liliacece ; Tribe, Anguillariece.) 
 
 Herbaceous plant, requiring a little protection 
 ■in winter. Propagated by division of the roots. 
 /. i'ndica. 1. Dark purple. June. India. ISIS. 
 Syn., AnguiUaria indica. 
 
 Ipomoe'a. (From ips, bindweed, and 
 homoios, similar. Nat. ord., Convolvu- 
 lacece ; Tribe, Convolvulem. Syns., 
 Batatas, Calonyction, Exogmiivm, 
 QvMmoclit, Macrostema, and Pharhitis. ) 
 
 Annuals, by seed in a hotbed ; perennials, by 
 seed and cuttings of the short side-shoots, in 
 sandy peat, under a bell-glass, and in a good 
 bottom-heat; bulbous and tuberous, by divi- 
 sion, and by cuttings of the young shoots, as 
 they commence growing ; the bulbs and tuberous 
 ones, especially the hardier ones, are used for 
 herbaceous grafting, merely making a cleft, and 
 slipping the young shoot into the place, claying 
 over, and plunging in a hotbed ; stout, short 
 stems, with roots of Sello'wii, are frequently used 
 for grafting the more tender sorts ; peat and 
 loam. Temp, for stove kinds, 60° to 85° in sum- 
 mer ; 60° to 60° in winter. The crimson Hors- 
 fa'llim requires a good heat. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 /. purpu'rea. Purple, midline pink. June to 
 August. Syns., Convolvulus major and 
 C. purpureus. B. M. t. 113. 
 
 ela'iior. White, with blue or pink patches 
 
 on each petal. Syn., Convolvulus p^ir- 
 pureuSf var. elatior. B. M. 1. 1005. 
 
 va'ria. White, striped with pink and 
 
 blue. Syn., Convolvulus purpureus, var. 
 varius. B. M. 1. 1682. 
 
 STOVE ANNUALS. 
 
 J. caeUsti'na. Blue. August. 1S40. Twiner. 
 
 — fllicau'lis. Yellow. July. B. Ind. 1778. 
 
 — inurica'ta. 8. Blue, purple. August. E. Ind. 
 
 1777. 
 
 — tridenta'ta. 10. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1778. 
 
 HARDY TWINERS. 
 
 I. ca'ndicans. 15. White. July. N. Amer. 1776. 
 
 — lacmto'sa. 10. White. June. N. Amer. 1640. 
 
 Deciduous. 
 
 — pandura'ta. 12. White, purple. June. N. 
 
 Amer. .1732. Deciduous. Syn., Convol- 
 vulus candicans. B. R. 1. 1603. 
 
 — sagjiteefo'lia 3. Hose. July. Carolina. 1819. 
 
 Deciduous. 
 
 — sUn'rica. 8, Flesh. July. Siberia. 1779. 
 
 Deciduous. 
 
 — sinua'ta. ,6. White. July. Florida. 1813. 
 
 Evergreen. Syn., Convolvulus disseatu^. 
 Jacq. H. Vind. t. 169. 
 
 GREENHOUSE TVVINER.S. 
 
 1 arma'ta. 6. Purple. July. Mexico. 1824. 
 Biennial. 
 
 — cra'ssipes. 3. Purple. August. S. Africa. 
 
 1842. 
 
 /. hedera'cea. 10. Pale blue. July to Septem- 
 ber. Syns., /. nil and Convolvulus nil. 
 B. M. t. 188. 
 
 limba'ta. Dark blue, white. May. N. 
 
 Australia. 1868. Sym, Pharbitis limiata. 
 
 macrorhi'za. 10. White. August. Georgia. 
 1816. Tuber. 
 
 ru'bra. Red, purple. August. Mexico. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — ni'l. See I. Jiederacea. 
 
 — pe'ndula. 10. '•Pink. July. N.S. Wales. 
 
 1806. Evergreen. 
 
 — guina'ta. Violet. July. Mexico. 
 
 — Sello'wii. 10. 1831. Deciduous. 
 
 — si'mplex. Purple. S. Africa. 1844. B. M. 
 
 t. 4206. 
 
 STOVE DECIDUOUS TYiflNERS. 
 
 /. Aito'ni. 10. Pale purple. June. 
 
 — batatoi'des. 6. Purple, crimson. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1840. 
 
 — campanula'ta. 8. Purple, white. August. 
 
 E. Ind. 1800. 
 
 — Carolina. 10. Purple. July. Carolina. 1732. 
 — jicifo'lia. 3. Purple. November. Buenos 
 
 Ayres. 1840. 
 
 — Tieterophi/lla. Purple. July. 1818. Syns., 
 
 Batatas Wildenovii and pharbitis hetero- 
 phylla. 
 
 — involucra'ta. i. Red. July. Guinea. 1823. 
 
 — leuca'ntha^ 6. White. August. S. Amer. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — longifo'lia. 6. White. July. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 — tmutifio'ra. 6. Pink. June. Jamaica. 
 
 — ochra'cea. Yellow. August. Guinea. 1826. 
 
 — p^s-ti'gridis. 6. Red. August. E. Ind. 1732. 
 
 — pilo'sa. 4. Pink. August. E. Ind. 1815. 
 
 — ru'bro-coeru'lea. 8. Blue, red. September. 
 
 Mexico. 1823. 
 
 — Sehiedia'na. Blue. October. 
 
 — seto'sa. 9. Purple. August. Brazil. 
 
 — solamifo'lia. 8. Pink. July. America. 1759. 
 
 — terna'ta. White. July. Brazil. 1824. Syn., 
 
 Batatas ternata. 
 
 — veno'sa. Purple. July. Mauritius. 1820. 
 
 Syn., Batatas venosa. 
 
 — viola' cea. 8. Purple. August. S. Amer. 
 
 1792. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN TWINERS. 
 
 I. acumina'ta. 6. Purple. July. W. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — ala'tipes. Salmon. Panama. 1862. 
 
 — albive'nia. Yellow. September. Algoa Bay. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — bign(mioi'des. Purple. July. Cayenne. 1824. 
 
 — Bo'na-n&x. 10. White. July. Tropical 
 
 America. 1773. B. M. t. 762. Syn., 
 Calonyction speciosum 
 
 — bonarie'nsis. Purple. August. Buenos Ayres. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — cai'rica. 8. Red. July. Egypt. 1680. 
 
 — camerun^nsis. Cameroon Mts. Gfl. 1891, 
 
 p. 393, t. 1352. 
 
 — chrysoi'des. 4. Yellow. July. China. 1817. 
 
 — corymbo'sa. 2. White. July. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 — de'cora. 3. White, purple. E. Tropical 
 
 Africa. 1879. 
 
 — fastigia'ta. 10. Purple. June. W. Ind. 1816. 
 
 — Gerra'rdi. White. Natal. 1867. Called 
 
 Wild Cotton at Natal. 
 
 — gramdiflo'ra. 8. White. September. E. Ind. 
 
 1802. Syn., Calonyction pseudomwrl- 
 catum. 
 
 — Hooke'ri. White, red. August. Mexico. 1830. 
 
 — Harsfa'llice. 20. Rose-coloured. October. 
 
 E. Ind. 1833. 
 a'lba. White. 
 
 — jala'pa. 10. Red. August. America. 1733. 
 
 Tuber. 
 
 — Lea'rii. SO. Dark red. September. Ceylon. 
 
 1839. 
 
 — muta'biZis. 10. Blue. July. S. Amer. 1812. 
 
 — pentaphy'lla. White, red. August. 1816. 
 
IPO 
 
 [516] 
 
 IRI 
 
 India. 1776. 
 
 I. pe's-ca'prce. Purple. June. 
 Creeper. 
 
 — polya'nthes. 20. Yellow. August. W. Ind. 
 
 1739. 
 
 — pudibu'nda. 6. Rose-coloured, August. 
 
 St., Vincent. 1822. 
 
 — pulche'Ua, 20. Purple. December. Ceylon. 
 
 1846. 
 
 — pu'rga. Crimson. August. Mexico. 
 
 — repa'nda. 10. Scarlet. July. S. Amer. 1793. 
 
 — rdptam. i. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1806. 
 
 Creeper. 
 
 — Robe'rlsii. White, striped with pink and rosy- 
 
 purple. Queensland. B. M. t. 6952. 
 
 — senegtde'nsis. white. July. Guinea. 1823. 
 
 — sepialria. 8. Red. July. E. Ind. 1817. 
 
 — splelndens. B. M. t. 2628. See Argyreia 
 
 splendens. 
 
 — stipula'eea. 6. Purple. September. E. Ind. 
 
 1805. Creeper. 
 
 — tema'ta. White. July. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 — Thomscnia'na. White, striped with green. 
 
 Ecuador. 1883. 
 
 — tubero'sa. 10. Pale yellow. August. W. Ind. 
 
 1731. Tuber. 
 uniflo'ra. August. S. Amer. 1731. 
 
 — Turpe'thum. 5. White. August. E. Ind. 
 
 1762. Syn., CmvoolmMs Turpethum. 
 B. M. t. 2093. 
 
 — Tweedie'i. 6. Reddish-purple. July. Parana. 
 
 1838. 
 
 — tyria'nthina. Purple. October. Mexico. 
 
 — wnibella'ta. Scarlet. June. S. Amer. 1739. 
 
 — veno'sa. Purple. July. Mauritius. 1820. 
 
 — ■Bi«^o7Mt. 10. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 Ipomo'psis. (From ipo, to strike 
 iorcibly, and opsis, sight. Nat. ord., 
 Poleinoniacem. ) United -with Gilia. 
 I.e'legans. B. M. 1. 1281. See Gilia pulchella. 
 
 — incmispi'cua. See Gilia ineoTispicua. 
 
 I'psea. (Not explained. Nat. ord., 
 Orchidem; Tribe, Epidendrem-EriecB.) 
 United with Pachystoma in the 
 Genera Plantarum, but retained as a 
 distinct genus in the Flora of British 
 India. 
 
 ., Stove orchid. Rough peat and a little fibry 
 loam. Summer temp., 60 to 90° ; winter 65°. 
 I. speeio'sa. May. Ceylon. 1840. B. M. t. 6701. 
 Syn., Pachystoma speciosum. 
 
 Iresi'ne. (From eiros, wool ; refer- 
 ring to the woolly aspect of the branches. 
 Nat. ord., Aniaranthacem ; Tribe, Gom- 
 phrence. Allied to Gomphrena. ) 
 
 Half -hardy, herbaceous, white-flowered peren- 
 nials. Division in spring, and by saving and 
 sowing the seeds ina gentle hotbed ; sandy loam, 
 leaf-mould, and a little peat. If saved over, 
 must be protected in a cold pit or frame during 
 the winter. 
 
 I. acumina'ta. Leaves purple. Mexico. 1869. 
 Fl. Mag. t. 441. 
 
 — celosiai'des. IJ. July. S. Amer. 1733. 
 
 — difu'sa. H. July. S. Amer. 1818. 
 
 — ela'tior. 3. July. Antilles. 1820. Annual. 
 
 — elonga'ta. 2. July. S. Amer. 1822. 
 
 — flave'scens. 1. July. S. Amer. 1824. A 
 synonym of AltemaTitherafiavescens. 
 
 — He'rbstii, Green ; leaves dark crimson, veins 
 
 lighter. S. Brazil. 1864. B. M. t. 6499. 
 Syn., Achyranthes Verschaffeltii. 
 ■^ - — oM'reo^etieula'ta. n. Mag. t. 333. 
 
 — jMiddni. Leaves red, with purplish midrib. 
 
 Ecuador. 1868. Fl. Ser. 1. 1737. 
 
 Iria'rtea. (in honour of Jwna 
 
 Iriarte, a Spanisn botanist. Nat. ord,, 
 Palmeai ; Tribe, Arecece.) 
 
 Stove palms. They sometimes produce aerial 
 roots, which raise the trees from the ground, as 
 if on stilts. 
 
 /. exorrhi'za. 100. Venezuela. 1849. HI. Hort. 
 t. 436. 
 
 — giga'ntea. G. C. 1872, p. 1106. 
 
 — no'bilis: Tropical America. 1869. Syn., 
 
 Deckeria 'nobilis. 
 
 — proemo'rsa. Venezuela. 1850. 
 
 — ventrieo'sa. Bio Negro, Brazil. 111. Hort. 
 
 t. 400. 
 
 I'ris. (From iris, the eye ; referring 
 to the variety and beauty of the flowers. 
 Nat. ord., Iridem ; Tribe, Morteece. 
 Syns. , Diaphane, Eva/nsia, a,nAXiphion. ) 
 
 A beautiful hardy family of summer-flowering 
 plants, though most of the bulbous species will, 
 by forcing, flower early in spring. Herbaceous 
 species, by suckers from the root, and division 
 of their fleshy rhizomes. Bulbous ones, by off- 
 sets ; and all by seeds. Rich, loamy soil suits 
 the herbaceous ; but the others should have a 
 good proportion of sand, leaf -mould and peat. 
 J. aeulta. 2. Blue. May. 
 
 — acMtilo'ba. Fawn-coloured, purple. Caucasus. 
 
 1876. 
 
 — ala!ta. ^. Blue. June. Algeria. 1801. 
 
 B. R. 1. 1876. Bulbous. There are the 
 following colour varieties of 1889 : alba, 
 cinerea, Gupr&ata, lHadna, magna, ni- 
 grescens and speciosa. 
 
 — Albdrti. 1. Violet, yellow. Turkestan. 1880. 
 
 — a'JMcans. Pure white. Cyprus. 1888. 
 
 — amce.'na. 1. Blue. May. 1821. 
 
 — aph^lla. J. Blue. March, Tauria. 1822. 
 
 B. M. t. 870. Syn., I. furcata. B. M. 
 t. 2361. 
 
 — arena'ria. ^. Yellow. June. Hungary. 
 
 1802. B. R. t. 649. 
 mi'nor. Dwarf variety. 1886, 
 
 — arge'ntea. White, blotched with purple. Gar- 
 
 den variety. Rev. Hort. 1891, p. 36. • 
 
 — a'trO'Pwrpvlrea. Purplish-black, yellow. 
 
 Syria. 1889. 
 
 — au'rea. 2. Yellow. June. Germany. 1826. 
 
 B. R. t. 69. 
 
 — Bakeria'na. Dark violet, cream, lilac. Feb- 
 
 ruary. . Armenia. 1889. B. M, t. 7084. 
 
 — balka'Tm. 1, Claret-lilac, white, 1878. 
 
 — BcM'nu'mii. Reddish-purple, yellow, brownish. 
 
 Armenia, 1888. 
 
 — Barto'ni. White, or cream, veins purple. 
 
 Kandahar, 1880. 
 
 — beTiace'nsis. 1, Dark violet, white, coppery. 
 
 Tyrol. 1887. 
 
 — bi'color. 1. Yellow, purple. May. B. R. 
 
 t. 1404. 
 
 — biflo'ra. IJ. Purple. June. S. Europe. 1596. 
 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 1. 162. 
 
 — biglu'mis. i. Blue. April. Siberia. 1811. 
 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 187. 
 
 — BUio'tti. .3. Eeddiah-purple, blue. Siwas, 
 
 Asia Minor. 1887. 
 —• Bismarckia'na. , IJ. Ashy-grey, sky-blue, veins 
 darker. Lebanon. 1892. 
 
 — Blondo'vii. Blue. April. Altai. 1832, 
 
 — bohefmica. 1, Blue. May. Bohemia. 1826. 
 
 — Boissie'H. Purple. Portugal. 1887. 
 
 — Boltania'na, 2. Blue. May. N. America. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — Bornmu'lleri. See /. Danfordice. 
 
 — brachycu'spis. IJ. Purple. May. Siberia. 
 
 1819. B. M. t. 2326. 
 
 — bractea'ta. 1-2. Yellow, veins bluish-purple 
 
 Oregon. 1888. 
 
 — cauca'sica. J. Yellow. July. Caucasus 
 
 1821. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 266. 
 
IRI 
 
 [516] 
 
 IRI 
 
 I. ea/uca'sica coeru'lea. Pale lilac, violet, yellow. 
 
 Caucasus. 1889, 
 ' ocuta'ta. Yellow with blue markings. 
 
 1889. 
 Cengia'lti. Sky-blue ; leaves yellowish-green. 
 
 1886. 
 Lo'ppw. Rich blue ; leaves bluish -Meen. 
 
 — chine'nsw. 1. Pale blue. China. 1792. B. M. 
 
 t. 373, see /. Jiw^yriata. 
 
 — clrnndestHna. May. Brazil. 1829. Green- 
 
 house. 
 
 — ccelesH'na. IJ. Blue. June. N. America. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — co'lchiea. YeUow. 1881. Bulbous. 
 
 — eompre'ssa. Syn., /. morceoides. B. C. 1. 1428. 
 
 — crassifo'lia. f. Pale blue. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1830. B. C. 1. 1961. 
 
 — eretefnm. }. Yellow, lilac, white, purple. 
 
 Spring. Asia Minor. 1876. 
 
 — criata'ta. J. Pale blue. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1766. B. M. t. 412. 
 
 — cn'prea. 2. Orange. June. N. America. 
 
 1812. 
 
 — cnrtopeftala. IJ. Yellow, blue. May. 1823. 
 
 — cypri'cma. Reddish - lilac, orange, bluish, 
 
 reddish-brown. Cyprus. 1888. 
 
 — Danfo'rdioe. J. Orange-yellow, brown. Ci- 
 
 cilian Taurus. 1889. Bulbous. Syns., 
 2, Bomnmlleri and Xiphiim DwttfordicB. 
 
 — dejldxa. IJ. Lilac. June. Nepaul. 1833. 
 
 Greenhouse. Kn. and West, t. 61. 
 
 — deserto'rwm. IJ. Blue. July. Russia. 1811. 
 
 — dicho'toma. 1. Light blue. August. Dauria. 
 
 1784. B. R. t. 246. 
 
 — Domlasia'na. Lilac, white. California. 1873. 
 
 — Dutni'ei. 2. Reddish-lilac, greenish yellow. 
 
 Kumaon. 1887. 
 
 — e'legang. 2. Yellow. July. 1823. 
 
 — EiUefe'ldi. Violet, yellow, fuscous. Thian 
 
 Shan. 1879. B. M. t. 6902. 
 
 — enm'ta. IJ. Blue, purple. June. Austria. 
 
 1787. 
 — fiUfo'lia. 2. Violet, yellow. Spain and Mo- 
 rocco. 1869. Syn., XiphionJUifolium. 
 
 — fimbria'ta. 1. Pale lavender. China. 1792. 
 
 B«d. Lil. t. 152. Syn., /. chinengis. 
 B. M. t. 373. 
 
 — fiave'ecens. 2. YeUow. May. 1818. Swt. 
 
 n. Gard. ser. 2, t. 66. 
 
 —flavi'mma. J. Yellow. May. Siberia. 1814. 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 220. 
 
 —fiexuo'sa. 2. White. May. Germany. 
 1810. 
 
 — Jlorenti'na, 2. White. May. South Eu- 
 rope. 1596. B. M. t. 671. 
 
 minor. IJ. Grey. May. Gardens. 
 
 ^faetidi'eevma. IJ. Livid. June. Britain. 
 Stinking Gladwyn. 
 
 variega'ta. IJ. Livid. June. Britain 
 
 — FoBteria'na. Primrose-yellow, deep violet. 
 
 1891. B. M. t.7215. 
 —fra'grcme. Blue, white, purple. June. India. 
 
 1839. B. R. 1840, t. 1. 
 —fu'lva. Tawny, or copper with purple veins. 
 
 June. N. America. 1811. B. M. 1. 1496. 
 —furca'ta. B. M. 2361. See I. aphylla. 
 
 — Oatelm. Silvery - yellowish, striped and 
 
 spotted with purplish-grey. Armenia. 
 1889. 
 
 — germa'nica. 3. Blue. May. Germany. 1573. 
 
 B. M. t. 670. 
 
 flcfre-a'lbo. 3. White. May. Gardens. 
 
 temperjl&rens. Italy. Wien. Gart. Zeit. 
 
 1890, p. 365, flg. 73. 
 Si'was. Indigo-purple, dark and light. 
 
 Siwas, Asia Minor. 1887. 
 
 — giga'ntea. 6. White, ochre. Central Asia. 
 
 1876. 
 
 — grami'nea. }. Striped. June. Austria. 1697. 
 
 B. M. t. 681. 
 
 — Childemta'dtii. 2. Yellow. April. Siberia. 
 
 1767. 
 
 /. halo'vhUa. 3. Blue. August. Siberia. 1780. 
 B. M. t. 875. 
 
 — hexa'gona. 3-4. Blue-purple. April. S. 
 
 TJnited States. B. M. t. 6787. 
 
 — hi'strio. f. Purple, yellow. Mount Leba- 
 
 non. 1873. Syn., Xiphion hietrio. 
 
 — hietrim'des. See /. reticulata. 
 
 — HooMri. IJ. Purple. May. N. America. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — Bookerialna. J. Blue-purple, reddish-purple, 
 
 Lahul. 1887. 
 
 — Hu'mei. 2. Blue. April. Nepaul. 1822. 
 
 — hu'milis. 1. Blue. April. Caucasus. 
 
 1812. --• 
 
 — hwnga'rica. 1. Violet. May. Hungary. 1816.. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1970. 
 
 — Hutto'ni. l-H. YelloWjpnrple. S. Africa. 
 
 1875. Syn., JDietes Huttoni. 
 
 — ibe^rica. IJ. Bed. May. Iberia. 1820. 
 
 — imirica'ta. 2. Yellow. May. B. R. 1845, 
 
 t. 36. 
 
 — insi'gnis. Lilac, white, black, brown. 
 paradoxoi'des. Yellow, purple. Garden 
 
 variety. 1890. 
 
 — jn'ncea. IJ. Yellow. July. Algeria. 1869. 
 
 Syn., Xiphion juTuxum, Bulbous. 
 
 numCdica. Pale yellow, veined with 
 
 black. Atlas Mountains. 1889. 
 
 — Kmmpfe'ri. July. Japan. 1867. Syn., /. 
 
 IcemgataKK'mpf&ri. This varies in colour 
 from dark violet to light purple and pure 
 white, the base of the falls and central 
 veins being yellow. It is a very fine 
 species. 
 
 Schoiriho'feri. Yellow. Japan. Wien. 
 
 Gart. Zeit. 1888, p. 137, 1. 1. 
 
 — Eemeria'Tia. Troy. Cultivated? 
 
 — Kingia'na. 2. Purple with darker spots, 
 
 greenish-white beneath. Garwhal. 1887. 
 B. M. t. 6967. 
 
 — Eo'chii. l-lj. Bright violet, white, yellow. 
 
 Istria. 1887. 
 
 — Kolpokowslda'na. J. Violet-purple, lilac, 
 
 yellow. Spring. Turkestan. 1878. Syn., 
 Xvphi(m KolpokowsHana. Bulbous. 
 
 — Korolk&m. Rosy - lilac, purple. Turkestan. 
 
 1874. 
 
 c&ncolor. Violet or purple. 1888. 
 
 Leiehtlinia'na. Creamy-white, blackish- 
 purple. 1888. 
 
 ven&sa. Greyish-lilac, veins purple. 1888. 
 
 viola'cea. Violet or puce, veins darker. 
 
 1888. 
 
 — Icemga'ta. Blue. May. Siberia. 1836. B. M. 
 
 t. 6132. 
 
 — linea'ta. 1. Greenish-yellow veined with red- 
 
 gurple, bluish and brownish-purple, 
 aucasus. 1887. Gfl. 1. 1244, figs. 1-6. 
 
 — li'mda. IJ. Livid. April. Levant. 
 2. May. 1824. 
 
 J. Greenish. April. Naples. 
 Andr. Rep. t. 45. 
 
 White, purple, yellow. Cali- 
 fornia. 1862. 
 
 — longiapa'tha. 3. Purple. July. Siberia. 
 
 1823. B. M. t. 2528. 
 
 — Lmt^tii? 1. Pale blue, pale rose. Armenia. 
 
 1890. 
 
 — lupHna. J. Greenish-yellow, veins brownish- 
 
 red. Kharput. 1887. 
 
 — lu'rida. 2. Brown. April. South Europe. 
 
 1758. B. M. t. 668, and 986. 
 
 — liisita'nica. 2. Blue. April. Portugal. 1796. 
 
 B. M. t. 679. 
 
 Vivia'ni. Yellow. Portugal. 1889. Syn., 
 
 /. Viviami. 
 
 — lute'scms. i. Yellow. April. Germany. 
 
 1748. B. M. t. 2861. 
 
 — macrosi'phon. J. Lila«-purple or cream. 
 
 California. 1890. 
 
 — martinice^nsis. B. M. t. 416. See Trirmzia 
 
 martinicensis. 
 
 longifio'ra. 
 
 — longifdlia. 
 
 1829. 
 
IKI 
 
 [517] 
 
 IRI 
 
 /. Me' da. Greenish-yellow, reined with brown. 
 Persia. B. M. t. 7040. 
 
 — Mile'sii. 3. Beddish-purple. Kulu Valley, 
 
 Himalayas. B. M. t. 6889. 
 
 — Manniflri. \. Yellow. May. Greece. 1820. 
 
 Red. La. t. 236. 
 
 — Jfo'TWpur. Summer. Hybrid between 7. 
 
 Monmffti and /, eguria. Gard. 1890, 
 xxxviii. p. 462. 
 
 — morceoi'des. B. C. t. 1428. See I. cam- 
 
 pressa. 
 
 — negWcta. 2. Pale blue. May. B. M. t. 2436. 
 
 — nepale'tmss. li. Blue.. April. Nepaul. 
 
 1823. B. B. t. 818. 
 
 — Nertchi'nsKa. J. Blue. May. Siberia. 1831. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1843. 
 
 — mftha. li. Blue. May. Italy. 1820. Belg. 
 
 Hort. iii. p. 66. 
 
 — nudicau'lis. 1. Blue. May. 1820. 
 
 — ochroleu'ca. 4. Light yellow. July. Levant. 
 
 1757. B. M. t. 61. 
 
 — odora'ta. 2. Blue. June. 1821. 
 
 — odarati'ssima. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 9. See 
 
 I. pallida. 
 
 — olMelnsis. J. Dark purple. April. N. Italy. 
 
 1874. 
 
 — vrdhioidee. 1. Bright yellow. April. Central 
 
 Asia. 1880. B. M. t. 7111. 
 
 — orienta'lis. 1. Light blue. May. China. 
 
 1790. 
 ^- pdbula'ria. Kashmir. 1888. 
 
 — Pttlla'eii. 2. Blue. May. Tartary. 1820. 
 
 B. M. t. 2331. 
 — pa'Uida. 3. Paieblue. May. Turkey. 1696. 
 Syn., /. odoratissima. B. M. t. 686. 
 
 — parado'xa. B. M. t. 7081. 
 
 — pavo'nia. B. M. t. 168. See Morcea tri- 
 
 Guspis. 
 
 — pflrsica. \. Blue, yellow. May. Persia. 
 
 1629. B. M. 1. 1. 
 
 — plica: ta. 2. White, blue. June. 1821. Red. 
 
 Lil. t. 366. 
 
 — prismaltica. 1. Purple. May. N. Amer. 
 
 181:2. B. M. 1. 1504. 
 
 — jJsett'do-a'conM. 3. Yellow. June. Britain. 
 pa'llidajia'va. 3. Pale yellow. Jime. 
 
 N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 vmriega'tU. 3. Yellow. June. Britain. 
 
 — pu'mUa. J. Purple. May. Austria. 1696. 
 
 B. M. tt. 9, 1209 and 1261. 
 
 a'lba. J. White. Ma^. 
 
 a76a cce/ru'lea. \. White, blue. May. 
 
 cctfru'lea. i. Blue. May. 
 
 — retieula'ta. J. Blue. March. Iberia. 1821. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1829. Syn., /. histrioides. 
 cya'-nea. Blue,- yellow, black, Iberia. 
 
 1875. 
 Krda'gei. Howers duller, scentless. 
 
 Caucasus, Asia Minor. 1879. 
 
 — EoWnsonia'na. 4. White, yellow. Lord 
 
 Howe's Island. 1877. Gard. 1891, t. 825. 
 Syn., Morcea RoHnsoTvUma. Wedding 
 flower. 
 
 — RosenbcKhia'iia. Blue or purple, yellow. 
 
 Turkestan. Gfl. 1. 1227. 
 
 — rubromargina'ta. Purple ; leaves red-edged. 
 
 Spring. Scutari. 1875. 
 
 — ruthe'nica. 1. Blue. May. Siberia. 1804. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1123 and 1393. 
 
 — 8a'm'buei'%a. 3. Light blue. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1668. B. M. 1. 187. 
 
 — Sa'ri-lu'rida. Pale with purole-brown spots, 
 
 violet-purple. Asia Minor. B. M. t. 
 6960. 
 
 — seario'sa. 1. Blue. May. Russia. 1826. 
 ^seto'm. li. Blue, purple. May. Siberia, 
 
 1844. B. R. 1847, 1. 10. 
 
 — sibi'rica. 3. Light M«0. May. Siberia. 
 
 1696. B. M. tt. 50, 1163 and 1604. 
 jlo're-a'lbo. 2i. White. May. Siberia. 
 
 1696. 
 — flo're-ple'no. 3. Purple. May. Gardens. 
 
 I. smdjardnsis. Lilac, purple. February. Meso- 
 potamia. 1890. B. M. t. 7145. 
 
 — so'rdida. IJ. White. May. 1819. 
 
 — spathttla'ta. 1. Pale blue. June. Germany. 
 
 1789. ' 
 
 — specula'trix. 1. Purple, white, lilac, yellow. 
 
 Spring. Hong Kong. 1877. 
 
 — spu'ria. Ij. Pale blue. May. Siberia. 
 
 1759. B. M. tt. 58, 1131 and 1614. 
 
 — squa'lens. 2. Striped. May. South Europe. 
 
 1768. B. M. t. 787. 
 
 — state'lloe. Pale yellow with green veins. 
 
 South Europe. B. M. t. 6894. 
 
 — stella'ta. J. Yellowish. April. 1876. 
 
 — steno'gyne. IJ. Yellow. June. 1819. Bed. 
 
 Lil. t. 310. 
 
 — stylo'sa. Blue. May. Corfu. 1844. 
 
 grandijlo'ra. Deep purple. 1889. 
 
 lUad'na. Lilac, yellow. Atlas Mountains. 
 
 Wein. Gart. Zeit. 1888, p. 92. 
 margina'ta. Violet edged with white. 
 
 1888. 
 
 pavo'nia. White at the base. 1888. 
 
 speciofsa. Violet, purple, brownish-purple. 
 
 1888. 
 
 — sub-Kflo'ra. IJ. Violet. July. Portugal. 
 
 1696. B. M. 1. 1130. 
 
 — Sitsia'na. 2. Striped. April. Levant. 1696. 
 
 B. M. t. 91. 
 
 — Snworo'wi. Greenish withblueveins. Buchara. 
 
 1886. 
 
 — Swe'rtii. li. White. May. 1819. Red. Lil. 
 
 t. 306. 
 
 — tange'rica. Yellow. June. Tangiers. 1820. 
 
 — tavfrica. Yellow. June. Tauria. 1827. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1606. 
 
 — tecto'rwm. Violet-purple, white. Japan. 
 
 1872. Syn., /. tomiolopha. 
 
 — Unax. Purple. July. California. 1826. 
 
 B. M. t. 3343. 
 
 — tenuifc/lia. 1\. Light blue. May. Dauria. 
 
 1796. 
 
 — i^imis. 1. White, yellow, purple. Oregon. 
 
 Gard. and For. 1888, 1., p. 6, fig. 3. 
 
 — tingita'na. Purple, yellow. May. Tangiers. 
 
 B. M. t. 6775. Syn., Xiphion tingitanum, 
 
 — tridenta'ta. IJ. Blue. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1820. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 274. Syn., 
 I. tripetala of B. M. t. 2886. 
 
 — trifio'ra. 1. Blue. June. Italy. 1821. 
 
 Bed. Lil. t. 481. 
 
 — tripeltala. B. M. t. 2886. A synonym of 1. 
 
 iridentala. 
 
 — tri'stis. B. M. t. 577. See Morcea tristis. 
 
 — troja'na. 3. Purplish-violet, white, yellow, 
 
 coppery-purple. Sweet-scented. Troy. 
 1887. 
 
 — tviiero'sa. J. Green, blue. March. Levant. 
 
 1697. B. M. t. 631. 
 
 — va'ga. 2. YsUow, veined and edged with 
 
 purple, bluish-white. Turkestan. Gfl. 
 1. 1244, flg. 7. 
 
 — Ya/nhov!ttei. Crimson, magenta. New Gre- 
 
 nada. 1882. 
 
 — vwnega'ta. 2. Striped. May. Hungary. 
 
 1697. B. M. 1. 16. 
 
 — Va/rta'ni. White, veins lilac, yellow. Pales- 
 
 tine. 1885. 
 
 — ventrico'sa, 1. Pale blue. June. Dauria. 
 
 1800. 
 
 — ve^ma. 1. Purple. April. Virginia. 1748. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1866. 
 
 — versicolor. 1. Variegated. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1732. B. M. t. 21. 
 
 — villo'sa. B. M. t. 671. See Vieiisseuxia vUlosa. 
 
 — viola'cea. ^. Violet. May. South Europe. 
 
 1800. 
 
 — vire'ecens. 1. Yellow. May. 1820. R«d. 
 
 Lil. t. 295. 
 
 — vi/rgiiMa. 1. Blue. June. N. Amer. 1768. 
 
 B. M. t. 703. 
 
 — visca'ria. B. M. t. 587. See Morcea viscaria. 
 
IRI [ 518 ] 
 
 /. aiiihim'des. IJ. Blue, yellow. June. 
 
 Spain. 1671. B. M. t. 687. 
 
 — xi'phium. H. Blue, yellow. June. 
 
 Spain. 1696. B. M. t. 686. 
 
 ISM 
 
 Irish Heath. Menzie'sia polifo'lia. 
 Iron-tree. Parro'tia pe'rsica. 
 _Iron Wood. Sidkro'xylon and 
 
 Ironwort. Sideri'tis. 
 
 Irouca'na. (The native name in 
 Guiana. ^sA.oxdi..,Samydace(s.) United 
 with Casearia. 
 
 /. guiav^fisis. A synonym of Casearia ramiJUyra. 
 
 Irrigation. Experience shows that 
 there is in the kitchen-garden scarcely a 
 crop that is not benefited by a much 
 more abundant supply of water than can 
 be obtained usually ; and we can bear 
 testimony to the correctness of Mr. 
 Knight's conclusion, not limiting, how- 
 ever, our approval of such abundant 
 watering to late crops of peas, but to 
 all, as well as beans, spinach, and the 
 entire cabbage tribe. Kidney beans and 
 potatoes are not benefited by such an 
 abundance of water. " The quantity of 
 water," says Mr. Knight, "which may 
 be given with advantage to plants of 
 almost every kind, during warm and 
 bright weather, is, I believe, very much 
 greater than any gardener who has not 
 seen the result will be inclined to sup- 
 pose possible ; and it is greater than I 
 myself could have believed upon any 
 other evidence than that of actual expe- 
 rience. My garden, in common with 
 many others, is supplied with water by 
 springs, which rise in a more elevated 
 situation ; and this circumstance af- 
 forded me the means of making a small 
 pond, from which I can cause the water 
 to flow out over every part throughout the 
 summer ; and I cause a stream to flow 
 down the rows of celery, and along the 
 rows of brocoli and other plants, which 
 are planted out in summer, with very 
 great advantage. But the most exten- 
 sive and beneficial use which I make of 
 the power to irrigate my garden by the 
 means above-mentioned, is in supplying 
 my late crops of peas abundantly with 
 water, by which the ill effects of mildew 
 are almost wholly prevented, and my 
 table is most abundantly supplied with 
 very excellent peas through the month 
 of October." 
 
 Isa'nthuS. (From isos, equal, and 
 anthos, a flower ; referring to the regu- 
 larity of the flowers. Nat. ord., Lahia- 
 toB ; Tribe, Ajugoidem. Allied to Teu- 
 . orium.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds in April, in a peaty- 
 border, or in a little heat, in March, and trans- 
 planted. 
 1. coeru'leus. 1. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1818. 
 
 Isa'ria fudfo'rmis. A fungus of 
 the group Hyphomycetes, which has 
 been found in autumn on the old stems 
 of grass, especially Festuca ovina, when, 
 growing in sandy soils. It is conspicu- 
 ous on account of its bright scarlet or 
 crimson tufts. It is formed of a com- 
 pact mass of mycelial hyphoe, on the 
 ends of which are formed the sporidia, 
 by which the plants are reproduced. It 
 has been stated that cows have died 
 through eating grass thus infected, but 
 this requires confirmation. A figure of 
 the plant is given in 6. C. 1882, xvii. 
 p. 377. 
 
 Isa'tis. Dyer's Woad. (From isazo, 
 to make equal; from its supposed power 
 to destroy roughness of the akin. Nat. 
 ord., CrucifercB; Tribe, Isatidem.) 
 
 Hardy biennials. I. tinctoria yields a- blue 
 dye, for which it has long been cultivated, 
 though to a much smaller extent now than 
 formerly, as it has been almost superseded by 
 indigo. At the time of the Eoman invasion 
 the ancient Britons used this plant to stain 
 their skins. 
 I. Boismria'na. 1. Yellow. Turkestan. 1876. 
 
 — tinetdria. 2-3. Yellow. Europe. Eng. Bot. 
 
 ed. 3, 1. 161. 
 
 Ischa'rum. See Biarum. 
 
 Ise'rtia. (Named after P. E. Isert, 
 a, German sui-geon. Nat. ord., Bubia- 
 cem ; Tribe, Mtissmndem.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sandy 
 soil, in a hotbed, in spring or summer ; peat and 
 loam, with a little charcoal and silver sand. 
 Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 65°. 
 I. cocd'nea. 10. Scarlet. July. Guinea. 1820, 
 
 Ismelia. (Probably a commemora- 
 tive name. Nat ord., Compositce ; Tnbe, 
 AnthemidecB.) See Chrysanthe- 
 mum. 
 
 /. Broussone'tii. B. M. t. 6067. See Chrysam- 
 themurn, Broussonetii. 
 
 — carma'ta. See Chrysanthemum oarinata. 
 
 — madere'nsis. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 342. See 
 
 Chrysanthemum pinnatifldum. 
 
 Isme'ne. Peruvian Daff'odil. (After 
 Jsmene, the daughter of CEdipus and 
 Jocasta. Nat. ord., AmarylUdece ; 
 Tribe, Amaryllece.) Now regarded as a 
 section of Hymenocallis, with a large 
 staminal cup, and short free tip to the 
 filaments. 
 
 I. Ama'nciss. See Bymmoeallis Amancoes. 
 
 — Andrea'na. See Hymenocallis Andreana. 
 
 — calathi'na. B. M. t. 2686. See Hymenocallts 
 
 calathina. 
 
 — mnifdlia. See Hymenocallis AmMncoes. 
 
 — cDathifo'rmiis. See Hymenocallis calathinar 
 
 — defl^xa. _ See Hymenocallis defiaxa. 
 
 — Kni'ghtii. A form of Hymenocallis lacera. 
 
 — Maclea'na. B. M. t. 8676. See Hymenocallis 
 
 Macleana. 
 
ISO 
 
 [519] 
 
 ISO 
 
 1. narcisdjlo'ra. See HymenoccUlis calathina. 
 
 — nu'ta/ns. See Hymenocallis nutans. 
 
 — vedwaculaJta. See Rytnenocallis Macleana. 
 
 — Tagliabu'ei. See Symenocallis calathina. 
 
 — tenui/o'lia. B. M. t. 6397. See Hymenocallis 
 
 quitoensis. 
 
 — vir^scens. B. B. 1841, 1. 12. See Hymeno- 
 
 callis Macleana. 
 
 Isochi'lus. (From isos, equal, and 
 eheilos, a lip. Nat. ord., Orchidew; 
 Tribe, Epidendrece-Lcsliece. ) 
 
 Stove orchids ; cultivated like the first section 
 
 of C<ELOGYNE. 
 
 /. camosceific/r'm. IJ. Purple. November. 
 Honduras. 1841. 
 
 — fitsifc/rmis. J. Yellow. July. Trinidad. 
 
 — gramimifo'lius. J. Green, yellow. May. 
 
 Jamaica. 1823. 
 
 — grandif/irus. Peru. 1840. 
 
 — Kjiea'm. 1. Purplish. Spring. Central and 
 
 S. America. 1791. B. B. t. 749. Syn., 
 Epidend/rwm lineave. Andr. Bep. t. 445. 
 
 — pro'lifer. White. W. Indies. 1793. B. B. 
 
 t. 825. 
 
 Isole'pis. (From isos, equal, and 
 lepis, a scale ; in reference to the equal 
 scales of the perianth. Nat. ord., 
 Cmeraceas. Allied to Scirpus, with 
 which it is united in the Genera Plan- 
 tarum.) 
 
 Greenhouse perennial. Seeds, divisions. 
 Loam and peat ; give plenty of water. Summer 
 temp., 60° to 70° ; winter, 46° to 50°. 
 
 2. gra'dlis. ^. Green. A favourite plant for 
 
 conservatory decoration. Syn., Scirpus 
 riparius. 
 
 — seta'cea. J-J. Brownish. July. Britain. 
 
 Isolo'ma^ (From isos, equal, and 
 loma, a border ; lobes of the corolla 
 equal. Nat. ord., Gesneracew.) 
 
 Stove herbs. For cultivation, see Gesneba, 
 to which they are allied. 
 
 /. bogote'Tise. 1-2. Yellow, red. Autumn. 
 Bogota. 1844. Syn., Aehimenes picta 
 of B. M. t. 4126. 
 
 — Ceci'lice. 1-1^. Bose, red, white, orange. 
 
 Cundinamarca. 1877. ^ Syn., Tydma 
 Cedlice. 
 
 — crnid'nnum. Purple-lilac, white. India. 
 
 1861. Syn., Stenogastra concmna. 
 
 — Deppcalnum. 2-3. Orange-red. Summer. 
 
 Central America. Syn., Gesneria elan- 
 gata of B. M. t. 3725. 
 
 — digitalifo'rum. Eosy-purple, green, white, 
 
 crimson. Columbia. 1870. Syn., 
 Sciadocalyx digitalijlora. 
 
 — hirsvJtum. Orange-vermilion, scarlet. Co- 
 
 lumbia. 1881. 
 
 — hxMd^Tise. 1. Yellow, red. December. New 
 
 Grenada. 1845. Syn., Gesneria hon- 
 densis. B. M. t. 4217. 
 
 — hypocyrtifio'rum. Orange-red. Ecuador. 
 
 1866. Syns., Hypoeyrta breviealyx and 
 Gloxinia (B. M. t. 5665) and Peareea 
 hypocyrtiflora. 
 
 — Lindenia'num. White, purple. Ecuador. 
 
 1868. Syns., Tydma Linaeni and T. Lin- 
 deniana. 
 
 — mo'lle. Scarlet, yellow, crimson. S. America. 
 
 1876. 
 
 — ocella'tum. Bed, white. Winter. Panama. 
 
 1847. Syn., Aehimenes oceUatum. B. 
 M. t. 4359. 
 
 — pardiin/wm. Scarlet, black, white, yellow. 
 
 Columbia. 
 
 I. pactum. 3. Scarlet, yellow. Columbia. 
 1848. Syn., Gesneria picta. ' B. M. 
 4431. 
 
 — Sehiedea'nwm. IJ. Scarlet, yellow. Novem- 
 
 ber. Mexico. Syn,, Gesneria Schie- 
 deana. B. M. t. 4162. 
 
 — Seema'nni. 2. Brick red to orange. October. 
 
 Panama. 1848. Syn., Gesneria See- 
 manni. B. M. t. 4504. 
 
 — trifio'rum. 2. Yellow, red. Summer. New 
 
 Grenada. 1846. Syn., Gesneria tri- 
 ptra, B. M. t. 4342. 
 
 Isolo'ma of J. Smith (Nat. ord., 
 Filices) is a synomym of Lindsaya. 
 
 Isome'ris. (From isos, equal, and 
 meris, a part ; referring to the petals, 
 with the stamens and pistils, which are 
 of equal length. Nat. ord., Cappari- 
 dacecB ; Tribe, CleomecB. Allied to 
 Cleome.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrub. Cuttings of the ripe 
 young shoots, in autumn ; sandy loam and a 
 little leaf -mould. The flowers are anything but 
 sweet. 
 
 /. ario'rea. 10. Yellow. May. California. 
 1839. B. M. t. 3842. 
 
 Isona'ndra. Gutta Percha-tree. 
 (From isos, equal, and ander, the male 
 organ, or stamen ; referring to an equal 
 number of fertile and Darren sta^ 
 mens. Nat. ord., Sapoiacece.) See 
 Dichopsis. 
 
 /. gu'tta. See Dichopsis gutta. 
 
 Isople'xis. (From isos, equal, and 
 pleko, to plait ; the upper plait or seg- 
 ment of the flower being of equal lengtli 
 with the lip. Nat. ord., Scrophularia- 
 cecB ; Tribe, Digitalew. Allied to the 
 Foxglove. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Seeds and out- 
 tings of half-ripened short shoots in spring, in 
 sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy loam and rough 
 leaf -mould. Winter temp., 40° to 46°. 
 /. caiutrie'nsis. 4. Yellow. June. Canaries. 
 
 1698. Syn., Digitalis canarienm. B. K. 
 
 t. 48. 
 
 — setlptrum. 2. Yellow, brown. July. 
 
 Madeira. 1777. Syn., Digitalis seep- 
 trum. 
 
 Iso'pogon. (From isos, equal, and 
 pogon, a beard ; referring to the beard- 
 like fnnges on all parts of the inflores- 
 cence. Nat. ord., Proteaceis; Tribe, 
 Protece. Allied to Protea. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia. 
 Cuttings of ripe young shoots, with most of the 
 leaves left, inserted firmly in silver sand, over 
 sandy loam and peat, and covered with a bell- 
 glass or hand-light, and kept in the shade ; when 
 the cuttings are callusing at the bottom, they 
 may be pushed on by givmg them a little mild 
 bottom-heat, but not Defore ; fibry loam three 
 parts, fibry peat one part, charcoal, broken 
 freestone, and broken crocks one part ; good 
 drainage ; watering must be given with great 
 attention, a.s much dryness or much moisture 
 are alike ruinous. Summer temp., 60° to 75°; 
 winter, 36° to 45°. In summer, if the plants are 
 out of doors, the sun should not strike freely on 
 the sides of the pot. 
 
ISO 
 
 [520] 
 
 IXI 
 
 /. rmeaumAfdVimx. 6. Yellow. July. 1791. 
 Syn., Protea a/nemanifolia. B. M. t. 697. 
 
 — attenua'tus. 3. Yellow. April. B. M. 
 
 t. 4372. 
 
 — Baxte'ri. 2. Ease. April. 1831. B. M. 
 
 t. 3539. 
 
 — Tmmfo'lius. Purple. Syn., I. spatulatus. 
 linea'ris. 2. Purple. September. 1830. 
 
 Syn., I. spatulatus, var. linearis. B. M. 
 t. S450. 
 
 — co'miger. See I. teretifolius. 
 
 — cunea'tus. i. Purple. June. 1830. Syn., 
 
 /. Loudoni. 
 
 — divarica'tus. 3. Pale. May. 1824. 
 
 — forme/ sus. i. Eose. April. 1805. B. E. 
 t 1288 
 
 — longifo'lius.' 3. Yellow. April. 1823. B. 
 
 E. t. 900. 
 
 — Loudo'ni. B. M. t. 342. See 1. mneatus. 
 
 — ro'seus. Eose. 1840. 
 
 — soa'ber. 3. Lilac. April. 1842. B. M. 
 
 t. 4037. 
 
 — spatula'tus. See J. buinfoHus. 
 
 . — . linea'ris. See I. btixifoliuSt var. Unea/ris. 
 
 — sphceroce'phalus. 4. Yellow. March. B. 
 
 M. t. 4332. 
 
 — teretifo'lius. 4. Syn., I. comiger. 
 
 Iso'toma. (From isos, equal, and 
 toma, a section ; the corolla's segments 
 are equal-sized. Nat. ord., Lohelia- 
 cece.) 
 
 Greenhouse plants. For cultivation, see 
 
 liOEELIA. 
 
 /. axiUalris. 1. Blue. June. Queensland. 
 1824. Perennial. Syns., I. senedoides, 
 B. M. t. 5073, and Lobelia senecioides, 
 B. M. t. 2702. 
 
 — breviflo'rimi. White. July. S. America. 
 
 Syn., Hippobroma breviflorimi. 
 
 — Bro'miii. 1. Bfed. September. W.Australia. 
 
 1829. Annual. Syn., Lobelia hypocrateri- 
 formis, B. M. t. 3075. 
 
 — longi/lo'ra. White. Summer. W. Indies. 
 
 1762. Perennial. Syns., Lobelia longi- 
 Jlora, B. E. 1200, and Hippobroma 
 
 Iso'tropis. (From isos, equal, and 
 tropos, turned ; referring, proDaMy, to 
 the distinctly-forked veins in the flower. 
 Nat. ord., lleguminosce ; Tribe, Podaly- 
 riece. Allied to Gompholobium.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the 
 young shoots, when getting a little firm, in sand 
 over sandy peat, and covered with a bell-glass, 
 in June ; sandy peat, vrith a little flbry loam, 
 pieces of charcoal, and broken crocks ; drainage 
 and watering must be particularly attended to. 
 Winter temp., 40° to 48° ; summer, a shady place, 
 or a cold pit, where the plant partly, and the 
 pot whdlly, are sheltered from the sun's rays. 
 I. stria'ta. 1. Orange. June. Swan Eiver. 
 
 1838. Syn., Chorozema spartioides. B. 
 
 C. t. 1953. 
 
 Iso'typos. (From isos, equal, and 
 typos, a mark. Nat. ord., Compositce.) 
 See Onoseris. 
 
 /. rosifio'rus. L'Hort. Fr. 1864, p. 10. See 
 Onoseris rosiflora. 
 
 Italian Star -wort. Ame'Uus 
 lychni'tis. 
 
 I'tea. (The Greek name for the 
 Willow, applied to this genus on ac- 
 count of its rapid growth m damp soil. 
 
 Nat. ord., SaxifragecB ; Tribe, Escal- 
 loniece. Allied to Escallonia. ) 
 
 A hardy deciduous shrub. Seed and suckers 
 in spring ; layers in summer ; moist, sandy peat. 
 I. spino'sa. Andr. Eep. t. 314. A synonym of 
 Bwsaria spinosa, 
 
 — virgi'nica. 6. White. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1774. B. M. t. 2409. 
 
 Ivory-nut palm. Phytele'phas 
 
 macroca'rpa. 
 
 Ivy. He'dera. 
 
 Ixa'nthus. (From Ixos, mistletoe, 
 and anthos, flower ; in reference to the 
 sticky flowers. Nat. ord., Gentianece.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous biennial. Seeds ii^ 
 spring. 
 
 7. viscofsa. li. Yellow, white. June. Canary 
 Islands. Syns., Exacum ■mcomwm and 
 Gentimm viscosa, B. M. t. 2135. 
 
 I'xia. (From ixia, bird-lime ; in refe- 
 rence to the clammy -juice. Nat. ord., 
 Iridece ; Tribe, Ixiece. ) 
 
 Half-hardy bulbs, from the Cape of Good 
 Hope. The true Ixias are known from Spara'xis 
 by not having, like it, a jagged sheath ; from 
 Babia'na, in having a dry seed-pod instead of a 
 berry ; and from Trito'nia, by having the stamens 
 inserted at the bottom of the petals instead of 
 in the tube of the ilower. They will all grow in 
 rough peat ; the strong ones require very little 
 sand, and the smaller ones want one-third sand 
 in the compost. They succeed well in a warm 
 border, if sheltered from hard frosts, and not 
 allowed to get dry when they are in growth. By 
 seeds sown in a little heat, in spring ; also by 
 off-sets ; sandy loam, peat, and a little leaf- 
 mould. When done flowering, they may be kept 
 in or out of the pots, after the leaves get withered, 
 without any water, until fresh growth com- 
 mences. They will generally require to be potted 
 in October, and should then be placed in a cold 
 pit, and protected from frost, and cold, heavy 
 rains, and taken to the greenhouse or window, 
 after roots are plentifully formed. Many will 
 do very well if planted in sandy soil and leaf- 
 mould, about four inches deep, in a dry, raised 
 border, and protected there from severe frost 
 and heavy rams by litter, and any material that 
 will throw off the water. 
 /. mnae'Tia. 1. Eed. April. 1822. 
 
 — ajneTnonifio'ra. Jacq. Ic. t. 273. See Sparaxls. 
 
 — angtts'ta. Jacq. Ic. t. 279. See Hesperantha. 
 
 — arista'ta. 1. Pink. April. 1800. B. M. 
 
 t. 589. 
 
 — au'lica. 2. Pink. April. 1774. Syn., 
 
 /. phlogiflara. Eed. Lil. t. 432. 
 
 — bi'color. Yellow, blotched with purple. 
 
 March. 1786. B. M. t. 548. 
 
 — biUbi'fera. B. M. t. 645. See Spwraxis bidbi- 
 
 fera. 
 
 — bulboco'dium. Jacq. Ic. t. 271. See Romulea 
 
 bulbocodiv/m. 
 
 — ca'ndida. Eed. Lil. t. 426. See L leucantha. 
 
 — capilla'ris. IJ. Violet. April. 1774. B. 
 
 M. tt. 570, 617 and 1013. 
 
 — cepa'cea. Eed. Lil. t. 96. See Watsonia 
 
 spicata. 
 
 — chine'nsis. B. M. t. 171. A synonym of 
 
 Belemcanda chinensis. 
 
 — chloroleu'ca. Jacq. Ic. t. 272. See BomiUea 
 
 chlorolewea. 
 
 — cimumujfmea. Andr. Eep. t. 44. See Hes- 
 
 perantha falcata. 
 
 — colum^lla'ris. i. Variegated. August. 1790. 
 
 B. M. t. 630. 
 
IXI 
 
 [521] 
 
 IXO 
 
 /. columim'ris. Pink. June. 1794. Andr. 
 Eep. t. 203. 
 
 — co'nica. 1. Orange. April. 1757. B. M. 
 
 t. 639. 
 
 — corymbo'sa. Jacq. Ic. t. 288. See Lapeyrousia 
 
 Gorymbosa. 
 
 — crateroi'des. i. Dark yellow. May. 1778. 
 
 B. M. t. 594. 
 
 — erispif&lia. Andr. Eep. t. 36. See Lapeyrauiia 
 
 coryvibosa. 
 
 — aroca'ta. B. M. 1. 184. See Tritcmia crocata. 
 
 — crucia'ta. Jacq. Ic. t. 290. See Rcymulea 
 
 cruciata. 
 
 — airta. Yellow, black, red. April. Andr. 
 
 Eep. t. 664. 
 
 — du'bia. |. Eed. April. Eed. Lit. t. 64. 
 
 — ere'cta. IJ. White. June. 1767. Jacq. 
 
 H. Schoenb. t. 18. 
 i-ncama'ta. 1. Flesh. May. 1767. 
 
 — ■ — ; lu'tea. 1. Yellow. May. 1757. 
 
 — exci'sa. B. M. t. 584. See Lapeyrousia juncea. 
 —faXca'ta. B. M. t. 566. See Hesperanthafal- 
 
 cata. 
 —fenestra'ta. Jacq. Ic. t. 289. See Tritonia 
 
 fenestrata. 
 — JUifo'lia, Eed. Lil. t. 261. See Bomulea 
 
 subulata. 
 — fllifo'rmis. Eed. Lil. t. 30. See I. patens, 
 —flexim'm. 2. Pink. April. 1757. B. M. 
 
 tt. 127 and 624. 
 
 — fra'grans. YeUow. Jstcq. Ic. t. 274. 
 —fuca'ta.}. Pink. April. 1800. B. M. 
 
 1. 1379. 
 — fuscodtrilna. 
 
 lata. 
 — grandifio'ra. 
 
 Eed. LU. t. i 
 
 See I. Tnacu- 
 
 B. M, t. 641. See Sparaxis 
 grandifiora. 
 
 — holoseri'cea. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 17, See 
 
 Sparaxis grandiflora. 
 
 — hyali'na. Eed. Lil. t. 87. See THtonia 
 
 squalida. 
 
 — hy'brida. 1. White. June. 1767. 
 
 — incama'ta. J. Flesh-colour. May. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 282. 
 
 — la'ncea. Pale purple. Jacq. Ic. t. 281. 
 
 — lema'ntha. li. White. April. 1779. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 278. 
 
 — Lilia'go. Bed. Lil. t. 109. See Sparaxis 
 
 grandifi&ra. 
 ■^linea'ris. J. White. May. 1796. 
 
 — longijlo'ra. B. M. t. 266. See Tritonia 
 
 — longifo'lm. Jacq. Vind. iii. t. 90. See Hexa- 
 
 £lottis langifolia. 
 ita. 1. White, brown. April. 1780. 
 Jac^. H. Schoenb. 1. 19. Syns., I. fusco- 
 citnna and /. spicata. 
 
 coE'sia. Pale lilac. B. E. t. 630. 
 
 ochroleu'ca. 1. Purple. Yellow. May. 
 
 1780. 
 
 — minia'ta of Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 24, see 
 
 Tritonia miniata; of Eed. Lil. t. 89, 
 see Tritonia deusta. 
 
 — mmiadeHpha. J. Blue. May. 1792. B. M 
 
 tt. 607 and 1378. 
 m'rta. J. Orange. April. 1792. 
 
 — ova'ta. 1. Eed. April. 1780. 
 
 — pa' tens. 1. Purple. April. 1779. B. M. 
 
 t. 622. Syn., I. fliformis. 
 
 — phlogifi&ra. Eed. Lil. t. 432. See I. aulica. 
 
 — plamtagi'nea. Eed. Lil. 1. 198. See Watsonia 
 
 plantaginea. 
 
 — polysta'ehya. Jacq. Ic. t. 275. See Trttonia 
 
 — puncta'ta. Andr. Eep. 1. 177. See Watsonia 
 
 pwnctata. 
 
 — pwii'cea. Jacq. Ic. t. 287. \See BaUana 
 — pwrpu'rea. Jacq. Ic. t. 286. / stricta. 
 
 — pusi'Ua. Andr. Eep. t. 246. See Qeissorhim 
 
 —radia'ta. Jacq. Ic. t. 280. See Hesperantha 
 radiata. 
 
 I. rapwnculoi'des. Eed. Lil. t. 431. See I. capU- 
 laris. 
 
 — reeu'rva. Eed. Lil. t. 251. See Romulea 
 
 hvlbocodioides. 
 
 — refle'xa. Andr. Eep. t. 14. See Tritonia 
 
 scUlaris. 
 
 — retu'sa. 1. Light yellow. April. 1795. 
 
 — roche'nsis. B. M. t. 598. A synonym of 
 
 Geissorhiza rochenHs. 
 
 — rubrocya'nea. Jacq. Ic. t. 285. See Babiana 
 
 stricta. 
 
 — scilla'ris. B. M. t. 542. See Tritonia scil- 
 
 laris. 
 
 — secn'nda. Jacq. Ic. t. 277. See Geissorhiza 
 
 secunda. 
 
 — spica'ta. Andr. Eep. t. 29. See I. maeu- 
 
 lata. 
 
 — tricolor. B. M. t. 381. See Sparaxis tri- 
 
 color. 
 
 — imiflo'ra. Jacq. Ic. t. 283. See Sparaxis 
 
 grandiflora. 
 
 — vvridijlo'ra. 1. Green. May. 1780. Eed. 
 
 LU. t. 466. 
 
 Ixioli'rion. (From ixia, and leirion, 
 a lily ; literally, Ixia-like Lily. Nat. 
 ord., Amaryllidece ; Tribe, Alstrceme- 
 riecE. AUied to Bravoa.) 
 
 Extremely rare, pretty, hardy bulbs. Dr. 
 Herbert being the only person who recently 
 possessed them in this country. His own plant 
 of /. tnonta'nimi was the first specimen he saw 
 in flower, and that in May, 1846, as he told us. 
 It had a spiked inflorescence, while that of 
 /. tata'ricvm, is terminal ; both have sky-blue 
 flowers. Monta'num lias been taken by some to 
 be the "lUy of the field." Seeds, and offsets of 
 the bulbs, which are not at all particular as to 
 soil. 
 I. Kolpakowskia'num. 1. Blue or white. Lake 
 
 Sairan. 1878. Syn., Kolpakowskia ixio- 
 
 lirioides. Gfl. t. 953. 
 
 — monta'num. 1. Blue. June. Syria. 1844. 
 
 B. E. 1844, t. 66. Syns., Amaryllis and 
 
 Alstrcemcria montana. 
 Ledebou'ri. 1. Blue. Central Asia. 
 
 1880. 
 tata'riewm. 1. Blue. Tartary. 
 
 — Palla'sii. 1^. Blue. Eussia. 1874. 
 
 — tata'ricum. See I. inontanum, var. lata- 
 
 ricum. 
 
 Ixo'dia. (From ixodes, viscid ; in 
 reference to the viscid secretions on the 
 plant. Nat. ord., CompositcB ; Tribe, 
 Inuloidem. Allied to Ammobium. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the 
 young shoots, getting hard at their base, in 
 May, in sand, under a bell-glass, and kept in a 
 close frame or pit ; sandy peat, and a little fibry 
 loam. Winter temp., 45" to 60°. 
 /. achilleoi'des. 2. White. June. Victoria 
 and S. Australia. 1803. B. M. t. 1534. 
 
 Ixo'ra. (Named after an Eastern 
 heathen god, Iswara, to which the 
 flowers are offered. Nat. ord., Eubia- 
 cece; Tribe, Ixorew.) 
 
 Beautiful stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of 
 the half -ripened shoots in sand, over sandy peat, 
 under a bell-glass, and in a brisk bottom-heat ; 
 sandy, fibry loam, and fibry peat, with pieces of 
 charcoal, and broken bricks or pots. Summer 
 temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 60° to 60°. Most stove 
 plants delight in bottom-heat, where it can be 
 given to them when growing and preparing for 
 blooming, but none more so than this genus, as 
 it is next to impossible to get it in its most 
 
IXO 
 
 [522] 
 
 JAC 
 
 splendid condition without such aids. Of all 
 means of bottom-heat, this, like the Cape Jas- 
 mines and others, delights in that produced 
 from sweet, fermenting dung and leaves ; and if 
 so given, the insects that attack it — the scale, 
 the red-spider, and sometimes the mealy bug — 
 will be Sept away. If this method is not re- 
 sorted to, the plants will require frequent spong- 
 ing with soap-water. 
 
 1. aeumina'ta. 3-6. White. India. ' 
 
 — a'lba. 3-5. White. Summer. India. Gfl. 
 
 1. 1037. 
 
 — arhdrea. 3. Scarlet. August. E. Ind. 
 
 1800. B. C. t. 609. 
 
 — armemHaca. Yellow, flushed with salmon. 
 
 Garden variety. 1890. 
 
 — BoMdhu'ka. 3. Scarlet. July. B. Ind. 
 
 1815. B. B. t. 613. 
 
 — taria'ta. 12. White. July. B. Ind. 1823. 
 
 B. M. tt. 2506 and 4613. 
 
 — bla'nda. 4. White. August. E. Ind. 1768. 
 
 — Burbi'dgei. Borneo. 
 
 — cocci'nea supe'rba. 4. Scarlet. August. 
 
 Java. 1846. 
 
 — coTWi'nnffl. Salmon-colour. Garden hybrid. 
 
 1882. 
 
 — croca'ta. 8. Orange. August. China. 1822. 
 
 B. B. t. 782. 
 
 — cuneifdlia. 3. White. June. E. Ind. 1822. 
 
 B. R. 1. 164. 
 
 — Dixia'na. Dark orange. 1868. 
 
 — Dvljjli. See I. Tnacrothyrsa, 
 
 — Findlaya'na. E. Indies. 
 
 —fla'va. 3. Scarlet. July. E. Ind. 1825. 
 —fu'lgens. 6. Orange. August. B. Ind. 1823. 
 
 — grwndijlo'Ta. 4. Red. August. B. Ind. 
 
 1814. B. R. 1. 154. 
 
 — GHM'thii. 4. Red, yellow. July. Singa- 
 
 pore. 1845. B. M. t. 4825. 
 
 — incama'ta. 2. Purple. June. Moluccas. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — java'nica. 3. Orange. June. Java. 1846. 
 
 B. M. t. 4686. 
 —jucu'nda. 10. White. May. Ceylon. 1869. 
 B. M. t. 6197. 
 
 — lanceoldlria. 6. Greenish-white. April. E. 
 
 Ind. 1847. B. M. t. 4399. 
 
 — lamflo'ra. 4. White, pink. Sierra Leone. 
 
 B. M. t. 4482. 
 
 — tnacrothy'rsa. Vermilion-red. Strong Island. 
 
 1878. Syn., I. Duffli. 
 
 — Mo'rsei. Orange, shaded with scarlet. Garden 
 
 hybrid. 1885. 
 
 — obova'ta. Crimson. May. E. Ind. 1810. 
 
 — odora'ta. 3. Cream, rose. May. Mada- 
 
 gascar. 1844. B. M. t. 4191. Syn., 
 Coffea odorata. 
 
 — oma'ta. Orange, salmon. 1881. 
 
 — varmjlo'ra. Vvhite. August. E. Ind. 1800. 
 
 Wight. Ic. t.711. 
 
 — pictwra'ta. Garden hybrid between /. WU- 
 
 lia/mm and I. strieta. 1880. 
 
 — Pilgri'mii. Orange-scarlet, crimson. Garden 
 
 hybrid between /. Williamsii and 1. 
 eoecinea. 1880. Flor. Mag., new ser., 
 t. 428. 
 
 — pri'nceps. Pale buff. Java. 
 
 — profu'sa. Rosy-salmon. 1882. 
 
 — regi'Tia. Violet-salmon. Garden variety. 
 
 — ro'aea. 4. Rose. July. Bengal. 1819. B. 
 
 B. t. 540 ; B. M. t. 2428. 
 
 — salidfo'lia. Orange. Borneo., 1847. B. M. 
 
 t. 4623. There is a variety— nariesoia — 
 from Sumatra. 
 
 — se'ssilis. i. White. E. Ind. 1828. 
 
 — sple'ndida. Orange. 1882. HI. Hort. t. 463. 
 
 — atri'cta. 3. Scarlet. July. Moluccas. 1690. 
 
 Syn., /. eoecinea. B. M. 1. 169. 
 
 — undula'ta. White. June. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 Wight. Ic. t. 708. 
 WefHii. Very pale rose. Garden hybrid. 
 1882. 
 
 Jaboro'sa. (From Jahorose, the 
 Arabic for the Mandrake, an allied 
 plant. Nat. ord., Solanacece ; Tribe, 
 Solanece. ) 
 
 Herbaceous perennials. Division of the plant 
 in spring ; seeds in spring ; and cuttings of the 
 young shoots under a hand-light ; light, sandy 
 loam. 
 
 J. integrifo'lia, J. White. August. Buenos 
 Ayres. Hardy. B. M. t. 3489. 
 
 — runema'ta. J. Green, yellow. Plata. 1831. 
 
 Greenhouse. A synonym of Hiimran- 
 thus rurusinatui, 
 
 Jacara'nda. (The Brazilian name. 
 Nat. ord., Bignoniacece ; Tribe, Jaca- 
 randecB.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in the beginning of summer, in 
 sand, over sandy peat, and placed in bottom- 
 heat, well shaded, or coverecf with a bell-glass ; 
 sandy peat, fibry loam, with charcoal, to keep 
 the soil open. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 
 45° to 50°. In summer give plenty of water, but 
 keep them cool and dryish in winter. 
 J. bahame'nsis. 10. Blue. July. Bahamas. 
 1824. Syn., Bignonia ecenUea. 
 
 — brasUia'na. 20. Yellow. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 — digitaliflo'ra. Lilac, white. Brazil. 1864. 
 a'tba. White. HI. Hort. t. 498. 
 
 — filieifo'lia. 26. Blue. W. Ind. 1800. 
 
 — miimosifo'lia. 10. Blue. April. Brazil. 1818. 
 
 Syn., J. ovalifolia. 
 
 — pnbe^seens. 16. Blue. 1826. A synonym of 
 
 J. iomentosa. 
 
 — tormnto'sa. 20. Purple. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 Jaca, or Jack-tree. Artoca'rpus 
 integrifo'lia. 
 
 Jaok-in-a-box. Herna'ndia. 
 
 Jackso'nia. (Named after G. Jack- 
 son, librarian to A. B. Lambert, Esq. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminosce; Tribe, Podaly- 
 rece. Allied to Burtonia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from Austr^lia,- 
 and all yellow-flowered. Cuttings of half -ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a glass, in April.; peat and 
 loam. Winter temp., 38° to 45°. Scojja'ria might 
 be tried against a wall. 
 J. densiflo'ra. W. Australia. 
 — fioribu'nda. W. Australia. 
 —furcella'ta. 1824. 
 
 — gra/ndifl&ra. April. 1838. 
 
 — ho'rrida. 3. April. 1825. 
 
 — retieula'ta. See Pultencea retwulata. 
 
 — scopa'ria. 2. July. 1803. B. C. t. 427. Syn.,' 
 
 Viminaria laterifiora. 
 
 — spino'sa. 2. July. 1803. 
 
 — Stembergia'na. April. 1837. 
 
 — fhesM'des. April. N. Australia and Queens- 
 
 land. 1820. 
 
 Jacobse'a Lily. Hippea' strum for- 
 mosi' ssimum. 
 
 Jacobi'nia. (Derivation not stated. 
 Nat. orA. , AcanthacecB ; Tribe, /asteiecB. 
 Allied to Dianthera, Syns., Libonia, 
 Cyrtanthera and Sericographis.) 
 
 Stove shrubby perennials. For cultivation, 
 see JusTiciA. Sericobonia (111. Hort. 1. 198) is 
 
JAC 
 
 [523] 
 
 JAS 
 
 a hybrid between Libonia and Jacohmia Okies- 
 
 hreghtiana. 
 
 J. mi'rea. 6. Yellow. July. Honduras. 1848. 
 
 Syn., Cyrtanthera catalpcefolia. B. M. 
 
 t. 4444. 
 
 — ca'mea. 4-6. Rose. August. Eio Janeiro. 
 
 1827. Syn., Justicia camea. B. R. 
 1. 1397. 
 
 — chrysoste'phana. Golden-yellow. Winter. 
 
 Mexico. 1870. Syn., Cyrtanthera chry- 
 sostephana. B. M. t. S887. 
 
 — dlia'ta. See Dianthera eiliata. 
 
 — cocd'nea. 6. Scarlet, February. S. America. 
 
 1770. Syn., Jitsticia coccinea. B. M. 
 t. 432. 
 
 — Ghiesbreghtia'na. IJ. Scarlet. Winter. 
 
 Mexico. 1843. Syn., Serwographis 
 Ghiesbreghtiana. Gfl. t. 98. 
 
 — Lmde!ni. Orange-yellow. Mexico. 1870. 
 
 Syn., J-usticui Lindeni. 
 
 Jacob's Ladder. Polemo'nium 
 cwru'leum. 
 
 Jaequemo'ntia. (Named after 
 Victor jocquemont, a natural historian. 
 Nat. ord., Convolvulcicem ; Tribe, Con- 
 volvulece. Allied to Ipomtea. ) 
 
 Blue-flowered evergreen twiners ; ca-ns'scens 
 requiring a moderately warm greenhouse, and 
 mola'cea a stove. Cuttings of small side-shoots 
 m April or May, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, 
 and placed in a sweet bottom-heat ; peat and 
 loam. 
 
 J. canefsc&ns. A variety of J. violacea. 
 
 — mola'cea. August. E. Ind. 1808. 
 
 abbrevta'ta. Blue, white. E. Ind. 1808. 
 
 Syn., Convolvulus p&ntanthos. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 316. B. M. t. 2161. 
 canflseens. August. Mexico. 1845. Syn., 
 
 t/. eanescens. 
 
 Jacqui'nia. (Named after the cele- 
 brated botanist Jacquin. Nat. ord., 
 Myrdnece ; Tribe, Theophrobstece. Allied 
 to Theophrasta.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Seeds in a hotbed ; cuttings 
 of ripened shoots in summer, and in a moist 
 bottom-heat, in sand, covered with a bell-glass ; 
 sandy peat, with a very little fibry loam. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 68° to 66°. They 
 require a rather high temperature at all times. 
 J. a/rbo'rea. 10. White. July. W. Ind. 1829. 
 
 — ariita'ta. 4. Orange. June. Sandwich 
 
 Islands. 1796. Syn., J. aurantiaea. 
 
 — armilla'ris. 6. White. June. W. Ind. 
 
 1768. 
 
 — auranti'aca. See J. aristata. 
 
 — linea'ris. 1. Red. June. W. Ind. 1823. 
 
 — macroca'rpa. 6. Orange. June. Mexico. 
 
 1825. 
 
 — meoMa'na. Crimson. Mexico. 1866. Gfl. 
 
 t. 606. 
 
 — ruscifo'lia. 3. White. S. Amer. 1729. 
 
 — smaragdi'na. See Deherainia s-maragiina. 
 
 Jalap. Exogo'nvain pu'rga. 
 Jamaica Ebony. Bry'a e'benus. 
 
 Jamaica Horse Bean. Canava'lia 
 ensifo'rmis. 
 
 Jamaica Milkwood. Bro'simum 
 spu'rium. 
 
 Jamaica Pepper. Pirm'nta ml- 
 ga'ris. 
 
 Jamaica Redwood. Gordo'nia 
 hmmato'xylon. 
 
 Jamaica Rose. Meria'nia. 
 
 Jambo'sa. (From schamber, the na- 
 tive name, '^a.t. or A., Myrtacem.) See 
 Eugenia. 
 
 J. crnipUxusau'lis. See Eugenia ampleaAcaulis. 
 
 — a'quea. Wight Ic. t. 216. Bee Eugenia aquea 
 
 — austra'lis. See Eugenia myrtifoUa. 
 
 — laurifo'lia. See Eugenia bi/aria. 
 
 — Wjocroca'rpa. See Eugenia macrocarpa, 
 
 — matrophy'lla. See Eugenia javanica. 
 
 — rruUacce'nsis. B. M. t. 4408. See Eugenia 
 
 malaccensis. 
 
 — purpu'rea. See Eugenia malaecensis, var. 
 
 purpurea. 
 
 — temifo'lia. See Eugenia formosa, var. terhi- 
 
 fotia. 
 
 — mUga'ris. B. M. t. 3356. See Eugenia Jambos. 
 
 Ja'naesia. (Dedicated to Dr. Edwin 
 James, its discoverer, the botanist and 
 historian of Major Long's expedition to 
 the Rocky Mountains in 1820. Nat. ord. , 
 Saxifragiece ; Tribe, Hydrangeoe. Allied, 
 to Hydrangea.) 
 
 An ornamental hardy shrub. Seeds; cuttings 
 of the ripened shoots in sandy loam — if put in a 
 slight heat, they will strike more quickly. Good 
 garden-soil. « 
 
 J. america'na. White. Rocky Mountains, 
 Colorado. 1866. B. M. t. 6142. 
 
 Jameso'nia. (Named after Dr. 
 Jameson, professor of botany at Quito. 
 Nafc. ord., Filices.) 
 
 A greenhouse fern. See Ferns. 
 J. imbrica'ta. Brown. May. 
 
 Jani'pha. (Its Brazilian name is 
 Janipaba. Nat. ord., Eiiphorbiacem ; 
 Tribe, Crotonece.) See Manihot. 
 
 J. tsscul^&lia. See Manihot cesculifolia. 
 
 — foe'tida. _ See Manihot frntUa. 
 
 — LoRflilngii. See Ma/nihot carthagenensis. 
 
 — Ma'nihot. B. M. t. 3071. See Manihot utilis- 
 
 sima. 
 
 Jankse'a. (Derivation not explained ; 
 probably commemorative. Nat. ord., 
 GesneracecB. Allied to Kamondia. ) 
 
 Herbaceous perennial. For culture, see GES- 
 
 NERA. 
 
 J. Eeldrei'chii. Deep violet. Thessaly. 1889. 
 
 Japan Cedar. Cryptome'ria. 
 
 Japan Earth. Aca'cia cate'chu 
 bark. 
 
 Japanese Haricot Bean. Cana- 
 va'lia Lunare'ti. 
 
 Japan Varnish-tree. Rhu's ver- 
 nici'fera. 
 
 Japan wax. Mhu's succeda'nea. 
 
 Japanese Yew. Cephalota'xus. 
 
 Jasi'one. Sheep's Scabious. (An 
 ancient name used by Theophrastus. 
 Nat. ord. , Campanulacece ; Tribe, Cam- 
 
 ' ) 
 
JAS 
 
 [524] 
 
 JAT 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, except mim- 
 ta'na, and all with blue flowers. Seeds, divisions, 
 and cuttings under a hand-light, in spring. 
 They require a sheltered place in winter, and 
 like sandy soil, with a little peat or leaf -mould. 
 J.foUo'sa. 1. June. Spain. 1826. 
 
 — hu'milis. J. July. France. 1824. 
 
 — Tnonta'na. 1. June. Britain. Annual. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 863. 
 
 — pere'nnis. 1. July. France. 1787. 
 
 Jasmi'num. Jasmine. (From 
 Ysmyn, the Arabic name. Nat. ord., 
 Oleacece ; Tribe, Jasminece. ) 
 
 All white-flowered, except where otherwise 
 stated. The stove and greenhouse species, by 
 crtttings in sand, in a little peatj the hardy 
 species, by suckers, layers, and cuttings under a 
 hand-light. A bud of the variegated plants of 
 ojwina'lis will frequently communicate the pro- 
 perty to the whole of the plant ; peat and loam 
 for the greenhouse species ; good, common soil 
 for the hardy ; revolu'twm and 'proU'ferit/m 
 require a little protection in winter. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS CLIMBERS, ETC. 
 
 J. aM'ne. June. Himalayas. 1843. Shrub. 
 B. E. 1845, t. 26. 
 
 — fru'ticans. 3. Yellow. July. South Europe. 
 
 1570. Shrub. B. M. t. 461. 
 
 — heterovhi/Uum. 14. June. Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 Shrub. Eef. Bot. t. 166. 
 
 — hu'mile. 3. Yellow. July. South Europe. 
 
 1656. Deciduous. 
 
 — offlcina'le. 16. July. E. Ind. 1648. B. M. 
 
 t. 31. 
 
 flo'ribus ple'nis. 15. July. E. Ind. 
 
 fo'liis arge'nteis, 15. July. E. Ind. 
 
 fo'liis au'reis. 15. July. E. Ind. 
 
 HAUDY EVERGREEN CLIMBERS, ETC. 
 
 J. puii'gerum. 10. Yellow. June. Nepaul. 
 1827. Evergreen. 
 
 — Eee'veeii. Yellow. September. Shrub. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN CLIMBERS. 
 
 J. acumina'tum. 10. June. N. Holland. 1820. 
 B. B. 1. 1296. 
 
 — azo'ricum. 5. July. Madeira. 1724. B, R. 
 
 t. 89. 
 
 — cape'nse. 8. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 Shrub. Syn., J, angularCj var. glabra- 
 tum. 
 — Jio'ridum. Yellow. July. Japan and China. 
 1842. B. M. t. 6719. Syn., J. subula- 
 turn. 
 
 — glau'cum. 3. August. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1774. B. K. t. 203. 
 
 — gra'cUe. 3. Norfolk Island. 1791. B. E. 
 
 t. 606. Syn., J. volubHe. 
 
 — grandiflo'rvMi. 16. July. India. 1629. B. E. 
 
 t. 91. 
 
 — laTweola'rium, Sylhet. 1826. 
 
 — Ugustrifo'liimi. May. Nepaul. 1839. Shrub. 
 
 — nudifl&rum. 3. Yellow. December. China. 
 
 1844. Deciduous. B. M. t. 4649. 
 
 — odorati'ssimum. 3. June. Madeira. 1656. 
 
 B. M. t. 285. 
 
 — polya'nthum. Pink, white. Yunnan, China. 
 
 1891. 
 
 — pubi'gerum. Yellow. Summer. N.W. India. 
 
 There is also a variety, gla/brum. 
 
 — miiula'timi. See J. floridwm. 
 
 — tartuo'sum. 6. June. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — volu'Kle. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 321. See 
 
 J. graeile. 
 
 — WaUiehwInum. B. E. 1. 1409. Synonymous 
 
 with J. pubigerwm, var. glabrum. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN CLIMBERS. 
 J. cmguatifo'lium. 10. E. Ind. 1816. 
 laiuifo'lium. B. E. t. 621. 
 
 J. arbore'scms. 12. E. Ind. 1824. Shrub. Wight 
 Ic. t. 699. 
 
 — auridda'tuni. White. India. B. E. t. 264. 
 
 — austra'le. 3. June. South Sea Islands. 1800. 
 
 Syn., J. simplicijfolium. 
 
 — bractea'tum. 30. April. Sumatra. 1818. 
 
 Wight Ic. t. 1248. 
 
 — cam/ptinvXoHwnh. See J. tortii08v/m, var. cam- 
 
 panulatum. 
 
 — cauda'tum. 10. May. Sylhet. 1838. De- 
 
 ciduous. B. E. 1842, t. 26. 
 
 — dianthifo'liv/m. May. Deciduous. 
 
 — di'dim/um. White. Australia. 1860. 
 
 — fle'xile. 10. April. E. Ind. 1825. Jacq. H. 
 
 Schoenb. t. 490. 
 ~ graci'Uinrnm. 3. White. December. N. 
 Borneo. 1881. B. M. t. 6569. 
 
 — hirsu'tum. B. M. 1. 1931. See J. pubenoem. 
 
 — latifo'livm. 20. June. E. Ind. 1819. 
 
 Twiner. Wight Ic. t. 703. 
 
 — kturifo'liwm. 4. June. E. Ind. 1819. 
 
 — multijlo'mm. May. Shrub. J. nrnltiflorum 
 
 of Andr. Eep. t. 496 is synonymous with 
 J. pubescens. 
 
 — panieula'tum. 5. January. China. 1818. 
 
 B. E. t. 690. 
 
 — pube!soens. 3. June. E. Ind. 1769. Shrub. 
 
 Syns., J. hirsutum and J. ■multifiorum 
 of Andr. Eep. t. 496. 
 
 — revolu'timi. 12. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 1812. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1731. 
 
 — Sa'mbac. 6. E. Ind. 1665. Twiner. B. E. 
 
 1. 1. 
 
 flo're^le'no. 6. E. Ind. 1700. 
 
 trifolia'tum. 6. E. Ind. 1730. - 
 
 — sca'ndem. 10. August. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — simplic\f&liMm. B. M. t. 980. See J. 
 
 australe. 
 
 — stenopc'talum. White. Sylhet. 
 
 — sgringifo'lium. April. E. Ind. 1838. 
 
 — trine'ne. 20. E. Ind. 1804. B. E. t. 918. 
 
 — undUfla'tv/m. 6. January. China. 1819. 
 
 B. E. t. 436. 
 
 Jaso'nia. (After Jason, the Argo- 
 naut. Nat. ord., Compositce ; Tribe, 
 InuloidecB.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. For culture, see 
 Inula. 
 
 I. glutino'sa. i. Yellow. July. South Europe. 
 1816. Syn., Inula saxatilis. 
 
 Jateorhi'za. (From iatos, healing, 
 and rhiza, root ; in allusion to the bitter 
 tonic it furnishes, known as Calumba- 
 root. Nat. ord., Menispermece.) 
 
 Herbaceous perennial, cultivated like Coc- 
 culus. 
 J. Calu'mba. Pale green. Mozambique. Syns., 
 
 J, paljnatus and Cocculus palmatus. B, 
 
 M. tt. 2970-1. 
 
 Ja'tropha. (From iatros, physician, 
 and trophe, food ; referring to its medi- 
 cinal qualities. Nat; ord., Euphorhia- 
 cecB ; Tribe, Crotonece.) 
 
 Cassava bread and tapioca are made from the 
 roots, although the juice is an acrid poison. 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, exc&ptherba'cea. Some- 
 times by seed, in sandy peat^ in a hotbed ; cut- 
 tings of young firm shoots m sandy soil, in a 
 brisk bottom-heat ; let the bottom of the cutting 
 be dried before inserting ; sandy peat and flbry 
 loam. Summer temp., 60° to 86° ; winter, 65° to 
 60". 
 
 J. carthagvne'nsis. Jacq. Vind. iii. t. 77. See 
 Manihot carthagiTiensis. 
 
 — cocci'nea. 4. Scarlet. Cuba. 1824. 
 
JEF 
 
 [525] 
 
 JUB 
 
 J. cu'reas. Yellowish. Tropical America. Jacq. 
 Vind. iii. t. 63. 
 
 — diversifo'lia. 3. Scarlet. June. Cuba. 1809. 
 
 Syn., J. integern/ma. B. M. 1. 1464. 
 
 — ela'stica, A synonym of Hevea auyaTicTisis. 
 
 — gossypifo'lia. 3. Pink. Tropical America. 
 
 B. R. t. 746. Wild Cassava. Syn., J. 
 staphisagrifolia. 
 
 — intege'rrima. B. M. t. 1464. See J. diversi- 
 
 folia, 
 
 — M^n^f' } ^^^ ^i^ihot utUissima. 
 
 — rmdtihda. 3. Green. July. S. Amer. 1696. 
 
 Balis. Parad. t. 91. 
 
 — panduro^o'lia. 4. Scarlet. July. Cuba. 
 
 1800. B. M. t. 604. 
 
 — vada'griea. IJ. Orange, red. Santa Martha. 
 
 1847. B. M. t. 4376. 
 
 — u'rens. 4. Summer. Tropical America. B. C 
 
 t. 478. 
 
 Jefferso'nia. (Named in honour of 
 T. Jefferson, president of the United 
 States of North America. Nat. ord., 
 BerberidacecE ; Tribe, Berberem. Allied 
 to Diphylleja.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds and divi- 
 sion of the plant, in spring; common, sandy 
 garden-soil. 
 
 J. diphy'lla. White. May. N. Amer. 1792. 
 B. M. 1. 1613. 
 
 Je'hlia /«cMot'c?es. See Lopezia 
 mOcrophylla. 
 
 Jenki'nsia. (After Major Jenkins, 
 who collected plants in Assam. Nat. 
 ord., Filices.) A synonym of Acrosti- 
 chum. 
 
 Jenkinso'nia. {Alter J. Jenkmson, 
 ■who wrote on British plants in 1775. 
 Nat. ord., Geraniacece.) A synonym of 
 
 Pelargonium. 
 
 Jerdo'nia. (In honour of Surgeon- 
 Major T. C. Jerdon, of the Indian army, 
 an eminent ornithologist. Nat. ord., 
 Gesneracece ; Tribe, Cyrtandrem.) 
 
 Small stove plants. Sandy loam. Moist at- 
 mosphere. Summer temp., 60° to 70° ; winter, 
 60° to 55°. 
 
 J. i'ndiea. J. lilac, crimson. Autumn. Neil- 
 gherri Mountains. 1870. B. M. t. 6814. 
 
 Jersey Thistle. Centau'rea 
 isna'rdi. 
 
 Jerusalem Artichoke (Helia'n- 
 thus tubero'sus), flourishes most in a rich, 
 light soil, with an open exposure. Plant 
 middle-sized tubers, or cuttings of the 
 large ones, one or two eyes being pre- 
 served in each. Plant towards the end 
 of March, though it may be performed 
 in February, or even preferably in 
 October. 
 
 Insert by the dibble in rows three feet 
 apart each way, and four inches deep. 
 The only attention necessary is an occa- 
 sional hoeing to loosen the surface, a 
 little of the earth being drawn up about 
 the stems. Early' in August cut the 
 stems off about their middle, to admit 
 
 more freely the air and light, and in 
 other respects to be beneficial to the 
 tubers. 
 
 They may be taken up as wanted 
 during September, and in October, or 
 as soon as the stems have withered 
 entirely, for preservation in sand for 
 winter's use. They should be raised as 
 completely as possible ; for the smallest 
 piece of tuber will vegetate and appear 
 m spnng. It is for this reason that they 
 are often allotted some remote corner 
 of the garden ; but their culinary merits 
 certainly demand a more favourable 
 treatment. 
 
 Jerusalem Sage. Phlo'mis fruU- 
 co'sa. 
 
 Jerusalem. Thorn, Parkinso'nia 
 aculea'ta. 
 
 Jessamine. Jasmi'num officina'le. 
 
 Jet d'Eau. See Fountain. 
 
 Jew's Apple. Sola'num melon- 
 ge'na. 
 
 Job's Tears. Co'ix. 
 
 Joe Pye Weed. Eupato'rium pur- 
 pu'reum. 
 
 JoUi'fia africa'na. See Telfairia 
 
 Jone'sia. (Named after Sir W. 
 Jones. . Nat. ord., Leguminosoe.) See 
 Saraca. 
 
 J. As(/ca (B. M. t. 3018) and J. pirma'ta. See 
 
 Saraca indiea. 
 — sca'ndens. See Saraca triandra. 
 
 Jonquil. Narci'ssus JonqiidHla. 
 
 Jose'pha augu'sta, B. M. t. 4810. 
 See Bougainvillea spectabilis. 
 
 Jossi'nia. See Myrtus. 
 
 J. Lama'rckii. Fl. Ser. t. 621. See Myrtus 
 
 -' orbicula'ta. A synonyxa of Myrtus eUiptica. 
 Jove's Fruit. Lau'rus diospy'ros. 
 
 Juanullo'a. (Named after two 
 Spaniards, Don G. Juan and Don Ulloa. 
 Nat. ord., Solanacem; Tribe, Cestrinem. 
 Allied to Oestrum. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, with orange flowers. 
 Cuttings in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat ; 
 rough peat ; and a moist, high temperature, in a. 
 stove. 
 J. auranti'aca. June. S. Amer. 1840. Syns., 
 
 J. parasitica, B. M. t. 4118, Brugman- 
 
 siafioribunda and B. parvifiora. 
 — exi'mia. B. M. t. 5092. Se6 Dyssochrmrm 
 
 eximia. 
 —^parasitica. B. M. t. 4118. A synonym of •/. 
 
 aurantiaea. 
 
 Jubse'a. (After Juba, ancient king 
 of Numidia. Nat. ord., Palmacece ; 
 Tribe, Cocoinece.) 
 
JUD 
 
 [526] 
 
 JUN 
 
 btove palm. Its small round fruits were sole! 
 in London as " Little Cokernuts." Seeds in hot- 
 bed in spring. Rich loam. 
 J. specta'bUie. SO. Chili. 1843. 
 
 Judas-tree. Ce'rcis. 
 
 Ju'glans. Walnut. (From Jupiter 
 ■Jovis, the heathen god, and glans, a 
 nut. Nat. ord., Jugland&CB.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees, all blossoming in 
 April. Nuts sown when gathered, or preserved 
 until the following spring, in order to keep them 
 from vermin ; also grafting and budding the 
 more rare species and varieties. In budding, 
 the small, almost inconspicuous buds at the base 
 of the year's shoots are to be chosen ; deep, 
 loamy soil. In such soils the nut should be in- 
 serted where the tree is to grow ; in all poor 
 ■soils it is better to be transplanted, so as to cut 
 the tap-root, and cause the roots to feed more 
 among the good surface-soil. 
 J. aUantifo'lia. Greenish. Spring. 
 
 — a'lba, Wats. Dendr. t. 148 See Carya 
 
 alba. 
 
 — atnu'ra. See Carya amara. 
 
 — cine'rea. 30. N. America. 1656. Jacq. Ic. 
 
 1. 192. Butter Nut. 
 
 — comj7re'B«a. See Carya compressa. 
 
 — fraxinifo'lia. See Pt&rocaryafraxin'ifolia. 
 
 — nigra. 30. Greenish. Spring. N. America. 
 
 1629. Wats. Dendr. 1. 158. 
 
 — obeorda'ta. See Carya porcina. 
 
 — olivaefo'rmis. See Carya olivxformis. 
 
 — porci'na. See Carya porcina. 
 
 — pteroea'rpa. See Pterocarya caucasica. 
 
 — re'gia. 50. Greenish. Spring. Persia. 1562. 
 
 Common Walnut. 
 — f eloTiga'ta. Fruits much elongated. Syn., 
 
 J. regia, var. Barth&riarM. 
 
 lacinia'ta. 50. Persia. 
 
 longir&stris. Fruits with a long beak. 
 
 ma'xima. 50. Persia. 
 
 peindula. Branches pendulous. 
 
 serdtina. 50. Persia. 
 
 te^tiera. 50. Persia. 
 
 — squmno'Ba. See Carya alba. 
 
 — sulca'ta. See Carya sulcata. 
 
 — tomento'sa. See Carya tomentosa. 
 
 Jujube. Zi'zyphusju'juha. 
 
 Ju'lus. Snake millipede. J. terre's- 
 tris has about 200 legs. Lead colour. 
 Scaly, like the yoodlouse. Is said to eat 
 the root of the pansy. 
 
 J. pulche'llus. — Ochreous colour, with 
 crimson spots down its sides. Legs, 
 about 170. Is said to attack roots 
 of beans, cabbages, peas, and scarlet 
 beans. 
 
 J. complana'tus. — Lilac colour. Sixty 
 legs. Is said to eat potato-tubers. J. 
 jpulchellus is also foimd in the fruit of 
 the strawberry; but in every instance 
 we doubt whether the plant in which the 
 millipede is found has not first been in- 
 jured by slugs, or some other cause, so 
 that decay has commenced. 
 
 July-flower. Proso'pis juliflo'ra. 
 
 Ju'ncus. Rush. (From jungo, to 
 join ; the stems being used as cordage. 
 Nat. ord., Juncem.) 
 
 Bog plants of IJ^Oe horticultural value. 
 
 J. effu'sus spira'lis. Stems spirally twisted. 
 
 — Icetevirens. 3. Japan. 1880. 
 
 — zebrilnus. See Scirpus Taberncemonta/ni, 
 
 June Berry. Amela'nchier. 
 
 Ju'ngia. (After Joachim Jung, o£ 
 Liibeck. Nat. ord., CompositcB.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sandy 
 soil, under a bell-glass ; sandy loam. 
 J. specta'bilis. 3. Purple. August. Columbia. 
 1825. Syn., Dwm^Ula panUiulata. 
 
 Juniper Moth. The Irish Jumper 
 is sometimes much disfigured by the 
 caterpillar of a small moth, bearing the 
 name of Ypsolo'phus margint'llus. The 
 caterpillar is dark grey, with a slender 
 reddish-brown line down the back, and 
 a broader one of the same colour on each 
 side. The head and the first segment of 
 the body are dark brown ; the other seg- 
 ments are each furnished with eight 
 blackish hairs. It has four pairs of cen- 
 tral, and one pair of anal, pro-legs. When 
 the larvse are hatched they commence to 
 spin a web, fastening the leaves of the 
 Juniper together in an irregular manner, 
 much to their disfigurement; added to 
 which, they feed upon the youn^ leaves, 
 and thereby render the shrubs still more 
 unsightly. The moth is about two- thirds 
 of an inch in expanse ; the front wings 
 are ochreous, with a white stripe along 
 the front margin, and another just within 
 the hind margin, curving up towards the 
 tip of the wing ; the hind wings are sil- 
 very grey. 
 
 The best plan to stay their ravages 
 is to hand-pick and destroy the young 
 larvae as soon as they make the appear- 
 ance, which is about the beginning of 
 June. 
 
 Juni'perus. Juniper. (From the 
 Celtic juniperus, rough. Nat. ord., 
 ConifercB ; Tribe, Cupressinem.) 
 
 Seeds, which will retain their vitality for 
 years, and when sown, seldom vegetate under a 
 twelve-month, and sometimes nearer two years ; 
 cuttings in the end of summer, in a shady 
 border, in sandy, firm soil, and covered with 
 hand-glasses ; sandy loam. The berries of the 
 conunon juniper are used for flavouring gin. 
 
 HALF-HAEDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 J. ha/rbade'nsis. 20. Florida. 1811. Barbadoes 
 Cedar. 
 
 — bermudia'na. 20. May. Bermuda. 1683. 
 
 Bermuda Cedar. 
 
 — cape'risis. See Widdringtonia jwniperoides. 
 
 — jla'ei)ida. May. Mexico. 1836. 
 
 — mexUxina. May. Mexico. 1846. 
 
 — tetrago'rui,. May. Mexico. 1836. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 J. eanade.'nsis. See J. ammvwnis, var. cttTio- 
 de:nsis. 
 
 — cKindnm. 10. May. China. 1804. Syns., 
 
 J. flageUyformis and J. ReeveBiaJia. 
 
 — commu'nis. 5. May. Britain. 
 
 caruide'nBie. 20. May. Canada. 1820. 
 
 comprf^ssa^ Pyrenees. 
 
 hiiiermea. Ireland. 
 
JUP 
 
 [527] 
 
 JUS 
 
 J. commu'nis na'na. 2. May. Siberia. 
 
 oblo'nga. June. 
 
 oblo'nga pe'ndula. 6. May. Britain. 
 
 me'ciai. 12. May. N. Europe. 
 
 — eraco'via. 4. May. Poland. 1820. 
 
 — dau'rica. 8. July. Dauria. 1791. 
 
 — drupa'cea. 4. May. Syria. 1820. 
 
 — exce'lsa. 20. Siberia. 1806. 
 
 — glau'ca. May. China. 1814. 
 
 — hemisphte^rica. May. Mount Etna. 1844. 
 
 — Herma'nni. May. 
 —japo'nica. 2. Japan and N. China. 
 
 — ly'cia. 10. May. South Europe. 17B9. 
 
 — macroca'rpa. May. Greece. 
 
 — Jieoborace'nsis. May. 
 
 — oblo'nga. May. America. 1829. 
 
 — oxyee'drut. 15. May. Spain. 1739. 
 
 — phceni'cea. 20. May. South Europe. 1683. 
 —prostra'ta. J. May. N. Amer. 
 
 — recu'rva. 4. May. Nepaul. 1817. 
 
 — relwio'sa. May. 
 
 — rvfi'scens. 10. S. Europe. 
 
 — saU'na. 4. May. South Europe. 1548. 
 alpi'na. li. May. Britain. 
 
 cupressifo'lia. 4. May. South Europe. 
 
 1548. 
 
 • fo'liis variega'tis. 4. May. Europe. 
 
 tamarisci/o'lia. 4. May. South Europe. 
 
 1662. 
 vaHega'ta. 5. May. South Europe. 
 
 — saHno'ides. 2. Spain. * 
 
 — Smi'thii. May. Nepaul. 
 
 — sphce'rica. 30. N. China. 
 
 — smama'ta. 4. May. Nepaul. 1824. 
 
 — tJmri'/era. 10. May. Spain. 1762. , 
 
 — uvi'/era. See lAbocedrus thwrifera. 
 
 . — mrgmia:na. 30. May. N. Amer. 1664. 
 
 Bed Cedar. Syns., tT. CKamiiertomiand 
 
 J. Schottii. 
 
 carolinia'na. May. Carolina. 
 
 hu'milis. 12. May. N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 Jupiter's Beard. 
 
 ia Javis. 
 
 Anthy'Uis ba'r- 
 
 Jupiter's Eye and Jupiter's 
 Seard. Sempervi'vwm teoto'rwm. 
 
 Juri'nea. (Derivation not explained. 
 Nat. ord., Compositm; Tribe, Cynaroi- 
 dece. Allied to Serratula.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, with purple 
 flowers. Seeds and division of the plant in 
 spring ; common soil. 
 J. ala'ta. 2-3. Violet. Caucasus. 
 
 — depre'ssa, ^. June. Caucasus. 1837. 
 ^ specta'bilis. 1. June. Europe. 1837. 
 
 — subacau'lis. June. Caucasus. 1837. 
 
 Jussise'a. (Named after the cele- 
 brated botanical family of Jussieu. Nat. 
 ord., Onagracece. Syn., Jiissieua. Al- 
 lied to Ludwigia. ) 
 
 All stove aquatics, except grandifio'ra, which 
 belongs to the greenhouse, and/rtite'scens, which 
 is a snrub, and all yellow-flowered. Cuttings, 
 divisions, and seeds ; loamy soil, in basins of 
 water. 
 J. exalta'ta. Andr. Eep. t. 621. See J. suffru- 
 
 ticosa, 
 —frute'scem. Yellow. June. 1824. Evergreen 
 
 shrub. 
 
 — grandiflo'ra. \\. Yellow. August. Carolina. 
 
 1812. B. M. t. 2122. , 
 
 — maeroea'rpa. 2. Yellow. July. New 
 
 Grenada. 
 
 cUia'ta. Yellow. Columbia. 1879. 
 
 Half-hardy. 
 
 — octo'fila. Yellow. July. W. Indies. Syn., 
 
 J. octovalvis. 
 
 J. oelova'lms. See J. oclofila. 
 
 — omlifo'lia. Yellow. July. Madaffascar. 
 
 B. M. t. 2630. 
 
 — pilo'sa. Yellow. July. Caraccas. 1829. 
 
 — re'pens. 1. Yellow. August. W. Ind. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — sca'bra. 4. Yellow. July. S. Amer. 1816. 
 
 — sufrutico'sa. 1}. Yellow. August. India. 
 
 1808. Syn., J, exaltata. 
 
 — Swartaa'na. Yellow. July. W. Ind. 1826. 
 
 — mllo'aa. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1826. 
 
 Justi'cia. (Named after J. Jicstice, 
 a celebrated Scotch horticulturist. Nat. 
 ord., AcanthacecE ; Tribe, Justices. Al- 
 lied to Eranthemum. ) 
 
 Annuals and biennials, by seed in a hotbed, 
 and to be treated as tender and half-hardy 
 annuals ; many of them, and all the shrubs and 
 herbaceous species, are easily propagated by 
 cuttings, old shoots, and young si&-shoots, 
 striking very soon in sandy soil, under a glass, in 
 heat, most of the leaves being allowed to remain. 
 As they are fast growers, wnere room is at all 
 valuable, young ones should be grown, and the 
 old ones thrown away every year ; peat and loam. 
 Summer temp., 60° to 86° ; winter, 48° to 65°. The 
 following are a few of the best :— Cocsi'rjsa, 
 ca'mea, coma'ta, forTiw'sa, lu'cida, salviaijlo'ra, 
 and specio'sa. 
 
 S. B. = Stove evergreen shrub. S. P. = Stove 
 herbaceous perennial. 
 
 J. Adhato'da. B. M. t. 861. See Adhatoda 
 vasica. 
 
 — a'Bia. A synonym of Eranthemmn albwm. 
 
 — ama'bilis. Red. S. America. S. E. 
 
 — aspe'rvla. B. C. 1. 1681. See Phlogacanfhus 
 
 asperulus. 
 
 — bi'color. B. M. t. 1423. See Eranthemum 
 
 bicolor. 
 
 — iraeteola'ta. Jacq. Ic. t. 205. See Thyrsacan- 
 
 thus bracteolatus. 
 
 — caly'tricha. B. M. t. 2816. See Schaueria 
 
 calycotricha. 
 
 — eampyl&stemon. 2. White, with purple 
 
 spots. S. Africa. 1883. 
 
 — caracasa'na: Jacq. Ic. t. 206. See Dianthera 
 
 cara^^asana, 
 
 — ajjmea. B. R. 1397. See Jacobinia carnea. 
 
 — carthagine'nais. li- Purple. July. Cartha- 
 
 gena. 1792. S. B. 
 
 — cilia'ris. 1. White. July. W. Indies. 1780. 
 
 Stove annual. 
 
 — eilia'ta. Jacq. H. Vind. 1. 104. See Schwdbea 
 
 eiliaris. 
 
 — cocci'nea. B. M. t. 432. See Jacobinia coc- 
 
 cinea. 
 
 — coma'ta. 2. Purple. July. Jamaica. 1795. 
 
 S. P. A synonym of Dianthera comata. 
 
 — cuspida'ta. IJ. July. Arabia. 1820. 
 
 — Bcbo'lium. 3. Blue. July. E. Indies. 
 
 1769. B. M. t. 1847. Now referred to 
 BCBOLIUM. 
 
 — echioi'des. 1. Red. April. Tropical India. 
 
 1820. Syn., Andrographis echioides. 
 S.P. 
 
 — elonga'ta. 2. Bed. May. E. Indies. 1820. 
 
 Syn., Andrographis elongata. S. P. 
 
 — eustaxhia'rui. B. R. t. 309. Now referred to 
 
 CH.fiTOTHYLAXi 
 
 — Jlavilcoma. B. R. t. 1027. See Schaueria 
 
 calycotricha. 
 —farmdsa. 2. Purple. May. 1818. S. E. 
 —furca'ta, 5. Yiolet. April. Peru. 1796. 
 
 S.E. Trailer. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 3. 
 
 — gemiaru'ssa. White or rose with purple spots. 
 
 India. B. B. t. 635. 
 
 — genieula'ta. B. M. t. 2487. See Bia/nthera 
 
 — guttata; B. E. 1. 1334. See Phlogacanth'us 
 guttatus. 
 
JUT 
 
 [528] 
 
 KAL 
 
 J. laneecla'ta. 3. Eed. April. E. Indies. 
 1818. S. B. 
 
 — Linde'ni. See Jaiiobvnia Lind&ni. 
 
 — lu'eida. B. M. fc. 1014. See Dianthera lucida. 
 
 — lythospermifo'lia. 3. Purple. April. Peru. 
 
 1796. S. E. Trailer. Jacq. H. Schoenb. 
 t. 4. 
 
 — Macdone'Uice. Yellow. November. S. B. 
 
 — macula'ta. 2. Purple. June. W. Indies. 
 
 1823. B. C. t. 626. 
 
 — marmora'ta. Leaves pale shining green mar- 
 
 bled with white. 1881. 
 
 — martinMnsis. Jacq. H. Vind. iii. t. 22. See 
 
 JDicUptera ma/rtinicensis. 
 
 — nasu'ta. B. R. t. 325. See Shinacanthus 
 
 coiivmunis. 
 ^nemmo'ga. 2. Purple. May. W. Indies. 
 1795. S. P. Syn., Beloperone nemo- 
 rosa. 
 
 — nervo'sa. B. M. t. 1358. See Dcedalacanthus 
 
 nervosus. 
 
 — ni'tida. Andr. Rep. t. 670. See Thyrsacan- 
 
 thv^ nitidu^. 
 
 — nodo'sa. B. M. t. 2914. See Dianthera 
 
 nodosa, 
 
 — orchioi'des. B. C. t. 827. See SpMnctacanthus 
 
 — pa'tvZa. White. April. South Africa. 1824. 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 — pectora'lis. 3. Purple. May. W. Indies. 
 
 1787. B. R. t. 796. A synonym of Dian- 
 thera pectoralis. 
 
 — pedunculo'sa. B. M. t. 2367. See Dianthera 
 
 amerkana. 
 
 — peruvia'na. 2J. Violet, white. Autumn. 
 
 Peru. B. M. t. 430. 
 
 — pi'eta. B. R. 1. 1227, and var. lu'rido-saTigui'- 
 
 nea. B. M. 1. 1870. See Graptophyllu/m, 
 hortenae, 
 
 — polysta'chya. 2. Pink. June. Guiana. 
 
 1821. S. B. 
 
 — pulehe^rrima. Jacq. Ic. t. 204. See Aphelan- 
 
 dra cristata. 
 — pu'mila. J. April. S. America. 1820. 
 S. E. 
 
 — quadrangula'ris. B. M. t. 2845. See Phloga- 
 
 eanthus asperiUits, 
 
 — ramogissi'm^. 2. Purple. June. B. Indies. 
 
 1825. S. E. 
 
 — reflexifi&ra. 1. Purple. June. W. Indies. 
 
 1824. S. P. 
 
 — retu'sa. Purple. Early winter. W. Indies. 
 
 B. C. t. 724. 
 ' — Roxburghia'tia. See Peristrophe tinctoria. 
 S. E. 
 
 — secu'nda. B. M. t. 2060. A synonymn of 
 
 Dianthera secwnda. 
 
 — specio'sa. B. M. t. 2722. See Peristrophe 
 
 speciosa. 
 
 — thyrsifio'ra. See PhlogacwnthuB thyrsijlorus. 
 
 — ventrico'sa. "White, red. "June. China. 1826. 
 
 B. M.t. 2766. S. E. 
 
 — venu'sta. B. R. 1. 1380. See Gymnoetachywm 
 
 venustum. 
 
 — vitelU'Tia, See Phlogacanthus asperulus. 
 
 Jute-plant. Co'rchorus capsula'ris. 
 
 K. 
 
 Kadsu'ra. (The Japanese name. 
 Nat. ord., Magnoliacem; Tribe, Schizan- 
 dreas. ) 
 
 A trailing half-hardy evergreen. Cuttings of 
 half-ripened wood in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 and in heat, in May ; peat and loam. 
 K.ja^o'nica. White. June. Japan. 1846. 
 — propi'nqua. See Sehizamdra propinqua. 
 
 Kaempfe'ria. Galangale. (Named 
 after Kwmpfer, a German naturalist. 
 Nat. ord., Scitaminece ; Tribe, Zingi- 
 berecB. Allied to Curcuma. ) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials. Division of the 
 plant as fresh growth commences ; sandy loam, 
 Bbry peat, and leaf-mould. Temp., 46° to tb' 
 when at rest ; from 60° to 85° when growing. 
 K. e'legams. 1. Purple. Pegu. 1828. 
 
 — gala'nga. 1. White, purple. July. B. Ind. 
 
 1728. 
 
 — Gilbefrti. Purple, white. E. Indies. G. C. 
 
 1882, xvii.p. 713. 
 
 — marqina'ta. 1. Blue. July. B. Ind. 1822. 
 
 — ovahfo'lia. 1. Blue. June. Malacca. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — Pari'Bhii. 1. "White, purple. July. Moul- 
 
 mein. 1867. 
 
 — Roscoea'na. India. 
 
 — rotu'nda. 1. Eed, white. July. B. Ind. 
 
 1764. 
 
 — secu'nda. 1. Bright purple, white. Assam. 
 
 1888. B. M. t. 6999. 
 
 — speeio'sa. "Violet-purple. S. Africa. 1870. 
 
 — vitta'ta. }. White, yellow. Sumatra. 1882. 
 
 Kagene'ckia. (Named after Count 
 Kageneck, a patron of botany. Nat. 
 ord., EdsacecB ; Tribe, QuUlajem.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen trees, from Chili, with 
 white flowers. Cuttings of rather ripe shoots in 
 sand, under a bell-glass ; probably, also, by graft- 
 ing on some rosaceous plant, as the Hawthorn ; 
 loam, with a little sandy peat. Winter temp., 
 35° to 45°. K. erattegifo'lia has stood for years 
 against a conservatory wall in the Chiswick Gar- 
 dens, and produced fruit there in 1837. The 
 male flowers are in clusters ; the female flowers 
 are solitary. 
 E. oratcegifo'lia, 10. White. June. Chili. 
 
 1830. Syn., X. cratcegoides. B. R. 
 
 1. 1836. 
 
 — oUo'nga. 30. White. Autumn. Chili. 
 
 1830. 
 
 Kalanko'e. (From the Chinese 
 name of one of the species. Nat. ord., 
 CrassulacecB. Allied to Rochea. ) 
 
 Stove succulent evergreens. Cuttings dried 
 at their base soon root in sandy loam, in a little 
 heat; sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° 
 and abundance of water when growing and 
 flowering. Winter temp., 45° to 55 , and almost 
 dry. 
 K. acutifio'ra. 2. White. August. E. Ind. 
 
 1806. Syn., Vareia acutijlord. Andr. 
 
 Rep. t. 660. 
 
 — mgyptVaca. 2. Yellow. July. Egypt. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — cornea. \\. Rosy lilac. South Africa. 
 
 1887. 
 
 — ceratophyfUa. 2. Yellow. July. China. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — weTM'to. 2. Yellow. August. Sierra Leone. 
 
 1793. Syn., Vareia crenata. Andr. Rep. 
 t. 21. 
 — farina' cea. J. Scarlet. Socotra. 1880. 
 Gfl. 1. 1143. 
 
 — gramMo'ra. Greenish-yellow. India. 1864. 
 
 B. M. t. 5460. 
 
 — ladnia'ta. 2. Yellow. July. B. India. 
 
 1781. 
 
 — rotwndifo'lia. 2. White. July. South Africa 
 
 1820. Ref. Bot. t. 244. 
 
 — spathula'ta. 2. Yellow. July. China. 1820. 
 
 Syn., Cotyledon hybrida. 
 
 — va'rians. Yellow. July. B. Ind. 
 
 Kale. See Borecolft, 
 
KAL 
 
 [529] 
 
 KEN 
 
 Ka'huia. (Named after Peter Kalm, 
 a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord. , EricacecB; 
 Tribe, Rhodorece. Allied to Azalea.) 
 , Hardy evergreens, all from North America, 
 and all red-flowered, except where specified. 
 By cuttings of young shoots in sandy peat, in a 
 shady place, under hand-lights ; by layers made 
 at the end of summer ; by seeds sown in shallow 
 pans filled with sandy peat, and kept close in 
 a frame until the seedlmgs are up, pricked off 
 when fingerable, kept close aeain, and gradually 
 inured to the open air ; sandy peat-sou is best, 
 though they often thrive well in sandy loam and 
 leaf -mould ; good for forcing. 
 K. avdromedifo'lia. 1-4. Kosy-pnrple. 1883. 
 
 — angustifo'lia. S. June. 1736. B. M. t. 331. 
 
 Sheep laurel. 
 
 fo'liis variega'tis. 2. June. 
 
 tm'nima. 2. June. 
 
 • Tia'tia. 2. June. 
 
 malta. 2. Juae. 
 
 ■ • pu'mila. 2. .June, 
 
 ro'sea. 3. June. 
 
 ■ ru'bra. 3. June. 
 
 — eunea'ta. 2. White, red. June. 1820. 
 
 — glau'ca. 2. Purple. April. 1767. 
 
 ■ rosmarinifo'lia. 2. April. 1812. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. i. August. 1786. B. M. 1. 138. 
 
 — latifo'Ua. 8. June. 1734. 
 
 Pavalrti. Garden variety. Garden. 
 
 July 1, 1882. 
 
 Kalosa'nthes. A synonym of 
 Kochea, and now erroneously applied to 
 Cra'ssula cocci'nea and its varieties. 
 See Rochea. 
 
 Kanguru Vine. Ci'ssus anta'rc- 
 ticiis. 
 
 Ka'ratas. (Probably a native name. 
 Nat. ord. , Bromeliacece ; Tribe, Brome- 
 liecB. Syn., Regelia.) 
 
 Stove perennials. For cultivation, see Bro- 
 MELIA, in which genus the species were formerly 
 included. 
 
 K. acanthocra'ter. Lilac. May. Brazil. 1877. 
 B. M. t. 6904. Syn., Nidulariwm 
 aeaTitkocrater, 
 
 — amtiaaa'ntha. Base of leaves brownish; bracts 
 
 deep scarlet. A synonym of Bromelia 
 
 Kareli'nia. (Derivation not ex- 
 
 ?lained. Nat. ord., Compositce; Tribe, 
 nuloidece.) United with Pluchea in 
 the Genera Plantarum, but retained as 
 a distinct genus by Boissier. 
 
 Hardy herbaceous. Divisions of the plant in 
 spring ; common garden-soil. 
 K. ca'spia. Purple. August. Caspia. 
 
 Kaulfu'ssia. (Named after Dr. G. 
 F. Kaulfuss, a Professor of Botany at 
 Halle. Nat. ord., J^iZtces — MarattiacecB. 
 Allied to Dansea. ) 
 
 A curious stove fern, with a frond like a chest- 
 nut-leaf. For cultivation, see Ferns. 
 K. (escuUfo'lia. 2. E. Indies. Syn., Aspidium 
 cesculifoliwm. 
 
 — amdloi'desoi B. M. t. 2177 is a Composite. See 
 
 Charieis heterophylla. 
 
 — eUia'ta, also a Composite, is a synonym of 
 
 Felicia tenella. 
 
 Kauri Pine. Da'mmara austra'lis. 
 
 Keferstei'nia. (In honour of Mr. 
 Keferstein of KroUwitz, a cultivator of 
 orchids. Nat. ord., Orchidece ; Tribe, 
 Vandece.) See Zygopetalum. 
 
 Kelp is the ash remaining after sea- 
 weed is burnt, and has been used with 
 great advtatage as a manure to potatoes, 
 brocoli, and other species of cabbage- 
 worts. It is composed of carbonate of 
 soda, and iodide and bromide of potas- 
 sium, carbon, sulphates of lime and 
 magnesia, and other matters of trivial 
 importance. See Green Manure. 
 
 Kenne'dya. (Named after Mr. 
 Kennedy, of the firm of Lee and Ken- 
 nedy, nurserymen. Nat. ord., Legumi- 
 nosce ; Tribe, Phaseolece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen twiners, from Australia. 
 Cuttings of short side-shoots getting firm, in 
 April and May, in sand, over sandy peat, under 
 a bell-glass, kept close for a fortnight, and then 
 put into a little extra heat ; peat and sandy loam. 
 Winter temp., 40° to 48% and most of them like a 
 little shade in summer. All the species, also, 
 may be easily propagated by seeds, which, after 
 being soaked in warm water for a few hours, 
 may be sown in sandy soil, and placed in a 
 hotbed. 
 
 K. cocci'nea. 10. Scarlet. June. 1803. B. M. 
 t. 2664. Syns., K. dilatata, B. E. 1. 1626, 
 Zichya angustifolia, Z. coceinea, Maund 
 Bot. t. 120, Z. tricolm-, B. E. 1836, t, 62, 
 and Z. viUosa. 
 
 — Comptonia'na. ■ See Hardeiibergia Compto- 
 
 niarui. 
 
 — corda'ta. B. R. t. 944. See Hardenbergia 
 
 monophylla. 
 
 — dilata'ta. B. E. 1. 1526. See K. coceinea 
 
 — Frewoo'dii. Dull carmine. 1864. Evergreen 
 
 climber. Eev. Hort. 1866, p. 332. 
 
 — glatira'ta. 6. Orange. May. 1834. B. R. 
 
 t.- 1845. Syn., Zichya glabrata. B. M. 
 t. 3966. 
 
 — heterophy'lla. A form of K. coceinea. 
 
 — inophy'Ua. B. E. t. 1421. A form of K. 
 coceinea. 
 
 — macrophy'Ua. See Hardenbergia Compto- 
 
 niana. 
 
 — Marrya'ttoe. B. E. 1. 1790. SeeK.prostrata, 
 
 var. major. 
 
 — monophy'Ua. ^SeeHardenbergiamoiw- 
 ■ tort^iracem&sa. f phylla. 
 
 — nigricans. 3. Purple, green. March. 1832. 
 
 B. E, 1. 1715. 
 
 — ova'ta. \ Forms of Bardeniergiamono- 
 cceru'lea. j phylla. 
 
 — parvijklra. 4. 1824. 
 
 — prostra'ta. 4. Scarlet. April. 1790. Syn., 
 
 Glycine coceinea. B. M. t. 270. 
 — ma'jor. 4. Scarlet. April. 1834. Syn., 
 
 K. MarryattCB. B. E. t. 1790. 
 mi'nor. Red. June. 1836. 
 
 — rubicu'nda. 10. Dark red. June. Brazil. 
 
 1788. Syns., Arnphodus ovatus, B. R. 
 t. 1101, and Glycine rubiownda, B. M. 
 t. 268. 
 
 — seri'cea. 4. Scarlet. May. 1824. 
 
 — Stirli'ngii, 3. Scarlet. May. 1834. B. E. 
 
 1845, 
 
 Ke'ntia. (In honour of Lieut. - Colonel 
 Kent. Nat. ord., Palmaceae ; Trib?, 
 Arecem. ) 
 
 Stove palms. For cultivation, see Areca, to 
 which it IS allied. 
 
KEN 
 
 [530] 
 
 KID 
 
 K. austra'lis. Lord Howe's Island. 1872. 
 
 — Behrwrea'na. See Howea Belmoreana. 
 
 — Canterburya'na. See Hed/yscepe Canter- 
 
 huryana. 
 
 — eleganti'ssima. 1888. Probably a species of 
 
 Hmvea. 
 
 — Forsteria'na. See Howea Forstmana. 
 
 — gra'cilis. See Kentiopsis divaricata. 
 
 — JAnde'tii. See Kentiopsis macrocarpa. 
 
 — Lueia'ni. 1878. 
 
 — Maca'rthurice. New Guinea. 1879. 
 
 — sa'pida. 25. New Holland. 1842. 
 
 — Wendla'ndii. Queensland. 1878. 
 
 Kentio'psis. (From Kentia, and 
 opsis, like ; resemWing the genus Kentia. 
 Nat. ord., Palmaoece ; Tribe, Arecece.) 
 
 StoTe palms. For cultivation, see AEECA. 
 K. divarica'ta. 30. New Caledonia. 1876. 111. 
 Hort. t. 409. Syn., Kentia gracilis. 
 
 — macroca'rpa. New Caledonia. 1876. Eev. 
 
 Hort. 1884, p. 372. Sjit.,KewtiaLindeni. 
 
 Kentrophy'Uum. (From kentron, 
 a spine, and phyllon, a leaf ; literally, 
 spine-leaved. Nat. ord., Compositce ; 
 Tribe, GynaroidecB,) United with Car- 
 thamus in the Genera Plantarum. 
 Syn., Heracantha. 
 
 Hardy annuals, except arhore'sc&ns^ which is 
 a half-hardy evergreen shrub. Seed in April, 
 but better still in a hotbed, in March, and trans- 
 planted in May. Cuttings of the young shoots 
 of arbore'scens under a nand-light, in spring ; 
 common garden-soil. 
 K. arbore'scens. 6. Yellow. August. Spain. 
 
 1831. Syns., Carthamus arborescens, C. 
 
 arboreus, and Onobrtyma arborescens. 
 
 — cre'ticum. 2. White. June. Candia. 1731. 
 
 Syn., Carthamus cretieus. 
 
 — glau'cum. IJ. Purple. July. Tauria. 1817. 
 
 Syns., Cartha/mus glaucus and Onobroma 
 glaucum. 
 
 — lana'tum. 2. Yellow. July. South Europe. 
 
 1696. Syn., Carthamus lanatus. 
 
 — leucocavUm,. 1. White. June. Greece. 
 
 1800. Syns., Carthamus leucocaulis and 
 and Onobroma leucocaulon, 
 
 — tau'ricum. 2. Yellow. June. Caucasus. 
 
 1818. Syns., Carthamus tauricus and 
 Heracantha taurica. 
 
 Kentucky Coflfee-tree. Gymno'- 
 cladus. 
 
 Kerama'nthus. (From keramos, a 
 jar, and anthos, a flower ; in allusion to 
 the form of the calyx. Nat. ord., Passi- 
 floracecB. AUied to Modecca. ) 
 
 An interesting perennial. It requires to be 
 grown in a dry stove, like that where cacti and 
 other succulents are grown. Rich sandy loam. 
 K. Ki'rkii. 2. Green. Zanzibar. 1875. 
 
 Kerch.O'vea. (After Dr. Kerchove. 
 Nat. ord., Scitaminew; Tribe, Maran- 
 tecB.) See Stromanthe. 
 
 K. Jloribu'nda. Belg. Hort. 1882, p. 201, t. 8. 
 See Stromanthe Porteama. 
 
 Ke'rria. (Named after M. Kerr, 
 once superintendent of the Botanic Gar- 
 den, Ceylon. Nat. ord., Eosacem ; Tribe, 
 Spirmeoe. Allied to Spiraea) 
 
 Haidy deciduous shrub, with yellow flowers, 
 from Japan, formerly called Corcho'rue jafo'ni- 
 CMS. Cuttings of the young shoots under a hand- 
 
 light ; layers, and division of the plant ; common 
 
 loam. J 
 
 K jap(Jnica. B-6. Blooms through summer. 
 
 1700. B. M. t. 1873. Syn., Cm-chorus 
 
 jap<ymeus. B. M. 1. 1296. 
 fio're-ple^no. 6. June. 1700. 
 
 Ketelee'ria. A synonym of Abies. 
 Kidney Bean. Phase'olus mil- 
 
 ga'ris. 
 
 Varieties. — There are three kinds — 
 the Runners, or twining varieties ; the 
 DvMrJfs ; and the Skinless, or Mange- 
 tout. These last, and the runners, are 
 those most commonly cultivated, being 
 eaten pod and seed together, whilst of 
 others only the seeds are eaten. 
 
 Runners. — Large Running White, 
 White Long Pod, Dutch Case Knife, 
 Long White, or Large White Sugar. A 
 good bearer, and one of the best for late 
 use. 
 
 Sabre. Seeds white. This is, perhaps, 
 the best of all, being a good bearer, and 
 its pods of great length and size. This 
 sort grows very high. 
 
 Prudhomme, or Prodommet. Seeds 
 greyish, oval, and small. There is a 
 yellow variety of this. 
 
 Prague, or Red Pea. Seeds round, of 
 violet colour. A moderate bearer, and 
 late. 
 
 Prague Bicolor. Similar to the last, 
 seed a little larger. A good bearer, but 
 very late. 
 
 Sophie. Like the Prague, but seeds 
 whiter and larger. A moderate bearer, 
 and late. 
 
 Small White French Runner. White 
 seeds, oblong, and very thin. It is a 
 good bearer, but is too tender to ripen 
 its seeds in this country, except under a 
 wall in a very warm situation. 
 
 Lima. Seeds very large, thick, and 
 of a dirty white ; pods large, short, 
 slightly rough, and wrinkled. Prolific, 
 and the seeds are very mealy; but in 
 this climate a crop can only be obtained 
 by forcing the plants in a hotbed, and 
 planting them out singly in May. It is 
 eaten both in a green state and shelled. 
 It grows high. 
 
 Venetian Sugar. Resembling Lima, 
 the principal difference consisting in the 
 seeds being flatter, larger, and speckled 
 with red. An abundant bearer, but must 
 be used young. 
 
 Pale Turkey, or Scarlet Runner. Of 
 this there are two varieties distinct from 
 the common Haricot, one with scarlet, 
 the other with white flowers ; the latter 
 is preferable for culinary purposes on 
 account of its greater mealiness and 
 thinner skin. There is also a third 
 variety with two-coloured flowers, but it 
 
KID 
 
 [531] 
 
 KID 
 
 is not superior to either of the above. A 
 good hearer, but not very early. ' 
 
 Dwarf. — Dwarf White Dutch, Dutch 
 Long Pod, or Early Dwarf Dutch. Pods 
 long, narrow, and excellent when green ; 
 seeds white, small, a little compressed. 
 Not very early in this country. 
 
 Early White, or Brewer's White. 
 Seeds white, narrow, rather long, and 
 cylindrical. It is very dwarf, early, 
 ^ood for forcing, equally suited for eat- 
 ing green, and when the seeds are ripe. 
 
 Dwarf White Sans-parchemin forms 
 thick, bushy plants. Good whilst green; 
 ■stringless till three parts grown, and ex- 
 cellent when ripe. 
 
 Dwarf American White. Pod short, 
 of a strong and branching habit, some- 
 times climbing a little, but generally 
 ■dwarf, and not requiring support ; very 
 
 grolific ; its short, swoUen pod a little 
 coked, strongly coloured with reddish- 
 brown, particularly at the two extremi- 
 ties ; this is not in the least stringy. 
 
 Of the Haricot Suisse there are many 
 varieties, of which the principal are the 
 White, the Grey, and the Red. 
 
 Dwarf Black-Spotted. Grown parti- 
 cularly in the Maine. The Mohawk 
 from the United States. 
 
 Dwarf, Red-SpecMed, Fulner's Spotted 
 Dwarf, And. Long-Spotted French. These 
 have peculiar characters, according to 
 the length and form of their seeds. They 
 are all excellent in a green state, for 
 which they are chiefly used. 
 
 Dwarf Negro. Used in a green state ; 
 this rivals the Swiss varieties. This is 
 one of the best for general use, and an 
 ■ abundant bearer. 
 
 Haricot Noir de Belgique. Is perfectly 
 dwarf, and is the earliest which we are 
 yet acquainted with. Its pofls, although 
 rather pale, are very good in a young 
 state. 
 
 Crimson Runner. Highly esteemed 
 for stewing when ripe ; seeds red, flat, 
 and small. 
 
 Flat Yellow Canada. The most dwarf, 
 and one of the earliest skinless, and 
 therefore either good when young, or 
 ■when full grown ; seeds nearly round, 
 pale yellow, very good when dried. A 
 good bearer. 
 
 Polish Beans. A prolific sort, excel- 
 lent either fresh-shelled or dried ; seeds 
 rather large, roundish, and sulphur- 
 coloured. There is a sub-variety of it 
 with clear, bronze-coloured seeds, which 
 also appears to be good. A good bearer, 
 and eany. — Gard. Chron. 
 
 Soil and Situation.— A. very light, 
 mellow, well-drained loam. For the 
 ■early and late crops, a sheltered border 
 
 must always be allotted, or in a single 
 row about a foot from a south fence, 
 otherwise the situation cannot be too 
 open. 
 
 Sowing comhiences with the year. 
 They may be sown towards the end of 
 January in pots, and placed upon the 
 flue of the hothouse, or in rows in the 
 mould of a hotbed, for production in 
 March, to be repeated once every three 
 weeks in similar situations in February 
 and March, for supplying the table 
 during April; a small sowing may be 
 made, if fine open weather, under a 
 frame without heat, for removal into a 
 sheltered border early in May. The 
 chief requisite for success in the hot- 
 house is to have them near the glass ; 
 to keep them well watered ; the air 
 moist, and ventilated as much as the 
 season permits. 
 
 Daring May, and thence until the 
 first week in August, sowings may be 
 made once every three weeks. In Sep- 
 tember, forcing recommences, at first 
 merely under frames without bottom - 
 heat ; October, and thence to the close 
 of the year, in hotbeds, etc., as in 
 January. Sowing, when a removal is 
 intended, should always be made in 
 pots, the plants being less retarded, as 
 the roots are less injured, than when 
 the seed is inserted in patches or rows 
 in the earth of the bed. It is a good 
 practice, likewise, to repeat each sowing 
 in the frames without heat after the 
 lapse of a week, as the first will often 
 fail, when a second, although after so 
 short a lapse of time, will perfectly 
 succeed. In every instance the seed is 
 buried one and a half or two inches deep. 
 The rows of the main crops to be two 
 feet apart, the seed being inserted either 
 in drills or by the dibble, four inches 
 apart ; the plants, however, to be thinned 
 to twice that distance. If a vacancy 
 occurs, it may always be filled by plants 
 which have been carefully removed by 
 the trowel from where they stood too 
 thick. The seed inserted during the 
 hottest period of summer should be 
 either soaked in water for five or six 
 hours, laid in damp mould for a day or 
 two, or the drills be well watered pre- 
 viously to sowing. 
 
 The pods of both kinds are always to 
 be gathered while young ; by thus doing, 
 and care being had not to injure the 
 stems in detaching them, the plants are 
 rendered prolific and long lived. 
 
 Forcing. — Thehotbedmust be of mode- 
 rate size, and covered with earth nine 
 inches thick. When the heat has be- 
 come regular, the seed may be inserted 
 
KID 
 
 [532] 
 
 KIT 
 
 in drills a foot apart, and the plants 
 allowed to stand six inches asunder in 
 the rows. Air must be admitted as 
 freely as to the melon. The same pre- 
 cautions are likewise necessary as to 
 keeping up the temperature, taking the 
 chill on the water, etc., as for tljat 
 plant. When the seed begins to sprout, 
 the mould should be kept regularly 
 moistened ; and when grown up, water 
 may be given moderately three times a 
 week. The temperature should never 
 be less than 60°, nor higher than 75°. 
 
 Those sown under frames in March 
 for transplanting into a border, when 
 two or three inches in height, must, in 
 a like manner, be hardened gradually 
 for the exposure, by the plentiful ad- 
 mission of air, and the total removal of 
 the glasses during fine days. If any are 
 raised in pots in the hothouse, they 
 must be prepared similarly for the re- 
 moval, by setting them outside in fine 
 days, and there watering them with 
 cold water. 
 
 If the season is too ungenial to re- 
 move them even to a warm border, the 
 plants are often inserted in patches, to 
 have the protection of frames or hand- 
 lights at night, or as the weather de- 
 mands. 
 
 Runners. — As these are more tender, 
 and the seed is more apt to decay, than 
 those of the dwarfs, no open-ground crop 
 must be inserted before early in May, to 
 be continued at intervals of four weeks 
 through June and July, which will in- 
 sure a supply from the middle of this 
 last month until October. 
 
 They are so prolific and such per- 
 manent bearers, that three open-ground 
 sowings of a size proportionate to the 
 consumption, will, in almost every in- 
 stance, DC sufficient. 
 
 They are inserted in drills, either 
 singly, three feet apart, or in pairs ten 
 or twelve inches asunder, and each pair 
 four feet distant from its neighbour. 
 The seed is buried two inches deep, and 
 four apart in the rows, the plants being 
 thinned to twice that distance. 
 
 If grown in single rows, a row of poles 
 must be set on the south side of each ; 
 being fixed firmly in the ground, they 
 may be kept together by having a light 
 pole tied horizontally along their tops, 
 or a post being fixed at each end of a 
 row, united by a cross bar at their tops : 
 a string may be passed from this to each 
 of the plants. If the rows are in pairs, 
 a row oif poles must be placed on each 
 side, 80 fixed in the ground that their 
 summits cross, and are tied together. 
 
 If the runners are nipped ofT as fast as 
 
 they appear, the plants become bushy,; 
 and are nearly as prolific as if allowe'd 
 to climb. 
 
 To obtain Seed. — Forty or fifty plants 
 of the dwarf kinds, or thirty of the run- 
 ners, will be sufficient for a moderate- 
 sized family. They must be raised pur- 
 posely in May, or a like number from 
 the crop in that month left ungathered 
 from ; for the first pods always produce 
 the finest seeds, and lipen perfectly. In 
 autumn, as soon as the plants decaVj 
 they must be pulled up, thoroughly 
 dried, and stored in the pods. 
 
 Kidney Vetch. Anthy'lUs. 
 
 Kielme'yera. (Named after a Ger- 
 man patron of botany. Nat. ord.. Tern- 
 stromiacece ; Tribe, Bonnetieoe. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of young shoots 
 
 getting firm, in sand, under a oell-glass, and in 
 eat ; fibry, sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° ta 
 75° ; winter, 45° to 55°. 
 K. exce'Ua. 60. White. July. Brazil. 1833. 
 
 Ki'ngia. (After Captain P. G. King, 
 Governor of New South Wales. Nat. 
 ord., JuncecB.) 
 
 Greenhouse perennial. For culture, see^ 
 Xanthoreh^a. 
 K, austra'lis. 4. Brownish- West Australia. ' 
 
 Kingof the Woods. AnmetocM- 
 liis rega'lis. 
 
 Kirenge'shoma. (From the native- 
 name. 'Sa.t. oxA., SaxifragecE ; Tribe, 
 Hydrange(B.) Allied to Hydrangea, 
 which see for culture. ' 
 
 K. pcUma'ta. 3-4. Yellow. Japan. G. C. 1891, 
 ix. p. 202. 
 
 Kirgane'lia. (Derived from the 
 Malabar name. Nat. ord., Eitphorbia- 
 cecB. ) See Phyllanthus. 
 
 K. e'legcms. See PKyllanthus castman. 
 
 Kitchen Garden. 
 
 Situation. — A gentle declination to- 
 wards the south, with a point to the east, 
 is the most favourable aspect ; to the 
 north-east the least so : in short, any 
 point to the south is to be preferred to 
 one verging towards the north. A high 
 wall should inclose it to the north and 
 east, gradually lowering to the south and 
 west. If, however, a plantation or build- 
 ing on the east side, at some distance, 
 shelter it from the piercing winds which 
 blow from that quarter, and yet are at 
 such a distance as not to intercept the 
 rays of the rising sun, it is much to be 
 preferred to heightening the wall. It is 
 a still greater desideratum to have s, 
 similar shelter, or that of a hill on the 
 south-west and north-west points. The 
 garden is best situated at a moderate 
 elevation; the summit of a hill or th© 
 
KLE 
 
 [533] 
 
 KNO 
 
 bottom of a valley is equally to be 
 avoided. It is a fact not very difficult 
 of explanation, that low-lying ones are 
 the most liable to suffer from blights and 
 severe frosts ; those much above the 
 level of the sea are obviously most ex- 
 posed to inclement winds. 
 
 Size. — To determine the appropriate 
 size of a kitchen-garden is impossible. 
 It ought to be proportionate to the size 
 of the family, their partiality for vege- 
 tables, and tne fertility of the soil. 
 
 It may serve as some criterion to state, 
 that the management of a kitchen-gar- 
 den occupying the space of an acre 
 affords ample employment for a gar- 
 dener, who will also require an assistant 
 at the busiest periods of the year. In 
 general, a family of four persons, exclu- 
 sive of servants, requires a full rood of 
 open kitchen-garden. 
 
 Kleinho'via. (Named after Mr. 
 Kleinhoff, a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., 
 'Sterculiacem ; Tribe, Buettneriecs. Al- 
 lied to Thebroma. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe young 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; peat 
 and loam. Slimmer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 50° 
 to 60°. 
 
 E. ho'spita. 20. Pink. Constant. Moluccas. 
 1800. 
 
 Klei'nia of Haworth. (After Dr. 
 Klein. Nat. ord.. Composites; Tribe, 
 SenecionidecB.) United with Senecio 
 in the Genera Plantarum. 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens. For culture, see 
 Cacalia. 
 
 E. articula'ta. IJ. Yellow. September. South 
 Africa. 1775. Syn., Cacalia articulata. 
 
 — carno'sa. IJ. Yellow. June. South Africa. 
 
 1767. Syn., Cacalia camosa. 
 
 — Hawo'rthii. 2. Yellow. South Africa. 1795. 
 
 Syn., Cacalia Haworthii. 
 
 — neriifo'lia. 3. Yellow. September. Canary 
 
 Is. 1732. Sya., Cacalia EUinia. 
 
 — papilla'ris. 2. Yellow. South Africa. 1727. 
 
 Syn., Ca^salia pamUaHs. 
 
 — pugionifo'rmis. 1. Yellow, 1820. Syns., 
 
 Cacalia lormfolia and C. pugioniformis. 
 
 — radi'cans. J. Yellow. July. South Africa. 
 
 1823. Creeper. Syn., Cacalia radieans. 
 
 Klu'gia. (After Dr. W. Klug, a 
 patron of botany. Nat. ord., Gesne- 
 racece; Tribe, Cyrtandrece. Syn., Glos- 
 santhus. ) 
 
 Stove herbaceous evergreens. Cuttings. 
 E. Notonia'na. 1. Deep blue, yellow. Sep- 
 tember. Neilgherry Hills, India. 1848. 
 Syn., Olossanthus malabariais, O. Nolo- 
 niana and Wulfemia Notoniana. 
 
 — zeyla'nica. Blue, yeUow, white. September. 
 
 E. Indies. Syns., E. Notoniana of B. 
 M. t. 4620, not elsewhere, Glossanthus 
 zeylanieus. 
 
 Kni'ghtia. (Named after J. A. 
 Knight, late president of the London 
 Horticultural Society. Nat. ord., Pro- 
 
 teacem; Tribe, EmhothriecB. Allied to 
 Lomatia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe 
 shoots, with all the leaves on, except a few at 
 the base of the cutting, in sandy soil, under a 
 bell-glass, and removed in a few weeks into a 
 mild Dottom-heat ; peat, withalittlesandyloam, 
 and a few broken potsherds. Winter temp., 35° 
 to 45°. In summer the pots should be shaded; 
 E. exce'lsa. 10. Flesh. New Zealand. 1821. 
 Linn. Trans, x. t. 20. 
 
 Knight's Star. Sippea'strum. 
 
 Knipho'fia. (Named after Johann 
 Hieronymus KnipTwf, a Professor of 
 Medicine at Erfurt in the eighteenth 
 century. Nat. ord. , LUiacecB ; Tribe, 
 Hemerocallew. Syn., Tritoma. Allied 
 to Blandfordia. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Divisions of 
 the plants in the spring. Ordinary garden-soil. 
 Few plants make such a striking appearance, 
 or can boast of so much beauty, as the late- 
 autumn-flowering of E. aZoides; this is a plant 
 that should be grown in every garden, being per- 
 fectly hardy and will- grow in any light soilj and 
 moreover has the excellent quality of flowering 
 when nearlj; all other plants are past. Some 
 garden hybrids are described in Bull. Soc. Tosc. 
 1891, p. 81. 
 E. aloi'des. 3. Orange, scarlet. Autumn. S. 
 
 Africa. 1707. Syn., Tritoma uvaria. 
 
 B. M. t. 758. 
 glance! scene. S. Africa. 1869. Garden, 
 
 1889, xxxvi. p. 468. 
 
 grwiiMJU)'ra. S. Africa. 1859. 
 
 Tna'xima. 6-7. Yellow. Orange Free 
 
 State. 1862. 
 sero'tvna. S. Africa 1859. 
 
 — camo'sa. 1. Apricot-yellow. Autumn. Abys- 
 
 sinia. 1879. 
 
 — cauU'scens. Red and yellow. S. Africa. 1862. 
 
 — como'sa. 1-2. Yellow. August. Abyssinia. 
 
 1879. B. M. t. 6569. 
 — folio' ea. 3. Yellow. Abyssinia. 1876. B. 
 M. t. 6742. Syn., E. QuarHniama. 
 
 — Ei'rkii. i. Beddish-orange. S.E. Tropical 
 
 Africa. 1887. 
 
 — Leichtli'nii, i. Vermilion-red, yellow. Au- 
 
 gust. Abyssinia. 1880. B. M. t. 6716. 
 dista'chya. Yellow. Abyssinia. 1884. 
 
 — Maco'wani. 1. Orange-red. S. Africa. 1874. 
 
 — Tnarocca'na is a garden corruption of the 
 
 spelling of K.tMacowani. 
 
 — natale'mis. 2-3. Orange-red, veined darker 
 
 red. Natal. 1889. 
 
 — No'rthite. 4-6. Pale yellow, reddish. South 
 
 Africa. 188B. 
 
 — paUidiJl&ra. 1-2. White. Madagascar. 1887. 
 
 — prcelcox. 2-3. Scarlet, yellow. Autumn. S. 
 
 Africa. 1862. 
 
 — Quartvnia'n.a. See E. foliosa. 
 
 — Boo'peri. i. Orange-red, yellow. Lateautumn. 
 
 British Gaffaria. 1864. Syn., Trttmna 
 Rooperi. 
 
 Knol-kohl, or Kohl-rubi {Bra's- 
 sica cau'lo-ra'pa) the Turnip-stemmed 
 Cabbage. It is sometimes called, also, 
 the Cape Cabbage. The stem is thick, 
 rises about eight inches out of the 
 ground, is swollen into a globular form, 
 very like a large Swedish turnip growing 
 above ground, and is crowned with 
 leaves, slightly scolloped on the edges, 
 undulated, and milky-green, like those 
 
KNO 
 
 [534] 
 
 KUH 
 
 of the turnip we have mentioned. There 
 are several varieties of it ; but the 
 green-stemmed and the purple-stemmed 
 (especially the latter) are to be pre- 
 ferred. 
 
 It is sweeter, more nutritious, and 
 more solid than either the Cabbage or 
 White Turnip ; will produce a greater 
 weight per acre than the turnip, and 
 preiers a heavier soil than that root ; 
 is hardier, and keeps better than any 
 other bulb ; and imparts very little of 
 that flavour, either to milk or butter, 
 known as turnipy. So much relished is 
 it both by cows and sheep, that they 
 will leave either turnips or cabbages to 
 partake of it. Hares and rabbits are so 
 fond of it, that where they abound, 
 Knol-kohl can scarcely be grown. It is 
 excellent when boiled for table. Sow in 
 the first week of March, and plant out 
 in June in rows four feet apart, if the 
 soil is fertUe, but only three feet if the 
 sou is less productive, and three feet 
 from plant to plant in the rows. The 
 plants must have the chief part of their 
 stems lest uncovered by the soil. Two 
 pounds of seed produce enough plants 
 for an acre. It is an excellent crop for 
 cleaning the soil, as the width between 
 the plants and rows enables the hoe to be 
 efficiently used, and during a lengthened 
 period. When blanks occur, these may 
 be filled up from the seed-bed with fresn 
 plants. The produce is from eighteen 
 to twenty tons, and upwards, per acre. 
 The bulbs may be kept sound and nutri- 
 tious until very late m the spring, even 
 much later than the Swedish turnip. 
 
 Kno'xia. (Named after R. Knox, a 
 traveller, long resident in Ceylon. Nat. 
 ord., BubiacecB ; Tribe, Knoxiece.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of young shoots 
 in sand, under a glass, in April or May ; peat 
 and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 86° ; winter, 
 60" to 60°. 
 K. brachyca'rpa. Pink. July. Bengal. 1818. 
 
 Syn., K. Uevis. 
 — eorymb&sa. 2-3. White or purplish. Summer. 
 India. 1818. Syns., K. exeerta, E. m- 
 matrensis, K. teres, and K. wmbellata. 
 t'nica. J. White. July. Ceylon. 1826. 
 
 Koehle'ria. (In honour of M. Kohl. 
 Nat. ord., GesneraeecB.) See Isoloma. 
 
 K, h(mde'nsi8. See Isoloma hondensie. 
 
 — ignorafta. See Isoloma ignoratv/m. 
 
 — Uma'ta. See Isol<mMlongipectAauMlat'um. 
 
 — rwpe!stri£. See Isoloma rupestre. 
 
 — Seema^nni, See Isoloma Seeiiwimi. 
 
 KcBllenstei'nia. (Commemorative. 
 Nat. ord., OrcAjrfecB.) See Aganisia. 
 K. grami'nea. See Agcmisia grammea. 
 
 — lono^ptera. See Aganisia ionoptera. 
 
 Koelreute'ria. (Named after Kdel- 
 reuter, a celebrated German botanist. 
 
 the father of hybridizing plants. Nat. 
 ord., Sapindacem; Tribe, Sapindece.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees. Cuttings of the root ; 
 cuttings of the young shoots under a hand-light ; 
 seeds in spring ; layers in the end of summer ; 
 common soil, in a sheltered situation ; beautiful 
 in its leaves, flovpers, fruit, and the mode of 
 growing, as it gets old. 
 K. bipirma'ta. Bright yellow. Yunnan, China.. 
 
 Eev. Hort. 1888, p. 393, fig. 93. 
 — pamieula'ta. 10. Yellow. July. China. 
 
 1763. B. R. t. 330. 
 
 Kohl-rabi or rubi. See Knol- 
 kohl. 
 
 Kola-Nut. Co'la acumina'ta. 
 
 Kolpako'wskia. See Ixiolirion. 
 Kolpakowskianum. 
 
 Ko'psia. (Named after Professor 
 Kops. Nat. ord., Apocynacece. Allied 
 to Cerbera. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the young 
 shoots, getting a little firm at their base, in sand, 
 over sandy soil, and in bottom-heat ; peat and 
 sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 
 60° to 60°. 
 E. frutieo'sa. Bed. May. Pegu. 1818. B.M. 
 
 t. 4220. Syn., Cerbera fruticosa, B. R. 
 
 t. 391. 
 
 Korolko'wia. (Commemorative. 
 Nat. ord., Liltacece ; Tribe, TuUpeoe.) 
 A synonym of Pritillaria. 
 
 E. discolor . AaynonjmoiFritillariaSewerzmm, 
 var. Mcolor. 
 
 — Sewerzcfwi. See Fritillaria Sewerzowi. 
 
 Krame'ria. (Named after the two 
 Kramers, German botanists. Nat. ord., 
 PolygalacecB. ) 
 
 This is the intensely-astringent called Rha> 
 tany-root in South America. Stove evergreen 
 shrub. Cuttings in sand, under a glass, in heat ;. 
 sandy loam and flbry peat. Summer temp., 60° 
 to 90 ; winter, 48° to 60°. 
 E. paudflo'ra. 4. Red. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 Kreysi'gia. (Named after Kreysig^ 
 a German botanist. Nat. ord., Lilia- 
 cem ; Tribe, Uvulariece. Allied to Uvu- 
 laria.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Division 
 of the plant in spring ; light, sandy loam ; re- 
 quires the protection of a cold pit, or a cool 
 greenhouse, in winter. 
 
 E. multiflo'ra. 1. Rose. June. N.S. Wales. 
 1823. B. M. t. 3906. Syn., SehelhammerO' 
 rmdtijlora, B. C. 1. 1611. 
 
 Kulinia. (Named aiteiAdamKuhn, 
 an American botanist. Nat. ord.. Com- 
 
 fositcB ; Tribe, JEupatoriaeece. Allied tO' 
 liatris.) 
 
 Herbaceous perennials. Divisions in spring p 
 sandy loam. Pretty little plants ; the tenderesb 
 require a cold pit, or a greenhouse, in winter. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 E. Critdnia. A.synonym of E. eupatorioides. 
 
 — eupatorioi'd^s. li. White. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1812. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 E. linearifo'lia. Brazil. 1829. 
 
 — rosmarmif&lia. White. July. Cuba. 1828. 
 
KUM 
 
 [535] 
 
 LAB 
 
 Ku'mquat. Ci'trus japo'nica. 
 
 Ku'nthia. (Named after C. S. 
 Kunth, a Prussian botanist. Nat. ord. , 
 PalmecE ; Tribe, Areceoe.) See Cha- 
 msedorea. 
 
 K. Deppea'na. A synonym of Chanuedorea 
 elegans. 
 
 — monta'na. See Chamoedorea LincLeniana. 
 
 Ku'nzea. (After Gnstav Kunze, a 
 botanist of Leipzig. Nat. ord., Myr- 
 taceas.) 
 
 Heath-like greenhouse shrubs, from Australia. 
 E. Baxte'ri. 2. Red. Australia. Syn., Col- 
 listemon maerostaehyum, B. R. 1838, 
 t. 7. 
 
 — corifo'lia. White. Australia. Syn., Lepto- 
 
 spermum amUguum, B. C. 1. 1998. 
 
 — pomi'fera. The fruits, caJled "Muntiies," 
 
 are used by the natives of Australia for 
 making jam. G. C. 1889, v. p. 201, 
 fig. 36. 
 
 Ky'dia. (Named after Col. Kyd, first 
 director of the Calcutta Botanic Garden. 
 Nat. ord. , Malvacem ; Tribe, Malvem. 
 Allied to Sida and AbiitUon. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees, with white flowers. 
 Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under 
 a bell-glass, and in heat ; sandy peat and fibry 
 loam, well-drained. Summer temp., 60° to 85" ; 
 winter, 60° to 60°. 
 
 E. calyci'na. 30. White. Tropical Himalayas. 
 1818. 
 
 — fratflma. A synonym of E. calycina. 
 
 Kylli'ngia. (Named after Peter 
 Kylling, a Danish botanist of the seven- 
 teenth century. Nat. ord., Cyperacem ; 
 Tribe, Scirpem.) 
 
 Tufted grass-like perennials. For cultivation, 
 see Cypeeus, to which they are allied. 
 ~E. monoce'phala. Whitish. India. China, etc. 
 1868. Syn., Cyperus Lacouri. 
 
 Label. The substances and shapes 
 used in making labels are now very- 
 numerous, and Mieir selection must de- 
 pend upon the requirements and taste 
 of the user. When required for a short 
 time, such as when plants are sent from 
 one locality tg another, thick paper 
 labels, about one inch wide and three 
 inches long, will suffice. For marking 
 seedlings small slips of deal wood, painted 
 on one side, are useful. The name of 
 the plant in both these cases should be 
 written in black-lead pencil, not in ink, 
 on account of its liability to run, when 
 moistened, either by rain, or in water- 
 ing the plants. Or those intended for 
 more permanent use, the least satisfac- 
 tory are those made of slate or porcelain, 
 on account of the great readmess with 
 which they chip or break. Far more 
 
 durable ones are made of zinc or gal- 
 vanized iron. Where a large number 
 are required for hanging on walls, trees, 
 or shrubs, the most useful form is that 
 made of a piece of zinc about four inches 
 square, with the upper half inch or so 
 turned down to rather more than a right 
 angle, to allow rain and moisture to 
 drain off, and so prevent the name, etc. , 
 being defaced. Tnese labels are painted 
 black with the name in white, the latter 
 being much more conspicuous than if 
 the colours are used in a reverse manner. 
 Another good form is made of cast iron 
 with raised letters. This label is oval in 
 shape with a hole pierced near the top 
 and another near the bottom ; by means 
 of the former it can be suspended by a 
 piece of wire, or by both secured by 
 screws to a stake driven into the ground. 
 The portion of the stake driven into the 
 ground, as well as that of wooden labels, 
 should be first be soaked in creosote or 
 gas-tar to assist in preventing decay. 
 
 Labe'Uum, or Lip. The superior 
 petal of orchids, which generally be- 
 comes inferior by the torsion of the 
 pedicel. It generally differs much in 
 size, form, and colour from other petals, 
 rarely is it similar to them as in some 
 of the Australian genera. 
 
 Labichse'a. (Named after M. La- 
 biche, a French officer. Nat. ord., Legu- 
 minosm ; Tribe, Cassiece. Allied to Cas 
 sia.) 
 
 Yellow - blossomed greenhouse evergreen 
 shrub, from Swan River. Cuttings of Tialf- 
 ripened shoots in summer, in sand, under a 
 beU-glass ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 38° 
 to 45 . 
 
 L. lanceola'ta. 3. Yellow. April. W. Australia. 
 1837. B. M. t. 6761. Syns., L. bipunc- 
 tata and L. diversifolia, Paxt. Fl. Gard. 
 t. 62. 
 
 Labi'sia. (From labis, a spoon ; the 
 divisions of the corolla are in the shape 
 of small spoons. Nat. ord., Myrsinem ; 
 Tribe, Eumyrsinew.) 
 
 Stove shrubs, requiring a rather moist atmo- 
 sphere. Sandy loam with a little peat. Seeds. 
 L. ala'ta. White, pinkish outside. Borneo and 
 Malacca. Dl. Hort. t. 605. 
 
 — Malouia'na. 1. Leaves dark green, midrib 
 
 lighter, under surface purplish. Borneo. 
 1886. m. Hort. t. 680. 
 
 — pothoi'na. 1. White. June. Borneo and 
 
 Singapore. B. R. 1846, t. 48. 
 
 La'blab. (The Arabic name of the 
 convolvulus ; referring to the twining 
 habit. Nat. ord., LeguminoscB; Tribe, 
 Phaseolem. ) See Doliehos. 
 
 L. perefrmans and L. vulga'ris, with its varieties, 
 aUnfio'ra and purpu'rea (B. R. t. 830), 
 are forms of Doliehos Lablab. 
 
 Labrador Tea. Le'dum. 
 
LAB 
 
 [536] 
 
 LAC 
 
 Labu'mum. (The Latin name for 
 
 the tree. Nat. ord., Leguminosm ; Tribe, 
 
 GenistecB. Allied to Cytisus.) 
 Hardy ornamental trees. 
 
 L. A'dami. Purple. Syn., Cytisus Adami. This 
 is a very remarkable graft hybrid raised 
 by Jean Louis Adam in 1826, by shield 
 grafting Cytisus purpureits ojiLahv/nium 
 vulgare. Mr. Adam states that all the 
 eyes of the shield grew, but one pro- 
 duced a more robust shoot than the 
 rest; this shoot he propagated, and 
 from it all the plants of L. Adwmi are 
 descended. 
 
 pe'ndvXus. Aformwithpendentbranches. 
 
 1871. 
 
 — alpinum. 16-20. Yellow. June. Europe. 
 
 1696. Scotch Laburnum. Syn., Cytisus 
 alpinus. Cytisus fragrans and C. hir- 
 sutus are forms of this. 
 
 — Alschinge'ri. A form of i. alpinum with 
 
 long racemes. 
 
 — caramafnicum. 3-4. Yellow. June. Asia 
 
 Minor. 1879. Syn., Podocytisus cara- 
 manicus. 
 
 — sero'tinu/m. Yellow. June. 1854. 
 20. Yellow. May. Switzerland. 
 
 1596. Syn., Cytisus Labumwm. There 
 are numerous varieties of this, such as 
 aureuTn, buUatum, Ca/rrieri, fragrans^ 
 involutuTH, monstrosum, Parkesiy pen- 
 dvZv/in, quefrei^oliwm, sessilifoliumt Wa- 
 tereri, etc. See Wien. Oart. Zeit. 1884, 
 p. 467. 
 
 Labyrinth is an arrangement of 
 walks, inclosed by hedges or shrub- 
 beries, so intricate as to be very difficult 
 to escape from. From the twelfth cen- 
 tury to the end of the seventeenth they 
 were a very favourite portion of English 
 pleasure-ground : but they are now more 
 judiciously banished. 
 
 Lacse'na. (One of the names of 
 Helen. Nat. ord., OrcMdecB ; Tribe, 
 VandecB-Cyrtopodiece. Allied to Gove- 
 nia.) 
 
 Divisions in spring, or after blooming ; turfy 
 peat, sphagnum, rotten wood, charcoal, and 
 broken crocks ; fixed to a block, and that built 
 above the surface of a pot, and packed with the 
 above material, or grown in a shallow, open 
 basket. Summer temp., 60° to 90°, and moist ; 
 winter, 55° to 60°, and dry. 
 L. bi'color. 1. Greenish. yellow. May. Guate- 
 mala. 1843. 
 
 — specta'bilis. i. Pinkish-white, dotted with 
 
 purple. May. Mexico. 1863. B. M 
 t. 6516. 
 
 Laca'thea flo'rida. Sails. Parad. 
 t. 56. A synonym of Gordonia pu- 
 
 Lace-bark. Lage'tta Kntea'ria. 
 
 Lacepe'dea. (in honour of Cmmt 
 de Lacepide, a French Professor of Na- 
 tural History. Nat. ord., Sapindacece; 
 Tribe, Staphylece.) See Turpinia. 
 
 L. insi'gnis. B. M. t. 4459. See Turpinia 
 inHgnis. 
 
 Lachena'lia. (Named after M. de 
 
 la Chenal, a botanical author. Nat. 
 ord. , Liliacece ; Tribe, ScUlem. Allied 
 to Triteleja.) 
 
 All greenhouse bulbs, from South Africa, ex- 
 cept glau'ca. Offsets at potting period, and 
 seeds in a hotbed, in spring ; sandy peat, with 
 a little flbry loam. Winter temp., 35° to 46", 
 and dry, or the bulbs may be kept in drawers 
 or bags. They are very beautiful little plants, 
 and grow freely under the above conditions, 
 potting them whenever growth commences, and 
 watering so long as the leaves are green, laut no 
 longer ; when the pots are full of roots they 
 stand gentle forcing. The small species require 
 sand round their bulbs, whether in the border 
 or pots. 
 
 L. angui'nea. 1. White. April. 1825. Swt. 
 Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 1. 179. 
 
 — an^ustifdlia. Jacq. Ic. t. 381. See L. con- 
 
 taminata. 
 
 — au'rea. J. Yellow. S. Africa. 1866. B. M. 
 
 t. 5992. Syn.j L. tricolor, var. aurea. 
 
 — au'reo-refle^xa. Bnght yellow, green, reddish- 
 
 brown. Garden hybrid. 1887. 
 
 — Mfo'lia, B. M. t. 1611. See L. isopetala, 
 
 — Bowiea'na. i. Yellow, tinged with red. 
 
 — Come'sii. Garden hybrid between L. refiexa 
 
 and i. quadricolor. Gfl. 1891, p. 358, 
 fig. 77. 
 
 — contamina'ta. }. Pink. March. 1774. B. 
 
 M. t. 1401. Syns., L. angustifolia and 
 
 L. hyadnthoides. 
 — Jistulo'sa. ^. White, tinged with sky-blue. 
 
 Cape Colony. 1884. 
 —fia'va. \. Yellow. May. 1790. 
 ~fra! grans. 1. White, red. April. 1798. 
 
 Andr. Bep. t. 302. L. fraqram, of Jacq. 
 
 H. Schoenb. t. 82, is a variety of L. versir 
 
 color. 
 
 — glaulca. Purple, red. May. Persia. 1825. 
 
 — glaud'na. 1. Green, white. May. 1796. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 391. Syn., L. sessilifiora. 
 
 — hyacinthoi'des. Jacq. Ic. t. 382. See L. con- 
 
 tomiinata, 
 
 — isopdtala. |. White, purple. May. 1804. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 401. Syns., L. bifolia and 
 L. rosea. 
 
 — la/ncce/o'lia. 
 
 — lilaci'na. \. 
 
 — liliijlo'ra. J. White. May. 1825. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 387. 
 
 — lu'eida. J. Pink. April. 1798. B. M. 
 
 1. 1372. Syn., L. pallida of B. E. t. 287. 
 
 — lute'ola. Jacq. Ic. t. 395. See L. tricolor. 
 
 — media'na. 1. White, blue. Jacq. Ic. t. 392. 
 
 — muta'bilis. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 1. 129. See 
 
 L. orchioides. 
 
 — Nelso'ni. Lemon-yellow, green, red. Garden 
 
 hybrid between L. aurea and L. luteola. 
 1882. Fl. Mag. t. 452. 
 
 — nervo'sa. J. Pink. June. 1810. B. M. 
 
 1. 1497. 
 
 — odorati'ssima. J. White, with green tips. 
 
 1884. 
 
 — orchioi'des. 1. Green, white. March. 1762. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 390. Syns., L. rrmtabilis and 
 Orchidiastrum Aitoni. 
 
 — orthope'tala. i. Reddish. Jacq. Ic. t. 392. 
 
 — pa'Utda. i. Pale blue. May. 1782. B. M. 
 
 t. 1269 is a synonym of Orchidiastrum 
 
 mrenti-fiaw/m ; B. R. t. 287 of L. lucida. 
 Cf^rule'scens. ^. Bluish. September. 
 
 1782. B. R. 1. 1946. 
 mi'nor. J. Pale blue. 1782. B. R. 
 
 t. 1350. 
 —pa'tula. f. White, pink. April. 1796. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 384. 
 
 — pe'ndula. |. Red, yellow. April. 1789. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 400. 
 
 aurelia'na. Red. Garden variety. Rev. 
 
 Hort. 1890, p. 376. 
 
 1. i. White, green. May. 1818. 
 i. Bright lilac, blue at base. 1884. 
 
LAU 
 
 [537] 
 
 LAC 
 
 Xi. pe'ndMla mcunUa'ta. J. Bed, yellow. April. 
 1789. 
 
 — puncta'ta. Jacq. Ic. t. 397. See L. ruMda, 
 
 var. puTictata. 
 
 — purpu'rea. Jacq. Ic. t. 393. See L. verticolar, 
 
 Var. purpui-ea. 
 
 — purpu'reo-cosru'lea. 1. Purple. April. 1789. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 388. 
 
 — pusi'Ua. i. White. June. 1825. Jacq. Ic. 
 
 t. 385. 
 
 — pitstula'ta. 1. Purple, green. February. 
 
 1790. Jacq. -Ic. t. 386. 
 
 — quadri'color. Jacq. Ic. t. 396. See L. tricolor. 
 lu'tea. B. M. 1. 1704. See L. tricolor, var. 
 
 lutea. 
 
 — raeemo'sa. ' IJ. White, green. May. 1811. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1517. 
 
 — refle'xa. i-|. Bright yellow, tipped with 
 
 green. 1883. 
 
 — Regeha'na. Garden hybrid between L. re- 
 
 Jlem and L. aurea. Gfl. 1891, p. 356, 
 fig. 76. 
 
 — ro'sea. Andr. Rep. t. 296. See L. isopetala. ' 
 
 — ru'Wda. }. Red. September. 1803. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 398. 
 puTicta'ta. Pale red, spotted with dark 
 
 red. 
 tigri'na. Syn., L. tigrina. Jacq. Ic. 
 
 t. 399. 
 
 — sero'tina. See Dipcadi serotinwm. 
 
 — sessiliflo'ra. Andi. Hep. t. 460. See L. glau- 
 
 cma. 
 
 — tigri'na. Jacq. Ic. t. 399. See L. ruMda, var. 
 
 tigrina. 
 Wa'rei. Bed, yellow, green. 1884. 
 
 — tri'color. 1. Red, yellow. April. 1774. 
 
 B. M. t. 82. Syn., L. qiiadricolor. 
 
 lu'tea. Yellow. Syns., L. guactrimlor, 
 
 var. lutea, and L. aurea. 
 
 — uni color. Jacq. Ic. t. 389. See L. versicolor, 
 
 var. unicoVjr. 
 
 — unifo'lia. White, blue. March. 1795. B. M. 
 
 t. 766. 
 
 — versicolor uni'color. J. Pink. May. 1806. 
 
 Syn., L. unicolor. 
 
 — viola' cea. 1. Violet. March. 1795. 
 
 „Lachnae'a. (From lachne, down ; 
 referring to the downy clothing of the 
 flower-heads. Nat. ord., Thymelacew; 
 Trihe, Euthymelece. Allied to Gnidia.) 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from South 
 Africa, and all but one white-flowered. Cuttmgs 
 of short young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 in spring ; sandy peat, with a little flbry loam. 
 Winter temp., 35° to 45°. In summer, a sheltered, 
 somewhat shady place. 
 
 L. lyuaAfo'lia. 2. May. 1800. Syn L. iuxi- 
 folia, var. virens. B. M. 1. 1667. 
 
 gtau'ca. 2. June. 1800. B. M. 1. 1658. 
 
 Syn., L. glawa. 
 
 — conglomera'ta. 2. June. 1773. A synonym 
 
 of Passerina ericoides f 
 
 — erioce'phala. 2. June. 1793. B, M. 1. 1295. 
 purpu'rea. 2. Purple. April. 1800. 
 
 Syn., i. purpurea. B. M. 1. 1594. 
 
 — glau'ca. See L. huxifolia, var. glauca. 
 
 — purpu'rea. Andr. Eep. t. 293. 
 
 phala, var. purpurea. 
 
 Lachna'nthes. (From lachne, 
 down, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., 
 HcemodoractcE ; Trihe, EuJuemodorece. 
 Syn., G-yrotheca. Allied to Anigozan- 
 thos. ) 
 
 HaU-hardy herbaceous perennial. The red 
 dolour found in the roots is used in dyemg in 
 North America. Division of the roots m spring ; 
 peat and loam. Winter temp., 40°. 
 L. tincto'ria. l^ Pink July N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 See L. erioce- 
 
 Laehno'stoma. (From lachne, 
 down, and stoma, a mouth ; the throat 
 of the corolla is downy. Nat. ord., As- 
 depiadacece ; Trihe, Gonolobece.) 
 
 L. Tnwri'timu-m is a stove, and L. prostra'tum 
 a greenhouse, twiner. Culture the same as for 
 
 GONOLOBUS. 
 
 L. mari'ti/m/wm. Green, purple. June. Carac- 
 cas. 1823. Syn., Go^twlohus maritimus. 
 B. R. t. 931. 
 
 — prostra'tum. Green. July. Mexico. 1823, 
 
 Evergreen. Syn., Gonolobus prostrat'm. 
 
 Lackey Moth. Bo'inbyx neu'stria. 
 
 Lactu'ca. Lettuce. (From lac 
 milk; referring to the milky juice, 
 Nat. ord. , Compositce ; Trihe, Cichora 
 cece. Syn. , Agathyrsus. ) 
 
 For culture, see below. 
 L. alpi'na. 3. Blue-purple. July. N. Europe. 
 Perennial. Syns., Agathyrsus alpinus 
 and Mulgediwm alpinum. 
 
 — intyba'cea. Yellow. St. Thomas. Jacq. Ic. 
 
 t. 162. Syn., Brachyramphus intybaceus. 
 
 — nmcrophy'lla. 4. Pinkish-purple. July. Cau- 
 
 casus. 
 
 — macrorhi'za. 1-3. Violet. August. N.W. 
 
 HimalayEis. Perennial. Syn., Mulge- 
 dium macrorhizon. B. R. 1846, t. 17. 
 
 — pere'nnis. 2. Light blue. Summer. S. Eu- 
 
 rope. 1596. B. M. t. 2130. 
 
 — Plumie'ri. 6. Purple. Summer. S. France 
 
 Perennial. 
 
 — sati'va. 3. Yellow. June. 1662. Annual. 
 
 Bent, and Tr. t. 161. Common Lettuce. 
 
 — tubero'sa. Pale bluish-purple. Persia. Jacq. 
 
 H. Vind. i. t. 47. 
 
 — villo'sa. Purple. Pennsylvania. Jacq. H. 
 
 Schoenb. t. 367. Syn., MulgediuTti 
 aGuminatwm. 
 
 Varieties. — There are the Cos and the 
 Cabhage ; the first more grown in sum- 
 mer than in winter ; the second at all 
 seasons, but more usually in winter, on 
 account of their superior hardihood. 
 The Cilicias are of a nature intermediate 
 between the two. When young, the Cab- 
 bage varieties are, in general, sweeter 
 than those of the Cos at the same age ; 
 but of a full growth this is reversed. 
 Hence the latter are preferred for salads, 
 and the former for soups. The Cabbage 
 varieties succeed better in a hotbed than 
 the Cos. 
 
 Cos Varieties. — Alexandra White, 
 Bath Black-seeded, Moor Park, Sugar-, 
 loaf, Brighton, Silver, Black - seeded 
 Green, Spotted, or Leopard, Early Egyp- 
 tian, Green and Brown CiUcia, Green 
 Lop, White, or Versailles, White Paris 
 Cove, the finest summer kind ; Green 
 Paris Cove, rather hardier ; Bath Cos, 
 and Brown Cos. 
 
 Cabbage Varieties. — All the Year 
 Kound, Early Paris Market, Hammer- 
 smith Early Green, Tennis Ball, White 
 Dutch, Drum-headed, Prince's, Brown 
 Dutch and Common White Dutch, both 
 good for winter ; Large White, Hardy 
 Green, or Capuchin, good for winter^ 
 
LAC 
 
 [538] 
 
 LET 
 
 Imperial Grand Admirable, Prussian, 
 Large Roman, Malta, for summer ; Nea- 
 politan, for summer. 
 
 Soil. — Lettuces thrive best in a light, 
 very rich soil, with a dry substratum. 
 For the first and last crops of the year a 
 warm, sheltered situation is required ; 
 but for the Midsummer ones, a border 
 that is shaded during mid-day. 
 
 Sowing. — The first sowing in a frame 
 on a warm border, or slender hotbed, at 
 the close of January, or early in Feb- 
 ruary ; at the close of this last month a 
 larger one in any open situation, and 
 smaller repeated once every three weeks, 
 until the end of July, for summer and 
 autumn use, to be continued at similar 
 intervals until the close of September, 
 for winter and early spring. Sow mode- 
 rately thin, each variety separate. 
 
 Pricking out. — Wlien the plants are 
 about a month old, or two inches in 
 height, thin them to three or four inches 
 apart, and prick out those removed at 
 similar distances. Those from the sow- 
 ings in January and February in frames, 
 and thence until August, in any open 
 situation. Those of tne August soVving 
 must be divided into two portions ; the 
 largest being selected and planted in an 
 open compartment for late autumn use, 
 and the smaller on a warm border for 
 winter and early spring. 
 
 Plant out, finally, in rows a foot apart 
 each way. At the time of every removal , 
 whether of pricking out or planting, 
 water must be given moderately, and 
 until the plants are rooted. It may be 
 remarked, that transplanted lettuces 
 never attain so fine a growth as those 
 left where sown, nor become so soon fit 
 for use ; those which are planted out at 
 once to remain being better in these 
 respects than those pricked out previous 
 to final planting. The varying in their 
 time of becoming fit for use, however, is 
 of advantage, as by these means a more 
 perfect succession is obtained. Those 
 which are planted to withstand the 
 winter, whicn they easily do if sheltered 
 with hoops and matting during severe 
 weather, and continue m a fit state for 
 use, are best planted on ridges, as a pro- 
 tection from excessive wet, from which 
 they always suffer. In every stage of 
 growth they must be kept well watered, 
 and the earth around them frequently 
 stirred, for the extirpation of slugs and 
 snails. No vegetable is more benefited 
 than the lettuce by the application, 
 occasionally, of liquid- manure. To check 
 the Cos plants running to seed before 
 the heart is perfectly blanched, it is a 
 good practice, at the time of tying them 
 
 up, to cut out the centre bud of each 
 with a sharp knife. 
 
 Frame Crops. — The plants raised from 
 the September sowing may be divided as 
 directed for those of August ; but, in 
 addition, some of the Cos varieties may 
 be planted on a warm border, to have the 
 shelter of frames and hand-glasses. Some 
 of the strongest of these may, in succes- 
 sion during November, December, and 
 January, be planted in a moderate hot- 
 bed, being removed with as little injury 
 as possible to the roots, to bring them 
 forward for immediate use. Whilst in 
 frames they require much attention. 
 Being watered and shaded until estab- 
 lished, they must afterwards have as 
 much light and air admitted as possible, 
 as well as a regular supply of moisture. 
 
 At night the additional shelter of 
 matting, and in severe weather an in- 
 creased covering, must be afforded. The 
 day temperature should never exceed 
 80° : nor fall below 65°. The plants- 
 may be set in rows about six inches, 
 apart ; but of those which are merely 
 sheltering during the winter, on the 
 return of mild weather, at the beginning 
 of March or Apiil, every second one 
 must be carefully rempved, and planted 
 in a warm border at the usual open- 
 ground distance. 
 
 To obtain Seed. — Some of the finest 
 and most perfect plants of each variety 
 that have survived the winter, or from 
 the forwardest sowing of the year, should 
 be selected. The seed from any that 
 have run up prematurely cannot be de- 
 pended upon. If two varieties flower 
 near each other, only mongrel varieties 
 v^l be obtained. Each stem is to be 
 tied to a stake as a support against 
 tempestuous weather. The branches 
 must be gathered as the seed ripens upon 
 them. It must be thoroughly dried be- 
 fore it is stored. 
 
 Disease. — Yellowish spots are some- 
 times found on the upper surface of the 
 leaves, caused by a species of mildew, 
 Perono'spora gangliomfo' rmis. As this 
 fungus passes part of its life on other 
 genera of Composites, such as Thistles, 
 Groundsel, etc., the latter should be 
 weeded from the lettuce-bed as soon as 
 they appear. 
 
 Insect. — Anthomy'ia lactu'ccB, depo» 
 sits its eggs on the flowers of lettuce 
 plants left to produce seeds. The larvae 
 commit great havoc by boring into, and 
 eating tne seeds. The surest way to 
 get rid of this pest is to burn the crop, 
 as so»n as it is discovered to be attacked. 
 The male fly is black, with four pale 
 stripes on the thorax, and a chestnut- 
 
LAD 
 
 [539] 
 
 L^L 
 
 brown head ; the female grey, with 
 blackish legs. 
 
 Lady-Bird. Cocdtie'lla, 
 
 Lady's Fern. Lastrm'a thely'pteris. 
 
 Lady's Laces. Aru'ndo. 
 
 Lady's Mantle. Alchemi'lla. 
 
 Lady's Slipper: Cypripe'dmm. 
 
 Lady's Smock. Cardami'ne. 
 
 Lady's Tresses. Neo'ttia spira'lis 
 and Spira'nthes. 
 
 Lse'lia. (Lmlia was a Vestal virgin ; 
 alluding to the delicacy of the flower. 
 Nat. ord., Orchidece; Tribe, Epidendrem- 
 LoeliecB. Allied to Epidendrum.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Divisions ; turfy peat, chopped 
 old moss, and charcoal, raised above the sur- 
 face of a pot, fiUed with drainage, or a block of 
 wood finuly lajd across. Treatment similar to 
 Cattleya. 
 
 L. acumina'ta. 2. Pinkish-white. June. Mexico. 
 1840. B. M. t. 4095. 
 
 — a'lbida. Yellowish-white. Oaxaca. 1838. 
 
 B. E. 1839, t. 64. 
 be^Ua. White, tinged vrith lilac-pink ; 
 
 lip rosy-purple with three yellow keels. 
 
 Mexico. Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 239. 
 Iru'nnea. Brown, purplish. Mexico. 
 
 1868. 
 oekralaa. Pale brown, white, purplish. 
 
 Mexico. 1868. 
 TO' ma. Flowers tipped with purple. 
 
 Mexico. 1869. 
 
 Stobartia'na. Purplish. 
 
 aulphu'rea. Sulphur, mauve, purple. 
 
 1884. 
 Tuckefri. Amethyst, purple, yellow. 
 
 Mexico. 1868. 
 viola'cea. "White, violet. 
 
 — Ama'nda. Light rose ; lip nerved with rich 
 
 purple. Hybrid? G. C. 1882, xviii. p. 
 776. 
 
 — Amesia'na. Mauve-purple, yellow, white. 
 
 Hybrid between Cattleya maxima and 
 L. crispa. 
 
 — a'nceps. IJ. Eose, purple. December. 
 
 Mexico. B. E. 1. 1761. 
 
 a'lia. White, yellow. Mexico. 1878. 
 
 Amesia!na. White, green, crimson; 
 
 lip violet-crimson, yellow, purple, white. 
 
 1888 
 Barkeria'na. ^. Purple. December. 
 
 Mexico. 1833. B. E. 1. 1947. 
 Calvertia'na. Lip red-purple, bordered 
 
 with rose. 1883. 
 
 White, purple. Mexico. 1868. 
 White, rosy-purple, orange. 
 
 - Dawao'ni. 
 
 - deliea'ta. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 - HiUia'na. 
 
 _ White, purple, orange. 1881. 
 
 Warn. Arch. Alb. 1. 146. 
 holochei'la. Lip entire. G. C. 1891, ix. 
 
 p. 426. 
 Uyea'na. White, pale yellow, purple. 
 
 Lrnd. t. 226. 
 Kemastia'na. Eosy. G. C. 1886, xxv., 
 
 p. 298. 
 Leea'na. Eose ; lip white, vemed vnth 
 
 purple. 1884. 
 mu'nda. Side lobes of lip, veined with 
 
 purple. G. C. 1886, xxv. p. 298. 
 obseu'ra. Lip dark purple, disc orange. 
 
 G. C. 1886, xxv. p. 41. 
 
 L. a nceps Pereivalia'na pulcMirima. Mauve- 
 purple, rose, pale orange. G. C. 1883, 
 xix. p. 110. 
 
 raldians. Deep purple, white, orange. 
 
 G. C. 1888, iii. p. 200. 
 
 ro'sea. Bright rose, yellow. Mexico. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Sanderia'na. Ivory-white, purple, yellow. 
 
 G. C. 1886, xxiii., p. 140. 
 
 Scottia'na. Eich mauve ; lip dark purple, 
 
 yellow. Mexico. 1888. Warn. Orch. 
 Alb. t. 326. 
 
 Thomsonia'na. G. C. 1890, viii. p. 716. 
 
 Vei'tchii. Lilac, violet, yellow. 1883. 
 
 vesta'lis. A broad-petalled white variety. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Wame^rii. Pale rose ; lip deep crimson. 
 
 June. 
 
 — Amoldia'na. Garden hyhrid between Lcdia 
 
 purpurata and Cattleya labiata, G. C. 
 1891, ix. p. 740. Syn., Lcelio-cattleya 
 Amoldiana. 
 
 — autumna'lis. 3. Eosy. September. Mexico. 
 
 1836. B. M. t. 3817. 
 — atrmulbem. Purple-crimson. Mexico. 
 
 1879. 
 venu'sta. Gard. May 3, 1884. 
 
 — Batemania'na. Purple-rose ; lip carmine, 
 
 mauve, white. Garden hybrid between 
 SopJironitis grandifiora and Cattleya in- 
 termedia. G. C. 1886, xxvi. p. 263. 
 
 — be^lla. Lilac, purple, white. 1884. 
 
 — ccerulefscens. Bluish. Costa Eica. 1838. 
 
 — callistoglo'ssa. Eose, white, purple. 1882. 
 
 Garden hybridbetweenicE^iapMrjJurate 
 and Cattleya Warscewiczii. 
 
 — caloglo'ssa. Pale and dark purple ; lip bor- 
 
 dered with white. 1877. Garden hy- 
 brid. 
 
 — ca'ndida. White. June. Bolanos. 1840. 
 
 — Canhamia'na. Pale rose ; lip purple, white. 
 
 Hybrid between Lcelia pmpurata and 
 Cattleya MossicB. 
 
 — cinnabari'TM. 2. Beddish. May. Brazil. 
 
 1836. 
 
 — cinnam/)'mea. White, purple. Brazil. 1860. 
 
 — Crawshaya'na. Amethyst, purple, yellow. 
 
 Hybrid ? G. C. 1883, xix. p. 142. 
 
 leueo'ptera. Eose, mauve-purple, white. 
 
 G. C. 1884, xxi. p. 677. 
 
 — cri'spa. 1. White, purple. September. Bra- 
 
 zil. 1826. Syn., Cattleya crispa. 
 
 delicati'sHmOf. White, mauve. 1881. 
 
 viola'cea. Deep violet, white. Guia-na. 
 
 1860. 
 
 — crispila'bia. Purple, amethyst. Mexico. 1867. 
 
 Syn., L. Lawrenceana. 
 
 — Daya'na. Brazil. 1877. 
 
 — decwrsi'va. Green, whitish. E. Indies. 1884. 
 
 — Digbya'na. |. Yellow, white, purple. July. 
 
 Honduras. 1844. Syn., Brassamla Big- 
 byana. B. E. 1846, t. 63. 
 
 — Dominia'na. Pale purple ; lip darker. Au- 
 
 tumn. Garden hybrid. 1878. 
 
 — ro'sea. White, huff-yellow, purple. 1884;- 
 
 Garden hybrid. 
 
 — Dormania'na. Greenish-brown, purple. Feb- 
 ruary. Brazil. 1880. 
 
 Amethyst, purple. Brazil. 1866. 
 Syn., Cattleya elegans. B. M. t. 4700. 
 a'lta. White, magenta. 1884. HI. Hort 
 t. 626. 
 
 blenheime^nsis. Eosy-purple, magenta, 
 pale yellow. Brazil. Warn. Orch. Alb. 
 t. 393. 
 
 Broomea'na. White, rose, purple. 1890. 
 Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 413. 
 giga'ntea. LUac, spotted with rosy- 
 purple. Brazil, 1862. ' Syn., C. gigantea. 
 Houttea'na. Purple, mauve. 1883. 
 loba'ta. Petals very narrow. Brazil. 
 
LJEh 
 
 [540] 
 
 hJEh 
 
 L. e'Ugans Marslia'lhce. Purple. Brazil. 1872. 
 Morrenia'na. Bosy-magenta, crimson, 
 
 lilac. BrazU. 1888. Warn. Orch. Alb. 
 
 I. 331. 
 nyle'ptha. Rose changing to sulphur- 
 yellow ; lip crimson, white. G. C. 1888, 
 
 lii. p. 178. 
 
 pi' eta. Bose, grey, purple, yellow. 1884. 
 
 — prasia'ta. Eosy-magenta, lilac, white. 
 
 i'ndica. G. C. 1883, xix. p. 11. 
 
 ScMUeria'na. White, rose, purple, yellow. 
 
 April and October. 1865. Bchb. ii. 
 
 t. 62. 
 Tume'ri. Bosy-pink, magenta. Brazil. 
 
 1863. Syn., L. Tumeri, Warn. Sel. Orch. 
 
 1. 12. 
 Tamtiia'na. Pale purple, white. G. C. 
 
 1888, iii. p. 330: 
 
 — erythrobu'lbon. Brazil. 1843. 
 
 — epidendroi'des. Purple, crimson. July. Bra- 
 
 zil. 1839. 
 
 — euspa'tha. Garden hybrid. Otto Gartz. 1860, 
 
 p. 420. 
 
 — eute'rpe. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1888, iv. 
 
 p. 633. 
 
 — Eyermania'na. Eosy-purple, yellow. G. C. 
 
 1888, iv. p. 91 and p. 109. flg. 12. 
 — jia'mmea. Orange-scarlet; lip purple^crim- 
 son, margin fringed. March. Hybrid 
 between L. cvrniabarvnasjaA L. PilcheH. 
 Syn., L, Veitchii. 
 
 — Ua'va. Ih' Bright yellow. April. Brazil. 
 
 ' 1841. B. E. 1842, t. 62. 
 
 — furfura'eea. IJ. Bose. November. Mexico. 
 
 1838. B. M. t. 3810. 
 
 — giga'ntea. See L. elegcmSy var. gigantea. 
 
 — glau'ca. 1. Yellow. March. Vera Cruz. 
 
 1837. Syn., Braesavola glauca. B. M. 
 t. 4033. 
 
 — Gouldia'na. Purple, white, yellow. G. C. 
 
 1888, iii., p. 41. 
 
 — grandifio'ra. 1. Xalapa. 
 
 — gra'jidis. Yellow. May. Bahia. 1850. 
 
 — harpophy'Ua, Vermilion, yellow. Spring. 
 
 Brazil. 1873. 
 
 — Eomia'na. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1888, iii., 
 
 p. 770. 
 
 — irrora'ta. Greenish-purple ; lip violet-rose. 
 
 S. Brazil. 1864. Syn., Cattleya irrorata. 
 Scottia'na. Pale rose, pink, reddish- 
 brown, white. G. C. 1883, xix., p. 142. 
 
 — Janghia'na. Amethyst, yellow, whitish. 
 
 Brazil. 1872. B. M. t. 6038. 
 
 — juveni'lis. Hybrid between L. Perinii and 
 
 L. Pinelii, var. mairgmata. Orch. 1890, 
 p. 240. 
 
 — Leea'na. Bose ; lip white, purple. April. 
 
 Hybrid? G. C. 1882, xvii. p. 492. 
 
 — LinAe'nii. Pale rose. June. Cuba. 
 
 — Lindleya'na. Wliite, purple. Brazil. 1865. 
 
 Syn., Cattleya Lindleyana, B. M. t. 5449. 
 
 — majaJlw. J- Pink, purple. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 B. M. t. 6667. May Flower. 
 a'lba. White. 1880. 
 
 — Measureiia'na. White ; lip pale yellow. 
 
 Brazil. Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 207. 
 
 — rrwncyphy'lla. Orange-scarlet ; anther purple. 
 
 Jamaica. 1883. B. M. t. 6683. Syn., 
 Trigonidi/u/m monophyllum. 
 
 — Mylamia'na. Hybrid between Lcelia crispa 
 
 and Cattleya granulosa. 
 
 — pachyste'le. Pale rose ; lip white, purple. 
 
 G. C. 1888, iv. p. 696. 
 
 — peduncula'ris. Violet. Mexico. 1841. B. B. 
 
 1846, t. 69. 
 
 — Perri'-nii. Lilac. September. Brazil. 1831. 
 a'lba. White ; disk of lip yellow. G. C. 
 
 1888, iv. pp. 446 and 666. 
 irrora'ta. Eose ; lip white, light yellow, 
 
 purple. 1881. 
 ni'vea. White; apex of lip purple. 
 
 Brazil. 1880. 
 
 L. PhilbricMa'na. Light chestnut-brown, purple, 
 white. 1879. Garden hybrid between 
 L. elegans and Cattleya Acklmidice. 
 
 — Pilcheria'na. Pale rose ; lip pale yellow, 
 
 purple. 1868. Hybrid between L. Per- 
 
 rinii and L. crispa. 
 
 a'lba. White. 
 
 Ulaci'na. Bed. G. C. 1886, xxv. p. 617. 
 
 — porphyri'tis. Purple, green, light yellow. 
 
 G. C. 1886, xxv. p. 73. 
 
 — prce^stans. Pink, purple. Brazil. 1869. B. 
 
 M. t. 6498. 
 — pn'mila. 1. Purple. July. S. America. 
 
 1837. Syn., Cattleya pumila. 
 mira'bUis. Flowers larger and darker. 
 
 Brazil. 1879. 
 apeeta'bilis. White, purple. 1879. 
 
 — purpura' scens. Pink. September. Brazil. 
 
 1838. 
 
 — pwrpura'ta. White, purple, yellow. June. 
 
 Brazil. 1862. 
 
 a'lba. White, rose, yellow. Brazil. 1869. 
 
 blenheim^Tms. Blush-rose, purple, yellow. 
 
 S. BrazU. 1888. Warn. Orch. Alb. 
 
 t. 346. 
 Neli'sii. Violet-rose, bluish-white, crim- 
 son. Brazil. 
 ro'sea. Pale rose, rich purple. Brazil. 
 
 1873. 
 Whitea'na. Lip dark purple ; throat not 
 
 yeUow. G. C. 1888, ifi. p. 681. 
 Willia'msii. Pale rose ; lip crimson. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 — rube^scens. J. Cream, pink. May. Mexico. 
 
 1840. 
 
 — rupe'stris. Vielet. Brazil. 1840. 
 
 — Schilleria'na. Otto Gartz. 1865, p. 322. See 
 
 L. elegans, var. Sdiilleriaiha. 
 
 — Sede^ni. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — supefrbiens. 1. Pink, crimson. ■ November. 
 
 Guatemala. 1840. B. M. t. 4090. 
 
 deeora'ta. Purple. G. C. 1888, iii. 
 
 p. 200. 
 
 — Timora. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1887, ii. 
 
 p. 428. 
 
 — Treseaeria'na. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1888, 
 
 iii. p. 136. 
 
 — Turne'ri. Purplish rose. Brazil. 1863. Syn., 
 
 L. eUgans, var. Tumeri. 
 
 — VeitcMa'rui. LilaCj amethyst, crimson-purple. 
 
 Garden hybrid. 
 
 — Vei'tchii. See L.Jlarmnea. 
 
 — vHrene. Greenish-yellow ; lip white. 1879. 
 
 There has been much confusion here, 
 some of the plants grown under this 
 name being L. xwnthina, and others 
 Cattleya lobata of Lindley, G. C. 1848, 
 p. 403. 
 
 — Walltsii. Eose ; lip marked with yellow. 
 
 Bio Negro. 1866. 
 
 — Wyattia'na. White, purple, light yellow. 
 
 Brazil. G. C. 1883, xx. p. 426. 
 
 — mmthi'na. Yellow ; lip whitish, purple. 
 
 Brazil. 1869. B. M. t. 6144. 
 
 agra'pMs. Lip without purple markings. 
 
 G. C. 1888, iv. p. 264. 
 
 L^lioca'ttleya. (A name used for 
 hybrids between the genera Lcelia and 
 Cattleya. Nat. ord., Orchidex ; Tribe, 
 Epidendrem-Lmliem. ) 
 
 For culture, see L^lia. 
 
 L. Arnoldia'na. Hybrid between Lmlia purpu- 
 rata and Cattleya labiata. 1891. 
 
 — be'lla. LilaOjpurple, white. 
 
 — Eippoly'ta. Hybrid between Cattleya Moseice 
 
 and Lcelia cirmabarina. Joum. Hort. 
 1890, XX. p. 302, flg. 38. 
 
 — Proeerpi'ne. Hybrid between Lielia pwmUa, 
 
 var. Daya/na and Cattleya velutina. 
 
LiEL 
 
 [541] 
 
 LAL 
 
 Lselio'psis. (From Lcelia and opsis, 
 resemblance. Nat. ord., Orchidem ; 
 Tribe, EpidendrecB-Lceliem. ) 
 
 Stove epiphytal orchid. See Orchids. 
 L. domiTigdnsis. Purple. July. St. Domingo. 
 1861. Paxt. Fl. Gard. lii. p. 155, t. 106. 
 
 Lafoe'nsia. (Named in honour of 
 the Duke of Lafoens, president of the 
 Lisbon Academy of Science. Nat. ord., 
 Lythracem ; Tribe, Lythrece. Allied to 
 Lagerstrcemia. ) 
 
 A stove shrub. Cuttings of rather ripe wood 
 in autumn, in sand, and in bottom-heat ; peat 
 and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 
 50° to 66°, and kept rather dry. Prune freely in 
 winter. 
 
 L. microphy'Ua. Brazil. 1847. Syn., L. Van- 
 deUitma. 
 
 Laga'scea. (Named after D. M. 
 Lagasca, professor of botany at Madrid. 
 Nat', ord., Compodtce ; Tribe, Helian- 
 thoidea. ) 
 
 Stove plants. Kaised in a hotbed, several 
 times potted there, and bloomed in summer, in 
 a greenhouse or.plant stove. 
 L. latifo'lia. 10-15. White. June. Mexico. 
 
 Shrub. Syn., Nocca latifolia. Swt. Fl. 
 
 Gard. t. 215. 
 
 — im'llis. 2. White. July. Cuba. 1816. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1804. Annual. 
 
 Lagena'ria. Bottle Gourd. (From 
 lagena, a bottle ; referring to the shape 
 of the fruit of some species. Nat. ord., 
 CurciirbitaeecB ; Tribe, Ciicwnerinem. 
 Allied to Cucumber. ) 
 
 Hardy annuals, from the Bast Indies, and 
 yellow-flowered, except where otherwise speci- 
 fied. Seeds in a hotbed, and either fruited there, 
 or hardened off and cultivated out of doors, 
 under hand-lights, against palings and other 
 fences ; rich fight soil. For culture, see Cu- 
 cumber. 
 L. idola'trica. White. .Tune. 
 
 — verruca' sa. Wien. Gart, Zeit. 1889, p. 469. 
 
 — mtta'ta. White. June. 
 
 — ■mlga'ris. 10. August. 1597. Cultivate 
 
 throughout the tropics and warm tem- 
 perate zones. 
 
 clava'ta. 10. August. 1597. 
 
 courgou'rda. 10. August. 1697. 
 
 depre'ssa. 10. August. 1697. 
 
 turUna'ta. 10. August. 1597. 
 
 Lageno'phora. (From lagenos, a 
 bottle, 3x\.Aphoros, to bear; referring to 
 the flower-heads. Nat. ord., Composite; 
 Tribe, AsteroidecB. Allied to Brachy- 
 come. ) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Division 
 in spring; light soil; a cool greenhouse, or a 
 dry, cold pit in winter. 
 
 L ForstCri. Yellow and purple. New Zealand. 
 1837. 
 
 Lagerstrce'mia. (Named after itf. 
 
 Lagerstrcem, a German. Nat. ord., 
 Lythracm; Tribe, Lythrem.) 
 
 Cuttings of small, firm side-shoots in spring, 
 under abeU-glass, and cuttings of ripened'^oots 
 in autumn, in strong bottom-heat ; peat and 
 
 loam. Summer temp., 60° to 90°, with plenty of 
 moisture, both at the root, and also at the top, 
 except when in flower. Winter temp., 56° to 60°, 
 and dryish, after being pruned in autumn. The 
 greenhouse species require only wann green- 
 house temperatures. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 
 L. i'ndica a'lba. 12. Wliite. August. China. 
 
 1816. 
 ro'sea. 12. Eose. August. China. 1825. 
 
 — spedo'sa. Rose. August. China. 1826. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 
 L. e'legans. 10. Rose, yellow. August. E. Ind. 
 1841. Paxt. Mag.xiv. p. 289. 
 
 — Flo's-regi'nce, 12. Rose to purple. Malacca 
 
 to China. 1792. Syn., L. regince, 
 
 — grandijlo'ra. 12. Bed. July. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 Syn., Duaianga sonneratioides. ' 
 
 — i'ndica. 6. Flesh. July. E. Ind. 1759. 
 
 B. M. t. 405. 
 
 — pa/rmflo'ra. 12. White. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — regi'nce. See L. Flos-reginoe. 
 
 Lage'tta. Lace Bark. (Its Indian 
 name. Nat. ord., ThymelacecB ; Tribe, 
 Eutkymelece. ) 
 
 The inner bark of this stove evergreen is the 
 beautiful Lace Bark of the West Indies. Cut- 
 tings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a 
 glass, and in bottom -heat, in April or May ; peat 
 and fibry loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; 
 winter, 46° to 55°. 
 
 L. lintea'ria. 6. White. Jamaica 1793.' B. M. 
 t. 4602. 
 
 Lagimae'a. See Lagunaria. 
 
 Laguna'ria. (From its resemblance 
 to Lagnnwa, an allied genus. Nat. ord., 
 Malvaceae ; Tribe, Sibiseece. Syn. , 
 Laguncea. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. By cuttings of 
 half -ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, and 
 in heat, in May ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 
 40° to 46°. 
 
 L. cwne^o'rjnis. A synonym of Fugosia cunei- 
 formis. 
 
 — lilaci'na. Lilac. June. Swan River. 1832. 
 
 A synonym of Fugosia JidkeoRfoHa^ var. 
 coronopifolia^ Syn., Hibisims lilacinus. 
 B. R. t. 2009. 
 
 — Paterso'nii. 20. Pale red. June. Norfolk 
 
 Island. 1792. Syns., Laguncea Pater- 
 sonii, B. M. t. 769, L. squamea and Hi- 
 biscus Patersonius, Andr. Rep. t. 286. 
 
 Lagmicula'ria. (Derivation un- 
 certain. Nat. ord., Coniiaracece ; Tribe, 
 Coniiarew. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. The bark is used for 
 tanning in Brazil. For culture, see Connarus. 
 L. racemo'sa. 10. White. Brazil. 1820. Syn., 
 ConocarpuB racemosus^ 
 
 Lagu'rus. Hare's-tail Grass. (From 
 , a hare, and oura, a taU. Nat. 
 ord., GraminecBi) 
 
 Hardy annual grass. 
 L. ova'tus. 1. June. W. Europe, Britain. Bng. 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 1712. 
 
 La'lage. (Named after Lalage, a 
 gay, witty dame immortalized by Horace. 
 Nat, ord., Legummoscej Tribe, Genis- 
 tece. United by some authors with 
 Boissisea. Allied to Platylobium.) 
 
LAL 
 
 [542] 
 
 LAN 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia. 
 Cuttings of the young shoots when they are 
 getting firm ; seeds in a slight, sweet liotbed, 
 and seedlings gradually hardened ; sandy peat, 
 with a little flbry loam, broken crocks, and char- 
 coal, and extra draining ; in summer, a very airy 
 greenhouse. Winter temp., not below 45°. 
 L. hovemfo'lia. 2. Yellow, orange. March. 1841. 
 
 — oma'ta. 2. Yellow, purple. April. 1830. 
 
 B. E. 1. 1722. Syn., Boissicea ornata. 
 
 Lallema'ntia. (After J. E. Lalle- 
 mant, of St. Petersburg. Nat. ord., 
 Labiatw.) 
 
 Hardy biennial. For culture, see Draco- 
 
 CEPHALUM. 
 
 L. cane'scens. 1}. Blue. July. Levant. 1711. 
 Syn., Draeocephalitm canescens. 
 
 Lama'rckia. (in honour of J. B. 
 
 Lamarck, a French naturalist. Nat. 
 ord., GraminecE.) 
 
 Hardy annual grass. Propagated by seeds in 
 spring. 
 L. au'rea. S. Europe and N. Africa. 
 
 — denta'ta. A synonym of Elomdendron australe. 
 
 Lambe'rtia. (Named after the late 
 Mr. Lambert, a distinguished patron of 
 botany. Nat. ord., ProteacecB ; Tribe, 
 Grevillece. Allied to Hakea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from West Aus- 
 tralia. Cuttings of the ripened shoots, before 
 fresh growth commences, in the spring, in sand, 
 over sandy peat, in pots nearly filled with 
 drainage, andT covered with a bell-glass, and kept 
 -close and cool until the base of the cutting 
 .swells, when a little bottom-heat may be applied ; 
 sandy loam and fibry peat, well-drained, and 
 mixed with rough pieces of charcoal. Winter 
 lemp., 38° to 46". 
 L. echina'ta. 3. July. 1824. 
 
 — fmrmo'sa. 4. Red. July. 1788. B. E. t. 628. 
 
 — tongifoUa. i. Eed. July. 1826. 
 
 — muUiflo'ra. Orange. 
 
 — ovalifo'lia. 1836. 
 
 — propi'nqua. 1830. 
 
 Lamb's Lettuce. See Com 
 Salad. 
 
 La'zuiain. Dead Nettle. (A name 
 used by Pliny. Nat. ord., Labiates; 
 Tribe, Stachyaeos. Syn., Galeobdolon.) 
 
 Perennial herbs of little value. Seeds. 
 L. Galeo'hdolon. 1. Yellow. May. Europe. 
 Syn., GaleoMolon Inteum. Eng. Bot. 
 ed. 3, 1. 1085. 
 
 — macula'ium. 1. Purple. Summer. Europe. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1087. 
 
 Lamourou'xia. (Named after J. 
 V. F. Lamouroux, a naturalist. Nat. 
 ord., Scrophvlariacem ; Tribe, Euphra- 
 siecB. AlUed to Bartsia.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, scarlet- 
 flowered, from Mexico. For culture, see Anqe- 
 LONIA. 
 i. corda'ta. See L. viaeosa. 
 
 — multi'fldC' li- 1846. 
 
 — visc&sa. H. 1846. Syn., L. cordata. 
 
 Lamproco'ccus. (From lampros, 
 brilliant, and kokkos, a berry ; on account 
 •of the shining fruit. Nat. ord., Brome- 
 
 liacBx; Tiihe, Bromeliece.) See .fflch- 
 uiea. 
 
 L. ccerule' scene. Gfl. t. 694. See .lEohmea 
 ccerulescens. 
 
 — Vallera'ndi. Eev. Hort. 1877, p. 130. See 
 
 Streptoealyx Vallerandi. 
 
 — Weiiba'chii. B. M. t. 6435. See jEchmea 
 
 Weilbachii. 
 
 Lampro'nia rubie'lla. See Rasp- 
 berry moth. 
 Lampwick. Phlo'mis lychni'tis. 
 
 Lana'ria. (From lana, wool ; the 
 perianth is woolly outside. Nat. ord., 
 RcemodoraceoB. Syn., Argolasia.) 
 
 Herbaceous greenhouse perennial. Sandy 
 loam and peat, with plenty of moisture. In- 
 creased by dividing the root. 
 L. plumo'sa. 1^. White. May. South Africa. 
 1787. Syn., Argolasia plumosa. 
 
 Lance-wood. Guatte'ria. 
 
 Land-ditching. See Draining. 
 
 Landra. Rapha'nus la'ndra. 
 
 Landscape Gardening, as its 
 name intimates, is the composition of 
 beautiful scenery, so that all artifice is 
 concealed by the blending of trees, shrubs, 
 ground, and water ; thus forming vistas 
 as gratifying as those which occur natu- 
 rally. Admiration for such scenery is 
 an innate quality of the human mind ; 
 and successfully to imitate such scenery 
 requires judgment as well as taste. It 
 is not possible, without a heavy outlay, 
 to introduce any desired species of land- 
 scape beauty upon a given plot of ground. 
 There is the beauty of the level surface, 
 quite unattainable without such outlay, 
 upon a surface which is abrupt and 
 broken. The beauty of the clay dis- 
 tricts is not otherwise to be secured upon 
 those of the chalk ; neither on light 
 uplands can be arranged the dense 
 beauties of well-watered, alluvial vales. 
 " Consult the genius of the place " is an 
 axiom which has been derided, but which 
 is dictated by the soundest sense. 
 
 Under this general head we have not 
 space to enter fully into details ; but 
 some of these will be found, under their 
 appropriate titles, in other pages, and 
 eniefly borrowed from Mr. Wnately, who 
 has published more correct views upon 
 the art of tastefully arranging grounds 
 than most men who have written upon 
 the subject. 
 
 La'nium. (Probably from the native 
 name. Nat. ord., Orchidece; Tribe, 
 Epidendrcs-Stenoglossem. ) 
 
 Stove orchid. 
 L. microphy'llwm. Dull pink or greenish. 
 Guiana. Ic. PI. 1. 1334. 
 
 Lankeste'ria. (Named after Dr. E. 
 Lankester, a distinguished botanist. 
 
LAN 
 
 [543] 
 
 LAR 
 
 Nat. or&., Acanthacece; Trihe, JRuelliecB. 
 Allied to Eranthemum. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, from-Sierta Leone. 
 ■Cuttings of young shoots in sandy soil, in heat, 
 in spring ; peat and loam, well drained. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 48° to 58°. 
 L. Barte'ri. Primrose yellow, with orange eye. 
 W. Africa. 186B. B. M. t. 6533. 
 
 — €!legans, is Eranthemum elegans. 
 
 — hi'spida. Yellow. April. 1844. Syn3.,'i. 
 
 longijiora and £. pafvifiora. 
 
 — parvifio'ra. B. E. 1846, 1. 12. See L. hispida. 
 
 Lansbe'rgia. .(in honour of M. R. 
 van Lansberff, who introduced the plant. 
 Nat. ord. , IridecB ; Tribe, SisyrinchiecB. ) 
 See Trimezia. 
 
 L. caracasa'na. See Trimezia lurida. 
 
 — martinice'nsis. See Trimezia lurida. 
 
 Lanta'na. (An ancient name for 
 Viburnum. Nat. ord., Verbenacece ; 
 Tribe, Verbenew.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the short 
 •side-shoots, two inches in length, &ken oft close 
 to the old wood, when fresh growth commences, 
 in spring ; fibry loam and a little peat ; Sel- 
 lowia'na requires sandy peat. Summer temp., 
 ■60° to 85° ; winter, 45° to 55°. 
 Jj. aculea'ta. See L. mixta. 
 
 — a'lba. White, yellow. Syn., Lippia pur- 
 
 purea. 
 
 — iraziZie'nsis. 3. White. June. Brazil. 1823. 
 
 — cocai'nea. 3. Scarlet. June. S. Amer. 1824. 
 
 — c^o'cea. 4. Copper. June. Jamaica. 1818. 
 
 Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 473. 
 
 — delicati'ssima. Eev. Hort. 1852, p. 461. 
 
 — fuca'ta. B. R. t. 798. See L. liladjia. 
 
 — hispida. 3. Purple. July. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 — ho'rrida. 3. Red. June. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 — involuera'ta. 3. Pink. July. W. Ind. 1690. 
 
 Syns., L. incana and L. lanuginosa. 
 
 — lavandula'cea. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 361. See 
 
 Lippia asperifolia. 
 
 — lilan'na. 1-2. Rose. St. Salvador. 1823. 
 
 Syn., L.fucata. B. E. t. 798. 
 
 — melissifo'lia. 2. Yellow. August. W. Ind, 
 
 1732. 
 
 — mixta. 10. White, changing through yellow 
 
 and orange to red. June. Rio Janeiro. 
 1692. Syns., L. aculeata and X. muta- 
 
 — mo'llis. 4. Red, white. July. Mexico. 1828. 
 
 — mvMiio'ra. 1834. 
 
 — muta'Mlis. Eev. Hort. 1852, p. 461. See L. 
 
 mixta. 
 
 — ni'vea muta'bilis. 5. Yellow, rose. May. 
 
 B. M. t. 3110. 
 
 — odorafta. 2. White. May. W.Ind. 1758. 
 
 Syn., L. recta. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 360. 
 
 — pUo'sa. 3. Purple. July. Cuba. 1823. 
 
 — purpu'rea. 2. Purple. July. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 Syn., L. albo-purpwrea. 
 
 — ra'dula. 3. Purple. Brazil and W. Ind. 
 
 1803. 
 
 — re'cta. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 360. See L. 
 
 odorata. 
 
 — salvu^o'lia. 3. Red. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1823. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 285. 
 Syn., L. violacea. 
 
 — Sellovria'na. 1. Rose. April. Monte Video. 
 
 1828. B. M. t. 2981. 
 
 laneeola'ta. Deep rose. July. Monte 
 
 Video. 1838. 
 
 — stri'cta. S. Pale purple. Jamaica. 1733. 
 
 Syn., L. angustifolia. 
 
 — trifdlia. 3. Purple. July. W.Ind. 1733. 
 
 — viola'eea. See L. salviai/olia. 
 
 Lapage'ria. (Named in compliment 
 
 to Josephine Lapagerie, first wife of 
 Napoleon Bonaparte. Nat. ord., Lilia- 
 cece ; Tribe, Luzuriagece.) 
 
 A fine half-hardy herbaceous twiner, like a 
 Smilax, with large, rosy flowers, like Bomarea. 
 L. ro'sea. Patagonia. 1847 or 1848. B. M. 
 
 t. 4447. 
 
 alMflo'ra. White. Chili. B. M. t. 4892. 
 
 supdrha. Bright crimson. G. C. 1878, 
 
 ix. p. 139, flg. 26. 
 
 Lapla'cea. (Named after Laplace,, 
 the distinguished philosopher. Nat. 
 ord., Ternstriymiacem ; Tribe, GordoniecB. 
 Allied to Bonnetia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiner, attaining a height of 
 forty feet in its native country. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, in. heat, under a bell- 
 tlass ; sandy peat and fibry loam, well drained, 
 ummer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 60°. 
 L. sem/iserra'ta. 2. White. September. Brazil. 
 1842. B. M. t. 4129. 
 
 Lapo'rtea. (Named after M. La- 
 porte. Nat. ord., Urticacece ; Tribe, 
 Urticece. Allied to Fleurya.) 
 
 Stove perennials. Seeds ; cuttings in sand, in 
 bottom -heat and under a hand-glass. Rich loam 
 and fibrous peat or leaf-mould. Summer temp., 
 70° to 85° ; winter, 60° to 70°. Care should be 
 taken in handling these plants, as they possess 
 stinging hairs, which cause acute pain, and the 
 effects last for a long period. The writer of this 
 was on one occasion stung by a single hair of L. 
 gigas upon the middle finger, which resulted in 
 a slight form of paralysis in the whole of one 
 side of the body for several houre, severe pain 
 being felt under the armpit and at the elbow ; 
 in <mmp weather slight jpain was experienced 
 at the place stung for eighteen months after- 
 wards, 
 L. gi'gas. 80. Green. Nefr South Wales. 1S74. 
 
 — moroides. 2. Greenish ; fruit vinous-purple. 
 
 The Poison Tree of Queensland. B. M. 
 t. 7057. 
 
 — SchomJbu'rghii versicolor. Leaves variegated. 
 
 Polynesia. 1876. 
 
 Lardiza'bala. (In honour of M. 
 Lardizala y Uribe, a Spanish naturalist. 
 Nat. ord., Berberidem; Tiihe, Lardiza- 
 balece. ) I 
 
 Hardy evergreen climber, a rapid grower, 
 suitable for covering high walls or trellfi. For 
 cultivation, see Holbollia. 
 L. bitema'ta. Purple. December. Chili. 1848. 
 B. M. t. 4501. 
 
 La'rix. Larch. (A name used by 
 Dioscorides. Nat. ord., Coniferm; Tribe, 
 AbietinecE.) 
 
 Hardy, deciduous trees. For culture, see 
 
 PINUS. 
 
 L. america'na. 70-90. N. America. Syns., Pinus 
 microcarpa and P. pendula. Black 
 Larch. 
 
 brev\fo'lia. See L. occidentalis. 
 
 — dahu'rica. Siberia to Dahuria. Varying in 
 
 size from a small tree to a bush. 
 
 — deei'dua. See L. europcea. 
 
 — europa/a. 80-100. Europe. 1629. Syns., L. 
 
 deeidua, L. pyramidalis, and L. vulgaris. 
 
 Common Larch. 
 
 glau'ea. Leaves glaucous, 
 
 pe'ndula. Blanches drooping. 
 
 sempervi'rem. Leaves persisting for tv^o 
 
 or three years. 1870. 
 
LAR 
 
 [544] 
 
 LAS 
 
 I. Griffl'thii. 30-40. Northern India. Sikkim 
 Larch. 
 
 — japo'nica. See L. leptolepis. 
 
 — Kcempfe^ri. See Pseudolarfx Kcempferi. 
 
 — Ledebou'rii. 80-100. Siberia. Bussian or 
 
 Archangel Larch. 
 
 — leptole'pis. 40. Japan. Syns., AHes lepto- 
 
 lepis and Larixjaponica. 
 
 — Lya'Uii. 40. Rocky Mountains. 1863. 
 
 — occidenta'lis. 150. N.W. America. Syns., 
 
 L. amerwana, var. breviffolia, and Pinus 
 NuttallU. 
 
 — pyramida'Hs. See L. europoea. 
 
 — vulga'ris. See L. europcea. 
 
 Larkspur. Delphi' mium. 
 Laro'chea. See Rochea. 
 
 La'rrea. (Named after a Spaniard 
 of that name. Nat. ord., Zygophyl- 
 lacece. Allied to Zygophyllum. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from South America, 
 with yellow flowers. Cuttings of young half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 summer ; peat and fibry loam, with silver sand, 
 and pieces of broken pot, and charcoal, to keep 
 the soil open. Winter temp., 40° to 48° ; sum- 
 mer, in a shaded position. 
 L. divariea'ta. 2. July. 1829. 
 
 — ni'tida. 2. June. 1829. 
 
 Larva. The name by which an in- 
 sect is described when in the state be- 
 tween the egg and the chrysalis form. 
 The larva of a butterfly or moth is com- 
 monly known as a caterpillar ; of a fly 
 or beetle, as a maggot or grub. 
 
 Laserwort. Tha'psia la^erpe'tii. 
 
 Lasia'ndra. (From lasios, woolly, 
 an aner, an anther ; woolly stamened. 
 Nat. ord., Melastomacem ; Tribe, Os- 
 beckiecB. ) See Pleroma. 
 L. arge'ntea. See Plerorrm kolosericeum. 
 
 — Fontaiiesia'na. See Pleroma graniUosum, 
 
 — lepido'ta. See Pleroma harbigeruTn^ var. lepi- 
 
 dota. 
 
 — macra'niha. See Pleroma semidecandrum. 
 
 — petiola'ta. B. M. t. 3766. See Pleroma Gau- 
 
 dichaudinianuTn. 
 
 Lasiogro'stis. (From lasios, woolly, 
 and agrostis, grass. Nat. ord., Gra- 
 minecB. ) 
 
 Hardy grass. 
 L. Calamagro'stis. 2-3. South Europe. 
 
 Lasiope'talum. (From lasios, 
 woolly, and petalon, a petal, or flower- 
 leaf. Nat. ord., Sterculiacece ; Tribe, 
 Lasiopetalem. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia. 
 Cuttings of half-ilpened shoots in sand, under a 
 glass, m April and May ; sandy peat and fibry 
 loam, well drained, ,and carefully watered ; 
 either stagnant moisture or a sour soil destroys 
 them. Wmter temp., 40° to 45". 
 L. arbore' scene. See Seringia platyphylla. 
 
 — BaueSri. See GuicherMti/i ledifolia. 
 
 — bractea'tum. 3. Pink. April, 1844. Syn., 
 
 ' Corethrostylis bracteata. B. E. 1844, 
 t. 47. 
 — ferrugi'neum. 4. White. June. 1791. 
 
 — macroph^/llum. 5. Pale green. May. 1825. 
 
 — purpu'reum. B. M. 1. 1766. See Thrnnasia 
 
 purpurea. 
 
 — triphy'llum.. See ThomasiOi triphyUa. 
 
 Lasiospe'rmuin. (From lasios, 
 woolly, and sperma, a seed. Nat. ord., 
 ComposifcB ; Tribe, Anthemidece. Al- 
 lied to Santolina.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen trailing plants, with 
 yellow flowers. Divisions in spring, and cuttings- 
 under a hand-light, in a shady place, in summer ; 
 common garden-soil. Most of them require tha 
 protection of a cold pit in winter. The Italian 
 species are most hardy. 
 L. anthemai'des. J. August. Italy. 1729. 
 
 — cHthrai' folium. J. August. Macedonia^ 
 
 1817. 
 
 — eriospe'rmum. See Scorzonera eriospermum. 
 
 — pedun^ula're. J. July. S. Africa. 1798. 
 
 — ri'gidwm. J. August. Greece. 1816. 
 
 Lasiorhi'za. (From lasios, woolly,, 
 and rhiza, root. Nat. ord., Compositce ; 
 Tribe, Mutisiacea.) See Leuceria. 
 
 L. ro'sea and runcma'ta. See Leuceria rund- 
 TUita. 
 
 Lasthe'nia. (Derivation not ex- 
 plained. Nat. ord., Compositce; Tribe, 
 HelenoidecB. ) 
 
 Hardy annuals, with yellow flowers. Seeds in 
 October, and plants protected by boughs of ever- 
 greens during the winter ; or sow in March and 
 April in the open border. 
 
 L. caUfo'mica. 1. May. California. 1834. B. 
 E. 1. 1780. (L. glaberrima.) A small 
 form of L. gldbrata. 
 
 — glabra/ta. U. May. California. 1834. B. 
 
 E. 1. 1823. Syn., Hologyne glabrata. 
 
 — oUusifo'lia. 1. May. Chili. 1833. 
 
 Lastrse'a. (Derivation unexplained. 
 
 Nat. ord., Filices.) By some authors 
 
 regardedas a section of Nephrodium. 
 
 For culture, see Ferns. They have all yellowish 
 
 spores. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 L. aculea'ta. 2. June. Britain. 
 
 — arUtalta variegalta. Japan. 1879. 
 
 — cnsta'ta. J. July. JSritain. 
 
 — dUata'tct. 2. June. Britain. 
 
 — erythroso'ra. Japan. 1863. 
 
 — fliix^ma's. 3. Britain. 
 
 — Goldia'na. July. N. Amer. 1822. 
 
 — interme'dia. June. N. Amer. 1837. 
 
 — margina'lis. 2. June. N. Amer. 1772. 
 
 — Maximowi'cni. 1. Japan. 1880. 
 
 — noveborace^Tisis. 1^. July. N. Amer. 1822. 
 
 — opa'ca. Japan. 1862. 
 
 — oreo'pteris. 3. July. Britain. 
 
 — proiajica. Japan. 1883. 
 
 — recu'rva. July. Britain. 
 
 — ri'gida. 2. Britain. 
 
 — spmido'aa. 1. June. Britain. 
 
 — thely'pteris. 1. July. Britain. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 L. cemu'la. 1. Madeira. 
 
 — coru'sca. Japan. 1890. 
 
 — decompo'gita. }. July. N. Holland. 1825. 
 
 — decu'rrens, June. China. 1840. 
 
 — glabdUa. 1. New Zealand. 
 
 -' podophy^lla. 1. Japan and Hong Kong. 
 
 — veluti'na. 2, New Zealand. 1869. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 L. acumina'ta. 1, Nepaul. 
 
 — appendicula'ta. July. E, Ind, 
 
 — asce'ndens. August. 
 
 — athmM'niica. 2. Natal, 
 
 — alra'ta. June. E. Ind. 
 
 — aHenua'ta. June. Isle of Samaria. 1839. 
 
 — a'tro-vi'rene. 1. 
 
 — auge'seens. i. Tropical America. 1841. 
 
LAT 
 
 [545] 
 
 LAT 
 
 L. ca'na. E. Indies. 
 
 — canarie'nsis. 2. Canary Islands. 
 
 — chrysolo'ba. July. Brazil. 1840. 
 
 — eontefrmina. W. Ind. 1886. 
 
 — departci'des. Ceylon. 
 
 — ebu'mea. July. Nepanl. 1841. 
 
 — e'legane. 2. Ceylon. 1845. 
 
 — elonga'ta. 2. July. Madeira. 1799. 
 
 — erioca'rpa. June. E. Ind. 
 
 — exi'gua. July. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — foBoieula'ta. July. S. Amer. 
 — fa'llax. Brazil. 
 
 — Jlorida'num. Florida. 
 
 — fu'seipes. 2. Ceylon. 1858. 
 
 — Mrmlta. Cape de Terd Islands. 1858. 
 
 — hi'rta. |. Jamaica. 
 
 — Hopea'na. Polynesia. 1883, 
 
 — imme'rsa. Malay Archipelago. 1840. 
 
 — indwi'm. July. W. Ind. 1840. 
 
 — inm'sa. 2. July. Jamaica. 1830. 
 
 — Kavlfu'sii. 1\. Brazil. 
 
 — lalta. June. Isle of Luzon. 1834. 
 
 — ligida'ta. June. Isle of Luzon. 1839. 
 
 — nuicroea'rpa. August. B. Ind. 1827. 
 
 — mew^raniifo'lia. June. Isle of Luzon. 1844, 
 
 — mexica'na. Mexico. 
 
 .— multiju'ga. July. E. Ind. 1839. 
 
 — pa'tem. 2. July. W. Ind. 1784. 
 
 r- patenti'ssima. August. E. Ind. 1825. 
 ^polyphy'Ua. August. India. 
 
 — Preslia'na. June. India. 
 
 — propi'nqua. July. Isle of Luzon. 
 ^prote^nsa. Sierra Leone. 1858. 
 
 — pube^scens. July. Jamaica. 
 
 — quinqua/ngiUa're. W. Africa. 
 
 — rece^dens. IJ. Ceylon. 1845. 
 
 — remi'ssa. 
 
 — seTnicorda'ta. June, W. Ind. 1822, 
 
 — se!rra. 2, July. W. Ind. 1819. 
 
 — si'milis. July. Malacca. 
 
 — specta'bUis. June. Isle of Luzon, 
 
 — spine! scens. 1. Sierra Leone. 
 
 — Spren^eHii. August. India. 
 
 — Stcmdi'shii. See Polystichum concavum. 
 
 — strigo'sa. 2. Mauritius. 
 
 — venu'sta. August. India. 1825. 
 
 — verruco'sa. June. E. Ind. 1840. 
 
 — vesti'ta. JiUy. Brazil. 1844. 
 
 — villo'sa. 3. July. Jamaica. 1844. 
 
 — visco'sa. July. Malacca. 1839. 
 
 Lata'nia. Bourbon Palm. (The 
 Bourbon name is Latanier. Nat. ord. , 
 Palme(e. ) 
 
 Stove palms, with greenish-white flowers. 
 Seeds in a hotbed ; rich, loamy soil. Summer 
 temp., 60° to 90° ; winter 55° to 60°. 
 L. au'rea. Lee L. V&rschdffeltii. 
 
 — Ixyrho'nicti. See Livistfma chmensie. 
 
 — Cormnerso'nii. 7, Mauritius and Bourbon. 
 
 1778. Syn., L. rubra. 
 
 — glaucophifUa. See L. Loddigesii. 
 
 — Loddige'sii. 10. Bound Island. 1823. Syn., 
 
 L. glaucophylla. 
 
 — ru'bra. See L. Commersonii. 
 
 — Verschaffefltii. 7. Rodriguez Island, Syn., 
 
 L. a/urea. 
 
 Laterals, or Side-Shoots, are those 
 which spring from the sides of the main 
 branches, and are thus described in con- 
 tradistinction to the terminal or leading 
 shoots of the branches: — The laterals on 
 the lower branches, like those branches 
 themselves, are usually longer as they 
 approach the base of the tree, because 
 they extend to obtain the benefit of the 
 light kept from them by the branches 
 above. If unable thus to extend, as in 
 
 the case of inner trees of those planted 
 in clumps, the laterals die, and occasion 
 the nakedness of their trunks. If the 
 terminal shoot of a branch be cut away, 
 the laterals increase more in length, not 
 only because more sap is thus afforded 
 them, but because an extra effort is made 
 to advance into the desired degree of 
 light, 
 
 Lathrse'a. (From lathraios, hidden ; 
 the species grow concealed beneath 
 trees and shrubs, Nat. ord,, Oro- 
 banchacecE. ) 
 
 Half-hardy, herbaceous, root-parasites. For 
 culture, see Oeobanche. 
 L. elande'stina. J. Violet-purple. April. Eu- 
 rope. 1890. B. M. t. 7106. 
 
 — squamaria. 1. Flesh-coloured, sometimes 
 
 tinged with blue. May. Europe, 
 England. 
 
 La'thyrus. (From la, to add to, and 
 thouros, an irritant ; to increase excite- 
 ment, the supposed qualities of the 
 seeds. Nat, ova.., Leguminosm ; Tribe, 
 Viciece. ) 
 
 Seeds of annuals, in common soil, in spring ; 
 perennials, by division at the same time, or cut- 
 tings of the young shoots under a bell-glass ; 
 common garden-soil. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 L. amphwalrpvx. \\. Pink. June. Levant. 
 1680. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 236. 
 
 — a'n^ula'tue. 1. Red. June. South Europe, 
 
 1683. 
 
 — leptophy'll'iis. 1. Purple. June. Caucasus. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — setifo'liK^. 1. Red. June. South Europe, 
 
 1739. 
 
 — sphc^rieus. 1. Crimson. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1801. 
 
 HARDY CLIMBING ANNUALS. 
 
 L. ala'tue. 3. Purple. July. Italy. 1823. 
 
 — a'nnwM. 4. Yellow. July. South Burope, 
 
 1621. 
 
 — aurwulaJtus. 4. Purple. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1800. 
 
 — ci'eera. 2. Bed. South Europe. 1633. 
 
 — eomu'tus. 3. Purple. July. 1818. 
 
 — hirsu'tus. 4. Purple. July. England. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 399. , 
 
 — ita'luMS. 3. Pink. August. Italy. ' 
 
 — lusita'nww. 3. July. Spain. 1827. 
 
 — odoraJtue. 4. Variegated. July. Sicily. 
 
 1700. Sweet Pea. 
 
 purpu'reits. 3. Purple. July. Crete 
 
 B. M. t. 60. 
 
 — sati'vus. 3. White. South Europe. 1640. 
 
 Chickling Vetch. 
 
 — tenuif&lius. 3. Blue. July. N. Africa. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — tingita'nus. 4. Dark purple. July. Barbary. 
 
 1680. B. B. t. 1383. 
 
 — Mmidus. 1. Red. July. Piedmont. 1817. 
 
 HABDY DECIDUOUS CLIMBERS, ETC. 
 
 L. alta'icus. Altai. 1832. Herbaceous peren- 
 nial. 
 
 — Armitagea'tme. 10. Purple, blue. May. 
 
 Brazil, 1824, Shrub. 
 
 — cal^o'micui. i. Purple. June. California, 
 
 1826. B. E. t. 1144. 
 
 — cirrho'sus. Bosy-pink. Pyrenees. 1870. 
 
 — Davi'dii. 4. Yellowi Japan and N. China. 
 
 Gfl. 1. 1127. 
 
 4. Red, lilac. June. N, 
 Amer. 1827. B. M.t. 3123. 
 
 N N 
 
LAT 
 
 [546] 
 
 LAV 
 
 L. Drummc'ndii. 4-5. Bright red. 
 
 — grandiflo'rus. 4. Eoae. July. South Europe. 
 
 1814. B. M. t. 1938. 
 
 — heterophy'llus. i. Flesh. August. Europe. 
 
 1731. 
 
 — ineulrims. 2. Blue. July. Bussia. 1808. 
 
 — mterme'dvm. 4. Red. August. North 
 
 Europe. 1820. 
 
 — latifo'lius. Pink. August. England. Ever- 
 
 lasting Sweet Pea. 
 
 — lu'teus. OraM;e. 1882. 
 
 — Maeraii. 3. Purple, white. October. Chili. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — magella'nieut. 3. Purple, blue. May. Cape 
 
 Horn. 1744. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 
 t. 344. 
 
 — muta'biUs. 4. Purple, red. July. Siberia. 
 
 1826. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 194. 
 
 — myrtifo'liui. 3. Eed. May. Philadelphia. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — neno'sus. 3. Blue. June. Monte Video. 
 
 1843. Greenhouse evergreen shrub. 
 
 — palu'stris. 4. Pale purple. June. Britain 
 
 and N. America. 
 
 — piiifelrmw. 3. Purple. July. Siberia. 1795. 
 
 — polymo'rphus. 3. Pale purple. July. Mis- 
 
 souri, 1824. 
 
 — prate'nm. 3. Yellow. Britain. 
 
 — pvbelecem. 3. Purple, blue. May. Buenos 
 
 Ayres. 1843. Greenhouse evergreen 
 shrub. 
 
 — pwrpu'reo-eceniMgcenx. 10.' Purple, blue. 
 
 August. Brazil. 1886. Tvpiner. 
 
 — ro'sevs. 2. Eed. July. Iberia. 1822. 
 —■rotundifo'livs. IJ. Bose. July. Tauria. 
 
 1822. B. M. t. 6522. 
 elli'ptwus. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 333. 
 
 — sple^Tidens, Scarlet purple. Mts. of Lower 
 
 California. 1881. 
 
 — stipula'ceus, 3. Purple. July. New York. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — sylvelstris. 3. Purple. July. Britain. Ever- 
 
 lasting Pea. 
 
 — tomanto' sus. 3. Lilac. June. Buenos Ayres. 
 
 1839. Maund Bot. t. 206. 
 
 — (wfiero'stts. 2. Red. July. Holland. 1596. 
 
 — veno'sus. 4. White. Red. June. Pennsyl- 
 
 vania. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 37. 
 
 Lattice-leaf Plant. Ouvira'ndra 
 fenestra'lis. 
 
 La'tua. (From Latue, the native 
 name. Nat. ord., Solanacece ; Tribe, 
 Solanece. ) 
 
 Half-hardy shrub. For culture, see Lycium. 
 L. veneno'sa._ 4. Deep purple. February. S. 
 Chili. 1863. Syn., Lyeioplesvum pubi- 
 florum. B. M. t. 5373. 
 
 Lauge'ria. A synonym of Guet- 
 tarda. 
 
 Laurel. Lau'rus. 
 
 Laurel Cherry. Ce'rasus lau'ro- 
 ■ce'rasus. 
 
 Laure'lia. (From Laurus, the bay- 
 tree; the leaves have a similar odour. 
 Nat. ord., Monimiacew.) 
 
 Greenhouse tree, propagated by cuttings. 
 Loam and peat equal parts, 
 i. no'vce-zela'ndm. 160. New Zealand. 
 
 Laure'ntia. (After if. A. Laurenti, 
 an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Cam- 
 panulacece.) 
 
 Greenhouse stemless herbs. 
 
 L. erirwi'des. Purple, white. August. South 
 Africa. 1759. Syn., Lobelia erinoides, 
 B. M. t. 3609. 
 
 — minu'ta. Pale purple. Summer. South 
 
 Africa. Syn., Lobelia minuta. B. M. 
 t. 2590. 
 
 Lauresti'nus. Vibu'rnum lau'rus- 
 ti'nus. 
 
 Lau'rus. Laurel. (From the Celtic 
 blau/r or lau/r, green. Nat. ord., Lau- 
 racecB ; Tribe, Litseacece.) 
 
 The Bay (£a«'r«« no'bilia) represents this large 
 order. They are all more or less aromatic, and 
 produce camphor, cinnamon, nutmegs, cassia, 
 and other fruits and products in commerce. 
 Few of the best of these, even no'bilis, the Sweet 
 Bay, will flourish in the north of this Island 
 without protection. It and its allies, the Sassa- 
 fras, BenzoiUj etc., are propagated by cuttings 
 under hand-lights, in the end of summer; by 
 layers, by pieces of the roots, and by seeds, 
 which generally require to be in the rot-heap a 
 seasonl)efore vegetating ; common soil, if good, 
 and dry, suits them. The stove and greenhouse 
 species by cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 and potted off in sandy peat and fibry loam, and 
 the usual temperature of these compartments. 
 Many, however, would do better planted against 
 a conservatory wall, heated and protected in 
 winter. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS. 
 
 L. cestiva'lis. See Nectandra Willdenomma. 
 
 — albida. 10. Yellow. Carolina. 1824. 
 
 — Be'nzmn. See Lindera Benzoin. 
 
 — caroUne^nsis with its varieties, gla'bra, obtu'sa 
 
 and pube'scens, see Persea carolinensis. 
 
 — Catesbia'na. See Nectandra Willdenoviana. 
 
 — diospy'rus. See Lindera melissoefolia. 
 
 — genieula'ta. B. M. 1. 1471. See Litsea geni- 
 
 culata. 
 
 GBEENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 L. aggrega'ta. 3. Green, yellow. China. 1821. 
 
 — bulla'ta. See Oreoda^hne bullata. 
 
 — canarie'nsis. 10. Yellow, green. Canaries. 
 
 1815. 
 — fae'tens. See Oreoda(pJine foetens. 
 
 — i'ndica. See Persea indica. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 L. ca'saia. See Cinnamomuin zeylaniaum. 
 
 — chloro' nylon. 60. Green, white. W. Ind. 
 
 1778. Logwood Tree. 
 
 — coria'cea. See Nectandra coriacea. 
 
 — eraseifo'lia. See Strychnodaphne puherula. 
 
 — exvZta'ta. See Strychnodaphne fiorHnmda. 
 — Jlm-ibu'nda. See Strychnodaphne Jloribunda. 
 
 — ni'vea. White. 1820. 
 
 — pa'tens. _ See Phoebe antillana. 
 
 — salicifaflia. See L. nobiliSy var. a/ngustifolia. 
 
 — spldndens. See Necta/ndra sa/nguvnea. 
 
 — thyrsiJUyra. 30. Yellow, green. Madagascar. 
 
 1810. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 L.no'bilis. 16. Yellow, white. April. South 
 
 Europe. 1561. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 366. 
 angustifo'lia. 20. Yellow, white. April. 
 
 1826. S^ns., L. salicyfolia and L. noaiXis, 
 
 var. aaliciffolia. 
 
 cri'spa. 20. Yellow, white. May. 
 
 flo're-pldno. 20. Yellow, white. May. 
 
 latifo'lia. Yellow, white. May. Asia. 
 
 Half-hardy. 
 mliclfoflia. See L. noMlis, var. angusti- 
 
 folia. 
 
 vmdula'ta. 4. Yellow, white. April. 
 
 variega'ta. 20. Yellow, white. May. 
 
 — rega'lis. California. 1847. 
 
 Lava'ndula. Lavender. (From lavo. 
 
LAV 
 
 [547] 
 
 LAX 
 
 to wash ; referring to lavender-water. 
 Nat. ord., Lahiatce; Tribe, OcimoidecB.) 
 Cuttings of large pieces, in spring and autumn, 
 firmly inserted in the ground ; but small, young, 
 shoots in spring, under a hand-light, make the 
 neatest plants; sandy loam suits them best. 
 Those that require the protection of a pit or cool 
 greenhouse are propagated in a similar manner, 
 and require the same soil. The flowers of the 
 common lavender (L. fflw'ca) are ready for drying 
 or distilling at the end of June. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 L. latifo'lia. 2. Lilac. August. South Europe. 
 1668. A form of L. gpiea. 
 
 — api'ea. 2. Lilac. August. South Europe. 
 
 15B8. Common Lavender. 
 
 — stcetcbas. 1^. Lilac. June. South Europe. 
 
 1668. 
 
 — vdra. Blue. July. South Europe. 1668. 
 
 Bent, and Tr. 1. 199. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 L. abrotavm'des. li. Lilac. July. Canaries. 
 1699. Eef. Bot. t. 159. Syn., L. eanari- 
 ensis. 
 
 — camo'aa. A synonym of AniiochU'us camosus, 
 
 — denta'ta. 1 J. Lilac. August. South Europe. 
 
 1597. B. M. t. 400. 
 
 — lana'ta. Violet. Spain. 1872. Eef. Bot. 
 
 t. 301. 
 
 — multi'fida. 1}. Lilac. August. South 
 
 Europe. 1597. Biennial. 
 — pinna' ta. IJ. Lilac. June. Madeira. 1777. 
 
 B. M. t. 401. 
 pubt! scent. Lilac. June. 1816. 
 
 — viridis. li. Purple. June. Madeira. 
 
 1777. 
 
 Lavate'ra. (Named after the two 
 Lavaters, Swiss naturalists. Nat. ord., 
 Malvacew; Tribe, Malvece.) 
 
 Annuals and biennials, in common garden- 
 soil, by seed in spring ; herbaceous, by division, 
 and cuttings at the same time ; shrubby, by 
 cuttings under a hand-Ught, in sandy soil ; 
 light, sandy loam suits them all. The frame 
 and cool greenhouse species merely require the 
 protection of these departments in winter. 
 
 HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 Z. aeerifo'lia. 5. Pink. July. TenerifEe. 1820. 
 
 — afriea'na. 5. Pink. June. Spain. 1820. 
 
 — hispida. 6. Pink. June. Algiers. 1804. 
 
 B. M. t. 2541. 
 
 — liisita'niaa. 3. Purple. August. Portugal. 
 
 1748. 
 
 — mari'tima. 2. White. May. South Europe. 
 
 1597. 
 
 — mi'cans. 3. Purple. June. Spain. 1796. 
 
 — o'lbia. 3. Bed, purple. August, Provence. 
 
 1570. 
 
 — phoemScea. 5. Pink. June. Canaries. 1816. 
 
 — pteu'do-9'Vna. 5. Bed. June. 1817. Syn., 
 
 L. UTidvXata. 
 
 — trUo'ha. 3. Light purple. June. Spain. 
 
 1759. 
 
 — unguiaula'ta. 6. Lilac. August. Samos. 
 
 1807. 
 
 HERBACEOUS FERENNULS. 
 
 L. neapolita'na. 6. Purple. June. Naples. 
 1818. Hardy. 
 
 —plebeOa. 2. Pale. September. South Aus- 
 tralia and Tasmania. 1820. Greenhouse. 
 B. M. t. 2269. 
 
 — thwringi'aea. 4. Light blue. August. Ger- 
 
 many. 1731. Hardy. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. 
 
 L. amMgjM. 2. Purple. August. Naples. 
 1824. 
 
 L. arbo rea, 6. Purple. August. Britain. 
 
 Biennial. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 279. 
 variega'ta. Leaves variegated. 1882. 
 
 — austra'lit. 2. Purple. August. South 
 
 Europe. 1820. 
 
 — bie'nnis. 4. Bed. August. Caucasus. 1819. 
 
 Biennial. 
 
 — creHica. 4. Light blue. July. Candia. 1723. 
 —fla'va. 4. Yellow. July. Sicily. 1818. 
 
 Syn., L. empedoclis. 
 
 — laneeoUta. 2. Purple. August. Europe. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — puncta'ta. 2. Pale. August. Italy. 1800. 
 
 — Salvitelle'nsU. 6. Pink. July. 1831. Biennial. 
 
 — gylve! stria. 2. Purple. August. Portugal. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — trimdttris. 2. Hesh. June. Spain. 1633. 
 
 Lavender. Lava'n 
 Lavender Cotton. SantoU'na. 
 
 Lavra'dia. (Named after the Mar- 
 cmis of Lavradio. Nat. ord., Fjoteceic; 
 Tribe, Sauvagesiece.) 
 
 Sauvage'sin, Lavra'dia^ and Ltixemhu'rgia 
 compose this small tribe, which is intermediate 
 between Violacece and Frankeniaceos. Stove 
 evergreen. Cuttings of ripened shoots in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, and in heat ; sandy peat and 
 fibry loam, well drained. Summer temp., 60° to 
 80° ; Winter, 48° to 65°. 
 
 L. glandulo'sa. 1. Purple. Brazil. 1826. Syn., 
 L, 'mtmUma. 
 
 Lawn is a surface of turf in the vici- 
 nity of the house, requiring to be kept 
 smooth by the regular application of the 
 roller and scythe. When first con- 
 structed, after the ground has been dug 
 over as level as may be, it must be rolled, 
 the hollows filled up, and this repeated 
 until a level surface of earth is obtained. 
 It must then be slightly pointed over 
 with a fork, and the turf laid, or the 
 grass-seed sown. For directions to lay 
 the turf, see Turfing. If seed is em,- 
 ployed, the best is that of the common 
 meadow grass, Poa annua. 
 
 In very diy weather all lawns should 
 be watered, and, if a little guano and 
 muriate of lime be dissolved in the 
 water, it will keep the surface gently 
 moist, and the turr green, even in dry 
 weather. 
 
 Lawso'nia. (Named after Isaac 
 Lawson, M.D., author of "A Voyage to 
 Carolina." Nat. ord., Lythracece. Al- 
 lied to Grislea. ) 
 
 Stove trees, from the East Indies. Cuttings of 
 ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in 
 strong heat ; sandy peat and turfy loam. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60° to 86° ; winter, 60° to 55", 
 L. a'lba. White. 1752. Syns., L. inermis and 
 
 L. sjnnosa. 
 purpu'rea. 12. Purple. 1820. 
 
 Laxma'nnia. (Named after S. 
 Laxmann, a Siberian traveller. Nat. 
 ord., Liliacece ; Tribe, Johnsoniece. 
 Allied to Aphyllanthes.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, from Aus- 
 tralia. Divisions ; loam and peat ; require a 
 cold pit or cool greenhouse during winter. 
 
LAY 
 
 [548] 
 
 LEA 
 
 L. gra'eilU. J. Purplfij white. June. Queens- 
 
 lajid. 1824. 
 — fframdiflo'ra. White, brown. West Australia. 
 
 Layer. The following excellent com- 
 bination of practice and science is from 
 Dr. Lindley s "Theory of Horticulture : " 
 — A layer IS a branch bent into the earth, 
 and half cut through at the bend, the 
 free portion of the wound being called " a 
 tongue." It is, in fact, a cutting only 
 partially separated from its parent. The 
 object of the gardener is to induce the 
 layer to emit roots into the earth at the 
 tongue. With this view he twists the 
 shoot half round, so as to injure the 
 wood-vessels ; he heads it back, so that 
 only a bud or two appears above ground, 
 and when much nicety is requisite, he 
 places a handful of silver-sand round the 
 tongued part ; then, pressing the earth 
 down with his foot, so as to secure the 
 layer, he leaves it without farther care. 
 The intention of both tonguing and 
 twisting is to prevent the return of sap 
 from the layer into the main stem, while 
 a small quantity is allowed to rise out of 
 the latter into the former ; the effect of 
 this being to check the flow of the re- 
 turning sap, and so assist in the pro- 
 duction of adventitious roots at the bend, 
 which is beneath the surface of the 
 ground. The bending back is to assist in 
 this object by preventing the expenditure 
 of sap in the formation, or rather, com- 
 pletion of leaves, and the silver-sand is 
 to secure the drainage so necessary to 
 cuttings. 
 
 In most cases this is sufficient ; but it 
 must be obvious, that the exact manner 
 in which the layering is effected is un- 
 important, and that it may be varied 
 according to circumstances. Thus, Mr. 
 James Munro describes a successful 
 method of layering brittle- 
 branched plants by simply 
 slitting the shoot at the 
 bend, and insertingastone 
 at that place ; (" Gar- 
 dener's Magazine," ix. 
 302;) and Mr. Knight 
 found that, in cases of 
 difficult rooting, the pro- 
 cess is facilitated by ring- 
 ing the shoot just below 
 the tongue about Mid- 
 summer, when the leaves 
 upon the layers had ac- 
 quired their full growth ; 
 ( "Hort. Trans, i. 256;) by which means 
 he prevented the passage of the return- 
 ing sap further downwards than the 
 foint intended for the emission of roots, 
 t will sometimes happen that a branch 
 of a plant cannot be conveniently bent 
 
 downwards into the earth ; in such cases, 
 the earth may be elevated to the branch 
 by various contrivances, as is commonly 
 done by the Chinese. When this is 
 done, no other care is necessary than 
 that required for layers, except to keep 
 the earth surroundmg the branch stea 
 dily moist. See figure. 
 
 La'yia. (After Thomas Lay, natu- 
 ralist during Captain Beechey's voyage, 
 1825-8. Nat. ord. , Composite ; Tribe, 
 HelianthoidecB. Syns., CallicJwoa, CaZli- 
 glossa and Eriopapp-us.) 
 
 Hardy annual herbs. Ordinary garden-soil.. 
 Seeds. 
 L. Calligl&ssa. IJ. Yellow. N. America. Syn., 
 
 Oxyiira chrysanthenimdes. B. B. 1. 1850. 
 — chrymnthermi'deg. IJ. Yellow. August. 
 
 California. 1834. 
 
 Yellow. May to August. 
 a. '' 
 B. M. 1. 1 
 
 glandiMsa. White, yellow. 
 
 ,y to August, 
 illow. N.W. 
 
 America. 
 
 — hetero'tricha. White. California. 
 
 — platyglcfsea. 1. Y'ellow. October. Cali- 
 fornia. 1835. Syn., Callichroa platy- 
 gUiem. B. M. t. 3719. 
 
 Layin^-in is a gardener's term for 
 training the branches of espaliers and 
 wall-trees. Laying -in-hy-the-heels is his 
 mode of describing a plant's having its 
 roots roughly buried in the soil for some 
 temporary purpose. 
 
 Lazy-beds are beds dug for the 
 growth of potatoes, the sets being then 
 
 E laced in rows on the surface, and covered 
 y the soil dug out of narrow, deep alleys 
 between the beds. 
 
 Leadwort. Plumha'go. 
 
 Leaf-mould. This is formed of 
 leaves kept moist and in a heap, fre- 
 quently turned over, until completely 
 decayed, and reduced to a dark brown, 
 moist powder. It usually takes two 
 years to complete this process. An ex- 
 cess of water delays the decaying, and 
 either lime or gas ammoniacal liquor" 
 promotes it ; but then few potted plants 
 are benefited by any such excess of either 
 of these additions. 
 
 Leatherwood. Di'rca. 
 
 Leavenwo'rthia. (Named after M.- 
 C. Leavenworth. Nat. ord., Cruciferce; 
 Tribe, Arabidece. Allied to Cardamine. ) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds in the open border in 
 autumn. Common garden-soil. 
 L. oM'rea. J. Bosy, with yellow eye. June. 
 S. United States. 1868. 
 
 Leaves are the organs, in which 
 some of the most important functions of 
 a plant are performed. They are very" 
 general, but not absolutely necessary 
 organs, since branches sometimes per- 
 form their offices, as in many Cacti.' 
 
LEA 
 
 [549] 
 
 LEB 
 
 Such plants, however, as naturally pos- 
 sess them, are destroyed, or greatly in- 
 jured, hy being deprived of them. Leaves 
 are divided into two classes, viz; — 1. 
 Simple, which may be either entire, or 
 more or less divided, but with the seg- 
 ments not articulated with the main 
 axis. 2. Compomid, in which the leaf- 
 lets are articulated. The simplest form 
 of compound leaf, consisting of a single 
 leaflet, is to be found in the Orange. 
 
 The duration of a leaf is, in general, for 
 a year only, though in some plants they 
 survive for twice or thrice that period. 
 These organs are generally of a green 
 colour. Light seems to have a powerful 
 influence in causing this, since, if kept 
 in the dark, they become of a pale 
 yellow, or even white hue, unless un- 
 combined hydrogen is present, in which 
 case they retain their verduife though 
 light be absent. Hence their blanching 
 would seem to arise from their being 
 unable to obtain tliis gas under ordinary 
 circumstances, except when light is 
 present. Now, the only source from 
 which they can obtain hydrogen is by de- 
 composing water; and now light assists 
 in the decomposition, may perhaps, be 
 explained by the dis-oxygenizing power 
 with which it is gifted. The violet rays 
 <5f the spectrum, and those just beyond 
 them, have this power in the greatest 
 degree ; and Sennebier has ascertained 
 by experiment, that those rays have the 
 greatest influence in producing the green 
 colour of plants. 
 
 When leaves aie of any other hue than 
 green they are said to be coloured. This 
 variegation is often considered to be a 
 symptom either of tenderness or debility ; 
 and it is certain, when the leaves of a 
 plant become generally white, that that 
 individual is seldom long-Kved. Mr. 
 Knight, however, has demonstrated that 
 variegation is not a certain indication of 
 a deficiency of hardihood. 
 
 The functions of the leaves appear to 
 be a combination of those of the lungs 
 and stomach of animals ; they not only 
 modify the food brought to them from 
 the roots, so as to fit it for increasing the 
 size of the parent plant, but they also 
 absorb nourishment from the atmosphere. 
 The sap, after elaboration in these organs, 
 differs in every plant, though, as far as 
 experiments have been tried, it appears 
 to be nearly the same in all vegetables 
 when it first reaches them. The power of 
 a leaf to generate sap is in proportion to 
 its area of surface, exposure to the light, 
 and congenial situation. 
 
 The transpiration of plants decreases 
 with that of the temperature to which 
 
 they are exposed, as well as with the pe- 
 riod of their growth. This explains wny 
 the gardener finds that his plants do not 
 require so much water in cold weather, 
 nor during the time that elapses between 
 the fall of their blossoms and the ripen- 
 ing of their seed. During this period 
 they do not transpire more than one- 
 half so much as during the period 
 preceding and attending upon their 
 blooming. 
 
 The transpiration takes place from the 
 upper surface of the leaves. Hence arises 
 the benefit which plants derive in rooms, 
 greenhouses, and other confined inclo- 
 sures, by keeping these surfaces cleansed 
 with the sponge and syringe. Some 
 plants are particularly sensitive to injury 
 from any check to their transpiration, 
 among which are the tea-scented roses; 
 and it thence arises that they cannot now 
 be cultivated in nursery gardens near 
 London, where they once flourished when 
 that metropolis was less extensive. It 
 must be remembered, however, in using 
 the sponge and syringe, tljat the under 
 side of leaves is also an absorbing sur- 
 face, benefited by being kept clean, and 
 by .the application of moisture. 
 
 During the day leaves absorb car- 
 bonic acid gas, which they decompose, 
 retaining its carbon, and emitting the 
 greater part of the oxygen that enters 
 into its composition. In the night this 
 operation is, in a certain measure, re- 
 versed, a small quantity of oxygen being 
 absorbed from the atmosphere, and a 
 yet smaller proportion of carbonic acid 
 emitted. 
 
 Carbonic acid gas in small proportions 
 is essential to the existence of leaves ; 
 yet it only benefits them when present 
 m quantities not exceeding one-twelfth 
 of the bulk of the atmosphere in which 
 they are vegetating, though one-twenty- 
 fifth is a stiU more favourable propor- 
 tion ; and as hotbeds, heated by ferment- 
 ing matters, have the air within their 
 frames rapidly contaminated to a much 
 greater extentthan the proportionsabove 
 named, thence arises the injury to the 
 plants they contain from a too long 
 neglected ventilation. The leaves turn 
 yeUow from the excess of acid, which 
 they are unable to digest, and which 
 consequently efieots that change of colour 
 which also occurs in autumn. 
 
 Lebe'ckia. (Probably derived from 
 the native name. Nat. ord., Legv/mi- 
 noscBj- Tribe, Genistece.) 
 
 Greenhouse shrubs. For culture, see Aspala- 
 
 THUS. 
 
 L. cytisoi'des. 2-4. Yellow. May. South Africa. 
 Syn., Crotalaria pulch'ella. B. M. t.l699. 
 
LEB 
 
 [550] 
 
 LEE 
 
 L. mi'da. B. M. t. 2214. A synonym of Indigo- 
 ferafJifolia. 
 
 — seri'cea. Yellow. South Africa. Syn., Cm- 
 
 talaria a/iwiistifolia. Jacq. H. Schoenb. 
 t. 219. 
 
 — Simsia'na. Yellow. March. South Africa. 
 
 1820. Syn., Sarcophyllum camosum. 
 B. M. t. 2602. 
 
 Lebreto'nia. See Pavonia. 
 
 Lecano'pteris. (From lekane, a 
 basin, and pteris, a fern. Nat. ord., 
 Filices — Polypodiacm. ) Now referred to 
 Polypodiiom. 
 
 A ftne stove fern. See FERNS. 
 L. camo'sa. Yellow. May. Java. 
 
 Lechenau'ltia. See Leschenaul- 
 tia. 
 
 Lecjr'tliea mi'xta. A fungus, allied 
 to Uredo, producing pustules on the 
 lower side of the leaves of Willows 
 (Salix). When ripe these pustules burst 
 and emit numerous rusty orange coloured 
 spores. 
 
 Ledebou'ria. (Named after M. 
 Ledebour, a botanical writer. Nat. ord., 
 Liliacem ; Tribe, /SciWecB.) See Scilla. 
 L. hyad'nthirm. B.M. t.3226. See Scilla indica. 
 Ledenbe'rgia. (Commemorative. 
 Nat. ord., Phytolaccacece ; Tribe, Riiii- 
 nece.) 
 
 Stove climbing shrub. Cuttings in sandy 
 loam, in bottom^eat and under a hand-glass. 
 Rich loam and leaf-mould ; good drainage and 
 plenty of pot-room. Summer temp., 60° to 86° ; 
 winter, 60° to 70°. 
 L. ro'seo-celnea. Leaves coppery-green above, 
 
 violet beneath. Upper Amazons. 1869. 
 
 ni. Hort. t. 591. Syn., Phytolacca pur- 
 
 puraBcens. 
 
 Ledoca'rpum. (From ledon, the 
 Cistus, and karpos, a fruit; fruit like 
 that of the Cistus. Nat. ord., Gerania- 
 cece; Tribe, Oxalidece.) Now referred 
 to Balbisia. 
 
 Jj. pedwnGula'ris. B. R. 1. 1392. A synonym of 
 Balbisia pedwnffularie. 
 
 — vertidXUi'tuTn, B. B. t. 6170. See Batbigia 
 
 v&rtiffUlata. 
 
 Ledon Gum. Ci'stus le'don. 
 
 Le'dtUU. Labrador Tea. (From 
 ledon, the Greek name of Cistus. Nat. 
 ord., Ericaceoe; Tribe, Bhodoreos. Al- 
 lied to the Rhododendron.) 
 
 Hardy, evergreen, white-flowered shrubs. 
 Layers ; peat, with a little sand. Very pretty 
 for bordering Bhododendrons. 
 L. buxifo'liumi. See Leic^hyUmn buorifolium. 
 
 — canade^nse. See L. lat'^oliv/m, var. canadense. 
 
 — glandulo'stcm. 2-6. N. Am^r. 
 
 — latifo'lium. 3. April. N. Amer. 1763. Syn., 
 
 L. gramlanmcv/in. 
 canoM'me. IJ. April. Canada. Syn., 
 
 L. canadense, B. C. 1. 1019. 
 globo'swm. Garden form. G. C. 1878, ix. 
 
 p. 698. 
 
 — palu'stre. 2. April. Europe. 1762. B. C. 
 
 t. 660. 
 
 L.pcdu'8trede.m'mbens. J. April. Hudson'^ 
 Bay. 1762. 
 
 Lee'a. (In memory of James Lee,, a 
 
 Hammersmith nurseryman, 1715-1795. 
 
 Nat. ord., Ampelideee.) 
 Stove shrubs, requiring a rich loam and moist 
 
 atmosphere. 
 
 L. ama'bilis. Leaves bronzy-green, with a white 
 central stripe above ; claret-red beneath, 
 Borneo. 1880. G. 0. 1882, xvii. p. 493, 
 fig. 77. 
 
 — cocH'nea. Flowers scarlet outside, pink in- 
 side. Java? 1862. B.M. t. 6299. Syn.,. 
 Aralia excelsa. 
 
 Lee-chee. Nephe'lium Li'tcM. 
 
 Leek. (A'lKum po'rrum.) The leek 
 is a hardy biennial; for although it 
 attains perfection in size and for culinary 
 purposes the first year, it does not run 
 to seed until the second, the perfecting 
 of which it often survives. The whole 
 plant is eaten, being employed in soups, 
 etc., and boiled and eaten with meat. 
 
 Varieties. — The Musselburgh and the 
 large London Leek, which are by far the 
 best ; the Scotch, or Flag, which is larger 
 and hardier ; and the Flanders. 
 
 Sowing. — Sow first in the end of Feb- 
 ruary a small crop for transplanting in 
 June and July, as well as in part to re- 
 main where sown ; again, for the main 
 crop, in the course of March or early in 
 April ; and lastly, towards the close of 
 April or beginning of May, for late trans- 
 planting. Sow in drills, some to remain 
 after thinning; the leek, however, is 
 much benefited by transplanting. 
 
 Cultivation. — When the plants are 
 three or four inches in height, hoe and 
 thin to two or three inches apart ; water, 
 also, in dry weather, will strengthen 
 and forward them for transplanting, 
 when six or eight inches high. They 
 must be taken away regularly from the 
 seed-bed, the grouncl being well watered 
 previously, if not soft and easily yield- 
 mg. When thinned out they may be 
 left to remain in the seed-bed six inches 
 asunder, as they do not grow so large as 
 the transplanted ones, which must be 
 set by the dibble in rows ten inches 
 apart each way, nearly down to the 
 leaves, that the neck, by being covered 
 with the earth, may be blanched ; water 
 in abundance at the time of planting, 
 and shorten the long, weak leaves, but 
 leave the roots as nnmjured as possible. 
 By this treatment, and by cutting off 
 the tops of the leaves about once a 
 month, as new ones are produced, the 
 neck swells to a much larger size. The 
 several sowings above directed wiU yield 
 a supply from August until the following 
 May, when they advance to seed. A 
 portion should be always taken up and 
 
LEG 
 
 [551] 
 
 LEO 
 
 laid in sand previous to the ground being 
 locked up by continued frost ; but they 
 will notkeepmany days in this situation. 
 
 Legume. The seed-pod of the order 
 Leguminosce, e.g., Pea pod. 
 
 Leia'ntllUS. (From leios, smooth, 
 and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Gen- 
 tianacece; Tribe, ChironiecB. Allied to 
 Lisianthus.) 
 
 Store plants. Seeds, sown carefully in a pot, 
 placed in a hotbed ; cuttings of young shoots in 
 sandy soil, under a glass, in heat ; sandy peat 
 and fibry loam ; a good heat when growing, cool 
 and airy when blooming. General temperature, 
 from 55° to 80°. 
 i. Umgifdliua. 2. Yellow. August. Jamaica. 
 
 1844. Evergreen shrub. Syn., i>man(Au8 
 
 longifolius. B. B. t. 880. 
 
 — nigre^scans. IJ. Blackish. August. Guate- 
 
 mala. 1842. Biennial. Syn., Petalo- 
 Btiflie nigrescens. 
 •- uwiieUa'tws. 20. Green, yellow. May. 
 Jamaica. 1843. Evergreen tree. 
 
 Xieiochi'lus. (From leios, smooth, 
 and cheilos, a lip. Nat. ord., OrchidecB; 
 Tribe, Vandew-Onddiem. By some 
 writers erroneously spelt Leochilus. 
 Allied to Oncidium. ) 
 
 Stove orchids. Division in spring ; flbry peat, 
 sphagnum, and crocks, and cultivated in shallow 
 baskets, suspended from the roof of a moist 
 orchid-house. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 
 60° to 90°. 
 i. earina'tus. Orange. Xalapa. 1842. 
 
 — cochlea'ris. Yellow. Dominica. 1842. 
 
 — oneidioi'dei. J. Green, purple. March. 
 
 Mexico. 1840. Syns., Oncridium macran- 
 therum, B. M. t. 3845, and Rodriguezia 
 TnacUlata. 
 
 — sangvirwlefntus. Crimson. La Guayra. 1842. 
 
 Leiophy'llnm. (From ^ejos, smooth, 
 and phyllon, a leaf. Nat. ord. , Ericaceae. 
 Allied to Ledum. Syn., Ammyrsine.) 
 
 Hardy evergreen shrubs. Cuttings and layers ; 
 peaty soil. 
 
 L. btueifo'liwrn. 1. White. May. New Jersey. 
 1736. B. M. t. '6752. Syns., L. thymi- 
 folia, Ammyrsine buxifolia, B. B. t. SSI, 
 and Ledwm burifolium. 
 
 — Lyo'nii. White. April. Carolina. 1812. 
 
 Lemon. See Ci'trus. 
 
 Lemon-grass. Andro'pogon schce- 
 iM'nthvs. 
 
 Lemo'nia. (Named after Sir C. 
 Lemon, M.P. Nat. ord., Butacew; 
 Tribe, Cuspariew.) See Ravenia. 
 
 L. epeeta'bilie. B. B. 840, t. 59. See Savenia 
 spectaiilis. 
 
 Lenne'a. (Named after M. Lenn6, 
 a foreign landscape-gardener. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminosoe; Tribe, Oalegem. 
 Allied to Wistaria. ) 
 
 Greenhouse deciduous shrub. Young shoots 
 in spring, or ripened shoots towards autumn, 
 under-a hand-light. Must have similar protec- 
 ticn and treatment to the Geni'sta canwne'nsis 
 
 L. robinoi'des. Crimson. April. Mexico. 
 1843. Past. Fl. Gard. iii. p. 27, flg. 
 246. ^ 
 
 Lenti'cula palu'stris. A synonym 
 of Pistia stratiotes. 
 
 Leo'chilus. See Leiochilus. 
 
 Leono'tis. Lion's Ear. (From lean, 
 a lion, and oiis, an ear ; some resem- 
 blance in the flower. Nat. ord. , Labiafce ; 
 Tribe, Stachydex. Allied to Phlomis. ) 
 
 Annuals, by seed in hotbed, and young plants, 
 then treated as tender annuals ; shrubs, by cut- 
 tings in sand, under a bell-glass, in peat ; sandy 
 peat and fibry loam. Common greenhouse and 
 plant-stove treatment. Herbaceous species, by 
 seeds, and division of the plant. 
 L. interme'dia. 3. Orange. September. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1822. B. B. t. 86U. 
 
 — la'cerus. See Leonurus cardiaeuSf var. vil- 
 
 208U8. 
 
 — Leonu'rus. S. Scarlet. November. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1812. G. C. 1883, xix. 
 p. 186, fig. 28. Syn., Phlomis Leonurus. 
 
 — nepetcefo'lia. 3. Orange. September. E. 
 
 Ind. 1778. B. B.I. 281. 
 
 — ova'ta. IJ. Orange. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1813. 
 
 Leo'ntice. (FromZeore, alion; from 
 a supposed resemblance of the leaf to 
 the point of a lion's foot. Nat. ord., 
 Berberidew. ) 
 
 for culture, see Caulophyllum. 
 L. Albdrti. Brownish-yellow. Turkestan. 
 
 — altaica. i. Yellow. April. Altai Mte., 
 
 Siberia. B. M. t. 3245. 
 
 — ehryso'gonum. Maund Bot. t. 50. See Bon- 
 
 gardia Ra/wwolfii. 
 
 — thalietiroSdes. B. C. 1. 1473. See Caviophyl- 
 
 lum thalictroides. 
 
 Leo'ntodon. (From leon, a lion, 
 and odous, a tooth ; in reference to the 
 edge of the leaves. Nat. ord.. Com- 
 positoB. Syn., Apargia.) 
 
 The following hardy herbaceous perennial is 
 the oiily one worth cultivating, though there are 
 many other species. 
 L. cro'cewm aurwntiacwm. 1. Orange. June. 
 
 Hungary. 1816. Syn., Apa/rgia aura/n- 
 
 tiaea. 
 
 Leontopo'dium. Lion's Foot. 
 (From leon, a lion, and pons, a foot ; 
 resemblance of the flower-heads. Nat. 
 ord., Compositoe; Tribe, Inuloidem. 
 Allied to Antennaria.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds, and divi- 
 sion of the roots in spring ; common soil. 
 L. alm'nwm. Yellow. June. Alps of Europe. 
 
 1776. G. C. 1881, xvi. p. 629. Syns., L. 
 
 helvetieum, L. swiriewm, L. vulgare, and 
 
 QnmihaKum Leontopodium. B. B. 1. 1968. 
 
 — Tne Edelweiss. 
 
 Leonu'rus. (From leon, a lion, and 
 oura, a tail. Nat. ord., Labiatoe; Tribe, 
 Stachydece.) 
 
 Annual herbs. For culture, see Leonotis. 
 L. cardi'aca. 3. Bed. June. Britain. 
 
 cri'spus. 2. Red. July. Siberia. 
 
 1658. 
 
 mllo'sm. 3. Purple. July. Tauria. 
 
 1820. Syn., Leonotis laeeras. 
 
LEO 
 
 [552] 
 
 LEP 
 
 L. Uma'tus. 2. Yellow. July. Siberia. 1762. 
 
 — sUn'ricus. 2. Red. July. Siberia. 1769. 
 
 Leopard Moth. This moth occa- 
 sionally infests the interior of the stems 
 of Apj)le, Pear and Plum trees, feeding 
 on their wood, but its attack appears to 
 do but little damage. The ground colour 
 of the moth is white, which is thickly 
 covered with bluish-black spots, whence 
 its name. 
 
 Leopard's Bane. Doro'nkum. 
 
 Leopoldi'nia. (Named after the 
 late Empress of Brazil. Nat. ord., 
 Palmece; Tribe, Arecem.) 
 L. pu'lchra. See Cocos Weddeliana. 
 
 Lepa'chys. (From lepis, a scale, 
 and achyron, chaff; referring to the 
 scales of the involucre. Nat. ord., 
 Compositm.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous plant. 
 L. prima'ta. i. Yellow. September. North 
 America. 
 
 Lepa'nthes. (From lepis, a scale, 
 and anthos, a flower; scales fiower- 
 shaped inclosing the stem. Nat. ord., 
 Orchidem; Tribe, Epidend/rece-Plewro- 
 thallece. ) 
 
 Stove orchids. See Orchids. 
 L. calodi'ctyoji. J. Leaves pale green, with rich 
 brown veins; flowers inconspicuous. 
 Andes. B. M. t. 6259. 
 
 — sangui'ma. Red-rose. Jamaica. 1844. B. 
 
 M. t. 4112. 
 
 — tridental to,. Purple, yellow. Jamaica. 1835. 
 
 B. E. 1. 1762. 
 
 Lepechi'nia. (Named after Lepe- 
 chin, a Eussian botanist. Nat. ord., 
 LabiatcB ; Tribe, Satureinem, Allied to 
 Sphacele. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division of the 
 plant in spring, and cuttings of young shoots in 
 sandy soil, under a hand-light, in spring and 
 summer ; loam and a little peat, ^ncatn re- 
 quires a little protection in winter. 
 L. clinopodifo'lia. See Mentha dahurica. 
 
 — spiea'ta. 1. Pale yellow. July. Mexico. 
 
 1800. B. R. t. 1292. 
 
 Leperi'za. (From lepis, a scale, 
 and rhiza, a root ; in reference to the 
 imbricating scales of the bulb. Nat, 
 ord., Amaryllidem ; Tribe, Pancratice.) 
 See Stricklandia. 
 
 L. eiKrosioi'des. See Stricklandia eucrosioides. 
 
 — latif&lia, B. M. t, 4952. See UreeoUna latv- 
 
 folia. 
 
 Lepicy'stis. (From lepis, a scale, 
 and kyste, a box; alluding to the sori 
 being placed among scales. Nat. ord., 
 Filioes — PolypodiaeecE. ) 
 L. inca'na. 1. Tropical America. 1841. 
 
 — sepu'lta. 1. Tropical America. 1841. 
 
 — squama'ta. 10. W. Indies. 
 
 Lepida'gathis. (Fj;om lepis, ascale, 
 and agathis, a ball ; refemng to the 
 
 bracts. Nat. ord., Acanthacece ; Tribe, 
 Jitsticiem. Allied to Geissomeria. ) 
 Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots, 
 
 getting a little firm, in May, in sandy soil, in 
 ottom-heat ; flbry, sandy loam, and a little peat 
 and leaf -mould. Summer temp, 60° to 80° ; win- 
 ter, 46° to 68°. 
 L, erieta'ta. 2. India. 1820. 
 
 Lepi'dium. (A name used by 
 Dioscorides; Nat. ord., Cruciferce.) 
 
 L. aati'mum is the Garden Cress, a hardy 
 annual, propagated by seeds. 
 L. sati'vum. l-lj. White. June. Persia? 
 1648. 
 
 Lepido'ptera. (From lepis, a scale, 
 aadpteron, a wing. ) An order of insects 
 comprising the Butterflies and Moths, 
 the characteristics of which are : — body 
 hairy, or scaly ; mouth with a proboscis ; 
 wings covered with scales. The larvse 
 are Known as caterpillars. Butterflies 
 have the antennae with a club-shaped 
 tip, moths with a pointed or plumose 
 one. 
 
 Lepidoste'lCLOIl pentstemonoi'des. 
 See Pentstemon Lobbiantis. 
 
 Lepidoza'mia. See Macroza- 
 mia. 
 
 Lepi'smium. (From lepis, a scale ; 
 referring to the small scales at the 
 crenatures. Nat. ord., Cactacece; Tribe, 
 Opuntiece.) United by some with Rhip- 
 salis. 
 
 Greenhouse fleshy-leaved plants. For culture, 
 see Cereus. 
 
 L. cavemc/ sum. Stems flat. S.Brazil and Para- 
 guay. Gfl. 1890, p. 161, flg. 38. 
 
 — eonmm'ne. Rose, white. September. 1836. 
 
 B. M. t. 3763. 
 
 — dirn'mile. S. Brazil. Gfl. 1890, p. 148, flgs. 
 
 36-37. 
 
 — myosu'riis. i. Yellow, white. July. Brazil. 
 
 1837. B. M. t. 3756. Syn., Bhipsalis 
 
 Jmradoxa. 
 5'awm. 3. 1846. 
 
 Lepta'ndra. See Veronica. 
 
 Lepta'nthus. (From leptos, slender, 
 and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Ponte- 
 deracece.) A synonym of Heteran- 
 thera. 
 
 L. grami'neus. 1. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 
 1828. A synonym of Reteranthera gra- 
 Ttiinea. 
 
 — liimo'sa. See Heteranthera limom. B. M. 
 
 t. 6192. 
 
 — reni/o'nms. See Heteranthera renifmnvk. . 
 
 Leptarrhe'na. (From leptos, 
 slender, and arren, male. Nat. ord., 
 Saxifragacem ; Tnhe, SaxifroffeoB.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. For culture, see 
 Saxifraga. 
 
 Jj. pyrolifo'lia. J. May. N. America. 1827. 
 Syn., Saxifraga pyroHfolia. 
 
 Leptine'Ua. (From leptos, slender ; 
 the habit of these plants. Nat. ord., 
 Compositm ; Tribe, Anthemidece.) 
 
LEP 
 
 [553] 
 
 LES 
 
 Smallhardy, perennialherbs, from theSouthern 
 Hemisphere. 
 
 L. dio'ica. J. Yellow. Summer. New Zea- 
 land. 
 
 — lana'ta. Yellow. Lord Auckland's Islands. 
 — plunw'sa. Yellow. Lord Auckland's Islands. 
 
 Leptoca'Uis. See Ipomsea. 
 
 Lepto'ceras. (From leptos, slender, 
 ■and keras, a horn ; referring to the form 
 and substance of the column. Nat. ord. , 
 Orehidem; TtVog, Neottiem.) United to 
 Caladenia under the specific names 
 annexed. 
 
 Greenhouse terrestrial orchids, from Swan 
 Elver. Division in spring; fibry peat, well 
 drained, with a little leaf-mould and sand. Win- 
 ter temp., 46° to 50°. 
 L.fimhria'ta. Yellow. May. Caladenia 
 
 FIMBRIATA. 
 
 — oUo'nga. Yellow. May. Caladenia Men- 
 
 ZIESII. 
 
 —pectina'ta. Yellow. May. Caladenu fim- 
 
 BRIATA. 
 
 Leptochi'lus. CPromleptos, slender, 
 and oheilos, a lip ; alluding to the form 
 of the indusium. Nat. ord., Filices— 
 Polypodiacem. ) 
 
 Stove fern. See Ferns. 
 JL. axUla'ris. See GyTnTwpteris nieotiartifolia. 
 
 — decu'rrene. Indian Islands. 
 
 Leptoda'ctylon. (From leptos, 
 slender, and dactylos, a finger j referring 
 to the form of the leaves. Nat. ord., 
 PolenwniaeecB.) See Gilia. 
 L. caHftimicum. B. M. t. 4872. See Gilia 
 cdlijfomica. 
 
 Leptode'rmis. (From leptos, slen- 
 der, and defma, the skin ; referring to 
 the thin bark. Nat. ord., Subiacew; 
 Tribe, Paderiem. Allied to Hamiltonia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened young shoots in April, in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, and in a mild bottom-heat ; sandy peat 
 and flbry loam. Winter temp., 45° to 48°. 
 L. Icmceola'ta. 3. Yellow. June. Nepaul. 
 1842. 
 
 Leptogra'mina. (From leptos, 
 slender, Sundi gramma, writing; referring 
 to the form of the spore or seed-cases. 
 Nat. ord., Filices.) Now referred to 
 Gymnogramme. 
 
 stove ferns, with brownish-yellow spores. See 
 Ferns. 
 L. asplenioi'des. June. Jamaica. 
 
 — gra'cilis. June. Brazil. 
 
 — Linkia'na. Brazil. 
 dim'des. June. Brazil. 
 
 — rupe'stris. Tropical America. 
 
 — totta. S. Africa. 
 
 — villo'sa. 2. July. Brazil. 1836. 
 
 Leptome'ria. {Fiomleptos, slender, 
 and meris, a part ; referring to the 
 slender and almost leafless shoots. Nat. 
 ord., Santalacem; Tribe, Osyridece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, with white blossoms, 
 from Australia. Cuttings of firm young shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glass; sandy peat and flbry 
 
 loam, with pieces of charcoal. Winter temp.. 
 40° to 48°. '^ ' 
 
 L. a'cida. 6-8. Queensland. 1823. 
 
 — Billardie'ri. 1-7. New South Wales. 1823. 
 
 lieTpto'pteris supe'rba. SeeTodea. 
 
 Leptosi'phon. (From leptos, slen- 
 der, and siphon, a tube ; alluding to the 
 tube of the flower. Nat. ord., Pole- 
 moniacea. ) See Gilia. 
 L. androsa'ceus. See Gilia a/ndrogacea. 
 
 — ciHa'tue. See Gilia ciliata. 
 
 — densiflo'rus. See Gilia densifora. 
 
 coro'lla a'lba. See Qiiia dejisifl&ra, var. 
 
 alha. 
 
 — grandiflo'rus. See Gilia grandijlora. 
 
 — lu'teus. See GUia Imtea. 
 
 pa'llidus. See Gilia lutea, var. pallida. 
 
 —parmflc/rus. See GUia mierantha. 
 
 — ro'seus. See GUia micrantha. 
 
 Leptospe'rmuin, (From leptos, 
 slender, and sperma, a seed. Nat. ord., 
 Myrtacem; Inhe, Leptospermeoe. Allied 
 to Metrosideros. ) 
 
 Australian, greenhouse, evergreen plants, with 
 white flowers. Seeds in a hotbed, in March ; 
 cuttings of young shoots, getting firm, in May, in 
 well-drained pots, in sand, under a glass ; loam 
 two parts, peat one part, sand and charcoal half 
 a part. Winter temp., 38° to 48°. Some, such as 
 lani'gerum and grandijk/rwm, would do well on 
 conservatory walls. 
 
 L. amWguum. B. C. t. 1998. A synonym of 
 Kunzea corifolia. 
 
 — a'nnoB. White, pink. Mindanao. Gfl. 
 
 t. 1184. 
 
 — arachnoi'deum. 3. June. 1795. 
 
 — attemia'twn. 5. June. 1795. 
 
 — bacca'tutn. 3. June. 1790. 
 
 — emargina'tum. 5, June. 1818. 
 —flavd scene. 5. June. 1787. 
 —flemu/«um. A synonym ot Agonisflexuoaa. 
 
 — gr.andifflc/rwm. 6. June. 1810. B. C. t. 514. 
 — jv/niperi'nuyn. 2. June. 1790. 
 
 — lam'genan. 5. June. 1774. 
 
 — rmilticau'le. 4. June. 1824. 
 
 — myrtifo'liitm,. 8-10. June. 1824, 
 
 — obli'guum. June. 180O. 
 
 — pe'TiavZum. 4. July. 
 
 — sc&parium. White. New Zealand. 1876. 
 
 The leaves are used as tea. B. M. 
 t. 3419. 
 
 — sm'ceum. 5. June. N. S. Wales. 1818. 
 
 — squarro'sum. 4. July. 
 
 — ttiymH^o'Vmrn. 5. June. 1824. 
 
 — trUoaalaire. 2. June. 1800.. B. C. t. 791. 
 
 Leptoste'lma ma'xima. See Eri- 
 geron maxi/mum. 
 
 Lepto'syne. See Coreopsis. 
 
 Lepto'tes. (From leptos, slender; 
 referring to the leaves. Nat. ord., 
 Orehidem; Tribe, Emdendrem-Lcelieoe., 
 Allied toBrassavola. ) See Tetramicra. 
 L. U'color. B. R. 1. 1626. B. M. t. 3734. See 
 Tetraitiicra bicolor. 
 
 Lesehenau'Itia. (Named after il/. 
 LeschenauU, a French botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Goodeniacece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from Australia. Cut- 
 tings of the points of young shoots in sand, under 
 a bell-glass, and as soon as struck, potted and 
 grown m an open compost of turfy peat, fibry 
 
LES 
 
 [654] 
 
 LEU 
 
 loam, silver sand, and pieces of broken pots and 
 charcoal, the pots being well drained. Winter 
 temp. , 38° to 46°, with plenty of air when possible. 
 A shady position in summer. 
 L. arcua'ta. B. M. t. 4265. See L. linarioides. 
 
 — Bazte'ri, See L. fomwea. 
 
 ma'jor. Australia. Bev. Hort., 1886, 
 
 p. 468. 
 
 — bi'color ma'jor. Blue. Australia. Garden, 
 
 Oct. 4, 1884. 
 
 — bilo'ba. 1. Blue. June. 1840. 
 —formo'sa. 1. Scarlet. June. 1824. B. M. 
 
 t. 2600. Syns., L. Baxteri, L. multifiora, 
 B. C. 1. 1679, and L. oblata. 
 
 — lari'mM. IJ. Scarlet. June. 1844. Syn., 
 
 L. spUndene, B. M. t. 4256. 
 
 — epldrulena. See L. limema. 
 
 Lespede'za.' (Namedafteriaspedez, 
 once governor of Florida. Nat. ord., 
 Zequminosce ; Tribe, Hedysareai. Al- 
 lied to HalBa. ) 
 
 North American plants, except where other- 
 wise specified. Annuals, by seed, in a sandy, 
 peaty border ; perennials, by the same means in 
 spring, and division of the roots ; shrubs, cut- 
 tmgs either of young or ripened wood in sand, 
 under a bell-glass ; sandy, fibry peat. Erio- 
 ca'rpa requires the greenhouse, and glomera'ta 
 must be grown as a tender annual. 
 L. cmgiietifo'lia. 2. Pale purple. June. 1800. 
 Perennial. 
 
 — bi'color. 3. Eose-purple. October. N. 
 
 China and Japan. 1868. B. M. t. 6602. 
 
 — ewpi'Uvpel. 3. Purple. China. 
 
 — Dela'vayi. 3-6. Violet to black - purple. 
 
 Yunnan. Eev. Hort. 1890, p. 226, 
 fig. 70. 
 
 — div^rgene. 2. Violet. July. 1800. Syn., 
 
 L. viioUuxa, var. divergent. 
 
 — erioca'rpa. 1. Violet. July. Nepaul. 1819. 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. 
 — frutdseene. 4. Purple. July. 1793. Deciduous 
 shrub. ' 
 
 — glomeralta, 3. Purple. July. B. Indies. 1819. 
 
 Stove annual. 
 
 — hirtefUa. 8. Violet. August. China. 
 
 — maeroca'rpa. 3. Bosy,violet. N. China. 
 
 1883. 
 
 — polya'ntha. Purple. China. 
 
 — polysta'ehya. 3. White. July. 1789. Peren- 
 
 nial. 
 
 — prostra'ta. i. Purple. July. 1810. Trailer. 
 
 — reticiMta, 2. Purple. 1816. Syn., L, molacea, 
 
 var. reticulata. 
 
 — seasilifio'ra. 3. Purple. 1800. Syn., L, molacea, 
 
 var. aessUiJUyra. 
 
 — Siebcfldii. Japan. Syn., Desmodiwrn pen- 
 
 dniJl,ifUrrmn. 
 
 — Stvivei. IJ. Purple. July. 1824. Hardy 
 
 annual. 
 
 — trigoru/clada. Pale yellow or whitish. Hee- 
 
 ehan-men, China. 1890. 
 
 — mllo'sa. White. July. 1819. Perennial, 
 
 — viola'cea. 2. Violet. July. 1739. PerennijJ, 
 divdrgenx. See L. divergens. 
 
 reticma'ta. See L. reticulata. 
 
 sessUifio'ra. See L. sessiliflora. 
 
 ' ■ Pale violet. China 
 
 Lesse'rtia. (Named after the French 
 botanist, Baron Delessert. Nat. ord., 
 Legummosoe; Tribe, Galegem. Allied 
 to Swainsonia.) 
 
 All natives of South Africa. Shrubby kinds, 
 by seed in spring, and cuttings of young shoots 
 in sand, under a glass ; loam and peat ; annuals, 
 by seeds ; and perennials, by seeds and division 
 
 in spring ; the seedlings should be potted oS, 
 when a few inches in height, into light, sandy 
 loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. 
 
 GREENHOUSE ANNUALS. 
 
 L. arge'ntea. }. Purple. June. 1822. Syn., 
 L. tomentom. 
 
 — diffu'sa. i. Eosy-purple. Syn., Cfa!^ad«Jia. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 576. 
 
 — veeica'ria. Purple. June. 1826. 
 
 — vvrga'ta. Purple. June. 1828. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 
 L. exei'sa. 1. Red. August. 1776. 
 
 — perdnnane. Beddish-lilac. Natal. 1873. 
 
 B. M. t. 6106. 
 
 — procu'.mbens. Purple. June. 1763. Syn., 
 
 Colutea procumb&ns. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 L. brachytta'chya. 1. Purple. July. 1826. 
 — falcif&rmie. 1. Purple. July. 1826. Syn., 
 
 Vima pellucida. Jacq. H. Schoenb. 
 
 t. 222. 
 
 — frwtico'sa. 1. Purple. July. 1826. B. E. 
 
 t. 970. 
 —pu'lchra. li. Bed. May. 1817. B. M. 
 t. 2064. 
 
 Lettso'mia. (Named after J. C. 
 Lettsom, a British physician and natura- 
 list. NaA. ord., Temstromiaeem ; Tribe, 
 Temstromiece. Allied to Freziera.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young 
 shoots, getting lirm, in April or May, in aajia, 
 under a bell-glass, and a sweet bottom-heat ; 
 sandy, flbry loam, and sandy, turfy peat. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 66° to 60°. 
 L. tomento'sa. 4. White. Pern. 1823. 
 
 Lettuce. Lactu'ca. 
 
 Lettuce Puiigus. Perom'spora 
 gamglwnifo'rimAs. 
 
 Leucade'ndron. (From imhts, 
 white, and dendron, a tree ; the white- 
 leaved Silver-trees of the Cape colonists.' 
 Nat. ord., Proteacem; Tribe, Protece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with yellow 
 flowers, from South Africa. Cuttings of the 
 ripened shoots in summer, in sand, under a 
 
 flass, and kept cool until the base of the cutting 
 as callused, when extra heat may be applied ; 
 fibry loam and sandy peat, with a few rough 
 pieces of charcoal, to keep the compost open. 
 Winter temp., 38° to 46°. 
 
 L. oMeti'nwm. Yellow. Syn., Protea teretifolia. 
 Andr. Sep. t. 461. 
 
 — cdtmUmn. 3. July. 1789. Syn., Protea in- 
 
 curva. Andr. Hep. t. 429. 
 
 — angusta'tum. 3. June. 1820. 
 
 — argdntewm. 16. August. 1693. B. E. t. 979. 
 
 — camda'tum. 3. May. 1800. 
 
 — cindreum. 3. July. 1774. 
 
 — eomo'sum. 3. May. 1818. Syn., Protea 
 
 globosa. B. M. t. 878. 
 
 — conci'nn/um. 3. 1800. 
 
 - c&ncolor. 3. May. 1774. 
 
 — coni'ferum. Pale yellow. 1803. Syn., Protea 
 
 conifera. Andr. Rep. t. 641. 
 
 — corymbo'sum. 3. April. 1790. B. E. t. 402. 
 
 Syn., Protea coryinbosa. Andr. Rep. 
 t. 496. 
 
 — deco'rmn. 3. 1790. 
 —JMridum. 3. April. H96. 
 
 — fuseiJUirum. Purplish. June. Syn., Protea 
 fusciflora. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t< 27. 
 
 — gla'brum. 3. May. 1810. 
 
 — gra/ndifi&rum. 3. April. 1789. 
 
 — imbnca'tutn. 4. 1790. 
 
 — infie/xum. 3. April. 1800. 
 
LEU 
 
 [555] 
 
 LEU 
 
 i. Lettlsa'num. 4. April. 1774. 
 
 — Unifo'Kum. 4. May. Syn., Protea linifolia. 
 
 Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 26. 
 
 — margina'tum. 3. May. 1800. 
 
 — ova'k. 3. May. 1818. 
 
 — plumo'smn. 4. July. 1774. 
 
 — retu'sum. 3. May. 1810. 
 
 — sali'gnum. 3. May. 1774. 
 
 — seri'ceum. 3. May. 1817. 
 
 — spathtUa'tvm. 3. May. 1818. 
 
 — sguarro'sum. 3. 1824. 
 
 — stella're. Bluish. June. Syn., Protea stel- 
 
 larii. B. M. t. 881. 
 
 — stri'etum. 3. June. 1796. 
 
 — to'rtum. B. R. t. 826. Syn., Protea torta. 
 
 Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 401. 
 
 — veno'smn. 3. May. 1816. 
 
 Leucse'na (from leukos, shining. 
 Nat. ord., Legwminosm ; Tribe, Mi- 
 mosece), is a genus formed of Acacia 
 glauca and A. trichodes. 
 
 Leu'cas. (From leukos, white ; the 
 colourof theflowers. Nat. ord., Labiatce; 
 Tribe, StachydecB.) 
 
 For culture, see Phlomis. 
 L. Knifo'lia. 1. White. Tropics of E. Hemi- 
 sphere. Syn., Phlomis zeylanica. Jacq. 
 fc. t. 111. 
 
 — martin'MnHe. White. Throughout the 
 
 Tropics. Syn., Phlomis cariaxa. Jacq. 
 Ic. 1. 110. 
 
 Leuce'ria. (From leukeres, white ; 
 the leaves of some of the species have a 
 white felt beneath. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positce; Tribe, Mutisiacea.) 
 
 Greenhouse herb. 
 L. runcina'ta. li. White. June. Chili. 1844. 
 Syns., Chdbroearwncinata. B. M. t. 4116, 
 LaMorhiza rosea ajid L. runeinata. 
 
 Leuchtenbe'rgia. (Named after 
 Prince Leuchtenbim-g. Nat. ord., Cac- 
 tacece; Tribe, Echmocactew.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. For culture, see 
 Cactus — Echinocaetus. 
 
 L. pri'ncipis. 1. Yellow. June. Mexico. 1847. 
 B. M. t. 4393. 
 
 Leucoca'rpus, (From i leukos, 
 white, and carpos, a fruit. Nat. ord., 
 ScrophulariacecB ; Tribe, Chelonece.) 
 
 Half-hardy perennial. Seed in autumn ; divi- 
 sion, and cuttings in spring ; requires a little 
 protection in winter ; loam, leaf-mould, peat, 
 and a little sand. 
 L. ala'tws. 2. Yellow. Vera Cruz. 1830. Swt. 
 
 H. Gard. ser. 2, t. 124. Syn., Mimidus 
 
 perfoUatue. B. M. t. 3067. 
 
 Leucoco'ryne. (From 
 white, and koryne, a club ; referring to 
 the sterile anthers. Nat. ord., Liliacem; 
 Tribe, AlliecB. Allied to Brodiaea.) 
 
 Beautiful little half-hardy bulbs, from Chili, 
 requiring tlie same treatment as Ixias. 
 L. allia'eea. 1. White. 1826. Faxt. Mag. xi. 
 
 p. 101. 
 — ixioi'des. Lilac. October. 1821. Bef. Bot. 
 t. 348. Syn., Srodioea ixioides. B. M. 
 
 oSma'ta. 1. White. August. 1826. B. E. 
 
 1. 1293. 
 
 Leuco'jum. Snowflake. (From 
 leukos, white, and ion, a violet ; referring 
 to the colour and fragrance of the flowers. 
 Nat. oxA„A'maryllidecB ; Tribe, Amaryi- 
 lew. Allied to Galanthus. Syns,, ^cis 
 and Erinosma. ) 
 
 Hardy bulbs. Offsets in spring ; sandy loam. 
 L. astimm. J. White. May. Central and South 
 Europe. B. M. t. 1210. 
 
 — autwiMMlle. i. Pink, white. August. Por- 
 
 tugal and Morocco. B. M. t. 960. Syn., 
 Ads aiUumnalis. 
 
 — Henwmde^m. See L. ptUchellum. 
 
 — hyema'le. i. White, green. April. South 
 
 France. B. M. t. 6711. 
 
 — longifo'liMm. i-1. White. April. Mountains 
 
 of Corsica. 
 — pulche'llum. i. White. April. Sardinia. 
 Syn., L. Hemandezii. 
 
 — ro'mim. . Eose-red. September. Mountains 
 
 of Corsica. 1820. Syn., Aeis rosea. Swt 
 Fl. Gard. t. 297. 
 
 longif&liimi. A synonym of L. loimi- 
 
 folium. 
 
 — struma' sum. See Hessea Mifolia. 
 
 — triehophy'llum. J-1. White. April. S.W. 
 
 Europe. B. B. t. 654. Syn., Am tricho- 
 phylla. 
 
 grandiflo'rum. J. White. April. Spain. 
 
 Red. Lil. t. 217. Syn., Aeis grandi- 
 flora. 
 
 — vdmum. J-l- White, green. March. Central 
 
 Europe. B. M. t. 46. Syn., Erinosma 
 ■cemum. 
 
 carpa'thiemn. White, yellow. Syn., 
 
 Erinosma carpathicum. B. M. 1. 1993. 
 
 Leueophy'llum. (From leukos, 
 white, aniphyllon, leaf ; the leaves are 
 silvery. Nat. ord., Scrophulariacece.) 
 
 Greenhouse shrub. 
 L. texa'num. Violet-purple. Mexico. 1889. G. 
 and F. iii. p. 488, flg. 63. 
 
 Leuco'pogon. (From leukos, white, 
 and pogon, a beard ; referring to the 
 hairs on the flowers. Nat. ord., Epa- 
 cridacece; Tribe, Stypheliem. Allied to 
 Lissanthe.) 
 
 This is "the native currant" of Settlers in 
 Australia. Greenhouse, Australian, white-flower- 
 ing, evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the points 
 of shoots, getting a little firm in May, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass ; peat and loam, both fibry, 
 with silver sand, and nodules of charcoal to 
 keep the compost open ; drainage and watering 
 must be carefully attended to. Winter temp.. 
 38° to 46°. 
 L. amplexicau'lis. 3. 1816. 
 
 — eolKnus. 8. May. 1824. 
 
 — Cunningha'mi. 4. May. 
 
 — ericoi'des. 6. 1816. 
 —juniperoi'des. 3. May. 1804. 
 
 — lanceola'tus. 12. May, 1790. B. M. t. 3162. 
 
 — obova'tus. 1. June. 1824. 
 
 — parvifio'rw. B. R. t. 1660. See L. Richei. 
 
 — volysta'ehys. B. C. t. 1433. See L. Richei. 
 Ri'chei. 5. June. 1822. Syns., L. parmjUyrus, 
 
 L. polystachys and Styphelia parmftora. 
 Andr. Rep. t. 287. 
 se'tiger. 2, 1824. 
 
 — stria'tvs. 3. June. 1823. 
 
 — verticilla'tus. 1837. B. M. t. 6366. 
 
 — virga'tus. 2. June. 1824. 
 
 Leucorha'phis. 
 
 white, and rhaphis, a 
 
 (From leukos., 
 needle. Nat. 
 
LEU 
 
 [556] 
 
 LIA 
 
 Old. , Aeanthacem. ) A synonym of Bril- 
 lantaisia. 
 
 L. La'miv/m. See Brillarttaisia Ouiarietms, 
 — Vogelia'na. See BrUlantaisia Vogeliana. 
 
 Leucosce'ptrum. (From leukos, 
 white, and skeptron, staif. Nat. ord., 
 Labiatce.) See Teucrmm. 
 
 L. ca'num. See Teuerium maerostachyum. 
 
 Leucospe'rraum. (From leukos, 
 white, and sperTna, a seed. Nat. ord., 
 Proteacece; Tribe, Protece. Allied to 
 Protea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with yellow 
 flowers, from South Africa. Cuttings of ripe 
 young shoots, with the leaves left on, except 
 those close to the base of the cutting, firmly jn 
 sand, and covered with a bell-glass, kept cool, 
 and care taken to prevent damping ; light, 
 sandy, flbry loam, with a little peat, nodules of 
 charcoal, freestone, and brick. Winter temp., 
 35° to 46°. 
 L. attenua'tum. S. June. 1820. 
 
 — ca'Tidican^. See L. tomentoswm, var. candi- 
 
 cans. 
 —forrm'mm. i. July. 1784. Syn., Protea 
 formosa. Andr. Eep. 1. 17. 
 
 — grandiflo/rnm. 4. June. 1800. 
 
 — linea're. i. July. 1774. 
 
 — me'dium. S. July. 1794. 
 
 — pa'rile. 2. August. 1789. 
 
 — ^altulwm. 2. August. 1823. 
 
 — spathvZa'tum. 2. June. 1825. 
 -r tamento'swm. 2. June. 1789. 
 
 ca'ndicans. 2. August. 1790. Andr. Rep. 
 
 t. 294. Syn., L. eandicans. 
 
 Leucoste'gia. (From leukos, white, 
 and stegnos, a covering ; alluding to the 
 white indusium. Nat. ord., Filices — 
 Polypodiacem. ) 
 
 Stove ferns. See Ferns. 
 L. affinis. 3. Borneo. 
 
 — cKoerophy'lla. E. Indies. 
 
 — imme'rsa. 2. E. Indies. 
 
 Iieucoste'mma. (From leukos, 
 white, and stemma, crown. Nat. ord., 
 Composites; Trihe, Inuloidece.) A syno- 
 nym of Helichrysum. 
 
 Leuco'thoe. (A sea-goddess of 
 Greek mythology. Nat. oid., Ericacem.) 
 
 Hardy shrubs requiring same culture as 
 Andromeda. 
 
 L. aewmina'ta, 2-3. White. June. N. America. 
 Syn., Andromeda acuminata. 
 
 — axUla'ris. 2-3. White. May. N. America. 
 
 1766. Syn., Andromeda oaAllarls. 
 
 — CatesbceH. 2-4. White. May. N. America. 
 
 — coria'cea. 3. Pink or white. June. N. 
 
 America. 1763. Syns., Andromeda coria- 
 cea and A. mariama. B. M. t. 1579. 
 
 — Davi'sicB. 3-5. White. California. 1863. 
 
 B. M. t. 6247. 
 
 — nerii/dlia. Brazil. B. M. t. 4593. Syn., 
 
 Andromeda iieriifolia. Now known as 
 Agarieta neriifolia. 
 
 — pu'lchra. B. M. t. 4314. Now known as Ago- 
 
 rista puXehra. 
 
 — raeewAiia. 4-10. White. May. N. America. 
 
 Syn., Andromeda spicata, 
 
 — reeu'rva. 2. White. June. N. America. 
 
 AridroTneda recurva. 
 
 — spirmlo'sa. 2. White. May. N. America. 
 
 Syn., Andromeda Catesboei. 
 
 Leu'zea. (Named after De Leuze. 
 Nat. ord. , Com/positce ; Tribe, Cyna- 
 roidecB. Allied to Serratula. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, with purple 
 flowers. Seeds, and divisions of the plant in 
 spring ; common garden-soil. •. 
 L. alta'ica. i. August. Siberia. 1822. 
 
 — austra'lis. See C&ntawrea australis. 
 
 — carthamci'des. See Centa/wrea ca/rtha7noides, 
 
 — coni'fera. }. July. South Europe. 1683. 
 
 — sali'na. 1. June. Siberia. 1817. 
 
 Levi'sticum. (From levo, to as- 
 suage ; said to relieve flatulent. Nat. 
 ord., UmbeUiferce ; Tribe, Seselineoe. 
 Allied to Angelica. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds, and divi- 
 sions of the plant in spring ; common soil. 
 L, offi^na'le. 6. Paje yellow. June. Italy. 
 1696. Bchb. Fl. Ger. 1. 1941. 
 
 Lewi'sia. (Named after Ccmtam 
 Lewis, the traveller. Nat. ord., Portu- 
 lacem. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds, and di- 
 viding the roots in spring ; light, sandy loam, 
 with brick-rubbish. 
 
 L. redivi'va. J. Rose. N. Amer. 1828. FI. 
 Mag. new ser. t. 82. 
 
 Leyceste'ria. (Named after W. 
 Leysser, once chief justice at Bengal. 
 Nat. ord., Caprifoliacece ; Tribe, Loni- 
 cerecB. Allied to Symphoricarpus. ) 
 
 Hardy evergreen shrub. ' Seeds in spring ; cut- 
 tings of young, short shoots in spring, under a 
 bell-glass, and older shoots in autumn, under a 
 hand-light ; light sand^ soil ; will require a few 
 evergreen boughs over it in a very hard winter. 
 L.formxiia. 4. White, purple. August. Tem- 
 perate Himalayas. 1824. B. M. t. 3699. 
 
 Leysse'ra. (Named after T. W. 
 Leysser, a German botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Compositm; Tribe, Inuloidece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, orange-flowered, and 
 from South Africa, except capUWo'lia. Cuttings 
 of half -ripened shoots in sand, over sandy peat, 
 in summer ; peat and loam, both rough and 
 sandy. 
 
 L. capUlifo'lia. i. Yellow. June. Barbary. 
 1822. 
 
 — cUia'ta. IJ. August. 1816. 
 
 — gnaphaloi'dei. 2. August. 1774. 
 
 — poly'o'lia. li. August. 1820. 
 
 — squarro'sa. A synonym of Belipterumgnapha- 
 
 Lho'tskya. (Named after Dr. John 
 Lhotsky, a German botanist. Nat. ord., 
 MyrtaeecB ; Tribe, ClmmmlaueieK. Al- 
 lied to Caljrthrix.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from Swan Biver. 
 Cuttings of young shoots, when the base is a 
 little firm, in sand, and under a glass ; loam, 
 and a little peat and sand. Winter temp. 38° to 
 45°. 
 L. amitifo'lia. Pale yellow. June. 
 
 — ericoi'des. 2-4. White. W. Australia. 
 
 — hi'rta, A synonym of L. ericoides. 
 
 — mola'eea. Violet. June. 1843. 
 
 Li'abum. (Derivation not explained. 
 Nat. ord., Compositce; Tribe, Senecio- 
 Allied to Andromachia.) 
 
LIA 
 
 [557] 
 
 LIE 
 
 Stoveherbaceousperennial. Divisioninspring ; 
 •sandy loam, leaf mould, and a little peat Sum- 
 mer temp., 60° to 80° ; -winter, 48° to 65°. 
 If. Bro'vmei. Yellow. June. Jamaica. 1768. 
 
 — unifidrum. Yellow, orange. Peruvian Andes. 
 
 1870. Half-hardy alpine. Syn., Parane- 
 phelitis unijlorus. B. M. t. 6826. 
 
 Lia'tris. (Derivation not known. 
 Nat. ord., CompositcB; Tribe, Eupato- 
 riacem. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, from North 
 America. Division in spring ; sandy loam and 
 peat ; those from Carolina require protection in 
 winter. 
 
 L. bellidifo'Ua. 2. Pink. August. Syn., Car- 
 phephorus bellidijlorus, 
 
 — iorea'lis. IJ. Pink. August. Paxt. Mag. v. 
 
 t. 27. 
 
 — ayeymbo'sa. 3. Purple. September. Carolina. 
 
 1825. Syn., Carpkeffiorus eorymbosus. 
 
 — eyli'ndriea. 4. Pink. September. 1811. 
 
 — dlegans. 4. Purple. September. 1787. 
 
 — gra'cilis. IJ. Purple. September. Carolina. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — graTmnif&lia. 3. Pink. August. 
 
 — neterophy'lla. 3. Purple. July. 1790. 
 
 — mt&rme^dia. 2. Purple. September. 1823. 
 
 B. B. t. 948. 
 
 — odorati'ssima. Andr. Eep. t. 633. See THlisia 
 
 odoratissimu, 
 
 — panicula!ta. See THlisia paniculata. 
 
 — pUo'sa. IJ. Purple. September. 1783. 
 
 — propi''n£[ita. 2. Purple. August. 1838. B. 
 
 M. t. 8829. 
 — pu/mila. 1. Purple. September. 
 
 — pycnosta'chya. 3. Purple. September. 1732. 
 
 — scaHo'sa. 4. Purple. July. 1739. B. M. 
 
 1. 1709. 
 
 — spTueroi'dea. 3. Purple. September. 1817. 
 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 87. 
 
 — spica'ta. 6. Purple. September. 1732. B. 
 
 M. t. 1411. Syns., Cirsium tuberosum 
 and Serrafula spicata. Andr. Eep. 
 t. 401. 
 
 ffKyntalna. 1-1^. Leaves broader. Syn., 
 
 L. spicata of Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 49. 
 
 — sqwmro'sa. S. Purple. July. 1732. 
 
 — tenuifaflia. IJ. Purple. September. Caro- 
 
 lina. 1820. 
 
 — turbina'ta. 2. Purple. September. 1823. 
 
 Libe'rtia. (Named after M. A. 
 Libert, a Belgian lady and botanist. 
 Nat. ord., IridecB; Tribe, Sisyrinchieoe. 
 Allied to the Peacock Iris.) 
 
 Half-hardy bulbs, with white flowers, thriving 
 well in a front, outside border, if light soil. Di- 
 vision of the roots, and sowing the seed, in spring ; 
 loam and peat. 
 L. ccerule'scens. Pale blue. Chili. 1873. Gfl. 
 
 759. 
 —formo'sa. IJ. May. Chili. 1831. B. E. 
 
 1. 1630. 
 
 — grimdifio'ra. 1}. April. New Zealand. 1822. 
 ma'jor. 3. Flowers larger. New Zea- 
 land. 1870. 
 
 — ixioi'des. 1. White. New Zealand. 1865. 
 
 Hardy. Eef. Bot. 1. 165. 
 
 — panicula'ta. IJ. April. S. Australia. 1823. 
 
 B. M. t. 6263. 
 
 — pulche'lla. 1. April. S.E. Austraha and 
 
 New Zealand. 1823. 
 •— iri'iiolor. White ; leaves coloured yellow and 
 red. New Zealand. Syn., Sisyrinchium 
 versicolor. 
 
 Liboce'drus. (From Ubanos, in- 
 cense, and eedrus, the cedar ; the wood 
 
 being fragrant and like the cedar. Nat. 
 ord., Coniferce; Tribe, Cupressinece.) 
 
 Large evergreen trees. Tolerablyhardyplanted 
 in a sheltered situation, but must be protected 
 whilst young. Light, well-drained soiL 
 L. chMnsie. 60. Chili. Paxt. Gard. i. p. 47, 
 
 fig. 32. Syn., Thuja chilensis. 
 vi'ridis. 
 
 — decu'rrens. 40-140. N. California and Oregon. 
 
 1853. Syn., Thuja gigantea. 
 
 — Donia'na. 60. New Zealand. 1847. Syn., 
 
 Thuja Donia/na. 
 
 — tetra'gmta. 100. Patagonia. G. C. 1860, 
 
 p. 439. Syn., Thuja tetragona. 
 
 Libo'nia. (In honour of M. Lihon. 
 Nat. ord., Acanthacem; Tribe, Justi- 
 ciece.) United with Jacobinia in the 
 Genera Plantamm. 
 
 Stove shrub. For cultivation, see Thunbergia. 
 Sericoeonia (111. Hort. t. 198) is a hybrid be- 
 tween this genus and Jacobinia Ghiesbreghtiana. 
 L. floribu'iuia. Scarlet, yellow. Brazil. 1864. 
 
 — penrhoMnsis. Crimson. 1870. Garden 
 
 hybrid. 
 
 Lichtenstei'nia of Chamisso, not 
 of WiUdenow. (Named after Von Lich- 
 tenstein, a German botanist. Nat. ord. , 
 LiliaeecE ; Tribe, Anguillariece. ) See 
 Omithoglossum. 
 
 L. leeviga'ta. See Omithoglossum glattcwm. 
 
 — imdula'tum. See Omithoglosmm glaucum, 
 
 var. uvdvXatwm. 
 
 Licua'la. (From the native name. 
 Nat. ord., Palmem; Tribe, Coryphece. 
 Allied to Corypha. ) 
 
 Stove palms, from the Bast Indies. Seeds in 
 
 strong hotbed; rich, sandy loam. Summer 
 
 temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 60°. 
 
 L, gra'ndis. Yellowish-green. February. Nevv' 
 
 Britain. 1873. B. M. t. 6704. Syn., 
 
 Pritehardia grandis. 
 
 — pelta'ta. 6. White. Yellow. India. 1825. 
 
 — spino'sa. 6. White, green. Java. 1802. 
 
 Mart. Palm. 1. 135. 
 
 — VH'tchii. Green, brown. December. Borneo. 
 
 1883. Syn., Pritehardia grandis of 
 Veitch's Catalogue, 1885, p. 54. 
 
 Lidbe'ckia. (Named after E. G. 
 Lidbeck, a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord. , 
 Compositce; Tribe, Anthemideve. Allied 
 to Cnrysanthemnm.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with yellow 
 flowers, from South Africa. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened short shoots in April, in sandy peat, 
 under a bell-glass ; peat, with a little fibry loam, 
 and a few pieces of charcoal and silver-sand. 
 Winter temp., 40° to 45°. 
 L. loba'ta. 2. May. 1800. Syn., Cotv^ quin- 
 
 —pectima'ta. 2. May. 1744. 
 
 Liebi'gia. (Named after Liebig, the 
 celebrated German chemist. Nat. ord., 
 Gesneracem ; Tribe, Cyrtandrece. Allied 
 to j5Eschynanthus.) See Chirita. 
 L. speeio'sa. B. M. t. 4316. See Chirita Sors- 
 fleldii. 
 
 Lie'tzia. (Named after A. Lietze, a 
 nurseryman at Rio Janeiro. Nat. ord., 
 GesneracecB. AUied to Gesnera. ) 
 
LIE 
 
 [558] 
 
 LIG 
 
 Stove peTennial with a tuberous rhizome. The 
 flowers are remarkable for their curioua form 
 and colour. Seeds, tubers, and cuttings. The 
 latter should be put in sand, in bottom-heat, 
 under a frame or hand-glass ; the atmosphere 
 must be kept moist and warm. Light fibrous 
 loam, leaf -mould and sand, well mixed and well 
 drained. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° 
 to 60°. 
 
 L. braxUie'rms. Green, spotted with purple- 
 brown. Brazil. 1880. G. C. 1880, xiv. 
 p. 762. 
 
 Lieve'na. (Niamed in honour of 
 Prince Lieven, chief of the Imperial 
 Botanic Galrdens of Bussia. Nafc. ord., 
 Bromeliacem ; Tribe, Bromeliece.) See 
 Quesnelia. 
 
 i. pri'neeps. Gfl. 1. 1024. See Quesnelia rvfa. 
 
 Lifting is sometimes used as meaning 
 the same as transplanting, and at otfiers 
 merely means passing the spade under a 
 plant, and, by raising it up, disturbing its 
 roots to check its luxuriance. 
 
 An instrument has been invented by 
 which small trees can be easily lifted for 
 either transplanting, root-pruning, or 
 the addition of fresh soil or manure. It 
 consists of three parts, viz. — 1 . A massive 
 fork with two curved tines, weighing 
 from forty to sixty pounds. 2. A tubular 
 lever, seven or eight feet long, fitting on 
 the fork. 3. A combination of wood 
 and iron to act as a fulcrum to the lever. 
 The fork, being driven into the ground 
 a short distance from the tree to be 
 lifted, is worked by means of the lever 
 and fulcrum, when the tree is raised 
 with a compact ball of earth around its 
 roots, while the longer rootlets are drawn 
 from the surrounding soil, but not severed 
 from the tree as in the ordinary operation 
 of digging around. With this instrument 
 trees twelve feet high can speedily be 
 lifted. 
 
 Light has a most powerful influence 
 over the health and life of a plant, from 
 the moment its leaves pierce through 
 the surface of the soil. If absent, they 
 become yellow, or even white, unless 
 iron be present in the soil, in which 
 case they retain their verdure. It de- 
 serves notice, that it has been proved by 
 the experiments of Dr. Hope and others, 
 that light from artificial sources may be 
 concentrated so as to enable plants to 
 absorb oxygen, and perfect those elabo- 
 rations on which their green colour de- 
 pends; and the light of the moon has 
 a like influence. A similar concentrated 
 light will make the Pimpernel and other 
 flowers, which close until sunrise, open 
 their petals, and rouse from their rest ; a 
 fact which gives another reason why 
 plants in rooms frequented at night be- 
 come weak and exhausted sooner than 
 
 those which remain as nature dictates, 
 unexcited by light. A deficiency of light 
 decreases the decomposing power of the 
 leaves. For this reason the best glass 
 should always be employed in the sashes 
 of the hothouse, conservatory, and other 
 structures of the forcing department. 
 But the benefit sought for is frustrated 
 if that glass be not constantly well 
 cleansed. The best glass, if dirty, allows 
 fewer rays of light to pass through than 
 inferior glass if kept bright. Solar light 
 is essential to the ripening of all fruit : 
 it will not ripen in the dark ; and the 
 greater the light's intensity, and the 
 longer its daily endurance, the sweeter 
 ana the higher is the fruit's flavour. 
 No fruits are so luscious as those grown 
 within the tropics, and the fruits of the 
 temperate zone are excellent in propor- 
 tion to the brightness of its seasons. 
 That light is essential in causing the 
 colour of the leaves and other parts of 
 plants has been noticed already ; and it 
 aids the ripening process of fruit in a 
 similar manner, to convert their acid and 
 mucilaginous constituents into sugar. 
 How light operates in promoting this 
 and other decompositions which are 
 effected by the vegetable organs, is, at 
 present, a mystery; but so it is; and 
 the gardener promotes its access as 
 much as lies within lis power, by re- 
 moving overshadowing leaves, by em- 
 ploying the best glasss in his hothouses, 
 and. by having their interior whitened ; 
 for white surfaces reflect nearly all the 
 rays of light back upon the object those 
 surfaces inclose. 
 
 Lightfoo'tia. (Named after the 
 Bev, J. Lightfoot, a Scotch botanist. 
 Nat. ord., Campanulacem ; Tribe, Cam- 
 panulecB. Allied to Wahlenbergia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse blue-flowered evergreens, from the 
 Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of young shoots 
 in sand, containing a little peat, under a glass ; 
 fibry loam and sandy peat ; pots well drained. 
 Winter temp., 38° to 48 . 
 L. Loddige'sU. }. July. 1822. Syn., L. tenella. 
 
 — oxycoeeoHdei. J. July. 1787. 
 
 — mbula'ta. J. August. 1787. 
 
 — teneHla. B. C. 1. 1038. See L. Loddigesii. 
 
 Ligula'ria. (From ligula, a strap ; 
 referring to the florets. Nat. ord. , Com- 
 positm ; Tribe, Senecionidem.) United 
 with Seneeio intheGeneraPlantarum. 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, with yellow 
 flowers, and blooming in June. Seeds, divisions, 
 and cuttings of the young shoots under a hand- 
 light, in a shady comer ; sandy loam, with a 
 little leaf-mould. 
 L. alta'ica. Altaia. 1837. 
 
 — caiusa'sica. Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 — Hodgeo'ni. S. Yezo, N. Japan. 1863. B. M. 
 
 t. 5417. 
 
 — macrophy'lla. i. Siberia. 
 
LIG 
 
 [559] 
 
 LIL 
 
 i. sibi'riea. Siberia. 1784. 
 
 — specu/m. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 — thyrsd'dea. Altaia. 1837. 
 
 Ligu'stictim. (From Liguria, the 
 native country of L. Levisticum. Nat. 
 ord., UmbellifercB.) See Levisticum. 
 
 Ii. Lem'stieum. See Levietieum officinale. 
 
 A synonym of Sy- 
 
 Ligustri'na. 
 ringa. 
 
 Ligu'strTUU. Privet. (From liffu- 
 tare, to tie ; referring to the use made 
 of the flexible shoots. Nat. ord., Olea- 
 cece; Tribe, Oleinem.) 
 
 Shrubs, all with white flowers. Generally by 
 cuttings of the young shoots in sandy loam ; 
 seeds may also be sown, either when ripe, or 
 placed in a rot-heap for a number of months pre- 
 viously. The common kinds are useful for fences, 
 und will growunder trees where scarcely anything 
 else would live ; Ivleidwin and its variety, and 
 vesiatum, require a little protection in exposed 
 places, 
 L, umure!nse. See L. Ibota. 
 
 — ang'ust'y&lium. See L. Masialongianvm. 
 
 — califo'micum. See L. ovalifolium. 
 
 — compa'ctuTn. AVhite. Himalayas. 1874. Syns., 
 
 -L. longifolium., L. lanc^folvum, L. ohltyngi- 
 foliwm, and L. Svmonii. 
 
 — coria'cewm. 3. White. Japan. 
 
 — Hooke^ri. 3. White ; calyx violet. Xepaul. 
 
 1877. 
 
 — Ibo'ta. 3. White Japan. 1861. Syn., L. 
 
 amurense of some gardens. 
 
 — vmule'nse. 3. White. 1877. Syn., L. Stan- 
 
 toni of some gardens. 
 
 — japo'nicum. June. Japan. 1845. Paxt. Fl. 
 
 Gard. ii. p. 117, fig. 196. 
 Alivo'ni. Leaves variegated with pale 
 
 yellow. Garden variety. 1886. 
 ^— . avIreO'Variega'twm. Leaves variegated 
 
 with pale yellow. Japan. 1862. 
 L. glajmim, L. Ketlermanni, L. mac- 
 
 rovhyllum, and L, Sieboldii are slight 
 
 varieties of this. 
 lu'cidwm. 8. June. China. 1794. B. M. 
 
 t. 2565. Syn., L. magnolicefolium and 
 
 L. myrtifolmm, 
 fiaribu'Tidv/m. 8. July. China. 1794. 
 
 — magnolUe^o'Hum. See L. lucidum. 
 
 — ifmsalon&ia'num. 3. White. Himalayas. 
 
 1877. Syn., L. angustifolvwm. 
 
 — me'dium. White. Japan. 1891. 
 i— myrtifo'lium. See L. lueid/u/m. 
 
 — nepaU'nse. 6. White. Nepaul. 1860. Syn., 
 
 L. vestUv/m. 
 gla'irum. 3-4. Leaves glabrous. B. M. 
 
 t. 2921. 
 cmaUfo'lium. 12. White. Japan. 1877. Syn., 
 
 L. califomiim'm. 
 variega'tum. Leaves golden marked. 
 
 Japan. 1865. 
 
 — Quihou'i. White. China. 1869. G. C. 1882, 
 
 xviii. p. 277. 
 
 robu'stum. White. Himalayas. 1877. 
 
 rosmarlnifo'lium. Garden variety. 1887. 
 
 — sine'nse. 18. White. China. 1868. G. C. 
 
 1858, p. 621. Syns., L. villosum and L, 
 Ibota mUosum. 
 
 — spiea'tum. 8. June. Nepaul. 1823. 
 
 ^ Staunto'ni. White. China. 1863. Syn., L. 
 
 — gyrmgcetlo'rwm and syrmgcefo'Kum of gardens 
 
 are the same as L. japonicam. 
 
 — vesti'tum. See L. nepalense. 
 ■■-■mdga're. 10. June. Britain. Evergreen. 
 
 Common Privet. 
 imgnstifo'limn. 8. June. Britain. 
 
 L. vulga're buxifo'lium. Leaves broad. 
 
 chloroca'rpum. 8. June. Britain. 
 
 leucoca'rpum. 8. June. Britain ' 
 
 pe'Tidulum. Branches weeping. 
 
 sem^rvi'rens. 8. June. Italy. 
 
 va/nega'tum. 8. June. Britam. 
 
 xamthoca'rpvm,. 8. August. Italy. 
 
 Lilac. Syri'nga. 
 
 Liliorhi'za. See Pritillaria. 
 
 Li'limn. The Lily. (From the 
 Celtic, U, white. Nat. ord., LUiacece ; 
 Tribe, Tulipem.) 
 
 Offsets from the bulbs; also seeds, and, in 
 some cases, small stem-bulbs ; in general, light, 
 rich, sandy loam ; some, however, as those from 
 America and Japan, like the addition of some 
 fibry peat, and the latter are generally the better 
 for a little loose fern or other covering in winter. 
 They require shelter more than anything else, 
 and should, where possible, be planted among 
 Azaleas, Bhododendrons, etc. 
 
 GREENHOUSE BULBS. 
 
 L. a'tro-sangui'neum. 2. Bark red. July. 
 
 Japan. 1839. 
 rmuyala'tum. Orange, red. August. Japan. 
 
 — coru'sccms. 2. Scarlet. August. 
 
 — exi'mium. 4. White. July. Japan. 1834. 
 
 Fl. Ser. tt. 283-4. 
 
 — gigante^uTn. 10. White. July. Himalaya. 
 
 1862. B. M. t. 4673. 
 
 — larndfcflium. White. June. Nepaul. 1824. 
 rdseam. White, pink. June. Nepaul. 
 
 Paxt. Mag. V. p. 267. 
 
 — Lo'wii. White with purple blotches. N. 
 India. 1891. Stove. 
 
 nse. White. India. 1862. Wight 
 Ic. tt. 2031-2. 
 nepa'Unee. 2-3. Yellowish, purplish. Ne- 
 paul. 1853. 
 
 — phUimine'me. 1-3. White. August. Phi- 
 
 lippine Isles. 1873. 
 
 — r<^sewm. B. M. t. 4725. See FritUlaria ma- 
 
 crophyJXa. 
 
 — speeio'mm,. 2. Orange. August, Japan. 
 
 1833. B. B. t, 2000. Andr. Bep. t. 586. 
 a'lbum. 3. White. July. Japan. 1833. 
 
 B, M, t, 3785, 
 Kcemjpffln. 3. Bose, purple, July, 
 
 Japan, 1833. 
 ptincU^tv/m. 3. White-spotted. July. 
 
 Japan. 1835. 
 rvlbrum. 3. Bose. July. Japan. 1833, 
 
 — teita'cemn,. 3, Pale orange, red-spotted. 
 
 June. Japan. 1841, B, B, 1843, t. 11. 
 
 — rAo7npsonia'n«m. B. B. 1845, 1. 1. See JVi- 
 
 tWmia maerophylla. 
 
 — Thunbergia'num. IJ. Orange, scarlet. July. 
 
 Japan. 1835. B. B. 1839, t. 38. 
 
 — volu'bile. Crimson, July, 1830, 
 
 — Walliehia'nmn. 5. Greenish-white, October, 
 
 Nepaul. 1850. B. M. t. 4561. 
 
 suiefrbwm. Pale yellow, rose-purple. 
 
 Himalayas. 1889. 
 
 HARDY BULBS. 
 
 L. alpi'num. See L. parvwm. 
 
 — andi'num, 4. Scarlet. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — auranti'aeum. Orange. July. Japan. 1835. 
 
 Paxt. Mag. vi. p. 127. 
 
 — aura'ntium. 3. Dark orange. June. Italy. 
 
 1836. 
 
 flo're'ple^no. 3. Dark orange. June. 
 
 mi'mts. 2. Orange. ' June. 
 
 variega'tum. 2. Dark orange. June. 
 
 — aura'tum. White, purple, yellow. Japan. 
 
 1862. A truly grand flower. B. M. 
 t. 6338. Slight varieties are : — macra/n- 
 thum, pietum and rubro-vittatum. 
 
LIL 
 
 1 360] 
 
 LIL 
 
 L. aura' turn crue'ntum. White, crimson. Japan. 
 
 1870. 
 platiyph^Uv/m. Leaves broader, flowers 
 
 larger. August. Japan. 1880. 
 ru'hrum. Flowers with a red band down 
 
 the centre of each petal. Japan. 1867. 
 speeio'sum. White, red, yellow. Japan. 
 
 1875. 
 tri' color. \\. White, yellow-dotted. 
 
 Ja^an. 1880. 
 virgirm'le. Flowers unspotted. August. 
 
 Japan. 1880. 
 Wi'ttei. White, yellow, unspotted. Ja- 
 pan. 1867. Syn., L. Wittei. 
 
 — avenaceum. 3. Orange, black-spotted. Ja- 
 
 pan. 1866. There are two forms of 
 this, one with scented orange flowers, 
 the other with scentless scarlet flowers. 
 Gfl. t. 485. 
 
 — Batema'ni. 3. Apricot colour. 1879. 
 
 — Bolande'ri. Purpfe-red, with blood-red spots 
 
 inside. California. 1889. 
 
 — Brdwni. 1-3. White,* dull purple outside. 
 
 China. 1804. Fl. Ser. t. 47. Syns., L. 
 odorum and L. jwponicwmy var. Col- 
 chesteri. 
 
 — iulbi'ferum. 2-4. Orange-red. July. Europe. 
 
 1820. B. M. t. 36 and 1. 1018. Syn., L. 
 latitfoliwm. 
 
 — Buschia'man. 1. Orange. June. Siberia. 
 
 1829. B. C. t. 1628. 
 
 — callo'swm. 2-3. Red. July. Japan. 1859. 
 
 Fl. Ser. t. 230. 
 
 — camiichatee'nse. See Fritillaria kamtscha- 
 
 kensis. 
 
 — canadt^i\^e. 4. Light orange. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1829. B. M. t. 800. 
 rvlirO'Jia'vu'in. Orange, red. N. Amer. 
 
 1875. 
 rvllyrurfi. 4. Orange. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1629. 
 
 — ca'ndidwm. 3. White. June. Levant. 1696. 
 
 B. M. t. 278. 
 punota'tum. 4. White, purple. June. 
 
 Nepaul. 1835. 
 
 ipicaJtum. 4. White. June. 
 
 itna'tum. 4. White. June. 
 
 vanegaJtvjm. 4. White. June. 
 
 — camio'licwm. 2-3. Orange-red. Carniola. 
 
 — carolinia'nuTn. 2. Orange. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1819. B. M. t. 2280. 
 
 — Catetice'i. 1. Scarlet. July. China. 1806. 
 
 B. M. t. 259. 
 
 — chalcedo'nwmn. 4. Scarlet. July. Levant. 
 
 1796. B. M. t. 30. 
 
 — co'lcMmm. 2. White, brown. 1880. Fl. Ser. 
 
 tt. 607-9. 
 
 — eolumbia'n'um. 2-3. Orange-yellow, spotted 
 
 with blood-red. Oregon, Bntish Co- 
 umbia. 1872. 
 
 — eo'TKOMT. 2. Bed. July. China. 1806. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1165. 
 lu'teum. Yellow, spotted with purple- 
 red. China, Japan. 1877. 
 
 — eordifo'limm. 3-6. White, yellow, purple. 
 
 Japan. 1853. Fl. Ser. t. 216. 
 
 — erdceam. 3. Yellow. July. 1696. B. C. 
 
 t. 784. 
 
 — dalrndticwm. Garden. 1883. Jan. 13. See 
 
 L, Martagon^ var. daVmjatien'm. 
 
 — davu^ricum. 2-3. Scarlet-red. Siberia. 1745. 
 
 Syn., L. epectabile. 
 
 — dlegans. 3-2^. Flowers varying from pale 
 
 orange to dark reddish-crimson, spotted. 
 Japan. 1835. Syn., L. Thunbergmmum. 
 
 Batema'nnice. Dark yellow. 1889. 
 
 bi'color, 1. Orange-red, spots purplish- 
 black. Japan. 1870. 
 
 eitri'num. 2. Orange-yellow, unspotted. 
 
 Japan. 1868. 
 
 fl&re-pldno is a double-flowered variety. 
 
 Japan. 1870. 
 
 L. e'legans Walla' cei. Shotted with brown. 1889. 
 
 — JSlisahdthat, See L. japonwu/m. 
 
 — exceflsum. Striped. July. Japan. 
 
 — exi'miwm. Fl. Ser. tt. 283-4. See L. longi- 
 
 fiorum, var. eximium. 
 —formo'sum. Orange-red. Japan. 1866. 
 
 — Fortvlnei. Orange, purple. Japan. 1862. 
 — fu'lgcTis statnino'suTn. Crimson. Japan, 1864. 
 
 111. Hort. 1864, p. 422. 
 
 — gla'brum. 4. Orange. June. 1696. 
 
 — Qra'yi. Reddish-orange. Alleghany Moun- 
 
 tains. 1888. G. and F. 1888,1. p. 19, fig. 4. 
 
 — hcBmatochro'uTn. Dark blood-red. Japan. 
 
 1867. 
 
 — Eanso'ni. 3-4. Orange, black-spotted. Ja- 
 
 pan. 1865. Syn.j L. maculatum-. 
 
 — SarH'sii. See L. longifiorum, var, exiTnium. 
 
 — Eelnryi. 2-3. Yellow, dotted with reddish- 
 
 brown. Ichang, China. 1888. 
 
 — Booke'ri. See FritiUaria Hookeri. 
 
 — Hurtibo'ldtii. 4. Orange, claret-spotted. 
 
 California. 1872. Syn., L. Bloomeria- 
 num. 
 ocella'tum. Orange, with crimson, black- 
 centred spots. 1876. Syn., L. Blooms- 
 rmnwrn, var. ocellatUTti. 
 
 — japo'nicmn. 1-3. White or pink. Japan. 
 
 1873. Very fine. B. M. 1. 1691. Syns., 
 L. Elisabethoe and L. Krameri. 
 
 — latYo'lwm. See L. bulbiferum. 
 
 — Leichtli'nii. Yellow, purple-black spotted. 
 
 Ja;)an. 1867. 
 
 ma' jus. Yellow, purple-brovm spotted. 
 
 Japan. 1872. 
 
 — Loddmena'nwm. 4. Yellow. Caucasus. 1842. 
 
 m. Ser. tt. 507-9. 
 
 — longiflo'rum. 1-3. White. Japan, China. 
 
 1819. B. R. t. 560. 
 ctllbo-margina'tUTn. Leaves bordered 
 
 with white. Japan. 1870. 
 chlora'ster. Pollen reddish-brown. July, 
 
 Central China. 1891. 
 exi'miwm. A larger and finer variety. 
 
 Japan. 1834, Syns., L. eximium and 
 
 L. Harrisvi. 
 ■^ formosa'num. 2-3. White, red-keeled 
 
 outside. Formosa. 1880. 
 
 — longifoflium. White. May. China. 1820. 
 
 — lu'cidUTn. 2-3. Translucent orange, spotted 
 
 dark purple. Oregon. 1878. 
 
 — Mangle! sii. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — mMn'timum. Orange-red, black-spotted. 
 
 California. 1878. 
 
 — Ma'rtagon. 3. Purple. July. Germany. 
 
 1696. B. M. t. 893 and t. 1634. This 
 species has been hybridized with L. 
 Hansoni. 
 
 ailbo-pWno. 3. White. July. Germany. 
 
 a'Umm. White. 1889. 
 
 atroscmgui'newm. Dark purple. Europe. 
 
 dalma'tieum. Blood-purple. Dalmatian 
 
 1872. 
 
 dorsipnncta'tum. 3. Purple. June. 
 
 da' turn. 3. Purple. June. 
 
 ocella're. 3. Lilac. June. 
 
 pa'llidwm. 3. Lilac. June. 
 
 perpnrpu'reum. 3. Dark purple. June. 
 
 petiola're. 3. Purple. June. 
 
 pubdacms. 3. Orange. June. 
 
 many. 1596. 
 
 purpu'rewm. 3. Purple. June. 
 
 sepa'lis-a'lbis. 2J. White. July. 
 
 man;;. 
 8epa'lis-plu'rim.i8. 3. Purple, July. 
 
 Gardens. 
 
 — JUaximowi'ezii. 2 to 3. Orange-scarlet, black- 
 spotted. Japan. 1889. 
 
 — pseudotigri'num. Orange-red, spots dark 
 brown. China. 1867. Syns., L. pseudo- 
 tigrinum, L. tigrinum, var. Ushmanni, 
 and L. jucundum. 
 
 Ger- 
 
 Ger- 
 
LIL 
 
 [561] 
 
 LIL 
 
 L, Maxiwmirl'czii tigri'num. Orange-red, spots 
 blackish-purple. China or Japan. 1871. 
 
 — medeolm'des. 1 to 2. Bed, black-spotted. 
 
 Like L. averMcev/m, but with erect 
 flowers. Japan. 1878. 
 
 — vwnade!l:phu7n. 2. Yellow. June. Caucasus. 
 
 1820. B. M. 1. 1405. 
 
 — nmiMnee. 3. White. July. Nepaul. 1826. 
 
 — nigrwm. Dark purple. Kamtschatka. 1865. 
 
 — ni'Udwm. 2. Yellow, spots red-brown. June. 
 
 California. 1880. 
 
 — ooeypeHalum. 1 to IJ. Mauve-purple, with 
 
 dark purple s^iots. I^.W. Himalayas. 
 1852. Syn., FritilJaria oxypetala. 
 
 — pardali'nwn. Orange-yellow, crimson. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1876. 
 
 calif&mi&um. Tawny, blood-red. Cali- 
 fornia. 1876. 
 
 lu'tev/m. Yellow with brown spots. 
 
 1889. 
 
 ^'•mUimh. A hybrid between L. parda- 
 
 lirvwm and L. panmm. 
 
 Wa'rei. Lemon to orange-yellow, with- 
 out brown spots. Lower California. 
 1886. 
 
 — Parkma'nnif is a very fine hybrid between 
 
 L. speffiosvm, and L. aurafumt having 
 the colours of the former, united with 
 the form and grandeur of the flower of 
 the latter. 
 
 — Pa'rryi. 2^. Yellow. California. 1879. 
 
 — parviflQ'rwm. Orange, brown-spotted. British 
 
 Columbia. 1874. 
 
 — pa'rvwm. Orange, red-brown spotted. June. 
 
 California. 1872. Syn., L. alpinumaxA 
 ea/nadense, var. pa/rvuTn. 
 
 — penduUJlo'rum, 1. Copper-coloured. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1820. Bed. Lil. t. 105 and 
 t. 301. 
 — peregri'num. 4. White. June. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1824. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 
 t. 367. 
 
 — phUa^lphicUTn, 5. Scarlet. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1757. B. M. t. 619. 
 
 — poZyphy'Uum. 2 to 4. Whitish-yellow, purple- 
 
 spotted. Himalaya. 1873. 
 
 — prniwo'niwm. 2. Red. May. Siberia. 1669. 
 
 B. M. t. 798. 
 flo're-ple^no. 3. Bed. June. 
 
 — pvlcMllum. Scarlet. Dahuria. 1829. Gfl. 
 
 t. 284. 
 
 — mimilwm. 1. Scarlet. July. Dahuria. 
 
 1816. Bed. Lil. t. 378. 
 
 — pyrena'icum. 2. Dark orange. July. Py- 
 
 renees. 1596. Bed. LIT t. 146. 
 Jlo're-plefno. 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 — Boe'zlii. Orange-red, spots blackish-purple. 
 
 Bocky Mountains, 1871. 
 
 — rube! seems. See L. Washingtonianwm, var. 
 
 purpvjrewm. 
 
 — scmgui'nevm. Orange, red. July. B. R 
 
 1847, t. 60. 
 
 — mbi'riewm. 2. Yellow. July. Siberia. 
 
 — si'nicum. 1. Scarlet. July. China. 1824. 
 
 — speeio'sum. 1 to 3. White. Summer. Japan. 
 
 1832. 
 gloriosoi'des. White, brownish-crimson. 
 
 August. Japan. 1880. 
 Kceampfdri. Bosy, purple. Japan. 1868. 
 
 — specta'Ule. 2. Light orange. June. Da- 
 
 huria. 1754. Swt. M. Gard. t. 75. 
 
 svpefrbum. 3 to 6. Yellow, orange-red, with 
 
 blood-red spots, and green basal star. 
 E. United States. Eequires a wet 
 swampy soil. , . 
 
 — tenuifdlium. 2. Scarlet. June. Siberia. 
 
 1820. B. M. t. 3140. 
 •— turri'num. 6. Orange. July. China. 1804. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1237. 
 
 fio're-pWno. Japan. 1869. 
 
 spl^niem. The plant and flowers larger. 
 
 Japan. 1870. 
 
 L. Washingtonia'num,. 3 to 6. White, Ulac. 
 
 California. 1872. 
 purpu'reum. Purplish, black-spotted. 
 
 California. 1874. Syns., L. purpureum 
 
 and L. rubescens, 
 
 — Wilso'ni. 3. Orange, golden, dark-spotted, 
 
 Japan. 1868. Syn., L. Thunbergianum 
 pardinUTn. 
 
 — Wi'ttei. See L. auratwm, var. Wittei. 
 
 Li'lium Ca'ndidum, Common 
 White Lily. 
 
 Propagation. — By offsets. When the 
 old bulbs have several small ones formed 
 around them, take them up in September, 
 divide them into single bulbs, replant the 
 large flowering-bulbs immediately into 
 fresh, rich earth, where they are to 
 flower. The small bulbs plant in a bed 
 of the same kind of soil, in some corner 
 by themselves ; let them remain here for 
 two years, then take them up, select the 
 large bulbs, and plant them where they 
 are to flower, taking care to enrich the 
 earth with well-decomposed manure. 
 The small ones may be replanted again 
 till they are the same size, and should 
 then be taken up and planted in the 
 borders to bloom. 
 
 The Soil should be well drained, and 
 fresh, maiden loam, made rich with a 
 good coating of manure, and dug over 
 two or three times previously to the 
 planting season. 
 
 Winter Oulture. — When the stools of 
 bulbs have become large, they will have 
 exhausted the soil, and it will be ad- 
 visable to take them up, divide them, 
 then dig holes, taking away the old ex- 
 hausted soil, and put at the bottom of 
 each hole a shovelful of rotten dung; 
 fill up with fresh earth, and plant, im- 
 mediately three strong bulbs in- %ach 
 hole, covering them about three inches 
 deep. The best time to do this is in 
 September, and the reason for planting 
 immediately is because these bulbs will 
 not bear exposure to the air without in- 
 jury. By this treatment they will 
 flower well the next season, but much 
 finer the second. 
 
 Insects. — The most troublesome are 
 the Wireworm and the common Gar- 
 den slug, which see. Whenever a leaf 
 is observed to droop, the grub will be 
 found to be the cause. Gently remove 
 the earth near the drooping leaf, and the 
 enemy will be discovered at work. 
 
 Diseases. — The canker sometimes at- 
 tacks the bulbs. This disease arises 
 from too much moisture in the soil. 
 This must be corrected by draining. All 
 cankered bulbs should be taken up and 
 thrown away, to prevent the contagion 
 from becoming general. A fungus {Ovu- 
 la'ria elli'ptica) also attacks this plant. 
 
 00 
 
LIL 
 
 [562] 
 
 LIL 
 
 Li'limn Ma'rtagon. Martagon, or 
 Turk's cap Lily. The propagation of all 
 the varieties oi this species is the same 
 as described above for L. ca'ndidum. 
 The soil, however, should be liberally 
 mixed with sand. Some species, such 
 as L. co'ncolor and L. supe'roum, require 
 a considerable quantity of sandy peat 
 mixing amongst the soil. 
 
 Li'lium tigri'num, Tiger Lily; 
 and L. bulbi'ferum or aura'ntium, 
 
 the Orange Lily, produce at the axils ot 
 the leaves of the flower-stem a consider- 
 able number of small erribryo bulbs. 
 These afford a ready way of propagating 
 them. Gather the bulbs as soon as they 
 part readily from the stem ; prepare a 
 bed for -them, by digging it over, and 
 adding some well-rotted dung. Plant 
 them in rows across the bed at three 
 inches apart in the row, and nine inches 
 from row to row. Let them remain in 
 this bed for two or three years, then 
 take them up, sort the bulbs into two 
 sizes, plant the largest in a bed of rich 
 earth, six inches apart in the row, and 
 a foot between each row. Several of 
 them will flower weakly the first year, 
 but stronger the second, and will then 
 be large enough to take their place 
 amongst the old strong bulbs. The 
 smaller-sized bulbs should be planted 
 again rather thickly, and will afford a 
 second crop of flowering bulbs the second 
 year. The other points of summer and 
 winter culture are similar to those re- 
 quired by L. ca'ndidum, excepting in 
 one particular. As the flower-stems ad- 
 vance in growth, they put forth a number 
 of young roots from the stem above the 
 bulb ; when that is perceived, place 
 round each stem some rough, hard 
 pieces of dung for these roots to strike 
 into; this will encourage the flower- 
 stems to grow strongly, and flower finely, 
 besides increasing very much the size of 
 the bulbs below. 
 
 Li'lilim specio'sum and its varie- 
 ties. This is the finest of all the genus. 
 The petals turn back, like those of the L. 
 ma'rtagon. It throws out roots above 
 the bulbs like L. tigri'num,, but does not 
 produce incipient bulbs in the axils of 
 the leaves, like the latter species, and 
 must, therefore, be propagated like L. 
 ca'ndidum, by offsets. This fine spe- 
 cies, although quite hardy, is well 
 worthy of being cultivated in pots to 
 bloom in the greenhouse, everywhere in 
 this country, flowering in June and July, 
 when the generality of the usual inhabi- 
 tants are enjoying the open air. To 
 cultivate it for that purpose, pot the 
 
 larger bulbs in eleven-inch pots. If 
 bulbs are plentiful, put three in each 
 pot. Do this early in March, and use a 
 rich, sandy compost. Place them in a 
 pit or frame sheltered from frost, by 
 covering with mats, giving plenty of air 
 in mild weather, but very little water. 
 Grow them as slowly as possible, so that 
 they may have, a large supply of roots 
 to cause a strong growth. When the 
 frosts are over, plunge them in a bed of 
 old tan till the greenhouse is thinned of 
 its plants, and then bring them into 
 their place ; put pans under the pots, 
 and a mulching of dung on the surface 
 of the soU. W'ater freely, and give 
 plenty of air. The culture in the aii- is 
 the same as is required by L. ca'ndidum, 
 with the addition of a covering of dry 
 fern fronds over the bulbs in winter. 
 
 Lily. Li'lium. 
 
 Lily-hyacinth. Sci'lla U'lio-hya- 
 ci'nth/us. 
 
 Lily-of-the-valley. ( Convalla'ria 
 maja'lis. ) We know gardens where no 
 one can flower the lily-of-the-valley well, 
 and we also know places where it flowers 
 in the greatest abundance without any 
 care whatever. We have seen it growing 
 naturally by the acre, in a shady wood, 
 the soil being mere sand, enriched by 
 the fallen leaves ; we have dug it out in 
 that wood, and found all the roots within 
 three inches of the surface. We have 
 also seen it flower abundantly on a south 
 border, in a rich kitchen-garden soil. 
 Where it refuses to succeed we would 
 make a bed for it on the north side of a 
 wall; dig out the natural soil a foot 
 deep, and drain the bottom ; then fill up 
 the bed with a compost of light, sandy 
 earth and rotten leaves, half of each ; 
 press it down gently when within two 
 inches of the top ; then lay the roots 
 regularly, four inches apart, all over 
 this surface, and then cover them two 
 inches deep, and give them a good water- 
 ing with a rose-pot ; and, after that, we 
 would cover the whole with an inch of 
 quite rotten leaves, and water them once 
 a week the following summer. Feb- 
 ruary, or early in JVferch, is the best 
 time to plant them ; and the third season 
 they are in full perfection, and wiU last 
 for ten or a dozen years. 
 
 Forcing. — Pot them in thirty- two- 
 sized pots, fiUed to within three and a 
 half inches of the rim with rich loam, 
 upon which the roots are closely placed, 
 and then covered about two inches in 
 thickness with equal parts of leaf-mould 
 and sand ; they are then well watered, 
 
LIL 
 
 [563] 
 
 LIM 
 
 so as to settle the mould about the 
 roots ; place them on a shelf near the 
 glass, in a moist stove or forcing-house, 
 the temperature of which may range 
 from 65° to 75°, and take care that the 
 soil does not become dry. When they 
 are so far advanced that the plants show 
 their heads of flowers, remove them into 
 a warm greenhouse, still placing them 
 near the glass, until, as they advance in 
 growth, they are withdrawn by degrees 
 into a shaded part of the house, from 
 whence they are removed to the draw- 
 ing-room as reqidred, their places to be 
 immediately tilled with others, which 
 are similarly treated, and thus an ample 
 succession will be kept up. Care and 
 attention are requisite in lifting and se- 
 lecting the plants for forcing ; they re- 
 quire a minute examination to distin- 
 guish those that will flower from those 
 that will not, the only difference being 
 that the buds of the former are more 
 round and short than those of the latter. 
 — Florists' Joum. 
 
 Lily-pink. Aphylla'nthes. 
 
 Lily-thom. Cateshc^a. 
 
 liimato'des. (Not explained. Nat. 
 ord., Orchidece ; Tribe, Epidendrece.) 
 The majority of the species mcluded in 
 this genus are referred to Phaius ; the 
 three in cultivation, however, are in- 
 cluded in Calanthe. 
 
 L. gra'cilis. See Calanthe gvadlis. 
 
 — laiyro'sa. Yellowish-brown, purple. Moul- 
 
 mein. 1879. A synonym of Calanthe 
 labrosa. 
 
 — rffsea. B. M. t. 6312. See Calanthe rosea. 
 
 Lime. Citrus lime'tta. 
 
 Lime is valuable as a manure, for 
 some one or more of its salts enter into 
 the com position of every vegetable. But 
 it is not the lime of every district that 
 is suitable for the purpose. Some speci- 
 mens contain a very large proportion of 
 magnesia, which, absorbing carbonic 
 acid very slowly; remains in a caustic 
 state, to the injury of the roots of the 
 plants, and the diminution of benefit 
 from the carbonic acid evolved by the 
 decomposing constituents of the soil. 
 Neither can the gardener apply it to all 
 his soils with advantage. Thus, peat 
 and bog earth are beneficial to the plants 
 grown upon them by their containing 
 gallic and other acids, which lime re- 
 moves. To garden-soil of the usual 
 staple about fifty bushels of lime per 
 acre is a sufficient quantity. If the soil 
 be clayey the quantity may be doubled. 
 A very excellent manure is formed by 
 mixing one bushel of salt with every 
 two bushels of lime. Lime cannot be 
 
 applied to the soil too fresh from the 
 kiln ; for if allowed to absorb carbonic 
 acid from the air, it is rapidly converted 
 into chalk. 
 
 When crops are devastated by the 
 slug, dress them, some evening, so as to 
 render the surface of the soil quite white, 
 with caustic lime, during the promise of 
 a few days' dry weather. It is instant 
 destruction to every slug it falls upon ; 
 and those that it misses are destroyed 
 by their coming in contact with it when 
 moving in search of food. 
 
 Lime-rubbish is the old mortar and 
 plaster obtained when brick-buildings 
 are pulled down. It is an excellent 
 manure, abounding with the salts of 
 potash and lime. It should be reduced 
 to powder before spreading and digging 
 in. 
 
 Lime, or Linden-tree. Ti'lia. 
 
 Lime-looper Moth. Geom^tra. 
 
 Lime-water. To forty gallons of 
 clear water, half an hour before using, 
 put one peck of fresh-slaked lime. As 
 soon as it is clear it is fit for use. 
 
 A watering-pot containing four gal- 
 lons will water a bed of four feet by 
 thirty feet, or rows of cauliflowers, cab- 
 bages, etc., of double the length. 
 
 Limna'nthemum. (From limne, 
 a marsh or pool, and anthemon, a blos- 
 som ; from the situations in which they 
 grow. Nat. ord., Gentianacece ; Tribe, 
 MenyanthecB.) 
 
 White or yellow-flowered aquatics or marsh- 
 plants. For cultivation, see Villaesia, to which 
 they are allied. 
 
 L. Huniboldtia'mim. White, yellow. Summer. 
 Tropical America. 1866. Stove. 
 
 — nymphoBoides. Yellow. Summer. Europe. 
 
 Hardy. Eu^. Bot. ed. 3, t. 921. Syn., 
 Menyanihes indica. B. M. t. 658. 
 
 Limna'nthes. (From limne, a 
 marsh, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., 
 GeraniacecB ; Tribe, Limnanthece.) 
 
 Hardy trailing annuals, from California. Seeds 
 in April, in a moist and shady situation. 
 L. a'lba. i. White. July. 1843. 
 
 — Dcyugla'sii. 1. Yellow, white. July. 1833. 
 
 B. M. t. 3554. 
 
 — ro'sea. i. Pink. July. 1833. Jonm. Hort. 
 
 Soc. iv. p. 78. 
 
 Limno'charis. (From Unme, a 
 marsh, and chairo, to delight in ; water- 
 plants. Nat. ord., Alismacew; Tribe, 
 BuiomecB.) 
 
 Stove, perennial, yellow-flowered aquatics, 
 from Brazil. Divisions, runners, and seeds ; 
 tube or cisterns, in a stove, or the shallow part 
 of an aquarium, Summer temp., 60° to 90° 
 winter, 66° to 60°. 
 L.fUva. li. July. 1822. Syn., L. Plumieri. 
 
 — Bumbo' Idtii. IJ. May. 1831. B. E.t. 1640 
 
 Now known as Hydrocleis Commeraoni 
 
 — Plwmidri, B. M. t. 2625. See L. fiava. 
 
LIM 
 
 [564] 
 
 LIN 
 
 Limodo'rum. (Seteral derivations, 
 more or less unsatisfactory, have been 
 suggested for this name. Nat. ord., 
 Orchidece; Trihe, Neottiece.) 
 L. a'Uvm. B. M. t. 930. Jacq. Ic. t. 602. See 
 Bletia veretnmda. 
 
 — eallo'sum. See Phaius callosus. 
 
 — dm'mum. Jac. Ic. t. 603. See CymUdivm, 
 
 diumum. 
 
 — ebu'meum. See Angrxcu/m ebwmewm. 
 —falca'tum. B. M. t. 2097. See Angroecwm 
 
 falcatuni. 
 
 — mamla't'mn. B. C. t. 496. BeeEulophiama- 
 
 culata. 
 
 — plcmtagi'newm. See Cyrtopera plantaffvnea. 
 
 — Tamkervi'llicB. Ait. H. Kew, ed. 1. ill. 1. 12. 
 
 See PhaiMS grandifolius. 
 
 — tubero'sum. B. M. t. 116. See Calopogon 
 
 pulchellus, 
 
 Limo'nia. (From ZmoMw, the Arabic 
 name of the citron. Nat. ord., Butacece ; 
 Tribe, Aurantiece.) 
 
 Evergreens, with white flowers. Seeds in a 
 hotbed, and seedlings grafted the same season, 
 with the most desired varieties j cuttings of any 
 shoots, young or ripened, in spnng or summer, in 
 sandy soil, under glass, and in a few weeks 
 plunged in bottom-heat ; peat, loam, dried cow- 
 dung, and a few pieces of charcoal. For erenu- 
 la'ta, winter temp., 36° to 46° ; summer, 60° to 
 75° ; the others may succeed against a wall, in 
 the south of England, protected in winter ; and 
 in other districts they require a greenhouse. 
 L. acidi'sdma. 4. E. Indies. 1800. Syn., L. 
 crenulata. 
 
 — austra'lis. See Citrus OMStraMs. 
 
 — eitrifo'lia. 4. China. 1800. Syn., Olycosmis 
 
 pentcvphylla^ var. chinensis, 
 
 — crenma/ta. See L. acidissi/ma. 
 
 — pannfl&ra. 20. White. June. E. Indies. 
 
 1790. B. M. t. 2416. Syn., Glyeosmis 
 pe/ntwphylla. 
 
 — aea'ndens. 6. China. 1800. Climber. 
 
 Limonia'strum. (From leimon, a 
 meadow, and astron, a star. Nat. ord., 
 Plumhaginece.) 
 
 Half-hardy sub-shrub. For culture, see Sta- 
 XICE. 
 L. numope^tala, 3. Blue. July to September. 
 
 Sicily. 1731. Syn., Statiee numopetala. 
 
 B. E. 1841, t. 64. 
 denuda'ta. Flowers smaller, pale blue. 
 
 July. Sicily. 1640. Syn., Statiee mono- 
 
 petaia, var. denudata. B. R. 1842, t. 
 
 Limo'nium monophy'llwm. A sy- 
 nonym of Atalantia monophylla. 
 
 Limose'Ua. Mudwort. (From 
 Kmus, mud ; wliere it grows. Nat. ord., 
 Serophulariouiem ; Tribe, Graiiolece.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds in a marsh, or near a 
 pond or rivulet. 
 
 L. aqua'tica. 1. Flesh. August. Britain. Jlng. 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 968. 
 
 Lma'nthUB. (From Unon, flax, and 
 anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Polemonia- 
 cete.) Now referred to Gilia. 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds in the open border, in 
 spring. 
 
 L. dMiho/tomug. IJ. Pink. California. 1838. 
 A synonym of Qilia dichotoma. 
 
 Lina'ria. Toadflax. (From Knon, 
 flax ; referring to the resemlslance of the 
 leaves. Nat. ord., Serophulariacece ; 
 Tribe, Antirrhmew. Allied to Antirrhi- 
 num.) 
 
 All by seed at the end of March, and the pe- 
 rennials also by division, and cuttings of the 
 young shoots under a hand-light, in sandy soil ; 
 light, sandy loam suits them all. A few like a 
 oMd pit in winter ; they are good rock-work 
 plants. 
 
 HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS, ETC. 
 
 L. cireina'ta. f. Yellow. June. N. Africa. 
 
 1833. Evergreen. 
 —fru'tieams. 1. Yellow. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1822. Evergreen. 
 
 — sagitta'ta. Yellow. Morocco. 1874. 
 
 — scopa'ria. 1. Yellow. June. Tenerifle. 1816. 
 
 Evergreen. 
 
 — triomitho'phcra. 1. Purple. August. Por- 
 
 tugal. 1710. B. 0. 1010. 
 
 — villo'sa. 1. Blue. July. Spain. 1786. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 L. alpi'na. 1. Blue. July. Austria. 1750. 
 B. C. t. 415. 
 
 — acut^loba. \. Purple. August. Siberia. 
 
 1825. 
 
 — cequUri'loia. }. Purple. June. Sardinia. 
 
 1829. B. M. t. 2941. 
 
 — eymbala'na. J. Violet. May. England. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 966. 
 
 a'lba. J. White. June. Gardens. 
 
 ma'jor, Violet. Larger than the type. 
 
 variega'ta. i. Violet. June. Gardens. 
 
 — hepatiec^o'lia. J. Lilac-purple. Summer. 
 
 Corsica. 
 
 — origanifdlia. 1. Blue. August. South 
 
 Europe. 1785. 
 
 — pa'Uida. Yellow. 
 
 — pUo'sa. J. Purple. August. Pyrenees. 1800. 
 
 — pube!gcens. J. Pale. August. Naples. 1820. 
 
 — saxa'tUw. J. Yellpw. August. Spain. 1819. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 L. Kpartita. *. Purple. August. Barbary. 
 
 1816. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 30. 
 ~~ dalrna'tica. "IJ. Yellow. June. Levant. 
 
 1731. Evergreen. B. E. 1. 1683. 
 
 — gaZwi'defs. 2. Blue. July. South Europe. 
 
 — geniitoefo'lia. 2. Yellow. July. Austria. 
 
 1704. B. M. t. 2183. 
 
 — heterophi/Ua. IJ. Yellow, brown. July. 
 
 N. Africa. 1826. 
 
 — M'anB. 1. Yellow. July. South Europe. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — Unifo'lia. 1. Yellow. July. Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 — maerovfra. 1. Yellow. August. Crimea. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — ttwrgma'ta. Yellowish. August. Barbary. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — mmispessula'na. 3 Blue. July. France. 
 a'lba. 8. White. July. 
 
 — pro'cera. 4. Pale blue. July. 
 
 — pmrpu'rea. 1. Purple. August. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 1648. 
 ■ — sUemfo^ia. 3. Yellow. July. Armenia. 
 
 1819. 
 — - mU'garis pelo'ria. 1. Yellow. August. Britain. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 L. cegyptia'm. IJ. Yellow, purple. July. Egypt. 
 1771. 
 
 — aUmifo'Ua. i. Blue. June. Corsica. 1824. 
 
 — ametlv)/etma. 1. Blue, yellow. July. Spain. 
 
 1728. 
 
 — wrenaJria. J. Yellow. July. South Europe. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — aroefneii. 1. Purple, blue. July. South 
 
 Europe. 
 
 — bipunota'ta. 1. Yellow. July. Spain. 1749. 
 
 — carmde'nsis. 1. Violet. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1812. B. M. t. 3473. 
 
LIN 
 
 [565] 
 
 LIN 
 
 i. amca'sim. \. Yellow. July. Caucasus. 1818. 
 
 — chahpe'nsis. 1. White. June. Levant. 1680. 
 
 — cirrJio'm. J. Pale blue. July. Egypt. 1771. 
 
 — creta'cea. 1. July. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 — dealba'ta. J. Yellow. August. Portugal. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — delphinioi'des. IJ. Blue. August. Russia. 
 
 1838. Kn. and West. 1. 116. 
 
 — difvfsa. i. July. Spain. 1826. 
 
 — elatinoi'des. J. Yellow. August. South 
 
 Europe. 1821. 
 —fia'va. i. Yellow. July. N. Africa. 1820. 
 
 — glanduli'fera. Purple. May. 1839. 
 
 — hi'rta. 1. Purple. August. Spain. 1750. 
 
 — lani'gera. J. Yellow. July. Portugal. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — linogri'sea, purpvfrea. Purple, yellow. 
 
 Morocco? 1877. 
 
 — Lose'lii. 1. Blue. July. Tauria. 1823. 
 
 — marocca'Tia. f . Violet-purple. Morocco. 
 
 1872. 
 
 — multicau'lis. IJ. White. June. Levant. 
 
 1728. 
 
 — criganifcflia. Blue-violet. Summer. S.W. 
 
 Europe. 1786. 
 
 crassifolia. J. Purple, yellow. May. 
 
 S. Europe. 1868. 
 
 — Pelisseria'na. 1. Violet. August. South 
 
 Europe. 1640. 
 
 — purpura' scene. IJ. Purple. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1829. Biennial. 
 
 — pyrena'ica. 1. Yellow. June. Pyrenees. 
 
 1821. 
 
 — reticula'ta. IJ. Purple. June. Algiers. 
 
 1788. Lem. Jard. Fl. t. 260. 
 
 — nitrrifo'lia. 1. Blue. June. South France. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — simplex. 1. Purple. July. South Europe. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — spa'rtea. 1. Yellow. August. Spain. 1772. 
 
 — stri'cta. 1. Yellow. May. Catania, Sicily. 
 
 1884. 
 
 — thymifo'lia. J. Blue. June. South Europe. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — triphy'lla. 1. Yellow, purple. August. 
 
 SicUy. 1696. 
 
 — tH'stis. 1. Brown. July. Spain. 1727. 
 lu'tea. 1. Yellow. August. Gardens. 
 
 — veno'sa. Yellow, brown. May. India. 1839. 
 
 — versicolor. 1. Purple, yellow. August. 
 
 France. 1777. 
 
 — virga'ta. J. Blue. June. N. Africa. 1817. 
 
 — msco'sa. 1. Brown. July. Spain. 1786. 
 
 Linco'nia. (A commemorative 
 name. Nat. ord., Bruniacece. Allied 
 to Brunia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with white 
 flowers, from Cape of Good Hope. For culture, 
 see DiosMA. 
 i. alopecuroi'dea. 2. May. 1816. 
 
 — auspida'ta. 2. May. 1825. 
 lia. 2. May. 1825. 
 
 Lindelo'fia. (After Frideric von 
 Lindelof, of Darmstadt. Nat. ord.; 
 BoraginecB. ) 
 
 Hardy perennial herbs. Seeds, or division of 
 roots. Ordinai-y garden-soil. 
 L. Imgifo'lia. 2. Bright blue. 1888. 
 
 gpecta'WUi. l-li- Purple. Summer. Kashmir. 
 
 1840. Syn., Cynoglossvm longiflorum, 
 B. E. 1840, t. 50. 
 
 Linden. Ti'lia europce'a. 
 
 Linde'nia. (In honour of M. Lin- 
 -den, the eminent Belgian horticulturist. 
 Nat. ord., Bubiacece; Tribe, Bondele- 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripe shoots 
 in sand under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat. Loam, 
 sand, and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; 
 winter, 60° to 60°. 
 
 i. riva'lis. S. White. August. Guatemala. 
 1856. B. M. t. 5268. 
 
 — vitie'nsis. New Caledonia. 
 
 Iiindle'ya. (Named after Professor 
 Lindley. Nat. ord., Bosacece ; Tribe, 
 QuUlajecB. Allied to Quillaja.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. By seeds ; ripe cut- 
 tings under a glass, in bottom-heat, and grafting 
 on the Hawthorn. The same generic name is 
 applied to very different plants, among the 
 Ternstromiacem and SmmydaceoB. 
 L. mespiloi'des. 12. White. July. Oaxaca. 
 1843. B. B. 1844, t. 27. 
 
 Lindne'ria. (After F. Wilhelm 
 Lindner, once Professor of Philosophy 
 at Leipzig. Nat. ord. , Liliacece. ) See 
 Pseudogaltonia. 
 
 L. fibrUlo'sa. See Pseudogaltonia Pechnelii. 
 
 Lindsa'ya. (Named after M. Lind- 
 say, an English botanist. Nat. ord., 
 FUices.) Sometimes spelt Lindssea. 
 Closely allied to Adiantum. 
 
 Ferns, with brown spores. For culture, see 
 Febns. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 L. adiantoi'des. July. Isle of Luzon. 1840. 
 Hook. Sp. Fil. t. 61. 
 
 — cond'Tvna. July. Isle of Luzon. 1842. Hook. 
 
 Sp. Fil. t. 61. 
 
 — erena!ta. British Guiana. 1863. Stove. 
 
 — ctdtra'tra. July. Isle of Luzon. 1840. 
 
 — decompo'dta. July. Malacca. 
 
 — e'legams. July. E. Ind. 1840. Ic. PI. t. 98. 
 —falca'ta. i. May. Trinidad. 1819. 
 
 — guian^rtsis. May. Guiana. 1845. 
 
 — Lo'wii. See Polyiotrya Lowii. 
 
 — obUmgifo'lia. July. E. Ind. Hook. Sp. Fil. 
 
 t. 61. 
 
 — renifo'rmis. July. Trinidad. 1826. Linn. 
 
 Trans, iii. t. 7. 
 
 — ri'gida. 1. July. Mala<!ca. 1839. 
 
 — stri'cta. July. W. Indies. 1839. 
 
 — te^nera. Malacca. Linn. Trans, iii. 1. 10. 
 
 — trapezcefo'rmis. 1. May. S. Amer. 1819. 
 
 Linn. Trans, iii. t. 9. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 L. linea'ris. f. May. N. Holland. 1820. 
 
 — me'dia. 1. May. N. Holland. 1823. 
 
 — mierophy'lla. i. May. N. Holland. 1820. 
 
 Hook. Ic. Fil. 1. 194. 
 
 Callu'na 
 
 Ling, or Ling-heather. 
 
 Linings, or, as they might be more 
 properly called, ' Coatings, are applica- 
 tions of fermenting dung to renew the 
 heat in hotbeds made of dung. See 
 Hotbed. 
 
 Linnse'a. (Named after Linnaeus. 
 Nat. ord., Caprifoliaceae ; Tribe, Loni- 
 cerece. Allied to Abelia.) 
 
 Hardy trailer. Plants are easily obtained from 
 its trailing-rooted stems. It should, whether in 
 the front of a border or in a good sized pot, be 
 grown solely in peat or heath-soil, kept in shade. 
 L. horea'lis. J. Flesh. June. Scotland. Eng. 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 644. 
 
LIN 
 
 [566] 
 
 LIP 
 
 Linosy'ris. (Derivation not stated. 
 (Nat. ord., Compositce; Tribe, Asteroi- 
 dece.) A synonym of Aster. 
 L. vUlo'sa. See Felicia villoea. 
 
 — vulga'ris. See Aster Linosyris. 
 
 Li'nuni. Flax. (From Mnon, flax. 
 Nat. ord., Linacece.) 
 
 AJmuals and biennials, by seed in the open 
 border, in April; perennials, by seed, but princi- 
 pally by divisions in spring, and cuttings of 
 young shoots under a hand-light ; hardy shrubs, 
 by cuttings in sandy soil, under a hand-light, in 
 summer ; greenhouse shrubs, cuttings in sand, 
 under a beU -glass ; for the latter, peat and loam. 
 ■Winter temp., 38° to 45°. Manj;, however, such 
 as wrbo'reum, salsoloi'des, tau'riffum, etc., "will 
 thrive in the border, in the South of England, 
 with but little protection. 
 
 GREENHOUSE ETERGItEENS. 
 
 L, wtJm^piGwm. Yellow. June. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1771. 
 
 — africa'nwm. 1. Yellow. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1771. Jaoq. Ic. t. 363. 
 
 — Chamisso'nis. Flor. Mag. t. 214. See L. 
 
 Macrcei. 
 
 — Cumi'ngi. J. White. July. Chili. 1830. 
 
 B. C 1. 1996. Perhaps synonymous with 
 L. MacrcEi. 
 
 — Maercefi. Orange. Chili. 1864. Syn., L. 
 
 Cha/missonis. 
 
 — guadrUo'lnim. 2. Yellow. May. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1787. 
 
 — Si'msii. 1. Yellow. Crete. 1788. Syn., 
 
 L. a/rboreum of B. M. t. 234. 
 
 — suffrutico'sum, 1. Pink. August. Spain. 
 
 1769. 
 
 — trigy'mm,. B. M. t. 1100. See Reiwma/rdtia 
 
 trigyna. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. 
 
 L. aiifreum. See L. gallicwm, 
 
 — Berendiie'ri. See X. BeplandieH, 
 
 — Befrlemdielri. Yellow, orange. September. 
 
 Byar. 1836. B. M. t. 8480. Half-hardy. 
 Syn., L, Berendieri. 
 
 — bi'color. See L. setacewm, var. Mcolor. 
 irvim. 1. Crimson. June. North 
 
 jifrica. 1820. Paxt. Fl. Gard. i, p. 72, 
 fig. 13. Annual. 
 
 — r^gidiwm. 1. Pale yellow. July. Missouri. 
 
 1807. 
 
 — set^cev/m bi'color. IJ. Yellow, blue. June. 
 
 Morocco. 1820. Syn., i. ticolor. 
 
 — stri'ctiim. 1. Yellow. June. South Europe. 
 
 1769. Biennial. 
 
 — tmtati'ssimmm. li. Blue. June. Britain. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 L. arbo'revm. 2. Yellow. May. Gandia. 1788. 
 L. a/rb&rewm of B. M. t. 234 is L. Simsii. 
 
 — salsoloi'des. 1. Fink. June. South Europe. 
 
 1810. 
 
 — tau'ricwm. IJ. Yellow. June. Tauria. 
 
 1818. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 L. agrelste. See L. angustifoliwm. 
 
 — aXpilmum. Jacq. Vind. t. 229. See L. pererme, 
 
 var. alpi/n/u/m. 
 aflbum. White. July. Gardens. 
 
 — alta'iewm. 1. Blue. July. Altai. 1829. 
 
 — a'Tiffliemn. See L. perermet var. a/nglicwm. 
 a'Smm. 2. White. June. Gardens. 
 
 — angwst^o'Hum. 1. Purple. July. England. 
 
 Bug. Bot. ed. 3, t. 291. Syns., L. agreste, 
 L. diffvswm and L. mamnatum. 
 
 — ascyrifo'liuMi. 1. White. June. Portugal. 
 
 1800. 
 
 — mistri'aiywm. See L. pereTune^ var. a«s(na- 
 
 cnim. 
 
 — Babingto'nii. J. Purple. July. Xew South 
 
 Wales ? 1837. Syn., Clioco<xa tenui/olia. 
 
 Yellow. June. Austria. 
 Yellow. June. Dahuria, 
 
 Bed. June. N. Africa. 
 
 1793. 
 1769. 
 Cau- 
 
 South 
 
 L. campamula'tum. i. Yellow. July. Europe. 
 1796. 
 
 — capita' turn. 1. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — dahu'ricv/m. 1. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — decu'mbens. IJ. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — diffu'Bum. See L. angustifoli/um. 
 —fiaJvum. }. Yellow. July. Austria. 
 
 — hirsu'tvm. IJ. Blue. July. Austria. 
 
 — hyperieifo'lium. li. Purple. June. 
 
 casus. 1807. 
 
 — Lewi'sii, See L. perenne, var. Lewieii. 
 
 — margvna'tv/tn. See L. angustifolium. 
 
 — mariltvmwm. 2. Yellow. ' July. 
 
 Europe. 1596. 
 
 — tnexica'nwm. June. Mexico. 1838. Half- 
 
 hardy. B. R. 1. 1326. 
 
 — mono'gynum. 2. White. July. New Zealand. 
 
 1822. B. M. t. 3574. 
 
 — monta'nimi. 1. Blue. June. Switzerland. 
 
 1817. See JL. p&renne, var. nwntanwm. 
 
 — narion^nse. 2. Blue. May. South France. 
 
 1769. 
 
 reJUIimt/in. 1^. Blue. July. South Europe. 
 
 1777. Syn., L. reflexum. 
 
 — nereo'swm. Ij. Blue. June. Hungary. 1822. 
 
 — nodiflo'mm. J. White. May. Italy. 1769. 
 — pamsceiis. See L. perernie^ var. pallescens. , 
 
 — pere'nne. 1-lJ. Pale blue. June. Britain. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 290. 
 aim num. i. Blue. July. Austria. 
 
 1739. Syn., L. alpinum. 
 a'nglicwm. 2. BlMe. June. England. 
 
 Syn., L. angliewm. 
 auMri'acum. 1. Blue. June. Austria. 
 
 1775. Syns., L. austriacum and Jr. 
 sqwimmloswm. 
 
 Lewi'sii. 3. Blue. June. N. America. 
 
 1820. Syn., L. Lewisii. 
 
 mtmta'num. 1. Blue. June. Switzer- 
 land. 1817. Syn., L. 7nontanv/m. 
 
 pallefscens. 1. Lilac. January. Siberia. 
 
 1831. SjTi., L. pallescens. 
 
 sibi'rictmi. 2. Blue. June. Siberia. 
 
 1776. Syn., L. siberica. 
 
 — puhe^scens Sibtho7pia/nv/m. 1. Pink, blue, 
 
 yellow. Cihcia. 1877. 
 
 — refle'xum. See L. Tuirbonense. var. rejleimtm. 
 
 — swi'ricum. See L. perenne, var. sibvricuTn. 
 
 — sqiuj/mMl&s'um. See L. perenne^ var. aitstria- 
 
 cum. 
 
 'o'limn. 1}. Pink. June. Europe. 
 1759. 
 
 — visc&mm. 2. Purple. July. 1818. 
 
 — mrgimm'nwm. 1. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1807. 
 
 Lion's Bar. Leono'tis. 
 Lion's Foot. Leontopo'dium. 
 Lion's Tail. Leono'tis leonu'nis. 
 
 Lipa'ria. (From Uparos, unctuous ; 
 referring to the shining leaves. Nat. 
 ord., Legwmmosm ; Tribe, Genistece. 
 Allied to Priestleya. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, with orange flowers, 
 from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of young 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, but care taken 
 to prevent damping ; flbry loam and turfy peat, 
 with sand and a uttle charcoal ; watering and 
 draining carefully attended to. Winter temp., 
 40° to 4?. 
 L. pa'rva. 2. March. 1843. B. M. t. 4034. 
 
 — sph<ie!rica. 4. July. 1794. Andr. Eep. 
 
 t. 568. 
 
 — vUlo'sa. Andr. Eep. t. 382. See Priestleya 
 
 vestita. 
 
LIP 
 
 [567] 
 
 LIQ 
 
 Li'paris. (From Uparos, unctuous ; 
 referring to the leaves. Nat. ord., Or- 
 chidece ; Tribe, Epidendrem-Lipariece. 
 Syn., Empusa.) 
 
 Stove orchids with small, greenish flowers. 
 Fibr y peat, sphagnum, charcoal, and broken pots, 
 in shallow, open baskets. Summer temp., 60° to 
 90° ; winter, 55° to 60°. There are some hardy 
 terrestrial species hardly worth cultivating. 
 L. abbrevia'ta. Green, white, yellow. Java. 
 1844. Syng., Denclrochilum abbreviatum 
 and Gastroglottis abbreviatus. 
 
 — ala'ta. Mexico. 1843. 
 
 — a'nceps. Yellowish-green. China. 1837. 
 
 — atropurpu'rea. June. Ceylon. 1865. 
 
 — bitubercula'ta. India. 
 
 — cylindrosta'chys. See L. longipes. 
 
 — decurei'va. Green, whitish. India. 1884. 
 
 — discolor. Green, brown. May. Demerara. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — ela'ta. W. Indies and Tropical America. B. 
 
 B. t. 1175. 
 
 — efZegcms. See L. longipes. 
 
 — elecianti'ssima. 1881. 
 
 — eUi'ptica. W. Indies and Tropical America. 
 
 1879. Syns., L. Gaieotiana and L. Lin- 
 denitma. 
 —femwi'nea. Green. January. Borneo and 
 Malacca. 1848. 
 
 — folio' sa. B. B. t. 882. See L. reflexa. 
 
 — formosa'na. Purple, green, brown. March. 
 
 Formosa. 1880. 
 —fu'lgens. Bright red. Philippines? 1889. 
 
 — gro'ssa. Burmah. G. C. 1883, xix. p. 27. 
 
 — guinee'nsis. W. Tropical Africa. B. B. 
 
 t. 671. 
 
 — latif&lia. Java. G. C. 1885, xxiii. p. 532. 
 
 — lUHfo'lia. Brownish - purple. June. N. 
 
 America. Syns., McUaxis lilii/olia, B. 
 B. t. 2004, and Ophrys lUiifolia, Andr. 
 Bep. t. 65. 
 
 — Loeselli. Pale yellow. July. N. America 
 
 and East England. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 t. 1488. 
 
 — lo'ngipes.y 1^. Greenish, orange- red. Penang. 
 
 1838. Syn., L. elegans. 
 
 — minutijlo'ra. See L. spathvlata. 
 
 — parudo'xa. Greenish. Nepaul. Syns., Erfi- 
 
 pusa paradoxa, B. E. t. 825, and MaJ- 
 axis la/rwifolia. 
 
 — pe^ndula. 1. Pale green. India. 
 
 — plantagi'nea. India. Syn., L. orbicvZa/ris. 
 
 — prio'chilus. Orange. July. China. 1830. 
 
 — purpura' scens. Purple. Bourbon. 
 
 — rejiefxa. J. Green. September. Mauritius. 
 
 1823. Syn., L.foliosa. B. E. t. 882. 
 
 — SmtndersiA'na. Greenish, violet. Jamaica. 
 
 1872. 
 
 — spathvXa'ta. Pale green. India. 1842. Syn., 
 
 L. imnwtijUyra. 
 
 — StricklcmdicCna. Greenish. 1880. 
 
 — triaiUo'sa. 1. Yellow, purple. Borneo. 
 
 1879. 
 
 — tri'stis. Ceylon. 
 
 — zeylaJnica. Greenish. Ceylon. 
 
 Li'paiis. A genus of moths, the 
 best known species of which is L. di'spar, 
 the Gipsy Moth, which often greatly 
 damages hawthorns, plums, apples, and 
 other Rosaceous trees. The males are 
 dark brown, with transverse zigzag lines 
 and a central spot on the front wings. 
 The females are much larger, with 
 thicker bodies, and whitish wings with 
 zigzag lines. On account of their large 
 size they can be destroyed by hand- 
 picking. 
 
 Lipo'stoma. (From hipo, to fall 
 off, and stoma, mouth ; referring to the 
 lid of the capsule. Nat. ord. , Btcbiacece ; 
 Tribe, M-usscendece. Allied to Pentas.) 
 See Coeeocypselum. 
 
 L. campanuliflo'ra. See Coccoeypselum cam- 
 pamUiflorum. 
 
 Li'ppia. (After Augustus Lippi, a 
 French traveller in Abyssinia. Nat. 
 ord., VerbenacecB. Syns., Aloysia and 
 Zapania. ) 
 
 Greenhouse deciduous shrubs. Elch mould ; 
 cuttings in sandy soil of the old stem, or young 
 shoots ; if the latter, shade is required ; August 
 and March best times. 
 L. asperifc/lia. 2. Bed. July. S. America. 
 
 1820. Syn., Lantana lavcmd/ulacea. 
 
 Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 361. 
 
 — citriodo'ra. 3. Pale purple. August. Chili. 
 
 1784. Syns., Aloysia citriodora, B. M. 
 t. 367, and Verbena triphylla. 
 
 — nodifto'ra. 1. White or purple. Summer. 
 
 N. America. Half -hardy. Syn., Za- 
 pania nodiflora. 
 
 — rdptans. 1. White, red. June. S. America. 
 
 1847. 
 
 Liquida'mbar. (From liquidus, 
 liquid, and ambar, amber ; referring to 
 the gum called liquid storax produced 
 by some species. Nat. ord., Hamameli- 
 dece. Allied to Altingia. ) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees. Cuttings, but chiefly 
 layers ; also by imported seeds, which should 
 not be taken out of the catkins until they are to 
 be sown ; if exposed to sun or fire-heat, the cat- 
 kins crack, and the seeds easily shake out. They 
 often require a year to send up their seedlings ; 
 moist, loamy soil. 
 
 L. imbe'rbe. 6. March. Levant. 1759. Syn., 
 L. orimtalis. 
 
 — orienta'lis. See L. vniberbe. 
 
 — etyraclfiua. 60. March. N. Amer. 1683. 
 
 Liquid-Manure is the most ad- 
 vantageous form in which fertilizers can 
 be applied by the gardener to his crops. 
 It is the most economical, most prompt, 
 and most efficient mode. The manure 
 is presented to the roots in one of the 
 only forms in which they can imbibe 
 food, and the manure is spread regu- 
 larly through the texture of the soil. 
 If, instead of digging-in stable-manure, 
 each crop was watered occasionally with 
 liquid-manure, the produce would be 
 finer and more abundant. 
 
 " I have often employed with decided 
 effect, in my own garden, for vines, 
 peach, and standard apple-trees, liquid- 
 manure, prepared either by mixing one 
 part by weight of cow-dung with four 
 parts of water, or the collected drainage 
 of the stable and cow-house. It has 
 been found advantageous to plants cul- 
 tivated in stoves to apply even a liquid- 
 manure, composed oi six quarts of soot 
 to a hogshead of water ; and although 
 this is a very unchemical mixture, yet 
 it has been found by Mr. Robertson to 
 
LIQ 
 
 [568] 
 
 LIS 
 
 be peculiarly grateful and nourishing to 
 pines, causing them to assume an un- 
 usually deep, healthy green; and, for 
 stove mulbeiTy, vine, peach, and other 
 plants, the late Mr. Knight, of Downton, 
 employed a liquid-manure, composed of 
 one part of the dung of domestic poultry 
 and four to ten parts of water, with the 
 most excellent result. " — Johnson on Fer- 
 
 Guano Liquid-Manure. — Ten gallons 
 of water will readily dissolve, or keep 
 suspended in a state of minute division, 
 about 501bs. weight of guano. When 
 applied to plants not more than five 
 ounces should be added to that quantitj 
 of water. If it be made stronger, it 
 injures or kills the plants to which it is 
 applied. 
 
 Sheep's-dung, if employed for making 
 liquid-manure, should De a peck to thirty 
 gallons. 
 
 When cow-dung is used, boiling water 
 should be first poured upon it, as it is 
 apt to be f uU of destructive larvse. 
 
 Sulphate of ammonia, and any other 
 salt of ammonia, must not be used more 
 than a quarter of an ounce to each 
 gallon. 
 
 The rule applicable to all these liquid- 
 manures is — Give it weak and often. 
 
 Liqniri'tia officina'lis. A synonym 
 of Glycyrhiza glabra. 
 
 Liquorice. Glycyrrhi'za. 
 
 Liriode'ndron. Tulip-tree. (From 
 . lirion, a lily, and dendron, a tree. Nat. 
 ord., Magnoliace(B ; Tribe, Magnoliece.) 
 Hardy deciduous tree, with yellow and red 
 flowers, from North America. Generally by 
 seeds, which, if sown in the autumn, usually 
 come up the succeeding spring, but If sown in 
 spring, generally remain a year in the ground ; 
 varieties by layers, grafting, and budding ; deep, 
 rich, loamy soil. 
 
 L. tulipi'f&ra. 60. June. 1663. 
 oUusifo'lia. 60. June. 1663. 
 
 Liri'ope. (After the nymph Liriope. 
 Nat. ord., Hcemodoracece.) 
 
 Hardy or half-hardy, ornamental foliage plant. 
 Same treatment as Ophiopogon. 
 L. gramini/o'lia. J-1. Violet. October. China 
 and Japan. 1821. Syn., Ophiopogon 
 spieatus. B. M. t. 5348. 
 
 Lisia'nthus. (From lysis, dissolu- 
 tion, and anthos, flower; a poweiiul 
 cathartic is obtained from this genus. 
 Nat. ord., Gentianece; Tribe, Chironiece. 
 Syn., Lisyanthus.) 
 
 Seeds in spring, in a hotbed, and cuttings of 
 shrubby kinds in sandy soil, under a bell-glass ; 
 sandy loam and peat. Summertemp., 60° to 80"; 
 winter, 50" to 66 . Young plants raised in heat 
 one year, and safely kept over the winter in a 
 cool stove or a warm greenhouse, and potted in 
 spring, will bloom beautifully in summer. 
 
 STOVE ANNUALS. 
 
 L. amta'ngidus. 6. Yellow. July. Peru. 
 1820. Biennial. 
 
 — ala'tus. IJ. White. July. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 — grandijlo'rus. 8. Yellow. June. Trinidad. 
 
 1818. Biennial. 
 
 — Eii'nthii. Green. May. S. Amer. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 L. CErste'dii. Yellowish, white. Nicaragua. 
 1871. 
 
 — pri'ncepe. Crimson. New Grenada. 
 
 — pu'lcher. 5. Scarlet. September. New 
 
 Grenada. 1846. B. M. t. 4424. 
 
 — sple/ndens. Bed. June. New Grenada. 
 
 1846. Trailer. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 
 L. cordifo'lvus. See Leimdhus mrdifolms. 
 
 — glcmcifo'lius. See Evstoma excUtatum. 
 
 — catifo'lvuB. See Lmmthus lat^foUwi. 
 
 — longifo'Uus. B. R. t. 880. See Leianthus 
 
 ^- ophiorhiza. See Metternichia principis. 
 
 — Eussellia'nus. B. M. t. 3626. See 'IJustoma, 
 
 JiusseLlimvwm. 
 
 — vmibella'tus. See Leicmthus umbeUatus. 
 
 Lissa'nthe. (From lissos, smooth, 
 and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Epa- 
 cridacew ; Tribe, Stypheliece. Allied! to 
 Leucopogon. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with white 
 flowers, except v&rtunlla'ta, and all from Aus- 
 tralia.. Cuttmgs of the points of shoots in April 
 and May, in sand, uuder a bell-glass ; chiefly 
 sandy, flbry peat. Temp., 40" to 46", when rest- 
 ing and flowering ; a higher temperature and a 
 closer atmosphere, when making their wood, 
 after flowering and pruning. 
 L. eiiia'ta. 3. June. 1826. A synonym of 
 Brachyl&ma ciliatum. 
 
 — daphnoi'des. S. June. 1818. B. C. t. 466. 
 
 A synonym of Brachyloma daphnoides. 
 
 — sa'pida. 4. June. 1824. B. M. t. 3147. 
 
 — stella'ta. April. 1836. A synonym of Braehy- 
 
 loma ddphnffides. 
 
 — stHgo'sa. 3. June. 1824. 
 
 — siilmlaliM. 2. May. 1823. 
 
 — vertwilla'ta. See Leucopogon v&rticiUatus. 
 
 Lisso'chilus. (From lissos, smooth, 
 and cheilos, a lip. Nat. ord. , Ornhidece ; 
 Tribe, Vandem-Eulophiece. Allied to 
 Cyrtopera.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Division in spring, when fresh 
 growth commences and pottmg takes place; 
 fibry peat, a little flbry loam, dried leaf -mould, 
 and plenty of drainage. Summer temp., 60" to 
 90° ; winter, 65° to 60 . 
 
 L. dile'ctus. 2-3. Rosy ; lip purple. Congo. 
 1886. 
 
 — giga'nteiis. G. C. 1888, iii. p. 617, flg. 83. See 
 
 JBulophia gigantea. 
 
 — Hor^a'Uii. Purplish brown, white. Old 
 
 Calabar. 1866. B. M. t. 6486. 
 
 — Krelhsii. 2. Green, puiple, yellow. Natal. 
 
 1867. B. M. t. 5861. 
 
 — lu'teus. 1^. Yellow. May. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1822. 
 —pmmflo'rui. 1. Pale red. December. Algoa 
 Bay. 1822. Maund Bot. t. 172. A 
 synonym of Eulophia parmJUyra. 
 
 — ro'seus. Rose. February. Sierra Leone. 
 
 1841. B. B. 1844, t. 12. 
 
 — Sand^rio'ni. 6-7. White ; lip green with 
 
 brownish veins, violet. June. Natal. 
 1879. B. M. t. 6858. 
 
 — specw'sus. 2. Yellow. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1818. B. R. t. 673. 
 
LIS 
 
 [569] 
 
 LIT 
 
 L. streptope'taliis. Yellow. December. Gape 
 of Good Hope. 1826. Syn., Sulophia 
 streptopetala, B. M. t. 2931. 
 
 — styli'tes. Biose. Comoi'o Islands. 188B. 
 
 Listrosta'chys. This does not ap- 
 pear to differ from Angrsecum, under 
 which we include the species. 
 
 Lists, for fastening, trees against 
 walls, are usually merely shreds of 
 woollen cloth cut into lengths, varying 
 from two to four inches. Strips of 
 very thin sheet-lead are preferable, as 
 not harbouring insects. Wires and twine 
 have been recommended to tie the 
 branches to the walls ; but the process 
 is tedious, and cuts are inflicted, in- 
 ducing gum and canker. Shreds of a 
 black, blue, or red colour look best, 
 harmonizing with that of the leaves. If 
 old lists are re-employed, they should 
 be previously boiled, to destroy the larvse 
 of insects. 
 
 Lita'tlthus. (From liios, small, and 
 anthos, a flower ; from the small size of 
 the plant. Nat. ord., iiiiaceos; Tribe, 
 Scillece. Allied to Drimia.) 
 
 A minute greenhouse bulb ; probably the 
 smallest known Liliaceous plant, which, despite 
 its small size is very pretty when a number of 
 bulbs are grown in one pot. It should be grown 
 in light sandy loam, and treated like SCILLA and 
 other Cape bulbs. 
 L.pusi'Uus. i. White. August. S. Africa. 
 
 1870. B. M. t. 6996. 
 
 Lithospe'rmum. Gromwell. 
 (From lithos, a stone, and sperma, a 
 seed. Nat. ord., Boraginece; Tribe, 
 Boragece. Allied to Echium. ) 
 
 Annuals and biennials, by seed in common 
 garden-soil, in April ; perennials, by division, 
 seed, and cuttings of young shoots ; Shrubby 
 species, by cuttings, and by seeds ; indeed, aU 
 of them will soon multiply themselves by seeds 
 in suitable places ; sca'brum and di'stichimi will 
 require protection in winter, and a little peat 
 added to the loam. 
 
 HARDY ANNUAL, ETC. 
 
 L. dispe'mmm. See Boehelia stellulata. 
 
 — Knea'tmn. 1. Purple. July. Greece. 1826. 
 
 Biennial. 
 
 — termiflc/rum. J. Blue. May. Egypt. 1796. 
 
 Syn., L. cegyptiacwm. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 L. graminifo'lium. SJ. Blue. May. Italy. 1826. 
 
 — petrcdum. B. M. t. 5942. See Moltkia. 
 
 — prostra'tVMi. 1. Blue. June. France. 1825. 
 
 Trailer. 
 
 — rosmarin'ifo'lium. IJ. Blue. September. 
 
 Italy. 183S. B. E. 1. 1736. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 L. cane' seem. J. Orange. May. Canada. 1847. 
 B. M. t. 4389, Syn., Batschia eanescens. 
 
 — di'stwhum. IJ. Yellow, white. May. Cuba. 
 
 1806. Half-hardy. 
 
 — frutico'mm. 2. Blue. May. South Europe. 
 
 1683. Belg. Hort. 1866, t. 2. 
 
 — Gasto'ni. i. Blue, white, purple. Pyrenees. 
 
 1871. B. M. t. 6926. 
 
 — hi'rtum. 1-2. Orange. N. United States 
 
 and Canada. 1812. Syns., Batschia 
 Gmelmi and B. carolinensis. 
 
 L. latifo'Kum. 2. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1825. Syn., L. ojiemale, var. lat\folmm. 
 
 — ojidna'te. 2. Yellow. June. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1101. 
 latitfo'lium. See L. latifolmm. 
 
 — orienta'le. 2. Yellow. June. Levant. 1713. 
 
 B. M. t. 515. A synonym of Alkanna 
 tyrientalis. 
 
 — prwrpu'reo-cieru'leum. 1. Purple. May. Eng- 
 
 land. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 1100. 
 
 — sca'irum. li. White. September. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1822. Half-hardy. 
 
 — seri'ceuin. ^. Yellow. July. N, Amer. 
 
 1826. Syn., Batschia sericea. 
 
 —■ strig&svm. 1. Blue. July. Tauria. 1820. 
 
 — tiTwto'riwm. li. Blue. July. South Europe. 
 
 1596. Andr. Rep. t. 576. A synonym of 
 Alkanna tinctoria. 
 
 — mllo'sum. 1. Blue. July. South France. 
 
 1817. 
 
 Li'thre^. (From lythron, black 
 blood ; referring to the juice staining 
 black. Nat. ord., Anacardiaceoe.) See 
 Rhus. 
 
 Litobro'chia. (A commemorative 
 
 name. Nat. ord., Filices.) By some 
 
 authors regarded as a section of 
 Pteris. 
 
 Stove fern. See Ferns. 
 L. aculea'ta. 10. Brown. August. W. Ind. 
 1793. 
 
 — alcifonis, Brazil. 1864. 
 
 — a'mpla. Brown, pale yellow. May. W. Ind. 
 
 — areola'ta. B. Indies. 1860. 
 
 — auri'ta. Brown, yellow. July. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — Hau'rita. 4. ' W. Indies. 1842. 
 
 — co'inans delnsa. New C§,ledonia.. 1879. 
 
 — davallioi'dee. Yellow. May. 
 
 — deGu!rrens. Brown, yellow. July. Brazil. 
 
 — dentiaula'ta. 2. Brown. July. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 — ela'ta. Tropical America. 
 
 — grand^fo'lia, 2. Brown. August. W. Ind. 
 
 1793. 
 
 — Hoenkea'na. Brown, yellow. June. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. 1. Brown. June. W. Ind. 1793. 
 -^ interme'dia. Brown, yellow. June. Isle of 
 
 Luzon. 
 
 — leptophy'lla. % Brown. July. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 — TnoffTO'ptera. Brown, yellow. June. W. Ind. 
 
 — no'Ulis. 2. Brazil. 1862. 
 
 — oriza'bce. Mexico. 1858. 
 
 — peda'ta. 1. Brown. June. Jamaica. 1793. 
 
 — podophy'Ua. Brown, yellow. June. W. Ind. 
 
 — poli'ta. 6. Brown, yellow. May. Jamaica. 
 
 1841. 
 
 — robu'sta. Clear green. 1884. 
 
 — spinulo'sa. Brown, pale yeUow. W. Ind. 
 
 — sple^ndens. Brown, pale yellow. June. W. 
 
 Ind. 
 
 — triparti'ta. India. 1865. 
 
 — undiiia'ta. Fiji Islands. 1867. 
 
 — vespertaio'nis. 3. Brown. May. N. Holland. 
 
 1823. 
 
 Litsse'a. (From the Japanese name. 
 Nat. ord. , Laurinece ; Tribe, LUsceasece. 
 Syn., Tetranthera impaxt.) 
 
 Half-hardy trees, requiring some culture as 
 Laurus. 
 
 L. genieula'ta. 6. Yellow. May. S. United 
 States. 1759. Syn., Lauras genieuXata, 
 B. M. 1. 1471, and Tetrantheragemnilata. 
 
 — glau'ca. Whitish. Summer. Japan. Leaves 
 
 silvery beneath. 
 
 — japo'nica. 3. White. Japan. 1813. 
 
LIT 
 
 [570] 
 
 LOA 
 
 L. Tetra'tiihera. 8. Green, yellow. April. N. 
 Holland. 1824. Syns., L. citrifolia, 
 Tetranthera apetala and /. laurifolia. 
 Jacq. H. Schoenb. 1. 113. 
 
 Littse'a. (Named after the Duke of 
 Litta, near Milan. Nat. ord., Ama- 
 rylUdew ; Tnhe, Agavece.) Now united 
 with Agave. 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Suckers ; sandy loam 
 and leaf-mould, and a little dried cow-dung. 
 Winter temp., 40° to 45°. 
 L. gemmijlo'ra. A synonym of Agave geminifiora. 
 
 Litto'nia. (In honour of Dr. S. 
 Litton, professor of botany, Dublin. 
 Nat. ord., Liliacece ; Tribe, Umilariem.) 
 
 A stove bulb. Offsets. Light rich soil. 
 L, mode'sta. 2^. Orange. April. S. Africa. 
 1853. B. M. t. 4723. 
 
 Kei'tii. Orange. More robust than the 
 
 type. Gfl. t. 1237. 
 
 Livery. Soil that is dug or moved 
 about whilst wet is liable to set close 
 together like mortar, and is said to be 
 livery, or like Uver. 
 
 Livisto'na. (Named after P. 
 Murray, of Livingston, near Edinburgh. 
 Nat. ord., Palmem ; Tribe, Coryphem. 
 Allied to Corypha. ) 
 
 Greenhouse palms. Seeds in a hotbed ; rich, 
 sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 
 60° to 60°. 
 
 L. alWsmna. Sunda Islands. 1868. H. Ser. 
 1. 1740. 
 
 — auttra'lis. 80. Whitish. B. Australia. Gfl. 
 
 1872, p. 60. 
 
 — iorio'nka. Isle of Bourbon. 1818. 
 
 — ene'rvis. 1891. Perhaps the same as L, inermis. 
 
 — BoogenMrpii. Sara. 1874. m. Hort. 1874, 
 
 1. 174. 
 
 — hmni'lis, 6. Australia. 1824. Mart. Palm. 
 
 tt. 109 and 111. 
 
 — ine'rmis. 10. Australia. 1824. Mart. Palm. 
 
 tt. 146-6. 
 
 — Jenki'nsii. Assam. 1846. 
 
 Lla'vea. (In honour of M. la Llave, 
 the discoverer of the only known spe- 
 cies. Nat. ord., Filices — Polypodiacece.) 
 
 Stove ferns. See Fekns. 
 L. cordifo'lia. 2. Mexico. 1858. 
 
 Llo'ydia. (Named after Mr. Lloyd, 
 an En^ish botanist. Nat. ord., Lilia- 
 ceai ; Tribe, Tulipece. Allied to Calo- 
 chortus. ) ■ 
 
 Hardy perennial bulb. Offsets in spring ; a 
 dry, sandy loam suits it best. 
 ]j, sero'tina. Wliite striped with red. May. 
 Alpine Europe. 1789. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 1. 1620. Syn., L. striata. 
 
 Loam is a very indefinite term, al- 
 most every cultivator of the soil asso- 
 ciating it with a different explanation. 
 In some parts of England clay is so 
 called, and in others it is employed to 
 designate brick-earth/ As usually em- 
 ployed, it really is only synonymous 
 with the word soil ; for it has to be 
 qualified by the terms turfy, sandy, 
 
 clayey, and chalky, just as turf, sand, 
 clay, or chalk predominates, tiazel 
 loam is a rich, friable soil, having a 
 dark brown, or hazel colour, owing to 
 the predominance of decaying vegetable 
 matters. 
 
 In this work we use the term loa/m to 
 describe a soil that is easily worked at 
 any season, being sufficiently retentive, 
 yet not too retentive, of water. Maiden 
 loam is used often among gardeners to 
 describe the fat earth forming the top 
 spit of pasture-ground, and used by them 
 for composts : that with a yellowish- 
 brown colour is most preferred. Sandy 
 loams are the easiest worked, and yield 
 the earliest produce ; chalky loams, if 
 the chalk does not abound too much, 
 are early and fertile ; in fact, no soil 
 will continue fertile without calcareous 
 matter ; and clayey loams are bad to 
 work, in wet or dry weather, being wet 
 and sticky in the one case, and hard and 
 cracking m the other. Fine late crops, 
 however, are produced from such soils, 
 especially when the surface is moved to 
 prevent cracking in hot weather. 
 
 Loa'sa. (Meaning unknown ; pro- 
 bably a commemorative name. Nat. 
 ord., Loasaccoe. Very closely allied to 
 Blumenbachia. ) 
 
 Curious flowers, that would be very interest- 
 ing were it not for the poisonous, stinging pro- 
 perty possessed by the leaves. The annoyance 
 and danger combined have limited their culture. 
 They will all fare the better by being raised in a 
 gentle hotbed in April, though most of them' 
 will flower freely if sown in a warm place the 
 end of that month ; but in a cold autumn they 
 would be cut down in their prime ; light soil. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 L. acanthifo'lia. See L. Placet. 
 
 — a'lba. 1. White. July. Chili. 1831. Swt. 
 
 Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 1. 192. 
 
 — U'color. White, red. July. Central America. 
 
 1862. 
 
 — grcmdijto'ra. 2. Yellow. Peru. 1826. 
 
 — hi'spida. 2. Yellow. July. Lima. 1830. 
 
 B. M. t. 3057. 
 
 — ni'tida. 2. Yellow. July. Chili. 1822. 
 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 195. Syn., 
 L. tricolor, B. K. t. 667. 
 
 — pa'tula. 1. Yellow. July. Chili. 1827. 
 
 — pi' eta. White, yellow. July. Peru. 1848. 
 
 B. M. t. 4428. 
 
 — Pla'cei. 4. Yellow. July. Chili. 1822. 
 
 B. M. t. 3218. Syn., L. acantkifoUa. 
 B. R. t. 785. 
 
 — prostralta. Yellow, red. Chilian Andes. 
 
 1879. B. M. t. 6442. 
 
 — Schlimia'na. 2. Yellow of two shades. Sierra 
 
 Nevada. Fl. Ser. t. 1001. 
 
 — tricolor of B. E. t. 667 is L. nitida. 
 
 — mlu'Wiis. B. M. t. 5028. See Grarmnatocarpm 
 
 voluMlis. 
 
 — vulca'nica. 2. White, red, yellow. Summer. 
 
 Ecuador. 1877. B. M. t. 6410. 
 
 — Walli'sii. IJ. White, red. Andes of Columbia. 
 
 1879. Gfl. t. 968. 
 
 GREENHOUSE BIENNIALS. 
 
 L. lateri'tia. B. M. t. 3632. See Blumenbachia 
 lateritia. 
 
LOA 
 
 [571] 
 
 LOB 
 
 i. Pentla'ndii. i. Orange. Au^st. Peru. 
 1840. Syn., Caiophora lateritia. B. M. 
 t. 3632. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 L. inca'na. 2i. White. October. Peru. 1820. 
 B. M. t. 3048. 
 
 — lu'dda. White. June. 
 
 Leaving. See Heading. 
 
 Lobe'lia. (Named after M. Label, 
 a botanist, physician to James I. Nat. 
 ord., CampanulacecB ; Tribe, Lobeliece. 
 Syns., Bhynchopetalum and Tupa.) 
 
 Seeds of hardy kinds in ojien border, in April ; 
 
 freenhouse annuals and biennials, by seed in 
 otbed, in April; herbaceous kinds, whether 
 hardy or requiring protection, by dividing the 
 roots or suckers in spring, aftergrowth has com- 
 menced ; shrubby kinds, Dy smaU cuttings of the 
 young shoots ; indeed, all of them may be so 
 propagated; sandy loam, leaf -mould, and a little 
 peat suit the tenderest kinds, and for the strong- 
 growing, herbaceous sorts, such as sple^ndens and 
 cardina'lis, it is scarcely possible to make the 
 soil too rich by top-dressings of rotten dung ; the 
 soil itself should be light. The finest of the 
 species must he kept in a cold pit or greenhouse 
 during the winter ; laeu'vtris has been grown in 
 peat and gravel, in a pot, plunged in a cistern or 
 slowly-running stream. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 L. a'neeps. J. Blue. June. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1818. 
 
 — cam^anula'ta. J. Blue. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1821. 
 
 — Cliffortia'na. li. Pink. July. N. Amer. 
 — fenestra'lis. i. Blue. July. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 B. R. 1. 1838, t. 47. 
 
 — serrula'ta. J, Blue. June. Spain. 1820. 
 
 GREENHOUSE ANNUALS. 
 
 L. U'eolor. |. Pale blue. July. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1796. B. M. t. 614. 
 
 — gra'eilis. 1. Dark blue. July. N. S. Wales. 
 
 1801. Andr. Rep. t. 340. 
 
 — Laure'ntia. J. Blue. July. Italy. 1778. 
 
 — simplex. J. Blue. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1794. Biennial. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 
 
 L. ala'ta. IJ. Blue. June. N. Holland. 1804. 
 
 — argu'ta. 2. Blue. September. Chili. 1824. 
 
 B. R. t. 973. 
 
 — ieUidifo'lia. J. Blue. September. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1790. 
 
 Msii. 4. Pink. June. Chili. 1836 
 B. M. t. 3671. 
 
 — cceru'lea. 1}. Blue. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1824. B. M. t. 2701. 
 
 — ccrnipammoi'des. i. White. June. China. 
 
 1820. B. R. t. 733. 
 
 — cardiTiaHis. 3. Scarlet. July. Virginia. 
 
 1629. B. M. t. 320. 
 
 — CavcmiUesUiJna. 3. Bed. June. Spain. 
 
 1825. B. M. t. 3600. 
 
 — caranovifdiia., \. Blue. July. Cape of 
 
 ' Good Hope. 1752. B. M. t. 644. 
 
 — cfremalta. i. Blue. April. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1794. 
 
 — demt'mteiie. J. Blue. October. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1820. B. M. t. 2277. 
 
 — denta'ta. 1. Blue. June. N. Holland. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — di'scolm-. Blue. August. Swan River. 1818. 
 erinoi'des. B. M. t. 3069. See Laurentia 
 
 ermoides. 
 
 — eri'nus. h Blue. July. 
 
 Hope. 1752. B. M. t. 
 
 compa'eta. J. Blue. 
 
 cim/palcta a'lba. \. 
 
 Gardens. 1847. 
 
 L. eri'nusgrwndificlra. i. Blue. June. Gardens. 
 
 lu'dda. Blue, white. June. Gardens. 
 
 — fu'lgms. 3. Scarlet. July. Mexico. 1809. 
 
 B. B. 1. 165. 
 — Marrya'ttce. 3. Crimson, purple. May. 
 
 1847. 
 
 multiflo'ra. 4. Scarlet. May. 1847. 
 
 pyramida'lis. 4. Scarlet. May. 1847. 
 
 — heterophy'lla. 2. Blue. September. Van 
 
 Diemen's Land. 1837. B. R. t. 3784. 
 
 ma'jor. 3. Blue. June. Swan River. 
 
 1840. 
 
 — Mrm'ta. J." Blue. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1769. Andr. Rep. t. 444. 
 
 — hypocraterifo'rmis. B. M. t. 3076. See Iso- 
 
 toma Brovmii. 
 
 — i'gnea. 4. Flame. June. Chili. 1838. Paxt. 
 
 Mag. vi. p. 247. 
 
 — ilicifo'lia. J. Pink. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1816. B. M. 1. 1896. 
 
 — Kemdri. Violet-purple. Costa Rica. 1889. 
 
 — Krau'ssii. 1^. Blue. January. Dominica. 
 
 1828. B. M. t. 3012. 
 
 — longifio'ra. B. R. 1. 1200. See Isotoma longi- 
 
 flora. 
 
 — lu'tea. ^. Yellow. June. South Africa. 1774. 
 
 Syn., Parastranthus simplex. 
 
 — mi'nima. l-12th. White. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1800. 
 
 — miwulta. B. M. t. 2690. See Laurentia 
 
 Ttiinuta. 
 
 — mo'llis. Purple; June. Dominica. 1828. 
 
 — mucnrona'ta. 3. Bright crimson. August. 
 
 Chili. 1831. B. M. t. 3207. 
 
 — multiflo'ra. Purple. June. Swan River. 
 
 1838. 
 
 — nicotia/noefdlia. White. Neilgherries. 1866, 
 
 — pedMnaila'ta. 1. Blue. October. N. S. Wales. 
 
 1819. B. M. t. 2251. 
 
 — p&rshGifo'lia. 1. Purple. June. W. Ind. 
 
 1824. Stove. 
 
 — physaloi'des. Ic. PI. t. 666. See Colensoa 
 
 Cape of Good 
 .901. 
 June. Gardens. 
 White. June. 
 
 — puie^sceiis. i. Blue. September. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1780. Jacq. H. Schoenb. 1. 178. 
 
 — purpura' scens. 1. Blue. July. N. S. Wales. 
 
 1809. 
 
 — pyramida'lis. 4. Blue. September, Nepaul. 
 
 1822. B. M. t. 2887. 
 
 — rugulo'sa. 2. Blue. June. New Zealand. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — senecioi'des. B. M. t. 2702. See Isotoma 
 
 senetnoideB. 
 
 — seta'eea. J. Blue. June. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1816. Sbth. Fl. Gr, t. 221. 
 
 — Si'msii. 1. Blue. October. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1819. 
 
 — sple^ndens. 3. Scarlet. June. Mexico. 1814. 
 
 — texe'nsis. Scarlet. June. Mexico. 1845. 
 
 — thapsoi'dea. 6. Rosy-purple. Organ Moun- 
 
 tains. 1843. B. M. t. 4160. 
 
 — Thunbe'rgii. 1. Blue. August. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1822. 
 
 — trigonocau'lis. 1. Blue, white. July. More- 
 
 ton Bay. 1858. 
 
 — triqueftra. 1. Blue. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1774. 
 
 — Tu'pa. 6-8. Reddish - scarlet. Autumn. 
 
 ChiE. 1824. B. M. t. 2550. Syns., L. 
 Feuillei and Tupa Feuillei, 
 
 — wmhella'ta. 1. Blue. June. 1878. 
 
 — variifo'lia. 1. Yellow. June. South Africa. 
 
 1812. Syn., Pa/rastranthus va/nAfoUut^. 
 
 — zeyla'nica. 1. Blue. June. B. Ind. 1821. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 L. assu'rgens. 3. Scarlet. August. W. Ind. 
 1787. Andr. Rep. t. 653. 
 
 — begonioefo'lia. J. Pale blue. June. Nepaul. 
 
 1827. 
 
 — decu'rrens. 3. Purple. July. Chili. 1826. 
 
 B. R. 1. 1842. 
 
LOB 
 
 [572] 
 
 LOM 
 
 L. gigante a. 14. Orange. August. S. Amer. 
 
 1828. B. M.t. 1325. 
 
 — heteroma'Ua. Blue. 1829. 
 
 — linea'ris. J. Blue. Cape of Good Hope. 1791. 
 
 — macula'ta. J. White. May. New Zealand. 
 
 1829. 
 
 — oAora'ta. J. White. September. Buenos 
 
 AVTGS 1&32 
 
 — pinifo'lia. IJ. Blue. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1782. Andr. Eep. t. 273. 
 
 — purpu'rea. 1. Purple. June. Valparaiso. 
 
 1825. Stove. B. E. t. 1325. 
 
 — robu'sta. 3. Blue. August. Hayti. 1830. 
 
 Stove. B. M. t. 3138. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 L. wmalna. 3. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 — ClayUmia/na. 2. Blue. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — codefstia. 2. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1831. 
 
 Paxt. Mag. XV. p. 103. 
 
 — colora'ta. 6. Orange. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1832. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 180. 
 
 — eri'spa. 2. Blue. June. N. Amer. 1825. 
 
 — glandulo' sa. 2^. Blue. September. New 
 
 Carolina. 1840. B. E. 1846, t. 6. 
 
 — Ea'lmii. 1. Blue. July. Carolina. 1820. 
 
 B. M. t. 2238. 
 
 — laeu'stris. Pale blue. July. Britain. 
 
 — littora'lis. See Pratia angulata. 
 
 — Nutta'lUi. 1. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 — palvdo'sa. Pale blue. July. !N. Amer. 
 
 — polyphy'lla. i\. Purple. August. Valparaiso. 
 
 1829. B. M. t. 3550. 
 
 — pube:rula. 1. Pale blue. June. N. Amer. 
 
 ISOO. 
 
 glabe'lla. J. Purple, blue. July. 
 
 Lousiana. 1832. B. M. t. 3292. 
 
 — ramo'sa. 2. Dark blue. August. Swan 
 
 Eiver. 1838. Maund Bot. ii. t. 93. 
 
 — sessilifo'lia. i. Violet-blue. 1882. 
 
 — syphyli'tica. 2. Light blue. September. 
 
 Virginia. 1665. B. C. t. 955. 
 
 a'lha. 3. White. August. 
 
 hy'brida. B. M. t. 3604. 
 
 — tene'lla. J. Purple, violet. May. South 
 
 Africa. 1821. Syn., Parastrcmthus wni- 
 dentatuB. 
 
 Loblolly-bay. Gordo'nia lasia'n- 
 thus. 
 
 Loche'ria. See Achimenes. 
 
 Lockha'rtia. (In honour of Mr. 
 David Lockhart, a traveller and the in- 
 troducer of L. elegans. Nat. ord., 
 Orchidew ; Tribe, Vandece-SarcanthecB.) 
 
 Stove epiphytes ; should be grown on blocks. 
 For cultivation, see ORCHIDS. 
 L. acu'ta. i. Yellow. June. Trinidad. 1834. 
 Syn., Femandezia acuta. B. E. 1. 1806. 
 
 — a'moe'na. Yellow, purple. Costa Eica. 
 
 — e'legaiw. J. Yellow, purple. Trinidad. 1827. 
 
 B. M. t. 2715. Syn., Femandezia elegans. 
 B. C. 1. 1214. 
 
 — luni'j^era. Yellow. July. Brazil. 1839. 
 
 — pa'llida. J. Yellowish-orange. 1854. 
 
 — verruca' sa. 1. Yellow, red. Guatemala. 
 
 1841. ,Eef. Bot. t. 76. Syn., Femandezia 
 robusta. B. M. t. 5592. 
 
 Locust-tree. HyimncB'a. 
 
 Lodd.l0e'sia. (Named after Conrad 
 Loddiges,me founder of the well-known 
 nursery at Hackney. Nat. ord., Legw- 
 ininosm; Tribe, Genisteoe. Allied to 
 Hypocalyptus.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of the points 
 of the shoots in April, in sandy soil, under a 
 
 bell-glass; sandypeatand a little loam. Winter 
 temp., 40° to 48" ; a cool place in summer. 
 L. oxalidifo'lia. 1^. Pale purple. June. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1802. B. M. t. 966. 
 
 Lodoi'cea. Double Cocoa-nut or 
 Coco de Mer. (Named after Laodice, 
 the daughter of Priam and Hecuba. 
 Nat. ord., Palmem.) 
 
 Stove palm. Seeds in a strong, moist heat ; 
 loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 90°, with 
 plenty of moisture in the atmosphere ; winter, 
 68° to 60°. 
 
 L. seychella'rum. 60. Seychelles Islands. B. 
 M. t. 2734. 
 
 Loese'lia. (After John Lossel, a 
 Prussian botanist. Nat. ord., Polemo- 
 niacece. Syn., Hoitzia.) 
 
 Greenhouse shrubs, or undershrubs. Fibry 
 peat and sandy loam. Cuttings in sand, under 
 a bell-glass. . 
 
 L. cocai'nea. 3-4. Scarlet. June. Mexico. 
 1824. Gfl. t. 643. Syns., Hoitzia eocdnea. 
 Kn. and West. t. 99, and H. mexicana. 
 
 — caeru'lea. 1. Blue. June. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 Syn., Hoitzia coerulea. 
 
 — glandulo' sa. 2. Eed. June. Mexico. 1825. 
 
 Syn., Hoitzia glandulosa. 
 
 Loga'nia. (Named after J. Logan, 
 a distinguished botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Loganiacece ; Tribe, Euloganiece. Allied 
 to Fagrsea.) 
 
 Greenhouse everpeens, with white flowers, 
 from Australia. Stiff side-shoots, getting well 
 ripened at the base,, in sandy soil, under a bell- 
 glass, ih summer ; sandy loam and fibry peat, 
 kept more open still by pieces of charcoal. 
 Wmter temp., 38° to 46°. In summer the pots 
 must be plunged in ashes. 
 L.fiorOu'nda. 2. April. 1797. B. C. t. 1118. 
 
 Syn., Buosma albiflora. Andr. Eep. 
 
 t. 520. 
 
 — latifo/lia. 3. 1816. 
 
 — revolu'ta. 2. 1826. 
 
 Logwood. Hcemato'xylon. 
 
 Loiseleu'rea. (Named after Loise- 
 leur Desloiwchainps, a celebrated French 
 botanist, who died in 1849. Nat. ord., 
 EricacecB; Tribe, Bhodorem. Syns., 
 Chammcistus and Chamoeledon.) 
 
 A hardy, prostrate shrub cultivated like the 
 hardy species of Azalea. 
 L. procu'mbens. ^. . Pink. Late summer. 
 
 Mountains of N. Europe (Scotland). 
 
 Eng. Bot. cd. 3, t. 882. Syns., Azalea, 
 
 procwnibens and Chamceledon procum- 
 
 bens. 
 
 .Lomagra'mma. (From lo'ma, an 
 edge, and gramma, writing ; referring 
 to the appearance and position of the 
 spore or seed-cases on the leaves. Nat. 
 ord., Filices.) 
 
 Stove fern. See Ferns. 
 L. pterioi'des. Brown. May. Isle of Luzon 
 1840. An abnormal form of Acrostiehum 
 Blumeanum. 
 
 Loma'ria. (From loma, an edge ; 
 referring to the position of the spore or 
 
LOM 
 
 [573] 
 
 LON 
 
 seed-cases on the leaves. Nat. orcl., 
 Filices.) 
 All brown-spored. See Ferns. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 L. alpi'na. Falkland Isles. 1843. 
 
 — anta'rctica. Magellan. 1843. 
 
 — attenua'ta. 1. August. 1838. 
 
 — austra'lis. li. S. Africa. 1839. 
 
 — Ba'nksii. New Zealand. 
 
 — BdlUi. New Caledonia. 1865. 
 
 — blechnoi'des. 1. Chili. 
 I'na. 6. Terra del Fuego. 1843. Syn., 
 L. magellanica. Hook. Gard. Ferns, t. 52. 
 
 mcadioi'des. S.E. Africa. 1875. 
 
 BiHgai'mswB. S. Africa. 1877. 
 
 — capdmis. 2J. S. Africa. A form of L. pro- 
 
 cera. 
 
 — eiZia'ta. New Caledonia. 1866. 
 
 — arenvXa'ta. Chili. 1862. 
 
 — cycadifo' tia. Juan Fernandez. 
 
 — di'scolor. 
 
 Mpinnati'fida. Australia. 1878. 
 
 — dolyroyde'ngis. New South Wales. 1876. 
 
 — du'ra. Chatham Islands. 1866. 
 
 — elonga'ta. New Zealand. 
 
 — falea'ta. 2. July. Van Diemen's Land. 
 
 1823. 
 — Jluvia'tilis m/ulti'fida. New Zealand. 1879. 
 
 — Frasefri. New Zealand. 1843. Ic. PI. t. 185. 
 
 — gi'bba. 2. New Caledonia. 1862. 
 
 — OaUefsii. If. Chili. 1841. Hook. Ic. Fil. 
 
 t. 207. 
 
 — lameola'ta. }. September. N. Holland. 
 
 1830. Ic. PI. t. 429. 
 
 — Lechldri. Chili. 1866. 
 
 — magella'nica. See L. JBoryana. 
 
 — nvlda. 2. June. Van Diemen's Land. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — Patereo'ni. J. September. N. Holland. 1830. 
 — pro'cera. 3. July. New Zealand. 1822. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 L. campyWtis. Tropical America. 
 
 — cMldnsis. Chili. 
 
 — di'scolor. Brazil. 
 
 —fiuvia!tilis. i-l. Australia and New Zealand. 
 
 — giga'ntea. S. Africa and Polynesia. 1876. 
 
 — LRerminieln. \. Tropical America. 
 
 — Umgifo'lia. 2. June. W. Ind. 1810. 
 
 — onocleai'dee. July. Jamaica. 1824. 
 
 — punctalta. \\. S. Africa. 
 
 — sarUfo'lia. August. W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 — stria'ta. Tropical America. 
 
 — vesH'ta. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 L. Spi'cant. 1. Britain. Syn., Btechnum Spiecmt. 
 
 ano'malti. f. Wales. 
 
 canei'nna. 1. Margins crenulate. 
 
 contra'cta. 1. N. Wales. 
 
 eri'Bpa. Lobes of frond curled ; apices 
 
 crested. 
 
 erista'ta. Crested and forked. 
 
 flabella'ta. Fan-shaped. 
 
 im^nva'ta. i. Lobes imbricated. 
 
 imtyHcafto-erdcta. Pinnae turned back. 
 
 '■ — laneifdlia. |. Terminal pinna much 
 
 rmdtifmealta. }. Apex much divided. 
 
 polyda'ctyla. Much crested. 
 
 serra'to-ri'gida. f . Serrate on both 
 
 margins and crested at the apex. 
 
 sernua'ta. J. Beautifully serrate. 
 
 stri'cla. 1. Fertile fronds narrower 
 
 than the barren ones. 
 trCn^rvis. Fronds three-Iobed at the 
 
 co'ronans. Apices crested. 
 
 varia'biliii. h Suddenly contracting at 
 
 about a third of the length from the 
 
 base. 
 
 Lomario'psis. (From Lomaria, 
 and opsis, like. Nat. ord., Filices— 
 PolypodiacecB. ) 
 
 Stove fern. See Ferns. 
 L. Aeteromo'rpJia. New Zealand. Trailing, good 
 for rock- work. 
 
 Loma'tia. (From loma, an edge ; 
 referring to the winged edge of the 
 seeds. Nat. ord., Proteaceoe ; Tribe, 
 EmbothriecB. Allied to Telopea. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings of firm 
 young shoots early m spring, or late in summer, 
 m sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat, with a 
 little loam. Winter temp., 38° to 40 . 
 L, Bidvn'Uii. 10. New South Wales. 
 
 — dmta'ta. 3. Chili. 1824. 
 
 — eleganti'ssima. New Zealand. 1862. 
 
 — ferrugi! nea. 10. Green, crimson. Chili. 
 
 1851. 
 
 — Uicifo'lia. 3. July. New South Wales. 
 
 1824. B. M. t. 4023. 
 
 — longifo'lia. 8-10. Whitish. Summer. New 
 
 South Wales. 1816. B. E. t. 442. 
 
 — silaifo'lia. 2. Orange. July. N.S. Wales. 
 
 1792. B. M. 1. 1272. 
 
 — tiruto'ria. 2. N. Holland. 1822. B. M. 
 
 t. 4110. 
 
 Lomatophy'lliun. (From loma, a 
 border, and phyllon, a leaf ; from the 
 distinctly bordered leaves. Nat. ord. , 
 Liliacece; Tribe, Aloinece. Allied to 
 Aloe.) 
 
 These only differ from Aloe in having a baccate. 
 
 fruit. They require the same treatment as ALOE. 
 
 L. borbo'nicum. 3. Yellow, brownish-red. June. 
 Bourbon. 1766. Syns., L. aloifiiyrum. 
 Aloe Tnarginalis and PhylloTna aloi- 
 fiorum. B. M. 1. 1686. Bourbon Aloe. 
 
 — SawndelriAi. Mauritius. 1871. 
 
 Lonchi'tis. (From lonche, a lance, 
 the shape of the leaves, or fronds. Nat. 
 ord., Filices.) 
 
 Stove ferns, with brown spores, from the Tro 
 pics. Some species are now joined to Litobrochia. 
 See Ferns. 
 L. auri'ta. July. S. America. 
 
 — gla'bra. July. S. Africa. 
 
 — Lindenia'na. Caraccaa. Hook. Sp. Fil. t. 89. 
 
 — lonmfo'lia. Tropical America. 
 
 — pvM teens. July. Mauritius. 
 
 — sorbifcflia. W. Indies. 
 
 Lonchoca'rpus. (From lonche, a 
 lance, and carpos, a fruit ; shape of 
 seed-pod. Nat. ord., Leguminosm ; 
 Tribe, Balbergiece. Allied to Dal- 
 hergia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees, with purple flowers, ex- 
 cept where specified otherwise. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in 
 a sweet bottom-heat, in May ; turfy loam and 
 flbry peat, with sand and charcoal to keep it 
 open, though pressed firmly together. Summer 
 temp., 60° to 86° ; winter, 66° to 60°. 
 L. Barte'ri. Eose-pink. September. West Tro- 
 pical Africa. B. M. t. 6943. 
 
 — drnninge/nsis. See L. serieeus, var. glabres- 
 
 — latifo'Uus. 20. W. Ind. 1868. 
 
 — maerophifllus. See L. serieeus, var. glabres- 
 
 cens. 
 
 — pube'scens. 26. Purple. Caraccas. 1824. 
 
 — pyxida'rius. See L. serieeus. 
 
LON 
 
 [574] 
 
 LON 
 
 Saxi'fraga um- 
 
 L. ro'seus. 16. Bed. S. Amer. 1700. 
 
 — se'jjiMjn. 3D. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 — seri'ceus. 20. W. Ind. 1826. Syn., L. pyxi- 
 
 darkui. 
 
 glabre'scens. 20. Red Tropical America. 
 
 1816. Syn., L. domingensis and L. 
 macrophyllus. 
 
 — viola'eeus. 12. W. Ind. 1769. 
 
 London Pride. 
 
 bro'sa. 
 
 Loni'cera. (Named after Adam 
 Lonicer, a German botanist. Nat. ord. , 
 Caprifoliaceai ; Tribe, Caprifoliece. Al- 
 lied to Caprifolium.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs. By cuttings and 
 layers in the autumn ; with all the succulent, 
 
 Eithy-stemmed kinds, the latter mode is the 
 est, as cuttings are apt to rot ; when planted 
 they should have a shady, sheltered situation ; 
 good, loamy soil. 
 
 L. Albe'rtii. 3. Rosy. June. B. Turkestan. 
 Gfl. t. 1066. 
 
 — aljn'gena. 6. Yellow. April. South Europe. 
 
 1696. 
 
 sibi'rica. 6. Yellow. April. Siberia. 
 
 1810. 
 
 — (mgusti^fo'Uor. 6. Pale yellow. April. North 
 
 India. 1847. 
 
 — be'Ua. Hybrid between L. Morrowi and L. 
 
 tatarica. 1889. 
 
 — brachyp&da. See L. japonica^ var. chinensis. 
 au'reo^eticula'ta. Veins golden-yellow ; 
 
 like network on the leaves. Japan. 
 1862. Climber. Belg. Hort. 1871, t. S. 
 
 — caTiade'nsis, Yellow. May. Canada. 1812. 
 
 — ca/ne'scens. 10. April. Europe. 
 
 — Caprifo'lium. Yellowish. May to June- 
 
 Europe. (Britain.) Syns., Caprifolium 
 hortense and C. italicum, 
 
 ru'brum. Red. June. S. Europe. Syn., 
 
 Caprifolium italicwm, var. ruirum. 
 
 — chine'tisis. See L. japoiiica, var. chinensis. 
 
 — cilia'ta. 4. White, red. April. N. Amer. 
 
 1824. Syn., Caprifolium ciliomm, 
 
 alba. 4. White, red. April. N. Amer. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — eoeru'lea. 4. Yellow. May. Switzerland. 
 
 1629. B. M. t. 1966. 
 
 — covfu'sa. 15. Red. June. China. 1806. 
 
 Evergreen. Syn., Caprifolium japoni- 
 cum. 
 
 — di'scolor. i. Yellow, crimson. June. E. Ind. 
 
 1844. 
 
 — diversifo'lia. 4. Yellow. May. Himalayas. 
 
 1843. 
 
 — Dougla'sii. 20. Orange. July. N. America. 
 
 1824. Climber. Syn., Caprifolium 
 Bouglasii. 
 
 — etru'sea. 15. Orange. May. Italy. Syn., 
 
 Caprifolium etruscwm. 
 ^fla'va. Pale yellow. June. N.America. 1810. 
 
 Twiner. B. M. t. 1318. Syn., Capri- 
 
 folvumfiavum. 
 ^Jlave'scens. Sulphur to citron-yellow. British 
 
 Columbia. Syn., L. WebMana of some 
 
 —fteifudsa. B. R. t. 712. See £. japomica, var. 
 
 chvnensis. 
 ^Jloribu'nda. Pale rose. N. Persia. 1889. 
 —fragranti'ssima. White. February. China. 
 
 1846. 
 
 — gibbiJU/ra. Amur. 1889. 
 
 — gigantea. Pale yellow or white. August. 
 
 Gart. Zeit. 1886, p. 567. 
 
 — gra'ta. 20. Bed. July. N. Amer. 1730. 
 
 Evergreen. Syn,, Caprifolium gratwm. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. Yellow. June. N. America. 1822. 
 
 B. M. t. 3103. Syns., L. pubescens and 
 Caprifolium hirsutum. 
 
 L. hi'spida. 4-6. Yellow. May. Turkestan. 
 Gfl. 1. 1100. 
 
 — hispi'dMla. Rose. July. S. America. 1833. 
 
 Syn., Caprifolvwm hispidulum. B. R. 
 t. 1761. 
 
 — ibe^rica. 6. Orange. April. Iberia. 1824. 
 
 — i/nvpl^xa. 8. Redi yellow. July. Minorca. 
 
 1772. Evergreen. Syn., CaprifoUma 
 im/pUxum. 
 
 balea'rica. 8. Cream. June. Minorca. 
 
 Syn., Caprifolium im^lexum, var. balea- 
 ricv/m. 
 
 — vnvoluera'ta. 3. Yellow. April. Hudson's 
 
 Bay. 1824. 
 
 — japo'nica. Red, white. July. China and 
 
 Japan. 1806. Syn., Nintooajaponiea. 
 
 chime'nm Yellow, red. Chma. 1869. 
 
 Ref. Bot. t. 224. Syns., L. brachypoda 
 and L. Jlexuosa of some gardens. 
 
 — EesselrHngii. Red, white. Kamtschatka. 
 
 1890. 
 
 — Ledebou'rii. 3. Yellow, red. June. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1833. 
 
 — loyigifio'ra. Snow-white, changing to golden- 
 
 yellow. July. China. 1826. Syns., 
 Caprifolium, longiflormn, B. B. t. 1232, 
 and Ni/ntooa Itmgijlora. 
 
 — Maa'ckii. White. S. Manchuria and Japan. 
 
 1884. Gfl. t. 1162. 
 
 — maera'ntha. 16. Orange. July. Nepaul. 
 
 1807. Evergreen. Syn., Caprifolium 
 nepaUme. 
 
 — macrophy'lla ru'bra. Brick-red. 1870. 
 
 — Maximovn'czii. 10. Bed-violet. Amur. 1869. 
 
 Gfl. t. 697. 
 
 — Tnicra'ntha. Pink becoming yellowish. Syn. , 
 
 L. tatarica, var. mierantha. 
 
 — miorophj/Ua. 4. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 — minutiflo'ra. Hybrid between L. macrantha 
 
 and L. Xylosteum. 1889. 
 ^ TnHsera. Hybrid between L. rtiicrantha and 
 L. Xylosteum. 1889. 
 
 — ni'gra. 4. Pale yellow. April. Switzerland. 
 
 1597. 
 
 cQ/mpa/niJU^ra, 4. Yellow. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 — no'tha and its many varieties are hybrids 
 
 between L. Ruprechtiana and L. tata- 
 rica. 
 
 — oblongifo'lia. 3. White. April. N. Amer. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — orienta'lis. 16. Yellow. June. Iberia. 1825. 
 puni'cea. Crimson. May. N. Amer. 1822. 
 
 — parviflo'ra. 6. Purple. June. N. America. 
 
 1776. Syns., Caprifolium dioicum and 
 C. parvifiorum. 
 
 — Perielym^rmm. Bed, yellow. Summer. Bri- 
 
 tain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 642. Syn., 
 Caprifolium Peri£lym£num. 
 
 — perm/if xta. Hybrid between L. rmcraniha and 
 
 L. tatarica. 1889. 
 
 — propilnqua. Hybrid between i. aZpig'ena and 
 
 L. Ledebourii. 1889. 
 
 — puMscens. See L. hirsuta. 
 
 — puni'cea. 2-4. Deep red. 1826. B. M. t. 246. 
 
 Syn., Symphoriea/rpus puniceus. 
 
 — pyrena'ica. 4 White. Pyrenees. 1739. . 
 
 — quinquelocula'ris. Yellowish. Himalayas. 
 
 1889. 
 
 — Rwprechtia'na. Pale yellow. Amur River. 
 
 1870. Gfl. t. 646. 
 
 — salidfo'lia. Hybrid between L. miffrantha 
 
 and L. Ruprechtia/na. 
 
 — segrezidnsit. This is the, proper name for 
 
 maijy plants that have been grown as 
 L. diversifolia and L. hispida. 
 
 — sple'ndida. Pale yellow to white. Spain. 
 
 Gfl. 1890, p. 65, flg. 13. Syn., Caprifo- 
 liwm splcndiduTn. 
 
 — semperm'rens. Scarlet, yellow. Spring. N. 
 
 America. 1666. B. M. t. 781. Evergreen. 
 Syn., Caprifoli/um sempervirens 
 
LOO 
 
 [575] 
 
 LOP 
 
 L. sempervi'rens ma'jtyr. 
 
 mi: nor. Scarlet. B. M. t. 17B3. Syn., 
 
 Gapryfolium sem^ervirens, var. minor. 
 
 — Standi'shii. White, purple. China. 1860. 
 
 G. C. 1878, Ix. p. 106, flg. 20. 
 
 — Mipula'ta. White or cream. Darjeeling. G. 
 
 C. 1858, p. 700. 
 
 — tangu'tica. Yellow. Kansu. 1891. 
 
 — tata'rica. 10. Pink. April. Russia. 1752. 
 
 B. E. t. 31. 
 albiflo'ra. 10. White. May. Pyrenees. 
 
 1739. 
 
 gramdilrraetea'ta. Seedling variety. 1891. 
 
 latifo'lia. 10. Pink. April. 
 
 lu'tea. 10. Yellow. April. 
 
 — — — r^Ariflo'ra. 10. Red. April. Russia. 
 
 — tomente'lla. 10. Pinkish- white. July. Sikkim 
 
 Himalaya. 1849. B. M. t. 6486. 
 
 — translu'cens. Yellow. Himalayas. 1889. 
 
 — villo'sa. 4. Yellow. April. Canada. 1820. 
 -^ WebbMna. Yellowish-green, brownish-red. 
 
 Himalayas. Gfl. 1888, p. 7, fig. 2. L. 
 flavescens has sometimes been grown 
 under this name. 
 
 — Xylo'st&wm. 8. Yellow, June. England. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 643. Syn., Xylosteum 
 cl/umetorum. 
 
 leucoca'rpuTn. 8. Yellow. June. Britain. 
 
 meltmoea'rpum. 8. Yellow. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 xanthoca'rpum. 8. Yellow. June. Bri- 
 tain. 
 
 Looking-glass Plant. Heritie'ra. 
 
 Loosestrife. Lysima'chia and 
 Ly'thrum. 
 
 Lope'zia. (Named after J. Lopez, 
 Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Omagra- 
 cecB. Allied to Fuchsia. Syn., JeAM'a.) 
 
 Annuals, from Mexico, all of which thrive the 
 better if sown on a light hotbed in the middle 
 of March, and are transplanted in the middle of 
 May. They may, however, be sown in the open 
 "border in April ; light soil. 
 Jj. corda'ta. IJ. Purple. August. 1821. 
 
 — corona'ta. IJ. Red. August. 1805. Andr. 
 
 Eep.t. 551. 
 
 — Galeo'tii. Bed. S. Mexico. 
 
 — gramMfio'ra. 3. Bright-red. Mexico. 1879. 
 
 Rev. Hort. 1879, p. 50. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. 1}. Red. August. 1796. Rev. Hort. 
 
 1877, p. 190. 
 
 — Unea'ta. S. Rose. February. 1839. B. R. 
 
 1840, t. 40. 
 
 — macrophy'Ua. Red. March. Mexico. B. M. 
 
 t. 4724. Syn., Jehliafuchsioides. 
 
 — mesaea'na. Pink. Mexico. Jacq. Ic. t. 203. 
 
 — pn'mila. i. Red. August. 1824. 
 
 — racemo'sa. IJ. Red. August. 1792. 
 
 Lopha'nthus. (From lophos, a 
 crest, and anthos, a flower ; referring to 
 the middle lobe of the flower. Nat. 
 ord. , Labiates ; Tribe, Nepetete. Allied 
 to Nepeta. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, from North 
 America, except L. chinen&is. .Seeds sown in 
 April ; cuttings of the young shoots at the 
 same time, in a shady place, in sandy soil, under 
 a hand-light; division of the plant in spring; 
 _good garden-soil. 
 X. anisa'tus. 3. Blue. July. 1826. B. R. t. 
 
 1282. Syns., Hyssopus anisatus and H. 
 
 discolor. 
 
 — chifu/nsis. 1-li. Blue-purple. Siberia and 
 
 N. China. Syn., Eyesopaa Lophanthus. 
 Jacq. H. Vind. 1. 182. 
 
 L. nepetoi'des. B. Yellow, white. July. 1692 
 Syn., Hyssopus nepetoides, Jacq. H. 
 Vind. t. 69. 
 scrophiUaric^o'lius. 5. Pink. July. 1800. 
 Syn,, Hyssopus sorophularicefolius. 
 
 — urtiemfo'liMS. 2, Blue, July, 1826, 
 
 Lophi'ola. (A diminutive of lophos^ 
 a crest ; referring to the crested sepals, 
 or flower-leaves. Nat. ord,, Hcemodo- 
 raceai; Tribe, Conostyleoe. Allied to 
 Anigozanthus. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the 
 roots in autumn or spring ; peaty soil, in a 
 damp, shady situation. 
 
 L. avlrea. \\. Yellow, June, N. Amer, 1811. 
 B, M, 1. 1696. 
 
 Lophi'ra. (From lophos, a crest ; 
 referring to two of the sepals finally ex- 
 panding into crested wings. Nat. ord., 
 Dipterocarpew. ) 
 
 This is the Scrubby Oak of Siena Leone, a 
 handsome tree, with panlcled yellow flowers. 
 Endlicher founded the order on it because it is 
 " allied to nothing yet known," A tropical ever- 
 green shrub ; cuttings of firm young wood in 
 sand, under a beU-glass, and in a sweet bottom- 
 heat; sandy loam and flbry peat. Summer 
 temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 50° to 60°. 
 L. ala'ta. 10. Yellow, June, Sierra Leone, 
 1822, Syn., L. africana. 
 
 Lophole'pis. (From lophos, a crest, 
 and lepis, a scale. Nat. ord., FUices — 
 Polypodiaceco. ) A section of Polypo- 
 dium. 
 
 stove ferns. See Febns. 
 L. pUoselloi'des. J. W. Indies. 
 
 Lophoso'ria. (From lophos, a crest, 
 and soros, a heap ; alluding to the sori. 
 Nat. ord., FUices — Polypodiaceoe.) A 
 synonym of Alsophila. 
 
 Stove fern. See Ferns. 
 L. pmma'ta. 8. Tropical America. 
 
 Lophospe'rmum. (From lophos, 
 a crest, and sperma, a seed ; the seeds 
 are furnished with a crested wing. Nat. 
 ord., Sorophtdariacece ; Tribe, Antir- 
 rhinece.) A synonym of Maurandia. 
 L. a'tro-smigui'n^uTn. See RhodocTiiton volubile. 
 
 — erube'scens. B. R. t. 1381. See Mawra/ndia 
 
 erubescens. 
 
 — Rhodochi'ton. See Rhodochiton volubile. 
 
 — sca'ndens of B. M. t, 3037-8 see Maurandia 
 
 erubescens ; of B, M, t, 3650 see Mauran- 
 dia scandens. 
 
 Lophy'rus. One species of this 
 genus, L. pi'ni, causes much damage by 
 its caterpillars feeding on the leaves of 
 young Scotch Firs, The insects appear 
 in the early summer, deposit their eggs 
 in a slit they make in the leaves of the 
 Scotch Fir and cover them with resinous 
 matter. The caterpillars, which are 
 green when young, and rusty brown 
 when f uHy grown, appear in about three 
 weeks, and attain a length of about an 
 inch. After feeding for a few weeks. 
 
LOP 
 
 [576] 
 
 LOT 
 
 they make their cocoons iti the moss or 
 decaying matter Beneath the trees. The 
 caterpillajs lie doubled up in these 
 cocoons, which are about a quarter of 
 an inch long, and with a very firm exte- 
 rior, and vary in colour, according to 
 their surroundings. The surest way of 
 destroying this insect is to take advan- 
 tage of the fact that the cocoons are 
 deposited in the debris beneath the 
 trees, and to collect and burn this. 
 In some cases two broods of flies have 
 been observed in one year, viz. , in April 
 and July. 
 
 The caterpillars of Lophy'rus ru'fm 
 have also been known to damage Scotch 
 Firs. They are greenish, with black 
 heads and yellow-green beneath. The 
 flies appear in August, the females are 
 reddish, the males black, with red 
 beneath. 
 
 Lopi'mia. (From lopimos, easily 
 stripped of its bark ; alluding to the 
 bark being made into cordage. Nat. 
 ord., MalvacecB.) See Pavonia. 
 L. Tnalacophy^Ua. B. M. t. 4365. See Pavonia 
 vetutina. 
 
 Loquat, or Japan Quince. {Pho- 
 
 ti'nia japo'nica.) It ripens its fruit 
 with a moderate amount of heat in this 
 country. Some varieties are said to 
 succeed on the open wall ; but it must 
 be in such mUd localities as the warmer 
 parts of Devon or Cornwall. The tem- 
 perature of the peach-house — or what is 
 sometimes called the intermediate-house 
 —will, however, suit it ; and as to win- 
 tering, it requires little more than the 
 exclusion of frost. As the growth of 
 this, for dessert purposes, has never 
 been, as far as we are aware, systemized 
 in this country, we can only offer a few 
 
 feneral hints as to its culture. It has 
 een affirmed that it succeeds best 
 grafted on the quince, and it is very 
 probable ; for it belongs to the same 
 natural order, Rosacem, in addition to 
 which, individuals from the genera 
 Pyms, Amelanchier, Mespilus, and even 
 tlie Photi'nia serrula'ta. Being itself an 
 evergreen, jjresent most likely stocks. 
 
 Grafting is recommended, in order to 
 check its excessively robust character ; 
 for in its natural growth it would be too 
 coarse for ordinary hothouses. Grafting, 
 therefore, or any of the expedients re- 
 sorted to in pear culture, may be had 
 recourse to. It may be readily propa- 
 gated from seed, and doubtless by cut- 
 tings, and will grow in any ordinary 
 soil. We would, however, use no manu- 
 rial matters, but simply peat and strong 
 loam, the latter predominating. 
 
 Lora'nthus. (From loron, a throngj 
 referring to the knotty branches. Nat. 
 ord. , Loranthe(B ; Tribe, Euloranthece. ) 
 
 Evergreen shrubs. For culture, see NUYTSIA. 
 L. fia'vidus. Yellowish. New Zealand. 1886. 
 —floribu'ndus. See Nuytsiajloribwnda. 
 
 Lord Anson's Pea. La'thyrus 
 magella'niciis. 
 
 Lord Harrington's Yew. Cepha- 
 lota'xus peduncula'ta. 
 
 Lords and Ladies. A'rum maeu- 
 la'tum. 
 
 Lore'ya. (Named after M. Lorey, a 
 botanist, author of the Flora of Bur- 
 gundy. Nat. ord., MelasiomacecB; Tribe, 
 Miconiece. Allied to Miconia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of young shoots 
 in April, in sand, over sandy peat, and that 
 extra well drained ; sandy peat, a little flbry 
 loam, and pieces of charcoal and broken free- 
 stone. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, SO* 
 to 65°. 
 
 L. arbore'scens. 30. White. July. Guiana. 
 1822. 
 
 Lorinse'ria. (In honour of Dr. 
 Lorinser, a German author. Nat. ord. , 
 Filices — Polypodiacece. ) A synonym of 
 Woodwaroia. 
 
 Greenhouse fern. See Ferns. 
 L. areola'ta. IJ. N. America. 
 
 Lorope'talnm. (From loron, a, 
 thong, and petalon, a petal ; in allusion 
 to the lon^ thong-like petals. Nat. ord., 
 HamamelidacecB. Allied to Hama- 
 melis.) 
 
 A very ornamental^ free-flowering, hardy 
 shrub. Seeds and cuttings. Bich light soil. 
 L. chmel'nse. 4. White. Autumn. China. 
 1880. G. C. 1883, xix. p. 162, fig. 23. 
 
 Lote. Zi'zyphus lo'tus. 
 
 Lo'tus. Bird's-foot Trefoil. (From 
 the lotus of Theophrastus, which is 
 Zi'zypJms lo'tus. Nat. ord. , Legumino- 
 scE ; Tribe, Lotem. Allied to Doryc- 
 nium. ) 
 
 Annuals, by seed at the beginning of April ; a, 
 very few require the assistance of a gentle hot- 
 bed, and transplanting afterwards ; herbaceous 
 and semi-shrubby, low-trailing plants, by divi- 
 sion, and cuttings in summer under a hand- 
 light, in a shady place. These are very useful 
 for banks and rock-works. Greenhouse and 
 frame kinds, by cuttings of young shoots in 
 sandy soil, under a handlight or frame ; light, 
 sandy soil for all. 
 
 L. i'Tidicus. 1. 
 
 STOVE ANNUAL. 
 
 July. E. Ind. 
 
 1793. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 
 L. arge^nteus, ^. June. 1827. 
 angustifo'lme. i. July. 1827. 
 
 — amtra'lie. Pink. July. N. Holland. 1800. 
 
 Andr. Bep. t. 624. Syn., L. alUdus. 
 B. C. 1. 1063. 
 
 — glau'cus. 1. June. Madeira. 1777. 
 
 — mtcrqpAu'KMS. Rose. July. South Africa. 
 
 B.M.t. 2808. Annual? 
 
 — sessUifafli'ue. 1. July. Tenerifle. 1820. 
 
LOT 
 
 [577] 
 
 LOV 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 L. cmthylloi'des. i. Dark purple. June. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1812. 
 
 — a'tro-pwrpu'reus. 1. Dark brown. TeneriSe. 
 
 1820. 
 ^ ereftieus. li. June. Levant. 1680. 
 
 — Geieflia 1. May. Aleppo. 1816. 
 ~jacoba!us. 2. Dark brown. July. Cape 
 
 Verde Islands. 17U. B. M. t. 79. 
 lu'teus. 2, July. 
 
 — peiiorh.y'Tichus. Scarlet. May. Teneriife. 
 
 1881. B. M. t. 6733. 
 
 — specta'lnlis. 2. Teneriffe. 
 
 HARDY ANNUAIS. 
 
 L. cmgusti'ssinme. 1. May. Britain. 
 
 — ara'hicus. J. Pink. July. Arabia. 1773. 
 
 Jacq. H. Vind. 1. 166. 
 
 — arena'rms. J. April. Teneriffe. 1831. 
 
 B. B. 1. 1488. 
 
 — biflo'rus. J. Yellow. ' July. Barbary. 
 
 1818. Syn., Tetragonolobus biflorus. 
 
 — dlia'tus. i. July. Sicily. 1812. 
 
 — coimliriceirmi. J. White, red. June. Portugal. 
 
 1800. 
 
 — cytisoi'des. 1. June. South Europe. 1762. 
 
 — decu'mbens. J. July. Europe. 1816. 
 
 — Diosco'rides. 1. June. Nice. 1658. 
 
 — e'dulU. J. July. Italy. 1769. 
 
 — glabefrrimuts. i. White. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1816. 
 
 — gra'cilis. 1.' July. Hungary. 1812. 
 
 — odora'tus. IJ. June. Barbary. 1804. B. M. 
 
 1. 1283. 
 
 — peregri'mus, J. July. South Europe. 1713. 
 
 — pusvUus. I. July. South Europe. 1816. 
 
 — Tetra^onolo'bus. 1. Dark-purple. July. 
 
 SicUy. 1769. B. M. t. 161, Syn., 
 Tetragmiolobvs purpwreus. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 
 L. eonjuga'tus. See L, JRequieni. 
 
 — eomimUa'tits. IJ. June. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 368. 
 
 alpi'nus. J. June. Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 flSre-pl^no. J. July. Gardens. 
 
 — erassifo'lius. J. August. South Europe. 
 
 1812. 
 
 — depre/isw. July. Hungary. 1819. 
 —flexuo'sus. i. July. Euro_pe. 1816. 
 
 — FarMri. J. July. Britam. 
 
 — hirsu'tiis. B. M. t. 336. A synonym of 
 
 D&rycnvu/m hirsutum. 
 
 — ma'jor. IJ. June. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 
 t. 370. 
 villcfsui. i. June. Switzerland. 1817. 
 
 — mari'ti/mus. See L. siliquosits. 
 
 — palu'stris. i. June. Crete. 1821. 
 
 — pedmneula'tiis. A synonym of L. vMginosus. 
 
 — pmna'tus. B. M. t. 2913. See JSoeaclda 
 
 bicolor. 
 — pm'toscmcta'rms. July. Porto Santo. 1789. 
 
 Evergreen shrub. 
 Jteguie/ni. Yellow. July. Sardinia. 1837. 
 
 Syns., L. eonjugatus, Tetragonolobus 
 
 conjugaivs and T. Bequieni. 
 tUimw'ms. J. Yellow. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1836. SjTis., L. maHtimus, 
 
 Tetragonolobus maritirrms and T. sUir 
 
 quosus. 
 
 — mavefolem. i. July. South France. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — tenuifiiliMS. A synonym of L. tenuis. 
 
 — te'rmis. 1. July. Hungary. 1816. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 369. 
 
 j'sus. June. Europe. 1836. Syn., L. 
 pedunemlatus. 
 
 Lotus, Sacred. Ndu'mbiwm. 
 Lotus-tree. Diospy'ros Lo'tus. 
 Lou'rea. (After Prof. Loweiro, of 
 
 Lisbon. Nat. ord., Leguminosm; Tribe, 
 Hedysarece. ) 
 
 Stove herb. Eich sandy loam and peat. Seeds. 
 L. vespertUio'nis. Purplish. Ceylon. Syn., 
 
 Hedysa/rum vespertilionis. Jacq. Ic. 
 
 t. 566. 
 
 Loury'a. (After M. Loury. Nat. 
 ord., LUiacew; Tribe, AspidistrecB.) 
 
 For culture, see Aspidistra. 
 L. eampamUa'ta. Pale yellow. Cochin China. 
 
 1889. 
 — pcmvnUa'ta. Cambodia. 1888. Eev. Hort. 
 1889, p. 128. 
 
 Louse. See Aphis. 
 Lousewort. Pedicula'ris. 
 
 Love-apple, or Tomato. Lyco- 
 pe'rsicum escule'ntum. 
 
 Varieties. — Of the Bed — Conference 
 Early Red, The Peach, Hathaway's 
 Excelsior, Surpasse, Will's Prolific. Of 
 the Yellow — Yellow King, Greengage, 
 etc. 
 
 Soil. — Kich, light, and on a dry sub- 
 soil. Sea-weed may be applied with 
 advantage to the border on which it is 
 grown, as may kelp, or common salt in 
 small quantities. The situation must be 
 sheltered. 
 
 Sowing.- — Sow at the close of March 
 or early in April in a hotbed or stove. 
 The hotbed must be of a moderate dura- 
 bility, earthed about six inches deep. 
 In a hot-house, sow in pots or boxes set 
 on the flues, or round the edges of the 
 pits. 
 
 In whatever situation, sow thin, and 
 not buried more than a quarter of an 
 inch. The plants, when two or three 
 inches high, must be thinned to three 
 inches apart, and those removed pricked 
 at the same distances, in a similar bed 
 to that from which they were removed ; 
 shade and water freely in every stage of 
 their growth ; for if, from the want of 
 this, a due exposure to the light, or any 
 other cause, they become weak, they 
 seldom are productive. Plant out in 
 the open air early in June ; prepare them 
 for this, until at length they can endure 
 the temperature of the greennouse, where 
 they msQr be kept until finally moved. 
 But, before that time arrives, another 
 thinning will be requisite ; those in the 
 hotbed to six inches apart, and those in 
 the stove, each plant separate into a to- 
 lerable-sized pot. They are to be finally 
 planted five feet apart beneath a south 
 paling or wall, to which their branches 
 must be trained ; for if allowed to trail 
 on the ground the fruit scarcely ever 
 ripens, and never is in perfection. Water 
 and shade during midday must be af- 
 forded until they are established ; and 
 if the nights are cold during the first 
 
 PP 
 
LOV 
 
 [578] 
 
 LUD 
 
 week or two, the shelter of a hand- 
 glass, or even of a garden-pot, is advan- 
 tageous. 
 
 The training may commence as soon 
 as the branches are a foot long, and con- 
 tinued throughout their growth. In 
 case of a want of space of wall or paling, 
 they^ may be trained with stakes as es- 
 paliers. ThroTighout the summer clear 
 away all lateral shoots, as well as thin 
 the leaves, so as to expose the fruit 
 to the full influence of the sun. 
 
 The berries begin to ripen about the 
 middle of August, and continue to do so 
 until October, or the arrival of the first 
 frosts, which always destroy the plants. 
 
 To obtain Seed. — Some of the for- 
 wardest berries must be left until per- 
 fectly ripe. The seed must be separated 
 from the pulp by washing, as directed for 
 the Cucumber. 
 
 Love Grass. Eragro'stis. 
 
 Love-in-a-mist. Nige'lla Dama- 
 
 scena. 
 Love-in-idleness. 
 
 Vio'la trV color. 
 
 Love-lies-bleeding. Amara'nthus 
 eauda'tus. 
 
 Love-tree. Ce'rcis siUqua'strum. 
 
 Lowe'a. (Named after Rev. Mr. 
 Lowe, travelling Bachelor of the Uni- 
 versity of Cambridge. Nat. ord., Rosa- 
 cece ; Tribe, Rosece. ) See Rosa. 
 i. berb&ridifo'lia. B. R. t. 1261. See Moaa 
 berberidifolia. B. M. t. 7096. 
 
 LOXOCO'CCUS. (From loxos, oblique, 
 and cokkos, a berry ; oblique fruited. 
 Nat. ord., Palmem ; Tribe, Arecem.) 
 
 Stove palm. For cultivation, see Areca. 
 L. rupi'cola. 30-40. Spadix and flowers blood- 
 red. Ceylon. 1878. B. M. t. 6358. 
 
 Loxogra'mma. (From loxos, slant- 
 ing, and gramma, writing ; referring to 
 the spore or seed-cases. Nat. ord., 
 Filices. ) 
 
 Stove fern. See Ferns. 
 i. laticeolaJta. Yellow. May. E. Ind. 
 
 Loxso'ma. (From loxos, oblique, 
 and soma, a body ; the sporangia are 
 obliquely girt by an incomplete ring. 
 Nat. ord., Filices — Polypodiacew.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen fern. See Ferns. 
 L. Cunningha'Tni. New Zealand. 
 
 Lozote'nia rosa'ria is a small moth, 
 of which the caterpillar feeds upon the 
 leaves of the rose-tree. Mr. Curtis says, 
 that " the eggs are laid in the summer 
 or autumn, and hatch with the opening 
 leaves ; and the little caterpillar begins 
 at once to form a residence by drawing 
 two or more leaflets together, on which 
 it feeds This operation soon points out 
 
 where the caterpillar is ; and the best 
 method which we know of getting rid of 
 it is hand-picking, which should be prac- 
 tised as soon as the operation of the 
 caterpillar becomes visible. " 
 
 Lubi'nia. (Named after M. St. 
 Luhin, a French botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Primulacece ; Tribe, Lysi/inachiem. ) See 
 Lysimachia. 
 
 L. aftro-vwrpv!rea, Swt. Fl. Gard- ser. 2, t. 34. 
 See Lysimachia nutans. 
 
 — spathvZa'ta. See Lysimiachia lineariloba. 
 
 Luca'nus ce'rvus. The Stag Beetle 
 is easily distinguished by its highly de- 
 veloped jaws, which bear a certain 
 amount of resemblance to the antlers 
 of a stag. It is the largest of British 
 beetles. The larvae are found in decay- 
 ing wood, rarely in healthy trees. 
 
 Lucil'lia. (From lucuK swa, the 
 native name. Nat. ord., Rubiacece; 
 Tribe, Cinchonece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen fragrant shrubs from 
 India. Cuttings of the young shoots getting a 
 little firm, about Midsummer, in sand, over 
 sandy peat, well-drained, and covered with a 
 bell-^lass, set in a close pit or frame, and in a 
 fortmght supplied with a little bottom-heat ; 
 peat and loam, both fibry, with sand and pieces 
 of charcoal to keep it open. As soon as estab- 
 lished as a little plant, which it will be by the 
 following spring, to be transferred at once to a 
 good large pot ; a conservatory-bed, however, 
 IS the place where it flourishes and shows off 
 to the best advantage, blooming in the autumn, 
 winter, and spring months. It should also be 
 tried against a conservatory wall. 
 L. grati'ssvma. y. Red. Temperate Himalayas. 
 
 1823. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 145. B. M. 
 
 t. 3946. 
 
 — Piiwea'na. 5. White. Khasia Mts. 1843. 
 
 B. M. t. 4132. 
 
 Llicu'uia. (The Peruvian name. 
 Nat. ord., SapotacecB. Allied to Sa- 
 pota. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees, with white flowers. 
 Cuttings of the ripe shoots in sand, under abell- 
 
 flass, and in heat ; rich, flbry, sandy loam, 
 ummer temp., 60" to 85° ; winter, 50" to 55°. 
 L. Bonpla'ndia. 40. Cuba. 1822. 
 
 — delido'sa. 3D. Green. New Grenada. 
 
 1855. 
 
 — mammo'8a. 60. S. Amer. 1739. Le Jard. 
 
 1889, p. 271. 
 
 — obova'ta. 40. Peru. 1822. 
 
 — salie^fo'lia. 40. Mexico. 1823. 
 
 Lu'dia. (From ludo, to sport ; re- 
 ferring to the various forms of leaf of L. 
 heterophy'lla. NaX.oiA., Bixinece; Tribe, 
 FlacourtiecB. Allied to Prockia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, with yellow flowers, 
 from Mauritius. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ; 
 fibry loam, with a little peat, and dried cow- 
 dung. Summer temp., 60° to 86° ; winter, 60° 
 to 65°. 
 
 L. heterophy'lla. 4. July. 1823. A synonym 
 of Aphloia Tnawriticma. 
 
 — sessiliflo'ra. 4. July. 1820. Syn., L. tuber- 
 
 eulata. Jacq, H. Schoenb. 1. 112. 
 
LUD 
 
 [579] 
 
 LUP 
 
 IiUdo'via. (In honour of Louisa, 
 •Queen of Charles IV., of Spain. Nat. 
 oxA., PandanecB.) See Carludovica. 
 
 L.Junifera. See Carlvdomcafunifera. 
 
 — lancea^o'lia. Fl. Ser. 1. 1516-6. See Ca/rludo- 
 
 vica laneeaefolia. 
 
 — latifo'lia. B. M. t. 2960-1. See Carludovica 
 
 latifolMi. 
 
 Lueddema'nnia. (After fferv 
 Lueddemann. Nat. ord., Orchidewj 
 Tribe, Vandece — Cyrtopodiece.) 
 
 At the time ol the publication of the Genera 
 Plantarum this genus- was imperfectly known, 
 .and in that work was referred to Cycnoches. 
 Better material having since being obtained, its 
 -claim to rank as a distinct genus has been 
 ■established. 
 
 Stove orchids. For culture, see Cycnoches. 
 i. Lehma'nni, See Cycnoches Lehmanni. 
 
 — Pencato'rei, 3. Yellow, reddish. July. New 
 
 Grenada. 1848. B. M. t. 7123. Scent 
 of decaying oranges. Syns., Cyenoches 
 Pencatorei. Paxt. 3?1. Gard. i. p. 123, 
 and Adneta glauca. 
 
 IiUh.e'a. (Named after Luhe, a Ger- 
 man botanist. Nat. ord., Tiliacew. Al- 
 lied to Sparmannia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots, two inches in len^h, in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, and plunged m bottom-heat ; flbry 
 peat and sandy loam. Summer temp., 60°to80° ; 
 winter, 48° to 65°. 
 L. caraccasa'na. Caraccas. 1847. Shrub. 
 
 — panieula'ta. 10. Kosy. April. Brazil. 
 
 1828. Climber. 
 
 L U i ' S i a. (Name not explained. 
 Nat. ord., Orchidece ; Tribe, Vandece — 
 Sarcanthece. Allied to Vanda. ) 
 
 Stove orchid. Detaching the side-shoots. Grow 
 -on a block of wood covered with moss, or ele- 
 vated above a pot, with sphagnum, peat, croclra, 
 etc. Temperature, 60° to 90°, when growing in 
 .summer vTith a moist atmosphere ; 50° to 60° in 
 winter, and dry ; 60° to 90° in spring, and rather 
 .dry, to start the flower-buds, kept cooler after- 
 wards, and excited again when the flowering is 
 over. 
 i. alpi'na. See Vanda alpina. 
 
 — macr&tis. Yellowish-green, violet. Assam. 
 
 1869. 
 
 — miero'ptera. Straw-yellow, purple. Assam. 
 
 1870. 
 — platyglo'sta. ' Sect, teretifoiia. 
 
 — Pey'che. Green, purple. Bunnah. 1865. 
 
 B. M. t. 5558. 
 
 — teretifo'lia. Dull purple, white. Khasia. 
 
 Syns., L. platy^lossay L. triehorhiza^ and 
 C^mMdimn tnste. B. M. t. 3648. 
 
 Lu'ma. See Myrtus. 
 
 Lumni'tzera of Jacquin. (Named 
 after Lumnitzer, a botanical author. 
 Nat. ord., Labiatce.) See Ocinnim. 
 
 This must not be confounded with a Combre- 
 taceous genus (not in cultivation), which is kept 
 up. 
 L. temiiflo'ra. See Oaimum sanctum. 
 
 LiUia'ria. Moonwort or Honesty. 
 <From luna, the moon ; referring to the 
 shape of the seed-vessels. Nat. ord., 
 Cruciferm; Tribe, AlyssinecE. Allied 
 to Alyssum.) 
 
 Hardy plants, natives of Europe and W. Asia, 
 and flowering in May ; seeds and divisions in 
 spring. Common garden-soil. 
 L. a'rnnua. 4. Light purple. 1570. Biennial. 
 
 Syn., L. oiermis. Eev. Hort. 1857, 
 
 p. 30. 
 amflo'ra. 3. White. 1670. 
 
 — redivi'va. 3. Light purple. 1696. Herbaceous 
 
 perennial. 
 
 Lungwort. Pulmona'ria. 
 Lupina'ster. See Trifolium. 
 
 L. otlongifo'lius. See Trifolium Lttpimaster, var. 
 purpurasccTis. 
 
 — pentaphi/llus. See Trifolium l/upinaster. 
 
 Lupine. Lupi'nus. 
 
 Lupi'nus. Lupine. (From lupus, 
 a wolf; devastates land as the wolf does 
 the fold ; literally, destroyer. Nat. ord., 
 LegwminoscB ; Tribe, OenistecB. ) 
 
 They are generally arranged into annuals, pe- 
 rennials, and frame evergreen shrubs ; but tliey 
 all produce seed so freely, that it is easiest to 
 propagate them by that means, only the ever- 
 greens, instead of being sown in the open ground, 
 should have the assistance of a gentle hotbed to 
 rear them before planting them out. If such 
 kinds as Trmta'bilis and Cruihsha'nicii are sown 
 in August, and kept in pots all the winter in a 
 pit, they make splendid specimens on a lawn the 
 following summer. 
 
 HALP-HARDY EVERGREENS.. 
 
 L. a'lbyfrons. |. Blue. September. California. 
 1833. B. B. t. 1642. 
 
 — ario'reus. 6. Yellow. July. 1793. B. M. 
 
 t. 682. 
 
 — arbu'stus. IJ. Pale purple. July. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1826. Herbaceous. B. B. 
 t. 1230. 
 
 — a/rvimHs. li. Lilac. April. Peru. 1843. 
 
 Biennial. B. R. 1844, t. 1. 
 
 — himoGiLki^tus. Blue. Septembei, , Texas. 
 
 1836. Herbaceous. Swt. H. Gard. ser. 
 2, t. 314. 
 
 — camaMcvMtus. 4. Blue. July. Buenos Ayres. 
 
 1828. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 283. 
 
 — Ouiftgfta'ntit. 5. Variegated. July. Peru. 
 
 1829. B. M. t. 3056. 
 
 — inca'niw. Pale lilac. July. Buenos Ayres. 
 
 1830. B. M. t. 3283. 
 
 — Wjexicalnus. 2. Blue. February. Mexico. 
 
 1819. Biennial. 
 
 — ■mAMifio'rus. 4. Blue. July. Montevideo. 
 
 1810. 
 
 — mnita'tUit. B. Blue, yellow. July. Bogota. 
 
 1819. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 130, and ser. 2, 
 t. 203. 
 
 — pulcMllus. 3. Blue, purple. July. Mexico. 
 
 1828. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 87. 
 
 — t&mffnto'»us. 6. Pink, white. July. Peru. 
 
 1825. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 261. 
 
 — versicolor. 2. Pink, blue. July. Mexico. 
 
 1825. B. E. 1. 1979. 
 
 HARDY ANNUAL-S. 
 
 L. affi'nis. J. Deep blue. June. California. 
 1848. 
 
 — a'lbus. 3. White. July. Levant. 1696. 
 
 — angustifo'lius. 2. Blue. July. Spain. 1686. 
 
 — Barke'ri. 3. Blue, pink. July. Mexico. 
 
 1839. B. B. 1839, t. 66. 
 
 — bi'color. J. Pale blue. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1826. B. B. 1. 1109. 
 
 — bracteola'ris. li. Blue. July. Monte Video. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — dennfio'rus. J. White, pink. July. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1833. B. R. t. 1689. 
 
 — EhrmMrgii. 3. Blue. June. Mexico. 1843. 
 
 Biennial. B. B. 1847, 1. 11. 
 
LUV 
 
 [680] 
 
 LYC 
 
 L. eflegams. 2. Violet, rose. June. Mexico. 
 1881. B. R. 1. 1581. 
 
 — exalta'ttie. 1832. 
 
 — Hartwe/gii. 3. Blue, pink. July. Mexico. 
 
 1838. B. E. 1839, t. 31. 
 
 — hirsuMlsmmis. J. Red. July. California. 
 
 1838. 
 
 — Mnu'tus. 2. Blue. July. South Europe. 
 
 1629. 
 i!rpm. 3. Purple. June. Mexico. 
 
 1839. Biennial. 
 2. Blue, lilac. July. Cali- 
 fornia. 1833. B. R. 1. 1670. 
 
 — li/niifdUus. 2. Blue. July. Monte Video. 
 
 1799. 
 
 — lu'tem. 2. Yellow. July. Sicily. 1696. 
 
 B. M. fc. 140. 
 
 — MenziefBU. Yellow. California. 1857. 
 
 — miera'nthiiS. i. Purple, blue. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1826. B.E. 1. 1261. 
 
 — microea'rpus. IJ. Blue. April. Chili. 1821. 
 
 B. M. t. 2413. 
 
 — na'nus. 1. Blue. July. California. 1833. 
 
 B. R. 1. 1706. 
 
 — mlo'sus. 3. Flesh. July. South Europe. 
 
 1710. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 684. 
 
 — pub^scens. 2. Violet, blue. June. Quito. 
 
 1844. Biennial. 
 
 — ptm'Uus. i. Pale blue. July. N. Amer. 1817. 
 
 — ramosi'ssvmits. 3. Crilnson, blue. Chimbo- 
 
 razo. B. R. 1845, t. 26. 
 
 — T^rwtis. 3. White. June. Egypt. 1802. 
 
 — texe'ims. li. Blue. June. Texas. B, M. 
 
 t. 3492. 
 
 — va'rius. 3. Blue, white. July. South Europe. 
 
 1696. 
 
 HARDY PERENNIALS. 
 
 L. argefnteus. White. June. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 — a'riduB. 1. Purple, blue. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1827. B. R. 1. 1242. 
 
 — grandif&lius. 4. Purple. July. N. Amer. 
 
 — latifo'Kus. 4J. Blue. July. California. 
 
 1834. B. R. 1. 1891. 
 
 — laxiflo'rus. 1. Blue, pink. Columbia. 1826. 
 
 B. R. 1. 1140. 
 
 — lefpidtis. i. Blue, pink. August. Columbia. 
 
 1826. B. R. 1. 1149. 
 
 — leiusophi/Uus. 2. Pink. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1826. B. R. 1. 1124. 
 
 — litara'lit. 1. Blue, pink. July. Columbia. 
 
 1826. B. M. t. 2962. 
 
 — lu'cMus. 2. Puiple. July. N. Amer. 
 
 — ftiaeriyphy'Uus. 4. Blue. ,Tuly. California. 
 
 1834. Swt. n. Gard. ser. 2, t. 366. 
 
 — Marshallia'nus. Blue, white. Hybrid. Swt. 
 
 Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 1. 139. 
 
 — Moritzm'ivus. 2^. Blue. July. California. 
 
 — Twotkate^nsig. 2. Purple. July. Nootka 
 
 Sound. 1794. B. M. 1. 1311. 
 
 — oma'tms. 2. Blue, pink. May. Columbia. 
 
 1826. B. E. t. 1216. 
 
 — verdnnis. 2. Blue. June. N. Amer. 1668. 
 
 B. M. t. 202. 
 — plwmo'sus. 3. Blue. June. California. 1820. 
 
 B. E. 1. 1217. 
 — polyphy'llv,8. 4. Blue. June. Columbia. 
 
 1826. B. R. 1. 1096. 
 albiflo'rus. 4. White. July. Cohimbia. 
 
 1826. B. R. 1. 1377. 
 
 — rivula'ris. 3. White, purple. April. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1831. 
 
 — SaMnia'nue. 3. Yellow. N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 B. R. t. 1436. 
 
 — seri'eeus. 1. Purple. May. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 — sttbcamo'sus. 1. Blue, white. July. Texas. 
 
 1836. B. M. t. 3467. 
 
 — trilstis. i. Pale brown. July. N. Amer. 
 
 — villo sue. J. Pink. July. Carolina. 1787. 
 
 Luvu'nga, its Sanskrit name, is a 
 genus founded on Limonia scandens, 
 and contains no other species. 
 
 Luxembe'rgia. (Named after the 
 Duke of Luxeimoerg. Nat. ord., Ochna- 
 cece ; Tribe, Luxembergieee.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, yellow-flowered, from 
 Brazil. Cuttings of half-npened shoots in sanjl, 
 under a bell-glass, and in a gentle bottom-heat ; 
 peat and loam. Summer temp. , 60° to 75° ; winter, 
 48° to 66°. They require a constant liberal supply ' 
 of moisture. 
 L. HKo'sa. i. June. 1841. Ic. PI. t. 516. 
 
 — corymbo'm. 5. May. 
 
 Luzuria'ga. (Dedicated to Ignatia 
 Maria Buiz de Luzuriaga, a Professor 
 of Medicine and Botany. Nat. ord., 
 MiacecB; Tribe, LuzuriagecB. Syn., 
 Callixene.) 
 
 Ornamental evergreen climbing greenhouse 
 shrubs, suitable for covering the walls of green- 
 houses, etc. For cultivation, see Philesia. 
 L. ere'cta. 1-H. Pure white. South Chili. 
 
 Syn., Callixene polyphylla. B. M. 
 
 t. 5192. . 
 
 — marginal ta. White, scented like heliotrope.. 
 
 Terra del Fuego. Syn., Callixene mar- 
 ginata. 
 
 — rffldi'cBHW. 3. White. Summer. 1878. B. 
 
 M. t. 6465. The stems are used for rope- 
 making. Alay be planted out in Uie 
 south of England. 
 
 Lyea'ste . ( Named after the beautiful 
 daughter of Priam. Nat. ord., Orchidece; 
 Tribe, VandecB — Cyrtopodiem. Allied to 
 Maxiilaria. Syns., Colax and Pa- 
 phinia. ) 
 
 Stove orchids. Division of the plant, as growth 
 is commencing; open baskets, in sphagnum, 
 fibry peat, and pieces of charcoal. Summer 
 temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 50° to 60°. 
 L. a/roma'tica. Orange. May. Mexico. 1828. 
 
 Syn., Xaxillaria aromutica. B. R, 
 
 1. 1871. 
 retu'sa, 1. Yellow. May. Brazil. 
 
 — Barringto'nite. Yellow, brown. April. 
 
 Jamaica. 1790. Syn.; Maxiilaria oMata. 
 B. R. 1. 1206. 
 
 gramdifio'ra. White. W. Indies. 1868. 
 
 B. M. t. 6706. 
 
 — irevispa'tha. Green Guatemala. 1852. 
 
 — chryso'ptera. Orange, yellow. June. Mexico. 
 
 1850. 
 
 — cilia'ta. July. Brazil. 1838. 
 
 — cochlea'ta. Orange. May. 
 
 — ColUyi. Brown. July. Demerara. 1836. 
 
 — eosta'ta. Peru. 1842. Gfl. t. 1141. 
 
 — crini'ta. 1.. Yellow, brown. March. Guate- 
 
 mala. 1840. 
 
 — crieta'ta. White, purple. July. Trinidad. 
 
 1843. Syns., Maxiilaria eristata, B. R. 
 1811, and Paphinia aristata. 
 
 Modiglia'na. Whitish. Brazil. 1888. 
 
 Syn., Paphinia eristata, var. Modig- 
 licma. Lind. 1. 117. 
 
 — crue'nta. 1. Orange, crimson. March. 
 
 Guatemala. 1841. Syn., Maxiilaria- 
 craenta, B. R. 1842, 1. 13. 
 
 — Denningia'na. Whitish-green, reddish-brown 
 
 S. America. 1877. 
 
 — Mppii. 1. Yellow, brown. June. Xalapa. 
 
 1828. 
 punctati'ssima. Much spotted. 
 
 — Dowia'rM. Brown, yellowish-white. August. 
 
 Costa Rica. 1874. 
 —fulve^scens. 2. Brown, orange. Columbia. 
 B. M. t. 4193. 
 
 — giga'ntea. 2. Greenish. August. Guayaquil. 
 
 1848. B. M. t. 6616. 
 
LYC 
 
 [581] 
 
 LYC 
 
 Ji. gra'ndis. J. Reddish-purple, barred with 
 creamy-yellow. October. Brazil. Syn., 
 Paphima grandie. Warn. Orch. Alb. 
 1. 145. 
 
 — Harrno'nUg. IJ. Cream, purple. Brazil. 
 
 1838. 
 a'lba. IJ. White. August. Brazil. 1840. 
 
 — Jamesia'na. White, magenta. 1889. A form 
 
 of L. Skmneri. 
 — jtigo'sm. White, purple. Brazil. 1867. B. 
 M t. 6661. Syn., Colax jugoms. There 
 are two varieties, punctatus and ru- 
 ffnvs. 
 
 — la'nipes. Purple, green. Guayaquil. 1848. 
 
 Sometimes confused with L. Barnng- 
 tonus. 
 
 — lasioglo'ssa. 1. Olive-green, yellow. Guate- 
 
 mala. 1872. B. M. t. 6261. 
 
 — leiica'ntha. White, green. Central America. 
 
 1860. 
 
 — Li/ndeniafna. White, chocolate-red. S, Ame- 
 
 rica. Syn., Paphvnia JAndeniaTia. Lind. 
 t. 106. 
 
 — Ungue'lla. Greenish-white. January. Peru. 
 
 1871. B. M. t. 6303. 
 
 — locu'sta. Green. Peru. 1879. 
 
 — macrobu'lbon. Yellow, crimson. Santa 
 
 Martha. 1846. 
 
 — maerophj/lla. Green, brown, white. Decem- 
 
 ber. Mexico. 1837. 
 
 — n.aero'pogcm. Orange. Costa Bica. 1888. 
 ■^^'/nesochltxfna. Green. Brazil. 1853. 
 
 — pla'na. Greenish. October. Bolivia. 1841. 
 Measuresia'na. White, with rose purple 
 
 spots. Bolivia. 1887. Warn. Och. Alb. 
 t. 306. 
 
 — Puy'dtii. J. Green, violet-brown, violet. 
 
 Brazil. 1880. Syn., Colaa Puydtii. 
 
 — rugo'sa. Yellow, purple. Columbia. Syn., 
 
 PapMnia rimosa. 
 
 Kalbre'yeri. Yellowish, brownish-purple. 
 
 Columbia. 1880. Syn., Paphinia rugosa, 
 var. Kalbreyeri. 
 
 — — — Samderia'na. Yellow, brown, white, 
 
 purple. Columbia. 1879, Syn., Paphvnia, 
 rugosa, var. Sandericma. 
 
 — Schillena'na Lehma'nni. Petals with red 
 
 dots on the outside ; lip marked with 
 rosy-carmine. Columbia. 1890. Gfl. 
 1. 1321. 
 
 — Skinndri. 1. White, crimson. October. 
 
 Guatemala. 1842. 
 
 a'lba. White. October. Guatemala. 
 
 1841. 
 
 armeni'aca. Lip apricot-yellow. B«hb. 
 
 ser. 2, 1. 18. 
 
 : — delicatil ssiftrM. Verypalepink; lip white, 
 
 rosy. February. ■Warn. Sel. Orch. 1. 10. 
 
 glorlo'sa. Pink, rose, white. Guatemala. 
 
 pictwra'ta. Rosy ; lip white, with crim- 
 son base. Warn. Sel. Orch. 1. 10. 
 
 purpura' ta. Whitish ; lip crimson-purple. 
 
 Warn. Sel. Orch. 1. 10. 
 
 regilnce. Rose ; lip very dark crimson. 
 
 1890. Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 283. 
 
 rolsea. Dark rose ; lip white with crim- 
 son spots. Guatemala. 
 
 gupe'rba. Whitish ; lip rich crimson. 
 
 Guatemala. 
 
 virgina'lis. Snow white ; lip white, base 
 
 ps^e lemon. Guatemala. 
 
 — Smeea'mt. White ; lig white purple. 1883. 
 
 Probably a hybrid between L. Veppii 
 and L. Skinneri. 
 ^ sulphu'rea. Sulphur, red, purde. 1882. 
 
 — tetra'gorm. h Greenish. Brazil. 1842. 
 
 Syn., MaxiUaria tetragona, B. M. t. 3146. 
 
 — tricolor. Pink. April. Guatemala. 1852. 
 
 — tyriamthi'na. Bright violet. July. Brazil. 
 
 1836. 
 
 — Witti'gii. White, purple, violet, brown. Eio 
 
 Janeiro. 1878. 
 
 L. xytrio'phora. Brown, yellowish, purplish. 
 Ecuador. 1868. 
 
 Ly'chnis. (From I'ychnos, a lamp ; 
 referring to the brilliancy of the flowers. 
 Nat. ord., CaryemhyllacecB ; Tribe, Si- 
 lenece. Syns., Agrostem/ma, Eudixnuthe. 
 Githago, and Viscwria.) 
 
 The hardy herbaceous species are chiefly culti- 
 vated ; seeds, divisions, and cuttings of the young 
 shoots under a hand-light as growth commences, 
 in spring. Small side-shoots may be obtained 
 from flowering stems, but they do not answer so 
 well ; rich, sandy loam. They require dividing 
 often in spring, and fresh soil to grow in. \Gran- 
 diflo'ra requires protection in a cold pit in winter ; 
 double flowers require more attention in chang- 
 ing the soil than smgle ones. 
 
 TENDER KINDS. 
 
 L. corona'ta. IJ. Red. July. China. 1770. 
 Greenhouse herbaceous. B. C. t. 1433. 
 S:fn., L. grandijlora, Jacq. Ic. t. 84. 
 
 — rfiuta'buis. Pink. June. Andes. 1844. 
 
 Stove evergreen. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 L. cm'li^o'sa. 1. Flesh. July. Levant. 1713. 
 Syn., JEudia/nthe cceli^osa. 
 
 — niccBe^Tisis. 3. White, red. June. Nice. 
 
 1796. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 L. alpi'ma. }. Pink. April. Scotland. Eng. 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 214. 
 
 — apt! tola. IJ. White. June. Lapland. 1810, 
 
 Syn., Wahlbergella apetdla. 
 
 poAwifio'ra. White. June. Siberia. 
 
 1817. Syn., L. braehypetala. 
 
 na. 1. Scarlet. July. Russia. 
 1834. B. R. 1. 1864. Syn., ' 
 
 — chalcedt/nica. 2. Scarlet. June. Russia. 
 
 1596. 
 
 a'Vm. 2. White. June. Russia. 
 
 fio're-allbo-ple.no. 2. White. June. 
 
 Gardens. 
 flo're-pUlno. Scarlet. June. Russia. 
 
 — corona'ria. 8. Red. July. Italy. 1696. 
 a'Wa. 3. White. July. 
 
 pUna. IJ. Red. July. 
 
 ru'bra. Red. July. 
 
 — co'rsica. J. Red. June. Corsica. 1818. 
 
 Syn., Eudiamthe Corsica. 
 
 — diu'ma. 2. Purple. June. Britain. 
 
 ple'TM. 1. Purple. June. Britain. 
 
 —fio's-cu'cuK. IJ. Pink. July. Britain. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 212. 
 
 albiflo'ra. Ih White. July. Britain. 
 
 pk!rM. 1. Pink. July. 
 
 —Jlo'i-Jo'ms. li. Bed. July. Germany. 
 
 1726. Syn., Agrostemma fios-Jovii. 
 — fu'lgens. IJ. Scarlet. June. Siberia. 1822. 
 
 Syn., L. SieboldU. 
 
 — Haagea'na. Scarlet. Gfl. t. 391. 
 
 — helve^tica. J. Bed. July. Switzerland. 
 
 1814. 
 
 — laita. J. Flesh. Portugal. 1778. 
 
 — Lagalsax, J. Rose-pink. May. Pyrenees. 
 
 1867. 
 
 — negle'cta. \. White. June. 
 
 — pyrena'iea. J. White. June. Pyrenees. 
 
 1819. B. M. t. 3269. Syn., Agrostemma 
 pyr&tia/ica. 
 
 — Sdnrw. Crimson. Japan. Hardy perenniaL 
 
 — sibirica. J. White. June. Siberia. 1817. 
 
 — Sieho'ldii. Fl. Ser. t. 980. See L. fulgem. 
 
 — speMsa. Salmon-scarlet. Japan. 1871. 
 
 — vesperti'na. 2. White. June. Britain, 
 
 imt'ltiplex. White. June. 
 
 pl^na. Double flowered. 
 
 ro'sea. White, red. June. Britain. 
 
LYC 
 
 L.via<sa'Ha. 1. Piuk. May. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 213. 
 ijfe'no. 1. Bed. May. Britain. 
 
 Lycipple'sium. (From Lydum, 
 a.nd plesios, near to; resembling Lycium. 
 Nat. ord. , Solanacem ; Tribe, SolanecB. ) 
 A synonym of AcnistUS. 
 
 L. puMJlo'rum. B. M. t. 6373. See Latua 
 venenosa. 
 
 L y ' C i U m. Box Thom. (From 
 Lycium, an ancient name of a district 
 in Asia Minor. Nat. ord., Solanacece ; 
 Tribe, A tropeie. Allied to Mandragora. ) 
 
 Cuttings of ripened shoots in autumn or 
 spring, under a hand-light ; common, sandy 
 loam. The tender kinds require protection. 
 They are mostly of a free, rambling, half -climb- 
 ing character ; and vulga're and its congeners 
 are thus weU-fitted for covering arbours, un- 
 sightly walls, etc. ; a'/rum does well on a con- 
 servatory wall, and its fruit is pretty, and it 
 blooms very freely. 
 
 EVEEGEEENS. 
 
 L. ca/roHnia'nv/m. 4. Blue. July. Carolina. 
 1806. H;ardy shrub. 
 
 — cine/rewm. 6. Violet. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1818. Greenhouse shrub. 
 
 — ho'rHdwm. 3. White. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1791. Greenhouse shrub. 
 
 — te^nue. 4. Violet. Jane. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1819. Greenhouse shrub. 
 
 DECIDUOUS CUMBERS. 
 
 L.a'/ruTn. 10. Violet. June. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1712. African Tea Tree. 
 
 — - ba'rbarum. 12. Violet. June. Barbary. 
 1696. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 933. 
 
 — chine^nse. 6. JPurple. July. China. Syns., 
 
 L. barba'rwm, var. chiTiense^ and L. 
 Trewianwm,, 
 -- europcBlum. See L. vulgare. 
 
 — fuchsim'des. B. M. t. 4149. See lochroma 
 
 fuchsioides. 
 
 — gesneroi'deB. See lochroma gemeroides. 
 —japc^nicum. B. M. t. 361. See Serissafoetida. 
 
 — lanceola'twm. 12. Pink. June. South 
 
 Europe. 
 
 — nvicrophj/llum. 4. Violet. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1795. 
 
 — pa'Uidwm. 3. Green or purplish. Berries 
 
 bright red. New Mexico. 1888. G. and 
 E. 1888, i. p. 340, fig. 64. 
 
 — ri'gidum. 4. Violet. April. Gape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1796. Shrub. 
 
 — ruthe'nicum. 6. White. Siberia. 1804. 
 ca'spicum. July. Caspian Sea. 
 
 — Sha'wii. 8. Pink. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1700. Greenhouse cumber. 
 
 — svhglobo' sum. Pale violet. 
 
 — tetra'ndrwm. 4. Violet. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1810. 
 
 — Trewia'num. See L. chinense. 
 
 — turbma'tumy. 12. Violet. June. China. 
 
 1709. 
 
 — mUga're. 12. Pink. June. South Europe. 
 
 1730. Syn., L. evropcemn, Sibth. El. Gr. 
 
 t. 236. Matrimony Vine. 
 
 chrysoca'rpum. 12. May. 
 
 sphceroca'rpum. 12. May. 
 
 Lycomo'nnitun. (Derivation un- 
 certain. Nat. ord., OrcMdew ; Tribe, 
 VandecB — Cyrtopodiece. ) 
 
 Stove orchids. For culture, see Peristebia. 
 L, c&ri'nv/m. 1. Yellow. June. Central Ame- 
 rica. 1836. Syn., Peristeria cerma, B. 
 E. 1. 1963. 
 
 — gutta'ta. J. Yellow, purple. August. South 
 
 [ 582 ] LYC 
 
 America. 1837. &yn.,Perieteria guttata, 
 Kn. and West. t. 70. 
 
 Lycope'rdon. A genus of fungi 
 of the order Gasteromycetes, popularly 
 known as Puff-balls, on account of the 
 manner in which the spores are dis- 
 charged, when ripe. Z. giga'nteum is 
 edible before the spores are formed, 
 while the interior is still white and 
 fleshy, and is much esteemed by some. 
 It sometimes attains a diameter of twO' 
 feet. 
 
 Lycope'rsiCTUn. Love-apple, or 
 Tomato. (From lykos, a wolf, and^er- 
 sicon, a peach, lifat. ord., Solana.cece.) 
 See Love-apple. 
 
 All annuals, except peruvia'num, and natives 
 of South America. Seeds in a hotbed, in March, 
 potted once or twice, and planted out in May ; 
 escule^ntum generally against walls or palings, 
 in order that the fruit may be ripened for sauce 
 and soups ; rich soil ; the plant must be well 
 thinned and stopped above the fruit. To. have 
 the fruit is the object. 
 L. aeranfo'rme. 3. Green. July. 1800. Syn., 
 
 Solam/wm pseudo-lycopersicv/mt Jacq. 
 
 Vind. 1. 11. 
 lu'teum. 3. Green. July. 1596. 
 
 — cormrmta'twm. See L. perumanimt. 
 
 — escule^ntum. 3. Green. July. 1696. Gil, 
 1886, p. 216. 
 
 chrysoca'rpum. 3. Green. July. 1596, 
 
 erythroca'rpum. 3. Green. July. 1696. 
 
 leucoea'rpum. 3. Green. July. 1696. 
 
 — Hwmbo'ldtii. 3. Yellow. August. 1822. 
 
 — peruvia'nwm. 3. Yellow. May. 1823. 
 Stove herbaceous. Syns., L. commuta- 
 tumand Solanwm peruvianum, Jacq. Ic. 
 t. 327. 
 
 — procu'Tnbens. 1. Cream. July. 1700. 
 
 — pyrifo'rme. 3. Yellow. August. 1823. 
 
 Lycopo'dium. Club Moss. (From 
 lykos, a wolf, and pous, a foot ; the 
 roots having a resemblance to that 
 animal's paw. Nat. ord., Lycopodinew.) 
 
 These flourish best in a greenhouse or cool 
 fernery. They may be grown in pots, but da 
 best as a carpet over the surface of the beds or 
 borders. They are easily propagated by cuttings, 
 in the spring. L. apo'dv/m, apothe^cium, circi- 
 na'twm. corda'twm, calsiutn, denticula/twm, lepi- 
 dophy'Uwm, stoloni'ferv/m, and umbro'stmi may 
 be propagated by division at the same season. 
 They require a plentiful supply of moisture, and 
 a turfy loam for their soil, though they will 
 grow in any light loam. L. caesium and heM- 
 ticum turn brovm if exposed to much light. 
 L. aloifo'lium. E. Indies. Hook. Ic. Eil. t. 223. 
 
 — cUpi'num. J. Britain. 
 
 — anTioti'Tvum. J. Britain. 
 
 — apo'dum. J. N. Amer. 1819. 
 
 — brazilie'nse. J. Brazil. 
 
 — cce'siwm. J. China. 1846. 
 a/rho'reum. 
 
 — circma'twm. J. E. Ind. 1831. 
 
 — clavaltum. \. Britain. 
 
 — corda'tum. 1. 1838. 
 
 — cralsswm. J. Peru. 
 
 — dentieuXa'tutn. ^. Switzerland. 1779. 
 
 — dicMtommm. W. Indies. Gfl. 1. 1067. 
 — Jlabula'rc. 
 
 — Gaieo'tti. 
 
 — gnidioi'des. 1. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 — mumda'timi. J. Britain. 
 
LYC 
 
 [583] 
 
 LYS 
 
 i. lepidophy'llum. This is very small, very rare, 
 and requires stove heat. 
 
 — lud'dwlwm. i. N. America. 
 
 — mandiocca'nwm. Mexico. 1871. 
 
 — nummularyfo'lium. 3. Java. 
 
 — peruvia'nvm. Peru. B. M. t. 2814. 
 
 — phlegma'ria. 3. E. India. 
 
 — plunw'sum. }. 
 
 — Scho'tii. 
 
 — selaginm'des. J. Britain. 
 
 — eerra'ttiim. 1. Japan. 
 
 — squarro'mm. India. 1881. 111. Hort. t. 428. 
 
 — stoloni'ferum. 1. Brazil. 1831. 
 
 — taaa/dlivm. 2. W. Indies. 
 
 — tetrag&num. ^. Peru. 
 
 — tetrastichum. Java. 1869. 
 
 — ulidfo'liwm. 2. . B. Indies. 
 
 — va'rium. 1. Tasmania. 
 
 — mlu'bile. 6. New Zealand. 
 
 — Wildeno'mi. 
 
 Lyeo'psis. (Derivation uncertain. 
 Kat. Old., Boraginece.) 
 
 Hardy annual. For culture, see Anchusa. 
 
 L. orienta'lis. 2. Blue. July. South Europe. 
 
 1821. Syn., Aiidittsa verrucosa. 
 
 Lyco'ris. (The name of a woman in 
 Roman history. Nat. ord., AmaryUi- 
 decB ; Tribe, Amaryllem. Allied to 
 Valotta.) 
 
 Hardy bulbs, from China. Au'rea is a pretty 
 bulb, with greyish leaves, requiring a deep, 
 sandy-soUed border ; but, as it grows all the 
 winter, it is best kept in a pot. Radia'ta is a 
 shy bloomer. For culture, see Auahtllis. 
 L. au'rea. 1. Yellow. August. 1777. Syn., 
 Aim/ryllis wurea. B. M. t. 409. 
 
 — radia'ta. IJ. Pink. June. 1768. Syn., 
 
 Ania/ryUii radiata. Andr. Rep. t. 25. 
 variega'ta. See L. Terraciamii. 
 
 — sangui'nea. IJ. Carmine. Japan. 1888. 
 
 — Sewerz&wi. Gfl. t. 914j See Ungeria tris- 
 
 phoera. 
 
 — squamXgera. 3. Pale rose. China. G. and 
 
 F. iii. p. 176, fig. 32. Syn., Amaryllis 
 SCaUii, 
 
 — strami'nea. Striked. June. 1847. 
 
 ■ — Terracia'nii. Crimson, edged with white. 
 1889. Syn., L. radiata, var. variegata. 
 
 Lygodi'ctyon. (From Eygodi'wm, 
 and dictyon, a net ; its net-like veins 
 distinguishing it from Lygodium. Nat. 
 ord., Filices — Polypodiacece.) 
 
 Stove-climbing ferns. See Ferns. 
 L. Forst^ri. South Sea Islands. G. C. 1882, 
 xvii. p. 331. Syn. , Lygodium reticulatum. 
 
 L y g O ' d i U m. Snake's Tongue. 
 (From lygodes, flexible; referring to 
 the twining habit. Nat. ord., Filices — 
 Polypodiacece. ) 
 
 Stove-climbing ferns. See Ferns. 
 L. artieula'twm. Brown, yellow. May. New 
 Zealand. 1844. 
 
 — eircina'tum. 6. Brown. August. E. Ind. 
 
 1823. 
 — Jlexuo'swm. Brown, yellow. May. E. Ind. 
 1834. Syn., L. dichotonvwrn. 
 
 — haeta'tum. 6. Brown. August. Maran- 
 
 hatta. 1820. 
 
 — japo'nicwm. Brown, yellow. May. Japan. 
 
 1830. 
 
 — m^xica'num. Brown. Mexico. 1831. 
 
 — palma'tumi. 6. Brown. August. N. Amer. 
 
 — polymo'rphum, 6. Brown. August. S. Amer. 
 
 1820. 
 
 L. retiAsula'tum. See Lygodidyon Forsteri. 
 
 — sca'ndens. 6. Brown. May. E. Ind. 1793. 
 
 — venu'stmn,. Brown, yellow. May. S. Amer' 
 
 1845. 
 
 — volu'bile. 6. Brown. August. W. Ind. 1810. 
 
 Lyo'nia. (Named by Nuttall, after 
 J. Lyon, an American collector of plants. 
 Nat. ord., Ericaceae; Tribe, Andro- 
 medece. Allied to Andromeda. ) 
 
 Hardy white-flowered evergreens, from North 
 America. • Chiefly by layers, in a damp, peat 
 border ; also by seeds in sandy peat, best under 
 hand-lights, and sparingly covered ; sandy peat, 
 and cool situation. Several species of Andro- 
 meda have been moved to this genus. 
 L. caprece/o'lia. Wats. Dendr. t. 127. See L. 
 
 liqv^trina, var. capremfolia. 
 — fasd^vXa'ta. White. Jamaica. Syn., Andro- 
 meda fasciculata. 
 — ferrugi/nea. 3. June. 1734. Syns., L. ri- 
 gida and Andrmnsda rigida. B. C. 
 t. 430. 
 ■—/rondo' sa. 3. May. 1806. 
 
 — jamaice'nsis. 3. White. June. Jamaica. 
 
 1846. B. M. t. 4273. Syn., Androm£da 
 jamaicetisiB. B. C. 1. 1873. 
 
 — liguetri'na. 3-10. White. June. N. America.. 
 
 1746. Syn., L. panieulata, Wats. Dendr.. 
 
 t. 87, Andromeda globulifera and A. pi-. 
 
 lifera. 
 amrew/o'lia. 3. July. 1812. Syn.,. 
 
 27. caprecefolia. 
 'galicif&lia. 3-4. White. June. Syn., 
 
 L. salicifolia. Wats. Dendr, t. 38. 
 
 — rmultiflo'ra. 2. July. Carolina. Wats. Dendr. 
 
 1. 128. 
 
 — pwnicvZa'ta. See L. ligustrina. 
 
 — ri'gida. See L. ferruginea. 
 
 — rvMgino'sa. 10. White. July. W. Indies.. 
 
 1736. Syn., Avdrofrnda rubigin^osa. 
 
 — saHctfc/lia. See L. ligustrina, var. salici- 
 
 folia. 
 
 Lyo'nsia. (Named after J. Lyons, 
 who first taught botany to Sir Joseph 
 Banks. ^3.t.orA.., Apocynacece; Tribe, 
 Echitidece. Allied to Parsonsia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen twiner. Cuttings of the 
 young shoots in sand, under a glass, and in a 
 close frame, in AprU ; sandy peat, with a little 
 fibry loam. Winter temp., 40 to 48°. 
 L. straTni'nea. 6. Striped. June. New South 
 . Wales. 1820. 
 
 Lype'ria. (From lyperos, sad; 
 from the dulness of some of the flowers. 
 Nat. ord., Scrophulariaceoe ; Tribe, 
 Manulece. Allied to Manulea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from South Africa. 
 By seed in a slight hotbed, in March and April, 
 and cuttings of young shoots in spring and 
 autumn, in sandy soil, under a hand-glass; 
 sandy loam ; the protection of a cold pit or 
 greenhouse in winter. 
 
 £. argelntea. IJ. White. August. 1801. 
 Annual. 
 
 — fra' grams. }. White, purple. June. 1776. 
 
 Syn., Erinusfragrans. 
 
 — pedwneula'ta. IJ. White. August. 1790. 
 
 Syn., Bttchnsrapedunculata. Andr. Rep. 
 t. 84. 
 
 — pinnatHfida. }. Purple. July. 1840. 
 
 — trilstis. 1. Purple. May. 1825. Syn., &i- 
 
 nu8 tristis. 
 — viola,' cea. 2. Violet. July. 1816. 
 
 Lysima'chia. Loosestrife. (From 
 lysis, concluding, and inache, strife ; 
 
LYS 
 
 [584] 
 
 MAB 
 
 supposed to possess soothing qualities. 
 Nat. ord., Primulacece.) 
 
 All_ yellow-flowered, except where otherwise 
 mentioned. Division in spring, and cuttings of 
 the young shoots under a hand-light, in sandy 
 loam, in a shady comer. There are a few annuals 
 and biennials not worth culture. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 L. altro-purpuJrea. 1. Dark purple. August. 
 Levant. 1820. Herbaceous. Sibth. Fl. 
 Gr. 1. 187. Syn., L. cktUa. 
 
 — brachysta'chya. lJ-2. White. Japan. 1878. 
 
 Rev. Hort. 1881, p. 90. 
 
 — ca'ndida. 1. White. June. China. 1846. 
 
 Herbaceous. 
 
 — d/u'bia. See L. atro-purpwrea, 
 
 — Ivmanlo'ba. 2. White. China. 18B6. Syns., 
 
 Z. TnavHtiaTM and Imbinia 8pathulata. 
 
 — macula'ta. J. June. N. Holland. 1822. 
 
 Evergreen trailer. 
 
 — mauritia'Tui, See L, UiiearUoba. 
 
 — mil tans. Bed. July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 B. M. t. 4941. Syn., LvMnia atro-pur- 
 purea, 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 L. agi'nis. 2^. July. 
 
 — aTigustifo'lia. See L. la/nceolata. 
 
 — az&riea, B. M. t. 3273. See L. nemorwm. 
 
 — buXbi'f&ra. B. M. 1. 104. See L. stricta. 
 
 — ea^ta'ta. 1. June. N. Amer. 1813. 
 
 — eiMa'ta. 2. July. N. Amer. 1732. 
 
 — delhroi'ies. White. Japan. 1869. 
 
 — ffgh^mnvjm. 2. White. August. Spain. 
 
 1730. B. M. t. 2346. 
 
 — hy'brida. IJ. July. N. Amer. 1806. 
 
 — la/nceola'ta. 1\, July. N. Amer. 1808. 
 
 Syn., L. angustifoUa. 
 
 — lobeioi'des, 1. White. July. North of India. 
 
 1840. B. R. 1842, t. 6. 
 
 — longifo'lia. 2. July. N. Amer. 1798. B. C. 
 
 t. 1422. Syn., L. quaarifolia of B. M. 
 660, not of Linnaeus. 
 
 — ndnwrum. Yellow. Summer. Britain. Pros- 
 
 trate. Syn., L. azorica. Yellow Pim- 
 pernel. 
 
 — numTmtla'ria. i. June. Britain. Eng. Bot., 
 
 ed. 3, 1. 1144. 
 au'rea. Leaves yellowish. 
 
 — pandifo'rmis. Bright yellow. July. Central 
 
 China. 1891. 
 
 — pumcta'ta. IJ. July. N. Holland. 1658. 
 vertidlla'ta. ■ 1. July. Crimea, 1820. 
 
 Syn., L. mrtieillata. B. C. t. 2296. 
 
 — quadrifo'lia of B. M. t. 660. See L. longifolia. 
 
 — stri'cta. IJ. July. N. Amer. 1781. Syn., 
 
 L. bulbifera. B. M. t. 104. 
 
 — thyrsljlo'ra. 1}. June. England. Aquatic. 
 
 B. M. t. 2012. 
 ^^v&rticiUa'ta. See L. pit/ruitata, var. verticU- 
 lata. 
 
 Lysine'ma. (From Imis, freeing, 
 and neTna, a filament. The stamens 
 not adhering to the sides of the corolla, 
 as is usual in this. Nat. ord., Epacri- 
 dece ; Tribe, Epoiereoe. Allied to Epacris. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia. 
 Cuttings of the young shoots, getting firm at the 
 base,— short shoots, a couple of inches in length, 
 are the best, — in sand, under a bell-glass, in the 
 beginning of summer ; rough, sandy peat, with 
 pieces of charcoal, broken bricks, and freestone, 
 xnd well-drained. Winter temp., 40° to 46°. 
 L. attenua'tum. See L. pungens. 
 
 — eilia'tum. 2. Pink. March. 1823. Syn., 
 
 L. pentapetalvm,. 
 
 — ccmepi'ctmm. 3. March. 1824. 
 
 — lasia'nthmn. 2. • Pink. March. 1820. 
 
 — pentape'talum. See L. cUiatwm. 
 
 L.pu'ngens. 2. White. March. 1804. Syns. 
 
 L. attenuatum, EpaeHs attermata, B.C. 
 
 t. 38 and E. pumgens of B. M. t. 1199. 
 ra'brum. 2. Red. March. 1804. Syn., 
 
 Epacris rosea, B. C. t. 863. 
 
 Lysiono'tus. (From li/sis, freeing, 
 and notos, the back ; seed-vessel opening 
 from the back. Nat. ord., Gesneracem ; 
 Tribe, Cyrtandreoe. Allied to Agal- 
 jnyla.) 
 
 stove herbaceous. Seeds in light, sandy soil, 
 in a hotbed, in spring ; division of the plant at 
 the same time ; peat and loam. Summer temp,, 
 60° to 76° ; winter, 46° to 50°. 
 L. longiJUt'ra. A synonym of jEchyncmtkus Ion- 
 
 — serra/'td. 1. Pale lilac, or blue with darker 
 veins. July to August. Temperate and 
 Sub-tropical Himalayas. B. M. t. 6638. 
 Syn., L. temifolia. 
 termfo'lia. Gfl. t, 1216, See L. serrata. 
 
 Lysisti'gma. (From lysis, a disso- 
 lution, and stigma, the stigma ; stigmas 
 separated. Nat. ord., Aracece; Tribe, 
 DuffenhachiecB. ) United with Tacca- 
 rtim in the Genera Plantarum, but 
 retained as distinct by Engler. 
 
 stove tuberous perennial. Allied to Stauro- 
 STIGMA, which see for cultivation. 
 L, peregri'nwm. 3. Spathe olive-green. Java. 
 Syns., Endera coTwphalloutea and Cono- 
 phallus Blumei. 
 
 Ly'thrum. (From lythron, black- 
 blood ; the prevailing purple colour of 
 the flowers. Nat. ord., Lythracew; 
 Tribe, Lythrece.) 
 
 All purple-flowered, except Wnea're. Seeds of 
 annuals, in the common border, in spring ; pe- 
 rennials, by division at the same time. Ataltum 
 is an old resident of the greenhouse, but is per- 
 fectly hardy, and may be propagated by division 
 and cuttings of the young shoots, or the points 
 of old ones. The followmg are all hardy her- 
 baceous, except Qrc^geri, which is an evergreen 
 trailer and not quite hardy. 
 L. ala'tum. 3. July. Georgia and Mexico. 
 1812. B. M. t. 1812. Syns., L. Ken- 
 necbyanum and L. vulneraria. 
 
 — difu'mim. Swt. Fl, Gard., t. 149. See L. 
 
 lanceolatum. 
 —frutwo'swm. Andr. Rep. t. 467. See Wood- 
 fordmfloribwnda. 
 
 — Qreiffcn. IJ. July. Italy. 1800. B. C. 
 
 1. 1338. 
 
 — lamxoUit'wm. July. Carolina. 1800. Syn., 
 
 Ii. dijjuvwm. 
 
 — Ivnealre. IJ. White. July. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 — mvrtifo'limn. 2 July. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 — salica'ria. 4. July. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 
 
 3, t. 491. 
 ro'sea. Red. 1884. 
 
 — Jomemto'sttm. 2. July. Caucasus. 1828. 
 
 — mrga'tum. 3. July. Austria. 1776. B. M. 
 
 1. 1003. 
 
 — vuln&ra'rm. See L. alatum. 
 
 M. 
 
 Maa'ckia amure'nsis. B. M. t. 6551. 
 See Cladrastris amurensis. 
 Ma'ba. (From the native name. 
 
MAC 
 
 [585] 
 
 MAC 
 
 Nat. ord., Ebenacem. Allied to Diospy- 
 ros.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in May, under a glass in sand, 
 over fibry peat, and a very slight bottom-heat ; 
 peat and loam, 
 M. buxifdlia. IJ. Yellow. Tropical India, 
 
 Africa and Australia. 1810. Stove. 
 — lauri'na. 3. July. Cumberland Island, 
 
 Australia. 1821. 
 
 Macada'mia. (Named after John 
 Macadam, M.D., Secretary of the Philo- 
 sophical Institute of Victoria. Nat. 
 ord., Proteacem ; Tribe, GrevillecB. Al- 
 lied to Koupala.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen treSj yielding an edible 
 nut of good flavour. For cultivation, seeHAKEA. 
 M. termiifc/lia. 30. MoretonBay. 1869. G. C. 
 1870, p. 1181. 
 
 Macara'nga. (From the Malagasy 
 name of this plant. Nat. ord., Euphor- 
 biaeecE. ) 
 
 Stove tree. 
 M. Portea'na. Leaves 1^ feet long ; petioles 2 
 feet; under surface with black dots. 
 Phikppines. 1888. Eev. Hort. 1888, p. 
 176, fig. 36. Syn., Mappa Porteana. 
 
 Macbri'dea. (Named after Dr. 
 Macbride, of S. Carolina. Nat. ord., 
 Labiates ; Tribe, Stachydem. Allied to 
 Melittis.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young 
 shoots, getting firm at their base, in Hay ; loam 
 and a little sandy peat, well-drained. 
 M. pu'Mira. Red-striped. July. Carolina. 1804. 
 Syn., M. joulcheUa. 
 
 Maehsera'nthera. (Fiommakaira, 
 a bent sword, and anthera, an anther; 
 alluding to the shape of that part of the 
 flower. Nat. ord., Composites; Tribe, 
 Asteroidem. ) See Aster. 
 M. tanacetifo'lia. B. M. t. 4624. See Aster tana- 
 cet\folms. 
 
 Macka'ya. (In honour of Dr. J. F. 
 Mackay, once Keeper of Dublin Univer- 
 sity Botanic Garden, and author of " The 
 Flora Hibemica." Nat. ord., Acan- 
 ttiMcece ; Tribe, Jvsticem.) 
 
 Greenhouse shrub, exceedingly handsome, 
 with racemes of large, delicate, lilac-tinted 
 flowers, transversely marked with red lines. 
 Seeds ; cuttings of half-ripened wood under 
 hand-glass. Light sandy loam. Summer temp., 
 70° to 80 ; winter, 50° to 80°. 
 Jf. be'lla. White, with red lines. May. Natal. 
 
 1869. B. M. t. 5797. Syn., Asystasia 
 
 hella. 
 
 Maclea'nia. (Named after John 
 Maclean, Esq., of Lima, a British mer- 
 chant, and a distinguished patron of 
 botany. Nat. ord., VacciniacecB ; Tribe, 
 Thibaudiem. Allied to Thibaudia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings under a 
 hand-light or bell-glass of the points of the 
 shoots, when getting firm at their base, in sand, 
 and kept close in a cold pit, a little air left 
 under the glass, if placed in a slight hotbed ; 
 
 sandy loam and flbry peat. Winter temp., 40° 
 to 48°. 
 
 K. omgula'ta. 3. Red, yellow. June. Peru 
 1842. 
 
 — cocci'nea, 3. Scarlet, tipped with yellow. 
 
 Rev. Hort. 1861, p. 301. 
 
 — corda'ta. Orange. Mexico. 1848. Syn., 
 
 Ga/ulfheria cordata. 
 
 — longifio'ra. 6. Red. May. Peru. 1844. 
 
 B. R. 1844, t. 25. Syh., M. temiifolia. 
 — pu'lchra. Scarlet, yellow. New Grenada. 
 1874. Stove shrubs. 
 
 — pwneta'ia. Red, yellow. November. Ecuador. 
 
 1848. 
 
 — speciosi'ssvma. Scarlet, yellow. Columbia. 
 
 1864. Stove shrub. 
 
 — tenwiifdlia. See M. longifiora. 
 
 Maclea'ya. (Named after A. Mac- 
 a British naturalist. Nat. ord., 
 PapaveracecB.) See BoCCOHia. 
 M. corda'ta. B. M. t. 1905, and M. yedoe'nm. 
 See Bocconia cordata. 
 
 Maclu'ra. (Named after W. Ma- 
 clure, a North American geologist. Nat. 
 ord. , Urticacew ; Tribe, morece. Allied 
 to Broussonetia.) 
 
 Cuttings of ripe shoots under a glass, in heat ; 
 aurantiaca by cuttings of the root and layers ; 
 soil, peat and loam. Although awra/rUXaca is 
 hardy, it requires a warm situation. 
 M. awrantiaca. 20. N. Amer. 1818. Hardy 
 deciduous. Osage Orange. 
 
 — Plumidri. See Chlorophora tinctoria, var. 
 
 Plumi&ri. 
 
 — tincto'ria. See Chlorophora tinctoria. 
 
 — tricuspida'ta. China. 1872. A good hedge 
 
 plant. Rev. Hort. 1872, p. 56. This is a 
 synonym of Audra/nia tricuspidata. 
 
 Maco'des. (Not explained. Nat. 
 ord., OrchideoB ; Tribe, Neottiew-Spiran- 
 thece.) 
 
 Terrestrial stove orchid. See ORCHIDS. 
 M.java'nica. 1-1 i. Orange-red, midrib white ; 
 lip pale yellow. Leaves deep velvety 
 green, with light green nerves and trans- 
 verse marks. May. Java. 1888. B. M. 
 t. 7037. 
 
 — P^tola. Java. 1869. Bchb. Xen. i. t. 96, 
 
 figs. 1-5. Marmorata (Rchb. Xen. i. 
 t. 96, figs. 6-10) is a slight variety. 
 
 Macrade'nia. {Fxommakros, long, 
 and aden, a gland ; referring to the long 
 process of the pollen-masses. Nat. ord. , 
 OrchidecB ; Tribe, VandeoB-Notyliece. 
 Allied to Notylia.) 
 
 Stove orchid. Division when growth is com- 
 mencing ; fibry peat, charcoal, and broken pots 
 and sphagnum ; the plants raised above the pot 
 requiring a strong, moist heat in the orchid- 
 house when growth is proceeding, and cooler and 
 drier when resting. 
 
 M. brassa'volce. Brown, ochre, yellow, purple. 
 Columbia. 1864. 
 
 — lute^scens. J. Olive. November. Trinidad. 
 
 1821. B. R. t. 612. 
 
 — tria'ndra. Greenish outside, red inside. May. 
 
 Cuba. B. R. 1. 1816. 
 
 MacrSB'a. (After Mr. Macrae. Nat. 
 ord., Gsraniacew.) A synonym of 
 Viviana. 
 
 Macra'nthus. (From makros, long, 
 and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Legu- 
 
MAC 
 
 1586] 
 
 MAD 
 
 minosm ; Tribe, Phaseolece.) See Mu- 
 cuna. 
 
 if. cochinehiTK'nsis. See Mucuna cochinchinen- 
 sis, 
 
 Macrochi'lus. (From makros, 
 lohg, and cheilos, a lip. Nat. ord., Or- 
 chidece; Tube, Vande<B-OncidiecE.) See 
 Miltonia. 
 
 if. Frya'nws. Kn. and West. t. 45. See Miltonia 
 
 Macrocne'mum. (From makros, 
 long, and kneme, a leg ; referring to the 
 flower-stalks. Nat. ord. , Bubiacece ; 
 Tribe, Cinchonem. Allied to Port- 
 landia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a brisk bot- 
 tom-beat ; peat and flbry loam, well drained. 
 Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°. 
 M. cocci'newm. See Warszevnczia cocciTifiCt; 
 
 — ja/maice'nse. 14. White. Jamaica. 1806. 
 
 — tincto'rium. See Condwminia tvnctoria. 
 
 Macrome'ria. (From maA;ros, long, 
 and meris, a part ; referring to the un- 
 usual length of the stamens. Nat. ord., 
 BoraginacecE ; Tribe, Boragece. ) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen shrub, requiring the 
 
 Srotection of a cold pit in winter ; seeds and 
 ivisions in spring ; sandy loam and flbry peat. 
 M. exse'rta. 3. Yellow. September. Mexico. 
 1846. B. E. 1847, t. 26. 
 
 Macrocho'rdimn. See JBch- 
 mea. 
 
 Maeropi'per. See Piper. 
 
 Macropo'dia. (From makros, long, 
 and polls, a foot. Nat. ord., Hcemodo- 
 raceoe. ) 
 
 Cool greenhouse herb. Loam one part, peat 
 three parts. Division of roots in spring. 
 M.fvligvno'sa. 3. Yellow. June. Australia. 
 Syn., Anigozanthus fuliginosa. 
 
 Macrosce'pis. {FTommakros, long, 
 and skepe, a covering. Nat. ord.. As- 
 elepiadece; Tribe, Cynanchece.) 
 
 Stove twining shrub. 
 M. obova'ta. Yellow-brown. November. Tropi- 
 cal America from Mexico to Peru. B. M. 
 t. 6815. 
 
 Macrosphy'ra. (From makros, 
 long, and sphura, hammer ; the style is 
 very long and bears a large terminal 
 stigma. Nat. ord., Ruhiacem ; Tribe, 
 GardeniecB. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. For culture, see Gar- 
 denia. 
 M. loTigiiity'la. 6. Green, white. June. W. 
 
 Africa. 1845. Syn., Gardenia longistyla, 
 
 B. M. t. 4322. 
 
 Macrbsti'gma tupistroi'des. See 
 Tupistra macrostigma. 
 
 Maero'stylis. (From makros, long, 
 and stylis, a style, or female organ. 
 Nat. ord., BntacecE ; Tribe, Diosmece. 
 Allied to Agathosma. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of 
 Good Hope. Cuttings of young shoots getting 
 firm, in April or May, in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 and kept in a close place, but without bottom- 
 heat ; sandy peat and flbry loam, but most of 
 the former. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. 
 M. ba/rba'ta. 2. White. May. 1810. 
 
 — ba/rbi'aera. Lilac. April. 1826. 
 
 — corcUcta. Lilac. April. 1823. 
 
 — obtv/sa. 2. Purple. May. 1774. 
 
 kmceola'ta. 2. Purple. May. 1774. 
 
 obUnga. 2. Purple. May. 1774. 
 
 ma'ta. 2. Purple. May. 1774. 
 
 — squarro'sa. Lilac. ApHI. 1821. 
 
 Macroto'mia. (Derivation uncer- 
 tain. Nat. ord. , Borginece. ) 
 
 Greenhouse or half-hardy perennial. 
 M. Bentha'mii. 1-3. Brownish-purple. N.W> 
 Himalayas. 1888. B. M. t. 7003. 
 
 Macrotro'pis. (From makros, long, 
 and tropis, a keel ; referring to the 
 length and name of the lower part of 
 a pea-flower. Nat. ord. , Leguminosm ; 
 Tribe, Sophorece. Allied to Sophora.) 
 United with Ormosia in the Genera 
 Plantarum. 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Cliina- 
 Cuttings of small side-shoots, taken oS in spring, 
 in sand, under a bell-glass ; seeds sown in a 
 slight hotbed, and potted off when up ; peat and 
 loam, in equal divisions. Winter temp., 40° \fy 
 48°. 
 M.fa!tida. 6. Yellow. April. 1820. 
 
 — inodo'ra. White. April. 1821. 
 
 Macroza'mia. (From TOaAros, long, 
 and Zamia. Nat. ord., Cycadaeeos; 
 Tribe, Eneephalartece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen perennials. For cul- 
 tivation, see Zamia. 
 M. caloco'ma. See Microcycas calocoma. 
 
 — eora'Uipes. Australia. 1872. B. M. t. 5943. 
 gyra'ta. Australia. 1873. 
 
 ~ cyWndrica. Queensland. 1874. 
 
 — Deniso'ni. See M, P&rowsTdana. 
 
 — eleganti'ssima. Australia. 1873. ' 
 
 — enole^pis. W. Australia? 1849. 
 
 — exce'lsa. S. Africa. 1869. 
 
 — Frase'ri. W. Australia. 1846. 
 
 — Ho'pei. See Jf. Perowskiana, var. Hopei. 
 
 — Macke'nzii. Australia. 1877. G. C. 1877, vii. 
 
 5. 665. 
 
 — magni'fica. Australia. 1870. 
 
 — Miqufflii. Queensland. Syn., Eihcephalartos 
 
 — Moo'rei. 20. Australia. 
 
 — Pau'lo-Guileflmi. Queensland. Gfl. t. 875, 
 
 figs. 1-3. 
 
 — Perowskia'na, Australia. 1870. Syns., M. 
 
 Denisoni, Catakidoza/mia Macleayi^ Lepi- 
 dozmnia Peroffskiana, and L. Denisoni, 
 Gfl. t. 854. 
 Eo'pei. 60. Queensland. 1865. 
 
 — phaiM'sa. Queensland. 1874. G. C. 1875, 
 
 iii. p. 653. 
 — spira'lie. Australia. 
 e&u'rnea. Australia. 1873. 
 
 — tridenta'ta. Gfl. t. 875, fig.i4. Syns., .Bm;e- 
 
 phalartos and Zamia tridentata. 
 — oblongifo'lia. Gfl. t. 875, flgs. 5-7. 
 
 Madagascar Nutmeg. Agatho- 
 phy'llum. 
 
 Madagascar Potato. Sola'nmn 
 
 angui'vi. 
 
MAD 
 
 [587] 
 
 MAG 
 
 Mad-apple. Sola'num insa'num. 
 
 Mada'ria. (Said to be derived from 
 the Chilian name of M. sativa. Nat. 
 ord., Compositce; Tnhe, Jlelianthoidew.) 
 A synonym of Madia. 
 
 Madder. Ru'hia. 
 
 Ma'dia. (The Chilian name of M. 
 sati'va. Nat. ord., CompositcB ; Tribe, 
 MelianthoidecB. Allied to Bidens. ) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Seeds in a slight hotbed, in 
 March or April, and afterwards transplanted or 
 sown in the middle of May, on a warm border, 
 where they are to bloom ; any garden-soil, if not 
 fully exposed to the midday sun, for then there 
 will be no danger of a rusty appearance. 
 M. corymbo'sa. White. September. California. 
 1847. 
 
 — e^legans. 1^. Yellow. August. North West 
 
 America. 1831. B. M. t. 3548. 
 
 — sati'va. Yellow. July. Chili. 1794. Syns., 
 
 Jf . meUoga, Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 309, and 
 Madaria mtiva. 
 
 — vieco'm. li. Yellow. July. Chili. 1794. 
 
 B. M. t. 2574. 
 
 Madwort. Aly'smm. 
 
 Mse'sa. (From maas, the Arabic 
 name of one of the species. Nat. ord., 
 MyrsinecB ; Tribe, Mcesem. Allied to 
 Ardisia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, with white blossoms, 
 from the East Indies. By seeds, which are a 
 considerable time in vegetating ; by cuttings of 
 the half-ripened shoots in sand, over sandy peat, 
 under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat and 
 loam. Winter temp., 60°to60" ; summer, 60° to 85°. 
 M. arg^ntea. 5. April. India. 1818. 
 
 — i'ndica. 5. November. India. 1817. Syn., 
 
 Bmobotrys indica. B. M. t. 2052. 
 
 — maerophi/Ua. 12. June. India. 1818. Syn., 
 
 M. tom&ntosa. 
 
 — nemora'Us. 5. March. New Hebrides. 1830. 
 
 — pub^sceng. 4. June. 1824. Syn., BoBOhotrys 
 
 ■— tamento'm. See M. macrophylla. 
 
 Magnolia. (Named after Pro/assor 
 Magnol, of Montpelier. Nat. ord., 
 Magnoliacece ; Tribe, Magnoliew.) 
 
 A noble genus, all white-flowered, except where 
 otherwise mentioned. Propagated by seeds, 
 layers, grafting, and buddin^^ ; and each of these 
 modes best suita different kinds. Seeds of most 
 of the American kinds are easily procured thence, 
 and from France, where, in their clearer sky, 
 the trees thrive better, and ripen their seeds, 
 which they seldom do with us. The seeds should 
 be sown m a hotbed, in spring, and a little 
 patience should be exercised until the seedlings 
 make their appearance, when they must be 
 successively potted, and kept several years in a 
 cold pit in winter. Though the most vigorous 
 plants are thus raised, yet, as they are long in 
 blooming, preference is usually given to plants 
 raised from layers of all the stronger-growing 
 kinds. These are generally laid down in the 
 autumn, and the best part of two years generally 
 elapses before they are fit to be moved, when 
 they should be potted, and kept in a pit until 
 well established. No one should purchase a 
 young plant, except in a pot, as the few, but 
 large, fleshy roots are easily iiyured. Some of 
 the more succulent-stemmed kmds, with large 
 pith, can neither be easily layered nor grafted— 
 such as tripdtaia and maarophi/lla.. For these 
 
 seedlings are the best, and the seed ripens freely 
 in different parts of France. Most of the varie- 
 ties and the weaker species may be budded, 
 and grafted, and inarched on the stronger- 
 growing, more easily-reared kinds. Obova'ta 
 and acumma'ta are much used for this purpose.. 
 In most cases it requires a considerable time to 
 effect the union. In many cases, where inarching 
 is resorted to, two years must elapse before the 
 separation can be effected safely. The tenderer 
 Chinese and Asiatic species require, in general, 
 protection in winter ; the former a cold pit or 
 greenhouse, the latter a wall, etc. They are 
 propagated by layers, and also by cuttings, as 
 well as seeds, l^e cuttings should be of ripe 
 shoots, and inserted in sand, under a glass. 
 Many kindSj however, will propagate by the 
 herbaceous-like young shoots ; but more atten- 
 tion to shading, etc., is required. All delight, 
 when planted out, in a deep, sandy soil, quite 
 dry, and enriched with peat and a little leaf- 
 mould. Qlau'ca, however, generally thrives best 
 in a peaty soil rather retentive of moisture. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS. 
 
 M. acuminalta. 60. Yellow, green. June. N. 
 Amer. 1736. 
 
 Cando'lii. 60. June. N. Amer. 1736. 
 
 tflAjlxlmo,. 60. June. N. Amer. 1736. 
 
 — aurietilalta. See Jf . Fraseri. 
 
 — Campbe'llii. Pale rose inside, crimson out- 
 
 side. Sikkim. 1868. B. M. t. 6793. 
 
 — eonspi'cua. 30. March. China. 1789. Salis. 
 
 Parad. t. 38. Syn., M. Tulan, B. JI. 
 
 1. 1621. 
 
 di'scolor. 6. Purple, white. May. 1790. 
 
 obova'ta. See Jf. obovata. 
 
 SoulaTigea'na. Purple tinted. France. 
 
 Perhaps a hybrid between ilf. conspieua 
 
 and M. obovata. Syns., Jf. Yulan, var. 
 
 Soulangeana, B. B. t. 1164, and M. 
 
 Soulangeana, Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 260. 
 ni'gra. Darker purple. 
 
 — corda'ta. 40. June. N. Amer. 1801. 
 
 — Frase^ri. 30-60. Yellowish. April. N. Amer. 
 
 1786. Syn., M. auriculata. B. M. 
 1. 1206. 
 
 jpyra/mida'ia. 20. May. Carolina. 1811- 
 
 Syn., M. pyra/midata. 
 
 — glatica. 20. July. N. Amer. 1688. B. C- 
 
 t. 216. 
 
 Burchellia'Tia, 20. June. 
 
 Gordonia'na. 20. June. 1750. 
 
 ma'jor. Cream. Larger than the type. 
 
 June. 1808. B. M. t. 2164. Syn., Jf- 
 
 TJwmsoniana. 
 
 — gra'cilis. Purple. April. Japan. 1804. 
 
 — Hallia'na. Ilor. Mag. new ser. t. 309. See 
 
 M. stellata. 
 
 — hypolevfea. 60. Creamy-white. Japan. 1865. 
 
 G. and F. 1888, p. 306. 
 
 — Ldnm&i. Rose. Hybrid between M. conspicucc 
 
 and M. obovata, var. discolor. 
 
 — maerophy'Ua. 30. July. N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 — obova'ta. 5. Purple outside, white within. 
 
 April. Japan. 1790. 
 
 di'scolor. Purple. April. Japan. 1790. 
 
 Syns., M. discolor and Jf. purpurea, B. 
 M. t. 390. 
 
 — pa/rvijlo'ra. White, rose. Spring. Japan. 
 minor. A smaller plant. Japan. 1888. 
 
 — purpu'rea. See M. obovata, var. discolor. 
 
 — pyramida'ta. See M. Praseri, var. pyrami- 
 
 da'ta. 
 
 — stella'ta. White. Japan. March. 1878. B 
 
 M. t. 6370. Syn., if. Halliama. 
 
 — Thomsonia'na. See U. glauca, var. major. 
 
 — tripdtala. See M. Umbrella. 
 
 — UmbreHla. 30. White. May. N, Amer. 
 
 1752. Syn., M. tripetala. 
 
 — Watso'ni. Creamy-white ; filaments blood- 
 
 red. Japan. B. M. t. 7167. Syn., M. 
 pa/rvijlora of some gardens. 
 
MAG 
 
 [588] 
 
 MAL 
 
 M. Wiesn^ri. White. Japan. 1890. 
 
 — Yu'lcm. B. C. 1. 1187. See M. eonspima. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 M. grandiflo'ra. 20. August. Carolina. 1734. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1952. 
 
 angustifo'lia. 20. July. Paris. 1825. 
 
 crSspa. 20. June. N. Amer. 
 
 elli'ptiea. 20. August. Carolina. 1734. 
 
 exonie^nsia. 20. August. N. Amer. 
 
 ferrugi'nea. 20. August. N. Amer. 
 
 lanceola'ta. 20. August. Carolina. 
 
 1734. 
 
 obova'ta. 20. August. Carolina. 1734. 
 
 praslcox. 20. August. N. Amer. 
 
 TotvmAif<nia. 20. August. N. Amer. 
 
 — Ko'lrua. Purple, white. July. Japan. 1804. 
 
 HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 M.fusca'ta. 3. Brown. April. China. 1789. 
 
 B. B. 1. 1008. Syn., Muiheliafuscata. 
 amonoefo'lia, 3. Red, June. China. 
 
 1789. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 M. odorati'ssima. See Talauma CcmdoUel. 
 
 — pulmUa. White. China. 1793. Andr.Eep. 
 
 t. 226. 
 
 Magpie Moth. Bee Abraxas. 
 
 Mahara'nga. (TheNepaulesename. 
 Nat. otA., Boraginex ; Tnhe, Borage(e.) 
 See Onosma. 
 
 M. emo'di. Past. H. Gard. iii. p. 120, flg. 291. 
 See Onosma emodi. 
 
 Mahe'mia. (An anagram of Ser- 
 mannia, an allied genus. Nat. ord., 
 Sterculiacea ; Tribe, HermanniecB.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, about two feet 
 high, from South Africa. Cuttings of young 
 shoots, an inch or two in length, in sandy soil, 
 under a glass any time in summer ; fibry loam 
 and sandy peat, with lumps of charcoal and 
 broken pots, intermixed when grown in pots. 
 In summer they will do in the flower-garden, and 
 did the flowers look up a little more, they would 
 be very interesting ; from their habit they are 
 seen to best advantage in a pot. 
 M. chrysa/ntha. 1. Yellow. S. Africa. 1868. 
 Kef. Bot. t. 26. 
 
 — diffu'sa. Yellow. May. Capetown. Trailer. 
 
 Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 201. 
 
 — glabra'ta. Yellow. June. 1789. 
 
 — grcmdiflo'ra. Bed. June. 1812. Syn., Ber- 
 
 mannia grandiflwa, 
 BwchefUii. B. R. t. 224. 
 
 — heterophi/Ua. Yellow. May. 1731. 
 
 — inci'sa. Yellow, white. July. 1792. B. M. 
 
 t. 363. 
 
 — oxaUdifo'lia. Yellow. June. 1817. 
 
 — puUhellla. Reddish. July. 1792. 
 
 — ru'tila. Scarlet. August. Jacq. H. Schoenb. 
 
 t. 263. 
 
 — vemica'ta. Vermilion. July. 1816. 
 
 — vertuyiUa'ta. Yellow. July. 1820. 
 
 — vesica'ria. Yellow. June. 1818. 
 
 Mahogany-tree. Swiete'nia Ma- 
 hogo'ni. 
 
 Maho'nia. A synonym of Ber- 
 toeris. 
 
 M. aquifo'Ua. See BerbeHs aguifolmm. 
 
 — diversifofUa. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 94. A synonym 
 
 of Berberis diversifcflia. 
 — fasdeularis. See Berberis pinnata. 
 
 — ghima'eea. Paxt. Fl. Gard. vii. p. 55. See 
 
 Berberis nervosa. 
 
 — reopens. See Berberis a^uifoliwm. 
 
 Mahu'rea. (The native name. 
 
 Nat. ord., Temstromiacem ; Tribe, Bon- 
 netiecB. Allied to Stuartia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a 
 moderate bottom -heat, any time in summer; 
 sandy peat and flbry loam. Winter temp., 50° 
 to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°. 
 M.pcMstris. 15. Purple. May. Guiana. 
 1820. Syn., Bonnetia palustris. 
 
 Maiden-Hair. Passiflo'ra adia'n- 
 tum, and Adia'tntum capi'llus Vene'ris, 
 etc. 
 
 Maiden-Hair-tree. Gi'ngko 
 
 bilo'ba. 
 Maiden Fliuu. Comocla'dix. 
 
 Maiden Tree is a seedling tree 
 which has not been grafted. 
 
 The time -which elapses before seed- 
 lings attain a bearing age is very various. 
 The pear requires from twelve to eigh- 
 teen years ; the apple, five to thirteen ; 
 plum and cherry, four to five ; vine, 
 three to four ; raspberry, two ; and the 
 strawberry, one. 
 
 Maia'nthemum. (From maws. 
 May, and anthemon, a flower. Nat. 
 ord., Liliacece,) 
 
 Hardy bulb. Culture as for Smilacina. 
 M. bifo'lium. J. White. May. Britain. Syns., 
 Convallaria Mfolia, B. M. t. 510, Smila- 
 cina bifolia and S. carmdensis. 
 
 Maie'ta. (The native name. Nat. 
 ord., Melastomacece ; Tribe, Miconiete. 
 Allied to CUdemia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young 
 shoots, getting a little Arm, in sandy soil, and in 
 bottom-neat, m April and May ; peat and loam, 
 with a little charcoal and brick-rubbish. Winter 
 temp., 60° to 60°; summer, 60° to 80°. 
 M. guiane'nsis, 2. White. Guiana. 1824. 
 
 Mai'ria. (Derivation not explained. 
 Nat. Old., Compositce; Tiihe, Asteroide(e. 
 Allied to Aster.) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous plants, from South 
 Africa; seeds, and divisions in spring; requiring 
 the protection of a dry, cold pit in winter; sandy 
 loam and a little peat, 
 if. crena'ta. Lilac. April. 1820. Syns, Arnica 
 
 crenata, B. C. t. 901, and Oerberaerenacta, 
 
 B. R. t. 865. 
 
 — taxifo'lia. Yellow. July. 1816. 
 
 Majora'na. See Origanum. 
 
 Malabai'la. (After Count Mala- 
 baila von Canal, of Prague. Nat. ord., 
 UmbeUiferos. Syn., Leiotulus.) 
 
 Hardy perennial herbs. Seeds in open ground, 
 in spring. 
 
 M. Opo'ponax. 6. Yellow. June. South Europe. 
 1640. Syns., Opoponax Chironium and 
 Pastinaca Opoponax. 
 
 — pvmpimellotfo'Ua. 2. Yellow. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1818. ■ 
 
 Malabar Leaf. Cinnamo'mum 
 Malaba' thrum. 
 
 Malabar Nightshade. Base'lla.. 
 
MAL [ 589 ] 
 
 Malabar Rose. HiU'scm ro'sa 
 malaba'rica. 
 
 Malachade'nia. (Nat. ord., Orchi- 
 dew. ) A synonym of Bulbophyllum. 
 
 M. clava'ta. Green, spotted with brown. Eio 
 Janeiro. 1839. B. M. t. 4334. 
 
 MAL 
 
 Malochode'ndron. 
 tia. 
 
 See Stuar- 
 
 Mala'xis. (From malaxis, delicate ; 
 referring to the whole plant. Nat. ord. , 
 Orchideoe; Trihe, Epiaendrece-Malaxece. 
 Allied to Calypso.) 
 
 Terrestrial orchids, ffrowine in sandy peat, and 
 in moist places ; division of the roots. 
 M. cauda'ta. See Brassia caudata. 
 
 — Uliifo'lia. B. M. t. 2004. See Liparis Ulii- 
 
 fo'lia. 
 
 — ophiogloesoi'des. B. C. 1. 1146. See Miero- 
 
 stylis ophioglossoides. 
 
 — paludo'sa. f. Yellow, green. July. England, 
 
 Hardy. Eng. Bet. ed. 3, 1. 1489. 
 
 — Partho'ni. Green. June. Brazil. 1838. 
 
 Stove. 
 
 Malay Apple. Eiige'nia malm- 
 c'ensis. 
 
 Malco'lmia. (Named after W. 
 Malcolm,, mentioned by Ray. Nat. ord., 
 CrucifercB ; Tribe, Sisymhriece. Allied 
 to Hesperis.) 
 
 Hardy annuals, blooming in June, if sown 
 early in April ; but a succession may be kept up 
 by sowing in the three following months ; com- 
 mon garden-soil. ArenaJria, cfii'a, incrassaJta, 
 and maHftima are the handsomest. 
 M. africa'na. }. Purple. Africa. 1744. Syn., 
 Henperis africana. 
 
 — arena'ria. Violet. Algiers. 1804. Syn., 
 
 Besperis arenmia. 
 
 — chi'a. 1. Purple. Ohio. 1732. 
 
 — ero'sa. i. Portugal. 1818. 
 
 — inerassa'ta. Purple. Tenedos. 1826. 
 
 — intenneldia. Purple. Caraccas. 1837. 
 
 — lalcera. White, yellow. South Europe. 1780. 
 
 — la'xa. 2. Purple. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 — litto'rea. 1. White, yellow. South Europe. 
 
 1683. Syn., Sesp&ris Httorea. 
 
 — lyra'ta. J. Purole. Cyprus. 1820. 
 
 — mari'tima. J. Violet. South Europe. 1713. 
 
 — pa/rmflo'ra, \. Lilac. South Europe. 1823. 
 
 — mneina'ta. Purple. Caraccas. 1837. 
 
 — taraaaaj'o'Ua. 4. Purple. Siberia. 1796. 
 
 Male Pern. Aspi'diumflUx-ma's. 
 
 Maleshe'rbia. (Named after a 
 French patron of botany. Nat. ord., 
 PassiflorecE ; Tribe, Malesherbiece.) 
 
 Greenhouse annuals, from Chili. Seeds sown 
 in a hotbed, in March, seedlings pricked off, 
 potted, and flowered in the greenhouse ; sandy 
 peat and fibry loam, with a Uttle very reduced 
 leaf-mould. 
 
 3f. emona'ta and fasdada'ta are synonyms of 
 Gynopleura Unewri/olia. 
 
 — hu'mOUs. i. White. 1831. 
 
 >— linearifo'lia. IJ. Purple, blue. September. 
 1831. B. M. t. 3362. Now known as 
 Gynopleura linearifolia. 
 
 — thyrsiJMra. Yellow. July. 1832. 
 
 Mallo'tUS. (From nudlotos, hairy ; 
 because of the hairy fruit. Nat. ord., 
 EwphorbiaceoB ; Tribe, Crotone<B.) 
 
 A large genus of trees and shrubs, nearly all 
 tropical, though the only one yet introduced will 
 probably prove nearly or quite hardy in the south 
 of England. Seeds ; ripened cuttings, in sandy- 
 loam, under a bell-gla^. 
 M. japo'nica. Japan. 1866. 
 
 Mallow. Ma'lvct. 
 
 Hibi'seus mos- 
 
 Mallow Rose. 
 
 cheu'los. 
 
 Ma'lope. (From malos, soft, or ten- 
 der ; referring to the texture of the 
 leaves. Nat. ord., Malvacem; Tribe, 
 Malvex.) 
 
 Hardy annuals. With purple flowers, from 
 Barbary. Seeds sown undto a glass, in March, 
 or in the open border towards the end of April ; 
 earlier, if the ground is saiidy and early. 
 M. malacoi'des. 1. June. 1710. B. M. t. 6852. 
 sinua'ta. July. 1710. 
 
 — tri'Jida. 2. July. 1808. 
 
 grandifio'ra. Reddish - purple. June. 
 
 Paxt. Mag. i. p. 177. 
 
 Malo'rtiea. (Probably commemo- 
 rative. Nat. ord. , Palmece ; Tribe, 
 ArececB. ) 
 
 Stove palm. For cultivation, see Elais. 
 Jf. gra'eiUt. 2. Guatemala. 1862. B. M. t. 6291. 
 
 — sUmplex. Costa Bica. 1861. A dwarf palm. 
 
 B. M. t. 6247. 
 
 Malpi'ghia. Barbadoes Cherry. 
 (Named after Professor Malpighi, of 
 Pisa. Nat. ord. , Malpighiacem ; Tribe, 
 Malpighiece. Allied to Galphimia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of young 
 shoots almost ripe, but with leaves attached, 
 except at the joint cut through, in sand, under 
 a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat, in summer ; 
 sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter temp., 50° to 
 66° ; summer, 60° to 86°. 
 
 M. angustifdlia. 10. Pink. July. Central 
 America. 
 
 — aquifo'lia. 7. Pink. August. S. Amer. 
 
 1769. Syn., M. ilieifolia. 
 
 — hifidra. 10. Pale red. July. S. Amer. 1810. 
 
 — coecXfera. 2. Pink. S. Ajner. 1733. Jaeq. 
 
 Ic. t. 470. 
 
 — gla'hra. 16. Rose. May. W. Ind. 1756. 
 
 — inca'na. Rose. Campeachy. 1742. 
 
 — 'macrophy'lla. See Byrsormna nervosa. 
 
 — ffieldia, niltida, audpolysta'chya are synonyms 
 
 of Bimchosia nitida. 
 
 — pwniaifo'lia. 12. Rose. W. Ind. 1690. 
 
 Ma'lus. See Pyrus. 
 
 Ma'lva. Mallow. (From malacho, 
 to soften ; referring to their emollient 
 qualities. Nat. ord., JfaZuacece; Tribe, 
 Malvea.) 
 
 Hardy annuals, by seeds in the open border in 
 April ; herbaceous perennial, etc., by seeds in 
 spring, by division in autumn and spring, and by 
 cuttings of the young shoots under a hand-light ; 
 stove and greenhouse species, by cuttings, gene- 
 rally inserted in sandy soil, in a little heat ; these 
 last are best grown in rich, fibry loam and peat, 
 and require merely the common treatment suit- 
 able to greenhouse and stove-plants. 
 M. albutUoi'des. B. M. t. 2644. See Sphceralacea. 
 
 — a'leea. 3. Pale rose. July. Germany. B. 
 
 M. t. 2297. Syns., if. Ualica and M 
 Morenii. 
 
MAL 
 
 [590] 
 
 MAL 
 
 M. amal'na. B. M. t. 1998. See Malvastrwm 
 calycmum. 
 
 — angula'ta. 1. Purple. July. 1830. Green- 
 
 house. 
 
 — angustifo'lia. B. M. t. 2839. B&eSphairalaeea 
 
 a/ngustifoUa. 
 
 — aspe'rrima. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 139. See 
 
 MalvastruTn asperrimum. 
 
 — aunmti'tux-ru'bra. 2. N. W. America. 1871. 
 
 — balsa'rmca. 4. Pink. July. South Africa. 
 
 1800. Jacq. Ic. 1. 140. 
 
 — borbo'nica. 4. YeUow. July. Mauritius. 
 
 1816. StoTe. 
 
 — borea'lis. 3. White, red. June. Bussia. 
 
 1820. Syn., S. Hemvingii. 
 
 — bryonifo'lia. See MaXvastrum, bryonifolium. 
 
 — calyci'na. B. E. t. 297.. See Malvastrum 
 
 calycmum. 
 
 — camvpanula'ta. Paxt. Mag. ix. p. 173. See 
 
 Malvastrwm cajn/panulatum. 
 
 — campanuloi'des. i. Blush. October. N. 
 
 America. 1825. B. C. t. 1670. Green- 
 house. 
 
 — cape'nsis. B. R. t. 295. See Malvastrwm 
 
 April. Peru. 1798. 
 
 S- Amer. 1835. 
 S. Amer. 1836. 
 
 — capita'ta. 2. Red. 
 Greenhouse. 
 
 — coeei'Ttea, 5. Lilac. July. 
 
 — conci'nTia. 5. Lilac. May. 
 
 Kn. and West. t. 38. 
 
 — Creea'na. B. M. t. 3698. See Malvastrwm 
 
 coccinewm, var. grossularkefolium. 
 
 — Creea'no-Tninia'ta. 3-4. Red. Hybrid. 1852. 
 
 Gfl. 1. 16. 
 
 — cri'spa. 6, White. June. Syria. 1673. 
 
 — divarica'ta. Andr. Rep. 1. 182. See Malvas- 
 
 trwm divaricatwrth. 
 
 — dominffe'nsis. 2. Yellow. July. St. Domingo. 
 
 1824. Stove. 
 
 — fra'grans of Jacq. Vind. t. 33, see Malvastrwm 
 
 fragraris; of B. R. t. 296, see MalvastrwTn 
 capense, var. balsa/micit/m. 
 
 — geranioi'des. See MalvastruTn Qilliesii. 
 
 — grossularictfallia ino'dora. 4. Rose. B. B. 
 
 t. 661. 
 
 — Henni'ngii. See M. borealis. 
 
 — involuera'ta. 1|. Purple. July. N. Amer. 
 
 B. M. t. 4681. 
 
 — ita'lica. ^See M. alcea. 
 
 — la'ctea. See Malvastrwm vitifoliwm. 
 
 — lateri'tia, B. M. t. 3846. See Malvastrum 
 
 lateritium. 
 
 — Hme^nsis. 1. Pink. Jacq. Vind. 1. 141. 
 
 — Iw'dda, Pink. June. 
 
 ^ Martsnsia'ria. Rose. Australia. 1864. Green- 
 house. 
 
 •— mauritia'na. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 81. See 
 Lavatera eretica. 
 
 — minia'ta. 4. Red. June. S. America. 1698. 
 
 — More'nii. B. M. t. 2793. See M. aleea. 
 
 — moscha'ta. 2. Mesh. June. Britain. 
 allba. White. 1881. 
 
 undula'ta. 2. White. July. B. M. 
 
 t. 2298. 
 
 — Mulle'ri. See Lavatera triloba. 
 
 — Munroa'na. B. B. t, 1306. See Malvastrwm 
 
 Munroanum. 
 
 — oUwsilc/ba. B. M. t. 2787. See Sphceralacea 
 
 obtusUoba. 
 
 — odora'ta. 8-12. Pink. Maund Bot. t. 218. 
 
 — parmjU/ra. Pink. Jacq. Vind. t. 39. 
 
 — perwvia'na. Jaco[. Vind. t. 156. See Malvas- 
 
 trwm peruvianum. 
 ~- prostra'ta. B. M. t. 2616. See Modwla pros- 
 
 trata. 
 ~ purpura' ta. 1*. Pale red. July. Chili. 
 
 1826. B. R. t. 1362. 
 
 — refldxa. Andr. Rep. 1. 135. See Malvastrum 
 
 tridactylites, var. glabra. 
 
 — retu'sa. 4. Pink. April. South Africa. 
 
 1803. 
 
 — sca'bra. 4. Yellow. June. Peru. 1798. 
 
 M. scopa'ria. 6. Yellow. April. Peru. 1782. 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 139. 
 
 — Sherardmna. Jacq. Vind. t. 142. See Sida. 
 spica'ta. See Malvastrwm spicatuvi. 
 stri'cta. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 294. See 
 
 MalvastruTn strictwm. 
 tomento'sa. 3. Yellow. July. E. Indies. 
 
 1820. Stove. 
 tricuspida'ta. See Malvastrum tricuspidatu/m. 
 
 — trida^tyli'tes. See Malvastrwm tridactylites. 
 
 — umbella'ta. Crimson. S. America. 1820. 
 B. R. 1. 1608. Greenhouse. 
 
 — zebri'Tia. 2. White, red. August. S. Europe. 
 
 Malva'strum. (Derived from 
 Malva. Nat. ord., Malvacece ; Tribe, 
 Malvece.) 
 
 Greenhouse or hardy herbs. For culture, see 
 Malva. 
 
 M. aspe'rrimwm. 3. Red. July. South Africa. 
 1796. Syn., Malva asperrvma. Jacq. 
 H. Schoenb. 1. 139. 
 
 — calyci'Tium. 3. Purple. April. South Africa. 
 
 1796. Syns., Malva ammTia, B. M. 
 1. 1998, and M. calycma, B. R. t. 297. 
 
 — cwm/pamula'tuTn. 1. Pink, lilac. July. Chili. 
 
 1839. ^jxi.fMalvacaTnpanulata. Paxt. 
 Mag. ix. p. 173. 
 
 — capelnse. 10. Red, white. June. South 
 
 Africa. 1713. Syn., Malva capeTisis. 
 B. R. t. 296. 
 
 balsa'micum. 3. Scarlet. June. South 
 
 Africa. 1769. Syn., Malva fragrans of 
 B. B. t. 296. 
 
 — cocd'Tieum. J. Scarlet. July. N. America, 
 
 1811. Syn., Cristaria coccinea. B. M. 
 t. 1673. 
 
 grossularicefo'liuTn. 2. Red. July. 
 
 United States. 1836. Syn.^ Malva creana. 
 B. M. t. 3698. 
 
 — divarica'tuTn. White, pink. June. S. Africa. 
 
 Syn. , Malvadivaricata. Andr. Rep. 1. 182. 
 
 — fra'graTU. 3. Scarlet. June. South Africa. 
 
 1769. Syn., Malva fragrams of Jacq. 
 Vind. t. 33. 
 
 — Gillie' sii. ^. Bright red. Summer. Parana. 
 Syns., Malva geranioides and Modiola 
 
 — laten tium. 1. Salmon. September. Buenos 
 
 Ayres. 1840. Syn., Malva latentia. 
 
 — Mwnroa'num. 2. Scarlet. August. Columbia. 
 
 1826. Syn., Malva Munroana. B. R. 
 t. 1306. 
 
 — peruvia'nwTn. 3. Pink. Summer. Syn., 
 
 Malva peruviana. Jacq. Vind. 1. 166. 
 
 — stri'ctum. 3. White. April. South Africa. 
 
 1806. Syn., Malva striata. Jacq. H. 
 Schoenb. t. 294. 
 
 — triampida'tum. 1. Yellow. July. W. Indies. 
 
 1726. Syn., Malva tricuspidata. Stove 
 biennial. 
 
 — tridactyli'tes. 3. Pink. July. South Africa. 
 
 1791. Syn., Malva tridactylites. 
 
 gla'bra. Pale pink. March. S.Africa. 
 
 1794. Syn., MMoa refiexa. Andr. Rep. 
 1. 136. 
 
 Malvavi'sdus. (From inalva, the 
 mallow, and iiiscus, glue ; referring to 
 the mucilage with which it abounds. 
 Nat. ord., Malvacece; Tribe, Urenem.) 
 
 Stove and greenhouse evergreen trees and 
 shrubs. Cuttings of the somewhat stubby side- 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in heat ; 
 but the bell-glass must be elevated at night, to 
 prevent damping ; flbry peat, and sandy, lumpy 
 loam. 
 
 M. arbo'reus. 12. Scarlet. W. Ind. 1714. 
 
 — mo'llit. 12. Scarlet. August. Mexico. 1780. 
 
 — pUo'sus. 12. Red. October. Jamaica. 1780. 
 
MAM 
 
 [591] 
 
 MAM 
 
 Mame'stra. The larva of theBright- 
 line-brown-eye, or Pot-herb Moth {Ma- 
 me'stra olera'cea), may be found early in 
 December, beneath the surface of the 
 earth, undergoing its transformations. 
 This caterpillar is one of the most de- 
 structive of our garden enemies, feeding 
 on the stem, just under the surface, of 
 cabbages, but more especially brocoli, 
 lettuces, and some other garden produce 
 during the autumn. It is of a livid yel- 
 lowish-brown colour, darkly striped on 
 the back and sides, and with a white 
 stripe nearly over the feet, which are 
 light brown. It has black dots between 
 the dark stripes. When young, and 
 sometimes even when fully crown, it 
 has a green ground colour. The moth 
 comes forth in the summer. It measures 
 one and a half inches across the fore- 
 wings, which are nearly of a uniform 
 ■chestnut colour, but slightly clouded, 
 and with a whitish irregular line near 
 "the outer edge, with an orange-coloured, 
 kidney - shaped spot near it, and a 
 
 roundish dark spot near the centre. 
 The under-wings are dusky-white, with 
 the veins and a crescent-shaped spot in 
 the centre all dusky. 
 
 Mame'stra bra'ssiccE. — During the lat- 
 ter part of the evenings of May and June, 
 .a middle-sized, brown moth may be seen 
 very often flying in our gardens, and 
 visiting our beds of cabbages and let- 
 tuces, of which its caterpillars are most 
 ■destructive. This is the Cabbage Moth 
 {Mamestra brassicce, and NoctuahrassiccB 
 of somfe naturalists). It measures about 
 ■one inch and three-quarters across the 
 opened fore-wings, which are dusky- 
 brown, clouded with darker shades, and 
 marked with pairs of dark spots on their 
 front edge ; from these spots proceed the 
 streaks which mark the wings across ; 
 there are various spots on the wings, 
 some yellowish, and those in the middle 
 surrounded with white, the kidney- 
 , shaped one with a whitish-grey crescent 
 round it, and blackish beyond ; the 
 wings have a grey, yellowish-striped 
 fringe, and near this, at the point far- 
 thest from the body, they have a row of 
 '.black, triangular marks ; the hind- wings 
 
 are light brownish-grey, with dark veins; 
 the body and head are of various shades 
 of blackish-grey, with a darker stripe of 
 the same colour down the centre of the 
 back. During the day this moth rests 
 on the shady sides of the stems of trees, 
 or the branches of hedge-row bushes, 
 and even by the side of clods on the 
 soil. 
 
 The caterpillar is green, variously 
 marked with grey or black, with a dark 
 stripe down the back, and a dirty-yellow 
 one down each side ; the spiracles (breath- 
 ing-holes) are white, surrounded with 
 black, and close above the yellow stripe. 
 The caterpillar is found in July, August, 
 and September, feeding upon the hearts 
 of cabbages and lettuces. The only re- 
 medies are destroying the moths when- 
 ever seen, and hand-picking the cater- 
 pillars. The latter bury themselves in 
 the ground, and remain in the pupa or 
 chrysalis state all the winter. — The Cot- 
 tage Gardener. 
 
 Manune'a. Mammee-tree. (The 
 native name. Nat. ord. Guttiferce ; 
 Tribe, CalophyUew. Allied to Garcinia. ) 
 
 Cultivated in the West Indies and South 
 America for its fruit, called the Mammae Apple, 
 or Wild Apricot, said to rival the Mangosteen. 
 Stove evergreen trees, with white flowers. Cut- 
 tings of the half-ripened shoots in sand, under 
 a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; fibry, sandy 
 loam, and a little dried leaf -mould. 
 
 M. africa'na. 60. July. Sierra Leone. 1823. 
 — america'yia. 60. S. Amer. 1730. 
 
 Mammilla'ria. (From the diminu-- 
 tive of mamilla, a nipple ; referring to 
 the spirally-arranged tubercles on these 
 plants. Nat. ord., Cactece ; Tribe, .BcAi- 
 nocactew. Syn., Anhalonium.) 
 
 Dwarf plants, composed of a number 
 of tubercles, somewhat resembling the 
 teats of animals ; these are generally 
 terminated with bunches of hairy bristles, 
 and between them the flowers appear. 
 To grow them successfully, they should 
 be freshly dressed, or repotted, in sandy 
 loam and pea.t, with a fair portion of 
 brick rubble in April or May ; after- 
 wards kept in a close temperature, with 
 plenty of atmospheric moisture, but little 
 or no water given to the roots until they 
 are rooting freely ; then water may be 
 given, and the stimulus to growth con- 
 tinued for two or three months, when 
 moisture must be gradually withdrawn. 
 They like plenty of sunshine at all times 
 when fully established ; and at the end 
 of autumn the atmosphere must be 
 gradually cooled, to enable the plants to 
 stand dry, and in a dry atmosphere, and 
 a tem;perature of from 45° to 50° during 
 
MAM 
 
 [592] 
 
 MAN 
 
 the ■winter. No shade will be required, 
 unless just after potting, before fresh 
 growth is made. Those who try them 
 in windows may easily give them the 
 above treatment by placmg them in a 
 close box or pit for two months in 
 summer. Easily propagated by offsets. 
 Their greatest enemy is the red spider ; 
 plenty of syringing when growmg in 
 summer. Water somewhat liberalfy in 
 summer, when in flower and growing ; 
 little or none must be given at other 
 times. 
 
 M. aloi'des. Syn., AnhaUmium prismatieum. 
 
 — aca/nthophle'gma. Pink. Mexico. 1846. 
 ^ ayigulaJris. Mexico. 
 
 — atralta. Kose. Chai? B. M. t. 3642. 
 
 — au'riceps. Mexico. 
 
 — bi'color. Purple. July. Mexico. 
 
 — calcwra'ta. Yellow, red. Texas. 
 
 — Celda'na. Red. July. Mexico. 
 
 — centncHrrha. Apricot colour. July. Mexico. 
 
 1844. 
 
 — cMora'ntha. Yellow. Texas. 1883. 
 
 — chrysaca'ntlm. Yellow. S. America. 1827. 
 
 — chryea'ntha. Yellow. S. America. 1827. 
 
 — cirrhi'fera. Mexico. 
 
 — da'va. Yellow. Mexico. B. M. t. 4368. 
 
 — cocci'neOr. Scarlet. Juue. Chili. 1827. 
 
 — colunrna'Hs. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 — c&nica. July. 1808. 
 
 — comi'fera. Mexico. 1845. 
 
 — camynrn'mima. Yellow, purple, orange-red. 
 
 1887. 
 — - corona'ria. Scarlet. July. S. America. 1817. 
 
 — deci'piens. White. July. Mexico. 1846. 
 
 — delnsa. June. Mexico. 1830. 
 
 — deprefssa. Red, green. July. S. America. 
 
 ISOO. 
 
 — di'scolor. Red. July. Xalapa. 1829. B. 0. 
 
 1. 1671. 
 
 — dolichocefntra. Purple. Mexico. 
 
 — echina'ria. Pale pink. Mexico. 1830. 
 
 — elonga'ta. Mexico. 
 
 — Fi&mdri. Yellow. Mexico. 
 
 — fiam'scens. Yellow. 1811. 
 —fiariWnda. Pink. Chili. B. M. t. 3647. 
 —fanruim. Red. June. Mexico. 1847. 
 
 — gernvniapHna. Red. Mexico. 1823. 
 
 — gladia'ta. Mexico. 1846. 
 
 — glochidia'ta. Mexico. 
 
 — glomera'ta. Red. St. Domingo. 1826. 
 
 — gra'eiliB. Mexico. 
 
 — Qruso'ni. Yellow. Mexico. Gfl. 1886, p. 106, 
 
 fig. 20. 
 
 — Haagea'na. Pink. July. Mexico. 
 
 — heWcteres. Rose. June. Mexico. 1827. 
 
 — Hey'deri. Texas. 1880. 
 
 — lami'fera. Red. Mexico. 1823. 
 
 — Leh/ma'nni. i. Straw-colour. Mexico. 1836. 
 
 B. M. t. 3634. 
 
 — Iffrugvmalmma. Yellow. June. Mexico. 
 
 — Tnacrothffle. Yellow, violet. Mexico. 
 
 — magnimai'mma. Mexico. 
 
 — mierothelle. Yellow, red. Mexico. 
 
 — minima. Mexico.. 
 
 — rmeiouriel'nm. White. July. Missouri. 1818. 
 ^~ muta'bilis. Purple. July. Mexico. 
 
 — Neumannia'TM. Mexico. 1845. 
 
 — ParMns&nii. Yellow. July. Mexico. 
 
 — Peaco'ckii, Mexico. 1872. 
 
 — phymatotheHe. Mexico. 1846. 
 — polyefdra. Pink. July. Mexico. 
 
 — polytMle. Red. August. Mexico, 
 
 — proKfera. White. July. S. America. 1800. 
 — pukhdlla. Purple. July. Mexico. 
 
 — pvllehra. Rose. June. Mexico. 1826. B. 
 
 R. 1. 1329. 
 
 M. puiUlla. Pale red. S. America. 1820. 
 -— pycncuM'ntha. J. Yellowish. July. Mexico. - 
 B. M. t. 3972. 
 
 — pyramidalis. Mexico. 1836. 
 
 — pyrrhoce^phala. Red. June. Mexico. 
 
 — quadra'ta. Chili. 1827. 
 
 — qimdrispi'na. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 — ra'dians. Mexico. 1846. 
 
 — rhodciea'nthe. Red. July. Mexico, 
 
 — scmgwi'nea. Pink. Mexico. 1883. Gfl. 
 
 1. 1111. 
 
 — Schelha'sii. White. June. Mexico. Gfl, 
 
 t. 207. 
 
 — Schiedea'ma. White. July. Meisico. 1846. 
 
 — scolymoi'des. Yellow, purple. August- 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 — Seitzm'na. Mexico. 
 
 — selnilie. Orange-red, violet-tinted. Mexico. 
 
 — spedo'sa. Red. Chili. 1827. 
 
 — sphoero'tricha. Red. July. Mexico. 
 
 — spinosi'ssvma. Red. June. 
 
 — ste^Uoraura'ta. Yellow. July. Mexico. 
 
 — stella'ta. Pink. May. S. America. 1816. 
 
 — strami'nea. Red. June. S. America. 1811. 
 
 — Unuw. White. May. Mexico. 1830. B. M. 
 
 1. 1623. 
 
 — Utraealntha. Bright rose. July. Mexico. 
 
 B. M. t. 4060. 
 
 — turimwlta. Yellow or straw-colour, tipped 
 
 with red. June. Mexico. B. M. 
 t. 3984. 
 
 — ubmfo'rmu. White. July. Mexico. 1846. 
 
 — umsinalta. White, red. July. Mexico. 1846. 
 
 — vdtula. Li^t scarlet. 1836. 
 
 — rivwlpa/ra. Red. Lousiana. 1811. 
 
 — WiMiA'na. Rose August. Mexico. 
 
 — xantho'tricha. Rose-purple. 
 
 — Zuecarinia'na, Mexico. 1846. 
 
 Mancine'Ua. A synonym of Hip- 
 pomane. 
 Mandarin Orange. Ci'trus m'- 
 
 Mandeyi'lla. (Named after H. J. 
 Mandeville, Esq., formerly Consvd at 
 Buenos Ayres. Nat. ord. , ApocynacecB ; 
 Tribe, Echitidece. Allied to Echites. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen climber. Generally by cut- 
 tings of the small, stiff side-shoots, when about 
 three inches in length, taken off close to the old 
 wood, and inserted in sand, under a bell-glass. 
 and in a mild bottom-heat ; peat and loam. It 
 does little good as a pot-plant, but is splendid 
 when planted out and allowed room in a warm 
 greenhouse or stove, where fine climbers are 
 prized. 
 
 M. suavefolens. 20. White. June. Buenos 
 Ayres. 1837. B. R. 1840, t. 7. 
 
 Mandiro'la. A synonym of Achi- 
 menes. 
 
 Mandrago'ra. (From mandra, an 
 ox-stall, and agauros, cruel ; alluding to 
 its poisonous effects when accidentally 
 given to cattle with their fodder. Nat. 
 ord. Solanacece ; Tribe, Atropece.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds ; divi- 
 sions of roots. Rich loam. 
 M. OMtumna'lis. 1. Blue. September. S. 
 Europe. This very handsome plant is 
 supposed to be the mandrake of ihe Old 
 Testament. ' Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 
 t. 326. Syn., Atropa Mwndragora. 
 
 — officma'rwm. 3. Blue. May. Levant. Com- 
 
 mon Mandrake. 
 
 — prc^eox. 1. Yellow. March. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. Swt. Fl. Gard. 1. 198. 
 
MAN 
 
 [593] 
 
 MAN 
 
 Mane'ttia. (Named after X. 
 Manetti, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord. , 
 Bubiacece; Tribe, Cinchonece. Allied 
 to Bouvaj-dia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen or herbaceous climbers. Cut- 
 tings of the young shoots in sandy soil, under a 
 bell-glass ; such kinds as cocei'nea also by divi- 
 sion of the fleshy, tubercled-like roots as growth 
 IS commencing ; sandy peat and flbry loam. 
 M. bi'eolor. 3. Scarlet, yellow. March. Rio 
 Janeiro. 1843. 
 
 — cocei'nea. 20. Scarlet. June. Guiana. 1806. 
 
 — cwAifo'lia. 6. Scarlet. August. Buenos 
 
 Ayres. B. M. t. 3202. Syn., M. glabra. 
 
 — gla'bra. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 233. See 
 
 M. cordifoUa. 
 
 — Lygi'stum. 20. Pink. March. Cuba. 1822. 
 
 — mi cams. Scarlet. Peru. 1866. 
 -apUndens. Crimson. May. Caraccas. 1840. 
 
 — umf^ra. 3. Bose. November. St. Martha. 
 
 1844. 
 
 Mangi'fera. Mango-tree. (From 
 Tnango, the Hindoo name of the fruit, 
 and/ero, to bear. Nat. orA.., Anacar- 
 diaeecB ; Tribe, Anacardiece.) 
 
 The Mango is the most esteemed fruit in 
 India, havmg a grateful perfumed flavour. 
 Stove evergreen trees, from the Bast Indies. 
 Cuttings of the nearly ripe shoots in sand, under 
 a glass, and in heat ; peat and rich loam. 
 M.foeltida. 20. Red. Malacca. 1824. 
 
 — glmjifca. See Ekeodend/ron glaucimi. 
 
 — i'ndica. 20. White. July. Tropical India. 
 
 1690. B. M. t. 4610. 
 
 — oppositifii!lia. Yellow. June. Pegu. 1823. 
 
 Syn., BoTbca humtiamica. 
 
 Mangle' sia. (Named after Captain 
 Mangles, and his brother, Robert Man- 
 gles, Esq., of Sunning Hill, distinguished 
 patrons of botany. Nat. ord. , Proteacece ; 
 Tribe, Grevilliece.) See GreviUea. 
 M. glabra'ta. See Grevillea glabrata. 
 
 — vesti'ta. 6-9. Purple. May. Swan Biver. A 
 
 synonym of Qrevillea vestita. 
 
 Mangli'lla. A synonym of Mjrr- 
 sine. 
 
 Mango Ginger. Cu'rcuma ama'da. 
 
 MangOSteen. \Garci'nia. 
 
 Mango Tree. Mangi'/era. 
 
 Mangrove. JRhizo'phora. 
 
 Manica'ria. (From mareica, a glove, 
 referring to the spathe, or rolling-leaf 
 which surrounds the flower-stem. Nat. 
 ord., PaJmece ; Tribe, Arecete.) 
 
 Stove palm. Seeds in a strong moist heat, in 
 a hotbed ; rich, sandy loam. 
 M. gaeci'fera. 30. S. America. 1823. Mart. 
 Palm, t. 124. Syn., Filophora tetticu- 
 la/Fis. 
 
 Ma'nihot. (The Brazilian name of 
 the root. Nat. ord., Euphorbiacem ; 
 Tribe, Crotonece. Syn., Janipha. Allied 
 to Jatropha. ) 
 
 Greenhouse or stove evergreen shrubs j loam. 
 
 Seat, sand, and a little charcoal. Cuttings of 
 rm shoot» in sand under a bell-glass. 
 Jf . cesculif&lia. S. Central America. 1826. 
 Syn., Janipha (escufifolia. 
 
 M. carthagme'rms. 3. July. Carthagena. 1826. 
 Syns., Janipha Loefiingii and Jatropha 
 carthaginensis. Jacq. Vind. iii. t. 77. 
 
 — digita'ta. Blue, green. July. Australia. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — diverslfo'Ua. Perhaps a species of Adriana. 
 
 — faeltida. 3. Brown. Mexico. 1824. Syn., 
 
 Janypha fcetida. 
 
 — gra'cilis. Brown, green. July. Brazil. 1822 
 tenuifo'lia. Blue, brown. June. Brazil. 
 
 1822. Syn.; M. tenuifolia. 
 
 — simm'ta. Brown. July. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 — Unuifdlia. See 3f. gracilis, var. tenuifolia. 
 
 — utUi'ssimm. 8. Brown. July. S. America. 
 
 1739. Syns., Janipha Mamihot, B. M. 
 t. 3071, Jatropha Loeflingii and J. 
 Manihot. 
 
 Manna. Alha'gi. 
 
 Manna Ash. Fra'xinus o'mus. 
 
 Manti'sia. Opera Girls. (Named 
 after an insect. Mantis, to which the 
 flowers have been compared. Nat. ord., 
 ScitaminecB ; Tribe, ZingiberecB. Allied 
 to Ginger.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials, from the Bast 
 Indies. Division of the roots, as growth com- 
 mences ; sandy peat and flbry loam, well 
 drained. 
 M. saltato'ria. 1. Purple. July. 1808. B. M. 
 
 1. 1320. Syn., Globba purpurea. Andr. 
 
 Bep. t. 616. 
 
 — spathula'ta. 1. Blue. June. 1823. 
 
 Manu'lea. (From manus, the hand ; 
 from a faint resemblance in the divisions 
 of the flower. Nat. ord., Scrophu- 
 lariacece ; Tribe, Manulece. AUied to 
 Chsenostoma.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from South Africa. 
 Several species are taken from this genus and 
 added to Lyperia. Seeds, sown in spring, in a 
 slight hotbed ; cuttings of the young snoots, 
 flrm at their base, in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 but without bottom-heat ; sandy loam and peat, 
 and leaf -mould. 
 M. Chevra'nthus. 1. Orange. August. 1795. 
 
 — corda'ta. See Chcenostoma cordata. 
 
 — foe!tida. See Chaenoetmna fcetida. 
 
 — hi'spida. See Chcenostoma hispida, 
 
 — opposUifo'lia. See Ch(Enostoma hispida. 
 
 — peduneula'ta. See Lgperia pedunculata. 
 — pinnati'fida. See Lyperia pinnatifida. 
 
 — ru'bra. IJ. Bed. June. 1790. 
 
 — viola'cea. See Lyperia violacea. 
 
 — visc&sa. See Sphcenandra viscosa. 
 
 Manures are either animal, vege- 
 table, or mineral. They directly assist 
 the growth of plants, by entering into 
 their composition, by absorbing and re- 
 taining moisture from the atmosphere, 
 by absorbing the gases of the atmo- 
 sphere, and by stimulating the vascular 
 system of the plants. Manures indirectly 
 assist vegetation, by killing predatory 
 vermin and weeds, by promoting the de- 
 composition of stubborn organic remains 
 in the soil, and by protecting plants 
 from violent changes of temperature. 
 
 All these properties seldom, if ever, 
 occur in one species of manure ; but 
 each is usually particularized by possess- 
 
 QQ 
 
MAN 
 
 [594] 
 
 MAN 
 
 ing one or more in a superior degree. 
 That is the most generally applicable 
 manure which is composed of matters 
 essential to the growth of plants : the 
 chief of these are carbon, hydrogen, and 
 oxygen ; therefore all animal and vege- 
 table substances are excellent manures. 
 It would evidently be of great benefit if 
 every plant could be manured with the 
 decaying parts of its own species. This 
 rule mi^t be so far followed as that the 
 stems of potatoes, peas, etc., could be 
 dug respectively into the compartments 
 where those crops are intended to be 
 grown in the following year ; but such 
 manure requires the addition of ,ammo- 
 niacal salts. 
 
 Some manures ameliorate a soil by 
 absorbing moisture from the atmosphere. 
 This property is, at least, as beneficial to 
 ground that is aluminous as to that which 
 is siliceous ; for it is equally useless to 
 either during periods of plentiful rain ; 
 but in the drought of summer, when 
 moisture is much wanting to plants, it 
 is beneficial to both ; in very dry seasons 
 it is even of greater importance to clayey 
 than to lirfit soils ; for vegetation on the 
 former suffers more from long-continued 
 drought than on the latter, the surface 
 of the clayey soil becoming caked and 
 impervious to air, the only grand source 
 of compensatory moisture that is avail- 
 able to the languishing plants, and which 
 is more open to those which grow on 
 light, and consequently, more pervious 
 soUs. 
 
 The following table of the comparative 
 absorbent powers of many manures is 
 extracted chiefly from "An Essay on 
 the Use of Salt in Agriculture," by Mr. 
 Cuthbert Johnson : 
 
 Horse manure evaporated previously 
 to dryness, at a temperature of 100°, ab- 
 sorbed during an exposure of three hours 
 to air saturated with moisture at 62°, 145 
 parts ; putrefied tanners' bark, under 
 similar circumstances (66°), 145 parts ; 
 unputrefied tanners' bark, 115 parts; 
 cow-dung, 130 parts ; pis-dung, 120 ; 
 sheep-dung, 81 ; pigeon-dung, 50 ; re- 
 fuse marine salt (6(r), 494 5 soot (68°), 
 36 ; burnt clay, 29 ; the richest soil (in 
 one hour), 23 ; coal-ashes, 14 ; lime (part 
 carbonate), 11; crushed rock-salt, 10; 
 gypsum, 9 ; chalk, 4. 
 
 The absorbing power of a manure is 
 much infiuenced by the state in which it 
 is presented to the atmosphere. In a 
 finely-divided state mere capillary at- 
 traction assists it ; hence the importance 
 of keeping the soil frequently stirred by 
 hoeing, etc. But a mere mass of cotton, 
 by means of capillary attraction, will ab- 
 
 sorb moisture from the air ; yet it parts 
 with it at a very slight elevation of tem- 
 perature. It is of importance, therefore, 
 to ascertain which are the manures that 
 not only absorb but retain moisture 
 powerfully. The following results of our 
 experiments throw some light on this 
 pomt : 
 
 Pig-manure evaporated to dryness at 
 a temperature of 106°, and then mois- 
 tened with six parts of water, required 
 for being reduced to dryness agam, at 
 the above temperature, 135 minutes ; 
 horse-duBg under similar circumstances, 
 90 ; common salt, 75 ; soot, 75 ; rich 
 soU, 32 ; chalk, 29 ; poor soil (siliceous), 
 23 ; gypsum, 18. 
 
 These experiments point out a criterion 
 by which we easily ascertain the com- 
 parative richness of any two given soils 
 or manures : the most fertile wiE be 
 most absorbent and retentive. 
 
 Some manures increase the growth 
 and vigour of plants by stimulating 
 their absorbent and assimilating organs. 
 The stimulating powers of excrementi- 
 tious manures arise from the salts of 
 ammonia they contain. 
 
 Sir H. Davy found vegetation assisted 
 by solutions of muriate of ammonia (sal- 
 ammoniac), carbonate of ammonia (vola- 
 tile salt), and acetate of ammonia. Night 
 soil, one of the most beneficial of 
 manures, surpasses all others in the 
 abundance of its ammoniacal consti- 
 tuents in the proportion of three to one. 
 It may be observed, that the nearer any 
 animal approaches to man in the nature 
 of its food, the more fertilizing is the 
 manure it affords. We have no doubt 
 that a languishing plant — one, for ex- 
 ample, that has been kept very long 
 with its roots out of the earth, as an 
 orange-tree recently imported from Italy 
 — might be most rapidly recovered, if its 
 stem and branches were steeped in a 
 tepid, weak solution of carbonate of am- 
 monia ; and when planted, an uncorked 
 phial of the solution were suspended to 
 one of the branches, to impregnate the 
 atmosphere slightly with its stmiulating 
 fumes. 
 
 Manures are also of benefit to plants 
 by affording some of the gases of the 
 atmosphere to their roots in a concen- 
 trated form. A soil, when first turned 
 up by the spade or plough, has generally 
 a red tint, of various intensity, which, 
 by a few hours' exposure to the air, sub- 
 sides into a grey or black hue. The first 
 colour appears to arise from the oxide of 
 iron which all soils contain, being in the 
 state of the red or protoxide ; by absorb- 
 ing more oxygen during the exposure, it 
 
MAP 
 
 [595] 
 
 MAR 
 
 is converted into the black or peroxide. 
 Hence one of the benefits of frequently 
 stirring soils ; the roots of incumbent 
 plants abstract the extra dose of oxygen, 
 and reconvert it to the protoxide. (S)al- 
 ashes, in common with all carbonaceous 
 matters, have the power of strongly at- 
 tracting oxygen. Every gardener may 
 have observed how rapidly a bright spade 
 ■of iron left foul with coal-ashes becomes 
 •covered with rust or red oxide. 
 
 Mineral manures assist plants by de- 
 stroying predatory vermin and weeds. 
 This is not a property of animal and 
 vegetable manures — they foster both 
 those enemies of our crops. Salt and 
 lime are very efficient destroyers of slugs, 
 snails, grubs, etc. 
 
 Stable-manure, and all decomposing 
 animal and vegetable substances, nave a 
 tendency to promote the decay of stub- 
 born organic remains in the soil, on 
 the principle that putrescent substances 
 hasten the process of putrefaction in 
 •other organic bodies with which they 
 •come in contact. Salt, in a small pro- 
 
 Sortion, has been demonstrated by Sir 
 . Pringle to be gifted with a similar 
 septic property ; and that lime rapidly 
 breaks down the textm'e of organized 
 matters is well known. 
 
 There is no doubt that rich soils, or 
 those abounding in animal and vegetable 
 remains, are less liable to change in 
 temperature with that of the incumbent 
 atmosphere than those of a poorer con- 
 stitution. This partly arises from the 
 colour of the soils. Some manures, as 
 salt, protect plants from suffering by 
 sudden reductions of temperature, by 
 entering into their system, stimulating 
 .and rendering them more vigorous, im- 
 pregnating their sap, and, consequently, 
 rendering it less Ua!ble to be congealed. 
 
 Mapa'nia. (Probably derived from 
 the vernacular name. Nat. ord., Cype- 
 racem ; Tribe, Hypolytrece. ) 
 
 Stove, grass like plant. Diiision o{ the roots ; 
 
 seeds. Sandy loam and peat. 
 
 U. lu'eida. Young leaves tinged ■with red ; 
 
 older ones bright green, with three 
 
 parallel nerves. Borneo. 111. Hort. 
 
 t. 657. 
 
 Maple. A'cer. 
 
 Ma'ppa. (J!ia,t. ori., Euphorbiacece.) 
 A synonym of Macaranga. 
 
 M. Partea'na. See Macaranga Porteana. 
 
 Maranhao Nuts. Bertholle'tia. 
 
 Mara'nta. Arrow-root. (Named 
 after B. Maranti, an Italian botanist. 
 Nat. ord., Scitaminece ; Tribe, Maran- 
 ieoB. Allied to Canna.) 
 
 A kind of arrow-root is obtained from the 
 
 rhizomes, or fleshy roots, of some of the species. 
 Ornamental stove evergreens; division of the 
 roots in spring ; rich, sandy loam, with nodules 
 of peat.. 
 
 M. angnstifo'lia. B. M. t. 2398. See Jf. Tmuihat. 
 
 — anrgelntea. Leaves silvery grey with deep 
 
 green marks. Brazil. 1884. 
 
 — argyrala. See Caiaihea argyrcea. 
 
 — a/runiiTUilcea. 6 to 10. White. Tropical 
 
 America. — Arrowroot. B. M. t. 2307. 
 
 variaga'tum. Syn., Phrynium variega- 
 
 turn. 
 
 — asymme'triea. Leaf much wider on one side 
 
 of the midrib than on the other. 1882. 
 
 — Baraqui'nii. See Calathea Baraquinia/na. 
 
 — be^Uuta. See Calathea belhUa, 
 
 — W color . }. White. July. Brazil. 1823. 
 
 B. E. t. 786. 
 
 mi'nor. J. White. April. S. Amer. 1828. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1924. 
 
 — chimboraeelngU. Ecuador. 1869. HI. Hort. 
 
 1. 1871. Syn., Calathea chimboracensis. 
 
 — eonei'nna. Yellow. S. America. 1874. 
 
 — eanspi'cua. Leaves dark green, with distant 
 
 yellowish-green bands ; under surface 
 purplish. Brazil. 1886. 
 
 — deprdssa. White ; leaves pale green in 
 
 centre, with brown blotches. Brazil. 
 1880. Belg. Hort. 1880, 1. 11. 
 — fasd'ata. Se& Calathea faseiata. 
 
 — gratio'sa. Leaves silvery green, with green 
 
 midrib. Brazil. 1884. 
 
 — iconi'fera. Perhaps a synonym of Calathea 
 
 Mdkoyana. 
 
 — illu'stris. ilor. Mag. t. 287. See Calathea il- 
 
 lustris. 
 
 — Eerehovia'rM. HI. Hort. t. 363. See Cala- 
 
 thea Kerchoviana. 
 
 — Legrellia'na. See Calathea Legrellia/na. 
 
 — leopardi'na. See Calathea leopardina. 
 
 — leptosta'chya. Brazil. Syns., Phrynium lepto- 
 
 stachyum and Thalia leptostachya. 
 
 — ImeonAu'ra. Leaves green, purple beneath, 
 
 midrib light green. Fl. Ser. t. 2364-6. 
 
 — Limdenia'na. Belg. Hort. 1870, t. 1. See 
 
 Calathea. 
 
 — linea'ta. 1. 1848. 
 ro'seos. 1. 1848. 
 
 — iMiehnathia'na. Brazil. 1857. Syiis., Thalia 
 
 and Phryniv/m Imschna/nthia/na. Gfl. 
 t. 220. 
 
 — maje/gtica. See Calathea omata. 
 
 — Makoya'na. Pale green with darker blotches, 
 
 brown beneath. Syn., M. oUvaris. Flor. 
 Mag. new ser, t. 63. 
 
 — malacce^nms. See Alpinia Tmtlaccensis. 
 
 — Massangea'na. Leaves, centre bluish-green, 
 
 next deep purplish, margin bright green ; 
 under surface purple. Flor. Mag. new 
 ser. t. 234. 
 
 — Maz^Uii. Leaves green, with two broad grey 
 
 bands. S. America. 1871. 
 
 — musa'ica. Leaves glossy green. Brazil. 
 
 1884. 
 
 — nigrocosta'ta. Leaves bright green above, 
 
 purple beneath. Syn., Calathea (Ma- 
 ra/nta) nigrocostata. HI. Hort. new ser. 
 t. 144. 
 
 — ni'tida. Leaves shiny bright green. Brazil. 
 
 1884. 
 
 — ohli'gua. See Isohnosiphon. 
 
 — oUva'ris. See M. Makoyana. 
 
 — m-bifo'lia. See Calathea. 
 
 — oma'ta. Fl. Ser. t. 413-4. See Calathea, omata 
 
 — paci'fica. See Calathea paeifica. 
 
 — parcLi'iha. See Calathea pardina. 
 
 — pictwrata. See Calathea picturata. 
 
 — polita. Leaves with 6 to 8 dark ^een 
 
 blotches on each side of the midrib. 
 Brazil. 1884. 
 
 — Partea'na. Bahia. 1869. 
 
 — pri'neeps. See Calathea princeps. 
 
MAR [ 596 ] 
 
 M. puiche'lla. See Calathea puichella. 
 
 — reqallia. See Calathea. 
 
 — Riedelia'na. Brazil. 1868. 
 
 — ro'Beo-pi'cta. ¥1. Ser. 1. 1876. See Calathea. 
 
 — aagona'na. Leaves green-banded. S. America. 
 
 1862. 
 
 — sangui'nea. Brazil. H. Ser. t. 785. Syn., 
 
 Phrynimn mn^umem. B. M. t. 4646. 
 
 — sma/raadiTui. Leaves emerald-green, with 
 
 dark-green central stripe. Ecuador. 
 1870. Syn., Calathea mhwragdma. 
 
 — svetAo'ta. Leaves bright green with white 
 
 bands. Brazil. 1884. 
 
 — tpeetaJWM. Brazil. Syn., Stromamthe specta- 
 
 Ulw. Lem. Jard. Fl. t. 401. 
 
 — aple'ndAda. See Calathea splendida. 
 
 — gtrUi'ta. White-streaked. Philippines, Ma- 
 
 jestiea is a variety. 
 
 — Tou'chat. 8. Bed. July. E. Ind. 1819. Syn., 
 
 M. aTigvstifolia. 
 
 — undula'ta. See Calathea undulata. 
 
 — Va'ndenHe!ckei. See Calathea Va/ndenHeckei. 
 
 — va/riega'ta. See Calathea. 
 
 — Veltchii. G. C. 1870, p. 924. See Calathea 
 
 Veitchuma. 
 
 — vvrgina'lis. See Calathea virginalis. 
 
 — vitta'ta. See Calathea vittata. 
 
 — WagnefH. See Calathearoseo-picta, var. Wag- 
 
 neri. 
 
 — WaHli'sii. See Calathea WalKsii. 
 
 — Watrzewi'czii. Fl. Ser. t. 939-940. See Cala- 
 
 thea. 
 
 — Wio'ti. See Calathea Wioti. 
 
 — zebri'na. B. R. t. 380. See Calathea. 
 
 Mara'ttia. (Named after J. F. Ma- 
 ratti, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Filices — Marattiacew. ) 
 
 Very ornamental stove or greenhouse evergreen 
 ferns. Division in spring, or by spores ; peat 
 lumpy sandy, and coarse sand. 
 M ala'ta. 1}. Brown. August. Jamaica. 
 1793. 
 
 — ciaitcefo'lia. Brown, yellow. Brazil. 1843. 
 
 — Coope'ri. Australasia. 1863. Greenhouse. 
 —fraxi'nea e'legams. 8. Brown, yellow. Nor- 
 folk Island. 
 
 — loelma. A synonym of M. alata. 
 
 — purpura' seens. 6. Ascension Island. 
 
 — ■ crista'ta. Eronds crested. 
 
 — SaddMna. Brazil. 1878. Syn., Qymmotheea 
 
 Raddiwna. 
 
 Maregra'via. (After Georg Mare- 
 graf, who wrote on the natural history 
 of Brazil. Nat. ord., Ternstromiacece ; 
 Tribe, Marcgraviece. ) 
 M. du'bm. Probably a species of Pothos. 
 
 — ilvdica. Wall climber. 1884. 
 
 — parado'xa. Tropical America. 
 
 — vmibeUa'ta. Tropical America. 
 
 Margins of streams and other orna- 
 mental waters must always accord with 
 the surroundings in which they are 
 placed. Art, therefore, must imitate 
 each in its proper place, not always by a 
 studious picturesque arrangement of the 
 marginal accompaniments in each case, 
 but by excavating the groundwork, 
 planting the trees and shrubs, and 
 leaving the rest to the motion of the 
 waves of the water. After the effects 
 of one winter, stones or gravel may be 
 deposited in spots suitable for stony or 
 gravelly shores. 
 
 MAR 
 
 Margyrica'rpus. (From marga- 
 roH, a pearl, and kwrpos, a seed-vessel ; 
 referring to the pearly succulent fruit. 
 Nat. ord., Bosacece; Tribe, Poteriem. 
 Allied to Agrimonia. ) 
 
 Hardy i 
 half-ri{ 
 under 
 loam, 
 ilf. setdsus. 2. Green. Peru. 1829. 
 
 Maria'lia. See Tovomita. 
 
 Maria'nthns. (From mairein, to 
 shine, and anthos, a flower ; referring 
 to the bright, various-coloured flowers. 
 Nat. ord. , FittosporecB. Allied to Sollya. ) 
 
 Greenhouse, trailers or climbers. Cuttings of 
 young side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 May ; sandy loam, flbry peat, with potsherds 
 and charcoal, to keep the soil rather open. 
 M. cceru'leo-pwncta' tus. 4. Blue. April. Swan 
 
 Elver. 1840. B. M. t. 3893. Syn., Cam- 
 
 pylanthera elegans. 
 
 — Drwmmondia'nus. Lilac. W. Australia. 1865, 
 Evergreen. B. M. t. 6621. 
 
 — frutico'sus. Swan River. 1841. 
 
 — ri'ngens. Golden -red. November. Swan 
 River. Syn., Calc^etalon riTigens. 
 
 Ma'rica. (From maraino, to flag; 
 refeiTing to the ephemeral nature of the 
 flowers, which last hardly a day. Nat. 
 ord., Iridece ; Tribe, Morceeoe. Allied 
 to Iris. ) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennials. By seed, 
 sown in a slight hotbed in spring, or by division 
 of the rhizomes. Sandy loam, peat, and leaf' 
 mould. 
 M. a/phy'lla. See Bobartia aphylla. 
 
 — bralchypus. Yellow, red-brown. Trinidad. 
 187l. Syn., Cypella brachypus. 
 
 — eceru'lea. 2. Blue. May. Brazil. 1818. 
 B, M. t. 713. 
 
 — coele'stw. 3. Blue. Brazil. 1829. 
 
 — gladia'ta. B. R. t. 229. See Bobartia gladiata. 
 
 — gra'aUis. 2. Yellow, blue. August. Brazil. 
 1830. B. M. t. 3yi3. 
 
 — hu'milis. White, yellow, brown, blue, orange- 
 red. Brazil. 1825. B. C. 1. 1081. Syn., 
 M. humilis, var. princepa. 
 
 lu'tea. B. M. t. 3809. See 31. lutea. 
 
 — iridifo'lia. B. R. t. 646. See Sisyrinchivm 
 ■iridifoliv/m. 
 
 — longifo'lia. Striped. August. Brazil. 1830, 
 
 — lultea. J. Yellow. April. Brazil. 1840. 
 Sjfn., U. humilis, var. lutea. 
 
 — martimieinm. See Lansbergia tnartinieemis. 
 
 — Northia'na. 4. Yellow. June. Brazil. 1789. 
 B. M. t. 664. Syn., Morcea Sorthima. 
 And. Rep. t. 265. 
 
 — paluddza. B. M. t. 646. See Cipuira palvAam. 
 
 — plica' ta. B. M. t, 655. See Eleutherine plicata- 
 
 — Sabi'ni. 2, Yellow. , August. St. Thomas. 
 1822. B. C. t. Ilk. 
 
 — spatha'cea. See Bobartia spathacea. 
 
 Marigold. Cale'ndula offlcma'lis. 
 
 Varieties. — Single, Common double. 
 Largest very double, Double lemon- 
 coloured, Great Childing, Small Child- 
 ing. The single-flowered, and those 
 which have the darkest orange colour, 
 possess the most flavour. 
 
 Soil. — Light, dry, poor, and unshaded. 
 
MAR 
 
 [597] 
 
 MAR 
 
 but 
 
 In rich ground they grow larger, 
 lose much of their flavour. 
 
 Sow any time from the close of Feb- 
 ruary until June ; or in autumn, during 
 September. If left to themselves, they 
 multiply from the self-sown seed. Sow 
 in drills, ten inches apart ; the plants to 
 be left where raised, being thinned to ten 
 or twelve inches asunder ; hut when the 
 seedlings are two or three inches in 
 height, they may be removed into rows 
 at similar distances as above. "Water 
 must be given moderately every other 
 ■day in dry weather until established. 
 
 Gathering. — The flowers, which the 
 spring-raised plants will produce in the 
 June of the same year, but those of 
 autumn not until that of the following 
 one, will be fit to gather for keeping in 
 July, when they are fully expanded, as 
 well as for use when reg^uired. Before 
 storing, they must be dried perfectly. 
 
 Marigold (African). 
 
 ^re'cta. 
 
 Tage'tes 
 
 . Marigold (French). Tage'tes pa'- 
 ivla. 
 
 Marigold (Great Cape). Cale'n- 
 dula hy'hrida. 
 
 Mari'la. (From marile, live embers 
 or sparks ; referring to pellucid dots on 
 the leaves, or yeUow fringe round the 
 seed-pod. Nat. ord., Ternstrdmiacem ; 
 Tribe, BonnetiecB. Allied to Mahurea.) 
 
 Ornamental stove evergreen shmb. Cuttings 
 ■of shoots, when short, and getting firm at their 
 base ; sandy peat and loam, well-drained, and 
 open. 
 
 M. raemno'm. 12. Yellow, green. August. W. 
 Ind. 1827. 
 
 Mari'scus. (From the Celtic mar, 
 a swamp ; the habitat of this genus. 
 Nat. ord., Cyperaeece.) 
 U. unibil^nsis. Syns., M. spargamCfolius and 
 Cyperus natalensis. 
 
 Maijoram. (Ori'ganum.) 0. ma- 
 jora'na, Sweet or Summer Marjoram. 
 0. heradeo'ticum, Winter Marjoram. 
 0. oni'tes, Common or Pot Marjoram. 
 
 Soil. — Light, dry, and moderately fer- 
 tile. The situation cannot be too open. 
 
 Propa.gatim.—T}ie Sweet Marjoram 
 is propagated solely by seeds ; the others 
 by seed, as well as by parting their roots, 
 and slips of their branches. Sow from 
 the end of February, if open weather, to 
 the commencement of June; but the 
 early part of April is best. Portions of 
 the rooted plants, slips, etc, may be 
 planted from February until May, and 
 during September and October. 
 
 Sow in drUls, six inches apart, the 
 seed being buried not more than a 
 
 quarter of an inch deep. When the 
 seedUngs are two or three inches high, 
 thin to six inches, and those removed 
 may be micked in rows at a similar dis- 
 tance. Those of the annual species (0. 
 majora'na) are to remain : but those of 
 the perennials, to be finally removed 
 during September, water being given at 
 eveiy removal, and until the plants are 
 established. 
 
 Plant slips, etc., in rows ten or twelve 
 inches apart, where they are to remain ; 
 they must be watered moderately every 
 evening, and shaded during the day 
 until they have taken root. In October 
 the decayed parts of the perennials are 
 cut away, and some soil from the alleys 
 scattered over the bed about half an inch 
 in depth, the surface of the earth be- 
 tween the stools being previously stirred 
 gently. The tops and leaves of all the 
 species are gathered when green, in 
 summer and autumn, for use, m soups, 
 etc. ; and a store of the branches are cut 
 and dried in July or August, just before 
 the flowers open, for winter's supply. 
 
 Seed. — If a plant or two are left un- 
 gathered from the Pot Marjoram, the 
 seed ripens in the course of the autumn. 
 But the others seldom ripen their seed 
 in this country; consequently it is 
 usually obtained from the south of 
 France or Italy. 
 
 Fcyroing. — When the green tops are 
 much in request, a small quantity of 
 seed of the Summer Marjoram is sown 
 in January or February, in a moderate 
 hotbed. 
 
 Market-Gardener, one who grows 
 garden produce for sale. 
 
 Marking Fruit. Anaca'rdiwm. 
 
 Marl is a compound of chalk (carbo- 
 nate of lime) with either siliceous sand 
 or alumina. In the first instance it is a 
 siliceous marl, best applied to heavy 
 soils ; and in the latter a clayey marl, 
 adapted for light lands. Slaty and shell- 
 marls are varieties of the siliceous. The 
 relative proportions of the constituents 
 vary indefinitely, the chalk amounting 
 to from 15 to 75 per cent. The quantity 
 applied per acre must also vary greatly, 
 according to the object to be attained. 
 To render a light soil more tenacious, 
 100 tons per acre of clayey marl are not 
 too much ; neither is the same quantity 
 of siliceous marl an excess, if applied to 
 a heavy soil to render it more friable. 
 
 Ma'rlea. (From marlija, the Indian 
 name. Nat. ord. , Comacem. Allied to 
 
 Nyssa.) 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of 
 
MAR 
 
 [598] 
 
 MAS 
 
 shoots, or rather, short, stubby side-shoots, 
 taken oS with a heel, in sand, under glass ; peat 
 and loam. 
 M. hegomc^dlia. 4. Yellow. China. B. K. 
 
 1838, t. 61. 
 
 Marru'bium. Horehound. (From 
 the Hebrew marrob, bitter juice. Nat. 
 ord., Labiates; Tribe, Stachydece.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Bivision of the 
 roots in spring ; by slips, in a shady place, or 
 shaded for a time, and by seeds ; common garden- 
 soil. 
 M. a^'ne. See M, leonuroides. 
 
 — ali/ssum. H. Purple. July. Spain. 1597. 
 
 — a'ptilwm. See M. mUgare, var. la/natum. 
 
 — aMraca'niGU'm, IJ. Blue. Orient. Jacq. 
 
 let. 109. 
 
 — camdidil tgmvwm. 2. White. July. Levant. 1732. 
 
 — catana^dlivm,. IJ. Purple. July. Levant. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — leonwrai'des. IJ. Purple. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1819. Syn., M. afine. 
 
 — propi'nquum. "White. June. 1836. 
 
 — vulga're. 2. White. July. Britain. 
 Iwna'tum. White. August. Britain. 
 
 Marsde'ma. (Named after W. 
 Marsden, author of a History of Suma- 
 tra. Nat. ord., Asclepiadaeece ; Tribe, 
 Marsdeniem. Allied to Pergularia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen, or half-hardy or hardy, 
 twining shrubs ; fikvefscens is a pretty climber. 
 Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, in April or 
 May, and a very slight bottom-heat ; sandy loam, 
 with a little leaf -mould or peat. 
 M. ere!cta. 2. White. July. Syria. 1697. Syn., 
 
 Cynanchum erectv/m. Jacq. Vind. t. 38. 
 — fiaveficens, 20. Yellowish. August. New 
 
 S. Wales. 1830. B. M. t. 3289. 
 
 — hmiceroi'des, 6. Scarlet. July. Brazil. 
 
 1826. Syns., Baxtera lonweroides and 
 HarHeonia Umiceroides. B. M. t. 2699. 
 
 — TTMcula'ta. 20. Green, purple. June. New 
 
 Grenada. 1834. B. M. t. 4299. 
 
 — suavefolens. 2. White. July. New S. Wales. 
 
 1816. B. E. t. 489. 
 
 — tenad'eemm. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 1806. 
 
 Marsha'llia. (Named after H. Mar- 
 shall, a botanical author. Nat. ord., 
 Compositce; Tribe, Helianthoidece.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceousplants.withpurplish flowers, 
 from Carolina. Division of the plants in spring, 
 seeds ; common, sandy loam ; a/ngustifo'lia likes 
 the addition of peat ; they require a dry, ele- 
 vated place in winter, and the protection of an 
 evergreen bough. 
 Jf. amguatifoflia. 2. July. 1800. 
 
 — aeepito'Ba. 1. Purple, white. July. Texas. 
 
 1837. B. M. t. 3704. 
 
 — lanceola'ta. IJ. June. 1812. 
 
 — lat'ifo'lia. IJ. June. 1806. 
 
 Marsh Cinquefoil. PotmWlla 
 
 Coma'rum, 
 
 Marsh Mallow. Althm'a. 
 
 Marsh Marigold. Ca'ltfmpalu's- 
 tris. 
 
 Marsi'lea. (In honour of Cmmt L. 
 F. Miwsigli, founder of the Bologne 
 Academy of Sciences. Nat. ord., Marsi- 
 leaeew.) 
 
 Half-hardy aquatic. See Aquatics 
 Jf. quadnfolia'ta, S. Europe. 1820. 
 
 Martagon. Li'Uum ma'rtagon. 
 
 Martine'zia. (In honour of Bal- 
 thassar Martinez, a Spanish naturalist. 
 Nat. oidi., PalmecE ; Tribe, Cocoinece.) 
 
 Stove palms. For cultivation, see Cocos and 
 Cabyota. 
 
 3f. cwtottBfo'lia. 40. New Grenada. 1846. B. 
 M. t. 6864. 
 
 — ero'm. W. Indies. 1871. G. C. 1875, iii. p. 
 
 473. 
 
 — oriMiate'TMig. Columbia. 1874. 
 ~ leucophcEfa. Columbia. 1875. 
 
 — lAndemalna. 16. Columbia. 1869. 111. Hort. 
 
 zix. t. 99. 
 
 Marty'nia. (Named after Dr. Mar- 
 tyn, once professor of botany at Cam- 
 bridge. Nat. ord. , Pedalinem ; Tribe, 
 MartynieoB. Allied to Pedalium. ) 
 
 HaJf-hardy annuals. Seeds, sown in a gentle 
 but sweet bottom-heat, in March ; plants pricked 
 off as soon as they can be handled, kept close 
 and warm, and, when increasing in size, shifted 
 and hardened oS by degrees, to enable them to 
 bloom in the open border. 
 M. Cramola'ria. See Craniolaria a/imua. 
 
 — dia'ndria. li. Red. July. New Spain. 
 
 1831. B. B. t. 2001. 
 —fra'grcme. 2. Crimson. June. Mexico. 1840. 
 B. B. 1841, t. 6. 
 
 — hirtUa'bia. Yellow, purple, white. February. 
 
 New Grenada. 
 
 — longiJUi'ra. See Rog&ria longifiora. 
 
 — lu'tea. li. Yellow. July. Brazil. 1826. 
 
 B. B. t. 934. 
 
 — proboici'dea. |. Light blue. July. Mexico. 
 
 1738. B. M. t. 1066. Syns., M. anmuj, 
 and M. lousiaTia. 
 
 Marvel of Peru. 
 
 Masearenha'sia. (In honour of 
 Bon Mascarenhas, a Portuguese naval 
 commander, who discovered Bourbon in 
 1545. Nat. ord., Apocynacece ; Tribe, 
 Echitidem.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climber. For culture, see 
 
 DIPIADENIA. 
 
 M. Owmmout'na, Carmine. August. Mada 
 gascar. 1881. B. M. t. 6612. 
 
 Masdeva'Uia. (Named after /. 
 Masdevall, a Spanish botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Orchidem; Tribe, Epidendreos- 
 Pleurothallece. Allied to Octomeria. ) 
 
 Stove orchids. Bivision in spring ; peat, sphag- 
 num, rotten wood, and charcoal ; plants elevated 
 above the pots or baskets. Winter temp., 65' to 
 60" ; summer, 60° to 90°. 
 
 M. abbrema*ta. i. White, purple-dotted. Colum- 
 bia? 1878. 
 
 — tusroehordo'nia. Ecuador. 1874. O. C. 1885, 
 
 xxiii. p. 174. 
 
 — teguUcfba. Keddish. Mountains of Peru. Gfl. 
 
 t. 285. 
 
 — ama'UUe. J. Crimson. Columbia. 1874. 
 linea'ta. Pink, orange, purple. Peru. 
 
 1876. 
 
 — anchoH'/era. Purple, ochre. Costa Bica. 
 
 1884. 
 
 — Armi'nii. Bose, tinged with purple. 1882. 
 
 — astw'ta. J. Yellow, brown. Costa Bica. 
 
 1886. 
 
 — ccttemia'ta. Greenish-white, yellow. Costa. 
 
 Bica. 1871. 
 
 — Backhoueia'na. Columbia. 1879. 
 
 — Barlcea'TM. Scarlet. Peru. 1876. 
 
MAS 
 
 [599] 
 
 MAS 
 
 3f. be'lla. Purplish-brown, yellow. Columbia. 
 1878. 
 
 — Ufio'ra. White, blackish-purple, purple. 
 
 1890 V V , V V 
 
 — bre^vis. Yellow, purple, orange, brown. 
 
 British Guiana. 1884. 
 
 — calu'ra. Brownish-purple, white. 1883. 
 
 — campyloglo'ssa. Gfreeniah-white, blackish. 
 
 1878. 
 
 — Cmrddri. White, brownish-purple. 1883. G. 
 
 C. 1883, XX. p. 181, flg. 30. 
 
 — cauda'ta-Estra'dae. Garden hybrid. 1889. 
 
 — cheUo'ni. White, mauve, brown. 1880. Hy- 
 
 brid between M. Yevtchiana and M. 
 amabUis. 
 
 spZe'ndOTM. Hybrid between M. ama- 
 
 bUUaDAM. Yeitchicma. 
 
 — Chestert&ni. Greenish-yellow, with black 
 
 spots, orange. Columbia. 1883. 
 
 — Chimalra. Flower-stem 2 feet long. Blackish, 
 
 yeUow, dotted. Columbia. 1880. See 
 under M. WailiHi. 
 
 gorgo'na. Canary-yellow, red-purple, 
 
 orange-red. Syn., U. gargma. 
 
 — civi'lie. Yellow, brown, purple. Peru. 1864. 
 
 B. M. t. 5476. 
 
 — cocei'nea. Scarlet. April. Pamplona. Echb. 
 
 Xen. i. t. 74. 
 
 conchiflo'ra. A larger-flowered variety. 
 
 Syn., if. Harryana, var. conchiflma. 
 
 — eoria'cea. *. Yellowish, brownish-purple. 
 
 Columbia. 1872. 
 
 — comieula'ta. *. Cinnamon-brown. Columbia. 
 
 1878. 
 
 — costarice!tms. White, yellow. Costa Bica. 
 
 1890. 
 
 — Courtauldia'na. Garden hybrid between Jf. 
 
 rosea and M. ShwttUworthii. 
 
 — cuaMa'ta. Dark glossy purple, whitish, 
 
 yellow. Columbia. 1883. 
 
 — cu'lex. A s^onym of PleurothaUis tnacro- 
 
 Uepliwis. 
 
 — eupula'rie. Light and dark brown. Costa 
 
 Bica. 1886. 
 
 — Davi'sii. f. Orange-yellow. Peru. 1874. 
 
 — Baya'na. See Cryptophoranthus Dayarvm. 
 
 — demi'sm. Yellow, brownish-purple. Costa 
 
 Eica. 1887. 
 
 — Mdua'rdi. f. Bed. Columbia. 1880, 
 
 — elepha'ntieepe. Yellow, purple. New Grenada. 
 
 Fl. Ser. t. 997. ]ji cultivation ? 
 
 — ephi'pplum. 1. Yellowish, dark purplish- 
 
 brown. Columbia, Peru. 1874. Syn., 
 if. Trockiitia. 
 
 — erirwJcea. Ochre, purple, orange. 1881. 
 
 — erythrochalte. White, pale yellow, reddish 
 
 purple. Central America. 1882. 
 
 — Eetra'dm. Yellow, white, violet-purple. April. 
 
 Columbia. 1874. B. M. t. 6171. 
 
 deliea'ta. Yellow, light purple. 1882. 
 
 — falca'ta. Hybrid between Jr. Lindeni and 
 
 if. Veitehii. 1891. 
 — faicia'ta. Columbia. 1881. 
 — fenestra' ta. B. M. t. 4164. See Pleurothallw 
 
 atropurpurea. 
 — Jlave'ola. Light yellow. Costa Bica. 1884. 
 — fiariJbu'nda. J. Brownish-yellow. November. 
 
 Brazil. 1843. 
 
 — Fraselri. Hybrid between if. ignea and M, 
 
 eaeemea. 1882. 
 — /vlvefseens. Orange, white, light buff and 
 brown. New Grenada. G. C. 1890, viii. 
 p. 326, flg. 66. 
 
 — Oairia'na. Garden hybrid. 1884. 
 
 — Galenia'na. Orange, purple, sulphur, dark 
 
 brown. Garden hybrid. 1887. 
 
 — Qarga'ntua. Dull yellow, purple. Columbia. 
 
 1876. 
 
 — Gaskellia'na. Mauve-purple, yellow. 1883. 
 
 — gemma'ta. Ochre, orange, purple. 1888. 
 
 — gibhercfsa. J. Dark-reddish, green. Columbia. 
 
 1876. 
 
 if. glaphyra'ntha. Purple, yellow. Garden hy- 
 brid. 1886. 
 
 — gracile'nta. J. BlaoMsh-purple. Costa Eica. 
 
 1876. 
 
 — Gusta'vi. Yellowish, dark purple. Columbia 
 
 1875. 
 
 — guttula'ta. Pale yellow with purple spots. 1890 
 
 — Harrya'na. |. Magenta. Columbia. 1871. 
 
 Syn., M. Lmdeni. 
 armemi'aca. iU>ricot, red, yellow. Colum- 
 bia. Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 224. 
 
 ddeora. Eosy-purple, crimson. Columbia. 
 
 1888. Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 344. 
 
 Vra. Eose-purple. Columbia. 
 Dark magenta-purple. Echb. 
 ser. 2, i. t. 26. 
 
 — heterdptera. Yellow, blackish-purple. Co- 
 
 lumbia. 1875. 
 
 — hierogly'phica. Brown-purple. New Grenada. 
 
 1882. 
 
 — Hinksia'rM. Ochre, orange. Garden hybrid. 
 
 1887. 
 
 — Houttea'na. }. White, purple. July. Co- 
 
 lumbia. 1874. 
 
 — Hu'bsehii. An error for Maxillaria Hub- 
 
 schii. 
 
 — hypodi'seus. Purplish-violet, white. Colum- 
 
 bia? 1878. 
 
 — i'gnea. J. Fiery-red. Columbia. 1871. 
 aiuranti'aca. Eed. 
 
 Boddcefrti. Crimson, yellow. Columbia. 
 
 1879. 
 MarshaMaJna. J. Fiery-red, yellow. 
 
 Columbia. 1872. 
 Masswngea'na. Dark scarlet. Warn. 
 
 Orch. Alb. t. 273. 
 Stobartia'na. Mauve-purple. 
 
 — inequa'lis. i. Whitish. Columbia. 1874. 
 
 — inJMta. Orange-yellow. 1881. 
 
 — infra' eta. Pale yellow. April. Brazil. 1835 
 purpu'rea. Bright purple-mauve, whitish. 
 
 1883. 
 
 — iono'charis. i. White, purple, yellow. Sep- 
 
 tember. Peru. 1875. 
 
 — Kldboch&rum. White, yellow. S. W. Amer. 
 
 1876. 
 
 — la'ta. Eeddish-brown, yellowish. Central 
 
 America. 1877. 
 
 — Lehma'nni. Yellow-orange. Ecuador. 1877. 
 
 — leontogl&ssa. White, purple. Columbia? 1881. 
 
 — Lmdeni. See M. Rarrya/na. 
 
 — Livmgsionea'na. Yellowish, purple-brown. 
 
 Ppjiama. 1874. 
 
 — longieauda'ta. Eose-coloured. Brazil. 1868. 
 
 — Lo'wii. Whitespottedwithpurple; lipmaroon- 
 
 purple. Columbia. 1890. G. C. 1890, 
 viii. p. 289, flg. 44. 
 
 — ludibu'nda. Light yellow, with purple spots. 
 
 Columbia. 1882. 
 
 — macroehi'Za. Yellowish-green with black 
 
 spotsj orange. Columbia. 1890. 
 
 — macroda'ctyla. Greenish-yellow, blackish- 
 
 purple. Columbia. 1872. 
 
 — TreocjTt'ra. 1. Columbia. 1874. 
 
 — mamUa'ta. Yellow, purple, green. New 
 
 Grenada. 1873. Fl. Ser. t. 2150. 
 Jla'va. Tavmy yellow. 
 
 — marginalia. White, green, orange. 1883. 
 
 — melalnams. J. White, purple, yellow. Peru. 
 
 1874. 
 
 — meUmoxa'ntha. Yellow, brownish. Columbia. 
 
 1875. 
 
 — milita'ris. Scarlet. 1880. 
 
 — Moorea'TM. Greenish, chocolate. 1884. 
 
 — Ntmdya'na. Hybrid between M. Veitehii and 
 
 M. ignea, var. aurantiasa. 
 
 — musco'sa. Yellowish, reddish. Columbia. 
 
 1876. 
 
 — myriosti'gma. Yellowish, brown. Mexico. 
 
 1873. Syn., if. muriosigma. 
 
 — nidi! flea. Yellow, purplish. Ecuador. 1879. 
 
 — SvrwA^n/tii, See in, ^eichenbachiana. 
 
MAS 
 
 [600] 
 
 MAS 
 
 M. nycteri'na. J. Pale yellow, reddish-brown. 
 Columbia. 1873. Flor. Mag. new. ser. 
 1. 160. 
 
 — Obrienia'na. Yellow with maroon spots. 
 
 1890. 
 
 — pachya'ntha. Yellowish-ochre, or green lilac- 
 
 brownish. Columbia. 1884. 
 
 — paehyu'ra. Yellow, brownish red. Peru. 
 
 1874. 
 
 — Parlatorea'na. Scarlet, with violet sheen. 
 
 Peru. 1879. 
 Periste'rm. i. Honey-colour, purple-brown. 
 Columbia. 1873. 
 
 — puituraJta. J. White, green, yellow. Co- 
 
 lumbia. 1882. 
 
 — platyglo'ssa. Light yellow. 1883. 
 
 — platyra'chis. Light buff, green, orange. Costa 
 
 Rica. 1888. 
 —^polysti'cta. i. White, violet. Peru. 1874. 
 erassiccmda'ta. Tajis short, stout. 1882. 
 
 — parce'Uiceps. Yellow, white, brown, purple. 
 
 1883. 
 
 — psittad'na. Green, yellow, purplish. Colum- 
 
 bia? 1876. 
 
 — pvtmna'ris. Olive-green, purple. 1880. 
 
 — punota'ta. ' Pale greenish with dark purplish- 
 
 brown spots. 1888. 
 
 — pusi'ola. Yellow, Columbia. 1887. The 
 
 smallest known species of the genus. 
 
 — radio' sa. Brown, yellow, blackish-purple, 
 
 white. Columbia. 1877. 
 
 — Reichenhfichia'na. Yellowish, blood-red. 
 
 Costa Bica. 1876. Syn., M. Narmanni. 
 auranti'a^a. Orange-red. 1883. 
 
 — Roe'zlii. Blackish-purple. Columbia. 1880. 
 ru'bra. Creamy yellow, mottled with 
 
 chocolate inside. Warn. Orch. Alb. 
 t. 243. 
 
 — Rolfea'na. Crimson-brown, yellow, 1890. 
 ^r&sea. Rose-purple. Bolivia. 1880. 
 
 — Schli'mii. YeUow with brownish-red spots. 
 
 Venezuela. 1884. 
 
 — SchroBderia'Tia. Deep purple, white. Joum. 
 
 Hort. ser. 3, 1890, p. 657, flg. 74. 
 
 — se'nilu. Reddish-brown, white. 1886. 
 
 — seve^ra. Maroon, yellowish. Columbia. 1875. 
 
 — Shuttlewo'rthii. \. Yellowish, purple. , Co- 
 
 lumbia. 1875. 
 xantho'corys. Yellow, brown. 1882. 
 
 — si'wAiXa. Purplish. Columbia. 1875. 
 
 — soro'rcuta. Greenish, purple, white,' 1887. 
 
 — spe'ctrum. Columbia. 1876. 
 
 — iple'tidiAa. Scarlet, violet, white. Andes. 
 
 1878. Natural hybrid. Perhaps synony- 
 mous with M. Parlatorecma. 
 
 — Stella. Hybrid between M. Estraice and M. 
 
 Hanrymia. 1890, 
 
 — stHate^lla, White with cinnamon stripes ; lip 
 
 white^ yellow, purple, 1886, 
 
 — swerticefo/lm. Ochre, brown, purple, Colum- 
 
 bia. 1880. 
 
 — to'rta. Light ochre, purple, yellow. 1883. 
 
 — tmarelnsiB. White. Tovar in Columbia. 
 
 1866. B. M. t. 6606. Syn., M. Can- 
 dida. 
 
 — triangula'ris. Pale ochre with brownish- 
 
 purple spots, white. Winter. Venezuela. 
 1842. 
 
 J. Brown, yellow. Costa Rica. 
 
 — triariate'lla. 
 
 1876. 
 
 — triehce^t&. J, 
 
 1883. 
 
 — tri'color. Purple. 
 
 — tridactyU'tes. 
 
 orange. 
 
 — triglo'chin. 
 
 1878. 
 
 — troglody'tes. 
 
 Rich brownish-purple, orange. 
 
 New Grenada. 1882. 
 Yellow, brownish-purple. 
 
 Red, yellow. Ecuador. 
 
 Purple-brown, yellow, white. 
 Columbia. 1877. 
 
 — Tubea'^ia. 1. Violet-brown, yellowish, white. 
 
 Ecuador. 1878. 
 
 — tubviofsa. White. July. Merida. 
 
 M. urosta'cTiya. Cinnamon, orange. 1882. 
 
 — Veitehia'na. Orange-scarlet, shot with purple. 
 
 Peru. 1867. A lovely species. 
 Ufib'ra. Two-flowered. 1883. 
 
 — vdifera. Green, brown, yellow, purple. 
 
 Columbia? 1878. 
 
 — t)€lAitii»i. \. Rosy-violet, white. Columbia. 
 
 1876. 
 
 — mapertnio. Yellow, brownish-purple. Co- 
 
 lumbia, 1877, 
 
 — WagemrialiM. i. Yellow. Central America. 
 
 B. M. t. 4921. 
 
 — WalWsii. f . Yellow, spotted vrith dark blood- 
 
 red, Columbia, 1872, This is often 
 cultivated as M. Chimmra. 
 
 diseoi'dea. Sepals with a white spot near 
 
 their apices, 
 
 — Wendlandia'na. White, with mauve lines 
 
 outside. New Grenada, 1887. 
 
 — Win/niafna. Purple. 1881. 
 
 — OMntM'na. Yellow, violet. 1880. 
 
 — xanthoda'ctyla. }, Whitish, yellow, violet. 
 
 Tropical America, 1877, 
 
 Massa'ngea. (Dedicated to M. 
 Massange de Louvrex, a distinguished 
 Belgian horticulturist. Nat. ord. , Bro- 
 meliacece; Tribe, Tillandsiece.) See 
 Caraguata. 
 
 M. hierogly'pMca. Rev, Hort. 1878, p. 175. See 
 TiUwndka hieroglyphica. 
 
 — Linde'ni. Ill, Hort, t, 309, See Ca/raguata 
 
 Lmdeni. 
 
 — Morrenia'Tui. See Caraguata Schlwmbergii. 
 
 — musa'ica. Belg, Hort, 1877, tt, 8-9, See 
 
 Ca/raguata muiaica. B, M, t, 6676, 
 
 — santovi£!nsi8. South Brazil, 1882, 
 
 — tipri'na. See TUlandsia hieroglyphica. 
 
 — mtta'ta. See Ca/raguata vittata. 
 
 Masso'nia. (iVamed after F. Mas- 
 son, a botanical traveller in South 
 Africa. Nat. ord, Liliacece; Tribe, 
 Alliem. Allied to Lachenalia,) 
 
 Very small bulbs, with white flowers, from 
 South Africa, Seeds or offsets, in spring ; sandy 
 loam, and a little peat or leaf -mould; grown in 
 a pit, or in a warm border, the bulbs being taken 
 up when ripened, and kept in bags or drawers ; 
 if in pots, kept dry until vegetation commences, 
 Jf. amygdaU'na. White, Scent of almonds, 
 1889, 
 
 — amgustifo'lia. White, April, 1776, B, M, 
 
 t, 736, 
 
 — bra'chypwi. White. 1876. 
 
 — ca'nmda. \. April. B. R, t. 694, 
 
 — corda'ta. White,reddishinthethroat. Winter. 
 
 Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 469. 
 
 — corymho'sa. B. M. t. 991. See Hyadnthv/i 
 
 corymbosv^. 
 
 — echifna'ta. J. May. 1790. 
 
 — ensifcflia. B. M. t. 664. See Polyxena 
 
 mgnuBa. 
 
 — grandijlo'ra. B. R. t. 958, See M. oiovata. 
 
 — lanccefo'lia. White, reddish in the throat. 
 
 Winter. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 456. 
 
 — latifo'lia. J. March. 1775. Jacq. H. Schoenb. 
 
 t. 466. M. latifoKa of B. M. t. 848 is M. 
 san^uvnea. 
 
 — Imigi/o'lia. J. March. Jacq. H. Schoenb. 
 
 t. 457. 
 
 — muriea'ta. White. April. 1790. B. M, t. 669, 
 
 — oiova'ta. White, yellowish. Winter, Jacq, 
 
 H, Schoenb. t, 458, Syn., M.grandiflora. 
 
 — odora'ta. B. M. t. 6891, See Polyxena 
 
 odorata. 
 
 — pameifl&ra. Ait, Hort, Kew, ed, 2, ii, p, 210, 
 
 — pustula'ia. Winter. Jacq. H. Schoenb. 
 
 t. 464. 
 
MAS 
 
 [601] 
 
 MAU 
 
 M. sangui'nea. White ; filaments red. Winter. 
 Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 460. Syn., M. Mi- 
 folia of B. M. t. 848. 
 
 ayrana'ta. White ; filaments red. Syn. 
 
 M. coronata. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 461. 
 
 — soa'bra and undvla'ta. J. February. 1790. 
 
 Syn., LacheTialm pusilla. Jacq. Ic. 
 t. 686. Now known as Brachyscypha 
 undulaAa^ 
 
 — ^la'cea. \ See Polyxena pygmcea. 
 
 Masso'wia Gardne'n. See Spathi- 
 phyllum candidum. 
 
 Mast. The fruit of Fa'gus sylva'tica. 
 
 Mastacha'ntus sine'nsis. See Ca- 
 lyopteris Mastachanthus. 
 
 Mat. See Bass. 
 
 Mathi'ola. Stock GilMower. 
 (Named after P. Mathioli, an Italian 
 botanist. Nat. ord., Cruciferce ; Tribe, 
 Arabidece.) 
 
 The annuals, such as the Ten-week stocks, may 
 be sown from March to May for summer decora- 
 tion, and in August and September, to stand 
 over the winter for spring early flowering. For 
 the latter purpose, none beat the Intermediate, 
 Queens, Bromptons, and other biennials. Sow 
 in June, plant in sheltered places, and in pots, 
 to be kept in cold pits, and turned out early in 
 spring. Seeds are recommended to be saved 
 from the neighbourhood of double flowers, which 
 we consider of no importance. The only true 
 theory to get double flowers is to leave few seeds 
 on a plant, and give it very high cultivation, 
 a,nd as much sunshine as possible. For fine 
 flowering, all these prefer rich, light soil. The 
 best of them may be successfully preserved by 
 cuttings under a hand-light, and then kept in a 
 cold pit in winter. The shrubby greenhouse 
 kinds are easily propagated by cuttings, and 
 delight in a rich, sandy soil. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 M. acau'lis. J. B«d. June. Egypt- 1823. 
 
 — a'nnua. 2. Various. August. South Europe. 
 
 1731. Ten-week stock. 
 
 a'lba. IJ. White. July. South Europe. 
 
 flo're-ple'no. IJ. Red. July. 
 
 — grcelca. 2. White. August. South Europe. 
 
 — kvida. Livid, purple. July. Egypt. 1820. 
 
 — langvpeftala. 1. Red, yellow. June. Bagdad. 
 
 1818. 
 —parmjlo'ra. i. Purple. July. Morocco. 1799. 
 
 — tHei^aUa'ta. i. Purple. July. Barbary. 
 
 1739. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 46. 
 
 HARDY BIENNIALS. 
 
 M. cm'onopifo'lia. 1. Purple. June. Sicily. 
 
 1819. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 637. 
 —feneatra'lis. 1. Purple. July. Crete. 1769. 
 
 — H'eula. H- Idlac. July. Sicily. 1835. 
 
 — gimpUcicaw'lis. 2. Purple. July. 
 a'lba. 2. White. July. 
 
 — sinua'ta. 1. Dingy red. July. England. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 104. 
 
 — tata'rica. 1. Bed, yellow. July. Tartary. 
 
 1820., 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 M. glabra'ta. 2. White. August. 
 
 jlo're-pklno. 2. White, purple. August. 
 
 mirpu'rea. 2. Purple. August. 
 
 — inca'ma. 1. Purple. August. England. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 106. 
 
 a'tba. 1. August. 
 
 cocH'nm. 1. Scarlet. August. England. 
 
 Brompton stock. 
 
 — mu'ltiplex. 1. Variegated. August. England. 
 
 Jf . madere'nsis. Violet. May. Gfl. t, 34. 
 
 — odorati'ssima. 2. Livid. June. Persia. 1795. 
 
 B. M. t. 1711. 
 
 fra' grams. 2. Livid. June. Crimea. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — torulo'sa. Purple. July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — tri'stis. IJ. Livid. June. South Europe. 
 
 ^ . 1768. 
 
 Mato'nia. (Named after the late 
 Dr. Maton. Nat. ord., Filices.) 
 
 Stove fern. See Ferns. 
 ■M. pectina'ta. Yellow. May. Mount Ophir 
 1839. 
 
 Matrica'ria. (From matrix, a 
 female. Formerly used in uterinediseases. 
 Nat. ord., Compositce; Tribe, Antke 
 midem.) 
 
 Hardy annuals or perennials. For culture 
 see Anthemis. 
 M. exi'mia grandiflo'ra au'rea. Garden variety 
 
 1888. 
 pyramida'lis. Garden variety with pyra 
 
 midal habit. Rev. Hort. 1886, p. 657 
 
 fig. 131. 
 
 Matrica'ria inodo'ra Jlore-ple'no, Ls 
 a very handsome double-flowered form 
 of the common May Weed. It grows to 
 about two feet high, and produces a pro- 
 fusion of white globose flower heads, re- 
 , sembling a pompon Chrysanthemum ; 
 it produces very little seed, but may 
 easily be propagated by cuttings. 
 
 Maura'ndya. (Named after Pro 
 fessor Mawrarmy, of Carthagena. Nat. 
 ord., ScrophulariaceCB ; Tnbe, Antir- 
 rhinece. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen twiners, from Mexico 
 Seeds sown in a slight hotbed, in spring ; and 
 cuttings of shoots in sandy soil, in spring or 
 autumn ; rich, sandy loam, with a little peat or 
 leaf-mould ; will flourish in a cool greenhouse 
 and in summer on wires, and fences, and pillars 
 in the open air. 
 M. antirrhiniflo'ra. 10. Purple. July. 1844 
 
 B. m!. 1. 1643. Now referred to Antir- 
 
 rhinv/m. 
 
 — Baraclaya'na. 10. Blue, white. July. 1825. 
 
 B. R. 1. 1108. 
 
 a'Vba. 10. White. Year. 1842. 
 
 sempeirflo're'M. 10. Purple. July. 1796. 
 
 — ere^cta. North Mexico. 1882. 
 
 — erube'scens. 10. Rosy. August. Jalapa. 
 
 1830. Syns., Lophosyermum eruliescens, 
 B. R. 1. 1381, and L. mmdene of B. M. 
 tt. 3037-8. 
 
 — sca'ndms. 10. Purple, violet. Mexico. Syns., 
 
 Lophospermum scandens, B. M. t. 3660, 
 and Usteria scandens. 
 Henderso'ni. Violet-purple, white. 
 
 — semperflo'rem. Violet or reddish. 1796. B 
 
 t. 460. 
 
 Mau'ria. (Named after A. Mauri, 
 an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Anacar- 
 diacece; Tribe, Anacardiem. Allied to 
 Duvaua. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees, with pinkish flowers, 
 from Peru. Cuttings of ripe shoots in heat, 
 under a hand-glass ; common loam and a little 
 peat ; usual stove treatment, 
 M. heterophy'lla. 20. 1822. 
 
 — simplioi/o'lia. 20. 1822. 
 
MAU 
 
 [602] 
 
 MAX 
 
 Mauri'tia. (Named after Prince 
 Maurice, of Nassau. Nat. ord., Pal- 
 mece ; Tribe, Lepidocaryem.) 
 
 Stove paJms. Seeds in a hotbed, in spring ; 
 rich, flbry, sandy loam. Winter temp., 56 ; 
 summer, 60° to 90°. 
 M. arma'ta. 40. Brazil. 1824. 
 —flexuo'm. 40. White, green. Surinam. 1816. 
 
 — mni'fera. 40. Haranhan. 1823. 
 
 Maxilla'ria. (From maxUlce, the 
 jaws of an insect ; referring to a resem- 
 blance of the columns and labellum. 
 Nat. ord., Orchidem ; Tribe, Vandece- 
 Maxillariem.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Divisions of the plant in spring ; 
 fastened on wood covered with sphagnum, or 
 raised in baskets filled with sphagnum, old 
 wood, turfy peat, and charcoal. Winter temp., 
 66° to 66° ; summer, 60° to 90°. Dry in winter ; 
 moist when growing. 
 
 M. aeieula'ris. Blood-red or chocolate. Brazil. 
 1837. B. M. t. 4374. 
 
 — a'lba. White. W. Ind. 
 
 — arcushniltM. Yellowish, purple. Columbia. 
 
 1880. 
 
 — aroma'tica. B. B. 1. 1871. See Lyoaste aw- 
 
 matica. 
 
 — a'tro-purpu'rea. B. C. 1. 1877. See Bifrenaria 
 
 atropurpurea. 
 
 — a'tro-rulbens. Dark red. July. 
 
 — au'reo-fu'lva. B. M. t. 3629. See Bifrenaria 
 
 aureo-fulva. 
 
 — iarba'ta. Yellow. May. Mexico. 1839. 
 
 — Barrmgto'nuE. B. C. t. 1824. See Lycaste 
 
 Barrvngtonux. 
 
 — Srocklehurstia'na, See HovMetia Brockkhurs- 
 
 tiana- 
 
 — ca'ndida. White. April. Brazil. 1840 
 
 — eilia'ta. B. E. 1. 1206. See Lycaste Barring- 
 
 ttmuE. 
 
 — citri'na. Yellow. May. Mexico. 1840. 
 
 — conca'va. June. Guatemala. 1844. 
 
 — erassifo'lia. Brazil. 1836. 
 
 — erista'ta,. B. K. t. 1811. See Lycaste cristata. 
 
 — ero'eea. J. Saffron. Eio Janeiro. B. R. 
 
 1. 1799. 
 Lieftzei. Yellow, purple-brovra. Brazil. 
 
 — cmefnta. B. E. 1842, t. 13. See Lycaste 
 
 eruenta, 
 
 — ctenosta'chya. Ochre-yellow. Costa Eica. 
 
 1870. 
 
 — cwnealta. White, pink. 1844. 
 
 — De'ppii. B. C. 1. 1612. See Lycaste Deppii. 
 
 — elmiga'ta. Yellow, brown. Central America. 
 
 1852. 
 
 — Endre'sii. Ochre, yellow, purple. 1886. 
 — fractijltlxa. Purple, white, red. 1881. 
 —fuca'ta. White, yellow, red. 1886. 
 —fusca'ta. G. C. 1888, iv. p. 576, fig. 81. A mis- 
 print for M. fucata. 
 
 — gaXea^ta. B. C. t. 1645. See Gongora galeata. 
 
 — girami'nea. Yellow, red. Demerara. 
 
 — grmnM/Mra. White, yellow. August. Merida. 
 
 — Barriso'nice. B. E. t. 897. See Bifrenaria 
 
 Ha/rrisonice, 
 
 a'lba. See Bifrenaria Harrisonioe, var. 
 
 alba. 
 
 — Hu'bschii. White, yellow, mauve-purple. 
 
 1888. This has been erroneously caUed 
 Xasdevallia Hubschii. 
 
 — irrora'ta. White, purple, ochre. Andes. 1883. 
 
 — jugo'sa. Crimson, yellow. Brazil. 1842. 
 
 — Lehmalnni. White, chestnut-brown. 1886. 
 
 — lepiio'ta. Yellow. Columbia. 1878. 
 
 — leptosdpala. 1. White, yellow. July. New 
 
 Grenada. 1846. B. M. t. 4434. 
 
 — longiee/pala. Purplish-brown ; lip greenish. 
 
 Venezuela. 1890. Lind. t. 248. 
 
 M. lu'teo-a'lba. Yellow, white. June. Merida, 
 
 — Lyo'nii. Purple, brown. Mexico. 1845. 
 
 — Maelea'ii. Wnitis, maroon. Mexico. 1839. 
 
 — mtKrobu'lbim. B. M. t. 4228. See Lycaste- 
 
 macrobulbon. 
 
 — macrophy'lla. See Lycaste macrophylla. 
 
 — ma'dida. J. Brownish. Brazil. Syn., U. 
 
 ceptUa. 
 
 — margima'ta. Dark yellow. June. Merida. 
 
 — mdea'gris. Yellow, brown. May. S. Amer. 
 
 — mo'liter. Yellow, brown. G. C. 1887, ii, 
 
 p. 242. 
 
 — MutKri. Clear yellow ; lip yellow with 
 
 purple dots. Syn., M. squamata. 
 
 — nasa'lii. 1. Yellowish, purplish-brown. Co- 
 
 lumbia. 1870. 
 
 — neophy'Ua. Yellowish, brown spotted. Co- 
 
 lumbia. 1878. 
 
 — obseu'ra. J. Eed-brown. Mexico. 1842. 
 
 — ochroleu'ca. |. Yellowish. July. Eio Janeiro. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1904. 
 
 — (rniithoglo'ssa. White. Mexico. 1842. 
 
 — pailidino'ra. B. M. t. 2806. See Xylobium. 
 
 — palmijo'lia. See Xylobiwm. 
 
 — Farke^ri. |. Buff, white. April. Demerara, 
 
 1826. B. M. t. 2729. 
 
 — pa'rmda. See Bifrenaria parmda. 
 
 — pi' eta. J. Orange, red. December. Brazil. 
 
 B. M. t. 3164. 
 
 ma' jar. Yellow, white. December. 
 
 Brazil. 1837. 
 
 — placanthdra. B. M. t. 3173. See M. rirtdio., 
 — porphyrostefle. J. Yellow, dark purple. 
 
 Spring. S. Brazil. 1873. 
 
 — pra^stams. Yellow vrith brown spots, purple, 
 
 April. Guatemala. 1884. 
 
 — psittaaCna. 1. Eed, yellow. October. Mexico. 
 
 1835. 
 
 — pu'mMa. i. Dark purple. Guiana. B. M. 
 
 t. 3613. 
 
 — puncta'ta. J. White-spotted. October. 
 a'lba. White-spotted. October. Brazil. 
 
 1838. 
 
 purpu'rea. Purple-spotted. October. 
 
 Brazil. 1839. 
 
 — pu'ngens. See Bifrenaria Ha/rriaoniae. 
 
 — racemo'sa. B. M. t. 2879. See Bifrenaria 
 
 racemosa. 
 
 — Rewhenheimialna. J. Yellowish, purple. 
 
 Costa Eica. 1871. 
 
 — revolv!ta. Yellow. 1862. 
 
 — RoUisso'nii. B. R. 1888, t. 40. See Zygopeta- 
 
 lum RoUissonii. 
 
 — rufe'acens. Eed-brown. 1836. B. E. 1. 1848. 
 fia'vida. J. Yellow, red. Trinidad. 1869. 
 
 — Sanderia'na. Ivory white, vinous crimson. 
 
 Peru. 1887. Echb. t. 26. 
 
 — Skirme'ri. Bate. Orch. t. 35. See Lycaste 
 
 Skimneri. 
 
 — spem/sa. Yellowish, blackish-pnrple. 1876. 
 
 — sple'ndena. White, yellow. Columbia. 1870. 
 
 — squa'lenB. B. M. t. 2955. See Xylobium 
 
 squalens. 
 
 — squmna'ta. See M. Mulleri. 
 
 — stapelim'des. B. M. t. 3877. See ZygopetaXum 
 
 stapelioides. 
 
 — Steellii. B. M. t. 3673. See Scuticaria 
 
 — tenuifo'lia. 1. Purple, yellow. June. Vera 
 
 Cruz. 1837. B. E. 1839, t. 8. 
 
 — tetrago'na. B. E. t. 1428. See Lycaste 
 
 — triangula'ris. Brown, crimson. Guatemala. 
 
 — tril&ris. Brownish. S. America. 1871. 
 
 — varico'sa. 1. Bolivia. 1883. G. C. 1883, xx. 
 
 p. 392. 
 
 — venu'sta. White, yellow, red. New Grenada. 
 
 1862. 
 
 — vi'ridis. J. Green. May. Brazil. B. E. 
 
 1. 1610. Syn., M. placaiithera. 
 
 — vitelli'na. B. E. 1839, 1. 12. See Si/renaria 
 
 vitellina. 
 
MAX 
 
 B. C. t. 1884. 
 
 [603] 
 See Warrea 
 
 MEA 
 
 H. Varrea'na. 
 trieolar. 
 
 — xa'nthvna. See Zygopetalvm xamthinum. 
 
 Maximilia'na. (Named after 
 Frmce Maximilian. Na.t. OTA.,Palmecej 
 Tribe, CocoinecB. Allied to Cocos.) 
 
 StOTe palms. Seeds, in a hotbed ; rich, sandy 
 loam. Winter temp., 66° to 60°; summer, 60" 
 to 85 . 
 
 M. cari'icea. St. Kitta. 
 
 — inei'gnis. See Seheelea imsi^nis. 
 
 — McM-tia'na. 60. Brazil. 1826. Syn., M. regia. 
 
 — relgia. HI. Hort. ii. p. 3. See M. Martiana. 
 
 May. CratoB'gus oxyca'ntha. 
 
 May-apple. Podophy'llvm pelta'- 
 tum. 
 
 May Bugs. See Melolontha. 
 
 May-flower. Lce'lia maja'lis. 
 
 Mayte'nus. (From maiten, the 
 Chilian name. 'S&t. orA., Celastrinem ; 
 Tribe, Celastrem. Allied to Celastrus.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of 
 half-ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in 
 
 May; sandy peat and flbry loam. Winter temp.. 
 35 to 46 . 
 
 M. ioa'ria. 10. White. Chill. 1822. 
 
 — chile'nsis. 12. Green, yellow. May. Chili. 
 
 1829. B. E. t. 1702. 
 
 — octa'gonus. 6. White. October. Peru. 1786 
 
 — verticiUa'ta. 6. White. October. Peru 
 
 1823. 
 
 Maze. See Labyrinth, 
 
 Ma'zus. (From mazos, a teat; 
 referring to the tubercles in the opening 
 or mouth of the flower. Nat. ord., 
 Scrophulariacece ; Tribe, Gratiolece. 
 AUied to Dodartia. ) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Seeds in hotbed, in March ; 
 seedlings hardened off, and transferred to the 
 open ground in May. 
 
 M.pwmilio. J. Pale purple. June. VanDiemen's 
 Land. 1823. 
 
 — rugo'ms. J. Yellow. July. China. 1780. 
 
 Syn. ? Stemodia tomentom. 
 
 MeadOW-Rue. ThaU'ctrum. 
 Meadow-Saffron. Co'lchicum. 
 Meadow- Sweet. Spvrm'a 
 
 MEASUKES. 
 
 CORN MEASURK. 
 
 4 Gills 1 Pint, containing 
 
 2 Pints 1 Quart. 
 
 4 Quarts 1 Gallon 
 
 2 Gallons 1 Peck . 
 
 4 Pecks 1 Bushel 
 
 4 Bushels 1 Sack . 
 
 8 Bushels 1 Quarter 
 
 5 Quarters 1 Load . 
 
 34g Cubic Inches 
 
 69J 
 
 J) 
 
 }) 
 
 277i 
 
 
 Ji 
 
 554i 
 
 
 
 2218i 
 
 
 
 5J Cubic Feet. 
 
 10; 
 
 )> 
 
 
 51i 
 
 » 
 
 )> 
 
 TIMBEK MEASURE, 
 
 A load of timber, unhewn, is 40 cub. ft. 
 squared, 50 „ 
 
 1 inch plank 600 sq. ft. 
 li „ 400 „ 
 
 2 „ 300 „ 
 
 A load of 24 inch plank 240 square feet. 
 
 3 „ 200 „ 
 34 „ 170 
 
 4 „ 150 
 
 LAND MEASURE. 
 
 contains 
 
 The English statute acre 
 4840 square yards ; the Scotch, 6150 ; the 
 Irish, 7840 ; the Devorishire, customary, 
 4000 ; the Cornish, 5760 ; the Lancashire, 
 7840 ; the Cheshire and Staffordshire, 
 10,240; the Wiltshire tenantry, 3630. 
 
 The French arpent is an Enriish acre, 
 and three-fourths of a rood. The Stras- 
 biirg acre is nearly half an English acre ; 
 the Prussian morgen is not quite three- 
 fourths of an acre. 
 
 LONG MEASURE. 
 
 12 Inches 1 Foot. 
 
 3 Feet 1 Yard. 
 
 6 Feet 1 Fathom. 
 
 5J Yards 1 Pole. 
 
 40 Poles 1 Furlong. 
 
 8 Furlongs .... 1 Mile. 
 
 3 Miles 1 Leagued 
 
 69i Miles 1 Degree. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 144 
 
 1,296 
 
 39,204 
 
 1,568,160 
 
 6,272,640 
 
 30 Acres are 1 Yard of Land. 
 
 SQUARE MEASURE. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Yards. 
 
 Poles, Rods 
 
 s. 
 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 or Perches 
 
 
 
 272i 
 
 30J 
 
 1 
 
 Boods. 
 
 
 10,890 
 
 1210 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 Acre 
 
 43,560 
 
 4840 
 
 160 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 100 Acres are 1 Hide of Land. 
 
 640 Acres are 1 Square Mile. 
 
MEC 
 
 [604] 
 
 MED 
 
 CUBIC MEASURE. 
 
 1728 Cubic Inches make 
 
 27 „ Feet 
 
 40 „ „ of Rough Timber \ 
 
 50 „ ,, of Hewn do. / 
 
 108 „ 
 
 128 „ „ 
 
 HEAPED MEASURES. 
 
 1 Cubic Foot. 
 1 „ Yard. 
 
 1 Load. 
 
 1 Stack of Wood. 
 1 Cord. 
 
 Our market-gardeners, and retailers 
 of fruit, potatoes, etc., generally vend 
 their commodities as if the Act of Par- 
 liament, 5 and 6 WiU. IV. c. 63, did not 
 exist. By this statute selling by heaped 
 measure is forbidden under apenalty of 
 not more than 40s. for every such sale. 
 Section 8 provides that, as some articles 
 heretofore sold by heaped measure are 
 Incapable of being stricken, and may not 
 inconveniently be sold by weight, it is 
 enacted, that all such articles may 
 henceforth be sold by a bushel-measure, 
 corresponding in shape with the bushel 
 prescribed by the 5 Geo. IV. c. 74, for 
 
 WOOD 
 English Measure. — Wood -fuel is as- 
 sized into shids, billets, faggots, fall- 
 wood, and cord-wood. A shid is of fall- 
 wood and cord-wood. 
 
 A shid is to be four feet long, and ac- 
 cording as they are marked and notched, 
 their proportion must be in the girth — 
 viz., if they have but one notch, they 
 must be sixteen inches in the girth ; if 
 two notches, twenty -three inches ; if 
 three notches, twenty-eight inches ; if 
 four notches, thirty-three inches ; and 
 if five notches, thirty-eight inches about. 
 Billets are to be three feet long, of 
 which there should be three sorts, 
 namely, a single cask, and a cask of 
 two. The first is seven inches, the 
 
 the sale of heaped measure, or by any 
 multiple or aliquot part thereof, filled in 
 all parts as nearly to the level of the 
 brim as to the size and shape of the 
 articles will admit ; but nothing herein 
 shall prevent the sale by weight of any 
 article heretofore sold by heaped mea- 
 sure. The 5 Geo. IV. c. 74, thus re- 
 ferred to, enacts, by section 7, that for 
 potatoes, fruit, etc. , the bushel shall be 
 made round, with a plain and even 
 bottom, be nineteen inches and a half 
 from outside to outside, and capable of 
 containing 80 lb. weight of water. 
 
 FUEL. 
 
 second ten inches, and the third fourteen 
 inches about. They are sold by the 
 hundred of five score. 
 
 Faggots are to be three feet long, and, 
 at the band, of twenty-four inches about, 
 besides the knot ; of such faggots fifty 
 go to the load. 
 
 Bavins and Spray-wood are sold by 
 the hundred, which are accounted a load. 
 Cord-wood is the bigger sort of firewood ; 
 and it is measured by a cord or line, 
 whereof there are two measures — that 
 of fourteen feet in length, three feet in 
 breadth, and three feet in height ; the 
 other is eight feet in length, four feet in 
 height, and four feet in breadth. 
 
 MEASURE OF WOOD. 
 
 1000 Billets of Wood = 1 Cord. 
 
 10 Cwt. of Wood = 1 Cord. 
 
 1 Cord of Wood = J Chaldron of Coals. 
 
 100 lb. of Wood = 1 Quintal of Wood. 
 
 Mecono'psis. (From rmhan, the 
 poppy, and (msis, like. Nat. ord., Pa- 
 paveraceas; Tribe, Eupapaverece.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Divisions of the 
 plant in spring, and seeds (which ripen freely), 
 at the same time ; rich, sandy soil. 
 M. aculea'ta. Purple. N. W. India. 1864. 
 
 — ca'mbrica. 1. Yellow. June. England. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 63. 
 
 — eraisif(/Ka. 1. Orange, red. California. 
 
 1833. 
 
 — diphi/Ua. }. Yellow. June. Western United 
 
 States. 1864. Syn., M. petiolata. 
 
 — heteropht/lla. 1. Orange, red. California. 
 
 1838. 
 
 — nepale^nds. 4. Yellow. Himalaya. 1866. 
 
 B. M. t. 5685. 
 
 M. petiola'ta. See M. diphplla. 
 
 — qwintupline'rvia. |. Violet. N. W. China. 
 
 1877. Gfl. t. 880. 
 
 — simplia/o'lia. 3. Blue. June. Nepaul. 1855. 
 
 HI. Hort. iii. 1. 114. 
 
 — Walli'chii. 2|. Blue. June. Sikkim Hima- 
 
 laya. 
 
 fuscopurpu'rea. Purplish. July. E. 
 
 Himalayas. 1884. B. M. t. 6760. 
 
 Mede'ola. (Named after Medea, the 
 sorceress. Nat. ord., Liliace(e; Tribe, 
 MedeolecB. Allied to Trillium. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous. Division of the plant in 
 spring ; rich, sandy soU. 
 U. angtistiifo'lia. Eed Lil. t. 363. A synonym of 
 6eitonoplesiit/m cymosum. 
 
MED 
 
 [605] 
 
 MED 
 
 M. atpmagoi'des. Bed. Lil. t. 442. A synonym of 
 Asparagus Tnedeoloides. 
 
 — virgi'mca. J. YeUow. June. Virginia. 1759. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1316. 
 
 Median Apple, or Citron. Ci'- 
 trus medica. 
 
 Medica'go. Medick. (From me- 
 dike, a name from Dioscorides. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminosm; Tribe, TrifoUece. 
 Allied to Trigonella.) 
 
 Hardy, and all yellow-flowered, except where 
 otherwise mentioned. Annuals, by seeds, in 
 open border, in April; perennials, by seeds, 
 division of the plant, and slips under a hand- 
 lieht ; shrubs, by cuttmgs of young shoots under 
 a hand-light. 
 
 HAEDY EVERGREEN SHRUB. 
 
 M. ario'rea. 8. May. 1696. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 
 M. CarsMrms. 1. July. Carinthia. 1789. Jaco. 
 Ic. 1. 166. 
 
 — creta'eea. i. July. Tauria. 1805. 
 —falca'ta. 2. July. England. 
 
 — glomera'ta. 1. June. Italy. 1817. 
 
 — glutino'sa. 1. June. Caucasus. 1817. 
 
 — mari'na. 1. July. South Europe. 1696. 
 
 — prom'mbms. 1. June. South Europe. 1818. 
 
 — prastra'ta. f. June. Hungary. 1793. 
 
 — sati'va. 2. Violet. June. England. 
 versa color. 2. Yellow, blue. June 
 
 Britain. 
 
 — sufruticdsa. 2. Violet, yellow. June. Pyre- 
 
 nees. 1826. 
 
 HAEDY ANNUALS. 
 
 M. aculea'ta. 1. July. 1802. 
 
 — trachyca'rpa. J. June. Tifliz. 1823. 
 
 — caticella'ta. 1. July. Caucasus. 1818. 
 
 — catalo'nica. J. July. Catalonia. 1820. 
 
 — cUia'ris. 1. July. South Europe. 1686. 
 
 — corona' ta. 1. June. South Europe. 1660. 
 
 — disced mm. J. July. South Ranee. 1822. 
 
 — echVrms. J. July. South Erance. 1818. 
 —fiexao'sa. i. July. Italy. 1819. 
 
 — Gera'rdi. 1. Juljt South Europe. 1816. 
 
 — hdlix. See M. loBvis. 
 
 — Momemamnia''na. J. June. Morocco. 1818. 
 
 — imtertelxta. 1. July. South Europe. 1629. 
 
 — ladma'ta. J. July. South Europe. 1683. 
 
 — Icdvis. J. July. South Europe. 1816. Syn., 
 
 if. helix. 
 
 — lappa'oea. J. July. Montpelier. 1810. 
 
 — lupiUi'na. 1. June. Britain. 
 
 unguicula'ta. i. July. Switzerland. 1816. 
 
 Syn., M. mniocarpa. 
 Willdenofmi. J. Europe. 
 
 — macula'ta. IJ. May. England. 
 
 — margwuL'ta. 1. July. South Europe. 1816. 
 
 — Twnioca'rpa. See M. IvpuLina^ var. unguicu- 
 
 lata. 
 
 — molli'ssiTna. f. July. Spain. 1818. 
 
 — rrmrica'ta. 1. June. England. 
 
 — orbicula'ris. 1. July. South Europe. 1688. 
 
 — prcelcox. J. July. Provence. 1820. 
 
 — re! eta. 1. July. Barbary. 1810. 
 
 — rwpf^stris. 1, June. Tauria. 1820. 
 
 — siM'rica. 1. June. Siberia. 1817. 
 
 — sphoeroca'rpa. J. July. Italy. 1818. 
 
 — spiniilo'sa. i. July. South France. 1820. 
 
 — striata. J. July. South France. 1820. Syn., 
 
 M. trieycla. 
 
 — Tenorea'na. }. July. Italy. 1820. 
 
 — tentaevMta. 1. June. South Europe. 1800. 
 
 — tru^cla. See M. striata. 
 
 — turbina'ta. 1. July. South Europe. 1680. 
 
 Medico'sma. (From medica, and 
 osme, smell ; the flowers are scented like 
 
 those of Citrtts medica. Nat. ord., Bu- 
 tacece. &yn., Acronychia.) 
 
 A fine greenhouse evergreen tree, producing 
 sweet-scented blossoms, not unlike those of the 
 orange. Cuttings of small side-shoots in July, 
 m sand, under a bell-glass ; soil, sandy loam and 
 peat. Wmter temp., 40" to 46°. 
 M. Cunningha'mi. White. July. Moreton Bay. 
 
 1S38. Syn., Acronyekia Cwiminghami. 
 
 B. M. t. 3994. 
 
 Medini'lla. (Named after J. de 
 Medinilla y Pineda, governor of the 
 Marianne Islands. Nat. ord. , Melasto- 
 macecB. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of stumpy 
 side-shoots root the safest, though cuttings of 
 the young shoots root freely, when damping is 
 avoided, in sand, with a httle peat, under a 
 bell-glass, and in a bottom-heat ; peat and loam, 
 fibry and sandy. Winter temp., 48° to 56° ; sum- 
 mer, 60° to 85°. 
 
 3f. ama'bilis. B. M. t. 6681. See M. Teys- 
 rrtanni. 
 
 — Curti'sii. White ; anthers purple. March. 
 
 W. Sumatra. 1883. B. M. t. 6730. 
 
 — erythrophi/lla. Bose. August. Khasia. 1837. 
 
 — em'mia. See M. Sieboldiana. 
 
 — farino'sa. Pink ; young leaves mealy. 1865. 
 
 — javane'riiis. Bose. 4. December. Java, 1850. 
 
 B. M. t. 4669. 
 
 — magni'fica. 3. Pink. May. Manilla. B. M. 
 
 t. 4533. 
 rvlbra. Dark red. 
 
 — Sieboldia'na. SJ. Bose. April. Moluccas. 
 
 B M. t. 4660. Syn., M. eximia. 
 
 — specio'sa. Bose. 4. July. Java. 1845. 
 
 — Teysma'nni. Bose. E. Indies. 1874. Syn., 
 
 M. amabilis. B. M. t. 6681. 
 
 Medlar. Me'spilus germ,a'nica. 
 
 Varieties. — Blake's Large; Dutch, 
 largest fruit ; Nottingham, small, but 
 best flavoured ; Stoneless, inferior, but 
 keeps longer than others. 
 
 Fropagaiion : by Seed. — This is a 
 tedious mode, the seed usually lying two 
 years before it germinates. Sow, im- 
 mediately the fruit containing the seed 
 decays, in common, light soil. Water 
 the seedlings frequently in dry weather, 
 thin them to two feet apart ; and when 
 four or five years old they will be fit for 
 final planting. 
 
 By Layers. — This may be done in 
 February and March, making use of 
 shoots or the previous year. They will 
 have rooted by the autumn. 
 
 Grafting and Budding may be done 
 on the White Thorn ; but the Pear is a 
 better stock for the Medlar. 
 
 Soil. — A well-drained, but retentive 
 loam suits it best. 
 
 Planting, Pruning, etc. — See the di- 
 rections given for the Pear. 
 
 Storing. — The fruit ought not to be 
 gathered until November, for if the 
 gathering is made before the fruit is 
 mlly matured, it shrivels without ripen- 
 ing in its decay. Spread them singly 
 upon sand, the calyx, or open side down- 
 
MED 
 
 [606] 
 
 MEL 
 
 wards, and dipping the stalk end in a 
 strong brine of common salt and water, 
 which is said to check the occurrence oif 
 mouldiness. 
 
 Medlar, Japanese. Photi'nia ja- 
 
 po'nica. 
 
 Medusa's-head. Eupho'rUa m'- 
 put Medu'soB. 
 
 Medu'sea ma'jor. A synonym of 
 Suphorbia caput Medusm. 
 
 Megaeli'niiun. (From megas, 
 large, and Mine, a bed ; referring to the 
 axis, or rachis, on which the flowers are 
 borne. Nat. ord., Orchidem ; Tribe, 
 Epidendrem-DendrohiecB. Allied to Cirr- 
 iopetalum. ) 
 
 Stove orchids. Division of the plant in 
 spring ; shallow baskets in sphagnum, rotten 
 wood, charcoal, and flbry peat. Winter temp., 
 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°. 
 
 M. Wfo. Brown, purple, with black hairs. 
 Summer. Sierra Leone. 1839. 
 
 — Cla'rkei. Green, purple. W. Tropical Africa. 
 
 1891. 
 —/alca'tum. 1. Yellow, red. March. 1824. 
 
 B. K. t. 989. 
 ma'jus. Yellow, red. March. 1833. 
 
 — leucorha'chis. Spike flat, white ; flowers 
 
 yellow. Tropical Africa. 1891. 
 
 — ma'mmwm. 1. Yellow, green. Sierra Leone. 
 
 1836. B. E. t. 1969. 
 
 — melamorha'chis. Brown, yellowish. Sierra 
 
 Leone. 1875. 
 
 — om/odon. Yellow, red. Madagascar. 1888. 
 
 Syn., Bulbophyllv/m oxyodon. 
 
 — purpv/ra'tum. Greenishj^ purple. W. Tropical 
 
 Africa. 1871. B. M. t. 6936. 
 
 — scaMrulum. Dull purple, whitish green. 
 
 Pondoland. 1888. 
 
 — velu'tinum. Purple, yellow. Sierra Leone. 
 
 1846. 
 
 Megarhi'za. (From megas, large, 
 and rhiza, a root ; because of its large 
 tuberous rootstock. Nat. ord., Cucur- 
 hitacew. Allied to Elaterium.) 
 
 Hardy tuberous perennial, producing an 
 annual trailing stem. Seeds in a slight hotbed 
 in spring. Good light sail. 
 M. cali/o'mica. California. 1880. Garden, 1880, 
 p. 147. 
 
 Mega'sea dlia'ta. A synonym of 
 Saxiiraga Ugulata. 
 
 Meiracy'llimn. (From meirahyl- 
 lion, a little bojr ; probably in reference 
 to the small size of the plants. Nat. 
 ord., Orchidem; Tribe, Epidendreoe — 
 PleurothallecB. ) 
 
 Stove epiphytes ; should be grown on blocks. 
 For cultivation, see ORCHIDS. 
 M. gelTnima. Amethyst. Mexico. Bchb. Xen. iii. 
 t. 209, flg. 1. 
 
 Melaleu'ca. (From melas, black, 
 and leukos, white ; referring to the 
 colours of the old and young bark. Nat. 
 ord., Myrtaceas; Tribe, Leptospermece.) 
 
 Evergreen shrubs, from New South Wales, ex- 
 cept where otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of 
 
 the shoots in May, as they are getting firm at 
 their base, and not more than three inches in 
 length, in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and 
 loam, most of the latter, with a fair portion 
 of sand, and nodules of charcoal. Winter temp., 
 38° to 45°. Many are about as hardy as a myrtle, 
 and will stand against a conservatory wall with 
 a little protection. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 M. leueade'nd/ron. 16. White. E. Ind. 1796. 
 
 Cajeput tree. 
 mi'nor. White. B. Ind. 1800. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 if. aeero'ta. Purple. June. 
 
 — armilla'ris. 6. White. June. 1788. Syn., 
 
 JIf. ericffolia of Andr. Eep. 1. 176. 
 
 — caUistem& Tiea. See M. lateritia^ 
 
 . . „ 3. Purple. July. N. Amer. 1803. 
 
 -decussa'ta. 4. Lilac. August. 1803. B. M. 
 t. 2268. 
 
 — de'nsa. B. C. t. 200. See ilf. piUchella. M. 
 
 densa of Alton is a distinct species. 
 
 — dioemmfo'lia. 4. Beddish. June. 1794. 
 
 Andr. Eep. t. 476. 
 
 — dvjmo'sa. 2. 
 
 — ericifo'lia of Andr. Eep. t. 176. See M. ar- 
 
 miUarig. 
 
 eruidBcens. Bed. June. Syn., ilf. embe- 
 
 scene. 
 
 — Prase^ri. B. M. t. 3210. Sfee M. striata. 
 
 — fu'lgens. 6. Scarlet. August. 1803. B. E- 
 
 1. 103. 
 
 — gmii!tif</Ua. 4. Bed. 1793. 
 
 — gloH'fera. 30. 
 
 — am'nd'U. 4. 
 
 — HugiHii. 1832. 
 
 — hyperwifo'lia. 3. Scarlet. July. 1792. 
 
 Andr. Bep. t. 20O. 
 
 — inea'na. 3. Yellow. July. 1817. B. E. 
 
 t. 410. 
 — juniperoi'des. 3. Striped. June. 1830. 
 
 — lanceola*ta. 4. July. 1817. 
 
 — lateri'tia. Purple, rose. June. Syn., M, 
 
 callistemonea. 
 
 — neriifo'lia. B. M. t. 1068. See Tristania 
 
 neriifolia. 
 
 — paludo'sa. 6. Bed. August. 1803. 
 
 — pvicheHla. 2. Purple. July. 1803. B. C. 
 
 t. 200. Syn., M. denea of B. C. t. 200. 
 
 — ra'dvia. Pink. May. 
 
 — Sttlicifo'lia. Andr. Eep. t. 486. See Tristania 
 
 neriifolia. 
 
 — sca'bra. 3. Purple. May. 1803. 
 
 — seria'ta. Bose. June. 
 
 — spino'sa. Yellow. June. 
 
 — squa'mea. 4. Lilac. June. 18U6. B. E. 
 
 t. 477. 
 
 — squmro'sa. 2. White. 1794. B. M. 1. 1936. 
 
 — stria' ta. 4. Purple. June. 1803. Syn., 
 
 M. Fraseri, B. M. t. 3210. 
 
 — stypheloi'des. 4. White. June. 1793. 
 
 — tetra'gona. 4. 1820. 
 
 — thyrmfo'lia. 2. Purple. August. 1792. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1368. Syn., M. coronata, Andr. 
 Eep. t. 278. 
 
 — trichophy'lla. Pink. May. 
 
 — trine'rvia, 3. 1816. 
 
 — uneina'ta. New South Wales. 
 
 — virga'ta. 2. 1818. 
 
 — Wus&ni. Eeddish-purple. S. Australia. 
 
 1874. B. M. t. 6131. 
 
 Melampo'dium. (From melas, 
 black, and pows, foot. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positoB ; Tribe, SelianthoidecB.) 
 
 Hardy annual. 
 M. divarica'tum. Yellow. Mexico. Syn., M. 
 (yvatifolium. 
 
 MelanoiThse'a. (From m«las, 
 black, and rheo, to flow ; referring to the 
 
MEL 
 
 [607] 
 
 MEL 
 
 juice becoming black varnish. Nat. ord. , 
 AnacardiacecB ; Tribe, Anacardiew. ) 
 
 The black poisonous varnish of Martaban is 
 the produce of this tree, the Theet-see, or Kheu 
 «f India. Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of 
 Tipe shoots, with the leaves on, in sand, under a 
 ^lasa, and In heat; peat. and loam. Winter 
 temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 80° to 86°. 
 .Jf. usita'ta. 100. Red. B. Ind. 1829. 
 
 Mela'nth.era, (From melas, black, 
 and anthera, an anther. Nat. ord., 
 Compositm. ) 
 
 M. deltoidea is a stove, and M. hastata a half- 
 hgLrdy herb. Seeds or divisions. 
 M. deltoi'dea. S. Yellow. July. W. Indies. 
 1799. Syn., Caiea aspera. 
 
 — hasta'ta. 3-6. White. June. N. America. 
 
 1732. 
 pandura'ta. Leaves fiddle-shaped. 
 
 Mela'nthilltn. (From melas, black, 
 and anthos, a flower ; refening to the 
 -dusky blossoms. Nat. ord., Liliacece ; 
 Tribe, Veratrem. Allied to Veratrum.) 
 
 The Veratrese are all more or less poisonous. 
 Half-hardy bulbs, requiring the greenhouse or 
 •cold pit in winter, or the bulbs to be kept dry 
 and at rest ; propagated by offsets and seeds ; 
 .sandy loam and peat. 
 M. cape'nsis. See Andro(nimbinm leuca/nthum. 
 
 — dlia'tum. J. Pale yellow. June. S. Africa. 
 
 1810. A synonym of Dipidax eiliata. 
 
 — euaymoi'des. B. M. t. 641. See Androeymbium 
 
 eiicomoides. 
 
 — grami'neum. Red. Lil. t. 249. See Andro- 
 
 cymbium punctatv/m. 
 
 — Tij/bridum. J. White. June. N. America. 
 
 1822. Syns., M. latifoliwm, M. monoi- 
 cwm, M. racemosum, and Zygadenus 
 hybridus. 
 — ju'neeum. J. Pink. September. S.Africa. 
 1780. B. M. t. 558. Now referred to 
 Dipidax. 
 
 — latifo'liv/m. See M, hybridum. 
 
 — massonitefo'lium. Andr. Rep. t. 368. See 
 
 Whiteheadia bifolia. 
 
 — ■monoi'ffwm-. See M. hybridmn. 
 
 — monope^talum. B. R. t. 1291. See Wurmbea 
 
 campanulata. 
 
 — phalangioi'des. 1. White. June. Carolina. 
 
 1810. Now referred to Helonias. 
 
 — secu'ndwm. 1. White. September. S.Africa. 
 
 1810. A form of Dipwtax eiliata. 
 
 — sibi'ricum. 1. Siberia. 1823. Now known 
 
 I as Anticlea sibirica. 
 
 — spica'tum. B. M. t. 694. See Wurmbea pur- 
 
 purea. 
 
 — trique'trum. White, purple. April. N. 
 
 America. 1847. A synonym of Dipidax 
 triquetra. 
 
 — uniflo'rum. f. White, yellow. June. S. 
 
 Africa. 1787. B. M. t. 767. Now known 
 as Bceometra colv/mella/ris. 
 
 — virgi'nicwm. 2. Brown. N. America. June. 
 
 1768. Syns., M. polygamum, Heloniae 
 virginica, B. M. t. 985, and Zygadenus 
 virginicus. 
 
 — vi'ride. B. M. t. 994. See Omithoglotswm 
 
 glaucum. 
 
 Melasphse'rula. (From mdas, 
 black, and sphaira, a ball ; in allusion 
 to the small blackish bulbs. Nat. ord., 
 Iridacece ; Tribe, IxiecB. ) 
 
 Pretty greenhouse bulbs, very useful for con- 
 -servatory decoration on account of their pro- 
 
 fusion of flowers, which endure tor a long time. 
 
 B'or cultivation, see Ixia. 
 
 M. grami'nea. White, purplish. April. S. 
 
 Africa. 1786. B. M. t. 815. Syns., M. 
 
 parvifiora, M. intermedia, M. irmifolia, 
 
 and Gladiolv^ graminevx, Jacq. Ic. 
 
 t. 236. 
 
 — poMViJU/ra. B. C. 1. 1444. See M. gramima. 
 
 Mela'stoma. (From melas, black, 
 and stoma, a mouth ; the eatable berries 
 stain the mouth a dark purple. Nat. 
 ord., Melastomaceai ; Tribe, Osheckiem. 
 Allied to Osbeckia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of the shoots in 
 sandy peat, under a bell-glass, in heat ; peat 
 and loam, sandy and lumpy. Winter temp., 
 45° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 86 . 
 M. affl'ne. 4. Purple. E. Ind. 1810. 
 
 — A/zelia'num. IJ. Red. Sierra Leone. 1824. 
 
 — a'spervm, 6. Purple. June. B. Ind. 1816. 
 
 — Ba'nKsii. IJ, White. September. N. Hol- 
 
 land. 1824. 
 
 — oa'ndidMm. i. Purple. China. 1824. 
 
 — corymbo'sum, 2. Purple. June. Sierra 
 
 Leone. 1792. B. M. t. 904. 
 
 — eynuf«u,m. 2. Purple. June. S. Amei. 
 
 1792. 
 
 — deeemfidAmn. 6. Purple. June. E. Ind. 
 
 1793. Syns., M. malabathricum of B. M. 
 t. 529, and M. sa/nguineimi, B. M. 
 t. 2241. 
 
 — dentieula'twm. 3. White. July. New 
 
 Caledonia. 1855. B. M. t. 4957. 
 
 — ecosta'tum. 4. Purple. .July. Jamaica. 
 
 1793. 
 
 — elonga'tv/m. 1. Purple. May. Sierra Leone. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — grarmlo'sum,. B. R. t. 671. See Pleroma. 
 
 — heteroma'llum. B. M. t. 2337. See Pleroma. 
 
 — hi'rtum. B. M. 1. 1971. See CUdemia hirta. 
 
 — loeviga'tvim. B. R. t. 363. See Micmia 
 
 loemgata. 
 
 — raacrocalrpum. See M. Tnalabathricum, 
 
 — maliiba'thrieum. 6. Purple. July. E. 
 
 Indies. Syn., M. maerocarpmn. M. 
 malabathricum of B. Id. 629 is M. de- 
 cern fidum. 
 ^- napalelnse. B. C. t. 707. See M. nemorale. 
 
 — neimoralle. Purple. Autumn. Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 Half-hardy. Syn., M. napaletise. 
 
 — osbeckioi'des. B. M. t. 2235. See Osbeckia 
 
 octandra. 
 — pulverule/ntum. Bed. March. Sumatra. 
 1823. 
 
 — sangui'n^um. B. M. t. 2241. See M. decem- 
 
 Jidum. 
 
 — villo'sv/m. B. M. t. 2630. See Pleroma. 
 
 Melha'nia. (After Mount Melhan, 
 in Arabia Felix, where the first of them 
 was discovered. Nat. ovA., Sterculiacece; 
 Tribe, Dombeyeoe. Allied to Pentapes. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees, with white flowers. 
 Cuttings of the half-ripened shoots in sandy 
 peat, in a little bottom-heat, and under a bell- 
 glass ; sandy peat and a little loam. Winter 
 temp., 60° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 86°. 
 M. Burche'llii. 16. Cape of Good Hope. 1818. 
 
 — erythro'xylon. 16. July. St. Helena. 1772. 
 
 — mela/no'xyUm. 2. July. St. Helena. G. C. 
 
 1890, vii. p. 612, fig. 81. 
 
 Me'lia. Bead-tree. {Melia, the 
 Manna Ash; referring to the resem- 
 blance of the leaves. Nat. ord. , Melia- 
 cece ; Tribe, Meliece. ) 
 
 Seeds and cuttings of the ripe shoots in sand, 
 under a bell-glaas, and in a mild bottom-heat ; 
 
MEL 
 
 [608] 
 
 MEL 
 
 sandy loam and flbry peat. Azedara'oh and 
 austra'lis will stand against a Trail in the south 
 of the island. The monks formerly strung the 
 fruit as beads. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 M. austra'lis. mac. Australia. 1810. 
 
 — Azeda/ra'ch. 45. Blue. July. Syria. 1656. 
 
 B. M. t. lose. 
 
 — fiorihu'nda. White. 1874. Probably the 
 same as, or a variety of, Jf . Azeda/raeh. 
 
 — japo'nica. Japan. 1865. Hardy or half- 
 hardy. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 M. Azadira'chta. 60. White. July. B. Ind. 
 1759. Bent, and Tr. t. 62. 
 
 — ccmupo' sUa. 20. White, red. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1810. 
 
 — exce'lsa. 40. White. July. B. Ind. 1819. 
 
 — gumednsis. 30. White, red. July. Guinea. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — robw'sta. 30. White, red. July. B. Ind. 
 
 1820. A form of M. c<mvposita. 
 
 — semp&rm'rens. White. W. Indies, B. B,. 
 
 t. 643. 
 
 — mpdrha. 20. White, red. E. Ind. 1810. 
 
 A form of M. compoHta. 
 
 Melia'nthus. Honey Flower. (From 
 mel, honey, and anthos, a flower ; the 
 tubes contain a copious supply of honey- 
 like juice. Nat. ord., Sapindacece ; 
 Tribe, Melianthece.) 
 
 The natives obtain honey for food by shaking 
 the branches of Melia'nthits ma'jor when in 
 blossom. Evergreens, from the Cape of Good 
 Hope. Cuttings of young shoots in sandy soU, 
 under a hand-light ; rich, sandy soil ; require 
 the protection of a greenhouse, cold pit, or a 
 conservatory wall in winter. 
 M. como'sus. 3. YeUow. 1820. B. E. t. 46. 
 
 — maljcr. 10. Brown. June. 1688. 
 
 — minor. 2. Brown. June. 1696. B.M. t. 301. 
 
 — TrvmerMrvus. 2-7. Scarlet. December. 
 
 Namaquk Land. B. M. t. 6557. 
 
 Me'lica. (Derivation uncertain. 
 Nat. ord., Grammece ; Iriibe, Festucece.) 
 
 Half-hardy ornamental grass. 
 M. papiliona'cea. Purplish. Argentine Re- 
 public. 1890. 
 
 meli'chrus. (From melichros, 
 honey-coloured ; referring to glands on 
 the flowers. Nat. ord. , Epacridacem ; 
 Tribe, Styphelieoe. Allied to Styphelia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse scarlet-flowered evergreens, from 
 Australia. Cuttings of the shoots when two 
 inches long, and a little hard at their base ; 
 side-cuttings, after pruning down are the best ; 
 sandy peat. Winter temp., 38° to 46°. 
 M. me'dvus. See M. urceolatus. 
 
 — rota'ta. IJ. June. 1824. 
 
 — urceola'tus. 2. May. 1824. Syn., M. medius. 
 
 Melico'cca. Honey-berry. (From 
 mel, honey, and coccos, a berry ; referring 
 to the sweetness of the fruit. Nat. ord., 
 Sapmdaceas ; Tribe, Sapindece. Allied 
 to Talisia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; peat and 
 loam. Winter temp., 48° to 60°; summer, 60° 
 to 80°. 
 M. U'juga. 16. Yellow. Antilles. 1778. 
 
 — olvmfdmm. 20. Yellow. Grenada. 1824. 
 
 — panieulalta. 20. St. Domingo. 1820. 
 
 — tri'jvga. 20. Ceylon. , 1820. 
 
 Meli'cope. (From mel, honey, and 
 kope, an incision ; referring to the nec- 
 tary of notched glands. Nat. ord., 
 Jiutacece ; Tribe, Xanthoxylece. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of small side- 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in May ; sandy 
 loam, with a little peat and leaf -mould. Winter 
 temp., 40° to 48°. 
 
 M. terna'ta. 6. White. New Zealand. 1822. 
 Ic. PI. t. 603. 
 
 Meli'cytus. (From m^l, honey, and 
 cytos, a cavity ; referring to the cavity 
 at the bottom of the stamens. Nat. 
 ord., Violacece ; Tnhe, Alsoideiece. Allied 
 to Hymenanthera. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of 
 shoots getting firm, in sand^ under a bell-glass, 
 in May ; sandy peat, and a httle loam. Winter 
 temp., 38° to 45°. 
 M. ramiflo'rus. 6. White. New Zealand. 1822. 
 
 Melilo'tus. Melilot. (From meli, 
 honey, and lotiis, the honey-lotus. Nat. 
 ord. , Legwrmnos(B ; Tribe, Trifoliece. 
 Allied to Trifolium.) 
 
 Seed in common soil; arbo'rea, by seed and 
 by cuttings, does best in a sheltered place, and 
 is deserving of more cultivation. 
 M. arbofrea. 16. White. July. Turkey. 1826. 
 
 — branhylo'ba. A synonym of Medicago trachy- 
 
 carpa. 
 
 — Uuca'ntha. 4. White. July. Europe. 
 
 — sibi'rica. A synonym of Medicago sibvrica. 
 
 — suave' olens. 3. Yellow. July. Dahuria. 
 
 1824. 
 
 Meli'ssa. Balm. (From melissa,.a, 
 bee; literally, a bee-flower. Nat. ord., 
 LabiatcB ; Tribe, Satureinece. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Dividing the 
 roots in spring ; common garden-soil. 
 M. A'cinos. See Catamintha Aminos. 
 
 — a'lba. See Micromeria rvpestris. 
 
 — alti'ssrivna. See M. ojidnalis. 
 
 — coccifnea. See Calamintha coccinea. 
 
 — eordifdlia. See M. ofwinaMs. 
 
 — cre!tica. See Calaw/i/atha cretica. 
 
 — grandiflo'ra. B. M. t.' 208. See Calamintha 
 
 grandifiora, 
 
 — microphy'lla. J. Purple. June. Corsica. 
 
 1829. A synonym of Cdla/rmntha cvriacea.. 
 
 — offieina'lis. 1. White. July. South Europe. 
 
 1673. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 1053. Syns., 
 M. altissima and M. cordifolia. 
 
 variega'ta. 1. White. June. Gardens. 
 
 villo'sa. White. August. Italy. 1673. 
 
 — polya'nthos. 1. White. July. 1820. 
 
 — pyrenai'ca. Jacq. H. Vind. t. 183. See Her- 
 
 minium pyrenaicum. 
 
 Melissa Culture. This hardy 
 herbaceous plant has a citron scent and 
 aromatic flavour. It is cultivated now 
 only for making a grateful drink for the 
 sick, and sometimes for culinary pur- 
 
 The Soil best suited to its growth is 
 any good friable, but rather inclining to 
 clayey than sandy. 
 
 Planting. — It is propagated by root 
 division (of which the smsQlest piece will 
 
 f'ow), and by slips of the young shoots, 
 he first mode any time during the 
 
MEL 
 
 [609] 
 
 MEL 
 
 spring and autumn, but by slips from 
 June to August. If divisions of an old 
 plant are employed, they may be planted 
 at once where they are to remain, at 
 twelve inches 'apart ; but if by slips, 
 they must be inserted in a shady border, 
 to be thence removed, in August or Sep- 
 tember, to where they are to remain. At 
 every removal water must be given, if 
 dry weather, and until they are estab- 
 lished. During the summer they require 
 only to be kept clear of weeds. In Octo- 
 ber the old beds (which may stand for 
 many years) require to be dressed, their 
 decayed leaves and stalks cleared away, 
 the soil loosened by the hoe or slight 
 digging and manure given. 
 
 Old beds may be gathered from in 
 July, for drying, but tlieir green leaves, 
 from May to September ; and those 
 planted in spring will even aftbrd a 
 gathering in the autumn of the same 
 year. For drying, the stalks are cut, 
 with their full clothing of leaves, to the 
 very bottom, and the drying completed 
 gradually in the shade. The variegated 
 form has the additional advantage of 
 being highly ornamental. 
 
 Meli'ttis. Bastard Bahn. (The 
 same derivation as Melissa. Nat. ord., 
 Lahiatce; Tribe, StachydecB.) 
 
 Same culture as Melissa. 
 M. melisiophy'llum. 1. Creamy-white, blotched 
 
 with pink or purple. May. England. 
 
 Ene. Bot. ed. 3, tt. 1062-3. 
 
 :alpina. |. Flesh. May. Switzerland. 
 
 grandijlo'ra. 1. White, yellow. May. 
 
 England. 
 
 Mello'ca. See UUucus. 
 
 Meloca'ctus. Melon Thistle. (From 
 Melon, a melon, and kaktos, the name 
 given by Theophrastus to a spmy plant. 
 Nat. ord., Cactece.) 
 
 This genus differs from Echinocactus in having 
 the flowers produced on a head covered with 
 dense, woolly, and bristly hairs, called a tomen- 
 tum, while those of Echiuocactus issue from the 
 bare ribs, or angles. Treatment similar to that 
 for Mammillaria. Suckers and offsets ; loam, 
 peat, and lime-rubbish. 
 
 M. comnm'nie. 1-lJ. Rosy-red. W. Indies. 
 178& B. M. t. 3090. Turk's Cap. 
 
 — depr^ssus. Rose. July. Pernambuco. B. M. 
 
 t. 3691. 
 
 — Ellemee'tii. Rose. Bahia. 1872. 
 
 — Schlumbergeria'nus. Island of St. Thomas. 
 
 1861. 
 
 Melodi'nus. (From melon, an apple, 
 and dineo, to turn round ; referring to 
 the shape of the fruit. Nat. ord., Apo- 
 cynacece; Tribe, Cartseece. Allied to 
 Carissa. ) 
 
 The fruit of this and some other allied genera 
 are eatable, but not of much merit. Stove ever- 
 green twiners, with white flowers, blooming in 
 July. Cuttings of half-rijiened side-shoots in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, in heat; peat and 
 
 loam, with a little sand. Winter temp., 60° to 
 
 60° ; summer, 68° to 86° 
 
 M. mono'gynus. 10. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — parmfo'lius. E. Ind. 1776. 
 
 — sca'ndens. 16. New Caledonia. 1776. 
 
 — undula'tus. E. Ind. 
 
 Melolo'ntha. Every one knows the 
 common May-bug, or Cockchafer {Mela- 
 lontha vulgaris) ; a drawing and a de- 
 scription of its grub are given at page 
 15, vol. v., of " The Cottage Gardener." 
 This grub very closely resembles that of 
 another species, M. horticola, Garden 
 Beetle, or Braokenclock — Phyllopertha 
 of some entomologists. The latter oeetle 
 (Ibid, ii. , 171) is found in June and July, 
 among the petals of white roses. It is 
 nearly half an inch long, and rather less 
 than a quarter of an inch broad. Its 
 wing-cases are reddish-brown, shining, 
 and shorter than the body ; the body 
 and head are dark green, and the an- 
 tennae reddish, having at their ends a 
 dark-green club. It also feeds on the 
 leaves of apples, pears, and roses, gnaw- 
 ing them full of small holes, and even 
 transferring its attacks to the young 
 fruit of the apple. During the latter 
 part of July the female retires into the 
 earth for the purpose of there depositing 
 her eggs, from which the grubs speedily 
 are produced, and feed upon the roots of 
 plants, especially of grass. The only 
 mode of reducing the number of these 
 beetles is by searching for them during 
 the evening, when, if detected, they 
 stiffen their outstretched legs, and feign 
 death ; but in the day they fly about 
 swiftly, and are captured with great 
 difficulty. It is said that when grass 
 suffers from the grubs of either of these 
 beetles, they may be extirpated by 
 watering with the ammoniacal liquor 
 from gas-works. 
 
 Melon. (Cu'cumis me'lo.) 
 Varieties. — These are so numerous, 
 that we must be very severe in our selec- 
 tion, confining ourselves to such as are 
 most generally useful in Britain ; and 
 these we must classify according to their 
 habits. 
 
 Cantaloups, the Rocks, the Green- 
 fleshed, the Valentia, or Winter, and the 
 Persians, with their various hybrids. 
 Amongst the Cantaloups we have both 
 round and oblong, plain and netted, the 
 Orange, the Montagues, etc. In the 
 Bocks we have the Small Scarlet-fleshed, 
 the Black, the Large, and the Early, 
 etc. In the Green^esh class we may 
 point to the Beech- wood, which may al- 
 most be considered the type of this sec- 
 tion, the Small Green-fleshed Egyptian, 
 of exquisite flavour, and thin rind ; 
 
 KR 
 
MEL 
 
 [610] 
 
 MEL 
 
 these, with the various varieties known 
 by the name of Snow's, Terry's, the 
 Kew-green-fleah, etc. These are the 
 most generally useful melons, being 
 hardy, free-setters, and not liable to rot 
 or canker. 
 
 Next we may advert to the Winter 
 Melons, a class which will keep a long 
 time after they are cut : and the Valentia 
 may be placed amongst this division. 
 Lastly, are the Persians, with their use- 
 ful hybrids. The types of these Persian 
 hybrids are, principally, the Isaphan, 
 the Dampsha, the Germek, and the Hoo- 
 sainee. 
 
 Propagation: by Seed. — Most practical 
 men prefer old seed to new, as running 
 less to bine. A bottom-heat of from 75° 
 to 85° is essential ; and when the seed- 
 lings are up, and just before the second 
 set of leaves begin to appear, the young 
 plants may be potted into five-inch pots, 
 two in a pot, in a soil of three parts 
 strong loam, enriched with manure. A 
 teinperature of 70° to 80° must be secured 
 to them, and the pots should be plunged. 
 As soon as the central shoot begins to 
 sprout from between the seed-leaves it 
 may be pinched off; and this, if other 
 points be right, will cause the protrusion 
 of a pair, or more, of shoots, more fruit- 
 ful in character, and these are enough 
 as "leaders." In about a fortnight 
 afterwards they will be fit for the fruit- 
 ing-bed. 
 
 By Cuttings. — This mode of culture 
 has been recommended by some, as 
 serving to restrict that excessive luxu- 
 riance which is frequently inimical to 
 fertile blossoming. Under proper culture 
 the plan answers ; but, on the whole, 
 the seedling plan is the better. It is, 
 however, a certain mode of perpetuating 
 choice kinds, and as such snould not be 
 lost sight of. Healthy, free-growing, yet 
 short-iointed shoots, should tie sielected, 
 and the usual bottom-heat and atmo- 
 spheric temperature must be secured ; 
 in addition to this, there must be a 
 liberal amount of atmospheric moisture, 
 and the close treatment, with shading, 
 incidental to the growth of cuttings. 
 When established, the, plants will need 
 no "stopping;" and they, require a more 
 generous soil when finally planted. 
 
 Subsequent Culture. — The melon is 
 fruited by a variety of modes, but in all 
 a certain amount of bottom-heat, as well 
 as atmospheric, is absolutely necessary. 
 ,The bottom-heat should never descend 
 below 70°, nor range above 90°, whilst 
 an atmosphere not oelow 65°, nor above 
 80°, will be most suitable, permitting, 
 however, a rise of eight or ten degrees 
 
 from sunshine. In no situation can the 
 melon endure shade. 
 
 .Culture in the Dung-bed. (For pre- 
 paration of this see Hotbed.)— The 
 earliest melons are generally sown about 
 the middle of January, in a seed-bed 
 specially prepared. Great caution is 
 necessary ; and when the plants are up, 
 and the two seed-leaves fully developed, 
 they may be fjlanted out singly in five- 
 inch pots, in rich soil. About this time 
 the ridging-out bed must be got up for 
 their reception, and this must be com- 
 posed of materials perfectly sweet. Regu- 
 lar ventilation and frequent waterings 
 will soon render the air within perfectly 
 sweet ; and then the hills of soil maj 
 be introduced ; in doing which it is 
 good practice to form hollows two-thirds 
 the depth of the bed, and to fill them to 
 the ordinary surface with brickbats or 
 rubble, laying a turf with the grass 
 downwards on the top, and on .this the 
 hillocks may be placed. The young 
 plants will, by this time, have jjroduced 
 three or four shoots each, and it is ad- 
 visable to retain two of the best on each. 
 They may now be ridged out, and must 
 afterwards be occasionally watered when 
 dry ; watering, according to the weather, 
 also the sides of the frame and the un- 
 covered dung almost daily. Henceforth, 
 regular linings must be supplied, and 
 those often turned and watered ; main- 
 taining steadily the temperatures, and 
 taking care that the bottoin-heat in no 
 part of the interior exceeds 90°. As 
 strong linings will be requisite at this 
 early period, much water will be neces- 
 sary twice or thrice a week, round the 
 insides of the frames, and next to the 
 linings, 'to prevent burning. As soon 
 as the plants begin to spread, the re- 
 maining soil must be added ; each light 
 requiring, in the whole, from two to 
 three barrowloads. The surface of the 
 bed must be formed convex, the plants 
 occupying the highest point. Two plants 
 are enough for each light, and a shoot 
 may be led to each angle of the light, 
 and then the main shoots, taking the 
 whole light, will form the letter X,.<ihe 
 centreof the letter indicating theridging- 
 out point. As soon as each of these 
 shoots reaches to within from six to nine 
 inches of the frame side, it must be 
 pinched, and the laterals forced out by 
 this pinching will produce blossoms, 
 some males, others females ; the former 
 generally preponderating. 
 
 The female blossoms must be care- 
 fully "set " or impregnated daily, choos- 
 ing about two o'clock, p.m., for the 
 operation, when the pollen will be dry. 
 
MEL 
 
 [611] 
 
 MEL 
 
 As soon as from three to four fruits are 
 secured on each plant, and these are as 
 large as a pigeon s egg, all the blossoms 
 must be kept cut away, male and female, 
 as they appear. Each axillary shoot 
 with a fruit must be pinched or stopped 
 three or four eyes beyond the fruit ; and 
 frequent stoppmg practised with all the 
 other portions, removing at all times 
 coarse shoots which threaten to over- 
 power the bearing portions. The chief 
 object should be to expose as much 
 healthy foliage as possible, and that 
 connected with bearing portions, to the 
 light, not suffering late-formed leaves 
 to overshadow the older healthy leaves. 
 Still, the sides of the frame must be 
 occasionally watered ; and when the 
 fruit is as large as a hen's egg, a liberal 
 ■watering of liquid manure may be given, 
 Avoiding, however, wetting the collars 
 of the plants at all times. Ventilation 
 must be daily had, but much caution is 
 necessary ; good linings must be main- 
 tained, in order to support the necessary 
 temperature with ventilation. By these 
 means, fine, ripe Cantaloups or Beech- 
 woods may be cut by the middle of May. 
 We may add that the root-watering 
 may require to be repeated, but water 
 must be entirely withheld a week or two 
 before they commence ripening, and an 
 «xtra amount of ventilation used during 
 ■fche ripening period. 
 
 The main features of their culture in 
 housesoT pits, or on trellises, are precisely 
 the same, except that, having a greater 
 depth of soil, and more room to ramble, 
 a much greater length of main shoot may 
 be allowed before stopping. In whatever 
 situation, about 80° of bottom-heat, and 
 an average of 75° atmospheric, will be 
 found to suit them best, except that in 
 proportion as the sun-light increases 
 they will readily bear an increase of from 
 5° to 10° both to the roots and branches. 
 Bed. — Although a common hotbed is 
 generally used for this plant, yet a pit is 
 more economical of heat, and, by enabling 
 a more regular temperature to be sus- 
 tained, renders the fruit in greater per- 
 fection. The pit is a rectangular frame 
 or "bin, built of nine-inch brick-work, and 
 inclosed by a glass case of the necessary 
 dimensions. Mr. Smith, gardener to A. 
 Keith, Esq., of Ravelstone, N.B., has 
 suggested a mode of building a pit wiich 
 renders the renewal of the heat in it 
 easy ; and, as the committee appointed 
 to examine it report, is the means of con- 
 siderable saving compared with the com- 
 mon mode of forming an open bed. But 
 the facility with which linings may be 
 applied is its best feature. 
 
 The accompanying sketch will at once 
 show the form of the pit and Mr. Smith's 
 rnode of applying the linings. A is the 
 pit, the side. of which, a a, instead of 
 being a continuous piece of brick- work, 
 are merely rows of pillars six feet apart ; 
 
 and the brick-work of the frame, h h, is 
 supported, by bars of iron reaching from 
 pillar to pillar. An outer wall c c, is 
 constructed at two and a half feet dis- 
 tance from the pillars on each side ; thus 
 two bins are formed in which the linings 
 are inserted, as is found necessary, and 
 are kept close covered with thick boards ; 
 d represents the lights, which thus are 
 formed without any wooden frames. For 
 other modes of construction, see Hot- 
 bed, Fits, etc. If a, common hotbed is 
 employed, fifteen barrow-loads of dung 
 is the usual allowance to each light, 
 which make it about six inches higher 
 than is allowed for the cucumber bed of 
 largest dimensions. 
 
 If a melon-house be employed, the fol- 
 lowing is the form and mode adopted by 
 Mr. Fleming : 
 
 "The house is twenty-eight feet long, 
 and fifteen wide, and is heated by means 
 of a saddle boiler, with four-inch pipes 
 passing round the outside of the pit, 
 which pipes are fitted with cast-iron 
 troughs, for holding water to regulate the 
 moisture of the atmosphere. Bpneath 
 the pit is an arched chamber, a, along 
 the front of which runs the flue, h, im- 
 parting a slight degree of heat to the 
 soil above, and also serving to heat a 
 series of arches, c, which run along be- 
 neath the path, and are entered from a 
 house in front, d, and which are used for 
 forcing rhubarb, etc., in the winter."— 
 "Gardeners' Chronicle." 
 
 Culture of the Persian kinds.— Thesa 
 are much more tender than the ordinary 
 
 freen-fleshed melons ; they will not en- 
 ure so low a temperature, and neither 
 will they thrive in so moist an atmo- 
 sphere. A high authority, speaking of 
 the Persian melons, has thus observed: — 
 " They aie found to require a very high 
 
MEL 
 
 [612] 
 
 MEN 
 
 temperature, a dry atmosphere, and an 
 extremely humid soil, while they are at 
 the same time impatient of an undue 
 supply of moisture, which causes spot- 
 tings and decay long before the fruit is 
 ripe. " 
 
 We are informed that in Persia, where 
 the melon grows in the open fields, that 
 the ground where they are cultivated is 
 crossed in various ways by streams, be- 
 tween which the lemons are placed on 
 raised beds highly manured. It would 
 seem, therefore, that in order to excel in 
 their culture, the following may betaken 
 as maxims : — 1st. The brightest of glass 
 is requisite, to admit every ray possible 
 of the sunlight. 2nd. A very high at- 
 mospheric temperature must be sus- 
 tained, and especially in order that the 
 cultivator may be enabled to ventilate 
 freely, to prevent the accumulation of 
 damp. 3rd. A rich soil, dry in its upper 
 sui'f ace, but rather moist beneath. It is 
 urged by those who have been successful 
 in their culture, that they should be 
 trained on trellises ; and there is no 
 doubt the opinion is correct. They may, 
 however, be trained against the back 
 walls of stoves, or grown in large pots, 
 to which in due time a dish of water 
 may be affixed, and the shoots trained 
 on portable trellises. 
 
 We will conclude with a few general 
 remarks. The foliage of melons, of 
 whatever kind, should never be ruffled or 
 disturbed ; training and stopping, there- 
 fore, must be attended to in due time. 
 Melons should not be encouraged to be- 
 come luxuriant until a crop of Iruit com- 
 mences swelling ; after this it is almost 
 impossible to encourage them too much. 
 Again, they should never be watered in- 
 discriminately overhead, after the man- 
 ner of cucumbers, unless it "be some of 
 the ordinary ^reen-flesh kinds, during 
 periods of continued heat and a dry at- 
 mosphere. 
 
 Diseases. — These are few properly so 
 called except the gum and canker, and 
 those are mostly engendered by wounds 
 or bruises on gross subjects, producing a 
 sort of vegetable gangrene. When such 
 occurs, it IS a good plan to place a slate, 
 tile, or piece of glass beneath the affected 
 part, and to pile a mixture of quick-lime 
 three parts, and charcoal-dust one part, 
 in a hillock around and above the wound, 
 changing the same when it becomes 
 damp. 
 
 /jwecfe.— See Acarus, Aphis, and 
 Thrips. 
 
 Melon Pumpkin. Curcu'Uta melo- 
 pe'po. 
 
 Melon Thistle. Meloea'ctus. 
 
 Melon Turk's-Cap. Meloea'ctus . 
 commu'nis. 
 
 Melon, Water. Ci'trull-us vni- 
 ga'ris. 
 
 Melo'thriai'«racto'to. A synonym 
 of Zehneria scabra. 
 
 Melvi'Uea svedo'sa. A synonym 
 of Cuphea MeMUa. B. R. t. 852. 
 
 Meme'cylon. (Dioscorides' name 
 for the fruit of the Arbutus. Nat. ord., 
 MelastomacecB ; Tribe, MeTnecyclece. 
 Allied to Mouriria.) 
 
 The berries of M, edu'le are eatable, but not 
 very good. Stove evergreens. Cuttings of shoots 
 in sand, under a glass, in heat ; loam and peat, 
 with a good portion of sand, and pieces of char- 
 coal. Winter temp., 60° to 66° ; summer, 60' 
 to 86°. 
 
 M, uTigula'tum. 3. Purple. May, Mauritius. 
 1826. 
 
 — capitella'tuTn. 4. July. E. Ind. 1796. 
 
 — edu'le. 10. Purple. Ceylon. 1820. 
 
 — gra'nde. Blue. May. Ceylon, Singapore and 
 
 Java. 1824. 
 
 — ramifio'Tum. 4-5. Calyx rosy-pink ; corolla. 
 
 deep violet. Ceylon. 1884. 
 
 Meni'nia. See Cystacanthus. 
 
 Menio'cUS. (From mene, the moon, 
 and ohkos, the eye ; referring to the 
 shape of the seed-pod. Nat. ord., 
 Orueiferw. Allied to Aubretia. ) Now 
 referred to Alyssum. 
 
 A hardy annual. Seed in April, in common 
 soil. 
 
 Jf. Imifo'lim. J. White. June. Caucasus. 
 1819. A synonym of Alyssv/m linifolium. 
 
 Meni'scium. (From meniskos, a 
 crescent ; referring to the shape of the 
 spore, or seed cases. Nat. ord.. Films.) 
 
 Stove ferns, with brown spores. See FERNS. 
 M. cutpida'tum. May. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — denta'tutn. 4. Brazil. 
 
 — palu'stre. 4. May. W. Ind. 
 
 — proli'/erum. May. E. Ind. 1820. Syn., 
 
 Goniopteris prolifera. ' 
 
 — reticula'twm. f . May. Martinique. 1793. 
 
 — si'mplex. 1. Hong Kong. 1860. 
 
 — sarW^li'"''"'. 1. Brazil. 1823. 
 
 — triphj/llum. 1. June. E. Ind, 1828, 
 
 Menispe'riniun. Moonseed. (From 
 tnene, the moon, and sperma, a seed. 
 Nat. ord., Menispermacece ; Tribe, Coe- 
 culecB. Allied to Cocculus. ) 
 . Chiefly hardy deciduous twining fjlants. Divi- 
 sion of the roots ; cuttings "in spring under a 
 hand-light, and by seeds sown at the same time ; 
 common gaiden-soil, 
 
 M. mnari'ssimum. Yellow, E. Ind. 1804. Stove 
 evergreen climber. 
 
 — canade'nse. 10. Green, yellow. June. Canada 
 
 to S. Carolina. 1691. 
 
 loba'tvm. Green, yellow. Jufl'e, N. 
 
 Amer, 1732, Syn,, M. virginicmn. 
 
 — Co'ccvlus, See Cocculus Plwnkenetii. 
 
 — feiwitra'tum. See Coscinvwmfenestratvm. 
 
MEN 
 
 [ 613 ] 
 
 MER 
 
 M. Lyo'nii. 10. Purple. June. N. Amer. 1823. 
 
 — smilaci'num. Carolina. Syn., dssampelos 
 
 _ smilacina. Jacq. Ic. t. 629. 
 
 — virgi'nicum. See M. canadense, var. lobatum. 
 
 Meno'dora. (Derivation uncertain. 
 Nat. ord., Oleacem.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a . hand-light. 
 Summer temp., 66° to 70° ; winter, 40° to 48°. 
 M. tri'flda. 2. Yellow. June. Chili. 1828. 
 Syn., BoUvaria trijida. 
 
 Menonvillea. (Named after T. 
 de MenonviUe, a French naturalist, Nat. 
 ord., CrucifercB ; Tribe, Lepidinece.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds ; common garden-soil. 
 M.fiiifo'lia. 1. Greenish-white. August. Chili. 
 1886. Swt. Fl. Gard., ser. 2, t. 371. 
 
 Me'ntha. Mint. (Mentha is the 
 Latin name of the herb. Nat. ord., 
 Labiatce; Tribe, Satureinece.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, purple-flowered, 
 except where otherwise mentioned. Division of 
 the plant or roots in spring and autumn — the first 
 period is the best in stiff, clayey soils ; common 
 garden-soil. 
 
 M. arvetnsis. |. August. Britain. Eng. Bot. 
 ed. 3, tt. 1039-40. 
 
 — balsa'mea. See M. snavis. 
 
 — hlalnda. 2. White. September. Nepaul. 
 
 1824. A synonym otjEJlsholtzia incisa. 
 
 — canade/nsis. 1. August. N. Amer. 1800. 
 glabra'ta. 1. July. N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 — attra'ta. July. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 
 t. 1029. 
 
 — cocei'nea. 1. Scarlet. July. B. Ind. 1823. 
 
 — dahu'rica. i. Bed. July. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 Syn., Lepechinia clinipodifolia. 
 
 — denta'ta. See M. pratensis, var. crispa. 
 
 — glabra'ta. See M. piperita. 
 
 — inca'na. IJ. July. Greece. 1790. 
 
 — lavandula'cea. 1. July. Spain. 1823. 
 
 — piperi'ta. 2. August. England. Eng. Bot. 
 
 ed. 3, tt. 1024-8. Syn., M. glabrata. 
 
 — prate'nsis a-i'spa. 1. July. Germany. 1816. 
 
 Syn., M. dentata. 
 
 — puldgium. J. August. Britain. 
 
 gibralta'ricum. Very dwarf and compact. 
 
 Gibraltar Mint. 
 
 — pu'mila. See DysophyUa pwmUa. 
 
 — Sequie'ni. J. Lilac. August. Corsica. 1829. 
 
 — saUci'na. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 — ma'ms. Bed. July. France. Eng. Bot. ed. 
 
 3, t. 1023. Syn., M. hirta. 
 ^ vertmlla'ta. B. M. t. 2907. See DysophyUa 
 
 — vi'ridis. 2. August. Britain. 
 
 — . crispa. 2. July. 1807. Syn., M. har- 
 
 Mentze'lia. (Named after G. 
 Mentzel, a German botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Loasacece. Allied to Bartonia. ) 
 
 Easily raised from seed, and hi'spida from 
 shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat ; sandy 
 ioam and peat. 
 
 M. a'spera. 2. Yellow. July. America. 1733. 
 Hardy annual. 
 
 — ia/rtonioi'des. Sulphur. W. United States. 
 
 1849. Syna., Euchnide and Mwrosperma 
 bartonioides. B. M. t. 4491. Annual. 
 
 — hi'sp"'da. 2. Yellow. October. Mexico. 
 
 1836. Hardyherba«eoim)erennial. Syn., 
 M. stipitata. Maund^ot. i. t. 34. Pe- 
 rennial. 
 
 — Icevieau'Us. Yellow. California. 1890. Annual. 
 
 M. MndUyi. 3. Yellow. June. California. 
 1834. Syn., Bartonia aurea. B.E.t. 1831. 
 Annual. 
 
 — nu'da. 2. White. August. Missouri. 1811. 
 
 Syn., Bartonia nuda. B. M. t. 5483. 
 Biennial. 
 
 — oligospe'rma. Bright orange. May. Upper 
 
 Louisiana. 1812. B. M. t. 1760. 
 
 — orna'ta. 2. White. July. Missouri. 1811. 
 
 Syn., Bartonia deeapetala. B. M. 1. 1487. 
 Annual. 
 
 Menya'nthes. Buck Bean. (From 
 men, a month, and anthos, a flower ; the 
 time of duration. Nat. ord., Gen- 
 tianacece ; Tribe, MenyanthecB. Allied 
 to Villarsia.) 
 
 Hardy perennial aquatics; Division of the 
 plant, and by seed in spring ; moist situation. 
 M. Cri'sta-ga'Ui. 1-2. Yellow. Spring. N. Amer. 
 Syn., Villarsia Orista-galli. 
 
 — tryolia'ta. 1. White. July. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 920. 
 
 america'na. 1. Pale red. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 1818. Syn., M. americana. 
 
 — exalta'ta. B. M. 1. 1029. See Villarsia. 
 
 — i'ndica. B. M. t. 658. See lAmtmnthem/tim in- 
 
 dicitm. 
 
 — nymphceoi'des. See Liwnanthemwm nym- 
 
 — ova'ta. B. M. t. 1909. See Villa/rsia. 
 
 — sarmento'sa. B. M. 1. 1328. See Villarsia. 
 
 Menzie'sia. (Named after A. 
 Menzies, surgeon and naturalist to the 
 expedition under Vancouver. Nat. ord. , 
 Ericacece ; Tribe, Rhodorew. Allied to 
 Andromeda. ) 
 
 Chiefly by layers early in autumn, and by cut- 
 tings under a hand-light ; sandy peat, with a 
 little loam. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOnS SHRUBS. 
 
 M. ere' eta. 1. Red. April. Siberia. 
 — ferrugi'nea. J. Brown. May. N. Amer. 
 1811. B. M. 1. 1671. 
 
 — glabe^lla. Purple. Rocky Mountains. 1888. 
 
 — globwla'ris. i. Brown. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1806. 
 
 HARDT EVERGREENS. 
 
 M. doeru'lea. B. C. 1. 164. See Phyllodoce taxi- 
 folia. 
 
 trifo'lia. Purple. June. N. Amer. 
 1810. B. M. t. 3176. Now referred to 
 
 — poli/o'lia. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 886, and its 
 numerous varieties. See Daboeeia poU- 
 folia. 
 
 Mercury. (CheiMpo'diwm bo'mis 
 Henri' ciis. ) This perennial plant is known 
 by the various names of Angular-leaved 
 Goosefoot, English Mercury, or AUgood, 
 Good Henry, Good King Henry, and 
 Wild Spinach. In many parts of Lincoln- 
 shire, as about Boston, it is cultivated 
 for use as spinach ; the young shoots are 
 also peeled, boiled, and eaten as aspara- 
 gus. Sow the seed in March — but in 
 October is better — in a well-manured 
 bed, prepared as for asparagus ; in the 
 middle of September plant the seedlings, 
 during rainy weather, in a similar bed, 
 in rows a foot apart each way. Hoe 
 frequently, and use the shoots or to pass 
 required. Dress the beds with manure 
 
MER 
 
 [614] 
 
 MES 
 
 the same as for asparagus ; they will 
 continue in production many years. 
 
 This must not be mistaken iorMercu- 
 ria'lis, or Dog's Mercury, one of our 
 common hedge-weeds ; for this is poi- 
 sonous. Mercuria'lis is a dioecious plant, 
 and belongs to the Nat. ord., Euphor- 
 biacece ; but the Chenopo'dium belongs 
 to the Nat. ord., Chenopodiacew. 
 
 Merende'ra. (From the Spanish 
 name for Colchicum. Nat. ord., Li- 
 liaceos ; Tribe, ColcMcem.) 
 
 Hardy bulbs. Culture the same as for Col- 
 chicum. 
 
 M. Aitckeso'nii. See M, perHca. 
 ~ iulbocodioi'des. Pale purple. October. Por- 
 tugal. 1882. 
 
 — Bulbocodium. i. Rosy-lilac. Pyrenees and 
 
 Spain. Syns., Colchicwm montanum and 
 M. montana. 
 
 — caucalslea. J. Pale rose, purple. May. 
 
 Caucasus. 1823. B. M. t. 3690. 
 Eichle'ri. E. Caucasus. Gfl. t. 952. 
 
 Syn., Bulbocodiwm Kidileri. 
 ruthefniea. Bright carmine - purple. 
 
 Transylvania. 1888. A synonym otBul- 
 
 bocodium vemum, var. versicolor ? 
 
 — montaJTm. gee M. Bulbocodium. 
 
 — pefrsica. Pale lilac. November. India and 
 
 Persia. 1872. Syns., M. Aitchesoni, 
 B. M. t. 6012, Sulbocodium Aitchesoni, 
 and B. trigynum. 
 
 Meria'nia. (In memory of a Dutch 
 lady, Sibylle de Merian, authoress of a 
 work on Surinam insects. Nat. ord., 
 MelastomacecB ; Tribe, Merianece.) 
 
 Stove shrub. For cultivation, seeMELASTOMA. 
 M. Karste'nii. Crimson. Caraccas. 1852. Fl. 
 Ser. t. 767. 
 
 Me'rodon Nard'ssi. Syns., M. da- 
 vipes a,nd. M. equestris. Narcissus Fly. 
 The bulbs of the daffodil and of other 
 species of the narcissus frequently refuse 
 to vegetate ; and the usual cause is, that 
 their interiors have been eaten by the 
 grub of this two-winged fly. This disap- 
 pointment may be avoided if these bulbs 
 are examined Tbef ore being planted. 
 
 In the month of November, says Mr. 
 Curtis, one or two large, roundish holes 
 are sometimes found on the outside of 
 the bulbs of the daffodil and narcissus. 
 The bulbs are more or less decayed 
 within, where a maggot will generally be 
 found, which, by feeding in the heart 
 during the summer and autumn months, 
 has been the sole author of the mischief. 
 This larva is somewhat like the flesh- 
 maggot, and not unlike a hot, only that 
 it is not jagged with spines, and instead 
 of being whitish, its natural colour, is 
 changed to brown by its living amongst 
 the slimy matter which has been dis- 
 charged from its own body, causing the 
 gradual rotting of the bulb. Towards 
 the end of November the maggot is 
 transformed into a pupa, to accomplish 
 
 which it eats its way out of the bulb near 
 the roots, and buries itself in the sur- 
 rounding earth. The pupae are dull 
 brown, egg-shaped, rough, and strongly 
 wrinkled. In this state they remain lintil 
 the following spring, when the flies issue 
 from them. Their eggs are then de- 
 posited, but upon what part of the plant 
 they are laid has not been observed, but 
 probably upon the bulb near the base of 
 the leaves. April seems to be the month 
 when most of the flies hatch ; and they 
 have been compared to small humble- 
 bees, from the cfisposition of the colours, 
 which are, for the most part, yellow, 
 orange, and black ; but they certainly 
 bear a greater resemblance to some of 
 the bot-flies. From bees they are readily 
 distinguished by having only two wings, 
 the horns and proboscis are totally dif- 
 ferent, and they have no stings. 
 
 Merte'nsia. (Named in honour of 
 Professor Francis Charles Mertens, a 
 German botanist. Nat. ord., Boragi- 
 nacem ; Tribe, Boragew. Allied to Pul- 
 monaria. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, with handsome 
 purpliah-blue flowers. Seeds, or divisions of the 
 plants in spring. Ordinary garden-soil. This 
 must not be confounded with Mertensia of 
 Willdenow (Nat. ord., FUices), which is now in- 
 cluded in Gleichenia. 
 M. alpi'-na. Blue. May. Rocky Mountains. 
 
 1875. JIf. aipina of B. M. t. 6178 is jif. 
 
 laz/weolata. 
 
 — dahu'riea. i-1. Azure blue. June. Dahuria. 
 
 Syn.. Fulmonaria dahurica. B. M. 
 1. 1743. 
 
 — lanceola'ta. i-1. Blue. May. Rocky Moun- 
 
 tains. 1874. Syn., M. alpina of B. M. 
 t. 6178. 
 
 — ma/ri'ti'ma. Blue. July. Coasts of Britain. 
 
 Syn., Pulmonaria maritima. Oyster 
 plant. 
 
 — pcmicula'ta. 1-2. Blue-purple. July. N. 
 
 America. Syn., PulTnonaria panicvZata^ 
 B. M. t. 2680. 
 
 — stbi'rica. Blue and white. Siberia and N, 
 
 America. 1801. 
 
 — virgi'nica. 1-2. Blue-purple. Spring. Vir- 
 
 ginia. 1799. Syn., Puhnonanria virgi- 
 nica. B. M. 1. 160. Virginian Cowslip. 
 
 Mery'ta. (Derivation unexplained ; 
 perhaps from memo, to wind, or roll up, 
 Nat. ord., Araliacece.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, or small trees. For 
 cultivation, see Aralia. 
 
 M. latifo'lia. Yellow. Norfolk Island. 1835. 
 Syn., Botryodendron latifolium. 
 
 — sonehif&lia. New Caledonia. 1879. 
 
 Mesembrya'nthemum. Fig- 
 Marigold. (From mesembria, mid-day, 
 and anthemon, a flower ; referring to the 
 flowers opening better on sunny days. 
 Nat. ord., Ficoidece ; Tribe, Mesem- 
 bryece. ) 
 
 Greenhouse succulent plants, from South 
 Africa, except when otherwise mentioned. All 
 by seeds, and moat of them by cuttings, dried at 
 
MES 
 
 [615] 
 
 MES 
 
 the base, before inserting tliem in aandy soil, 
 peat, loam, lime-rubbish, and old cow-dung, well- 
 drained. Winter temp., 38° to 46°. Well suited 
 for window-plants and rough rock-work, out of 
 doors, in summer. Seeds should be sown in a , 
 hotbed, and plants gradually hardened off before 
 planting out, 
 
 GREENHOUSE ANNUALS. 
 
 M. cadu'imm. 1. Pink. July. 1774. 
 
 — caiendAita'cewm. f . Yellow. August. 1819. 
 
 — cali/<ymicum. Purple. September. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1847. 
 
 — erystalli'num. White. July. Greece. 1775. 
 
 Ice plant. 
 
 — genwulifio'rum. 1. White. August. 1727. 
 
 — gla'brmn. }. Yellow. August. 1787. 
 
 — helianthoi'des. i. Yellow. September. 
 
 1774. 
 
 — •pildsum. |. Yellow. J<Uy. 1800. 
 
 — mnnati'fidum. 1. Yellow. July. 1774. B. 
 
 M. t. 67. 
 
 — pomeridia'nvim.. 1. Yellow. July. 1774. 
 
 B. M. t. B40. 
 
 — I Andrei wsii. 1. Yellow. July. 
 
 — 'pxibelrulum. White. 1829. Biennial. 
 
 — pyro'pomm. Bose, white. June. 
 ro'8ev/m. Kose, white. June. 
 
 — tripo'lium. i. Pale yellow. August. 1700. 
 
 Biennial. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN TRAILERS. 
 
 M. ahbrevia'tum. J. N. Holland. 1826. Salm. 
 Monog. 19, 6. 
 
 — aeinamf&rme. J. Pink. 1714. Andr. 
 
 Eep. t. 680. 
 lo'ngum. J. Pink. August. 
 
 — cequilatera'le. f. Pink. June. N. Holland. 
 
 1791. 
 
 — attemia'tum. J. White. July. 1821. 
 
 — austra'le. J. Yellow. July. New Zealand. 
 
 1733. 
 
 — barba'tum J. Pink. July. 1706. B. M. 
 
 t. 70. 
 
 — calyd'num. }. White. July. 1819. 
 
 — ca'ndens. i. White. June. 1820. 
 . viri'dius. White. September. 
 
 — clavella'tum. J. Pink. June. N. Holland. 
 
 1803. 
 
 aggrega'tum. J. Pink. June. N. Hol- 
 land. 1803. 
 
 mi'nus. J. Pink. N. Holland. 1810. 
 
 — crassifo'Kum. J. Pink. June. 1727. 
 
 — de'bile. J. 1824. 
 
 — de'nsum. J. Pink. June. 1732. B. M. 
 
 1. 1220. 
 
 — edu'le. i. Pink. July. 1690. Hottentot 
 
 Fig. 
 —jOammto'mm. }. Pink. May. 1732. Salm. 
 
 Monog. 20, 1. 
 —floribvfndum. i- Pink. July. 1704. 
 —fwfu'revm. }. Blush. 1830. 
 
 — gemina'tum. f. Pink. 1792. 
 
 — glaucd scene. J. Pink. July. 1804. 
 
 — MrtefUvm. i. Pink. August. 1792. Salm. 
 
 Monog. 61, 6. 
 
 — hi'spidvm. |. Purple. July. 1704. 
 platypeftcUum. J. Purple. July. 1820. 
 
 — hiapifo'Kiim. J. White. July. 1821. 
 -ro'smm. i. Pink. July. 1818. 
 
 — la'eerum. J. Pink. July. 1811. 
 
 — Icemga'tum. -|. Pink. June. 1802. 
 -re'pteJM. \. Pink. July. 1774. 
 
 — rwidiMu'le. i. Pink. May. 1819. 
 
 — Ro'ssi i. Puik. Van Diemens Land. 1820. 
 
 — rubriecm'le. i- Pale purple. June. 1802. 
 ddnsins. i. Pink. 1818. 
 
 subvi'rfns. h Pink- 1818. 
 
 — rubroci'nctum. J. Pink. 1811. B. M. 
 
 t 1732. 
 
 compr^'smm. i- Pink. August. 
 
 U'nerum. J. Pink. August. 
 
 — sarmento'sum. H. Red. April. 1805. 
 
 JIf. Scho'Uu. 1. Pink. May. 1810. Salm, 
 Monog. 17, 1. 
 
 — eemila'tum. i. Pink. November. 1796. 
 viri'diui. i. Pink. November. 
 
 — simile. 1. Pink. 1819. 
 
 — speetalbiU. 1. Bed. May. 1787. B. M. 
 
 t. 396. 
 
 — stria' turn. |. Pink. July. 1727. Salm. 
 
 Monog. 51, 1. 
 
 pa'Uens. i. White. July. 
 
 subhi'spidum. J. Purple. July. 1704. 
 
 — subula'tvm. i. Pink. 1768. 
 
 — torqua'twm. |. Pink. August. 1820. 
 
 — va'kdum. J. Pink. May. 1824. 
 
 — mrgaltum. 3. Pink. March. 1793. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 
 M. alyyssi'nicum. Purple. Abysinnia. 1874. 
 
 — acumina'tvm,. 2. White. August. 1820. 
 
 — a<Mta'ngulmn. IJ. White. 1821. Salm. 
 
 Monog. 36, 6. 
 
 — aojt'twm. i. Red. July. 1793. 
 
 — adseeindens. }. Yellow. September. 1806 
 
 Salm. Monog. 8, 4. 
 
 — adu'ncum. 1. Pmk. February. 1796. 
 
 — agni'rmm. i. Yellow. June. 1824. Salm. 
 
 Monog. 6, 8. 
 
 erectiu'sculum,. i. Yellow. May. 1824. 
 
 mi'nus. J. Yellow. May. 1824. 
 
 — albicau'le. 1. White. August. 1824. 
 
 — a'Ondum. i. Yellow. July. 1714. B. M. 
 
 t. 1824. 
 
 — albino'ium. i. Yellow. September. 1823. 
 
 — albipuncta'tum-. J. ' September. 
 
 — alotdes. J. Yellow. 1819. 
 
 — anato'micmn. J. White. September. 1803. 
 
 Salm. Monog. 62, 1. 
 fra'giU. %. White. 1803. 
 
 — a'neepe. 1}. Pink. June. 1811. Sabn. 
 
 Monog. 22, 2. 
 pttlUidum. IJ. Pale pink. June. 1819. 
 
 — angvlstum. J. Yellow. July. 1790. 
 
 heteropTiyllum. h Yellow. July. 1790. 
 
 pa'llidum. J. Yellow. July. 1790! 
 
 — a'sperwm. 1}. 1818. Salm. Monog. 22, 3. 
 ccRrule' scene. 1^. 1820. 
 
 — aura'ntium. IJ. Orange. July. 1793. 
 
 — au'reum. 1. Yellow. June. 1760. B. M. 
 
 t. 262. 
 
 — bellidifio'rwm. J. Red, white. July. 1717. 
 
 subula'twrn. \. Red. July. 1717. 
 
 iri'ride. i. Red. July. 1717. 
 
 — bibractea'tum. J. Yellow. July. 1803. 
 
 — bicolo'rum. IJ. Orange. July. 1732. B. 
 
 M. t. 59. 
 
 mi'nus. i. Orange. July. 
 
 pa'tulwm. 1. Orange. July. 
 
 — bidenta'tum. 1. Yellow. August. 1818. 
 Tna'jus. IJ. Yellow. August. 1818. 
 
 — M'JidMm. J. Yellow. November. 1796. 
 
 — Mgibbera'tum,. i. Yellow. August. 1820. 
 
 — bla'ndum. IJ. White. June. 1810. B. R. 
 
 t. 582. 
 
 — Bolu'sii. Yellow, edged with red. July. 
 
 1877. B. M. t. 6664. 
 
 — bracMa'tum. li. Yellow. July. 1774. 
 
 — bractea'tvm. IJ. Yellow. August. 1774. 
 
 B. C. t. 261. 
 
 — bremcwuHe. J. Pale yellow. August. 1820. 
 
 — brevifo'linim. 1. Pale yellow. August. 1777. 
 
 Syn. , ilf. crigerifoliumiy Jacq. H. Schoenb. 
 t. 477. 
 
 — Bro'wnei. Bright orange red, or purple. 1888. 
 
 B. M. t. 6985. 
 
 — bulbo'sum. J. Pink. August. 1820. 
 
 — calamifo'rme. 1. White. August. 1717. 
 
 — cmialicula'tvm. 2. Pink. August. 1794. 
 
 — cani'nvm. J. Yellow. September. 1717. 
 
 — ca'num. J. Yellow. 1795. 
 
 — capita'tum. 1. Pale yellow. August. 1717. 
 
 B. E. t. 494. 
 
 rami'gerum. 1. Pale yeUow. August. 
 
 1816. 
 
MES 
 
 [616] 
 
 MES 
 
 M. cari'Tmns. i. 1818. 
 
 — caule'scens. IJ. Pink. June. 1731. 
 
 — dandesti'num. J. White. Junu. 1822. 
 
 — cocd'neum. IJ. Scarlet. July. 1696. B. 
 
 C. 1. 1033. 
 
 acu'tiits. IJ. Scarlet. July. 
 
 'mi'nm. 1^. Scarlet. July. 
 
 — compa'etum. J. YeUow. November. 1780. 
 
 — compi-d iisiim. 1}. Bed. August. 1792. 
 
 Salm. Monog. 22, 4. 
 
 — confe'rtum. IJ. Pink. September. 1806. 
 
 — con»pi'au.um. 1. Eed. September. 1806. 
 
 — Coope'ri. i. Rose-purple. S. Africa. 1862. 
 
 B. M. t. 6312. 
 
 — coralli'num. 1. Pink. May. 1820. 
 
 — emdifo'Uum. i. Pink. July. 1774. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 487. 
 
 variega'tum. Is a form with variegateil 
 
 leaves, much used for carpet bedding. 
 1862. 
 
 — comicula'mm. 1. Pale yellow. April. 1732. 
 isophy'llum. 1. Pale yellow. April. 
 
 1732. 
 
 — coru'scans. 1. Pale yellow. August. 1812. 
 
 — erassicau'le. J. Pale yellow. July. 1816. 
 
 Salm. Monog. 62, 6. 
 
 — erassuloi'des. J. Pink. July. 1819. 
 
 — crueia'tum. i. Yellow. May. 1792. 
 
 — cultra'tum. f. Yellow. September. 1820. 
 
 — cuneifo'lium. Rosy-pui-ple. May. Jacq. Ic. 
 
 t. 488. 
 
 — m'rtum. IJ. White. Salm. Monog. 36, 6. 
 — . ma'jus. li- White. 
 
 Tni'nus. 1^. White. 
 
 poli'twm. IJ. White. 
 
 — eurmjlo'rum. 2. White. June. 1818. Salm. 
 
 Monog. 26, 2. 
 
 — ov/rvifo'lium. 1. Pink. October. 1792. 
 
 Salm. Monog. 47, 2. 
 
 — cyU'ndricum. J. Eed. May. 1792. 
 
 — eymbifo'lium. 1. Yellow. 1822. 
 
 — eymb{fo'rme. 1}. Yellow. 1792. 
 
 — decu'mbens. 1. Pale red. July. 1769. 
 
 — deei'piens. 1. Pale yellow. August. 1820. 
 
 — defle'xum. 1. Pink. August. 1774. 
 
 — defoUa'tum. 2. July. 1820. 
 
 — deltoi'des. IJ. Pink. May. 1731. Salm. 
 
 Monog. 30, 2. 
 
 — dentictUa'tum. J. Yellow. April. 1793. 
 
 camdidi'ssimimi. J. Yellow. April. 
 
 glaulcwm. J. Yellow. April. 
 
 — dtvreamim,. }. Yellow. October. 1796. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1866. 
 lilmdwm. J. Yellow. October. 1819. 
 
 — difo'rrm. f. Yellow. August. 1732. Salm. 
 
 Monog. 7, 3. 
 
 — dilatcCtum. 3. White. July. 1820. 
 
 — diminu'twm. J. Red. April. 1789. 
 cauUcMla'tum. J. Red. April. 1789. 
 
 — dioersifo'lium. 1. Pale yellow. June. 1726. 
 
 Salm. Monog. 15, 2. 
 
 a'tro-vi'rem. 1. Pale yellow. August. 
 
 brevifo'lium. 1. Pale yellow. August. 
 
 glau'cum. 1. Pale yellow. August. 1726. 
 
 ic^te-vi'Tens. 1. Pale yellow. August. 
 
 — dolabrifo'Tme. J. Yellow. June. 1705. B. 
 
 M. t. 32. 
 
 — du'bium. 1. Pale yellow. August. 1800. 
 
 — echina'tmn. 1. Yellow. August. 1774. Jacq. 
 
 H. Schoenb. t. 437. 
 a'lbwm. i. White. August. 1774. 
 
 — dlegam. Purple. Summer. Jacq. H. Schoenb. 
 
 t. 436. 
 
 — dongaltum. 1. Pale yellow. May. 1793 
 
 Salm. Monog. 16, 1. 
 
 . —fvAi^fo'rme. 1. Pale yellow. May. 1793. 
 
 mi'»Ms. 1. Pale yellow. May. 1793. 
 
 — emargincHum. 2. Pink. July. 1732. 
 
 — erigerijio'rum. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 477. See 
 
 M. hrevifolium. 
 
 — ermi'nuTn. ^. Yellow. May. 1824. Salm. 
 
 Monog. 5, 6. 
 
 M. expa'nsum. i. Pale yellow. July. 1705. 
 —falca'tum. 1. Pink. July. 1727. 
 —faleifo'rme. IJ. Pink. July. 1806. Salm. 
 
 Monog. 29, 1. 
 —fastigia'tum. IJ. White. August. 1794. 
 
 rejle'xiim. 1}. White. August. 1792. 
 
 —feli'num. i. Yellow. September. 1730. 
 — jitmlifo'rme. J. 1795. 
 
 — Jiiyifo'rme. J. July. 1819. 
 
 —JUicau'le. 1^. Pink. September. 1800. Salm. 
 Monog. 47, 4. 
 
 — fi'ssum. J. 1776. 
 
 — fia'cddum. Yellow. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 475. 
 —fla'mm. \. Yellow. August. 1820. Salm. 
 Monog. 50, 7. 
 
 — jUxlle. Vs. Pink. August. 1820. 
 —fiexi/o'lium. IJ. Pink. October. 1820. 
 
 Wte-iyi'rens. li. Pink. October. 1818. 
 
 —fiexm'sum. IJ. White. July. 1795. 
 
 — folio'sum. 3. Pink. September. 1802. 
 
 — fmrfica!tum. 1^. Pink. September. 1758. 
 ^ffyrmo'sum. 1. Crimson. August. 1820. 
 
 B. 0. 1. 1293. 
 —fra'grcms. i. Yellow. 
 
 — fu'lmim. 2. Tawny. July. 1820. 
 
 — gemmijl&rum. Pale purple. May. 1826. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1160. 
 
 — gibbo'sum. i. Red. February. 1780. 
 
 — gla'brum. Yellow. August. 1787. Andr. 
 
 Rep. t. 67. 
 
 — gladia'tum. 2. Pink. July. 1792. Jacq. 
 
 H. Schoenb. t. 438. 
 
 — glaudnum. IJ. Pink. July. 
 cra'ssum. IJ. Pink. July. 
 
 — glau'cum. 1^. Orange. June. 1696. Jacq. 
 
 H. Schoenb. t. 439. 
 
 — glomem'tum. IJ. Pink. July. 1732. B. 0. 
 
 1. 1043. 
 
 — gra'eile. li. Red. September. 1794. 
 grcusiliui. 1. Red. September. 
 
 — gramdijMrum. J. Yellow. July. 1824. 
 
 Salm. Monog. 8, 3. 
 
 — grtmifo'rme. J. Yellow. September. 1727. 
 
 — Eawo'rthii. 1. Brown. March. 1793. 
 
 — heteropeltalum. 2. Pink. June. 1794. Salm. 
 
 Monog. 21, 2. 
 
 — heterophifUum. }. YeUow. 1795. Andr. 
 
 Rep. t. 540. 
 
 — hi'rtum. i. Purple, yellow. Summer. S. 
 
 Africa. 1862. G. C. 1878, x.p. 139, fig. 
 19. 
 
 — horizonta'le. 2. Straw. July. 1795. 
 
 — hj/bridum. J. Yellow. 
 
 — i'mbricans. 2. Pink. July. 1818. 
 
 — iitibrica'tum. 3. White. July. 1792. 
 
 medium. 3. White. July. 
 
 vi'ride. 3. White. July. 
 
 — inoequa'le. 1. Orange. July. 1716. 
 
 — inclau'd^ns. IJ. Pink. June. 1805. B. M. 
 
 1. 1663. 
 
 — inc&mptum. J. White. July. 1819. B. 
 
 0. 1. 1811. 
 
 — ificonspi'cuwm, i. Red. July. 1823. 
 
 — ineu'rvum. IJ. Pink. July. 1802. B. C. 
 
 1. 1265. 
 
 ■ dermfo'lium. IJ. Pink. June. 1809. 
 
 ddla'tans. IJ. Pink. June. 
 
 pa'lUdus. 1^. Pink. June. 
 
 ro'seum. IJ. Pink. June. 
 
 — infk'xum, 1. Pink. June. 1819. 
 
 — insti'tiwm. 1. Purple. September. 1790. 
 fla'vo-ero'ceum. 1. Yellow. September. 
 
 1816. 
 minus, f . Yellow. September. 
 
 — intc/nsum. J. Pink. July. 1824. Salm. 
 
 Monog. 62, 2. 
 
 — ■ a'lbum. h Pink. July. 1824. 
 
 — intro'rsum. Whitish, rose, ochre or red. 1824. 
 
 B. M. t. 6057. 
 —ju'ncewm. 1. Pink. September. 1800. Salm. 
 Monog. 45, 1. 
 
 — Ice've. IJ. August. 1774. 
 
MES 
 
 [617] 
 
 MES 
 
 M. lanceola'tum. f. White. August. 1795. 
 ro'seum. J. Pink. May. 1813. 
 
 — la'tvm. J. Yellow. July. 1620. 
 
 5^ bre've. J. Yellow. July. 1802. 
 
 — lepta'leon. 1*. Pink. August. 1819. 
 
 — lineola'tum. i. Pink. August. 1819. Salm. 
 
 Monog. 33, 7. 
 
 te'se. i. July. 1819. 
 
 minus. J. July. 1819. 
 
 ni'tms. J. August. 1819. 
 
 — lingucefo'rme. \. Yellow. July. 1732. B. 
 
 0. 1. 1307. 
 
 assu'rgens. i. Yellow. July. 1819. 
 
 prostra'tum. J. Yellow. July. 
 
 rvj'e'scens. J. Yellow. July. 1732. 
 
 subcrucia'tum. \. Yellow. 1820. 
 
 — longispi'nulum. 1. Pale yellow. September. 
 
 1820. Salm. Monog. 64, 4. 
 
 — lo'ngum. f. Yellow. September. 1725. 
 
 angu'stius. J. Yellow. September. 
 
 atto'llens. |. Yellow. September. 
 
 1819. 
 decli've. |. Yellow. September. Salm. 
 
 Monog. 8, 9. 
 
 depre'ssum. J. Yellow. September. 
 
 purpura'scem. |. Yellow. Septembeu. 
 
 1819. 
 unca'tum, J. Yellow. September. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — lora'tum. J. White. July. 1819. 
 
 — lo'rewm. 1. Pale yellow. September. 1732. 
 conge'stum. 1. Pale yellow. September. 
 
 1806. 
 
 — lu'cidum. J. Yellow. September. 1732. 
 
 — luna'tum. 1. Pink. July, 1812. Salm. 
 
 Monog. 29, 3. 
 
 — lupHnuin. i. Yellow. 
 
 — lutdolum. i. Pale yellow. June. 1820. 
 
 — lu'teum. li. Pale yellow. June. 1824. 
 
 — maoula'tum. 1^. Scarlet. 1732. 
 
 — Ttuignipuruita'tum. J. Yellow. 1822. 
 uncialle. 1. Yellow. 1822. 
 
 — margina'tum. 1. White. May. 1793. 
 
 — ma'xmum. IJ. Pink. September. 1787. 
 
 B. B. t. 368. 
 
 — me'diuTti. ^. Yellow. June. 
 
 — mi cans. l|. Scarlet. 1704. B. M. t. 448. 
 
 — mierophy'llum. J. Pink.' May. 1795. 
 
 \— minimum. J. Pale yellow. October. 1796. 
 i B. M. 1. 1378. 
 
 — minu'tum. J. Pink. October. 1795. 
 
 — mo'Ue. 1. Pink. October. 1774. 
 '—monilifo'rme. J. White. May. 1791. 
 \— mucrona'tum. J. Pink. 1794. 
 
 I— mucronifo'rme. 1. Yellow. July. 1821. 
 
 — mMltiflo"m'm. 3. White. August. 1792. 
 I Salm. Monog. 37, 1. 
 
 ; minus. 3. White. August. 
 
 nitens. 3. 
 
 pa' tens. 3. White. August. 1820. 
 
 ru'hrwm. 3. Red. August. 
 
 — Timrioa'tum. 1}. Pink. May. 1731. Salm. 
 
 Monog. 30, 3. 
 minus. IJ. Pink. May. 
 
 — murinum. J. Yellow. ' September. 1790. 
 
 — musculinum. J. Yellow. June. 1830. 
 
 — mmtellinum. i. Yellow. June. 1820. 
 
 — muta'bile. If Pink. August. 1792. 
 
 — nitidum. 2, Yellow. August. 1790. 
 
 — no'bile. i. Yellow. July. 1822. 
 
 — nocHflo'rum. 2. White. July. 1714. B. C. 
 
 t. 495. 
 
 ela'tum. 8. Scarlet. July. 1714. 
 
 stramineum. 2. Straw. July. 1732. 
 
 — nodiflo'rum. 1. September. 1739. Sibth. 
 
 Fl. Gr. t. 480. 
 
 — nucifo'rme. li. 1790. 
 
 -^ obcone'llum. J. White. June. 1786. 
 
 — obcorde'Uum. i. White. June. 1796. B. 
 
 M. 1. 1647. 
 
 — obliquum. 1. Purple. August. 1819. 
 
 — obsiOniia'tum. 1. White. 1796. 
 
 M. obtu'sum. i. Pale red. March. 1792. 
 
 — oetophy'Uum. J. Yellow. November. 1819. 
 
 — — — longiu'scadum. i. Yellow. November. 
 
 1774. 
 
 — ro'seum. J. Red. November. 1774. 
 
 — parviflo'rum. 8. Purple. August. 1800. 
 
 — parmfo'lium. i. White. August. 1820. 
 
 Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 278. 
 
 — patu'lvmi. 1^. Pink. October. 1811. 
 
 — perfolia'tum. 1. Purple. July. 1714. 
 — monaca'nthum. 1. Purple. July. 
 
 — perviride. f Red. February. 1792. 
 
 — piSTfcfrme. J. White. 1796. 
 
 — polya'nthum. 1. Pink. August. 1803. B. 
 
 C. t. 1281. 
 
 — polyphifllum. 2. Pink. June. 1819. 
 
 — prcBpi'ngue. \, Yellow. September. 1792. 
 
 Salm. Monog. 7, 5. 
 
 — proaulmbens. 1. Pale yellow. April. 1820. 
 
 — produ'ctum. 1. Rose. May. 1822. 
 
 — pube'scent. I. Red. February. 1792. 
 
 — pugionifo'rme. 1. Pale yellow. August. 
 
 1714. Salm. Monog. 16, 4. 
 
 bie'nne. 1. Pale yellow. August. 1714. 
 
 ca/rneuwy. 1. Pink. August. 1714. 
 
 purpu'rewm. 1. Purple. August. 1714. 
 
 — pulehe'Uum. J. Pink. April. 1793. 
 revolu'twm. J. Pink. April. 
 
 — pulverule'ntum. i. Pink. May. 1792. 
 
 — puncta'tum.. i. Bed. - July. 1793. 
 
 — purpu'reo-a'lbum. ^. White. August. 1824. 
 
 — piistula'tum. J. Yellow. August. 1818. 
 
 Salm. Monog. 8, 10. 
 
 — pygmce'um. J. Pink. 1805. 
 
 — quadrifidum. J. Yellow. November. 1795. 
 
 — radia'tum. i. Bed. September. 1732. 
 
 — ramu'losum. i. Yellow. June. 1791. 
 
 — re'etum. }. White. July. 1819. 
 
 — relaxa'tum. 1. Pink. July. 1815. Salm. 
 
 Monog. 63, 1. 
 
 — retrqfle^xum. i. Pink. July. 1724. 
 
 — ri'gidum. IJ. White. August. 1793. 
 
 — robu'stum. J. Yellow. 1795. 
 
 — ro'seum. |. Pink. July. 1795. Salm. 
 
 Monog. 29, 4. 
 
 a'lbum. |. White. July. 1819. 
 
 Unea're. f. White. July. 1819. 
 
 — roste'llum. i. White, pink. June. 1820. 
 
 Salm. Monog. 35, 1. 
 
 — rostraltum. J. Yellow. April. 1732. 
 
 — Sa'lmii. |. Yellow. October. 1818. Salm. 
 
 Monog. 7, 8. 
 angustifo'lvmn. 1. Yellow. October. 
 
 1823. 
 semwrucia'tum. 1. Yellow. October. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — salmo'nium. 3. White. September. 1819. 
 
 — sea'brum. If Pink. July. 1731. 
 purpu'reum. 1. Purple. July. 1731. 
 
 — scalpra'tum. J. Yellow. September. 1714. 
 
 Salm. Monog. 8. 1. 
 
 — scapigerum: J. Yellow. August. 1723. 
 
 — semicylindricum. |. Yellow. June. 1732. 
 
 Salm. Monog. 7, 2. 
 
 — serra'tum. 2. Pmk. June. 1707. 
 
 — setuli/erum. 1. Violet-purple. S. Africa. 
 
 1876. 
 
 — specio'sum. IJ. Scarlet, July. 1793. 
 
 — specta'bile. 1. Crimson. June. 1787. B. 
 
 M. t. 396. 
 
 — spiM^o'rme. 1. Pink. September. 1793. 
 
 Salm. Monog. 47. 1. 
 subadu'ncwm. 1. Pink. September. 
 
 — spino'sum. If Pink. July. 1714. 
 
 — spinutt'ferum. 1. Pale yellow. August. 
 
 1794. 
 
 — sple'ndens. If White. July. 1716. 
 
 — stella'tum. f. Pink. September. 1716. 
 
 — stelH'gerum. i. Pink. September. 1793. 
 
 Salm. Monog. 52, 4. 
 
 — stipula'ceum. If Pink. May. 1723. 
 
 — strictum. 3. Yellow. 1795. 
 
MES 
 
 [618] 
 
 MET 
 
 rre'ssum, 1}. Purple. July. 1823. 
 mi'nus. 1. Purple. July. 1823. 
 
 — subglobo'mm. 1. Eed. August. 1796. 
 
 — sulca'tum. 3. White. August. 1819. 
 
 — surre'ctum. 1. Yellow. October. 1819. 
 bremfo'lium. f . Yellow. October. 1819. 
 
 — Sutherla'ndii. J. Pale purple. Summer. 
 
 Natal. 1870. B. M. t. 6299. 
 
 — tauri'num. J. Yellow. October. 1735. 
 
 — temUlum. ij. White. August. 1792. 
 
 — Wnue. 1. 1819. 
 
 — tenuijlo'nim. 2. Pink. September. 1820. 
 
 — tenwfo'Uum. 1. Scarlet. July. 1700. 
 
 Salm. Monog. 4ft, 6. 
 
 — ere'ctum. IJ. Scarlet. July. 
 
 — teretifo'lium. J. Pink. June. 1794. 
 
 — teretiu'simlum. ^. Pink. 1794. 
 
 — testa'ceum. 3. Orange. August. 1820. 
 
 — testiadalre. i. White. October. 1774. B. 
 
 M. t. 1B73. 
 
 — tigrfnum. J. Yellow. October. 1790. B. 
 
 R. t. 260. 
 
 — tortu&mm. J. Pale yellow. August. 1705. 
 
 — tri'colmr. 1. YeUow, red. October. 1794. 
 
 B. M. t. 2144. 
 
 — trmusatelllum. \. Pale yellow. July. 1795. 
 
 B. M. t. 6077. 
 
 — UCbero'sum. 3. Orange. April. 1714. 
 mi'mus. IJ. Orange. August. 1714. 
 
 — tumi'dulum. 3. Pink. March. 1802. 
 mi'nuB. 3. Pink. March. 1820. 
 
 — umbella'tum. 3. White. July. 1727. 
 ano'malum. 3. White. July. 
 
 — um'bellijio'ru'm. IJ. August. 1820. Jacq. 
 
 H. Schoenb. t. 478. 
 
 — vagina'tum. IJ. White. July. 1802. 
 parmflo'rum. IJ. White. July. 
 
 — varia'bile. IJ. Yellow. July. 1796. Salm. 
 
 Monog. 46, 2. 
 lavius. l|. Yellow. July. 1796. 
 
 — va'rians. IJ. Pale yeUow. July. 1706. 
 
 — verrucula'tum. IJ. Yellow. May. 1731. 
 
 Salm. Monog. 39, 1. 
 Cando'llii. IJ. Yellow. May. 
 
 — versi'eolor. Pink. June. 1795. 
 
 — villo'srnn. 1. July. 1769. 
 
 — mola'ceum. 2. Purple. July. 1820. 
 
 — vi'reTis. J. Pink. June. 1821. Salm. 
 
 Monog. 24, 1. 
 
 — vi'ride. 1. Pale purple. July. 1792. Salm. 
 
 Monog. 33, 2. 
 
 — vitta'tum. J. Yellow, red. S. Africa. 1877. 
 
 — vulpi'num. J. Yellow. September. 1795. 
 
 Mesochlse'na. (From mesos, half, 
 and chlaina, a covering ; alluding to the 
 indusmm. Nat. ord., Filices — Folypo- 
 diacecB.) 
 
 Stove fern. See Ferns. 
 Jf. java'nwa. 4. Java. 
 
 Mesospini'dium. (From mesos, 
 medium-sized, and spinidion, a bird. 
 Nat. ord., Orchidece ; Tribe, Vandem — 
 Oncidiece.) By some authors united 
 with Odontoglossum. 
 
 Cool stove orchid. See Orchids. 
 M. Bawma'ni. Green, rosy. Columbia. 1869. 
 
 — inca'ntwns. Yellowish, brown, white. April. 
 
 Columbia, 1878. 
 
 — jucu'ndwm. Green, brown, Brazil. 1877. 
 
 — sangui'neum. Deep rose. Ecuador. 1867. 
 
 A synonym of Cochlioda scmguinea, 
 
 — vulea'mkmn. Lake-red, rose. Peru. 1872. 
 
 Garden, 1882. April 29. A synonym 
 of Cochlioda vulcanica. 
 
 Me'spilus. Medlar. (Prom mesos, 
 half, and piles, a ball ; referring to the 
 
 shape of the medlar fruit. Nat. ord., 
 Rosacea}; Tribe, Pomem. Allied ta 
 Pyrus. ) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees, with white flowers^ 
 By seeds, which germinate the second season, 
 after bemg sown when the fruit is ripe ; by 
 layers, or rarely by cuttings, but chiefly by 
 grafting or budding on the Hawthorn, etc. ;. 
 good, rich, loamy sou, See MEDLA.R. 
 M. Amela'nchier. See Amelanchier vulgaris. 
 
 — germa'nica. 12. June. England. 
 difu'sa. 12. June. Europe. 
 
 stri'cta. 12. June. Europe. Evergreen. 
 
 sylve^stris. Europe. 
 
 — gramdiflo'ra. White. May. China. 
 
 — japo'nwa. See Photinia japonica, 
 
 — loba'ta. 15. May. 
 
 Messerschmi'dia. 
 Toumefortia. 
 
 A synonym of 
 
 Me'sua. (Named after Mestie, an 
 Arabian botanist. ^Nat. ord., Guttiferm ; 
 Tribe, Ccdophyllem. Allied to Calo- 
 phyllum. ) 
 
 The sweet-scented flowers of Mefsua fe'rrea ar& 
 sold in all the Indian bazaars, by the name of 
 Nagksur, and are as much esteemed as orange 
 flowers are with us. Stove evergreen tree. Seeds 
 in a hotbed, in March ; cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in May, and 
 with a little bottom-heat ; loam and peat. Win- 
 ter temp., 60° to 60" ; summer, 60° to 85°. 
 M.f^rrea. 40. White. July. E. Ind. 1837. 
 
 Metala'sia. (Frpm meta, a change, 
 and lasios, hairy ; referring to the older 
 leaves losing their downy covering. Nat. 
 ord. , CompositcB ; Tribe, Inuloidece. 
 Allied to Gnaphalium.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from South Africa, 
 with white flowery, except where otherwise' 
 stated. Cuttings in spring, m sandy peat ; sandy 
 peat, loam, and charcoal nodules, to keep the 
 soil open. Winter temp., 40" to 48°. 
 M. au'rea. Yellow. June. 1816. 
 
 — dim'rgens. 2. July. 1816. 
 — fastigia'ta. 3. June.. 1812. 
 
 — imbrica'ta. May. 1816. Syn., Erythropogon _ 
 
 ■imbrioatus. 
 
 — nmcrona'ta. 2. June. 1824. 
 
 — Tnurica'ta. 2. June. 1824. 
 
 — phylicoi'des. June. 1816. 
 
 — pu'n^ens. June. 1815. 
 
 — seriphioi'des. 3. Yellow. 1825. 
 
 — und>ella'ta. Rose. May. 1816. Syn., Ery- 
 
 thropogon um^ellatus. 
 
 Metaste'lma. (From mene, the 
 moon, and stelma, a crown ; referring to 
 the shape of the heads of flowers. Nat. 
 ord. , AsclepiadacecB ; Tribe, Cynanchem. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of the young 
 shoots when three inches long, taken off close to 
 the stem, in sand, under a glass, and in bottom- 
 heat ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 65° to 60° ; 
 summer, 60° to 80°. 
 M. parmfio'rwm. 6. Green, white. W. Ind. 
 
 Metho'nica grandiflo'ra. B. M. 
 t. 5216. See Gloriosa superha, var. 
 grandiflora. 
 
 Metrodo'rea. (In memory of ilf«fro- 
 donis Sahinus, said to have been the 
 
MET 
 
 [619] 
 
 MIC 
 
 first draughtsman of plants. Nat. ord. , 
 Butacew. ) 
 
 Stove shrub. Cuttings under a bell-glass in 
 neat. Light loam and peat. Summer temp., 
 60° to 85° ; winter, 60° to 60°. 
 
 rea. 5. Purple. Mexico. 1861. 
 Fl. Ser. t. 337. 
 
 Metroside'ros. (Fromme<m, heart- 
 wood, and sideros, iron ; referring to the 
 hardness of the wood. Nat. ord., Mtjr- 
 tacem; Tiihe, Leptospermece. Allied to 
 Callistemon. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings of small 
 young side-shoots m April, in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, in a close pit or frame, but without 
 heat ; peat and loam, equal proportions, with a 
 little white sand and sifted, broken crocks. 
 Winter temp., 35° to 45°. Most of them should 
 be tried on a conservatory wall. 
 M. angmtifo'lia. 20. Yellow. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1787. 
 
 — airn'mala. See Angophora cordifolia. 
 
 — a'spera. Cape of Good Hope. 1824. 
 
 — buxifo'lia. White. August. New Zealand. 
 
 B. M. t. 4616. 
 
 — camta'ta. 6. Fink. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — aitrilna. B. M. t. 260. See Callistemon Ian- 
 
 ceolatus. 
 
 — cm-ifo'lia. 4. White. N. Holland. 
 
 — Jto'Hda. 5. Red. May. New Zealand. B. 
 M. t. 4471. 
 
 — glomuli'fera. 15. Yellow, green. May. N. S. 
 
 Wales. 1806. 
 
 — hirsu'ta, Andr. Eep. t. 281, and hi's^ida, B. 
 
 M. 1. 1960. See Angophora cordrfolia. 
 
 — linearifo'lia. See CaMistemvn rigidus, var. 
 
 linearifolius. 
 
 — rdbu'sta. 80. Scarlet. June. New Zealand. 
 
 1845. 
 
 B. M. t. 1821. See Callistemon 
 
 — semperjlo'rens, B. C. t. 523. See Callistemon 
 
 lanceolatus. 
 
 — specio'sa. B. M. t. 1761. See Callistemon 
 
 speciosus. 
 
 — tmn^nto'sa. 60. Eed. July. New Zealand. 
 
 — velra. 20. Yellow, green. April. E. Ind. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — mridifio'ra. B. M. t. 2602. See Callistemon 
 
 salignus, var. mridiflorus. 
 
 Metro'xylon. (From metra, the 
 heart of a tree, and xylon, wood. Nat. 
 ord., Palmeai ; Tribe, Lepidocaryeai.) 
 
 Stove palms. 
 M. Rvlmphii. 60. Green. E. Indies. 1800. 
 Syns., Jf. Sagius and Sagus Bwmphii. 
 
 — vitie'nse. Eiji Islands. 
 
 Mettemi'chia. (In honour of the 
 Austrian Prince Metterniah- Winnebwrg. 
 Nat. ord., Solanacece; Tribe, Cestrinece.) 
 
 An evergreen stove shrub. For culture, see 
 that of the evergreen species of Lisianthus. 
 M.pri'ncipis. 3. White. August. Brazil. 
 
 ^ 1864. B. M. t. 4747. Syn., M. prineeps. 
 
 Me'tUU. (From mean, a name used 
 by Dioscorides. Nat. ord., Umbelliferm ; 
 Tribe, Seselinece.) 
 
 Hardy perennial, -propagated by divisions. 
 M. athama'nticwm. 1-2. White. Britain. Eng. 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 606. 
 
 Mexican Lily. Hippea'strum 
 Megi'nce. 
 
 Mexican Poppy. Argemo'ne. 
 
 Mexican Tea. Chenopo'diwn am- 
 hrosioi' des. 
 
 Mexican Thistle. Cni'cus con- 
 spi'cuus. 
 
 Mexican Tiger-flower. Tigri'dia 
 pavo'nia. 
 
 Meye'nia. (In honour of M. Meyen, 
 Nat. ord., Acanthacece ; Tribe, Thuii- 
 bergim.) See Thunbergia. 
 
 M. ertlcta. B. M. t. 5013. See Thunbergia 
 
 erecta. 
 — Hawtaynea'na. Maund Bot. t. 188. See 
 
 Thv/nbergia Hawtayneanjd. 
 - Yogelialna. B. M. t. 5389. See Thimbergia, 
 
 Meze'reon. Da'phne Meze'reum. 
 
 Mice. Various plans have been sug- 
 gested to preserve peas and beans when 
 sown from the ravages of mice. Dipping 
 the seeds in oil, and then rolling them in 
 powdered resin ; putting small pieces of 
 furze in the drills and over the rows after 
 the seed has been sown, but before cover- 
 ing with the earth — were both partially 
 successful ; but the mode attended with 
 the most complete safety has always 
 been that of covering the surface of the 
 soil over the rows, to the depth of full 
 an inch, and six inches wide, with finely- 
 sifted coal-ashes. The mice will not 
 scratch through this ; and it has the ad- 
 ditional advantage, by its black colour 
 absorbing the solar heat, of promoting 
 the early vegetation of the crop. 
 
 Michaelmas Daisy. A'ster. 
 
 Michau'xia. (Named after A. 
 Miehaux, a French botanist. Nat. ord. , 
 Campanulacece ; Tribe, Campanulew. 
 Allied to Campanula.) 
 
 Hardy biennials. Seeds in the open border ; 
 in damp situations they are apt to fog off in 
 winter ; a dry, elevated situation is the best 
 remedy ; even there, in very severe weather, an 
 evergreen branch stuck beside them will be an 
 advantage. 
 
 M. campanuloi'des. 4. Pale red. July. Levant. 
 1787. B. M. t. 219. 
 
 — deoa'ndra. 3. Light blue. July. Persia. 
 
 1829. 
 
 — Immga'ta. 3. White. July. Persia. 1827. 
 
 B. M. t. 3128. 
 
 Miche'lia. (Named after P. A. 
 Micheli, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Magnoliacem ; Tribe, Magnoliem.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in summer, in sand, under a glass, and in 
 heat; sandy loam and leaf -mould. Wintertemp., 
 48° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 86°. 
 M. champa'ca. 20. Yellow. E. Ind. 1779. 
 —fusca'ta. See Magnolia fuscata. 
 
 — lanugino'sa. 12. Pale yellow. Himalayas. 
 
 1865. B. M. t. 6179. 
 
 Mico'nia. (Named after D. Micon, 
 a Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Melas- 
 
MIC 
 
 [620] 
 
 MIC 
 
 tomacea: ; Tribe, Miconiece. Allied to 
 Blakea.) 
 
 stove evergreens, with white flowers, unless 
 otherwise specified. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, and in 
 heat ; sandy peat and loam, with a few bits of 
 cow-dung and charcoal. Winter temp., 48" to 
 en" ; summer, 60° to 8B°. 
 M. aoinode'iidron. 6. Purple. Jamaica. 1804. 
 
 — a'lbicans. 10. White. Mexico. 1815. Syn., 
 
 Chitonia albicatis. 
 
 — angusta'ta. 6. Trinidad. 1820. 
 
 — fia'm/mea, S. America. 1865. 
 
 — Fothergi'Ua. 15. White, purple. May. S. 
 
 America. 1816. Syns., Chitonia Father - 
 
 Jiitla and Diplochita FothergiUa. 
 ifo'lia. 20. Trinidad. 1820. 
 
 — "Hookeria'na. Greenish. July. Peru. 1863. 
 
 Syn., M. pulverulenta. 
 
 trij'ascia'ta. White ; the three ribs of the 
 
 leaf silvery. Peru. 1874. 
 
 — impetiola'ris. 4. W. Ind. 1822 
 
 — Iceviga'ta. 6. W. Ind. 1815. 
 
 — longifo'lia. 4. Guiana. 1817. 
 
 — macrophy'Ua. 10. Rose. May. 1820. Syn., 
 
 Diplochita maerophylla. 
 
 — magni'Jica. See Cyanophyllum magnificttm. 
 
 — meta'Uicum. See Cywnophyllwm metallicum. 
 
 — purpura' scens. 4. Guiana. 1817. 
 
 — pyramida'lis. 3. White. July. Trinidad. 
 
 1815. Syn., Chitmvia pyramidalis. 
 
 — rube'sceTKs. 6. S. Amer. 1818. 
 
 — Swartzia'na. 12. Purple. W. Indies. 1815. 
 
 Syns., Chitonia Tamonia and Diplochita 
 Swartziana. 
 
 — tenuifo'lia. 6. S. Amer. 1818. 
 
 — tetra'ndra. 2. Jamaica. 1815. 
 
 — TeysTnannia'na, White. 1867. 
 
 — trindrma. 4. July. Jamaica. 1795. 
 
 Mieranthe'Ua. (From mikros, 
 small, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord. , 
 MelastonmcecB.) Now united with 
 Pleroma. 
 
 Greenhouse shrub. For cultivation, see 
 
 CH.ET0GASTRA. 
 
 M. Caiido'llei. Purple. Quito. 1864. A synonym 
 of Pleroma exappendiculata. 
 
 Micra'nthemum. (From mikros, 
 small, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord. , 
 Scrophulariacece ; Tribe, Gratiolece.) 
 
 Evergreen perennial. Cuttings under a hand- 
 light ; division of the plant in spring ; sandy 
 peat, and a little loam ; requires a pit or a dry, 
 siieltered place in winter. 
 
 M. orUcula'twm. J. White. May. Carolina. 
 1826. 
 
 Micra'nthus. (From mikros, small, 
 and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord. , Iridece ; 
 Tribe, Ixiece. ] Sometimes regarded as a 
 section of Watsonia. 
 
 For culture, see IXIA. 
 M, cepa'ceus. ' See Watsonia. spicata. 
 
 — ^tulo'sus. Bqq Wats&nia fistulosa. 
 
 — plantagi'neus. See Watsonia plantaginea. 
 
 Microca'chrys. (From mikros, 
 small, and kachrys, a pine cone; the 
 cones being very small. Nat. • ord. , 
 Coniferce ; Tribe, Podocarpece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen, allied toARTHROTAXIS. 
 jV. tetra'gona. 20. Tasmania. 1867. B. M. 
 t. 5576. 
 
 Microcy'cas. (From mikros, small. 
 
 and Cycas, Cycad. Nat. ord. , Cycadacece; 
 Tribe, Encephalartew.) ' 
 
 For culture, see Macrozamia. 
 M. caloco'ma. 2. Cuba. Syns., Macrozamia 
 caloc(yma and Zamia calocama. 
 
 Microga'ster. See Ichneumon 
 Flies. 
 
 Microglo'ssa. (From mikros, small, 
 and glossa, a tongue. Nat. ord., Com- 
 posites ; Tribe, AsteroidecB.) 
 
 Hardy shrub. 
 M. albe'scens. 2-4. Pale blue, yellow. Hima- 
 layas. 1842. B. M. t. 6672. Sja., Aster 
 cabulicus. 
 
 Microle'pia. (From otj^?-o«, small, 
 and lepis, a scale ; the appearance of the 
 spore, or seed-cases. Nat. ord., Filices.) 
 Now united with Davallia. 
 
 Stove ferns, with brown spores. See FERNS. 
 M. ala'ta. April. Jamaica. 
 
 — anthriscifo'lia. S. Africa. 1878. 
 
 — crista' ta, April. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — hi'rta crista' ta. 3. Polynesia. 1878. 
 
 — no'va-zela'ndice. 1. • New Zealand. 
 
 — pinna' ta. May. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — platyphy'Ua. 4. E. Indies. 
 
 — polypodioi'des. 4. E. Indies. 1836. 
 
 — rhomhoildes. AprU. N. Holland. 1886. 
 
 — sca'bra. 2. Japan. 1862. Greenhouse. 
 
 — strigo'sa. 2. Japan. 1862. Greenhouse. 
 
 — tricho'strlca. April. Samaria. 
 
 Microli'cia. (From mikros, small, 
 and alikia, stature ; dwarf plants. Nat. . 
 ord. , Mdastomacem ; Tribe, Microliciem. 
 Allied to Rhexia.) 
 
 Stove plants, with purple flowers, in June. 
 Seeds, divisions in spring, and cuttings of small 
 young shoots of recu'rva, under a bell-glass, in- 
 heat ; sandy peat, with pieces of charcoal and a 
 few fibry lumps of loam. Winter temp., 55° to 
 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°. 
 M. biva'lvis. J. Trinidad. 1822. Annual. 
 
 — bremfo'lia. 1. Guiana. 1825. Annual. 
 
 — remi/rva. 1. Trinidad. 1820. Herbaceous. 
 
 Microlo'ma. (From mikros, small, 
 and loma, a fringe ; flowers fringed. 
 Nat. ord., Asdepiadacece; Tnhe,Cynan- 
 chece. Allied to Asclepias.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen twiners, from the Cape 
 of Good Hope. Stiff little shoots, but young, as 
 cuttings, in sand, under a bell-glass, in a close 
 pit, in May ; sandy loam, a little fibry pgat, and 
 dried leaf -mould. Winter temp., 40° to 60°. 
 M. linea're. 3. White. July. 1823. Syn., 
 Ceropegia sinuata. 
 
 — sagitta'tum. Green, purple. July. 1765. 
 
 Syn., Ceropegia sagittata. Jacq. H. 
 Schoenb. t. 38. 
 
 Mierome'lum. (From mikros, 
 small, and inelon, apple. Nat. ord., 
 ButacecE. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Sandy loam. Layers 
 and cuttings. 
 
 M.pube'scens 4. White. June. W. Indies. 
 1823. Syn., Bergera mtegerrima. 
 
 Microme'ria. (From mikros, small, 
 and meris, apart; referringtotheflowers. 
 Nat. ord. , Labiatce ; Tribe, Satureinece. 
 Allied to Melissa. ) 
 
MIC 
 
 [621] 
 
 MIG 
 
 Evergreen shrubs, with purple blossoms, ex- 
 cept where otherwise specified. Cuttings under 
 hand-lights in sandy soil, in a shady place, in 
 May ; common garden, light soil ; a high, shel- 
 tered position, or the protection of a cold pit, in 
 winter. 
 
 M. approxima'ta. June. Mediterranean. 1822. 
 
 — austra'lis. N. S. Wales. 
 
 — grce'ca. f. June. Greece. 1769. 
 
 dennflo'ra. June. South Europe. 1822. 
 
 — Julia'na. i. Pale red. July. Mediterranean. 
 
 1596. 
 hirsu'ta. June. Sicily. 1822. 
 
 — manfo'lia. 1. Blue. Spain. 1800, Syn., 
 
 Calamintha marifolia. 
 
 — obova'ta. 2. July. Jamaica. 1783. 
 
 — rupe'stris. 1. ~ Purple. June. Camiola. 
 
 1798. Syns., Melissa alba and Satureia 
 rupestris. Jacq. Ic. t. 494. 
 
 — teneri'ffce. 1. May. Tenerifte. 
 
 — va'ria. July. Canaries. 1806. 
 
 Mieromy'rtus. (From mikros, 
 small, and Myrtus ; small Myrtles. 
 Nat. OTA.,MyrtacecB ; Tribe, Chamcelmt- 
 ciece.) 
 
 Small heath-like greenhouse shrub. Seeds in 
 a hotbed in spring ; cuttings of young shoots 
 in May, in sand, in heat and under a bell-glass. 
 Sandy loam and fibrous peat, well drained. 
 Summer temp., 68° to 80° ; winter, 40° to 65°. 
 M. micropkj/lla. White. Australia. 1870. 
 
 Micro'pera. (From mikros, smalj, 
 and ^era, a pouch ; the pouch-like label- 
 lum, or lip. Nat. ord., Orchidece ; Tribe, 
 VandecB-Sarcanthece. Allied to Sacco- 
 labium. ) United witli Sarcochilus 
 in the Genera Plantarum. 
 
 Stove orchids. The terrestrial species require to 
 be grown in loose, open soil, in a pot ; the others 
 in a shallow basket, or on a moss-covered block 
 of wood. Winter temp., 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°. 
 
 TEREESTEIAL, OR GROUND. 
 
 M. Ba'riksii. New Zealand. 
 
 — mefdm. 2. Pale green, white. King George's 
 
 Sound. 1823. 
 
 — parviflo'ra. 1. Pale green, white. September. 
 
 Port Jackson. 1828. 
 
 EPIPHYTAL. 
 
 M. pa'llida. Pale yellow. Sylhet. 
 
 Microphce'nix. (From mikros, 
 small, and Phoenix. Nat. ord. , Palmece. ) 
 
 Stove palm. 
 M. Sahu'ti. A garden hybrid. Rev. Hort. 1885, 
 p. 613, fig. 91. 
 
 Micro'seris. (From mikros, .small, 
 and serikos, silken ; referring to the 
 pappus. Nat. ord., Compositw.) 
 
 A hardy annual. Seeds in common soil, in 
 March or April. 
 
 Jf. Mndle'yi. Yellow. May. N. Amer. 1833. 
 Syn., Calais JAndleyi. 
 
 Microso'rium. . (From mikros, 
 small, and soria, a heap ; referring to 
 the very small son. Nat. ord. , Filices — 
 Polypodiacem. ) 
 
 Stove fern. See Ferns. 
 M. irioi'dee. 2. E. and W. Indies. 1824. 
 
 — irregula're. See Brynaria irioides. 
 
 Microspe'rma. (From mikros, 
 small, and sperma, a seed ; the seeds 
 
 being very minute. Nat. ord., Loasece.) 
 See Mentzelia. 
 
 M. bartonioi'des, B. M. t. 4491. See Mentzelia 
 bartonioides. 
 
 Microste'phium. (From mikros, 
 small, and Stephanos, a crown ; the 
 pappus is small. Nat. ord., Compositce ; 
 Tribe, Arctotidece.) See Crypto- 
 stemma. 
 
 M. ni'veum. See Cryptostenvma nivewm. 
 
 Micro'stylis. (From mikros, small, 
 and stylos, a column. Nat ord. , Orchi- 
 dece; Tribe, Epidendreoe — Malaxece.) 
 
 Stove terrestrial orchid. See Orchids. 
 M. be'Ua. 2. Pale purple, green. Sunda Isles. 
 1888. 111. Hort. t. 681. 
 
 — caloph^lla. Yellow. Indian Archipelago. 
 
 1879. 
 
 — chloro'phrys. Purple. Borneo. 1881. 
 
 — di'scolor. Yellow, changing to orange. Ceylon. 
 
 1863. B. M. t. 5403. 
 
 — histiona'ntha. Brownish-green. November. 
 
 Columbia. 1842. B. M. t. 4108. 
 
 — Josephia'tia. 1. Yellow, red-brown. May. 
 
 Sikkim. 1877. B. M. t. 6326. 
 
 — ZfO'm. Borneo. Belg. Hort. 1884, p. 281, 
 
 t. 14, fig. 2. 
 
 — meta'llica. Yellow, rose. Borneo. 1879- 
 
 B. M. t. 6668. 
 
 — ophioglossoi'des. ^. Green. North America. 
 
 Syn., Malaods ophioglossoides. B. C. 
 t. 1146. 
 
 mexica'na. Green. Spring. Mexico. 
 
 B. R. 1. 1290. 
 
 — irilobula'ta. ^-1. Brownish-purple. Andaman 
 
 Islands. G. C. 1882, xviii. p. 393. 
 
 — ventila'brum. Yellow. Sunda Islands. 1881. 
 
 — versi'color. 1. Various coloured. Summer. 
 
 China. 1880. Wight. Ic. t. 901. 
 
 Mignonette. Rese'da odora'ta. 
 
 Soil. — Light loam, well drained, and 
 manured with leaf mould. 
 
 Sowing in the open ground, from the 
 end of April to the beginning of July, 
 will produce a sure succession of blooms 
 through the year. If allowed to seed, 
 and the soil suits it, mignonette will 
 continue to propagate itself. If not 
 allowed to ripen its seed, the same plants 
 will bloom for two or more seasons, being 
 a perennial in its native country. 
 
 For Pot-Culture axiA the production of 
 flowers to succeed those of the open- 
 ground plants, and to bloom in winter, 
 sow once in August, and again in Sep- 
 tember. The soil as above, well drained, 
 and pressed into 5-inch pots ; cover the 
 seed a fourth of an inch. Thin the 
 seedlings to three in a pot. Water spar- 
 ingly. When mignonette is deficient of 
 perfume, it is because the temperature 
 is too low. 
 
 Tree-Mignonette. — About the end of 
 AprU is the best time to sow seeds for 
 this purpose ; and as the little tree of 
 mignonette will be expected to last in 
 good health for half a dozen years at 
 leas t, lay a good foundation to begin with. 
 
MIG 
 
 [622] 
 
 MIL 
 
 A rich compost of mellow loam, and one- 
 third very rotten cow-dung, with a little 
 sand ; and to keep this from getting too 
 close, a handful of dry lime-mortar added 
 to each pot of 6-inch diameter, and so in 
 proportion for larger or smaller pots ; the 
 mortar to be in lumps of the size of peas. 
 Bones, charcoal, or even powdered crocks 
 would answer the same purpose, only the 
 mignonette is so much sweeter from the 
 lime-rubbish or dry mortar. Cow-dung 
 being very liable to turn sour, the mortar 
 is a better corrector of this than even the 
 charcoal. Take as many 3-inch pots as 
 you want plants ; drain tliem with pieces 
 of mortar, and over that a little of the 
 roughest of your compost ; fill up nearly 
 level with the top of the i)ot, and place 
 three seeds in the very middle of each 
 pot, and nine or ten seeds all over the 
 surface ; if you just cover them with 
 earth it is enough, and press them down 
 very tight. Water them, and put them 
 up in the window, or greenhouse, and if 
 the seeds are good they will be up in less 
 than ten days ; give them abundance of 
 air, and no forcing. When the day is at 
 all fine, put them outside the wmdow 
 from ten to three in the afternoon. They 
 will not stand much water ; a gentle 
 shower with a rose would suit them very 
 well, and the best time to give it them is 
 in the morning, when you turn them out- 
 side, as they will have time to drain and 
 dry properly before you take them in for 
 the nignt. If the three seeds in the 
 centre come up, the weakest of the three 
 must be pulled out as soon as you can 
 get hold of it; the rest to be thinned 
 one-half. The reason for sowing so many 
 seeds in one pot, and for thus thinning 
 them out afterwards, is to make sure of 
 one good plant ; if the middle one turns 
 out to be so, that must be selected ; but 
 if not, you must choose the strongest and 
 most promising from among the rest ; 
 jet be in no great hurry to pull them all 
 out but one ; so long as three or four 
 have room, leave them. When you have 
 fixed on the one that is to form the future 
 tree, place a neat little stick down by the 
 Bide of it, a foot long, and pushed down 
 to the bottom of the pot. When the 
 plant is two inches long, tie it loosely to 
 this stick with a piece of worsted thread. 
 Keep tying it as regularly as it grows, 
 and when it reaches the top of the stick 
 ^ive it a longer one, that is, if you wish 
 a long stem. Some people grow them 
 up to three, or even four, feet and more. 
 Suppose we say only a foot high for a 
 couple of them, as they must all go in 
 pairs; eighteen inches for the next 
 •couple, and two feet for a third lot ; you 
 
 would then be better able to judge which 
 size would suit your win do w best ; and as 
 soon and as often as side-branches issue 
 forth from the stem of your tree, you 
 must stop them at the second jomt. 
 Some people, who do not know the value 
 of leaves, cut off the side-shoots close to 
 the stem at once ; but the substance of 
 the stems and trunks of all trees, and 
 mignonette-trees among the rest, is first 
 formed by the leaves. In the second 
 year you will cut off more than the half 
 of these side-spurs, beginning at the 
 bottom, and only taking off a pair at a 
 time, and in ten days or a fortnight 
 another couple, and so on progressively. 
 There must be no flowers the first 
 season, at least as long as there are 
 some out in the borders. After the 
 middle of October you may let your 
 trees bloom all the winter, but before 
 that nip them off as fast as they appear. 
 When the first little pots are full of roots, 
 say about Midsummer, shift the plants 
 into 5-inch pots, which is the next largest 
 size ; and if they have done well they 
 may want another shift by the end of 
 July, but never shift them after the 
 middle of August, because, if we should 
 have a cold autumn, they would not fill 
 the pots with strong, healthy roots. 
 
 Mika'nia. (Named after J. Mikan, 
 professor of botany at Prague. Nat. 
 ord., ConipositCB ; Tribe, JEupatortacece. 
 Allied to Eupatorium.) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiners, with white flowers, 
 blooming in August, except where otherwise 
 mentioned. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, and in heat ; rich, sandy 
 loam. Winter temp., 48° to 66°; summer, 60° 
 to 80°. 
 M. ama'ra. 6. Guiana. 1813. 
 
 — Gan'co. 6. Pale blue. S. Amer. 1823. 
 
 — opi'fera. 6. Brazil. 1823. 
 
 — sca'ndens. 6. N. Amer. 1714. Syn., Eupa- 
 
 torium scandens. Jacq. Ic. 1. 169. 
 
 — suave'olens. 6. S. Amer. 1823. 
 
 Mildew, whether on the stems of the 
 wheat, or on the leaves of the chry- 
 santhemum, pea, rose, or peach, appears 
 in the form of minute fungi, the filaments 
 or hyphse of which penetrate the pores 
 of the epidermis, rob the plant of its 
 
 i'uices, and interrupt its respiration. 
 5very specimen of these fungi emits 
 annually myriads of minute spores, and 
 these are wafted over the soil' by every 
 wind, vegetating and reproducing the 
 fungi, if they have happened to be de- 
 posited in a favourable place, or re- 
 maining until the following spring with- 
 out germinating. These fungi have the 
 power of spreading also by stooling, or 
 throwing out offsets. They are rarely 
 absent from a soil, arid at some period 
 
MIL 
 
 [623] 
 
 MIL 
 
 of its growth are annually to be found 
 upon tne plants liable to their inroads. 
 They are more observed in cold, damp, 
 muggy seasons, because such seasons are 
 peculiarly favourable to the growth of all 
 fungi. The best of all cures is afforded 
 by the application of flowers of sulphur 
 in some form, either by dusting the 
 sulphur over the parts affected, or a 
 sulphur paint, for which a recipe is given 
 at page 238; merely clay, water, and 
 flowers of sulphur, however, are sufficient, 
 and not so injurious to leaves. Uredo 
 roscB, Puccinia rosag, and Cladosporium 
 herbarum are the mildew fungi of the 
 rose-tree ; Oidium erysiphoides, of the 
 peach-tree ; Oidium Tuckeri, of the vine ; 
 GlcBOsporium cotioentricwn, of the cab- 
 bage ; and Erysiphe communis, of the 
 pea. Of course there are many others. 
 
 The most important point for subduing 
 the mildewfungus is to apply the sulphur 
 immediately it appears. To prevent its 
 occurrence, nothing is so effectual as 
 keeping the roots and the leaves equally 
 active by a d,ue amount of warmth and 
 moisture. 
 
 Milfoil. Achille'a. 
 
 Milk- Vetch. Astra'galus. 
 
 Milk-Wood. Bro'simum spu'rium. 
 
 Milkwort. Poly'gala. 
 
 Mi'lla. (Named after J. Milla, a 
 gardener to the Spa,nish court. Nat. 
 ord., Liliacece; Tribe, Alliem. Allied 
 to Caloscordium.) 
 
 Half-hardy little bulbs with white flowers, 
 which succeed in a deep, froilt border of light 
 soil ; offsets when in a dormant state. 
 M. Ufio'ra. IJ. May. Mexico. 1826. B. B. 
 t. 1656. 
 
 — capitcCta. See Brodiasa capitata. 
 
 — conspi'cua. Greyish-white, purplish. 1869. 
 
 Syn., Triteleia cmispwiui, ■ 
 
 — hyacinthi'na. See Brodiaia Icustea. 
 
 — ixai'des. A synonym of Broduea ixunde-K. 
 
 — LeicMli'nii. J. White, green. Winter. 
 
 Chilian Andes. 1874. 
 
 — maeroste'mon. 1. Pale lilac. Buenos Ayres. 
 
 1876. 
 
 — porrifo'lia. 1. Blue, white. Chili. 1868. 
 
 Syn., Triteleia porrifolia. 
 
 — uniflo'ra. i- February. Buenos Ayres. 
 
 1832. B. M. t. 3327. 
 
 Mille'tia. (After Jacq: Ant. Millet, 
 who lived at the beginning of the eigh- 
 teenth century. Nat. Old., Leguminosce J 
 TvihQ, Galegeoe. Allied to "Wisteria.) 
 
 Stove climber. 
 M. megaspe'rma. Parole, whitish. Avgust. 
 Queensland. B. M. t. 6541. 
 
 Millingto'nia. (Named after Sir 
 T. Millington, once professor of botany 
 •at Oxford. Nat. Ord., Bignoniacea; 
 liihe, BiffnoniecB.)- 
 
 SfcoTe evergreen trees. Cuttings of half -ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom- 
 heat; sandy loam and peat. Winter temp., 48' 
 to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°. 
 Hf. horte'nsis. 38. White. E. Indies. 1820. 
 — simplieifo'lia. 20. Yellow. E. Ind. 1828. 
 
 Millipede. See Julus. 
 
 Milto'nia. (Named after the Earl 
 Fitzwilliam. Naii.OYd.fOrchidece; Tribe, 
 VandecB-OncidiecB. Syn. , Macrochilus. 
 Allied to Brassia. ) 
 
 Stove orchids, from Brazil, except where other- 
 wise mentioned. Divisions in spring; shallow 
 baskets in moss, sphagnum, etc., or fixed to a 
 block of wood, and then this block fastened 
 across the top, inside of a pot. Winter temp., 
 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°. 
 
 M. a'nceps. J. Yellow, purple, white. July. 
 Brazil. 1851. 
 
 — U'color. White, red. 1839. 
 
 — Ble'ui, Garden hybrid between M. vesdUaria 
 
 and M. RoezlU. -Syns., M. Bleuana, 
 Miltoniopsis Bleui, Orch. 1889, p. 145, 
 and Odontoglossum Bleui. 
 
 — Blu'ntii. Whitish, purple-brown. Brazil. 
 
 1879. 
 
 Imbbersia na. Spotted with brown ; lip 
 
 purple. 1887. 
 
 — ca'ndida. 2. Yellow and brown. March. 
 
 1830. Paxt. Mag. vi. p. 241. 
 grandijlo'ra. 2. Brown, white. Decem- 
 ber. 1837. 
 
 — eere'ola. White, purple. Brazil. 1865. 
 
 — Clowefsii. 1. Yellow, brown. 1840. B. M. 
 
 t. 4109. 
 pa'llida. Yellow, brown. 1839. 
 
 — euTiea'ta. 1. Yellow, purple. March. 1843. 
 
 B. B. 1845, t. 8. 
 —featHva. Ochre, purple. Brazil. 1868, 
 —fia'm. Yellow. July. 1848. 
 
 — fiavefscens. 2. White, yellow. June. 1837. 
 
 grandiflo'ra. Pale yellow. Gfl. 1. 1328. 
 
 Stella' turn. Lip white ; bracts rufescent. 
 
 Minas Geraes. Syn. Cyrtochilum stel- 
 latum. 
 
 — Karvn'nslcii. 3. Yellow, brown. August. 
 
 Mexico. 1839. Paxt. Mag. xvi. p. 162. 
 
 — Lamarchea'na. Light yellow. August. 1874. 
 
 Syn., M. Clowesii, var. Lamarcheana. 
 
 — odora'ta. 1843. 
 
 — Petersia'na. Purplish-brown; lip purple, 
 
 yellow. 1886. 
 eo'ncolor. Paler and unspotted. 1886. 
 
 — Phaloeno'psis. White, purplish-crimson, yel- 
 
 low. May. 1860. Syn., Odontoijlosmm 
 Phalcenopsis. 
 
 — = luxulrians. White, crimson, yellow. 
 
 1881. 111. Hort. t. 417. 
 aola're. White, yellow, purple. 1879. 
 
 — Regnelllii. White, rose. Brazil. 1864. 
 purpu'rea. Blush, violet-purple. Brazil. 
 
 1869. Bev. Hort. 1891, v. 263. 
 
 — Russellia'rm. Brown, lilac. December. Bio 
 
 Janeiro. 1835. Paxt. Mag. vii. p. 217. 
 
 — Sehroederia'na.. Yellow with brown bars ; 
 
 lip crimson, white. Syn. , Odontoglosmm 
 Schroederianwm. 
 
 — speota'bilis. 1. White, violet. July. 1835. 
 
 B. M. t. 4204. Syn., UaerochUus Fry- 
 anus. 
 
 a'tro'purpu'rea. Bio Janeiro. 
 
 bi'eolor. White, violet. August. 1839. 
 
 colora'ta. Rose. 1838. 
 
 linea'ta. Whitish, purple. Lind. t. 62. 
 
 Mmelia'na. Purple. Lind. 1. 105. Syn., 
 
 M. MoreUama. 
 
 ra'diams. Purple, yellowish. 1880. 
 
 ro'sea. Rose, crimson. 1867. Syn., X. 
 
 Warneri. 
 
MIM 
 
 [624] 
 
 MIM 
 
 M, vexilla ria. Eose, white, yellow. 1872. 
 
 Syn., OdonioglossuTn mxillarium, B. M. 
 
 t; 6037. 
 Leopo'ldii. Rich purple. 1889. Rev. 
 
 Hort. 1891, p. 73. Syn., M. vexillaria, 
 
 var. Sanderiana. 
 purpu'rea. Deep purple. 1889. 
 
 — mrgina'lis. White, violet. Brazil. 1869, 
 
 — Warne'ri. See M. spectabilis, var. rosea. 
 
 — Warzetvi'czii. Brown, yellow, white, purple. 
 
 Peru, Columbia. 1869. 
 
 cethe'rea. Pale yellow, mauve-lilac. 
 
 1881. 
 
 Mime'tes. (From mimos, a mimic ,- 
 referring to its resemblance to allied 
 genera. Nat. ord., Proteaceoe. Allied 
 to Leucospermum. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from South 
 Africa. Cuttings of the ripened shoots towards 
 autumn, or in the spring, before fresh growth 
 commences, in sand, under a glass, but without 
 bottom-heat, at least until a swelling takes place 
 at their base ; peat and a little loam. Wmter 
 temp., 38" to 46°. 
 M. capitula'ta. Red. June. 1822. 
 
 — cuculla'ta. 2. Purple. 1789. 
 
 — divarica'ta. 2 J. White. July. 1795. 
 
 — Harto'gii. 6. July. 1824. 
 
 — fti'rtos. 3i. Red. July. 1774. 
 
 — palu'stris. 1. Purple. July. 1802. 
 
 — paucifl&ra. 3i. Red. July. 1818. 
 
 — purpu'rea. 2. Purple. November. 1789. 
 ■ — vacciniifo'lia. 3. 1800. 
 
 — Zeyhe'ri. 6-8. Involucre rose-red. July. 
 
 S. Africa. Syn., Orothamnus Zeyheri. 
 B. M. t. 4367. 
 
 Mimo'sa. (From mimos, a mimic ; 
 referring to the irritability of the leaves, 
 as if imitating animal sensibility. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminosce; Tribe, Etimimosoe.) 
 Stove evergreens, except pudi'ca, commonly 
 called the Sensitive Plant, which is an annual, 
 and vi'va, which is herbaceous. Seeds sown in a 
 hotbed, in the spring ; cuttings also of young 
 shoots, getting rather firm at the base, in sandy 
 soil, and in heat ; sandy loam, leaf -mould, and a 
 little peat. Winter temp., 60° to 66°; summer, 
 60° to 86°. The foliage of most is beautifully 
 leafleted, and many species more or less sensitive 
 to the touch ; most of them furnish fine examples 
 of what is termed sleep in plants, as the leaflets 
 fold together at night. 
 M. acanthoca'rpa, 10. Red. Mexico. 1822. 
 
 Syns., Acacia acanthocarpa and A. bra- 
 
 chyantha. 
 
 — amgula'ta. White. June. Brazil. 1826. 
 ^. Barclaya'na, 1. Madagascar. 1824. 
 
 — ca'sta. 2. Pale yellow. July. S. Amer. 
 
 1741. 
 
 — CeraMnia. 3. White. S. America. 1800. 
 
 Syn., Acacia Ceratonia. 
 
 — eUia'ta. White. June. Brazil. 1824, 
 
 — ferrugi'nea. 1. E. Ind. 1818. 
 —Jloribu'nda. 1. Pink. June. Cumana. 1824. 
 
 Ic. PI. t. 373. 
 
 — interme'dia. Rose. April. Garaccas. 1825. 
 
 — Tcermesi'na. Purple. Brazil. 
 
 — latispiTio'sa. 3. White. September. Mada- 
 
 gascar. 1823. 
 
 — margina'ta. Pink. Mexico. 
 
 — obtimfo'lia. 3. Red. June, Brazil. 1816. 
 
 — polydJa'ctyla. IJ. Purple. June. Guiana. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — pud0u'nda. 2. Pale red. Bahia. 1818. 
 
 — pudi'ca. 1. White. June, Brazil. 1638. 
 
 B. R. t. 941. 
 
 — rubricau'lii. 3. Pale yellow. June. E. Ind. 
 
 1799. 
 
 M.semili'va. IJ. Pink. June. Brazil. 1648. 
 B. C. t. 249. 
 
 — strigo'sa. 1. Purple. June. S. Amer. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — uragudnsis. 2. Red. June. Buenos Ayres. 
 
 1840. B. K. 1842, t. 33. 
 
 — vi'scida. 2. Red. Brazil. 1825. 
 
 — vi'va. H. Purple. August. Jamaica. 
 
 1739. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 
 M. di'scolor. Andr. Rep. t. 236. See Acacia 
 discolor. 
 
 — e'legans. Andr. Rep. t. 663. See Albizaa 
 
 lophantha. 
 
 — linifo'lia. Andr. Rep. t. 394. See Acacia 
 
 linifolia. 
 
 — longifo'lia. Andr. Rep. t. 207. See Acacia 
 
 longifolia. 
 
 — myrtifo'lia. B. M. t. 302. See Acacia myrti- 
 
 folia. 
 
 — pube^scens. E. M. 1. 1263. See Acacia pube- 
 
 scens. 
 
 — purpu'rea. Andr. Rep. t. 372. See Callia'ndra 
 
 purpurea. 
 
 — siri'cta. Andr. Rep. t. 53. See Acada 
 
 stricta. 
 
 — verticilla'ta. B. M. 1. 110. See Acacia verti- 
 
 cillata. 
 
 Mi'mulns. Monkey-Flower. (Froth 
 miino, an ape ; in reference to the ringent 
 or gaping mouth of the flower. Nat. ord., 
 Scrophulariacece ; Tribe, GratioUce. 
 Syn., Diplacus.) 
 
 Common soil, provided it be moist ; divisions, 
 cuttings, and seeds. A few, like Lewi'sii, require 
 the protection of a pit in winter ; but where that 
 is not available, seeds of them, sown in March or 
 April, will bloom in summer and autumn. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 M. fioribw'ndus. |. Yellow. August. N. 
 Amer. 1826. 
 
 — parvi/lo'rus. J. Yellow. Chili. 1824. 
 
 HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 M, auranfi'acus. See M. glutinosus. 
 
 — Fremo'ntii. J. Crimson. California. 1882. 
 
 — glutino'sus. 5. Salmon-colour. California. 
 
 1794. Syns., M. aurantiacus, B. M. 
 t. 354, and Diplacus glutinosus. 
 
 puni'ceus. 4. Orange-red to scarlet. 
 
 California. 1837. Syn., Diplacus puni- 
 ceus. B. M. t. 3666. 
 
 — lana'tus. IJ. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — mohave'nsis. Whitish, with crimson eye. 
 
 California. 1886. 
 
 — perfolia'tus. B. M. t. 3067. See Leucocarpus 
 
 elatus. 
 
 — primuloi'des. i. Yellow. California. 1873. 
 
 — rdpems. Lilac, yellow. Australia. 1864. B. 
 
 M. fr. 6423. 
 
 — Roflzlii. Yellow. California. 1882. 
 
 — Tili'ngi. Yellow. California. 1870. 
 
 — tricolor. Pink, crimson. June. California. 
 
 1848. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 M. ala'tus. 1, Light blue. July. N. Amer. 
 1788. 
 
 — cardina'lis. 2. Scarlet. June. California. 
 
 1836. B. M. t. 3660. 
 
 — cu'preus. See M. luteus, var. cupreus. 
 
 — glabra' tus. Yellow. June. Mexico.' 1827. 
 
 — gutta'tus. li. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 
 1812. Syn., M. luteus, var. guttatvs. 
 
 Lewi'sii. }. Pale purple. August. Missouri. 
 
 1824. Syn., JU. roseus. B. M. t. 3363. 
 lu'Uus. }. Yellow. July. Chili. 1826. 
 
 • adpreus. \. Orange-red. Chili. 1861. 
 
 Neube'rti. Double flowered. 
 
 no'bUi^. A *'hose-in-hose" form. 
 
MIM 
 
 [625] 
 
 MIS 
 
 if. lu'teus rimda'ris. i. Yellow. July. Chili. 
 
 1826. 
 Tcwngia'nus. J. YeUow-spotted. July. 
 
 Chili. 1833. 
 
 — moscha'tut. |. YeUow. August. Columbia. 
 
 1826. B. R. 1. 1118. 
 
 — propinqum. J. Yellow. April. N. Amer. 
 
 1827. 
 
 — radi'mns White, violet. New Zealand. 
 
 1883. G. C. 1883, XX. p. 21, fig. 6. 
 
 — H'ngens. 1. Light blue. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1769. 
 
 — rt/seus. See M. Lemsii. 
 
 — i)mnega'tus. 1. White, rosy. June. Chili. 
 
 1831. B. C. t. 1872. Syn., M. luteus, 
 var. variegatus. 
 
 Mimu'sops. (From mimo, an ape, 
 and ops, a face ; fancied resemblance of 
 the flowers. Nat.ord.,)Sapo*acecE. Allied 
 to Bassia.) 
 
 Mimu'sops Ele'ngi is an Indian fruit-tree ; and 
 the sweetish gum of the M. Ea'kiia eaten by the 
 natives. Stove, white-flowered evergreen trees, 
 from the Bast Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a glsiss, and in heat ; sandy 
 loam and leaf -mould. Winter temp., 48° to 65° ; 
 summer, 60° to 80°. 
 if. Eldngi. 15. 1796. 
 
 — hexa'ndra. 10. 1804. 
 
 — Ka'ki. 10. 1796. 
 
 Mi'na. (Named after F. X. Mina, 
 a Mexican minister. Nat. ord., Convol- 
 vulacem. ) Now referred to Ipomsea. 
 
 Greenhouse annual. Seeds sown in a hotbed, 
 in spring, potted and re-potted, and hardened on 
 for flowenng in the greenhouse ; sandy loam, 
 peat, and leaf -mould. 
 M, loba'ta. 6. Red, yellow. June. Mexico. 
 
 1841. B. R. 1842, t. 24. A synonym of 
 
 IpomoEa versicolor. 
 
 Mint. See Mentha. 
 
 Mira'bilis. Marvel of Peru. (From 
 mirahilis, wonderful ; as everything was 
 at first considered that came from 
 America. Nat. ord., Nyctagynacece ; 
 Tribe, MirahUiem.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennials. By seeds 
 sown in a hotbed, in spring, and plants hardened 
 off by degrees to stand in the open border ; by 
 their fusiform (carrot-shaped) roots, taken up and 
 preserved in sand or dry moss during the winter ; 
 rich, sandy loam. May be managed similarly to 
 a Dahlia. 
 
 if. (Jicfto'toma. 2. Yellow. July. 
 1640. 
 
 — hy'brida. 2. White. July. 1813. 
 — jala'pa. 2. Red. July. W. Ind. 
 
 M. t. 371. 
 a'lba. 2. White. July. 
 
 1596. 
 Jla'va. 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 1696. 
 Tu'bro-a'lba. 2. Red, white. July. W. 
 
 Ind. 1696. 
 ru'iro-flalva. 2. Red, yellow. 
 
 W. Ind. 1696. 
 
 — longijlo'ra. 2. White. July. 
 
 1759. 
 
 ca'rriea. 2. Pink. August. 
 
 mola'cea. 2. Pink. August. 
 
 — nmUiflo'ra. Purple. California. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 1596. B. 
 W. Ind. 
 
 W. Ind. 
 
 July. 
 Mexico. 
 
 Germany. 
 Germany. 
 1876. 
 
 - suave'olens. IJ. White. July. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 Mirbe'lia. (Named after C. F. B. 
 Mirbel, a physiological botanist of Paris. 
 
 Nat. ord., LeguminoscB; Tribe, Poda- 
 lyriem. Allied to Chorizema. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from Australia. Cut- 
 tings of the half -ripened shoots in May, under a 
 bell-glass, and in sand, over well-drained, sandy 
 peat ; sandy peat, with a few nodules of flbry 
 loam and charcoal. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. 
 if. Baxte'ri. 2. Yellow. 1826. B. R. t. 1434. 
 
 — dilata'ta. 3. Yellow. July. 1803. B. C. 
 
 t. 1367. 
 —Jloribu'nda. 2. Purple. March. 1838. 
 Faxt. Mag. viii. p. 103. 
 
 — granditlo'ra. 2. Yellow. June. 1826. B. 
 
 M. t. 2771. 
 
 — Meisnefri. 2. Reddish-purple. May. B. M. 
 
 t. 4419. 
 
 — pu'ngens. 2. Yellow. June. 1824. 
 
 — reticula'ta. 3. Yellow. June. 1792. B. 
 
 M. 1. 1221. 
 
 — specio'sa. 2. Purple. June. 1824. B. E. 
 
 1841, t. 68. 
 
 Mischa'nthus. (From miskos, a 
 stem, and anthos, a flower ; referring to 
 the tall stems. Nat. ord., Grammece.) 
 
 A tall graceful grass. 
 M. sine'nsis. B. Asia. Syn., Eulalia japopica. 
 
 Mistletoe. (Vi'scuma'lbum.) Name 
 derived from the Saxon for the same 
 plant, Miselta. The best months for 
 sowing it are February and March. 
 Make two cuts in the shape of the 
 letter V, on the under-side of the branch 
 of an apple-tree. Make the cuts quite 
 down to the wood of the branch ; raise 
 the tongue of the bark made by the cuts, 
 but not so as to-break it, and put under- 
 neath one or two seeds freshly squeezed 
 from the Mistletoe berry. Let the tongue 
 back into its place, and the process is 
 completed. If the seed is good, the 
 seedlings, not unlike cucumber plants, 
 soon appear. They remain attached to 
 the branch, and do not seem to injure 
 the tree. 
 
 Open the bark underneath the branch 
 to receive the seed, because it is thus 
 preserved from an accumulation of rain 
 water, and is shaded from the sun. 
 
 The Mistletoe may also be propagated 
 by grafts ; and it is said that it will suc- 
 ceed upon any tree. It is certainly found 
 upon the pine in Germany ; but we ques- 
 tion very much whether it would live 
 upon the walnut. It wDl grow, yet with 
 difficulty, upon the oak ; but it readily 
 takes upon the apple, pear, poplar, and 
 willow. Mr. Beaton says ( ' ' Gard. Mag. " 
 iii. 207, N.S.), the first weeks of May are 
 best for grafting the Mistletoe, and it 
 should never be inserted less than five 
 nor more than ten feet from the ground. 
 Make an incision in the bark of the tree, 
 and insert into it a thin slice of Mistletoe, 
 having a bud and one leaf at the end- 
 Grafts larger than half an inch in 
 diameter require a notch to be cut out 
 of the branch, the incision to receive the 
 
 SR 
 
MIT 
 
 [626] 
 
 MIX 
 
 scion being made below this notch, and 
 a shoulder left on the scion to rest on 
 the notch, as in crown-grafting. Budding 
 the Mistletoe may also be practised in 
 the middle of May. Mr. Beaton says it 
 is only a modification of grafting, a heel 
 of wood being retained below the bud 
 for insertion. 
 
 Mitche'lla. (Named after Dr. Mit- 
 chell, of Virginia. Nat. ord. , Euhiacem ; 
 Tribe, Anthospermece.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous creeper. Division, cuttings 
 under a hand-light, and layering the running 
 stems ; sandy, fibry peat, either in a sheltered 
 American border, or in a pot protected like the 
 generality of alpine plants. 
 M. r€vem. \. White. June. N. Amer. 1731. 
 B. C. t. 979. 
 
 Mite. See Acanis. 
 
 Mite'Ua, (The diminutive of mitra, 
 a mitre ; referring to the shape of the 
 seed-pods. Nat. ord., Saxuragacece ; 
 Tribe, Sasdfrageoe. Allied to Heuchera. ) 
 
 Hardy, white-flowered, herbaceous perennials, 
 from North America. Diviaion of the roots in 
 spring; common garden-soil. Pretty for border 
 or rook-work. 
 M. mrdif</lia. }. May. 1812. 
 
 — diphy'lla. i. April. 1731. 
 
 — nu'da. i. July. 1768. Syn., M.nniformw. 
 
 — fentaJrvcbra. J. Yellow. June. 1827. B. M. 
 
 t. 2933. Syn., Druirvmondia miteUoides. 
 
 — proitra'ta. J. May. 1818. 
 
 — renif&rmis. See M. nuda. 
 
 — tH'fida- J. May. 1827. 
 
 Mitraca'rpum. (From mitra, a 
 mitre, and karpos, a fruit. Nat. ord., 
 Bubiaeece; Tribe, SpermacocecB. Allied 
 to Eiehardsonia.) 
 
 Stove annuals, with white flowers. Seeds in a 
 hotbed, in March, potted and hardened off to 
 bloom in the stove and greenhouse during the 
 summer. 
 M. Fische'ri. 1. July. Jamaica. 1821. 
 
 — hilrtum. J. July. Jamaica. 1818. Syn., 
 
 Spermacoce hvrta. Jacq. Ic. t. 308. 
 
 — ttyWmm. 1. August. Manilla. 1819. 
 
 — villo'siwm. J. July. Jamaica. 1816. 
 
 Mitra'ria. (From mitra, a mitre ; 
 referring to the seed-pod. Nat. ord., 
 GesneracecB; Tribe, Cyrtandrece. AUied 
 to Columnea.) 
 
 Evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the half -ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in summer ; 
 better-ripened shoots under a hand-light, in a 
 shady place. A beautiful spring plant for the 
 greenhouse, and suppcsed to be hardy enough 
 for all sheltered places out of doors ; sandy peat 
 and fibry loam. 
 
 M. oocci'nea. i. Scarlet. July. San Carlo de 
 Ohiloe. 1848. B. M. t. 4462. 
 
 Mitriosti'gma. (From mitra, a 
 mitre, and stigma ; referring to the 
 shape of the stigma. Nat. ord., Bubia- 
 cece ; Tribe, Gardeniece.) 
 
 Stove shrub. For culture, see Gakdenia. 
 M. axilla're. 5. Wliite ; fragrant. Spring. Natal. 
 Syn., Gardenia citriodora. B. M. t. 4987. 
 
 Mixture of Soils is one of the most 
 ready and cheapest modes of improving 
 their staple, and thus rendering them 
 more fertile ; and upon this subject we 
 have nothing to add to the following 
 excellent remarks of Mr. Cuthbert 
 Johnson : 
 
 " I have witnessed, even in soils to all 
 appearance similar in composition, some 
 very extraordinary results from their 
 mere mixture. Thus, in the gravelly 
 soils of Spring Park, near Croydon, the 
 ground is often excavated to a depth of 
 many feet, through strata of Barren 
 gravel and red sand, for the purpose of 
 obtaining the white or silver sand which 
 exists beneath them. When this fine 
 sand is removed, the gravel and red sand 
 are thrown back into the pit, the ground 
 merely levelled, and then either let to 
 cottagers for gardens, or planted with 
 forest trees. In either case the effect is 
 remarkable, all kinds of either fir or 
 deciduous trees will now vegetate with 
 increased luxuriance ; and in the cottage- 
 gardens thus formed, several species of 
 vegetables, such as beans and potatoes, 
 will produce very excellent crops, in the 
 very soils in which they would have 
 perished previous to their mixture. The 
 permanent advantage of mixing soils, 
 too, is not confined to merely those 
 entirely of an earthy composition : 
 earths which contain inert organic 
 matter, such as peat or moss earth, are 
 highly valuable additions to some soils. 
 Thus, peat earth was successfully added 
 to the sandy soils of Merionethshire by 
 Sir Robert Vaughan. The Cheshire 
 farmers add a mixture of moss and cal- 
 careous earth to their tight-bound earths, 
 the effect of which they describe as 
 having ' a loosening operation ; ' that is, 
 it renders the soil of their strong clays 
 less tenacious, and, consequently, pro- 
 motes the ready access to the moisture 
 and gases of the atmosphere to the roots. 
 The cultivator sometimes deludes him- 
 self with the conclusion that applying 
 sand, or marl, or clay, to a poor soil, 
 merely serves to freshen it for a time, 
 and that the effects of such applications 
 are apparent for only a limited period. 
 Some comparative experiments, however, 
 which were made sixteen years since, 
 on some poor, hungiy heath-land, in 
 Norfolk, have up to this time served 
 to demonstrate the error of such a con- 
 clusion. In these experiments the ground 
 was marled with twenty cubic yards 
 only per acre, and the same compost ; 
 it was then planted with a proper mixture 
 of forest trees, and by the side of it a 
 portion of the heath, in a state of nature, 
 
MOD 
 
 [627] 
 
 MOL 
 
 -was also planted with the same mixture 
 of deciduous and fir-trees. 
 
 " Sixteen years have annually served 
 to demonstrate, by the luxuriance of the 
 marled wood, the permanent effect pro- 
 duced by a mixture of soils. The growth 
 of the trees has been there rapid and 
 permanent ; but on the adjoining soil 
 the trees have been stunted in their 
 growth, miserable in appearance, and 
 profitless to their owner. 
 
 "Another, but the least commonly 
 practised mode of improving the staple 
 of a soil by earthy addition, is claying ; 
 a system of fertilizing, the good effects 
 of which are much less immediately ap- 
 parent than chalking, and hence one of 
 the chief causes of its disuse. It requires 
 some little time to elapse, and some stir- 
 ring of the soil, before the clay is so well 
 mixed with a sandy soil as to produce 
 that general increased attraction and re- 
 tentive power for the atmospheric mois- 
 ture, which ever constitutes the chief 
 good result of claying poor soils. Clay 
 must be, moreover, applied in rather 
 larger proportions to the soil than chalk ; 
 for not only is its application rarely re- 
 quired as a direct food for plants for the 
 mere alumina which it contains, since 
 this earth enters into the composition of 
 plants in very small proportion, but there 
 is also another reason for a more liberal 
 addition of clay being required, which is 
 the impure state in which the alumina 
 exists m what are commonly called clay 
 soils. " — Farm, Encyc. 
 
 Mode'cca. . (The Indian name. Nat. 
 Old. , PassiflorecB ; Tnhe, Modeccece. Al- 
 lied to Carica. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen climbing plants, resembling 
 Passion-flowers. Cuttings of young shoots in 
 May, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, and in 
 leat ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 48° to 56° ; 
 summer, 60° to 75°. 
 
 M.loba'ta. B. E. t. 433. YeUowish- green. 
 Sierra Leone. 
 
 — triloba'ta. 10. August. B. Indies. 1818. 
 
 — tubero'sa. 10. August. E. Indies. 1822. 
 
 Modi'ola. (From modiolus, the nave 
 of a wheel ; referring to the formation 
 of the seed-vessel. Nat. ord. , Malvacece; 
 Tribe, Malvece. Allied to the Mallow.) 
 Seeds in spring ; division of the two herbaceous 
 kinds at the same time, and by cuttings of 
 the young shoots under a hand-light ; common, 
 sandy loam. The herbaceous require a dry, 
 sheltered place, or the protection of a cold pit 
 during the winter. 
 M. oaroUnia'na. Bed. June. N. Amer. 1723. 
 
 Hardy annual. Syn. , Sphceralacea earo- 
 
 Uniana. 
 
 — deeu'mbens. Bed. June. S. Amer. 1815. 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous. Syn., Sphcera- 
 lacea decumbens. 
 
 — geranioi'des. Bosy-lilac. Garden, Jan. 28, 
 
 1882. 
 
 M. prostra'ta. Scarlet. May. Brazil. 1808. 
 Half-hardy herbaceous. Syn., SpJicera- 
 lacea prostrata. 
 
 Moerhi'ngia. (Named after p. 
 Mberhing, a German botanist. Nat. 
 ord., CaryophyllacecB.) United with 
 Arenana m the Genera Plantarum. 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, from the south of 
 Europe. Division of the plant in spring ; com- 
 mon, sandy soil, and dry, elevated positions ; 
 suited for steep rock-works. 
 M.mjmco'sa. J. Purple. June. 1776. 
 — sedifo'Ka. \. White, red. June. 1823. 
 
 Mogi'phanes. (From mogis, 
 scarcely, and phainein, to show ; the 
 flowers are small. Nat. ord., Amaran- 
 thacece; Tribe, Gomphrenece.) 
 
 Stove plant. 
 M. strand'nea. Syn., Gomphrena brasilierms. 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 346. 
 
 Mo'hria. (Named after M. Mohr, 
 a German botanist. Nat. ord., Filices.) 
 
 Greenhouse fern. See Fekns. 
 M. thuri'fraga. Brown, yellow. June. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1842. 
 
 Moist Stove. A stove with a moist 
 atmosphere. See Stove. 
 
 MoldavianPalm. Dracoce'phalum 
 molda' mcum. 
 
 Moldenhau'era. (Named after /. 
 J. Moldenhauer, a German botanist. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminonce ; Tribe, Euccesal- 
 pinecB. Allied to Swartzia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a glass, m heat ; rich 
 sandy loam. Winter temp., 50° to 56° ; summer, 
 60° to 76°. 
 M. Jioribu'nda. Yellow. May. Brazil. 1828. 
 
 Mole Cricket. One of the most 
 curious, and often most destructive to 
 our kitchen-garden crops of all the sub- 
 terranean vermin, is the Mole-oricket, 
 known, in different parts of England, by 
 the various names of Earth-crab, Jarr- 
 worm, Churr-worm, and Eve-churr. It 
 is the Gryllotalpa vulgaris and europcea 
 of some naturalists, and in the Gvyllus 
 gryllotalpa of others. It rarely appears 
 upon the surface of the soil, but makes 
 burrows, like the mole, and destroys all 
 roots which interrupt him in forming 
 these passages. When full-grown, it is 
 nearly two inches long, and four lines 
 broad; colour, dark brown; antennse, 
 bristle-shaped, and in front of its black 
 eyes; thorax, hairy; wings, broad, large, 
 and triangular when fully opened ; abdo- 
 men, nine or ten jointed, furnished at the 
 end with two hairy, awl-shaped fila- 
 ments. The two fore-feet are broad, like 
 those of the mole, and similarly intended 
 for digging. The female hollows out a 
 place, about half a foot from the surface, 
 ,in the month of June, and lays her eggs 
 
MOL 
 
 [628] 
 
 MON 
 
 in a heap, from two to three hundred. 
 They are shining yellowish-brown, and 
 like grains of millet. The young, which 
 are hatched in July or August, greatly 
 resemble black ants, and feed, like the 
 old ones, on the tender roots of grass, 
 corn, and various culinary vegetables. 
 They betray their presence under the 
 earth by the withered decay of culinary 
 vegetables in the garden. In October 
 and November they bury themselves 
 deeper in the earth, as a protection 
 from cold, and come again to the surface 
 in the warmer days in March. Their 
 presence is discovered by their throwing 
 up the earth like moles. The surest of 
 remedies is destroying the brood in Jnne 
 or July. Gardeners know, from ex- 
 perience, where the nest of the Mole- 
 cricket is situated ; they dig it out with 
 their spades, and destroy hundreds in 
 the egg state with little trouble. — 
 Kollar. 
 
 Moli'nia. (After J. MoKni, a writer 
 on Chilian plants. Nat. ord. , Graminew. ) 
 
 Hardy, perennial grass. 
 If. Berti'ni. A seedling variegated variety of 
 M. ccerulea. 1890. 
 
 — ccervlUa. 1-3. Purple or green. July. Britain. 
 
 Bng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1747. 
 vanega'ta. Variegated variety. 
 
 Molopospe'rmum. (From molops, 
 a stripe, and spemia, a seed ; the fruit 
 is striped. Nat. ord., Umhelliferce.) 
 
 Hardy fern-like perennial. Divisions, seeds. 
 M. cmLta'riUTn. 3-5. Yellowish. May. Moun- 
 tains of S. and Central Europe. 1696. 
 
 IVEo'ltkia. (Named after Count 
 Moltke, a Danish noble. Nat. ord., 
 Boragineoe ; Tribe, Boragece. Allied to 
 Echium. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the 
 plant in spring ; rich, sandy loam, 
 if. cceru'lea. 1. Blue. April. Persia. 1829. 
 
 — petroE^a. J. Blue, June. S. Europe. 1843. 
 
 Syns., Echiwm petrixnim and Lithosper- 
 rmim petrcBuin. B. M. t. 5942. 
 
 Molucce'lla. Molucca Balm. (From 
 Molucca, where the plants were supposed 
 to be natives. Nat. ord., LahmtCB ; 
 Tribe, Stachydeoe. Allied to Phlomis.) 
 
 Hardy plants, with purple flowers, flowering 
 in July. Tuber^sa^ by dividing the tubers in 
 spring and autumn. This, and also the others, 
 which are annuals, by seed in a hotbed, in spring ; 
 
 Sotted, hardened off, and transferred to the 
 ower-border in the middle of May ; sandy loam, 
 if. Mvis. H. Syria. 1570. B. M. 1. 1852. 
 
 — Ma/rruHa' strum. 1. Syria. 1820. 
 
 — tvbero'sa. 2. Tartary. 1796. 
 
 Mo'ly. A' Ilium mo'ly. 
 
 Momo'rdica. (From mordeo, to 
 bite; alluding to -the jagged seeds. Nat. 
 ord., CucwMtacecB ; Tribe, Cueume- 
 rineoe.) 
 
 Stove climbers, raised annually from seed, like- 
 the Melon, which see for raising young plants. 
 
 M. balsa'mea. Yellow. July. E.Indies. 1668. 
 Balsam apple. 
 
 — Cha/ra'ntUi. Yellow. July, E. Indies. 1710.. 
 
 — Elats'riwm. See Ecbalvwm Elatervum, 
 
 — imioluara'ta. Cream-coloured. Natal. 1862. 
 
 — martiniednm. Yellow. 1888. 
 
 — mi'tcta. Yellow. July. E.Indies, 1820. 
 
 Mona'nthes. (From monos, one,, 
 and anthos, a flower ; the flowers are 
 often solitary. Nat. ord., Crdssulacew. 
 Allied to Sempervivum.) 
 
 Greenhouse succulent perennial herbs; ex- 
 ceedingly dwarf and pretty. For cultivation,, 
 see Crassula. 
 
 M. atla'ntica. One-tenth. Yellow, Morocco. 
 1871, 
 
 — mura'lis. One-tenth. Yellowish. Canaries. 
 
 Mona'rda. (Named after M. Monar- 
 dez, a physician of Seville. Nat. ord., 
 LahiatcB ; Tribe, Monardeoe. Allied to 
 Salvia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, all but clmopo- 
 dioi'des natives of North America. Division of 
 the plant in spring ; common soil. 
 
 M. a/m^leaAoavllis. See M. Bradburmna. 
 
 — arista'ta. See M. clinopodimdes. 
 
 — Bradburia'na. Pale red. June. 1850. Syns. 
 
 M. amplexicimlis and if, Jistulosa, var. 
 flore-maculata. B. M. t. 3310. 
 
 — elinopt/dia. 2. Purple, white, July, 1771. 
 
 — dinopodioi'des. 2. Yellow, August. S. 
 
 Amer. 1825. Syn,, if. aristata. B. M. 
 t. 3626, 
 
 — di'dyma. 3, Scarlet. July, 1752. B, M. 
 
 t. 646, Syns., if, fietulosa of B, M, 1. 145; 
 and M. KaVmiana. 
 
 — fistulo'sa. 3. Purple, July. 1666. B. M. 
 
 t. 3310. Syns., if. ajinis, if. allophylla, 
 M. attigsima, if. longifolia, and if. oblon- 
 gata. 
 
 flo're-maeulalta. See if. didyma. 
 
 mddia. Deep purple. Syns., if. media, 
 
 and if. pwpurea. B, C, t, 1396, 
 
 mo'Uis. 2, Lilac, July. 1656, Syns., 
 
 if. Lmdheim^rij M. menthesfolia, B. M. 
 t. 2958, M. mollis and if, scabra. 
 
 rv/bra. Crimson or rose-red, 
 
 — gra'cilis. IJ. Purple. July. 1820. 
 ^puncta'ta. 2. Yellow, brown. August, 1714. 
 
 Andr. Rep, t. 646, Syn,, if, lutea. 
 
 — Russellia'na. 2, White, September, 1823. 
 
 B, M. t. 2513. 
 
 Monarde'Ua. (A diminutive of 
 Monarda. Nat. ord., Labiatce; Tribe, 
 Satureinece. Allied to Origanum. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the 
 plant in spring ; common, sandy soil, with a 
 little peat or leaf-mould, 
 if. ca'-ndicaTis. 1. White. California, 1853. 
 
 — maera'ntha. ' Scarlet. Autumn. California. 
 
 1877. B. M, t. 6270, 
 
 — wrul/ula'ta. J. Violet. June, California. 
 
 1848. 
 
 Mone'ses. (From monos, single, 
 and esis, delight ; the flowers are solitary. 
 Nat. ord., Erieacece.) 
 Hardy perennial herb. 
 JU.vmiJkfra. White or pink. June. Britain to 
 Japan. Syn., Pyrola unijlora. Eng.- 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 900. 
 
MON [ 629 ] 
 
 Mone'tia. (Named after Monet de 
 4a March, a French botanist. Nat. ord., 
 IlmnecE. Allied to Prinos. ) 
 ri™^S evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half- 
 [^'^f^^/t"?^ m sand, under a befi-glass, and 
 ma mUd bottom-heat ; sandy loam, and a little 
 tib^peat. Wmtertemp., 48° to 66"; summer, 60" 
 
 MON 
 
 3. Green. July. E. Ind. 
 
 Lysima'chia numu- 
 
 to80' 
 
 M. barlerioi'des. 
 1768. 
 
 Moneywort. 
 
 ■laria. 
 
 Moni'zia. (In honour of J. M. 
 Mornz, a botanist in Madeira. Nat. 
 ord., UmhelUferm.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. 
 K. edm'lis. i. May. Madeira. 1867. The 
 roots are eaten in Madeira. 
 
 Monkey-Bread. Adanso'nia. 
 , Monkey-Flower. Mi'mulus. 
 Monkey-Nut. A'rachishypogm'a. 
 Monk's Hood. Aconi'tum. 
 
 Monni'na. (Named after Monnino, 
 Oount de Flora Blanca, a Spanish patron 
 •of botany. ^aX. orA.., Polygalacem. Al- 
 lied to Muraltia.) 
 
 The bark o£ the root is used in Peru for soap, 
 and the Peruvian ladies ascribe the beauty of 
 their hair to the use of it. Greenhouse evergreen 
 shrubs. Seeds in March, in a gentle hotbed; 
 cuttings of young side-shoots in April, under a 
 bell-glass, and kept close, but damp prevented ; 
 sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter temp., 40° 
 to 45°. 
 M. crotalarioi'des. 2. Purple. August. 1840. 
 
 — obtusifo'lia. 12. Violet and white. June. 
 
 Peru. 1830. B. M. t. 3122. 
 
 — OMlape'neis. Blue, yellow. Mexico. 1879. 
 
 Mono'cera grandifio'ra, B. M. 
 t. 4680, and M. lahceola'ta are synonyms 
 of SlSBOCarpus grandiflorus. 
 
 Monochse'tum. (From monos, one, 
 and chaite, a bristle. Nat. ord., Melas- 
 tomacece ; Tribe, JShexiecE.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sandy 
 peat. Sandy peat and loam. Summer temp., 
 , -60° to 80° ; winter, 46° to 60°. 
 M. aVpefstre. Bright red. Mexico. 
 
 — dierana'ntherwm. See M. Hartwegianwm. 
 
 — eTisilferum. Purple. Mexico. 
 
 — Hwrtwegia'num. Biose. Winter. Peru. 1866. 
 
 Syn., M. dicranantherum'. B. M. t. 6606. 
 
 — MumTKildtia'num. Purplish rose. November. 
 
 Caraccas. 1863. B. M. t. 6367. . 
 
 — Lemoinia'num. Deep violet-rose. Winter. 
 
 — ni'tidum. Pink. New Grenada. 
 
 — seri'ceum. Pink. New Grenada. 1869. There 
 
 is a variety called vfiultiflormn. 
 
 — tene'Uum. IJ. Purple. Guatemala. 
 
 Monochi'lus. (From monos, one, 
 and cheilos, a lip ; the formation of the 
 flower. Nat. ord., Verbenacece ; Tribe, 
 VerbenecB. Allied to Verbena. ) 
 
 Stove tuber. Division of the tubers when in a 
 dormant state ; sandy loam, a little fibry peat, 
 and leaf-mould. Temp, when growing, 66° to 76°. 
 N. gloxinifo'lius. White. Brazil. 1838. 
 
 Monocho'ria. (From monos, one, 
 and chorizo, to separate ; one stamen, 
 does not resemble the rest. Nat. ord., 
 Pontederiace(B. ) 
 
 Stove aquatic herbs. For culture, see PONTS- 
 DERIA. 
 U. eya'nea. Blue. 1883. 
 
 — hasta'ta. 2. Blue. July. B. Indies. 1806. 
 
 Syn., Pontederia dilatata. Andr. Eep. 
 t. 490. 
 
 — vagitm'lis. 2. Blue. Summer. E. Asia. 
 
 KorsaWvni. 1. Violet. Summer. 1862. 
 
 Monocotyledons, or Endogens, 
 form one of the great classes into which 
 flowering plants are divided. Their 
 characteristics are : — vascular bimdles 
 isolated, the stem increasing in thick- 
 ness by new bundles being developed 
 between the older ones, and thus the 
 wood does not form concentric rings ; 
 veins of the leaves more or less parallel ; 
 parts of the flower in threes, or some 
 multiple of that number ; embryo with 
 one seed leaf. This class furnishes a 
 very large proportion of the handsome 
 
 Elants now in cultivation, e.g., those 
 elonging to the orders Orchidem (Or- 
 chids), Iridece (Iris, Crocus), Amarylli- 
 tZecE (Narcissus, Crinum), ij'toceas (Lilies, 
 Tulips, Hyacinths), Oraminem (Grasses), 
 etc. 
 
 Monogra'mma. (From monos, 
 one, and gramwM, writing ; referring to 
 the spore, or seed-cases. Nat. ord., 
 Filices. ) 
 
 Stove ferns, from the West Indies, with 
 brownish-yellow spores. See Febns. 
 M. furca'ta. June. 1825. 
 
 — grmrn'nea. June. 1830. 
 
 — trichoi'dea. June. 
 
 Monole'na. (From monos, one, 
 and olene, the arm ; alluding to the arm 
 or process from the base of the anther. 
 Nat. ord., Melastomacem ; Tribe, Sone- 
 rilece.) 
 
 Stove perennials. Sandy loam and peat, or 
 leaf -mould. Moist atmosphere. Summer temp., 
 76° to 86° ; winter, 60° to 66°. 
 M. primulcefio'ral J. Bright pink. November. 
 
 Columbia. 1869. Syn., Beitoloniaprimu- 
 
 Icejiora. 
 
 Monolo'phus. (From monos, one, 
 and lophos, a crest. Nat. ord., Scita- 
 minew; Tnhe, Zmgibere(B.) A synonym 
 of Ksempferia. 
 
 M. ttecu'nda. See Koempferia secunda, B. M. 
 t. 6999. 
 
 Monolo'pia. (From monolc^us, one 
 covering ; referring to the flower-cover- 
 ing. Nat. ord., Compositm ; Tribe, He- 
 lenioidecB. Allied to Lasthenia. ) 
 
 A pretty, hardy annual, once called Helilnium 
 Bougla'sii. Seeds in mellow soil; in April. 
 M. ma! jar. 3. Yellow. July. CEllifomia. 1834. 
 B. M. t. 3839. 
 
MON 
 
 [630] 
 
 MOO 
 
 Monome'ria. (From monos, one, 
 and meris, a part. Nat. ord., Orehidece; 
 Tribe, Epidendrew-Dendrobiece. Allied 
 to Bulbophyllum.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Division in spring or autumn ; 
 fibry peat, broken pots, and sphagnum. Winter 
 temp., 55° to 60" ; summer, 60° to 90°. 
 M. ba/rba'ta. Spotted. India. 1841. 
 — ni'tida. Mexico. 1841. 
 
 Monopa'nax. (A name com- 
 pounded of monos, one, and Panax; 
 from the ovary being one-celled, and 
 the plant resembling a Panax. Nat. 
 ord., AraZiacecB.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. For cultivation, see 
 Abalia. 
 
 M. QheUbre'ghtii. Greenish - white. Mexico. 
 1869. Syn., Aralia Gheisbreghtii. 
 
 Mono'psis. (From monos, one, and 
 opsis, a face ; the flowers being more 
 regular than is usual in the Nat. ord., 
 Campanulacete ; Tribe, Loheliew.) Re- 
 garded as a section of Lobelia in the 
 Genera Plantarum. 
 
 A pretty little annual. Seeds in a hotbed, in 
 March; plants pricked off, hardened off, and 
 transferred to the open border at the end of 
 May. 
 
 M. eonspi'cua. J. Blue. July. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1812. Syn., Lobelia speculwm. 
 
 Monopy'le. (From m^nos, one, and 
 pyie, a door ; because the capsule opens 
 by one dorsal slit. Nat. ord., Gesnera- 
 ceos ; Tribe, Gesnerece. Allied to Gloxi- 
 nia.) 
 M. Tocemo'aa. White. July. Columbia. 1875. 
 
 Mono'toca. (From monos, one, and 
 tokos, a birth ; the fruit, which is eat- 
 able, having only one seed. Nat. ord. , 
 EpacridacecB ; Tribe, Stypheliece. Al- 
 lied to Leueopogon.) 
 
 Greenhouse white-flowered evergreens, from 
 New South Wales. Cuttings of tne points of 
 young shoots in sand, over sandy soil, and 
 covered with a bell-glass, in May ; sandy peafc, 
 and a little flbry loam. Winter temp., 40° to 
 48°. 
 M. a'lba. 6. June. 1824. 
 
 — elli'ptica. 8. June. 1802. 
 
 — Imea'ta. 6. June. 1804. 
 
 — acopa'ria. 5. June. 1825. 
 
 Monso'nia. (Named after Lady 
 A. Monson. Nat. ord., Geraniacece ; 
 Tribe, GeraniecB. Allied to Geranium. ) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, except 
 ova'ta, which ii biennial. All from South Africa. 
 Seeds in a slight hotbed, in spring, and trans- 
 planted j cuttmgs in spring and autumn, under 
 a hand-light ; division and cuttings of the roots 
 fn summer and autumn ; sandy loam, and a 
 little peat and leaf -mould ; a cold pit or green- 
 house in winter. 
 
 M. biJMra. 1. Lilac-blue. S. Africa. 1869. 
 ^Heritie/ri. 1. Purple. May. 1790. Syn., 
 Sarcoca/iU&n HentieH. 
 
 — loba'ta. 1. Purple. May. 1774. B. M. 
 
 t. 385. 
 
 — om'ta. 1. White. August. 1774. 
 
 M. Paterso'nii. 2J. Purple. May. 1827. Syn., 
 Sarcocaulon Patersonii. 
 
 — pUo'sa. 1. White. July. 1778. B. M. 
 
 t. 35. 
 Co'lloe. 1. Pale red. July. 1820. 
 
 — specio'sa. 1. Red. May. 1774. B. M. t. 73. 
 pallida. 1. Pale red. May. 
 
 Monste'ra. (Derivation unex- 
 plained. Nat. ord., Aroidece ; Tribe,. 
 CallecB. Allied to Eaphidophora. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen climbers. For cultivation* 
 see Philodendron. 
 
 M. Ada/nso'nia. Yellow. May. W. Indies. 
 1762. B. M. t. 6086. 
 
 — cam/noefo'lia. See Spathiphyllum, 
 
 — delici&sa. Mexico. Syji.,Tomeliafragrans. 
 
 — lingula'ta. W. Indies. 1793. 
 
 — pertu'sa. Yellow. S. America. 1752. Syns,, 
 
 Callapertusa and Dracimtiimipertusum. 
 
 Monta'gnea. See Montanoa. 
 
 Monta'noa. (After Montana, a 
 Mexican politician. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positcB; .Tribe, Hdianthoidece. Syns., 
 Eriocarpha, Eriocoma, and Montagnea. ) 
 Cool greenhouse shrubs. By seeds, in spring, 
 in a gentle bottom-heat ; by cuttings in autumn. 
 Jf. biipirmatifida. 6-8. Yellow. Mexico. Syns., 
 
 M. heracleifolitt, Polymnia grandis, and 
 
 P. heracleifolia. 
 -— heracle\fo'lia. See M, bipinTiatiJida. 
 
 — molli'ssima. Yellow, white. Autumn. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 — tomento'sa. 3. White. September. Mexico. 
 
 1828. Syn., Eriomrnafra^ams, Swt. Fl. 
 Gard. ser. 2, t. 44. 
 
 Montbre'tia. (In honour of M. 
 Montbret. Nat. ord., Iridece ; Tribe, 
 Ixiem.) Sometimes united with Tri- 
 tonia. 
 
 Little Ixia-looking bulbs, with yellow flowers, 
 from the Cape of Good Hope. Offsets ; sandy 
 loam, with a little peat or leaf-mould ;' if not 
 
 Srotected on a warm border, should be kept 
 uring winter in a cold pit. 
 M, crocosrruEjlo'ra. Hybrid between M. Pottsii 
 
 and Orocosnm aurea. 
 —flexuo'sa. May. 1803. 
 
 — Po'ttm. 3-4. Orange-scarlet. 1877. Hardy. 
 
 — mrga'ta. May. 1826. 
 
 Montezu'ma. (Named after a king 
 of Mexico. Nat. ord. , Malvacece ; Tribe, 
 BombacecB. Allied to Cheirostemon. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of shoots, 
 
 fetting firm, in sand, under a glass, and in. 
 ottom-heat ; sandy loam and lumpy peat. 
 Winter temp., 48° to 56° ; summer, 60" to 80°. 
 M. spedoH'ssima. 30. Bed. Mexico. 1827. 
 
 Montrioha'rdia. (In honour of 
 
 Gabriel Montrichard of Trinidad. Nat. 
 ord., Aroidece ; Tribe, Philodendrece.) 
 
 Stove aquatic or marsh plants, with trunk- 
 like stems and large sagittate leaves, very re- 
 markable. Seeds ; division of rootstock. Rich 
 loam under water. Moist atmosphere. Sum- 
 mer temp., 80° to 90° ; winter, 60° to 66°. 
 M. lini'fera. 6-12. Green, cream colour. Bahia. 
 1860. 
 
 Moon-Creeper. 
 
 no'x. 
 
 Iporrue^a bo'na 
 
MOO 
 
 [631] 
 
 MOR 
 
 IVIOOn-Seed. Menispe'rmum. 
 
 Moon-Trefoil. Medica'go arbo'- 
 rea. 
 
 Moonwort. Botry'cMum. 
 
 Moo'rea. (After J". W. Moore, Cma.- 
 tor of the Glasnevin Botanic Garden. 
 Nat. ord., Orchidece ; Tribe, Vande(e- 
 StanhopiecB. ) 
 
 Stove orchid. For culture, see Hodlletia. 
 
 M. irrora'ta. IJ. Eeddish-brown, G. C. 1890, 
 vili. p. 7. B. M. t. 7262. 
 
 Morse'a. (Named after B. Moore, 
 an English botanist. Nat. ord., Iridem; 
 Tribe, Morwece. Allied to Iris. ) 
 
 These pretty bulbs, all from South Africa, 
 except where otherwise mentioned, require the 
 same treatment as IxiA, which see. 
 M. angu'sta. J. Lilac. May. 1790. B. M. 
 t. 1276. 
 
 — barbi'gera. i. Purple. May. 1687. 
 
 — Woolen: 2. Yellow, dark. June. Syn., Iris 
 
 Ueolor, B. B. 1. 1404. 
 
 — bitwmin&sa. 1. Yellow. May. 1787. B. 
 
 M. t. 1045. 
 
 — bulbi'fera. 2-3. Yellow. May. S. Africa. 
 
 1792. B. M. t. 6785. 
 
 — catenula'ta. 1. White, blue. May. Mau- 
 
 ritius. 1826. B. R. 1. 1074. 
 
 — cilia'ta. J. Yellow. September. 1587. B. 
 
 M. 1. 1012. 
 tricolor. Syn., B. tricolor, Andr. Rep. 
 
 — en' spa. j. Blue. May. 1803. B. M. t.769. 
 
 — edu'lis. 4. Fulvous. May. 1792. B. M. 
 
 t. 613. Syn., M. vegeta, Jacq. Ic. t. 224. 
 
 glBAico'psis. 1. Red, brown, June. 
 
 1776. Syn., Viewsseuma glcmcopsis. 
 
 — eHegems. IJ. Vermilion. May. 1826. 
 
 — exalta'ta. 3. Vermilion. May. 1768. 
 —fia'cada. IJ. Venmlion. May. 1810. 
 —fiexm'sa. 1. Yellow. May. 1803. 
 
 — iridioides. i. White, brown. July. 1768. 
 
 — linea'ta. 1. Vermilion. May. 1825. 
 
 — longifio'ra. i. Yellow. May. 1811. B. M. 
 
 t. 712. 
 
 — longifo'lia. 3. YeUow. May. 1808. 
 
 — lu'rida. 1. Crimson. June. 1817. B. M. 
 
 t. 312. Syn., Vieussetucm lurida. 
 
 — miinii'ta. J. Blue. June. 1825. 
 
 — od/^ra. 2. Lilac. May. 1799. Salisb. 
 
 Parad. 1. 10. 
 
 — papUlona'cea. J. Variegated. May. 1796. 
 
 B. M. t. 760. 
 
 — pluma'ria. 1. Yellow. May. 1825. 
 
 — polysta'chya. 1. Yellow. June. 182B. 
 
 — vonifo'lia. 2. Vermilion. May. •1826. 
 
 — ramo'sa. 3. YeUow. May. 1789. B. M. 
 
 t. 771. 
 
 — seta'cea. h YeUow. June. 1826 
 
 — Sisyri'nehimn. J. Blue. May. S.Europe. 
 
 1697. Hardy. B. M. t. 1407. Syn., 
 Xiphian Sisyrinchiwm, B. M. t. 6096. 
 
 — Tmana'na. 1. Purple. May. Naples: 
 
 1824. Hardy. Swt. Fl. Gard. 1. 110. 
 
 — tenuis. 1. Purple, yellow. May. 1807. 
 
 B M 1. 1047. Syn., Yieitssewaa tenuis. 
 
 — trieu'spis.'l. Greenish-white. May. 1776. 
 
 Syn , TUussemna, tricuapw, B. M. t. 696. 
 
 BeUmdelni. 1. Yellow. June. 1803. 
 
 Svn., Vieiisseuaia Bellendem. 
 
 — tripeHala! 1. Violet. June. 1802. B M. 
 
 t 702 Syn., Vieusseuma tnpetaUnaei. 
 
 — tri'stis. 1. Blue. June. 1768. Syn., im 
 
 trittis, B. M. t. 577. 
 
 — unguwiOa'ris. 1. White. May. 1802. Syns., 
 
 M vrnguicvOataaM^"'""''''"'''^''^'^- 
 
 U. vill&aa. 1. Purple. July. 1789. Syn. 
 Vieusseuxia mllosa. 
 
 — virga'ta. 1. Purple. May. 1825. Jacq. lo. 
 
 t. 228. 
 
 — visca'ria. 1. LUac. May. 1800. Syn., Irii 
 
 msearia, B. M. t. 687. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 
 M. aaranti'aea. See Homeria aurantiaca. 
 
 — collUna of B. M. 1. 1033. See Homeria eollina; 
 
 of B. M. 1. 1103. See Homeria eollina, 
 
 var. ochroleuca. 
 
 minia'ta. See Homeria wwrwntiam. 
 
 ■— Ferrari Ola. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 466. See 
 
 Ferraria Ferra/riola. 
 
 — minia'ta. Andr. Rep. t. 404. See HoTneria 
 
 eollina^ var. miniata. 
 
 — Northia'na. Andr. Rep. t. 265. See Mariea 
 
 Northia/na. 
 — palmifo'Ua. Jacq. Ic. t. 227. A synonym of 
 jEleutherine plicata. 
 
 — pavo'nia. B. M. 1. 1247. See Tigridia pa- 
 
 vonia. 
 
 — Robvnsonia'na. See Iris Robiksoniana, 
 
 — sorde^scens. Jacq. Ic. t. 225. 
 
 — spatha'oea and Dietes Hnttoni (B. M. t. 6174). 
 
 See Iris Suttoni. 
 
 — spica'ta. See Homeria elegams. 
 
 — spira'lis. B. M. t. 520. See Aristea spiralis. 
 
 More'nia. (In honour of J/.Tlfo^-gJio. 
 Nat. ord. , Palmece ; Tribe, Arecem. ) See 
 Chamsedorea. 
 
 M.fra' grams. See Chanwedorea fragram. 
 
 Moreton-Bay Chestnut. Cos- 
 tanospe'rmu'm. 
 
 Morica'ndia. (Named after S. 
 Moricand, an Italian botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Criiciferce; Tribe, Br-assicecE.) 
 
 Simple-looking hardy plants, but useful for 
 cut flowers In winter. Seed sown in the open 
 border, in April. 
 
 Jf. arv^nsis. IJ. Violet. July. Europe. 1739. 
 Biennial. B. M. t. 3007. 
 
 — hespendijMra. 1. Purple. June. Egypt. 
 
 1837. Annual. 
 
 — RamtniriA,. 2. Purple. Spain. B. M. 
 
 t. 4947. 
 
 — sonchifo'lia. 1-2. Blue. March. China. 
 
 1876. B. M. t. 6248. 
 
 Mori'na. (Named after L. Morin, 
 a French botanist. Nat. ord., Dipsa- 
 cecB.) 
 
 Strong, half-hardy, herbaceous plants, suited 
 for borders in summer. Seed in a slight hot- 
 bed, in April, and hardened off to suit a cool 
 greenhouse or sheltered borders ; also by divi- 
 sions, if the plant is saved over the winter. 
 M. betonicoi'des. l-lj. Bright rose-purple, crim- 
 son. Sikkim. B. M. t. 6966. 
 
 — Conlteria'na. 3. Yellowish. W. Himalayas. 
 
 1883. B. M. t. 6734. 
 
 — longifo'lia. 3. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1839. 
 
 B. M. t. 4092. 
 —pe'rsica. 3. Red, white. July. Persia. 
 1740. 
 
 Mori'nda. 
 
 Morus indicus, 
 reference to its 
 biacece ; Tribe, 
 Guettarda.) 
 
 Stove evergreen 
 Cuttings of shoots 
 sand, under a bell' 
 nice bottom-heat ; 
 
 (From a corruption of 
 Indian Mulberry ; in 
 fruit. Nat. ord., Bu- 
 MorindecB. Allied to 
 
 shrubs, with white flowers, 
 nearly stopped growing, in 
 [-glass, in summer, and in a 
 sandy loam, peat, and leaf- 
 
MOR 
 
 [632] 
 
 MOR 
 
 mould. Winter temp., 48° to 58° ; summer, 70° 
 
 to 80°. 
 
 M. angusti/o'lm. 6. May. B. Ind. 1816. 
 
 — bractea'ta. 6. May. B. Ind. 1816. 
 
 — citr\fo'lia. 8. B. Ind. 1793. 
 
 — jasmmoi'des. Pale buff. April. Port Jack- 
 son. 1823. B. M. t. 3361. 
 
 — iioyo'c. 10. August. W. Ind. 1793. Jacq. 
 
 H. Vind. 1. 16. 
 tmcto'ria. June. Otaheite. 1826. 
 
 — unibelta'ta. June. E. Ind. 1822. 
 
 Mori'nga. Horse-radish tree. (From 
 moringo, the Indian name. Nat. ord., 
 Moringem. ) 
 
 The roots are used in India for horse-radish. 
 Stove evergreen, yellow-flowered trees, from the 
 East Indies. Cuttings of half -ripened shoots in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, and in heat, in April 
 or May ; sandy loam, and a little peat and leaf- 
 mould. Winter temp., 60° to 65° ; summer, 60° 
 to 86". 
 If. a'ptera. 15. May. 1838 
 
 — poly'gona. 16. April. 1822. 
 
 — pterygospelrma. 20. 1759. Syn., Hyperan- 
 
 thera _H'ori?ig'(i. 
 
 Mori'sia. (Named after Professor 
 Moris. Nat. ord., Cntoiferx ; Trihe, 
 CakalinecB. ) 
 
 Seed sown where it is to remain ; cuttings 
 imder a ^and-light, in summer, and division in 
 spring ; a pretty little thing for a knoll, or for 
 rock-work. 
 
 JIf. hypogcia. J. Yellow. .Toly. Sardinia. 
 1833. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 290. 
 
 Moriso'nia. (Named after Pro- 
 fessor Morison, of Oxford. Nat. ord., 
 Capparidem ; Trihe, Capparece. Allied 
 to Capparls. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of the ripened 
 shoots early In spring, under a glass, in sandy 
 soil and bottom-heat. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; 
 summer, 60° to 85°. 
 M. america'rm. 16. White. W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 Monno'des. (From mormo, a gob- 
 lin ; referring to the strange appearance 
 of the flowers. Nat. ord., OrchidecB ; 
 Tribe, Vandeoe-Stanhopieas. Allied to 
 Catasetum. ) 
 
 Stove orchids. Division, and pieces cut off ; 
 rough peat, moss, and crocks, in shallow baskets, 
 or raised well above a pot. Winter temp., 55° to 
 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°. 
 M. aroTiui'ticuTn. |. Pink. July. Mexico. 
 
 1838. 
 o'leo-amranti'aeum,. Orange, blackish- 
 purple. Columbia. 1880. 
 
 — a'tro-purpu'reuTn. |. Purple, red. October. 
 
 Panama. 1834. B. K. t. 1861. M. 
 atro-purpurea of B. M. t. 4577 is M. 
 Sookeri, 
 
 — barba'tum. Purple. January. Central Ame- 
 
 rica. 1851. 
 
 — buccma'tor. YeUowish-green. April. La 
 
 Guayra. 1835. Syn., M. lentigmosa, 
 
 B. M. t. 4455. 
 
 nwJjar. Ochre, brown. Columbia. 1880. 
 
 theuxMdmum. Green, sulphur. New 
 
 Grenada. 1881. 
 
 — CaHo'ni. 1. Straw. July. Santa Martha. 
 
 B. M. t. 4214. 
 aura/ntilacwm. Orange-yellow. New 
 
 Grenada. 1881. 
 gtenalnthwm. Ochre with brown stripes. 
 
 New Grenada. 1881. 
 
 M. citri'mim. Yellow. Mexico. 1837. 
 
 — Gol&ssus. Pink, yellow. Central America. 
 
 1870. Flowers 5 to 6 inches across. B. 
 M. t. 6840. 
 
 — convolm'tum. Yellow. January. Santa 
 
 Martha. 
 
 — Daya'num. Ochre with red lines ; lip white. 
 
 1885. 
 —JUilmdum. Yellow. Central America. 1852. 
 —frctotifie'iicwm. Greenish, white, purplish. 
 
 Costa Rica. 1872. 
 
 — Gree'nii. See H. wncia, 
 
 — Hoohe'ri. Dark purple. January. Panama. 
 
 1861. Syn., Mi atro-purpurea of B. M. 
 t. 4577. 
 
 — i'gneum. 2. Bed, purple. January. Central 
 
 America. 1852. 
 
 — Lawreruiea'num. Yellow ; lip with brown 
 
 dots. Columbia. Lind. t. 273. 
 
 — lentigino'sum, B. M. t. 4456. See M. bucci- 
 
 nator. 
 
 — Imea'tum. 1. Yellow, crimson. March. 
 
 Guatemala. 1836. B. B. 1842, t. 43. 
 
 — luxa'tum. 1. Straw. August. Mexico. 
 
 1842. B. B. 1843, t. 33. 
 
 ebu'rneum. White. 1882. 
 
 purpitra'tum. Dark purple. 1886. 
 
 — oca'noe. 1. Dull yellow, red-brown. Colum- 
 
 bia. 1879. B. M. t. 6496. 
 
 brachyMbum. Side lobes of lip short. 
 
 G. C. 1881, XV. p. 104. 
 
 — pardi'nv/m. Yellow, red. July. Oaxaca. 
 
 1837. B. M. t. 3900. 
 
 — — — armeni'a^a. Apricot coloured, red. 
 
 a'sperum. Sulphur with brown spots. 
 
 me-'lajnops. Brownish-purple. G. C. 
 
 1886, xxvi. p. 680. 
 unicolor. Yellow. September. Mexico. 
 
 1843. B. M. t. 3879. 
 
 — platycM'la. Pale buff ; lip with dull purple 
 
 stripes. G. C. 1887, i. p. 178. 
 
 — pimeta'tuTifi. Yellowish-brown, with chestnut 
 
 spots. G. C. 1891, X. p. 696. 
 
 — Rolfea'nv/m. Green, brown ; lip brownish- 
 
 crimson above, yellowish-green beneath. 
 Peru. 1891. Lind. t. 289. 
 
 — ro'seo-a'Wum. White, rose. 
 
 — Russellia'num. Green. August. Guatemala. 
 
 1838. 
 
 — Skinndri. Tawny, crimson, yellow, red. Cen- 
 
 tral America. 1869. 
 
 — specio'sum. Yellow, crimson. Ocana. 1853. 
 
 — ti'bicen. Yellow, purple, white. Columbia. 
 
 1870. 
 
 — u'juna. 1. Yellow, violet-red, purple. Mexico. 
 
 1869. Syn., M. Greenii. B. M. t. 6802. 
 
 — varia'bile. 
 
 atropurpu'reum. Purple. W. S. America. 
 
 1868. 
 auroMti'acum. Orange. W. S. America. 
 
 1868. 
 
 — mmi'xmn. Blackish-purple: Boraima, British 
 
 Guiana. G. C. 1887, ii. p. 682. 
 
 — WiZlia'msii. ■ Creamy-white. Mexico. 
 
 Mo'ma. (Named after Mama, one 
 of Ossian's heroines. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positcB. Allied to Podolopsis.) United 
 in the Genera Plantarum with Wait- 
 zia. 
 
 Greenhouse plants, with yellow flowers, from 
 Swan Eiver. M'tida, an evergreen, may be 
 propagated by cuttings under a bell-glass ; and 
 both are easily raised from seed, sown either in 
 September or March ; but in both cases the 
 plants must be kept in light soil, and weU 
 drained, or they will damp off. The autumn- 
 sown ones will bloom in the greenhouse early in 
 spring and summer : the spring-sown ones late 
 in summer, and the beginning of autumn. If it 
 is desirable to try them out of doors, they should 
 
MOR 
 
 [633] 
 
 MOS 
 
 not be i>lanted out beyond the north of London 
 
 until the middle of June. 
 
 M. ni'tida. 2. February. 1836. B. E. t. 1941. 
 
 — ni'vea. 1}. July. 1836. B. R. 1838, t. 9. 
 
 Morning Glory. Ipomce'a. 
 
 Morono'bea. Hog Gum Tree. 
 (From moronobo, the native name. 
 Nat. ord., Cfuttiferai; Tribe, Morono- 
 bece. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of the ripened 
 shootSj with all the leaves except those at the 
 lower joint, in sand, in heat, and under a bell- 
 glass ; sandy loam, and lumpy, dried leaf-mould. 
 Winter t«mp., 60" to 66° ; summer, 60° to 85°. 
 M. cocci'nea. 40. Scarlet. Guiana. 1826. 
 
 Morphi'xia. A synonym of ixia. 
 
 Mo'rus. Mulberry. (From mor, 
 the Celtic for black; referring to the 
 colour of the fruit. Nat. ord., Urtica- 
 cew ; Tribe, MorecB.) 
 
 Seeds, layers, cuttings, and truncheons ; in 
 fact, you can scarcely fail to propagate the Mul- 
 berry, as pieces of the roots, branches, and even 
 the stem, if stuck into the ground in a deciduous 
 state, will grow more easily than a gooseberry- 
 cutting ; deep, sandy, or calcareous loam. Of 
 the hardy kuids,^ ni'gra is the hardiest, grown 
 chiefly for its fruit. A'lba is more tender, grown 
 chiefly for its leaves for feeding the silkworm. 
 See Mulberry. 
 
 STOTE EVERGREEN TREES. 
 
 M. i'ndica. 20. E. Ind. 1820. Wight Ic. t. 674. 
 
 — mauritia'na. 20. Mauritius. 1823. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 617. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS TREES, ETC. 
 
 M. a'lba. 30. June. China. 1696. 
 
 coluTnba'ssa. 
 
 ita'lica. 20. June. Italy. 1817. 
 
 maerophy'lla. 30. June. China. 
 
 mernbrana'cea. 
 
 Morettialna. June. 
 
 Timlticau'lis. June. China. 
 
 nervo'sa. June. China. 
 
 jm'mila. 10. June. China. 
 
 JRoma'TM. 
 
 ro'sea. 20. June. China. 
 
 sine'n^is. 20. 
 
 — ca'lear-galUi. N. S. Wales. 1830. Evergreen. 
 
 — constantiTtopolita'na. 16. June. Turkey. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — ni'gra. 20. June. Italy. 1648. 
 lacinia'ta. 30. June. 
 
 — papyri'fera. See Bromsonetia pwpyrifera. 
 
 — niihra. 10. June. N. Amer. 1629. 
 
 — sca'bra. 20. June. N. Amer. 1817. 
 
 — tata'riea. 20. June. Tartary. 1784. 
 
 Moscha'ria. (From moschos, musk ; 
 a musk-smelling plant. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positcE ; Tribe, Mutisiacece. ) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds in a slight hotbed, in 
 April ; seedlings harden off, and transplant in 
 open borders, m May. 
 
 M. pinhati'fida- h J"ly- Chili. 1823. B. E. 
 t. 1664. Syn., Gastrocarpha runmnata, 
 Swt. H. Gard. t. 229. 
 
 Moscho'sma. (From moschos, 
 musk, and osme, smell. Nat. ord.. La- 
 biatm; Tribe, Ocimoidece. Allied to 
 Ocimum. ) 
 
 Tender annual. Seeds in a hotbed, in begin- 
 ning of April ; seedlings potted and grown in 
 
 greenhouse in summer, or placed in the open 
 border in June, in a sheltered situation ; light, 
 rich, sandy soil. 
 
 M. ocymoi'des. 1^. White. August. 1823. 
 
 Mosses are flowerless plants, rank- 
 ing next below the Filicinete. The cen- 
 tral part of their stems consists of elon- 
 gated cells, but they possess no true 
 vascular bundles. Each plant consists 
 of a simple or branched stem, bearing 
 leaves, and reproductive organs. Of the 
 latter, the males are termed ai/itheridia, 
 the females archegonia, and are gene- 
 rally seated in bud-like structures at 
 the apex or on the side of the stem. 
 After lertilization the fruit is produced, 
 which consists of a capsule or theea, on 
 a longer or shorter stalk {seta), contain- 
 ing numerous minute seeds or spores. 
 When the spores are ripe the capsule 
 opens by the falling oil" of a regular lid 
 (opercwlwm), which has been previously 
 held on by an elastic band, the annuliis. 
 Inside the mouth of the capsule are a 
 number of teeth (collectively known as 
 the peristome) arranged in one or two 
 rows ; the number of these teeth is con- 
 stant in each species, and is some mul- 
 tiple of four ; they are hygroscopic, ex- 
 panding when dry, and closing over the 
 mouth of the capsule when moist, and 
 thus allowing the spores to escape in 
 such weather as is favourable for their 
 dispersion. On the germination of the 
 spores a green filamentous protonema is 
 formed, from which a plant similar to 
 the parent is produced. Some mosses 
 are also reproduced by buds. Besides 
 the true mosses, or Bryacece, there are 
 the Alpine mosses or Aiidreceacece, whose 
 capsule bursts by longitudinal slits, and 
 the Bog or Peat Mosses, or Sphagnacece, 
 whose leaves and stems are furnished 
 with cells with open pores, which are 
 capable of retaining moisture for a con- 
 siderable time, and thus are useful for 
 wrapping round the roots of orchids and 
 other plants, which require constant 
 moistm-e. The Earth Mosses, or Phas- 
 cacecB, whose capsule is indehiscent, are 
 now regarded as imperfectly developed 
 members of various orders of the true 
 mosses. 
 
 Moss is useful to the gardener for 
 packing round the roots of plants, as 
 mentioned above, and even some bulbous 
 roots and orchids are cultivated in it. 
 The chief kind used for this purpose is 
 Sphagnum. A very pretty effect is pro- 
 duced on plants intended for exhibition 
 by packing fresh Dicranum (a very com- 
 mon moss) erect between the stem of the 
 plant and the edge of the pot, as is done 
 by some continental horticulturaUsts, 
 
MOT 
 
 [634] 
 
 MUD 
 
 the plant appearing to rise from a minia- 
 ture lawn. 
 
 Mossy lawns are on a soil which is 
 unahle to support a ereen sward of 
 
 frass. When soil is exhausted, grasses 
 egin to die off, and their place is taken 
 hy moss. The obvious mode, then, of 
 proceeding, is to give the lawn a good 
 top-dressing in wmter, either of malt- 
 dust, or nitrate of soda, or soot, or any 
 manure containing an abundance of 
 alkali. The gardener finds the growth 
 of moss arrested by frequent raking in 
 wet weather, or by the application of 
 pounded oyster-shells ; but these are 
 mere palliatives, and not remedies. 
 Make your grass healthy, and it will 
 soon smother the moss. 
 
 The most effectual, most salutary, and 
 least disagreeable remedy for moss on 
 trees is of trivial expense, and which a 
 gardener need but try upon one indi- 
 vidual to insure its adoption. It is with 
 a hard scrubbing-brush, dipped in a 
 strong brine of common salt as often as 
 necessary, to insure each portion of the 
 bark bemg moistened with it, to scrub 
 the trunks and branches of his trees at 
 least every second year. It most effec- 
 tually destroys insects of all kinds, and 
 moss ; and the stimulating influence of 
 the application, and the friction, are 
 productive of the most beneficial effects. 
 The expense is not so much as that of 
 dressing the trunks with a solution of 
 Ume, which, however efficient in the de- 
 struction of moss, is not so in .the re- 
 moval of insects, and is highly injurious 
 to the trees, by filling up the respiratory 
 pores of the epidermis, and is decidedly 
 a promoter of canker. 
 
 On gravel walks, a strong solution of 
 sulphate of copper (blue vitriol) has 
 been found the most effectual destroyer 
 of moss. 
 
 Moth. Verha'scwm blatta'ria. 
 
 Mother of Thonsands. Lina'ria 
 Cymbala'ria, Be'llis pere'nnis, var. pro- 
 li'fera, and Saxl'fraga sarmento'sa. 
 
 Motherwort. Leono'tis. 
 
 Moths of most kinds are the parents 
 of caterpillars preying upon some plant 
 under the gardener's care, and should be 
 destroyed whenever discovered. They 
 generally fly at night, and are distin- 
 guished from butterflies by having 
 pointed or plumose, not club-shaped 
 antennae or feelers. 
 
 Mottled Umbre-Moth. Geome'- 
 tra. 
 
 Mouldiness is the common term 
 applied to that crop of fungi which ap- 
 
 pears on moist, putrescent vegetable 
 matters. These fungi belong to various 
 genera, and are generally destroyed 
 when common salt or sulphur can be 
 applied. 
 
 Mountain Ash. Py'rus aucupa!ria. 
 
 Mountain Ebony. Bauhi'nia. 
 
 Mountain Tobacco. A'mka 
 monta'na. 
 
 Mouse-ear. Hiera'cmm stoloni'- 
 fei-um. 
 
 Mouse-Thorn. Centau'rea mya- 
 ca'ntha. 
 
 Mousso'nia. This genus has been 
 formed of some species of Gesnera, 
 but which we have not separated from 
 that genus. 
 
 Mowing is, next to digging, the 
 most laborious of the gardener's em- 
 ployments, and requires much practice, 
 as well as an extremely sharp scythe, 
 before he can attain to the art of shaving 
 the lawn or grass-plot smoothly and 
 equally. A mowing machine has been 
 invented, which cuts, collects, and rolls 
 the grass at the same time, and is better 
 than the scythe for mossy lawns. It has 
 now almost superseded the scythe for 
 level lawns. 
 
 Mowing is most easily performed 
 whilst the blades of grass are wet, as 
 they then cling to the scythe, and are 
 consequently erect against its cutting 
 edge. The operation, therefore, should 
 be performed early in the morning, be- 
 fore the dew has evaporated, or whilst 
 the grass is wet from rain or artificial 
 watering. See Scythe. 
 
 Mucu'na. Cow-itch. (The Bra- 
 zilian name. Nat. ord., Leguminosce ; 
 Tribe, PhaseoletB. Allied to Erythrina. 
 Syn., Maeranthus.) 
 
 The hairs on the seed-pods of Jf . pru'riens 
 form the Cow-itch. Stove climbers, with purple 
 flowers, which open in July. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots m sandy soil, under glass, in 
 heat ; rich, sandy loam. Winter temp., 65° ; 
 summer, 60° to 85°. 
 Jf. alti'asvma. 50. Martinique. 1779. 
 
 — a'tro-purpu'rea. 10. E, Ind. 1820, 
 
 — cockmchiTie^nsis. White. June. Cochin China. 
 
 1826. Syn., Macranthus cochinchinensis. 
 
 — iwbnca'ta. Deep purple. India. 1879. Syn., 
 
 H. prurita of B. M. t. 4946. 
 
 — pru'riene. 12. E. Ind. 1680. 
 
 — j»-«ri'toof B. M. t. 4945. See M. imt/rieata. 
 
 — eermpervi'rens. China. 1816, reintroduced 
 
 1889. 
 
 MudarPlant. Calotro'pisgiga'ntea. 
 
 Mudding, or Puddling, is dipping 
 the roots of trees, shrubs, and seedlings 
 in a thin mud or puddle, and retaining 
 them there until again planted, when- 
 
MUE 
 
 [635] 
 
 MUL 
 
 ever they are removed. It is one of the 
 best aids to success, and should be uni- 
 versally adopted ; for it is a rule without 
 exception, that the less the roots of a 
 plant are injured, and the moister they 
 are kept during its removal, the less 
 does it suffer by the transplanting. The 
 best of aU muds for the purpose is formed 
 of three pounds of garden-soil, one ounce 
 of salt, eight ounces of soot, and one 
 gallon of water. 
 
 Muehlenbe'ckia. (Named after 
 Dr. G. Muehlenheck. Nat. ord., Poly- 
 gonacem; Tribe, Coccolobew.) 
 
 Greenhouse half-shrubby perennials, mostly 
 dimbers. M. compUxa is hardy. For cultiva- 
 tion, see COCCOLOBA. 
 
 M. adpre!8Sa'\ Pink. Australia. 1822. Syns., 
 ilf. depressa and Polygonum ad/Bressv/m. 
 B. M. t. 3U6. 
 
 — comple!aa. Green, August. New Zealand. 
 
 1870. 
 
 — imjxmi'nda. 2. Greenish. May. Chili. 1828. 
 
 Syn., Polygonum injuewnS/wm. B. B. 
 1. 1260. 
 
 — platycla'da. White. Solomon Islands. 1863. 
 
 Syns., Coccoloba and Polygonum platy- 
 clada. 
 
 Mue'Uera. (Named after 0. F. 
 Midler, a Danish botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Legv/minoscB ; Tribe, Dcdhergiem. Al- 
 lied to Dalbergia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat ; 
 peat and land. Winter temp., 5{r to 55° ; sum- 
 mer, 60° to 85°. 
 M. momUfdrmis. 6. Yellow. Guiana. 1792. 
 
 Mulberry. Mo'rus. 
 
 Mulberry Culture. (M. ni'gra)— 
 Propagation: by Cuttings. — In former 
 days this operation was much circum- 
 scribed, being limited to the cuttings of 
 the young shoots, as in currants. Trun- 
 cheons of considerable size may, and, 
 indeed, ought to be used. These strike 
 with facility by ordinary means, espe- 
 cially in the deciduous state, and put in 
 the soU in the autumn, leaving only a 
 bud or two exposed. 
 
 If Truncheons of some size are used, 
 let them be taken from the tree in the 
 beginning of February ; and being in- 
 serted a foot deep, in a situation where 
 neither direct sunshine nor wind can 
 freely penetrate, envelope their stems 
 above the ground-level with moss, all 
 but the upper pair of buds, in order to 
 prevent evaporation. 
 
 By Layers. — The shoots of the pre- 
 vious year are generally selected for 
 this purpose, and may be either slit or 
 ringed, although they will root without. 
 This being performed in November,. or 
 in February, the young plants will be 
 ready to be removed from the parent 
 plant in twelve months, when they may 
 
 he placed in the nursery for two years, 
 by which time they wUl be fit for their 
 permanent situations, care being taken 
 to train them to stems, as ordinary 
 standard fruit-trees. 
 
 By Grafting. — Ordinary grafting, as 
 in the apple, is not a very safe mode ; 
 but inarching, or grafting by approach, 
 is quite eligible. This is performed 
 exactly as in other trees, and wiU, pro- 
 duce strong plants in a short time. 
 
 By Seeds. — This practice is seldom re- 
 sorted to, but may prove interesting to 
 some. The seed being washed from the 
 pulp as soon as ripe, and dried, may be 
 preserved through the winter in dry 
 sand, and sowed in the succeeding Feb- 
 ruary. A slight bottom-heat will facili- 
 tate the progress of the seedlings ; but 
 they may be safely reared without, by 
 affording a regular but not excessive 
 supply of moisture, with a partial depri- 
 vation of light for a while. They will 
 need the ordinary routine of transplant- 
 ing, etc., afterwards. 
 
 Culture during the Grovnng Period. — 
 In the standard state little or nothing 
 can be done ; but those trained on walls 
 or fences must have some assistance. It 
 must be kept in view, that the mul- 
 berry produces fruit both on short- 
 jointed young wood and on spurs, and 
 that fruit must not be looked for from 
 luxuriant shoots. The summer's dress- 
 ing must consist in thinning-out and 
 stopping the grosser shoots in crowded 
 situations, observing a regularity in 
 their distances for the admission of'^sun- 
 light. We would advise much stopping 
 in preference to much disbudding, as 
 such parts may form a nucleus for 
 future spurs ; and if they turn out 
 barren, it will be easy to remove them 
 totally in the succeeding year. The 
 mulberry, when trained, will extend a 
 great way ; and regular training, as the 
 shoots extend, must be practised. 
 
 Culture during the Rest Period. — 
 Some pruning is occasionally of benefit, 
 even to standard trees, but it can be 
 merely thinning out cross-shoots on 
 those parts of wie tree which are too 
 crowded. The shady side of the' tree, 
 too, may be kept thinner than the sunny 
 side ; and watery spray springing from 
 the branches in the' interior may be re 
 moved. Those trained must have super- 
 fluous shoots and barren snags or spurs 
 removed; but no shortening back is 
 necessary. 
 
 Soil. — Any ordinary garden or field- 
 soil will do' for them, if not too clayey ; 
 for they rather prefer an upland or mel- 
 low soil, which should be of a generous 
 
MUL 
 
 [636] 
 
 MUS 
 
 character, but not enriched with manures 
 until they get rather old and cease pro- 
 ducing luxuriant wood, when a nch, 
 mellow compost, as top-dressing occa- 
 sionally, will much benefit them. 
 
 Forcing. — The mulberry Bears forcing 
 excellently, and will ripen its fruit early 
 in June. It will bear a very high tem- 
 perature. It may also be grown of a 
 dwarf size in pots, and be thus forced. 
 
 Mulching is placing mulch, or long, 
 moist stable-Utter, upon the surface of 
 the soil over the roots of newly-planted 
 trees and shrubs. The best mode is to 
 form a trench about six inches deep, to 
 put in the mulch, and cover it with the 
 earth. This prevents the mulch being 
 dried or scattered by the winds, and is 
 more neat than exposing it on the sur- 
 face. Mulching keeps the moisture from 
 evaporating, and prevents frost pene- 
 tratmg to the roots, straw being one of 
 the worst conductors of heat. When 
 rapid growth is desirable, the mulch 
 should be kept on the surface, and re- 
 moved at times in bright sunshine, that 
 the soil may be heated ; for, if deeply 
 mulched, the leavee may be enjoymg 
 the climate of India, and the roots be 
 nearly as cold as if in Siberia. 
 
 Mule, or Hybrid, is a plant raised 
 from seed generated by parents of dis- 
 tinct species, and frequently unfer- 
 tile. See Hybridizing. 
 
 Mulge'dium. (Derivation not 
 known. Nat ord.. Composites; Tribe, 
 Cichoracew. Allied to Hieraoium. ) Ee- 
 ferred to Lactuca in the Genera Plan- 
 tarum. 
 
 A hardy herbaceous and a good rock-plant. 
 Seeds and divisions in spring ; dry, sandy soil. 
 M. acwmma'tuTti. See Lactuca vUlosa. 
 
 — alpi'TiMm. See Lactuca alpina. 
 
 — giga'ivteum. 6 to 8. Blue-violet. 1889. 
 
 — m.acrorki'zon. See Lactuca Tnacrorhiza, 
 
 Mullein. Verba'scum. 
 
 Mu'ndtia. (After Henreich Mundt, 
 a seventeenth century botanist. Nat. 
 ord., PolygalacecB. Allied to Muraltia.) 
 
 The fruit is eatable. Greenhouse evergreen 
 shrubs, from the Gape of Good Hope. Cuttings 
 of stiff young side-shoots in May, in sand, under 
 a bell-glass, and in a close, cold pit or frame ; 
 sandy peat. Winter temp., 40° to 46'. 
 M. spiTW'sa. 3. White. March. 1780. 
 
 B/ngustifdlia. 3. Purple. March. 1800. 
 
 lai'i^dlxa. 3. Lilac, February. 1800. 
 
 Munti'ngia. (Named after A. 
 Munting, a German botanist. Nat. ord. , 
 TiliaoeoB ; Tribe, TUiece. Allied to 
 Tilia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub, known as the Calabu'ra 
 in South America. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 
 shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat ; sandy, 
 fibry loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 48° to 
 68° ; summer, 60° to 85°. 
 
 M. calatu'ra. 3. White. June. Jamaica. 
 1690. 
 
 Muraltia. (Named after J. V. 
 Murait, a Swiss botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Polygalacem. Allied to Polygala.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, all but one purple- 
 flowered, and all from the Cape of Good Hope. 
 Cuttings of short young shoots in sandy peat, 
 under a glass ; chiefly peat earth, with a good 
 portion of sand. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. 
 H. alopeeuroi'des. 3. June. 1800. 
 
 — cilia'ris. 3. May. 1824. 
 
 — diffu'sa. S. 1800. 
 
 —fiUfo'mm. 1}. August. 1812. Syn., Poly- 
 gala micranthaf Andr. Rep. t. 424. 
 
 — Heiste'ria. 6. January. il787. 
 
 — hvlmUis. 1. June. 1818. 
 
 — juniperifo'Ua. 3. June. 1810. 
 
 — linophtflla. 3. June. 1816. 
 
 — macro'ceras. 3. 1812. 
 
 — micra'ntha. IJ. 1800. 
 
 — mi'xta. 3. 1791. 
 
 — squmr&sa. 3. May. 1820. 
 
 — stipula'cea. 3. Bed. June. 1801. Syn., 
 
 Polygala stipulacea, Andr. Kep. t. 363. 
 
 — mrga!ta. 3. 1812. 
 
 Mu'rice. See Byrsonima. 
 
 Murra'ya. (Named after Professor 
 r. editor of Linnaeus's works. 
 
 Nat. ord., JRutacece ; Tribe, Aurantiece. 
 Allied to Clausena.) 
 
 Stove evergreen, white-flowered trees, from 
 the East Indies. Cuttings of shoots, getting 
 Arm at their base, in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 and in a bottom-heat of about 30°. winter 
 temp., 60° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°. 
 M. exo'tica. 10. August. 1771. B. E. t. 434. 
 
 — Eoni'gii. 40. Pale yellow. June. 1820. 
 
 Syn., Bergera Konigii. B. C. 1. 1019. 
 — pamicula'ta. 20. July. 1823. 
 
 Muruccu'ja. (The native name. 
 Nat. ord., Passijloracem.) See Passi- 
 flora. 
 
 Jf . adiwntifo'lia. See PassijUyra adia/nti^olia, 
 
 — Ba/ae'ri. B. C. t. 36. See Pa^siflora Ba/riksii. 
 
 — Herbertia'Tia. See Passifiora Heri&rtiana. 
 
 — ocdla'ta. ' B. E. t. 674. See Passiftara Mu- 
 
 rucuja. 
 
 — petifolia'ta. See Passiflora perfoliata. 
 
 Mu'sa. Plantain-tree. [From mauz, 
 the Egyptian name. Nat. ord., Scita- 
 minecB ; Tribe, Mixsem. ) 
 
 The fruit of the Musa is called Bananas and 
 Plantains. Stove evergreens. Chiefly by suckers; 
 rich, loamy soil, with abundance of water when 
 growing freely. Winter temp., 5,6° to 60° ; sum- 
 mer, 60 to 90°, with plenty of atmospheric mois- 
 ture. CavendMshii. from fruiting at a small 
 size, is the most valuable. 
 M. africa'na. Angola. 1871. 
 
 — assalTtiica. Assam. 1871. 
 
 — Ba'sjoo. Japan. 1889. B. M. t. 7182. Syn., 
 
 M, japonica. 
 
 — Cavendi'shii. 4. Scarlet. China. 1829. 
 
 Past. Mag. iii. p. 61. 
 
 — cocci'nea. 4. Scarlet. July. China. 1792. 
 
 Andr. Eep. t. 47. 
 
 — Ense!te. 36. Greenish-brown. August. 
 
 Abyssinia. 1863 
 
MUS 
 
 [637] 
 
 MUS 
 
 M. Fdhi. 15-20. Stem with violet bands and 
 violet juice. Tahiti. 1888. 
 
 — ^lau'ca. 10. Pink. E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 — japo'nica. See M. Bamoo. 
 
 — maaiUa'ta. 10. Pink. Mauritius. 1818. 
 
 Jaoq. H. Sohoenh. t. 446. 
 
 — nepaU'nsig. 6. Yellow. February. Nepanl. 
 
 — oma'ta. 5. Orange. July. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 — paradin'aca. 20. Pink. November. Tropics. 
 
 1690. B. C. t. 684. Plantain. 
 
 — rosacea. 15. Pink. March. Mauritiiis. 1806. 
 
 B. E. t. 706. 
 
 — sangui'nea. i. Yellow ; bracts crimson. 
 
 Assam. 1872. 
 
 — sapie^ntum. 20. Pink. June. Tropics. 
 
 1729. True Banana. 
 
 mtta'ta. Leaves white-striped. Tropical 
 
 Africa. 1862. Syn., M. mttata. 
 
 — Seema'rmi. Kji. G. C. 1890, viii. p. 182, 
 
 flg.28. 
 
 — swmatra'-na. Leaves glaucous green, hand- 
 
 somely spotted with chestnut. Suma- 
 tra. 1880. 
 
 — supdrba. 14. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 B. M. t. 3849-60. 
 
 — troglodyta'mnn. Sumatra. 1879. 
 
 — vramc'scopa. Queensland. 1881. 
 
 — veluti'na. 8. Yellow. Assam. 1875. 
 
 — vitta'ta. See M, sapientvmi, var. vittata. 
 
 — zebri'na. 10. Purple. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 Mnsa Culture . — Propagation. — 
 Sir J. Paxton has suggested, that imme- 
 diately the fruit is cut from the old 
 plants, these be taken out of their tubs, 
 partially disrooted, and placed in pots 
 to produce suckers, which they will do 
 readily, especially if plunged in a bot- 
 tom-heat of about 85°. These suckers 
 are removed into smaller pots, and culti- 
 vated from pot to pot, and thence to the 
 tub, in which they are fmited. 
 
 Soil. — The soil must be exceedingly 
 rich, and by no means adhesive ; rather 
 of a light character, and well-drained, 
 in order that copious supplies of water 
 may be given. 
 
 Culture. — A lively heat is the great 
 essential, with a liberal amount of at- 
 mospheric moisture. A temperature 
 rangiug from 70° to 90° during jihe 
 bri^t part of the year, and from 60° to 
 70° during the duUer portion, will be 
 requisite. 
 
 Suckers will produce fruit within the 
 year ; and if one be approaching too 
 close on the heels of another in ripening, 
 the whole spadix of fruit of the one may 
 be cut off, with a portion of the stem, 
 just where the upper tier of fruit is 
 ripening, and suspended in a dry and 
 airy room, after the manner of late 
 grapes. Sir J. Paxton observes, that 
 "he has had capital fruit from a spadix 
 two months after it was cut." The 
 produce of one plant will weigh from 15 
 to 30 pounds. 
 
 Mu'sca Unea'ta. (Syn., Chlo'rops 
 linm'ta) is a fly, whose grub attacks the 
 
 young stems of wheat, but this damage 
 is often repaired by the subsequent deve- 
 lopment of side snoots. This is one of 
 the insects attacked by Ichneumon 
 flies. The flies appear in May or the 
 beginning of June. 
 
 Musca'ri. Grape Hyacinth. (From 
 moschos, musk ; the smell of the flowers. 
 Nat. ord., Liliacece ; Tribe, Scillem. 
 Allied to Hyacinthus. ) 
 
 Hardy bulbs. For culture, see Hyagimthus. 
 M. cestiva'le. 5, Yellow, green. June. 1877. 
 B. M. t. 6269. 
 
 — totryoi'des. i. Blue. April. ItaJy. 1596. 
 
 Syn., Hyacinthiis ootryoides. B. M. 
 
 1. 157. 
 
 a'lbum. J. White. April. Italy. 1696. 
 
 pa'llidwm. J. PaJeblue. April. Italy. 
 
 1696. 
 
 — brevisca'pus. i. Dark blue. March. Eu- 
 
 rope. 1876. Syn., Botryanthus ire- 
 vi&capus. 
 
 — cUialtv/in. 1. Brown, purple. May. Crimea. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — commutaltum. i. Blue. Italy. 1836. 
 
 — (nymcf&wm. i. Blue. April. South Europe. 
 
 1596. Syn., Syaeinthus comosus. B. M. 
 t. 133. 
 
 monBtro' ewm. J. Pale blue. April. 
 
 South Europe. 1696. 
 
 — coTid'nnum,. J. Bright blue, white. Spring. 
 
 — cre'ticum. i. Green, purple. Crete. 1875. 
 
 Syn., M. moscliatwn creticiim. 
 
 — c&nicu'm. 1. Violet-blue. March. Campagna. 
 
 — dilu'tv/m. 1. Violet. Spring. 
 
 — JElwe'eii. J. Bright blue. April. Caria. 
 
 — glau'cit/m. \. Purple, green. May. Persia. 
 
 1825. 
 
 — grand'iifji^liu'm. 1. Dark blue. 1869. 
 
 — Eeldrei'chii. |. Blue, white. Greece. 1869. 
 
 Gfl. 1. 1199, flg. A. 
 
 — lu'tev/m. J. Sulphur-yellow. Spring. S. 
 
 Europe. ^ 
 
 — macroea'rpum. See M. nwschatum, var. 
 
 Jlawjmi. 
 
 — Marvea'mwm. \. Bright pale blue, white. 
 
 Armenia. 1889. 
 
 — micra'nthum. J. Bright violet. April. 
 
 — moscha'tum. |. Blue, yellow. AprU. Le- 
 
 vant. 1596. 
 
 fla'mam. J. Yellow. April. Levant. 1696. 
 
 Syn., M. macroearpum. B. M. 1. 1665. 
 
 — negl^ctwm. ^. Deep blue. France. 
 
 — pa'llens. J. Pale blue. May. Crimea. 1822. 
 — parado'xuTti. f. Very dark blue. April. 
 
 Caucasus. 
 
 — parmflo'rum. Blue. April. Sicily. 1827. 
 
 — pedwncula're. ^. Blue. April. 
 
 — pvlche'Uum. \. Dark blue. March. Greece. 
 
 1876. Syn., Botryofnthus Sartorii. 
 
 — racemo'sum. \. Blue. April. Europe. 1780.! 
 
 Syn., Syacmthus racemosus. B. M.- 
 1. 122. 
 
 milnus. 1. Blue. April. Europe. 1780. 
 
 1780. 
 
 — Szoviteia'num. Bright blue, white. Persia, 
 
 Caucasus. B. M. t. 6855. 
 
 — tenuiflo'rwm. Lower flowers olive-green, upper 
 
 ones deep violet-blue. 1889. 
 
 Mushroom. Aga'ricus campe'atris. 
 
 Mushroom-beds, for winter production, 
 should be formed in August, and once 
 in two months after, of dry materials, 
 such as four or five barrow-loads of horse- 
 droppings, which have been saved for 
 the purpose, four or five barrow-loads of 
 
MUS 
 
 [ 638 ] 
 
 MUS 
 
 road -sweepings, and four or five bar- 
 row-loads of dry, husky dung from the 
 stable dung-heap. Let these be all well 
 turned over three or four times to 
 sweeten in some dry place. If the mix- 
 ture should be found too dry to ferment 
 sufficiently, then sprinkle it with a little 
 water at the time of its being tui-ned 
 over. Shake it and mix it well toge- 
 ther. The quantity of materials de- 
 pends on the size of the beds required. 
 The place where the beds are to be made 
 should be dry at bottom. The materials 
 being in good condition, proceed to make 
 up your bed as solid and firm as it can 
 be by beating it together with the fork, 
 whether in ridges or half ridges, or 
 whatever shape may be thought most 
 convenient. Let the outside be beaten 
 smooth and well with a shovel or spade. 
 Then insert a stick to prove the tem- 
 perature of the bed by. In about ten 
 days after the bed has been made it will 
 be fit for spawning, if all has gone on 
 -well, and the heat be found about that 
 of cows' milk ; but if the heat be too 
 great, defer it for another week, and 
 shake open the bed a little to let off the 
 rank heat. If too cold, add a little 
 fresh material, and woi-k it up well to- 
 gether. Before putting in tne spawn 
 make the beds firm, smooth, and even ; 
 then open holes with the hand about an 
 inch below the surface, and eight inches 
 apart every way. Place in each hole a 
 moderate-sized lump or handful of bits 
 of spawn, and cover it over again with 
 the same dry materials of the bed. If 
 there is no fear of the bed being too hot, 
 it may be covered over at the same time, 
 about an inch and a half thick, with 
 good turfy loam, rather dry, and run 
 through a sieve first. When all is regu- 
 larly covered over, sprinkle the whole 
 with water from a fine rose water-pot, 
 and pat the whole surface down level, 
 leaving it as smooth as a fresh-plastered 
 wall. Let it remain to dry off', giving 
 plenty of air to dry it off the quicker. 
 After this, the bed should have a cover- 
 ing of anything like mouldy hay, such as 
 tops and bottoms from the hay-rick, or 
 haybands untwisted, or the like. Cover 
 up according to the heat of the beds. 
 If you have any doubt whether it is too 
 hot, let the covering be light ; and at 
 all times, when gathering the mush- 
 rooms, the short mulch should be cleared 
 off from the bed's surface, or it will ex- 
 haust the bed by the encouragement it 
 •gives to the spawn to run out. A little 
 additional litter may be added as re- 
 quired, so as to keep the beds in regular 
 and uniform bearing, and gentle appli- 
 
 cations of tepid liquid-manure will be 
 found of great benefit to those beds that 
 have been much gathered from. Where 
 the convenience of hot- water pipes, or 
 other artificial means, can be com- 
 manded for mushroom culture, so that 
 the right temperature can be at all 
 times maintained, no kind of litter- 
 covering need be applied. Mushroom- 
 beds are always best made under cover, 
 and even a cart-shed can be very easily 
 converted into an excellent mushroom- 
 house. Warm and gentle moisture has 
 much to do with the growth of the 
 mushrooms ; therefore, if the shed is 
 covered in with slate or tiles, the space 
 between the rafters inside should be 
 well stuffed with straw of any kind, 
 which can be fastened up by nailing 
 cross strips of boards from rafter to 
 rafter. Then, after the bed is made, 
 spawned, and finished, the front of the 
 shed may be stopped up with thick and 
 weU-thatched hurdles, which would be 
 warmer and better than any other thin 
 permanent inclosure. These hurdles 
 can be readily opened whenever light is 
 wanting, either to examine the beds, or 
 to cover, or to uncover, or to collect, 
 the mushrooms. It is also convenient 
 to be able to open the house opposite 
 where you wish, either to get in fresh 
 materials to make a new bed with, or 
 to take out an old one. If the length 
 of the shed be from 21 to 30 feet, it 
 should give a large supply of mush- 
 rooms during the winter and spring 
 months. The beds should be made 
 along the back of the house. 
 
 Previously to making ujp the beds, a 
 board about nine inches high should be 
 placed as a frontage-hoard, from thVee 
 to four feet distant from the wall, which 
 is a good width for the bottom of the 
 bed. This front board may be supported 
 upright by driving three or four short 
 stakes into the floor. The bed may be 
 from two to three feet high at the back, 
 sloping down to nine inches in front, 
 which will give a very convenient width 
 to reach over for all necessary purposes. 
 Have the materials ready to make the 
 first bed about the last week in August. 
 Let this occupy one-third of the length 
 of the shed. Make up another of the 
 same size about the last week in Octo- 
 ber, and the remaining third about the 
 1st of January. 
 
 In four or five weeks after spawning, 
 in spring and autumn, the bed should 
 begin to produce, but not until much 
 later in summer and winter ; and if kept 
 dry and warm, it will continue to do so 
 for several months. 
 
MUS 
 
 [639] 
 
 MUS 
 
 A gathering may take place two or 
 three times a week, according to the pro- 
 ductiveness of the hed. It sometimes 
 liappens that beds will not come into 
 production for five or six months ; they 
 should not, therefore, be impatiently 
 destroyed. 
 
 Wateriiig. —In autumn, the bed will 
 not require water until the first crop 
 is gathered, but it is then to be repeated 
 after every gathering ; a sprinkling only 
 is necessary. In spring and summer, 
 during dry weather, the same course is 
 to be pursued. As excessive or unequal 
 moisture is studiously to be avoided, the 
 best mode of applying the water is to 
 pour it through a rose-pan on to a thin 
 layer of hay, which has previously been 
 spread over the bed, and thus allow it 
 to percolate by degrees. In winter, 
 waterings are not allowable ; to keep the 
 mould moist, hot fermenting mulch may 
 be put on outside the covering. If the 
 bed is in the open ground, on a warm 
 day succeeding to wet weather, it may 
 be left uncovered for not more than two 
 or three hours. During excessive rains, 
 the additional covering of mats, etc., 
 must be afforded ; and, on the other 
 hand, if a moderate, warm shower 
 occurs during summer, after excessive 
 droughts, it may be fully admitted, by 
 taking off the covering. 
 
 Mode of Gathering. — In gathering, the 
 •covering being carefully turned off, only 
 such are to be taken as are half an inch 
 or more in diameter before they become 
 flat, but are compact and firm. Old 
 mushrooms, especially, should be re- 
 jected for the table, as it is found that 
 some which are iimoxious when young 
 become dangerous when tending to 
 decay ; they also then lose much of their 
 flavour. 
 
 Each mushroom is detached by a 
 
 fentle twist completely to the root ; a 
 nife must never be employed, for the 
 stumps left in the ground decay, and 
 become the nursery of maggots, which 
 are liable to infect the succeeding crop. 
 Other Modes of Cultivation. — Some 
 gardeners merely vary from the preced- 
 mg by building entirely of dung, with- 
 out any layers of earth. Many gardeners 
 grow mushrooms in the same oed with 
 their melons and cucumbers. The spawn 
 is inserted in the mould, and on the hills 
 of the beds, as soon as the burning heat 
 In September or October, 
 
 when the bines of the plants decay, the 
 bed is carefully cleaned, the glasses put 
 •on and kept close, and when the earth 
 becomes dry, water is frequently but 
 moderately given, as well as every 
 
 gentle shower admitted when necessary. 
 A gentle heat is thus caused, and the 
 proiuce is often extraordinarily abun- 
 dant, frequently two bushels, from a 
 frame ten feet by six, and mushrooms 
 have been produced two pounds in 
 weight. 
 
 Hampers or boxes containing about 
 four inches depth of fresh, dry stable- 
 dung, or, in preference, of a mixture of 
 three barrow-loads of horse-dung, and one 
 of perfectly dry cow-dung, well pressed 
 in, may be set in some situation where 
 neither damp nor frost can enter. After 
 two or three days, or as soon as heat is 
 generated, the spawn may be inserted ; 
 a mushroom brick is to be broken into 
 three equal parts, and each fragment to 
 be laid four inches asunder on the sur- 
 face of the dung ; after six days, an inch 
 and a half depth of fresh dung to be 
 beaten down as before. In the course of 
 a fortnight, or as soon as it is found that 
 the spawn has run nearly through the . 
 whole of the dung, fine earth must 
 be applied two inches and a half thick, 
 and the surface made level. In five or 
 six weeks the mushrooms will begin to 
 come up, and if the mould appear dry, 
 may then be gently watered, tne water 
 being slightly heated. Each box will 
 continue in production six or eight 
 weeks. 
 
 Mr. J. Oldaker, late gardener to the 
 Emperor of Russia, introduced a house 
 
 purposely constructed for the growth of 
 the mushroom. The house is found of 
 great use in storing brocoli during the 
 winter. It is usually built against the 
 back wall of a forcing-house, as in the 
 annexed plan ; but if built unconnected 
 with another building, the only neces- 
 sary alteration is to have a hipped in- 
 stead of a lean-to roof. The outside 
 
MUS 
 
 [640] 
 
 MUS 
 
 wall, G H, should be eight feet and a 
 half high for four heights, the width ten 
 feet within the walls, which is most con- 
 venient, as it admits shelves three feet 
 and a half wide on each side, and a 
 space up the middle three feet wide, for 
 a double flue, and wall upon it. 
 
 When the outside of the house is 
 finished, a floor or ceiling is made over 
 it, as high as the top of the outside 
 walls, of boards one inch thick, and 
 plastered on the upper side, e e, with 
 road-sand, well wrought together, an 
 inch thick ; square trunks, /, being left 
 in the ceiling, nine inches in diameter, 
 up the middle of the house, at six feet 
 apart, with slides, s, to ventilate with 
 when necessary. 
 
 Two single brick walls, v v, each five 
 bricks high, are then to be erected at 
 three feet and a half from the outside 
 walls, to hold up the sides of the floor- 
 beds, a a, and form at the same time one 
 side of the air flues. Upon these walls, 
 V V, are to be laid planks four inches and 
 a half wide, and three inches thick, in 
 which are to be mortised the standards, 
 k k, which support the shelves. These 
 standards to be three inches and a half 
 square, and four feet and a half asunder, 
 fastened at the top, k k, into the ceiling. 
 The cross bearers, i i, i i, which support 
 the shelves, o o, must be mortised into 
 the bearers and into the walls ; the first 
 set of bearers. bfeing two feet from the 
 floor, and each succeeding one to be at 
 the same distance from the one below it. 
 The shelves, o o, are to be of boards one 
 inch and a haU thick, each shelf having 
 a ledge in front, of boards one inch 
 thick and eight inches deep, to support 
 the front of the beds, fastened outside 
 the standards. The flue to commence at 
 the end of the house next the door, and 
 running the whole length, to return back 
 parallel, and communicate with the 
 chimney ; the walls of the insides to be 
 the height of four bricks laid flat, and 
 six inches wide ; this will allow a 
 cavity, t, on each side betwixt the flues, 
 two inches wide, to admit the heat from 
 their sides into the house. The middle 
 cavity, x y, should be covered with tiles, 
 leaving a space of one inch betwixt each. 
 The top of the flue, including the cover- 
 ing, should not be higher than the walls 
 that form the fronts of the floor-beds. 
 The wall itself is covered with three 
 rows of tiles, the centre one covering the 
 cavity, x y, as before mentioned ; the 
 outside cavities, 1 1, are left uncovered. 
 
 As the compost, the formation of the 
 beds, etc., are very different from the 
 common practice, we will give Mr. Qld- 
 
 aker's directions. The compost em- 
 ployed is fresh horse-dung, which has 
 been subject neither to wet nor fermen- 
 tation, cleared of the long straw, but 
 one-fourth of the short litter allowed to 
 remain, with one-fourth of dry turf- 
 mould, or other fresh earth. 
 
 The beds are to be made by placing a 
 layer of the above compost, three inches, 
 thick, on the shelves and floor, which 
 must be beaten as close as possible with 
 a flat mallet, fresh layers Being added 
 and consolidated until the bed is seven 
 inches thick, and its surface as level as 
 possible. If the beds are thicker, the 
 fermentation caused will be too power- 
 ful ; or if much less, the heat will be in- 
 sufficient for the nourishment of the 
 spawn. As soon as the beds indicate 
 a warmth of 80° or 90°, they are to be 
 beaten a second time, to render them 
 still more solid, and holes made with 
 a dibble, three inches in diameter and 
 nine apart, through the compost, in 
 every part of the beds ; these prevent 
 too great a degree of heat arising and 
 causing rottenness. 
 
 If the beds do not attain a proper heat 
 in four or five days after being put 
 together, another layer, two inches 
 thick, must be added. If this does not in- 
 crease the heat, part of the beds must 
 be removed, and fresh horse-droppings 
 mixed with the remainder. The spawn 
 is to be inserted in three or four days 
 after making the holes, when the ther- 
 mometer indicates the desired degree of 
 heat, the insides of the holes are dry ; 
 and while the heat is on the decline, 
 every hole is to be filled, either with 
 lumps or fragments of spawn, well 
 beaten in, and the surface made level. 
 
 In a fortnight, if the spawn is vegetat- 
 ing freely, and the beds are required for 
 immediate production, they may be 
 earthed over ; but those for succession 
 left unearthed, three or four weeks in 
 summer, and four or five in winter. If 
 the spawn is introduced in hot weather, 
 air must be admitted as freely as possible 
 until the spawn has spread itself through 
 the beds. 
 
 The soil employed should be maiden 
 earth, with turf well reduced ; neither 
 too dry nor too wet, otherwise it will not 
 be capable of being beaten solid. It must 
 be laid regularly over the beds two inches 
 thick. From the time of earthing, the 
 room is to be kept at a temperature of 
 50° or 55°. If higher, it will weaken or 
 destroy the spawn ; if lower, it wiU vege- 
 tate slowly ; and if watered in that state, 
 numbers of mushrooms will be prevented 
 attaining perfection. Water must be 
 
MUS 
 
 [641] 
 
 MUS 
 
 applied with extreme caution, 'beine 
 nearly as warm as new milk, and 
 sprinkled over the beds with a syringe 
 or small watering pot. Cold water de- 
 stroys both the crop and the beds. If 
 suffered to become dry, it is better to 
 give several light than one heavy 
 watering. 
 
 Beds thus managed will bear for se- 
 veral months ; and a constant supply of 
 mushrooms kept up by earthing but 
 one bed or more every two or three 
 months. 
 
 If, when in full production, the mush- 
 rooms become long-stemmed and weak, 
 the temperature is certainly too high, 
 and air must be proportionately ad. 
 mitted. As the beds decline, to reno- 
 vate them the earth must be taken 
 off clean, and if the dung is decayed 
 they must be reformed, any good spawn 
 being preserved that may appear ; but 
 if the Deds are dry, soM, and full of 
 good spawn, a fresh layer of compost, 
 three or four inches thick, must be 
 added, mixed a little with the old, and 
 beaten solid as before. 
 
 Mushrooms may be grown in a cellar, 
 or other vaulted place, with equal suc- 
 cess, and not unfrequently with a 
 greater advantage, the same rules being 
 adopted; but no fire is necessary and 
 less water. 
 
 Spawn: where to 6e/oMM«?.— Spawn is 
 constituted of masses of white fibres, 
 arising from the spores of mushrooms 
 that have fallen into situations suitable 
 for their germination, from which it is to 
 be obtained : such places are stable dung- 
 hills, dungy horse-rides in stable-yards, 
 horse mill-tracks, dry spongy composts : 
 the droppings of hard-fed horses also 
 produce it in greater abundance than the 
 dung of any other animal, and more 
 sparingly under sheds, where horses, 
 oxen, or sheep have been kept. The 
 dung of the two latter affords it in 
 greater perfection than that of grass-fed 
 horses. It has also been found in 
 pigeons' dung : but the most certain 
 mode of obtaining it is to open the 
 ground about mushrooms growing in pas- 
 tures, though it is said not to be so pro- 
 ductive. 
 
 Time of Collecting.— J-aiy, August, and 
 September, it being reckoned in the 
 greatest perfection m this last month. 
 It may be found, however, and should be 
 collected, when it appears in the spring. 
 It generally occurs spread through the 
 texture of cakes, or lumps of dry, rotted 
 dung. Put it in a heap under a dry 
 shed; and a current of air, passing 
 through the shed, is of great utility. If 
 
 kept dry, spawn may be preserved three 
 or four years ; if damp, it will either 
 vegetate before being planted or putrefy. 
 
 Spawn must not te so far advanced in 
 vegetation as to appear in threads or 
 fibres ; for, when in this state, it is no 
 longer applicable to a mushroom-bed ; it 
 may produce a mushroom if left to itself, 
 but otherwise is useless. Spawn proper 
 for inserting in a bed should have the 
 appearance of indistinct white mould. 
 
 May be raised. — Spawn is capable of 
 being raised artificially. The following 
 is the manner : — Two barrow-loads of 
 cow-dung, not grass-fed, one load of 
 sheep's-dung, and one of horses', well- 
 dried and broken so small as to pass 
 through a coarse sieve, are well mixed, 
 and laid in a conical heap during March, 
 in a dry shed, being well trod as it is 
 formed, to check its heating excessively. 
 This heap is covered with hot dung, four 
 inches thick, or only with mats if the 
 shed is warm; for here, as in all the 
 stages of growth, the heat should only 
 range between 55° and 60°. In about a 
 month the heap is examined ; and if the 
 spawn has not begun to run, which is 
 shown by indistinct white fibres pervad- 
 ing its texture, another covering, of 
 equal thickness to the first, is applied 
 over the old one ; in another month it 
 will indubitably make its appearance. 
 The time varies from three to ten 
 weeks. 
 
 May be increased. — If a small quantity 
 of spawn only can be collected, it may 
 be increased m the following methods, 
 the first of which is chiefly recommend- 
 able on account of its simplicity and 
 facility of adoption : 
 
 Small pieces of the spawn may be 
 planted a foot asunder, just beneath 
 the surface of the mould of a cucumber- 
 bed constructed in the spring. In about 
 two months the surface of the spawn 
 will assume a mouldy appearance ; it 
 may then be taken up, with the earth 
 adhering to it, and when dried stored as 
 before directed. 
 
 The second mode is variously prac- 
 tised. In the course of May a heap of 
 the droppings of cows, sheep, and horses, 
 or any one or two of them, without the 
 admixture of any undecomposed straw, 
 is to be collected, and one-fifth of road- 
 scraping with one-twentieth of coal- 
 ashes added, the whole being mixed 
 together with as much of the drainingg 
 from a dunghill as will make it of the 
 consistency of mortar. Being well in- 
 corporated, it is then to be spread in a 
 dry sheltered, airy place, on a smooth 
 surface, and beaten flat with a spade. 
 
 T T 
 
MUS 
 
 [642] 
 
 MUS 
 
 When become of the consistency of clay, 
 it is to be cut into slabs about eight 
 inches square, a hole punched half 
 through the middle of each, and piled 
 to dry, an opening being left between 
 every two bricks. When perfectly dry, 
 a fragment of the spawn is to be buried 
 in the hole previously made : it will 
 shortly spread through the whole tex- 
 ture of the slabs, if kept in a warm, dry 
 place, when each may be broken into 
 four pieces, and when quite dry laid on 
 shelves — separate, and not in heaps, 
 otherwise a bed will be formed for tne 
 spawn to run in. Mr. Wales recom- 
 mends the composition to consist of 
 three parts horse-dung without litter, 
 two of rotten tree-leaves, two of cow- 
 dung, one of rotten tanner's bark, and 
 one of sheep's dung, mixed to the con- 
 sistency of mortar, and moulded in small 
 frames like those used by brick-makers, 
 six inches long, four broad, and three 
 deep. Three holes to be made half 
 through the bricks, an inch apart, with 
 a blunt dibble, for the reception of the 
 spawn. They should be put on boards 
 for the convenience of moving about 
 during fine days, as they must be made 
 perfectly dry, which they often appear 
 to be on the outside when they are far 
 otherwise internally. Before they are 
 perfectly dry they require great care in 
 handling and turning, from their apti- 
 tude to break ; but in about three weeks, 
 if dry weather, when perfectly dried, they 
 become quite firm. To pervade them 
 with the spawn, a layer of fresh horse- 
 litter, whicnhas laid in aheap to sweeten, 
 as for a hotbed, must be formed, six 
 inches thick, in a dry shed. On this a 
 course of the bricks is to be laid, and 
 their holes completely filled with spawn ; 
 and, as the bricks are laid in rows upon 
 each other, the upper side of each is to 
 be scattered over with some of the same. 
 The bricks are not placed so as to touch, 
 so that the heat and steam of the dung 
 may circulate equally and freely. The 
 heap is to terminate with a single brick, 
 and when completed covered witli alayer, 
 six inches thick, of hot dung, to be re- 
 inforced with an additional three inches 
 after a lapse of two weeks. The spawn 
 will generally have thoroughly run 
 through the bricks after another fort- 
 night. If, however, upon examination, 
 this is not found to be the case, they 
 must remain for ten days longer. The 
 bricks being allowed to dry for a few 
 days before they are stored, will then 
 keep for many years. 
 
 Mr. Oldaker recommends the bricks 
 to be made of fresh horse-droppings, 
 
 mixed with short litter, to which must 
 be added one-third of cow-dung, and a 
 i-mall portion of earth, to cement them 
 together. The spawn to be inserted 
 when they are half dry. 
 
 Quantity required. — One bushel of 
 spawn is required for a bed five feet by 
 ten ; two bushels for one double that 
 length ; and so on in proportion. 
 
 Musk-akro. Hibi'scus abelmo'schus. 
 
 Musk-flower. Mi'mulus moscha'- 
 tus. 
 
 Mussse'nda. (The Cingalese name 
 otM. /rondo' sa. Nat. ord., Bubiacece ; 
 Tribe, Musscendece. Allied to Gardenia.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings in sandy soil, in 
 heat, under a glass, in May ; loam and peat. 
 Winter temp., 60° ; summer, 60° to 86°. 
 M. cocd'nea. 20. Bed. August. Trinidad. 
 1826. 
 
 — corymbo'ta. Orange. May. E. Ind. 1827. 
 
 — erythrophy'lla. Sulphur-yellow ; bracts crim- 
 
 son. Tropical Africa. 1888. 
 
 — frondo'sa. 8. Yellow. August. E, Ind. 
 
 1814. Sya., M. pubescens. 
 
 — gla'bra. 6. Orange. July. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — lut^ola. Primrose. Tropical Africa. B. M. 
 
 t. 6573. 
 
 — nuicrophy'lla. 8. Orange. May. Nepaul. 
 
 1827. 
 
 — iroJe'scCTM. B. M. t. 2099. See M.fnniosa. 
 
 — speeio'sa. 6. Bed. August. Trinidad. 1820. 
 
 — thei'/era. Cochin China. 
 
 — uniflo'ra. White. Cochin China. 1883. 
 
 Mu'sschia. (In honour of J. M. 
 if MsicAe, botanist. Nat. ord., Campanu- 
 lacece ; Tribe, Campanulece.) 
 
 Greenhouse plants. For cultivation, see Cam- 
 panula. 
 
 M. au'rea. 1-2. Golden-yellow. Summer. Ma- 
 deira. 1777. B. M. t. 6666. Syn., Cavi- 
 panzUor a/urea. 
 
 — Wollasto'ni. 6. Purple. Madeira. 1867. 
 
 Mussel scale. See Aspidiotus 
 
 conchiformis. 
 
 Mustard (Sina'pis a'lba) succeeds 
 best in a fine, rich, mouldy loam. In 
 early spring, and late in autumn, the 
 situation should be sheltered, and, dur- 
 ing the height of summer, shaded from 
 the mid-day sun. 
 
 Sowing, for salading, may be made 
 throughout the year. From the beginning 
 of Novembertothe same period of March, 
 in a gentle hotbed, or in the corner of a 
 stove. From the close of February to 
 the close of April it may be sown in the 
 open ground, on a warm, sheltered bor- 
 der, and from thence to the middle of 
 September in a shady one. For salading, 
 sow in flat-bottomed drills, about a quar- 
 ter of an inch deep, and six inches apart. 
 The seed cannot well be sown too thick. 
 The earth which covers the seed should 
 be very fine. Water must be given in 
 dry weather, as a due supply of moisture 
 
MUS 
 
 [643] 
 
 MYO 
 
 is the chief inducement to a quick vege- 
 tation. The sowings are to be performed 
 once or twice in a fortnight, according 
 to the demand. Cress (Lepi'dium saW 
 vwm) is the most constant accompani- 
 ment of this salad-herb; and as the 
 mode of cultivation for each is the same, 
 it is only necessary to remark that, as 
 cress is rather slower in vegetating than 
 mustard, it must, for the obtaining them 
 in perfection at the same time, be sown 
 five or six days earlier. Cut for use 
 •whilst young, and before the rough leaves 
 appear. 
 
 To, obtain Seed, sow thin. When the 
 seedlings have attained four leaves, thin 
 them to eight or nine inches apart. If 
 dry weather occurs at the time of flower- 
 ing, water may be applied with great 
 advantage to their roots. The plants 
 flower in June, and are fit for cutting 
 when their pods are brown. They must 
 be thoroughly dried before threshing and 
 storing. 
 
 Forcing. — For forcing, sow in boxes or 
 pans, even if a hotbed is appropriated to 
 the purpose. Pans of rotten tan are to 
 be preferred to pots or boxes of mould ; 
 tut whichever is employed, the seedmust 
 Ije sown thick, and other directions at- 
 tended to, as for the open-ground crops. 
 The hotbed need only be moderate. 
 
 Mustard Beetle. Phce'donbe'tula. 
 
 Muti'sia. (Named after C. Mutis, a 
 South American botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Compositw ; Tribe, Mutisiacece. Allied 
 to Barnadesia. ) 
 
 Stove climbers. Cuttinga of half -ripened shoots 
 in May, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a 
 
 fentle bottom-heat. Common stove temp. M. 
 itifdlia should be tried against a wall. 
 M. araclmoi'dea. 6. Bed. July. Brazil. 1823. 
 Syn., M. spedosa. 
 
 — iremfio'ra. Chfli. Gfl. 1. 1163, flg. 1. 
 
 — Clematis. Scarlet. New Grenada. 1859. 
 
 — decu'rrens. Orange. Chilian Andes. Hardy. 
 
 — aieifo'lia. 10. S. Amer. 1882. 
 
 — lat^o'lia. 10. Pink, yellow. September. 
 
 Valparaiso. 1882. 
 
 — spedosa. See M. cmiehnoidea. 
 
 — versi'colar. Chili. Gfl. 1. 1163, flg. 2. 
 
 — mekefo'lia. Bright orange. Peru, Bolivia 
 
 and ChiU. 1887. Eev. Hort. 1891, p. 228. 
 
 My'agrum. (From myia, a fly, and 
 agra, capture ; referring to the clammi- 
 ness of the plant. Nat. ord. , CriicifercB ; 
 Tnhe, IsaMem. Allied to Isatis.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds in open border, in 
 April. 
 
 ■ Jf. perfolia'tum. i. Pale yellow. June. France. 
 1648. 
 
 Mya'nthus. Flywort. (From myia, 
 a fly, and anthos, a flower ; its appear- 
 ance when dried. Nat. ord., Orchidem ; 
 Tribe, Vandece-StanhopiecB.) See Cata- 
 setniu. 
 
 Flowers of Jf. barta'tus and Monacha'nthus 
 vi'ridis have been produced on a spike of Cata- 
 se'twm, showing the uncertainty of the laws on 
 which genera and species were founded in Or- 
 chids. The differencesin this case are now known 
 to be due to the difference in structure between 
 the male and female floweta. Catase'twm being 
 the older name, Monachwntkvs and Mywnthus 
 have been united to it. 
 
 Mycara'nthes. (Same derivation 
 as Myanthiis. Nat. ord., Orchidece ; 
 Tribe, Epidendrew-EriecB.) A synonym 
 of Eria. 
 
 N. obli'qua. White. Singapore. 1840. 
 
 Mygi'nda. (Named after CJfwmrf, 
 a German botanist. Nat. ord., Celas- 
 trinecB ; Tribe, Celastrem. AUied to 
 Elseodendron. ) 
 
 Evergreen shrubs, all white-flowered but one. 
 They require stove-treatment, and are propagated 
 by ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 heat ; loam and peat, sandy and flbry. 
 M. integrifo'lia. 4. Martinique. 1826. 
 
 — latifo'lia. 4. April. W. Ind. 1795. 
 
 — Tnyrtifo'lia. See Packystima myrsinites. 
 
 — Shaco'ma. 4. Jamaica. 1798 Jacq. le. 
 
 t. 311. 
 
 — urago'ga. 4. Purple. August. S. America. 
 
 1790. 
 Myloca'ryuin. Buckwheat-tree. 
 (From myle, a mill, and karyon, a nut ; 
 having four- winged seeds. Nat. ord., 
 CyrUlaceoB.) See Cliftonia. 
 M. ligustri'nwm. &. M. 1. 1625. See Cliftoma 
 
 Ugustrina. 
 
 Myopo'rum. (From myo, to shut, 
 and poros, a pore, or opening ; referring 
 to the transparent spots pn the leaves. 
 Nat. ord., MyoporinecB.) 
 
 Greenhouse, white- flowered, evergreen shrubs, 
 from New South Wales. Cutting of the points 
 of shoots, getting firm at their base, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, in April; loam and peat, 
 flbry and sandy, with pieces of charcoal inter- 
 mixed. Winter temp., 38° to 48°. M. parvifo'- 
 liwm and others would, no doubt, succeed 
 against a wall, where protection could be given 
 in winter. 
 M. acumma'tum. 3. 1812. 
 
 — erassifo'Hum. U. New Zealand. 1822. 
 
 — (Je'iifo. IJ. Pink. June. 1799. B. M. 1. 1830. 
 
 — difu'swrn. 3. April. 
 
 — emptieum. 2. February. 1789. 
 
 — insulalre. 3. February. 1800. 
 
 — numta'nwm. 2. 1823. 
 
 — oppositifo'Uum. 3. 1803. 
 
 — pmWo'Hum. 3. 1803. B. M. 1. 1693. 
 
 — serra'tum. 6. White, purple. May. B. Q. 
 
 1846, t. IS. 
 
 — tuiereula'twm. 3. 1803. 
 
 Myosoti'dium. (From Myosotis, 
 and eidos, resembling ; the flowers being 
 like those of the Foreet-me-not. Nat. 
 OT&.,Jioraginem ; Tribe, BoragecB.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. 
 M. TufbUe. 1}. Blue, white. April. Chatham 
 Islands. 1868. B. M. t. 6187. 
 
 Myoso'tis. Forget-me-not. (From 
 rmcs, a mouse, and otis, an ear ; resem- 
 blance of the leaves. Nat. ord., Bora- 
 ginecE ; Tribe, Boragece.) 
 
MYR 
 
 [644] 
 
 MYR 
 
 Seed (or annuals, and also for the perennial 
 herbaceous species ; most ol the latter freely, by 
 dividing the root in spring ; the scarcer ones by 
 cuttings ia a shady place, in summer, under a 
 hand-Ught ; moist places, by the side of ditches 
 and ponds, suit most of them. M. palvlstris is 
 the true Forget-me-not. It, as well as others, 
 may be treated like alpine plants in winter, and 
 have a saucer of water below the pot in summer, 
 when they will bloom long and well. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 M. alpdstrie. J. Blue. July. Switzerland. 
 1818. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1109. 
 
 — azo'ruM. 1. Dark blue. August. Azores. 
 
 1846. B. M. t. 4122. 
 
 — azu'rea. Blue. June. Corvo. 1842. 
 
 — ccBspit&sa. |. Blue. June. Britain. 
 macroca'lyx. |. Blue. June. Britain. 
 
 — dissityio'ra. Blue, with yellow eye. Svritzer- 
 
 land. 1868. The finest of the cultivated 
 
 species. 
 
 a'lba. White. 1883. 
 
 eleganti'ssima. Leaves edged with 
 
 white. 
 grandifio'ra. February. Garden variety. 
 
 1886. 
 spUndens. Garden variety. 1881. 
 
 — intarnu/dia. J. Blue. April. Britain. 
 
 — nafna. i. Blue. July. Europe. 1800. 
 
 — oitu'svmi. See Anckusa Ba/rrelien. 
 
 — palu'stris. 1. Blue. Yellow. July. Britain. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1104. 
 
 — Retchensteine'ri. A dwarf variety of M. cobs- 
 
 pitosa. 1889. 
 
 — reopens. 1. Pale blue. June. Britain. 
 
 — rupi'cola. Blue. Scotland. 
 
 — seri'cea. 1. Purple, yellow. July. Siberia. 
 
 1802. Syn., Anchusa sericea. 
 
 — sparaifl&ra. H. Blue. May. South France. 
 
 1822. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 M. aroe^nsis a'lba. i. White. June. Britain. 
 
 — austra'lis. Blue. June. N. S. Wales. 1824. 
 
 — caiiro'miea. IJ. White. August. California. 
 
 1837. 
 
 — H'ntra, See M. Welviitschii. 
 
 — clava'ta. Blue. June. Siberia. 1829. 
 
 — colU'na. J. Blue. May. Britain. 
 
 — com/mtUa'ta. Blue. June. Europe. Bien- 
 
 nial. 
 
 — litoraHis. Blue, yellow. April. Caspian 
 
 Sea. 1836. 
 
 — macrophj/Ua. See Arichusa myosotidifiora. 
 
 — peduncula'ris. IJ. Blue. June. Astracan. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — imgula'ta. Blue. June. Siberia. 1822. 
 
 — .Welvfi'tBchii, i. Bright blue, yellowish-white. 
 Portugal. Syn., M. cmtra. Gil. 1890, 
 p. 134, fig. 14. 
 
 My'rcia. (A name of Venus. Nat. 
 ord., Myrtacew ; Tribe, Myrtex. Allied 
 to Myrtus.) 
 
 Stove white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of 
 stubby young shoots, getting a little firm at flieir 
 base, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a mild 
 bottom-heat, in May ; sandy peat andflbry loam, 
 with charcoal nodules to keep it open. Winter 
 temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°. 
 M. a'cris. B. M. t. 3153. See Pimenta acris, 
 
 — a/mplexiccm'lis. 5. White. Brazil. 1869. 
 
 — bractea'ta. 4. May. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 — eoria'cea. 4. Carribean Isles. 1769. 
 
 — craesm^rvia. May. Guiana. 1780. 
 
 — pimentoi'des. 20. May. W. Ind. 
 
 — pseu'do-m^ni. May. Brazil. 1822. 
 
 — sor&ria. 5. May. Trinidad. 1822. 
 
 — spldndens. 12. May. Hispaniola. 1822. 
 
 Mjrria'ctis. (Frommi/w*, a myriad, 
 and atkin, a sunbeam ; referring to the 
 
 florets. Nat. ord., Compositce; Tribe, 
 Asteroidem. Allied to Bellis. ) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous. Seeds in spring, in a 
 gentle heat ; division of the plant as growth com- 
 mences; sandy loam; the protection of a cold pit 
 will generally be necessary in winter. 
 M. Gmeli'ni. White. June. Persia. 183C. 
 
 Myriade'nUS. (From myrios, a. 
 myriad, and aden, a gland ; the leavea 
 are thickly beset with glands. Nat. 
 ord., LegwminosecB ; Tribe, Hedysarece.) 
 See Zomia. 
 
 M, tetraphy'llus. See Zorina tetraphylla. 
 
 M y r i' C a. Candleberry Myrtle. 
 (From myrio, to flow ; inhabiting the 
 banks of rivers. Nat. ord. , Myriacccn. ) 
 
 The berries of M. cen'fera yield a large pro- 
 portion of wax, of which candles are made ; hence 
 the name. Greenhouse kinds, by cuttingsunder 
 
 flass, in a shady place, in autumn and spring, 
 ut without bottom-heat ; peat, moist and sandy. 
 Hardy kinds, by seeds sown as soon as ripe, by 
 layers, by cuttings, and by suckers and division. 
 The M. gale is one of our hardiest plants, and is 
 used for many purposes, such as placing its leafy, 
 dried twigs among clothes to give them an agree- 
 able scent, and keep away moths, and to banish 
 vermin from beds. The berries put into beer 
 render it as intoxicating as those of the Co'ccidus 
 i'Tidicus, and, when distilled while they are fresh, 
 they yield an essential oil. All like rather moist, 
 sandy peat. 
 
 HARDY SHRUBS. 
 
 M. asplmifo'lia. 4. Brown. April. N. Amer. 
 1714. Syn., Comptonia asplenifolia. 
 
 — califo'mica. 4. Green. July. California. 
 
 1848. 
 
 — ceri'/era. 8. May. N. Amer. 1699. De- 
 
 ciduous. 
 
 — latif&lia. 6. May. N. Amer. 1730. Ever- 
 
 green. 
 
 — ga'le. 4. May. Britain. Deciduous. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1248. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUB.1. 
 
 M. esGuWnta. 20. May. Nepaul. 1817. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. June. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 — Tnexica'na. 8. February. Mexico. 1823. 
 
 — Na'gi. See M. rulyra. 
 
 — quereif&lia. 3. June. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1762. 
 
 — ru'bra. Greenish ; fruit red.purple. China, 
 
 Japan. 1868. Syn., M. Nagi. B. M. 
 t. 5727. The Tcmg-mae ; fruit eatable. 
 
 Myrica'ria. (From myrihe, the 
 Greek name of the Tamansk. Nat. 
 ord., Tcmiariscinem ; 'Tribe, Tama- 
 risciecB. ) 
 
 Hardy, pink-floweredj evergreen shrubs. Cut- 
 tings of young shoots m spring or autumn, in 
 sandy soil, under a bell-glass ; or, if under ahand- 
 light, all the better ; sandy loam and leaf -mould, 
 and all the better for a little peat. 
 3f. dahu'rica. 6. Dahuria. 1816. 
 
 — germa'nica. 8. July. Germany. 1582. 
 
 Myrioca'rpa. (From myrios, a 
 myriad, axid karpos, a fruit. Nat. ord., 
 ifrt'kacecB. ) 
 
 Stove shrub of bold habit. 
 Jf. colibe^Tisis. Flowers small, in pendulous 
 spikes two feet long. Mexico. Syn., 
 M. atipitata. 
 
MYK 
 
 [645] 
 
 MYR 
 
 Myriophy'llum. Water-Milfoil. 
 <From myrios, a myriad, a,ndphyUon, a 
 leaf. Nat. ord., Sa/oragrecB.) Allied to 
 Hippuris.) 
 
 Hardy pereimial, British water-plants, except 
 M. proserpinacai'des, suitable for the margins of 
 lakes, ponds, etc. Chiefly by division ; ponds and 
 ditches ; interesting little aquatics. 
 M. altemijlo'rum. 1. July. 
 
 — pectina'tum. Rose. July. 
 
 — proserpimicoi'des. Brazil, ChUi, 1878. Syn., 
 
 Herpestes refiexa. 
 
 — spica'tum. 1. Eed. July. 
 
 — v&rticilla'tum. 1. Green. July. 
 
 Myrio'pteris. (From myrios, a 
 myriad, and pteris, a fern ; the fronds 
 being ver? mmutely divided. Nat. ord., 
 Filices — Polypodiacece.) Now united 
 with Cheilanthes. 
 
 stove fern. See Ferns. 
 M, e'legans. IJ. Tropical America. 
 — fri'gida. Tropical America. 
 
 — lendi'gera. 1. Tropical America. 1823. 
 
 — myriophy'lla. Tropical America. 1841. 
 
 — tem^nto'sa. Tropical America. 1841. 
 
 — vesti'ta. Tropical America. 1841. 
 
 Myri'stica. Nutmeg. (From myris- 
 ticos, sweet-smelling. Nat. ord., Myris- 
 ticacecB. ) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of ripened shoots 
 insand, under abell-glass, and in a aweetbottom- 
 heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 
 .55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°. 
 M. Becca'rii. White. Australia. B. M. 
 t. 6883. 
 
 — fa'tua. 30. Green, white. Surinam. 1812. 
 — fra: grans. 30. Pale yellow. B. Ind. 1796. 
 
 Syns., M. moschata and M, oJU^nalie, 
 B. M. t. 2766-7. 
 
 — sdii'fera. 10. Yellow, green. Guiana. 
 
 Myro'balan plum. Pru'nuscera- 
 M'fera. 
 
 Myro'dia. (From myron, fragrant 
 balsam, and osTne, smell. Nat. ord., 
 Sterculiacem ; Tribe, Eelicterem. Allied 
 to Helicteres.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in neat ; 
 Tich, sandy loam. Winter temp., 55°; summer, 
 . 60° to 85°. 
 M. turbina'ta. 6. White. W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 Myro'sma. (From myron, fragrant 
 balsam, and osme, smell. Nat. ord., 
 Scitamineoe ; Tribe, Maranteoe.) 
 M. cannotfo'lia. A synonym of Calathea My- 
 rosma. 
 
 Myrospe'rmuni. (From myron, 
 myrrh, or aromatic balsum, and sperma, 
 .a seed ; the seeds yield a strong-smell- 
 ing resin. Nat. ord., Leguminosem ; 
 Tribe, Sophorecb. Allied to Sophora.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half- 
 Tipened shoots in sand, in summer, under a bell- 
 glass, and in bottom-heat ; loam and peat, with 
 a,n addition of silver sand and leaf -mould. Win- 
 ter temp., 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°. 
 M. frute'scens. 10. Bose. May. Caraccas 
 1824. 
 
 M. peruiferum. Hee Myroxylon pemiferwm. 
 
 — vube'ecem. See Uyroxylan piihescens, 
 
 — Tolui'ferum. See Myroxylon Toluiferum. 
 
 Myro'xylon. (From myron, fra- 
 grant balsam, and xylon, wood ; the 
 wood contains a sweet-scented balsam. 
 Nat. ord., LegwminosK ; Tribe, Sophorece. 
 Syn., Toluifera.) 
 
 This is the genus which produces the Balsam 
 of Tolu and Balsam of Peru, used in perfumery 
 and in the preparation of lozenges. For culture, 
 see Myrospermum, in which the species were 
 formerly included. 
 
 M. perui'ferwm. 40. White. Peru. 1824. 
 Peru Balsam Tree. 
 
 — pube'scens. 40. White. Carthagena. 1820. 
 
 — Tolui'fenmi. 40. Cream. S. Amer. 1733. 
 
 Syn., Toluifera balsanmm. Tolu Balsam 
 Tree. 
 
 My'rrhis. Myrrh. (From myrrah, 
 myrrh, or perfumed balsam. Nat. ord., 
 Vmbell^erece ; Tribe, AmminecB. Al- 
 lied to Scandik.) 
 
 This is the British Myrrh, formerly used in 
 various ways. Hardy herbaceous. Seeds, divid- 
 ing at the root, and slips inserted early in spring 
 in a shady place ; common garden-soil. 
 M. odora'ta. 2i. White. May. Britain. 
 
 ancient name of 
 sinem ; Tribe, 
 
 Myrsi'ne. (The 
 myrrh. Nat. ord., 
 Eum/yrsinece. Allied to Ardisia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings of stubby 
 shoots before they are quite ripe, in sand, under 
 a glass, in heat ; fibry loam and sandy peat, 
 Wmter temp., 38° to 48°. 
 
 M, africa'na. 4. Brown. May. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1691. 
 
 7'etusa. 2. White. Green. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 1788. 
 
 — Ufa'ria. 20. White, pink. January. 
 
 paul. 1822. 
 
 — camm^nsit. 30. Whitish. Teneriffe. 1820 
 
 Syn., ManglUla canarienm. 
 
 — capitella'ta. 30. Green. January. Nepaul. 
 
 1822. B. M. t. 3222. 
 
 — caria'cea. 8. December. Jamaica. 1770. 
 
 — Beberddnia. A synonym of Eeberdenia 
 
 Cape of Good 
 MrniglUla Mil- 
 
 June. 
 
 Ne- 
 
 — iliafo'lia. 1826. 
 
 — meUmdpMeos. 3. White, green. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1783. 
 
 — mi'ti». 6. White. July. 
 
 Hope. 1692. Syn., 
 leriana,. 
 
 — Sama'ra. 3. White, green. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1770. 
 
 — semiserra'ta. 30. Pink. January. Xepaul. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — subspimo'sa. 20. Nepaul. 1823. 
 
 — varia'bilis. 3. July. N. S. Wales. 1824. 
 
 Myrsiphy'llum. (From myrsine, 
 myrrh, and phyllon, a leaf ; aromatic 
 leaves. Nat. ord., Liliacem; Tribe, 
 AsparagecB.) Now united to Aspa- 
 ragus. 
 
 Greenhouse deciduous twiners, with greenish- 
 white flowers, from Cape of Good Hope. Divi- 
 sion of the root in spring; sandy loam and 
 dried leaf-mould. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. 
 M. angvxtiJdUum. 6. July. 1762. A synonym 
 of Atpa/ragus medeloides, var. amgiiati- 
 folium. 
 
MYR 
 
 [646] 
 
 NAI 
 
 M. asparagaldea. 6. June. 1702. B. M. 
 t. 6684. A synonym of Asparagus 
 medeloides. 
 
 — faU^&rme. See Asparagus medeloides, var. 
 
 taleiformis. 
 
 My'rtus. The Myrtle. (From 
 myron, signihring perfume. Nat. ord., 
 MyrtacecB ; Tribe, Myrtew.) 
 
 The French perfume called Eom d'Ange is ob- 
 tained from the distilled water of myrtle-flowers ; 
 and myrtle-berries and flower-buds are eaten in 
 Italy for pepper. Evergreens, and all white- 
 floweredbuttwo. Cuttings of half -ripened shoots 
 in sandy soil, under a glass ; sandy loam and a 
 little peat or leaf -mould, or very old, rather dry 
 cow-dung. Winter temp., 38° to 45". The stove 
 kinds merely require a higher temperature. ^ The 
 varieties of coTnmu'nis are propagated by cuttings, 
 or by grafting and budding on the commoner 
 kinds. In the south of England the myrtle 
 flourishes against a wall ; but north of London, 
 in such a position, it requires protection in 
 winter. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 JU. Mflo'ra. 10. May. Jamaica, 1759. 
 
 — inia!i/&lia. 6. Isle of Bourbon. 1826. 
 
 — dutno'sa. 3. June. W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 — Orefgii. 6. Dominica. 1776. 
 
 — mespiloi'des. 50. Isle of Bourbon. 1826. 
 
 — obscu'ra. 6. July. Maranhan. 1823. B. 
 
 B. 1. 1044. 
 
 — orbvrula'ta. 6. Mauritius. 1823. B. M. 
 
 t. 4658. 
 
 — Pirru^nta. See PiTiwrtta q^Uiruilis. 
 
 — mrgult&sa. 6. July. Jamaica. 1787. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 Jf. affi'nis. 6. Purple. June. China. 1823. 
 
 — buUa'ta. 18. White. July. New Zealand. 
 
 Ic. PI. t. 667. 
 
 — CheOien. White. Chili. 1867. Syn., Lwma 
 
 Cheken. B. M. t. 5644. Half-hardy. 
 apicula'ta. 3. White. Chili. 1877. 
 
 — commu'nw. 6. June. South Europe. 1697. 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 475. 
 
 bc^tica. 6. July. South Europe. 
 
 1697. 
 
 July. South Europe. 1697. 
 6. July. South Europe. 
 
 July. South Europe. 1697. 
 6. July. South Europe. 
 
 July. 
 July. 
 
 South Europe. 
 South Europe. 
 
 July. South Europe. 1697, 
 6. July. South Europe, 
 
 6. July. 
 
 be^lgica. 6, 
 
 Jlo're-ple^no. 
 
 1597. 
 
 ita'lica. 6. 
 
 lusita'nica. 
 
 1697. 
 macula'ta. 
 
 1597. 
 Tmiffrona'ta. 
 
 1697. 
 
 — ronui'tui. 6. 
 
 tarenti'na. 
 
 1697. 
 varUga'ta. 
 
 1697. 
 
 — Im'ma. 3. White. Chili. 
 
 Luma. B. M. t. 6040. 
 
 apicula'ta. 3. White. _, , 
 
 Eugenia apiculata and K Lwma, var. 
 ap&ulata. Ofl. t. 890. 
 
 — melastomm'd£s. 16. Moreton Bay. 
 
 — tenuifcflia. 6. N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 — tometU&sa, 6. Purple. June. China, 
 
 1776. B. M. t. 260. 
 
 — trine/rvis. 5. N. Holland, 1824. 
 
 — U'gni. 8, Pink. July. South Chili. 1861. 
 
 Syn., Ihmenia Ugm,. B, M, t, 4626. 
 
 Mystaci'dium, (From mustaz, a 
 moustache ; the column is furnished with 
 a line of hairs at the top. Nat. ord., 
 OrchidecB ; Tribe, Vandece — Sarcan- 
 thece.) 
 
 South Europe. 
 Syn., Eugenia 
 Chili. Syns., 
 
 Culture same as for ANQBiECUM, which see. 
 M. dd'stichimi. J. Green, white. September. 
 
 Sierra Leone, 1835, Syn., AngraeeMn dis~ 
 
 tiehvm. B. B. 1. 1781. 
 — Mico'me. White. Natal. G. C. 1887, ii. 
 
 p. 123, flg. 33. 
 
 N. 
 
 Nsege'lia. (Named in honour of 
 Dr. Ndqeli, an eminent German bota- 
 nist. Nat. ord., Gesneracece ; Tribe, 
 GesnercE. Allied to Achimenes.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials. For cultivation, 
 see Gesnera, under which genus the species 
 were formerly included. 
 N. adiimeruii'des. Yellow, rose. Hybrid. 1886. 
 
 — ama'bilis. A synonym of N. rmiltiJUrra. 
 
 — cinTiabari'na. 2. Scarlet. Mexico. 1856. 
 
 Syn., GesTiera cintiabarina. B. M. t. 
 
 6036. 
 —fu'lgida. Scarlet, white. Vera Cruz. 1867. 
 bi'eolor. Vermilion, white. Garden 
 
 variety. Fl. Ser. 1. 1766. 
 
 — Geroltia'TM. 2. Orange-scarlet. Mexico. 
 
 1844. Syn., Qe&nera Geroltia/na. 
 
 — multiiflo'ra. 2. White. August. Mexico.. 
 
 Syns., AcJiimenes rmUtifiora, A. ama- 
 bilis, Oernera amabUis, B. M. t. 5083, 
 and 0. rmiltiflora. 
 
 — zebri'na. 2. Scarlet, yellow. September. 
 
 Brazil. 1840. Syn., Qesnera zebrma. 
 B. M. t. 3940. 
 
 Nage'lia. (Named after Nageli, a- 
 German botanist. Nat. ord., Bosacece ; 
 Tribe, Pomem.) See Cotoneaster. 
 N. denticula'ta. See Cotoneaster dentieulatus. 
 
 Nails for training wall-trees are best 
 made of caist iron, being the cheapest, 
 stouteiat, and most enduring. Before 
 using they should be heated almost tO' 
 redness, and then be thrown into cold 
 linseed oil. When dry, they have a 
 varnish upon them which preserves them 
 from rusting, and prevents the mortar 
 of the wall sticking to them so corro- 
 sively as it does if they are un-oiled. 
 In drawing old nails from walls, the 
 mortar is not so much disturbed if the 
 nails are driven in a little further before 
 they are extracted. Old nails may be 
 renovated by being heated to redness, 
 and then tiirown into water : this re- 
 moves from them the mortar, and then 
 they may be again heated and put into- 
 oil as before directed. The cast-iron 
 naUs used by gardeners are known ta 
 the ironmonger as wall-nails, and are 
 described as 2J, 3, 4, and 5 lb. wall- 
 nails, accordingly as 1,000 of them are 
 of those weights. Nails, in most cases, 
 require to be driven only a very little 
 way into the mortar, and walls then io 
 not become defaced by tliem for many 
 years. In all summer nailing of peach- 
 trees, roses, etc., the point only requires, 
 to be driven in, so that the nad may be 
 easily withdrawn by the fingers. 
 
NAM 
 
 [647] 
 
 NAR 
 
 Na'ma. (From TMma, a stream of 
 water ; the natural place of growth. 
 Nat. ord., HydrophyltacefB ; Tribe, Ma- 
 mecB. Allied to Wigandia.) 
 
 Seeds sown in a hotbed, in March and April, 
 and bloomed in the greenhouse, after being 
 hardened ; divisions and cuttings of the plant 
 in spring ; sandy loam and fibrous peat, with 
 sand and charcoal to keep it open. Common 
 stove and greenhouse temperature. 
 S. jamaice'nsis. White, blue. June. Jamaica. 
 1812. Stove annual. 
 
 — Pa'rryi. 4-6. Lilac-purple. California. 1881. 
 
 Hali-hardy herbaceous perennial. 
 
 — vmdida'ta. 1. Violet. June. Mexico. 1826. 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous. 
 
 Nandi'lia. (From nandin, the Ja- 
 panese name. Nat. ord., Berheridece ; 
 Tribe, Berberem. Allied to Leontice. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a hand-light, and 
 not hurried ; loam and sandy peat ; a sheltered 
 place, a cold pit, or a greenhouse in winter. An 
 interesting plant, with white petals, yellow an- 
 thers, and red fruit. 
 N. denuda'ta. 6. 1879. 
 
 ■~ darned stica. 6. White. July. China. 1804. 
 B. M. 1. 1109. 
 
 Na'nnorhops. {Fiom nannos, 
 dwarf, and rhcps, a bush ; referring to 
 the habit of this plant. Nat. otA., Pal- 
 mew.) 
 
 Small stove palm. Sandy loam, leaf -soil, and 
 a little charcoal, with thorough drainage. Seeds 
 and offsets. Fans, baskets, etc., are made from 
 the leaves. 
 N. Ritchea'na. 3-20. India. 
 
 Nano'des. (Fiomnanodes,a,piemy. 
 Nat. ord. , Orchidece; Tribe, Epidendrece- 
 LmliecB.) United with Epidendrum 
 by Bentham and Hooker. 
 
 Stove orchid. See Orchids. 
 N. di'seolor. J. Purple. August. Bio Janeiro. 
 B. E. 1. 1641. 
 
 — Medulsce. 1. Purple, green. Andes. B. M. 
 
 t. 6723. 
 
 Napse'a. (From ne, not, and paos, 
 shining. Nat. ord., Malvacece.) 
 
 Hardy, herbaceousperennial. Division. Seeds. 
 N. dio'ica. 6. United States. 
 
 Napoleo'na. (Named after Napo- 
 leon Boiwiparte. Nat. Old., Myrtacece ; 
 Tribe, Lecythidew.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots, two to four inches long, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, and in a mUd bottom-heat, 
 giving air at night, to prevent damping ; sandy 
 peat and flbry foam. Winter temp., 65° to 60° ; 
 summer, 60° to 90°, and moist. 
 N. euapida'ta. Cream, crimson. 1886. 
 
 — imperia'lw. 6. Apricot, crimson. May. 
 
 Sierra Leone. 1844. B. M. t.4387. 
 
 — Mie'rm. B. M. t. 7199. Syn., N. WhitfiOdvi. 
 
 Napoleon's Weeping Willow. 
 
 Sa'lix Napoleo'na. 
 
 Narave'lia. (From naravml, its 
 Cingalese name. Nat. ord., Banuncu- 
 lacem; Tribe, ClematidecB. Allied to 
 Clematis.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat ; 
 sandy peat and flbry loam. Winter temp., 60' to 
 60° ; summer, 60° to 86°. 
 Jf. zeyla'nica. 12. Yellow. Ceylon. 1796. 
 
 Narci'ssus. (Name of a youth, said 
 to have been changed into this flower. 
 Nat. ord., Amaryllidem ; Tribe, Ama- 
 ryllew. Syns., Chione, Corbularia, 
 Ganymedes, Helena, Hermione, Illus, 
 JonmiUla. PhUogyne, Plateana, Pra- 
 siteles, Qweltia and Tityrus.) 
 
 This genus of hardy bulbs, like the Bhododen- 
 dron, has so multiplied, that it is utterly impos- 
 sible to make out what are, and what are not, 
 true species. Of recent years names have been 
 given to the slightest forms, one grower distin- 
 guishing about two hundred named forms of N. 
 Psewdo-narcissus. To have included all such 
 forms would have occupied too much space in a 
 work of this kind ; only the more distinct or 
 widely known ones will, therefore, be found in 
 the subjoined list. Salisbury and Haworth gave 
 
 feneric names, as above, to the different groups ; 
 ut their definitions have broken down. For all 
 practical purposes, the whole may be included 
 under the old name Narcissus. Seeds, but 
 chiefly by offsets from the bulbs, which, in most 
 kinds, are freely produced ; rich, sandy loam, 
 with a little leaf-mould. Those to be forced 
 early should be removed out of the ground as 
 soon as the leaves decay, and be kept dry and 
 cool until potting-time, in autumn. 
 N. absGi'ssus. .A form of JV. Pseiido-nardsBus. 
 
 — a'lbicams. See N. Pseudo-narcissus, var. mos- 
 
 chatiLS. 
 
 — a'lbus. See N. bifiorus. 
 
 — anytiitif alius. See N. poetieus, var. radii- 
 
 Jtorus. 
 
 — aperticoro'na. Yellow, orange. April. N. 
 
 Africa. A Tazetta form. 
 
 — aura'ntius. See N. irusomparabilis, var. 
 
 aura/ntius. 
 
 — Backhou'sei. Sulphur and lemon-yellow. 
 
 Garden hybrid. 
 
 — Ba'rlce. See N. Tazetta, var. Luna. 
 
 — Ba'rrii. Varying from sulphur to orange- 
 
 yellow. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — bi'color. See N. Pseudo-narcissus, var. bicolor. 
 
 — Kerdnatus, See N. intermedius. 
 
 — bijlo'rus. 1. White. Pale yellow. May. 
 
 France to Italy. B. M. 1. 197. 
 
 — bi'frons. 1. Yellow. March. S. Europe. 
 
 A form of N. intermedius. 
 
 — bre'mfios. B. M. t. 1187. See N. Pseudo- 
 
 narcissus, var. bicolor. 
 
 — Broussime'tii. li-2. Pure white. Morocco. 
 
 1888. Coronaabsent, orveryrudimentary. 
 
 — Bulboeo'dium. J. Bright yellow. April. S. 
 
 Europe and N. Africa. 1629. B. M. 
 
 t. 88. Hoop petticoat Narcissus. 
 
 citri'nus. Sulphur-yellow. Flowerslarger. 
 
 compi'ctius. i. Yellow. May. Syn., 
 
 jf. con^pieuus. 
 Grce'llsii. i- Sulphur-yellow, green. 
 
 Spring. Spain. 1879. Syn., N. Oroellsii. 
 
 B. M. t. 6473B. 
 rnmiophy'llus. White. January. Algeria. 
 
 1870. Syn., N. morwphyllus. B. M. t. 
 
 6831. 
 
 nivallis. White. Dwarf. 
 
 tenuifo'lius. Swt. Fl. Gard. 1. 114. 
 
 — Burbi'dgei. 1. White, yellow, red. Garden. 
 
 hybrid. 
 
 — caXatMnus. B. M. t. 934. See S. odorus. 
 
 — ca'mbricus. A form of N. Pseudo-narcissus. 
 
 — candidissimus. Bed. Lil. t. 188. See N. 
 
 Pseudo-narcissus, var. moschatus. 
 
 — ea'pax. J. Pale yellow. May. 
 
NAR 
 
 [648] 
 
 NAR 
 
 BT. ceri'nus. 1. White. April. 
 
 — cefmVMS of Swt. Tl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 101, is a 
 
 form of jr. Pseudo-narcissus, var. rnog- 
 cfto««s; of Salisbury, B. M. t. 48, is a 
 form of iV. triandrus. 
 
 — dtri'nKS. 1. White, yellow. April. A form 
 
 of jr. fu/bocotjium. 
 
 — compretssus. 1. Yellow. March. Spain. A 
 
 form of N. intermedius. 
 ~- co'ncolor. A form of N. incomparaiUis. 
 
 — conspi'cuus. J. Yellow. May. Swt. Fl. 
 
 Gard. ser. 2, t. 326. A form of N. Bulbo- 
 codivm,. 
 
 — erenula'tvs. 1. White. April. Spain. 
 
 — Curtisii, B. M. t. 78. See N. odorus, var. 
 
 trilolms. 
 
 — cyclaimilneus. B. M. t. 6960. See Nardssue 
 
 Pseudo-TMrdisuSf var. cyela/miTieus. 
 
 — Ci/pri. 1. White, yellow. March. Cyprus. 
 
 A Tazetta form. 
 ccrro'TM pleina. 1. White, yellow. March. 
 
 — defi'eiens. See N. serotm/us, var. dejuyiens. 
 
 — du'bius. White. April. France. A Tazetta 
 
 form. 
 
 — Eystetttinsis. Lemon-yellow. Double-flowered 
 
 form of N. Pseudo-TUtrcissus. For the 
 history of this very old form, see G. C. 
 1883, xix. p. 412. 
 
 — F^nzii. Garden hybrid. 1891. 
 
 — pMuWsus. 2. White, yellow. April. A 
 
 Tazetta form. 
 —fiaribu'nAus. IJ. White, yellow. March. 
 Spain. A Tazetta form. 
 
 — galanthiifo'lms. }. White. May. 
 
 — Goua'ni. See N. incomparoMlis. 
 
 — gra'cUis. IJ. Yellow. April. B. E. t. 816. 
 
 — grandiflo'rus. 1. White, yellow. April. 
 
 — Hawo'rthii. 1. Yellow. April. 1790, 
 pWnusiulphu'reus. Sulpnur. AprU. 1629. 
 
 — hemina'lis. 1. Yellow. March. A form of 
 
 N. odorus, var. trilolms. 
 
 — SorsfieHdii, See JV. Pseudo-narcissus, var. 
 
 incolor, 
 
 — Bu'mei. Sulphur and lemon-yellow. Hybrid. 
 a'lbidus. White, lemon -yellow. 
 
 — incompara'bilis. 1. Yellow. April. Por- 
 
 tugal. 1629. B. M. t. 121. Syns., N. 
 
 Gouani, Red. Lil. t. 220, and Queltia 
 
 fcetida. 
 
 a'lba. White. Lemon-yellow. 
 
 aura'ntm. Pale yellow. The double 
 
 form is known as Butter and Eggs. 
 
 Lee'dsii. Rim of corona orange-red. 
 
 co'neolar. Pale lemon-yellow. 
 
 nivea. White, lemon-yellow. 
 
 — inflaltus. J. Yellow. March. 
 
 minor. J. Pale sulphur. March. Spain. 
 
 1696. 
 
 — infundibula'ris. J. Yellow. March. 
 
 — interjdctus. 1. Yellow. April. 1810. A 
 
 form of N. odorus. 
 
 — mtermefdius. IJ. Pale yellow. March., 
 
 P^enees. Red. Lil, t. 427. Forms of 
 this are :— JT. eonmressus, N. bifrons, N. 
 primulma, and M. radiatus. 
 
 — ito'Kcta. 1. Pale yellow. March. South 
 
 Europe. B. M. 1. 1188. A Tazetta form. 
 
 pUnus. 1. Cream. March. Italy. 
 
 semipldnus. 1. Cream. Italy. 
 
 — Jonqui'Ua. }. Pale yellow. April. Spain. 
 
 1596. B. M, t. 15. 
 flo'repldno. 1. Yellow. April. Spain. 1696. 
 
 — jmwifo'lio-mu'tiais. Lemon-yellow. Pyrenees. 
 
 G. C. 1889, vi. p. 161, flg. 22. Natural 
 
 hybrid. 
 — juneifo'liMS, Yellow. South Europe. 
 rwpi'cola. Yellow. April. South of 
 
 France. B. M. t. 6473C. Syn., N. apo- 
 
 danthus. 
 
 — latifoflius. 1. Yellow. April. 
 
 — Lee'dsii. White, sulphur. Garden hybrid. 
 
 See also N, incomparabilis, var. Leedsii. 
 
 N. lobula ns. A form of N, PseudoJna/rdssui. 
 
 — longiJWrus. B. M. t. 924. See JT. Pseudo- 
 
 narcissus, var. moschatus. 
 
 — larifo'Uws. 1. Yellow. March. B. M. 1. 1187. 
 
 A form of N. Pseudo-na/reiasus, var. 
 
 Tnajor. 
 
 a'nceps. 1. Yellow. March. 1800. 
 
 bre^viflos. 1. Yellow. April. 
 
 — lu'na. 1. White. April. A Tazetta form. 
 
 — MacWaii. ^. Cream. March. Smyrna. 1815. 
 
 B. R. t. 987. A hybrid. 
 
 — maja'lis. B. M. 1. 193. See JT. poeticu^, var. 
 
 radvifiorus. 
 
 — ma' jar. 1. Yellow. March. Spain. 1692. 
 
 — Margari'tce. Garden hybrid. 1^1. 
 
 — Masterxia'nus. Creamy-white, pale primrose. 
 
 1882. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — malxinvus. 1. Yellow. April. 
 
 — me'dio-lulteus. See JV. bijlorus. 
 
 — mi'nimus. A form of N. Pseudo-narcissus, 
 
 var. miinor. 
 
 — mUnw. i. Yellow. March. Spain. 1629. 
 
 — monophi/llu^. See JV. Bulbocodiwm, var. 
 
 monophylhis. B. M. t. 5831. A hybrid 
 between this and N. calathinus was 
 raised in 1890. 
 
 — rtumta'n'us. B. E. t. 123. See N. poculi- 
 
 formis. 
 
 — m/>scha'tns. B. M. t. 1300. See JT. Pseudo- 
 
 narcissus, var. moschatus. 
 
 — multiflo'rus. 1. Yellow. April. 
 au'reus. 1. Yellow. AprU. 
 
 — «a'»its. A form of N. Pseudo-nareisme, var. 
 
 mi/noT. 
 
 — negle'ctua. White, yellow. April. Naples. 1830. 
 
 — Nelso'ni. Lemon-yellow. Garden form. 
 
 — ni'veus. 1. White. May. South Europe. 
 
 — no'bUi^. 1. Yellow. April. Syn., Ajaoi 
 
 nobUit, Red. Lil. t. 158. A form of W. 
 Pseudo-nnrcissus. 
 
 — nu' tarns. 1. Yellow. April. South Europe. 
 
 1789. 
 
 — obsole^tus. A form of Jf. serotinus, var. elegams. 
 
 — obvalla'ris. Af orm of N. Pseudo-na/reissus, var. 
 
 major. 
 
 — o'dorus. ' 1. Yellow. May. South Europe. 
 
 1629. Red. Lil. t. 167. Syn., N. cala- 
 thinus. B. M. t. 934. 
 
 Wtus. A sma.U form. Syn., N. odorus 
 
 of B. M. t. 78. 
 
 mi'nor. Yellow. Syn., N. pseudo-junei- 
 
 foli/us. 
 
 rugiiXo'sus. Yellow. 
 
 trUo'bus. Yellow. 
 
 — paehybo'lbos. See N. Tazetta, var. vaehy- 
 
 bolbos. 
 
 — palli'dulus. B. M. t. 6473A. See N. triandrus. 
 
 — pa'llidus prae'cox. A form of IS, Pseudo-nar- 
 
 cissus, var. tnajor. 
 
 — papyra'ceus. 1. White. March. B. M. 947. 
 
 A Tazetta form. 
 jasmi'neus. 1. White. April. 
 
 — patella'ris. 1. White. May. A form of 
 
 iV. poeticus. 
 
 exse'rtus. 1. White. May. 
 
 ple'nus. 1. White. May. 
 
 — pa'tulus. 1. White. March. Spain. 
 a'lbus. 1. White. March. Spain. 
 
 — poeulif&rmis. 1. Snow-white. April. Pro- 
 
 bably a hybrid. Syn., N. montanus. B. 
 
 R. 1. 123. 
 —po^tvms. 1. White. May. South Europe. 
 
 Red. lil. 1. 160. 
 
 majaHis. White, edge of corona saffron. 
 
 patella'ris. White, edge of corona saffron. 
 
 poeta'rum. Corona yellowish. April. 
 
 radiiflo'rus. 1. White. March. South 
 
 Europe. Syns., JV. angustifolius, B. M. 
 
 1. 193, and N. majalis. 
 
 — - — recu'rvus. 1. White. May. South 
 
 Europe. Syn., Jf. reeurtms. Swt. Fl 
 Gard. ser. 2, 1. 188. 
 
NAR 
 
 [649] 
 
 NAS 
 
 H. poe ttem etella'Hs. May. Syn., N. steUaris. 
 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 1. 132. 
 verbane'nm. White, yellowiah. 
 
 — pnmuli'nm. B. M. t. 1299. See N. inter- 
 
 vnedius. 
 
 — prineeps. A form of JV. Psmdo-narciesns. 
 
 — propi'nquus. A variety of JIT. Pseitdo-norcfeTOS. 
 
 — pseu do-jundfo'lius. See N. odorm, var. minor. 
 
 — ■Pseu'de-narci'ssus. 1. Pale yellow. March. 
 
 England. TheDafEodil, Of this numerous 
 
 varieties have been raised in gardens, 
 
 the following being the chief. 
 bi' color. Pure vrtiite ; corona lemon 
 
 yellow. N. brevifloa, B. M. 1. 1187, and 
 
 f. Sorsfieldii are forms. 
 cyclami'neus. Lemon and orange-yellow. 
 
 Portugal. Syn., N. cyclamineus. B. M. | 
 
 t. 6960. 
 
 Johnsto'ni. Pale sulphur. Portugal. 1887. 
 
 ma'jor. Lemon-yeUow. B. M. t. 51. 
 
 mi: nor. Sulphur yellow ; corona darker. 
 
 Bed. Lil. t. 480. Forms of this are S. 
 
 minimus, N. nanus and N. pwmilus. 
 moscha'tvs. 1. White. April. Western 
 
 Europe. Syns., N. mosehatus, B. M. 
 
 t. 1300, and H. candidissmms. Bed. LU. 
 
 t. 188. Forms of this are : — Jf. allncans, 
 
 Jf. cemuus, Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 101, 
 
 N. longiflorus, B. M. t. 924 and N. 
 
 tortuosus, 
 
 pleni'ssimus. 1. Yellow. March. 
 
 ple'nus. 1. Yellow. March. 
 
 seo^ticus. 1. Yellow. May. Scotland. 
 
 — puloJie'Uus. 1. Yellow. April. Spain. 
 
 — pu'mUus. A form of N. Pseudo-narcissus, 
 var. miTior. 
 
 — radia'tus. ' A form of N. Tazetta, var. inter- 
 
 medjius. 
 
 — recu'rmis. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 1. 188. See 
 
 iV. poeticus, var. recurvus. 
 
 — rugUo'bus. A form of N. Pseudo-narcissus, 
 
 var. intermedius. 
 
 — SaU'ni. 1. Yellow. April. B. E. t. 762, 
 
 A hybrid. 
 
 — scabflndus. J. Yellow. Portugal. 1888. 
 
 — semiparU'tus. 1. Sulphur. March. A form 
 
 of N. incmnparabilis. 
 
 — ser&timts. 1. Pure white; corona lemon- 
 
 yellow. September. South Europe. 
 
 defi'dens. Corona rudimentary. Syn., 
 
 N. deficiens. B. K. 1847, t. 22, flg. 1. 
 
 e'lega/ns. 1. White, yellowish. Sep- 
 tember. Italy. 
 
 — serra'tus. |. Pale yellow. March. South 
 
 Europe. 
 
 sua' vis. Pale yellow. March. South 
 
 Europe. 
 
 — ^'m,Uis. f. Yellow. April. 
 
 — spu'rius. A form of N. Pseudo-nardssm, var. 
 
 maoor. 
 
 — steUa'ris. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 1. 132. See 
 
 N. poeticus, var. stellaris. 
 
 — stria' tulus. J. Yellow. April. 
 
 — syri'aeut. White, yellow. Wien. Gart. Zeit. 
 
 1890, p. 362, flg. 80. A Tazetta form. . 
 
 — Xaze'tta. 1. Mardi. Spain. 1769. Sibth. 
 
 Fl. Gr. t. 368. The forms of this species 
 are extremely numerous, and can be 
 arranged in three groups thus : 
 I. Perianth white ; corona yellow. 
 N. C^pri, Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 92, y. 
 citrinus, N. flonbundus, N. Treuri- 
 anus, B. M. t. 940, N. oohroleueus, 
 B. M. t. 1298, N. UretifoliMS, Swt. 
 Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 1. 177. 
 n. Perianth white ; corona white. 
 S. papyraceus, B. M. t. 947, iV. 
 d/ubius, N. cana/riensis, iT. pachy- 
 bolbos, B. M. t. 6825. 
 Hi. Perianth yellow ; corona yellow. 
 if. italieus, B. M. 1. 1188, N. awreus. 
 N. cujmlaris, B. M. t. 926. 
 
 April. Aformot 
 April. 
 
 B. M. 
 
 N. Telmno'hius. 1. Yellow, 
 S. Pseudo-narcissus. 
 
 gramdvple!nus. 1. Yellow. 
 
 ple'nus. 1. Yellow. April. 
 
 — te'rmiar. 1. White. May. 1789. 
 
 t. 379. A form of N. graeUis. 
 
 — Trewia'nus. B. M. t. 940. A form of N. 
 
 Tazetta. 
 
 — tria'ndrus. |. White. April. Portugal, 
 
 1629. Syns., Qanymedes aibus and nius 
 
 trianArus. 
 ealathi'nus. Sulphur-yellow. Brittany. 
 
 Bed. Lil. 1. 177. 
 c^mwus. Yellow. Syn., N. triandrus 
 
 of B. M. t. 48. 
 co'ncolor. Pale yellow. Syn., 6any')nedes 
 
 concolor. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 113. 
 nu' tarn. Deep yellow. Syn., N.tritobus. 
 
 B. M. t. 946. 
 pulcheHlus. White, yellow. Syns., N. 
 
 triamdrus, var. luteus, B. M. 1. 1262 and 
 
 Oanymedes pulchellus, Swt. Fl. Gard. 
 
 ser. 2, t. 99. 
 
 — trilo'bus. See N. tria/ndrux, var. nutans. 
 
 — tuKJUrus. 1. White, yellow. March. 
 
 — variifo'rmis. A form of S, Pseudo-narcissus. 
 
 — Vict&rice. Garden hybrid. 1891. 
 
 — irmdiAo'rui. J. Greenish. September. 
 
 Barbary. 1629. B. M. 1. 1687. 
 
 Narcissus Ply. See Merodon. 
 
 Nardosta'chys. (From nardos, a 
 sweet-scented shrub, and staehys, a 
 spike. Nat. ord., Valerianece.) 
 
 Hardy perennial herb, said to be the spikenard 
 of the ancients. 
 
 JT. Jatama'nsi. 2. Pink. September. Hima- 
 layas. 1878. B. M. t. 6664. 
 
 Narthe'cilim. (From narthex, a 
 rod ; referring to the flower-stems. Nat. 
 ord. , LUiacece ; Tribe, NartheciecB. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous, Iris-like rushes, adapted 
 for mixed borders of herbaceous plants. Divi- 
 sions of the plant in spring ; a cool border, and 
 supplied with sandy peat, or sand and leaf- 
 mould. 
 
 N. america'mwm. J. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 
 1811. 
 
 — ossi'fragwm. J. Yellow. July. Britain. 
 
 N a' r t h. e X. (From narthex, the 
 Greek name of an umbelliferous plant. 
 Nat. ord., Umbellifercs.) Now united 
 with Ferula. 
 
 N. Assafceltida. B. M. t. 6168. See Ferula 
 AssOffcetida. This plant is one of those 
 from which the well-known medicinal 
 gum is obtained. 
 
 — Pollaki. See Borema armnoniaeum. 
 
 Naso'nia. (From naso, a nose ; the 
 column and anther, together, somewhat 
 resemble a nose. Nat. ord., Orchidece.) 
 See Centropetalum. 
 
 N. eimnaiari'na, B. M. t. 5718, and N.puncta'ta. 
 See CentropetaluTn punctatv/m. 
 
 Nastu'rtium. (From nasus, the 
 nose, and torttcs, tormented ; referring 
 to the hot, acrid smell. Nat. ord., CWe- 
 eiferee ; Tribe, Arabidem. Allied to the 
 Wallflower.) 
 
 Simple-looking plants, of no great beauty. 
 We introduce the genus to correct the common 
 error of calling the Indian Cress (Tropoiolum) 
 Nasturtium. Hardy aquatics, with yellow 
 
NAT 
 
 [650] 
 
 NEI 
 
 flowers, except N. offlcina'le ; seeds and division 
 of the plant in common soil ; but none are worth 
 growing lor their beauty. See Water Cbess. 
 N. a'nceps. 1. July. Britain. 
 
 — ere'ctum. June. Siberia. 1837. 
 
 — na'tans. i. July. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 — offieina'le. White. June. Britain. Water 
 
 Cress. 
 
 Native oak. Casuari'na. 
 
 Nau'clea. (From naus, a ship, and 
 kleio, to inclose ; the half -capsule, or 
 seed -pod, in the form of a ship's hull. 
 Nat. ord., Rubiacece; Tribe, Nauclea. 
 Allied to Cinchona.) 
 
 Stove evergreens, from the East Indies ; cut- 
 tings of half -ripe shoots in sandy loam, under a 
 glass, in heat; loam, sand, and peat. Usual 
 stove temperatures. 
 iV. Adi'na. See Adiria gloHJtora. 
 
 — Cada'mia. 20. Orange. Bedd. Fl. Syl. t. 35. 
 
 — cordiJUi'ra. 40. Yellow. Bedd. Fl. Syl. t. 33. 
 
 Now induded in AcLind. 
 
 — macrophy'lla. Yellow. 1829. 
 
 — mienta'lis. 30. Yellow. 
 
 — purpu'rea. 10. Purple. 
 
 — VMdula'ta. 20. Yellow. 1820. 
 
 Naumbe'r^ia thyrsiflo'ra. A sy- 
 nonym of Lysimaehia thyrsiflora. 
 
 Nautiloca'lyx. (Nat. ord., Ges- 
 neracece; Tribe, Cyrtandrece.) See 
 Episcia. 
 
 N, haeta'tus. A synonym of Epitcia bractescene. 
 
 Navarre'ttia. (Named after a 
 Spaniard. Nat. ord., PolemoniacecB.) 
 See Gilia. 
 
 y. cot/tiUeft/lvi, See Gilia cotulcefolia. 
 
 — eryn^ioi'des. See CHlia eryngioides, 
 
 — iMterte^xta. See Gilia intertexta. 
 
 — pube'scens. See Oilia pubescens- 
 
 — pu'ngens. See Gilia pungeTis. 
 
 — squarro'sa. See Gilia squarrosa. 
 
 Navelwort. Coty'Udon. 
 
 Navet, or Navew. {Bra'ssica no!- 
 pus.) The Colesat, or Kape. 
 
 Neapolitan Violet. Vi'ola odo- 
 ra'ta pa'llida ple'na. 
 
 Nectarine. [Pe'rsica las'vis. ) The 
 following are the best varieties, and all 
 require a south-aspect wall. We add 
 the months in which the fruit ripens. 
 Hardwick Seedling, August ; Elruge, 
 August ; Violet h&tive, August, Sep- 
 tember ; Late Nevnngton, September, 
 October ; Pitmaston Orange, September ; 
 Humboldt, August ; Rivers' s imite, Au- 
 gust, etc. For culture, see Peach. 
 
 . Nectarosco'rdum. Honey Gar- 
 lick. (From nectar, honey, and skorodon, 
 garlic; referring to honey pores in the 
 flower of this onion-like flower. Nat. 
 ord., Liliacece; Tribe, Alliem.) See 
 Allium. 
 
 y, si'cuhan. B. B. t. 1913. See Allium 
 Dtoeeorides. 
 
 Nectou'xia. (Named after M, Ne- 
 toux, a German author. Nat. ord., So- 
 lanacew ; Tribe, Solanem. Allied to Ni- 
 cotiana.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division in 
 spring ; cuttings of shoots under a hand-light, 
 in summer ; rich, sandy loam. 
 N.farmo'ea. J. Yellow. July. Mexico. 1826, 
 
 Ne'ctria, A genus of minute Fungi, 
 the best know species of which, N. dn- 
 nabari'na, is of frequent occurrence on 
 the branches of the Currant. It appears 
 in the form of small nobs of a vermilion 
 colour. On close examination these 
 knobs will he found to be of two kinds, 
 viz. : 1, Pale vermilion and smooth, 
 which upon examination beneath a mi- 
 croscope will be found to consist of 
 numerous slender filaments, at or near 
 the tips of which are minute oblong 
 bodies (conidia), which drop off and are 
 capable of reproducing the plant. ■ 2. 
 Darker vermilion and rough. These 
 also consist of numerous slender fila- 
 ments, woven together and surrounding 
 a cavity in each lobe, which communi- 
 cates with the exterior by a minute pore. 
 At the base of each cavity are numerous 
 club-shaped cells, each containing eight 
 spores, which escape on becoming mature, 
 and also serve to reproduce the plant. 
 
 Ne'ctris pelta'ta. A synonym of 
 Cabonxba aquatica. 
 Needle furze. Geni'sta a'nglica. 
 Negro Fly. Atha'lia. 
 
 Negu'ndium america'num. A sy- 
 nonym of Negundo aceroides. 
 
 Negu'ndo. Box Elder. (Deriva- 
 tion is not known. Nat. ord., Sapim- 
 dacem ; Tribe, Aeerinece. Allied to the 
 Maple. ) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees, with green flowers. 
 Layers and seeds, which should be sovni in 
 autumn as soon as gathered ; deep, moist, siindy 
 loam. A short-lived tree, suitable for shrub- 
 beries and lawns. 
 
 N. aceroi'des. 40. May. North America. 1688. 
 Syns.j N. fraxin\foliiim,, and Neguniium 
 a/mencanuTn. 
 
 eri'spwm. 30. May. 1688. 
 
 laeinia'tum. Leaves deeply cut. 
 
 variega'tuni. Leaves vanegated. 
 
 vi^la'ceitm. 30. May. 
 
 — cissifo'Hum. 5-10. Japan. Syn., Acer cissi- 
 
 folium. 
 — fraxinifo'lium. See N. aceroides. 
 
 — nikoe'nse. Japan. 1881. 
 
 Nei'Uia. (After Patrick Neill,_ of 
 Edinburgh. Nat. ord., Rosacece ; Tribe, 
 Spirece. Syn., Adenilenia.) 
 
 Hardy shrubs, propagated by cuttings in 
 sand under a bell-glass, or by seeds. 
 y. mnure'nsis. 5. White. Summer. Amurland. 
 Syn., Spirma amvrengis. Gfl. t. 489. 
 
 — opvlifo'lia. 5. White. June. North America. 
 
 1690. Syn., Spiroea opul^folia. 
 
NEJ 
 
 [651] 
 
 NEM 
 
 N. opvZifb'lia au'rea. Leaves golden-yellow. 
 
 — rubifo'Ua. 6. White. Nepanl. 
 
 — thyrsiflc/ra. 6. White. Nepaul. 
 
 — Torreyi. 3. Eocky Mountains. G. and F. 
 
 1889, ii. p. 4, flg. 84. 
 
 Ne'ja. (Probably the Mexican name. 
 Nat. ord., Compositce ; Tribe, Asteroi- 
 dem. ) United with Hysterionica in 
 the Genera Plantarum. 
 
 A half-hardy herbaceous Composite, flowering 
 in a bed or border from May to October. Seeds, 
 divisions ; common soil ; protection in a pit in 
 winter. 
 N, gra'cUis. 1. Yellow. Uraguay, not Mexico. 
 
 1828. Swt. H. Gard. ser. 2, t. 78. Syn., 
 
 Diplopappus stenophyllus. 
 
 Neli'tris. (From ne, not, and ely- 
 tron, a seed-case ; referring to the berry 
 having no partitions. Nat. ord., Myrta- 
 cece; Tribe, Myrtece. Allied to the 
 Pomegranate.) 
 
 Stove white-flowered, evergreen shrubs. Cut- 
 tings of half -ripened short shoots in sand, under 
 a bell-glass, and in a gentle heat, in April or 
 May ; nbry loam, leaf-mould, peat, and sand, 
 and a little charcoal to keep all open. Winter 
 temp., 46° to 60' ; summer, 60' to 85°. 
 N. Jambose^lla. 10. Society I. 1810. 
 — panicula'ta. May. Moluccas. 1820. 
 
 Nelll'mbimn. Water Bean. From 
 nelumbo, the Indian name. Nat. ord., 
 Nymphwacece; Tribe, Nelumbonem.) 
 
 These handsome plants are natives of still 
 waters. Tlie nuts of all the species are eatable 
 and wholesome ; and the North American Indians 
 eat the root-stocks of lu'teum, which are not 
 unlike the sweet potato. Division of the root, 
 either just before, but better just after, growth 
 has commenced, and better still by seeds ; fresh 
 warm water must often be supplied when the 
 plants are growing, removing some out of the 
 tub, and placing more in ; when at rest, the soil, 
 rich loam, may be allowed to get quite dry. 
 Temp., when at rest, 48° to 65° ; when growing 
 and approaching flowering, 70° to 96°. 
 J\r. ca'spicwm. Pink. Caspian Sea. 1822. B. 
 
 E. 1844, 1. 14. 
 — jteue'scens. Yellowish. June. Egypt. 1847. 
 — jaimawe.'nse. Pale blue. Jamaica. 1824. 
 
 — lu'teum. Yellow. Carolina. 1810. B. M. 
 
 t. 3763. 
 
 — speeu/sum. Pink. July. India. 1787. B. 
 
 M. t. 908. 
 ro'sewm. 3. Rose. June. India. 
 
 — Tama'ra. Pink. Malabar. 1818. 
 
 Nema'stylis. (Fromree»n«, athread, 
 and stylos, a column ; because of the 
 slender style. Nat. ord., Iridece ; Tribe, 
 Sisyrinchiece.) 
 
 HaU-hardy bulbs from N. America. For culti- 
 vation, see Gladiolus. 
 
 N. acu'ta. J. Blue, yellow, black. California. 
 1876. B. M. t. 6666. Syn., N. gemini- 
 flora. 
 
 — coelesH'na. 2. Bright blue. Florida and Caro- 
 
 lina. Gfl. 1. 1081, flg. 1. 
 
 Nemata'nthus, (From nema, a 
 thread, and anthos, a flower ; the flowers 
 of lo'nqives hanging down from long, 
 threadlike foot-stalks. Nat. ord., Ges- 
 neroAxm ; Tribe, Cyrtwndnrea. Allied to 
 Coluninea.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climber, of considerable 
 beauty, easily managed, still easier to increase, 
 and offering strong inducements to the cross- 
 breeder. Cuttings In sandy soil, kept rather 
 dry ; leaves, also, will strike ; sandy peat and 
 turfy loam, with charcoal and dried cow-dung. 
 Winter temp., 46° to 66° ; summer, 60° to 85°. 
 B. chlorone'ma. IJ. Scarlet. July. Organ 
 Mountains. 1841. B. M. t. 4080. 
 
 — corti'cola. Deep crimson. Tropical America. 
 
 1848. Syn., N. ionema. B. M. t. 4060. 
 
 — Guillemmia'na. See N^ longipes. 
 
 — ioTie'mct. See JV. corticola. 
 
 — lo'ngipes. 2. Scarlet. December. Brazil. 1841. 
 
 . B. M. t. 4018. Syns., N. Guillemmiana, 
 Colwmnea grfmdijlora, C. longipe^miu- 
 lata and C. splendens. 
 
 Nematoid Worms (Anguilltdi- 
 dew.) A group of minute, thread-like 
 worms, which attack the internal parts 
 of many plants. Plants ascertained to 
 be thus attacked should be burnt. 
 
 Nema'tUB rihe'sU. The Gooseberry 
 Saw-fly. See Ribes. 
 
 Neme'sia. (Name of a plant men- 
 tioned by Dioscorides. Nat. ord., Scro- 
 phulariacem; Tribe, HemimeridecB. Al- 
 lied to Hemimeris. ) 
 
 Natives of South Africa. Seeds sown in a 
 slight hotbed in spring, and transplanted in 
 May or June, or sown m May ; the perennials, 
 also, by division^ in spring, and by cuttings 
 under a hand-light in summer ; sandy loam ; a 
 cold pit, and dry in winter. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 N. bico',mis. 2. Purple. July. 1774. 
 
 — fiorihu'nda. 1. White, yellow. July, B. E. 
 
 1838, t. 39. 
 
 — Imea'ris. 1. Eose. April. 1822, 
 
 HERBACEOUS. 
 
 N. chammdrifo'lia. 2. Purple. June. 1787. 
 
 — cynanchif(/lia. 1. Blue, yellow. Natal. 
 
 1879. 
 
 — fee! tens. 2. Purole. June. 1798. 
 —frute^scem. 2. Yellow. May. 1816. Ever- 
 green. 
 
 Nemopa'nthes. (From nemos, a 
 grove, and anthos, a flower ; it being 
 
 fenerally found in groves. Nat. ord., 
 licinew. Allied to Prinos.) 
 An ornamental, hardy, deciduous, upright- 
 
 f rowing shrub, very little known in England, 
 ut very desirable. It was called Tlex cmia- 
 de'nsis and Pri'nos integrUo'lius. The flowers 
 are small and white ; but the berries are large, 
 beautiful crimson, and very ornamental. Layers 
 in autumn ; seeds then, and in spring ; common 
 shrubbery soil, but it will do better with an 
 addition of sandy peat or leaf -mould. 
 N. cmnade'rms. 3. May. N. Amer. 1812. Syn., 
 N. fasemUa/ris. 
 
 Nemo'phila. (From nemos, a grove, 
 a.iii phileo, to love ; from their place of 
 
 frowth. Nat. ord., Ilydrophyllacece ; 
 'ribe, Eydrophyllem. Allied to Hydro- 
 phyllum.) 
 
 Like all the Califomian annuals, well-adapted 
 to be sown in September ; the seedlings to stand 
 over the winter, and be protected at times with 
 evergreen boughs, to flower where sown, or to 
 be raised in patches, and thus transplanted in 
 
NEO 
 
 [652] 
 
 NEP 
 
 spring ; sown thickly in March, on a rough, rich 
 soil, consisting of leaf-mould, rotten dung, and 
 coarse loam, laid on a hard bottom, protected 
 by glass or mats, and transferred to the flower- 
 garden in April and May. Sown in April and 
 May, in the open border, they will flower most 
 of the summer. A few grown in pots will orna- 
 ment a house or window in winter and spring. 
 A rich, light soil suits them best, and a moist, 
 shady situation. In watering, avoid wetting 
 the collar of the plant. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 N. atoma'ria. J. White, purple. August. Cali- 
 fornia. 1836. B. M. t. 3774. 
 atropurpu'rea. Ultramarine. 1884. 
 
 — auri'ta. IJ. Purple. Juue. California. 1831. 
 
 B. B. t. 1601. 
 
 — insi'gnis. li. Blue. August. California. 
 
 1883. B. M. t. 3485. 
 
 — fnacula'ta. J. White, purple. June. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1848. Joum. Hort. Soc. III. 
 p. 320. 
 
 — lUenMsii. The same as JT. atomaria. 
 
 HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 
 N. discoidaHis. Purple. June. N. Amer. 1843. 
 
 Fl. Ser. t. 75. 
 — panieuta'ta. J. Pale blue. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1813. 
 
 — parviflo'ra. Blue. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 — vhacelioi'des. 1. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1822. 
 
 B. E. t. 740. 
 
 Neobentha'mia. (From raeos, new, 
 and Benthamia ; as a distinction from 
 Benthamia, a genus now united with 
 Cornus. Nat. ord., Orchidece ; Tribe, 
 Vandem.) 
 
 Stove orchid, with the habit of a bamboo. 
 N. gra'eUis. White. Zanzibar. G. C. 1891, 
 X. p. 272, flg. 33. B. M. t. 7221. 
 
 Neodry'as. (From meo, to assemble, 
 and dryos, a wood ; growing in woods or 
 forests. Nat. ord., Orchidem; Tribe, 
 Vandem-OncidiecB. ) 
 
 Stove epiphyte. For cultivation, see Onci- 
 muM. 
 
 N. densifio'ra. Purplish. Peru. 1876. 
 
 Neo^tia. (From neottia, a bird's- 
 nest ; referring to the interlacing of the 
 numerous roots. Nat. ord., Orchidece; 
 Tribe, Neottiem-SpiranthecB. Allied to 
 Lister a.) 
 
 Ground orchids. Even the hardy kinds are 
 interesting ; division in spring ; sandy peat, 
 loam, and charcoal. Temp., for stove kmds, 
 winter, 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°. 
 
 HARDY. 
 N. cestiva'lis. i. White. September. N. Amer. 
 
 1822. 
 ^ autvmna'lis. J. White. September. Europe. 
 
 1800. 
 
 — ce'mua. 1. White. July. N. Amer. 1796. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1668. 
 
 — ni'dus alms. 1. Brown. May. Britain. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 Jr. austra'lia. i. Red. N. Holland. 1823. B. B. 
 
 t. 602. 
 — ptcmtagi'nea. 1. Bed. June. Nepaul. 1824. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 jr. aphy'lla. 1. Bed. Pink. June. Trinidad. 
 1826. B. M. t. 2797. 
 
 — bi'coler. X. White. February. Trinidad. 
 
 1823 B. B. t. 794. 
 
 N. caleara'ta. Greenish. W. Indies. B. M. 
 t. 3403. 
 
 — ela'ta. 2. Green. July. W. Indies. 1790. 
 
 B. M. t. 2026. 
 
 — glaTidtdo'sa. B. M. t. . 842. See Pemtieva 
 
 gla/ndulosa. 
 
 — grandiflo'ra. White, green. April. St. Vin- 
 
 cent. 1829. B. M. t. 2730. 
 
 — maera'ntha. White. March. W. Ind. 1827. 
 
 — orchwifdeg. Bose. November. Jamaica. 
 
 1826. B. M. t. 1036. 
 
 — pi' eta. 2. Green. April. Trinidad. 1806. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1662. 
 
 — prt/cera. B. R. t. 639. See Goody era 
 
 procera. 
 
 — pudi'ca. J. Pink. November. China. 1819. 
 
 — specrio'sa. Jacq. Ic. t. 600. See Spiramthes. 
 
 — spira'lis. B. C. t. 931. See Spiramthes 
 
 aestivalis. 
 
 Neotto'pteris. (From neottia, a 
 bird's-nest, and pteres, a fern ; founded 
 on the Bird's-nest, or Spleenwort Fern. 
 Nat. ord., Filices.) Now united with 
 Asplenium. 
 
 Ferns, with brown spores, requiring rather 
 shaded situations. See Ferns. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 N. australa'siea. 3. Australia. 
 
 — ni'dus. 4. E. Indies. 1822. 
 
 — stipita'ta. May. E. Indies. 
 
 — vulga'ris. June. N. Holland. 1822. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 N. Grevi'Uei. May. E. Ind. 
 
 — musaefo'lia. May. E. Ind. 
 
 — philli'tidis. May. E. Indies. 
 
 Nepe'nthes. Pitcher Plant. (From 
 nepenthes, grief -assuaging ; its supposed 
 medicinal quality. Nat. ord., Nepen- 
 thacem. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen climbers. Seeds, when they 
 can be obtained, which require a strong, moist 
 heat to vegetate in : but chiefly by little off- 
 sets, which come from near the base of the 
 shoots ; very fibry peat, old sphagnum, charcoal, 
 and broken potsherds, particularly well-drained ; 
 the pot to be then plunged in moss, and at all 
 times supplied, less or more, with bottom-heat 
 and abundance of moisture. Where there are 
 tanks or beds heated by hot water, one chief 
 element to successful culture is obtained. Even 
 in winter the bottom-heat should not be lower 
 than 75°. Winter temp., 60° to 66° ; summer, 60° 
 to 90°. 
 
 N. a'lbo-margima'ta. Pitchers with a white ring 
 at the mouth. Singapore. 1848. 
 
 — ama'lrUis. Garden hybrid between N. Hooke- 
 
 rittina and N. Rafflesiana. 
 
 — a/mpuMa'ria. Green. June. Borneo. 1789. 
 
 B. M. 6109. 
 
 pi' eta. Pitchers light green, with reddish- 
 brown stripes. 
 
 vitta'ta ■nutjar. E. Indies. 1877. 
 
 — angust%fo'lia. Pitchers green, with red spots. 
 
 Sarawak. 1881. 
 
 — a'tro-sanguilnea. Pitchers reddish-crimson, 
 
 with yellow spots. G. C. 1882, xvii. 
 p. 826, fig. 126. 
 
 — Uealeaa-alta. Borneo. 1878. G. C. 1880, xiii. 
 
 p. 201. 
 
 — Bu'rheii. Pitchers green, with red blotches, 
 
 wingless. Borneo. O. C. 1889, vi. p. 493, 
 
 flg. 69. 
 exoeHlena. Joum. Hort. ser. 8, xxi. p. 161, 
 
 flg. 21. 
 proWfiea. Smaller than the type. 1890. 
 
 — Chelso'ni. Garden hybrid between JV. Do- 
 
 imniami and If. Bookeriana. 
 
NKP 
 
 [653] 
 
 NEP 
 
 2f. ei'ncta. Pitchers green and red, with purple 
 blotches. Borneo. G. C. 1884, xxi. p. 676, 
 _ flg. 110. 
 
 — cocH'nea. Pitchers crimson, speckled with 
 
 yellow. Hybrid. G. C. 1882, xviii. p. 169, 
 fig. 29. 
 
 — compdcta. 1881. 
 
 — Cou'rtii. Pitchers green, with red spots. 
 
 Garden hybrid. G. C. 1881, xvi. p. 844. 
 
 — Curti'sii. Pitchers dull green, mottled with 
 
 purple. Borneo. G. C. 1887, ii. p. 689, 
 fig. 133. 
 
 — cyli'ndnea. Pitchers, pale green, with a very 
 
 few dull crimson spots. Hybrid between 
 2f. Veitchii and If. hirsuta, var. glabres- 
 cms. G. C. 1887, ii. p. 521, fig. 103. 
 
 — Dicksonia'na. Garden hybrid. 6. C. 1888, 
 
 iv. p. 641, fig. 78. 
 
 — distUlato'ria. Green. Ceylon. 1789. N. distil- 
 
 latoria of B. M. t. 2798 is N. khairiarm. 
 ru'bra. Pitchers blood-red. 
 
 — Donvmia'va. Pitchers deep green, with few 
 
 spots. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — Dormannia'na. Pitchers green, with dull 
 
 crimson spots. Hybrid. G. C. 1882, xvii. 
 p. 625. 
 
 — excdlsior Garden hybrid. 1883. 
 
 — MncUaya'na, Pitchers pale green, mottled 
 
 with reddish-crimson. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — Henrya'na. Garden hybrid. 1881. 
 
 — Hibb^rdii. Garden hybrid. Fl. and Pom. 
 
 1883, p. 75. 
 
 — hirsu'ta guiiirel seens. Pitchers reddish, with 
 
 green veins, or entirely green. Borneo. 
 G. C. 1882, xvii. p. 398. 
 
 — Sookeria'na. Pitchers green, with crimson 
 
 spot-s. Sarawak. G. C. 1881, xvi. p. 812, 
 flg. 167. 
 
 — hy'brida. Pitchers dark green. Garden 
 
 hybrid. 
 
 macula'ta. Pitchers dark green, with 
 
 reddish-purple streaks. 
 
 — intermedia. Pitchers green, with red spots. 
 
 Garden hybrid. G. C. 1882, xvii. p. 178, 
 fig. 29. 
 
 — Eenneaya'na. Pitchers reddish. North 
 
 Australia. 1879. G. C. 1882, xvii. p. 267. 
 fig. 36. 
 
 — khasia'na. Green, yellow. Pitchers green, 
 
 with purplish marks. China. 1789. 
 Syn., N. distiUataria of B. M. t. 2798. 
 
 — lalvii. Java. 1848. 
 
 — lama'ta. Pitchers green. Borneo. 1876. 
 
 This has been confused with JV. Veitchii. 
 
 — La/wreneia'Tia. Pitchers pale green, _ with 
 
 numerous crimson spots. Hybrid be- 
 tween N. phyllamphora and N. Sookerir 
 ana. G. C. 1880, xiv. p. 40. 
 
 — Lindleya'na. 8. Purple. Borneo. 1847. 
 
 — LoddigdHi. Borneo. 1847. 
 
 — madagoicariefnsis. Pitchers crimson. Mada- 
 
 gascar. G. C. 1881, xvi. p. 686. 
 
 — Mastersiana. Pitchers claret-colour. Hybrid 
 
 between N. khasiana and N. scmguinea. 
 G. C. 1881, xvi. p. 478, fig. 148. III. Hort. 
 t. 618. 
 
 — M&rga'nicB. Pitchers bright red and pale 
 
 green. Garden hybrid. 1882. 
 
 — Northia'na. Pitchers green and red. Sara- 
 
 wak. G. C. 1881, xvi. p. 717, fig. 
 144. 
 
 — Obrienia'na. Pitchers green and red. Borneo. 
 
 111. Hort. t. 116. 
 
 — Outram,ia'na. Pitchers yellowish green, vnth 
 
 blood-red spots. Hybrid between N. 
 Sedeni and if. Bookeriana. 1880. G. C. 
 1880, xiv. p. 41, fig. 10. Flor. Mag. 
 t. 384. 
 
 — Paradi'sce. Garden hybrid. 
 
 phyUa'mvhora. 6. Green, yellow. Pitchers 
 
 bright green. July. China. 1820. B. 
 M. t. 2629. 
 
 N. Raglesia'na. Yellow, brown. Pitchers gi-een- 
 ish-yellow, with brown marks. Septem- 
 ber. Singapore. 1846. B. M. t. 
 4286. 
 
 irm'gnis. Pitchers green, with purplish- 
 brown marks. Borneo. G. C. 1882, 
 xviii. p. 425. 
 
 ni'gro-purpu'rea. Pitchers purplish- 
 brown, with a few paler spots. Borneo. 
 1882. 
 
 — Sa'jah. Pitchers dull purple. Borneo. G. C 
 
 1881, xvi. p. 492. 
 
 — RatcUffla'iia. Pitchers green, with red spots. 
 
 Hybrid between S. Bookeriana and N. 
 phylla/mphora. 
 
 — roWsta. Hybrid between N. Bookeriana and 
 
 N. phyllamphora. G. C. 1880, xiv. 
 p. 40. 
 
 — ru'bra. Pitchers bright red. Ceylon. 1868. 
 
 — ru'bro-macula'ta. Ktchers pale yellowish- 
 
 green, with claret-red spots. G. C. 1882. 
 xvii. p. 143, fig. 24. 
 
 — nt/efscens. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1888, iv. 
 
 p. 669, fig. 95. 
 
 — sangui'nea. Pitchers deep blood-red. East 
 
 Indies. G. C. 1884, xxii. p. 18. This 
 name has sometimes been used for N. 
 Veitchii. 
 
 — Sede'ni. Pitchers pale green, with numerous 
 
 brownish-crimson spots. Garden hy- 
 brid. 
 
 Pitchers green, with reddish- 
 purple spots. Borneo. G. C. 1890, viii. 
 p. 240. 
 
 — Stewa'rtii. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — supe'rba. Hybrid. 1881. Flor. Mag. t. 434. 
 
 Perhaps synonymous with N. Renryana. 
 
 — Vei'tchii. Pitchers greenish. Borneo. Syns., 
 
 if. samguinea of G. C. 1881, xvi. p. 781, 
 and N. vUlosa of B. M. t. 6080. It has 
 also been confused with N. lanata. 
 
 — Vietta'rdi. New Caledonia. 1876. 
 
 — viU&sa. Pitchers dull green, with , reddish- 
 
 brown blotches. Borneo. 1865. JT. 
 villom of B. M. t. 6080 is N, Veitchii. 
 
 — WUlia'msii. Pitchers green, with blood-red 
 
 spots. Hybrid between .AT. Sedeni and 
 if. Bookeriana. G. C. ]880, xiv. p. 40. 
 
 — Wrigleya'na. Pitchers pale green, with crimson 
 
 spots. Hybrid. G. C. 1882, xvii. p. 143. 
 fig. 23. 
 
 Nepe'ta. Cat Mint. (Named from 
 Nepet, a town in Tuscany. Nat. ord., 
 Labiatce ; Tribe, Nepetcs. Allied to 
 Dracocephalum. ) 
 
 A genus of hardy herbaceous plants, compre- 
 hendmg a few ornamental, with a large number 
 of weeds ; the latter we have omitted. The 
 Ground Ivy, Sepe^ta gle'choma, is still held in 
 high estimation as a pectoral medicine in some 
 parts of the country, and also several others of 
 this order. Seeds, sown in spring, but chiefly by 
 dividing the plants in the spring as growth com- 
 mences ; also, in rare kinds, by cuttings in sum- 
 mer, under a hand-light ; light, sandy soil ; some 
 of the more trailing kin£ do well for rock- 
 work. 
 
 N. amethy'stuui. IJ. Blue. July. South Eur 
 rope. 1816. 
 
 — coeru'lea. 1}. Blue. May. 1777. 
 
 — eroa'tica. 1}. White. July. Hungary. 
 
 1821. 
 
 — diffu'ea. IJ. Purple. July. Siberia. 1824. 
 
 — gra/adijWra. 6. Blue. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — gravel olene. IJ. Purple. July. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 1804. 
 
 — hedera'cea. 1. Blue. May. Britain. 
 
 ro'sea. J. Bose. May. England. 
 
 variega'ta. J. Blue. May. Engla,nd, 
 
NEP 
 
 [654] 
 
 NEP 
 
 jr. hirm'ta. 2. Pink. May. Hungary. , 
 
 — imbrica'ta. 2. Blue. July. Spain. 1820. 
 
 — kokami'ruia. 1. Blue. 1879. Gfl. 1. 1030. 
 
 — latif&lia. 4. Purple. July. Pyrenees. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — longiJMra. 2. Violet. July. Persia. 1802. 
 
 B. M. t. 923. 
 
 — macrmira. i. White, purple. July. Siberia. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — vmlaba'rica. See Anisomeles malabarica, 
 
 — marif&lia. See Micromeria marifolia. 
 
 — mairrvbioi'de8. IJ. Bed. July. 
 
 — multibractea'ta. 3. Purple. July. Algiers. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — Mmsi'ni. 2. Violet. July. Siberia. 1804. 
 
 — NepMlla. 1. B«d. July. South Europe. 
 
 1768. 
 
 — ^anno'mott. 4. Red. September. Hungary. 
 
 1683. 
 
 — scardo'tU. 1}. Blue. July. N. Africa. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — sibi'nca. 1. Purrie. July. Siberia. 1804. 
 
 — spica'ta. i to 1. Purple, white. September. 
 
 W. Himalaya. 1878. 
 
 — suavelolem. IJ. Blue. July. 1817. 
 
 — teuenifo'lia. Ij. Purple. July. Armenia. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — teiero'sa. 2. Violet. July. Spain. 1683. 
 
 — viola'eea. 2. Blue. August. Spain. 1723. 
 
 Nephelaphyllum. (From ne- 
 phele, a cloud, and phyllon, a leaf; on 
 account of the marks upon the leaves. 
 Nat. ord., OrchidecB ; Tribe, Epiden- 
 dreoe-BletiecB. Syn., Cytheris.) 
 
 Small stove orchids. See Orchids. 
 H. pv/lehrum. i. Brown, yellow. Java. 1860. 
 B. M. t. 6332. 
 
 — scapi'germn. Yellow, purple. Borneo. 1863. 
 
 B. M. t. 5390. 
 
 Nephe'lium. (An ancient name 
 for Burdock ; applied in reference to the 
 similarity of the heads of the flowers 
 and seeds. Nat. ord., Scmindacece; 
 Tribe, Sapindece. Allied to Cupania. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen fruit-trees. Seed sown in a 
 hotbed in spring ; layers and cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sandy soil, under a oell-glass ; 
 sandy loam and dried leaf -mould. Winter temp., 
 45° to 55° : summer, 60° to 80°. 
 N. Mtchi. 15. White. May. China. 1786. 
 
 — Langa'na. 20. White. May. China. 1786. 
 
 B. M. t. 4096. This belongs to Euphoria, 
 which is retained as a distinct genus in 
 the Genera Plantarum. 
 
 — veHidlla'ta. See Sapivdus Danura. 
 
 Nephra'udra. A synonym of Vi- 
 tex. 
 
 Nephra'nthera. A synonym of 
 Benanthera. 
 
 Nephro'diuin. (From nephros, a 
 kidney; the shape of the spore-cases. 
 Nat. ord., Filices.) See also Lastrea. 
 For culture, see Ferns. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 .y. aculea'tum. 2. Brown. June. Britain. 
 
 — aerostichoi'des. 1^. Brown. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 — tefmulum. 1. Britain and Madeira. Syns., 
 
 ST, foeniseeii and Lastrea recurva. 
 
 — angula're. J. Brown. July. Hungary. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — Baro'meU. Yellow. Tartary. 1824. 
 
 ~ crista' tvm. IJ. Brown. June. England. 
 
 N. decurai'vo-pinna'tum. 1. Japan. 
 
 — erythroso'rum. 2. Japan. Syn., Lastrea ery- 
 
 throsora. 
 —fi'lix-ma's. 3. Brown. June. Britain. 
 
 Syn., Lastrea JUix-mas. The forms of 
 
 this are endless. 
 —fra'grant. i. Brown. July. Siberia. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — OoMia'mmi. 2. Brown. August. N. Amer. 
 
 — hi'rtipes. 3. Himalayas. 
 
 — lancastrie^nse. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — Idba'tum. 2, Brown. June. England. 
 
 — lonchHtis. |. Brown. May. Britain. 
 atpdrrima. 1. Brown. July. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 — tnargina'le. 2. Brown. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1772. 
 
 — noveioraee^n^e. IJ. Brown. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1812. 
 
 — obtu'sum. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 — oreo'pteris. 3. Brown. July, Britain. 
 
 — spinulo'swm. 1. Brown. June. Britain. 
 
 This has numerous varieties. 
 
 1. Brown. July. Britain. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 N. cato'pteran. 8. Cape Colony. 
 
 — cffria'ceum. 1. Brown. June. Van Diemen's 
 
 Land. 1821. 
 
 — Cunningha'mii. 1^. Brown. July. New 
 
 Zealand. 
 
 — cyathoi'des. 4. Sandwich Islands. 
 
 — dectmi^o'situTn,. |. Brown. June. N. Hol- 
 
 land. 1820. 
 glahelllum. Syn., Lastrea glabella. 
 
 — drepa'num. 2. Brown. July. Madeira. 
 
 1837. 
 
 — eUmga'tum. 2. Brown. July. Madeira. 
 
 1779. 
 
 — intequa'te. 2. South Africa. 
 
 -TT vnterme'dium. 4. North India. 
 ^ loetevi'rens. 3. Brown. Madeira. 
 
 — lu'cetis. 1. Brown. August. Mauritius. 
 
 1831. 
 
 — podophy'Uum. 2. Japan. 
 
 — ri'gidum. i. Brown. July. South Europe. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — Siebo'ldii. 1. Japan. 
 
 — spa'rsum. 2. N.India. 
 
 — trunca'tum. 3. N. India. 1869. 
 
 — u'nitimi. 2. Brown. August. N. Holland. 
 
 1793. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 N. aborti'vum. 2. Java. 1857. 
 
 — abru'ptum. Yellow. July. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — amJioine^n^e. 2. Philippine Islands. 
 
 — arbu'scula. 1^ Ceylon. Syn., N. Sookeri. 
 
 — articula'tum. 6. Ceylon. 1846. 
 
 — augefscens. Yellow. June. Cuba. 1841. 
 
 — auricula'twm. J. Brown. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1793. 
 
 — Blw'mei. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1840. 
 
 — cane'scens. Brown, yellow. May. Isle of 
 
 Luzon. 
 
 — ea/udioila'tum. Yellow. July. Isle of 
 
 Luzon. 
 
 — chrysoMbwm. 1. Brazil. 1840. Syn., Lastrea 
 
 chrysoloba. 
 
 — cicuta'rium. 2. Tropics. Syn., Sagenia 
 
 eicutaria. 
 
 — cordifo'lium. 1. Brown. July. Jamaica. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — crini'tum. 1. Brown. August. Mauritius. 
 
 1831. 
 
 — Cumi'ngii. S. Yellow. February. Malacca. 
 
 1839. 
 
 — cuspida'timi. 3. India. 
 
 — decu'rrens. 2-4. Tropical Asia. Syn., Sagenia 
 
 deourrens. 
 
 — deltoi'dewm. 2. West Indies. Syn., Lastrea 
 
 deltroidea. 
 
NEP 
 
 [655] 
 
 NER 
 
 ar. edu'le. Yellow. July. Nepaul. 1826. 
 
 — east^nsum. i. Ceylon. 
 
 — glrnidulo'sum. Yellow. July. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 1840. 
 
 — Aijipocre'pis. 2. Brown. May. Jamaica. 
 
 — hirsu'tum. Brown, yellow. May. Isle of 
 
 Luzon. 1842. 
 
 — Hooke'ri. See N. arbuicula. 
 
 — iiirn'mm. 2. Polynesia. 1830. Syn., iostrea 
 
 invisa, 
 
 — KaiUfu'ssii. IJ. West Indies and Brazil. 
 
 — Leuzea'na. 8. Philippines. 1874. Syn., 
 
 Pleocnemia Leuzecma, 
 
 — longicau'le. New Grenada. 1881. 
 
 — lu'eidum. Madagascar. 1877. 
 
 — mo'Ue. 2. Yellow. July. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 This has numerous varieties. 
 
 — mucroua'tum. 2. Brown. July. Jamaica. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — odora'tum. 2. Tropical Asia. Syn., N. 
 
 enocarpwm. 
 
 — Oia'ria. 2. Philippine Islands. 
 
 — pa'Uidi-ve'niwm: 3. Guinea. 
 
 — pa'llidum crista' turn. Fronds crested. 1889. 
 
 — palu'stre, 4. Brazil. 
 
 — parasi'timm. 1. Brown. June. E. Ind. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — pa' tens. Demerara. 
 
 — penni'gerum. 6. Yellow. January. W. Ind. 
 — platyphy'llum. Yellow. June. S. Amer. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — proli'ferwm. 1. Brown. Brazil. 
 
 — propi'nquum. 2. Brown. August. E. Ind. 
 
 1793. 
 — pteroi'des. 3. Tropical Asia. 1847. 
 
 — pube'scens. Brown. July. Jamaica. 1817. 
 
 Syn., Phegopteris mllosa. 
 — pu'ngens. 1. Yellow. January. W. Ind. 
 
 — rejtra'ctum, 2. Brazil. 
 
 — Richa'rdsii Tmiltilfida. 3. South Sea Islands. 
 
 1881. 
 
 — Rodrigasia'nwm. Samoa. 111. Hort, t. 442. 
 
 — sa'natum. 1. West Indies. Syn., Lastrea 
 
 sancta. 
 
 — sefrra. 2. Brown. July. Jamaica. 1819. 
 
 — simpliiyifo'liimi,. Yellow. B. Ind. 1840. 
 
 — subquiTiqitefi'dum: 1. S. Amer. Syns.,' JV. 
 
 funestwm, N. Vogelii, and Lastrea pilo- 
 sissima. 
 
 — te'rminans. Yellow, brown. July. E. Ind. 
 
 — truTUia'tum, Sandwich Islands. 1869. 
 
 — tuber&sum. IJ. Yellow. January. W. Ind. 
 
 — va'lde-pil&sum. New Grenada. 1881. 
 
 — venulo'swm. S. Fernando Po. 
 
 — venu'stum, Jamaica. 
 
 — vesti'tum. 3. South Brazil. Syns., JT. 
 
 Raddianwm and Lastrea vestita. 
 
 — villo'mm. 3. July. W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 — Vogelii. See IS. subquivquejidum. 
 
 Nephro'lepis. (From nephros, a 
 kidney, and lepis, a scale ; referring to 
 the covering of the seed, or spore-cases. 
 Nat. ord., Filices.) 
 Stove ferns, with yellow spores. See Ferns. 
 
 N. acumina'ta. June. W. Indies. 
 
 — acu'ta. 3. E. Indies. Syns., N. biaerrata, 
 
 N. &iisifoliat JV. puTictulata, and A'. 
 splcTidens. 
 
 — Userra'ta. See N. acuta. 
 
 — corda'ta com/pa' eta. 2. 1890. 
 
 — eordifo'lia. 2. September. Tropical America. 
 
 1841. Syn., N. tuberosa. 
 
 pectiim'ta. 2. Tropical America. 1841. 
 
 Syn., N. pectinata. 
 
 — davalUoi'des. 4. Malay Archipelago. 1862. 
 fu'reans. Polynesia. 1873. 
 
 — Bu'Mi. Duke of York Island. 1878. 
 
 — ermfo'lia. See N. acuta. 
 
 — exalta'ta. 4. Tropical America. 1793. Syn., 
 
 ^. volubilis. 
 
 jr. exalta'ta hireu'tula. June. Covered with 
 
 brownish down. Syn., Jf. Mrmtvia. 
 —falcifo'mm. 2. Borneo. 
 
 — hirsu'tvXa. See N. exaltata, var. hirsutula. 
 
 — oblitera'ta. See N. ranwsa. 
 
 — pectina'ta. See N. eordifolia, var. pectinata. 
 —plu'ma. Madagascar. 1878. 
 
 — punctula'ta. See JT. acuta. 
 
 — ramo'sa. 1. Tropics of Old World. Syns., N. 
 
 obliterata and N. trichoTnanoides, 
 
 — rufe^scens tripirmati'ftda. Tropical America. 
 
 G. C. 1887, i. p. 476, fig. 90. 
 
 — spldndens. See N. acuta. 
 
 — trichomanoi'des. See N. ramosa. 
 
 — titbero'sa. See N. cordifolia. 
 
 — volu'bilis. See N. exaltata. 
 
 Nephrospe'rma. (From nephros, 
 a Icidney, and sperTna, a seed. Nat. 
 ord., PalmecB; Tribe, Arecece.) 
 
 An elegant stove palm. Bich loamy soil. Seeds. 
 N. Va'n Houttea'na. 26. Seychelles. 1868. 
 Syns. , Areca nobilis and Oneosperma Van 
 Houtteana. 
 
 Nephthy'tis. (After Nephthys, the 
 wife of Typhon. Nat. ord., Aroidem. 
 Allied to liichardia, ) 
 
 Stove aroids, requiring a hot, moist atmo- 
 sphere, and light, rich sou. 
 N. lib^riea. Liberia. 1881. 
 
 — pictura'ta. 2. Congo. 1887. 
 
 Neptu'nia. (After Neptune, the 
 mythological deity of the sea ; a water- 
 plant. Nat. ord., Leguminosw ; Tribe, 
 Aderuxntherece. Allied to Desmanthus. ) 
 
 Stove water-plant, with pinnate, sensitive 
 leaves like a Mimosa ; seeds in strong heat; cut- 
 tings and divisions. Winter temp., 50" to 60° ; 
 summer, 60° to 90°. 
 
 jy. pldna. White, yellow. August. Mexico. 
 1733. B. M. t. 4696. Syn., N.polyphylla. 
 
 Neri'ne. (The daughter of Nerius, 
 Nat. ord., Aman/llideiB ; Tribe, Ama- 
 rylleoB. Allied to Brunsvigia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse bulbs, from South Africa, except 
 when otherwise mentioned. The Guernsey lily 
 is a Nerine, and, like it, all the species flower in 
 the autumn — some before the growth of the 
 leaves, and others with the leaves coming up. 
 Like the Amaryllis, they grow from September 
 to May, and delight in strong, yellow loam ; a 
 vigorous growth of the leaves is requisite to 
 cause them to flower the following autumn. 
 Many attempts have been. made to cross them 
 with Ajmaryllis and other allied genera without 
 success; but they produce fine crosses among 
 themselves. Seeds sown in heat, in spring, or as 
 soon as ripe, but chiefly by offsets from the 
 bulbs; rich, sandy loam, with a little peat; 
 deeply planted, and a dry situation in winter ; 
 or protected in a cold pit or greenhouse, and 
 kept dry until vegetation commences. 
 
 N. aina'bilis. Eosy. Hybrid between N. pudica 
 and if. humilis. 1889. 
 
 — angiKtifo'lia. See N, fiexuosa, var. angusti- 
 
 folia. 
 
 — atrosangui'nea. Hybrid between N. Plamtii 
 
 ajid N". fiexuosa. 1882. 
 
 — Ca'mi. Hybrid between N. curvifolia and 
 
 jy. undulata. 1882. 
 
 — cinnabari'na. Hybrid between N. Father- 
 
 gillii and N. fiexuosa. 
 
 — eort'yjCsea. See ^. samien^, var. corusca. 
 
NER 
 
 [656] 
 
 NET 
 
 If. cunif^lia. 1. Bright scarlet. September. 
 
 Cape Colony. 1788. Syn., Amaryllis 
 
 curv^folia. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 64. 
 FotliergilUii. Crimson to scarlet. Syn., 
 
 AmaryUia Fothergillii. Andr. Rep. 
 
 1. 163. 
 
 — eHegane. Hybrid between N. fiexuosa and N. 
 
 rosea. 
 
 — erube^scens. Hybrid between N. fiexuosa and 
 
 N. undulata. 
 
 — excdUens. Hybrid between N. Jlexuosa and N. 
 
 humilis, var. major. ¥\.or. and Pom. 
 
 t. 667. 
 — JUifdlia. Bright red. October. Orange Free 
 
 State. 1879. B. M. t. 6546. 
 — fiexMO'sa. 4. Pink. September. Cape Colony. 
 
 1793. Syn., Ammryllis Jlexuosa. Jacq. 
 
 H. Schoenb. t. 67. 
 angusWo'lia. Pink. Orange Free State. 
 
 1885. Syna., N. angusti/olia and N. pul- 
 
 ehella. Tar. angustifolia. Eef. Bot. 
 
 t. 329. 
 pulcTie'lla. Pale pink, rose. B. M. 
 
 t. 2407. 
 Sanders&ni. Perianth segments less 
 
 crisped, Transvaal. 1885. 
 
 — Fothergi'llii, See N. cfarvifoUa^ var. Fother- 
 
 gillii, 
 
 — Haylo'ckii. Hybrid between N. curvifolia 
 
 and N. pulchella. 
 
 — hu'mUis. 2. Red. June. Cape Colony. 
 
 1795. Syn., Amaryllis hwmilis. Jacq. 
 H. Schoenb. t. 629. 
 
 — hu'TnUis-imdvXa'ta. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — japo'nica. A synonym of Lycoris radiata. 
 
 — lu'eiga. Red. Cape Colony. Syns., Ama- 
 
 ryllis laticomat B. M. t. 497, A. luGida, 
 and Brunsvigia lucida. 
 
 — Manse^Uii. Rose-red. Hybrid between N. 
 
 Jlexuosa and N. Fothergillii. 1886. 
 
 — margina'ta. i. Bright scarlet. Cape Colony. 
 
 Syns., Ama/ryllis marginata, Jacq. H. 
 Schoenb. t. 65, Brunsvigia margi/nata, 
 Miserui marginata and Imikojia tnargi- 
 nata. 
 
 — Meadoba'nHi. Hybrid between N. samiensis 
 
 and jy. Fothergillii. 
 
 — Mitcha'mioe. Hybrid between JV. curvifolia 
 
 and N. undulata. 
 
 — Moo'rei. Bright scarlet. Cape Colony. 1886. 
 
 — paneratioi'des. 2. White. Natal. 1891. 
 
 — Pla'ntii. See N. samiertsiSy var. Plantii. 
 
 — pu'dica. IJ. White, pink. Autumn. Cape 
 
 Colony. 1868. B. M. t. 6901. 
 Flwe!sii. Pale rose. 
 
 — pulche'lUt. See N. Jlexuosa, var. pulcheUa. 
 angustifo'lia. See N. Jlexuosa, var. 
 
 an^ustijolia. 
 
 — pu'miXa, 1. Bright scarlet. 1890. 
 
 — ro'sea. See N. samiensis, var. rosea. 
 
 — ro'seo-eri'spa. Hybrid between N. undulata 
 and J\r. Jlexuosa. 
 
 — sarniefnMs. 1. Red. September. Cape 
 
 Colony. 1659. Syns., Jv. insignis, Amu- 
 ryllis samiensis. B. M. t. 294, A. dubia, 
 
 A. Jacquinii anaHtBrnantkus samiensis. 
 The Guernsey Lily. 
 
 eorulsca. 1. Scarlet. July. Cape 
 
 Colony. 1809. Syns., Amaryllii corusca, 
 and A. humilis of B. M. 1. 1089. 
 
 Pla'ntii. Dull crimson. Syn., N. Plrmtii. 
 
 profv^sa. Bright scarlet. August. 
 
 ro'sea. Rose-red. B. M. t. 2124. Syn., 
 
 N. rosea. 
 
 venvfsta. Bright scarlet. September. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1090. 
 
 — Spoff&rthiai. Hybrid between N. venusta and 
 
 N. undulata. 
 
 — UTidula'ta. 1. Pink. May. Cape Colony. 
 
 1767. Syns., N. crispa, Amaryllis undu- 
 lata, B. M. t. 369, and Hoemanthiis undu- 
 latus. 
 
 N, wndula'ta ma'jor. Flowers larger. 
 
 — venu'sta. See N. samiensis, var. venusta. 
 
 Ne'rium. Oleander. (From neros, 
 moist; referring to their native places 
 of growth. Nat. ord., ApocynacMs; 
 Tribe, Echitidece.) 
 
 Notwithstanding the beauty of the Oleander, 
 it is one of the most virulent of vegetablepoisons. 
 Beautiful greenhouse plants, but which require 
 a higher temperature to start them in the spring. 
 Cuttings of shoots, getting firm, in sand, under 
 a bell-glass, and kept warm ; cuttings a little 
 older do well in phials of water, also kept warm ; 
 peat and loam, enriched with cow-dung and leaf- 
 mould. Winter temp., 35° to 48° ; summer, 60" 
 to 75°. The shoots made this season should 
 bloom the next, if well ripened. 
 N. odo'rum. 6. Pale red. July. E. Ind. 1683. 
 
 B. M. t. 1799 and t. 2032. 
 
 ea'meum. 6. Pink. July. E. Ind. 1683, 
 
 ple'num. 5. Pale red. July. E. Ind, 
 
 1683. 
 
 — Olea'nder. 3. Red. August. South Europe, 
 
 1696. B. C. t. 666. 
 a'Vymn. 8. White. August. South 
 
 Europe. 1696. 
 spWnd&ns. 7. Red. August. South 
 
 Europe, 1814. 
 variega'tum. 8. Striped. August. South 
 
 Europe. 
 
 — thyrsiJU/rwrn. 5. Pink. July. Nepaul. 1830. 
 
 Paxt. Ma^. iii. p. 73. 
 
 — tincto'rium. Wight Ic. t. 444. A synonym 
 
 of Alstonia scholaris. 
 
 Ne'rtera. (From nerteros, lowly; 
 in reference to the habit of the species. 
 Nat. ord., Eubiacece ; Tribe, Antho- 
 spermem. Allied to Coprosma.') 
 
 Hardy alpine perennial herb. The flowers are 
 very insignificant, but when in fruit, and the 
 berries are produced very freely, it is a very 
 charming and attractive plant. Seeds ; divisions. 
 Light sandy loam. 
 N. deprelssa. One - twelfth. Green ; berries 
 
 orange. Antarctic Mountains. 1868. 
 
 A charming rockwork plant. B. M. 
 
 t. 6799. 
 
 Nesse'a. (The name of a sea-nymph. 
 Nat. ord., LythrcKece; Tribe, Lythrece, 
 Syn., Heimia.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen shrubs, except N. tri- 
 Jlora, which is an annual. Divisions in spring, 
 as fresh growth commences ; cuttings of young 
 shoots in sandy soil, under a bell-g&ss ; sandy 
 loam and flbry peat. ■ Winter temp., 45° to 65°; 
 summer, 60° to 80°. 
 
 N. myrti/o'lia. 5. Yellow. South America. 
 1826. Syn., Heim/ia myrtifolia. 
 
 — saUeifo'lia. 5. Yellow. August. Mexico. 
 
 1821. Syn., Heimia salic^olia. 
 
 grandiJWra. 5. Yellow. September. 
 
 Syn., 3eim,ia salicifolia, var. grandi- 
 Mora, B. R. 1841, t. 40. 
 
 — triJU/ra. 2. Blue. August. Mauritius. 
 
 1802. 
 
 Nesopa'nax. (From nesos, an 
 island, and Panax. Nat. ord., Aralia- 
 cew.) 
 
 Small stove tree, with large digitate leaves on 
 long stalks. 
 N. vitie'nsis. Green. Fiji Islands. 1887. 
 
 Netting is employed to prevent the 
 radiation of heat from walls, and the 
 
NET 
 
 [657] 
 
 NIC 
 
 rude access of wind to trees grown upon 
 them, as well as to prevent the ravages 
 of birds. 
 
 Netting is a very effectual preventive 
 of cooling, for reasons which will be 
 stated when considering Screens gene- 
 rally; and in connection with that, it 
 may be observed, that it is not alto- 
 gether immaterial of what substance 
 netting is foi-med. Worsted is to be 
 preferred, not only because it is the 
 most durable, but because it is the best 
 preventive of a wall's cooling. We have 
 found the thermometer under a hemp 
 net sink, during the night, from 2° to 4° 
 lower than that under a net of worsted, 
 the meshes being small and of equal size 
 in both nets. This can only be because 
 worsted is known to be a worse conduc- 
 tor of heat than hemp ; and, not absorb- 
 ing moisture so easily, is not so liable to 
 the cold always produced by its drying. 
 Netting will also exclude flies and other 
 winged insects from the fruit against 
 walls, although the meshes are more 
 than large enough to permit their pas- 
 sage. Why this is the case is not very 
 apparent ; but the netting is equally 
 efficient in keeping similar insects from 
 intruding into rooms if there are no cross 
 lights. If there are windows on diffe- 
 rent sides of the room, and it is to be 
 presumed, therefore, also in a green- or 
 hot-house, nets would not be so efficient. 
 
 One hundred square yards of netting, 
 according to some merchants' mode of 
 measuring, will not cover more than 
 iifty square yards of wall, for they 
 stretch the net, first longitudinally, and 
 then laterally, when making their mea- 
 surement, and not in both directions at 
 once, as the gardener must when cover- 
 ing his trees. Disappointment, there- 
 fore, should be avoided, when ordering 
 new nets, by stating the size of the sur- 
 face which has to be covered. This may 
 be done without any fear of imposition. 
 
 Nettle-tree. Ce'ltis. 
 
 Neuma'nnia. (Commemorative. 
 Nat. ord., Bixinem.) 
 -jr. areim'ta. 3. Cannine, yellow. Andes of 
 
 Columbia. 1886. 
 — nigra. Eev. Hort. 1881, p. 390. SeePUcaimia. 
 
 Neuro'dium. (From neuros, a 
 nerve ; the fronds being strongly veined. 
 Nat. ord., Filices—PolypodiacecB.) 
 
 Stove f em. See Ferns. 
 N. lanceola'tum. W. Indies. 
 
 Neurolse'na. (From neuros, a nerve, 
 and Icena, a covering; the involucral 
 leaves are three nerved. Nat. ord., 
 Compositm; Tribe, Helianthoidece.) 
 
 Wann greenhouse shrub. Loam, leaf-mould, 
 and sand. 
 
 N. Idba'ta. 2. Yellow. June. West Indies. 
 Syn., Calm lobata, B. M. 1. 1734. 
 
 Neviu'sa. (Derivation uncertain. 
 Nat. ord., Rosacem; Tribe, Spirceece.) 
 N. alaiame'ngie. White. May. Alabama. 1879. 
 B. M. t. 6806. 
 
 Newbou'ldia. (In honour of the 
 Bev. W. W. Neitibould, an energetic 
 British botanist. Nat. ord., Bignonia- 
 cece. ) 
 
 A stove tree. Culture the same as for 
 Tecoma. 
 
 N. Ice'vie. Pale rose or purple. Tropical Africa. 
 Syn., Spathodea loems, B. M. t. 4637. 
 Probably Spathodea pentandra, B. M. 
 t. 3681, also belongs here. 
 
 New Jersey Tea. Ceano'thm 
 america'nus. 
 
 New Zealand Flax. Pho'rmium 
 te'nax. 
 
 New Zealand Spinach (Tetra- 
 go'nia expa'nsa) is much admired as a 
 substitute for summer spinach, being of 
 more delicate flavour, and continues 
 available the whole summer. 
 
 Sow, at the latter end of March, in the 
 seed-vessel, as gathered in the preceding 
 autumn, in a pot, and placed in a melon- 
 frame. The seedlings to be pricked out 
 while small singly into pots, to be kept 
 under a frame without bottom-heat until 
 the third week in May, or until the 
 danger of frost is past. Plant in rows, 
 in a rich, light soil, at three or four 
 feet apart each way. Twenty plants 
 will afford an abundant supply daily for 
 a large family. 
 
 In five or six weeks after planting 
 the young shoots may be gathered, these 
 being pinched off. They are productive 
 until a late period of the year, as they 
 survive the frosts that kill nasturtiums 
 and potatoes. 
 
 To obtain Seed. — A plantation must 
 be made on a poorer soil, or kept back in 
 a shady spot. 
 
 Nica'ndra. (After Nicander, who 
 lived about 150 A.D., and wrote on 
 medicine and plants. Nat. ord., Solana- 
 cem.) 
 
 Hardy annual herb. Seeds in the open border 
 in April ; the seedlings to be thinned out, when 
 large enough, to a considerable distance apart. 
 N. physaloi'des. 2-4. Blue. Autumn. Peru. 
 1759. B. M. t. 2458. 
 
 Nicker-tree. Guilandi'na. 
 
 Nicotia'na. Tobacco. (Named after 
 Nicot, a French ambassador in Portugal, 
 who first obtained seeds from a Dutch 
 merchant. Nat. oxdi..,Solanace(ie; Tribe, 
 
 ■■) 
 
 V V 
 
NIC 
 
 [658] 
 
 NIE 
 
 Tobacco wa3 flrat introduced either from To- 
 bago, in the West Indies, or Tobasoo, in Mexico 
 —hence the name. Shrubby and perennial kinds 
 require the warm greenhouse in winter, and may 
 be propagated by divisions and cuttings, and 
 also freely by seeds ; all the annuals are raised 
 by seed sown in a hotbed, in March or April ; 
 seedlings pricked off, potted, and transplanted 
 in rich sou towards the end of May, when the 
 ornamental ones will adorn the flower-border, 
 and the useful ones, such as taba'cum and ma- 
 crophy'Uay will yield their large leaves for fumi- 
 gating purposes ; glau'ca makes a fine appear? 
 ance against a wall. 
 
 ANNUAL.S. 
 
 N. affl'nis. 2-3. White, greenish. G. C. 1881, 
 xvi. p. 141, flg. 31. 
 
 — ala'ta. 2. Pink. September, N*. America. 
 
 1829. 
 
 — angustif&lia. 4. Pink. August. Chili. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — lyrasilie^iwis. 4. Rose. July. Brazil. 1825. 
 
 — chine^nsis. 6. Pink. August. China. 1819. 
 
 — colo'ssea. 7-10. Leaves reddish-violet when 
 
 young. Brazil. 1888. 
 
 — dUata'ta. 3. Pint. August. 1820. 
 —fro) grans. 3J. White. Isle of Pines. 
 
 — glutmdta. 4. Scarlet. August. Peru. 
 
 1759. Andr. Rep. t. 484. 
 
 — Uyngiflo'ra. 3. White. August. Buenos 
 
 Ayres. 1832. Swt. H. Gard. ser. 2, 
 1. 196. 
 
 — maeropMUa. 6. Pink. July. America. 
 
 — mioraiima. 1. Green, white. July. 
 
 — imMiwUvis. 2. White. July. Columbia. 
 
 1826. B. E. 1. 1067. 
 
 — na'-na. B. R. t. 833. See Beeperoehiran eali- 
 
 fornica. 
 
 — TiepaJe'nsis. 4. Rose. July. Nepaul, 1829. 
 
 — noctiJU/ra. 2. Pink. August. Chili. 1826. 
 
 B. M. t. 2785. 
 
 — pe^rsica. 3. White, green. August. Persia. 
 
 1831. B. E. 1. 1692. Persian or Shiraz 
 Tobacco. 
 
 — petiola'ta. i. Rose. July. S. Amer. 1829. 
 — plvmbaginj/o'lia. 2. White. May. America. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — fruadriva'lvie. 1. White. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1811. B. M. 1. 1778. 
 
 — rotundifo'lia. 2. White. August. Swan 
 
 River. 1837. 
 
 — sangui'nea. 4. Crimson. July. South 
 
 Brazil. 1829. 
 
 — taba'cum. 4. Pink. July, America. 1570. 
 
 Bent, and Tr. 1. 191. 
 a'lipes. i. Pink. July. S. Amer. 
 
 1570. 
 <Uten/aa'ta. 4. Pink. July. S, Amer. 
 
 1570. 
 
 frutieo'ga. 2. Pink. S. America. 
 
 gram'lipet. 4, Pink. July. S. Amer. 
 
 1570, 
 
 Kngua. i. Pink. July. S. Amer. 1760. 
 
 maerophi/Ua. 7. Pink. July. S. Amer. 
 
 1570. 
 paM scent. 4. Pink. July. S. Amer. 
 
 1570. 
 sero'tma. 4. Pink. July. S. Amer. 
 
 1570. 
 FeVdoji. 4. Pink. July. S. Amer. 
 
 1570. 
 
 — viscc/sa. 3. Pink. Jiily. Buenos Ayres, 
 
 1824, 
 
 — wigamdioiies, Yellowish-white. Columbia. 
 
 1874. 
 
 — Tbarrelnsis. 2. Pink. August. S. Amer. 
 
 1823. 
 
 PERENNIALS. 
 Jf. acumina'ta. 3, Greenish, Summer. Val- 
 paraiso. B. M. t. 2919. Syn., Petunia 
 acummata. 
 
 N. /rutico'sa. 4. Fink. July. China. 1699, 
 Evergreen. 
 
 — ghm'ca. 20, Yellow, August, Buenos 
 
 Ayres, 1827, Evergreen. B. M. t. 2837. 
 
 — La/ngscCo/rffl. 6. Yellowish-green, August, 
 
 BraiSl. 1819. B. M. t. 2221. 
 
 — vmcMa'ta. 2. White, July. N. S. Wales, 
 
 1800, B. M. t, 673. 
 
 — mncc^o'ra. 2, White, August. S. Amer, 
 
 1820, 
 
 Nidula'rium. (From nidus, a nest ; 
 referring to the nest form in which the 
 leaves are arranged, Nat. ord. , Brome- 
 liacecB ; Tribe, Bromeliem. ) United with 
 Karatas in the Genera Plantarum, 
 
 Stove perennials. Suckers, Sandy loam and 
 peat. Summer temp,, 60° to 85" ; winter, 65° to 
 60°, 
 y. aocmthocra'ter. Brazil, Belg. Hort. 1884, 
 
 p. 140, t, 9. 
 utla'ci 
 
 — ampuUa'cewm. Brazil, 1880, 
 
 — Bmo'U. White, Winter, Brazil. 1877, 
 
 — bimtta'ta. White, S, America, 1861, Syn,, 
 
 BUlbergia bivittata. 
 
 — cydneum. Blue, reddish-violet ; bracts blood- 
 
 red, Brazil. 1874. 
 —fu'lgens. Brazil. 1869. 
 
 — Irmocelntii. White. Brazil. 1862, 
 
 — JoTia'nmg. Brazil. 1884. 
 
 — Laurelntii. Blue ; leaves brown-variegated. 
 
 S. America, 1867, 
 
 — Mndelni. See Canistrum ebumeum. 
 
 — Makoya'num. Whitish, violet. Tropical 
 
 America. 1887. 
 
 — MeymiMrfii. Blue. Brazil. 1860. 
 
 — pictvlra. Brazil. 1859. 
 
 — Pinelia'nwm. Blue. Brazil. 1860. 
 
 — pri'nceps inagni'Jicum. Lower leaves vinous- 
 
 purple, upper green with rosy tips. Gar- 
 den variety. 1890. Gfl. 1. 1223. 
 
 — ru'tUams. Vermilion. iBrazil. 1885. 
 
 — Scheremetie^vni. |, Blue ; bracts red, Syn., 
 
 Caragvata serrata. 
 
 — speeta'Ule. Violet, red. Brazil. 1873. 
 
 — stna'tum. Leaves green, with white and 
 
 creamy-yellow stripes. 1888. 
 
 Nierembe'rgia. (Named after J. 
 E. Nier ember g, a Spanish Jesuit. Nat. 
 ord., SolanacecB ; Tribe, Salpiglossidece. 
 Allied to Petunia.) 
 
 Pretty half-hardy plants for flower-beds. Cut- 
 tings root freely under a hand-light in summer, 
 if kept shaded ; and very freely m deep pits, in 
 autumn, without shading^ if the glass is from 
 eighteen to twenty-four inches from the cut- 
 tings ; and most freely in a slight hotbed in 
 sprmg, from plants commencing to grow after 
 being kept rather cool over the winter. Sandy 
 loam and a little peat, and, when quick growth 
 is wanted, a little cow-dung; kept in a cool 
 greenhouse, or a dry, cold pit in, winter, where 
 frost can be excluded ; the soil in winter should 
 be poor, and kept rather dry ; propagated, also, 
 easily by sowing in a slight hotbed in March and 
 April, potting and turning out the seedlings into 
 the flower-garden in the middle of May. 
 N. arista'ta. J. White, purple. July. Panama. 
 1832. Annual. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2 
 t. 265. 
 
 — Atkinsia'na. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t, 268, 
 
 See Petunia. 
 
 — calyei'na. |. White, July, Uruguay, 1834, 
 
 Herbaceous, B, M. t. 3371. 
 —filicau'lis. 1. Lilac. May. Buenos Ayres. 
 
 1832. Herbaceous. B. R. t. 1649, 
 —frute'scens. White, blue, Buenos Ayres, 
 
 1867. 
 
NIG 
 
 [659] 
 
 NIP 
 
 JT. gra'eUie. Wliito, purple. 'July. Uruguay. 
 
 1831. Herbaceous. B. M. t. 3108. 
 ~ interme'Oia. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 237. 
 
 See Petwnia intermedia. 
 
 — linaric^'lia. J. Whitish. July. Uruguay. 
 
 1831. Evergreen. 
 —phoenicea. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, tt. 193 and 
 354. See Petunia violacea. 
 
 — rimUa'ris. Pale cream. July. River Ia 
 
 Plata. 1866. B. M. t. 6608. 
 
 — Vei'tchii. Pale lilac. Tucaman, S. America. 
 
 1866. B.M. t. 5599. 
 
 Nige'lla. Fennel-Flower. (From 
 ■niger, black ; the colour of the seeds. 
 Nat. ard., BanunculacecB; Tribe, Helle- 
 horece. Allied to Aquilegia.) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Seeds in the open ground 
 tiny time after the middle of March. 
 If. arista'ta. 2. Blue. August. Athens. 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 510. 
 
 — cUia'rie. 1. Yellow. July. Levant. 
 
 — comicula'ta. 1. Yellow. July. 1820. 
 
 — damascdna. 1^. Lilac, blue. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1570. B. M. t. 22. Sibth. FL 
 Gr. t. 609. 
 
 flo're-ple!no. IJ. Lilac, blue. July. 
 
 South Europe. 1570. 
 
 — hispatnica. IJ. Brown, white. July. Spain. 
 
 1629. B. M. 1. 1265. 
 
 — orienta'lia. IJ. Yellow. July. Syria. 1699. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1261. 
 
 — sati'va. IJ. Yellow. July. Egypt. 1548. 
 
 .Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 611. 
 citri'na. IJ. Pale blue. July. South 
 
 Europe. 
 
 ere/tica. li. Pale blue. July. Crete. 
 
 indiea. 1. Pale blue. July. E. Ind. 
 
 Nightshade. Sola'num. 
 
 Nightshade Enchanter's. Cir- 
 •cce'a. 
 
 Night-soil. See Dung. 
 
 Night Temperature in hothouses, 
 greenhouses, and frames should always 
 average from 10° to 20° lower than the 
 temperature in which the plants are 
 grown during the day. It is in the night 
 that the individual functions are reno- 
 vated by a temporary repose, and if left 
 to the dictates of healthy nature, the 
 sap, like the blood, rises at night with a 
 much diminished velocity. That plants 
 ■do become exhausted by too unremitting 
 excitement, is proved to every gardener 
 who has peach-houses under his rule; for 
 if the greatest care be not taken to ripen 
 the wood by exposure to the air and light 
 during the summer, no peach-tree will 
 be frmtful if forced during a second suc- 
 cessive winter, but wUl require a much 
 more increased temperature than at first 
 to excite it even to any advance in vege- 
 tation. 
 
 The experiments of Harting and Hun- 
 ter upon vines growing in the open air, 
 and those of Dr. Lindley upon vines in 
 a hothouse, coincide in testifying that 
 this tree grows most during the less 
 light and cooler hours of the twenty- 
 four ; but the hours of total darkness 
 
 were the period when the vine grew 
 slowest. This, observes Dr. Lindley, 
 seems to show the danger of employing 
 a high night temperature, which forces 
 such plants into growing fast at a time 
 when nature bids them repose. 
 
 That the elevation of temperature at 
 night does hurtfuUy excite plants is 
 proved by the fact, that the branch of a 
 vine, kept at that period of the day in 
 temperature not higher than 50°, inhales 
 from one-sixteenth to one-tenth less 
 oxygen than a similar branch of the 
 same vine, during the same night, in a 
 temperature of 75°. The exhalation of 
 moisture and carbonic acid is also pro- 
 portionably increased by the higher tem- 
 perature. 
 
 Ni'pa. (The Moluccan name. Nat. 
 ord., PalmecB; Tribe, ArececB.) 
 
 Stove palm. Seeds in a strong, moist heat, 
 not giving too much moisture to the seed at 
 first ; rich loam. Winter temp., 60° to 65° ; sum- 
 mer, 60° to 90°, and moist temperature. 
 N. fru'tieana. 10. White. E. Ind. 1822. 
 
 Niphse'a. (From niphos, snow 
 ilowers snow-white. Nat. ord., Gesne 
 raceoB ; Tribe, Gesnerece. Allied to 
 Achimenes.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous, white-flowered perennials. 
 Divisions of the roots, as growth commences, in 
 the spring ; sandy loam and peat, enriched with 
 leaf-mould or rotten cow-dung. Temp, when at 
 rest, 40° to 46° ; when starting and potted, 55° to 
 70° ; when growing, 60° to 75 ; when flowering, 
 rather less ; until after flowering they are allowed 
 to become nearly dry, when a low temperature 
 suits them. 
 
 If. a'lbo-linea'ta. B. M. t. 4282. See Phincea 
 albo-Uneata. 
 
 — argyroneu'ra. Fl. Ser. t. 823. See Phincea 
 
 albO'lineata, var. reticulata. 
 
 — cu'preo-vi'rens. White. September. 1860. 
 
 — gra'cilis. White. S. America. 1868. 
 
 — oblo'nga. i. White. September. Guate- 
 
 mala. 1841. 
 
 — Boe'zUi. White. Tropical America. 1877. 
 
 — ru'bida. Fl. Ser. t. 251. See Phincea rubida. 
 
 — nibra. }. November. 1846. 
 
 Nipho'bolus. (From niphobolus, 
 covered with snow; referring to the 
 white covering of the spore-cases. Nat. 
 ord., Filices — Polypodiacem.) A section 
 of Polypodium. 
 
 stove ferns, with brown spores. See Ferns. 
 N. acroetichoi'des. September. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — adna'scens. i. May. E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 — a'lbicans. 1. July. Ceylon. 
 
 — bi'eolor. August? Malacca. 
 
 — co'nfluens. i. May. N. HoUand. 1820. 
 
 — coata'tus. July. Ceylon. 1824. 
 
 — floceido'awi. August. Manilla. 1841. 
 
 — Gardntiri. Ceylon. 
 
 — glalber. July. Malacca, 
 
 — linea're. J. May. Japan. 1822. 
 
 — li'ngvja. \. May. Japan. 1817. 
 
 — eorymbi'ferm. Fronds much divided at 
 
 apex. Japan. 1862. 
 
 — nwmrMdojrif divas. May. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — pertiisMix. \. May. China. 1821. 
 
 — nipe'stris. J. May. N. Holland. 1824. 
 
NIP 
 
 [660] 
 
 NOR 
 
 N. sine'nsis, J. September. China. 
 
 — aph(eroce!phaluB. July. Malacca. Hook. Ic. 
 
 pa. t. 94. 
 
 — sple^iidene. July. E. Ind. 
 
 — Ko'ntts. July. Malacca. 1845. 
 
 Nipho'psis. (From niphos, snow, 
 and q^m, resemblance; the fronds being 
 covered with a white stellate pubescence. 
 Nat. ord., Filices — Polypodiacem.) 
 
 Stove fem. See Ferns. 
 if. angusta'tiu. 1. Malay Archipelago. 
 
 Nisso'lia. (Named after W. Nissole, 
 a French botanist. Nat. ord., Legu- 
 minosce ; Tribe, HedysarecB. Allied to 
 Amicia.) 
 
 Cuttings of short, stubby, half -ripened shoots 
 in spring and summer, in sand, under a bell- 
 
 flass, inlbottom-heat ; peat and loam. Winter 
 emp., 56° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 
 N. glabra'ta. 6. White. 1823. 
 
 — micro'ptera. 10. White. July. Teneriflte. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — rohinioRfo'lia. 6. St. Vincent. 1824. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN CLIMBERS. 
 
 N. aculea'ta. 12. Rio Janeiro. 1824. 
 —frvtico'sa. 15. Yellow. August. S. Amer. 
 1766. Ic. PI. t. 699. 
 
 — racemo'sa. 15. White. July. W. Ind. 1800. 
 
 — retu'sa. 6. S. Amer. 1819. 
 
 Nitrates. See Salts. 
 
 Nitta-tree. Pa'rkia africa'na. 
 
 Nive'nia. (Named after J. Niven, 
 a botanical collector. Nat. ord., Pro- 
 teacece; Tribe, Protece. Allied to Pro- 
 tea.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from South 
 Africa, bearing, in July, purple flowers. Seeds 
 when obtainable ; cuttings of young, stiflf, half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 May, and without bottom-beat ; sandy peat and 
 flbry loam. Winter temp., 36° to 46°. 
 N. erithmifo/lia. i. Purple. 1810. Syus., N. 
 lagorms and Protea IcLgopv^. Anor. Rep. 
 t. 243. 
 
 — la'govus. See If. crithmifolia. 
 
 — me'dtd. 2J. 1786. Syn., Protea apicata. 
 
 Andr. Rep. t. 234. 
 
 — see'ptrum. 2. 1790. 
 
 — spathula'ta. 2}. 1790. 
 
 — spicalta. 2J. 1786. 
 
 Nohl-kohl. See Knohl-kohl. 
 
 Noise'ttia. (Named after L. C. 
 Noisette, a French nurseryman. Nat. 
 ord., Violacew ; Tribe, Violece. Allied 
 to Viola. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots in 
 April, in sand, under a glass, in heat; rich, 
 sandy loam. Winter temp., 65° ; summer, 60° to 
 85°. 
 Jf. longifdlia. 1. Cream. Cayenne. 1824. 
 
 Nola'lia. (From nola, a little bell ; 
 the form of the flowers. Nat. ord., Con- 
 volvulacece ; Tribe, Noianeas.) 
 
 Hardy trailing annuals, nearly all blue- 
 
 flowered. Seeds in a gentle hotbed, in spring 
 seedlings transplanted in May, or sown in Ma. 
 where they are to grow. A border where tlie 
 
 seedlings transplanted in May, or sown in May 
 where they are to grow. A border where tlie 
 soil is rather stiff answers well for sowing all 
 
 such plants in March, provided you can cover 
 them with a little finer soil, and lay a glass 
 frame over them, until they are fairly up, when 
 they may be protected with a few branches, and 
 then be removed in large patches. 
 N. atri^lieifo'lia. 4. White, yellow. July. 
 Peru. 1834. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 306. 
 
 — oramMflo'ra. *. July. Chili. 1829. 
 
 — Umeeolalta. Blue, white, green. Chili. 1862. 
 
 — parado'xa. 14. August. Chili. 1825. E.R. 
 
 t. 865. 
 
 — prostra'ta. i. August. Peru. 1761. B. M. 
 
 t. 731. 
 
 — teneina. J. August. Chili. 1824. 
 
 Noli'na. (Named after P. C. Nolvtiy 
 an American botanist. Nat. ord., LUia- 
 cece ; Tribe, Bracmnete. Allied to Cor- 
 dyline.) . 
 
 An interesting, hardy, peat-border bulb. Off- 
 sets and cuttings ; sandy, moist peat. 
 N. geargia'na. 2J. White. July. Georgia* . 
 1812. G. C. 1881, XV. p. 697, fig. 126. 
 
 Nonate'lia. (From the South Ame- 
 rican name. Nat. ord., Buhiacem; 
 Tribe, Psychotriece. Allied to Guet- 
 tardia.) See Palicourea. 
 
 N. lu'tea. See Palicourea lutea. 
 
 — raceTno'sa. See Palicourea rac&mosa. 
 
 — viola'cea. See Palicou/rea molacea. 
 
 No'lUiea. (After J. P. Nonne, a' 
 German botanical author. Nat. ord.,- 
 BoraginecB. ) 
 
 Hardy annual. For culture, see Anchusa. 
 N. ro'sea. i-1. Rose, yellowish-white. Sum* 
 mer. Asia Minor. Syn., Anchwa lati- 
 folia. 
 
 verai'eolor. Red chandng to blue. Syn., 
 
 Anchusa versicolor. B. M. t. 3477. 
 
 Nopa'lea. (From Nopal, the Mexi- 
 can name. Nat. ord., Cactece.) 
 
 Fleshy stove shrubs. Well drained soil, mixed 
 with lime rubbish ; plenty of sunlight. Culti- ' 
 vated as food for cochineal insects. 
 N. eoccinelli'fera. 10. August. W. Indies. 1688. 
 Syns., Cactus cochmellifera, Andr. Rep, 
 t. 533 and OpwUia cocctmellifera. 
 
 Nora'ntea. (From its Guianan 
 name. Nat. ord., Temstromiacece ; 
 Tribe, Margraviem. ) 
 
 Handsome stove evergreen shrubs, remarkable 
 for their singular bracts. Culture same as for 
 Palicourea. 
 N. brasilie'nsie. 4. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 — ^uiam£^rms, 4. Violet. Guiana. 1818. 
 
 — x'ndica. White. Mauritius. 1822. 
 
 Nordma'nnia. (In honour of M,' 
 Nordmann, a continental botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Thymelacem ; Tribe, Euthymeleoe.y 
 United with Daphnopsis in the Ge- 
 nera Plantarum. 
 
 Hardy herbaceous plant ; by division in early 
 autumn or early spring ; light loam. 
 N. cordifo'lia. i. Blue. April. 1846. 
 
 Norfolk Island Pine. Arauca'rm 
 exce'lsa. 
 
 Normandy Cress. See Ame- 
 rican Cress. 
 
NOR 
 
 [661] 
 
 NUR 
 
 Norway Maple. A'cer platanoi'- 
 idea. 
 
 Norway Spruce. Pi'nus emee'lsa. 
 
 Notelse'a. (From notos, south, and 
 ^laia, the Olive ; literally, the Austra- 
 lian Olive. Nat. ord., OleacecB; Tribe, 
 OleinecB. ) 
 
 All the species in this order will graft on each 
 other, as the Lilac on the Ash, the Olive on the 
 Privet and Phillyrea, and so forth. Greenhouse, 
 white-flowered, evergreen shrubs, from Aus- 
 tralia. Cuttings of firm, side, stubby shoots in 
 April, in sand, under a bell-glass, without bot- 
 tom-heat ; peat and loam, with alittle sand and 
 charcoal. Winter temp., 40° to 60°. 
 N. tongifo'lia. 3. April. 1790. Syn., Olea 
 apetala. Andr. Kep. t. 316. 
 
 — ma'ta. 2. June. 1824. 
 
 — punola'ta. S. June. 1826. 
 
 Notholse'na. Sometimes written 
 Nothochlaena or Nothoclsena- 
 
 (From nothus, spurious, and chlaina, a 
 cloak ; some of the species appearing to 
 have an involucre. Nat. ord., FUices.) 
 Stove ferns, all but one with brown spores. 
 See Ferns. 
 N. argyrosti'gma. July. E. Ind. 
 
 — crniarie'nse. Island of Tenerifle. 
 
 — caiie'scens. Mexico. 
 
 — chrysophy'lla. i. Khasya. 
 
 — de'nsa. July. Isle of Luzon. 1840. 
 
 — di'staiis. }. July. N. Holland. 1823. 
 
 — Edclania'na. i. August. 1838. 
 — fla^v&ns. See CiTiciTialis fiavens. 
 
 — hypoleu'ea. White underneath. 
 
 — Mint. 1. Mexico. 
 
 — larmgiMo'ea. J. August. Madeira. 1778. 
 ;— lenttgera. May. S. Amer. 1822. 
 
 — Mara'ntce. |. July. N.Holland. 1820. 
 
 — mo'Uis. S. Chili. 
 
 — MueUe'ri. 1. 1888. 
 
 — ni'vea. See Cincincdis nivea, 
 
 — pOoselloi'des. h July; E. Ind. 1829. 
 
 — pidveralcea. \. Mexico. 
 
 — pu'mila. i. August. N. Holland. 
 
 — ru'fa. May. S. Amer. 1841. 
 
 — sinua'ta. Peru. 1831. 
 
 — tdnera. See Cincmalis tenera. 
 
 — tommto'sa. May. Mexico. 1841. 
 
 — trichmnanm'des. June. Jamaica. 1844. 
 ^ vesti'ta. July. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 Nothoseo'rdmn. (From nothos, 
 spurious, and seordon, garlic. Nat. ord., 
 LUiacece; Tribe, Alliece. Syn., Calo- 
 scordwm.) 
 
 Hardy or half-hardy bulbs. For culture, see 
 Allium. 
 N au'reum. 1. Yellow. July. California. 
 
 1869. 
 —fra'grans. IJ. White. W. Indies. Syn., 
 
 AUiwmjragrans. Hardy. 
 
 — ino'dorum. IJ. White. May. Carolma. 
 
 1770. Syn., Allium inadomm. B. M. 
 1. 1129. Hardy. 
 
 — nmcrost^mm. 1. White, or pale lilac. 
 
 Summer. Buenos Ayres. 1875. Syn., 
 iiaia maerostenum. Half-hardy. 
 
 — rwHmMrwm. |. Hose, purple. Chusan. 
 
 1843 Syn., Caloseordum nenncejlorum. 
 B.E. 1847, t. 5. Half-hardy. 
 
 — striate! llwm. Greenish-yellow. May. Chih. 
 
 Syn , Ornithogalvm grammeum. B. M. 
 t. 2419. Half-hardy. 
 
 — slria'tvm. h White. S. America. Syn., 
 
 AlUwin striatum. Hardy. 
 
 Noto'basis syri'aca. 
 Thistle. 
 
 The Syrian 
 
 Notospa'rtium. (From notos, 
 southern, and spartium, Broom ; a New 
 Zealand plant resembling the broom. 
 Nat. ord., LegwminoscB ; Tribe, Gale- 
 gecB.) 
 
 Half-hardy or greenhouse shrub, resembling 
 the Broom. Grows in peaty soil. Seeds. 
 N. Carmioho^licB. 20. Pink. New Zealand. 
 1883. B. M. t. 6741. 
 
 Noty'lia. (From notos, the back, 
 and tylos, a hump ; referring to a sin- 
 gular lump on the column. Nat. ord., 
 Orchidem ; Tribe, VandecB-NotyliecB. 
 Allied to Cirrhaea. ) 
 
 Stove orchids. For culture, see Cirrh^a. 
 N. a'lbida. J. White. Spring. Central Amer. 
 1861. 
 
 — Barke!ri. Straw. Mexico. 1837. 
 
 — bi'color. Lilac, greenish- white. Guatemala. 
 
 1866. ■ 
 
 — Kparti'ta. 1880. 
 
 — Bungero'thii. Yellowish-green. Tropical 
 
 America. Venezuela? 1887. 
 
 — Muni'rra. Pale straw. Trinidad. 
 
 — la'xa. Brazil. 1881. 
 
 — lamfl.o'ra. J. Pale yellow. Para. 1839. 
 
 — miera'ntfia. Pale green. Semerara. 
 
 — punotalta. ^. Yellow, green. Trinidad. 
 1822. B. R. t. 769. Syn., Plmrothallis 
 punctata. 
 
 — te'nuis. Pale straw. Demerara. 1836. 
 
 Noue'Ua. (After M. A. A. Nouel, 
 director of the Mus^e d'Orleans. Nat. 
 ord., Composites.) 
 
 Half-hardy shrub, or small tree. 
 N. mai'gnii. White. Yunnan, China. Eev. 
 Hort. 1889, p. 229, fig. 60. 
 
 Nunnezha'ria. This is an older 
 name for the genus Chamsedorea, 
 but until it becomes more generally 
 adopted we prefer to keep up the more 
 familiar name of Chamsedorea, under 
 which the species are placed. 
 
 Nu'phar. (From neu/ar, the Arabic 
 for water-lily. Nat. ord., NymphcBocece ; 
 Tribe, NymphoBece.) 
 
 A beautiful family of hardy, yellow-flowered 
 water-plants. Seeds merely thrown in the pond 
 where it is desired to grow them, and propagated 
 by divisions of the roots. 
 N. advefna. July. N. Amer. 1772. Syn., 
 Symphoea advena. B. M. t. 684. 
 
 — Kalmia'na. See N. pumUa. 
 
 — lu'tea. June. Britain. Bng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 
 t. 64. 
 
 — pu'mila. July. Scotland. Syns., N. Kal- 
 
 miana and Nymphoea Kalmiana. B. M. 
 t, 1243. 
 
 lia. July. N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 Nursery, or Reserve Garden, is 
 
 a garden, or portion of a garden, devoted 
 to the rearing of trees, shrubs, and 
 hardy plants, during their early stages 
 of growth, before they are desired for the 
 fruit or pleasure-grounds. 
 
NUR 
 
 [662] 
 
 NYM 
 
 Nurseryman, is one who raises fruit 
 and ornamental trees and plants for sale. 
 
 Nutmeg. Myri'stica. 
 
 Nutta'llia. (Named in honour of 
 Thomas Nuttall, a celebrated N. Ame- 
 rican botanist. Nat. ord., Bosacece ; 
 Tribe, Prunece. Allied to Spiraea.) 
 
 Half-hardy shrub. Seeds, Backers, or cuttings 
 in sandy loam under a hand-glass. Kich light 
 soil. Needs protection from frost. 
 N, eerasifarrmis. 5. White. Early spring. 
 Gallfomia. 1848. 
 
 This must not be confounded with a 
 genus of the same name, but belonging 
 to MalvacecB, which is now referred to 
 Callirhoe, as follows : 
 
 N. eorda'ta. B. E. t. 1938. See Callirhoe tri- 
 a/ngulata. 
 
 — Mgita'ta. B. M. t. 2612. See Callirhoe digi- 
 
 tola. 
 
 — grandifidra. Past. Mag. v. p. 217. See Cal- 
 
 Iwhoe digitata. 
 
 — Papa!ver. B. M. t. 3287. See Callirhoe Pa- 
 
 paver- 
 
 — peda'ta. See Callirhoe pedata. 
 
 Nut Tree. Co'rylus. 
 
 Nut Weevil. Cnrcu'lio nu'cum. 
 
 Nuy'tsia. Fire-tree. (Called after 
 T. Nuyts, a Dutch navigator. Nat. ord., 
 LoranthacecB ; Tribe, Euloranthe(B.) 
 
 Very handsome shrubs, from Swan Birer, with 
 such abundance of bright orange-coloured blos- 
 soms, that the colonists at King George's Sound 
 compare it to a tree on fire ; and it is also sin- 
 gular as being the only plant in this order of 
 parasites which grows on the ground. Seeds ; 
 cuttings of firm side-shoots in May, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, and placed in a cold frame ; 
 sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter temp., 40° 
 to 48°. 
 
 jy. JUmbu'nda. 16. Orange. 1837. Syn., Lo- 
 rantkusfloribundue. 
 
 — liguetri'iia. Orange. 1837. 
 
 Nycta'nthes. (From nyctos, night, 
 and anthos, a flower ; the flowers open 
 in the evening. Nat. ord., Oleacece ; 
 Tribe, JasminecB. Allied to Jasmintun.) 
 This is the Hursingar of India, whose blossoms 
 perfume the air at night, and cover the ground 
 in the morning, when they are gathered and 
 worn as necklaces, or in the hair of the native 
 women. Stove ever^een shrub. Cuttings of 
 half-ripened shoots m May, in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; sandy loam and 
 fibry peat,, kept open by sand and cliarcoal. 
 Winter temp., 66° to 60° ; summer, 70° to 90°. A 
 most atmosphere when growing. 
 N. a'rhor tri'stie. 15. White. E. Ind. 1781. 
 B. M. t. 4900. 
 
 Nycteri'nia. See Zaluzianskia. 
 Nyote'riixm. See Solanum. 
 
 Nycto'calos. (From nyx, night, 
 and calos, beautiful ; because the hand- 
 some flowers of the first species dis- 
 covered open in the evening and fade in 
 the morning. Nat. ord., Biffnoniacea.) 
 
 A handsome stove climber. For cultivation, 
 see BiGNONiA. 
 
 N. Thomto'ni. Climber. White. Assam. 1868. 
 B. M. t. 6678. 
 
 Nymphse'a, Water-LUy. (From 
 nymphe, a water-nymph. Nat. ord., 
 NymphceacecB ; Tribe, Nymphceem.) 
 
 All most beautiful water-plants : all like a rich „ 
 loamy soil, and plenty of water above it. Propsi- 
 gated by seeds, dividing the roots in some, 
 and separating the tubers of others. The 
 stove kinds should be kept cooler and drier in 
 winter, and receive, fresh soil before starting, 
 them in spring. They much delight in a supply 
 of fresh-heated water when growing, and then 
 the atmosphere can be scarcely too hot and 
 moist. Temp, for stove kinds, winter, 48° to 66° ;. 
 summer, 70° to 90°. 
 N, adve^Tia. See Nuphar advena. 
 
 — a'lba. White. Summer. Britain. Syn., Jf.. 
 
 Casparyi, var. alia. 
 eanadtfnm. White. June. Canada. 
 
 1820. 
 rc/sea. Bose-pink. Sweden. 1878. Syn.> 
 
 JT. Caspary. 
 
 — amazafnum. Yellowish-white. Jamaica. B. 
 
 M. t. 4823. Greenhouse. 
 
 — a'mpla speeio'sa. White. July. .Tamaica. 
 
 1801. Syn., N. ampla of B. M. t. 4469. 
 Stove. 
 
 — biradiafta. July. 1846. Greenhouse. 
 
 — tla'nda. White. July. Trinidad. 1820. 
 
 Stove. 
 
 — cceru'lea. See N. steUata. 
 
 — candidi'ssima. White. Flowers 16 to 18 inches 
 
 in diameter. 
 
 — Ca'spary. See N. ana, var. roieat 
 
 — Caepa'ryi a'lba. See N. alba. 
 
 — cyanea. See N. stellata, var. cyanea. 
 
 — denta'ta. See N. Lotus, var. dentata. 
 
 — Demniefnsie. Scarlet. Spring. Stove hybrid 
 
 between N. Lotus and jv. rubra. B. M.. 
 t. 4666. 
 
 — efdulis. White. July. E. Indies. 
 
 Castalia edulis. Stove. 
 
 — fflegans. Yellowish-white, purplish. 
 
 New Mexico. 1850. Stove, 
 t. 4604. 
 — Jla'va. Canary yellow. Summer. S. United- 
 States. 1881. Half-hardy. 
 
 — giga/ntea. Blue. Australia. 1852. B. M. 
 
 t. 4647. Stove or greenhouse. 
 
 — Eahnia'na. See Nuphar pv/mUa. 
 
 — Tcewdtms, Biose-carmine. Hybrid between 
 
 N. Devoniensis and N. Lotus. 1887. 
 
 — L&tus. Red or white. July. Egypt. 1802. 
 
 Syns., jr. rubra, B. M. t. 1280 and 1364, 
 and Castalia Tnystica. Stove. 
 
 denta'ta. White.- Sierra Leone. 1846. 
 
 Syn., jr. dentata, B. M. t. 4267. 
 
 Ortgiesia'na. 
 
 — Marlia'cea, and var. chromate^lla. See JT. 
 
 tuberosa, var. fiavescens. 
 
 — meoslea'na. Shining yellow. 1889. Half- 
 
 hardy. 
 
 — miera'ntha. White. August. W. Africa. 
 
 Stove. 
 
 — mi'nor. White. July. N. America. 1812. 
 
 — ni'tida. White. July. Siberia. 1809. B. 
 
 M. 1. 1369. Hardy. 
 
 — odctra'ta. White, tinged with red. July. N. 
 
 America. 1786. B. M. t. 819. Hardy. 
 rolsea. Pinkish. 
 
 — Ortgietia'na AdeHe. See N. stellata, var. pur- 
 
 Syn.,. 
 
 June.. 
 B. M. 
 
 —puM scent. White. June. E. Indies. 1803. 
 
 Stove. Indian Lotus. 
 — pygimela. White. Summer. Central and 
 
 Northern Asia. 1806. B. M. t. 1626. 
 
 Hardy. 
 
 — renijo'rmis. White. July. Carolina. 1823. 
 
 Greenhouse. 
 
 — ru'Jra. See H. Lotus 
 
KYS 
 
 [663] 
 
 OAK 
 
 N. mttifo'lia. Bright blue. South Africa. 1792. 
 
 Stove or greenhouse. 
 r&sea. See N. stellata, var. purpurea. 
 
 — sphceroca'rpa ro'sea. Perhaps the same as JT. 
 
 alba, var. rotea. 
 
 — eteUa'ta. Blue. Summer. Tropical Africa. 
 
 1812. Syn., N. etemlea, B. M. t. 662. 
 
 Stove. 
 cua'nea. Blue. Summer. India. 1809. 
 
 Syn., N. eyanea, B. M. t. 2068. Stove. 
 purpu'rea. Purple. Syns., N. Ortgie- 
 
 Hana, var. Adele, and N.ieutifolia, var. 
 
 ro8ea. 
 vergi' color. White to red. Summer. 
 
 BengaL 1807. Syn., N. versicolor, B. 
 
 M. 1. 1189. Stove. 
 zamlbare^rmt. Deep blue. Summer. 
 
 Zanzibar. 1880. 
 flafre rvlbro. Seep rose purple. 1887. 
 
 Gfl. 1. 1240. 
 
 — itwrteva'ntii. Pale rose. Garden variety. 
 
 Stove. 
 
 — therma'lie. White. July. Hungary. 1802. 
 
 Syn., N. Lotius of B. M. t. 797. Stove. 
 
 — tubercfsa. White. July. Eastern N. America. 
 
 B. M. t. 6636. Hardy. 
 
 fiavdscens. Canary-yellow. Syns., N. 
 
 Marliaeea, Garden, xxxiii. p. 292, and 
 N. Marliaeea, var. ehromatella. Jard. 
 1889, p. 43. 
 
 — verH'eolor. See N. stellata, var. versicolor. 
 
 — voa{fo'ka. White. Madagascar ? Said to be 
 
 a variety of N. stellata. Stove. 
 
 — zamibare/nsis. See N. stellata, var. zanzi- 
 
 baarensis. 
 
 Ny'ssa. Tupelo-tree. (From Nyssa, 
 a water-nymph. Nat. ord., CorjiacecB.) 
 
 Deciduous, green-flowered natives of the 
 southern states of North America, where they 
 attain the size of large trees, growing in 
 watery places. They succeed best in peat 
 swamps, and are highly deserving of cultivation, 
 on account of their leaves dying on of an intensely 
 deepscarlet ; they are propagated from American 
 seeds, also rather freely by layers ; low, damp, 
 )noisi situations suit tliem best. We are not 
 aware that any seeds have been produced in 
 England, as themale varieties only havebloomed, 
 so Kir as we know. 
 N. bijlo'ra. 6. May. 1739. Syn., if. aquatica. 
 
 — capita'ta. 20. 1806. Syn., N. candicans. 
 
 Ogechee Lime. 
 
 — grandidenta'ta. May. 1736. Syns., N. denti- 
 
 culata and N. tomentosa. 
 
 — muttiflo'ra. 10. May. 1824. Syns., N. 
 
 sylvatiea and N. vUlosa. Sour Gum. 
 
 o. 
 
 Oak. Que'reits. 
 
 Oak-galls. Although the galls pro- 
 duced on British Oaks are exceedingly 
 numerous, both in individuals and 
 species, yet in general they seem to 
 occasion very little harm to the trees, 
 and we should not, therefore, mention 
 them in this place, but for the fact that 
 some few of the kinds are of such com- 
 mon occurrence as to be noticed by 
 almost every observant person living in 
 a neighbourhood where there are Oak 
 trees; and gardeners and others fre- 
 quently want to know something about 
 
 them. We therefore give a brief account 
 of a few of the commonest species. 
 
 The large spongy gall, commonly 
 known as the Oak-apple, or King 
 Charles's apple, which is found upon the 
 Oak about the middle of May, is pro- 
 duced by a small Hymenopterous insect 
 named And/ric/us terminatis. The gall 
 is somewhat spherical, and an inch or 
 more in diameter ; it is of a pale yellowish 
 colour, tinged with rosy where exposed 
 to the sun. The outer substance is of a 
 soft, fungus-like nature ; in the interior 
 are a number of small oval larva-cells, 
 in which the larvae live and undergo 
 their transformations, the perfect insects 
 emerging at the end of May or beginning 
 of June. After the gall-makers have 
 left the gall, it is taken possession of by 
 a great variety of other insects, some of 
 which eat the spongy external substance ; 
 others live in the empty gaU-cells that 
 remain. 
 
 The Silk-button gall, so called from 
 its resemblance to a small silk button, is 
 produced on the under side of the leaf 
 m July ; usually several are congregated 
 
 together (Fig. 1). It forms a small disc, 
 depressed in the centre, of a _pale brown 
 colour, clothed with silky hairs. Fig. 2 
 represents the gall in section, magnified, 
 exposing the small central larva-ceU. 
 In October or November the galls tall 
 to the ground, where they remain until 
 February or March, when the perfect 
 insect — N&uroienis numismatis — comes 
 forth. 
 
 The Oak-spangle (represented at Fig, 
 3, on the lower part of the leaf, and m 
 
OAT 
 
 [664] 
 
 OCI 
 
 section at Fig. 4, magnified) is a small 
 disc-like gall with raised centre. In 
 colour it IS more or less reddish, and 
 is covered with short hairs. This gall is 
 produced hy Neuroteruslenticularis, and, 
 like the Silk-button gall, it falls to the 
 ground in October, the perfect insect 
 emerging in March. 
 
 The Currant-gall (Fig. 5) is a small 
 
 flobose gall, produced by Spathegaster 
 ttccarum, on the catkins and under side 
 
 Hr- 
 
 of the leaves in May; it 'is green or 
 reddish, translucent, and watery. About 
 the middle of May or beginning of June 
 the perfect insect comes forth (Fig. 6, 
 magnified, the crossed lines beneath 
 showing the natural size), and the galls 
 shrivel up, unless tenanted by other in- 
 sects. It has been stated by a German 
 entomologist that the Oak-spangle gall, 
 mentioned obove, is produced by the 
 second brood of Spathegaster baccarum, 
 and although this is not at all impro- 
 bable, it still requires confirmatory 
 proof. 
 
 The Marble or Devonshire gall is so 
 common, and so conspicuous from its 
 large size, as to be well known to almost 
 every one living in the country ; we need 
 therefore say nothing about it, beyond 
 stating that it is caused by a brown 
 Hymenopterous insect, named Cynips 
 Kollari. 
 
 Oat. Ave'na. 
 
 Obero'nia. (After the Fairy King, 
 Oberon. Nat. ord., Orchidece ; Tribe, 
 Epidendrece-Lipariem. ) 
 
 Stove epiphytal orchids. For culture, see 
 
 LiPARIS. 
 
 0. acau'Us. Orange. Spring. E. Bengal. B. 
 M. t. 6066. 
 
 — vri^dlia. See 0. tahitensis. 
 
 — rufUd'bris. Yellow. Assam or Burmah. 1881. 
 
 — tahitefnsis. Yellow. June. Pacific Islands. 
 
 1840. Syn., 0. irWfolia, B. M. t. 4517. 
 
 Oblionker Tree. JE'sculus Eip- 
 poca'stanum. 
 
 O'ca. The tubers of Oxa'lis tube- 
 
 ro'sa are so called in Bolivia, where they 
 are cooked and eaten like potatoes. 
 
 O'chna. (From ochne, the wild pear- 
 tree ; resemblance of the leaves. Kat. 
 ord., OchnacecB.) 
 
 Stove evergreens, all but one yellow-flowered. 
 Cuttings of half -ripened shoots in summer, under 
 a bell-glass, in sand, and in bottom-heat ; sandy 
 peat and flbry loam, with pieces of broken char- 
 coal and crocks to keep the soil open. Winter 
 temp., 48° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 86 . 
 0. ario'rea. 20. Cape of Good Hope. 1832. 
 
 — a'tro-pur^rea, 4. Purple. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1816. B. M. t. 4619. 
 
 — lu'dda. 6. B. Ind. 1819. 
 
 — Tnauritia'nor. 8. Mauritius. 1822. 
 
 — imiMfio'ra. 8. Sierra Leone. 1820. Garden, 
 
 Dec. 30th, 1883. 
 
 — ni'tida. 6. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 — obtma'ta. i. B. Ind. 1790. 
 'nica. A synonym of Qfymphia zeylanica. 
 
 Ochra'nthe. (From ochros, pale 
 yellow, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., 
 Cunoniacece. ) See Turpinia. 
 
 0. argu'ta. B. B. 1. 1819. See Turpinia. 
 
 OchrOCa'rpUS. (From ocha-os, yel- 
 low, and karpos, fruit ; the fruits are 
 yellow. Nat. ord., Outtiferce. Syn., 
 Calysaccion. ) 
 
 Stove tree. Sandy loam. Cuttings of ripened 
 
 wood in sand, under a bell-glass and kept moist. 
 
 0. ajrica'mts. 60. Greenish. W. Tropical 
 
 Africa. 1823. Syn., Mammea, a/ricam 
 
 Oehro'ma. (From ocAr-os, pale; re- 
 ferring to the flowers. Nat. ori., Mai- 
 vacecB ; Tribe, Bombacew. Allied to 
 Cheirostemon. ) 
 
 The wood of 0. lago'^us is so light that it is 
 used in the West Indies for corks. Stove, white- 
 flowered, evergreen trees. Cuttings of stubby, 
 side, half -ripened shoots in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, in heat ; rich, sandy loam. Winter temp., 
 65° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 86°. 
 0. lago'pus. 40. Jamaica. 1804. 
 
 — tomento' sa. 20. S. America. 1816. 
 
 Ochro'pteriS. (From ocAro«, pale, 
 and/iforis, a fern. Nat. oxA., FUices.) 
 
 A beautiful stove fern, requiring a very moist, 
 warm atmosphere. Peat, sand, and a little 
 loam. 
 0. pa'lUns. 4. Mauritius. 
 
 Ochro'sia. (From ochros, pale yel- 
 low. Nat. ord., Apoeynacece ; Tribe, 
 Plumeriece. Allied to Cerbera. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots ; treatment similar to Ochroma. 
 0. iorWnica. 10. Cream. Bourbon. 1828. 
 Syns., Cerbera h(rrbonica and C. undu- 
 lata: Andr. Rep. 1. 130. 
 
 — elKptiea. Yellow. Queensland. 
 
 — maaiiaHa. 4. White. June. Bourbon. 
 
 1782. Syn., Cerbera mamlata. Perhaps 
 the same as 0. borionica. 
 
 O'cinmm. Basil. (From ozo, a 
 smell ; the powerful odour of the plant. 
 Nat. ord., Labiatm ; Tribe, Ocimoidea}. 
 Syn. , Lumnitzera of Jacquin. ) 
 
 All but two are white-flowered ; and most of 
 
oco 
 
 [665] 
 
 ODO 
 
 aiem require to be treated as tender and half- 
 hardy annuals. To be sown in a slight hotbed, 
 and transplanted afterwards ; the border kinds 
 sown where they are to grow, in warm places 
 and hght, rich soil, late in May. See Basil. 
 O. boH'lmim. 1. August. E. Ind. 1648. 
 Common Basil. Hardy annual. 
 
 glabra: turn. July. B. Ind. 1817. 
 
 piMsum. 1. July. 
 
 — 77— thyrgiflo'rum. IJ. June. B. Ind. 1806. 
 
 — n color. 2. October. Abyssinia. 1842. 
 
 Deciduous shrub. 
 
 — m'num. 1. July. Madagascar. 1822. B. 
 
 M. t. 2462. 
 
 — com&sum. Blackish-purple. Wien. Gart. 
 
 , Zeit. 1889, p. 485, fig. 76. Hardy annual. 
 — feon'fugum. See 0. vinde. 
 —fllamento'sum. 2. September. Africa. 1802. 
 Syn., £ecium Mcolor, B. E. 1843, 1. 15. 
 
 — grati'sHmum. 2. July. E. Indies. 1761. 
 
 — menthoi'des. 1. Annual. 
 
 — mi'nimum. }. May. W. Indies. 1826. Annual. 
 
 Syn., 0. TnmUanum. 
 
 — numta'num. See 0. minvw/um. 
 
 — m'nctum. 1. Purple. B. Indies. 1703. Syn., 
 
 Lwrnnitzera tenuifiora. 
 
 — scutellarioi'des. B. M. t. 1446. See Coleus 
 
 scutellarioides. 
 
 — vi'ride. 2-4. Greenish-white. Autumn. W. 
 
 Africa. 1816. Syn..,0./ebr!fugwm. B. 
 , E. t. 763. 
 
 Oco'tea. (The native name in 
 Guiana. Nat. ord., Laurinece. Syn., 
 Oreodaphne. ) 
 
 Greenhouse tree. Well drained loam. Cut- 
 tings of ripened wood in sandy soil, under a bell- 
 glass, during summer. 
 
 O. bulla' ta. Green. South Africa. Syn., Oreo- 
 daphne bullata. B. M. t. 3931. 
 
 — caUf&mica. See Urhbellularia califoniica. 
 
 Octade'smia. (From okto, eight, 
 and desme, a bundle ; there are eight 
 pollen masses. Nat. ord., Orchidece; 
 Tribe, Epidendrece-PleurothallecB. ) 
 
 Stove epiphytal orchid. Compost of flbry peat, 
 sphagnum and pieces of charcoal. 
 0. mvnta'na. J. White. October. Bio Janeiro. 
 1826. Syn., Octomeria serratifolia, B. 
 M. t. 2823. 
 
 Octome'ria. (From okto, eight, and 
 meris, a part ; referring to the eight 
 pollen masses. Nat. ord., Orchidem ; 
 Tribe, Epidendrece-Pleurothallece. ) 
 
 Greenhouse epiphytal orchids. Peat and 
 sphagnum, with abundance of water during the 
 growing period. 
 
 0. cochlea'ris. Pale ochre. Brazil. 1881. 
 —graminifo'lia. J. Pale yellow, red. May. 
 W. Indies. 1793. B. M. t. 2764. 
 
 — Savmdersia'na. Ochre, purple. Winter. 
 
 BrazU. 1880. 
 
 — serratifo'lia. B. M. t. 2823. See Octadesmia 
 
 TmmtaTia. ' 
 
 — mpragloM'ca. J. Pale green, yellowish, pur- 
 
 ple. 1887. 
 
 — tri'eolor. White. Brazil. 1872. 
 
 O'cynnun. See Ocimum. 
 
 Odontade'nia. (From odous, a 
 tooth, and aden, a gland ; the glands are 
 five- toothed. Nat. ord., Apocynacece.) 
 
 Stove scandent shrub. Eich loamy soil. Seeds; 
 cuttings. 
 
 O.speeio'ia. Bright yellow. Trinidad. 1864. 
 Syn., Sipladenia Harrisi, B. M. 
 t. 4826. 
 
 Odontoglo'sSTim. (From odom, a 
 tooth, and glossa, a tongue ; tooth-like 
 processes on the li^ or labeUum. Nat. 
 ord., Orchidem ; Tribe, Vandeoe-Onci- 
 diece. Allied to Oncidium.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Division of pseudo-bulbs ; 
 fastened to a block of wood, and then the block 
 fastened across the mouth of a pot, with flbry 
 peat, sphagnum, and potsherds placed round it, 
 or grown in baskets. Winter temp., 66" to 65° ; 
 summer, 66° to 90°. 
 
 0. acwminati'ssiTnuTn. Orange, crimson, cinna- 
 mon. A hybrid (?) G. C. 1882, xvii. 
 p. 266. 
 
 — aeum,ma'tum. See 0. EosHi. 
 
 — Alexa'ndrx. White, purple, yellow. Santa 
 
 F^ de Bogota. 1864. 
 ;- Cutsemia'num. See 0. crispum, var. 
 
 CutgemUinum. 
 gutta'tum. J. White, red, yellow. 
 
 August. Columbia. 1867. Syn., 0. 
 
 Alexandrce, var. Bowmani. 
 Outra'tnii. Spotted, and flushed with 
 
 rosy-purple. Columbia. Warn. Orch. 
 
 Alb. \. 403. 
 rdseum. Easy, browu. Columbia. 
 
 1872. 
 Tria'noe. White, rose, carmine, coppery. 
 
 Columbia. 1868. 
 
 virginaHe. White. G. C. 1883, xx. p. 307. 
 
 Wame^rl. Eosy, brown, white, yellow. 
 
 Columbia. 1869. 
 
 — a'iKeps. Yellow, white. July. Mexico. 
 
 1852. Perhaps the same as 0. maeula- 
 tum. 
 
 — Anders&nia'num. Cream -colour, brown. 
 
 Columbia. 1868. Natural hybrid. Syns., 
 0. criepumj var. Andersonianum and 0. 
 JosephiruB. 
 
 imperia'le. Straw-yellow, with chestnut- 
 red blotches. G. C. 1891, ix. p. 330 
 
 loba'twm. Cinnamon spotted. 1879. 
 
 Lemmnierm'nwm. Sepals and petals 
 
 bordered with yellow. G. C. 18&, iv. 
 p. 378. 
 
 spldndens. Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 292. See 
 
 0. crispumt var. splendens. 
 
 te^nue. White, brown. 1878. 
 
 guttula'twm. G. C. 1882, xviii. 
 
 p. 102. 
 
 — angusta'tum. White, purple, . Merida. 
 
 styli'tes. Variety with a styliform pro- 
 cess each side of the callus. G. C. 1882, 
 xvii. p. 588. 
 
 — anthoxa'nthum. Sulphur -yellow. Peru. 
 
 1869. 
 
 — aspe^rsum. Yellowish, white, brown. 1879. 
 spiloglo'tswm. Lip blotched with brown. 
 
 G. C. 1886. XXV. p. 466. 
 
 — astra'nthuTn. Yellow, red-brown. Andes of 
 Ecuador. 1867. 
 
 Yellow, purplish. Columbia. 
 
 - haphica'ntum. 
 
 1876 
 
 - Bergma'rmi. 
 
 blotches. 
 
 - bi color. 
 
 with large brown 
 
 White, 
 Lind. t. i 
 Violet, yellow. Peru, 
 ie. Lilac, green. April. Guatemala. 
 1837. 
 
 a'lbum. Brown, white. April. Guate- 
 mala. 1843. 
 
 ro'seum. Perhaps it synonym of the 
 following. 
 
 ru'hrwm. Brown, red. April. Oaxaca. 
 184S. 
 
 ipeMiwm. Dark purple, yellow; lip 
 rosy-purple. 1887. Gfl. 1. 1260, figs. c-d. 
 sulphu'reum. Yellow ; lip white. 
 
ODO 
 
 [666] 
 
 0. bla'ndwm. White, marooD-crimson. Columbia. 
 
 1873. 
 Rossia'num. Spotted with brown ; lip 
 
 yellow with red and purple spots. G. C. 
 
 1886, xxTi. p. 712. 
 
 — BlekhrMeria'nvm. Rosy, with purple spots ; 
 
 lip white, purple. Lind. 1. 177. 
 
 — Bleu/i. See Miltonia Bleui. 
 
 — Blvlntii. White, yellow. New Grenada. 
 
 1865. 
 
 — BoMi!ertia'nu,m. Yellow, brown ; Up white, 
 
 purple. Venezuela. G. C. 1888, iii. 
 p. 296. 
 
 — brachyfpterwm. New Grenada. G. C. 1882, 
 
 XTiii. p. 652. 
 
 — Bra'ndtii. Yellow, brown; lip white, pur- 
 
 ple brown. Columbia. 1889. Gfl. 
 1. 1380. 
 
 — Bra'ttia. Purple spotted. Natural hybrid. 
 
 G. C. 1881, xxiji. p. 601. 
 
 — Irevyfolvwm. See 0. caronarivmi. 
 
 — eceriM teens. White, blue. May. Mexico. 
 
 — ea'ndidum. Guatemala. 1840. 
 
 — canniferum. Brown, yellow, white, "violet. 
 
 Central America. 1870. Syn., 0. 
 JiastUaMv/m, var. fuecatwn. 
 
 — Cervonte'mt. }. White, rose, yellow. March. 
 
 Ooxaca. 1846. B. B. 1846, t. 86. Syn., 
 0. me/mbrmiaceum. 
 
 lUaeilnum. Bosy-lilac. lind. 1. 172. 
 
 ma'jus. Mexico. 1879. 
 
 pu/notati'ssimwm. White, yellow, purple- 
 dotted. 1878. 
 
 r&sewn. Pale rose, 
 
 — chcBtostrofma. Yellow, with crimson spots. 
 
 Natural hybrid (I). G. C. 1883, lix. 
 p. 662. 
 
 — cinna/mofmeum. 
 
 — arrho'twm. White, purple, yellowish. Ecua- 
 
 dor. 1876. B. M. t. 6317. 
 
 gemma'twm. White, with mauve or 
 
 • ■ ■ 1881. 
 
 Unspotted or nearly so. 
 Flowers larger than the 
 
 purple stains. 
 unuiyttlnwn. 
 
 EldbocKo'rvm,. 
 
 type. 1876. 
 -T- dtrdmmm. White ; lip purple. May. 
 
 Guatemala. 1840. Syn., O. pendulum. 
 
 a'lbum. White. 
 
 Devammmea'nwm. White with reddish 
 
 dote. Lind. 1. 137. 
 
 puncttt'twn. Pale rose with purple dots. 
 
 rdteum. Lip deep rose. 
 
 — ClcesMnvmi. White, with brownish-crimson 
 
 blotches. Columbia. Lind. t. 271. 
 
 — tHa'mcept. Brown, yellow. Ecuador. 1876. 
 
 — Clawt/sii. A synonym of MiUanUt CUmeni. 
 
 — eompa'ctum. Yellow, purplish. Columbia. 
 
 1875. 
 
 — amfefrtum. Ochre, brown, yellow, orange, 
 
 purple. Ecuador. 1878. 
 
 — eomtri'ctwm. Bright yellow, orange-brown, 
 
 rose. Caiaccas. 1843. B. M. t. 5736. 
 casta'nemn. Brown with greenish-white 
 
 lines. 1886. 111. Hort. t. 66. 
 ■ma' jus. Yellow, brown. May. La 
 
 Guayra. 1843. 
 pa'Uerus. Sulphur, white. G. C. 1886, 
 
 xxvi, p. 648. 
 Stmderia'num. Pale ochre, brown, white, 
 
 sulphur. Columbia? 1881. Syn., O. 
 
 — Cookia/nvmt. Deep yellow, with chestnut 
 
 blotches. Natural hybrid? G. C. 1891, 
 X. p. 696. 
 
 — Caradinei. Sulphur, browU; white. Columbia. 
 
 1872. A natural hybrid between 0. crie- 
 pvm and 0. LincUeya/nwm. 
 
 grandifi&rum. Yellow, with chestnut- 
 brown spots. New Grenada. 1887. 
 
 Tiemiieu'rum. White spotted with cin- 
 namon ; lip light yellow. O. C. 1883, 
 six. p. 688. 
 
 ODO 
 
 . <sorda'tuim. 1. Greenish-yellow, brown. 
 
 January. Mexico. 1837. Syn., 0> 
 
 maeulatvm. B. M. t. 4878. 
 
 sulphu'rewm. Sulphur, white. 1880. 
 
 ■ corona'riwm. Beddish-brown, yellow : lip 
 
 golden-yellow. Peru. 1868. Syn., 0. 
 
 orevifoliwm. 
 chiri^ue'nse. Chestnut-brown, yellow. 
 
 Chinqui. Syn., 0. ehiriquense, 
 
 Saya'niml. Brown, yellow. Peru. 
 
 mmia'tum. Chestnut-brown, yellow. 
 
 Ecuador. Syn., 0. miniatum. 
 
 - costa'twm Keinastia'num. Lip dark brown iii 
 
 front. G. C. 1886, xxv. p. 466. 
 
 -crmi'twm. Columbia. G. C. 1882, xviii. 
 p. 40. 
 
 Bopphira'twm. Lip white, with bluish- 
 mauve spots. G. C. 1886, xxY. p. 752. 
 
 - cri'spum. Yellow, purple. May. Columbia. 
 
 1844. This has very numerous varieties. 
 
 Alexa'ndrae. See 0. Alexandrce. 
 
 Andersonia'num. See 0. Andersonia- 
 
 num. 
 guttuZa'tu/m. Yellow with brown 
 
 spots ; lip white, yellow, brown. 
 angueta'tum. Narrower petals with 
 
 larger spots. . 
 apia'twm. Sepals stained violet-purple 
 
 and with one large and two small brown 
 
 blotches on each. 
 Bluthia'na. Pale mauve, unspotted, 
 
 1891. Gfl. 1. 1356. 
 Cheetertofni. White, blotched reddish- 
 brown ; lip reddish-brown edged with 
 
 yellowish-white. 
 Cutsemia'nujn. White with red spots. 
 
 Syn., 0. AlexcmdrtBj var. Cutsemianum. 
 EdUthue. Yellow, brown, rose, white. 
 
 Columbia. Syn., 0. EdithwR. 
 faxtu(fsuin. Lilac, white, yellow, violet. 
 
 1878. 
 favelolum. Yellow, white, red. Co- 
 lumbia. 1878. 
 giga'nteum. White with reddish-brown 
 
 spots. 
 QonvUlea'num. White, blotched with 
 
 brown. Bev. Hort. 1888, p. 132. 
 gwtta'tmn. See 0. Alexamdrce, var. 
 
 gutta'twm. 
 xanthoglo'saum. Lip yellow, 
 
 blotched cinnamon. G. C. 1883, xix. 
 
 p. 666. 
 
 Irubya'nwm. Centre brown. Columbia. 
 
 Bchb. t. lis. 
 hyperxa'nOvwm. Yellow. G. C. 1887, i. 
 
 p. 477. 
 Jennin{f8Ui'7W/m. Creamy-white, cinna- 
 mon, yellow. Syn., 0. JennimgHanum. 
 limba'timi. Margin sulphur. G. C. 
 
 1882, xviii. p. 808. 
 
 pardgutta'tmn. White, blotched 
 
 brown. March. Natural hybrid. G. C. 
 
 1883, xix, p. 110. 
 
 KvnXesidealTvit/m. Pale rose, red, white, 
 
 yellow. 1888. Bchb. t. 46. 
 laiiTnaeulaltwm. White, chocolate. 
 
 Lind. 1. 145. Syn., 0. latimaculatum, 
 Lehma'nni. Purple, tinged with brown- 
 South America. 1880. 
 Ivtnba'tum. Milk-white, lilac, violet. 
 
 Columbia. 1870. Syn., 0. Ivmbatwm. 
 viola'eewm. Violet, white, brown. 
 
 1878. 
 loba'tum. See 0, Andersonianum, var. 
 
 lobatwm. 
 Mari'oB. White, red, yellow. Columbia. 
 
 1879. lU. Hort. new ser. t. 326. 
 Mundya'hwm. Puiplish, blotched with 
 
 magenta-purple. Bchb. ser. 2, t. 6. 
 plwna'tum. Flushed with rosy-purple, 
 
 spotted cinnamon. Columbia. Warn. 
 
 Orch. Alb. t. 414. 
 
 Bn 
 
ODO 
 
 [667] 
 
 ODO 
 
 0. cri'spwmPoUettia'nwm, Purple, creamy white, 
 
 spotted with reddish-brown. New 
 
 Grenada. Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 280. Syn., 
 
 O. PoUettianwrn, 
 regi'nce. White, reddish-brown, yellow. 
 
 New Grenada. Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 264. 
 BothsehUdia'nu/m. White, violet, yellow. 
 
 G. C. 1884, xxi., p. 609. 
 Ruckeria'num. Creamy- white, Tiolet, 
 
 chestnut-brown. Syn., 0. Riickerian'um, 
 
 There is also a variety splendem. 1883. 
 supe^rbum. Tinged with rose. Eev. 
 
 Hort. 1889, p. 60. 
 splefndem. White, tinged with rose, 
 
 brown. Columbia. Syn., 0. Ander- 
 
 sonia/ntmif var. spleTidens. 
 
 Steve'nsi. White, brown, yellow. 
 
 sulphu'reuTn. Sulphur-yellow. G. 0. 
 
 1882, xvii. p. 182. 
 te'mwc. See 0. Andersonianwrrit var. 
 
 tenue. 
 Tria'ruB. White, rosy, carmine. Columbia. 
 
 1868. B. M. t. 5691. 
 Teitchia'nv/m. White, mauve, brown. 
 
 1884. 
 Wmme/ri. White, rose, purplish-brown, 
 
 yellow. Columbia. 1869. 
 Wolstenho'lmice. Mauve, ochre-brown, 
 
 yeUow. G. C. 1887, ii. p. 98. 
 xamthoglo'ssum. Up yellow, marked 
 
 with brown. 1883. 
 
 — eristate'Uvm. Yellow, brown. 1878. Hybrid? 
 
 6yn., 0. cHataturrif var. cristatellum. 
 
 — erista'tum. Creamy-yellow, brownish-purple, 
 
 white. Peru. 
 A'rgus. Yellow, purple, white. Peru. 
 
 1868. 
 cana'ria. Yellow, purple, white. Peru. 
 
 1868. 
 Daya'nu/m. Honey-colour, white. Peru. 
 
 1868. 
 Lehma'mni. Yellow, brown. Popayan. 
 
 1890. Gfl. 1. 1315, flg. 2. 
 
 — croca'twm. Bright yellow. Peru. 1867. 
 
 — eroeCdi'pteru/m. Columbia. 1871. 
 
 — cuspida'twrn. Green, brown. May. Columbia. 
 platyglo' ssum. Lip broader. 
 
 . xanthoglo'sium. Lip yellow. Columbia. 
 
 1881. 
 
 — Dawsonia'rmm. Rose, crimson. Mexico. 
 
 1866. 
 
 — deddnte. Supposed to be a natural hybnd 
 
 between 0. Pescatord and 0. triitmr 
 pJums. G. C. 1891, ix. p. 521. A form of 
 O. exceU&ns, 
 
 — deltoglo'smm. Sulphur, orange, brown. G.C. 
 
 1881, XV. p. 202. 
 
 — Dennii</nUe. White, yellow. Columbia. 
 
 1872. 
 
 — iensifldrum. Yellow, red. March. Tanja. 
 
 — dicraTio'phorwm. Yellow, brown. G. C. 1888, 
 
 iii. p. 330. 
 
 — Barmarmia'num. White, red. G. C. 1884, 
 
 xxi. p. 11. 
 
 — EdithuE. Warn. Sel. Orch. ser. 3, t. 26. See 
 
 0. erispwm, var. Edithice. 
 
 — Edwa'rdi. Mauve, yellow. Ecuador. 1878. 
 
 — :^ertt/ni. White. April. Guatemala. 1840. 
 
 — Ehrenhdrgii. Guatemala. 1842. 
 
 — e legams. Yellowish, brown, white. Ecuador. 
 
 1879. 
 
 — elega'ntius. Pale yeUow, brown. Ocana. G. 
 
 C. 1888, iii. p. 200. 
 
 — epidmAroildee. Yellow, purple. November. 
 
 New Grenada. 
 
 — eua' strum. White, mauve, brown, sulphur. 
 
 G. C. 1867, ii. p. 71. 
 
 — evgilnes. Yellow, white, brown. Columbia. 
 
 — aec^llem. Yellow, white, purple. G. C. 1881, 
 
 xvi. p. 426. Garden, April 1, 1882. 
 
 dayaomeflanmn. YeUow, spotted. 
 
 C. 1888, iii. p. 622. 
 
 G. 
 
 0. face'tum Light yellow, blotched with cin 
 namon. G. C. 1881, xv. p. 662. A hybrid. 
 
 — ferrugi'neum. Dark. cinnamon, yellow. G. 
 
 C. 1883, xix. p. 814. 
 
 — OcUeottia'mwm. White, brownish, yellow. 
 
 Mexico. 1870. 
 
 — Ghieabreghtia'rmm. Mexico. 
 
 — Gloneria'num. Lind. 1. 161. See 0. odoratum, 
 
 var. Qlonerianwm. 
 
 — glorw'smn. Yellow, brown. 1866. 
 
 — GodseJ/ia'nwm. Natural hybrid between 0. 
 
 triuTnphans and 0. Lmdleyanum. G. C. 
 1891, X. p. 728. 
 
 — gra'eile. Beddish-brown, white. Ecuador. 
 
 — gra'nde. 1. Cream, brown. March. Mexico. 
 
 1849. 
 
 labe^Uo-a'lbwm. 1. Yellow, white. De- 
 cember. Guatemala. 
 
 epUfndens. Lip white, with purplish 
 
 bars. 1872. 
 
 WUliamgia'num. Blowers smaller. 1881. 
 
 Warn. Orch. 1. 163. Syn., 0. Willianm- 
 anum. 
 
 — Orusonia'num. Pale yellow, vrith almost 
 
 black spots. 
 
 — Ha'llii. Yellow, purple. November. Peru. 
 
 B. M. t. 6237. 
 JA/nMni. More richly coloured. Lind. 
 
 1. 184. 
 
 supf^rtmnh. Dark yellow ; lip white. 
 
 xa/tifhoglo' sswm. Ijp yellow. Columbia. 
 
 1879. 
 
 — Harryalnnm. Brown, yellow, white, mauve. 
 
 G. C. 1886, xxvi. p. 486, and 1887, ii. p. 
 
 168, flg. 41. 
 
 JIavtf scene. Yellow. G. C. 1889, vt p. 38. 
 
 pav€fnivm,. Richly marked and scented. 
 
 G. C. 1889, V. p. 428. 
 
 — hasta'tum. Green, red. Mexico. 
 
 — hastila'bium. 1. White, yellow, brown. 
 
 August. Guatemala. 1848. 
 
 — Tieira'icmn. Yellow, brown. 1879. Garden, 
 
 June 3, 1882. Hybrid between O. eris- 
 
 pwm and 0. gloriosum. 
 aspefrsum. Slight variety. Rchb. ii. p. 
 
 69, flg. 79. 
 lineoh'gerum. G. C. 1883, xix. p. 44. 
 
 — Henni'sii. Yellow, with brown spots ; lip 
 
 white, brown. Peru or Ecuador. G.C. 
 1891, X. p. 168. 
 
 — M'nmts. Yellow, brown. G. C. 1891, x. p. 
 
 168. 
 
 — Jiistrio'nwum. Pale ochre, brown. G. C. 
 
 1887, i. p. 612. Hybrid? 
 
 hefllum. Yellow, chocolate, white. G. C. 
 
 1882, xviii. p. 437. 
 
 — Bm-sma'ni. Yellowish, cinnamon, orange. 
 
 Columbia. 1879. 
 
 — Hrubya'nvm,. Brown, yellow,, white. Peru. 
 
 G. C. 1888, iv. p. 234. 
 
 — Humea'num. White, brown, yellow. 1876. 
 
 — Hunnewellia'num. Yellow, brown, creamy- 
 
 white. Columbia. G. C. 1889, vL p. 67. 
 Greenhouse. 
 
 — hy'strix. Yellow, brown ; lip spiny. New 
 
 Grenada. 1866. 
 gerra'tum. Sulphur-yellow, brown. 1880. 
 
 — Jmschootia'num. Natural hybrid between 0. 
 
 tripvdians and 0. Lmdleyanum. G. C. 
 1891, X. p. 768. 
 
 — Inslea'yi. Yellow, or yellowish-green, with 
 
 reddish-brown bands. Winter. Mexico;. 
 1840. Syn., 0. LawreTiceanum. 
 leopa/rdi'num. Flower spotted with pur- 
 ple-brown. Mexico. 1876. 
 
 — pa/ntheri'nwm. Chestnut-brown, red, yellow. 
 sple'ndens. Brown, yellow, purple. 
 
 Mexico. 1868. 
 
 — ioplofeon. Mauve, orange, white. G. C. 1884, 
 
 xxi. p. 446. 
 
 — Jennin^sia'num. See 0. eriipum, var. Jenning- 
 
 tianwn. 
 
ODO 
 
 [668] 
 
 ODO 
 
 O. Jos^hUnce. See 0. Andersonianwm. 
 
 — Kegelja'ni. Yellow, brown, white. Peru. 
 
 1877. 
 
 — Kramefri. Pale violet, yellow, brown-purple. 
 
 Costa Bica, Mexico. 1868. 
 Smithia'num. Ivory white, sulphur. 
 
 — la'cerum. Yellow, brown. Peru. 
 
 — Ice^ve. "White, yellow, brown. June. Guate- 
 
 mala,. 1841. 
 
 — latiTruumla't'wm, See 0. CT-ispwm, var. lati- 
 
 TruLculatum. 
 
 — Lawrencea'num. See 0. Insleayi. 
 
 — Leea'nuTn. Yellow, cinnamon, white. G. C. 
 
 1882, xvii. p. 626. Hybrid? 
 
 — le^piduTn. Yellow, white, brown. Columbia. 
 
 G. C. 1883, XX. p. 626. 
 
 — Leroya'num. Hybrid between 0. erispumaiid 
 
 0. luteo-w/rpureuTn. Garden, xxxvii. 
 p. 560. Orch. 1891, p. 112. 
 
 — Ugula're. Orange, brown, yellow, whitish. 
 
 G. C. 1882, xvii. p. 668. Hybrid ? 
 
 — limba'twm. See 0. ensputny var. Ivmbatwm. 
 
 — Idnd^nii. 2. Yellow. New Grenada. 1852. 
 
 — Lindleya'num. Yellow, white. New Grenada. 
 
 1866. 
 
 Coradi'nei. See 0. Coradijiei, 
 
 Ugula're. See 0. ligiUai'e. 
 
 •mira'ndwm, Columbia. 1882. Syn., 0. 
 
 miramdv/m. 
 
 — Londesboroitghia'num. Yellow, brown. 
 
 Mexico. 1877. Syn., 0. mwidioides. 
 
 — longif&lium. Peru. 
 
 — lAmenia'num. White, reddish-brown. Vene- 
 
 zuela. 1886. Lind. t. 65. 
 
 — lu'teo-purpu'reum. Purple, golden-yellow, 
 
 white, brown. Winter. New Grenada. 
 
 Syna., 0. hystrix, 0. lyroglossum, and 
 
 0. radiatum. 
 Avwsia'num: Pale yellow, green. G. 
 
 C. 1891, ix. p. 344. 
 ampli'ssinmm. Yellow, cinnamon. G. 
 
 C. 1882, xvii. p. 526. 
 arigpa'tum. Front part o£ lip plicate. G. 
 
 0. 1889, V. p. 232, flg. 41. 
 citffpida'tum. Yellow, chestnut-brown. 
 
 Columbia. 1881. 
 
 fac^tuvn. Yellow. Cinnamon. 
 
 hi'nnits. See 0. hinnus. 
 
 magnfficum. Chestnut-brown. New 
 
 Grenada. Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 264. Syn., 
 
 0. hystruCf var. Tnagnificum. 
 mu'lus. Yellow, cinnamon-brown. New 
 
 Grenada. 1878. 
 
 radia'tum. 
 
 scefptrwm. Chocolate-brown, yellow. 
 
 New Grenada. 1872. 
 Viiylstekea'num. Syn.,0. Vuylstekemmm. 
 
 — lyroglo'iswm. Yellow, blotched with brown. 
 
 Columbia. Echb. i. p. 66. 0. lyroglossum 
 oi G. C. 1882, xvii. p. 632, flg. 99, is 0. 
 Wikkea/nwm. 
 
 macrospi'lum. Light sulphur, cinnamon. 
 
 G. C. 1885, xxiv. p. 70. 
 
 — ■maffuta't'wm, 2. Yellow, brown. May. 
 
 Mexico. 1838. 
 
 mnteTmOi'tum. G. C. 1881, xv. p. 688. 
 
 jDumvierm'nwm,. Lemon-yellow, whitish- 
 brown. G. C. 1888, iv. p. 362. 
 
 ero'mfn. Brown, yellow. Tropical 
 
 America. 1879. Syn., 0. nMcmlatwm, 
 var. polyodon. 
 
 integra'ie. Yellowish-white, brown. 
 
 Mexico. 1871. 
 
 — madre^nse. White, purple, yellow. Mexico. 
 
 1877. 
 
 — margine^Uum. Light ochre, reddish-brown. 
 
 G. C. 1882, siviii.p. 680. 
 
 — Marriottia'mmi.^ Whfte, light oclwe, purple. 
 
 G. 
 
 1881, 
 
 yellow. Natural hybrid. 
 XV. p. 168. 
 
 — Masereelta'num. Natural hybrid. G. C. 1888, 
 iii. p. 618. 
 
 0. maxiUa're: Flesh, red, yellow. September. 
 Mexico. 1846. 
 
 — membrana'ceum. |. White, brown. May. 
 
 Mexico. 1838. G. C. 1881, xv. p. 753. 
 
 — ininia't/win. See 0. coronariumt var. mviyia- 
 
 tvrni. 
 
 — mira'ndvmi. See 0. iMndieyanum, var. mirrni- 
 
 dwm. 
 
 — rmi'liu. See 0. luteo-purpureurn, var. rmdus, 
 
 — MurreUia'nwm. White, purple, yellow. Co- 
 
 lumbia. 1875. 
 
 eUnctrnm. White, lila£, yellow, red. 
 
 1883. 
 
 — mya'nthum. Peru. 
 
 ■^ nceviwri, 1. White, purple. June. Central 
 
 America. 
 ma'jws. May. Larger than the type. 
 
 — nebul&sum. White. Spring. Mexico. 
 
 ccmdidi'sammm,. White. 1884. 
 
 ea'ndidum. White. 1867. 
 
 gutta'tum. ! Spotted with reddish-brown. 
 
 1884. 
 pardi'nwm. White, brownish - purple, 
 
 yellow. Columbia. 1873. 
 Pattisonia'num. White, yellow. Mexico. 
 
 1868. 
 
 — nevade^nse. Chocolate-brown, yellow. Co- 
 
 lumbia. 1871. Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 131. 
 
 — odora'twm. Yellow, chocolate-brown. Winter. 
 
 Sierra Nevada. B. M. t. 6602. Syn., 0. 
 gltyriosum. 
 
 baphica'nthv/m. Yellow, purple. Co- 
 lumbia. 1876. Syn., 0. baphicanthum, 
 
 ■ deltoglo's«wni. Sulphur, orange. 
 
 Qltmeria'tium, White, spotted with 
 
 gurple-brown. Venezuela. Lind. 1. 151. 
 yn., 0. Glonericmum, 
 
 hebraHewm. Pale yellow, brown. Warn. 
 
 Orch. Alb. t. 86. Syn., O. hebraicum. 
 
 latimanula'tum. Golden, blotched crim- 
 son-brown. Columbia. 1871. 
 
 Leea'mmi. Yellow, brown. Syn., 0. 
 
 Leeanum. 
 
 Imeoli'gerum. Spotted. 
 
 stria turn. Spots elongated. Venezuela. 
 
 1872. 
 
 hemileu'cuTn. White, yellow, cinna- 
 mon. G. C. 1883, xix. p. 784. 
 
 - OerMdii. White, yellow, red. Costa Eica. 
 
 1877. 
 
 ma' jus. Larger than the type. Costa 
 
 Eica. Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 376. 
 
 - oliga'nthwm. Yellow, brown. Guatemala. 
 
 1879. 
 
 - (mddioi'des. See 0. Londesboroughiammi. 
 
 - orienta'le. Yellow, brown. Eastern Andes 
 
 o£ Ecuador. 1879. 
 
 - oma'tum. Creamy-white, spotted red. Co- 
 
 lumbia. 1891. 
 
 - Ortgesia'nwm. White, yellow, deep red. Co- 
 
 lumbia. 1891. Gfl. t. 1360. Supposed 
 to be a natural hybrid. 
 
 - pardi'num. Yellow, brown. Peru. 
 
 - parmfio'rwm. Dark purple, white. August. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 - pelndvlwm. A synonym of 0. eUro»mtmi. 
 
 - Pescato'rei. White, pink. April. New 
 
 Grenada. 1862. G. C. 1884, xxii. 
 p. 332. 
 
 auranti'affwm. Yellowish. 
 
 exce'lleris. Yellow, white, purple. Garden 
 
 xxi. p. 330. 
 
 Jlavefolum. Yellpw. 
 
 Qerminya'num. White, rose-purple, yel- 
 low. 1887. Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 305. 
 
 Hyea/num. Large flowered. Lind. iv. 
 
 p. 83. 
 
 leucoixa'nthum. White, orange. G. C. 
 
 1887, i. p. 606, fig. 114. 
 
 VmQ)o'sv/m. Lip bordered with mauve 
 
 1880. There is also a variety 
 
ODO 
 
 [669] 
 
 ODO 
 
 O. Pescato'reilAndenia'num. White, rose, yellow, 
 
 Wood-red, purple. Lind. 1. 178. 
 Lowia'nwm. Light mauve with darker 
 
 spots. G. C. 1884, xxi. p. 638. 
 
 macukitmn. White, lilac, yellow. 1882. 
 
 Schroderia'num. G. C. 1883, xx. p. 688. 
 
 stupe^ndum. White, mauve-purple. G. C. 
 
 1887, ii. p. 186. 
 Thoms<mia'nv/m. A richly coloured form. 
 
 G. C. 1889, vi. p. 534. 
 Veitchia'num. White, mauve. Garden, 
 
 Aug. 9, 1884. 
 
 — Phaleenffpsis. See Miltonia PhalcenopMs. 
 sola're. Yellow, purple. 1879. 
 
 — pietwa'tum. Yellow, spotted with brown. 
 
 1891. 
 
 — plati/odon. Yellow. Columbia. 1871. Syn., 
 
 0. platyotum. 
 
 — PoUettia'num. Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 280. See 
 
 0. crispum, var. Pollettianwm. 
 
 — polyxa'nthum. Yellow, brown. Ecuador. 
 
 1880. Flor. Mag. t. 463. 
 
 — grandifio'ruTn. Deep yellow, brown, 
 
 whitish. Ecuador. Warn. Orch. Alb. 
 t. 268. 
 
 — proem: teds. Yellow, brown. April. Columbia. 
 
 1876. 
 
 — pralsta/ns. Yellow, brown. Columbia. 1876. 
 
 — pvasHv/wm,. Green, blackish, whitish, violet, 
 
 ochre. Ecuador. 1870. 
 
 — puWhiUiim,. 1. White, lemon-yellow, purple. 
 
 Spring. Mexico. 1841. B. M. t. 4104. 
 ma' jus. Larger than the type. 
 
 — pu'ruTti. Yellow, brown, white, purple. Co- 
 
 lumbia. 1872. 
 
 — radia'tum. Chocolate, yellow, white. New 
 
 Grenada. 1866. 
 
 — raTnosi'ssimwm. White, with violet, purple, 
 
 or lilac spots in different varieties. 
 
 Venezuela. 1876. 
 liliijlo'rum. Pale rose -purple, white. 
 
 New Grenada. 
 
 m'ride. Green. 1880. 
 
 xantMnum. Yellow, mauve. 1880. 
 
 — ramuto'sfwrn-. Yellowish, spotted with purple- 
 
 black. Columbia. 1855. 
 
 — retu'swm. Deep yellow. March. Peru. 
 la'tro. Cinnabar-red. Ecuador. 1868. 
 
 — rhynchcinthum. Yellow, brown. G. C. 1887, 
 
 i. p. S80. 
 
 — ri'giAwm. Yellow. Peru. 
 
 — ri'ngens. Yellowish, dark purple. Peru. 1870. 
 
 — Roezlii. White, blood-purple, yellow. Co- 
 
 lumbia. 1873. 
 a'lbum. White, yellow. Columbia. 1875. 
 
 — ro'seum. See Cochlioda rosea. 
 
 — Mo'ssii. White, lemon - yellow. Winter. 
 
 Mexico. 1839. B. B. 1839, t. 48. Syn. 
 
 0. acumijiatwm. 
 a'lbens. White, yellow. Mexico. Warn. 
 
 Orch, Alb. t. 434. 
 Amesialnvmi,. Greenish-white, brown, 
 
 yellow. Mexico. Warn. Orch. Alb. 
 
 t. 343. 
 aspe'rsum. Pale yellow, brown. 1879. 
 
 Syn., 0. aspersum. 
 cosnMscens. White, blue. May. Mexico. 
 
 Syn., O. caervlescens. 
 EhrerMrgii. Rose, crimson. Mexico. 
 
 1866. Syns., O. Dawsonianum and 
 
 - Eumea'mim. White, brown, yellow. 
 
 1876. Syns., 0. Humeamim. 
 
 ma'jor. Brown, white. Mexico. 1874. 
 
 ma jus. Kev. Hort. 1886, p. 496. See 
 
 0. Boisii, var. rubeseens. 
 ■ Mommia'nwm. White, blood-red, rosy. 
 
 Mexico. Lind. 1. 179. 
 wMsa'icwm. Violet, green, yellow, brown. 
 
 1880. 
 
 pa'Uens. Pale ochre. 1880. 
 
 rube'scens. Crimson. November. Nica- 
 
 ragua. 1849. Syns., 0. rubeseens and 
 
 0. Eossii, var. 7nmus. 
 0. Ro'ssii Smeea'num. Brown, white, yellow. 
 
 G. C. 1887, i. p. 799. 
 
 virdscens. White with green spots. 
 
 Warneria'num. Cream, chocolate, white. 
 
 Mexico. 1866. Syn., 0. Wamerianimi., 
 — ■ rube^sccTis. See 0. Rossiiy var. rubeseens. 
 
 — Ruckeria'num. See 0. crispum, var. Ruckeria- 
 
 num. 
 
 — Sanderia'nmn. See 0. eonstrietum, var. San- 
 
 derianum. 
 
 — sedptrum. Yellow, dark purple. 1882. 
 
 — Schilleria'num. Yellow, brown, purple, 
 
 white. Venezuela. 1884. Lind. t. 82. 
 
 — Schlesmgeria'num. A handsomely spotted 
 
 form of 0. criejram. Lind. t. 240. 
 
 — Schlieperia'num. Pale yellow with darker, 
 
 spots. Autumn. New Grenada. 1866. 
 Hor. Mag. t. 461. 
 
 — SchrSderia'mim. White, mauve-purple, yellow. 
 
 G. C. 1882, xvii. p. 700. One of the many, 
 hybrids derived from 0. orispum. 0.' 
 Sehrbdmanwm of G. C. 1887, ii. p. 364, 
 is MUtonia SchrbdeHana. 
 
 — Seri'npa. White, yellow, brownish-red. Ser- 
 
 inga, Columbia. 1891. 
 
 — Shuttlewo'rthii. White, reddish-brown, yel- 
 
 low. Hybrid. 1884. 
 
 — spilola'nthwm. Whitish, brown. Ecuador. 
 
 1872. 
 
 — staura' strum. Yellowish-green, brown, white, 
 
 mauve. Columbia. G. C. 1887, i. p. 313. 
 
 — stcmroi'des Gramnia'num. Ochre, purple- 
 
 brown, yellow. G. C. 1887, ii. p. 164. 
 
 — Stella' turn. White, green. April. Mexico. 
 
 1839. 
 
 — stelli'mican^. Yellow, reddish-mauve, brown- 
 
 ish-purple. Natural hybrid. G. C. 
 1884, xxii. p. 680. 
 
 — stenochi'lwm. Yellow, brown. Ecuador, 1872. 
 
 — tentacula'tum. Yellow, white. 1883. 
 
 — tetrapla'Hum. White, purplish. Peru. 1876. 
 
 — tripu'dians. Brown, yellowish-green, white, 
 
 purplish-violet. Columbia. 1871. B. M. 
 
 t. 6029. 
 Harrya'num. Blackish, pale yellow, 
 
 inauve. 1883. 
 
 leucoglo'ssum. Lip whitish. 
 
 ocula'twm. Brown, yellow, white, violet. 
 
 Columbia. 1872. 
 xanthoglo'sswm. Canary-yellow, mauve, 
 
 white. 1881. 
 
 — triu'mphaTis. Yellow, brown. Tropical 
 
 America. 1867. 
 
 ci'nctum. Yellow, maroon, white, brown. 
 
 1883. 
 
 Marsha'Uii. Yellow, brown, white, yel- 
 low. Columbia. 1869. 
 
 volu'bile. Flowering axis 4J feet long. 
 
 Flowers paler than in the type. Ocana. 
 1888. 
 
 Wilso'ni. Yellow, brown. Columbia 
 
 1869. 
 
 — ulo'pterum-. Yellow, brown, white, purplish.' 
 
 Ecuador. 1872. 
 
 — UrosM'rmeri. Green, brown, purple. Guate- 
 
 mala. 1869. 
 
 — velllewm. 1. Yellow, brown, whitish, violet. 
 
 Ecuador. 1874. 
 
 — vexatiJimm. Chestnut-brown, white, olive-' 
 
 green, yellow. Mexico. 1877. 
 
 — vexUla'rium. See MUtonia vexiUaria. In 
 
 addition to the varieties mentioned- 
 
 under that genus, the following have 
 
 been described. 
 a'lbwm. White, light yellow. Columbia. 
 
 Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 227. 
 
 fastuo'sum. Rosy ; lip white. 
 
 HUlia'num. Bose, purple, yellow. 1880. 
 
 Lamrencea'nvim. Pink ; lip blood-red. 
 
 1884. 
 
ODO 
 
 [670; 
 
 (ENO 
 
 O. vexUla'rium Lehma'tmi. Light rose ; flowers 
 large. Columbia. 1880. 
 
 lewsoglo'ssum. lip white. 1880. 
 
 ro'ievm. Eosy. 1882. 
 
 nibe'llvm. White, pink. 1881. 
 
 ^ WioUa'num. White, light yellow, red- 
 dish purple. G. C. 1882, xviii. p. 71. 
 
 — Victor. Yellow, brown, white. G. C. 
 
 188S, six. p. 532. 
 
 — vimina'U. 1. Brown, white, sulphur, yellow. 
 
 G. C. 1885, xxiii. p. 108. 
 
 — virgina'le. See 0. Alexandres, var. virgindle. 
 
 — Fuylstekea'tmm. Sulphur, orange. 1884. 
 mactda'tum. Spotted variety. 1884. 
 
 — Walli'siu Red-brown, yellow, white. Colum- 
 
 bia. 1870. 
 
 — Wameria'rmm. See 0. Sossii, var. Wamerui- 
 
 nwm. 
 
 — Warocquea'num. White, purple-brown. Lind. 
 
 1. 180. 
 
 — Warzewi'czii. White, purple, Costa Rica. 
 
 1862. 
 
 — Wattiafnum. Yellow, purple, white, claret. 
 
 G. C. 1890, viL p. 364. Rchb. ser. 2, i. 
 t. 9. 
 
 — Weirii. White, purple. Columbia. 1875. 
 
 — Welto'ni. A synonym of Uiltonia Warscewic- 
 
 zii. 
 
 — Wendlandia'num. Yellow, spotted with 
 
 brown. New Grenada. 1889. G. C. 
 1889, vi. p. 7. 
 
 — Wilekeafnwm. Whitish-yellow. Hybrid be- 
 
 tween 0. orwpum and 0. luteo-pwr- 
 fureum. 1878. 6. G. 1879, xii. p. 298. 
 yn., 0. lyroglossum of G. C. 1882, xvii. 
 p. 632, flgTW. 
 
 aliens, white, reddish-brown, yellow. 
 
 Garden hybrid. Lind. t. 36. 
 
 ~- aftro-purpu'reum. Red, edged with yel- 
 low. Columbia. 1891. Syn., 0. Zal- 
 dua. 
 
 pa'llens. 
 
 mmidum. Pale sulphur, brown. 1882. 
 
 SothschUdia'num. Yellow vrith reddish- 
 brown blotches. Bogota. 1891. Rchb. 
 ser. 2, i. t. 22. 
 
 stUphu'reum. Sulphur, red. G. C. 1884, 
 
 xxi p. 306. 
 
 — Williamaia'nv/m. See 0. grande, var. William- 
 
 — You'ngii. Yellow, brown. Garden, xxxvii. 
 
 p. 84. Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 406. 
 
 — Za'ldua. See 0. WiXckeanv/m, var. atro-pur- 
 
 pwreum. 
 
 Odontolo'ma. (From odous, a 
 tooth, and loma, an edge ; fronda or 
 leaves tooth-notched. Nat. ord., Fi- 
 lices.) 
 
 Stove ferns, with brownish-yellow spores. See 
 Ferns. 
 •O. Borya'num. May. Isle of Luzon, 
 
 — pulch^Uum. May. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — tenuifo'lium. May. E. Ind. 
 
 Odoutoso'ria. (From odous, a 
 tooth, and soros, a leaf ; allusive to the 
 form of the sori. Nat. ord., FUices — 
 Polt/podiacew.) 
 
 Stove ferns. See Ferns. 
 O. aeuiea'ta. W. Indies. 
 ^ termif&lia. Malay Archipelago. 
 
 Odontospe'nuum. (From odous, 
 a tooth, and ^erma, a seed. Nat. ord., 
 CompositcB. Syn., Asteriscus.) 
 
 Hardy or greenhouse herbs, sometimes becom- 
 inss hrubby. Seeds. Cuttings under a hand- 
 light. 
 
 0. as«o'«M«m. J. Yellow. July. S. Europe. 
 1731. Syn., Buphthalmmn aquaticimi. 
 Hardy annual. 
 
 — mori'Mmum. Yellow. S. Europe. G. C. 
 
 1884, xxii. p. 392, fig. 70. Syn., Atterit- 
 cue maritime. 
 
 — seri'eeum. 4. Yellow. June. Canaries. 
 
 1779. Syn,,Buphthalnmm8ericewm. B. 
 M. t. 1836. Greenhouse evergreen 
 shrub. 
 
 — stenophi/llum. 8. Yellow. June. Canaries. 
 
 1818. Syn. , Buphthalw/wm stenophyllvm. 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub, 
 
 CEiCeo'clades. (From oikeo, to in- 
 habit, and klados, a branch. Nat. ord., 
 Orchidece; Tribe, VandecE-Sarcanthece.) 
 In the Genera Plantarum the bulk of this 
 genus is included in Saccolabium, 
 the only species in cultivation, however, 
 is referred to Angraecum. 
 (E. falca'ta. See Angrcecum /alcatum. 
 
 (Sdemo'ne. A synonym of Her- 
 miniera. 
 
 CEnoca'rpus. (From oinos, wine, 
 and karpos, a fruit ; yields palm-wine 
 and oil. Nat. ord., Palmece ; Tribe, 
 Arecece. Allied to Areca. ) 
 
 Stove palm. Seeds, but generally suckers; 
 rich, loamy soil. Winter temp., 60° : summer, 
 60° to 90°. 
 (E. Baca'ba. 60. Para. 1849. 
 
 — Bata'na. 40. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 — caraccasa'TisiLS. Venezuela. 1849. 
 
 — Tm'nor. 10. Fruit blackish-purple. 
 
 — rvJbe^acens. New Grenada. 1846. 
 
 (Eno'plea. (NsA.oid., Bhamnacece.) 
 A synonym of Berchemia. 
 
 OS. Unea'ta. See Berchemia lineata. 
 
 — volu'bUis. See Berch&rma voluMlis. 
 
 (Eno'thera. Evening Primrose. 
 (From oinos, wine, and thera, imbibing ; 
 the roots of bie'nnis supposed to be an 
 incentive to drinking wine. Nat. ord., 
 OnagrcuxcB. ) 
 
 Annuals and biennials, by seed in the open 
 border, in April in light, rich soil ; also In the 
 autumn, to stand over the winter, and bloom 
 early ; perennials, by seeds also, by divisions of 
 the plants in spring, and the more rare and 
 tender by cutting of the young shoots under a 
 hand-light, in eany summer. 
 
 HALF-HARDY. 
 
 (E.acau'lie. J. White. July. Chili. 1821. 
 Herbaceous. B. R. t. 763. 
 
 — cheiranthif&lia. IJ. Yellow. July. Chili. 
 
 1823. Evergreen. 
 
 — DruTTtmo'Tidii. *. Yellow. August. Tex.is. 
 
 1833. Herbaceous. B. M. t. 3361. 
 
 — TO' sea. 1. Pink. June. Peru. 1783. Her- 
 
 baceous. B. M. t. 347. 
 
 HARDT HERBACEOUS. 
 
 CE. aniso'loba. 2. White. June. Chiloe. 
 1828. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 1. 106. 
 
 — ecespito'sa. 1. White. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1811. 
 
 — cardiophy'lla. 1. Yellow. California. 
 
 1883. 
 
 — exi'mia. White. June. California. 1869. 
 
 SyU., CE. marginata of some gardens. 
 
 — Frase'ri. IJ. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1811. B. M. 1. 1674. 
 variega'ta. 1. Yellow. July. Gardens. 
 
CENO 
 
 [671] 
 
 ■(E.frulioo'aa. 3. Yellow. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1737. B. M. t. 382. 
 amU'gva. 1. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1813. 
 i'ndica. IJ. Yellow. July. India. B. 
 
 B. 1841, 1. 11. 
 
 — glau'ca. 2. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1606. 
 variega'ta. 2. Yellow. July. 
 
 — gra'cilU. 1. Yellow. 1833. 
 
 — sro'ndifto'ra. Yellow. July. N. America. 
 
 1860. B. M. t. 2068. 
 
 — hj/brida. 1. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1813. 
 
 — nuicroea'rpa. 1. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1811. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 6. 
 
 — missourie'ntw. 1. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1818. B. M. 1. 1592. 
 
 — nerv&ea. 2. Yellow. July. 1827. 
 
 — Nivertia'na. Blush-white, carmine. 1872. 
 
 Syn., Qodetia Niv&rtitma, 
 
 — Nutta'llii. White. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1811. 
 — pa'Uida. IJ. White, red. June. America. 
 1826. B. E. t. 1U2. 
 
 — pu'mUa. J. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 1757. 
 
 B. M. t. 355. 
 — pusi'Ua. i. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 
 1817. 
 
 — Sellcfwii. Montevideo. 1831. 
 
 — sero'tina. IJ. Yellow. September. N. 
 
 Amer. 1820. Swt. Fl. Gard. 1. 184. 
 
 — aerrula'ta. 1. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1824. Swt. Fl. Gard. 1. 133. 
 
 — tpecio'sa. 1. White. June. N. Amer. 1821. 
 
 B. M. t. 3189. 
 ma'jor. 6. White. July. N. Amer. 
 
 — tanacetifo'lia. California. 1883. 
 
 -^ taraxaafdlia. J. White. June. Peru. 
 
 1825. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 294. 
 
 — tetra'gona. IJ. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — WMtneyi. 1. Eosy, crimson. California. 
 
 1870. Syn., Godetia VhUneyi. 
 
 — Ymi'ngii. 2. Yellow. 
 
 HARDY BIENNIALS. 
 
 as. a'lbieans. 2. Whitish. June. Peru. 
 1823. 
 
 — aUneau'lis. i. White. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1811. 
 
 — IMnnit. i. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1622. 
 
 grandijlo'ra. Yellow. B. E. t. 1604. 
 
 Syn., (E. Lamarekiana. 
 
 — W/rans. IJ. Purple. August. Texas. 
 
 1836. B. M. t. 3674. 
 
 — erueia'ta. 3. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — ero'sa. 2. Citron-coloured. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1828. 
 -^ globuMHs. 3. Yellow. July. 1824. 
 
 — imia'na. 2. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — Lamanlcia'na. See (E. biennis, var. granat- 
 
 flora. 
 
 — lonaiMra. 3. Yellow. August. Buenos 
 
 Ayres. 1776. B. M. t. 366. 
 
 — rn^dAa. 2. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — TKWtu'TOtt. 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1790. Jacq. Ic. t. 456. 
 
 — oiiora'ta. 2. Yellow. June. S. Amer. 1790. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 456. 
 —pubelicem. 1. White. July. S. Amer. 
 1825. 
 
 — aalidfo'lia. 2. Yellow, July. 1824. . 
 
 — Simsia'na. 3. Yellow. July. Mexico. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — »«r«i'te. Yellow. July. 1822. 
 
 — vUlo'ie,. 2. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1791. 
 
 OFT 
 
 HABDY ANNDAU. 
 1. Purple. July. 
 
 August. N. Amer. 
 832. Syn., Goietia 
 
 June. N. Amer. 
 
 June. N. America. 
 . Syn., QodMa pur- 
 's. Amer. 1811. 
 
 anuena. 1. Purple. July. N. Amer. 
 1826. 
 
 — elava'ta. 1. White. July. Mexico. 1827. 
 
 — eandnma, J-IJ. Pink. September. ChiU. 
 
 — corymbdia. 3. Yellow. September. Mexico. 
 
 1816. B. R. 1. 1974. 
 
 — deeu'mbens. IJ. Purple. August. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1827. B. E. 1. 1221. Syn., Go- 
 detia deewmbens. 
 
 — deninfio'ra. 3. Purple. August, California. 
 
 1830. B. E. t. 1963. 
 
 — hmnifu'sa. Prostrate. Pink. Chili. B. E. 
 
 1. 1829. 
 
 — Upida. 1|. Pink. August. Califomia. 
 
 1836. Syn., Qodetia lepiOa. B. E. 
 1. 1849. 
 
 — Lindie/yii. IJ. Purple. 
 
 1826. B. M. \. i 
 Lvndleyi. 
 
 — linea'ris. IJ. Yellow. 
 
 1822. Perennial. 
 
 — pvrpu'rea. 1. Purple. 
 
 1794. B. M. t. 352. 
 parea. 
 
 — Pu'rshii, White. July. 
 
 — quadHvu'lnera. li. Pink. September. K. 
 
 Amer. 1826. B. E. 1. 1119. Syn,, Oode- 
 tia quadrivul'nera. 
 
 — Ronumzomi. 1. Purple. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1827. Syn., Qodetia Romamovii. B. M. 
 t. 662. 
 
 — ro'sea. 1. Pink. Mexico. 1793, B. M. 
 
 t. 347. Sja., Qodetia rosea. 
 a'lba. 1. Eed, white. May. Nepaul. 
 
 1827. Swt. Fl Gard. t. 268. Syn. OodJ>- 
 tia roseo-alba. Perennial. 
 
 — rubicu'nda. 2. Purple-flame-coloured. July. 
 
 Califomia. 1834. Syn., Qodetia rubi- 
 cumda. B. B. 1. 1866. 
 
 — gmua'ta. 3. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 1770. 
 
 B. M. t. 3392. 
 
 minima. \. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — stri'cta. li. Yellow. June. 1882. 
 
 — teneltta. i. Purple. June. Chili. 1823. 
 
 B. M. t. 2424. Syn., Qodetia tenella. 
 
 — temufo'lia. 1^. Purple. August. Chili. 
 
 1828. Syn., Godetia tenv/ifolia. 
 
 — triloba. J. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1822. 
 
 B. M. t. 2566. Perennial. 
 
 — viminea. 2. Purple. July. California. 
 
 1826. B. M. t. 2873. Syn., Godetia m- 
 mvnea. 
 
 — vino'sa. 2. Blush. July. Califomia. 1835. 
 
 Syn., Godetia vino&a. 
 
 — virga'ta. IJ. Purple, white. July. Peru. 
 
 1823. 
 
 Offsets are side bulbs produced by- 
 some bulbous roots, and by which the 
 species can be propagated. Whatever 
 checks the upward growth of the parent 
 plant, as an early breaking down of the 
 stem, compels the sap to find other 
 organs for its reception, and, conse- 
 quently, promotes the production of off- 
 sets. "The practice," says Dr. Lindley, 
 " of scarring the centre of bulbs, the 
 heads of Ecnino-cacti, and such plants, 
 and the crown of the stem of species like 
 A'gave gemini/lo'ra, in all which cases 
 suckers are the result, is explicable on 
 the foregoing principle. " 
 
 O'fbia. (Derivation not explained. 
 Nat. ord,, MyoporinecB. Syn., Spid- 
 mannia.) 
 
OGE 
 
 [ 672 ] 
 
 OLE 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of 
 young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, at 
 any time except winter ; sandy loam and leaf- 
 mould. Winter temp., 38° to 46'. 
 0. afriea'na. 3. White. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1710. Syn., Spielmannia ajri- 
 
 mna. B. M. 1. 1899. 
 
 Ogechee Lime. Ni/ssa candi'- 
 cans. 
 
 Ohiggi'nsia. A synonym of Hoff- 
 mannia. 
 
 Ohlendo'rffia. (in honour of Dr. 
 C. F. OMendorff, of Holstein. Nat. ord., 
 ScrophulariacetJB.) 
 
 Greenhouse undershrub. Sandy peat. Cut- 
 tings of half-ripened shoots ; seeds. 
 0. procu'mbene. 2. Blue. August. South 
 Africa. 1836. Syn.j Aptosi/m/umdepres- 
 sum. B. B. 1. 1882. 
 
 Oi'diuJU. A group of minute fungi 
 forming the " mildew" on some plants, 
 e.ff. , Oidium Uhrysanthemi, on the Chry- 
 santhemum. They consist of numerous 
 interwoven filaments forming a white 
 coating over the parts attacked. The 
 ends of some of these filaments become 
 erect, and divided by transverse parti- 
 tions into spherical or barrel-shaped 
 cells, which at length fall off and are 
 capable of reproducing the Oidium. The 
 investigation of the life history of some 
 of the species has shown that reproduc- 
 tive bodies are also formed in special 
 cells (asci) placed inside receptacles or 
 peritheda. Other members of this group 
 are : — Erysiphe graminis, on the leaves 
 and stems of Grasses ; Oidium, Tucheri, 
 on grapes ; Sphcerotheca Castagnei on 
 Hops, etc. Being chiefly on the external 
 parts of plants, they yield to the sulphur 
 treatment. 
 
 Oil Nut. Si'dnus commu'nis. 
 
 Oil Palm. ElcB'is. 
 
 O'lax. (From olax, furrowed ; 
 flowers partially furrowed, or imbricated. 
 Nat. ord., Olaeinece ; Tribe, Olacem.) 
 
 Stove, white -flowered, evergreen climbers, 
 from the East Indies. Cuttings of ripened shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glass,'in heat ; sandy peat, 
 fibry loam, and a little dried leaf-mould. Winter 
 temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°. 
 0. mibrica'ta. 8. December. 1820. 
 — sca'ndens. 8. December. 1820. 
 
 Oldenla'ndia. (Named after if. 
 B. Oldenland, a Danish plant-oolleotor. 
 Nat. ord., Rvhiacem; Tribe, Hedyoti- 
 decB. Allied to Hedyotis.) 
 
 Slender stove or greenhouse shrubs. Cut- 
 tings of half-ripened shoots of Beppvi'na in 
 April, in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat ; 
 peat and loam. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; sum- 
 mer, 60° to 86". The annuals sow in a gentle hot- 
 bed, in March ; prick out the seedlings in the 
 bed, and more them to the open border, after 
 gradually hardening them, at the end of May. 
 
 0. eape'rma. White. July. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1824. Annual. 
 
 — corymto'm. White. June. Jamaica. 1739. ■ 
 
 Annual. 
 
 — Deppia'na. 1. White. June. Mexico. 1836. 
 
 Stove evergreen. Kn. and West, t. 1. 
 
 — umbella'ta. J. White. July. B. Ind. 1792., 
 
 Oldlie'ldia. (In honour of B. A. 
 Oldfield, a merchant at Sierra Leone. 
 Nat. ord. , Euphorbiacem ; Tribe, Phyl- 
 lantheoB.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings under a bell- 
 glass in heat. Sandy soil well drained. 
 0. afriea'na. W. Africa. Its timber is believed 
 to be the African Oak or Teak. 
 
 Old Man. Artemi'sia abro'tanum 
 and Bosmari'nus officina'lis. 
 
 Old Man's Beard. GU'matis vi- 
 ta'lba, Saxifraga sarmento'sa, and TU- 
 la'ndsia usneoides. 
 
 Olea. Olive. (From elaia, the olive. 
 Nat. ord., Oleacem; Tribe, Oleinece.) 
 
 The Olive will graft on the Privet, Phillyrea, 
 Ash, Lilac, and others of the order. Evergreens, 
 all white-flowered, except O. fra'graiis. Cut- 
 tings of ripened shoots in spring, in sand, under 
 a hand-light, in a close frame or pit ; also, when 
 procurable, by seeds and graftmg ; loam and 
 peat, of an open, fibry character. Winter temp., 
 38° to 48°. O. sati'vahB.s stood for years against 
 south walls near London. The scent of fra gra'ns- 
 is sufficient to perfume a large conservatory^ ; 
 where only one of the genus can be grown, this 
 should be fixed upon. 
 
 HARDY EVEBGREEN. 
 
 0. ilic^o'lia. White. Japan. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 0. a/merica'na. 6. June. N. Amer. 1758. 
 
 — ape^tala. Andr. Rep. t. 316. See Notelaea 
 
 longifolia. 
 
 — arb&rea. 20. August. 1826. 
 
 — buxifo'lia. 15. July. South Europe. 
 
 — cape^nsis. 6. July. Cape of Good Hope- 
 
 1730. B. R. t. 613. 
 und/uXa'ta. See 0. laurifolia. 
 
 — europte'a. 5. July. Portugal: 1821. Syn., 
 
 0. Oleaster. Wild olive. 
 sati'va. August. South Europe. 1570. " 
 
 — exee'lsa. 16. May. Madeira. 1784. 
 —ferrugilnea. 16. July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 —fral grans. B. M. ' t. 1662. See Osmanthus 
 
 Jragrans. 
 
 — latifdlia. 16. July. South Europe. 
 
 — lauri^f^lia. 6. July. South Afnca, 1741. 
 
 B. M. t. 3089. Syns., Q. caperms, var. 
 imdulataf and 0. wndulata. 
 
 — longifcflia. 16. JVily. South Europe. 
 
 — obWqiia. 16. July. South Europe. 
 
 — Oleaster. See 0. europcea. 
 
 — pamimla'ta. 10. July. N. Holland. 1826. 
 
 — imckbla'ta. See 0. la/ur^olia. 
 
 — verrue&sa. 6. April. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1814. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 0. dioi'ca. 30. March. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — la'neea. 20. August. Isle of France. 1S19, 
 
 — rohu'sta. June. Sylhet. 1824. 
 
 — Soxburghia'na. 15. August. B. Ind. 1820. 
 
 Oleander. Ndrium. 
 
 Olea'ndra. (The genus is founded 
 on 0. neriifo'rmis, or oleander-like. Nat. 
 ord., Filices.) 
 
 Stove ferns, with yellow spores. See Ferns. 
 
OLE 
 
 [673] 
 
 ONC 
 
 0. articula'ta. June. India. 1837. 
 
 — Oumi'ngii. June. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — Mrte^lla. 1. Surinam. 
 
 — neriifo'rmis. May. E. Ind. 
 
 — nodc/sa. ili&y. S. Amer. 1840. 
 
 — WaMchii. May. Nepaul. 
 
 Olea'ria. (From olea, an Olive- 
 tree ; because some of the species re- 
 semble the Olive-tree. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positce; Tribe, Asteroidece. Allied to 
 Aster.) 
 
 Greenhouse or hardy ornamental evergreen 
 shrubs. Seeds, or cuttmgs of the young shoots 
 in spring, in a gentle heat. Sandy loam. Sum- 
 mer temp., 50 to 80° ; winter, 40° to 55°. The 
 genus EURYBIA is a synonym of this. 
 0. (Upi'na. 6. White. May. New Zealand. 
 1851. 
 
 — argophy'Ua. 10. White. March. New S. 
 
 Wales. 1834. Syns., Aster argophylkts. 
 B. M. 1. 1563, and Eurybia argophylla, 
 
 — denta'ta. Eosy. New S. Wales. 1872. 
 
 — Farste'ri. White. New Zealand. 1866. 
 —furfurcCcea. 10. New Zealand. 
 
 — glutino'sa. Pale violet. Victoria. Syn., 
 
 Eurybia glutinosa. 
 
 — gumma' sa. Wien. Gart. Zeit. 1889, p. 123. 
 
 — GunniaJrM. 8. White. September. Tas- 
 
 mania. Syn., Eurybia Gwtvniana^ G. C. 
 1882, xvii. p. 732. 
 
 — Baa'stii. White. New Zealand. 1872. 
 
 — imi'gnis. White. New Zealand. B. M. t. 
 
 7034. Greenhouse. 
 
 — lyra'ta. See 0. stellulata, var. lirata. 
 qu£rcif&lia. See 0. stellulata, var. quer- 
 
 cifolia. 
 
 — macrodo'nta. White. New Zealand. G. C. 
 
 1886, xxvi. p. 306, fig. 62. Syn., 0. den- 
 tata of Hooker. 
 
 — myrmioi'd^s. S. Pale purple. May. Vic- 
 
 toria. 1835. Syns., Aster myrsinoides 
 and Eurybia myrsinoides. 
 
 erubefscens. 3. Red. May. New S. 
 
 Wales. Syns., Aster erubescens and 
 Eurybia erubescens. 
 
 — ni'tida. White. New Zealand. G. C. 1886, 
 
 xxvi. p. 45, flg. 10. 
 
 — panrbo'sa. White. Australia. 1852. 
 
 — pereoonoi'des. S. White. Tasmania. Syn., 
 
 Eurybia alpima of Paxt. Fl. Gard. ii. 
 p. 84. 
 
 — rammldsa, 2. White. March. New S. Wales. 
 
 1818. Gfl. t. 1073, figs. a-b. Syns., 
 Aster aculeatuSf A, exasperatus and 
 Eurybia aculeata. 
 
 — stellula'ta. 2. Violet. June. Tasmania. 
 
 1823. Syn., Aster stellulatus. 
 lira'ta. 3. White. September. New 
 
 S.Wales. 1812. Syns., 0. lyrata and 
 
 Aster lyratus. 
 querdfo'lia. Australia. Syils., 0. lyrata, 
 
 var. quereifolia and Eurybia lirata, var. 
 
 guerctfolia. Gfl. t. 884. 
 
 Oleaster. O'lea europa'a. 
 
 Oleoba'chia. (Derivationunknown. 
 Nat. ord., StercuUacem.) See Ster- 
 culia. 
 
 0. rmeroph^lla. \ g gteradia rupeetrie. 
 —palustns. f 
 
 Olfe'rsia. (Named after Olfers, a 
 
 German botanist. Nat. ord., Filices.) 
 
 Now united to Acrostichum. 
 
 Stove ferns, with yellowish-brown spores. See 
 Ferns. 
 0. a'podwm. June. W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 Blumea'num. April. Isle of Luzon 
 
 0. ealloefo'Uum. August. Java. 1840. 
 
 — cervi'na.. May. w. Ind. 1840. 
 
 — confo'rm-e. August. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1841. ^ 
 
 — corcovade'nsis. May. Brazil. 1837. 
 
 — longifo'lium. 1. W. Ind. 1841. 
 
 — obtusifo'lium. June. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — scolopendrifo'lium. August. Brazil. 1841. 
 
 — simplex. 1. July. Jamaica. 1793. 
 
 — squamc'sum. July. W. Ind. 
 
 — mllo'sum. 1. July. Jamaica. 1843. 
 
 — visco'sum. August. W. Ind. 1826. 
 
 Olibanum. Boswe'llia. 
 
 Olive. O'lea, and Eloea'gwus. 
 
 Olive-Bark-tree. Termina'lia 
 Cata'ppa. 
 
 Olive-Wood. Elmode'ndron. 
 
 Omala'nthus. See Homalan- 
 thus. 
 
 Orainae Plant. Pleeta'nthrus. 
 
 Omphalo'bium. (From omphalos, 
 the navel, and lohus, a pod. Nat. ord., 
 Connaracece.) See Coimarus. 
 
 The beautiful zebrarwood of the cabinet- 
 makers is that of 0. africa'num. 
 0. africa'num,. See Connarus africanus. 
 
 — i'ndicwm. See Connarus miOnocarpits. 
 
 Omphalo'des. Venus's Navelwort. 
 (From omphales, the navel, and eidos, 
 like ; referring to the seed. Nat. ord., 
 Boraginem. ) 
 
 Seeds of annuals in open border, in March, 
 and once or twice more during the summer ; the 
 perennials, by division. 0. ve'rna is a beautiful 
 plant in the recesses of rock-works, in shady 
 comers, thriving as well in shade as the interest- 
 ing Periwinkles. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 0. intermeldia. Blue. April. Arabia. 1836. 
 Biennial. 
 
 — linifo'lia. 1. White. July. Portugal. 1748. 
 
 — latora'lis. 1. White. July. France. 1826. 
 
 — seorpioifdes. 1. Blue. July. Bohemia. 1825. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 0. amplemcau'lis. 1. White. July. Spain. 
 1823. 
 
 — Luci'licB. Pink, changing to blue. Asia 
 
 Minor. 1873. B. M. t. 6047. 
 
 — myosotoi'des. 1^. Brush. September. Russia. 
 
 1838. 
 
 — ni'tida. 2. White. May. PortUCT.1. 1812. 
 
 — sempervi'rens. 2J. Blue. June. Britain. 
 
 — ve^ma. J-. Blue. March. South Europe. 
 
 1633. 
 a'lba. White. March. 1884. 
 
 Onci'dium. (From og'Ao*, a tumour; 
 referring to excrescences on the base of 
 the lip, or labelluni. Nat. ord., Orchidece; 
 Tribe, Varidece-Oncidiece. Allied to 
 Odontoglossum. ) 
 
 Stove orchids. Divisions as growth is com- 
 mencing in spring ; very shallow baskets suit all 
 the largest-leaved kinds, or theymay be fastened 
 to a block of wood, placed across the mouth 
 of a pot, the pot filled loosely with pieces of 
 wood and charcoal, to insure perfect drainage, 
 and then rotten wood, sphagnum, and fibry peat 
 laid round the lower part of the plants, provided 
 the base of the leaves is not covered. Hardy 
 kinds, as Jlexuo'sum, require more packing ; 
 
 XX 
 
ONC 
 
 [674] 
 
 ONC 
 
 small, tender kinds must be carefully treated, 
 to prevent damping, especially when not grow- 
 ing. Winter temp., 58° to 66°; summer, 60° 
 to 90°. 
 
 0. aeiiia'cewm, Violet, white, carmine. Peru. 
 1866. 
 
 — (E'muVwm, Beddish-brown and yellowish- 
 
 brown, violaceous. Columbia. 1872. 
 
 — alcKo'me. Yellow. Columbia. 1872. 
 
 — oLtissirmim. i. Yellow, brown. March. 
 
 Panama. 1793. B. M. t. 2990. 
 
 — ami'ctum. 1. Yellow, brown - blotched. 
 
 April. Brazil. 1846. B. K. 1847, t. 66. 
 
 — amvplia'tum. 2. Yellow, brown. March. 
 
 America. 1832. B. H. t. 1699. 
 maljar. J. Yellow. March. Guate- 
 mala. 1840. 
 
 — andi'genmn. Ochre, violet, orange. Ecuador. 
 
 Yellow, brown. Columbia. 1875. 
 Yellow. April. Guatemala. 
 
 ^ annula're. 
 
 — ascdndeTis. 
 
 1837. 
 
 — miralHuw,. Yellow, brown. Bolivia. G. C. 
 
 1884, xxii. p. 394. 
 
 — auro'&wm, 3. Yellow, brown. Peru. 1866. 
 
 — Balderra'nuB. Yellow, brown. Columbia. 
 
 1873. Syn., 0. Baldemamte. 
 
 — iarhaHum. IJ. Yellow. April. Brazil. 
 
 1818. 
 
 dlia'tum. Brown, yellow. January. 
 
 Brazil. 1818. 
 
 — Barlee'ri. 1. Yellow. April. Mexico. 1840. 
 
 Paxt. Mag. xiv. p. 97. 
 
 — BateTtmnia'num. Yellow. April. Mexico. 
 
 1838. Kn. and West. 1. 137. 
 
 — ■ ramo'sum. Yellow. Brazil. 
 
 spilo'pterum. J. Brown, yellow. Feb- 
 ruary. Brazil. 1844. 
 
 — Baue'ri. Yellow, brown. April. 
 
 — bicallo'sum. 1. Orange, brown. July. Pa- 
 
 nama. 1842. B. M. t. 4148. 
 
 — ii! color. J. Yellow. September. Mexico. 
 
 1341. B. B. 1843, t. 66. 
 
 — hicomu'tum. 1. Yellow-spotted. June. Bio 
 
 Janeiro. 1830. B. M. t. SIO^. 
 
 — Ififfo'lium. |. Yellow, purple. July. Monte 
 
 Video. 1811. B. M. 1. 1491. 
 
 palUidwm, f. Pale yellow. July. 
 
 Monte Video. 1832. 
 
 — brachyaJndru/m. Brown, yellow. Mexico. 
 
 1871. 
 
 — brachyphj/Uum. Yellow, brown. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1836. 
 
 — Brcm'nii. Yellow, brown. 1886. Gfl. 1. 1235, 
 
 figs. a-c. 
 
 — Brienia'nmn. Yellow. Paraguay. G. C. 
 
 1881, XV. p. 40. 
 
 Jla'vida. Yellow. Paraguay. 1881. 
 
 ru'fida. Cinnamon, Paraguay. 1881. 
 
 -^ Brunleesia'niim. Greenish-yellow, purple- 
 brown, white, red. G. C. 1883, xix. 
 p. 340. 
 
 — bryolo'photwm. Golden ; the flowers stand 
 
 singly among a moss-like mass of green- 
 ish abortive flowers. Central America. 
 1871. 
 
 — eala'nthum. Yellow. Ecuador. 1870. 
 
 — caloglo'saum. Yellow, sepia, reddish-brown, 
 
 purple. Tropical America. 1885. 
 
 — ca'ndiduTn. See Palumhina Candida. 
 
 ~ Cardc'ri. Brown, white, yellow, pink. Co- 
 lumbia. 1875. 
 
 — ca/H/na'tum. Brown, yellow. August. Xalapa- 
 
 1838. 
 ^— ca/rthagine'nse. 4. Olive. May. Carthage. 
 
 1791. B. C. t. 662. 
 
 soMgui'neum. Crimson. La Guayra. 
 
 Swa'rtzii. White, purple. Jamaica. 
 
 — Camndithia'nwm. Yellow. Guatemala. 
 
 — Oebolle'ti. 1. Yellow. April. W. Ind. 
 
 1825. B. M. t. 3568. 
 
 0. cheiro'phorum. Yellow, white. Columbia. 
 1860. 
 
 — chry'sops. Light brown, yellow. G. C. 1888, 
 
 iii. p. 105. 
 
 — chrysorha'phis. Pale yellow. Brazil. G. C. 
 
 1888, iii. p. 72. 
 
 — ehryso/mia. Yellow, brown. Ecuador. 1880. 
 
 — ehrysothy'reus. Yellow, green, brown. S, 
 
 BrazU. 1867. 
 
 — cUia'tum. J. Yellow, red. January. Brazil, 
 
 1818. B. E. 1. 1660. 
 
 — citri'num. 5. Yellow. August. Trinidad, 
 
 B. E. t. 1768. 
 
 — c&ncolor. J. Lemon. May. Organ Moun- 
 
 tains. 1839. B. M. t. 3752. 
 
 — confrag&sum. Straw. July. Mexico. 1835. 
 
 — corni'gerwm. J. Yellow. July. Brazil. 
 
 1829. B. M. t. 3486. 
 
 — eri'spwm. 3. Orange. June. B. M. t. 3499, 
 lu'tcwm. Yellow. May. Organ Moun- 
 
 tains. 1838. 
 
 oliva'ceum. Olive-green, yellow, purple- 
 black. 1877. 
 
 — siiWce'we ochra'ceuyn. Ochre-brown. G, 
 
 C. 1888, iv. p. 756. 
 
 — cris'ta-ga'Ui. Lemon-yellow, pink. Central 
 
 America. 1870. 
 
 — croeodi' Keeps. Greenish-sulphur, cinnamon. 
 
 Mexico. 1885. 
 
 — Crce'eus. Dark-brown, yellow. Tropical 
 
 America. 1872. 
 
 — crucia'tum. Yellow, red, white. Syn., 0. 
 
 pubeSj var. Jlavescens. 
 
 — cryptoco'pis. Brown, yellow, whitish. Peru. 
 
 1870. 
 
 — cucuUa'tum. Bed, purple. February. 
 
 Quindia. Paxt. Fl. Gard. t. 87. 
 
 Daya/num. White, purple. Columbia. 
 
 1871. 
 
 giga'nteum. Larger than the type. 
 
 Garden, August 19, 1882. 
 
 machrochi'lum. Chocolate, rosy, yellow. 
 
 1867. 
 
 phalceno'psis. Brown, white, purple, yel- 
 low. Peru. 1868. 
 
 spathula'twm. Sepals and petals spotted, 
 
 lip spotted at base. 
 
 — cu'rtum. Brown, yellow. Brazil. 1847. 
 
 B. B. 1847, t. 68. 
 
 — dactyWpterum. Yellow, brown. Columbia. 
 
 1875. 
 
 — dasysta'lix. Columbia. 1879. 
 
 — dasysty'le. J. Pale yellow, brown-purple. 
 
 Brazil. 1873. 
 
 — deltoi'dev/m. 1. Yellow. October. Luna. 
 
 1836. B. E. t. 2006. 
 
 — deto'rtum. Light brown, yellow. G. C. 1888, 
 
 iii. p. 392. 
 
 — J)evonia'num. 2. Yellow, brown. January. 
 
 Guatemala. 1836. 
 
 — diade'ma. 3. Chocolate, yellow. Cool region 
 
 of Equatorial America. 1866. 
 
 — dimo'rphum. Yellow, brown. Brazil. 1870. 
 
 — di'odon. Brown, yellow. 1880. 
 
 — divarica'tum. 1^. Yellow, orange, brown. 
 
 December. Brazil. 1826. B. E. 1. 1060. 
 cu'preum. li. Yellow, copper. De- 
 cember. Brazil. 1836. 
 
 — du'Mum. Brown, white, purple. 1874. 
 
 — echina'twm. 
 
 Backhousia'num. Yellow. Mexico. 
 
 1875. 
 
 — eleganti'ssiw/wm,. Brown, yellow, purplish- 
 
 black. Brazil? 1877. 
 
 — endo'charis. Bright orange. G. C. 1884, xxi. 
 
 p. 206. 
 
 — eury'ctins. Pale reddish-ochre, yellow. G. 
 
 C. 1883, XX. p. 812. 
 
 — euxanthi'num. Yellow, red. Brazil. 1869. 
 
 — exanpera'tum. Brown, yellow. Ecuador. 
 
 1871. 
 
 — excava'ium. Yellow. May. Guatemala. 1840. 
 
ONC 
 
 [675] 
 
 ONC 
 
 'O.falci'pe'taluTn, Brown. August. Merida. 
 
 —flmbria'tum. Yellow. BraaL 
 
 — Jlabelli'/erum. Brown, purple. July. Brazil. 
 1843. Paxt. Mag. XTi. p. 65. 
 
 —Jlexuo'sum. IJ. Yellow, brown. June. 
 Brazil. 1818. B. M. t. 2203. 
 
 ma'jor. IJ. Yellow. June. BrazU. 
 
 1839. 
 
 radia'tum. Yellow, purple-brown. Bra- 
 zil. 1872. 
 
 — Forbe'sii. 1. Scarlet, yellow. September. 
 
 Organ Mountains. 1837. B. M. t. 3705. 
 
 Borwickia'num. Lip blotched. 1879. 
 
 ma'ximum. Large flowered variety. 
 
 Lind. t. 164. 
 
 Measuresia'num. Golden-yellow, bor- 
 dered with purplish-brown. G. C. 1891, 
 X. p. 227. 
 
 — ForlceHii. Yellow, crimson. June. Mexico. 
 
 1844. 
 
 — Gardnelri. Yellow, red-brown. Brazil. 1879. 
 
 — Gautw'ri. Brown, yellow, red. Brazil. 1869. 
 
 — glohuli'ferum. Yellow, red. Columbia. 
 eostaricdnse. Yellow, red. Costa Kica. 
 
 1871. 
 
 — glossomy'stax. Yellow, brown, white. Co- 
 
 lumbia. 1879. 
 
 — graminifo'lium. Yellow. Mexico. Syn., 
 
 Cyrtochilwm gra/mmi^oliwm. 
 
 fllipes. Brown, yellow. Guatemala. 
 
 Wra'yae. Brown, yellow. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 — grandifio'rum. Yellow. Summer. Columbia. 
 
 1881. G. C. 1881, XT. p. 782. 
 
 — gutta'tum. Yellow, brown. April. Jamaica. 
 
 1838. 
 
 fu'lgems. Jamaica. 1838. 
 
 ma jus. Jamaica. 1838. 
 
 ro'seum. Rose, yellow. Mexico. 1880. 
 
 — gyrobu'lion. Yellow, brown. Central Ame- 
 
 rica? 1869. 
 
 — h(ematochi'lum. J. Green, red. September. 
 
 New Grenada. 1857. Paxt. Fl. Gard. 
 t. 6. 
 
 — Barrismda'nwm. 1. Yellow-spotted. Octo- 
 
 ber. Brazil. 1830. B. E. t. 1569. 
 
 — Hartwe'gii. Brown. Peru. 
 
 -^ • — — parmjlo'runh. Ecuador.' 1870. 
 
 — hasta'tum. Brown, yellow. August. Mexico. 
 
 1840. 
 
 hemimelce'nuni. Blackish-purple, occa- 
 sionally with whitish-green spots. G. C. 
 1887, ii. p. 127. 
 
 -! Rae'zlii. Yellow, brown. Mexico. 
 
 — hebra'icum. Yellow, maroon. Columbia. 
 
 1876. 
 
 — Henchma'mm. Pale rose. May. Mexico. 
 
 1839. 
 ^Mans. Brown, yellow. May. Brazil. 1837. 
 
 — holochri/mm. A synonym of 0. onustum. 
 Yellow. August. Brazil. 
 
 raniferum, var. majus, B. M. 
 
 — Sook^ri. 1. 
 
 Syn., O. 
 
 t. 3712. 
 -*- Mrubya'num. 
 
 Brown, yellow. G. C. 1883, 
 xix. p. 562. 
 
 — Bu'ischii. Yellow, brown, orange. Ecuador. 
 
 G. C. 1885, xxiv. p. 660. 
 
 — Bwntia'num. Yellow, red. September. 
 
 Brazil. B. M. t. 3806. 
 
 — hypTuema'ticum. Yellow, brown. Central 
 
 America. 1869. 
 
 — inffu'nmm. Bluish-whit«. July. Mexico. 
 
 1839. B. E. 1846, t. 64. 
 
 — mseuHptwrn. Cinnamon, pale yellow. Tropi- 
 
 cal America. 1872. 
 ■<- Inslea'yi. Yellow, brown. July. Mexico. 
 
 1840. Paxt. Mag. viii. p. 265. 
 
 -^ intemM'diimi. 2. Orange. March. Cuba. 
 Kn. and West. t. 60. 
 
 — indifo'Uum. i. Yellow. June. Mexico. 
 
 1835. B. E. 1. 1911. 
 
 — Jameso'iii. Yellow, violet-purple. Peru. 
 
 1877. 
 
 O. Jcynesia'nwm. Pale ochre, brown, purple. 
 fia'vwm. Ochre with green spots; lip 
 
 yellowish. 1888. Warn. Orch. Alb. 
 
 t. 360. 
 phiBa'nthum. Brownish. Paraguay. 
 
 Echb. t. 21. ^ ' 
 
 — KappUH. Yellow, brown. 1880. 
 
 — Kienaslia'num. Yellowish, brown. Peru 
 
 1878. 
 
 — Kramieria'n'wm, Yellow, brown. Ecuador. 
 
 1873. 
 
 respltlndens. Yellow, white, purple, 
 
 mauve. G. 0. 1888, iii. p. 360. 
 
 — la'cerum. IJ. Yellow. April. Panama. 
 
 1844. B. E. 1846, t. 27. 
 
 — lamellUgerwm. Brown, yellow, violet. Ecua- 
 
 dor. 1877. 
 
 — Larwea'rmm. 1}. Yellow, purple. August. 
 
 Surinam. 1834. B. E. 1. 1887. 
 
 Louwexia'num. Yellow, reddish-brown ; 
 
 lip white, violet. 1882. 
 
 — — ma'jvs. Green, purple. August. Guiana. 
 
 1836. 
 
 — Lansbe^rgii. Yellowish-green, brown. Vene- 
 
 zuela. 1876. 
 
 — Larkinia'num. Chocolate -brown, bright 
 
 yellow. Organ Mountains. Warn. 
 Orch. Alb. t. 405. Tlie same name was 
 given in 1891 to a supposed hybrid be- 
 tween 0. curtuTn and 0. Barclayanum. 
 
 — Lemonia'num. f. Yellow-spotted. March. 
 
 Havannah. 1886. B. E. t. 1789. 
 
 — Leopoldia'tvwm. White, mauve-purple,' yellow. 
 
 Andes. Lind. t. 274. A panicle often 
 bears 300 flowers. 
 
 — le^pidum. Yellow, brown, purple. .Ecuador. 
 
 1870. 
 
 — leptu'ruTn. Light yellow with brown spots. 
 
 G. C. 1886, XXV. p. 41. 
 
 — lew)ochi'lum. 1. Yellow, brown. August. 
 
 Guatemala. 1836. Paxt. Mag. vii. p. 241. 
 
 Dawsonia'num. Yellowish, blackish- 
 purple. Mexico. 1873. 
 
 speeio'swm. Yellowish-green, brown, 
 
 white. Mexico. 1874. 
 
 — leuco'tis. Yellow. Columbia. G. C. 1879, xii. 
 
 p. 424. 
 
 — IMtzei. Deep ochre, tawny yellow. Brazil. 
 
 Gfl. t. 1044. 
 a/u'reo-macula'tum. Spotted and barred 
 
 with brown. 1888. Gfl. t. 1279. 
 bi'color. Brown, blotched with yellow. 
 
 Gfl. 1888, p. 441. 
 
 — Limmi'nghei. Yellow, brown. Brazil. 1868. 
 
 — Lmd^nii, May. Guatemala. 1845. 
 
 — Imguifo'rnw. Yellow, rose. July. Merida; 
 
 1840. 
 
 — li'twm. Brown, yellow. Brazil. G. C. 1883, 
 
 XX. p. 328. 
 
 — longifo'liv/m. i 3. Yellow, brown. March.. 
 
 Mexico. 1840. B. E. 1842, t. 4. 
 
 — lo'ngipes. h. Yellow, brown. April. Brazil. 
 
 — loxelnse. Olive, cinnamon. Loxa. 1884. 
 
 — lu'dens. Eich brown, yellow, cinnamon, dark 
 
 purple. 1885. 
 
 — luna'tmn. 1. Orange. June. Demerara. 
 
 1836. B. B. 1. 1929. 
 
 — Ivlridum,. 2. Olive, brown. March. 
 
 Jamaica. 1822. B. E. t. 727. 
 
 atra'tum. Olive, brown. Mexico. 
 
 gutta'tum. 2. Yellow, red. July. 
 
 Jamaica. 1837. B. E. 1839, t. 16. 
 
 int&rme!diwm. Yellow, brown. Cuba. 
 
 Morrdni. Pink, crimson, yellow. 
 
 oliva'ceum. Ohve-green, brown. Mar- 
 tinique. 
 
 pmpurajtwm. 2. Crimson, purple- 
 speckled. September. 
 
 — lute'icens. Brown, yellow, greenish, purple. 
 
 G. C. 1887, i. p. 799. 
 
 — inaerantlie'rum. B. M. t. 3845. See Lewchilus 
 
 oncidioides. 
 
ONC 
 
 [676] 
 
 ONC 
 
 0. macra'nthum. Yellow, purple. Spring. 
 Peru. 1867. 
 
 — malerapus. Yellow, brown. Ecuador. 1868. 
 
 — macula^ turns psittaci'num. Yellow, blotched. 
 
 1888. 
 
 — Manti'ni. CJhooolate-brown, yellow, reddish- 
 
 brown. Brazil. 1888. Orch. 1888, p. 47. 
 
 — Marshallia'num. Yellow, maroon. S. 
 
 America. 1866. 
 
 — Martia'num. Yellow. Brazil. 
 
 M'color. Yellow, brown. September. 
 
 Braza 1841. 
 
 — Ufassa'ngei. Yellow, purple-brown. Central 
 
 America. 1877. 
 
 — mei'rax. Yellow, brown. Columbia. 1880. 
 
 — me^lanops. Blackish-purple, yellow. Ecuador. 
 
 1880. 
 
 — tnelio'sm/um. Yellow, cinnamon. Summer. 
 
 G. C. 1882, xvii. p. 796. 
 
 — meta'tlieum. Chestnut, yellow. Columbia. 
 
 1876. 
 
 — microchi'lum. Yellow, crimson. September. 
 
 Guatemala. 1838. B. B. 1843, t. 23. 
 
 — MUliaJnwm. Yellow, brown. Columbia. 
 
 1878. 
 
 — nKmacMcwm. Cinnamon, sulphur, brown. 
 
 New Grenada. 1883. G. C. 1883, xix. 
 p. 368, fig. 54. 
 
 — mmu/cerm. 2. Yellow. January. Eio 
 
 Janeiro. 1839. B. M. t. 3890. 
 
 — murilmim. Yellow, duU crimson-purple. 1888. 
 
 — nalnwm. White. La Guayra. 1842. 
 
 — neiulo'suTn. Yellow, brown. Guatemala. 
 
 — nigra'tum. Yellow, purple. Guiana. 
 
 — nodo'sum. Yellow, red-brown. Columbia. 
 
 1874. Syr., 0. papilioniforme. 
 
 — nubi'genum. White, purple. June. Ecuador. 
 
 1867. Syn., 0. X>enisonimium. 
 
 — nu'dum. Yellow, crimson. July. Caraccas. 
 
 1834. 
 
 — oUonga'twrn. Yellow. July. Guatemala. 
 
 1844. 
 
 — oiryza'tum. Yellow. Peru. 1863. 
 
 — octho'des. Yellow, brown. Ecuador. 1871. 
 
 — imvJstwm. 2. Yellow. October. Peru. 1848. 
 
 — omith&podum, 1879. 
 
 — omitharhy'nchon. 2. Pink, white. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1826. B. M. t. 3912. 
 albijlc/rum. White, yellow. Guatemala. 
 
 1873. Syn., 0. omithorhynchv/mf var. 
 
 albutn. 
 pa'lUdum. 2. Pale purple. December. 
 
 Guatemala. 1835. 
 <~ ortho'tU. |. Yellow, marked with brown. 
 
 111. Hort. XXV. p. 91, pi. 69. 
 — pachyphy'lliim. 2. Yellow, red. January. 
 
 Mexico. 1839. B. M. t. 3807. 
 
 — ptmchry'sum. Yellow. New Grenada. 
 
 — ijapi'lio. IJ. Yellow, purple. June. Trinidad. 
 
 1823. B. E. t. 910. 
 Eckha'rdtii. Flowers larger. Syn., 0. 
 
 papilio, var. majus. Lino, 1. 138. 
 limba'twm. li. Crimson, brown, yellow. 
 
 October. Tnnidad. 1823. 
 
 — pardoglo'ssum. Chestnut, yellow, brown, 
 
 purple. G. C. 1886, xxv. p. 617. 
 
 — pectora'le. Brown, crimson. April. Brazil. 
 
 1842. Lindl. Sert. t. 39. 
 
 — peliea'num. Yellow. October. Mexico. 
 
 1839. B. R. 1847, t. 70. 
 — peliogralimna. Pale yellow and brownish, 
 Chiriqui. 
 
 — pelndvlum. Brown, yellow. September. 
 
 Guatemala. 1840. 
 — pergwrndnewm. Yellow. August. Guatemala. 
 1839. 
 
 — Phalceno'peiB. Cream colour, violet, orange. 
 
 Ecuador. 1869. 
 — phyUoglo' 8t!wm. Chestnut-brown. Columbia. 
 
 G. C. 1881, XV. p. 169. 
 — phymatochi'lum. 2. White, yellow. April. 
 
 Brazil. 1844. 
 
 May. 
 June. 
 1824, 
 
 0. pactum. Yellow, brown. Popayan. 
 
 — PmeUia'nmn. Brown, red. Brazil. 1841, 
 
 — plagia'nthum. Brown. Columbia. 1873. 
 
 — planila'ire. Brown, yellow. Brazil. 
 
 — pliei'geruTn. Brown. Ecuador. 1873. 
 
 — PoUettia'num. Yellow, brown. G. C. 1885 
 
 xxvi. p. 326. 
 
 — po'rrigens. Brown, honey-colour, orange, 
 
 Columbia. 1868. 
 
 — pra/stans. Yellow, dark-brown. 1880. 
 
 — proBte'xtum. Brown, yellow. Brazil. 1873. 
 be'Uum. Yellow, brown. G. C. 1884 
 
 xxi. p. 372. 
 Leea'num. G. C. 1882, xviii. p. 494. 
 
 — vulbes. 1. Green, red. April. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 B. B. 1. 1007. 
 
 Jtave'scens. 1. Bed, yellow. October. 
 
 BrazU. 1839. 
 
 — pulche'llum. J. White-spotted. 
 
 Jamaica. B. M. t. 2773. 
 
 — pulvina'tum. 8. Yellow, bro^pn. 
 
 Brazil. 1836. B. B. 1839, t. 42. 
 
 — pu'milum. i. Yellow. May. Brazil. 
 
 B. M. t. 3681. 
 
 pa'llidwm. 3. Pale yellow. May. Brazil. 
 
 1840. 
 
 — pyxido'phorum. Yellow. 1879. 
 
 — rmii'ferum. 1. Yellow. August. Brazil. 
 
 1838. B. M. t. 3712. 
 Tna'jus. See 0. Hookeri. 
 
 — refle^xum. Yellow. October. Mexico. 1836. 
 
 Maund Bot. iii. t. 16. 
 pelica'nv/tn. Yellow, crimson. Mexico. 
 
 — Retemeyeria'num. Pale yellow, brown, violet 
 
 Mexico. 1870. 
 
 — retu'sum. Brown, yellow. Peru. 
 
 — Uigbya'num. 
 
 — ro'sevmi. Bose. July. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 — ma'jus. Bose. March. Honduras. 
 
 pa'UiduTn. Pale rose. March. 
 
 duras. 1839. 
 
 — ro'stra/ns. Columbia. 1875. 
 
 — rotunda'tum. Brown, yellow. 1873. 
 
 — rupe/stre. Yellow, brown. Peru. 
 Shinne'ri. 1. Peru. 1859. 
 
 — Russellm'nwm. 1. Purple, green. 
 
 Janeiro. 1835. B. B. t. 1830. 
 
 pa'llidum,. 1. Olive-brown; lilac, white. 
 
 BrazU. 1880. 
 
 — ru'sticum. Green, brown, yellow, orange. 
 
 Ecuador. 1870. 
 
 — saltabu'ndum. Ochre, blotched with brown. 
 
 New Grenada. G. C. 1883, xix. p. 720. 
 
 — sangui'neum. Crimson, red. La Guayra. 
 
 Lind. Ser. t. 27. 
 
 — sa/rco'dee. Yellow, red. April. Brazil. 
 discoida'le. Lip not spotted. G. C. 1886» 
 
 xxv. p. 488. 
 
 — SchWmii. Yellow, brown. November.. 
 
 Central America. 
 
 — Se'mele. Yellow, purplish. Ecuador. 1870. 
 
 — serra'tv/m. Brown, yellow. Peru. 1850,, 
 
 Syn., 0. diadema. 
 
 — se'ssile. % Yellow. May. Santa Martha.. 
 
 1848. Paxt. Fl. Gard. t. 21. 
 
 — sphacela'tum. 2. Yello*, brown. February, 
 
 Mexico. 1838. B. E. 1842, t. 30. 
 grwndijlo'rwm. Yellow, brown. Feb- 
 ruary. Mexico. 1840. 
 
 — spilo'pterum. J. Brown, yellow. February, 
 
 Brazil. 1844. B. B. 1846, t. 40. 
 
 — spUndidum. Yellow, brown. Guatemala.. 
 
 1862. Syn., 0. tigrinum, var. splendidum. 
 
 — steUi'gerwm. Yellowish, brown. 1873. 
 
 Erne^sti. Pale yellow, brown, reddish- 
 purple. Mexico. 1887. Warn. Qrch, 
 Alb. t. 260. 
 
 — stipita'tum. Yellow, crimson. April. 
 
 Panama. 1844. 
 platyo'nyx. 1878. 
 
 — strami'neum. Straw, crimson. Vera Cruz, 
 
 1837. B. E. 1840, 1. 14. 
 
 1839. 
 Hon- 
 
 Eio 
 
ONC 
 
 [677] 
 
 ONE 
 
 August. Mexico. 
 August. Mexico. 
 
 <0. sua've. Yellow. April. Mexico. 1836. 
 
 — mpefrbiens. Cliocolate, yellow. Columbia. 
 
 1872. ' 
 
 — Sutto'ni. Brown, yellow. 
 
 1842. 
 
 — TayUu'rii. 2. Brown. 
 
 1837. 
 
 — te'ctum. YeUow, brown. Columbia. 1875. 
 
 — te'nue. f. Yellow, brown-spotted. August. 
 
 Guatemala. 1841. Journ. Hort. Soc. 
 lii. p. 77, and vii. p. 271. 
 
 — teretifo'hum. Bright yellow. H. and Pom. 
 
 1882, p. 90. 
 
 — tetrae&pis. Brown, yellow. Columbia. 1873. 
 
 — tetrap&talum. 1. YeUow, brown. Jamaica. 
 
 — tiffri'nwm. 1. Yellow, brown. April. 
 
 Mexico. 1840. O. leopardimum is a tall 
 
 variety. 
 
 a'lbens. Yellowish-white. 1877. 
 
 Ivlgens. Reddish-brown, yellow, green. 
 
 G. C. 1886, xxTi. p. 653. 
 
 — tricolor. IJ. Yellow, white. April. 
 
 Jamaica. 1843. B. M. t. 4130. 
 
 — tricumida'tum. Orange, brown, sulphur. 
 
 Costa Rica. G. C. 1884, xxil. p. 70. 
 
 — trifwca'tvm,. Light yellow, crimson-lake. 
 
 Columbia? G. C. 1883, xx. p. 666. 
 
 — trUi'ngue. Brown, yellow. April. Peru. 
 
 1860. Paxt. Fl. Gard. t. 63. 
 
 — triqudtrum. J. AVhite, purple. September. 
 
 Jamaica. 1793. B. M. t. 3393. 
 
 — trvZWJermn. Brown, yellow. September. 
 
 Brazil. 1838. B. B. 1839, t. 67. 
 
 — wnguieula'tum. 3. Yellow. October. Mexico. 
 
 1846. 
 
 — unico'me. YeUow. January. Rio Janeiro. 
 
 1839. 
 la! turn. Lip white, purple, orange, G. 
 
 C. 1882, xvii. p. 764. 
 pUctum. White, purple, yellow, brown. 
 
 1880. 
 
 — unifio'rum. \. Brown, yellow. November. 
 
 Organ Mountains. 1841. B. R. 1843, 
 t. 43. 
 
 — urophi/llum. Yellow, brown. W. Indies. 
 
 1841. B. R. 1842, t. 64 ; Antigua. 1891. 
 
 — ustvZa'tum. Sepia, sulphur, reddish-brown, 
 
 greenish. Columbia. 1883. 
 
 — vari£o'&wm. Green, brown, yellow. October. 
 
 Brazil. Lem. Jard. Fl. t. 206-7; 
 
 Koge'rsii. Yellow, brown. 1869. Syn., 
 
 O. Rog&rsii. 
 
 — variega'tum. . 2. Yellow. July. W. Ind. 
 
 1824. Paxt. H. Gard. t. 83. 
 
 — vemi'xtum. Brown, yellow. Ecuador. 1870. 
 
 — viperinvjm. Pale yellow. July. Brazil. 1836. 
 
 — vvrgvXa'twn. Columbia. 1876. 
 
 — volvUnle. Yellow, brown. December. Brazil. 
 
 — Wame^ri. Crimson, yellow. Mexico. 1845. 
 
 — Warscem'caii. Yellow, white, brown. Costa 
 
 Rica. 1870. Syn., 0. Wfrons. 
 
 — Welto'ni. See Miltonia Warscevriczii, 
 
 — Wentworthia'num. Yellow, crimson. March. 
 
 Mexico. 1889. Bate. Orch. t. 39. 
 
 — Widgrefni. Bright yellow, reddish-brown. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 — Wra'ycB. 2. Yellow, brown. 
 
 1838. B. M. t. 3864. 
 
 — xanthocdntrom. S. America. G. C. 1880, xiii. 
 
 p. 104. 
 
 — xa'nthodon. 2. Brown, yellow. 
 
 Ecuador. 1868. 
 
 — zebrfnum. White, violet-red, yellow. 
 
 zuela. 1872. 
 iru'rmeum. White, brown, yellow. 1876. 
 
 Guatemala. 
 
 November. 
 
 Vene- 
 
 Oncoey'elus. 
 Iris. 
 
 A synonym of 
 
 Oncospe'rma. (From onkos, a 
 tumour, and merma, a seed. Nat. ord., 
 Tcdmece; Tribe, ArececB.) 
 
 Slender stove palms. For cultivation, see 
 Abeca, to which it is allied. 
 0. faatkeuXa'tum. Ceylon. 
 
 — filamento'su/m. Java. 1847. 
 
 — Van. Houttealnwm. See Nephrosperma Van 
 
 Houtteanv/m. 
 
 One-shift system of Potting is 
 
 giving a plant in a pot one large shift, 
 instead of frequent small ones. Thus, 
 instead of moving a plant successively 
 from a three to a tive-inch pot, thence to 
 a seven or an eight, and thence again to 
 a ten or a twelve, allowing the roots to 
 become matted at the sides of the pot, 
 or merely to reach there, according as 
 flowering or growing is the object aimed 
 at, the plant is moved at once from a 
 three, four, or five-inch pot into one of 
 eight, twelve, or sixteen inches in dia- 
 meter. It is seldom that a cutting, or a 
 seedling, or a very small plant, is at once 
 moved into a large one, as during its very 
 small state it can be more safely, easily, 
 and economically attended to in a small 
 pot. The one-shift system re(juires room 
 for its adoption. Striking mdividual, 
 rather than mere general results are its 
 characteristics ; and, therefore, where a 
 constant show of bloom and considerable 
 variety in a small space are chiefly de- 
 sired, it should only be sparingly adopted. 
 The chief object aimed at is rapidity of 
 growth, and thus obtaining a beautiful 
 specimen in a much shorter period than 
 could easily be realized by the succession- 
 shift system. By the one-shift system 
 we obtain a vigorous growth ; but yet, 
 from being in a pot, luxuriance may be so 
 controlled as not to interfere with the 
 flowering. In fact, with the extra care 
 and trouble involved, we obtain the ad- 
 vantage without the disadvantages of the 
 planting-out system. For the one-shift 
 system, as well as in every other case 
 where a tine specimen is desired, a young 
 plant must be commenced with that has 
 never had its roots matted round the 
 pot. Such a plant will soon overtake 
 one four times its size, but which has 
 several times densely filled its pot with 
 roots. 
 
 The freely-growing plants, and whose 
 existence is short, are the best to com- 
 mence with. Many of them are best 
 managed upon this system. Wherever 
 rapidity and strength of growth are an 
 object, annuals intended to flowerin pots, 
 after being once pricked off into small 
 pots or preparatory beds, and thus estab- 
 lished, can scarcely be too soon after- 
 wards transferred to their blooming pots. 
 Where double flowers, as in the Balsam, 
 or swelling-off part of the flower, as the 
 receptacle m the case of the Cockscomb, 
 are wished for, then different methods 
 
ONE 
 
 [678] 
 
 ONE 
 
 may be adopted to secure a desired end. 
 With such hard- wooded plants as Heaths 
 and Epacrises the most striking results 
 are obtained by the one-shift system; 
 but as greater care is necessary to success 
 with such plants, we would advise young 
 beginners to trjr some of the above soft- 
 wooded plants in the first place, and to 
 keep in view, for all the cases they may 
 try, whether the plants are soft-wooded 
 or hard. 
 
 In common with other modes of pot- 
 ting, the pots should be sound, fairly 
 burned, dry, and either new orthoroughly 
 clean, outside and inside. Secondly, 
 good drainage — always essential — must 
 here form a chief element of success. 
 In all plants intended to remain in the 
 same pot for years, it cannot be too par- 
 ticularly attended to. Green moss, or 
 chopped wheat-straw, strewed over the 
 dramage, is a good thing for preventing 
 the earthy particles above bemg washed 
 into and cnoking it up. Broken charcoal, 
 from whence the dust has been extracted, 
 is also very useful for this purpose. In- 
 deed, larger pieces of charcoal may con- 
 stitute the chief part of the drainage, 
 which will be lighter than most things 
 that could be used — a matter of con- 
 siderable importance. On this account 
 alone it is valuable for mixing with the 
 compost to keep it open, independently 
 of any chemicalpropertiesitmay possess. 
 Thirdly, soiZ. This, whatever may belts 
 constituents, should be rough and lumpy ; 
 the bulk, in general cases, consisting of 
 pieces from the size of peas up to that 
 of beans and walnuts ; and in cases of 
 larger pots, a few pieces may be as large 
 as hens' eggs. In such compost the 
 plants will grow rapidly ; and even in the 
 case of Heaths, etc. , they will maintain a 
 healthy appearance for years. Should 
 much of the compost be in larger pieces, 
 the plant will not at all be greatly iur 
 jured for the first season, or more, nor 
 yet as long as the roots are contented to 
 crawl around the surface of the lumps ; 
 but when they have reached the side of 
 the pot, and necessity leads them to 
 penetrate the large pieces, a declining ap- 
 pearance is apt to present itself. Bfence 
 the complaints against the system, that 
 though plants grow vigorously at first, 
 they were short-lived. Such large shifts, 
 in the fine-sifted soil of old, could not 
 succeed, unless in potted specimens that 
 received more care than can, in general, 
 be given to plants. Using huge lumps 
 of loam or peat would tend to produce 
 a similar evil, though from causes ap- 
 parently different. The middle course 
 IS the safe one ; but with rough soil, it is 
 
 necessary to surface with a little that is 
 finer, that the air may not enter too 
 freely. Fourthly. A plant never thrives, 
 well when the surface of the ball is sunk 
 several inches below the rim of the pot ;, 
 and there is something uncouth in ob- 
 serving the centre of the ball sticking 
 up in the centre of the pot, like a mole- 
 hill. In all cases, therefore, but espe- 
 cially where it is intended for a plant to 
 continue for years, the compost should 
 be pressed firmly before the young plant 
 is set in the centre of the pot ; and as, 
 nevertheless, itwillgraduallysinkalittle, 
 the surface of the old soil may just be a. 
 little below the rim of the pot. If th 
 roots are the least matted, they should 
 now be gently disentangled, and packed 
 carefully with the hand in layers, putting 
 the finest of the rough soil over the 
 young rootlets, and the coarser towards 
 the outside, next the side of the pot, 
 and squeezing all rather firmly together 
 with the hand, taking care, however, 
 that the soil is in that happy medium 
 that may be termed neither dry nor wet,. 
 and yet sufficiently heated to occasion 
 no immediate check by cold. Fifthly. 
 Watering is the most important of all 
 points, and, where it cannot be properly 
 attended to, the one-shift system should 
 not be attempted. For some time you 
 must merely water as far as the roots 
 extend — the unappropriated soil must 
 not be soaked, or it will become sour and 
 unhealthy for the roots even before they 
 
 fet to it. No regular routine dash or 
 ribble from the water-pot will do with 
 the one-shift system. Sixthly. Tempera- 
 ture. On this system, for some time 
 after potting, the plants should have 
 from 5 to 10 more heat than they other- 
 wise would require, and a close atmo- 
 sphere until fresh growth is proceeding 
 freely. A dash from the syringe fre- 
 5[uently, in hot days, will be of great 
 importance. Every incitement to growth 
 must thus be ^ven ; and, when that has, 
 been accomplished, then air must be 
 freely imparted, and a drier atmosphere 
 maintained, that the fresh wood so freely 
 made may be thoroughly matured. 
 Seventhly. Time of Potting. Upon this 
 system, in the case of all lasting plants 
 intended to be our companions for years, 
 this should take place in spring and 
 early summer, in order, first, that growth 
 may be quickly made, and then matura- 
 tion of the wood be effected before the 
 dark days come, when, in the generality 
 of cases, the low temperature of winter 
 will give them the rest they require before- 
 breaking and flowering vigorously andL 
 profusely the following season. 
 
ONI 
 
 [679] 
 
 ONI 
 
 Onion. A'llium Ce'pa. 
 
 Soil, rich, open, and well drained, in a 
 situation entirely free from trees ; if the 
 soil be poor, abundance of dung should 
 be applied in the preceding autumn or 
 winter. Sea-sand, particularly if the 
 ground is at all tenacious, is advan- 
 tageously employed ; coal-ashes, and 
 especially soot, are applied with par- 
 ticular benefit. In digging over the 
 ground, small spits only should be turned 
 over at a time, that the texture may be 
 well broken and pulverized. 
 
 Varieties. — 1, Silver-skinned Onion, 
 hardiest; 2, Early Silver-skinned; 3, 
 True Portugal ; 4, Spanish ; 5, Stras- 
 burg ; 6, Deptford ; 7, Globe (white or 
 red), best ; 8, James's Keeping Onion ; 
 9, Pale Red; 10, Yellow; 11, Blood- 
 red; 12, Tripoli; 13, Two-bladed; 14, 
 Lisbon ; 15, Weathersfield red ; 16, 
 YeUow Danvers ; 17, Welsh Onion ; 18, 
 Queen ; 19, White Globe, etc. 
 
 Sow for the main crop during March. 
 Main crops may even be inserted as late 
 as the beginning of April, and at its 
 close a small sowing to draw young in 
 summer, and for small bulbs to pickle ; 
 again in July and early in August, for 
 salads in autumn ; and finally in the last 
 week of August, or early in September, 
 to stand the winter, for spring and be- 
 ginning of summer. Sow thinly in drills, 
 eight inches apart. An ounce of seed is 
 sufficient for a rood of ground, especially 
 for the main crops, as they should never 
 be allowed to grow to a size fit for salads 
 without thinnmg. The beds should be 
 about four feet wide, for the convenience 
 of cultivation. 
 
 Cultivation. — In about six weeks after 
 sowing, the plants will be of sufficient 
 size to allow the first thinning and small 
 hoeing, by which they are to be set out 
 about two inches apart. If this is per- 
 formed in dry weather it will keep the 
 beds free from weeds for six weeks longer, 
 when they must be hoed a second time, 
 and thinned to four inches apart ; and 
 now, wherethey havefailed, the vacancies 
 may be filled up by transplanting there 
 some of those thinned out. The best 
 time for doing this is in the evening, and 
 water must be given for several succes- 
 sive nights. In transplanting, the root 
 only is to be inserted, and no part of the 
 stem buried. No plant is more benefited 
 by liquid-manure being given twice a 
 week. After the lapse of another month 
 they must be thoroughly gone over for 
 the last time, and the plants thinned to 
 six inches asunder. After this they re- 
 quire only occasionally the stirring of 
 the surface, which the hoe efi'ects. In 
 
 order to prevent their running too much 
 to blade, it is a good practice, in July, 
 before the tips change to a yellow hue, 
 to bend the stems down flat upon the 
 bed, which not only prevents it, but 
 causes the bulbs to become much larger 
 than they otherwise would. The bend 
 should be made about two inches up the 
 neck. 
 
 Storing. — About the close of August 
 the onions will have anived at their full 
 growth, which may be known by the 
 withering of the foliage, by the shrinking 
 of the necks, and by the ease with which 
 they may be pulled up. As soon as these 
 symptoms appear, they must be taken 
 up, the bed being frequently looked over : 
 for if the whole crop is waited for, the 
 forwardest, especially in moist situa- 
 tions or seasons, are apt again to strike 
 root. 
 
 Spread on mats in the sun, frequently 
 turn, and remove under shelter at night. 
 In two or three weeks, when the roots 
 and blades are perfectly withered, and 
 the bulbs become firm, they are fit for 
 storing, being housed in dry weather, and 
 carefully preserved from bruising. Pre- 
 viously to doing this, all soil and refuse 
 must be removed from them ; for these 
 are apt to induce decay : to prevent this 
 as much as possible, all faulty ones 
 should be rejected. In the store-house 
 they must be laid as thin as may be, or 
 hung up in ropes, and looked over at 
 least once a month. To preserve some 
 from sprouting, for late use, it is useful 
 to sear the roots and the summits with 
 a hot iron, care being taken not to scorch 
 the bulb. 
 
 Additional Modes of Cultivation. — 
 For the winter-standing crop the only 
 additional directions necessary are to 
 tread in the seed regularly before raking, 
 if the soil, as it ought to be, is dry and 
 light. They must be kept constantly 
 clear of weeds, as well as of the fallen 
 leaves of trees, but they need not be 
 thinned. Early in spring they are to be 
 transplanted for bulbing. Sow in May. 
 Cultivg,te the plants as in the other 
 crops ; and in October the bulbs, being 
 of the size of nuts, are to be taken up, 
 dried, and housed, as directed for the 
 full-grown bulbs. About the middle of 
 the following March they must be planted 
 out in rows, six inches apart each way, 
 and cultivated the same as the other 
 crops. If sown earlier than May they 
 run to seed when transplanted. Another 
 mode, nearly as efficacious, is to sow in 
 the latter part of August, to stand the 
 winter, and in March, early or late, 
 according to the forward growth of the 
 
ONI 
 
 [680] 
 
 ONO 
 
 _ J to be planted out in rows at 
 the before-directed distance, and culti- 
 vated as usual. 
 
 In Portugal they sow in a moderate 
 hotbed during November or December, 
 in a warm situation, with a few inches of 
 mould upon it ; and the plants are pro- 
 tected from frost by hoops and mats. In 
 Aj)ril or May, when of the size of a swan's 
 quill, they are transplanted into a light, 
 rich loam, well manured with old-rotten 
 dung, to bulb. Transplanting alone is of 
 great benefit. 
 
 To save Seed, some old onions must be 
 planted early in March, the finest and 
 firmest bulbs being selected, and planted 
 in rows ten inches apart each way, either 
 in drills or by a blunt-ended dibble, the 
 soil to be rather poorer, if it differs at all 
 from that in which they are cultivated 
 for bulbing. They must be buried so deep 
 that the mould just covers the crown. 
 If grown in large quantities, a path must 
 be left two feet wide between every three 
 or four rows, to allow the necessary culti- 
 vation. They must be kept thoroughly 
 clear from weeds, and, when in flower, 
 have stakes driven at intervals of five or 
 six feet on each side of every two rows, 
 to which astringistobe fastened through- 
 out the whole length, a few inches below 
 the heads, to serve as a support, and pre- 
 vent their being broken down. The seeds 
 are ripe in August, which is intimated by 
 the husks becoming brownish ; the heads 
 must then be immediately cut, otherwise 
 the receptacles wUl open and shed their 
 contents. Being spread on cloths in the 
 sun, they soon become perfectly dry, 
 when the seed may be rubbed out, cleaned 
 of the chaff, and, after remaining another 
 day or two, finally stored. It is of the 
 utmost consequences to employ seed of 
 not more than one year old, otherwise 
 scarcely one in fifty will vegetate. The 
 goodness of seed may be easily discovered 
 by forcing a ^little of it in a hotbed or 
 warm water a day before it is employed ; 
 a small white point will soon protrude if 
 it is fertile. 
 
 Onion-fly. See Pho'rbia cepeto'- 
 rum and Eume rus ce^neus. 
 
 Oni'scus. 0. ase'llus, 0. armadi'llo, 
 Woodlice. The first is most easily dis- 
 tinguished from the second by its not 
 rolling up in a globular form when at 
 rest. They are found in old, dry dung- 
 hills, cucumber-frames, etc., and they 
 are injurious to many plants, fruits, etc., 
 by gnawing off the outer skin. Gas- 
 lime will expel them from their haunts, 
 and two boards or tiles kept one-eighth 
 of an inch apart form an excellent trap. 
 
 Onobro'ma. (From onos, the ass, 
 and broma, food. Nat. ord.. Composite; 
 Tribe, Cynaroidece. Allied to Car- 
 thamus.) 
 
 Cuttings and divisions, and seeds of peren- 
 nials ; annuals, by seed ; common soil ; arbore's- 
 ytens requires the protection of a cool greenhouse 
 in winter. 
 
 0. arbore^ scene. 6. Yellow. July. Spain. 1731. 
 Evergreen. 
 
 — cceru'leum. 1. Blue. June. Spain. 1640. 
 Herbaceous. 
 
 — cynaroi'des. 2. White. June. Caucasus. 
 1820. Herbaceous. 
 
 — glau'cum. IJ. Purple. July. Tauria. 1817. 
 Annual. 
 
 — leueoccm'Um. 1. White. June. Greece. 1800. 
 Herbaceous. 
 
 Onobry'chis. Saintfoin. (From 
 onos, the ass, and hrycho, to gnaw; 
 favourite food of the ass. Nat. ord., 
 LeguminosoB ; Tnhe, Hedysarew. Allied 
 to Hedysarum.) 
 
 Best by seeds in spring, where they are to re- 
 main and bloom, as all move badly. Sandy, 
 deep loam. 
 
 HARDY ANNUAL. 
 
 0. ea'put-ga'Ui. IJ. Flesh. July. France. 
 1731. Sya., Hedysarum caput-galli. Swt. 
 Fl. Gard. t. 723. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEODS. 
 
 0. arena'ria. 1. Bed. July. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 — carpa'tiea. 1. Purple. July. Caipathia. 
 1818. 
 
 — confe'rta. 1. Purple. July. Iberia. 1817. 
 
 — comu'ta. 1. Eed. July. Caucasus. 1816. 
 Evergreen. 
 
 — erini'ta. LUac. June. Levant. 1837. 
 
 — echina'ta. Flesh. June. Calabria. 1831. 
 
 — Fontane'sii. Red. July. Tunis. 1820. 
 
 — gla'bra. 1. Purple. July. Tauria. 1816. 
 
 — gra'eilis. 1. Pale red. July. Podolia. 1820. 
 
 — Mvihau'mi. Pale red. July. Levant. 1820. 
 
 — monta'na. J. Purple. July. South Europe. 
 1817. 
 
 — Palla'sii. 1. Pale yellow. Iberia. 1820. 
 
 — petro^a. 1. WTiite, red. Caucasus. 1818. 
 —procu'mbens. J. Purple. July. Iberia. 1819. 
 
 — Ptolema'ica. 1. Yellow. Egypt. 1816. 
 
 — radia'ta. 1}. Pale yellow. Iberia. 1818. 
 B. E. 1847, t. 37. 
 
 — sati'va. 2i. Purple. Europe. 
 
 — saxa'tilis. 1. IJlac, yellow. South Europe. 
 1790. 
 
 — supi'na. J. Pale red. Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 — Tanaitiea. 1. Purple. July. Caucasus. 
 1817. 
 
 Onocle'a. (Onoeleia was the Greek 
 name of a plant. Nat. ord., Filices.) 
 
 Hardy ferns. See Ferns. 
 0. nu'da. See Lomaria nuda. 
 
 — obtusiloba'ta. 1. Brown. July. N. Amer. 
 1812. B. C. 1. 1578. 
 
 — serm'bilis. IJ. Brown. August. Virginia. 
 1799. 
 
 Ono'nis. Eestharrow. (From oraos, 
 an ass, and onemi, to delight ; the ass 
 delights to browse on the herbage. Nat. 
 ord., LegwminoscB ; Tribe, Trifolie<s. 
 Allied to Trigonella. ) 
 
 Annuals, by seeds in April, in sandy, deep soil ; 
 perennials and creeping shrubs, by division m 
 spring, and cuttings under a hand-light, in sand, 
 in summer ; deep, sandy loam for most of them. 
 
ONO 
 
 [681] 
 
 ONO 
 
 Hardy under-shrub kinds, if of a creeping nature, 
 answer well for rock-works. The tenderer species 
 require a cold pit or a cool greenhouse in winter, 
 and most of these like a little peat added to the 
 sandy loam, 
 
 HARDY PERENNIALS. 
 
 O. arbmre'scens. 2. Bed. June. Barbary. 1826. 
 
 — arena'ria. J. Yellow. July. France. 1819. 
 
 — arragone'nsis. li. Yellow. July. Spain. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — capita'ta. J. Yellow. August. Spain. 1820. 
 — frutico'sa. 2. Pink. May. South Europe. 
 
 1680. B. M. t. 317. 
 
 microphy'lla. i. Purple, red. June. 
 
 Arragon. 
 
 — Na'trix. 2. Yellow, red. September. S. 
 
 Europe. 1683. B. M. t. 829. 
 
 — procu'rrens, 1. Purple. July Europe. 1820. 
 
 — rotundifo'lia. 2. Pink. May. Pyrenees. 
 
 1670. B. M. t. 335. 
 arista' ta. 2. Pink. June. 
 
 — trUtractea'ta. IJ. Pink. June. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 1800. 
 
 — trid«nta'ta. IJ. Purple. June. Spain. 1762. 
 
 TENDER PERENNIALS. 
 
 O. an^icsti'ssima. 5. Pink. June. Spain. 1825. 
 
 — cuspida'ta. Ij. Yellow. June. Algiers. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — emargina'ta. Mauritius. 1825. 
 
 — falca'ta. 1^. Yellow. July. South Europe. 
 
 — gla'bra. J. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1824. 
 
 — Tiispa'nica. Ij^. Yellow. July. Spain. 1799. 
 
 B. M. t. 2460. 
 
 — hi'spida. 1^. July. Barbary. 1818. 
 
 — longifo'lia. 2. Yellow. July. Teneriffe. 
 
 1816. 
 — peduncula'ris. 1. White, rose. April. Tene- 
 riffe. 1829. B. R. 1. 1447. 
 
 — pi'cta. 1. Purple, yellow. Barbary. 1820. 
 
 — ramosi'ssima. J. Yellow. July. Sicily. 1819. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 O. a'lba. 1. White. July. Barbary. 1823. 
 
 — A'pula. 1. Yellow. September. Naples. 
 
 1834. Biennial. 
 ^iiflo'ra. J. Yellow. July. Barbary. 1818. 
 
 — braehyca'rpa. i. Yellow. June. Spain. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — breviflo'ra. J. Yellow. August. South 
 
 Europe. 1800. 
 
 — cape'nsis. i- Purple. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1800. 
 
 — Denha'rdtii. 1. Yellow. August. Naples. 
 
 1832. Biennial. 
 
 — difu'm. i. Purple. July. Italy. 1820. 
 — fae'tida. i. Pink. June. Morocco. 1818. 
 
 — gemini/lo'ra. J. Purple. July. Spain. 1817. 
 
 — minuti'ssima. J. Yellow. June. France. 
 
 1818. Biennial. 
 
 — oligophy'lla. Ih White. July. Naples. 1823. 
 —pe'ndula. IJ. Purple. July. South Europe. 
 
 1818. 
 
 Onopo'rdon. Cotton Thistle. 
 <From onos, an ass, and perdo, to con- 
 sume; eaten by that animal. Nat. ord., 
 Compositw ; Tribe, Cynaroidex. Allied 
 to the Thistle.) 
 
 Hardy biennials, the seeds of which merely 
 require sowing in the commonest soil, either m 
 the autumn or early spring. 
 O. acau'lan. J. White. July. Pyrenees. 1739. 
 
 — ara'bicum. 8. Purple. July. South Europe. 
 
 1686. 
 
 — cynaroi'des. 10. White. June. Caucasus. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — deUoi'deum. See Carduus atripKcifoliits. 
 
 — ela'tum. 7. Purple. July. Greece. 1816. 
 
 — ilb/rieum. 6. Purple. July. South Europe. 
 
 1640. 
 
 0. mucra'nthum. 6. Purple. July. Barbary. 
 1798. Annual. 
 
 — pyrena'iami. J. White. August. Pyrenees. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — uniflo'rum. \. White. July. Spain. 1826. 
 
 — visco'sum. 7. Purple. July. South Europe. 
 
 1818. 
 
 Ouose'ris. (From onos, an ass, and 
 seris, Endive. Nat. ord., Compositw; 
 Tribe, Mutisiacem.) 
 
 Stove plants, except Drakeana, Seeds and 
 
 cuttings, in heat ; sandy loam and leaf-mould. 
 
 Summer temp., 50° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 55°. 
 
 0. adpre'ssa. 2. Eosy. January. Peru. 1826. 
 
 Syn., Centrocliniwm adpressum. B. M. 
 
 t. 3116. Evergreen. 
 
 — Drakea'na. Bright purple. New Grenada. 
 
 1883. Eev. Hort. 1883, p. 180. Green- 
 house shrub. 
 
 — reflelxa. 2. Rosy. August. Peru. 1830. 
 
 Syn., Centrocliniwm. reflexuvi. B. M. 
 t. 3114. 
 
 — rosifio'ra, 3. Pink. New Grenada. 1859. 
 
 Syn., Isotypos rosiflffrus. LHort. Fr. 
 1864, p. 10. 
 
 Ono'sma. (From onos, an ass, and 
 osme, smell ; said to be grateful to that 
 animal. Na,t. 01 A., Boraginece ; Tribe, 
 Boragece. Allied to Cerinthe.) 
 
 Herbaceousperennials, yellow-flowered, except 
 where otherwise mentioned. Small, prettyplants 
 for mounds, rock-work, and old walls, where, if 
 once established, they will maintain themselves 
 by seeds ; seeds and divisions ; sandy loam and 
 sandy peat, and thin layers of decomposed vege- 
 table matter ; a few tender kinds require a cold 
 frame, and trine'rvium a warm greenhouse in 
 the winter. 
 
 HALF-HARDY. 
 
 0. pyramida'lis. 2. Bright scarlet. Kumaon. 
 1888. B. M. t. 6987. 
 
 — ri'giduTn. 1. July. Tauria. 1826. 
 
 — rupe'stre. i. May. Iberia. 1819. B. C. 
 
 t. 1880. 
 
 — trine'rvium. 1. S. Amer. 1824. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 0. a'lbo-ro'seum. White, changing to deep rose. 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 — divarica'tum. 1. May. Caucasus. 1818. 
 
 — echcri'des. 1. White. May. South Europe. 
 
 1683. B. C. 1. 1741. 
 arena'rium. 1. June. Hungary. 1804. 
 
 — emo'di. Pink. May. Nepaul. 1851. Syn., 
 
 Maharan^a emodi. 
 
 — giga'nteum. 3. April. Tauria. 1818. 
 
 — Gmeli'ni. 1. Striped. June. Altai. 1829. 
 
 — ■m(mta'num. March. Levant. 1827. 
 
 — orienta'le. J. May. Levant. 1762. 
 
 — polyphy'Uum. 1. July. Tauria. 1829. 
 
 — seri'ceum. i. June. Iberia. 1752. . 
 
 — sinvplici'ssimum. 1. April. Siberia. 1768. 
 
 B. M. t. 2248. 
 
 — stellvla'tum. J. April. Hungary. 1819. 
 
 — tau'ricum. Yellow. Taurus. B. M. t. 889. 
 
 Onosmo'ditun. (From onosma, 
 the last genus, and eidos, like. Nat. 
 Old., Boraginece; Tribe, Boragece. Al- 
 lied to Lithospermum.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous North American perennials, 
 flowering in June ; thriving in sandy loam, and 
 propagated by seeds and division. 
 0. carolinia'num. 1. Yellowish. 1769. 
 
 — hi'spidum. 1. Yellow. 1759. 
 
 — mo'lle. i. White. 1812. 
 
 — vlrg%niainvm. 1. Yellow. 1812. 
 
ONY 
 
 [682] 
 
 OPH 
 
 Onsr'chium. (From onyx, a claw ; 
 shape of the lobes of the fronds. Nat. 
 ord., FUices.) 
 
 Stove ferns, mth yellowish-brown spores. See 
 Fekns. 
 O. aura'tum. July. N. S. Wales. 
 
 — eape'nae. July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 — japo'nicwm. Japan. 
 
 — lu'ddum. July. Nepaul. 1844. 
 
 Opera Girls. Manti'sia. 
 
 Opercula'ria. (From operculimi, 
 a lid ; shape of calyx. Nat. ord. , Rubia- 
 cece ; Tribe, Anthospermece. Allied to 
 Pomax. ) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous, white-flowered peren- 
 nials. Seeds In spring, in a mild hotbed ; division 
 of some of the plants as growth commences ; 
 cuttings of the young shoots, best when several 
 inches long ; sandy loam and a little fibry peat, 
 and dried pieces of leaf -mould, and a few pieces 
 of charcoal ; a dry, cold pit or greenhouse in 
 winter. 
 O. a'spera. 1. June. N. Holland. 1790. 
 
 — hi'spida. 1. July. N. Holland. 1790. 
 
 — ocymifo'lia. i. July. E. Ind. 1524. 
 
 — sessiliflo'ra. J. June. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1824. 
 
 Oplie'lia. (From opheleia, service- 
 able ; medicinal. Nat. ord. , Gentianece. 
 Allied to the Gentian.) See Swertia. 
 
 O. alaJta. See Swertia alata. 
 
 — angustif&lia. See Swertia am^iistifolia. 
 
 — corymb&sa. B. M. t. 4489. See Swertia 
 
 coryrribosa, 
 — panicula'ta, See Swertia paniculata. 
 
 — purpura' scens. See Swertia purpurascens. 
 
 — umbella'ta. B. M. t. 5397. See Swertia tri- 
 
 chotoma, 
 
 Ophiocau'lon. (From ophis, a 
 serpent, and kaulos, a stem ; in reference 
 to its climbing habit. Nat. ord., Passi- 
 JloracecB ; Tribe, Modeccece. Allied to 
 Modecca.) 
 Stove climber. For cultivation, see Passi- 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 0. dssampeloi'des. W. Tropical Africa. 1871. 
 Syn., Passifiora marmorea. 
 
 Ophioglo'ssum. (From ophis, a 
 snake, and glossa, a tongue ; alluding 
 - to the shape of the spike of fructifica- 
 tion. Nat. ord., FUices — Polypodiacem.) 
 
 Stove and hardy ferns. See Ferns. 
 0. lusita!ni(mm. \. S. of Europe and Britain. 
 ^palma'tum. J. Mexico. Stove. 
 
 — pelndulwrn. 2. Mauritius. Stove. 
 
 — retictda'twn. 1. Tropics. Stove. 
 
 — vulgaltum. J. Britam.— Adder's Tongue. 
 
 OpMopo'gon. (From ophis, a ser- 
 pent, and ^og'ore, a beard. Nat. ord., 
 Hmmodoracece ; Tribe, OphiopogonecB.) 
 
 Herbaceous, white-flowered perennials, except 
 where otherwise mentioned. Division of the 
 plant at the roots, in spring, as vegetation is 
 commencing ; also by seed ; sandy loam and a 
 little peat. All are hardy in dry, sheltered 
 places, except 0. prolifer, which requires the 
 protection of a greenhouse. 
 0. interme'dius. See 0. japonicus, var. iitterme- 
 diuB. 
 
 — Jabu'ran. 1. July. Japan. 1830. B. C. 1. 1876. 
 
 0. JaWran variega'tus. Violet ; leaves whito- 
 
 edged. Japan. 1863. 
 —japo'wicua. IJ. Lilac, yellow. June. Japan. 
 
 1784. B. M. t. 1063. 
 arge^nteo-margina'tus. White ; leaves 
 
 wnite-edged. 
 intermefdius. 1^. Lilac. Autumn. 
 
 China. 1821. Syns., 0. intermedius and 
 
 0. ftpicatue of Don. 
 
 — pro'lifer. IJ. July. Fenan^. 1844. 
 
 — spica'tuB of Don is 0. jm>onieus, var. inter- 
 
 medius; of Ker is Liriope graminifolia. 
 
 Ophio'pteris. (From ophis, a ser- 
 pent, and pteris, a fern ; referring to the 
 flexuose, creeping rhizome. Nat. ord., 
 FUices. ) A synonym of Oleandra. 
 
 0. vertieilla'ta. A synonym of Oleandra nerii- 
 formis, 
 
 Ophio'xylon. (From ophii, a ser- 
 pent, and xylon, wood ; referring to its 
 twisted roots. Nat. ord. , Apocynacem ; 
 Tribe, Plumeriem.) See Rauwolfia. 
 
 0. nui'jus. See Rawwolfia maius. 
 
 — Berpenti'num. See Rauwoljia serpentina. 
 
 O'phrys. (From Ophrys, eyebrows ; 
 referring to the fringe of the inner 
 sepals. Nat. ord., Orchidem; Tribe, 
 OphrydecE — SerapiecE. ) 
 Elegant little ground-orchids, chiefly natives 
 of Europe, but difficult to keep alive under 
 cultivation. Division of the tuberous like roots ; 
 also, most of the hardy ones by seed, which 
 should be sown as soon as ripe, or permitted to 
 sow itself by falling on loose, damp moss, whence 
 it may be moved, and finally planted after 
 
 frowth has taken place. Avi'fera prefers rich, 
 eavy soil ; most of the others, sandy, chalky 
 loam, and a little peat. Considering their inte- 
 resting appearance, they well deserve a frame or 
 cold pit from amateurs, so that they might 
 receive similar attention to small alpines. 
 
 HALF-HARDY. 
 
 0. ara/ni'/erOrlimba'ta. 1. Brown. April. Eome. 
 1826. B. E. 1. 1197. 
 
 — atra'ta. 5. Green, brown. May. Gibraltar. 
 
 1826. B. E. 1. 1087. 
 — fe^rrum-equi'num. f. Brown, rose. April. 
 Corfu. B. E. 1847, t. 46. 
 
 — fucifio'ra. f. Green, brown, pink. Zante. 
 
 B. E. 1847, t. 26. 
 — fu'sctt. |. Brown. June. Gibraltar. 1826. 
 
 — liliifo'Ha. Andr. Eep. t. 66. See Lipari» 
 
 liliifolia. 
 
 — lu'tea. |. Yellow. April. Spain. 1818. 
 
 — mmrvm&sa. Green, pinK. S. Europe, 
 
 — rrumo'rchis. See JSerminium monorchis. 
 
 — sco'lopax. J. Purple. May. Italy. 1825. 
 
 — tenthrediniyera. f. Yellow, brown. April. 
 
 Barbary. 1816. B. M. 1. 1930. 
 Tna'jor. Green, whitish, purple. May. 
 
 Barbary. B. E. 1. 1093. 
 minor. ^. Yellow, brown. April. N, 
 
 Africa. 1824. 
 
 — vespHfera. Yellow, brown. Corfu. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 0. alpi'na. B. C. 1. 1188. See Herminium alpi- 
 num. 
 
 — api'fera. i. Purple. June. England. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1467. 
 ~ a/rachni'tes. J. Brown. June. England. 
 B. M. t. 2516. 
 
 — arachnoi'des. Brown, rose. April. Italy* 
 
 1806. Andr. Eep. t. 470. 
 
 — arani'fera. J. Green. May. England 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1469. 
 
OPL 
 
 [683] 
 
 OPU 
 
 0. eilia'ta. Brown, white. April. Italy. 1826. 
 
 — camu'ta. J. White, purple. June. Crimea. 
 
 1844. B. B. 1846, t. 62. 
 
 — exalta'ta. Rose, brown. April. Italy. 1825. 
 —fuei'fera. J. Purple, gieen. June. England. 
 ^ grandifio'ra. Bed, yellow. April. Italy. 
 
 — muaci'fera. |. Purple. May. England. 
 
 Bug. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1471. 
 
 — 8pe!eulum. Brown, black. April. South 
 
 Europe. 1818. B. B. t. 370. 
 
 — tabard' fera. J. Chocolate, rose. April. 
 
 Clarentia. B. E. 1847, t. 46. 
 
 Opli'smenus. (From hopUsmenos, 
 awned; the glumes are awned. Nat. 
 ord., GraminecB. Syn., Orthopogon.) 
 
 Stove oi greenhouse gi'asses. Divisions, or 
 seeds. Paniewm variegatwm should be referred 
 to this genus. 
 
 0. Surma'nni albi'dulum. Leaves white, with a 
 central green stripe. India. G. C. 
 1886, xxTi. p. 776. 
 
 — hirte'UttS. June. West Indies. 1795. Syn., 
 
 Orthopogon hirtellus. 
 
 — lolia'ceus. July. Trinidad. 1820. Syn., 
 
 Orthopogon loliaoeus. 
 
 Opo'ponax. (From opos, juice, 
 anipanax, Panax. Nat. ord., Umbelli- 
 ferm.) See Malabaila. 
 
 0. chiro'nium. See Malabaila Opoponax. 
 
 Opora'nthus. (From opora, 
 autumn, and anthos, a flower. Nat. 
 ord., AmaryllidecB ; Tribe, Ainaryllece.) 
 A sub-genus of Stembergia. 
 
 0. lu'teus. See Stembergia lutea. 
 
 Opu'ntia. Indian Fig. (A Latin 
 name, of -which the derivation is not 
 applicable to the species now placed 
 under it. Nat. ord., Cactaceos; Tribe, 
 OpuntiecE. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen succulents, with yellow 
 flowers, when not otherwise mentioned. Cut- 
 tings, by taking pieces off at the joints, and 
 drying them a little before inserting them in 
 sandy loam, and giving them a brisk bottom- 
 heat. The great point is to give them a 
 high temperature and a moist atmosphere when 
 growing in summer, say from 65° to 85" or 90° ; 
 to reduce the moisture gradually as autumn 
 approaches, but not the temperature, until 
 auLunm is on the wane ; and then to keep them 
 in a low temperature (40° or 60°), and dry during 
 the winter ; sandy loam, fibry peat, each one 
 part ; lime-rubbish, cow-dung, and charcoal, 
 one-third part each. Vulga'ris has stood in dry 
 situations out of doors near London, and has 
 been unhurt when planted at the foot of a wall, 
 and wet excluded during winter. All species of 
 which we know nothing but the names have 
 been omitted. 
 0. a'lbieam. Mexico. 1835. 
 
 — alpi'na. Chili. 1836. 
 
 — aTnerica'na. S. Amer. 1836. 
 
 — Amyeloefa. Naples. 1826. 
 
 — andi'eola. Andes of Chili. 
 
 — artieula'ta. June. 1836. 
 
 — Au'beri. Cuba. 
 
 — OMranti'aca. 3. Orange, yellow. Chili. 1824. 
 
 B. B. t. 1606. 
 
 — Bonpla'ndi. July. Brazil. 1816. 
 
 — brasaidims. 26. July. Brazil. 1816. B. 
 
 M. t. 3293. 
 
 — candelabrifo'rmis. Mexico. 
 
 — dava'ta. Yellow. Chili. 1854. 
 
 — cochinHli'fera. See Nopalea eochinillifera. 
 
 0. corruga'ta. Chili. 1824. 
 
 — cra'Bsa. 2. Mexico. 1817. 
 
 — erini'fera. Brazil. 1846. 
 
 — aarassa'iAea. 6 June. Curassoa. 1690. 
 elonga'ta, 3. 
 
 lo'v^a. 6. June. Curassoa. 1690. 
 
 — cylUndrwa. 3. Scarlet. Peru. 1799. B. M- 
 
 t. 3301. 
 
 — Bavi'sii. New Mexico. 1883. B. M. t. 6652. 
 
 — deci'piens. Scarlet. June. Mexico. 1830. 
 
 — decwma'na. 10. S. Amer. 1768. 
 
 — decufmberis. J. June. Mexico. 1835. B_ 
 
 M. t. 3914. 
 
 — deje^cta. Havannah. 1836. 
 
 — dich&toma. Buenos Ayres. 1836. 
 
 — DUle'nii. 5. September. 1810. 
 
 — ela'tior. 6. ■ July. S. Amer. 1731. 
 
 — EngeVtna'nni. Chihuahua. 1854. 
 
 — extefnsa. Lilac, yellow. 1824. 
 
 — exuvia'ta. June. Mexico. 1830. 
 —/e'rox. 3. S. Amer. 1817. 
 
 — fi'cus i'ndica. 2. June. S. Amer. 1731.. 
 — Jlocco'sa. Bolivia. 
 
 — folio'sa. S. Amer. 1805. 
 
 — fra'gilis. 2. N. Amer. 1814. 
 
 — frute'scens. Yellow. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 — glaucophy'lla, 
 
 — glomeralta. Brazil. 1829. 
 
 — gra'cilis. Mexico. 
 
 — Hemande zii. Variegated. Mexico. 1827' 
 
 — ho'rrida. July. S. Amer. 1795. 
 
 — imbrica'ta. 3. 1820. 
 
 — ine'rmie. July. S. Amer. 1796. 
 
 — interme'dia. Mexico ? 
 
 — Elei'niiE. Mexico. 
 
 — lanceola'ta. 2. July. S. Amer. 1796. 
 
 — leptocau'lis, Mexico. 1845. 
 
 — leiMaca'ntha. White. S. Amer. 1825. 
 
 — leuco'tricha. 4. White. Germany. 1836.. 
 
 — longispi'na. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 — lu'cida. 3-4. Yellow. 1889. 
 
 — macrorhi'za. Santa F6. 1850. 
 
 — ma'xiima. 10. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 — me'dia. N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 — megaca'ntha, Mexico. 1835. 
 
 — raexHealna. Mexico. 1836. 
 
 — microda'sys. Mexico. 1846. 
 
 — missourie'nsis. See 0. polyacantha. 
 
 — moTMca'ntha. 1. S. Amer. 1816. B. i/L. 
 
 t. 3911. 
 
 — myriaca'ntha. Mexico. 1830. 
 
 — nigricans. 3. Pink. August. S. Amer, 1795. 
 
 — nopali'Uo. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 — Otto'nis. June. Brazil. 1830. 
 
 — ova'ta. Andes of Chili. 1840. 
 
 — papyraca'ntha. Argentine Bepublic. 1872. 
 
 — Parmentie^ri. Paraguay. 1844. 
 
 — pa'rmtla. Chili. 1825. 
 — phceaca'ntha, 
 
 — platyaca'ntha. 1814. 
 
 — Poeppi'gii. Chili Gfl. 1. 1129. . 
 
 — polya'ntha. 3. S. Amer. 1811. 
 
 — polyaca'ntha. 1. N. Amer. 1814. B. M.. 
 
 t. 7046. Syn., 0. missottrjensis of gardens.. 
 
 — pseu'do-tu'na. 1811. 
 
 — pube'scens. June. Mexico. 1836. 
 
 — pulverulefnta. Tropical America. 1850. 
 
 — pulvina'ta. June. Mexico. 1836. 
 
 — pim'Ua. i. S. Amer. 1805. 
 
 — Jtajini'squii. 1. Yellow. N. America. 1868. 
 
 Garden, Dec. 8, 1881. 
 
 — ra/rmdi!fera. June. Mexico. 1836. 
 
 — re'ptans. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 — ro'sea, Bose. June. Mexico. 1830. 
 
 — rube'scens. Brazil. 1828. 
 
 — Salmia'na. 2. Yellow, red. September. 
 
 Brazil. 1860. B. M. t. 4642. 
 
 — Segelthi. Pale pink. Chili. 1884. Gfl. 1. 1129;. 
 
 — senilis. 1837. 
 
 — seri'eea. 1. Chili. 1827. 
 
 — spinav!rea. Mexico. 1838, 
 
 — spinosi'ssima. 90. July. Jamaica. 1732. 
 
ORA 
 
 [684]- 
 
 ORG 
 
 "0. spinuli'fera. 
 
 — Stape'lice, June. 
 
 — tunwa'ta. 
 
 — Turpi'nii. 
 
 — vulga'ris. 
 
 Orach. 
 
 Mexico. 1836. 
 
 Mexico. 1830. 
 subine'mm. 2. 1819. 
 
 — siibula'ta. 
 
 — eulphu'rea. 2. Chili. 1827. 
 
 — tomento'sa. 2. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 — triaca'ntha. 2. S. Amer. 
 
 — iubercula'ta. 1. America. 1818. 
 tu'na. 3. July. S. Amer. 1731. 
 
 Mexico. 1840. 
 CliUi. 1844. 
 2. July. South Europe. 1596. 
 
 {A'triplex horte'nsis.) This 
 is cooked and eaten in the same manner 
 as spinach, to which it is much preferred 
 by many persons, although it belongs to 
 a tribe whose wholesomeness is very 
 suspicious. 
 
 Soil. — It iiourishes best in a rich, 
 moist soil, and in an bpen situation. 
 
 Sow about the end of September, and 
 again in the spring for succession, in 
 drills six inches apart. When the seed- 
 lings are about an inch high, thin to six 
 inches apart, and those removed may be 
 planted out at the same distance in a 
 similar situation, and watered occa- 
 sionally until established. For early 
 production sow in a moderate hotbed at 
 the same time as those in the open 
 ground. The leaves must be gathered 
 for use whilst young, otherwise they 
 become stringy and worthless. 
 
 To save Seed. — Some plants of the 
 spring sowing must be left nngathered 
 from, and thinned to about eight inches 
 apart. The seeds ripen about the end 
 of August, when the plants must be 
 pulled up, and, when perfectly dry, the 
 seed rubbed out for use. 
 
 Orange. (Ci'tms aura'ntium.) See 
 Citrus. 
 Orange Thorn. Citrioha'tus. 
 Ora'nia. (From ouranos, heaven. 
 Nat. ord., Palmece ; Tribe, ArececB.) 
 
 Tall stovepalms. For cultivation, see Phcenix. 
 O.macroclad'us 40. Malacca. 1847. 
 
 — mvea. Leaves white beneath. 
 
 — porphyroca'rpa. Java. 1847. 
 
 — rega'lis. 7. Java. 1847. 
 
 Orbe'a, A synonym of Stapelia. 
 
 Orchard is an inclosure devoted to 
 the cultivation of hardy fruit-trees. 
 With respect to the situation and aspect 
 for an orchard, avoid very low, damp 
 situations as much as the nature of the 
 place will admit, for in very wet soils no 
 fruit-trees will prosper, nor the fruit be 
 fine; but a moderately low situation, 
 free from copious wet, may be more 
 eligible than an elevated ground, as 
 being less exposed to tempestuous winds ; 
 though a situation having a small de- 
 clivity is very desirable, especially if its 
 a,spect incline towards the east, south- 
 ••east, or south, which are rather more 
 
 eligible than a westerly aspect ; but a 
 north aspect is the worst of all for an 
 orchard, unless particularly compensated 
 by the peculiar temperament or good 
 quality of the soil. Any common field 
 or pasture that produces good crops of 
 com, grass, or kitchen-garden vegetables 
 is suitable for an orchard ; if it should 
 prove of a loamy nature, it will be a 
 particular advantage. Any soil, how- 
 ever, of a good quality, not too light 
 and dry, nor too heavy, stubborn, or 
 wet, but of a medium nature, friable 
 and open, with not less than one spade 
 deep of good staple, will be proper. 
 
 Drain thoroughly, and trench before 
 planting. Plant in October, or, at the 
 latest, in November. Trees will succeed 
 if planted later ; but those are the best 
 months. Plant on stations (See Sta- 
 tions) ; and the following is a good 
 selection : — Of Apples, plant ioT Kitchen 
 use Keswick Codling, Mank's Codling, 
 Blenheim Pippin, Dumelow's Seedling, 
 Minshall Crab, Bedfordshire Foundling, 
 Norfolk Beaufin, Hawthornden, Here- 
 fordshire Pearmain, King of Pippins, 
 and John Apple. For Dessert: Early 
 Harvest, Early Red Margaret, Kerry 
 Pippin, Early Nonpariel, Htmaston, 
 Pearson's Plate, Ribston Pippin, Ross 
 Nonpareil, Old Nonpareil, Lamb- Abbey 
 Pearmain, Sturmer Pippin, and Court 
 Pendu Plat. Of Cherries : Early Purple 
 Griotte, Early May Duke, Black Eagle, 
 Elton, Bigarreau, Florence, Late Duke, 
 Morello, and Butner's October Morello. 
 Of Plums: PriScoce de Tours, Morocco, 
 Orleans, Drap d'Or, Greengage, Royal 
 native, Reine Claude Violette, Coe's 
 Golden Drop, St. Martin's Quetsche, 
 Washington, Jefferson, Winesour, Mag- 
 num Bonum, St. Catherine, and Ixworth 
 Imp&atrice. In the preceding lists we 
 have named the varieties in their order 
 of ripening; but in this of Pears the 
 months named are those in which the 
 fruit is ripe. July, Doyenne d'Et^. 
 August, Benoist. September, Williams' 
 Bon Chretien, Beurr6 d'Amalis, Jalousie 
 de Fontenay Vender. October, Duchesse 
 d'Orleans, Marie Louise, Fondante d'Au- 
 tomne. November, Beurr^ Bosc, Thomp- 
 son's, Doyenne Gris, Urbaniste. Decem- 
 ber, Haco'n's Incomparable, Triomphede 
 Jodoigne. January, Beurr^ Langelier, 
 Knight's Monarch. February, Inconnue 
 Van Mons, Susette de Bavay, Duchesse 
 de Mars. March, Beurr^ Bretonneau. 
 April, Fortun6e Parmentier, Berga- 
 mott^e d'Esperen. 
 
 Orchard House. This is the name 
 now applied to cheap glazed structures. 
 
OEC 
 
 [685] 
 
 OEC 
 
 in which to grow hardy fruits in pots, 
 and planted in the horders. 
 
 We have found that such a green- 
 house, without any heating apparatus, 
 is most useful, not only for growing 
 (Jrapes, Peaches, Nectarines, and Apri- 
 cots, hut early Peas, Eadishes, Straw- 
 berries, Lettuces, small Salading, and 
 Potatoes. Such a structure is the follow- 
 ing, described by Mr. Eivers, in his 
 highly useful work, "The Orchard 
 House. " 
 
 We will suppose that an orchard house 
 thirty feet long is required. A ground 
 plan, thirty feet long and twelve feet 
 wide, must be marked out, ten posts or 
 studs of good yellow deal, four inches 
 by three, and nine feet in length, or if 
 larch poles, sixteen inches in girth, can 
 be procured, they are quite equal in 
 durability ; these latter must be cut in 
 two, and the flat sides placed outwards ; 
 these posts, or studs, whether larch or 
 deal, must be fixed two feet in the 
 ground firmly, and the ground ends 
 must be charred two feet four inches 
 from the bottom, which adds much to 
 their durability : it will thus be seen 
 that this, the back line of studs, will 
 stand seven feet in height clear from 
 the surface. For the front wall, ten 
 studs, four feet long, must be inserted 
 in the ground one and a half feet, so 
 that they stand two feet six inches clear 
 from the surface ; on these studs, both 
 at front and back, must be nailed a plate 
 four inches by two and a half, on which 
 the rafters ure to rest ; the studs are 
 thus far arranged in two lines. Now, 
 then, for the rafters : these must be 
 fourteen feet long, and four inches by 
 two in thickness, placed with the narrow 
 surface upwards, to spare the trouble of 
 "ploughing," to make the rebate for 
 the glass, which is great labour and 
 waste of material. On the upper side of 
 each rafter, exactly in the centre, must 
 be nailed a slip of half-inch board, three- 
 quarters of an inch wide ; this will leave 
 half an inch and one-eighth on each 
 side for the glass to rest on — not too 
 much when ttie width of the glass is 
 ' given. We have thus the rafters so far 
 (prepared for glazing, but not yet fitted 
 on the plates at top and bottom : they 
 must never be mortised, but let in at 
 top by cutting out a piece, and sloped 
 off at bottom. 
 
 To receive the glass at the top of the 
 rafters, apiece of three-quarter-inch deal 
 board, six inches wide, must be nailed 
 along the top to the end of each rafter, 
 so as to be even with the surface, and in 
 this should be a groove to receive the 
 
 upper end of each piece of glass ; at thef 
 bottom, a piece of board, one inch thick 
 and six inches wide, must be let in for 
 the glass to rest on, and to carry off the 
 water. We have thus so far a sloping 
 roof, seven feet three inches (with the 
 plate) high at back, and two feet nine 
 mches high in front ; but the glass is not 
 yet in. The most economical glass is 
 sixteen-ounce British sheet, which can 
 be bought at 2Jc?. or 3d. per foot, and 
 the best size twenty inches by twelve r 
 puttying thelaps, as it prevents breakage 
 by frost ; placing it cross-wise, so that 
 the rafters must be about twenty inches 
 asunder. On and outside the back studs, 
 half-inch boards must be nailed, well 
 seasoned, so that they do not shrink too 
 much; these must be painted white. 
 In the back wall, sliding shutters, twO' 
 feet six inches by one foot, in grooves, 
 must be fixed, for complete ventilation r 
 two close to the roof, and two about 
 eighteen inches from it. 
 
 The front must have, also, half-inch 
 boards nailed on outside the studs ; one 
 of them, the upper one, to be on hinges, 
 so as to let down the whole length of th& 
 house; these, when all open in hot 
 weather, ventilate thoroughly. To add 
 to thi^(and it is all required in summer), 
 the boards \vill shrink and let in air ; a- 
 fierce sunlight is thus admitted by the 
 large glass, and abundance of air, in 
 which all fruit-trees thrive to admiration. 
 So much for the timber and glass ; but 
 when one sees that to walk along the 
 centre of the building, which is about 
 four feet nine inches in height, a per- 
 son must be of very diminutive stature,, 
 the inquiry arises. How is head-room 
 to be made 1 How simple is the answer ! 
 Make a trench two feet six inches wide, 
 and two feet deep, in the centre of the 
 ground plan ; this will leave a border on 
 each side four feet nine inches wide. 
 The bottom of this trench forms the 
 footpath; its sides must be supported 
 with boards, or with four-inch oriek- 
 work. Now, as everything depends on 
 these borders — for there must be no 
 benches and no shelves — care must be 
 taken to make their surface loose and 
 open : loose materials, such as coarse 
 cinders, lime-rubbish from old walls, or 
 bricks broken into pieces in size from a 
 nut to a walnut, may be laid on them, 
 about four inches deep ; they may then 
 be forked over to about nine inches in 
 depth, well mixing the above materials 
 with the soil ; you thus have two borders 
 not too far from the glass, and on which 
 your trees will thrive admirably. It 
 will appear odd to read about trees 
 
ORG 
 
 [686] 
 
 ORG 
 
 thriving on instead of in a border ; but 
 ■when explained that this is to be an 
 orchard in pots, it will not seem so con- 
 trary to our. usual garden-culture. 
 
 Orchids. Amongst orchids are to 
 be found flowers presenting a most 
 striking contrast in general ajppearance, 
 from the small green, inconspicuous ones 
 of Herminium monorchia to the large, 
 richly coloured forms of Cattleya lahiata, 
 and yet all these can be referred to one 
 type, so natural is the order. Each 
 flower consists of a perianth of six seg- 
 ments arranged in two circles or whorls, 
 each consisting of three members. The 
 outer three are most frequently alike in 
 shape, size, and colour. Of the three 
 inner two are alike, but the third (origi- 
 nally superior, but at length inferior 
 through the torsion of the ovary) is very 
 different, generally much larger, often 
 spurred, and differently, if not more 
 brightly coloured, and is known as the 
 lip or labellum. Rarely are the six 
 perianth segments similar, except in a 
 few Australian genera. Of the stamens 
 only one is developed, except in the 
 tribe CypripediecE, where there are two. 
 The stamen is adnate with the style to 
 form the column. The pollen is usually 
 waxy, and united into definite masses 
 <pollinia), and escapes either by the fall- 
 ing off of a cap or operculum, or by 
 longitudinal slits. On the face of the 
 column opposite to the labellum are to 
 be found the two united viscid stigmas, 
 the third forms aspecial organ (rostellum) 
 at the base of the anther. The ovary 
 is inferior, one-celled with numerous 
 ovules on three parietal placentas. 
 
 In no other order is the connection be- 
 tween the shape of the flower and its 
 fertilization by insects so apparent as in 
 orchids. For a fuU account of this the 
 reader is referred to Darwin's ' ' Fertiliza- 
 tion of Orchids." 
 
 In Hooker and Bentham's Genera 
 Plantarum the genera of Orchids are 
 arranged in five tribes, characterized as 
 follows : 
 
 1. Epidendre^. Anther 1, posterior, 
 operoulate, cells distinct, parallel. Pol- 
 linia waxy, one to four in each cell, in 
 one or two rows, free, or those in each 
 cell united by viscous matter, or by a 
 granular appendage, very rarely affixed 
 to the rostellum, e.g., Epiaendrwm, 
 Lcelia, Cattleya, Masdevallia, etc. 
 
 2. VandEjE. Anther 1, posterior, 
 operoulate, incumbent, or applied to the 
 rostellum, cells generally confluent. Pol- 
 linia waxy, generally two or four in ad- 
 jacent (anterior and posterior) pairs, 
 
 often stipitate, e.g., Odontoghssum, On- 
 cidvwm, Fhalcenopsis, Sarcanthus, etc. 
 
 3. Neottie^. Anther 1, posterior, 
 operoulate or erect and persistent, cells 
 distinct parallel. Pollinia granular, 
 powdery or sectile. Stem not bulbous, 
 e.g., Ancectochilus, Vanilla, etc. 
 
 4. Opheyde^. Anther 1, posterior, 
 erect, prone or reflexed, cells parallel or 
 divergent, adnate with the clinandrium, 
 often continuous at the base with the 
 rostellum. Pollinia granular, in each 
 cell produced into a basal candicle, 
 which remains attached to them on de- 
 hiscence, e.g., Ophrys, Orchis, etc.. 
 
 5. CYPEiPEDlBiE. Anthers 2, sessile 
 or stipitate at the sides of the rostellum, 
 the posterior one often sub-petaloid, pol- 
 linia granular, e.g., Cypripedium and 
 Selenipedium. ' 
 
 Orchids are divisible into two classes, 
 the Epiphytes, or those growing upon 
 trees, and Terrestrial, or ground-orchids, 
 which grow upon the earth. The two 
 classes require some difference as to the 
 mode in which they are grown, a diffe- 
 rence pointed out in this work under 
 each genus in its alphabetical order. At 
 present we shall confine ourselves to such 
 general directions are are applicable to 
 the cultivation of both classes of Orchids 
 requiring Stove treatment. Manyorchids, 
 however, are now known to succeed, and 
 indeed to thrive better in the tempera- 
 tures of a greenhouse than in those of a 
 stove. Among them are Bletia vere- 
 cunda, Cypripedium insigne, Odontoghs- 
 sum grande, Phaius grandifoKus, Ly- 
 caste Skinneri, and Cattleya Forbesii, 
 while others, such as Cypripedium spec- 
 tahile are quite hardy. 
 
 House for Orchids. — As they require 
 great light, the house ought to be so 
 placed as to catch all the rays of light 
 from the sun. A span-roofed one will 
 do so, or to the greatest degree ; and 
 so low in the angle, that the plants, 
 whether in pots or baskets, or on logs 
 of wood, will all be near to the glass. 
 We find the best aspect is for the roof 
 to fall due east and west ; then the 
 lengthway of the house will, of course, 
 be north and south. By tliis means 
 the heat and light of the sun are more 
 equalized. In the cold mornings of early 
 spring the sun will sooner give light and 
 heat on the east side, and will be at noon 
 in such a position that his beams will be 
 slanting to the angle of the roof, whilst 
 in the afternoon his power to give light 
 and heat will be considerably prolonged. 
 Every plant in this house will thus have 
 its due share of light and heat. During 
 the hot months of May, June, July, and 
 
ORC 
 
 [ 687 ]■ 
 
 ORC 
 
 August, the shade or blind can be let 
 down on the morning side of the house, 
 drawn up at noon, and let down on the 
 afternoon side just as the sun shines ; 
 thus giving the plants all the light pos- 
 sible, and at the same time protecting 
 them from the burning rays of the sun. 
 There need not be any upright glass at 
 the sides or ends of the house. The 
 -walls ought to rise high enough to allow 
 a comfortable walk and head-room. The 
 rafters and lights ought to be fixed, and 
 to give air a few openings may be easily 
 contrived in the highest part of the house, 
 and a few sliding panels near the floor in 
 the walls. This cold air ought to flow 
 in over the hot pipes, and to become 
 heated before it comes in contact with 
 the plants. In summer, when there is 
 no heat in the pipes, the external air is 
 naturally so warm that no injury -w-ill 
 accrue to the plants by admittmg it 
 into the house without being artificially 
 heated. It is almost absolutely neces- 
 sary to have more than one house. How- 
 ever small the collection may be, there 
 will be some that require more heat 
 than the others. The orchids of South 
 America will flourish far better in a 
 house of moderate temperature than in 
 a house highly heated. This house we 
 would distinguish by the name of " the 
 Mexican house." The orchids, natives 
 of Java, Borneo, Singapore, the Philip- 
 pine Islands, and the hot jungles of 
 Hindostan, require, on the other hand, 
 a much higher temperature, and close, 
 moist atmosphere. The house for these 
 plants we would designate "the East 
 Indian House." By having two houses 
 a considerable number of advantages 
 will be secured. The stove species, as 
 soon as they have made their growth 
 for the year, where there are two nouses, 
 may be removed into the cooler or 
 Mexican house; and that removal or 
 change of temperature will harden their 
 pseudo-bulbs, and concentrate the sap, 
 ■causing them thereby to become more 
 healthy, robust, and free to flower. 
 Shoulcl any of the South American spe- 
 cies require a little more heat, they 
 could be conveniently removed into the 
 warmer house to make their growth. 
 The cooler house will also be useful to 
 place any of the Indian species in when 
 in flower, which change will considerably 
 prolong their season of blooming. _ The 
 two houses may join each other, divided 
 by a partition either of brick or glass. 
 We should prefer glass, as being neater, 
 and showing off the plants, in both 
 houses, to greater advantage. 
 Heating.— As these plants require, 
 
 during the seasons of growth, a larger 
 amount of moisture than most other 
 plants, the plan to effect this is to heat 
 the houses with hot- water pipes, laid in 
 tanks. The water in these tanks should 
 be deep enough to cover the pipes about 
 an inch with water. The tanks need 
 not be more than ten inches wide, inside 
 measure. The diameter of the pipes 
 should be three inches and a half. At 
 some convenient place there ought to 
 be a tap to let off the water out of the 
 tanks. This ought to be done fre- 
 quently, in order to obtain a sweet 
 moisture. If the water be allowed to 
 remain in the tanks for a length of time 
 it becomes foul, and then, when heated, 
 sends forth a disagreeable smell, which 
 is very unhealthy both to plants and 
 persons. In winter, when the plants 
 are, or ought to be, mostly at rest, they 
 require a drier atmosphere. In order 
 to induce this, the tanks ought to be 
 emptied during the winter months, from 
 the middle of October to the middle of 
 February. Should the plants appear to 
 shrivel too much, the pipes may oe occa- 
 sionally syringed early in the mornings 
 of fine days. The number of pipes and 
 tanks required depends, of course, upon 
 the size of the houses. The large house 
 at Messrs. Henderson's, of Pine- Apple 
 Place, has four tanks in it ; the width 
 of the house is eighteen feet. Two of 
 those tanks are open, that is, have no 
 cover, and are placed under a platform 
 formed with large, thick slates, spaces 
 being left between each to allow the 
 moisture to ascend amongst the plants. 
 The other tanks have covers to them, 
 with holes to let out the moisture. 
 These holes have brass lids to them, so 
 that the moisture can be confined as cir- 
 cumstances require. Now, this answers 
 the purpose well during the months of 
 spring ; but we have too much moisture 
 during winter, so that the plants grow 
 more than they flower. Supposing, then, 
 a house eighteen feet wide requires four 
 tanks, a house fourteen feet wiH require 
 three ; nine feet, two ; and less than 
 that, only one. The return-pipes may 
 run under the tanks to the boiler, or, if 
 the tanks are placed so near the floor 
 that the return-pipes cannot be placed 
 under, they may be arranged to run on 
 one side. The best kind of boiler we 
 know is the saddle boiler. 
 
 Shelves. — In any convenient part of 
 the house where a shelf can be put so 
 near the glass as to allow plants in pots 
 to be placed upon it, it is desirable to 
 have them. "We have always found 
 small plants in pots, that have made a 
 
ORG 
 
 [688] 
 
 ORG 
 
 food start, do well in such a situation, 
 'he plants, however, should not be too 
 near the glass. The extremity of the 
 leaves should be at least nine inches 
 from it. The shelves, also, should not 
 be placed where the water that over- 
 flows or runs through the pots will drop 
 upon any plants. 
 
 Stages. — The arrangement of these will 
 depend upon the width of the house. If 
 the house is vride enough to allow a walk 
 aU round it, and a walk in the centre, 
 there will be two stages. The centre 
 walk should be elevated as high as 
 possible, to allow head-room for the 
 manager and visitors to walk comfort- 
 ably. This elevated walk is of con- 
 siderable use, affording a good oppor- 
 tunity to watch the progress and state 
 of the plants, and to observe when they 
 require watering, repotting, and clean- 
 ing from insects. 
 
 Shelves of the Stage. — Every shelf 
 ought to be a shallow cistern to hold 
 water. Blue slate is the best material 
 to form each shelf on the stage. The 
 upright slate forming the sides of each 
 ought to be elevated at least two inches, 
 and made water-tight. These cistern- 
 shelves may either oe filled with small, 
 pebbly gravel, all the sand or other 
 binding material being washed out of 
 it, to prevent its setting hard, or they 
 may be left empty, and shallow pots 
 turned upside down, just high enough 
 to allow the plants to stand clear of the 
 water ; for it is intended that these cis- 
 tern-shelves should be, during summer, 
 kept full of water. These shelves of the 
 stage must be as near the glass as the 
 size of the plant will allow. Several 
 advantages to the health of the orchids 
 accrue fiom this arrangement. The 
 most important is a constant supply of 
 moisture to the air, at a time when the 
 heat of summer renders the application 
 of heat to the tanks unadvisaWe. An- 
 other advantage is the prevention of the 
 attacks of insects, such as woodlice and 
 slugs. These destructives cannot travel 
 through water ; and as the plants stand, 
 as it were, upon a number of little 
 islands, they are protected both day and 
 night from these devouring enemies. 
 Care, however, must be taken that the 
 citadel itself does not harbour them. 
 The cockroach and woodlonse often se- 
 crete themselves during the day amongst 
 the rough pieces of turf and broken pots 
 used as drainage. If there is any sus- 
 picion that these enemies are in these 
 secret places, they must be diligently 
 sought for, by visiting the houses with 
 a bull's-eye lantern by night, and catch- 
 
 ing them at their depredations. Pursue 
 them with all your diligence. Should 
 the tender roots, or flower-shoots, still 
 appear to be eaten occasionally, take the 
 severe measure of turning the plants out 
 of the pots, and search for the vermin 
 amongst the peat and potsherds, and 
 when they are once entirely got rid of, 
 take care to place the plants so that 
 their leaves do not come in contact with 
 anything that will form a bridge for the 
 insects to travel on. 
 
 Hanging up Plants on Logs or in 
 Baskets. — Large-headed nails, or hooks, 
 may be driven into the rafters, or strong 
 iron rods, well painted, may be sus- 
 pended along the roof over the walks, 
 and strong iron hool'S, shaped like the 
 letter S, placed at proper distances to 
 hang up the various kinds of plants that 
 require such situations. We recommend 
 the situation for these to be over the 
 walks, to prevent the water, when ap- 
 plied upon the plants, falling on the 
 stages or shelves. 
 
 Where these plants are numerous, it 
 is advisable to devote a part of the 
 house to them. Underneath would be 
 a convenient situation for a cistern to 
 contain the rain water that falls upon 
 the roof — the best of all water for water- 
 ing purposes. 
 
 Cistern. — This is quite indispensable 
 in the orchid-house. The great use is 
 the heating the water for syringing and 
 watering purposes. Another use, and 
 an important one too, is for dipping the 
 blocks with the plants on them; also 
 to dip the Stanho'peas, Gongo'ras, and 
 other plants in baskets. When those 
 plants begin to grow in the spring they 
 require a good steeping, and the cistern 
 offers a proper place for that purpose. 
 Two or three hours will not be too much 
 to steep them. The peat during the 
 time of rest becomes dry and hard, and 
 requires this wetting to soften it, espe- 
 cially if the plants are to be shifted into 
 new baskets. 
 
 As orchids require frequent syringing, 
 sometimes twice or thrice a day, we have 
 made use of pots — ^garden pots, in fact, 
 without holes. These are placed round 
 the house, near the hot-water pipes, at 
 a small distance, about six or nine feet 
 apart. Our readers that are in the habit 
 of syringing will immediately perceive 
 the great saving of time and labour by 
 having these pots so handy. Instead of 
 having the water to carry in garden 
 watermg-pans, these pots, being kept 
 constantly full of warm water, are always 
 ready. 
 
 Syringing in Winter. — ^ During the 
 
ORG 
 
 L689] 
 
 ORG 
 
 dark days of winter the operation of 
 syringing requires considerable judg- 
 ment. A large number of orchids wul 
 be at rest, requiring but little water, 
 especially those in pots. Others, on 
 logs, must be syringed on such mornings 
 as the sun is likely to shine. There are, 
 however, a few plants, even in pots, that 
 are much benefited by the free use of 
 the syringe at all seasons of the year. 
 Zygope'talum viola'ceum, and Z. melea'- 
 gris are two plants much improved by this 
 mode of treatment ; and the reason they 
 are so improved is evident enough, when 
 we consider the situation in which they 
 grow naturally. Dr. Schomburgh found 
 them growing on moist rocks, near to a 
 cataract, on a river (Essequibo, we be- 
 lieve) in British Guiana. 
 
 All the Indian orchids that have no 
 pseudo-bulbs require more syringing in 
 winter than those that have such reser- 
 voirs of vegetable life to sustain them. 
 The generic or family names of such as 
 we mean are — Ae'rides, Angrce'cum, 
 Phalasno'psis, Benanthe'ra, Saccola'- 
 bium, Sarca'nthits, and Va'nda. All 
 these have a simple steal, clothed with 
 leaves. If exposed to a high, dry heat the 
 leaves and stems will shnvel much more 
 than is beneiicial to their health ; there- 
 fore, whenever a shrivelling is perceived, 
 let them have a gentle syringing, tho- 
 roughly wetting the whole plant. This 
 will revive them, and keep them fresh 
 and healthy. 
 
 Syringing in Spring and Summer. — It 
 is during these two growing seasons that 
 the syringe is most beneficial, and then 
 they should be deluged almost with 
 showers from the syringe, taking the 
 precaution to allow them to become dry 
 once a day. They are sure to become 
 dry enough during the night. Let the 
 water from the syringe be the same tem- 
 perature as that of the atmosphere of 
 the house, and let it fall gently upon 
 the plants, thus imitating natural 
 showers of rain as much as possible 
 We have found the plants much re- 
 freshed in summer by a gentle syring- 
 ing, when it was actually raining out of 
 doors. In truth, if such a thing could 
 be managed, we should be glad to ex- 
 pose them, during the gentle, warm 
 showers of April, to the rain that falls 
 from the clouds. We are quite sure it 
 would do them good. It is, however, 
 the plants on logs that benefit most by 
 the use of the syringe, both in winter 
 and summer. Of course, they require 
 the most when they are making fresh 
 roots and growths ; but even when at 
 rest they must be syringed occasionally, 
 
 to prevent the roots and pseudo-bulbs 
 from shrinking too much. In that state, 
 the finest-rosed syringe must be used, to 
 prevent so much water falling upon the 
 plants (if any) below. 
 
 During the seasons when the syringe 
 is used most freely, should any of the 
 plants have perfected their growth, and 
 consequently require less water, place 
 such in a corner of the house by them- 
 selves, and syringe them less frequently. 
 Towards the end of summer the whole 
 of the plants ought to be perfecting 
 their growths, excepting the Indian ones 
 above-mentioned and Zygope'talum. 
 These grow, more or less, all the year, 
 but others must have an entire rest ; 
 therefore, cease syringing so much as 
 soon as you think there is a fulness and 
 ripeness about the pseudo-bulbs, show- 
 ing that thCT have made the growth for 
 the year. If you continue syringing as 
 much as ever, there is danger of starting 
 them again into growing prematurely, 
 and then you will have weak, puny 
 shoots, and injure both the flowering 
 and growth for the ensuing season. It 
 is impossible to give any particular time 
 when to cease syringing, or watering at 
 the root with a garden-pot ; experience 
 and observation must guide the culti- 
 vator. In general, we may say the 
 quantity of water, whether applied with 
 the garden-pot or syringe, ought to be 
 considerably lessened towards the end 
 of summer — that is, about the end of 
 August. The pseudo-bulbs ought to be 
 then fully formed ; and, whenever that 
 is the case, they require much less 
 water. By the middle of October the 
 water ought to be entirely withheld, ex- 
 cepting just enough to prevent the plants 
 from shrivelling. 
 
 Shading. — We use a kind of canvas 
 called "tiffany." It is thin, yet just 
 close enough in the mesh to prevent 
 the rays of the sun striking tnrough 
 the glass, and injuring the flowers 
 and leaves. We shall try to describe 
 how it is applied. First, a pole about 
 two inches m diameter, of the length 
 of the house, or rather longer, is made 
 of deal, and quite round. At one 
 end a kind of wheel is fixed, of larger 
 diameter than the pole (about one- 
 third). On each side of this wheel a 
 round board is nailed, projecting beyond 
 it about three inches. These boards are 
 about three quarters of an inch thick, 
 and are bevelled off from the inside. 
 When this is done, it forms a groove. 
 This is intended to receive the cord, it 
 being nailed to the wheel. The canvas 
 is then nailed to the long pole, it having 
 
ORG 
 
 [690] 
 
 ORG 
 
 first been sewn together of the size of 
 the house. The pole, with the canvas 
 attached to it, is then laid upon the 
 house, a flat piece of wood 2J inches 
 wide, and a quarter of an inch thick, is 
 nailed to the highest point of the house, 
 and the canvas is tightly stretched and 
 nailed to the flat piece of wood, using 
 some narrow woollen lists, stretched 
 along it previously to driving in the 
 tacks. This prevents, in a great measure, 
 the canvas from tearing off with the 
 winds. Then, taking hold of the cord 
 now wrapped round the wheel, and 
 pulling at it, the wheel turns round, 
 and, of course, the pole also ; the can- 
 vas wraps round it, and, at last, is 
 rolled up at the top ; the cord is then 
 fastened to a long kind of button, and 
 there remains till shade is required. 
 The cord is then unfolded, and the pole 
 let gradually down to the bottom, where 
 some pieces of wood stop it from going 
 off the house, or tearing away the can- 
 vas from the top. It may be made to 
 last longer, by naving weather-boards 
 fixed on the top of the house to receive 
 the canvas when rolled up under it, 
 thus sheltering it from the rain, which 
 is the great cause of its decay. Care 
 must be taken, when it is rolled up, that 
 it is perfectly dry. During the dark, 
 short days of winter, when the sun has 
 not power to injure the plants, the blind 
 may be stored away in some dry shed or 
 room tiU the days lengthen, and the 
 sunshine becomes dangerous to the well- 
 being of the plants. 
 
 ThB proper amount of Heat, Moisture, 
 and Air the Plants require at all times of 
 the year. — The power of heating should 
 be more than is required in ordinary 
 winters, in order to be prepared for those 
 very severe ones that sometimes occur. 
 It IS always easy enough to give less 
 heat in moderate weather by having less 
 fire applied under the boiler. The de- 
 grees of heat required we shall now give 
 for all the year. 
 
 
 Fahrenheit. 
 
 INDIAN 
 HOUSE. 
 
 Day with 
 Sun. 
 
 Day 
 
 without 
 
 Sun. 
 
 Night. 
 
 Mom 
 
 Spring .... 
 
 76 
 
 70 
 
 60 
 
 55 
 
 Summer . . 
 
 86 or 90 
 
 70 
 
 66 
 
 60 
 
 Autumn . . . 
 
 70 
 
 65 
 
 60 
 
 ■ 66 
 
 Winter .... 
 
 66 
 
 60 
 
 56 
 
 50 
 
 MEXICAN 
 
 
 
 
 
 HOUSE. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Spring .... 
 
 70 
 
 65 
 
 60 
 
 65 
 
 Summer . . . 
 
 75 
 
 66 
 
 60 
 
 65 
 
 Autumn . . . 
 
 60 
 
 66 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 Winter . . . 
 
 65 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 ,45 
 
 Our readers will perceive that the 
 lowest temperature at all seasons is in 
 the morning ; that is, before the fires are 
 stirred. The heat in the mornings in 
 summer will depend upon the heat of 
 the atmosphere out of doors ; the rest of 
 the day may be regulated by giving air. 
 The principle of naving a lower tem- 
 perature during the night is perfectly 
 natural. The variations even in tropical 
 countries, in that respect, are great. 
 
 Watering with the Garden-pot. — As a 
 general rule, let it be laid djown never 
 to water an orchid except it requires it ; 
 therefore, in commencing to water, ob- 
 serve each plant weU, but quickly, and 
 water accordingly. An orchid requires 
 watering when it is growing and dry. 
 The quantity to be given depends, 
 again, upon the stage of its growtn. If 
 the young shoots and new roots are just 
 beginning only to make their appear- 
 ance, they require a very moderate 
 quantity ; but, as then the plant ought 
 to be repotted, and the new, fresh com- 
 post is, or should be, moist of itseU, the 
 water must be withheld until the sur- 
 face, at least, feels quite dry to the 
 touch. Again, the water should be ap- 
 plied at a small distance from the young 
 shoots, which ought never to be satu- 
 rated, or even wetted, especially either 
 in the dark, cloudy days of winter or of 
 early spring. In summer, when the heat 
 is increased, the sun shining, and air 
 given, the operator need not oe so nice, 
 as the extra water will soon evaporate, 
 and dry up even from the young and 
 tender shoots. When the young shoots 
 begin to form pseudo-bulbs, the quan- 
 tity of water may be increased, care 
 being taken that it does not lodge in the 
 leafy sheatlis which surround the green 
 or young bulbs, especially of Cattleyas. 
 We have often seen a year's growth de- 
 stroyed by allowing the water to lodge 
 in those tender parts. The way to 
 remedy this is with a sharp knife, or a 
 small pair of scissors, to slit open to the 
 bottom the sheaths that hold the water ; 
 but this is an operation that must be 
 done very carefully, without injuring 
 the young pseudo-bulb, or the cure will 
 be as bad as the disease ; for, if you 
 wound a pseudo-bulb,, ten to one it wiU 
 perish. As soon as these sheaths turn 
 yellow, and not before, they may be en- 
 tirely removed safely. VV'hen in that 
 state they will easily part from the bulb 
 without injuring it, rf carefully pulled 
 off. When the growths are young, 
 whether the water is applied with the 
 rose or spout alone, it will generally be 
 quite sufficient to wet the earth or com- 
 
ORG 
 
 [691] 
 
 ORG 
 
 post only round near the edge of, each 
 pot. If the water is poured indiscrimi- 
 nately all over the surface of the com- 
 post, especially in the early season of 
 the year, the consequence will be to en- 
 danger the young shoots. At that 
 season, and in that state, if the water is 
 slushed upon the plants, it will cause 
 several, if not all, of the tender young 
 
 frowths to perish ; hut as those growths 
 egin to approach their usual size, and 
 the warm, long, sunshiny days prevail, 
 that is the critical or very time orchids 
 require an abundance of water. 
 
 Giving Air. — The method we recom- 
 mend to give air by is with wooden 
 shutters, let into the wall at intervals of 
 four feet between each, on each side of 
 the house. The wooden shutters, or 
 doors, should be 2^ feet long by 15 inches 
 broad. A frame of wood ought to be 
 fitted into the opening in the wall, to 
 hang the shutters on. These should 
 swing on the centre with two iron pins, 
 so that when they open they will be 
 iorizontal, and let the air into the 
 house plentifully. When less air is re- 
 quired, every other aperture need only 
 be opened, or the shutters may be 
 propped only half open. When they 
 are opened, the fresh air will rush in, 
 and, meeting with the pipes in its pro- 
 gress, will be partially heated and 
 softened before it comes m contact with 
 the plants — a point worth attending to. 
 For nine months in the year this way of 
 giving air to the Indian house will be 
 found all that is wanted. During the 
 three hot months of summer, it will be 
 necessary to give some air at the highest 
 part of the roof. The ridge of the house 
 should be made flat, about nine inches 
 broad, and parts of it made movable, to 
 ■lift up with an iron rod whenever the 
 heat of the internal air exceeds the 
 proper degree. This is the guide on all 
 occasions and all seasons. When the 
 heat is too much, give air. 
 
 It will be found that the Mexican 
 house requires more frequently to have 
 air given to it than the other, because 
 the plants in it do not require so much 
 heat. To know, at all times, when to 
 give air, have a copy of the table of 
 neat for the orchid-house copied, and 
 hung up in a convenient place to refer to. 
 
 Besting. — To know when the bulbs 
 are in a proper state to go to rest may 
 be, to our readers, of some consequence. 
 They ought to be strong, and, if expected 
 to flower, at least three feet high, stout, 
 and firm, quite to the apex. All the 
 leaves ought to turn yellow, and drop 
 off in the same manner as any other 
 
 annually leaf -shedding plant; and all 
 this ought to take place early in autumn. 
 As soon as it does so, remove the plant, 
 or plants, into a drier and cooler house, 
 and keep them there until the buds at 
 the bottom of each pseudo-bulb begin to 
 appear. 
 
 Cleansing the Leaves^ — Take down the 
 plant from its high position ; if the moss 
 or peat, whichever it may happen to be 
 growing in, is dry, give it a good soak- 
 ing in the cistern, the water of which is 
 at a temperature of 70°. Whilst it is 
 soaking, aU dead leaves are to be care- 
 fully removed, and every part of the 
 plant thoroughly washed wiwi a sponge. 
 If the leaves are thick and leathery, the 
 sponge is to be rubbed over them several 
 times with a heavy hand. In fact, it 
 might be called a good scrubbing ; being 
 careful, of course, not to injure it. For 
 more tender leaves, we have, very lately, 
 used something else. We observed that 
 the sponge, though used ever so lightly 
 on these tender, thin leaves, injured 
 them slightly. Happening to observe a 
 piece of thick leather, such as soldiers' 
 belts are made of, it was taken and 
 wrapped round the end of a small stick, 
 fastening it firmly to it with some small 
 copper wire, leaving half an inch of it 
 projecting beyond the stick ; it had then 
 the appearance of a brush made of 
 leather. With this instrument the leaves 
 were washed, and it was so soft and 
 pliable that it did not injure the youngest 
 or tenderest leaf, yet effectually washed 
 the dust and dirt off from the leaves. 
 This washing not only clears off the 
 parasites and any other obstruction, but 
 also destroys insects, particularly the 
 red spider and black thrip, two of the 
 most pernicious enemies to orchids. 
 Let every part of the plants be well 
 cleansed— -leaves, stems, and pseudo- 
 bulbs. Not only will the plants look 
 better, but they will be greatly bene- 
 fited in their health. 
 
 Potting. — Generally speaking, the 
 months of January, February, and 
 March are the proper times ; but as there 
 is no rule without exceptions, some or- 
 chids require potting at all seasons of 
 the year. The beginner may know when 
 to pot his plants by this observation :^ 
 Whenever they are determined to grow, 
 they must be potted. The only precau- 
 tion necessary to observe, in the dark 
 seasons, will be to use the stuff you pot 
 them in (for it can hardly be called soil) 
 in a moderately dry state, and give no 
 water excepting a sprinkling to settle the 
 compost. 
 
 In the first place, have ready a quan- 
 
ORG 
 
 [692] 
 
 ORG 
 
 tity of broken pots or potsherds of several 
 sizes ; next, procure some good turfy 
 
 Eeat, knock it into pieces with a heavy 
 ammer, crushing the finer soil entirely 
 out of it ; then pass it through a fine 
 sieve, and what remains in the sieve is 
 the best stuff for orchids : it is light, 
 open, and porous. Next, have some 
 charcoal at hand, broken into pieces no 
 larger than a hen's egg, nor smaller than 
 a hazel nut. Another article, and you 
 will have all you need for pots and 
 baskets ; this is white bog-moss, or 
 sphagnum, which should be partially 
 chopped with a sharp hatchet, and the 
 dust also sifted out of it. "Vye have a 
 
 treat abhorrence for anything close or 
 ne about orchids, excepting terrestrial 
 ones. 
 
 Having all in readiness, take your 
 plant, turn it out of the pot carefuUjr, be 
 mindful of the roots, and bruise or injure 
 them as little as possible. Perhaps some 
 roots will be found adhering very firmly 
 to the sides of the pot, to part them from 
 which we have used a long, thin-bladed 
 knife, thrusting it carefully down be- 
 tween the root and the pot. In very bad 
 cases we have found it necessary to 
 break the pot; but this must be done 
 very gently, or the very act of breaking 
 may destroy the roots. The plant being 
 cleared from the pot, shake away all the 
 old compost ; then examine the roots 
 closely, and cut off all the dead ones. 
 This is a convenient opportunity, also, 
 to look after insects, especially the white 
 scale, the most pernicious of all vermin 
 to orchids, excepting, perhaps, the black 
 thrip. With a brush clean them all off, 
 and wash the whole plant with strong 
 soap-water. Your plant is now ready 
 for potting. Choose a pot of the proper 
 size : generally speaking, orchids, to 
 grow them well, take larger pots in pro- 
 portion to their size than any other 
 class of plants. Let your pots be per- 
 fectly clean both inside and out. Lay a 
 large piece of potsherd over the hole at 
 the bottom of the pot ; then place some 
 rather smaller pieces of the same, and 
 over these the smallest ones. Altogether 
 the pot ought to be three parts filled with 
 this drainage. This point is of the utmost 
 importance, for if the plants are not su- 
 perlatively well-drained they will not 
 thrive long or satisfactorily. Over this 
 drainage place a thin layer of charcoal, 
 and then a layer of the turfy peat, mix- 
 ing with it some broken pots and char- 
 coal. Introduce the plant now, and 
 spread the roots, if many, all over the 
 surface of the compost, working it 
 amongst them, gradually filling it in till | 
 
 the pot is full, and keeping the body of 
 the plant well up ; raise the compost up 
 about two or tliree inches above the 
 level of theedge of the pot in proportion to 
 its width. A small pot need not have the 
 plant above one inch raised, a middling 
 plant two inches, and for the largest- 
 sized plant three inches will be suffi- 
 cient. The whole of the plant, pseudo- 
 bulbs and all, excepting the roots, ought 
 to stand clear up above the compost. It 
 will be loose and ready to tumble over if 
 of such kinds as Cattleyas or Dendro- 
 bimns ; to prevent which, thrust into- 
 the compost some stout sticks, and tie 
 each pseudo-bulb to each stick firmly. 
 These will secure the plant, and give it 
 a neat, tidy appearance. 
 
 Orchids in Baskets. — A considerable 
 number of species require baskets, be- 
 cause the flower-stems are pendent, and, 
 consequently, naturally require a posi- 
 tion to allow the flowers to grow down. 
 In fact, some send the flower-stems per- 
 pendicularly down through the soil or 
 compost. Now, if these are grown in 
 pots, the flower-stems run down into tlie^ 
 soil, and there perish. It is true they 
 have been grown in pots on a hillock 
 built up six inches or a foot above the 
 rim of the pot, and then part of the 
 flower-steins manage to find their way 
 to the outside of the little mound ; but 
 a considerable number descend straight 
 downwards, and soon rot for want of 
 air and light. By growing them in 
 baskets this evil is prevented, and every 
 raceme (bunch) of flowers arrives at per- 
 fection. 
 
 The baskets shouldbe of a size suitable 
 for small plants — small ones requiring 
 only small baskets, middling ones the 
 middle-sized, and large ones in propor- 
 tion. The way to basket the plants 
 is this :— Have the peat or compost pre- 
 pared exactly as for potting above-men- 
 tioned ; cover the bottom of the basket 
 with a thin layer of moss — green would 
 do, though we prefer white, or sphag- 
 num. This moss is to prevent the peat 
 from dropping through the openings be- 
 tween the rods forming the bottom. 
 Then place a portion of peat upon the- 
 moss. In the next place, prepare the 
 plant by taking it out of the old bas- 
 ket or pot, or perhaps off from a log. 
 Do this as carefully as possible, without 
 injuring the living roots. If the old peat,- 
 in whiMi it has been gi-owing, perhaps, 
 for years, is very hard, and the living 
 roots are so firmly attached to it that 
 they cannot be detached without break- 
 ing them, take the plant and put it into 
 the cistern, and let it remain there till. 
 
ORG 
 
 [693] 
 
 ORG 
 
 the peat is thoroughly soaked. Take it 
 out, and set it in some convenient place 
 to drain off the water. If this is done a 
 full week before you intend to re-basket 
 the plant, it will be all the easier to do ; 
 the object being to soften the peat so as 
 to be able to pick away, with a small- 
 pointed stick, as much of the old peat as 
 possible. Examine, also, the pseudo- 
 bulbs and leaves, and clean them 
 thoroughly from dirt and insects. Prune 
 away all dead roots, and then the plant 
 will be ready to be put in its new nabi- 
 tation. Place it in the middle of tlie 
 basket, and fill in all round it with the 
 new compost. Set the basket then on 
 the floor, and, with the syringe held 
 pretty close to the peat, give it a good 
 watering, forcing the water out of the 
 syringe pretty strongly : this will be 
 found to make the compost firm, so that 
 future waterings will not wash it off the 
 basket on to the floor, or plants under- 
 neath. One thing we would especially 
 fuard our readers against, and that is, 
 aving the basket made deep. Some 
 may have an idea that if the plants have 
 a large lot of stuff to grow in they will 
 thrive better, and produce more flowers ; 
 but this is a mistaken notion. The 
 roots of the orchids of this class run on 
 the surface, or, at least, very closely be- 
 neath it ; in truth, if the air is properly 
 surcharged with moisture, the roots will 
 prefer running out of the compost. Fre- 
 quently the long roots of Stanho'peas, 
 that push strongly, and run along the 
 surface of the compost, send forth fibres, 
 not into the compost, but, strange to 
 say, upwards into the congenial air, 
 gathering, as it were, aerial food to sup- 
 port and feed the plant they belong to. 
 This proves satisfactorily enough that 
 deep baskets are no advantage even to 
 the growth of the plant, but to the 
 flower-stems of some kinds of Stanhopeas 
 they are certainly injurious. We say 
 soTne kinds, such as Stanho'pea insi'gms 
 and its varieties, S. tigri'na and its 
 varieties, and all that have, like these, 
 short and few-flowered racemes. Such 
 kinds as S. ocula'ta, Wa'rdii, and quad- 
 rico'mis, which have long flower-stems, 
 may find their way through a deep 
 basket, but would do so easier and safer 
 through a shallow one. 
 
 Pots. — The kind we use and prefer 
 may be described as a shallow, wide pot, 
 the proportions of which are as two, 
 three, and five ; that is, two inches wide 
 at the bottom, three inches deep, and 
 five inches wide at the top, all inside 
 measure. Larger pots to be in the same 
 proportions. Small ones need only have 
 
 one hole at the bottom; but it should 
 be larger than those generally made. 
 For the two-inch-wide pots at the bot- 
 tom, the hole ought to be three-quarters 
 of an inch in diameter, the great object 
 being to allow the escape of water 
 quickly. Larger pots must have three 
 holes, each of the same diameter. Hard- 
 burnt ones must be avoided for these 
 plants, as well as for any other. The 
 reason why we prefer these wide, shallow 
 pots is, that the roots of orchids are, 
 generally speaking, either on the surface 
 or very near it ; besides, a large propor- 
 tionate surface is exposed to the oenefit 
 of air and moisture, both of which are 
 beneficial to the roots of an epiphyte. 
 Terrestrial orchids, whose roots descend 
 deeper, will be better in the ordinary- 
 shaped pot. 
 
 Baskets. — Various materials and forms 
 have been used in this necessaiy article. 
 The first probably was made of common 
 iron wire, painted green, and the form 
 round, deep, and with a flat bottom. 
 This material is almost entirely disused, 
 for, although the paint for a time pre- 
 vented them from rusting, the great 
 moisture and heat soon decomposed the 
 paint, and then the wire became oxy- 
 dized, or rusty, and is then very in- 
 jurious to the roots, as well as being un- 
 sightly. Those made with copper wire 
 are much better, lasting longer, and are 
 not so injurious to the plants. The only 
 objection we know of is the expense. 
 Where that is no consideration, we 
 should have no great objection to their 
 adoption. Baskets have also been made 
 of earthenware; but, if there was no 
 otherobjection, their great weight would 
 be sufficient to set them aside as bad. 
 We have tried all these, and have come 
 to the conclusion that baskets made 
 of wooden rods are the best for this pur- 
 pose. We mentioned before, that the 
 most ornamental are made of the corru- 
 gated or rough-barked maple rods ; but, 
 as these are not always to be met with, 
 hazel rods maybe used, and make excel- 
 lent baskets. The way we make them 
 is simple enough. First, the rods are 
 sawn into proper lengths. The smallest 
 we use are about the thickness of a 
 man's middle finger. With this size, 
 the smallest baskets are made. These 
 are =even inches wide, and three rods 
 deep. In this size, small Stanho'peas, 
 and small plants of Ae'rides, Saccola'- 
 Mums, Va'ndas, Gongo'ras, etc., are 
 grown. For larger plants, larger baskets 
 are made, and thicker rods used. The 
 largest we ever had occasion to make 
 was for a fine plant of Ae'rides odora'ta. 
 
OKC 
 
 [694] 
 
 OKC 
 
 This plant is four feet high, and two and 
 a halt feet through. The rods used for 
 it are nearly as thick as a moderate- 
 sized man's wrist. The basket is two 
 feet square, which is the shape we prefer, 
 as being the most simple and easiest 
 made. When the rods are sawn into 
 lengths, the ends are pared smooth with 
 a knife; then small holes are bored 
 through each, one at each end, as near 
 it as possible without splitting. The in- 
 strument used to bore the holes with is 
 a very small steel rod, about six inches 
 long, with a wooden handle ; it is filed 
 to a point at the end intended to bore 
 the hole with. We find it convenient to 
 have two or three, for a reason we shall 
 state presently. After a certain number 
 of rods are cut and smoothened, they are 
 taken to a place where there is a small, 
 clear, red fire ; the sharp end of one of 
 the borers is put into it about one inch. 
 As soon as that is red hot, the other is 
 put in, the heated one drawn and thrust 
 into the rod very near the end, and held 
 there as long as it continues to burn its 
 way without much pressure. If too 
 much force is used, the wood will be apt 
 to split. As soon, therefore, as the 
 instrument ceases to burn its way 
 through, it is replaced in the fire. The 
 other by this time will be red also ; this 
 is then taken out of the fire, and applied 
 to the hole. This operation is thus per- 
 formed with each bore alternately till 
 the hole is made through the rod. The 
 description of this operation takes up 
 considerably more time than the opera- 
 tion itself. It is quickly and easily 
 done, as any of our readers may prove 
 on trial. After as many rods are bored 
 as may be wanted at one time, the next 
 thing is to put them together. The 
 articles necesaaryfor this are somecopper 
 wire and a few flat-headed copper nails. 
 Each basket will require four lengths of 
 wire, the length of each to be in propor- 
 tion to the size of the basket they are 
 intended for. They should be long 
 enough to meet at least eight inches 
 above the top of the smaller-sized bas- 
 kets, and from a foot to eighteen inches 
 above the larger ones. At the end of 
 each piece of wire make a loop so large 
 that it will not draw through the holes ; 
 then lay the first two rods, and upon 
 them, for the smallest basket, lay three 
 others ; nail these three to the two out- 
 side rods, thus forming a sort of raft, to 
 use a nautical term for want of a better ; 
 turn this over, and underneath it put 
 two other rods, to form the other two 
 sides of the basket ; then draw the four 
 pieces of wire through the holes at each 
 
 comer, the looped end being underneath. 
 Continue to lay a pair of rods alternately, 
 drawing the wire through each till the 
 basket is of the required depth. The 
 smallest size, three rods deep ; the twa 
 next, four deep, and so on. When 
 that is done, make four small pointed 
 pegs, and drive them into each nole at 
 the four comers. This will fasten the 
 rods in their places, and prevent them 
 from ever starting upwards ; then draw 
 the wires together at the top, twisting 
 each pair over each other, and fasten 
 them with a piece of fine wire. Your 
 basket is now complete and ready for 
 use. 
 
 Logs. — None are so good as the wood 
 of the Acacia, commonly so called, but 
 which really is the Bobi'nia .pseu'do- 
 aca'cia. Its wood is firm, and does not, 
 soon decay. The next best is the oak. 
 In all cases we strongly recommend the 
 removal of the bark ; our objection to- 
 retaining it being, that it only serves as 
 a hiding-place for wood-lice, small snails,, 
 and other destmctive insects, besides re- 
 taining in winter too great a quantity of 
 moisture. The wood should be procured 
 a year before itis used, and then the bark 
 will come off very easily. We except cork 
 wood, which we think very good when it 
 can be procured readily for this purpose ; 
 and the bark of cork suits the orchids 
 well, and, unlike the others, does not rot 
 so soon, and consequently, has not the 
 objection to its use of being a receptacle 
 for vermin. The best wood for baskets 
 is the rough-barked, common maple. 
 The branches of this tree make the hand- 
 somest baskets ; but as it is not so plenti- 
 ful as the hazel, the latter is the sort we 
 recommend. Some object to baskets of 
 this description on account of their soon 
 perishing. This we consider no objec- 
 tion at all, but rather an advantage; 
 for as soon as the basket is decayed the 
 plant has grown so large that it requires 
 a new one, and the rotten sticks of 
 which the old basket is made are more 
 easily broken and removed than sounder 
 ones. 
 
 Orchi'dium. A synonym of Ca- 
 
 lypso. 
 
 O'rchis. (From orchis, testiculate ; 
 referring to the two oblong, bulb-like 
 roots of many of the species. Nat. ord., 
 OrchidecB ; Tribe, OpMrydecB-Serapiem. ) 
 
 Chiefly an European genus of ground orchids. 
 Seeds, as in Ophrys, when obtainable ; division 
 of the tuberous roots, though they do not relish 
 transplanting well ; it should be done when the- 
 plants are in a dormant state. The British 
 species are chiefly found on chalky hills, and in 
 pastures where calcareous matter abounds. The 
 exotic kinds like an addition of fibry peat. The 
 
ORG 
 
 [695] 
 
 OKI 
 
 tender ones, in fact all, when cultivated, should 
 be treated as alpines ; those f oundin rich pastures 
 require a moister situation. 
 0. acumina'ta. 1. Purple. May. Barbary. 
 
 — corio'phora. 1. Brown. June. Switzerland. 
 
 1825. 
 
 —folio'm. 1. Purple. May. Madeira. B. 
 M. t. 5074. 
 
 —f usee! scene, i. Yellomsh. June. Pennsyl- 
 vania. 1831. 
 
 — gloho'sa. %. Purale. June. Austria. 1792. 
 
 — hirci'na. 1. Dull-green, greenish-white, 
 
 purple. June. Europe. Eng. Bot. ed. 
 3, t. 1448. 
 roma'na. Lip rosy-purple. Borne. 1871. 
 
 — ibelrica. White. June. Caucasus. 1819. 
 
 — la'etea. Purple. May. Barbary. 1815. B. 
 
 M. 1. 1932. 
 
 — latifo'lia. 1. Pink. June. Britain. 
 Barto'ni. Ireland. 1880. 
 
 lag(/tis. Purple ; lip with darker purple 
 
 bands. Alps of Piedmont. 1869. 
 
 — lamflio'ra. f. Purple. June. Europe. 1820. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1466. 
 
 — longibradea'ta. H. Purple. May. Sicily. 
 
 1818. B. B,. t. 357. 
 
 — langico'mis. |. Purple. May. Barbary. 
 
 1815. B. M. 1. 1944. 
 
 — -ma' era. Pale purple. May. Britain. 
 
 — macula'ta. IJ. Flesh. June. Britain. 
 
 — rmi'scula. 1. Purple. May. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1456. 
 
 — mUUa'ris. 1. Purple. May. Switzerland. 
 
 1826. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1462. 
 ve'ra. Purple. May. Switzerland. 1825. 
 
 — mo'rio. f . Purple. May. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1454. 
 
 — ■pa'llens. Pale yellow. May. Europe. 1826. 
 
 Syn., 0. svlphurea. B. M. t. 2569. 
 
 — pa/piliona'cea. 1^. Purple. April. Rome. 
 
 1788. Syn., 0. rubra. 
 
 — provincia'lis. f. Purple, yellow. June. 
 
 Switzerland. 1825. 
 
 paudfi&ra. f . Purple. July. Italy. 
 
 1825. 
 
 — psexifdo-samiu'cma. }. Purple. April. Italy. 
 
 1828. 
 
 lutefscem. f . Yellow. June. Italy. 
 
 1828. 
 
 — quadripuncta'ta. J. Purple. April. Italy. 
 
 1828. 
 
 — Robertia' Tha. 1. Lilac. January. 1884. 
 
 — ru'bra. See 0. papilionacea. 
 
 — saeca'ta. |. Purple. April. SicUy. 1828. 
 
 — gambu'dna. f . Yellow. April. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1826. Syn., 0. Schleicheri. Swt. 
 Fl. Gard. t. 199. 
 
 — specta'bilis. Pink. June. N. Amer. 1801. 
 
 B. C. t. 78. 
 
 — Stabia'na a'lba. White. 1883. 
 
 — sulphu'rea. See 0. pallens. 
 
 — tephroea'nthos. IJ. Purple. April. England. 
 
 B. M. t. 8426. 
 
 d£nsiJlo'ra. 1. Purple, white. May. 
 
 Europe. 
 
 — tridenta'ta. J. Pale purple. May. S. Europe. 
 
 1818. B. E. t. 367. 
 
 — undula'ta. 1. Pale purple. December. 
 
 SicUy. 1818. 
 
 — undulatifo'lia. Pale purple. May. Britain. 
 
 — ustula'ta. J. Purple. May. England. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 1450. 
 
 — variega'ta. i. Pale purple. May. South 
 
 Europe. 1818. 
 
 Orchis, Bee. O'phrys api'fera. 
 
 Orchis, Ply. O'phrys musci'f era. 
 
 Orchis, Humble-Bee. O'phrys 
 bombiU'fera. 
 
 Orchis, Lizard. O'rchis hirci'na. 
 
 Orchis, Marsh. O'rchis latifo'lia. 
 
 Orchis, Military. O'rchis mili- 
 tary. 
 
 Orchis, Spider. O'phrys arani'- 
 fera. 
 
 Ore'lia. 
 manda. 
 
 A synonym of Alla- 
 
 Oreoda'phne. (From oreos, a 
 mountain, and daphne, mountain daphne. 
 Nat. ord., Lauracece; Tribe, Perseacece.) 
 0. bu'llata. See Ocotea bullata. 
 
 Oreodo'xa. (From oreos, a moun- 
 tain, and doxa, glory ; alluding to the 
 lofty stature of some of the species. 
 Nat. ord., Palmece ; Tribe, Arecece.) . 
 Stove palms. For cultivation, see Phcenix. 
 0. aewmiTwfta. 50. Brazil. 1847. 
 
 — granatdnm. Columbia. 1879. 
 
 — olera'cea. 100. Jamaica. 1844. — Cabbage 
 
 Palm. 
 
 — re^gia. 60. Cuba. 1836. 
 
 — Sanayna. 100. Carthagena. 1847. 
 
 — ventrico'sa. See Gaussia Ghiesbreghtii. 
 
 Oreopa'nax. (From oreos, a moun- 
 tain, and Panax. Nat. ord. , Araliacece.) 
 
 Small evergreen stove trees. Cuttings under 
 a hand-glass m heat. Sandy loam and peat. 
 0. A'ml/rea'n'wm, Andes of Ecuador. Rev. Hort. 
 1882, p. 623, fig. 117. 
 
 — capUa'tum, Green. August. W. Indies. 
 
 1779. Syn., Hedera capitata. 
 
 — dactylifo'Uum. Mexico. 
 
 — Upremesnilia'nwm. Perhaps a variety of 
 
 0. dactylifoliwm. 1882. 
 
 — Linde'ni. Green. September. Mexico. 
 
 — pelta'twm. Mexico. 
 
 — platani/o'lium. White. Andes of Peru. 
 
 Syns., Aralia platanifolia and Hedera 
 plaiamfolium. 
 
 — ThihoAi'tii. Green. November. Mexico 
 
 1862. Syn., Aralia Thibauiii. 
 
 — xa^ape'Tise. Greenish. Mexico. 1869. Syn., 
 
 Hedera xalapensis. 
 
 Orgy'ia anti'qua. The Vapourer 
 Moth. The caterpillar of this moth is 
 extremely destructive, by feeding on the 
 foliage of almost any tree, but especially 
 of the Hawthorn, Pear and other Eosa- 
 ceous trees. It is of a dark grey colour, 
 with reddish tubercles and numerous 
 tufts of yellowish hairs. The male 
 moths are brownish, with the fore wings 
 clouded and having a white crescent- 
 shaped mark near the hinder angle. The 
 females, which are grey, have only rudi- 
 mentary wings. The yellowish cocoons 
 should be collected and burnt, the trees 
 syringed with soft-soap during the cater- 
 pillar stage. 
 
 Ori'ganum. Marjoram. (From 
 oros, mountain, and ganos, joy ; refer- 
 ring to the natural places of growth. 
 Nat. ord., Labiatce j 'Trihe, Satureinece.) 
 
ORI 
 
 [696] 
 
 ORN 
 
 The following are all hardy herbaceous peren- 
 nials. Seeds, division of the roots, and cuttings ; 
 sandy soil. See Marjoram. 
 0. oegypti'acum. 1. Pink. July. Egypt. 1731. 
 
 — crassifo'lium. Purplish. June. Levant. 
 
 — Bicta'mnus. 1. Pink. July. Candia. 1651. 
 
 B. M. t. 298. 
 
 — heracleo'ticum. 1. White. August. South 
 
 Europe. 1640. . 
 
 — horte'nsis. See 0. Majorana. 
 
 — hy'bridum. I. Pink. August. Levant. G. 
 
 C. 1888, iii. p. 232, flg. 37. Syns., 0. 
 pulchellum and 0. Tournefortii. 
 
 — Majora'na. 1-2. Purplish. June. N. Africa. 
 
 1573. Syns., O.Aortejisis, 0. tnajoranoides 
 and Majorana hortensis. 
 
 — Tnajoranpi' des. See 0, Majorana. 
 
 — Ma'ru of B. M. t. 2605. See O. Tnicrophyllum. 
 
 — tnicrophy'llum. 1. Pink. June. -Palestine. 
 
 Syn., 0. Maru of B. M. t. 2606. 
 
 — nervo'sum. Pink. June. Egypt. 1823. 
 
 — norma'le. 1. Blue. June. Nepaul. 1819. 
 
 — Oni'tes. 1. Whitish. August. Mediter- 
 
 ranean. 1769. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 672. 
 
 — pulche'Uwm, See 0. hybridum. 
 
 — sipy'leum. 1. Pink. August. Levant. 1699. 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 670. 
 
 — stoloni'ferum. 1. Pink. June. Podolia. 
 
 1828. 
 
 — Toumefo'rtii. Andr. Rep. t. 537. See 0. 
 
 hybridum. 
 
 — vulga're. 2. Pink. August. Britain. 
 
 Jlo're-a'tbo. 1. White. June. Britain. 
 
 hu'mile. 1. Purple. June. Asia. 1818. 
 
 prisma'ticum. White. July. Mediter- 
 ranean. 
 
 m'rens. 1. Purple. June. Portugal. 
 
 Oritha'lia. A synonym of A^al- 
 myla. 
 Orithy'ia. A synonym of Tulipa. 
 
 Ori'xa. (Derivation uncertain. Nat. 
 ord., Celastrinece.) 
 0. japo'nica. Green. Japan. Gfl. t. 1232. 
 
 Ormoca'irpon. (From ormos, a 
 chain, and Icarpos, a fruit ; referring to 
 the pods. Nat. ord. , Leguminosce. Syn. , 
 Diphaca. ) 
 
 Stove or greenhouse shrubs. Old plants may 
 be turned out into the borders in summer. Cut- 
 tings of half-ripened shoots, in April, in peat 
 and loam. 
 
 0. coronilloi'des. Pale yellow. May. Tropical 
 Africa. 
 
 — sennoi'des. 3. White. China. Wight Ic. 
 
 t. 297. Syn., Diphaca cochin-chinensis. 
 
 Ormo'sia. Bead-tree. (From ormos, 
 a necklace ; referring to the seeds of 0. 
 cocci'tiea, which are scarlet, with a dark 
 spot, which are strung for necklaces. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminosce ; Trihe, Sopho- 
 recB. Macrotropis is regarded as a sy- 
 nonym of this by Bentham and Hooker. 
 Allied to Sophora. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees, blue-flowered. Cuttings 
 of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 and in bottom-heat, in May ; sandy, fibry peat, 
 and a little loam. Winter temp., 48° to 66" ; 
 summer, 60° to 85°. 
 0. cocd'nea. 10. July. Guiana. 1823, 
 
 — dasyca'rpa. 10. June. W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 Omitha'riuin. (From omitharion, 
 a small bird ; alluding to the flowers. 
 
 Nat. ord., Orchidece ; Tribe, Vandece- 
 Sarcanthece.) A synonym of SarCO- 
 
 chilus. 
 
 0. stria'tulum. Paxt. Fl. Gard. i. p. 188, flg. 117. 
 See Sarcochilus teres. 
 
 Ornithi'dium. (From amis, orni- 
 thos, a bird, and eidos, like ; the column 
 is beak-like. Nat. ord., Orchidece; 
 Tribe, Vandece-Maxillariece. ) 
 
 Stove epiphytal orchids, with rather small 
 flowers. 
 0. allbum. See Ca/maridiwm, album. 
 
 — cocci'neum. ^-1. Crimson. June. W. Indies. 
 
 1790. Syn., Cymbidium coccineum. B. 
 M. t. 1437. 
 
 — de^nsum. White, purplish. Mexico. 1836. 
 
 Ref. Bot. 1. 105. Syn., Maxillaria densa. 
 B. E. t. 1804. 
 
 — ochra'ceum. Ochre, purple, white, mauve. 
 
 New Grenada. 1887. 
 
 — struma'tum. White. Costa Rica. 1875. 
 
 Omithoce'phalus. (From amis, 
 a bird, and kephale, a head ; in reference 
 to the form of the column and anther. 
 Nat. ord., Orchidece; Tribe, Vandece- 
 Oncidiece. ) 
 
 Small stove epiphytal orchids. For cultiva- 
 tion, see Epidendrum. 
 0. grandifio'rus. White, yellow. 1882. 
 
 — Obero'nia. Yellow, white. Trinidad. 1869. 
 
 Omitho'chilUS. (From ornis, a 
 bird, and ckeilos, a lip ; in allusion to 
 the shape of the lip or labellum. Nat. 
 ord., Orchidece; Tribe, VandecB-Sar- 
 canthece. ) 
 
 Stove epiphytal orchid. Culture the same as 
 for Aerides. 
 
 0. fu'scus. Brownish-yellow, purple, reddish. 
 Burmah. 1865. Syn., Aendes difforme. 
 
 Omith.o'galum.. Star of Bethle- 
 hem. (From ornis, a bird, and gala, 
 mUk. Nat. ord. , Liliacece ; Tribe, Scil- 
 lecB. Allied to Scilla. ) 
 
 Pretty bulbous plants, white-flowered, where 
 not otherwise specified. Offsets ; sandy loam 
 and a little leaf -mould for the hardy kinds ; a 
 little peat added for those that require a cold 
 pit in winter. If the latter are planted out in a 
 dry border, the border must be protected from 
 wet and frost during winter, or the bulbs taken 
 up, and kept in drawers or bags where no frost 
 will reach them. 
 
 HARDY BULBS. 
 
 0. armeni'acum. White, green. Armenia. 1879. 
 
 — bulbi'ferum. J. April. Russia. 1821. 
 
 — como'sum. J. July. Austria. 1696. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 426. 
 
 — divarica'tum. 2. July. California. 1841. 
 
 B. R. 1842, t. 28. 
 
 — exsca'pum. J. May. Italy. 1824. 
 
 — fimbria' turn. ^, February. Crimea. 1820. 
 
 B. M. t. 3077. 
 
 — glaucophy'Uum. White. Asia Minor. 1875. 
 
 — marginatum. \. Greenish-white. March. 
 
 Asia. 1843. B. R. 1845, t. 21. 
 
 — monta'num. i. May. Italy. 1824. B. E. 1838, 
 
 t. 28. 
 
 — narborie'nse. IJ. July. South Europe. 1810. 
 
 B. M. t. 2610. 
 
 — nu'tans. J. June. Britain. B. M. t. 269. 
 
 — pyramida'le. 2. June. Spain. 1762. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 426. 
 
ORN 
 
 [697] 
 
 ORN 
 
 O.pyrena'icum. 2. Green. June. England. Bed 
 Lil. t. 234. 
 
 — soro'rium. White. Taurua. 1875. 
 
 — stachyoi'des. 2J. Lilac, yelloW. May. South 
 
 Europe. 1771. 
 
 — umiella'tum. 1. May. England. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 O. acumina'tum. 2. White, green. Algoa Bay. 
 1862. B J 
 
 — albovi'rens. 1. White, green. Natal. 1878. 
 
 — allia'ceum. ^. September. Chili. 1821. B C 
 
 t. 1818. 
 
 — ano'malum. Yellowish. S. Africa. 1862. 
 
 — apertiflo'rum. 1^. Greenish- white. Oriental. 
 
 1889. 
 
 — ara'bimm. 1^. May. Egypt. 1629. B.M.t.728. 
 
 — auranti'acum. i. Orange. S. Africa. 
 
 — au'reum. J. Yellow. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1790. B. M. t. 190. 
 
 — iarba'ttim. 1. June. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1795. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 91. 
 
 — Be'rgii. White, green. March. 1816. 
 
 — bifio rum. IJ. April. Peru. 1832. Swt. Fl. 
 
 Gard. ser. 2, t. 246. 
 
 — bifo'lium. J. August. Chili. 1831. B. C. 
 
 t. 1802. 
 
 — bracliystaJ ehys. March. Dahuria. 1821. 
 
 — calcara'tum. 1. White, green. September. 
 
 S. Africa. 1872. 
 
 — eapita'tum. White, purple. February. S. 
 
 Africa. 1863. 
 
 — cauda'tum. 3. White, green. May. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1774. B. M. t. 805. 
 
 — ehlora'nthum. 1. Greenish. S. Africa. 1875. 
 
 — chloroleu' cum. 1. July. Valparaiso. 1834. 
 
 B. B. 1. 1853. 
 
 — eilia'tum. i. April. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — coarcta'tum. IJ. White, green. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1804. Jacq. Ic. t. 436. 
 
 — conei'nnum. }. May. Portugal. 1797. 
 
 — co'nicum. 1. White, green. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1823. B. M. t. 3538. 
 
 — corymbo'sum. IJ. White, green. May. Chili. 
 
 1823. B. E. t. 906. 
 
 — cremda'tum. i. April. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — ela'tum. 3. March. Egypt. 1804. Andr. Eep, 
 
 t. 628. 
 
 — Jlavi'ssimum. 1. Yellow. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1804. Jacq. le. t. 436. 
 
 — fusca'tum. J. Grey. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1820. Jacq. Ic. t. 429. 
 
 — geminijio'runi. 1. Greenish-white. Luna. 
 
 — grami'neum. B. M. t. 2419. See Nothoseor- 
 
 dum striatellum. 
 
 — gra'cile. Snow white. 1883. Supposed to be 
 
 a form of 0. thyrsoides. 
 
 — hi'spidwm. i. June. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — humifu'sum. i. White, green. March. S. 
 
 Africa. 1874. 
 
 — ixioi'des. J. May. California. 1796. 
 
 — juneifo'liv/m. |. July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1794. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 90. 
 
 — la'eteum.. 1. June. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 : 1796. Jacq. Ic. t. 434. B. M. t. 1134. 
 
 — latifo'lium. li. June. Egypt. 1629. B. M. 
 
 t. 876. 
 
 — longibractealtuTa. \. May. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1817. Jacq. H. Vind. iii. t. 29. 
 
 — maeulaltwm. \. May. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — minia'tum,. Yellow. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1790. Jacq. Ic. t. 438. 
 
 — no! num. i. Greenish-white. March. Berbeck. 
 
 1843. B. E. 1845, t. 39. 
 
 — ni'veum. i. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 B. B. t. 236. 
 
 — nota'tum. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1825. 
 
 — odora'tum. IJ. Pale yellow. May. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1795. Jacq. Ic. t. 432. 
 
 0. """''"m-^ 1- May. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 — pilo'swn^ 1. May. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 — polyphy'Uum. h June. Cape of Good Hope, 
 
 1824. Jacq. Ic. t. 430. 
 
 — prasi'num.- Pea-green. South Africa. B. E. 
 
 t. 158. 
 
 — refra'ctum. White. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser 2 
 
 t. 58. ' 
 
 — revolu'tum. J. White, yellow. March. B. M 
 
 t. 663. 
 
 — rnpe'stre. J. May. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1795. "^ 
 
 — Saunde'rsicB. 3. White, greenish. Transvaal. 
 
 1891. 
 
 — secu'ndum. J. August. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1826. Jacq. Ic. t. 333. 
 
 — squi'Ua. 3 May. South Europe. 1829. B. M. 
 
 t. 918. 
 
 — Stemiergii. B. C. t. 1209. A synonym of 
 
 Gagea tninvma. 
 
 — mave'olens. J. June. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1826. Jacq. Ic. t. 431. 
 
 — mbula'tum. J. White, green. September. 
 
 S. Africa. 1872. 
 
 — tene'llum. J. June. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1818. Jacq. Ic. t. 427. 
 
 — tenuifo'lium. 1. April. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1819. Bed Lil. t. 312. 
 
 — thyrsoi'des. U. Yellow. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1767. Jacq. H. Vind. iii. 
 t. 28. 
 
 flave'scens. IJ. Yellow. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1800. 
 
 — trigy'num. White, green. June. 1826. Bed 
 
 LU. t. 417. 
 
 — unifo'lium. i. Green. June. Gibraltar. 1806. 
 
 — ■Ditta'tum. 1. YeUow, green. June. S. Africa. 
 
 1802. Syn., Albuea, vittata. 
 
 Ornithoglo'ssum. (From ornis, 
 a bird, and glossa, a tongue ; referring 
 to the shape of the petals. Nat. ord., 
 Liliacew; Tribe, AnguillariecB.) 
 
 Greenhouse bulbs. 
 0. glau'cum. J. Green, edged with purplish- 
 brown. December. South Africa. 1826. 
 Syns., Cymation loevigatum, lAchten- 
 steinia Icevigata and MelanthiuTn viride. 
 B. M. t. 994. 
 undula'tum. J. Green, purple. Septem- 
 ber. South Africa. 1825. Syns., 0. 
 undulatum, and Lichtensteinia undu- 
 lata. 
 
 Omitho'pteris. (From ornis, a 
 bird, and pteris, a fern. Nat. ord., 
 Filices. ) A synonym of Pteris. 
 
 Omi'thopus. Biid's-foot. (From 
 ornis, a bird, and pous, a foot ; referring 
 to the claw-like seed-pods. Nat. ord., 
 LeguminoscB ; Tribe, Hedysareoe.) 
 
 Low-growing, yellow,_ pea-blossomed, hardy 
 annuals. Seed, sown in the garden-border in 
 March. 
 0. du'rum. J. July. Spain. 1816. 
 
 — ebraotea'tum. J. July. South Europe. 1700. 
 — perpusi'llus^nodo'sns. i. White, red. May. 
 
 France. 
 
 — repa'ndurn. i. July. Barbary. 1805. 
 
 — scarpioi'des. i. July. South Europe. 1606. 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 716. 
 
 — tetraphy'Uuf. A synonym of Zamia tetra- 
 
 phylla. 
 
 Omithoxa'nthum. A synonym of 
 Gagea. 
 
ORN 
 
 [698] 
 
 ORT 
 
 Ornitro'phe. 
 Schmidelia. 
 
 A synonym of 
 
 O'mus. Flowering Ash. (From 
 oreinos, ancient name of- the Ash ; ap- 
 plied on account of the resemblance and 
 affinity. Nat. ord., Oleinem ; Tribe, 
 FraxinecB. ) See Fraxinus. 
 0. amarka'na. See Frammts americana. 
 See Fraxinus Ornus. 
 
 O'robus. Bitter Vetch. (From oro, 
 to excite, and bous, an ox ; nourishing 
 food. Nat. ord., Leguminosm ; Tribe, 
 Viciem.) United with Lathyrus in 
 the Genera Plantarum, but differing in 
 the absence of a terminal tendril to the 
 petiole. 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, except saxa'- 
 tilis. Seeds ; division of the plant in spring ; 
 sandy, deep loam. 
 
 0. a'lbus. 1. White. April. Austria. 1794. Swt. 
 Fl. Gard. t. 22. 
 
 — alpe'stHs. 2. Purple. June. Hungary. 1817. 
 
 — aTnerica'nits. Pale purple. Jamaica. 1731. 
 
 — angustifo'lius. 1. White. April. Siberia. 
 
 1766. 
 
 — a'trQ-pwrpu'reuii. B. R. t. 1763. See Vicia 
 
 sicula. 
 
 — aura'ntius. li- Yellow. June. Iberia. 1818. 
 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. ii. 1. 198. 
 
 — cane'scens. B. M. t. 3117. See O.filifirrmis. 
 
 — cocci'neus, 1. Scarlet. April. Vera Cruz. 
 
 B. C. t. 883. 
 '• — uniju'gus. 1. Scarlet. April. N. Amer. 
 
 — divarica'tus. |. Purple. June. Pyrenees. 
 
 1816. 
 — 'ere^ctus. 1. Yellow, red. July. 
 
 — Jiliifo'rmis. IJ. White, blue. May. France. 
 
 1016. Syn., 0. canescens. B. M. t. 3117. 
 
 — Fisehe'ri. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 289. See Vieia 
 
 sicula. 
 — ffyrmo'sus. J. Purple. June. Caucasus. 1818. 
 
 — hirsu'tus. 1. Bed. May. Thrace. 1822. B. M. 
 
 t. 2346. 
 
 — hu'tnilis. ^. Purple. July. Dahuria. 1825. 
 
 — Jorda'ni. Blue. June. Lucania. 1830. 
 
 — la'cteus. IJ. White. April. Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 — IcEviga'tus. IJ. Yellow. June. Hungary. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — lathyroi'des. 2. Blue. June. Siberia. 1768. 
 
 B. M. t. 2098. 
 
 — laxijio'rus. 1. Violet. June. Candia. 1820. 
 
 — longifo'lius. Lilac. June. Missouri. 1827. 
 
 — lu'teus. IJ. Lilac, yellow. June. Siberia. 
 
 17B9. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 1. 115. 
 
 — multiflo'rus. 2. Pale red. July. Italy. 1820. 
 
 — ni'ger. 3. Purple. June. Britain. B. M. 
 
 t. 2261. 
 
 — ochroleu'cus. 2. Yellow, white. June. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1816. 
 
 — paiyscens. 1. White. April. Tauria. 1823. 
 
 — pauciflo'rus 1. Purple. June. 1820. 
 
 — pisifo'rmis. 1. Purple. May. S. Europe. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — pyrena'icus. 2. Purple. May. Pyrenees. 
 
 1699. 
 
 — saxa'tilis. 1. Purple. July. France. 1820. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 — sessilifo'lius. 1. Purple. May. Tauria. 1823. 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 692. B. M. t. 2796. 
 
 — stipula'ceus. 6. Purple. May. N. Amer. 
 
 B. M. t. 2937. 
 
 — ffylva'ticvs. 2. Crimson, purple. June. Bri- 
 
 tain. B. C. t. 1181. 
 
 — tenuifc/lmis. J. Purple. June. Europe. 1810. 
 
 — Tov/mef&rtn. 1^. Yellow, purple. June. 
 
 Hungary. 1821. 
 
 0. tuber&sus. 1. Purple. June. Britain. 
 
 — variega'tus. 1. Purple. July. Italy. 1821 
 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 28. 
 
 — va'rius. li. Yellow, red. April. Italy. 1769. 
 
 B. M. t. 675. 
 
 — vene'tus. 1. Purple. April. Germany. 
 
 — veno'sics. 1. Blue. June. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 — lie'rnus. 1. Purple. March. Europe. 1629.. 
 
 B. M. t. 621. 
 ea'meus. 1. Flesh. March. 
 
 — vieioi'd^s. 1. Yellow. June. Hungary. 1819. 
 
 Oro'ntitlin. (The ancient Greek 
 name for a plant supposed to grow on 
 the banks of the river Orontes. Nat. 
 ord., AroidecB.) 
 
 Hardy aquatic perennial. Propagated by 
 divisions. 
 
 0. aqua'ticwm. Pale green. May. North America. 
 B. C. t. 402. 
 
 — '•apo'nicum. B. M. t. 898. See Rohdea japo- 
 
 nica. 
 
 protha'mnus. (From oros, moun- 
 tain, and thamnos, shrub. Nat. ord., 
 ProteacecE. ) A synonym of Mimetes. 
 O, Zeyhe'ri. B. M. t. 4367. See Mimetes Zeyheri, 
 
 Oro'xylum. (From oros, a moun- 
 tain, and xylon, wood. Nat. ord. , Big- 
 nonmcecB. ) 
 
 Stove tree, requiring abundance of space for 
 
 its roots to spread. Turfy loam, leaf-mould, 
 
 and sand. Imported seeds, or cuttings. 
 
 0. i'ndwum. 40. White, purple. India and 
 
 Malayan Archipelago. 1776. Syn., Ca- 
 
 losanthes indica. 
 
 Orphanide'sia. (Derivation not 
 stated. Nat. ord., Ericacew.) 
 
 A dwarf, hardy shrub. 
 0. gauUherioi'des. Caucasus. Gfl. 1891, p. 469, 
 fig. 87. 
 
 O'rphium. {Aiter Orpheus oi Greek 
 mythology. Nat. ord., GentianecB.) 
 
 shrub. For culture, see CHI- 
 
 Greenhouse 
 
 BONIA. 
 
 0. frute'scens, 
 Syns., 
 t. 818 
 
 1-2. Red. South Africa. 1766. 
 Chironia angustifolia^ B. M. 
 C. decussata, B. M. t. 707, and C. 
 frutescens, B. M. t. 37. 
 
 Orthoca'rpus. (From orthos, 
 straight, and karpos, fruit. Nat. ord., 
 ScrophulariacecB ; Tribe, Euphrasie(B.) 
 0. purpure'scens. Purple. California. Gfl. 
 t. 1166. 
 
 Ortho'ceras. (From orthos, 
 straight, and keras, a horn. Nat. ord. , 
 Orchide(B; Tribe, Ophrydece-Disem.) 
 
 Greenhouse terrestial orchid. 
 0. Sola'ndri. 1-2. Greenish-yellow. Australia 
 and New Zealand. 
 
 Ortho'chilus. A synonym of Eu- 
 lophia. 
 
 Ortho'pogon. (From orthos, 
 straight, aaApogon, a beard. Nat. ord., 
 GraminecB.) See Oplismenus. 
 0. hirte'Uus. See Oplismenus kirtellus. 
 — lolia'ceus. See Opiismervm loliaceus. 
 
 Ortgie'sia. See .fflchmea. 
 
ORT 
 
 [699] 
 
 OSM 
 
 Orthosi'phon. (From orthos, 
 straight, and siphon, a tube ; referring 
 to the tube of the flower. Nat. ord., 
 LaMatm ; Tribe, Ocimoidece. Allied to 
 Ocimum. ) 
 
 Division of herbaceous, or cuttings of the 
 young shoots, when growth is commencing ; cut- 
 tings of half-ripened shoots of the evergreens ; 
 sandy loam and flbry peat ; common stove and 
 greenhouse treatment. 
 
 0. a'sperae. White. May. E. Ind. 1827. 
 Stove herbaceous. 
 
 — inou/nms. 1. Pale scarlet. May. E. Ind. 
 
 18S9. Stove evergreen. B. M. t. §847. 
 
 — nMcu'ndiis. Purple. June. Nepaul. 1826. 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Ic. PI. t. 469. 
 
 — stami'neus. 2. Lilac. July. B. Indies. 
 
 1869. 
 
 — mrgaltus. Blue. June. Nepaul. 1826. 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 Orthoste'mma. (From orthos, 
 straight, and stemma, a crown. Nat. 
 ord., BubiacecE.) A synonym of Pen- 
 tas. 
 
 Orthotse'nia<M»"ioraa'«a. See Pine- 
 bud moth. 
 
 Orthrosa'jlthus. (From orthros, 
 morning, and anthos, a flower ; flowers 
 expand early in the day. Nat. ord., 
 Iridem ; Tribe, Sisyrinchiece. AUied to 
 Sisyrinchium.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennials. Seeds, and 
 division of the plant in spring ; sandy loam and 
 leaf-mould ; a cold pit in winter, to exclude the 
 frost. 
 0. ehimboracd'nm. 1. Peru. 1876. 
 
 irus. 1. Blue. June. N. Holland. 
 1820, Syn., Sisyrinchium ei/aneum. 
 B. B. 1. 1090. 
 
 Orva'la. (From Orvale, the French 
 for Salvia Horminum. Nat. ord.. La- 
 biatcE.) 
 
 Hardy, herbaceous perennial. Propagated 
 by seeds, or division of the roots. 
 0. Icmiioi'des. H. Pale reddish-purple, white. 
 April. South Europe. 1696. Syn., 
 La/mium Orvala. B., M. 1. 172. 
 
 Ory'za. Rice. (From Erus, its 
 Arabic name. Nat. ord., Graminece.) 
 
 Stove grass from swamjy parts of the East 
 Indies. It flourishes best m a pot plunged into 
 a warm tank. 
 
 0. sati'va. Widely cultivated in the Tropics as 
 a food plant, but of no horticultural 
 value in this country. 
 
 Osage Apple. Madu'ra. 
 
 Osbe'ckia. (Named after P. Osheck, 
 a Swedish naturalist. Nat. ord., Melas- 
 tomacecB ; Tribe, Osheckiem. Allied to 
 Melastoma. ) 
 
 Cuttings of side, firm, stubby shoots in sand, 
 under a Ijell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; sandy 
 loam, fibry peat, a little dried cow-diing, and 
 charcoal. Winter temp., 48° to 68° ; summer, 
 60° to 85°. 
 
 STOVE DECIDUOUS SHRUBS. 
 0. ean^scens. 1838. B. M. t. 3790. . . , , 
 
 — glomera'ta. 1. Pink. July. Trmidad. 
 
 1818. B. M. t. 2838. 
 
 0. nepaJe'nsis alUfl&ra. IJ. White. August 
 Nepaul. 1829. B. K. t. 1475. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 0. angustifo'lia. 2. Rose. May. Nepaul, 
 1826. 
 
 — a'spa-a. 2. Purple. .July. E. Ind. 
 
 — chine'nsie. 2. Purple. July. China. 1818, 
 
 B. C. t. 666. 
 
 — glomera'ta albiflo'ra. Ih White. January. 
 
 Brazil. 1821. 
 
 — nepale'nsis. H. Purple. June. Nepaul. 
 
 1821. 
 
 — octa'ndra. 1. Eose. April. Mauritius. 
 
 1815. Syn., Melastoma osbeclcioides.- 
 B. M. t. 2235. 
 
 — rostra'ta. Eosy-pink. Bengal. 1881. B. M. 
 
 t. 6676. 
 
 — rvlicu'nda. Purple. Ceylon. 1865. 
 
 — stella'ta. 1. Pink. July. Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 B. E. t. 674. 
 -r temifo'lia. 3. Lilac. May. Nepaul. 1825. 
 
 — Wightia'na. Purple. E. Indies. 1863. Wight 
 
 Ic. t. 998. 
 
 — zeyla'nica. 2. Yellow. August. Ceylon, 
 
 1799. B. E. t. 666. 
 
 Osier. Sa'lix mmina'lis, or any of 
 the other species of willows, which are 
 grown for basket-making. 
 
 O S m a'n thus. (From osme, per- 
 fume, and anthos, a flower; flowers 
 being fragrant. Nat. ord., OUaceoe ; 
 Tribe, Oleinece.) 
 
 Hardy evergreen shrubs. For cultivation, see 
 Camellia. 
 
 O. america'nus. 6. White. June. North 
 America. 1758. 
 
 — aquifo'lius. White. Japan. There are two 
 
 varieties with white variegated leaves, 
 one being a dwarf. 
 
 ilidfo'litts. A dense, compact bush. 
 
 myrtifo'lius. Leaves without spines. 
 
 —fra'grans. 6-10. Yellowish or white. Sum- 
 mer. Japan and China. 1771. Syn., 
 Oleafragra/ns, B. M. t. 1552. 
 
 Osmi'tes. (From osme, perfume ; 
 smells like camphor. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positce ; Tribe, Inuloidem. Allied to 
 Belhania.) 
 
 Greenhouse, white-flowered evergreens, from 
 the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of half -ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April or 
 May, and without bottom-heat. Winter temp., 
 40° to 45°. 
 0. bellidia' strum. 1. June. 1816. 
 
 — canrvph&ri'na. IJ. May. 1794. 
 
 — denta'ta. 1^. May. 1820. 
 
 Osmo'dium. A synonym of Onos- 
 modium. 
 
 Osmu'nda. (The name of a Celtic 
 deity. TSa.t. oiA.., Filices.) 
 
 Hardy, or greenhouse, brown-spored ferns. 
 See Ferns. 
 0. cinnamo'mea. 2. June. N. Amer. 1772. 
 
 — Claytonia'na. 2. August. N. Amer. 1772, 
 
 Syn., 0. interrupta. 
 
 — gra'cilis. 1. June. N. Amer. 182^7. 
 
 — hu'milis. June. N. Amer. 1823. 
 
 — vivterru'pta. See 0. Claytoniana. 
 — japo'niea. 1. Japan. 
 
 corymbi'fera. Garden variety. 1883. 
 
 — javalnica. 1-3. Eastern Coast of Asia; 
 Syns., 0. FresUana and 0. Vachellii, 
 palu'stris. 2J. 1831. 
 
OSS [ 700 : 
 
 O. Preslm'na. See 0. javanica. 
 
 — rega'lis, 2. July. Britain. 
 
 — apecta'bilis. 2. July. N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 — Vache'llii. See 0. javanica. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 O. carolinia'na. See Woodwardia angustifolia. 
 
 — cri'spa. See Cryptdgramme Grispa. 
 
 — hu'milis. See Anemia humilis. 
 
 — luna'ria. See Botrychium luiiaria. 
 
 — Philli'tidis. See Anemia PMllitidis. 
 — -pro'cera. See Lomaria procera. 
 
 — Struthio'pteris. See Onoclea germanica. 
 
 Ossse'a. (Named after Ossa, curator 
 of the Havannah Botanic Garden. Nat. 
 ord., MelastomacecB ; Tribe, Miconiece. 
 Allied to Miconia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of young, 
 side, stubby shoots, or the points of main ones. 
 when a little firm, in sandy soil, under a bell- 
 glass, and in heat ; sandy peat and loam ; com- 
 mon plant-stove treatment. 
 0. faseicula'rii. 6-10. White. Jamaica. 
 
 — purpura' scens. 3. Purple. March. Jamaica. 
 
 1822. 
 
 Osteoca'rpus. (From osteon, bone, 
 and karpos, fruiifc. Nat. ord., Solana- 
 ceoe.) 
 
 Greenhouse sub-shrub. Seeds ; cuttings. 
 0. rostra'tus. Blue. Chili. Gfl. t. 1175, figs, 
 a-e. Syns., Alona rostrata and Kolana 
 rostrata. 
 
 Osteo'meles. (From osteon, bone, 
 and melon, apple ; the fruit. Nat. ord. , 
 Bosacece ; Tribe, Pomece. Allied to 
 Amelanchier. ) 
 
 Hardy evergreen tree. For culture, see 
 Medlak. 
 ■0. ferrugi'nea. July. 1847. 
 
 Osteospe'rmum. (From osteon, a 
 bone, and sperma, a seed. Nat. ord., 
 CompositcB ; Tribe, Calenduleoe. Allied 
 to Calendula.) 
 
 Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from 
 South Africa. Cuttings of small, naif-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April or 
 May ; sandy loam and a little nbrypeat. Winter 
 temp., 40° to 46°. 
 
 0. cceru'leum. 3. Blue. July. 1774. Jacq. Ic. 
 1. 179. 
 
 — calendula' ceum. 2. July. 
 
 — corymib&sum. 3. August. 1822. 
 
 — Uicifo'lium. 4. July. 1816. 
 
 — inca'num. 3. August. 1815. 
 
 — monili'ferum. 3. July. 1714. 
 
 Ostrich Pern. Ono'clea geniia'nica. 
 
 Ostrow'skia. (After Ostroiuski, a 
 Russian botanist. Nat. ord. , Ca7)ipanu- 
 lacece. ) 
 
 Perennial herb, requiring the same culture as 
 Campanula. 
 O. magni'Juia. 4. Blue. Central Asia. 1887. 
 
 O'strya. Hop Hornbeam. (From 
 ostryos, a scale ; scaly catkins. Nat. 
 ord. , CwpwUfercb /Tribe , Corylew. Allied 
 to the Hornbeam. ) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees. Seeds, which, if sown 
 in the spring, the season after being gathered in 
 the autumn, and kept in a rot-heap during win- 
 ter, will make their appearance the year foUow- 
 
 OTH 
 
 ing ; layers, cuttings, and grafting on the common 
 Hornbeam ; good, deep, moist soil. 
 0. carpinifo'lia. Greenish-white. May. S. 
 Europe. 1724. Syn., 0. mUgarie. 
 
 — mrgi'nica. 20. April. N. Amer. 1622. 
 
 — vulga'ris. Wats. Dendr. 1. 143. See 0. car- 
 pinifolia. 
 
 Oswego Tea. Mona'rda dA'dytna. 
 
 Osy'ris. Poet's Cassia. (From ozos, 
 a branch ; referring to the numerous 
 pliant branches. Nat. ovd., SantalacecB. 
 Allied to Santalinum. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of 
 ripened shoots under a hand-light in spring; 
 sandy loam ; requires the protection of a cold 
 pit in winter, or a conservatory wall. 
 0. a'lba. 3. White. South Europe. 1739. 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 964. 
 
 Otaca'nthus. (From o<e, some- 
 times, and aoa'ntha, a thorn. Nat. ord., 
 AcanthacecB ; Tribe, Euelliece.) 
 
 Stove shrub. For cultivation, see BUELLIA. 
 0. cceru'leus. Violet, blue. Brazil. 1862. Fl. 
 Ser. t, 1626. 
 
 Otaheite Chestnut. Inoca'rpus 
 edu'lis. 
 
 Otaheite Myrtle. Securine'ga ni'- 
 tida. 
 
 Ota'ndra. 
 rum. 
 
 A synonym of Geodo- 
 
 Othe'ra. (Said to be from the Japa- 
 nese name. Nat. ord., lUcinem. Closely 
 allied to Ilex. ) 
 
 Hardy shrub, requiring the same culture as 
 Ilex. 
 O.japo'nica. White. Japan. 
 
 Otho'nna. Ragwort. (From othone, 
 linen ; referring to the soft, downy cloth- 
 ing of the leaves. Nat. ord. , Composi- 
 t(B ; Tribe, Se'necio'nidecB.) 
 
 Greenhouse, yellow-flowered plants, from the 
 Cape of Good Hope, except where otherwise 
 mentioned. Seeds in a mild hotbed, in spring ; 
 annuals maybe hardened off afterwards ; peren- 
 nials, by division of the plant ; tuberous-rooted, 
 by dividing them; shrubs, by cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in May ; 
 sandy loam, and a little flbry peat. Winter 
 temp., 40" to 48". 
 
 ANNUAL. 
 
 0. tageltes. 1. May. 1823. 
 
 HERBACEOUS. 
 
 0. erassifo'lia. Yellow. S. Africa. 1870. Trailing, 
 basket plant. 
 
 — linifo'lia. 2. July. 1824, 
 
 — pinna: ta. 3. May. 1769. B. M. t. 768. 
 
 — pinnati'fida. 1. July. 1S23. 
 
 TUBEBOUS-ROOTED. 
 
 0. bidbo'sa. 2. May. 1774. 
 ~ filicau'lit. IJ. April. 1791. 
 
 — tubero'sa. August. 1842. B. M. t. 4038. 
 
 EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 
 0. abrotanifo'lia. 3. May. 1692. B. E. 1. 108. 
 
 — arhore' scens. 2. July. 1723. 
 
 — Athanalsim. 3. January. 1796. 
 
 — eamo'sa. }. Yellow. S. Africa. 1867. 
 
 — cheirifo'lia. B. E. t. 266. See Othmmopais 
 cheirifolia. 
 
OTH 
 
 [701] 
 
 OVA 
 
 0. eoronopifo'lia. 2. August. 1731. 
 
 — denticula'ta. 2. June. 1774. B. M. t. 1979. 
 
 — cUffita'ta. 11. July. 1824. 
 —flabdKfo'lia. B. C. t. 728. A synonym of 
 
 Euryops virgineus. 
 
 — funa'ta. Pale yellow. January. Island of 
 
 Ichaboe, Africa. 1844. Syns., Ceradia 
 fwrcata and Doria Ceradia. 
 
 — heterophj/lla. 2. May. 1812. 
 
 — pectina'ta. B. M. t. 306. A synonym of 
 
 Euryops peciinatus. 
 
 — perfolia'ta. IJ. June. 1789. Jacq. H. 
 
 Schoenb. t. 240. 
 
 — tenui'smna. 1^. May. 1759. 
 
 — trypline'rvia. 5. Yellow. S. Africa. 1862. 
 
 — virgi'nea. A synonym of Euryops virgineus. 
 
 Othoimo'psis. (From Othonna, 
 and opsis, like ; resembling the genus 
 Othonna. Nat. ord., Compositce ; Tribe, 
 Seneeionidece. ) 
 
 Greenhouse shrub. For culture, see Othonna. 
 0. ckeirifo'lia. IJ. Yellow. May. Barbary. 
 1762. Syn., Othonna eheirifoUa. B. B. 
 t. 266. 
 
 Oti'dia. A section of Pelargo- 
 nium. 
 
 Otiorhy'nchus sulca'tus. This in- 
 sect pest is figured and described as Cur- 
 culio sulcatus on p. 281, where it is only 
 noted as being destructive to succulent 
 plants ; but it also attacks many shrubs 
 and trees, peeling off patches of the 
 bark, and doing other damage. The 
 only remedy that is likely to have any 
 effect in preventing their ravages is to lay 
 a sheet, or any other white cloth, under 
 the infected shrubs, which should be 
 well shaken late at night, when the 
 beetles are feeding ; they will then fall 
 down on the cloth and simulate death, 
 when they should be at once killed. 
 
 Otochilus. (From ous, otos, the 
 ear, and cheilos, a lip ; the lip has ear- 
 like appendages. Nat. ord., Orchidecs.) 
 Intermediate stove, epiphytal orchids. Peat 
 fibre, charcoal, sphagnum. 
 O.fra'grans. White. June. Nepaul. 1836. 
 
 Syn., Tetrapeltis fragrans. 
 — fu'sca. Brownish ; lip golden, rose. August. 
 Nepaul. 1840. B.,M. t. 3921. 
 
 Oto'ptera. (From OMS, an ear, and 
 pteron, a wing ; referring to an ear-like 
 process on the wing-petals. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminosw; Tribe, Phaseolem.) See 
 Vigna. 
 
 0. Burche'llii. See Vigna Burchellii. 
 
 Otoste'gia. (From ous, ear, and 
 stegos, roof. Nat. orA., Labiatce ; Tribe, 
 SatureinecB. ) 
 Half-hardy evergreen. For culture, see Cala- 
 
 MINTHA. 
 
 0. scario'sa. |. Purple. August. Spain. 1752. 
 Syn., Calaminthafrutviosa. 
 
 Otoste'mma. (From ous, an ear, 
 and stermna, a crown. Nat. ord., As- 
 depiadacem. ) A synonym of Hoya. 
 0. Uumno'sa. A synonym of Baya lacunosa. 
 
 Ottelia. (Supposed to be from Ottel, 
 the native name m Malabar. Nat. ord., 
 HydrocharidecE. ) 
 
 Stove or greenhouse aquatic herbs. Propa- 
 gated by seeds. 
 0. i'ndica. White. August. East Indies. 
 
 1800. Syn.j Damasonitim indicum. B.M. 
 
 t. 1201. 
 
 — ovati/o'lia. Green, pale yellow. Summer, 
 
 Australia. 1883. G. C. 1886, xxv. p. 763. 
 
 Otter Moth. Hepi'alus Hu'muU. 
 Also known as the Ghost Moth, or Ghost 
 Swift. These moths emerge from the 
 dark-brown pupje about the beginning 
 of June. The males, which are about 
 two inches across, are silvery above, 
 fringed with brown and tawny beneath, 
 The females are slightly larger, and 
 yellow above with orange markings. 
 Both after hiding amongstherbageduring 
 the day fly in the evening. Long grass, 
 nettles, etc. , should therefore be removed 
 from the vicinity of the crops which they 
 attack. The principal injury they occa- 
 sion is to the Hops by their caterpillars, 
 which are cream-coloured with brown 
 heads, preying upon the roots. When 
 their presence is suspected, the roots 
 should be examined and the caterpillars 
 destroyed, either by hand-picking (which 
 can be readily done, on account of their 
 large size — an inch and a half long) or 
 by watering the crop with some insec- 
 ticide. 
 
 Ouri'sia. (Perhaps from ourios, a, 
 beneficial breeze ; natives of mountains. 
 Nat. ord., Scrophulariacece.) 
 
 Hardy perennial, but best cultivated in a cold 
 frame. For cultivation, see Chelone. 
 0. cocd'nea. Scarlet. Andes of Chili. 1862. 
 B. M. t. 6335. 
 
 — Pea'reii. Crimson, scarlet. Chili. 1863. 
 There are several other species, all beautiful, 
 
 but we are not aware of their being in cultiva- 
 tion. 
 
 Ouvira'ndra. (From ouvirandrano, 
 the native name, signifying water-yam, 
 the roots being eatable. Nat. ord., 
 Naiadacem ; Tribe, AponogetonecB. ) 
 United with Aponogeton in the 
 Genera Plantarum. 
 
 The Lattice or Lace-leaved plants are stove 
 aquatics. Their leaves are merely a network of 
 vascular tissue, resembling lace, or, as the specific 
 name of one intimates, a lattice \^indow. In 
 Madagascar they grow on the margins of streams. 
 In a stove aquarium, they require the water of a 
 temperature from 70° to 76° ; the soil for them to 
 root in being sandy loam. Seeds and division of 
 the roots. 
 
 0. Bernieria'na. 2. Pink. August. Madagascar. 
 1868. 
 
 — fenestra'lis. 2. White. August. Madagascar. 
 
 1856. 
 
 Ovary. That part of the flower in 
 which the ovules, or young seeds are 
 produced. Like the rest of the flower it 
 
ovu 
 
 [702] 
 
 OXA 
 
 consists of one or more leaves modified 
 for a special purpose, which in this case 
 is that of bearing seeds. In a simple 
 case this modified leaf, or carpel, is 
 lolled over, its margins are turned in. 
 United, and bear the ovules, e.g., the 
 Pea. In HeUeborus there are several 
 such carpels, each distinct from the 
 other. In the Violet these carpels are 
 yinited by their in-turned margins, thus 
 inclosing a central cavity on the wall of 
 which are three lines or ovules ; these 
 lines representing the placentas, or 
 swollen margins of two adjacent carpels. 
 This arrangement is known 3.S parietal 
 vlacentation. The LUy presents a more 
 complicated arrangement, in which the 
 carpels unite, and then their margins 
 grow towards the centre of the cavity 
 thus formed, there unite and recurve to 
 bear the ovules, thus forming three 
 cavities, instead of one, as in the Violet. 
 This, is known as axile vlacentation. 
 The portions of the carpellary leaves, 
 -which in the last case divided the ovary 
 into several cells, occasionally becomes 
 absorbed, leaving a one-celled ovary 
 with the ovules attached to a central 
 column, as in the Pink and other Caryo- 
 phyllacete. This is termed free-eentral 
 placentation. In a few cases the ovule 
 IS produced from the floral axis, instead 
 of from the margins of the carpels. This 
 occurs in Polygonum, where a solitary 
 ovule is contained in an ovary formed of 
 .three united carpels as in the Violet. 
 lOther differences are produced by the 
 floalyx or perianth being united with the 
 ^all of the ovary or free from it. In the 
 former case the ovary is said to be infe- 
 rior, e.g., Umbellifeias, Compositse, 
 Orchidefe, Iridese, Amaryllidese, and cer- 
 tain Rosacese (Pyrus) ; in the latter 
 case it is superior, e.g., Violacese, certain 
 Rosacese (Cerasus), Scrophulariaceae and 
 Liliacese. 
 
 Ovule. That structure contained in 
 the ovary, which after fertilization de- 
 velops into the seed. It is borne on a 
 ■stalk (funicle) and surrounded (gene- 
 rally) by two coats, the primine and 
 secwndine, through which at one point a 
 hole (micropyle) exists to facilitate the 
 entrance of the pollen tube. The cen 
 tral portion is termed the nucleiis, in 
 which exists the embryo sac, containing 
 the embryo (oosphere) and endosperm,. 
 It is by the development of this endo- 
 sperm that the albiiimen of some seeds is 
 formed, although in some plants it is 
 formed outside the embryo sac and is 
 then distinguished as perisperm; both 
 Jkinds are present in the seeds of Nym- 
 
 phea. The ovule may be straight, ortho- 
 tropous, e.g.. Polygonum, inverted with 
 adnate funicle (raphe), anatropous, e.g.. 
 Ranunculus, or curved, campylotropous, 
 e.g., LeguminossB. 
 
 O'xalis. Wood Sorrel. (From oxys, 
 acid ; the acid taste of the leaves. Nat. 
 ord., Geraniacem ; Tribe, Oxalidece.) 
 
 Natives of South Africa, except where other- 
 wise stated. Hardy annuals, seed in open border, 
 in April, in a shady place ; perennials, by division 
 and by seeds ; tuberous and bulbous ones, by 
 offsets ; the tender ones succeed in a cool tem- 
 perature in winter, if dry, and frost excluded ; 
 shrubby species, by seeds and cuttings in sandy 
 soil, under a bell-glass, and grown in sandy loam 
 and fibry peat ; all the bulbous kinds the least 
 tender should be kept dry in winter, and the 
 shrubby have the greenhouse. 
 
 HARDY ANNDALS. 
 
 0. eomieula'ta. i. Yellow. August. Britain, 
 
 — Dille'nii. 2. Copper. America. 1798. 
 fio'rida. 2. Yellow. America. 1798. 
 
 — Icemga'ta. ^. Purple. June. 1818. 
 
 — mierophy'Ua. J. Pale red. N. S. Wales. 
 
 — Bermti'va. i. Yellow. July. China. 1844. 
 
 Stove. B. B. 1846, t. 68. A synonym of 
 Biophytum seTisitivum. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 0. Lydnii. 1. Yellow. August. N. Amer. 1816. 
 
 — itHcta. IJ. July. N. Amer. 1658. 
 
 HARDY BULBS. 
 
 0. a!lha. J. White. May. America. 1836. 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 398. 
 
 — atnerica'Tia. i. White. AprU. N. Amer. 
 
 — e'legans. i. Purple. July. Peru. B. M. 
 
 t. 4490. 
 
 — enneavhifUa. \. White, or pale rose. June. 
 
 Fuegia. 1876, Ic. PI. t. 494. 
 
 — vMa'cea. i. Violet. May. N. Amer. 1772. 
 
 B. M. t. 2216. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 
 
 0. arena'ria. i. Purple. Chili. 1876. 
 
 — artieula'ta. J. Mauve-pinlc. South Brazil. 
 
 1870. B. M. t. 6748. 
 
 — eathari-ndrms. White. Santa Catharina. 1887. 
 
 — Curmrd'ngii. i. Golden. September. Chili. 
 
 1831. B. E. 1. 1646.' 
 
 — di'seolor. Violet, crimson. July. Mexico. 
 
 1844. 
 — JUyribu'nda. IJ. Red. July. S. Amer. 1827. 
 B. R. 1. 1123. 
 
 — lasia'ndra. H. Pink. May. Mexico. 1840. 
 
 B. M. t. 3896. 
 
 — itartia'na. Yellow. July. Brazil. 1829. 
 
 Stove. B. C. t. 1623. 
 
 — na'tmis. i. White. October. 1796. Aquatic. 
 
 — Neat'i glabraJta. White. Mexico. 1872. 
 
 — Ortgiesii. 1. Yellow. Andes, Peru. 1876. 
 
 — Otto'nis. Yellow. May. Chili. 1840. 
 
 — paln'etris. Lilac. May. Brazil. 1828. Stove. 
 
 — perdnnans. 2. Yellow. July. N.S.Wales. 
 
 — re'pens. 1. Yellow. May. 1793. 
 
 — r/sea. i. Rose. March. Chili. 1826. B. M. 
 
 t. 2146 and 2S30. 
 
 — rvlbro-d'ncta. 1. Yellow.' September. Guate? 
 
 mala. 1841. B. B. 1842, t. 64. 
 
 — Si'msii. J. Crimson. April. Chili. 1822. 
 
 — tubero'aa. 5. BoHvia. 1863. 
 
 — u'rWca. White. August. Brazil. 1828. 
 
 — valdivie^jisis. i. Yellow. Chili. 1862. 
 
 GREENHOUSE BULBS. 
 
 0. amhi'gua. J. White. October. 1790. 
 
 — arcua'ta. i. Violet. September. 1796. 
 
 — asim'na. J. Yellow. November. 1792. 
 
 — bi'ftda. i Violet. September. 1791 
 
 — W'u'rca.l. Pink B. C. 1. 1066. 
 
OXA 
 
 [703] 
 
 OXA 
 
 O. birulrvis. White. 1890. 
 
 — Wpwnota'ta. i. Lilac. May. Brazil. 1826. 
 
 B. M. 2781. 
 
 — Bo'vnei. J. Crimson. October. 1828. B. C. 
 
 1. 1782. 
 
 — brasUie'nsis. i. Hose. October. Brazil. 
 
 1829. B. C. t. 1962. 
 
 — Burma'nni. J. Purple. June. 1820. 
 
 — cane'scen&. 1. Purple. March. 1821. 
 
 — cwpn'noi. J. Flesh. August. 1867. B. M. 
 
 t. 237. 
 
 — earno'sa. J. Yellow. October. Chili. 1826. 
 
 B. C. t. 1647. 
 
 — eelmua. J. Yellow. March. 1767. B. C. 
 
 t. 1164. 
 jio' re-pWno, Double-flowered. 1873. 
 
 — eilia'ris. i. Purple. October. 1793. 
 
 — CoTnTnerso'nii. i. Yellow. October. Brazil. 
 
 — compre^ssa. J. Yellow. December. 1794. 
 
 — eonve'amla. J. Pink. June. 1789. 
 
 — ereTuz'ttt, 3. Yellow. September. Lima. 
 
 1829. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 125. 
 
 — cri'spa. i. White. October. 1793. 
 ^erueata'ta. i. Purple. October. 1826. 
 
 — cunea'ta. i. Yellow, white. July. 1822. 
 
 — amei/o'lia. J. White. April. 1793. 
 
 — eu'prea. i. Copper. May. 1822. B. C. 
 
 t. 824. 
 
 — DarwOfUia'na. i. Pale crimson, July. 
 
 — denta'ta. \. Flesh. October. 1793. 
 
 — De^ppei. ^. Red. March. Mexico. 1827. 
 
 B. C. t. 1600. 
 
 — di'stieha. J. Pale yellow. May. 1818. 
 
 — dMrgene. J. White. July. Mexico. 1829. 
 ■ — elonga'ta. ^. White. June. 1791- 
 
 amoefna. J. Copper. September. 1810. 
 
 — /abce/o'lia. J. Red. October. 1794. 
 — fa'Uax. J. Yellow. September. 182S. 
 
 — ferrugina'ta. 4. Yellow. June. 1820. Jacq. 
 
 Schoenb. t. 274. 
 — Jilicau'lis. J. Violet. September. 1815. 
 
 Ja£q. Schoenb. t. 205. 
 —fKfo'lia. i. Pink. June. 1822. Jacq. 
 
 Schoenb. t. 273. 
 — fidbaiifo'lia. }. Yellow, red. August. 1789. 
 —fla'ccida. i- White, red. September. 1812. 
 —fla'va. J. YeUow. March. 1776. B. R. 
 
 1. 117. 
 
 flo're-ple'no. J. Yellow. March. 
 
 —fu'lgida. J. Crimson. October. 1820. B. 
 
 R. t. 1073. 
 —fwrca'ta. |. Red. September. 1823. 
 —fusea'ta. J. Yellow. May. 1795. 
 
 — gemdaula'ta. J. Yellow. October. Kn. and 
 
 West. t. 21. 
 
 — gla'bra. J. Purple. May. 1795. 
 
 — gla/iidulo'm. i. White. October. 1822. 
 
 — hi'rta. }. Lilac. October. 1787. B. C. 
 
 t. 213. 
 
 — hirteHla. J. Red. March. 1823. 
 
 — imbrica'ta. i. Rose-pink ; double. Port 
 
 Elizabeth. G. C. 1887, ii. p. 681, fig. 129. 
 
 — incama'ta. J. Flesh. May. 1739. 
 
 — latmrni/o'lia. }. Yellow. September. 1793. 
 
 — lana'ta. i. White. October. 1791. 
 
 — lancece/o'lia. J. Yellow. October. 1795. 
 
 — lasiopeltala. J. Pink. July. Buenos Ayres. 
 
 1841. B. M. t. 3932. 
 
 — laterijlo'ra. i. Purple. March. 1824. Jacq. 
 
 Schoenb. t. 204. 
 
 — la'mila. J. White. November. 1820. 
 
 — U'pida. i. White. May. 1823. 
 
 — lepori'na. J. White. October. 1795. 
 
 — linea'rk. J. Violet. October. 1796. 
 
 — li'vida. i. Flesh. October. 1793. 
 
 — loba'ta. i. Yellow. October. 1823. B. M. 
 
 ' —lupinm'lia! h YeUow. September. 1791. 
 
 — liMoU. i. Yellow. May. 1823. 
 -maa-ophy'Ua. \. YeUow. June. 1820. 
 ^macro'stylis. h Purple. October. 1793. 
 
 — margifJta. h White. November. 1812. 
 
 0. mauritia'na. J. Pale rose. September. 
 Isle of France. 1810. B. C. t. 1780. 
 
 — minia'ta. J. Vermilion. May. 1819. 
 
 — monophy'Ua,. i. Yellow. October. 1774. 
 
 — nmltijlo'ra. i. Lilac. February. 1789. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 472. ^ 
 
 — obtu'sa. i. White. September. 1812. 
 
 — papiliona'cea. i. Variegated. Brazil. 1819. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1561. 
 
 — pectina'ta. J. Yellow. October. 1790. 
 
 — pentaphy'Ua. J. Pink. June. 1800. B.M. 
 
 t. 1549. 
 
 — Pio'ttce, i, 
 
 1. 1817. 
 
 — polyphy'lla. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 473, 
 
 — pulche'Ua. i. White. October. 
 
 — puncta'ta. J. Purple. May. 
 
 — purpura'ta. i. Pale purple. October. 1822. 
 
 Jacq. Schoenb. t. 366. 
 
 — purpu'rea. J. Purple. October. 1812. 
 
 — recliTia'ta. ^. Pink. October. 1796. 
 
 — reptd'triic. i. Flesh. November. 1796. 
 
 — rigi'dida. \. White. September. 1822. 
 " Pink. October. 1793. B. M. 
 
 Orange. June. 1816. B. R. 
 J. Pale purple. May. 1791. 
 1796. 
 
 Purple, violet. October. 1795. 
 Pink. October. 1791. B. M. 
 
 — rosa'cea. J. 
 
 t. 1698. 
 
 — rosfra'ta. J. 
 
 — ruhe'lla. }. 
 
 t. 1031. 
 
 — ru'bro-Jla'va. J. Red, yellow. June. 1823. 
 
 — sangui'nea. i- Yellow. November. 1795. 
 
 — secu'nda. J. Lilac. October. 1790. 
 
 — seri'cea. J. Yellow. May. 1794. 
 
 — specio'sa. J. Purple. October. 1690. 
 
 — strumo'sa. ^. White. December. 1821. 
 
 — sulphu'rea. J. Pale yellow. October. 1796. 
 
 — sylve'strw. White. February. 
 
 — tene'lla. i- Lilac. May. 1793. B. C. t, 
 
 1096. 
 
 — te'nero. J. Yellow. May. Brazil. 1826. 
 
 B. R. 1. 1046. 
 
 — tenuifo'lia. i. White, red October. 1790. 
 
 B. C. t. 712. 
 
 — tetraphi/Ua. i. Purple. June. Mexico. 
 
 1823. B. C. t. 790. 
 
 — tortuc/m. J. Yellow. June. Chili. 1826. 
 
 B. R. 1. 1249. 
 
 — tricolor. J. White, red. November. 1794. 
 
 — tuKfla'ra. 1. Pink. November. 1790. 
 
 — wndvla'ta. J. Lilax:. October. 1795. 
 
 — varia'bUis. \. White, red. November. 1795 
 
 B. M. 1. 1683. 
 
 grandiflo'ra. i. White. November. 1790 
 
 Si'msii. i. White. November. 1790. 
 
 — veno'sa. J. Violet, yellow. October. 1823 
 
 — versicolw. }. Crimson.. February. 1774 
 
 B. M. 1. 158. 
 
 — mrgi'nea White. October. Jacq. Schoenb. 
 
 ill. t. 278. 
 
 GREENHOUSE AND STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 0. Bwrrelie'ri. IJ. Pale red. September. Carac- 
 cas. 1824. Stove. B. M. t. 3748. 
 
 — chime'ims. J. Yellow. August. China. 
 —frutico'sa. 1. YeUow. December. Rio 
 
 Janeiro. 1817. Stove. B. R. 1841, t. 41. 
 
 — Plmnie'ri. 2. YeUow. S. Amer. 1823. 
 
 Stove. B. R. t. 810. 
 
 O'xalis De'ppei Culture.— Plant 
 
 bulbs of this in pots at the beginning of 
 March, and shelter in a cold pit or greenr 
 house. When all fear of frost is passed, 
 plant them in a light soil, and in a 
 southern aspect, about twelve inches 
 apaxt each way ; or the bulbs may be 
 kept out of the ground altogether until 
 the middle of April, and then be planted 
 at once in the open soil. It should be. 
 trenched, and a Tittle manure turned in 
 
OXE 
 
 [704] 
 
 OXY 
 
 with the hottom spit, as for other tap- 
 rooted crops. The scaly bulbs, from 
 which it is propagated, grow in a cluster 
 round the crown of the root. The only 
 cultivation required is to keep the crop 
 free from weeds, and to water plentifully 
 in dry weather ; otherwise, if the roots 
 are allowed to became dry, they split 
 upon the occurrence of moist weather. 
 Protect from early frosts, in October or 
 November, by a mat covering. 
 
 About ten roots are enough for a dish. 
 They are very useful as a vegetable from 
 early in October to the end of December. 
 An inferior kind has often been substi- 
 tuted for it, viz., the O'xalis Joucqui- 
 nia'na; but this is distinguished by 
 having pink flowers. In Belgium, the 
 leaves, being gratefully acid, are used 
 for the same purposes as sorrel, and the 
 flowers are mixed with other salad-herbs. 
 
 As it is not a very common vegetable, 
 it may be useful to state, as an improved 
 mode of cooking, that after peeling the 
 tubers, and cleaning out their hollow 
 centres, they must be well boiled in rich 
 stock (gravy), skimming off the fat, and 
 then be served up hot, with a sauce made 
 of a little butter heated until brown, 
 with a spoonful of flour, and a little of 
 the stock. 
 
 Oxe-eye. Buphtha'lmum. 
 
 Oxe-eye Daisy. Chrysa'nthemum 
 leiiea'nthemum. 
 
 Ox-lip. Primula ela'tior. 
 
 Oxe'ra. (From oxeros, sour ; refer- 
 ring to the tai'te. Nat. ord. , Verbenacce. ) 
 
 A handsome stove climber, with large showy 
 flowers, abundantly produced. 
 O.-pulcke'Ua. Greenish-white. New Caledonia. 
 1886. B. M. t. 6938. 
 
 Oxya'nthus. (From oxys, sharp, 
 and anthos, a flower ; referring to the 
 sharp-toothed calyx and corolla. Nat. 
 ord. , Rubiacece ; Tribe, Gardeniece. Al- 
 lied to Gardenia.) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs, from 
 Sierra-Leone. Cuttings of young shoots, a little 
 firm, in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat, 
 in May ; sandy loam, fibry peat, and a little dried 
 cow-dung. Winter temp., 46° to 66° ; summer, 
 60° to 85°. 
 0. hirsu'tus. 2. July. 1812. 
 
 — speao'sus. B. M. 1992. A synonym of 0. 
 
 tubijlorus. 
 ~ tubiflo'rus. 3. July. 1789. Syns., 0. spe- 
 ciosus and Gardenia tubiflora, Andr. 
 Rep. 1. 183. 
 
 — versicolor. July. Cuba, or Tropical Africa ? 
 
 1839. Fl. Ser. 1. 148. 
 
 Oxy'baphus. Umbrellawort. (From 
 oxys, acid, and baphe, dyer's colour ; re- 
 ferring to the coloured juice of the roots. 
 Nat. ord., Nyctaginacem ; Tribe, Mira- 
 biliecB. Allied to the Marvel of Peru.) 
 
 All purple-flowered, except where otherwise- 
 stated. Seeds in May, in the open border, but 
 better in mild hotbed, in March, and planted 
 out in the end of April ; also, by division of the 
 plant in spring ; sandy loam ; they all require, 
 dry places, and protection from severe frost in 
 winter. 
 0. aggrega'tus. 1. Pink. New Spain. 1811. 
 
 — anguetifo'lms. 1. August. Louisiana. 1812, 
 
 — califo'rnicus. 1-2. California. 1888. Gfl. 
 
 t. 1266, fig. 2. 
 
 — CervantelsiL 2. June. Mexico, 1823, Swt. 
 
 Fl. Card, t, 84, 
 
 — chile' 7ms. 1. Lilac. September. Chili. 
 
 1832. 
 
 — decu'rabens. 2. August. Missouri. 1818. 
 
 — expa'nsue. 2. July. Peru, 1819. 
 
 — Jloribu'ndus. 1, Purple, July. N, America. 
 
 Syn., Allionia ovata. 
 
 — glabri/o'liuf. 3. July, New Spain. 1811. 
 
 — hirsu'tus. 1. August. Louisiana. 1812, 
 
 — nyctagi'neus. 1. August. Missouri. 1823. 
 
 — viola'ceuB. 1, Violet. July. Cumana. 1820. 
 
 Syn., Allionia violacea. 
 
 Oxyco'ccus. Cranberry. From 
 oxys, acid, and kokkos, a berry. Nat. 
 ord. , Vacciniacete ; Tribe, EuvaccinieoB. ) 
 
 Hardy, pink-flowered evergreens. Seeds, but 
 generally by dividing the plants, by layering 
 the shoots, by merely placing sandy peat around 
 them, and by cutting off the points of shoots, 
 and inserting them in sandy peat, under a hand- 
 light, in summer. Marshy, peaty soil, such as a 
 bed surrounded with water. The Cranberry, 
 however, haa been grown successfully in a bed 
 on a north border, without any water round it^ 
 and the produce was good and plentiful. Macro- 
 ca'rpus produces the largest fruit, See American 
 Cranberry. 
 
 O. ere'ctvs. May. N, Amer. 1806. Wats. 
 Dendr. t. 31. 
 
 — erythroca'rpiis. See Vaccinium. 
 
 — maeroea'rpus. i. May. N. Amer. 1760. 
 
 Wats. Dendr. 1. 122. 
 variega'tus. }. May, 
 
 — palu'stris. J. May. Britain. 
 
 Oxyde'ndron. (From oxys, acid, 
 and dendron, tree ; the leaves nave an 
 acid taste. Nat. ord., Ericacew.) 
 
 Hardy tree. Soil moist and peaty. Imported 
 seeds. 
 
 0. arbo'reum. 16-40. White, Summer, Eastern 
 United States, 1762, Syn,, Andromeda 
 arborea, B. M. t. 905. 
 
 Oxygo'nirun. (From oxys, sharp, 
 and gonu, an angle; referring to the 
 divisions of the leaf, or frond. Nat. 
 ord., Filices.) Now united to Asple- 
 nium. 
 
 stove, brown-spored ferns, from the Eaat 
 Indies. See Fern.s. 
 0. alvinuxi/o'lium. April, 
 
 — e'legans. June, 1842, 
 
 — ova'tufn. May. 1842. 
 
 — vittcBfo'rme. June. 1840. 
 
 Oxylo'bium. (From oxys, sharp, 
 and lobos, a pod ; the seed-pods ending 
 in a sharp point. Nat. ord., Legumi- 
 nosce; Tribe, Podalyriece. Syns., Calli- 
 stachys and Podolobium. ) 
 
 Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreen shrubs, 
 from Australia. Seeds sown in a mild hot- 
 bed in April, after being soaked in warm water ; 
 
OXY 
 
 [705] 
 
 OXY 
 
 cuttings of young shoots, not too firm, in sand, 
 umler a bell-glass, in April or May ; sandy peat, 
 a few bits of flbry loam, a greater quantity of 
 charcoal, broken crocks, etc., and abundant 
 drainage. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. 
 acu'tum. IJ. Yellow, red. March. 1842. 
 Syn., Oastrolobiwm aeutum, B. M. t. 4040. 
 
 — ariore^scene. 6. May. 1806. B. M. t. 2442. 
 
 A variety of 0. elliptieum. 
 
 — berbetifo'lium. April. 1836. Syn., Podolo- 
 
 bium berberifolium. 
 
 — CttlliMa'chys. 4. Yellow. June. Australia. 
 
 1815. Syns., Callietachya hmceolata, B. 
 E. t. 216, C. longifolia, Paxt. Mag. viii. 
 p. 31, C. mata, B. M. t. 1926, and C. 
 retuea, B. C. 1. 1983. 
 
 — eapita'tum. 2. Yellow. June. 1837. B. R. 
 
 1843, 1. 16. 
 
 — eordifc/lium. 3. June. 1807. Andr. Rep. 
 
 t. 492. 
 
 — fywnea'tuTn obova'twm. 2. Yellow. March. 
 
 1810. Syn., 0. obovatum, B. E. 1843, 
 t. 36. 
 
 — dilata'tum. 1840. 
 
 ^ eUi'ptioum. 3. July. 1806. B. M. t. 3249. 
 —ferrugi'neum. 2. May. 1820. 
 
 — heterophy'llum. 3. June. 1824. Syn., Podo- 
 
 •lobium heteropkyllwrn. 
 
 — Huge'lii. 1845. 
 
 — linea're. 2. Yellow, or red. October, us- 
 
 tralia. 1838. 
 
 — dbovaltum. See 0. cwieatum, var. obovatum. 
 
 — obtusifo'lium. 2. Scarlet. May. 1824. 
 
 — (mHi^o'liwm. See 0. retu&v/m. 0. ovalifoHum 
 
 of Paxt. Fl. Gard. ii. t. 85 is Gastrolobium 
 jpyramidale. 
 
 — parmfio'rum. 1840. 
 
 — Pultene'ce. 2. Dark orange. March. 1824. 
 
 — retu'sum. 2. Orange. May. 1823. Syn., 
 
 0. ovalifolmm, B. E. t. 913. 
 
 — sca'ndens. 2. Yellow. April. 1825. ^ns., 
 
 Mirbelia Baxteri, B. E. 1. 1434, and Podo- 
 lobium scandens. 
 
 — specta'bile. May. 1847. Syn., Gastrolobium 
 
 cordatum. 
 
 — ^no'sum. 2. May. 1825. 
 
 — staurophy'llum. 2. Yellow. April. 1822. 
 
 Syn., Podolobium staurophyUum, B. E. 
 t. 959. 
 
 — triloba'tum. 2. Yellow. April. 1791. Syns., 
 
 Podolobium trilobatum, B. M. t. 1477, 
 and Pultncea ilieifolia, Andr. Eep. t. 320. 
 
 — virga'tum. Orange, scarlet. May. 1830. 
 
 Syn. , Gastrolobium retusum, B. E. 1. 1647. 
 
 Oxype'talum. (From ox^s, sharp, 
 and petalon, a petal; petals sharp- 
 pointed. Nat. ord., Asdepiadacece ; 
 Tribe, Cynanchece. Allied to Asclepias). 
 
 Stove evergreen climbers, from Brazil. Cut- 
 tings in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom- 
 heat; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 
 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85 . 
 0. amiendicula'twm. 6. Yellow. 1823. 
 
 — Sa'nksii. Cream. June. 1826. 
 
 — eceru'leum. 3. Blue. Buenos Ayres. 1836. 
 
 Syns., Tweedia ccerulea, Swt. H. Gard. 
 ser. 2, t. 407, and T. versicolor, B. M. 
 t. 3630. 
 
 — solamoHdes. 3. Purplish-scarlet. 1847. B. 
 
 M. t. 4367. 
 Oxyra'mphis. (From oxys, sharp, 
 and rhamphos, a beak; shape of the 
 seed-pod. Nat. ord. , Leguminosce ; 
 Tribe, Hedysareoe. Allied to Desmo- 
 dium. ) A synonym of Lespedeza. 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of 
 young shoots in sand, under a bell-glaas ; and 
 seeds sown in spring ; sandy, fibry loam, and a 
 
 little peat and leaf -mould. Winter temp.. 40° 
 to 60°. 
 
 0. macro'styla. 4. Purple, crimson. October. 
 Saharanpoor. 1837. B. E. 1846, t. 28. 
 
 Oxy'spora. (From oxys, sharp, and 
 spora, a seed, which is here awned at 
 both ends. Nat. ord., Melastomacem ; 
 Tribe, Oxysporece. Allied to Rhexia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young 
 shoots in sandy soil, under a glass, in bottom- 
 heat, in April ; sandy peat, fibry loam, and 
 nodules of charcoal. Wmter temp., 60° to 60° ; 
 summer, 60° to 85°. 
 
 0. panieula'ta. 3. Bed. June. Nepaul. 1826. 
 B. M. t. 4653. 
 
 — va'gans. A synonym of 0. panictilata. 
 
 Oxyste'lma. (From oxys, sharp, 
 and stelma, a crown ; referring to the 
 acute little leaves accompanying the 
 flower-head, or crown. Nat. ord., As- 
 depiadacem ; Tribe, CynanehecB. Allied 
 to Philibertia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and 
 in bottom-heat, in May ; sandy peat and fibry 
 loam. Winter temp., 60° to 60° ; summer, 60° 
 to 86°. 
 0. esculdntwm. 4. Yellow. B. Ind. 1816. 
 
 Oxy'tropis. (From oxys, shai-p, and 
 tropis, a keel ; the keel-petal ends in a 
 sharp point. Nat. ord. , Leguminosas ; 
 Tiibe, GalegecB. Allied to Astragalus. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous f)erennials, from Siberia, 
 except where otherwise stated. Chiefly by 
 seeds, sown where the plants are intended to 
 remain, as they do not transplant well ; though, 
 also, by dividing the plants in spring, andT)y 
 cuttings of young shoots under a hand-light, in 
 a shady place, in summer ; dry, sandy loam. 
 0. amibi'gua. J. Purple. June. 1817. 
 
 — arge'ntfa. Pale. June. 1827. 
 
 — argyrophi/lla. Purple. 1831. 
 
 — breviro' stra. i. Blue. August. 1802. 
 
 — casruHea. Blue. June. 1827. 
 
 — campe'stris. }. Pale yellow. June. Scot- 
 
 land. B. C. 1. 1287. 
 
 — ca'ndicans. Pale. June. 1827. 
 
 — cya'nea. }. Blue. July. Caucasus. 1818. 
 
 — dealba'ta. i. Purple. July. Caucasus, 
 
 1803. 
 
 — deflelxa. J. Purple. June. 1800. 
 
 — dwho'ptera. \. Blue. June. 1818. 
 
 — FiseMri. J. Blue. July. Altai. 1817. 
 — fjxriWmda. Purple. May. 1827. 
 —faltida. J. Pale yellow. July. Switzer- 
 land. 1819. 
 
 — gla'bra. J. Purple. July. Dahuria. 1823. 
 
 — grandifA)'ra. i. Eed. ^ June. 1820. 
 lepto'ptera. i. Blue. June. 1818. 
 
 — Lambdrti. 1. Purple. August. Missouri. 
 
 1811. B. M. t. 2147. 
 
 — leptophy'Ua. h Eed. July. 1818. 
 
 — longicu'spis. Purple. June. 1827. 
 
 — longiro'stra. }. Purple. 1820. 
 
 — mierophyila. i. Pale yellow. July. 1819. 
 
 — mmitana. i. Purple, yellow. Austria. 
 
 1681. 
 
 — myriopla/lla. J. Purple, white. July. 1818. 
 
 — oehroleuca. Yellow. Turkestan. Gfl. 1. 1164, 
 
 flg.1. 
 
 — oxyphylla. J. Purple. July. 1816. 
 
 — PaUa'sii. }. Pale yellow. July. 1818. 
 —pilo'ia. i. Pale yellow. July. 1732. B.C. 
 
 t. 644. 
 
 — prostra'ta. i. Blue, white. July. 1820. 
 
 Z Z 
 
OXY 
 
 [706] 
 
 PAC 
 
 0. teto'tx. Purple. June. 1828. 
 
 — songa'rica. i. Violet. June. Altai. 1824. 
 
 — sulphu'rea. i. Cream. July. 1820. 
 
 — «j/!«a't!ca. Purple. May. 1820. 
 
 — te'nella. Blue. June. 1828. 
 
 — unca'ta. J. \^^lite. July. Aleppo. 1788. 
 
 — urale'nsis. J. Purple. July. 1800. 
 
 — vertwilla'ris. 4. Blue, white. July. 1819. 
 
 — visco'sa. White. July. Switzerland. 1817. 
 
 Oxyu'ra chrysanthemoi'des. A syno- 
 nym of a low, yellow-flowering, com- 
 posite, hardy annual, from California, 
 first named by Endlicher Tolla'tia, and 
 now known as Layia Calliglossa. Sow 
 in April in common soil. 
 
 Oye'dsea. (From the Peruvian 
 name. Nat. ord., Compositce.) 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; same culture as 
 
 for BUPHTHALMIUM. 
 
 O. buphthalmoi'des. Yellow. September. Peru. 
 1848. 
 
 Oyster-Plant. Merte'nsia mari'- 
 tima. 
 
 Ozotha'mnus. (From ozos, a 
 branch, and tkamnos, a shrub. Nat. 
 ord., Compositce; Tribe, Inuloidece.) 
 
 Now united to Helichrysum. 
 
 Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from 
 Van Diemen's Land. Cuttln|;s of young shoots 
 in sand, with a little peat in it, under a bell- 
 glass, in spring or summer ; loam and peat. 
 Bequire the greenhouse in winter. 
 0. cine'reiis. 1. July. 1820. 
 — ferrugineus. 1. July. 1822. 
 
 — rosmarinifo'lius. 1. July. 1822. 
 
 — thyrsoi'deiia. 6. July. 
 
 P. 
 
 Paphi'ra. (From the native name 
 in Guiana. Nat. ord., MalvaoecB. Syn., 
 Carolinea. ) 
 
 Stove trees. Cuttings of ripened wood in 
 sand, under a bellglass, in heat; rich loamy 
 soil. Summer temp., 60° to 8B° ; winter, 50° to 
 65' 
 P. a'lia. 20. July. Brazil. 1817. B. M. 
 
 t. 4508. Syn., Carolinea alba, B. C. 
 
 t. 752. 
 
 — aqua'tica. 30. Red, yellow, green. West 
 
 Indies. 1787. Syn., Carolinea prineeps. 
 
 — irm'gnw. 20. Red. West Indies. 1796. 
 
 Syn., Carolinea insignis, B. C. 1. 1004. 
 
 — maaroca'rJM. 30. Red, yellow, green. 
 
 Mexico. B. M. t. 4649. Syn., Carolinea 
 macrocarpa. 
 
 — mi'nor. 20. Red, yellow, green. July. 
 
 Gtiiana. 1798. Syn., Carolinea minor, 
 B. M. 1. 1412. 
 
 Paehychi'lus. (From pachj/s, thick, 
 and cheilos, a lip. Nat. 01 d., Orchidece; 
 Tribe, Epidenareoe-Eriece.) A synonym 
 of Paehystoma. 
 
 Pachylo'phus. (From pachys, 
 thick, and lophos, a crest. Nat ord., 
 Onagrariece.) A synonym of CEno- 
 thera. 
 
 Pachyne'ma. (From pac%s, thick, 
 and nema, a filament. Nat. ord., Dilh- 
 niacece. ) 
 
 Glabrous, half-hardy herb, with the leaves re- 
 duced to scales. 
 P. camplana'twm. Yellow. Australia. 
 
 Pachyphy'llum. (From pachys, 
 thick, and phyllon, a leaf. Nat. ord., 
 Orchidea: ; Tribe, VandecB-SarcanthecB. 
 Allied to Luisia.) 
 
 Cuttings of the young shoots any time during 
 spring and summer, drying them at the base, 
 and inserting them in sandy loam ; sandy loam, 
 a little brick-rubbisli, and dried cow-dung; 
 little water and plenty of light are required in 
 winter. See Orchids. 
 
 P. procu'Ttibemt. Green, blue. May. Andes of 
 S. America. 1836. 
 
 Pachypo'dium. (From pachys, 
 thick, and podion, a foot ; referring to 
 the stalks of the flowers. Nat. ord., 
 Apocynacece. Allied to Nerium.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good 
 Hope, with white and red flowers. Cuttings of 
 young shoots in spring, base dried before insert- 
 ing in dryish, sandy soil ; Sander loam, a little 
 brick-rubbish and peat, but little water in 
 winter. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. Propagated 
 also by a division of the fleshy, tuber-like roots. 
 P. swxule'ntum. 1. May. 1823. 
 
 — tubero'sum. 1. August. 1813. B. C. 1. 1676. 
 
 Pachyphy'tum. See Cotyledon. 
 
 Pachyrhi'zus. {Prompachys.thick, 
 and rhiza, a root. Nat. ord., Legu- 
 miiiosce.) 
 
 Stove, twining herbs. Cuttings in sand under 
 a bell-glass ; tubers ; seeds. 
 P. angula'tus. Violet-purple. July. Tropics. 
 1781. 
 
 — Thunbergia'nus. See Piteraria Thuniergiana. 
 
 Pachysa'ndra. (From pachys, 
 thick, and aner, a stamen. Nat. ord., 
 Euphorbiacece. Allied to Buxus.) 
 
 Division and suckers ; common, sandy loam. 
 The stove under-shrub, by cuttings in a little 
 heat, but otherwise requiring no particular 
 treatment. The herbaceous, by division in 
 spring ; sandy loam and peat. 
 P. coria'cea. See Sarcococca pniniformis. 
 
 — procu'mbens. i. White. April. N. Amer. 
 
 1800. Hardy herbaceous. B. M. 1. 1964. 
 
 — termina lis. Leaves with whitish variegated 
 
 margins. Japan. 1882. 
 
 Pachysti'gma ptdeoides, Ic. PI. 
 t. 698. See 'Peltosti^na.a. pteleoides. 
 
 Pachy'stima. (From pachys, thick, 
 a,ndi stigma ; alluding to the thiclc stigma. 
 Nat. ord., Celastrinece.) 
 
 Hardy, evergreen, shrubs. For culture, see 
 Myginda. 
 P. Ca'nbyi. Greenish. California. 1889. 
 
 — myrsin'itcs. 4 "White. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1818. Syn., Myginda myrifolia. 
 
 Pachy'stoma. (Viorapachys, thick, 
 and stoma, a mouth ; referring to the 
 thick lip. Nat. ord., Orchidece ; Tribe, 
 EpidendrecB-EriecB. Allied to Eria.) 
 
PAD 
 
 [707] 
 
 P. speciosum^yen below is a doubtful member 
 •of this genus ; it appears to be a stove epiphyte, 
 ^d pr<rtiably requires the same treatment as 
 Eria. But those which are genuine members 
 ■of the genus, none of which appear to be in cul- 
 tivation, are stove terrestrial Orchids, growing 
 oiaturally in grassy places ; so that should they 
 be introduced they will require to be grown in 
 turfy loam. 
 
 -P. spedo'mm. Yellow. January. Ceylon. 1866. 
 Syn., Ipsea spedosa, B. M. t. 6701. 
 
 — Thomsonia'nwm. J. White, red-purple. W. 
 
 Tropical Africa. Autumn. 1879. B.M. 
 t. 6471. 
 
 Pa'dus. See Prunus. 
 
 Psede'ria. (From pcederos, opal; 
 lef erring to its transparent berries. Nat. 
 ord., RubiacecB ; Tribe, Pcederiew.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand, in 
 summer, in a little bottom-heat, under a glass ■ 
 sandy loam and leaf -mould. Winter temp., 48° 
 to 66° ; summer, 60° to 80°. 
 F.faHida. 6. Purple. Tropical Asia. 1806. 
 
 Psedero'ta. (From Paideros, an 
 -ancient name for a species of Acanthus. 
 Nat. ord., Scrophulariacece). 
 
 Hardy, perennial, dwarf herbs. Light sandy 
 soil. Seeds. 
 
 P. Age'ria. i. Yellow. May. Mountains of 
 Central Europe. 1824. 
 
 — bonaro'ta. J. Blue. May. Mountains of 
 
 Central Europe. 1818. 
 
 Paeo'nia. Pseony. (Named after 
 Pmon, a physician, who first used it 
 medicinally. Nat. ord., Eanunculcicece ; 
 Tribe, Pceoniew.) 
 
 ^ Seeds for raising varieties, sown in September, 
 in a cold pit, will appear some the first, and 
 others the second, spring. Herbaceous kinds, 
 by division of the roots. Tree, or Moutan, by 
 division ; by grafting on the herbaceous roots ; 
 by cuttings of the young shoots in spring, under 
 & glass, and in a little heat ; by layers and 
 suckers ; by layering young shoots, after ringing 
 round each bud, so that each bud forms a plant ; 
 deep, good loam. The Moutans require a little 
 protection in spring ; do well for forcing, and 
 for the borders of large, cool conservatories, 
 -where the temperature is not kept high in 
 winter. 
 
 HARDY SHRUBS. 
 
 p. Mo^itan. , 3. Purple. May. China. 1789. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1154. 
 
 a'lbida-ple'na. 2. White. May. China. 
 
 Anne!slei. 3. Pink. May. China. 
 
 Trans. Hort. Soc. vi., p. 482. 
 a'tro-purpv!rea. 4. Purple. April. 
 
 China. 1846. 
 Ba'nskii. 3. Purple. May. China. 1794. 
 
 Andr. Bep. t. 448. 
 
 ca'meti^le'na. 2. Flesh. May. 
 
 globo'ia. S. White, purple. 
 
 Shanghai. 1845. 
 — lila'cina. S. Lilac. April. 
 
 1845. 
 Hu'mei. 2. Purple. May. 
 
 1817. 
 papavera'eea. 3. White. May. China. 
 
 1789. Andr. Bep. t. 463. 
 . parmfio'ra. 3. Pale rose. April. Shang- 
 hai. 1845. 
 pi'eta. 3. Pale and deep-rose-striped. 
 
 April. Canton. 1846. 
 — Raw^sii. 2. Pale pink. . May. China. 
 
 1820. 
 
 China. 
 April. 
 
 China. 
 
 China. 
 
 P. ro'sea. 3. 
 
 t. 373. 
 r&sea-ple'na. 
 
 1804, 
 
 PMO 
 Pink. May. China. Andr.Eep. 
 2. Bed. May. China. 
 
 -r^sms^mi-pUlna. 2. Bed. May. China. 
 
 - mlmo'nea. 3. 
 China. 1848. 
 
 2. Pink. 
 
 Pale salmon. April. 
 May. China. 1826. 
 
 . HAKDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 P.aXUflora. 2. White. May. Siberia. 1648 
 Syn., P. edAiUs. 
 
 oa'naiiJa. 2. Flesh. May. Siberia. 
 
 /«sto. 2. White, pink. June. 
 
 frn'mmm. 2. Bed. May. China. 1806. 
 
 May. China. 1808. 
 June. China. 
 China, 
 
 B. R. t. 486. 
 
 Hu'mei. 2. Bed. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1768. 
 
 Po'ttHi. 3. Crimson. 
 
 1822. 
 Heeve'sii. 2. Pink. June. 
 
 1822. 
 
 rubdecena. 2. Pink. May. Siberia. 
 
 eibi'rica. 2. White. May. Siberia. 
 
 tata'rica. 2. Flesh. May. Siberia. 
 
 uniflo'ra. 2. Pink. May. Siberia. B. E. 
 
 t. 42. 
 vesta'lis. 2. White. May. Siberia. 
 
 Andr. Bep. t. 64. 
 WhitUlji. 2. Blush. May. China. 
 
 1808, Andr. Bep. t. 612. 
 
 — anemmuBfic/ra. Garden variety. 1887. 
 
 — emo'mato. IJ. Crimson. May. Siberia. 
 
 1788. Syn., P. FUcheri. 
 
 — arieti'na. 2. Purple. Levant. Syn., P. ere- 
 
 tica. B. B. t. 819. 
 
 Andersiynii. Bose. June. 
 
 oronietnm. 2. Pale blush. June. 
 
 — Bake'ri. 2. Deep rose. Journ. Hort. Soc. 
 
 xii. p. 441, fig. 32. Syn., P. peregrina, 
 var. lyzantina. 
 
 — Brote'ri. 2. Crimson. Spain and Portugal. 
 
 1884. G. C. 1886, xxvi. p. 49, fig. 11. 
 
 — Bro'wnii. Bed. May. N. Amer. 1826. B. E. 
 
 1839, t. 30. Syn. P. ealifomica. 
 
 — (^{yraUi'na. 3. Crimson. May. England. 
 
 — co'rsica. Purple. June. Corsica. 
 
 — ere: tica. See P. anetina. 
 
 — decora. 2. Purple. May. Turkey. 
 
 ela!tuyr. 2. Purple. May. CMmea. 
 
 PcUla'sii. 2. Purple. May. Crimea. 
 
 — eldiMi. A synonym of P. albiflora. 
 
 — emo'di. 2-3. White. March. Himalayas. 
 
 1868. B. M. t. 5719. 
 
 — Fische'ri. See P. anomala. 
 
 — hu'milis. 2. Purple. May. Spain. 1633. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1422. 
 
 — hi/brida. See P. ten/uifolia. 
 
 — loba'ta. See P. oguAnalw. 
 
 — mo'Uis. H. Purple. May. Siberia. 
 
 t. 474. 
 
 — offidna'lis. 3. Bed. May. Europe. 
 
 a'mmm. 3. White. May. B. M. t.l784. 
 
 anemmafio'ra. 3. Pink. May. 1830. 
 
 Baaifln. 3. Crimson. 
 
 bla'tida. 3. White. May. 
 
 cane'tcens. 3. White. May. 
 
 loba'ta. 2. Purple. May. Spain. 1821. 
 
 Syn., P. lobata. 
 
 tnultipe'tala. 3. Crimson. May. 
 
 ro'sea. 3. Bed. May. 
 
 Bed May. 
 3. Crimson. June. 
 Purple.' May. Levant 
 2. Purple. May. 
 2. Purple. May. 
 2. Purple. May. 
 Dark purple May. B M. 
 
 B. B. 
 
 1648. 
 
 ru'bra. 3. 
 
 variega'ta. 
 
 parado'xa. 2. 
 
 cojnpa'eta. 
 
 fiml/ria'ta. 
 
 Grem'llii. 
 
 peregri'na. 2. 
 1. 1060. 
 
 byzanti'Tia. 
 
 pu'bens. B. M. 
 
 See P. BaJceri. 
 
 t. 2264. A synonym of P. 
 
PAG 
 
 [ 708 ] • 
 
 PAL 
 
 P. Reeveiia'na. 3. Crimson. May. China. 
 
 — Hu'sH. 2. Crimson. May. Sicily. 
 
 — simplici/lo'ra. Ked. May. Levant. 
 
 — tenui/o'lia. IJ. Eed. May. Siberia. 1765. 
 
 B. M. t. 226. P.hybridaa,ndP. laciniata 
 
 are varieties of tliis. 
 jMre-ple'no. 1\. Eed. May. Russia. 
 
 1831. 
 lati/o'lia. 2. Crimson. June. 
 
 — tritema'ta. 3. Purple. May. Siberia. 1790. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1441. Syn., P. dauHca. 
 
 — mllo'sa. 2. Eed. May. South Europe. 1816. 
 
 — Wttmannia,'na. 2. Greenish-yellow. May. 
 
 Abcbaria. 1842. B. M. t. 6646. 
 
 Pagle. The Cowslip. Pri'mula 
 ve'ris. 
 
 Pagoda Tree. M'cus i'ndica, Plu- 
 me'ria a'lba, and So'phqra japo'nica. 
 
 Painted Cup. CastilWja. 
 
 Painted Grass. Am'ndo. 
 
 Palafo'xia. (Named after Palafox, 
 a Spanish general. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positcBj Tribe, Eelenioidece. Allied to 
 Stevia.) 
 
 Herbaceous perennials, with white flowers. 
 Seeds, divisions, and cuttings of the young shoots 
 in spring; sandy loam. A cool greenhouse or 
 cold pit m winter for linea'ria. 
 P. fastigia'ta. August. N. Amer. 1823. Hardy. 
 
 — Hookeria'na. Pink. Eoclcy Mountains. 1865. 
 
 B. M. t. 6849. 
 
 — linea'ris. 2. June. Mexico. 1821. Green- 
 
 house. B. M. t. 2132. Perennial. 
 
 Pala'va. (Ait&vA.PalauyVerdera, 
 once a professor of botany at Madrid. 
 Nat. ord., Malvacem.) 
 
 Hardy, or half-hardy annuals. Common gar- 
 den-soil. Seeds in a hotbed in spring ; the seed- 
 lings planted out in May. 
 P.flexii,dta. |. Mauve. June. Peru. 1866. 
 B. M. t. 5768. 
 
 — malvatfo'lia. Pink. South America. 
 
 — rhonibifo'lia. Prostrate. Eose. Summer. 
 
 Peru. 1830. B. M. t. 3100. 
 
 Pale-brindled Beauty Moth. 
 
 Geome'tra. 
 
 Palicou'rea, (Named after iePoZi- 
 cour, of Guiana. Nat. ord., Rubiacece ; 
 Tribe, Psychotriece. Allied to Psycotria. ) 
 
 Some of the species are used for killing rats 
 and mice in Brazil. Stove evergreen shrubs. 
 Cuttings in spring, in sand, under a glass, in a 
 gentle hotbed ; sandy loam and peat. 
 P. apica'ta. 4. Yellow. July. Caraccas. 1824. 
 
 — cro'cea. 4. Orange. July. W. Ind. 1823. 
 
 — di'scolor. See P. nicotiance/olia. 
 
 — gardenioi'des. 2. White. Winter and sum- 
 
 mer. S. America. Syn., MhodoBtoma 
 gardenimdes. 
 — jug&sa. Leaves satiny green above, purple 
 beneath. Brazil. 
 
 — lu'tea. 1. Yellow. June. Guiana. 1823. 
 
 Syn., Nonatelia lutea. 
 
 — nicotianaif'o'lia. Pale yellow. September. 
 
 Brazil. Syn., P. discolor. 
 
 — oma'ta. Leaves olive-green with crimson 
 
 veins. South America. 1876. 
 
 — pavdtta. 2. White. August. W. Ind. 1823. 
 
 — racemo'm. 3. White. June. Guiana. 1818. 
 
 Syn., Nonatelia racemosa. 
 
 P. ri'gida. S. Yellow. August. Caraccas. 1820. 
 
 — viola'cea. 4. White. June. Guiana. 1824. 
 
 Syn., Nonatelia violacea. 
 
 Paliso'ta. (Dedicated to Palisot de 
 Beauvois, a botanist and traveller. Nat.. 
 ord., Commdinacem; Tribe, Polliew.) 
 
 Stove evergreen perennial herbs. For culti- 
 vation, see COMMELINA. 
 
 P. Barte'ri. Purple. Fernando Po. 1862. B. 
 M. t. 6318. 
 
 — bi'color. Leaves green with paler disc, brown- 
 
 woolly beneath. Fernando Po. 1878. 
 
 — hracteo'sa. Whitish. W. Tropical Africa. 
 
 1879. 
 
 Paliu'rus. Christ's Thorn. (Name 
 of a plant used by Dioscorides. Nat. 
 ord., Rhamnacem ; Tribe, Zizyphew. 
 Allied to Zizyphus.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs, with greenish-yellow 
 flowers. Suckers, which come freely; layers, 
 cuttings, and seeds. P. AuUe'tia is an elegant 
 shrub. The other, from its abundance in 
 Judea, is supposed to be the plant from which 
 our Saviour's crown of thorns was made ; com- 
 mon garden-soil. 
 
 P. acviea'tus. 4. June. South Europe. 1696. 
 Syn., P. australis. 
 
 — AuUe'tia. 6. August. South China. 1817. 
 
 Syn., P. virgatus, B. M. t. 2636. 
 
 Palla'sia. (After Pallas, a Russian 
 botanist. Nat. ord., Compositce ; Tribe» 
 HelianthoidecB.) See Encelia. 
 P. grandiflo'ra. A synonym of Encelia halimi- 
 folia. 
 
 — haliTnifo'lia. A synonym of Encelia canesceTie. 
 
 Palle'nis. {From. palea, chaff; the 
 receptacle is furnished with chaffy scales. 
 Nat. ord., Compositce; Tribe, Inuloi- 
 deae.) 
 
 Haidy, annual herb. For culture, see Bufh- 
 
 THALMUM. 
 
 p. spino'sa. 2^. Yellow. July. South Europe. 
 1670. Syn., Buphthalmwm spinosum. 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 898. 
 
 Palm. Any plant belonging to the 
 order Palmea. 
 
 Palma Christi. Bi'dnus commu'- 
 nis. 
 
 Palm, Cabbage. Oreodo'ab, oU- 
 ra'cea. 
 
 Palm, Date. Phoe'mx dactyWfera. 
 
 Palmetto, Cabbage. Sa/baX 
 Palme'tto. 
 
 Palmetto, Dwarf. Sa'bal Adan- 
 so'nii. 
 
 Palmetto Palm. Sa'bal Palme'tto. 
 
 Palmetto, Saw. Sereno'asemda'ta, 
 
 Palm, Fan. Sa'bvl Blackbumia'na. 
 
 Pa'lmia. (After L. H. Palm,, a, 
 botanical author. Nat. ord., Convolvu- 
 lacecB.) See Hewittia. 
 
 P. bieo'lor. See Hevnttia bicolor. Convolvulus 
 tricolor ot B. M. t. 2205 is a synonym of 
 this. 
 
PAL 
 
 [709] 
 
 PAN 
 
 Palmi'te. 
 Palm Oil. 
 
 Palm, 
 
 Eata'ua. 
 
 See Prio'nium Palmi'ta. 
 A product of Elce'is, 
 Fatana. (Enoca'rpus 
 
 Sa'bal mauritite- 
 
 Palm, Savanah. 
 
 fo'rmis. 
 
 Palm, Thatch. Sa'bal Blaekbur- 
 nia'na. 
 
 Palmyras Tree. Bora'ssus jlabel- 
 
 lifo'rmis. 
 
 Palsy-wort. Primula ve'ris. 
 
 Palumbi'na. (From pahimbes, a 
 wood-pigeon ; the flowers are supposed 
 to resemble that bird. Nat. ord., Orchi- 
 dem; Tribe, Vandece-OneidecB.) 
 
 Stove orchid. For culture, see Oncidium. 
 -P. ca'ndida. J-1. Pure white ; lip spotted with 
 red. Summer. Mexico. 1843. Syn., 
 Oncidium candidum, B. M. t. 5545. 
 
 Pam.pas Grass. Gyne'rium arge'n- 
 teum. 
 
 Panse'tia. (Derivationnotexplained. 
 Nat. ord., ComposUm; Tnhe,Inuloidece.) 
 See Podolepis. 
 
 p. Lesso'nii. See Podolepis Lessonii. 
 
 Pa'nax. (From pan, all, and akos, 
 remedy ; referring to the stimulant drug. 
 Ginseng, to which miraculous virtue is 
 ascribed by the Chinese. Nat. ord., 
 Araliacece. ) 
 
 Stove, greenhouse, or hardy trees or shrubs. 
 Cuttings of young shoots under a hand-%ht, 
 in spring and summer ; sandy loam and nbry 
 peat. 
 
 P. arma'tum. India. 1876. Syn., Aralia 
 armjata. 
 
 — eonoh^o'Hum. 10. Yellow. India. 1820. 
 
 Stove evergreen. 
 
 — eramfo'lium. See Pseudopanax erassifolia. 
 
 — erispa'tum. Leaves pinnate. Brazil. 1888. 
 
 — difitum. Leaves bipinnate, triangular. Poly- 
 
 nesia. 1883. 
 
 — diise'etum. Leaves bipinnate, drooping. 1882. 
 
 — dum&sum. Probably a synonym of P. fruti- 
 
 cosutn, var. Delanana. 
 
 — dlegans. 1880. 
 
 —fisewm. Leaves tripinnate. Polynesia. 1884. 
 — frutico'eutn. 10. Java. 
 
 Delana'na. III. Hort. t. 492. Syn., 
 
 Aralia Delanana. 
 rmUti'jidum. Leaves tripinnatisect. 1887. 
 
 — ho'rridum. See Fatmn, homda. 
 
 — laeinia'twm. Polynesia. 1877. 
 
 — le'-pidum. Brazil. 1888. 
 
 — longiJssimum. See Pseudopanax longissima. 
 
 — Murra'yi. 60. Greenish-brown. Polynesia. 
 
 1881. B. M. t. 6798. 
 
 — ni'tidum. Brazil. 1888. 
 
 — ohtu'sum. India. 1875. 
 
 — oma'twm. Leaves pinnate. Brazil. 1888. 
 — pluma'tum. Polynesia. 1879. 
 
 — rotunda' turn. Polynesia. 1879. 
 
 — samlmeifo'liimi. Greenish. Australia. 1873. 
 
 B. M. t. 60*3. 
 
 — serratifo'lia. Stems and petioles marked with 
 
 brown. Polynesia. 1883. 
 
 — seasilitlo'rum. New Caledonia. 1874. Eev. 
 
 Hort. 1874, p. 248. 
 
 P. spmo^ sa. See Araliapmtaphylla. 
 
 — YictoncE. Leaves ternate, edged vrith white. 
 
 Polynesia. 1883. G. C. 1883, xix., p. 404, 
 ng. 60. 
 
 Pancra'tium. (From paji, all, and 
 kratys, potent; supposed medicinal 
 qualities. Nat. ord., AmaryllideoB ; 
 Tribe, Pancratiece. Allied to Hymeno- 
 callis. ) 
 
 Handsome bulbs, and white-flowered, except 
 where otherwise mentioned. Seeds 'for new 
 varieties, as well as for perpetuating the older ■ 
 chiefly by offset-bulbs ; sandy loam, flbry peat, 
 and rotten cow-dung. Temp, for stove kinds, 
 w;inter, 50° ; summer, 60° to 90°. Even the hardy 
 kinds rec[Uire a little protectionin severe weather. 
 P. armefnum of Herbert is a synonym of Hymeno- 
 
 calHsovata; of Salisbury is a synonym 
 
 of HymenocaUis caribcea. 
 
 — Ama'ncces. B. M. t. 1224. A synonym of 
 
 Symenocallis Aman^ces. 
 
 — amboine'nse. B. M. t. 1419. See Earycles 
 
 sylvestris. 
 
 — america'riMm. See Hymenoeallis litioralis. 
 
 — angu'stum. B. E. t. 221. A form of Hymeno- 
 
 eallis caribcea. 
 
 — auranti'acum. See Stenomesson aurajntiaowm, 
 
 — australa'sicum. B. B. t. 715. See Eurycles 
 
 sylvestris. 
 
 — 'bijlo'rum. See P. verecundum. 
 
 — ealathi'num: B. R. t. 215. A synonym of 
 
 Symenocallis calathina. 
 
 — canarieinse. IJ. October. Canary Islands. 
 
 1815. B. E. 1. 174. 
 
 — eari'bceum. B. M. t. 826. See Hymenoeallis 
 
 caribcea. 
 
 — carolinia'num. B. R. t. 927. See P. Tnariti- 
 
 mum. 
 
 — coci^'neum. See Stenomesson coceinev/m. 
 
 — corona'riu^n. A synonym of Hymenoeallis 
 
 crass{folia. 
 
 — declina'twrn. Jacq. Vind. iii., 1. 10. A synonym 
 
 of Hymenoeallis caribcea. 
 
 — Drya'ndri. A synonym of Hymenoeallis 
 
 littoralis. 
 
 — expa'nsum. B. M. 1. 1941. See Hymenoeallis 
 
 expansa. 
 —fra'grans. A synonym of Hymenoeallis ovata. 
 
 — glau'cum. A synonym of Hymenoeallis glauca. 
 
 — guiane'nse. B. R. t. 265. See Hymenoeallis 
 
 - illy'neum. 1. Summer. S. Italy, Corsica, 
 
 etc. Red. Lil. 1. 153. Syn., P. stellare. 
 
 - ineama'tUTn. See StenoTnesson incamatum-. 
 
 - lati^o'lvwm of Euiz and Pavon. See Urceolina 
 
 latifolia; of MiUer is probably a form of 
 Hymenoeallis caribcea. 
 
 - littora'le. Jacq. Vind. iii., t. 76. See Hymeno- 
 
 eallis littoralis. 
 
 - mari'tinmm. 1-lJ. June. Mediterranean 
 
 region. 1596. B. E. 1. 161. 
 
 carolinia'num. United States. Syn., P. 
 
 carolvnifinum. B. R. t. 927. 
 
 - mexiea'num. A synonym of Hymenoeallis 
 
 laeera, vax. palwdosa. 
 
 - Thardssifio'rum. A synonym of Hymenoeallis 
 
 calathina. 
 
 - nervifo'lium. Salis. Parad. t. 84. See Eurycles 
 
 - nu'tans. B. M. 1. 1561. A synonym of Hymeno- 
 
 eallis nutans, 
 -ova' turn. B. R. t. 43. See Hymenoeallis ovata. 
 
 - parviflo'rwm. Eed. Lil. t. 471. See Vagaria 
 
 parvifiora. 
 
 - pa'tens of Redouts. A foi*m of Hymenoeallis 
 
 caribcea. 
 -peda'le. B. C. t. 809. See Hymenoeallis 
 , pedalis. 
 
 - petiolalum. A synonym of Symenocallis tubi- 
 
 fiora. 
 
PAN 
 
 [710] 
 
 PAN 
 
 -P. rota'twm. B. M. t. 827. See Hymenocallis 
 laeera. 
 
 — SickerMrgii. 1. Egypt and Arabia. 1883. 
 
 Berl. Oart. Zeit. 1883, p. 345. 
 
 — speciofsum. B. M. 1. 1463. See Hymenocallis 
 
 speeiosa. 
 
 — stella're. See P. Ulyricum. 
 
 — Harajlo'rum. Salis. Parad. t. 86. See P. 
 
 zeylanicum. 
 
 — tubijWrum. See Hymenocallis tuUfiora. 
 
 — undula'tum. A synonym of Hymenocallis 
 
 undulata. 
 
 — variega'tum. A form of Stenomesson mear- 
 
 Tiatum. 
 
 — verecu'rutum. 1. July. Northern India. 1776. 
 
 B. E. t. 413. 
 
 — viridifl&rum. See Stenomesson viridifiorum. 
 
 — zeylanicum. 1. June. Tropical Asia. B. 
 
 M. t. 2638. Syn., P. tiarcefiorum. 
 
 Pandanophy'llmn. (Compounded 
 of Pandanus, and phyllon, a leaf ; re- 
 sembling a Pandanus. Nat. ord., Cy- 
 peracem; Tnhe, Eypolytrece.) A syno- 
 nym of Mapania. 
 
 p. hu'mile and P. Wendla'ndi are synonyms of 
 Mapania humilis. 
 
 Fa'ndanus. Sorew-Pine. (From 
 pandang, the Malay name. Nat. ord., 
 PandanacecB.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees, or shrubs, with white 
 flowers. Chiefly by suckers;' sandy loam. Winter 
 temp., 60° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°, 
 P. amaryllifo'lius. See P. Imvis. 
 
 — AiMvMia'nus. New Guinea. 1886. HI. Hort. 
 
 t. 612. 
 
 — Blanc&i. See P. odoratissim/us. 
 
 — JBouehea'nus. B. Indies. 1820. Syn., P. 
 
 latifoli/us. 
 
 — candela'brum. 60. Guinea. 1826. 
 variega'tus. Leaves striped with white. 
 
 — carieo'sus. Yellowish-white. Moluccas. 187S. 
 
 — cerame^nsis. See P. conoideus. 
 
 — cera'Tnicus. See P. labyrinthicus. 
 
 — coTtoi'deus. Indian Archipelago. 1872. Syns., 
 
 P. ceramensis and P. decorus, 
 
 — defconts. See P. conoideus. 
 
 — di'scolor. Young leaves bronzy. India. 1884. 
 
 — Doomia'nus. Syn-^ P. longifolius, 
 
 — eldutis. Madagascar. 1824. 
 
 — tilegans. See P. tylvestris. 
 
 — eleganti'ssvmus. See P. vtilis. 
 —fasdeuXa'ris. 20. E. Indies. 1822. 
 — flaiellijo'rmis. See P. utUis. ' 
 
 — fae'tidus.. 10. B. Indies. 1842. 
 
 — fwrca'tus. Tropical Asia. 1824. Syns., P. 
 caricosuSy P.' Lais, P. gla/ucua, and P. 
 spuHus. 
 
 — gZaucefscens. India. 1865. 
 
 — Grusonia'n'us. Admiralty Islands. 1887. 111. 
 
 Hort. xxxiv., 1. 12. 
 
 — HouUeftii. ' Coppery-rose. Singapore. 1868. 
 
 — hu'mUis. See P. sylvestris. 
 
 — ine'rmis. See P. Iceois. 
 
 — integrif&lius. China. 1823. 
 —java'nicus variega'tus. A synonym of P. 
 
 eamdelatrvm,, var. mtriegaius. 
 
 — Kerch&vei. Leaves bright green with white 
 
 spines. Admiralty Islands. 1886. HI. 
 Hort. t. 600. 
 ~ labyri'nthicus. B. M. t. 7063. Syn., P. cera- 
 micus. 
 
 — Mvis. China. 1823. Syn., P. inermis. 
 
 — La/is. See P. fu/rcatus. 
 
 — latifo'lius. See P. Boucheanits. 
 
 — longifo'lius. See P. Boornianus. 
 
 — margina'tus. E. Indies. 1823. 
 
 — mawritia'nus. See P. utUis. 
 
 — nmrica'tus. Madagascar. 1826. 
 
 P. odarati'ssimus. 20. Tropical Asia. 1771. 
 Syn., P. Blaneoi. 
 
 — Pamche'ri. New Caledonia. 1877. 111. Hort. 
 
 t. 288. Syn., Barrotia Pancheri. 
 
 — Partea'nus. Phibppine Isles. 1866. 
 
 — pygmce!us, January. Mauritius. 1830. B. 
 
 M. t. 4736. 
 
 — refle'xus. Mauritius. 1818. 
 
 — se'ssilis. Tropical Africa. 1820. 
 
 — spira'lis. See P. utilis. 
 
 — tenui/o'lius. Tropical America. 1873. 
 
 — u'nguifer. 3. Bengal. 1873. B. M. t. 6347. 
 
 — u'tilii. 60. Madagascar. Syns., P. candela- 
 
 brum of B. M. t. 6014, P. elegantissimus,. 
 P. flabeUiformis and P. mauritianus. 
 
 — Vandermeelschii. 20. Mauritius. 
 
 — Vei'tchii. Polynesia. 1868. 
 
 Pando'rea. See Tecoma. 
 
 Panicle. A much branched inflo- 
 rescence, e.g.. Horse Chestnut, Lilac, 
 Oat, etc. 
 
 Pa'nicum. (From panieulum, a 
 panicle; form of flowering. Nat. ord., 
 Graminece; Tribe, Panicem.) 
 
 A large genus of annual or perennial grasses, 
 some 01 which are hardy ; others require to b& 
 grown in a stove or a greenhouse. Seeds or 
 divisions of the plants. Any light soil. 
 P. alti'ssimum. 6-30. W. Indies. 
 
 — capilla're. 2. Summer. N. America. 1768. 
 
 Hardy. 
 
 — colo'num. IJ. W. Indies. Half-hardy. 
 
 — i'miicum. 3. B. Indies. 1818. 
 
 — ita'licum japo'nicum. Gfl. 1887, p. 278, fig., 
 
 72. A garden form of Setaria italica. 
 
 — ma'tsimvu/m. 6-10. W. Indies. iStove. 
 
 — milia'ceum. 2. South Europe. Annual. 
 
 Little Millet. 
 
 — plica'tum. 3. Summer. E. Indies. 1821. 
 ni'veo-vitta'tum. Leaves white-striped, 
 
 very ornamental. 1868. Garden variety. 
 
 — speota'hile. Brazil and W. Indies. 
 
 — variega'tum. Leaves white-striped and pink- 
 
 (Snted; a beautifully variegated grass^ 
 very elegant when grown m a basket.. 
 New Caledonia. 1867. 
 
 — virga'tum. ,2. August. N. America. 1781. 
 
 Hardy. 
 
 Panning is forming a pan or basin 
 in the soil round the stem of a tree or 
 shrub, in which to pour water. 
 
 Pansy. ( Vi'ola tri' color. ) The native 
 situation of the wild Pansy is generally 
 in fields of growing corn, where it is par- 
 tially shaded from the wind and the heat 
 of the midday sun. To grow the Pansy 
 for the purpose of exhibition, the situa- 
 tion for the plants should also be one 
 sheltered from all cutting winds, as these 
 are very destructive, often injuring, and 
 even killing, the plants close to the soil, 
 by twisting them about. The situation 
 should be open to the free circulation of 
 the air, and exposed to the morning sun, 
 but protected from the full influence of 
 the midday sun, which injures the colour 
 of the blooms. The plants should be 
 placed together in beds made for the 
 purpose. The situation should be cool 
 and moist, but thoroughly drained ; for 
 although the Pansy requires considerable 
 
PAN 
 
 [711] 
 
 PAP 
 
 moisture during the blooming season, 
 and through the summer montlis, yet it 
 is very impatient of superabundant mois- 
 ture, and the plants will be found never 
 to do well when the soil becomes in any 
 degree sodden. 
 
 The Soil should be rich and tolerably 
 light. Decayed cucumber-bed dung is 
 the best manure, and the soil a light, 
 hazel loam, with a good portion of de- 
 cayed turf from pasture land, thoroughly 
 intermixed by frequent stirring and dig- 
 ging, and to three barrow-loads of this 
 soil add one of the cucumber-bed manure 
 two years old. Manure-water, particu- 
 larly guano-water, applied during the 
 blooming season, is very beneficial. 
 
 The Plants should be carefully selected 
 for the purpose of producing blooms for 
 exhibition, as it will be always found that 
 when they have flowered well through one 
 season, they never produce so fine blooms 
 the second. Those who intend to grow 
 the Pansy for exhibition should select 
 young plants well established from cut- 
 tings for the purpose. For the spring 
 exhibitions in May and June, select 
 plants struck the previous autumn, in 
 August and September; and for the 
 autumn exhibitions in September, select 
 plants struck early in the spring ; and 
 after these have produced their blooms, 
 save them for store plants, to produce 
 cuttings, always having a constant suc- 
 cession of young plants for the purpose 
 of blooming. 
 
 Propagation. — The young side-shoots 
 are to be prepared for cuttings, as the 
 old, hollow stems seldom strike freely, 
 and do not grow so strong for spring 
 blooming. Take off a sufficient quantity 
 of these .side-shoots in August, or the 
 beginning of September, and for autumn- 
 blooming in April and May ; insert these 
 either under nand-glasses, or in pots 
 placed in a cool frame in some good, light 
 compost, mixed with a good quantity of 
 silver-sand, taking care to keep them 
 moderately moist, and shadingthem from 
 hot suns. 
 
 The Disease to which the Pansy is 
 most subject is a withering away sud- 
 denly, as if struck by something at the 
 root. This disease has received various 
 names, as root-rot, decline, etc. ; but 
 both cause and remedy are unknown. 
 Old plants are much more subject to it 
 than young ones, and it appears to be 
 most prevalent during hot and dry 
 reasons. When a plant is thus struck, 
 which is indicated by a withering of the 
 foliage, if it be a rare and choice kind, 
 immediately take all the cuttings you 
 can get, and strike them, as almost in- 
 
 va,nably the old plants die. Strong, 
 stimulating manures are productive of 
 this disease. As a preventive keep the 
 surface of the soil frequently stirred. 
 
 Insects.— The worst foes of the Pansy 
 are the slug and the snail. To destroy 
 and keep away these vermin, water the 
 bed late of an evening, in moist weather, 
 with lime-water, andsprinklethesurface, 
 ;^retty thickly with fresh wood-ashes, 
 bee Agromyza. 
 
 Sox for exhibiting Blooms. — Dr. Lind- 
 ley says, that the best-constructed box 
 for exhibiting twenty-four Heart's-ease 
 is made of deal, of the following dimen- 
 sions : twenty inches long, one wide, 
 and five inches deep; the lid made to 
 unhinge ; a sheet of zinc fitted inside, 
 resting upon a rim ; four rows of six 
 holes each cut in the zinc at three inches 
 apart; under each hole a zinc tube 
 soldered to the plate, and intended to 
 contain the water; the apertures to 
 admit the flower made in the form of a 
 key-hole, as it will admit part of the 
 calyx, and keep the flower in a flat posi- 
 tion. The outride may be painted green ; 
 but the zinc plate should be painted of a 
 dead white. 
 
 Pansy Ply. Agromy'za. 
 
 Pantiles. See Bricks. 
 
 Papa'ver. Poppy. (From papa, 
 pap, or thick milk ; referring to the 
 juice. Nat. ord., Papaveracece ; Tribe, 
 ) 
 
 Seeds in March and April, where the plants 
 are to remain ; division of the roots of the 
 perennial ones ; light, rich, sandy loam. 
 
 HARDY PERENNIALS. 
 
 P. alm'num. |. White. July. Austria. 1769. 
 B. C. t. 434. 
 
 — armeni'aeum. See P. caueasieum. 
 
 — Ircustea'twm. 4. Bed. May. Siberia. 1817. 
 B. B. t. 668. 
 
 — cauca'siewm. 1^. Bed. June. Caucasus. 
 1813. B. M. 1. 1676. Syn., P. armenia- 
 cwm. 
 
 — ero'eeum. 1. Saffron. May. Altai. 1829. 
 B. M. t. 3036. Syn., P. nilyro-anran- 
 tiacum. 
 
 — garie'pinv/m. 2. Brick-red. S. Africa. B. 
 M. t. 3623. 
 
 — nvMeoM'le. IJ. Yellow. July. Siberia. 
 1730. B. M. 1. 1633. 
 
 — glabra'tum. J. Yellow. July. Siberia. 
 
 1800 
 
 lu'teum. IJ. Yellow. July. Siberia. 1780. 
 
 radica'tum. J. Yellow. July. Norway. 
 
 1800. 
 
 — orienta'le. 3. Bed. May. Armenia. 1714. 
 B. M. t. 67. 
 
 con' color. 3. Scarlet. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1714. 
 mtKuZaltum. 3. Scarlet. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1714. 
 
 — velraicum. IJ. Brick. June. Persia. 1830. 
 B. B. 1. 1670. 
 
 — mlo'mm. 2J. Bed. B. M. t. 4749. 
 PoUa'ki. Cherry-red. Persia. 1888. 
 pyrena'icum. 1. Yellow. July. Pyrenees. 
 
PAP 
 
 [712] 
 
 PAR 
 
 P. pyrena'ieum puni'ceum. 1. Ked. June. 
 Switzerland. 
 
 — ru'broauranttaoum. See P. croceum. 
 
 — rupi'fragum-atla'niicum. 1-2. Orange-red 
 
 or scarlet. April. Morocco. 1890. B. 
 M. t. 7107. 
 
 HARDY ANNUAtS. 
 P. amce'num. See P. sommferum. 
 
 — arena'rium. 1. Eed. June. Caucasus. 1828. 
 
 — Argemo'Tie. IJ. Scarlet. June. Britain. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 61. 
 
 — caVfo'rmeum. 1. Orange, centre yellow. 
 
 California. 1890. 
 
 — coirnnutdtwm. See P. Rhceas. 
 
 — du'bium. 2. Scarlet. June. Britain. 
 Jio're-albo. White. June. Tauria. 
 
 — fioribvJndum. IJ. Scarlet. June. Levant. 
 
 1816. Biennial. B. E.' 1. 134. A form 
 
 of P. caucasicum. 
 — fu'gax. Pale carmine. June. Persia. 1827. 
 
 A form of P. caucasicum. 
 
 — glau'citm. Deep scarlet-red. Armenia. Gfl. 
 
 1891, p. 608, flgs. 116-117. 
 
 — Sooke'ri. 4. Pale rose to bright crimson, 
 
 with white or black spot at the base of 
 the petals. Indian gardens. B. M. 
 t. 6729. 
 
 — ho'rridum. 2. Red. July. Australia. 1825. 
 
 Swt. n. Gard, t. 173. 
 
 — liy'bridum. IJ. Scarlet. June. England. 
 
 — Iceviga'tum. IJ. Bed. June. Caucasus. 
 
 1823. 
 — pavoni'num. 1. Scarlet, with grey eye bor- 
 dered with black. Afghanistan and 
 Turkestan. 1883. Gfl. t. 1095,_ figs. 3-4. 
 
 — Shalas. 1. Ked. June. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 68. Syns., P. commntatnm, 
 P. Rotibuei, and P, tnlobum. 
 
 — seti'gerum. 2. WJiite. July. South Europe. 
 
 1823. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 172. 
 
 — samni'ferum. 4. White. July. England. 
 a'lbo-ple'nuni. 5. Variegated. July. 
 
 ' Britain. 
 a'lbum. 5. White. July. Britain. 
 
 Syn., P. album. 
 fimlria'tum. i. Variegated. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 ni'grwm. 4. Purple. July. Britain. 
 
 ru'bro-pUlnwm. 5. Variegated. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 variega'tum. 4. Variegated. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 — tri'lobwm. See P. Rhceas. 
 
 — umbro'sum. Scarlet, black. 1877. G. C. 
 
 1884, xxii. p.49. Biennial. 
 
 Papa'ya. Papaw Tree. (From the 
 native name. Nat. ord., Passiflorece.) 
 A synonym of Carica. 
 P. Carica, See Carica Papaya. 
 
 — gra'cilis. Gfl. t. 986. See Carica gracilis. 
 
 Paper Lights were never much em- 
 plojred, and, since the introduction of 
 Whitney's and other compositions for 
 rendering cloth semi-transparent, are 
 still less likely to be employed. Cart- 
 ridge paper is the best for the purpose. 
 It should be damped before it is nailed 
 upon the frame, because when dry it 
 becomes taut. It may then be painted 
 over with boiled linseed oil, in which a 
 little white lead has been incorporated. 
 In nailing on the paper, a strip of tape 
 should be placed between the heads of 
 the tacks and the paper, to cheek the 
 tearing to which the paper is so subject. 
 
 Paper Mulberry. Broussone'Ua 
 papyra'cea. 
 
 Paphi'nia. (Paphia, a surname of 
 Venus. Nat. ord., Orchidew ; Tribe, 
 Vandem — Cyrtopodiem. Allied toMaxil- 
 laria.) A synonym of Lycaste. 
 P. crista'ta. See Lycaste cristafa. 
 
 Modiglia'na. Lind. 1. 117. See Lycaste 
 
 crisiata, var. Modigliana. 
 
 — gra'ndis. Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 146. See 
 
 Lycaste grandis. 
 
 — Lindenia'na. Lind. .t 106. See Lycaste 
 
 Lindeniana. 
 
 — Ra'ndi. Purplish-red, with white stripes. 
 
 Lind. t. 30. A synonym of Lycaste 
 cristata, var. Randi. 
 
 — rugo'sa. See Lycaste rugosa. 
 
 Kalbre'yeri. See Lycaste rugosa, var. 
 
 Kalbreyeri. 
 Sanderia'na. See Lycaste rugosa, var. 
 
 Sanderiana. 
 
 Papperi'tzia. (After W. Papperitz. 
 Nat. ord., Orchidece.) 
 
 Stove orchid. 
 P. Leibo'ldi. J. Green, yellow. July. Mexico. 
 1886. 
 
 Papy'rUS. (From 6a6eer, pronounced 
 papeer, Syrian ; hence papyrus, paper of 
 the Egyptians. Nat. ord., Cyperacew ; 
 Tribe, Scirpece.) See Cyperus. 
 P. aviiquo'rum. See Cyperus Papyrus. 
 
 — e'legans. See Cyperus elegans 
 
 — laxijlo'rus. See Cyperus laxiftor'us. 
 
 — odora'tus. See Cyperus odoratus. 
 
 Paraca'rjnxm. (From para, beside, 
 and karyon, a nut. Nat. ord., Bora- 
 
 BienniaJ or perennial hardy or half-hardy 
 herbs. For culture, see Cynoglossum. 
 P. anchusoi'des. 2. Purplish, blue. May. 
 Cashmere. 1840. Syn., Cynoglossum 
 anchusoides. B. B. 1842, 1. 14. 
 
 — eisle'stinum. 1-2. Blue, white. August. 
 
 N. India. 1837. Syn., Cynoglossum 
 ccelestinum. B. E. 1839, t. 36. 
 
 — myosotoi'des. 1^. Blue. September. Orient 
 
 1838. Half-hardy. 
 
 Paradisa'nthus. (From Para- 
 deisos, park, Paradise, and anthos, 
 flower ; in allusion to the beauty of the 
 flowers. Nat. ord., Orchidew.) 
 
 To be grown in a mixture of peat, sphagnum, 
 and charcoal, in an intermediate house. 
 P. bahie'nsis. White, purple. Xen. i. p. 30, 
 1. 14. Syn., Warrea bahiensis. 
 
 — Mose'nii. Green, brown, mauve, white, purple. 
 
 Brazil. 1881. 
 
 Paradise, Grains of. The seeds 
 of Amo'mum Melec/ue'ta. 
 
 Paradi'sia. St. Bruno's Lily. (From 
 Paradeisos, a, paxk, Paradise. Nat. ord., 
 Liliacem. Syn., Czackia.) 
 
 Hardy, perennial herb. For culture, see 
 Anthericum. 
 P. LUia' strum. 1-2. White, with a green spot 
 
 on each perianth segment. June. S. 
 
 Europe. 1629. Syns.. Aivthericum 
 
 LUiastnim, B. M. t. 318, and Czackia 
 
 Liliastrum. 
 
PAR 
 
 [713] 
 
 PAR 
 
 P. Liha strum ma'jor. 6. Flowers larger than 
 in the type. Syn., Antherieum Lilia- 
 strum, var. majus. 
 
 Paragra'mma. A synony of Poly- 
 podium. 
 
 Paraguay Tea, or Mate. I'lex 
 paraguaye'nsis. 
 
 Paranephe'lius. (From para, be- 
 side, and nephele, a cloud ; in allusion 
 to the great altitude at whicli it grows. 
 Nat. ord., Compositce ; Trihe, Senecioni- 
 dece. ) See Liabum. 
 P. unifio'rus. B. M. t. 6826. See Liaium 
 uniflorum. 
 
 Para Nut. Bertholle'tia exce'lsa. 
 
 Para Rubber. He'vea brazilie'nsis. 
 
 Parasitic Plants are such as derive 
 their nourishment from other living 
 plants by rooting into their sap-vessels. 
 Examples are — the Mistletoe and Dodder 
 which attach themselves to the stems 
 and branches of some plants ; the Hypo- 
 cistus and the Orobanche, or Broom 
 Rape, affix themselves to the roots of 
 others. The minute fungi which consti- 
 tute the mildew are also parasites. There 
 is some doubt whether the Ivy is at all 
 parasitical ; but whether it derives 
 nourishment or not from trees, it cer- 
 tainly checks the respiration, and pre- 
 vents the free access of light and air to 
 ■those upon which it attaches. The 
 orchidaceous plants which grow upon 
 dead wood as readily as upon living 
 timber are not parasites. See also 
 Saprophytes. 
 
 Parastra'nthus. (From para- 
 strepho, to invert, and anthos, a flower ; 
 referring to the invertedposition of the 
 flowers. Nat. ord., Campanulacece ; 
 Tribe, Lobeliew. ) See Lobelia. 
 P. simplex. See Lobelia lutea. 
 
 — unidenta'tus. See Lobelia tenella. 
 
 — variifo'lius. See Lobelia variifolia. 
 
 Paratro'pia. See Heptapleu- 
 rum. 
 
 p. Teysmannia'na. See Heptapleurum poly- 
 botryum. 
 
 — verado'sa. See Heptapleurum venulosum. 
 
 Parda'nthus, (From pardos, a leo- 
 pard, and anthos, a flower ; referring to 
 the spotted flowers. Nat. ord., Iridece; 
 Tribe, Sisyrinchiece. Allied to Aristea. ) 
 A synonym of Belamcanda. 
 
 Half-hardy, herbaceous, orange-flowered pe- 
 rennial. Seeds or divisions in spring ; rich, sandy 
 loam ; a sheltered border in winter. 
 P. chine'rms. 2. Orange, with purple brown 
 spots. China and Japan. 1759. B. C. 
 1. 1874. Syns., P. nepalensis, P. sinensis 
 and Ixia chinensis, B. M. t. 171. This 
 is now known as Belamcanda chi- 
 nensis. 
 
 Pareira Brava Root. Chonde'n- 
 dron iomento'sum. 
 
 Parina'rium. (Fiom. parmari, the 
 Guianan name. Nat. ord., Bosaceee; 
 Tribe, ChrysohalanecB.) 
 
 The rough-skinned or grey plum is the pro- 
 duce of P. exc^lswm. Stove evergreens. Cut- 
 tings of ripe shoots in spring, in sand, under a 
 glass, in bottom-heat ; sandy loam and dried 
 leaf-mould. Winter temp., 50" to 55° ; summer, 
 60° to 86°. 
 P. campe'stre. 6. Yellow. Guiana. 1824. 
 
 — exce'lsum. 60. White. Sierra Leone. 1822. 
 
 — macrophi/llum. 3. White. Sierra Leone. 
 
 1822. 
 
 Paring and Burning are never to 
 be practised by the gardener, except for 
 the purpose of charring the turf^ and 
 rendering porous the soil cut from the 
 banks of clayey ditches. When this is 
 carefully done, a serviceable dressing is 
 obtained. But paring and burning, as a 
 general practice, is extremely wasteful ; 
 and, though it may give a good crop 
 immediately afterwards, never fails, by 
 speedy exhaustion, to demonstrate how 
 great has been the dispersion of car- 
 bonaceous matter. 
 
 Pa'ris. (From par, equal ; alluding 
 to the regularity of the plants. Nat. 
 ord., Liliacece; Tribe, TrillidiecB.) 
 
 Hardy perennial herbs, with creeping root- 
 stocks, which may be divided to propagate the 
 plants. Seeds also. 
 
 P. polyphy'lla. i-2. Green, yellow. May. 
 Himalayas. 1826. 
 
 — guadri/o'lia. 1. Yellowish-green. Spring. 
 
 Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1609. 
 
 Pari'tium. A synonym of Hibis- 
 cus. 
 
 p. ela'tum. See Hibiscm elatus. 
 
 Parivo'ra. (The name in Guiana. 
 Nat. ord. , Leguminosce ; Tribe, Amhers- 
 tieoe. Allied to Amherstia. ) A synonym 
 of Eperua. 
 
 p. grandifio'ra. See Eperua grandiflara. 
 
 Park, in the modern acceptation of 
 the word, is an extensive adorned inelo-, 
 sure surrouhding the house and gardens, 
 and affording pasturage either to deer or 
 cattle. But a park, strictly and legally, 
 is a large extent of a man's own ground 
 inclosed and privileged for wild beasts of 
 chase by prescription or by royal grant. 
 
 Parke'ria. (Named after C. S. 
 Parker; its discoverer. Nat. ord. , Films. ) 
 A synonym of Ceratopteris. 
 
 Stove ferns. See Ferns. 
 P. euirostichoi'des. A synonym of Oryptogramme 
 crispa, var. acrostichoides. 
 
 — Lockha'rti and pteroi'des. See Ceratopteris 
 
 thaHctroides. 
 
 Pa'rkia. Nitta-tree. (Named after 
 Mungo Park, the African traveller. 
 
PAR 
 
 [714] 
 
 PAR 
 
 Nat. ord. , Leguminom ; Tribe, Parkiece. 
 Allied to Mimosa. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees, with crimson flowers. 
 Cuttings of half -ripened shoots in sand, in heat, 
 under a bell-glass, in May; sandy peat and 
 loam. Winter temp., 48° to 50° ; summer, 60° to 
 80°. 
 
 P. africa'na. 30. March. Sierra Leone. 1822. 
 Syn., P. uniglaTidulosa. 
 
 — biglamlulo'sa. Brownish-yellow, white. 
 
 Malay Archipelago. 
 
 — biglob&sa. W. Indies. Syn., Ijiga Hglohosa,. 
 
 — uniglanAulo'sa. See P. aj'ricima. 
 
 Parkinso'nia. (Named after J. 
 Pmrkinson, a botanical author. Nat. 
 ord., LeguminoscB ; Tribe, Eucoesal- 
 piniecB. Allied to Colvillea.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Seeds, when obtain- 
 able ; cuttings of half -ripened shoots, treated 
 like Parkia. 
 P. amlea'ta. 12. Yellow. W. Ind. 1739. 
 
 Parmentie'ra. (Dedicated to A. 
 Parmentier, a writer on edible plants. 
 Nat. ord., Bignoniacew; Tribe, Ja- 
 carandecB. ) 
 
 Stove tree. For cultivation, see Bignonia. 
 
 P. cerei'fera produces cylindrical fruit 2 to 3 
 feet long, of a waxy yellow colour, which hang 
 down and look like large candles, whence the 
 name "Candle-tree" has been given to it. 
 P. cerei'fera. White. Panama. 1866. 
 
 Pama'ssia. Grass of Parnassus. 
 (Named after Mount Parnassus, where, 
 from the elegance of these plants, they 
 were fabulously said to have first sprung. 
 Nat. ord., Saxifragacece ; Tribe, Saxi- 
 fragecB.) 
 
 P. paltt'stris is one of our prettiest British 
 marsh plants. Hardy, herbaceouSj white- 
 flowered perennials. Seeds and divisions in 
 spring ; shady, marshy places. 
 P. asarifo'lia. J. July. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 — carolinia'na. i. May. N. Amer. 1802. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1469. 
 
 — fimbria'ta. }. July. N. Amer. 
 
 — rmbi'eola. i-lj. Greenish, white. July. 
 
 Himalaysis. 1881. B. M. t. 6609. 
 
 — pcUu'stris. i. July. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 
 
 3, t. 665. 
 ' — parvifio'ra. J. June. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 — Bped&sa. i. July. N. Amer. 
 
 Parnassus, Grass of. Pama'ssia 
 
 palu'stris. 
 
 Paro'ehetus. (From para, near, 
 and ochetos, a brook ; its habitat. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminosce; Tribe, TrifoUece. 
 Allied to Trigonella.) 
 
 Half-hardy, evergreen, Nepaulese creepers. 
 Division in spring ; cuttings under a hand-light, 
 in summer ; loam and leaf-mould. The protec- 
 tion of a cold pit in winter. 
 P. amimu'nis. Purple. July; 1820. 
 ma' jar. Lilac. June. 1827. 
 
 Parony'chia. Whitlow - wort. 
 
 (^rom paron'ychia, a whitlow; which it 
 
 is thought to be a cure for. Nat. ord., 
 
 lUecebracew. ) 
 
 Hardy tufted herbs. Seeds. Light sandy 
 soil 
 
 P. arge'ntea. Whitish. S. Europe. 1879. This 
 plant yields the Sanguinaire, which in 
 Algeria is used as a beverage. 
 
 — sarpyUifo'lia. Silvery. Summer. S. Europe. 
 
 1882. 
 
 Parrot-beak Plant. Clia'nthus. 
 
 Parro'tia. (Named after M. Pa'rrot. 
 Nat ord., Haraamelidacece. Allied to 
 FothergiUa). 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees. Cuttings of young 
 shoots getting firm, in sand, under a glass, in 
 spring ; peat and loam. Should be grown in a 
 light soil. 
 P. JacqueraontiaJ'na. 6-12. Cashmir. 
 
 — pe'rHca. 15. Scarlet. Leaves in autumn 
 
 turning to bright orange, golden-yellow 
 and scarlet. Persia. 1848. B. M. t.5744. 
 
 Pa'rrya. (Named after Captain- 
 Parr-y, the arctic navigator. Nat. ord., 
 Cmciferce ; Tribe, ArabidecB. Allied to 
 Arabis). 
 
 Hardy perennial herbs. Seeds ; common 
 garden-soil. 
 
 P. a/raindifio'rwm. J. Purple. May. Siberia. 
 1800. Syns., Hesperis araWdtflora and 
 Neuroloma arabidifiora. 
 
 — a'retica. i. Purole. Melville Island. 1820. 
 
 — intege-rrvma. J. Rose, purple. April. Siberia. 
 
 1829. Evergreen. 
 
 — nudicavHis. Rosy-lilac. Arctic regiops. Gfl. 
 
 1. 1126. Syn,, Arabis nudicaulis. 
 
 Parsley. (Petroseli'num sati'vum.) 
 There are two varieties, the Common 
 Plain-leaved and the Curly-leaved. 
 
 Soiv annually, once in February, and 
 again in the end of June. Sow mode- 
 rately thick, in narrow drills barely a 
 quarter of an inch deep, twelve incties 
 apart if in a bed by itself, or in a single 
 one round the edge of a bed, the soil 
 being raked level, and the stones imme- 
 diately over the seed gathered off. The 
 plants make their appearance in from 
 two to six weeks. When two or three 
 inches high, they may be gathered from 
 as required. In early June, when they 
 make a show for seed, the stems should 
 be cut down close to the bottom, and 
 again in September, if they have ac- 
 quired a straggling, rank growth. This 
 will cause them to shoot afresh, and 
 acquire a strong growth before the ar- 
 rival of severe weather. On the ap- 
 proach of frost, if protection is afforded 
 to the plants by means of haulm or 
 reed panels, so supported as not to 
 touch them, it will preserve them in a 
 much better state for use in winter and 
 spring. But a still more effectual plan 
 is to take up some of the strongest 
 and best-curled plants in September, and 
 plant them in pots, two or three plants 
 in each, using a rich soil. If these be 
 placed in a pit or greenhouse, and abun- 
 dance of liquid manure given, they wiU 
 be very superiorly productive throughout 
 the winter. 
 
PAR 
 
 [715] 
 
 PAR 
 
 To obtain Seed. — Allow some of the 
 plants to run up in June ; they should 
 not, however, be allowed to stand nearer 
 than eighteen inches to each other. The 
 seed ripens in early autumn, and, when 
 perfectly dry, may be beaten out and 
 stored. Soot is an excellent manure 
 for parsley, and preserves it from root- 
 canker, the only disease affecting it. 
 
 Parsley Pern. Cryptogra'mme 
 cri'spa. 
 
 Parsnip. (Peuce'danum sati'vwm.) 
 The two varieties. Hollow-crowned and 
 Guernsey, are nearly alike. 
 
 Soil. — A rich, dry, sandy loam, and 
 the deeper the better. The most inimi- 
 cal to it is gravel or clay. Trench the 
 ground two spades deep, a little manure 
 being turned in with the bottom spit. 
 In the Isle of Guernsey, which has long 
 been celebrated for the fineness of its 
 parsnips, sea- weed is the manure chiefly 
 employed. Of dung, that of pigeons is 
 the best. Decayed leaves are also very 
 favourable to its growth. The situation 
 cannot be too open. 
 
 Sow from the end of February to the 
 beginning of April, but the earlier the 
 better. It has been recommended, in 
 field cultivation, to sow them in Septein- 
 ber ; in the garden, when sown at this 
 season, they also obtain a finer size, but 
 many of them run to seed. In the Isle 
 of Guernsey they regulate their time of 
 sowing according to the soil : in the most 
 favourable soils they sow in January, or, 
 if the soil is wet or stiff, they do not 
 insert the seed until the latter end of 
 March. 
 
 Sow in drills ten inches apart, and 
 half an inch deep ; the compartment 
 being laid out in beds not more than 
 four feet wide, for the convenience of 
 weeding, etc. When the seedlings are 
 two or three inches high, thin to ten 
 inches apart, and remove the weeds both 
 by hand and small hoeing. The beds 
 require to be freciuently looked over, to 
 remove all seedlings that may spring up 
 afresh, as well as to be frequently hoed 
 until the plants so cover the ground as 
 to render it impracticable. 
 
 The roots may be taken up as wanted 
 in September, but they do not attain 
 maturity till October, which is intimated 
 by the decay of the leaves. 
 
 In November, part of the crop may be 
 taken up, and, the tops being cut close 
 off', laid in alternate layers with sand, 
 for use in frosty weather. The remainder 
 may be left in the ground, and taken up 
 as required, as they are never injured 
 by the most intense frost, but, on the 
 
 contrary, are rendered sweeter. In 
 February or March, however, any re- 
 maining out must be taken up, otherwise 
 they will vegetate. Being preserved in 
 sand, they continue good until the end 
 of April or May. 
 
 To obtain Seed.— Some of the finest 
 roots are best allowed to remain where 
 
 frown ; or else, bein^ taken up in Fe- 
 ruary, planted in a situation open, but 
 sheltered from violent winds. If of neces- 
 sity some of those are employed which 
 have been preserved in sand, such should 
 be selected as have not had their tops 
 cut off very close. 
 
 In dry weather water plentifully twice 
 a week. At the end of August the seed 
 is usually ripe ; the umbels may then be 
 cut, and when thoroughly dried on cloths, 
 the seed beaten out and stored. 
 
 Seed should never be employed that is 
 more than a twelvemonth old. 
 
 Parsnip Ply. Tephri'tis onopo'r^ 
 dinis. See Celery Ply. The parsnip 
 seeds are also attacked by Depressaria 
 heracliana, a greyish moth about an 
 inch across. 
 
 Diseases. — Minute fungi, such as Eri- 
 syphe Martii and Peronospora nivea, 
 occasionally attack parsnips, but dO' 
 little damage. 
 
 Parso'nsia. (In honour of Dr. J. 
 Parsons, a microscopist. Nat. ord., 
 Apocynacece ; Tribe, Echitidece.) 
 
 Greenhouse climbing shrubs. Cuttings of 
 firm side shoots in summer under a bell-glass. 
 Light loam. ' 
 
 P. albiflo'ra. Cream-colour. May. New Zealand- 
 Syn., P. heterophylla. Paxt. Fl. Gard. i- 
 p. 91, flg. 62. 
 
 — variabilis. Perhaps a young state of P. albi- 
 
 flora. 
 
 — veluti'na. N. Holland. 
 
 Parterre is synonymous with our 
 English name Flower Garden. 
 
 Parthe'nium. (From parthenos, a 
 virgin ; a name given to a plant by Hip- 
 pocrates. Nat. ord., Compositce.) 
 
 Greenhouse, or half-hardy annual. Common 
 soil. Seeds. 
 
 P. Hyster&phonis. Whitish. West Indies. B. M. 
 t. 2275. Bastard Feverfew. West Indian 
 Mugwort. 
 
 Parting the roots is a mode of propa- 
 gation available with some plants ; snd 
 where a large increase of an individual 
 specimen by this mode is desired, its 
 flower-stems should be removed as fast 
 as they are produced. This makes the 
 plant stool, for whatever prevents the 
 formation of seed, promotes the develop- 
 ment of root. 
 
 Partridge Berry. Gaulthe'riapro- 
 cu'mbens and Mitche'lla re'pens.. 
 
PAR 
 
 [716] 
 
 PAS 
 
 Partridge Pea. Hdste'ria. 
 
 Pasca'lia. (Named after Dr. Pascal, 
 professor at Parma. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positce ; Tribe, Helianthoidcce.) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous. Division in spring ; 
 cuttings under a hand-light, in summer j should 
 have a dry, warm spot, or the protection of a 
 frame, in winter. 
 
 P. glau'ea. IJ. Yellow. July. Chili. 1799. 
 Andr. Rep. t. 549. Possibly a species of 
 Helianthus. , 
 
 Pasi'thea. (After the nymph, Fasi- 
 thea. Nat. ord., Liliacece; Tribe, As- 
 phodelecB. ) 
 
 P. cceru'lea. Blue. May. Chili. Syn., Antheri- 
 euin cceruleum. 
 
 Pasque Flower. Anemo'ne Pulsa- 
 ti'lla. 
 
 Passeri'na. Sparrowwort. (From 
 joas^e?', a sparrow; referringtothebeaked 
 seeds. Nat. ord., ThymdacecB; Tribe, 
 EuthymelecB. Allied to Dais. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, white-flowered, and 
 from the Cape of Good Hope, except where 
 otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of the young 
 shoots, half -ripe, in sand, under a glass, in April 
 or May ; sandy peat, with a few nodules of 
 fibry loam. Winter temp., 40" to 48° ; summer, 
 a rather shady place after the wood is ripe. P. 
 filifo'rmiB might he tried against a conservatory 
 wall. 
 P. cilia'ta. 2. May. 1818. 
 
 — emjoetrifo'lia. 2. Yellow. July. Spain. 1834. 
 
 — ericoifdjes. 3. May. 1810. Syn., Lachncsa 
 
 conglofnerata. 
 
 — filifo'rmis. 1. July. 1752. 
 
 — grandifio'ra. 1. May. 1789. B. M. t. 292. 
 
 — Mrsu'ta. IJ. South Europe. 1769. B. M. 
 
 1. 1949. 
 
 — la'xa. J. June. 1804. B. C. t. 765. 
 
 — Unearifo'lia, 3. May. 1820. 
 
 — ri'gida. 2. May. 1817. 
 
 — spica'ta. 1. May. 1787. B. C. t. 311. 
 
 — Stelle'ri. June. Siberia. 1817. 
 
 — tenuiflo'ra. J. July. 
 
 — Thunbi/rgii. 3. May. 1817. 
 
 — unijkt'ra. J. May. 1759. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 
 P. Ta'rtoi^-rai'ra. See Daphjie Tarton-raira: 
 
 — thymeloe^a. See Daphne thymeloea. 
 
 — vul&sa. See Daphne tomentosa. 
 
 Passiflo'ra. Passion-Flower. (From 
 passio, suffering, and^oi, a Ho-wer; re- 
 ferring to the filaments, or rays, and 
 other parts, being likened to the circum- 
 stances of Christ's crucifixion. Nat. 
 ord., PassifloracecB ; Tribe, Passiflorece) 
 Cuttings of young wood, in almost any stage 
 during summer, in sand, under a bell-glass or 
 hand-light ; peat and loam. Cceru'lea and its 
 varieties are the hardiest. It not only flowers 
 freely, but ripens fruit against a wall round 
 London. Incama'ta is a pretty thing, of semi- 
 herbaceous habit, which has also, in a few cases, 
 been tried against a wall. The shoots of the 
 cceru'lea group might easily be wrapped t^e- 
 ther, and protected in winter by a mat. The 
 fruit of many is very pleasant and refreshing to 
 most palates. P. edu'lis fruits very freely in a 
 stove, but the flower has no great beauty; it 
 fruited a number of years with us in a cool con- 
 servatory, but it died at last. We found it 
 hardier than the P. Billo'ttii. The quadran- 
 
 aula'ris, to be fruited, must be grown in a good, 
 light situation, in a warm stove, andbe artiflcially 
 impregnated. See Granadi'lla. 
 
 HALF-HARDY CLIMBERS. 
 
 P. cceru'lea. 30. White, blue. August. Brazil. 
 
 1699. B. M. t. 28. There are several 
 
 hybrids from this species. 
 Colvi'llei. White, blue, purple. Swt. Fl. 
 
 Gard. 1. 126. 
 glaucophy'lla. 20. Blue. August. Brazil. 
 
 — incama'ta. 30. Pink. June. S. Amer. 1629. 
 
 B. M. t. 3697. 
 
 STOVE CLIMBERS. 
 
 P. aeti'nia. 10. Whitish. November. Organ 
 Mountains. 1842. B. M. t. 4009. 
 
 — aiianti^o'lia. 20. Orange. July. Australia. 
 
 1792. B. E. t. 233. Syns., Sisemma 
 adiamtifolia and Murucuja adianti- 
 folm. Greenhouse. 
 
 — ala'ta. 20. Green, blue, red. June. W. Ind. 
 
 1772. B. M. t. 66. 
 
 irasUia'na. Scarlet, violet. September. 
 
 1831. Syn., P. phanicea. B. R. 1. 1603. 
 
 — a'lba. White. August. Brazil. 1830. 
 
 — a'lbo-ni'gra. White, blackish-purple. 1852, 
 
 A hybrid. 
 
 — a/methi/ stina. Purplish. November. Brazil. 
 
 1827. Syn., P. onychina. B. R. 1838, t. 21. 
 
 — cmm'MKs. 10. Scarlet, white. May. 
 
 — Anderso'nii. Striped. August. Saint Lucjia. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — angustifo'lia. B. M. 1. 1983. See P. suterosa, 
 
 var. angustifolia. 
 
 — ario'rea. 1-14. White, yellow. July. Co- 
 
 lumbia. 1877. B. M. t. 6864. Syn., 
 P. glauca of some gardens. 
 
 — aioTnu'ria. See P. alba. 
 
 — atropu/rpu'rea. Reddish -violet, blood -red. 
 
 Hybrid. 1883. 
 
 — aura'ntia. 15. White, red. July. New Cale- 
 
 donia. B. M. t. 4140. Syn., Disemma 
 aurantia. 
 
 — Ba'nksii. Purplish. Australia. 1867. Syn., 
 
 Diseiivma Banksii. 
 
 — Baraquinia'na. Blue, white. Amazon River. 
 
 — Belloltii. White, pink. July. 1848. 
 
 — bifio'ra. See P. lunata. 
 
 — biloba'ta. Greenish. Central America. 
 
 — Buonapa'rtea. Red, blue, white. June. A 
 
 hybrid between P. alata and P. quad- 
 rangularis. 
 
 — capsula'ris. Yellow, green. June. Tropical 
 
 America. 1820. B. M. t. 2868. Syn., 
 
 P. rubra of Jacquin. 
 
 acutil&ba. Leaves deeply bi-lobed. 
 
 geminifio'ra. Flowers in pairs. 
 
 — oaracasa'na. 16. Pink. June. Caraccas. 
 
 1821. 
 
 — Cavanille'sii. Copper. August. W. Ind. 1822. 
 
 — chelido'nea. Greenish. Ecuador. 1879. 
 
 — chine'nsis. 30. White, blue. August. China. 
 
 Greenhouse. 
 
 — cilia'ta. See P fcetida, var. ciliata. 
 
 — cincinna'ta. Violet, white. August. Brazil. 
 
 1868. B. M. t. 6737. 
 
 — cinnabari'na. Red. Australia. 1855. B. M. 
 
 t. 6911. 
 
 — cocci'nea. 20. Scarlet. September. Guiana. 
 
 1820. Syn., P. fukfens. 
 
 — cunea'ta. 10. July. Caraccas. 1816. 
 
 — lu'prea. 20. Orange. July. Bahama Islands. 
 
 1724. 
 
 — Deeaisnea'na. Carmine, purple, white. A 
 
 hybrid. 
 
 — diffo'rmis. Gi^en, black. September. Santa 
 
 Martha. 1844. 
 
 — digiialta. 12. Blue. Trinidad. 1820. 
 
 — discolor. See P. Maxitniliana. 
 
 — edu'liB. 30. White. July. W. Ind. 
 verruci'fera. White, dark purole. ApriL 
 
 Brazil, 1837. Syn., P. verruafera. B. K. 
 840, t. 62. 
 
PAS 
 
 [717] 
 
 PAS 
 
 P.fZammto'sa. 20. White, blue. August. 
 America. 1817. Syn., P. pcUmata. 
 
 —fOBtida. Whitish, purple, blue. May to Octo- 
 ber. Tropical America. 1731. Syna., 
 P. hireitia and P. hirsuta. 
 
 eilia'ta. Greenish, white, purple. July 
 
 to September. Jamaica. 1783. B. M. 
 t. 288. 
 
 gossvpiifo'lia. Syns., P. gossypiifolia. 
 
 B. K. t. 1634, and P. faetrda of B. M. 
 t. 2619. 
 
 hirsu'ta. Syn., P. hirsuta. B. C. 1. 135. 
 
 nigellifto'ra. 10. White, green. Sep- 
 tember. Buenos Ayres. 1835. Syn., 
 P. nigelUfiora. 
 
 — fu'lgens. iaee P. coccinea. 
 
 — glau'ca. White. Tropical America. 
 
 — gra'cilis. 6. White. August. 1823. 
 
 — Ra'hnei. VThite, yellow. Mexico. 1870. B. M. 
 
 t. 7062. Syn., Disemma Hahnei. 
 
 — helleborifo'lw. Rose, purple. Eio Negro 
 
 1866. 
 
 — Herbertia'iia. 30. Green, white July. 
 
 Queensland. 1821. B. E. t. 737. Syns., 
 Disemma Serbertiana and Murucuja 
 fferbertiana. 
 
 — heterophi/Ua. 15. Yellowish. St. Domingo. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. See P. faetida. Tar. hirsuta. 
 
 — hispi'dula. Yellow, white. June. Mexico. 
 
 1846. 
 
 — holoseri'cea. White, red. Summer. Vera Cruz. 
 
 173S. B. M. t. 2015. 
 
 — Hulle'tti. See P. macrocarpa. 
 
 — Innem. White, red. 1870. A hybrid. 
 
 — iTisigms. See Tacsonia vnsignis. 
 
 — jonule'nsis. Yellow, orange. Guatemala. 
 1860. Syn., P. Meduscea. B. M. t. 4762 
 
 — Jsermesi'na. See P. Raddiana. 
 
 — kewe'nsis. Garden hybrid. 1888. 
 
 — laurifo'lia. 20. Red, violet. August. W. 
 
 Ind. 1690. B. E. 1. 13. Syn., P. tini- 
 folia. 
 
 — Lawsofma^na. Reddish. Summer. 1868. A 
 
 hybrid between P. alata and P. race- 
 mosa. 
 .ins. 20. Green, purple. September, 
 Peru. 1819. B. M. t. 2967. Syn., P. 
 Lowei. 
 
 — Loudo'ni. 20. Purple. 1838. 
 
 — luna'ta. White, yellow. Summer. Tropical 
 
 America. 1800. B. M. t. 2354. Syn., 
 P. biloba. 
 
 — lu'tea. 4. Yellow. May. America. 1714. 
 
 B. R. t. 79. 
 
 — macrocarpa. White, purple. Eio Negro. 
 
 1866. Fruit weighs 8 lbs. Syn., P. 
 Hulletti. 
 
 — maeuXa'ta. Greenish. June. Curassoa. 1820. 
 
 — mado'nna, A hybrid between P. raeemosa 
 
 and P. Buonapartea. 
 
 — malifo'rmis 20. Green, red. September. 
 
 W. Ind. 1731. B. E. t. 94. 
 
 — manu:a'ta. See Tacsoma. 
 
 — Tnarmo'rea. See Ophiocaulon cissa/mpeloides. 
 
 — llaximihalna. Greenish, white. May. 
 
 Brazil. 1800. Syns., P. discolor, B. C. 
 t. 565 and P. vespertilio of B. E. t. 597. 
 
 — MeduscB^a. B. M. t. 4752 See P. jorullensis. 
 
 — Middtetoma'na. 6. Eose, blue. June. S. 
 
 Amer. 1837. 
 
 — Mie'rsii. White, violet. July. Minas Gersies. 
 
 1888. B. M. t. 7115. 
 
 — Moorea'na 20. Whitish. July. Buenos 
 
 - Ayres. 1837. B M. t. 3773. 
 
 — Munroi. Whitish, violet. Summer. 1868. 
 
 Hybrid between P. alata and P. 
 o€prulea. 
 
 — Mwucuja. Deep red. July. West Indies. 
 
 1730 Syn., Murucuja ocellata. 
 
 — nigelhjlora. B. M. t. 3636, See P. faetida, 
 
 var. nigelUfiora. 
 
 P. oblongata. 10. Apetal. July. Jamaica. 
 1816. 
 
 — ony'chiiia. See P. amethystina. 
 
 — oraarec^isis. Greenish, violet. Brazil. 1869. 
 
 There is a variety (marmoi-a'ta) havine 
 the leaves blotched with yellow. 
 
 — pa'Uida. B. M. t. 660. See P. auberosa, var. 
 
 pallida. 
 
 — palma'ta. See. P. fUamentoea. 
 
 — pelta'ta. Greenish. August. West Indies. 
 
 1778. B. E. t. 607. 
 
 — pendulijlo'ra. 20. Green. May. Jamaica. 
 
 1849. B. M. t. 4665. 
 
 — perfolia'ta. Crimson. July. Jamaica. 1800. 
 
 Andr. Eep. t. 647. 
 
 — Pfo'rdtii. A synonym of P. alato-ccerulea. 
 
 — phoeni'cea. See P. alata, var. hrasilierms. 
 
 — pictura'ta. 15. Red. September. Brazil. 
 
 1820. B. E. t. 673. 
 
 — pri'nceps. See P. raeemosa. 
 —punctata. See P. tvberosa. 
 
 — quadrangula'ris. 20. Green, blue. August. 
 
 Jamaica. 1763. B. E. 1. 14. 
 aucubifo'lia. Leaves variegated. Nica- 
 ragua. 1875. 
 
 — racemo'sa. 20. Scarlet. June. Brazil. 
 
 1816. B. M. t. 2001. Syn., P. princeps. 
 B. C. t. 84. 
 
 — Saddia'na. Blood-red, purple. Autumn. 
 
 Brazil. 1831. Syn., P. Tcermesina. B. 
 M. t. 3603. 
 
 — rotundifo'lia. 8. White. June. Antilles. 
 
 1779. 
 
 — rulbra. 16. Eed. June. W. Ind. 1831. 
 
 B. R. t. 95. 
 
 — sanguinoldnta. Reddish-violet. Columbia. 
 
 1868. 
 
 — serrat\/o'lia. Tropical America. B. M. 
 
 t. 651. 
 
 — sieyoi'des. Green. August. Mexico. 1839. 
 
 B. R. t. 88. Syn., P. glauca of Alton. 
 
 — stipulata. White. August. Cayenne. 1779. 
 
 — subero'sa. Greenish-yellow, purple. Summer. 
 
 West Indies. 17B9. 
 
 angustifo'lia. Yellowish, purple. Sum- 
 mer. West Indies. 1773. B. M. 
 t. 1983. 
 
 mi'nima. Greenish-yellow, white, dusky 
 
 purple. July. Tropical America. 1690. 
 B. R 1. 144. 
 
 pa'Uida. Yellowish-green. August. 
 
 Florida and West Indies. B. E. t. 660. 
 
 — tilioefo'lia. 10. Green, red, blue. July. 
 
 Peru. 1823. 
 
 — tinifolia. See P. laurifolia. 
 
 — trifascia'ta. Leaveswith three purplishstripes. 
 
 Para. 1868. 
 
 — trilo'ba. Violet. Peru. 111. Hort. 1889, p. 63, 
 
 t. 83. 
 
 — tuber&sa. Greenish, white, purple. Summer. 
 
 South America. 1810. B. R. t. 432. 
 Syn., P. punctata. 
 
 — tueumanensis. 10. White, green. July. 
 
 Chili. 1836. B. M. t. 3636. 
 
 — vesperti'lio. See P. Maxi'miliana. 
 
 — viola'eea. Lilac, blue, violet. Brazil. Rev, 
 
 Hort. 1886, p. 468. 
 
 — vitifo'lia. Vermillon-red. Panama. 1861. 
 
 Syn., Tacsonia Buchanani. 
 
 — Watsonid'na. Green, white, violet, lilac. 
 
 Brazil? G. C. 1886, xxvi. p. 648, figs. 
 126-127. 
 
 — Weberia'na. White. Summer. Argentine 
 
 Republic. 1885. Rev. Hort. 1887, p. 
 324. 
 
 Passion Flower. 
 
 Tacso'nia. 
 
 Passiflo'ra and 
 
 Pastina'ca. Parsnip. (From pasH- 
 num, a dibble ; referring to the shape ot 
 
PAT 
 
 [718] 
 
 PAV 
 
 the root. Nat. ord., UmbdliferoB.) A 
 synonym of Peucedanum. 
 
 p. Opo'poTiax. See Malabaila Opoponax, 
 
 — eali'va. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 612. See Peuce- 
 
 danum sativum. 
 
 Patago'nula. (Prom Patagonia, its 
 native country. Nat. ovA., Soraginece ; 
 Tribe, Cordiece.) 
 
 stove evergreen tree. Cuttings in sand, under 
 A glass, in May; sandy loam and fibry peat. 
 Winter temp., 50° to 65° ; summer, 60° to 86 . 
 P. america'na. 20. White. July. Brazil. 
 1732. 
 
 Paterso'nia, (Named after Col. W. 
 Paterson, a botanist. Nat. ord., Iridece; 
 Tribe, Sisyrinchiew. Allied to Sisyrin- 
 -chium. ) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, from New 
 ■South Wales, and blue-flowered, except where 
 -otherwise mentioned. For culture, see Iris. 
 P. glabra'ta. IJ. Purple. June. 1814. B. E. 
 t. 61. 
 
 — glau'ca. 1. June. 1820. B. M. t. 2677. 
 
 — Icma'ta. 1. June. 1824. 
 
 — loTigifo'lia. 1. June. 1818. 
 
 — longisca'pa. IJ. June. 
 
 — m^dia. A synonym of P. glabrata. 
 
 — occidenta/lis. 1. June. 1824. 
 
 — prygmala. May. 
 
 — sapphirHna. B. E. 1839, t. 60. A synonym of 
 
 P. oceidentalis. 
 
 — seri'cea. IJ. June. 1803. B. M. 1. 1041. 
 
 Patience, Herb. Bu'mexPatie'ntia. 
 
 Patri'nia. (Named after M. Patrin, 
 a Siberian traveller. Nat. ord., Valeria- 
 nacecB. ) 
 
 Hardy biennials, except heterophy'lla, and 
 all yellow-flowered. Seed in March, in light 
 ^oil. 
 
 P. heterophy'lla. May. China. 1837. Hardy 
 herbaceous. Syn., Valerimia gibeHca. 
 B. M. t. 714. 
 
 — intermedia. 1. June. Siberia. 1820. Syn., 
 
 P. nudiuscnUa. 
 
 — rupefstrif. 1. May. Siberia. 1801. 
 
 — $cabios<B/o'lia. 1. June. Dahuria. 1817. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1340. . Syn., P. serratuUfolia. 
 
 — sibi'rlea. 1. June. Siberia. 1751. Syns., 
 
 P. coronata, and Valeriana rutTienica. 
 B. M. t. 2325. 
 
 Paulli'nia. (Named after S. PavUii, 
 a Danish botanist. Nat. ord., Sapin- 
 dacece ; Tribe, Sapindem. Allied to 
 Sapindus. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen, white-flowered twiners. Cut- 
 tings of ripe .shoots in sand, under a bell-^ass, 
 ■and in bottom-heat ; loam and leaf -mould, win- 
 ter temp., 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°. 
 P. asia'tica. See Toddalia aeuleata. 
 
 — Kpirmalta. 20. Brazil. 1816. 
 
 — earthagine'nsia. A species of Serja/nia. 
 
 — caulijlo'ra. 18. Caraccas. 1822. Jacq. Ic. 
 
 t. 468. 
 
 — Ciipa'nia. 20. Trinidad. 1818. 
 
 — hi'spida. 20. Trinidad. 1826, Jacq. Schoenb. 
 
 t. 268. 
 
 — ocea'nica. Polynesian. 1875. 
 —pinna'ta. 16. Guinea. 1822. Syn., P. sene- 
 
 — pvfbelseens. 16. ' S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 — senegale'nais. See P. pinnata. 
 
 — tetrago'na. 20. Cayenne. 1825. 
 
 P. thalietrifo'lia. Pinkish. Brazil. 1871. B. 
 M. t. 6879. A very beautiful climber. 
 
 — iieeperti'lio. 20. St. Christopher, 1823. 
 
 Paulowilhe'lmia. (Derivation not 
 given. Nat. ord., Acanthaceie.) 
 Stove" herbaceous shrub. 
 
 P. spedc/sa. 2. Mauve-blue, yellow. Tropical 
 Africa. G. C. 1889, vi. p. 749, flg. 106. 
 
 Paulo'wnia. (Named after the here- 
 ditary princess of the Netherlands, 
 daughter of the Emperor of Russia. 
 Nat. ord., ScrophulariacecB ; Tribe, Che- 
 lonecB. ) 
 
 Cuttings of young shoots, when a little flrm, 
 under a hand-light. It is a deciduous tree, with 
 beautiful foliage, and quick growing, somewhat 
 resembling a Catalpa, and said to be hardy, and 
 has not only stood the winter, but flowered in 
 England, though with us it has been killed 
 nearly to the ground every season ; deep, good 
 loam ; might stand better if starved in summer. 
 
 P. t&mento'sa. 30. Lilac. June. Japan. 
 1840. Syn., P. imperialis. B. M. 
 t. 4666. 
 
 Pave'tta. (The East Indian name. 
 Nat. ord., Rubiacew ; Tribe, Ixorece. 
 Allied to Ixora. ) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of 
 half -ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 spring ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter 
 temp., 45° to 48°; summer, 60° to 75°. 
 
 P. a'lba. See P. indica. 
 
 — areno'ea. 3. June. China. 1799. 
 
 — Ca'fra. 3. August. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1823. B. M. t. 3580. 
 — fcetidi'esima. See Putoria calabrica. 
 
 — i'ndica. 3. September. E. Ind. 1791. B. 
 
 E. 1. 198. Syns., P. alba and P. tom£n- 
 tosa. 
 —java'niea. A synonym of Ixara javanica. 
 
 — natale'nsiB. White. Natal. 1888. 
 
 — tomenio'aa. See P. indica. 
 
 Pa' via. (Named after P. Paw, a 
 Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., Sapindacece ; 
 Tribe, Sapindece. ) 
 
 In the Genera Flantarum this genus is united 
 with jEscuLUS, from which it diners in having a 
 smooth, not spiny, capsule. Hardy deciduous 
 trees and shrubs, very like the Horse Chestnut. 
 Seeds, layers, and grafting on the ISorse Chest- 
 nut. The weeping one and others look inte- 
 resting when grafted at a good height ; deep, 
 sandyloam. 
 
 P. a'lba. 8. White. April. N. Amer. 1820. 
 Syns., P. macrostachya, jEsadia macro- 
 atachya, B. M. t. 2118 and .^. parvi- 
 flora. 
 
 — ealiifo'miea. 30. White. California. 1838. 
 
 — ca'mea. 16. Bed. 1820. Swt. Fl. Gard. 
 
 ser. 2, t. 301. Syn., jEeeuXus camea. 
 
 — di'scolor. 4. Eed, yellow. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1812. Syn., Acului discolor. 
 —flM'va. 20. Yellow. May. N. Amer. 1764. 
 Syn., .MseuXus flava. 
 
 — i'ndica. North of India. 1844. Syn., .^BscmZm* 
 
 indica. 
 
 — Tnaerooa'rpa. See P. alba. 
 
 — macrosta'chya. 6. White. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1820. G. C. 1877, p. 667. Syn., M. mac 
 rostaehya. 
 
 — negle'cta. 20. Pale yellow. May. 1823. 
 
 Syn., .^simlus negleeta. 
 
PAV 
 
 [719] 
 
 PEA 
 
 P. ru'bra. 6. Scarlet. May. N. Amer. 1711. 
 
 Syn., ^scuhcs Pavia. 
 
 arguta. 4. Ped. Europe. 1820. 
 
 Ait'imKs. 3. Bed. May. N. Amer. 
 
 Syn., P. humilis, 
 
 hu'milis pe'ndula. Bed. 
 
 sublacinia'ta. 6. Bed. May. N. Amer 
 
 1823. 
 
 Pavo'nia. (Named after J. Pavon, 
 a Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Matva- 
 ■cem; Tribe, Urenew. Allied to Malva- 
 viscus. ) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings in sand, under a 
 glass, in heat ; sandy loam. Stove tempera- 
 ture. The following are the only species worth 
 culture ; 
 
 P. cocci'nea. 2. Scarlet. St. Domingo. 1816 
 ^ Mackoya'na. Belg. Hort. 1878, t. 3. See 
 Goethea Mackoyana. 
 
 — malacophi/Ua. 3. Bed. August. Bahia. 
 
 1823. Syns., P. velutina and Lopirwia 
 malacophylla. B. M. t. 4366. 
 
 — multiflo'ra. Purple. September. South 
 
 Brazil. 187S. B. M. t. 6398. 
 
 — Schra'tiMi. 2. Orange, yellow. July. 
 
 Brazil. 1823. B. M. t. 3692. Syn., 
 Lebretonia coccinea. 
 ^Wio'ti. Flor.Mag. newser. t. 276. See Goethea 
 — '"-^ora. 
 
 Paxto'nia. (Named after Sir J. 
 Paxton, the celebrated gardener to the 
 Duke of Devonshire. Nat. ord., Orchi- 
 •dece ; Tribe, Epidendrem.) See Spatho- 
 glottis. 
 
 p. rosea. B. E. 1836, t. 60. See Spathoglottis 
 rosea. 
 
 Pea. {Pi'sum saU'vum.) There are 
 many varieties, but a great sameness 
 about those of the early kinds. One 
 good variety is all that is required in a 
 small garden ; and for one combining all 
 the good qualities of a pea, Alpha, 3 feet 
 hi^h, is among the best. American 
 Wonder, Br. Hogg, Ringleader, William 
 the First, etc., are also all good, well- 
 known peas, where variety is required. 
 The best varieties to succeed are the 
 Champion of England, a first-rate pea, 
 4 to 5 feet high ; Dickson's Favourite, 
 Fill Basket, Marvel, Telegraph, Veitch's 
 Perfection, etc. , all of which are first-rate 
 peas to succeed each other from May till 
 November. There are many other good 
 varieties, such as King of the Marrows, 
 Maclean's Best of All, Prizetaker Green 
 Marrow, Telephone, etc., etc. 
 
 One quart of an early variety of pea is 
 "quite sufficient for sowing a row 100 
 test in length ; half a pint less sown in 
 the same distance of the blue varieties, 
 and one pint of the large and tall kinds, 
 are sufficient where the soil is rich, well 
 pulverized, and pretty free from slugs, 
 ■etc. 
 
 Soil. — A soil moderately rich and open 
 is best, rather inclining to strong for the 
 lofty growers and main crops, but for 
 lihe early and late ones, light and dry. 
 
 p>yarf varieties will giow on poorer and 
 lighter soils than the others. 
 
 Early Pea*.— The best mode of ob- 
 taining these is according to the follow- 
 ing plan, suggested by Mr. Bishop, gar- 
 dener to C. Baldwin, Esq., of Camber- 
 well : 
 
 In the last week of January, cut some 
 turf in strips of three inches in width, 
 the length depending on the width of 
 the hotbed in which they are to be 
 placed. Lay the pieces of' turf in the 
 frame, grass downwards, close together ; 
 then make i^ the centre of each piece of 
 turf, by pressing it with the edge of a 
 board, a drill, in which sow the peas, 
 which soon come up ; and then take the 
 lights entirely off in the day-time unless 
 very cold, and shut them down at night. 
 Keep them close till the beginning of 
 March. When the peas are to be planted 
 in the border, lift the box entirely off, 
 and the strips of turf, in which the peas 
 will be well rooted, and place them on a 
 hand-barrow, and take them to the 
 border for planting, which do in a drill 
 cut so deep that they shall be about an 
 inch lower than they were in the box. 
 It may be necessary to protect them 
 from frost and cool winds at first, and 
 this may be done by putting some short 
 sticks along the rows, and laying some 
 long litter or cuttings of evergreens over 
 them. — Gard. Chron. 
 
 Sowing. — In January they may be 
 sown in sheltered borders, *and larger 
 supplies in an open compartment, and 
 thence continued throughout February 
 and until the end of May once every two 
 or three weeks. 
 
 For the first production in the follow- 
 ing year, a small sowing may be made 
 at the close of October, and repeated 
 about the middle of November and De- 
 cember, though it often happens that 
 these are scarcely a week forwarder than 
 those inserted in the following February. 
 Sow in drills, or hy the dibble in rows, 
 at a distance proportionate to the height 
 to which the variety grows, as well as 
 according to the season ; Dwarfs at two 
 feet, for the early and late crops, but 
 three feet for the main ones ; Marrow- 
 fats at three and a half or four and a 
 half; Knight's Marrowfats and other 
 gigantic varieties at six or eight. Peas 
 not intended to be supported require the 
 least room. At the early and late sow- 
 ings the seed should be buried an inch 
 deep, but for the main crops an inch and 
 a half. With respect to the distances, 
 it may be inserted in the row, of the 
 Dwarfs, two in an inch ; Blues and other 
 middle-sized varieties for the main crops. 
 
PEA 
 
 [ 720 ], 
 
 PEA 
 
 three in twoinches ; the tall and Knight's 
 Marrowfat, as well as others of similar 
 stature, full an inch apart. Ihe best 
 mode is to sow in single rows, ranging 
 north and south, and the sticks alter- 
 nately on each side of the row. If the 
 rows range east and west, put the sticks 
 on the south side. 
 
 When the summer sowings are made, 
 if dry weather is prevalent, the seed 
 should be soaked in water for two or 
 three hours previous, and the drills well 
 watered. 
 
 When the plants have advanced to a 
 height of two or three inches, they are 
 to be hoed, and earth drawn around their 
 stems. This should he done twice or 
 three times gradually as they ascend, 
 previous to the sticks being placed. It 
 should be performed in dry weather; for 
 the winter-standing crops it should be 
 especially attended to, as it protects 
 them greatly from frost. 
 
 Sticking is not required until the 
 plants show their tendrils. If, during 
 the time of blossoming or swelling of the 
 fruit, continued drought should occur, 
 water may very beneficially be applied, 
 it being poured between the rows, if they 
 are in pairs, or otherwise in a shallow 
 trench, on one side of each. Watering 
 the leaves is rather injurious. Failures 
 in the rows of the earliest crops may be 
 rectified by transplanting. This is best 
 performed in March: the plants thus 
 removed must be watered until they 
 have taken root, and also shaded if the 
 weather is hot. It is a good practice to 
 nip ofi' the top of the leading shoots of 
 the early and late crops as soon as they 
 are in blossom, as it greatly accelerates 
 the setting and maturity of the fruit. 
 Too much care cannot be taken, when 
 the pods are gathered, not to injure the 
 stems. We know, from lengthened ex- 
 perience, that if the pods are cut off 
 with scissors, the plants produce one- 
 fourth more than when roughly gathered 
 from. 
 
 The more regularly the plants are 
 gathered from, the longer they continue 
 m production, as the later pods never 
 attain maturity if the earlier ones are 
 allowed to grow old before they are 
 gathered. In very severe weather, the 
 winter-standing crops require the shelter 
 of litter or other light covering, sup- 
 ported as much as possible from the 
 plants by means of branches ; ropes or 
 twisted straw-bands are good for this 
 purpose, to be fixed along each side of 
 the rows with wooden pins driven into 
 the ground. Whichever mode of shelter 
 is adopted, it must be always removed 
 
 in mild weather, otherwise the plants 
 will be spindled and rendered weaker. 
 
 To obtain Seed, leave some rows that 
 are in production during July, or sow 
 purposely in March. Care must be 
 taken, however, that no two varieties 
 are in blossom near each other at the 
 same time. The plants intended for 
 seed ought never to be gathered from. 
 When in blossom, all plants which do 
 not appear to belong to the variety 
 among which they are growing should 
 be removed. They are fit for harvesting 
 as soon as the pods become brownish 
 and dry. When perfectly free from 
 moisture, they should be beaten out, 
 otherwise, if hot, showery weather oc- 
 curs, they will open and shed their seed. 
 
 Forcing commences in December, in 
 the early part of which month they may 
 be sown in a hotbed to remain, or thick 
 to transplant, during the succeeding 
 month, into others for production. These 
 may be repeated in January, and the 
 transplanting takes place in February. 
 It is also a common practice to sow m 
 a warm border during October, and the 
 plants being cultivated as a natural 
 ground crop, are removed into a hotbed 
 during January. 
 
 The hotbed must be moderate, and 
 earthed equally over the depth of six or 
 eight inches with light, fresh mould not 
 particularly rich. The seed must be 
 buried one inch and a half deep. The 
 frame, which is required to be two feet 
 and a half high behind, and one and a 
 half in front, ought to be put on three 
 or four days before the crop is sown, that 
 the steam and heat may abate. Seed 
 may likewise be sown at the above times 
 in pots or pans, and placed round the 
 binns of the stove. At the close of Sep- 
 tember, also, some peas may be sown in 
 pots, and sunk in the earth of any open 
 compartment ; when the frost com- 
 mences, to be removed into the green- 
 house. A border of fresh earth being 
 made in the front of it early in Decem- 
 ber, the plants are removed into it, in 
 rows two feet asunder, or, still better, 
 in pairs, with ten inches interval, and 
 two feet and a half between each pair. 
 These will come into production about 
 the middle of March. 
 
 In every instance, as stated above, the 
 rows should be two feet apart, the seed or 
 plants being set an inch asunder. The 
 plants are ready for moving when an 
 inch or two high. They must be shaded 
 and gently watered until they have taken 
 root. Preserve as much earth about 
 their roots at the time of removal as 
 possible. 
 
PEA 
 
 [721] 
 
 PEA 
 
 Transplanted peas are most produc- 
 tive, and run the least to straw In the 
 forcing frames. Air must be admitted 
 as freely as circumstances permit, the 
 same precautions being necessary as for 
 Cucumbers. Water must be given at 
 first sparingly, otherwise decay or super- 
 luxunance will be occasioned ; but when 
 they are in blossom, and during the suc- 
 ceeding stages of growth, it may be ap- 
 plied oftener and more abundantly, as it 
 IS necessary for the setting and swelling 
 of the fruit. 
 
 The shading during hot days, and 
 covering at night, must also be particu- 
 larly attended to. From three to five 
 months elapse between the times of 
 sowing and production, according to the 
 fineness of the season, length of the 
 days, etc. 
 
 The temperature may be uniformly 
 kept up throughout their growth, having 
 50 for the minimum at night, and 70° 
 for their maximum by day. 
 
 Peach. Pe'rsica wlga'ris. 
 
 Select Varieties in the order of their 
 ripening. — Those in italics are good 
 forcing peaches. Acton Scot, Pourpr^ 
 HS,tive, Grosse Mignonne, Red Magda- 
 len, Royal George, Noblesse, Bellegarde, 
 or Galande, Late Admirable, Walburton 
 Admirable, River's Early York, River's 
 Early, etc. 
 
 Propagation: Budding. — This is per- 
 formed during July. (See Budding.) 
 Some persons plant the stock against tlic 
 wall in its permanent situation, and bud 
 it there ; but peaches are principally 
 budded in the nursery. The bud is in- 
 troduced at about six inches from the 
 ground. It remains dormant until the 
 succeeding spring, when the head of the 
 stock is cut off close above the bud, and 
 the wound pared off particularly neat, in 
 order that the returning sap may heal 
 and skin it over. It is a good practice 
 to apply some white lead, or a similar 
 material, in order to exclude the air and 
 moisture. During this summer the 
 young bud will produce a shoot of some 
 two or three feet in length, and this is 
 headed back in the succeeding spring to 
 about five or six eyes, thus leaving about 
 five or six inches of the base of the shoot. 
 The bud generally produced laterals 
 during the first summer, especially to- 
 wards the upper end ; and the point 
 where these commence branching gene- 
 rally dictates the point to which they 
 are cut back. In the summer following 
 they will produce four or five shoots, 
 which must be carefully trained, and 
 kept totally free from insects, and in 
 
 the succeeding autumn the tree is fit for 
 removal to a wall. Plants with one 
 shoot, or of the season next after the 
 budding, are termed by our nurserymen 
 maidens ; but in the succeeding summer 
 they are termed trained trees. There 
 is no better stock for general peach- 
 budding than the Plum, a kind called 
 the Muscle being very generally used. 
 Some persons advocate the use of either 
 Almond stocks or Peaches raised from 
 the stone ; but it is scarcely safe to re- 
 commend the practice. The Americans, 
 to be sure, raise many of their .orchards 
 from the stone ; but they have a very 
 different climate to deal with, and we 
 hear, moreover, many complaints of the 
 short-lived character of their trees. The 
 peach stones may either be sown in heat 
 to expedite them, or otherwise. They 
 should be cleansed and dried at the 
 ripening period, and may be sown late 
 in the autumn, care being taken to pre- 
 serve them from the mice. The seed- 
 lings must be carefully transplanted like 
 other shrubs ; those raised in heat in 
 pots, and those in the open ground to 
 the nursery immediately after one sum- 
 mer's growth, unless sowed to remain. 
 Their pruning must be performed as 
 other stocks, and their subsequent cul- 
 ture similar. 
 
 Soils, etc. — The selection of a proper 
 soil, and the securing a sound and dry 
 subsoil, are of as much importance with 
 the peach as with the vine. Three- 
 fourths of the trees in this kingdom have 
 been ruined by borders too deep, too 
 damp, and too rich. Unless proper 
 means be taken to ripen the wood, all 
 other labours are vain. The first step 
 in root culture is to examine the sub- 
 soil; if this is not sound and dry, it 
 must at once be thoroughly drained. As 
 to depth of soil, we do not exceed two 
 feet, and nobody has had greater suc- 
 cess for many years. How much, how- 
 ever, that depth is above the ground 
 level must depend on the character of 
 the locality : if a low and damp district, 
 we would have nearly half the volume 
 of the soil above the front walk; if a 
 very dry and elevated spot, not more 
 than a third. The latitude of the place 
 should also have an influence; and in 
 many parts of Scotland and the north 
 of Ireland we should raise nearly the 
 whole border above the ordinary level. 
 No soil is fitter than a good, sound, 
 hazel loam ; but, whatever be the colour, 
 it is absolutely essential that it be of a 
 texture slightly adhesive. We introduce 
 no manure with such a soil, but gene- 
 rally mix with it about one-third of 
 
 3A 
 
PEA 
 
 [7221 
 
 PEA 
 
 ordinary dark, light garden-soil, adding 
 about one-sixth of ordinary tree or shrub 
 leaves with the whole. We generally 
 make an artificial subsoil, planting on 
 what we temi ' ' prepared stations." The 
 site being drained, and the excavations 
 formed, brick-bats, or any imperishable 
 rubbish, is strewed over tihe bottom, and 
 then covered with cinders ; the latter 
 have a couple of barrows of half-decayed 
 leaves spread over them. This comprises 
 the whole of our preparations. As for ma- 
 nures, we top-dress systematically every 
 yearinMay:thisforms an essential accom- 
 paniment of the shallow border system. 
 Culture durinq the Grounncf Period. — 
 Protection to the blossoms is the first 
 thing in early spring. (See Protec- 
 tion.) The next point is disbudding. 
 Healthy trees are sure to produce a host 
 of little shoots, which must not be re- 
 tained. Disbudding is best performed 
 by degrees, and about three periods two 
 or three weeks apart sufiice. At the 
 first, which should be when the young 
 shoots are from two to three inches in 
 length, those shoots only need be re- 
 moved which project nearly at right 
 angles from the wall; as, also, those 
 which shoot between the wall and the 
 branch. Nothing can justify the reser- 
 vation of any of these but bare spaces 
 of walling ; such should be covered, ven 
 if by shoots of inferior character. At 
 the second disbudding a sort of "sing- 
 ling out "' may be practised. At the 
 third thinning a clever selection should 
 be made, and in doing so we should 
 direct especial attention to the preser- 
 vation of the lowest-placed young shoots 
 all over the tree, for on these mainly 
 depends the supply of successional wood. 
 By the fan mode of training, which is at 
 least equal to any other mode, acute 
 angles, of course, are fonned by every 
 two branches when they meet. The 
 lowest shoot in this angle, then, must 
 be carefully preserved, and if over- 
 topping the next shoot a-head, it may 
 at once be pinched. Our practice is to 
 turn next to all the extreme points, and 
 to set the leading shoot free. It is of 
 no use suffering any side-shoots to com- 
 pete with the leading ones ; therefore, 
 all within four or five inches may be 
 stripped away, or, if doubtful, pinched. 
 And now a regular thinning or dis- 
 budding must be carried out between 
 the bole and the extremities of the 
 branches ; and the only requisite is not 
 to suffer, if possible, two young shoots 
 to proceed side by side from any given 
 point. Thus, training from any young 
 shoot at the base, we would not reserve 
 
 another nearer than four or five inches 
 up any given line, and so on, all over 
 the tree. One thing may be observed ; 
 if the operator is at any time doubtful 
 about a young shoot, let him merely 
 pinch the point instead of totally re- 
 moving it; at the finishing disbudding 
 he will perceive whether it may be en- 
 tirely stripped away. Disbudding should 
 be completed a little before Midsummer. 
 During this period the fruit must be 
 thinned, if too thick, and this may be 
 done at tliree differentperiods ; the first, 
 when the fruit is as large as a marble, 
 when all malformations, and those 
 crowded behind the shoots, may be 
 taken away. The remaining, if too 
 thick, must be singled out, leaving none 
 in pairs or touching each other. At 
 this period, they may average three 
 inches apart all over the tree. In about 
 three weeks, another slight thinning 
 may be made, taking away a few where 
 crowded ; and now the remainder may 
 be reserved until the stoning is nearly 
 conipleted, which will be in the course 
 of July, when all not wanted may be 
 plucked away. It is difficult to give any 
 set rule as to distance, so much depends 
 on the powers of the trees ; from six to 
 eight inches apart, finally, may be jcon- 
 sidered a fair crop. Water should be 
 liberally supplied during their swelling, 
 if the weather is dry. AH gross shoots, 
 or robbers, should be pinched when 
 about six inches in length, throughout 
 all the growing season. 
 
 Culture during the Best Period. — Do 
 not brush off tlie foliage of peaches in 
 the autumn ; the practice is not only 
 unscientific, but really absurd. If the 
 summer's management has been right, 
 the pruning will be but a small affair. 
 It consists of thinnmg out the shoots 
 which had escaped notice in summer, 
 and shortening back as much of the 
 point of each shoot as appears imma- 
 ture : this is readily told by its colour 
 and general character. These things 
 done, the trees must be neatly trained, 
 and such should be completed by the 
 beginning of Februaiy, about which 
 time we cover ours to retard the blos- 
 som-bud. Before covering them we 
 apply a sulphur-paint, as a preventive 
 of the red spider. This is simply sulphur 
 beat up in soap-water, four ounces of 
 soft soap to a gallon, adding nearly as 
 much sulphur as it will carry, and 
 plenty of clay to give it a body. This 
 IS applied in all directions, between the 
 shoots, with a painter's brush. In order 
 to soften the colour, it is well to add 
 plenty of soot to the mixture. 
 
PEA 
 
 [723] 
 
 PEA 
 
 Diseases. — The Gum is the principal ; 
 and as a gumming habit is readily in- 
 duced by wounds, especially if the tree 
 be growing in a deep and rich soil, great 
 care must oe exercised at all times not 
 to wound them. Kich soUs, also, must 
 be avoided, and manurial matters ap- 
 
 ?lied, for the most part, on the surface, 
 'he Mildew is a great annoyance to 
 some cultivators. Sulphur is the best 
 remedy, and an avoidance of extremes 
 of wet and dry at the root the best pre- 
 ventive. Blistered leaves are said to be 
 caused by cold at the germinating 
 period ; but this we much doubt. It 
 probably arises from imperfect ripening 
 of the wood in the preceding season, 
 caused by ungenial sou and ill-training ; 
 Indeed, it would not be difficult to 
 trace three-fourths of the evils to which 
 the peach is liable to iU-conditioned 
 wood. 
 Insects. — See Aphis and Acarus. 
 Forcing: Form of Souse. — The best 
 form for a peach-house is that thus 
 described by the late T. E. Knight, 
 Esq. : 
 
 As the lights, to be moved to the re- 
 quired extent with facility, must neces- 
 sarily be short, the back wall of the 
 house must scarcely extend nine feet in 
 height, and this height raises the rafters 
 sufficiently high to permit the tallest 
 person to walk with perfect convenience 
 under them. The lights are divided in 
 the middle at the point A, and the 
 lower are made to slide down to the D, 
 and the upper to the point A. The flue, 
 or hot- water pipe, enters on the east or 
 west end asimost convenient, and passes 
 within six inches of the east and west 
 wall, but not within less than two feet 
 of the low front wall, and it returns in 
 a, parallel line through the middle of the 
 house, in the direction either east or 
 •west, and goes out at the point at which 
 it entered. The house takes two rows 
 of peach or nectarine trees, one of which 
 is trained on trellises, with intervals 
 between for the gardener to pass, 
 parallel with the dotted line c. These 
 trees must be planted between the flue 
 •and the front wall, and the other row 
 
 near the back wall, against which they 
 are to be trained. 
 
 If early varieties be planted in the 
 front, and the earliest where the flue 
 first enters, these being trained imme- 
 diatdy over the flue, and at a smaU 
 distance above it, wiU ripen first ; and 
 if the lower lights be drawn down in 
 fine weather to the point b, every part 
 of the fruit on the trees, which are 
 trained nearly horizontally along the 
 dotted line C, will receive the full in- 
 fluence of the sun. The upper lights 
 must be moved as usual by cords and 
 pulleys, and if these be let down to the 
 point A, after the fruit in the front tree 
 IS gathered, every part of the trees on 
 the back wall will be fully exposed to 
 the sun, at any period of the spring and 
 summer after the middle of April, with- 
 out the intervention of the glass. A 
 single fireplace will be sufficient for a 
 house fifty feet long, and the foregoing 
 plan and dimensions will be found to 
 combine more advantages than can ever 
 be obtained in a higher or wider house. 
 Both the walls and the flue must stand 
 on arches, to permit the roots of the 
 trees to extend themselves in every 
 direction beyond the limits of the walls, 
 for whatever be the more remote causes 
 of mildew, the immediate cause gene- 
 rally appears to be want of moisture 
 beneath the soil, combined with excess 
 of moisture or dampness above it. A 
 bar of wood must extend from B to d, 
 opposite the middle of each lower light, 
 to support it when drawn do^vn. — 
 Kniqhfs Select Papers. 
 
 The soil, culture, and pruning are the 
 same as required for those trees grown 
 on walls. 
 
 Forcing in Pots is a very excellent 
 mode, and enables the peach to be thus 
 grown in establishments where there is 
 no regular peach-house. Pot a three- 
 years-old tree in a twelve-inch pot, cut- 
 ting it back to four buds, and shift 
 every year until it has attained an 
 eighteen-inch pot, a size which need 
 never be exceeded. Let the soil be turfy, 
 and mixed with decaying wood from the 
 bottom of an old wood stock. 
 
 Commencing Forcing and Tempera- 
 ture.'— Th^ best and most successful 
 directions on these points are the fol- 
 lowing, given by Mr. W. Hutchinson, 
 gardener at Eatington Park. He says : 
 " Bring the trees into the house in mUd 
 weather during November, a little earlier 
 or later, according to the state of the 
 weather ; do not start them all, how- 
 ever, at once ; the last lot need not be 
 put in until the 1st of January. Any 
 
PEA 
 
 [724] 
 
 PEA 
 
 later than this would not answer, as the 
 weather, if clear, is then hot through 
 the day ; commence forcing them at 55° 
 at night, allowing the thermometer to 
 fall to 50° in the morning, if cold ; but 
 if the weather is mild, never to fall 
 below 55°, and from that to 60°, is the 
 usual temperature kept up throughout 
 the period of forcing during the night. 
 During the day I make up for low night 
 temperature, when I have the chance, 
 by sun heat. Do not be fastidious 
 about a few degrees : to get it high 
 enough is the main point, say from 70° 
 to 85 and 90°, until the fruit is stoned ; 
 then keep them very hot during the 
 day, viz., from 95° to 105°, and some- 
 times even as high as 110°. Of course a 
 great deal of moisture is required with 
 this high temperature. Syringe over- 
 head twice a day, and sometimes of tener 
 when the air is dry, and you will scarcely 
 ever be troubled with either green fly or 
 red spider. Watering at the root must 
 be carefully attended to ; very little is 
 wanted until the trees get covered with 
 leaves, but after the fruit is stoned they 
 should be watered plentifully. Of course 
 the watering must be gradually with- 
 drawn as the fruit approaches maturity, 
 in order to increase their flavour." — 
 Gard. Chron. 
 
 When the blossoms are well opened, 
 impregnation should be aided by ap- 
 plying the pollen with a camel's-hair 
 pencil. 
 
 One essential for securing vigorous 
 production in the peach-house is to have 
 the roots of the trees well nourished. 
 If these are not duly supplied with 
 moisture and food during the time the 
 fruit is setting and swelling, a failure of 
 the crop is inevitable. To secure such 
 a supply, it is a most effectual treat- 
 ment to give the border a top-dressing, 
 at the close of February, of charred turf. 
 Liquid-manure and water, of course, 
 must be given also, as the dryness of 
 the soil and appearance of the trees in- 
 dicate is necessary. 
 
 Standards. — In Essex we have grown 
 the peach successfully, both as a standard 
 and as an espalier, in a garden sloping 
 to the south, and well protected from 
 the east and strong westerly winds. 
 
 Peach Blister. Many conflicting 
 accounts have been given as to the cause 
 of this disease, but it now seems clearly 
 established that, like many other dis- 
 eases of plants, it is caused by the cor- 
 roding mycelium of a fungus, in this case 
 by Ascomyces deformans. The dis- 
 ease takes the form of large red irre- 
 
 gular blisters upon the leaf (Fig. 1, re- 
 duced), sometimes without any fungus 
 being apparent to the naked eye, or^ 
 as seen under an ordinary lens, at other 
 times the fungus is visible as a very fine 
 whitish surface covering a portion of the 
 blister ; this is because the fungus grows 
 among the cells in the interior of the 
 blister, only coming to the surface when 
 perfecting its fruit. Fig. 2 shows a thin 
 
 (D'0,(!)'^ 
 
 section through a portion of a blister 
 with the fungus in fruit, magnified about 
 100 diameters. The spores are formed 
 in little sacs, called asoi (a), each ascus 
 containing 8 spores ; when ripe, the asci 
 burst, and the spores escape, ultimately 
 to reproduce the fungus. The spores 
 contain one, two, or three nuclei, as 
 shown at Fig. 3, magnified about 600 
 diameters. We did not observe any 
 spores containing three nuclei in our 
 specimen, but give them on the authoritj^ 
 or Mr. W. G. Smith, who published ari 
 account of the fungus in the " Gardener's 
 Chronicle" for 1875, vol. 4, p. 136. 
 Mingled with the asci are some beaded 
 threads (6), which probably break up 
 and form a second kind of fruit. 
 
 Pear. Py'rus commu'nis. 
 
 Superior Dessert kinds, arranged in 
 the order of ripening. — 1, Citron des 
 Carmes ; 2, Jargonelle ; 3, D^lice d'Har- 
 denpont ; 4, Dunmore ; 5, Marie 
 Louise ; 6, Louis Bonne of Jersey ; 7, 
 Fondante d'Automne ; 8, Beurr6 d'Ania.- 
 lis ; 9, Beurr^ Diel ; 10, Althorpe Cras- 
 sanne ; 11, Winter Nelis; 12, Passe 
 Colmar ; 13, Hacon's Incomparable ; 14, 
 Thompson's ; 15, Knight's Monarch j 
 16, Glout Morceau ; 17, Beurr^ d'Areni- 
 berg ; 18, Easter Beurr^ ; 19, Soldat 
 Laboureur ; 20, Josephine de Malines ; 
 21, Ne plus Meuris; 22, Beurr6 Ranee. 
 
 Kitchen Pears in the order of their 
 ripening.— 1, Bezi d'Heri; 2, Summer 
 
PEA 
 
 [725] 
 
 PEA 
 
 €ompote; 3, Catillac ; 4, Bellissime 
 d'Hiver ; 5, TJvedale's St. Germain. 
 
 UsMl and profitable Orchard Pears. 
 — 1, Beurr6 de Capiaumont; 2, Beurre 
 Diel; 3, Louis Bonne of Jersey, Wil- 
 liam's Bon Chcetien ; 4, Jargonelle ; 5, 
 .Swan's-egg; 6, Moorfowl's-egg. Those 
 living north and south of the centre of 
 England must make allowance accord- 
 
 Of Dessert Pears, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 
 «, 10, 13, 15, 16, 18, will succeed well, if 
 necessary, as espaliers, pyramids, etc. ; 
 that is to say, they will do very well 
 without a wall. Of course, the orchard 
 pears may be added to this section, if 
 necessary. Nos. 5, 11, 12, 16, 17, 19, 
 20, 21, 22, should have a wall, if pos- 
 sible. Nos. 11, 12, 17, 21, deserve a 
 south aspect. The varieties are now 
 Tery numerous, and a great many of 
 them useless. 
 
 Propagation. — Grafting is the usual 
 mode ; and for this purpose two distinct 
 kinds of stocks are used — ^the one called 
 the free stock, or wild seedlings, the 
 other the quince. The first is the most 
 proper for the orchard pear, as this pro- 
 duces much larger trees; the latter is 
 best adapted, in general, for espaliers, 
 walls, and pyramidal trees in gardens. 
 
 Bridding is done ijrecisely as for other 
 fruits, and for the same purposes as 
 grafting. By this course, however, one 
 ■year, or nearly so, may be considered as 
 .lost, in point of time. 
 
 Seed IS resorted to, either to produce 
 stocks, or to raise new kinds. The 
 seeds should be washed from the pulp 
 when the fruit is fully ripe, dried and 
 preserved as other seeds, and sown in 
 the February following. Care must be 
 taken to preserve the seed from mice 
 whilst germinating. Those who wish to 
 «xpedite the process, for the sake of 
 gaming time, with fancy seedlings, may 
 sow and rear the young plants in a 
 moderate bottom-warmth, sowing in 
 January or February, potting oflt the 
 plants when up_, and hardening them off 
 by the beginning of June, when they 
 may be planted out in a warm spot. 
 The best way to prove such seedlings is 
 to graft them on a good bearing old 
 tree, on a quince stock, if possible ; they 
 -will thus fruit in half the time. Our 
 nurserymen, who rear immense quanti- 
 ties for stocks, bury the pears in a pit in 
 autumn, and take them up in the 
 February following to sow, mixing 
 abundance of sand with the mass, to 
 separate the seeds from the pulp ; the 
 whole is then sown together. 
 
 ^ojX— The pear delights in a sound 
 
 loam, rather inclining to clayey tTian 
 sandy. It will, however, grow freely in 
 sandy loams ; but the fruit is very apt 
 to crack, or become otherwise disfigured, 
 through their impatience of drought. 
 Any ordinary soil of a sound texture 
 will do for their culture ; and if what is 
 termed "in good heart," no manures 
 are necessary. For standard trees in 
 orchards, the soil should be at least two 
 feet deep; but for espaliers, walls, 
 pyramids, etc., half a yard may suffice, 
 if sound. A dry subsoil is particularly 
 necessary, especially for garden pears. 
 
 Culture during the Growing Period. — • 
 The chief point is to keep down watery 
 spray, which is generally produced in 
 abundance. Caution must be exercised 
 in not doing this too early, or the em- 
 bryo blossom-buds may be driven into 
 growth. Our practice is to commence 
 by disbudding ; this is generally in the 
 beginning of May. All gross foreriaht 
 shoots are stripped away, and several of 
 the more luxuriant shoots, where too 
 thick. In a few weeks the shoots begin 
 to lengthen considerably, and their cha- 
 racter, as to fruitfulness, is in some 
 degree determinable. Very few of our 
 pears bear on wood of the previous year, 
 but a great many shoots plainly show 
 betimes that their tendencies are towards 
 fructification ; such should, by all means, 
 be encouraged. About Midsummer, a 
 selection may be made ; most of those 
 which look browner than the rest, and 
 are shorter jointed, must be reserved ; 
 and much of the paler, longer-jointed, 
 and more succulent-looking spray may 
 be cut or pinched back, leaving about 
 four inches at the base. Those reserved 
 we tie down to the older branches, some- 
 times in a reverse position — indeed, just 
 as they happen to lay. In about a month 
 or so from this operation we pinch the 
 points from all growing shoots, or nearly 
 so. This is generally done about the 
 middle of August, and has a tendency 
 to cause the wood to become highly so- 
 lidified, and thus induces fruitfulness. 
 After this period, the only care is to 
 pinch the points of all succulent spray 
 which may arise. 
 
 CultureduringtheRest Period. — When 
 the summer culture of the jpear is pro- 
 perly attended to, but little is left for the 
 winter pruner. Nevertheless, there is 
 still something to do. Some shoots wiH 
 have escaped the summer dresser, and 
 many "snags" must be cut entirely 
 away. Most of those which had been 
 pincned back to three inches at Mid- 
 summer, or after, must be pruned closely 
 off. No stump or spur must be left. 
 
PEA 
 
 [726] 
 
 FED 
 
 unless a blank space occurs ; as these, by 
 what used to be termed spurring back, 
 only produced their like again. These 
 snags removed, the young shoots tied or 
 nailed down must be examined, and all 
 considered superfluous cut away. Those 
 reserved must be tied down on the old 
 stems, or nailed between them, and little 
 more is necessary until the growing 
 period returns. 
 
 Storing. — The conditions requisite for 
 keeping pears are a rather cool room, 
 and one that is dry. It is well known, 
 however, that several of our superior 
 pears require a certain amount of warmth 
 when near the period of use, to give them 
 their proper flavour. We, therefore, in 
 advismg a somewhat cool room, refer to 
 one of the most important objects con- 
 nected with the dessert-table — the pro- 
 viding a long and continuous succession. 
 Still it has been generally found, that 
 in proportion as any given kind has been 
 kept past its natural period, it has, in 
 like proportion, lost flavour, as, also, 
 that buttery texture for which a ripe 
 pear is so much esteemed. What is the 
 best temperature is not quite certain ; it 
 probably difl'ers somewhat in different 
 kinds. We should say 55° to 60° ; not 
 more than the latter ; probably, a con- 
 dition of , air similar to a fine, mild, Oc- 
 tober day. 
 
 Diseases. — See Canker. They are 
 also liable to decay at the points of the 
 shoots in some soils, which, we think, 
 generally arises from the roots entering 
 improper or cold subsoils. 
 
 /rasecis.— See Acarus, Aspidiotus, 
 and Selandria. 
 
 Pea'rcea. (After Mr. Pearce, a 
 botanical collector in the Bolivian 
 Andes. Nat. ord., Gesneracece.) See 
 Isoloma. 
 
 p. hypoeyrtifio ra. See Isoloma hypocyrtifiorum. 
 
 Peat Earth. See Bog Earth. 
 
 Peat Plants. See American 
 Plants. 
 
 Pe'etis. (From peeten, a comb ; 
 teeth of the pappus. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positCB ; Tribe, Helenoidem.) 
 
 A half-hardy annual. See Annuals. 
 P. anguitifo'lia. Yellow. Eocky Mountains. 
 1866. Fragrant. B. M. t. 6286. 
 
 Pedalium. (From pedalion, a rud- 
 der; the fruit has rudder-like angles. 
 Nat. ord., Pedalinece.) 
 
 A sparingly-branched, stove annual. Seeds. 
 Sandy soil, 
 
 P. mu'rex. Yellow. India and Tropical Africa. 
 Wight Ic. 1. 1615. 
 
 Pedicula'ris. Lousewort. (From 
 
 ', a louse ; supposed effect on 
 sheep eating it. Nat. ord., Scrophula- 
 riacecE ; Tnbe, Euphrasiem. Allied to 
 Melampyrum. ) 
 
 Seeds and cuttings. Loam and peat ; the great- 
 proportion require the cold pit in winter. Scdp- 
 trum Carolinwm is a giant among them, and one 
 of the most 'heautiful. They should be sown 
 where it is intended they are to remain. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 P. adsce'ndens. J. Bed. July. Switzerland. 
 1819. 
 
 — a'tro-ru'bens. 1. Dark red. July. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1819. 
 
 — canade'iiMs. J. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1780. B. M. t. 2506. 
 
 — omno'sa. 1. Yellow. July. Italy. 1775. 
 
 — eompa'cta. 1. Yellow. July. Siberia. 1815. 
 
 — dolichorhi'za. Golden - yellow. Turkestan. 
 
 Gfl. 1884, p. 54. 
 
 — dlegans. Purple. June. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 — iTieamaJta. ■ J. Pink. June. Austria. 1796. 
 
 — megala'nth.a. 1-2. Bose-purple. Himalayas. 
 
 B. M. t. 7132. 
 
 — Oedelri. Yellow. July. North Europe. 1827. 
 
 — pa'Uida. Yellow. July. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 — palu'stris. 2. Purple. June. Britain. 
 
 ~ proboeci'dea. Purple. June. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 — ro'sea. Rose. July. South Europe. 1825. 
 
 — m'bens. Bed. May. Dahuria. 1827. Annual. 
 
 — speci&sa. Purple. June. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 — stria'ta. Yellow, crimson. June. Dahuria. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — sylvaltiea. 1. Pink. August. Britain, 
 
 HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 P. ahrotamifo'lia. 1. Yellow. June. Dahuria. 
 
 1816. Syn., P. myrimhylla. 
 -eimnraBwrSdei. IJ. Purple. Siberia, isio. 
 -flamimea. 1. Yellow, scarlet. July. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1775. 
 
 — folio' m. 1. Cream. July. Austria. 1786. 
 
 — gyroflelaa. J. Purple. July. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — mo'Uis. 1. Purple. June. Nepaul. 1850. 
 
 B. M. t. 4599. 
 
 — myriopky'Ua. See P. abrotan'^olia. 
 
 — recu'tita. f . Purple. June. Austria'. 1787. 
 
 — resupina'ta. 1. Purple. July. Siberia. 1816. 
 
 — rostra'ta. i. Purple. June. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — scdptrura Caroli'num. 5. Yellow. July. 
 
 Sweden. 1^93. 
 
 — twbero'sa. 1. Yellow. June. Switzerland. 
 
 1799. 
 
 — uncima'ta. 1. Yellow. July. Siberia. 1816. 
 
 — versi'color. 1. Yellow. May. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — mrticilla'ta. 1. Bose. July. Austria. 1790. 
 
 Pedila'nthuS. (From pedilm, a 
 shoe, and anthos, a flower ; on account 
 of the shape of the flower. Nat. ord., 
 Euphorbiacem ; Tribe, EuphorhiecB. Al- 
 lied to Euphorbia.) 
 
 Stove perennial shrub, of a succulent nature. 
 
 Cuttings should be well dried at the base, and 
 
 allowed to cicatrize before inserting in sand, 
 
 which should be slightly damped from time to 
 
 time, but never made very wet. When rooted 
 
 well, they may be planted in a mixture of two- 
 
 thirds sandy loam, and one third brick rubbish, 
 
 to which may be added a little rotten cow-dung. 
 
 Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 60° to 70^. 
 
 The atmosphere should be dry. 
 
 P. tithymaloi'des. S. Bed. E. Indies. 1874. 
 
 Syns., Euphorbia oarinata. B. B-. t. 837, 
 
 and E. canalieulata, B. C. t. 727. There 
 
 are two varieties of this, viz., variega'tus 
 
PEK 
 
 [727] 
 
 PEL 
 
 and variega'tus eumlla'tus, both with 
 white-bordered leaves, the latter with 
 the edges drawn up so as to appear 
 cupped. 
 
 Pe'kea. (Said to be from the 
 Guianese name. Nat. ord., Temstro- 
 miacecE.) See Caryocar. 
 
 p. tubermlo'sa. See Caryocar tamentoswm. 
 
 Pelargo'nium. Stork's-bill. (From 
 pelargos, a stork ; referring to the beak- 
 like formation of the ripe seed-pod. Nat. 
 ord., GeraniaceoB ; Tribe, Geraniece.) 
 
 Natives of South Africa, except where other- 
 wise mentioned. Many, however, have originated 
 as garden hybrids. Seeds; cuttings. Rich 
 sandy soil. 
 
 GREENHOUSE BIENNIALS AND ANNUALS. 
 
 P. anemomfo'liwm. 1*. Pink. July. Jacq. Ic. 
 t. 535. 
 
 — camarie/nse. 1§. White, red. August. Ca- 
 
 naries. 1802. 
 
 — eattealWiiwi"'. |. Pink. July. 1812. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 529. 
 
 — eoriandrifo'lium. 1. White, red. June. 1724, 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 528. 
 
 — hwmifu'mm. J. Red. June. 1801. Annual. 
 
 Swt. Ger. t. 42. 
 
 — seneeioi'dei. f. White. June. 1775. Annual. 
 
 Swt. Ger. t. 327. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 
 
 P. alchemiUcyi'des. J. Pink. June. 1693. 
 
 — althceoi'des. J. White. May. 1724. 
 
 — Andre'wsii. Blush. June. 1802. 
 
 — tla'ndum. Blush. 1801. Swt. Ger. t. 4. 
 
 — chanuedrifofliwm. J. White. May. 1812. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 623. 
 
 — crSnetum. J. White, crimson. S. Africa. 1862. 
 
 — columM'num. J. Purple. August. 1795. 
 
 Jacq. Schoenb. 1. 133. 
 
 — ihidlicheria'nuTn. 1. July. Taurus. 1855. 
 
 Hardy in the South of England. 
 —fi'ssum. i. Pink. S. Africa. 1862. 
 — fumarioi'des. 1. White. S. Africa. 1862. 
 
 — heracleif&lium, i. Grey. July. 1800. B. 
 
 C. t. 437. 
 
 — la'cerum. IJ. Pink. July. 1731. Jacq. Ic. 
 
 t. 532. 
 
 — lu'ridum. Straw. August. 1811. Swt. Ger. 
 
 t. 281. 
 
 — muUiccm'le. f. Pale violet. July. 1802. 
 
 .Tacq. Ic. t. 534. 
 
 — aSnothefrce. 1. Rose. April. 1812. 
 
 — ova'le. li. Purple. June. 1774. Swt. Ger. 
 
 t. 235. 
 
 — parmJMrum. Purple, red. June. 100. 
 
 — petroseli'v/wm. Blush. July. 1802. 
 
 — promfmhens. J. Purple. April. 1801. 
 
 — pulverule^ntum. 1. Grey, blood-red. July. 1822. 
 
 Swt. Ger. t. 218. 
 
 — ranunculophy'llum. Pinkish. S. Africa. 1862. 
 
 — reeurva'tum. White. July. 1790. Swt. Ger. 
 
 t. 223. 
 
 — smigui'neum. 1. Scarlet. July. Swt. Ger. 
 
 . t. 76. 
 
 — tabula're. J. Pale yellow. June. 1775. 
 
 GREENHOUSE TUBEROUS-ROOTED. 
 P. affl'ne. J. Purple. June. 1800. Swt. Ger. 
 
 — apiydlium. J. White, red. June. 1800. 
 
 — arista' tvrni. J. White, red. June. 1800. 
 
 — asarif&Umm. J. Dark purple. December. 
 
 1821. 
 
 — a'trum. J. Darkjbrown. June. 1793. 
 
 — auricula' turn. J. Pale red. May. 
 
 — tarba'tum. J. Flesh. July. 1790. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 518. 
 
 — Bowke'ri. Purple, yellow. S. Africa. 1864. 
 
 P. Imimifc/livm. }. White, purple. May. 1800 
 -carae«m.^i. pink. May. 1812. Jacq. Ic. 
 
 — cilia' turn. J. Flesh. 
 Ic. t. 619. 
 
 Lilac. June. 
 
 May. 1795. Jacq. 
 
 — amg^stum. ^. 
 
 Ger. t. 325. 
 
 — conspi'cuum, 1. 
 
 — coronilURfo'liuTYi. 
 
 1824. Swt. 
 
 Crimson. July. 1810. 
 J. Brown. June. 1796. 
 
 — earydaliftdrum. J. Pale yellow. May. 1821. 
 
 — crassicau'le. |. White. July. 1786 B M 
 
 t. 477. 
 
 — depre'ssum. J. Cream. May. 1812. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 620. 
 
 — dioicum. J. Dark brown. June. 1795. 
 
 B. M. t. 2234. 
 
 — dipeltalum. J. Pale purple. May. 1795. 
 
 — echina'tum. 1. White, red. June. 1789. 
 
 B. M. t. 309. 
 — Jilipendulifo'lium. J. Green, brown. July. 
 
 1812. Swt. Ger. t. 85. 
 —flssifo'lium. i. White, red. June. 1795. 
 —fla'vum. i. Yellow, brown. August. 1724. 
 
 Swt. Ger. t. 254. 
 
 — floribu'ndum. J. White, red. April. 1800. 
 —folio' sum. }. Yellow, red. May. 1800. 
 
 Swt. Ger. t. 340. 
 
 — geifo'lium. Yellow. Crimson-brown. S. 
 
 Africa. 1862. 
 
 — heterophj/llum. J. White, red. May. 1800, 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 516. 
 
 — hirsu'tum. J. Pink. March. 1788. 
 
 — iricrassa'tum. i. Pale rose. May. 1801, 
 
 B. M. t. 761. 
 
 — lacinia'tum. J. Pink. May. 1800. 
 
 — Leea'num. J. White. May. 1823. 
 
 — linea're. J. Yellow. June. 1800. 
 
 — loba'tum. 1. Yellow, brown. July. 1710, 
 
 B. M. 1. 1986. 
 
 — longifl&rum. J. Yellow. May. 1812. Jacq/ 
 
 Ic. t. 621. 
 
 — longifo'lium. J. Pink. May. 1812. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 518. 
 
 — lultewm: i. Yellow. May. 1802. 
 
 — mclana'nthum. J. Dark brown. May. 1790. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 514. 
 
 — millefoliatum. J. Yellow, brown. 
 
 Swt. Ger. t. 230. 
 
 — mvXtiradia'twm. 1. Dark brown. May. 
 
 Swt. Ger. 1. 146. 
 
 — nervifdlium. J. Variegated. June. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 617, 
 
 — nilmum. J. White. June. 1821. 
 
 — ivmnmularifo'livmi. J. Yellow. June. 
 
 Salis. Parad. t. 23. 
 
 — nu'tans. i. Yellow. May. 1788. 
 
 Ger. t. 466. 
 
 — oblonga'tmn. Yellow, red. S, Africa. 
 
 July. 
 
 1820. 
 1812, 
 
 1801, 
 Swt. 
 
 Yellow, red. S, Africa. 1872. 
 obtusa'twm. Pale yellow. Namaqualand. 
 1881. 
 
 — orobifdlium. \. Blood-red. June. 1824. 
 
 — ovalifo'lium. \. White. May. 1829. 
 
 — oxaXidifo'lium. J. Yellow. June. 1801. 
 
 — pa'lleni. i. Pale yellow. May. 1800. Swt. 
 
 Ger. 1. 148. 
 
 — pdta'tum. 2. Purple. July. 1701. 
 variega'tum. 2. Purple. July. 1701. 
 
 — pmnifi/rnw. J. Yellow. May. 1800. 
 
 — pi'clum. i. White, red. April. 1800. 
 —pUo'mm. i. Pink. June. 1801. 
 
 — pulche'Uvm. f. White. April. 1795. B. 
 
 M. t. 624. 
 
 — puneta'tum. J. Cream. May. 1794. 
 
 — purpura' scene. J. Purple. May. 1800. 
 
 — radica'tum. i. Yellow. June. 1802. B. M, 
 
 1. 1718, 
 
 — raJdula. 3. Yellow. June. 1774. 
 
 — rapa'cewm.. J. Purple. May. 1788. B. M. 
 
 1. 1877. 
 
 — reJU'xwm. J. White. June. 1800. 
 
 — retimla'turn. i- Pink. May. 1820. 
 
 — retu'sum. J. Dark crimson. June. 1824. 
 
PEL 
 
 [7281 
 
 PEL 
 
 P revolu'tum. J. Purple. June 1800. Jacq. 
 lo. 1. 133. 
 
 — ro'seum. J. Eoae. April. 1792. Fl. Ser. 
 
 t. 607. 
 
 — rumicifo'lium, §. Yellow. June. 1823. 
 
 — rutcef&lmm. J. Yellow. S. Africa. 1869. 
 
 — saxifragoHdes. Pink, purple. 1890. 
 
 — schizope'talum. 1. Yellow, brown. June. 
 
 1821. Swt. Ger. t. 232. 
 
 — Seho'ttU. IJ. Intense crimson-scarlet, black, 
 
 S. Africa. 1869. 
 
 — seto'sum. J. Hose. May. 1821. 
 
 — ipathulaltmn. J. Yellow. May. 1805. 
 afi'iie. J. Yellow. April. 1794. 
 
 — tene'llum. J. Yellow. June. 1802. 
 
 — testa'ceum. Red. S. Africa. 1862. 
 
 — triphy'Uum. J. Flesh. May. 1812. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 615. 
 
 — tri'ste. 1. Green, yellow. July. 1632. B. 
 
 M. 1. 1641. 
 
 — undulaeJU/rum, J. Black. June. 1821. 
 
 Swt. Ger. t. 329. 
 
 — tiTidula'tum. J. White. June. 1795. 
 
 — vicicefo'Uum. i. Pale rose. May. 1779. 
 
 — violcejlo'rum. |. White. May. 1810. 
 
 — virgi'neimi. J. White, red. June. 1795. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVEROBEEN SHRUBS. 
 
 P. abrotanifo'lium. 3. Bed. May. 1791. 
 Jacq. Schoenb. t. 136. 
 
 — acerifo'lium. 3. Pale purple. April. 1784. 
 
 — aceto'swm. 3. Pink. July. 1710. B. M. 
 
 1. 103. 
 
 — acugna'tkum. 3. Bed. June. 1818. 
 
 — adv.lteri'num. 3. Purple. May. 1785. 
 
 Swt. Ger. t. 22. 
 
 — almfdliwm. 2. Pink-veined. May. 
 
 — a'lternans. 1. While, purple. June. 1791. 
 
 — aTKipli'ssimuTn. 2. Purple. May. 
 
 — a'nceps. J. Pink. June. 1788. Trailer. 
 
 — angulo'swm. 3. Purple. August. 1724. 
 
 — a'rdena. Bed. June. 1807. Swt. Ger. t. 45. 
 
 — armaftum. Purple. May. 1789. Swt. Ger. 
 
 t. 214. 
 
 — artendsmfo'linm. White. June. 1817. 
 
 — a'sperwm. 3. Pink. August. 1795. 
 
 — astragaHJo'lium. J. White, purple. July. 
 
 1788. Jacq. Ic. t. 511. 
 
 — austra'le. J. Bose. June. N. Holland. 
 
 1792. Swt. Ger. t. 68. 
 
 — iaUa'meum. 3. Pink. August. 1790. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 543. 
 
 — Barringto'nii. 3. Purple. May. 
 
 — Bemifortia'num. 3. Lilac. June. Swt. 
 
 Ger. 1. 138. 
 
 — Bella'rdii. White. June. 
 
 — Bentinckia'num. 2. Scarlet. May. 
 
 — betuli'num. 3- White, red. July. 1759. 
 
 B. M. 1. 148. 
 
 — bi'color. IJ. Purple, white. July. 1778. 
 
 B. M. t. 201. 
 
 — blatta'rium. IJ. Violet. July. 1720. Jacq. 
 
 Schoenb. 1. 131. 
 
 — Imlla'tum. 1. Pink. June. Jacq. Ic. t. 530. 
 
 — cane^sceiis. White. July. 
 
 — ca'num. IJ. Pale purple. August. 1820. 
 
 — capita'tum. 3. Purple. June. 1690. 
 -^carduifo'lium. 3. Pale purple. July. 1816. 
 
 Swt. Ger. 1. 15. 
 
 — carina'tum. J. White, purple. July. 1820. 
 
 Swt. Ger. t. 21. 
 
 — carho'sum. 1. Purple, white. May. 1724. 
 
 — ceratophi/llum. 1. White. June. 1786. 
 
 B. M. t. 315. 
 
 — dtriodo'nm. 3. White. July. 1800. 
 
 — cochlea'tum, 3. Purple. May. 
 
 — conduplica'tum. 3. Purple, white. May. 
 
 1774. 
 
 — consangui'neum. 2. Pink. June. 
 
 — corda'tum. 3. Purple, white. May. 1774. 
 
 Swt. Ger. t. 67. 
 
 — coronopifo'lium. IJ. Pale red. August. 
 
 1791. Jacq. Ic. t. 626. 
 
 July. Africa. 
 
 1774. 
 May. 
 
 1818. 
 1810. 
 
 June. 
 
 1794. 
 1795. 
 
 Swt. 
 
 P. cortueief&lium. 2. Pink. 
 1786. Swt. Ger. 1. 14. 
 
 — cotyle'donis. |. White. June. St. Helena. 
 
 1765. 
 
 — crena'tum. 2. July. 180O. 
 
 — cri'mum. 3. Purple. September. 
 
 Swt. Ger. t. 383. 
 
 — crithmifo'liuTn. 1. White, purple. 
 
 1790. 
 
 — cucnlla'tmn. 3. Purple. May. 1690. 
 
 gramdifl&rum. 4. Purple. May. 
 
 ma'Jor. 4. Purple. Blay. 1812. 
 
 strtatifio'mm. 4. Purple. May. 
 
 — cuspida'tum. 3. White, red. July. 
 
 — eynosbatif&lium. IJ. Dark red. 
 
 Swt. Ger. t. 259. 
 
 — dasycau'lon. 1. White, purple. September. 
 
 1795. B. M. t. 2029. 
 
 — dec&rwm. Lilac. July. 1825. Swt. Ger. 
 
 t. 415. 
 
 — delphinifo'lium. 3. Pink. June. 
 
 — dentieula'tum. 3. Pink. June. 1789. Jacq. 
 
 Schoenb. 1. 135. 
 
 — di'sdpee. 3. Africa. 1808. 
 
 — diversifo'liwm. 3. White, red. July. 
 
 — ela'twrn. 2. White, purple. August. 
 
 — eUctum. White. July. Swt. Ger. 1. 1 
 
 — e'leganx. 3. White, red. April. 1795. 
 
 Ger. t. 36. 
 ma'jus. S. White, red. June. 1795. 
 
 — — — • mi'ntts. 3. White, red. June. 1795. 
 
 — erioste^tnon. IJ. White. April. 1794. Jacq. 
 
 Schoenb. 1. 132. 
 -— exstipula'tum, 3. Violet. July. 1779. 
 — formosi'ssimum. 2. White, red. July. 1759. 
 
 Swt. Ger. t. 215. 
 
 — Fothergi'llii. 2. Scarlet. August. 
 
 purpu'reum. 3. Purple. August. 1810. 
 
 — fra'grans. 2. Variegated. July. Swt. Ger. 
 
 1. 172. 
 — fu'lgidum. IJ. Scarlet. May. 1723. Swt. 
 
 Ger. t. 69. 
 —fusea'tum. 3. Purple, red. May. 1812. 
 
 Swt. Ger. t. 210. 
 
 — gibb&sum. IJ. Green, yellow. June. 1712. 
 
 Swt. Ger. t. 61. 
 
 — glau'cum. 3. White, red. July. 1775. Swt. 
 
 Ger. t. 57. 
 
 — glomera'tum. i. White. July. 
 
 — glutmo'sum. 3. Pale rose. May. 1777. 
 
 B. M. 1. 143. 
 
 — gmndijlo'nim. 3. White, red. May. 1794. 
 
 Swt. Ger. t. 29. 
 
 — gra'tum. 2. Pink. June. 
 
 — grave' olens. 3. Purple. May. 1774. 
 varieffa!tum. 3. Purple. May. 
 
 — grossularioi'des. 2. Pink. June. 1731. 
 ^hepatidfo'lium. Bose. July. 1791. 
 
 — Sermannioefo'liimi. 3. Pink. May. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 546. 
 
 — hetero'gamum. 2. Pink. July. 1786. 
 
 — hi'Hum. Bose. July. 1768. Swt. Ger. 
 
 1. 113. 
 
 — hi'spidum. 3. Purple. June. 1790. 
 
 — holoseri'ceum. IJ. Dark purple. April. 1820. 
 
 — hy'bridum. 2. Lilac. July. 1732. Swt. 
 
 Ger. t. 63. 
 
 — imbrica'tum. 3. Lilac, purple. June. 1800. 
 
 Swt. Ger. t. 65. 
 
 — inci'stan. 3. White, red. June. 1791. Swt. 
 
 Ger. t. 93. 
 
 — inodo'rum. J. Pale purple. July. N. Hol- 
 
 land. 1796. Trailer. Swt. Ger. t. 56. 
 
 — i'nquinans. 2. Scarlet. July. 1714. 
 
 — loeviga'twrn. S. White, red. June. 
 
 — lanceola'tum. White, purple. July. 1775. 
 
 — late'ripes. 2. Pale purple. July. 1787. 
 a'lbo margina'tum. 2. Pale red. August. 
 
 1787. 
 
 ro'semn. 2. Bed. August. 1787. 
 
 zona'tum. 2. Pale purple. August. 
 
 1787. 
 
PEL 
 
 [729] 
 
 PEL 
 
 P. lateri'tium. li. Red. July. 1800. 
 
 — la'xum. 1. White. May. 1821. 
 
 — leptope'tcUum. 2. Red. June. 1800. 
 
 — littora'le. Swan Klver. 1837. 
 
 — longicau'le. 1. Pale rose. June. Trailer. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 683. 
 
 — maeula'tum. Blush. July. 1796. 
 
 — malvutfo'lium. 2. Pale red. July. 1812. 
 
 — micra'nthum. Scarlet. September. 
 
 — mo'nstrum. 2. Red, July. 1784. Swt. 
 
 Ger. 1. 13. 
 
 — myrrhifo'lium. li. White, red. June. 1696. 
 
 — nigre'seens. i. Purple. May. 1777. 
 
 — no'thum. 2. Pink. May. 
 
 — obtusifo'lium. 3. Purple. June. Swt. Ger. 
 
 t. 25. 
 
 — odorati'ssimum. 2. Pink. July. 1724. Swt. 
 
 Ger. t. 299. 
 
 — oas/phy' Hum. 2. White. August. 1800. 
 
 — pa'Uidum. 3. Pink. June. 
 
 — papiliona'ceum. 3. Pale white. June. 1724. 
 
 Swt. Ger. t. 27. 
 
 — patenti'ssiTnum. 3. Lilac, white. June. 1820. 
 
 — pa'tulum. 3. Pale blood. June. 182i. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 641. 
 
 — pedicella'tum. 1. Green, brown. July. 1822. 
 
 Swt. Ger. t. 260. 
 
 — pe^ndiUum. i. Bed. May. Trailer. 
 
 — penicilla'tam. 3. White, red. July. 1794. 
 
 — pnmuli'num. 1^. Violet. July. 
 
 — pri7uyipi's8ce. 3. Dark pink. August. 1820. 
 Swt. Ger. 1. 139. 
 
 — pu'milum. IJ. Pink. June. 1800. 
 ^pustulo'sum. 3. White, pink. June. 1820. 
 
 Swt. Ger. 1. 11. 
 
 — qmercifo'lmm. 3. Purple. May. 1774. 
 bipinnati'fidum. 4. Purple. May. 1774. 
 
 — qmna'tum. 1. Pale yellow. May. 1793. 
 
 B. M. t. 547. 
 
 — quinquelo'lmm. 3. Red. July. 1820. 
 
 — quinquevu'lnerum. IJ. Dark purple. July. 
 
 1796. Swt. Ger. 1. 161. 
 
 — radia'tum. i. Dark purple. July. 1790. 
 
 — ren^'orme. 2. Purple. July. 1791. B. M. 
 
 t. 493. 
 
 — ri'gidum. Whitish. July. 
 
 — ru'hens. 3. Purple. June. 
 
 — ntfii/bZiMm. 3. White. May. 1798. 
 
 — nOn-oeHnctum. 3. Purple, white. May. 
 
 1774. 
 
 — rugo'eum. 3. Pink, lilac. July. 1800. 
 
 — sanieulcefo'Uum. 3. Pale red. July. 1806. 
 
 — sca'brum. 3. White, red. June. 1776. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 642. 
 
 — sca'ndens. 3. Rose. July. 1800. 
 
 — scuta' turn. White. August. 1701. Swt. 
 
 Ger. t. 95. 
 
 — semitrildba'tum. 3. Purple. May. 1800. 
 
 — monif&lium. White, veins red. S. Africa. 
 
 1868. 
 ; — soro'rium. 3. White, red. May. 
 
 — specio'sum. 3. Purple. May. 1794. 
 
 — spina' mm. 3. Pink. May. 1795. 
 
 — spttVmm. 2. Violet. May. 
 
 — staphimgrioi'des. IJ. Purple. July. 1825. 
 
 Swt. Ger. t. 498. 
 
 — stenope'talum. li. Scarlet. June. 1800. 
 
 — Syrmo'tii. J. Lilac. August. 1826. 
 
 — tmuifo'liiim. 3. Purple. June. 1768. 
 
 — tema'tum. 3. Pink. June. 1789. B. M. 
 
 — tetrag'o'num. 2. Pink. July. 1774. B. M. 
 
 1. 136. 
 variega'tum. 2. Pink. July. 1774. 
 
 — tomento'mm. 3. White. June. 1790. B. 
 
 M. t. 518. 
 
 — tricolor, li. White, purple. July. 1791. 
 
 . B. M. t. 240. 
 
 — tricuspida'tum. 3. White, purple. June. 
 
 1780 
 r-tripaHi'tiim. 3. Pale yellow. June. 1789. 
 Swt. Ger. 1. 115. 
 
 P. vmusolo'rum. 2. Crimson. June. 
 
 — unijlo'rum. 3. June. 1800. 
 
 — variega'tum. 3. White, red. June. 1812. 
 
 — verbasciflo'rum. li. Lilac. July. 1811. 
 
 — viscosi'ssimum. 3. Lilac, white. June. 1820. 
 
 Swt. Ger. 1. 118. 
 
 — vitifo'liam. 3. Purple. July. 1724. 
 
 — Watso'nii. 3. Purple. May. Swt. Ger. 
 
 1. 130. 
 
 — WiUderu>'mi. 2. White-veiny. June. 
 -zona'le. 2. Scarlet. August. 1710. 
 
 cocci'neum. 3. Scarlet. August. 1710. 
 
 crystalli'num. 3. Scarlet. August. 1710. 
 
 margina'tum. 2. Scarlet. August. 
 
 Pelargonium Culture. — Proga- 
 gation by Seed is the only way to raise 
 new varieties. The first and most im- 
 portant of their qualities is form, the 
 next is substance, the next size, and the 
 last colour. To these may be added 
 habit and truss. Save seed only from 
 such as possess already these points 
 approaohmg to perfection. In all at- 
 tempts to hybridize, let the one to bear 
 the seed possess the property of form. 
 In order to obtain the other properties 
 wanting, cut off the anthers of the well- 
 formed variety before the pollen-cases 
 shed their contents ; and the moment 
 the hybridizing is performed, cover the 
 flowers with a close-fitting cap of fine 
 muslin-net, to prevent insects from 
 carrying strange pollen to the stigma 
 dusted with pollen from such varie- 
 ties as have the desirable properties. 
 When the seed is ripe, gather it care- 
 fully, and divest it of its arils, or feather- 
 like appendages, wrap it up in paper, 
 and keep it in a dry drawer, in a cool 
 room, till spring. Sow it early in March, 
 and place it in a gentle heat ; a hotbed 
 that has been at work for a few weeks 
 will answer admirably. Sow in wide, 
 shallow pots, well-drained, in a light, 
 rich compost, press the seed down gentlv, 
 and cover it about a (j^uarter of an inch. 
 If the seed is good, it will quickly ger- 
 minate, and should then be removed 
 from the hotbed, and placed upon a shelf 
 jn the greenhouse near to the glass. 
 Water very moderately, or the plants 
 will be apt to damp off. As soon as the 
 seedlings have made their second leaf, 
 pot them off singly into two-inch pots, 
 in a compost of loam and leaf-mould, in 
 equal parts, with a liberal addition of 
 river-sand, finely sifted. Replace them 
 on the shelf, and shade for a time from 
 hot sunshine. The seedlings will soon 
 fill these small pots with roots. They 
 must then be re-potted into a size larger 
 pot, and subsequently be treated iu the 
 same way as such as have been propa- 
 gated by cuttings. ' Keep them close to 
 the glass, and give abundance of air on 
 all favourable occasions. As soon as 
 
PEL 
 
 [730] 
 
 PEL 
 
 the weather will permit, place them out 
 of doors, upon a bed of ashes of sufficient 
 thickness to prevent worms from enter- 
 ing the pots. The situation should be 
 an open one, the grand object being 
 to ripen the wood, and induce a stocky 
 or bushy habit, so as to insure their 
 flowering the following season. The 
 size of pots to flower them in need not 
 be more than four and a half inches. 
 When there is a fear of autumnal frosts, 
 remove them into the greenhouse, and 
 place them on a shelf, at such a distance 
 from the glass as will serve to keep them 
 dwarf and bushy. There is no need to top 
 them in the manner recommended here- 
 after for plants raised from cuttings, the 
 object being not to make fine specimens, 
 but to get them to flower as quickly as 
 possible the spring following. 
 
 By Cuttings. — Cuttings may be put in 
 and struck from March to August ; the 
 general time, however, is when the 
 plants have done flowering, and require 
 cutting down to make bushy plants for 
 the next season. This generally happens 
 from the end of June to the beginnmg of 
 August. 
 
 The best place to strike the cuCtings in 
 is a well-constructed propagating-house ; 
 but, as every one has not such a, con- 
 venience, they may be very successfully 
 propagated in a frame set upon a spent 
 hotbed, first removing the soil, and re- 
 placing it upon a thick coat of coal-ashes, 
 to keep out the worms. Upon this coat 
 place another of cocoa-nut fibre, to plunge 
 the cutting-pots. The cocoa-nut fibre 
 serves toabsorbthe moisture from the soil 
 in the pots and the necessary waterings. 
 The best soil is pure loam, mixed with 
 silver sand. The size of the pots should 
 neither be too large nor too small — five 
 inches wide at the top is the most proper. 
 Some use small pots, and only place one 
 cutting in each. This, where the cuttings 
 are few and the convenience small, wUl 
 be suitable enough. It has this advan- 
 tage, also, that the cuttings are, after 
 being rooted, more conveniently re- 
 potted, without in the least injuring the 
 young and tender roots ; but where the 
 quantity to be increased is large, the 
 former method of putting several cut- 
 tings in five-inch pots wiUbe more con- 
 venient, and, with care, equally as suc- 
 cessful. Whichever method is adopted, 
 the pots must be well drained with 
 broken potsherds, the larger pieces at 
 the bottom, and smaller at the top. Fill 
 them to the top with the prepared loam, 
 which should be put through a rather 
 coarse sieve to take out the stones, roots 
 of grain, and other extraneous matter. 
 
 It should not be pressed down too hard, 
 but made firm enough to hold the cut- 
 tings fast. Another point is to use it in 
 a state neither wet nor dry. The side- 
 shoots which have not flowered, and are 
 not more than two inches long, make 
 the best cuttings. These should be cut 
 off close to the stem from whence they 
 spring with a sharp knife. Cut off the 
 bottom leaves close to the stem, leaving 
 only two of the uppermost. Place the 
 cuttings, after they are made, in a shady 
 situation, upon a dry board or slate, 
 to dry up the wound. This will take 
 an hour on a dry day, or two hours on a 
 dull, cloudy one. Then put them in the 
 prepared pots round the edge, inclining 
 the leaves inwards, so that they may not 
 touch the leaves of those in the con- 
 tiguous pots when they are placed in the 
 frames, or set upon the heated material 
 in the propagating-house. When a pot 
 is filled, give it a gentle watering, and 
 set it on one side to dry up the moisture 
 on the leaves and surface of the soil. 
 Then plunge them in the frame, and 
 shade them carefully and effectually 
 from the sun, or even from the light. 
 Reduce the shade gradually, using it 
 only during bright sunshine. A little 
 air may also be given every dajr, by 
 tilting up the lights behind, if in a 
 frame. The propagating-house will only 
 require air when the heat is too great, to 
 reduce the temperature to 55° or 60°. 
 The cuttings must be frequently exa- 
 mined, to see if roots are formed ; and 
 as soon as they are an inch long, pot 
 them oft" immediately into the smallest 
 60-pots, which are generally about two 
 inches diameter. A .small addition of 
 well -decomposed leaf -mould may be 
 mixed amongst the loam with advan- 
 tage. When they are finished potting 
 of^ give another gentle watering, and 
 replace them in the frame or propagat- 
 ing-house until fresh roots are formed ; 
 renew the shading, but disuse it as soon 
 as it is safe to do so, and then give plenty 
 of air, to prevent them being drawn up 
 and spindly. To cause them to become 
 bushy plants furnished with branches 
 close to the pot, nip off the top bud ; the 
 lower side buds will then break and 
 push forth, and these must be again 
 stopped as soon as they have made three 
 leaves. The plants will then be ready 
 to receive a second potting, and should 
 be removed into the open air. 
 
 The above remarks and directions, so 
 far as the cuttings are concerned, relate 
 only to the (as they are called) show va- 
 rieties. There is another class of pelar- 
 goniums, which are denominated fancy 
 
PEL 
 
 [731] 
 
 PEL 
 
 varieties. These are more difficult to 
 increase by cuttings. Place the cuttings 
 in shallow pans, one and a half inch 
 only deep, with a hole in the centre, in 
 the usual loam and sand, placing them 
 on a shelf in the propagatme-house, or 
 in the frame, close to the glass. The 
 cuttings are made very short, with a 
 portion of the old wood at the botliom of 
 each. Very little water is given till 
 they callus, when it is given more freely, 
 and then roots make their appearance, 
 when they are immediately potted off, 
 and the usual treatment followed. 
 
 By Buds. — Make a shallow pan ready 
 for them, by first putting in a portion of 
 pure loam and sand, then a covering of 
 pure sand alone, give a gentle watering 
 to settle it, and then prepare the buds. 
 Take a shoot of moderate strength, cut 
 off the leaves, but not quite close to the 
 stem, then cut off the two lowest buds, 
 leaving about a quarter of an inch of 
 wood below each bud. After that, split 
 the shoot containing the two buds down 
 the centre. If the two buds are not 
 exactly opposite, but one a little below 
 the other, the upper one must be shor- 
 tened belowthe bud to the proper length. 
 The upper cut should be very nearly close 
 to the bud. Make a sufficient number 
 ready at once to fill the pan or pot, and 
 plant them, using a short, blunt stick a 
 degree thicker than the bud-cutting. In- 
 sert them so as only to leave the bud 
 just above the sand. Plant them close 
 to, and round the edge of the pan, placing 
 the cut side close against the pot, which 
 will, of course, place the bud side in- 
 wards. Then fill up the holes with a 
 little dry sand, and water gently again. 
 Place them either in a propagating- 
 house, a shady part of a stove near the 
 
 flass roof, or in a frame. Shade from 
 right sunshine in whatever situation 
 they are placed, and water as required. 
 The buds will soon break and show 
 leaves, shortly to be followed by a 
 shoot. 
 
 By Boots. — Some kinds of Fancy Pelar- 
 goniums, and most of the Cape species, 
 are difficult to increase by any of the 
 above methods. In such cases there is 
 left the mode of increase by cuttings of 
 the roots. This is almost certain of suc- 
 cess. Take an old plant, shake off care- 
 fully all the soil, and cut the roots into 
 short pieces, retaining as many fibres 
 as possible to each. Put each root-cut- 
 ting singly into as small pots as they 
 can be got into, leaving the top just 
 visible. Place them in the house, or 
 frame, appropriated to propagation ; 
 give a gentle watering, ana shade effec- 
 
 tually. New roots will soon push forth, 
 and then shoots will appear, generally 
 in clusters. When that takes place, re- 
 duce the shade, to give colour to the 
 leaves and strength to the shoots. As 
 these advance m growth, thin them 
 gradually, by slipping one or two off at 
 a time, till finally they are reduced to 
 one which is to form the future plant. 
 As soon as this shoot attains the height 
 of two or three inches, nip off the top to 
 cause side-shoots to grow, and so form a 
 neat, bushy plant. 
 
 General Culture: the House. — Pelar- 
 goniums, like all other large families of 
 plants, require a house to themselves, 
 and one peculiarly adapted to produce 
 fine specimens. The span-roofed form 
 is the best, and for this satisfactory 
 reason — that the plants in such a house 
 
 grow on all sides alike. The sides of the 
 ouse should be of glass, the side win- 
 dows should move up and down, to allow 
 a free circulation of air, and the top 
 lights should also be movable, to let 
 out the upper stratum of heated air. 
 The plants should be placed upon stages 
 near to the glass. These stages oughfe 
 to be broad enough to allow large speci- 
 mens to.stand clear of each other upon 
 them. The size of the house will depend 
 upon the means of cultivation, and the 
 number intended to be grown. To ex- 
 hibit collections of ten or twelve in num- 
 ber, three or four tiroes during the sea- 
 son, the house should be at least fifty 
 feet long, and twenty feet wide. This 
 will allow a stage in the centre ten feet 
 wide, walks round it two and a half feet 
 wide, and a platform all round two and 
 a half feet broad. This will leave the 
 stage ten feeb wide, and forty feet long, 
 which will be ample space for three rows 
 of twelve plants in each, full-sized and 
 well-grpwn specimens. On the platforms 
 next the front light smaller-sized plants 
 may be placed, to succeed the others 
 when they become unsightly through the 
 bloom being over. 
 
 The only heat wanted is just enough 
 to keep oiit the frost, and the best mode 
 of obtaining that heat is by hot water 
 circulating in cast-iron pipes. (See 
 Greenhouse.) 
 
 Compost. — Procure from an old pas- 
 ture, where the grass is of a fine tex- 
 ture, as much turf, three or four inches 
 thick, as will serve to pot the collection 
 for one year ; cast it into the compost- 
 yard, and have it immediately chopped 
 up into small pieces, and, as it is done, 
 lay it up in a long ridge, facing east 
 and west, so that the sun can shine 
 upon each side morning and evening. 
 
PEL 
 
 [732] 
 
 PEL 
 
 The ridge or bank should not exceed two 
 feet high, on a base of three feet wide. 
 The grassy surface and green roots will 
 soon begin to ferment during the process 
 of decomposition, and the eases arising 
 will penetrate toevery particle of soil, and 
 moderately enrich it, quite sufficient to 
 grow geraniums. Let it be turned over 
 every three months for a year, and then 
 it will be fit for use. Unless it be very 
 heavy, or of a close texture, it will not 
 require any addition. If too heavy, add 
 sand to render it of an open texture. 
 
 Culture of Established Plants. — Cut 
 them down in July, leave them in a cold 
 pit, and in eight or ten days after being 
 cut down, and receiving moisture about 
 the tops rather than among the roots, 
 the pots may receive a fair watering — 
 as much as will reach every good root. 
 When the buds break, gradually give 
 air. When one inch in length or so, take 
 the plants to the potting-bench, shake 
 the soil from the roots, examine and 
 prune the roots a little, re-shiffc into 
 similar, or, what in general will answer 
 better, smaller-sized pots ; place them 
 again in the cold pit, and keep close 
 until the fresh roots are running in the 
 new soil ; then give air gradually, until 
 at length you expose them entirely to 
 the atmosphere, steering clear, however, 
 of cold rains and anything like frost. 
 Plants cut down in June and July, if 
 transferred to small pots, will require to 
 be placed in blooming-pots in the end of 
 October. Those cut down in the end of 
 July, or during August, will not want 
 re-potting imtil the new year has 
 brought lengthened sunshine ; and from 
 these different successions of bloom majr 
 be expected. To have it fine, cleanli- 
 ness, air, light, room, and a tempera- 
 ture seldom below 45°, must be leading 
 considerations. Through the winter, 
 unless during sunshine, the temperature 
 should never be higher. After a sunny 
 day it may be from five to eight degrees 
 lower at night with impunity. In the 
 case of large plants, little stopping will 
 be required after re-potting. Thinning 
 instead will often be necessary. Hence 
 old plants generally produce the earliest 
 bloom, as every general stopping of the 
 shoots, as well as every shift given, re- 
 tards the blooming period. 
 
 Pelecy'phora. (Srorapelehyphorus, 
 hatchet-bearing ; in allusion to some fan- 
 cied resemblance of the tubercles to a 
 hatchet. Nat. ord., CaotacecB ; Tribe, 
 Echinocacteas. Allied to Mammillaria. ) 
 
 Greenhouse succulent perennial. For cultiva- 
 tion, see under Cactus. 
 
 P. aiellifo'rmis. i. White, rose. June. Mexico. 
 
 1843. 111. Hort. 1858, p. 186. 
 co'neolor. J. Purple. June. Mexico. 
 
 1873. B. M. t. 6061. 
 
 Pele'xia. (From pelexa, a helmet ; 
 in reference to the shape of the back 
 sepal. Nat. ord., Orehidew ; Tribe, 
 Neottiece-Spiranthece.) 
 
 Stove terrestrial orchid, allied to Goodyera, 
 to which refer for cultivation. 
 P. oliva'cea, Olive-green ; lip white. Andes. 
 1891. 
 
 — seta'cea. 1-2. Greenish. West Indies. 1834. 
 
 Syns., Colleacalcarata, Neottiacalcarata, 
 B. M. t. 3403, and Stenarrhynehus col- 
 caratwm. 
 
 — spiranthoi'des. 1-3. Greenish, white. West 
 
 Indies. 1823. B. B. t. 935. 
 
 — tri'loba. Green. Brazil. 1870. 
 
 Pelican Flower. Aristolo'cMa 
 grandiflo'ra. 
 
 Peliosa'nthes. (From pelios, livid 
 and anthos, flower. Nat. ord., Hrnmo 
 doracecB ; Syn., Teta.) 
 
 Stove perennial herbs, with creeping rhi 
 zomes. Propagated by suckers. 
 P. a'llnda. White. Summer. Malay Peninsula. 
 1885. B. M. t. 7110. 
 
 — hu'tnilis. 1. Greenish. May. Eastern Hima' 
 
 layas. 1809. B. M. t. 1632. 
 
 — Te^ta. 1. Greenish. AprU. Eastern Hima' 
 
 layas. 1807. B. M. 1. 1302. 
 
 Pellse'a. (Fiompellos, dark-coloured 
 referring to the stripes. Nat. ord., 
 Filices — Polypodiacece. ) 
 
 Stove and greenhouse. See Feens. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 P. Bridge'sii. See PlatyloTna. 
 
 — corda'ta. Tropical America. 1820. 
 
 — fiexuo'sa. Tropical America. 1838. 
 
 — geranicefo'lia. E. Indies. 
 
 — intra/margina'lis. f . Mexico. 1841. 
 
 — omi'thopus. See Platyloma. 
 
 — terni' folia. Tropical America. 1841. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 P. atropurpu'rea. N. America. 1770. 
 
 — calomela'nos. S. Africa. 1830. 
 
 — hasta'ta. S. Africa. 1822. 
 
 — WrtghUa'na. Mexico. 1865. Nearly hardy. 
 
 Pellio'nia. (Named after A. M. J. 
 Alphonse Pellion, an officer in Frey- 
 cinet's voyage round the world. Nat. 
 ord., UrticacecB; Tribe, Urtieem. Allied 
 to Pilea.) 
 
 Stove perennial creeping herb with ornamental 
 foliage. Seeds, divisions, or cuttings. Rich 
 sandy loam. Moist atmosphere. Summer temp., 
 60° to 85° ; winter, 58° to 70°. 
 P. Daveaua'na. J. Green. Cochin China. 
 
 1880. III. Hort. t. 472. Syn., Begonia 
 
 Daveauana. 
 vi'ridis. Leaves bright green, with 
 
 whitish blotches. 1882. 
 
 — pu'lchra. Leaves green, with blackish veins. 
 
 Cochin China. 1882. 111. Hort. t. 479. 
 
 Pellitory. Parieta'ria officina'lis. 
 
 Pellitory of Spain. A'nthemis 
 Pyre'thmm. 
 
 Pelta'ndra. Arrow Arum. (From 
 pelte, a shield, and aner, a male; re- 
 
PEL 
 
 [733] 
 
 PEN 
 
 ferring to the shape of the stamens. 
 Nat. ord., Aroidece.) 
 
 Hardy perennial. Marsh herb. 
 i*. virgi'nica. 1. June. N. E. America. 1769. 
 
 Pelta'ria. {Frompelte, alittleshield; 
 referring to the shape of the seed-pod. 
 Nat. ord., Cruaiferm; Tribe, Isatidece.) 
 
 Harcly, herbaceous perennials. Seeds ; divi- 
 sions. Common soil. 
 
 P. aUia'cea. 1. Wliite. June. Austria. 1601. 
 — glastifc^lia. 1. White. June. Syria. 1823. 
 
 Pelto'phonUQ. (From ^eZie, a small 
 shield, and phoreo, to bear ; alluduig to 
 the shape of the stigma. Nat. ord., 
 LeguminoscB ; Tribe, Eucmsalpinem. ) 
 
 Stove trees. For cultivation, see Acacia, 
 stove species. One of the species yields the 
 orange-coloured Braziletta wood. 
 P, JAnnc^i. 20. Yellow. Jamaica. 
 
 Peltosti'gma. (From ^eZie, a small 
 shield, and stigma, a stigma ; in allu- 
 sion to the swollen stigma. Nat. ord., 
 Butaeece ; Syn., Pachystigma.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings under a bell, 
 glass in heat. Sandy loam and fibry peat. 
 P.pteleai'des. 10. Green. February. Jamaica. 
 1844. Syn., Pachystigma pteleoides. 
 
 Penae'a. (Named after P. Perm, a 
 German botanist. Nat. ord., Penw- 
 acece. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from South Africa, 
 and red-flowered, except where otherwise men- 
 tioned. Cuttings of stubby side-shoots in sum- 
 mer, in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat and 
 X little charcoal. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. 
 P./nitieiMsa. See Stylopterus fruticulosus. 
 
 — imbrwa'ta. B. M. t. 2809. See SarcocoUa im- 
 
 bricata. 
 
 — lalenflo'ra. 1. June. 1825. Syn.,£iMio«e»Mt 
 
 Thuribergii. 
 
 — marginaJta. IJ. June. 1816. Syn., Geisso- 
 
 lama marginata. 
 
 — muerona'ta. 2. Yellow. June. 1787. 
 
 — myrtoi'des. 2. June. 1816. 
 
 — Sareoco'lla. See SarcocoUa IdmuBi. 
 
 — squamo'sa. B. K. 1. 106. See SarcocoUa squa- 
 
 mosa. 
 
 Pennise'tum. (From penna, a 
 feather, and seta, a bristle; the long 
 bristles of the flower - spikes are 
 feathered. Nat. ord., Graminece ; Tribe, 
 Panicece. ) 
 
 Greenhouse, or half-hardy grasses, mostly an- 
 nuals. ThejraJlflowerinJulyandAugust. Seeds. 
 Common soil. 
 P. barba'tum. 1. E. Indies. 1823. 
 
 — cenchroi'des. li. S. Africa. 1777. 
 
 — eamprdsmm. 1. Australia. 1820. 
 
 — dicho'totrmm. 2. Egypt. 1823. 
 
 — holeoi'des. 1. E. Indies. 1816. 
 
 — giga'nteum. 6-6. 1884. 
 
 — kUif&liwm. 10. Montevideo. 1869. Syn., 
 
 Gyrrmothrhe latifolia. . . 
 
 — Imgistyflum. li. Purplish. Abyssmia. 
 mola'cewm. Metallic violet. 1888. 
 
 — nepayme. 2. India. 1822. 
 
 — orienta'U. 1. Guiana. 1817. 
 
 ~- polysta'chyum. 2. E. Indies. 1824. 
 
 — seto'sum. 2. Brazil. 1817. 
 
 — nola'eemn. 1. Senegal. 1820. 
 
 — trifio'rum. White or purple. India. 1891. 
 
 P. viUo'sum. White. Abyssinia. Le Jard. 1891, 
 p. 213. 
 
 Penny Grass. RMna'nthus cri'sta- 
 ga'lK. 
 
 Penny-royal. Me'ntha Pule'gium. 
 
 Penny-wort, or Penny-leaf. 
 
 Cotyle'don Umbi'licus, Hydroco'tyle iml- 
 ga'ris, Lina'ria Cymbala'ria, Sibtho'rpia 
 europm'a. 
 
 Penstemon. See Pentstemon. 
 
 Pentaehse'ta. (From pente, five, 
 and chaita, a bristle ; the pappus has 
 five bristles at its base. Nat. ord., 
 Compositw ; Tribe, Asteroidece. ) 
 
 Hardy herb. Sandy loam in a. sunny spot. 
 Seeds. 
 
 P.au'rea. }. Yellow. California. 1883. Gfl. 
 t. 1153. 
 
 Pentade'sma, (From pente, five, 
 and desma, a bundle ; referring to the 
 disposition of the stamens. Nat. ord., 
 Guttiferce; Tribe, Moronobeoe. Allied 
 to Garcinia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; 
 fibry loam and sandy peat. Winter temp., 60° ; 
 summer, 60° to 90°. 
 
 P. butyra'cea. 30. November. Sierra Leone. 
 1822. 
 
 Pentago'nia. (Frompente, five, and 
 gonia, an angle ; in allusion to the divi- 
 sions of corolla. Nat. ord., Buiiacece ; 
 Tribe, CatesbiBecB.) 
 
 Stove shrub. For cultivation, see Cinchona. 
 P. Wendla'ndi. Yellow. Central America. 1861. 
 The foliage very fine. B. M. t. 6230. 
 
 Pentalo'phus. (From pente, five, 
 and lophos, a crest. Nat. ord., Bora- 
 ginecB.) 
 
 Hardy, herbaceous perennial. Seeds or divi- 
 sions ; common soil. 
 
 P. longiflo'rus. J. Yellow. June. Missouri. 
 1812. Syn., Batachia Icmgiflora. 
 
 Penta'pera. (From ^e«<6, five, and 
 pera, a bag; in allusion to the five- 
 celled ovary. Nat. ord., EricacecB ; 
 Tribe, Ericem. Closely allied to Erica.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen shrub. Sandy loam and 
 peat. 
 
 P. si'mla. 1-2. Pink. Sicily. B. M. t. 7030. 
 Syn., Erica sicula. 
 
 Penta'petes. (From pente, five, and 
 petalon, a petal; five petals in the 
 flower. Nat. oxA.., StercidiMieve ; Tribe, 
 Dombeyew. AUied to Dombeya. ) 
 
 Stove, scarlet-flowered plants, flowering in 
 July. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, 
 under a glass, in moist heat ; also by seeds in a 
 hotbed, in spring ; sandy loam and leaf -mould. 
 Stove temperature. 
 
 P. Erythro'xylon. B. M. 1. 1000. See Trochetia 
 grandijlora. 
 
 — ova'ta. 2. New Spain. 1806. 
 
 — phaeni'cea. 2. India. 1690. 
 
PEN 
 
 [734] 
 
 PEN 
 
 Pentaptery'gium. (From pente,. 
 
 five, tLiidpierygion, a small wing ; allud- 
 ing to the winged calyx, mt. ord., 
 VacciniacecB ; Tribe, Thibaudiem.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings In 
 sand under a bell-glass. Sandy loam and peat. 
 P. fla'vum. Yellow. Bootan. B. M. t. 4910. 
 
 — rugo'sum. White, red, green. May. Bootan. 
 
 B. M. t. 5198. 
 
 — se'rpens. Scarlet. May. Eastern Himalayas. 
 
 B. M. t. 6777. Epiphytic. 
 
 Pentara'phia. (From pente, five, 
 and raphis, a needle; alluding to the 
 form of the open calyx. Nat. ord., 
 Gesneracea ; Tribe, Gesnerece.) 
 
 Warm greenhouse plants. For cultiration, 
 see Gesnbra. 
 
 P. calyeo'sa. H. Bed, white. Jamaica. 1824, 
 Syn., ConraAia calycoea, Ic. PI. tt. 689- 
 690. 
 
 — eube^nm. 2. Scarlet. July. Cuba. 1854. 
 
 Rev. Hort. 1847, p. 361. 
 — floribu'nda. Bed. Summer. Cuba. 1878. 
 
 — libwm'neis. i. Crimson. June. Jamaica. 
 
 1847. Syns., Gemera libanenm, B. M. 
 t. 4380, and Bhytidophyllum fioribim- 
 Oum. FL Ser. 1. 178. 
 
 — longiflo'ra. See C<mradia longijlora. 
 
 — negle'cta. J. Scarlet. September. Jamaica. 
 
 1847. 
 
 — mrruco'sa. Scarlet. May. Cuba. Paxt. Fl. 
 
 Gard. iii. p. 30, flg. 250. 
 
 Pe'ntas. (From pente, five ; re- 
 ferring to the number of petals and 
 stamens. Nat. ord., Buhiaeew; Tribe, 
 Hedyotidm.) 
 
 Stove evergreens, from South Africa, with pink 
 flowers. Cuttings of young shoots in sandy soil, 
 in a hotbed ; sandy loam and flbry peat. Winter 
 temp., 45° to 58° ; summer, 60° to 75°. Propa- 
 gated in spring, in a hotbed, the plants so raised 
 will bloom freely in the greenhouse during the 
 summer. 
 P. ea'rnea. IJ. May. 1842. B. M. t. 4086. 
 
 B. B. 1844, t. 32. 
 lcerme«\ln(i. Carmine-rose, violet. Rev. 
 
 Hort. 1870, p. 130. 
 
 — parviJU/ra. 2. May. 
 
 Pentla'ndia. (Named after J. P. 
 Pentland, Esq., consul-general in Peru. 
 Nat. ord., Amaryllidece.) See TJrceo- 
 lina. 
 
 Pentste'mon. (From pente, five, 
 and stemon, a stamen ; four fertile and 
 one abortive stamen. Nat. ord., Soro- 
 jphulariacece ; Tribe, Cheloneas. AUied 
 to Chelone.) 
 
 Seeds sown in a hotbed, in spring, the plants 
 will bloom in the fiower-garden the same sum- 
 mer ; division of the plant in spring, as growth 
 commences ; cuttings of the young shoots any 
 time in spring, summer, or autumn, under a 
 hand-light, in sandy soil ; sandy loam and leaf- 
 mould. GentiaTwi'des and its varieties, cocci'iiea 
 and a'lba, require a little protection in winter, 
 when north of London ; a few fir-boughs and 
 some moss among the plants will generally be 
 sufficient ; but, to make sure, a few cuttings 
 should be kept over the winter in a cold pit. 
 
 HALF-HAnOY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 P. a'tro-purpu'rms. IJ, Dark parple. July. 
 Mexico. 1827. 
 
 P.axUi'rma i. Blue. June. Mexico. 1848. 
 Paxt. Fl. Gard. t. 64. 
 
 — baocharifo'lius. IJ. Crimson. August. Texas. 
 
 1861. B. M. t. 4267. 
 
 — oamptmulaltw. IJ. Lilac, purple. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1794. Syns., Chelone angutti- 
 folia. C. atro-purpurea, C. cmnpanu- 
 loides, Andr. Rep. t. 40. C. elegam, and 
 0. rosea. 
 
 — Cobala. 2i. Pale purple. Texas. 1835. 
 
 B. M. t. 8465. 
 
 — coriifdlius. Orange. July. California. 1848. 
 
 Shrubby. 
 
 — gentiamA'des. 4. Purplish-blue. July. Mexico. 
 
 1846. Syn., Chelone gentianoides. B. R. 
 1838, t. 3. 
 
 — Hartwe'gii. 2}. Double. Parple. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1825. 
 
 dia'phanum. 2}. Rose. Scarlet. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1843. 
 
 — Ku'nthii. IJ. Purple. Mexico. 1825. 
 
 — minia'tus. 1. Vermilion, rose. July. Mexico. 
 
 1846. B. B. 1847, t. 14. 
 — pulche'llus. IJ. Lilac. June. Mexico. 1827. 
 B. C. 1. 1438. 
 
 — ro'seus. IJ. Rose. Mexico. 1825. 
 
 — Tom'yi. Scarlet. California. 1861. 
 
 — Wri'ghtii. 2. Rose. June. Texas. 1850. 
 
 B. M. t. 4601. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 P. acumina'tus. Parple. July. N. Amer. 1827. 
 B. R. 1. 1285. 
 
 — a'lbidMS. f. White. July. Missouri. 1823. 
 
 — angjisti/o'lms. IJ. Lilac, parple. August. 
 
 Louisiana. 1811. B. R. 1. 1122. 
 
 — antirrhinoi'des. Yellow. California. 1874. 
 
 — argu'tua. 3. Blue. Columbia. 1826. 
 
 — attemm'tus. Cream. July. N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 B. R. 1. 1295. 
 
 — barba'tus. 3. Scarlet. July. Mexico. 1794. 
 
 Syns., Chelone barbata. B. R. t. 116, 
 
 and C. rueUioides. Andr. Rep. t. 34. 
 ca'rneus. 3. Flesh-coloured. July. 
 
 Mexico. B. B. 1839, t. 21. Syn., Chelone 
 
 ba/rbata, var. camea. 
 ma'jor. 4. Orange-striped. June. Syn., 
 
 Chelone barbata, var. major, 
 
 — brevijl&rus. 3. White, pink. September. 
 
 California. B. R. 1. 1946. 
 
 — eentranthifo'lius. 7. Scarlet. September. 
 
 California. 1824. B, B. 1. 1737. Syn., 
 Chelone centranthifolia. B. B. 1. 1737. 
 
 — coeni'leus. J. Blue. Missouri. Syn., Chelone 
 
 eoerulea. 
 
 — con/e^rtus. 2. Pale yellow. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1827. 
 
 — cordifo'liw. 1. Bright scarlet. June. 1848. 
 
 B. M. t. 4497. 
 
 — eraseifo'Hus. 1. Blue. June. N. Amer. 
 
 B. B. 1838, 1. 16. 
 
 — crUta'ttts. IJ. Violet. Missouri. Syn., 
 
 Chelone critttata. 
 
 — cyama'nthus. Light blue. May. N. Amer. 
 
 B. M. t. 4464. 
 
 — deu'stue. 1. Cream. N. Amer. 1827. B. E. 
 
 t. 1318. 
 
 — diju'ms. IJ. Purple September. N. Amer. 
 
 1826. B. E. t. 1132. 
 
 — digUa'lie. li. White. August. Arkansas. 
 
 1824. Syn., Chelone digitalis. Swt. Fl. 
 Gard. 1. 120. 
 
 — JSato'ni. IJ. Crimson-scarlet. California. 
 
 1883. 
 
 — erUmthe'rus. J. Purple. August. Louisiana. 
 
 1811. Syn., Chelone erianthera. 
 
 — gla'ber. IJ. Dark purple. August. Louisiana. 
 
 1811. B M. 1. 1672. 
 
 stenose'palus. Violet-purple. N. America. 
 
 1875. 
 
 — glabe!rrinms. 2. Blue. Columbia. 1835. 
 
 — glandiMsns. 2. Pale blue. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1827. B. R. 1. 1262. 
 
PEN 
 
 735] 
 
 PEE 
 
 J>. glau'cus. 1. Pale lilac. July. N. Amer. 
 1827. B. R. 1. 1286. 
 
 — Oordo'ni. IJ. Sky blue. June. Rocky 
 
 Mountains. 1846. B. M. t. 4319. 
 ^landulo'sus. Blue. California. 1874. 
 
 — gra'eilis. 1. Blue. August. N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 B. M. t. 2946. 
 
 — grandifio'rus. Purple. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1811. 
 
 — grandij'o'lius. 3. Lilac. Rocky Mountains. 
 
 1886. 
 
 — heterophy'llus. IJ. Red. July. California. 
 
 1834. B. R. t. 1899. 
 
 — hirsu'tus. 1. Pale purple. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 1758. 
 
 — hu'milis. J. Blue, red. June. Rocky 
 
 Mountains. 1874. 
 
 — Jeffreya'nus. 1. Blue. August. California. 
 
 1868. 
 
 — labro'ms. 3-4. Scarlet. August. 1883. B. 
 
 M. t. 6738. 
 
 — loemga'tut. 2. Lilac. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1776. B. M. 1. 1425. 
 
 — Lobbia nus. 2. Yellow. California. 1861. 
 
 Syn., Lepidostemm pentstenuynoides. 
 
 — Maekaya'nus. 1. Purple, yellow. August. 
 
 Ohio. 1834. Kn. and West. t. 74. 
 
 — Uenzie'ni Dougla'sii. 1. Lilac-purple, pink. 
 
 June. Syn., P. crassifoUtis, B. R. 1838, 
 t. 16. 
 
 Robinso'ni. Lilac-rose. Rocky Moun- 
 tains. 1872. 
 
 Scoule'ri. 3. Purple. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1827. Syn., P. Scmderi. 
 
 — Mwrraya'nus. 3. Scarlet. August. St. 
 
 Felipe. 1836. B. M. t. 3472. 
 
 — ova'tus. 4. Blue. July. Columbia River, 
 
 N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 — Pai'me'ri. 3-5. Rosy-lilac, purple. California. 
 
 1873. 
 
 — pro' cents, 1. Purple. July. N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 B. M. t. 2964. 
 
 — pruino'sus. 1. Blue. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1827. B. R. 1. 1280. 
 
 — pube'scens. IJ. Pale purple. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 1758. B. M. t. 1424. Syn., Chelone 
 hirsuta. 
 
 — puni'ceus. 1-6. Scarlet. June. Arizona. 
 
 1889. 
 
 — Siehardso'nii. IJ. Dark purple. July. 
 
 Columbia. 1825. B. R. 1. 1121. 
 
 — Roe'zUi. IJ. Lilac. California. 1873. 
 
 — rotundifoliue. 2. Brick-red. Mexico. G. C. 
 
 1888, iv. p. 264, flg. 31. 
 
 — Scoule'ri, B. R. t. 1277. See P. Memiesii, 
 
 var. Scouleri. 
 
 — spedo'sus, 3. Blue. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1827. B. R. 1. 1270. 
 
 — specta bills. 3. Blue, purple. California. 
 
 1861. 
 
 — staticoefo'lius. IJ. Lilac. June. California. 
 
 1833. B. R. 1. 1770. 
 
 — triphy'llus. IJ. Pale red. July. California. 
 
 1827. B. B. 1. 1246. 
 
 — venu'stus. 2. Purple. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1827. B. R. 1. 1309. 
 
 Pe'ntzia. (After Charles JohnPentz, 
 a pupil of Thunberg. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positcB. ) 
 
 A small greenhouse shrub. For culture, see 
 Tanacetum. 
 
 P. fiabellifo'rmis. 2^. Yellow. Summer. South 
 jUiica. 1774. Syn., Tcmacetumflabelli- 
 forme. B. M. t. 212. 
 
 Peony. Pmo'ivia. 
 
 Pet>ero'mia. (From 'pipe.r, pspper, 
 and omoios, similar. Nat. ord., Pipe- 
 racem ; Tribe, Piperece.) 
 
 Stove ornamental-leaved plants. For culti- 
 vation, see Piper. 
 
 P. acwmina'ta. Leaf ribs dark-green, red be- 
 neath. Peru. 1865. 
 
 — argyrdia fo'liis variega'tis. Garden variety. 
 
 Wien. Gart. Zeit. 1888, p. 297, t. 3. 
 
 — arifdlia. Leaves variegated green and grey. 
 
 Brazil. 1864. 
 
 — Botte'rii. Green. Mexico. 1869. 
 
 — ebu'mea. Leaves green, with ivory-white 
 
 stalks. Columbia. 1871. 
 
 — heterosta'chya. Leaves with pale ribs. Peru. 
 
 1869. 
 
 — maciUo'sa. Leaf -ribs grey, stalks spotted. 
 
 — magnolicefo'lia. Green. W. Indies. 1868. 
 
 — marmora'ta. Leaves dark green, banded and ■ 
 
 marbled with grey. S. Brazil. 1866. 
 Syn., P. arifolia of some gardens. 
 
 — mieropky'Ua. Green. Mexico. 1860. 
 
 — rmtmmilarvefo'lia. S. Brazil. 1866. Well 
 
 adapted for covering the sides of hanging 
 
 baskets. 
 —pellu'eida. 1-1 J. Green. Tropical America. 
 
 1867. 
 — peltoefo'rmii. Leaves green, with a few green 
 
 longitudinal bands. Brazil. 1864. 
 
 — prostra'ta. 1879. 
 
 — pvie'rvXa. Green. Guatemala. 1870. 
 
 — pvMfo'lia. Leaves with a grey central bar. 
 
 — resedaefio'ra, 1. White. Summer. Columbia. 
 
 1870. 
 
 — SavMde'rsii. Leaves variegated green and 
 
 grey. S. Brazil. 1866. Syns., P. arifolia, 
 var. argyreia and P. Verschaffeltii. 
 
 — veluti'na. Leaves dark green, with grey bands. 
 
 Ecuador. 1872. 
 
 Pepi'nia. (Dedicated to M. Pepin, 
 head gardener of the Museum of Natural 
 History of Paris. Nat. ord., JBrome- 
 liacem; Tribe, Pitcairniece.) See Pit- 
 caimia. 
 
 p. aphelandro^'ra. See Pircaimia aphelan- 
 droeflora. 
 
 Pepper. Pi'per. 
 Peppermint. Me'ntha piperita. 
 Pepper Vine. Ampelo'psis hipin- 
 •na'ta. 
 
 Pepperwort. Lepi'dium. 
 Perdi'cium. (Nat. ord., Compositm; 
 Tribe, Mutisiacece. ) See Trixis. 
 
 P. brasiHe'nse. See Trixis auriculata. 
 
 — ckile'tise. A synonym of Cheetanthera chi- 
 
 lensis. 
 
 — ro'seum. A synonym of Leuceria rundnata. 
 
 Perei'ria. (After Dr. Pereira. Nat. 
 ord., MenispermaeecB ; Tribe, Tino- 
 sporecB.) See Coscinium. 
 
 P. me'dica. A synonym of Cosdnium fenestra- 
 ■■'twm. 
 
 Perennial. A plant of any kind 
 that lives for more than two years. 
 
 Pere'skia. Barbadoes Gooseberry. 
 (Named after Pieresk, a French patron 
 of botany. Nat. ord. , Cactacece ; Tribe, 
 Opuritiew. Allied to Cactus.) 
 
 Stove succulents. Cuttings in sandy loam, in 
 heat, at almost any time ; sandy loam, lime- 
 rubbish, and a little peat and old cow-dung. 
 Winter temp., 40° to 65 ; summer, 60° to 80°. 
 P. amlea'ta. 6. White. October. W. Ind. 
 1696. B. R. 1. 1928. 
 
PEK 
 
 [736] 
 
 PER 
 
 P. Ble'o. 5. Pale red. November. Mexico. 
 1827. B. M. t. 3478. 
 
 — crassicau'lis. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 — grandifio'ra. Red. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 — grandifo'lia. 3. Brazil. 1818. 
 
 — grandispi'na. Mexico. 1818. 
 
 — tongisptTM. 4. S. Amer. 1808. 
 
 — Petita'che. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 — portulacKf&lia. 3. Purple. W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — mbula'ta. Valparaiso. 
 
 Pere'zia. (After Lazarus Perez, a 
 Spanish apothecary of the sixteenth 
 century. Nat. ord., Composites; Tribe, 
 MutisiacecB. Syns., Homoianthus and 
 Clarionea.) 
 
 Hardy perennial. For cultnre, see Cinerabia 
 P. visco'sa. Purple. Chili. 1863. Syn., Homoi- 
 anthus viscosus. 
 
 Pergula'ria. (From ^erg^ato, trellis- 
 work ; referring to its quick climbing 
 growth. 'Na.t. Old., AsclepiadacecB. Al- 
 lied to Stephanotis. ) ' 
 
 StoTe evergreen climbers. Cuttings of firm 
 side-shoots In sand, under a glass, and m bottom- 
 heat ; fibry loam, sandy peat, leaf -mould, and dry 
 cow dung. Winter temp., 65' to 65° : summer, 
 60° to 85°. 
 P. gla'bra. See VcUlaris pergulana. 
 
 — mi'nor. 8. Yellow, green. June. B. Ind. 
 
 1790. Andr. Rep. 1. 184. 
 
 — odorati'ssima. 15. Green. June. E. Irid. 
 
 1784. Andr. Rep. t. 185. 
 
 — mnguinolefnta. 6. Green, yellow. July. 
 
 Sierra Leone. 1822. B. M. t. 2532. 
 
 Peri'come. (From peri, around, 
 and kome, hair. Nat. ord., Compositce ; 
 Tribe, Helenoidece.) 
 
 Hardy annual. 
 P. cauda'ta. 3-4. Golden-yellow. October. 
 Colorada. 1880. 
 
 Peri'lla. (Unexplained. Nat. oid., 
 Lahiat(B ; Tribe, Satureinew.) 
 
 Half-hardy annuals. Seeds. For cultivation, 
 see Annuals. 
 P. argu'ta atropurpu'rea. See P. nankinemes. 
 
 — lieteromo'rpha. See P. odmoides. 
 
 — naiUainefrises. Leaves dark-purple. China. 
 
 Syn., P. arguta, var. atropurpurea. 
 
 — oeimoi'des. 3. White. August. B. Indies. 
 
 1770. Syn., P. heteromorpha. 
 eri'ipa. 3. Purple. August. China. 
 
 Perilo'mia. (From peri, around, 
 and loma, a margin ; referring to the 
 membranous border of the fruit. Nat. 
 ord., LabiatcB ; Tribe, StachydecB. Al- 
 lied to Scutellaria. ) 
 
 Half-hardyevergreen shrub. Cuttings of young 
 
 shoots in sand, under a glass in April ; sandy 
 
 peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. 
 
 P. ecuteliarioi'des. 3. Purple. August. Peru. 
 
 1829. Syn., P. oeimmdes. B. B. 1. 1394. 
 
 Periphra'gmos. (From peri, 
 around, and phragmos, a fence. Nat. 
 ord., Polemoniacem.) See Cantua. 
 P. depdndem and P. uniflarus. Synonyms of 
 
 Ganlua ovata, 
 —flemu/sa and P. pyrifdlia. Synonyms of 
 
 Cwnina pyrifolia. 
 
 Feri'ploca. (From ^en]pfoAe, an in- 
 
 tertwining ; referring to the habit of the 
 plant. Nat. ord., Asclepiadacece ;Ttihe, 
 PeriplocetB.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous twiners. Layers and cuttings 
 under a glass, during summer and autumn. Any 
 good sou will do. Grce'ea will soon cover an 
 arbour or wall. The tender species are not 
 worth culture. 
 
 P. africa'na. Purple, white. Autumn. 1726. 
 Andr. Rep. t. 557. 
 
 — angustif&lia. 6. Purplish. South Europe. 
 
 1800. 
 
 — grcdca. 10. Brown. July. Syria. 1697. 
 
 B. M. t. 2289. 
 
 Periste'ria. Dove Flower. (From 
 peristera, a dove ; dove-like appearance 
 of the column. Nat. ord., Orchidece; 
 Tribe, Vandece-Stanhqpiece. Allied to 
 Acineta.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Division, or separating the 
 pseudo-bulbs, as growth commences. See Or- 
 chids. 
 
 P. aspe'rm. Yellow-brown, dotted with brown- 
 ish-red ; lip dark crimson. Venezuela. 
 Lind. t. 267. 
 
 — Barke'ri. Bate Orch. t. 8, B. M. t. 4203. See 
 
 Aaneta Sarkeri. 
 
 — oeri'na. B. R. t. 1953. See Lyconwrmium 
 
 cerinvjm. 
 
 — ela'ta. 4. White. July. Panama. 1826. 
 
 B. M. t. 3116. 
 
 — ephi'ppium. Yellowish or white. Western 
 
 S. America. G. C. 1883, xx. p. 198. 
 
 — expa'nm. White. July. Panama. 1839. 
 —fu'lva. A synonym of Acineta Huniboldtii. 
 
 — gutta'ta. Kn. and West, t. 70. See Lycomor- 
 
 jniuTn guttatum. 
 
 — Hurnbo'ldtii. B. R. 1843, 1. 18, and var. fvlm. 
 
 Synonyms of Acineta Humboldtii. 
 
 — Ic^ta. Bright yellow, dark purple. 6. C. 
 
 1887, 11. p. 616. 
 
 — lentigin&sa. Yellow. May. Guiana. 1837. 
 
 — pe'ndula. 1. White-spotted. September 
 
 Panama. B. M. t. 3479. 
 
 — Bossia'TM. Yellowish. G. C. 1889, v. p. 8. 
 
 — sellige'ra. Yellowish. G. C. 1887, ii. p. 272. 
 
 — stapelioi'des. Yellow, brown. May. Spanish 
 
 Main. 1839. 
 
 Peri'strophe. (From peristrophe, 
 turning round because the corolla is 
 twisted so as to be upside down. Nat. 
 ord., Acanthacem ; Tribe, Jtbsticiem. 
 Allied to Hypoestes.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous or sub-shrubby perennials. 
 For cultivation, see JUSTICIA. 
 P. lanceola'ria. Purple. Moulmeln. 1866. B. 
 M. t. 5566. Syn., Justicia lanceolaria. 
 
 — Balic^o'lia. 
 
 au'reo-vaa^iega'ta. Rose ; leaves with cen- 
 tral feathered golden stripe. J^va. 1871. 
 
 — speds'aa. 4. Pale purple, carmine. Winter. 
 
 India. 1826. Syn., Justicia spedosa. 
 B. M. t. 2722. 
 
 — tinetcfria. 1. Pink. August. India. 1816. 
 
 Syn., Justida Roxburghiana. 
 
 Peri'toma. (From peritome, a cut- 
 ting round about. Nat. ord., Cappari- 
 daceas.) See Cleome. 
 P. au'rea See Cleome lutea. 
 
 Periwinkle. Vi'nca. 
 Peme'ttya. (Named after Dora Per- 
 tmtty, author of "A Voyage to the 
 
PER 
 
 [737] 
 
 PES 
 
 Falkland Islands." Nat. ord., Erica- 
 cew; Tribe, Arbutece. Allied to Gaul- 
 theria.) 
 
 Hardy evergreen, white-flowered slirubs. 
 Seeds and layers in spring ; peat border ; requires 
 similar treatment to the tenderer Azaleas and 
 Rhododendrons. 
 
 P. omgustifo'lia. 2. June. Valdivia. 1834. 
 B. M. t. 8889. A variety of P. mMcronata. 
 
 — cUia'ris. 3. Mexico. Journ. Hort. See. vi. 
 
 p. 268. 
 
 — Cum/mi'TWii. May. Mexico. 
 
 — fioribvJnda. Bemes crimson. Extra-tropical 
 S. America. G. C. 1882, xviii. p. 648, 
 fig. 113. 
 
 — fu'reTis. White. March. Chili. 
 
 — mwsrona'ta. 6. May. Magellan. 1828. B, 
 
 K. t. 1676. Syn., Arbutut mueronata, 
 B. M. t. 3093. 
 
 — Pentla'ndi. White ; (ruit blue-black. June. 
 
 Andes. 1876. B. M. t. 6204. 
 
 — pilo'sa. April. Mexico. 1839. 
 — prostra'ta. May. 
 
 — pu'mUa. 4. June. Magellan. 1826. 
 
 Pero'nia. A synonym of Thalia. 
 
 Perono'spora. See Potato 
 Disease. 
 
 Pe'rsea. Avocado or Alligator Pear. 
 (Name of a tree from Theophrastus. 
 Nat. ord. , Laurinew ; Tribe, Perseacece. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Layers of ripened shoots 
 in autumn; cuttings of firm shoots in May, in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; 
 sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp. , 60° to 
 «0° ; summer, 60° to 90°. 
 
 P. grati'ssima. 40. Green. W. Ind. 1739. 
 B. M. t. 4680. 
 
 Persian Sun's Eye. TuU'pa o' cu- 
 ius so'lis. 
 
 Pe'rsica. Peach. (From Persia, 
 its supposed native place. Nat. ord., 
 RosacecB ; Tribe, PrunecB. ) 
 
 Closely allied to Amygdalus. See Nectaeine 
 and Peach. All bloom in April. 
 P. Davidia'na. Pale rose or white. China. 
 Eev. Hort. 1872, -p. 76. 
 
 — lalms. See P. mdgam, var. Uevis. 
 
 — mUga'ris. 15. Bed. Persia. 1662. Syn., 
 
 Primus Persica. Peach. 
 
 a'lba. 14. White. Persia. 
 
 c&mpre'ssa. 15. Bed. 
 
 jlo're-plelno. 15. Bed. Persia. 
 
 fo'liisvariega'tis. 16. Persia. 
 
 fni'cto pl^TW. 15. Bed. China. 1845. 
 
 hispa'nica. White. Spain. 1847. 
 
 1^^^. 16. Bed. Persia. 1562. Syns., 
 
 P. Icems and Amygdalus persica. 
 
 Nectarine. 
 
 pelndula. White. 1842. 
 
 sa/ngui'nea ple^na. 16. Red. China. 
 
 1845. 
 
 Persimmon. Dwspy'ros virgmia- 
 na. 
 
 Persoo'nia. (Named after C. E. 
 Persoon, a distinguished botanist. Nat. 
 ord, Proteacem; Tribe, Persooniece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New South 
 Wales, yellow-flowered, except where otherwise 
 mentioned. Cuttings of ripened shoots in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, in spring, and kept in a tem- 
 perate pit until roots are formed ; fibry loam and 
 
 sandy peat. Winter temp., 38° to 46° ; summer, 
 60° ; a little shaded. 
 
 P. acero'sa. Orange. July. 1824. Syn., P. 
 pallida. 
 
 — treoifo'lia. 1840. 
 
 — cha/mo^pityB. 4. June. 1824. 
 
 — ferrugihea. 3. Yellow, red. June. 1823. 
 — flexifo'lia. See P. nutcms. 
 
 — Fraselri. See P. saccata. 
 
 — heterophy'lla. Swan Biver. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. 4. June. 1800. 
 
 — junip&nlna. 4. June. 1826. 
 
 — Umceola'ta. 4. June. 1791. Andr. Rep. 
 
 t. 74. 
 
 — latifo'lia. 4. June. 1796. Andr. Bep. 
 
 t. 280. 
 
 — limea'ris. 5. July. 1794. Andr. Rep. 
 
 t. 77. 
 
 — lu'dda. June. 1824. 
 
 — m&llis. 3. July. 1826. 
 
 — m/yrtilloi'des. White. 1837. 
 
 — nu'tans. J. 1824. Syn., P.flexifolia. 
 
 — pa'Uida. See P. aeerosa. 
 
 — pmifo'lia. 4. June. 1822. 
 
 — pruino'sa. 3. June. 1824. 
 
 — sacca'ta. 2-6. July. 1837. Syns., P. Fraseri 
 
 and P. macrostachya. 
 
 — salici'na. 7. Pink. July. 1796. 
 
 — sca'Iyra. 4. June. 1824. 
 
 — spathula'ta. June. 1824. 
 
 — ten,n\fo'lia. June. 1822. 
 
 — To'ro. Summer. New Zealand. 
 
 Peru Balsam-tree. Myro'xylon. 
 
 Peruvian Bark. Cvncho'na. 
 
 Peruvian DafiFodil. Isrm'ne. 
 
 Peruvian Mastic. Schi'nus. 
 
 Peryme'nium. (Meaning not ex- 
 plained. Nat. ord., Compositm ; Tribe, 
 HelianthoidecB. ) 
 
 Cuttings, taken from the points of shoots, or 
 the firm side-shoots ; sandy loam and a little 
 peat. Winter temp., 38° to 48°. 
 P. Bwrclaya'num. Copper. July. Mexico. 
 1830. 
 
 Pescato'rea. (Commemorative. 
 Nat. ord., Orchidece ; Tribe, Vandeas- 
 Cyrtopodiece.) See Zygopetalum. 
 
 P. BackhouHafna. See Zygopetcdum Backhousia- 
 num. 
 
 — ie'Ua. See Zygopetalum, bellrnn. 
 
 — ceri'TM. Flor. Mag. new ser. t. 93. See 
 
 Zygopetalum cervnum. 
 
 — Daya'na. See Zygopetalum Daya/num,. 
 candi'dMla. G. C. 1876, iii. p. 343. See 
 
 Zygopetalu/m Dayanum, var. candul/n.- 
 Ivm. 
 rhoda'era. B. M. t. 6214. See Zygo- 
 petalum Daywuum, var. rhoda^rum. 
 
 — Dornumnia'na. G. C. 1881, xv. p. 330. See 
 
 Zygopetalum Dormannia/nwm. 
 
 — euglo'ssa. See Zygopetalum euglossum. 
 
 — fimbria'ta. Gfl. t. 1008. See Zygopetalum, 
 fimbriatu'm. 
 
 — Oaina'na. See ZygopetaXum GairUmvmi. 
 
 — Klahoch&rum. Garden, July 8, 1882. See 
 
 Zygopetalum. Klabochorum,. 
 
 — lam^llo'sa. B. M. t. 6240. See Zygopetalum 
 
 lamelloswm. 
 
 — Lehma'nni. G. C. 1882, xvii. p. 46. See 
 
 Zygopetalum. Lehmmini. 
 
 — Rogzlii. See Zygopetalum, Roedii. 
 
 — RudcerUi'na. White, purple, yellow. 1885. 
 
 — Rugselia'Tia. See ZygopetaZum Russelianum. 
 
 — trMmphoMs. Rchb. Xen. t. 11. See Zygo- 
 
 petalu/m triumphans. 
 
 3b 
 
PES 
 
 P. Verva/H. Hot. and Pom. 1883, p. 10. 
 — WalH'Hi. Fl. Ser. 1. 1828. See Zyga 
 WallisU. 
 
 Pesome'ria. (From piptopesi, to 
 fall, and meros, a part : the sepals fall 
 oflf soon after expansion. Nat. ord., 
 Orchideoe ; Tribe, EpidendrecB-Bletieoe. 
 Allied to Bletia.) See Phaius. 
 P. tetra'gona. See Phaius tetragonus. 
 
 Petala'cte. (Fvom petalon, a petal, 
 and acte, a ray. Nat. ord., Compositce ; 
 Tribe, Inuloidece. Allied to Antennaria. 
 Syn., Petalolepis.) 
 
 Greenhouse ever^een shrubs, from Gape of 
 Good Hope. Cuttings of young side-shoots, 
 getting firm at the base, in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, m May ; sandy loam and fibry peat, with 
 pieces of charcoal, and well-drained pots. Winter 
 temp., 38° to 48°. 
 
 P. W color. Purple, white. May. 1816. Syn., 
 Petalolepis Mcolor, 
 
 — corona'ta. White. May. ISM. 
 
 Petali'diuin. {From petalon, a pe- 
 tal ; referring to the conspicuous flowers. 
 Nat. ord., Acanthacece ; Tribe, Buelliew. 
 Allied to Rnellia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of shoots 
 in April or May, in sandy loam, in a hotbed ; 
 sandy, fibiy loam, and a little peat. Winter 
 temp., 48° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°. 
 P. barlerioi'des. 4. White. June. India. 
 B. M. t. 4063. 
 
 Fetalole'pis. (From petalon, a 
 petal, and lepis, a scale. Nat. ord., 
 Compositce ; Tribe, Inuloidece. ) See 
 Petalacte. 
 
 p. W color. See Petalacte bicolor. 
 
 Petaloste'mon. (From petalon, a 
 petal, and stemmi, a stamen ; stamens 
 joined to the bottom of the petals. Nat. 
 ord. , LeguminoscB ; Tribe, Galegece. 
 Allied to Dalea. ) 
 
 Hardy North American herbaceous perennials. 
 Division in spring ; sandy loam, and a little peat 
 or leaf -mould. 
 P. ca'ndidm. 1. White. July. 1811. 
 
 — ca'mevs. ^. Flesh. July. 1811. 
 
 — corymbo'SMS. IJ. White. August. 1811. 
 
 — folw'sus. Rose-purple. 1882. 
 
 — villo'ms. Bed. July- 1826. 
 
 — viola'ceus. 1. Violet. August. 1811. B. 
 
 M. 1. 1707. 
 
 Petasi'tes. (From petasos, an um- 
 brella ; alluding to the leaves. Nat. 
 ord., Compositoe.) 
 
 Hardy^ perennial herbs, generally covered 
 with white tomentum. 
 P.fra'grana. i. White. February. S. W 
 
 Europe. 1806. Syn., Tussilagofragrans. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1388. 
 —fri'gida. i White. April. Arctic regions. 
 
 1778. Syn., Tussilago frigida. 
 
 — ni'ma. 1. White. Europe. 1713. 
 
 — mdga'ris. h-\^. Yellow. March. Britain. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 783-4. Syns., Tussi- 
 lago hybrida and T. Petasites. 
 
 Fetaso'stylis. (Derivation uncer- 
 
 [738] 
 
 PET 
 
 tain. Nat. ord., Gentianacece ; Tribe, 
 ChironiecB. ) See Leianthus. 
 
 P. nigre/scens. See Leianthus nigrescens. 
 
 Petive'ria. (Named after J. Peti- 
 ver, an English naturalist. Nat. ord., 
 PhytolcLocdeece ; Tribe, Rivinece.) 
 
 Stove evergreen, West Indian, white flowered 
 shrub. Cuttmgs of half-ripened shoots in May, 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a sweet bot- 
 tom-heat ; peat and sandy loam. Winter temp. , 
 48" to 60° ; summer, 60° to 86°. 
 P. allia'cea. 2. June. 1737. 
 
 — octa'rdra. A synonym of P. alliacea. 
 
 Pe'trea. (Named after Lord Petre. 
 Nat. ord. , Verhenacece ; Tribe, Verhenew. 
 Allied to Duranta. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of short, firm 
 side-shoots m summer, in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, and in bottom-heat; rich, sandy loam. 
 Winter temp., 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°. 
 P. arbo'rea. 10. Blue. S. Amer. 1823. Syn., 
 P. erecta, B. C. 1. 1606. 
 
 — ere! eta. See P. arborea. 
 
 — macrosta'chya. 20. Lilac. June. S. Amer. 
 
 Twiner. Syn., P. Stapelice. 
 
 — rugdsa. 10. Blue. Caraccas. 1824. 
 
 — Stapdlioe. Violet-purple, yellow. June. Paxt. 
 
 Mag. iv, p. 199. 
 
 — volu'bilix. 20. Purple. July. Vera Cruz. 
 
 1733. Twiner. B. M. t. 628. 
 
 Petro'bium. (From petros, a rock, 
 and bio, to live ; rock inhabiting. Nat. 
 ord., Compositce.) 
 
 Ornamental stove tree. Sandy loam. Cuttings. 
 P. arbo'reum. Yellow. June. St. Helena. 
 , 1816. 
 
 Petroca'llis. (From ^e<ros, a rock, 
 and kalos, beautiful ; metty rock-plant. 
 Nat. ord., CrucifercB; Tribe, Alyssinece.) 
 See Draiaa. 
 
 p. pyrena'ica. B. C. t. 636. See Draba 
 
 pyrenaica. 
 
 Petroca'rya. (From petros, stone, 
 and carya, the walnut. Nat. ord., Bo- 
 sacece.) See Parinium. 
 P. cainpe'stris. See Parinium campestre. 
 
 Petroco'ptis, 
 nis. 
 
 Petro'phila. (From petros, a rock, 
 or stone, and phileo, to love ; referring 
 to their natural habitation. Nat. ord. , 
 Proteacece; Tribe, Protece. Allied to 
 Protea. ) 
 
 Greenhouse, evergreen, white-flowered, Aus- 
 tralian shrubs. Cuttings of ripe shoots in spring, 
 under a bell-glass, and placed in a cold frame ; 
 fibry, rather tenacious loam, and a little peat. 
 Winter temp., 38° to 48°. 
 
 P. aeieiUa'ris. 2. May. B. M. t. 3469. Syn., 
 P. Mifolia. 
 
 — brevifo'lia. B. B. 1. 1839. See P. media. 
 —fastiMta. 6. July. 1820. 
 —fiWolia. See P. adcviaris. 
 
 — glanduli'gera. See P. Serrurioe. 
 
 — heterophflla. W. Australia. 
 
 — jimeifo'lta. See P. media. 
 
 — m^'dia. Syns., P. brem/olia and P. jund- 
 
 folia. 
 
 A section of Lych- 
 
PET 
 
 [739] 
 
 PHA 
 
 P. pechmcula'ta. i. Jidy. 1824. 
 —pubMUa. 6. July. 1790. Syn., Protea 
 pulchaia. B. M. t. 796 
 
 — rigida. 5. June. 1823. 
 
 — Serru'rwe. 3. May. 1840. Syn. P.gUmdu- 
 
 ligera. 
 
 — terretifo'lia,. 4. July. 1824. 
 
 — trijl'da. i. July. 1820. 
 
 Petroseli'num saU'vum. A syno- 
 nym of Carum Petroselimm,. 
 
 Pette'ria. (After Franz Fetter, a 
 botanical traveller in Dalmatia. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminosm.) 
 
 Hardy shrub, requiring the same culture as 
 Cytisus. 
 P. ramenta'cea. 10. Yellow. May. Dalmatia. 
 
 1840. Sjn., CfytisusWeldenii. B. B.1843, 
 
 t. 40. 
 
 Pettigree or Pettigrue. Bu'scus 
 •aculea'tus. 
 
 Petty-Whin. Geni'sta a'nglica. 
 
 Petu'nga. (Its Indian name. Nat. 
 ■ord., Bubiacew ; Tribe, GarderiieoB.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of haJf- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and 
 in a slight bottom-heat ; sandy loam and fibry 
 peat. Winter temp., 60° to 60°; summer, 60° to 
 80°. 
 
 P. Soscbu'rghii. 3. White. May. E. Ind. 
 1818. 
 
 Petu'nia. (From petun, Brazilian 
 name for tobacco, to which Petunia is 
 .allied. Nat. ord., Solanacem ; Tribe, 
 £alpiglossidecB. ) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds sown 
 in a hotbed, in March ; seedlings pricked out, 
 and finally transplanted into the borders in 
 May ; cuttings of the points of shoots, or small 
 side-shoots, in spring, in heat, and in summer 
 .and autumn without heat, except being covered 
 with glass ; scarcely any of them mil stand 
 frost. It is best to keep the plants in a cold, 
 ■chy pit during the winter ; for growing, light, 
 rich, sandy loam. Temp., not below 38° in 
 winter. 
 P. acuTniTia'ta. See Nicoticma acuminata. 
 
 — compa'cta eleganti'ssima. Mauve. 1881. 
 
 — ijUerme'dui. 1. Yellow, purple. August. 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 1832. B. B. t. 1931. 
 Syns., P. linearis. Past. Mag. v. p. 219, 
 Nierembergia linearis, and ^alpiglossis 
 linearis. B. M. t. 3266. 
 
 — melea'gris. White, blue.' 1849. A hybrid? 
 
 m. Ser. t. 660. 
 
 — nyctaginifio'ra. 4. White. August. S. Amer. 
 
 1823. B. M. t. 2662. 
 — ph€&in£cea. 2^. Oimson, purple. June. 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 1831. 
 — pmuita'ta. Deep blue, white, rosy crimson. 
 
 1844. Paxt. Mag. xi. p. 7. 
 
 — viola' cea. Rose, purple. August. Buenos 
 
 Ayres. 1831. B. M. t. 3656. SynS., 
 Nierewhergia phcenicea and Salpiglossis 
 imtegrifolia. B. M. t. 3113. 
 
 Peuce'danum. (A name used by 
 Hippocrates. Nat. ord., Umbelliferce. 
 Syn., Pastmaca.) 
 
 For culture, see Paksnip. 
 P. sati'vum. 2. Bright yellow. July. Britain. 
 Syn., Paetinica sativa. Bug. Bot. ed. 8, 
 t. 612. 
 
 Peu'mus. (From the Chilian name. 
 Nat. ord., MonimiacecB. Syn., Boldoa.) 
 
 Greenhouse, evergreen tree. Sandy peat. Cut- 
 tings. 
 
 P. fra'grans. 20. White. May. Chili. 1844 
 B. M. t. 7024. Syns., P Boldus and 
 Boldoa fragra/ns 
 
 Peyrou'sia. (Named after La 
 Peyrouse, the French navigator. Nat. 
 ord., Iridece ; Tribe, Ixiea. ) Now known 
 as Lapeyrousia, under the specific 
 names annexed. 
 
 Greenhouse bulbs, from South Africa, and 
 blue-flowered, except where otherwise specified. 
 For culture, see Ixia. 
 P. aoulea'ta. A synonym of Lapeyrousia 
 
 ANCEPS. 
 
 — a'nceps. J. Blue, yellow. September. 1824. 
 
 Lapeyrousia anceps. 
 —■corymbo'sa. J. May. 1791. Lapeyrousia 
 
 CORYHBOSA. 
 
 — Fabri'di. J. May. 1826. Lapeyrousia 
 
 Fabricii. 
 
 —faUa'ta. i. May. 1826. 
 
 —fasciada'ta. J. May. 1825. Lapeyrousia 
 FASCICULATA. 
 
 —ftssifo'lia. \. Violet. August. 1809. Lapey- 
 rousia FISSIPOLIA. 
 
 — silenoi'des. J. Violet. June. 1822. Lapey- 
 
 rousia silenoides. 
 
 Pfa'ffia. (After C. H. Ffaff, once 
 Professor of Chemistry at Ifiel. Nat. 
 ord., Amaranthacem.) 
 
 Stove, perennial herb. For culture, see 
 Celomia. 
 
 P. gnaphalioi'des. 1. White. June. Brazil. 
 1822. 
 
 Pfei'ffera. (In honour of Dr. L. 
 Pfeiffer, a botanist, who has attentively 
 studied Cacti. Nat. ord., Cactacece.) 
 See Rhipsalis. 
 
 p. cereifo'rwis. See JRhipsalis cereiform/is. 
 
 Pha'ca. (Name of a plant mentioned 
 by Dioscorides. Nat. ord., Legumi- 
 nosm.) United with Astragalus m the 
 Genera Plantarum. 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds sown in 
 a little heat, in AprU, and seedlings planted 
 out, win bloom the same season ; many will do 
 so if sown in good places in the open air ; divi- 
 sion of the roots in spring ; cuttings under a 
 hand-light, in summer ; sandy loam. Ca/ne'scens 
 requires protection from frost in winter. 
 P. alpi'na. 2. Pale yellow. July. Austria. 
 
 1769. Jacq. Ic. t. 161. Syn., Astragalus 
 
 pendAdiflorus. 
 dahu'rica. Pale yellow. Dahuria. 1820. 
 
 — arena'ria. ^. Cream. July. Siberia. 1796. 
 
 Syn., Astragalits chorinensis. 
 
 — astraga'lima. 1. White, blue. July. Scotland. 
 
 Syn., Astragalus alpinus. 
 
 — OMStra'lis. J. Pale purple. May. South 
 
 Europe. 1779. B. C. t. 490. Syn., 
 Astragalus australis. 
 
 — bc^tica. 4. White. May. Spain. 1640. Syn., 
 
 Astragalus litsita/nicus, 
 
 — eane'scens. 1. Pale rose. July. Valparaiso. 
 
 1831. 
 
 — densifo'lia,. 1. Red. July. California. 1822. 
 
 Syn., Astragalus Crotalaria. 
 
 — exalta'ta. 1. Yellow. July. Altai. 1828. 
 — Jlorida'na. See Sesbania vesicaria. 
 
PHA 
 
 [740] 
 
 PHA 
 
 F.frigHa. 1. Cream. July. Austria. 1796. 
 Syn., Astragalus frigida, 
 
 — gla'bra. A synonym of P. OAistralis. 
 
 '— lapp&nicti. i. Purple. July. North Europe. 
 1816. Syn., Astragalus ereticus, 
 
 — lu'tea. 1. Yellow. July. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 — oroioi'des. 1. Purple. July. Norway. 1820. 
 
 Syn., Astrala^us oroboides. 
 
 — triangula'ris. 1. Blue. July. Siberia. 1824. 
 
 Syn., Astragalus tria/ngularis. 
 
 Phace'lia. (From phahelos, a 
 bundle; the disposition of the flowers. 
 Nat. ord. , Hydrophyllacem ; Tribe, Pha- 
 cdariece. Syns., Cosmanthus, Eutoca 
 and Whitlama.) 
 
 Annuals, by seeds ; perennials, by seed and 
 division in April ; sandy, common garden-soil. 
 
 HAKDT ANNUALS. 
 
 P. eampanula'ria. ^. Bright blue. July. S. 
 California. 1882. B. M. t. 6735. 
 
 — coTige'sta. li. Purple, blue. June. Texas. 
 
 1835. B. M. t. 3452. 
 
 — diva/rica'ta. Light violet. May. N. America. 
 
 1833. Syn., Butooa divaricata. B. M. 
 t. 3706. 
 
 Wrangelia'na. 1. Blue. August, N. 
 
 America. 1835. Syn., Eutoca Wrange- 
 liana. S*t. Fl. Gard. 36r. 2, t. 363. 
 
 — fimbria' ta. Lilac, white. N. America. 
 
 — grandifio'ra. 5. Violet-purple. Summer. 
 
 California. Syns., Mitoca grandifiora 
 and Cosmanthus grandifioruSf B. M. 
 t, 6029. 
 
 — Menae'sii. Purple. June. N. America. 1826. 
 
 Syns., Eutoca Menideni, B. M. t. 3762, 
 and E. multijlora, B. M. 1. 1180. 
 
 — Orcuttia'na. White, yellow. California. 
 
 1890. 
 
 — Pa'rryi. Violet, spotted with yellow. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1885. B. M. t. 6842. 
 
 — parvijlo'ra. Blue. June. N. America. 1826. 
 
 Syn., Eutoca parmfiora. 
 
 — tanacetifo'lia. 2. Blue. June. California. 
 
 1832. 
 
 — Whitla'via. 2. Blue. June. California. 
 
 B. M. t. 4813. 
 
 — vi'scida. 2. Brown, rose. N. America. 1834. 
 
 Syn., Eutoca uiscida, B. M. t. 3672. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 P. A'ldea. IJ. Pink. June. Peru. 1824. 
 
 — Inpinnati'Jida. 2. Blue. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — eircina'ta. IJ. Pink. June. Magellan. 1817. 
 
 — FranklUnii. 1. Pink. May. N. America. 
 
 1827. Syn., Eutoca Franklinii. B. M. 
 t. 2985. 
 
 — seri'cea. 1. Blue. June. N. America. 1827. 
 
 Syn., Eutoca sericea. B. M. t. 3003. 
 
 Phsedrana'ssa. (From phaidros, 
 gay, and anassa, queen. Nat. ord., 
 Amaryllidece ; Tribe, Amaryllem. Allied 
 to Coburgia. ) 
 
 American bulbs, requiring the protection of a 
 greenhouse, and succeed best in a strong, yellow 
 loam, like Coburgia ; they rest in winter, or 
 may be made to rest in summer. For culture, 
 see Coburgia. 
 
 P. Carmi'oli. 2. Red, green. Costa Rica. 1868. 
 Ref. Bot. t. 46. Stove. 
 
 — chlora'ca. 1. Crimson, green. December. 
 
 1844. B. R. 1846, t. 17. 
 
 oiftufsa. December. 1844. Syn., P. 
 
 obtusa. 
 
 — eucrofnoi'des. 1. Green, red. Ecuador. 
 
 1878. Syn., LeperieaeucTirosioides. Stove. 
 
 — Lehma'rmi. Scarlet. Columbia. 1884. Stove. 
 
 — obtu'sa. See P. chloracea, var. obtusa. 
 
 P. ru'bro-vi'ridis. 1. Green, bright red. April- 
 Andes. Now knovvn as EuSTEPHIA 
 
 COCCINEA. 
 
 — schiza/ntha. Bright red, green. October. 
 
 Columbia. 1800. 
 
 — viridifio'ra. 1. Greenish-yellow. 1877. 
 
 Phsenoco'don. CFromphainos, 
 bloody, 5.nd codon, a bell. Nat. ord., 
 LiliacecE ; Tribe, Luzuriagem.) A sy- 
 nonym of Lapageria. 
 
 Phaeno'coma. (From phaAnos, 
 bloody, and kome, hair ; colour of invo- 
 lucrum. Nat. ord., Composite; Tribe, 
 InuloidecB. Allied to Cassinia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of 
 young side-shoots, getting firm at the base, in 
 sand, over peat, in pots three-parts filled with 
 drainage, under a bell-glass, and kept near the 
 glass of a house or pit in summer ; sandy peat 
 and a little fibry loam. Winter temp., 40° to 
 48'. 
 
 P. proli'fera. 4. Crimson. September. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1789. Syns., Eelichry- 
 sum proliferum, B. M. t. 2366, and 
 Xeranth^mum mroliferwm, Andr. Rep. 
 t. 374. 
 
 Phse'nogams. Flowering plants, 
 i.e., those provided with stamens and 
 ovules. 
 
 Phsenospe'rma. (From phaios, 
 greyish, and sperma, a seed ; seeds 
 greyish. Nat. ord., Graminem.) 
 
 Hardy grass. Seeds grown in spring. Common 
 garden-soil. 
 P. gloho'sa. China. 1874. 
 
 Phaiocala'nthe. (A name given 
 to hybrids between Phaiiis and Calanthe, 
 Nat. ord., Orchidece.) 
 
 For culture, see ORCHIDS. 
 P. irrora'ta. Cream, rosy-pink. 1867. A hybrid 
 between Phaius grandifolius and Ca- 
 lanthe vestita. 
 
 — Sedenia'im. Milk-white, sulphur, light purple. 
 
 1887. Hj^brid between Calanthe Veitchii 
 and Phaius grandifolius. Syn., Phaviis 
 Sedenianus. 
 
 Pha'illS. (From phaios, shining; 
 referring to the flowers. Nat. ord., 
 Orchidece ; Tribe, Upidendrecn-Bletiece. 
 Allied to Bletia.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Division of the pseudo-bulb- 
 like shoots, as growth commences, in spring; 
 grown in pots. See Orchids. 
 P. a'Ums. 2. White. July. Sylhet. 1836. 
 
 Srn.,Thuniaalba. B. M. t. 3991. 
 fia'vo-ti'nctus. Tinged with yellow. 1883. 
 
 — angvstifo'lius. Green. July. Tnnidad. 1821. 
 
 — Benso'niai. 1. Purple, yellow. July. Ran- 
 
 goon. 1867. Syn., Thunia Bensowice. 
 B. M. t. 5694. 
 
 — Blu'mei. Cinnamon-red, white. April. 1879. 
 — . assa'tmcus, G C. 1882, xvii. p. 658. 
 
 — Berna'ysii. 3. Sulphur-yellow. Queens- 
 land. 1873. B. M. t. 6032. 
 
 — bi'color. 2. Maroon, white. July. Ceylon. 
 
 1837. B. M. t. 4078. 
 
 — callo'sus. Reddish -brown. March. Java. 
 
 1848. Syn., Limodonim callositm. 
 
 — candidi'ssimms. White. SjTi., Thunia eandi- 
 
 dissima. 
 
PHA 
 
 [741] 
 
 PHA 
 
 P. Cookso'ni. Hybrid between P. tuberculosus 
 and P. Wallichii. G. C. 1890, vii. p. 388, 
 fig. 57. 
 
 — Dodgso'ni. White, yellow. India. 1877. 
 —fia'vus. Yellow. India. 1837. 
 
 — graridifo'lms. White, brown. April. China. 
 
 1778. Syns., Bletia TanhermUice, B. M. 
 t. 1924, and Limo&arum TankervUlice, 
 Andr. Eep. t. 426. 
 supe'rbus. A grand variety. 
 
 — Humblo'tii. Rosy, white, red. Madagascar. 
 
 1880. 
 
 — inquili'nus. Cream, with yellow keels. 1867. 
 
 A hybrid. 
 
 — inter7n£^dius. India. 1839. 
 
 — irrora'tus. See Phaiocalantke irrorata. 
 
 — mam.la'to-grandifo'Kws. A hybrid. G. C. 
 
 1891, X. p. 691. 
 
 — maeula'ttis. 2. Yellow. June. Nepaul. 
 
 1829. B. M. t. 3960. Syn., Bletia Wood- 
 fordii, B. M. t. 2719. 
 
 — Ma'nnii. A form of P. Wallichii. G. C. 1889, 
 
 V. p. 714. 
 
 — JUarsha'llice. 2. White, lemon. 1871. Syn., 
 
 Thunia Marshallim. Varieties of this 
 are ionophlebia, purpurata, and triloba, 
 
 — phUippinefruiis, Eeddish-orange-brown ; lip 
 
 white, Philippines. G. C. 1889, vl. p. 239. 
 
 — Bobe'rtsii. Brownish-yellow, red. New Cale- 
 
 donia. G. C. 1884, xxii. p. 428. 
 
 — Sedenia'mts. See Phaiocalantke SedenUma. 
 
 — tetra'gonus. 2. Brown. December. Mauri- 
 
 tius, 1837. Syn., Pescmeria tetragotia, 
 B. M. t. 4442. 
 
 — tuberculo'sTis. Snow-white, yellow, brown. 
 
 Spring. Madagascar. 1881. 
 
 — Veitdhialnus. White, purple-mauve. 1886. 
 
 Hybrid between P. Marshallice and P. 
 BensonujB. 
 ~~ Walli'chii. 2. Orange, yellow. April. 
 Khasia. 1837. 
 
 Phalseno'psis. Butterfly - Plant. 
 (From phalaina, a moth, and opsis, 
 like ; the appearance of these handsome 
 flowers. Nat. ord., OrchidecB; Tribe, 
 Vandem-SareanthecB. ) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown in baskets or on blocks. 
 Pieces of offset-snoots, kept dry at the base, for 
 a day or two, before setting them growing. See 
 •Orchids. 
 
 P. aldco'mis. Creamy-white, yellowish. G. C. 
 1887, i. p. 799. 
 
 — ama'bitis. 1^. White, pink. Autumn. Java. 
 
 1847. Syn., P. grandifiora, B. M. t. 
 
 5184. See also P. Aphrodite. 
 Daya'na, White, carmine. Indian 
 
 Archipelago. Syn., P. Aphrodite, var. 
 
 Dayana. 
 
 longifo'lia. White. Manilla. 1842. 
 
 rotundifo'lia. White. Manilla. 1837. 
 
 — amethy'stina. Cream-coloured, with ame- 
 
 thyst lip. Sunda Isles? 1865. 
 
 — antemi'/era. Orange, purple. Burmah. 1879. 
 
 — Aphrodite. 1. White, crimson, orange, 
 
 yellow. Manilla. 1836. Syn., P. ama- 
 Hlis of B. E. 1838, t. 34, Fl. Ser. t. 36, 
 andGB. 1887, p. 56. 
 Daya'na. See P. amabilis, var. Dayana. 
 
 — Boxa'llii. Sulphur, brown, white. Philip- 
 
 pines. 1883. 
 
 — Buyssonia'na. Bright purple, white, scarlet. 
 
 August. G. C. 1888, iv. p. 295. 
 
 — ca'sta. White, rosy-tinted. Philippines. 1876. 
 
 — Cm-ningiafna. Purple-brown yellowish, violet. 
 
 1879. 
 
 — co'mu-cdrm. Green, white, purple. June. 
 
 Moulmein. 1864. Syn., Polychilm 
 cornu-cervi. B. M. t. 5570. 
 ^Cy'nthia. A natural hybrid between P. 
 
 SchilleriarM and P. Aphrodite. G. C. 
 1890, vii. p. 182. 
 P. deliea'ta. A supposed natural hybrid. G. C. 
 1882, xvii. p. 700. 
 
 — denticula'ta. 1. White, brown, yellowish. 
 
 G. C. 1888, iii. p. 296. 
 
 — eque'stris. See P. rosea. 
 
 — Esmeralda. 1. Violet-purple, white. Cochin 
 
 China. 1877. 
 candi'dula. White, rosy-purple. Cam- 
 bodia. Lind. t. 263. 
 
 — fascia' ta. Philippines. 1882. 
 
 — Foersterma'nni. White, brown, yellow. G. 0. 
 
 1887, i. p. 244. 
 — fusca'ta. Yellowish, brown. June. Malay 
 Peninsula. 1874. 
 
 — glori&sa. Perhaps a variety of P. amabilis. 
 
 G. C. 1888, lii. p. 554. 
 
 — grandifio'ra. B. M. t. 6184. See P. a/mabUis. 
 
 — Harrie'ttte. Primrose, rosy-purple, orange. 
 
 Hybrid between P. amabilis and P. 
 violacea. Syn., P. molacea-a/mabUis. 
 G. C. 1887, ii. p. 8, fig. 1. 
 
 — interme'dia. White, pink. Philippines. Syn., 
 
 P. Lobbii. 
 
 Brymeria'na. White, purple, crimson- 
 violet. 1876. 
 
 Po'rtei. White, rosy-lilac. Philippines. 
 
 1867. Gard. March 4, 1882. 
 
 — Le'da. Eosy, purple, yellow. Hybrid. 
 
 — leuc&rrho'da. white, purple, yellow. Philip- 
 
 pines. 1876. 
 
 — liO'blm. S&Q P. intermedia. 
 
 — Lo'wii. Yellow, purple. Borneo. 1862. 
 
 — Imeddemannia'na. White, purple. Philip- 
 
 pines. 1865. 
 
 ama'bilis. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1888, iii. 
 
 p. 331. 
 
 hierogly'phica. Ochraceous, brown. 
 
 Philippines. G. C. 1887, ii. p. 586. 
 
 ochra'cea. Pale yellowish-rose, pale 
 
 brown. Philippines. 
 
 pu'lchra. Blackish-purple, blue. Philip- 
 pines. 1875. 
 
 — 7nacula'ta. Borneo. 1881. 
 
 — Ma'nnii. Yellow, brown, purple. India. 1871. 
 
 — Marine. White, chocolate-red, magenta-pur 
 
 pie. Borneo ? 1883. Warn. Orch. Alb. 
 t. 80. 
 
 — Micholi'tzi. Creamy-white. Andamans. Gard 
 
 xxxviii. p. 532. 
 
 — Pari'shii. J. White, purple. May. Burmah. 
 
 1865. 
 
 Lo'bbii. Lip white, with two brown 
 
 bands. E. Himalaya. 1870. 
 
 — Eegnieria'na. Eose, dark purple, white. 
 
 Siam. G. C. 1887, ii. p. 746. 
 
 — Beichenbachia'na. Cream, crimson, rose, 
 
 orange. 1882. 
 
 — ro'sea. White, pink, deep violet, orange. 
 
 Manilla. 1848. B. M. t. 5212. Syn., 
 P. equestris. 
 
 — Rothschildia'na. Sulphur, purple, white, 
 
 orange. Hybrid between P. Schilleriana 
 and P. amabilis. G. C. 1887, i. p. 606. 
 
 — Ru'ckeri. White, yellow. Indian Archipe- 
 
 lago. 1864. 
 
 — Sanderia'na. Eosy, white, brown, purple, 
 
 yellow. April. Philippines. 1883. 
 Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 209. 
 marmora'ta. Yellowish, purple. 
 
 — Schilleria'na. Pink. January. Manilla. 
 
 1860. B. M. t. 6630. Syn., P. amabilis 
 of Gfi. 1888, p. 544. 
 
 adve!na. Pale purple, white, yellow. 
 
 1885. 
 
 a'lba. White, yellow. 1882. 
 
 imrruicula'ta. Rosy, white, violet, yellow. 
 
 Philippines. 1876. 
 
 sple^naens. Rose, white, purple, Philip- 
 pines. Eev. Hort. 1886, p. 396. 
 
 vesta'lis. White. Philippines. 18S2. 
 
PHA 
 
 [742] 
 
 PHA 
 
 P. tpeeio'ta. White, rose-madder, yellow. 1881. 
 Tropical Asia. 
 
 Chnstm'Tia. Rose-madder, white. 1882. 
 
 impelratria. Eose-purple. 1882. 
 
 — Stoiartia'na. Green, amethyst, yellow, white. 
 
 1877. 
 
 — Stua/rtia'na. Cream, sulphnr, cinnamon, 
 
 white. January. Philippines. 1881. 
 B. M. t. 6222. 
 
 te/Ua. Cream, red, purple-brown. G. C. 
 
 1888, iii. p. 200. 
 
 Hrubyalna. Purple, white. 1884. 
 
 TW'hilis. Cream, orange. 1882. 
 
 puTictati'ssiTna. White, greenish, car- 
 mine, yellow, mauve. 1882. 
 
 punetula'ta. Sepals and petals dotted 
 
 with red. Lind. t. 8. 
 
 — mmatra'na. White, brown. Sumatra. 186B. 
 
 B. M. t. 5627. 
 Eimballia'na. Yellow, red, ochre, orange. 
 
 G. C. 1888, iv. p. 6. 
 paitcivittata. A form with fewer streaks 
 
 than in the type. 1882. 
 sangui'nea. Dark red, yellowish-green. 
 
 Borneo. 1881. 
 
 — Utraltvls. White, yellow. Andaman Islands. 
 
 G. C. 1881, XV. p. 682. 
 
 — Valmtilni. Purple, white, mauve, yellow. 
 
 1883. 
 
 — Teitehia'na. Purplish, with dark-purple spots 
 
 Philippines. 1872 
 ira'chyodon. White, brown, purple. 1884. 
 
 — viola'cea. Bose-purple, white, vellow. Sumatra. 
 
 1861. G. C. 1881, xvi. p. 146. 
 Boiormgia'na. Light yellow, purple. 
 
 Malayan Archipelago. 1884. 
 Mwrtmm'na. Lemon-yeUow, purplish. 
 
 Malacca. 1878. 
 SchrBde'ri. Purple, amethyst. G. C. 
 
 1882, xviii. p. 242. 
 
 — Wi'ghtii. White, purple. Burmah. 186B. 
 
 Now referred to DOBiTis. 
 
 Phala'ngium. {Fiom phalaggion, a 
 spider. Nat. ord. , Liliacem. ) A synonym 
 of Anthericum. 
 
 p. arge'nteo-Unea're. See Anthericum varie- 
 
 — ela'timt. See Chlorophytv/m elatum. 
 
 — Lilia'go. B. M. t. 914. See Anthericum 
 
 Liliago. 
 
 — LUia'stnim. Red. Lil. t. 26B. See Paradisea 
 
 LUiaitrum. 
 
 -^neptMnte. B. R. t. 998. A synonym of 
 Chlorophytum nepalense. 
 
 — pomeridia'n'um. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 381. 
 
 A synonym of Chlorogalv/m poTneridiOr 
 n\vm. 
 
 — Twmo'sum. B. M. t. 1055. See Anthericum 
 
 rofmosum. 
 
 — virga'tum. See Nolina georgiana. 
 
 Fhalaris. Canary Grass. 
 phalaros, shining ; referring 
 
 (From 
 to the 
 
 shining seeds. Nat. ord., Graminece 
 Trihe, Phalaridece. ) 
 
 P. ciwMtrw'Tms produces the Canary-seeds of 
 commerce. Seeds ; common soil. 
 P. appendicula'ta. See P. paradoxa. 
 
 — arwndina'cea. 3-6. Purplish. July. Britain. 
 
 Syn., Digraphis arundinacea. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 1697. 
 
 giga'ntea. A robust form. France. 1877. 
 
 va/riega'ta. Leaves striped. Ribbon 
 
 Grass or Gardener's Garters. 
 
 — canaridntis. 2. July. Britain. Eng Bot. 
 
 ed. 3, t. 1698. 
 
 — ccerullea. 1. June. Italy. 1823. Syn., 
 
 P. commnitata. 
 
 — paraddxa. 1. June. Egypt. 1820 Syn. 
 
 P. appendiculata. 
 
 Phale'ria. (Derivation unexplained, 
 perhaps from phaleros, white ; in allu- 
 sion to the white flowers. Nat. ord., 
 Thymdmacem ; Tribe, Phaleriece. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub, with very fragrant 
 flowers. Seeds in a hotbed in spring ; cuttings 
 of young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 bottom-heat. Rich light loam and fibry peat. 
 Summer temp., 60" to 86° ; winter, 68' to 70 . 
 P. lamrifo'lia. 6. White. Ceylon. 1869. 
 
 Phaleroca'rpus. {Fromphalero^,. 
 white, and karpos, fruit. Nat. ord., 
 Vacciniacem. ) 
 
 Hardy evergreen creeper. For culture, see 
 
 Gaulthebia. 
 
 P. hispi'dulus. AVhite. AprD. N. America. 
 1816. Syns., P. serpyllifolia, Chiogenes 
 hispida, and Gaultheria serpyllifolia, 
 
 Fhaloca'llis. (From phalos, a cone, 
 hallos, beautiful ; beautifully cone- 
 crested. Nat. ord., Iridece; Tribe, 
 Morceeas.) A synonym of Cypella. 
 P.plu'mbea. B. M. t. 3710. A synonym of 
 
 Pharbi'tis. (From pharhe, colour ;. 
 deep and varied colours of the flowers. 
 Nat. ord. , Convolvulacece. ) A synonym' 
 of Ipomsea. 
 
 p. ba/rba'ta. A synonym of Iponuea hederacea. 
 
 — ba/rbi'gera. Blue. September. N. America. 
 
 A synonym of Lettsomia barbigera. 
 
 — catha'rtica. Blue, purple. September. 
 
 Mexico. 1848. A synonym of Ipomcea 
 cathartica. Stove. 
 
 — coervM scene. Pale blue. July. E. Indies. 
 
 1820. Hardy. 
 
 — cuspida'ta, and bille'nii are synonyms of 
 
 Iponuea longicuspis. 
 
 — divev&^o'lia. Asynonyraoi Ip(ynicea hederacea. 
 
 — hed&ra'ceti. See Ipomcea hederacea. 
 
 — hi'spida. See Ipormea purpurea. 
 
 — Lea'rii. B. R. 1841, t. 66. See Iponuea 
 
 Learii. 
 
 — ni!l. See Ipomcea hederacea. 
 
 — ostri'na. 20. Purple. July. Cuba. 1840. 
 
 Stove. B. M. 1842, t. 51. 
 
 — puncta'ta. See Ipomcea hederacea. 
 
 — sca'bra. White. September. 1823. 
 
 — trilo'ba. A synonym of Ipomcea hederacea. 
 
 — tyria/nthi'na. B. M. t. 4024. See Ipomcea 
 
 tyrianthina. 
 
 — va'ria. Blue, violet. September. 1816. 
 
 Stove. 
 
 Pha'rium. (From pharos, a cover- 
 ing. Nat. ord., Liliacece ; Tribe, Al- 
 Uece.) SeeBessera. 
 P. fistula' sum. B. R. t. 1646. See Sessera 
 fistulosa. 
 
 Phama'ceum. (Named after PAar- 
 naces, king of Pontus. Nat. ord., Fi- 
 coidem ; Tribe, Molluginece.) 
 
 Greenhouse dwarf perennial half -shrubby 
 plants with fleshy leaves, which have an agree- 
 able acid flavour and may be used for salad. 
 Seeds and cuttings. Light sandy soil, and not 
 too much water ; it requires no shade. Summer 
 temp., 60" to 80° ; winter, 60° to 60°. 
 P. a'cidwm-. White. St. Helena. 1869. Ref. 
 Bot. 1. 163. 
 
 — inca'num. Greenish, white ; stigmas crimson,. 
 
 large. Summer. S. Africa 1782. B. 
 M. 1. 1883. 
 
PHA 
 
 [743] 
 
 PHI 
 
 P. Ivnea're. 1-2. White. S. Africa. 1800. 
 Andr. Rep. t. 329. The form figured in 
 Andr. Kep. t. 326 is P. reflexum. 
 
 — refie'xum, 1. YeUowish. July. S. Africa. 
 
 1802. Syn., P. lineare of Andr. Eep. 
 t. 326. 
 
 Pha'rus. (Prom pharos, a covering ; 
 the leaves being used for thatching and 
 similar purj)oses. Nat. ord., Graminece; 
 Tribe, PanicecE.) 
 
 A stove graiss. For cultivation, see Bambusa. 
 P. lati/o'lius. Green. Jamaica. 1796. 
 
 vitta'tus. Leaves striped with white. 
 
 1848. Syn., P. vittatits. M. Ser. t. 316. 
 
 Phase'olus. Kidney Bean. (From 
 phaselus, a little boat ; fancied resem- 
 Dlance of the pods. Nat. ord., Legit- 
 minoscB ; Tribe, Phaseolem. ) 
 
 For culture of annuals, see Kidney Beans ; 
 perennials, by division and cuttings, and usual 
 greenhouse or stove culture. 
 
 STOVE DECIDUOUS TWINBES. 
 
 P. Canraca'Ua. 1\. Lilac. August. India. 1690. 
 
 — dera'sus. Greenish-white. Brazil. 1888. 
 
 — loha'tut. 6. Yellow. September. Buenos 
 
 Ayres. 1843. Evergreen. B.M. t. 4076. 
 
 — speeio'gus. 6. Scarlet. July. Orinoco. 1820. 
 
 GREENHOUSE DECIDUOUS TWINER. 
 
 P. sylve'stris. 6. Scarlet. July. Mexico. 1825. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS TWINERS. 
 
 P. mvZtiffl&rus. 12. Scarlet. July. S. Amer. 
 
 1633. 
 alWflo'rus. 12, _ Wliita, August. S. 
 
 iiiieK IBB3. 
 
 — pere'nnis. 3. Dark purple. July. Carolina. 
 
 1824. 
 . I'ris. 1. White. July. India. 1697. 
 -faicia'tus. White. July. India. 1597. 
 variega'tus. White. July. India. 
 
 1697. 
 
 TWINING ANNUALS. 
 
 P. aconitifo'lius. 2. Pink. July. E. Ind. 
 1731. 
 
 — aTTios'TMM. See P. rostratus. 
 
 — chrysa'nthus. 3. Yellow. July. 
 
 — gonospe^rmus. 4. Pale violet, white. July. 
 
 A form of P. vulgaris, 
 ~- hctsropky'^us; — i: — ried. June. Mexico: 
 1820. 
 
 — lathyroi'des. 2. Scarlet. July. Jamaica. 
 
 1786. 
 
 — mierospefrmus. 1. Dark purple. June. 
 
 Cuba. 1825. 
 
 — rostra'tus. 4. Bed. July. Society Islands. 
 
 1820. Syn., P. amcemts. 
 
 — se'Tni-ere'ctus. 2. Red. July. W. Ind. 
 
 1781. 
 
 — toro'sui. 4. Violet. July. Nepaul. 1818. 
 
 — viola' cmis. 3. Violet. July. Africa. 1800. 
 ~ XiiardHi. 4. Red. July. S. Amer. 1818. 
 
 Phaylo'psis. (Yxomphaios, dusky, 
 hide, wood, and opsis, like. Nat. ord., 
 Acaiithacece ; Tribe, Buelliem.) 
 
 Stove perennial. Sandy loam. Seeds. 
 P. longifo'lia. ■ Green. March. Sierra Leone. 
 1822. B. M. t. 2433. 
 
 Pheasant's Eye Adonis. Ado'nis 
 autumna'lis. 
 
 Pheba'lium. (From phihale, a 
 myrtle ; the appearance of the plants. 
 Nat. ord., Butacew ; Tribe, Boroniece. 
 Allied to Crowea and Eriostemon. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen, yellow-flowered, Aus- 
 tralian shrubs. Cuttings of half -ripened shoots 
 or short, stumpy side-shoots, in sand, under 
 a bell-glass, in May ; sandy peat, with a small 
 portion of flbry loam. Winter temp., 38° to 
 48". 
 P. au'reum. See P. squamulomm. 
 
 — BUlardie'ri. 10. May. 1826. ■ Syn., P. 
 
 elatvm,. 
 
 — lachnoi'des. 3. May. 1824. 
 
 — limea're. 3. June. 1826. 
 
 — salicifc/liimi. 3. June. 1826. 
 
 — squmnulo'aiim. 24. May. 1824. Syn., P. 
 
 aurewm. 
 
 Phego'pteris. (From phegos, the 
 beech tree, and pteris, a fern ; one 
 species brought from Polypodium, 
 namely, P. vulgare, being called the 
 beech-fern. Nat. ord., Filices — Polypo- 
 diacem. ) See also Polypodium. 
 
 Brown -spored ferns. For cultivation, see 
 Ferns. 
 
 greenhouse. 
 P. rugulo'sum, Tasmania. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 P. a'mpla. Tropical America. 
 
 — OAiri'ta. 2. E. Indies. 
 
 — deemsa'ta. 5. W. Indies. 
 
 — div€rgeti&. 5. Tropical America. 
 
 — iffulm. 6. W. Indies. 1769. 
 — famu/sa. i. Brazil. 
 
 — hastoefo'lm. Jamaica. 
 
 — laehn&poda. 4. Jamaica. 1841. 
 
 — maerc/ptera. Brazil. 
 
 — moJMcula. — 
 
 — specta'bUis. Tropical America, 
 
 — sub~margma'lis, Brazil. 
 
 — tricho'des. Malay Archipelago. 
 
 In addition to the foregoing, Polypodium al- 
 ye^tre, calcareum; Dryopterii, Jlexile, viUgare, 
 drepanuTn, and hexagonopteru/m, have been in- 
 corporated in tliis genus. 
 
 Phelipse'a. (Commemorative of the 
 Phelipeaux family, patrons of the bo- 
 tanist Tournefort. Nat. ord., Oroban- 
 chacecB.) 
 
 A very singular and beautiful genus, of which 
 jtew.^Decies have yet been^uccessfully cultivated 
 P. folia' ta is a hardy annual, parasitical upos t-he^ 
 roots of Centaurea dealbata. The seeds should 
 be sown with those of the Centaurea, together, 
 in the same pot, when probably some will ger- 
 minate, fasten themselves upon the roots of 
 the seedling Centaureas, and develop into 
 plants. 
 
 P.folia'ta. |. Red. Caucasus. 1880. The 
 leaves, as in the rest of the order Oro- 
 banchaceaB, are reduced to coloured 
 scales, never green. Syn., Anoplanth'us 
 Bierbersteini and A.foliata. 
 
 Phenakospe'rmum. (From phe- 
 nakisma, deception, and sperma, a seed ; 
 the seed is upon a large orange-coloured 
 aril. Nat. ord., ScitaminecB ; Tribe, 
 Musece.) See Ravenala. 
 
 P. guiane'me. lU. Hort. 1860, p. 239. See Ra- 
 venala guianense. 
 
 Philade'lphus. Syringa, or Mock 
 Orange. (Athenian name for a shrub. 
 Nat. ord. , Saxifragece ; Tribe, Hydran- 
 gem. Allied to Deutzia. ) 
 
 Hardy deciduous, fragrant, white- flowered 
 shrubs. Layers and suckers, and dividing the 
 
PHI 
 
 [744] 
 
 PHI 
 
 Klant in spring ; common soil ; deep loam is best, 
 [any of the species would present a beautiful 
 appearance i£ grown as single dwarf specimen 
 trees, with a clean stem. 
 P, au'reus variega'tus. Garden variety. 1882. 
 
 — chine'nsis. See P. Satzwmi. 
 
 — corona'rius. 8. May. South Europe. 1696. 
 
 B. M. t. 391. 
 
 flo're-ple'no. 8. May. South Europe. 
 
 fo'liis variega'tis. 8. May. South 
 
 Europe. 
 
 na'nus. 2. May. 
 
 vulga'ris. 8. May. 
 
 — CmdtdH. Northern Mexico. G. and F. 1888, 
 
 1. p. 232, fig. 40. 
 
 — Jloribu'ndus. ^ee P. grandiflorus. 
 
 — Gordonia'mis. 10. July. California. B. B. 
 
 1839, t. 32. 
 
 — grandiflo'rus. 6. June. Carolina. 1811. 
 
 Wats. Dendr. t. 46. Syns., P. JUyribun- 
 dus, P. latifolius and P. gpeciosits. 
 la'xus. 4. June. N. Amer. 1830. 
 
 — hirsu'tua. 3. June. N. Amer. 1820. B. E. 
 
 1838, 1. 14. 
 
 — irwdofrus. 4. June. Carolina. 1738. 
 
 — latifo'lius. See P, grandifiorus. 
 
 — la'xus. B. R. 1839, t. 39. See P. grandifioms, 
 
 var. laxus. 
 
 — Lenuri'nei. Garden hybrid. Wien! Gart. 
 
 Zeit. 1888, p. 124. 
 
 — Leim'sii. 6. June. N. Amer. 1739. 
 
 — m^xica'nus. 2. June. Mexico. 1839. 
 
 — microphy'UuE. 3. Summer. New Mexico. 
 
 G. C. 1887, ii. p. 166, fig. 36. 
 
 — parviflo'rns. White. China. 1871. 
 
 — rubrUau'lis. Yellowish-white. China. 1871. 
 
 — Satzu'mi. 5. White. July. Japan. 1851. 
 
 Syn., P. chinensis. 
 '— spee'ufsusi- B. B. * 2008. Sss J*, graridi- 
 fiorus. 
 
 — tomento'sus. 3. June. Nepaul. 1822. 
 
 — trifio'rus. 4. Himalaya. 
 
 — vein-uco'sus. 4. June. N. Amer. B. R. 
 
 t. 670. 
 
 — Zeyhe'ri. 3. June. N. Amer. 
 
 Philage'ria. (From Phihsia and 
 Lapageria. Nat. ord. , Liliacem ; Tribe, 
 Luzurkigcce. ) 
 
 A greenhouse evergreen shrub, probably hardy 
 in the south of England ; produced as a hybrid 
 between Philesia buxifolia and Lapageria rosea. 
 Pea.t. UiTieiions ; layers. 
 
 P. Vei'tchii. Rose-purple, bright rose. 1872. 
 G. C. 1872, p. 368. 
 
 Phile'sia. (From philesios, lovely. 
 Nat. ord., Liliacece; Tribe, Luzuria- 
 gem. Allied to Lapageria. ) 
 
 This is an evergreen, greenhouse shrub. Prune 
 after it has bloomed early in the summer. Pro- 
 pagated by cuttings. Peat and loam in equal 
 proportions ; requires to be kept moist. 
 P. buxifo'lia. 3. Pink. June. Valdivia. 1863. 
 B. M. t. 4738. 
 
 Philibe'rtia. (Named of J. C. Phi- 
 lihert, a botanical author. Nat. ord., 
 AsclepiadacecB ; Tribe, Cynanchece. Al- 
 lied to Pergularia.) 
 
 Stove, yellowish - white - flowered, evergreen 
 twiners. Cuttings of firm side-shoots in sand^ 
 under a bell-glass, in May, and kept in a cold pit 
 until struck ; sandy loam and fibry peat, well- 
 drained. Winter temp., 40° to 45° ; summer, 60° 
 to 76°. 
 
 P. campam-ula'ta. 6. Yellow, brown. Septem- 
 ber. Peru. 1844. Syn., Sarcost&mma 
 ca/mpanulata. B. B. 1846, t. 36. 
 
 P. gra'cilis. 6. June. Buenos Ayres. 1836. 
 
 — grandiflo'ra. June. Buenos Ayres. 1836. 
 
 B. M. t. 3618. 
 
 Philly'rea. (From phyllon, a leaf ; 
 literally^ a leafy plant, the flowers being 
 inconspicuous. Nat. ord., Oleacem ; 
 Tribe, Oleinece.) 
 
 Of all our hardy evergreens the Phillyrea is the 
 best adapted for growing as dwarf standards. 
 All white-flowered, and natives of South of 
 Europe. Layers in autumn ; cuttings under 
 a hand-light ; seeds, after being mixed with 
 soil in the rot-heap ; good, common garden- 
 soil. 
 P. amgustifo'lia. 8. May. 1697. 
 
 brachia'ta. 8. May. 1697. 
 
 rosmarinifo'lia. 8. May, 1597. 
 
 — decora. . Asia Minor. 1885. Syns., P. lauri- 
 
 folia and P. VilmffrmiaTia. B. M. 
 t. 6800. 
 
 — ilieifo'lia. June. 1597. Syn., P. spinosa. 
 
 — Icefvia. 16. May. 1597. 
 
 — lanceola'ta. A synonym of P. angusiifolia. 
 
 — latifo'lia. 16. May. 1597. Syn., P. obliqua. 
 
 — laurifo'Ua. See P. decora. 
 
 — ligiistrifo'lia. See P. media. 
 
 — me'dia. 15. May. 1697. Syns., P. ligtiStH- 
 
 folia and P. mrgata. 
 
 buxifo'lia. 15. May. 1797. 
 
 pe'ndula. 15. May. 1697. Syn., P. 
 
 — obliqua. See P. latifolia. 
 
 — olecefo'lia. 16. May. 1S97. 
 
 — pe^vduZa. See. P. media, var. pendula. 
 
 — robu'sta. See lAgustrum robustum. 
 
 — spino'sa. See P. ilieifolia. 
 
 — vir^e/ta. -SeeL p. niedia. 
 
 Philode'ndron. (From phiteo; is 
 love, and dendron, a tree ; referring to 
 the habit of the plants growing on trees. 
 Nat. ord., Aroidem ; Tribe, Philoden- 
 drecB. Allied to Caladium. ) 
 
 Stove rambling evergreens. Division of the 
 roots ; cuttings of short, stubby side-shoots in 
 sand, under a hell-glass, in peat; rich, sandy 
 loam and fibry pieces of peat. Winter temp., 
 65° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°. 
 P. arniWauum. Green, whitish. Brazil. 1860. 
 Climber. 
 
 — Andrea' num. 3. Columbia. Rev. Port. 
 
 1886, p. 36. 
 
 — wrbore! scens. June. W. Indies. 1769. 
 
 — bipinnati'^fidtmi. 3. Spathe reddish-brown 
 
 outside, greenish inside ; spadix whitish. 
 
 — bveviiamiinciltum. Brown-purple, greenish ; 
 
 spadix white. Bahia. 1860. Climber. 
 
 — calophy'llum. Spathe creamy outside, crim- 
 
 son within ; spadix white. Brazil. 1872. 
 
 — canncefo'lium. Green, cream colour. Brazil. 
 
 1831. 
 
 — Carde'ri. See P. Lindeni. 
 
 — Corsinia'num. Garden hybrid. Bull. Soc. 
 
 Tosc. 1888, p. 211. 
 
 — crassine'rvium. 20. Green, white. December. 
 
 Brazil. 1836. 
 
 — dagufiiise. Spathe dull red, crimson inside ; 
 
 spadix white. Columbia. 1873. 
 
 — dissparibiU. Yellowish green, cream colour. 
 
 Bahia. 1860. 
 
 — eHegane. 1881. 
 
 — enibe'gcens. Blackish-purple, scarlet, cream. 
 
 B. M. t. 5071. 
 
 — fragranti'ssvmum. 4. Red, white. March. 
 
 Demerara. 1834. Syn., Caladimmfrag- 
 ra/ntissimum. B. M. t. 3314. 
 
 — giga'nteum. Red. 1867. 
 
 — Qlazio'vii. Pale yellow, crimson. Brazil. 
 
 1886. B. M. t. 6813. 
 
PHI 
 
 [745] 
 
 PHL 
 
 -P. glono sum. Leaves dark green, with white 
 veins. Columbia. 1876. HI. Hort. 1876. 
 p. 262. 
 
 — grandifo'Kum. 6. White. March. Caraocas. 
 
 1803. Syii.,AmmgraMdifolmm. Jacq. 
 H. Schoenb. t. 189. 
 
 — HoUonia'num. G. C. 1876, p. 865. A synonym 
 
 of Anthurium insigne. 
 
 — I'Tiibe. Green, whitish, crimson. Rio Janeiro. 
 
 Climber. 
 
 — imparia'le. Green, cream colour. Bahia. 
 
 1860. Climber. 
 
 — liicinia'twm. Greenish, reddish-purple, white. 
 
 Brazil. 1824. Syu., Caladiv/in peda- 
 turn. 
 
 — LiTide'ni. Leaves variously barred. Ecuador. 
 
 1866. Syn., P. Carderi. 
 
 — lo'7igi-la/mi7ia'tum. Green, cream colour. 
 
 Bahia. 1860. 
 
 — Ma'mei. Ecuador. 1883. Rev. Hort. 1883, 
 
 p. 104, fig. 21. 
 
 — melOinochri/m'm. Leaves satiny blackish- 
 
 green. Columbia. 1874. 111. Hort. xx. 
 1. 149-60. 
 
 — Melino'ni. Spathe reddish ; spadix white. 
 
 Tropical America. 1874. 
 
 — no'6i7e. S. America. 1884. 
 
 — Pea'rcei. Leaves dark satiny green. Peru. 
 
 1869. 
 
 — peda'twm. Green, carmine, white. Bre,zil. 
 
 Climber. 
 
 — pertu'sv/m. See Monstera delicio&a. 
 
 — piwnati'JiduTn ru'bro-puncta'tuTn. 3. Spathe 
 
 white, with red spots ; spadix white. 
 Brazil. 1868. Syn., P. rubro-punctatvmi. 
 B. M. t. 5948. 
 
 — reeuTvif&Kv/m. Green, crimson, whitish. 
 
 Bahia. 1860. Climber. 
 
 — Roe!zlii. Columbia. 1872. 
 
 — rufbens. Spathe white outside, purplish-red 
 witliiii ;^ spadix white. Venezuela. 1873. 
 
 — ru'bro-puiu:ta'tum7~SeS-P^p^''i'^<^iMV'™iy^t- 
 
 ruhro-punctatwm, ■ 
 
 — sanguHneum. Leaves purplish beneath. 1869. 
 
 Gfl. t. 621. 
 
 — Sellmvia'nwm. Spathe green, white ; spadix 
 
 white. Brazil. 1869. B. M. t. 6773. 
 
 — se'rpens. Spathe pinkish and yellowish out- 
 
 side, cream and crimson inside ; spadix 
 cream. Columbia. 1877. B. M. t. 6375. 
 
 — Si'mgii. Crimson, white. March. Caraccas. 
 
 1825. Syn., Caladium graridifoliuTn of 
 B. M. t. 2643. 
 
 — Sodi'roi. Tropical America. 1883. 
 
 — ipseio'tum. Purplish-green, carmine. South 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 — speeta'bile. Choco. 1869. 
 
 — triparti'tum. White. Caraccas. 1816. 
 
 — verrueo'sicTti. Ecuador. 1866. 
 
 — WUlMmsii. 10. Spathe green ; spadix crim- 
 
 son-white. Bahia. 1871. B.M. t.6899. 
 
 Philo'gyne. A synonym of Nar- 
 cissus. 
 
 Philopo'dium ri'gidum. A syno- 
 nym of Muehlenbeckia adpressa. 
 
 Philothe'ca. {PromphUos, smooth, 
 and theke, a sheath ; smooth tube of 
 stamens. Nat. ord., Butacem ; Tribe, 
 Boroniece. Allied to Crowea. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of short 
 young shoots, a little firm at the base, in sand, 
 xmder a bell-glass, and placed in a cold frame in 
 May; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 
 40° to 45°. 
 
 P.avstra'Us. 2. Pale red. April. N.S.Wales. 
 1822. 
 
 Phi'lydrum. (From phileo, to love 
 
 and hydor, water. Nat. ord., Phttydra- 
 cem.) 
 
 Greenhouse biennial. Seeds in spring, in a 
 warm place, and moved to a colder when up ; 
 sandy loam and peat ; does best in the green- 
 house. 
 P. glate'rrirmum. See Helmholtzia glaberrima. 
 
 — lamiugino' awm. 3. Yellow. June. China. 1801. 
 
 Phinse'a. (An anagi-am of Niphcea. 
 Nat. ord., Gesneracece ; Tribe, Gesne- 
 recE.) 
 
 Stove herbs. For culture, see Niph^a, to 
 which this genus is closely allied. 
 P. a'lbo-linea'ta. f . White. September. New 
 Grenada. 1844, Syn., Niphoea albo- 
 lineata. B. M. t. 4282. 
 
 — reticulalta. Leaves with coloured veins. Syn., 
 Niphoea albo-liiwata, var. retieiUata. B. 
 M. t. 5043. 
 
 — ru'bida. ^. White. July. Guatemala. 1846. 
 Syn., Niphma rubida. M. Ser. t. 251. 
 
 Phlebo'dium. {Fvomphlebs, a 
 vein. Nat. ord., Filices — Polypodiacets.) 
 
 A section of Polypodium. 
 
 Stove ferns. See Ferns. 
 P. areola'twm. 1. Yellow. May. Brazil. 
 
 — wu'reum. 3. Yellow. March. W. Ind. 
 1742. 
 
 — decuTna'num. 5. Yellow. May. Brazil. 1818, 
 
 — dictyoca'Uis. 3. Tropical America. 1855. 
 
 — elonga'tum. Brown. May. W. Ind. 1843. 
 
 — lycopodioi'des. ^. Brown, yellow. March. 
 Jamaica. 1822. 
 
 — ni'tidwm. Brown, yellow. May. Honduras. 
 1844. 
 
 — percu'ssum. Brown, yellow. May. Brazil. 
 1841. 
 
 — putvtna't'jf": BrowB, yellow. May. Brazil. 
 1841. - - -^_ , 
 
 — sptyrodoca'rpum. 3. Brown, yelJovr.~ ?.l&y.^- 
 Mexico. 1842. 
 
 — squamulo'smm,. Brown, yellow. May. Brazil. 
 1842. 
 
 Phlogaca'nthus. (From phlox, a 
 flame, and Acanthus ; the type of this 
 
 fenus having the flowers flame-coloured, 
 fat. ord. , Acanthaceos ; Tribe, Jnsticieos. 
 Allied to Justicia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. For culture, see 
 Justicia. 
 
 P. aspelridua. 3. Purplish-red. January. N 
 India. Syns., Justicia asperula, B. C. 
 t. 1681, J. quadrangvXa/ns, B. M. 2845, 
 and J. vitelmM. 
 
 — eurviho'rus. 6. Bed, yellow. June. Sylhet. 
 1839. B. M. t. 3783. Syn., Justicia curvi- 
 fi&ra. 
 
 — gutta'tus. IJ. Yellow-spotted. April. B. 
 Ind. 1828. B. K. t. 1334. Syn., Justieia 
 guttata. 
 
 — thymflo'rus. Orange. May. E. Ind. 1812. 
 Syn., Justicia. thyrsifi&ra. 
 
 Phlo'mis. (From phlox, a flame ; 
 the down is used for wicks. Nat. ord., 
 Labiatw; Tribe, Stachydem. Allied to 
 Leonotis. ) 
 
 Perennials by seeds, divisions, and cuttings 
 planted in spring and autumn ; shrubs, by cut- 
 tings and slips, placed in the open air, in a shady 
 place, or under a hand-light ; shrubs requiring 
 protection in vrinter; all good, mellow, well. 
 , drained, sandy soil. 
 
PHL 
 
 [746] 
 
 PHCE 
 
 HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS, ETC. 
 
 P. angustif&lia. Cream. July. Levant. 1596. 
 Evergreen. 
 
 — M' color. See P. fioccosa, 
 
 — erini'ta. 2. Pale brown. June. Spain. 1820. 
 
 — flocco'sa. 2. Yellow. August. Egypt. 1828. 
 
 Evergreen. B.E.t. 1300. Syn., P.bicolor. 
 
 — NiseoHii. 2. Yellow. June. Levant. 1767. 
 
 — orienta'Ug. 3. Pale brown. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1820. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 
 P. ferrugilnea. See P. %iurpurea. 
 
 — • cre'tica. See P. purpurea, var, cretica. 
 
 ~frutico'sa. 3. Yellow. June. Spain. 1596. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1843. Jerusalem Sage. 
 
 — ita'liea. 2. Purple. July. Italy. 1661. 
 
 — larui'ta, 1^. Yellow. June. Candia. 1696. 
 
 — lychni'tes. 2. Yellow, brown. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1658. B. M. t. 999. 
 
 — purpu'rea. 2. Purple. July. South Europe. 
 
 1661. Syn., P. ferruginea, 
 
 crdtica. 3. Yellow. June. Crete. 1820. 
 
 Syn., P.ferrugineUt var. cretica. 
 
 — visco'sa. Yellow. June. Levant. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 P. agra'ria. Purplish. July. Siberia. 1830. 
 
 — alpi''na. 1. Purple. July. Siberia. 1802. 
 
 — a/rmsnil aca. 1. Yellow. July. Armenia. 
 
 1834. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 364. 
 
 — iracteo'sa. Purple. May. Himalayas. 1838. 
 
 Syn., P. simplex. 
 
 — casTmheria'tia. 2. Pale lilac. July. Cashmere. 
 
 B. R. 1844, t. 22. 
 
 — he'rba-vdTiXi. 2. Red. August. South 
 
 Europe. 1696. B. M. t. 2449. 
 
 — laeinia'ta. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 24. See Bremc- 
 
 stachys lacimiata. 
 
 — lunariifo'lia. See P. Sa/mia. 
 
 — pu'ngeTis. 3. Brown. July. Armenia. 1820. 
 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 33. 
 
 — Hiissellia'na. 3. Brown. June. Levant. 1821. 
 
 — Sa'tnia. 3. Purple. N. Africa.- i7i4. B. 
 
 M-. t. 1891. G,ii., p. lunarifolia. B. M. 
 i,. -iMS. 
 
 — si'mplex. See P, bracteosa. 
 
 — tubero'sa. 4. Purple. August. Siberia. 1769. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1566. 
 
 Phlo'x. (From phlox, flame ; bril- 
 liancy of the flowers. Nat. ord., Pole- 
 moniacecE. ) 
 
 Herbaceous perennials, natives of North Ame- 
 rica, except where otherwise mentioned. Divi- 
 sions, seeds, and cuttings under a hand-light, in 
 a shady place, in summer ; sandy loam and leaf- 
 mould ; the low trailing ones are beautiful on 
 knolls and rock-works. Drurmno'ncii bj; seed 
 sown the first week in April, in the open air. 
 
 HALF-HARDY. 
 
 P. arista'ta. i. White. April. Carolina. 1828. 
 — florida'na. 1. Eose. April. 1834. Syn., 
 
 P. Carolina of Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 
 
 t. 190. 
 
 — speci&sa. 1. Flesh. Columbia. 1826. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 P. acumina'ta. 4. Pale purple. July. 1812. 
 
 — aeuti/o'lia. 4. Purple. August. 1826. 
 
 — adsulrgens. Rose. Oregon and N. W. Cali- 
 
 fornia. G. and F. 1888, i. p. 66, flg. 11. 
 
 — amoina. \. Pink. June. 1809. Syn., P. 
 
 pilosa, var. amcena. 
 
 — canade'nms. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 221. See 
 
 P. divaricata. 
 
 — ca'ndidu. See P. maculata. 
 
 — ca'mea. B. M. t. 2166. See P. glaberrima, 
 
 var. sufruticosa. 
 
 — caroli'na of B. M. t. 1344. See P. ovata ; of 
 
 Swt. n. Gard. ser. 2, t. 190, see P. jlmri- 
 da/na. 
 
 — corda'ta. See P. pa/niculata. 
 
 — corymbo'sa. See P. pamiculata. 
 
 P. eroBsifoflia. See P. reptans. 
 
 — decussa'ta. See P. maculata. 
 
 — dietieha. 6. Red. August. 1826. 
 
 — divanrica'ta. 1. Light blue. March. 1746- 
 
 B. M. 1. 163. Syn., P. canadensis. 
 
 — Drwmnho'ndi. 1. Purple. July. Texas. 1835. 
 
 Annual. B. M. t. 3441. There are 
 numerous varieties of this species, the 
 best of them being— comjws'oto, euspi- 
 da'ta, Jtmbria'ta (Gn. 1. 1264), and jUfre- 
 pUno (Gfl. 1886, p. 404, flg. 60). 
 
 — eldta. 6. Lilac. September. 1828. 
 
 — exce'lsa. 4. Purple. August. 1824, 
 
 — frondo'sa. See P. subulata, ya^r. frondosa. 
 
 — glaberrima. 2. Red. July. 1725. Swt. 
 
 Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 36. 
 
 suffrutico'sa. 1. Pink. August. 1816. 
 
 Syns., P. carnea. B. M. 1. 1655, and A 
 sufiruticosa, B. R. t. 68. 
 
 — intermedia. 2. Purple. July. 
 
 — mvolitcra'ta. 1. Lilac. June. 1830. 
 
 — U^ta. Si. White. August. 
 
 — lati/o'lia. See P. ovata. 
 
 — linearif&lia. 1. Flesh-colour. July. 1826. 
 
 Syn., P. speciosa of B. R. 1. 1351. 
 
 — Ivngiflo'ra. See P. maculata, var. cwndida. 
 
 — macula'ta. 2. Purple. July. 1740. Forms 
 
 of this are — P. decussata, P. odorata 
 (Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 224), P. pemdulifima 
 (Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 46), P. rejkxa 
 (Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 232), and P. tardi- 
 Jtora. 
 
 ca'ndida. White. Syns., P. longiflora 
 
 (Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 31), and P. 
 suuveolens. 
 
 — na'na. J. Red, white,' or yellow. G. andF. 
 
 1888, 1. p. 413, fig. 66. 
 
 — Nelao'ni. See P. subulata. 
 
 — ni'tida. 2. Purple. July. ' 1800. 
 
 — niva'lis. B. C. t. 780. See P. sulmjata. 
 
 — odora'ta. - Lilac. August. 
 
 — OBB'to. IJ. Reddish-purple. Spring. 1769. 
 
 B. M. t. 628. Syn., P. triflora. 
 caroli'na. 1. Pale purple. August. 1728. 
 
 Syn., P. Carolina in part. 
 Listonie'nsis. 1. Purple. July. 1816. 
 
 — panicula'ta. 3. Pinkish-purple. August. 
 
 1782. Syns., P. cordata (Swt. Fl. (Sard, 
 ser. 2, 1. 13), P. corymi)osa(Swt. Fl. Gard. 
 ser. 2, t. 114), and P. scabra (Swt. Fl. 
 Gard. t. 248). 
 
 acumina'ta. 4. Paie purple. July. 
 
 1812. Syn., P. acuminata. B. M. 1. 1880. 
 
 — penduliflo'ra. A form of P. maculatdt 
 
 — pilo'sa. 1. Purple. May. 1759. TJ. M. 
 
 1. 1307. 
 
 See P. wmcena. 
 
 Flesh. May. 1827. B. C. 
 
 ama^na. 
 
 — procu'mbens. 
 
 1. 1722. 
 
 — pyramida'lis. 
 
 — re' plans. \. 
 
 See P. maculata. 
 Blue, purple. .luly. 180O. 
 Syns., P. erassifolia (B. C. t. 1696) and 
 P. stolonifera (B. M. t. 663). 
 crassifo'lia. 3. Purple. July. 1626. 
 
 — sca'bra. See P. paniculata. 
 
 — aeta'cea. See P. subulata. 
 
 — Sickma'nni. A form of P. paniculata. 
 
 — stoloni'ferd. See P. reptans. 
 
 — suave^olens. See P. maculata, var. cand/ida. 
 
 — subula'ta. J. Dark purple. May. 1786. 
 Jrondo'sa. Rosy-lilac. Syn., P./ro?idoifa. 
 
 — SMgruticdsa. See P. glaberrima, var. suffruti- 
 
 cosa. 
 
 — ta/rdijlo'ra. See P. maculata. 
 
 — trifio'ra. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 29. See P. ovata. 
 
 — undula'ta. 3. Purple. .luly. 1769. 
 
 — virgi'nica. 1. Purple. July. Virginia. 1812. 
 
 Phoenicopho'riun. (From phoe- 
 nix, date, and phm-eo, to bear. Nat. 
 ord., Palmm.) See Stevensonia. 
 
 p. seychella'rum. See Stevensonia grandifiora. 
 
PH(E 
 
 [747] 
 
 PHO 
 
 PhCE'nix. Date Palm. (The Greek 
 name of the tree. Nat. ord. , Palmece ; 
 Tnbe, PJmnicew.) 
 
 Daetyli'fera requires a greenhouse, but aU the 
 othera a stove. Seeds in a hotbed, in spring, 
 or when procurable ; rich, rather stiff loam, or 
 good, flbry loam, with a fourth part of old cow- 
 dung. 
 
 P. acau'lii. 6. White, green. B. Ind. 1816. 
 
 — compa'cta. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — cyeadifo'lia. Trunk like a Cycad, two feet 
 
 thick. 1879. 
 
 — daetyli'fera. 40. White, green. Levant. 
 
 1697. Date palm. 
 —farini'fera. 28. White, green. Cochin China. 
 1800. 
 
 — hy'irida. Garden hybrid between P. daetyli- 
 
 ferct and P. farvnifera. 
 
 — interme'dia. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — leonefngie. See P. spinosa. 
 
 — Ousleya'Tm. India. 
 
 — paludo'sa. 20. B. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — pygmce'a. 6. Mauritius. 1823. 
 
 — retlina'ta. 10. White, green. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1792. 
 
 — Roebete'nii. Siam. G. C. 1889, vi. p. 473, 
 
 fig. 68. 
 
 — rupi'cola. India. 1873. 
 
 fo'liis ar^e'nteo varieaa'tis. Leaves varie- 
 gated with white. lU. Hort. xxxiv. p. 10, 
 
 — spino'sa. E. Africa. 1836. Syn. , P. leonensis, 
 
 — sylve'strU. 40. Green. May. India. 1763. 
 
 E. Indian wine palm ; wild date. 
 
 — te'nuis. More slender than the other species. 
 
 Pholidoca'rpus. (From pholis, a 
 scale, and karpos, fruit ; the fruit has a 
 scaly covering. Nat. ord., Palmece.) 
 
 Stove palm. Turfy loam and leaf-mould. 
 Seeds. 
 P. I'hw. Malayan Archipelago. 
 
 Pholidq'ta. Rattle-snake Orchid. 
 (From »Ao&, a scale,, and mis (otis), an 
 ear; flowers arranged like an ear of 
 wheat, with scaly bracts, as the tail of 
 a snake. Nat. ord., Orchidece ; Tribe, 
 EpidendrecE-Cmlogynem. Allied to Ccelo- 
 gyne.) 
 
 Stove orchids. Division of the plant; in a 
 pot. See Orchids. 
 
 P. articula'ta. White, yellow. April. India. 
 1837. 
 
 — assa'mica. Gfl. 1890, p. 607. 
 
 — chme'nsis. i. Whitish. May. China. 1814. 
 
 — elypea'ta. Borneo. 1847. 
 
 — conehoi'dea. Yellow. February. Philippine 
 
 Islands. 1840. 
 
 — imbrica'ta. 1. Yellowish, violet. October.. 
 
 India. 1824. B. K. 1. 1777. 
 —pa'Uida. }. White. India. 1828. B. B. 
 1. 1213. 
 
 — re^pene. Fleshy-pink. India. 1891. 
 
 — ru'bra. Pale red. April. E. Ind. 1828. 
 
 Syn., P. undidata. 
 
 — ventrko'm. li. White. Java. G. C. 1889, 
 
 V. p. 586. 
 
 Pho'rbia cepeto'rum. The Onion 
 Fly. Syns., Anthomy'ia cepa'rum and 
 Scato'phaga eepa'Tum. The onion is 
 liable to attack by the grub or larva of 
 this fly, especially when grown in light 
 soils. The gardenerwho sees his young 
 onions, when about the thickness of a 
 
 stra,w, turning yellow, and the leaves 
 sunk down upon the ground, may at 
 once know that they are the victims of 
 this msect. Even when of larger growth 
 the onion is still liable to suffer from its 
 attacks, and even up to the time of the 
 bulb's full gro-wiih. If the outer coats of 
 ayoung onion thusdestroyed are stripped 
 off, the grub is at once detected ; but if 
 the onion is older, the grubs are often 
 numerous. In both cases they will be 
 found feeding on the very heart of the 
 onion. The grub varies from about a 
 quarter to half an inch long, is fleshy, 
 shining, whitish, cylindricEJ, tapering 
 from the head to the tail, and divided 
 into twelve segments. The pores through 
 which it breathes are yellow, and in the 
 first segment. In about three weeks 
 from the time of being hatched it changes 
 into a chestnut-coloured, oval puparium, 
 or case, within which is the re^ pupa. 
 From this, in about a fortnight, the per- 
 fect fly comes forth, of the size of the 
 cross lines, and appearing as riiagnified 
 in our drawing. This is the female, and 
 
 is antiieiyof a pale, ashy colour, covered 
 with black bristles. The male has a 
 black line down the middle of the ab- 
 domen. The antennse and legs are black ; 
 the wings are transparent, almost colour- 
 less, but iridescent pink and green. 
 The female inserts her eggs within the 
 leaf-sheaths of the onion, close to the 
 ground. She continues to lay her eggs 
 from May to September, producing 
 several broods during that period. The 
 latest brood remains in the pupa state 
 through the T\'inter, so that all old- 
 decaymg store-onions should be burnt 
 up as spring advances. The best pre- 
 ventive of this grub is to sprinkle gas- 
 lime between the rows of seedirig-onions, 
 its fumes being offensive to the fly. It 
 may be well, also, to try spreading 
 powdered charcoal among them in a 
 similar way, for the fly is said to deposit 
 her eggs in this powder as readily as in 
 the omon-plants. Another easy method 
 is to trench the ground rather deeply in 
 winter and so bury the pupse at such a. 
 
PHO 
 
 [748] 
 
 PHY 
 
 depth as to render it impossible for the 
 flies to come to the surface the succeeding 
 spring. 
 
 Pho'rmium. Flax Lily, or New 
 Zealand Flax. (Fioiaphormos, a basket ; 
 one of the uses made of the fibre. Nat. 
 ord., Liliacece ; Tribe, Hemerocallece.) 
 
 Half-hardy jperennials. Divisions of tiie root ; 
 imported seeds ; rich, mellow loam. 
 P. alpi'num. New Caledonia. 1890. 
 
 — Cole'nsoi. See P. Cookianum. 
 
 — Cookia'num. 3-6. Yellow. Summer. New 
 
 Zealand. 1868. Syns., P Colensoi and 
 P, Forsterianicm, 
 variega'tum. Leaves edged with creamy- 
 white. 1878. 
 
 — Jla'ccidum. New Caledonia. 1890. 
 
 — Forsteria'num. See P. Cookutmtm. 
 
 — Rooke'ri. Yellow, greenish, red. New Zea- 
 
 land. 1888. B. M. t. 6973 
 
 — Surstho'nHi. Purple. New Caledonia. 1890. 
 
 — robu'stum. New Caledonia. 1890. 
 
 — te'nax. 6. Green, white. August. New 
 
 Zealand. 1798. B. M. t. 3199. There 
 are now several varieties of this in 
 cultivation, as atropurpu'reum^ a dark 
 purple form ; Moorla'Ddii, leaves varie- 
 gated ; ni'gro-pi'Gtum, leaves edged with 
 dark purple ; Saunde'rsii, a dwarf form ; 
 YeitchiaJnumn, leaves short and narrow. 
 
 Photi'nia. (Sroraphoteinos, shining; 
 appearance of the leaves. Nat. ord., 
 Jiosaceoe ; Tribe, Pomtm. Syn., Erio- 
 hotrya.) 
 
 Half-hardy white-flowered evergreens. Seeds 
 when procurable, treated as the haws of the 
 Hawthorn ; generally by budding on the Haw- 
 thorn as a stock ; rather tender for the open air 
 north of London, but deserve a wall, owing to 
 their beautiful foliage ; and where also, when 
 established, they would generally flower freely. 
 P. arbutifo'lia 10. July. California. 1796. 
 
 B. R. t. 491. Syns., Cratcegus arbuti/olia 
 
 and Stci^^i-i-i'* arbuti/olia. 
 
 — du'bia. 10. Nepaul. " 1821. Linn Trans. 
 
 xiii. 1. 10. 
 
 — elU'ptica. 30. White. Nepaul. 1823 Syn., 
 
 Eriohotrya elliptica. 
 
 — integHfo'lixt. 10. Nepaul. 18£0. 
 
 — japo'nica. 20. White. Autumn Japan. 
 1787. Syn., Eriohotrya japonica, B. R. 
 t. 365. Japan medlar or quince. 
 
 — serrula'ta. 10. May. China. 1804 
 
 Phry'rna. Lopseed. (Derivation 
 unknown. Nat. ord., Verbenacew.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division ; seeds 
 Ordinary garden -soil. 
 
 P. leptosta'chya. 2-4. Purple. August N 
 America. 1802. 
 
 Phry'niuni. (Fromphrynos, a frog; 
 because inhabiting marshes. Nat. ord. , 
 Scitaminece ; Tribe, MarantecB. Allied 
 to Canna. ) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials ; yellow-flowered, 
 where not otherwise specified Seeds in a hot- 
 bed in spring, or division of the roots as fresh 
 growth commences ; rich loam and a little peat. 
 Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°. 
 P. capita'tum. 5. White, purple. July E. Ind. 
 1807. 
 
 — colora'tum. 2. Orange. May. Brazil. 1828. 
 
 • B. M. t. 3010 
 
 — como'sum. A synonym of Calathea c&mosc^. 
 
 P. de''mum. See Calathea densa. 
 — esd'Tfiiufm. See Calathea eximia. 
 —fiave'scens and granctifio'rum. See Calathea 
 
 — myro'sma. A synonym of Calathea nvyrosma 
 
 — om'quum. IJ. June. E. Indies. 1824. 
 
 -~ Parke'ri. A synonym of Ischnosiphon Par- 
 keri. 
 
 — parviflo'rum. 4. July. E. Indies. 1820. 
 
 — saTigui'newm. See Maranta sanguinea. 
 
 — seto'swm. A synonym of Maranta setosa. 
 
 — spica'tum. 1. July. E. Indies. 1820. 
 
 — unilatera'le. White. Madagascar. 1872. 
 
 — Va'nden He'ckii. See Calathea Yanden 
 
 Reckii. 
 
 — variega'tum, 1. Leaves white, banded with 
 
 green. Malacca? 111. Hort. t. 606. 
 
 — villo'swrn. See Calathea viXlosa. 
 
 Phyce'lla. (A diminutive of ^A?/cos, 
 Ked Alkanet ; alluding to the colour of 
 the flowers. Nat. ord. , AnmrylUdacece ; 
 Tribe, AmarylUm.) See Hippea- 
 strtun. 
 
 p. atteniwlta, bUcolor, hijlo'ra, brevitu'ba, cyr- 
 
 tanthoi'des, gracilijlo'ra, i'gnea and 'nmg- 
 
 ' ni'fica are forms of Rippeastrum bicolor. 
 
 — chlora'cea. See Phoedranassa chloraeea, B. E. 
 
 1846, t. 17. 
 
 — Rerbertia'ma. B. E. 1. 1341. See Rippeastrum 
 
 Rerbertianum. 
 
 Phyge'lius. (Derivation unex- 
 plained, perhaps from phyge, shunning ; 
 from its having escaped the observation 
 of botanists for a long time. Nat. ord., 
 Serophulariacece ; Tribe, Chelonece.) 
 
 Herbaceous perennial, hardy south of London. 
 Readily propagated from seeds, which are pro- 
 duced in abundance, and should be sown m a 
 slight hotbed in spring, and afterwards trans- 
 planted to a warm sunny border. May also be 
 propagated by cuttings of ripened shoots, and 
 by division of the plant. Rich light loam. 
 P. cape'nsis. 3. Scarlet. Summer. Kaffraria. 
 1865. B. M. t. 4881. 
 
 Phy'lica. (From phyllikos, leafy; 
 abundance of overseen leaves. Nat. 
 ord. , Bliamnaceai ; Tribe, Shamnece. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from South Africa, 
 and all white-flowered, unless otherwise men- 
 tioned. Cuttings of young shoots in sand, under 
 a glass, in spring, and Kept cool and shaded 
 from sunshine until they have struck ; sandy, 
 fibry peat, with nodules of freestone and char^ 
 coal. Winter temp., 40° to 46°. 
 P. bi'color. 2. June. 1817. 
 
 — buxi/o'lia. 2-10. Summer. 1769. B. C. 
 
 t. 848. Syn., Soulangia buxifolia. 
 
 — capita'ta. 1. June. 1800. 
 
 lanceola'ta. 2. Summer. 1800. Syns., 
 
 P. capitata of B. E. t. 711, P. plumosa 
 of B. C. t. 235, and P. pubescens of 
 Alton. 
 
 — corda'ta. Purple, yellow. May. 1789. Syn., 
 
 S{mlangia cordata. 
 
 — cyli'ndrica. 2. Yellow, green. June. 
 
 — di&ica. 3. July. 1817. Syn., Smilangia 
 
 dioica. 
 
 — ericoi'des. 3. June. 1731. B. M. t. 224. 
 
 — eme'lsa. 2-4. Syn., P. spicata of B. M. 
 
 t. 2704. 
 
 papillo'sa. 3. Pale yellow. June. 1820. 
 
 Syn., P. papulosa. 
 
 — globo'sa. 3. June. 1800. 
 
 — iwirica'ta. 1. October. 1801. 
 
 — myrtifo'lia. 3. Dark yellow. 1816. Syn., 
 
 Soulangia myrti/olia. 
 
PHY 
 
 [749] 
 
 PHY 
 
 P. ni'tida. November. 1774 
 
 erio'phora. 3. November. 1774. 
 
 — oleoi'des. 2. Syn., P. spicata of B. C. t. 323. 
 
 — papillo'sa. See P. excelsa, var. papiUosa. 
 
 — pi'nea. November. 1774. 
 
 — pinifo'lia. 2. July. 1789. 
 
 — plurrbo'sa. 2. April. 1759. See also P. aa/pi- 
 
 tata, var. lanceolata. 
 
 — smmrro'sa. 2. September. 1809. Syns., 
 
 P. puhescem of B. C. t. 695, and P. 
 squarrosa. 
 
 — pube'scetis. B. C. t. 695. See P. plumosa, 
 
 var. squarrosa. 
 
 — purpu'rea. 3. Red. Becember. 1827. Syns., 
 
 D. rosmarinifolia of B. C. t. 849, and 
 S<mlangia rubra, B. R. 1. 1498. 
 
 — rosmarinifolia. 3. 1816. See also P. pur- 
 
 purea. 
 
 — spica'ta of B. C. t. 323, see P. oleoides ; of 
 
 B. M. t. 2704, see P. excelsa. 
 
 — aquarro'sa. See P. plurrtosa, var. sgiiotrrosa. 
 
 — tnymifo'lia. 3. White. June. 1824. Syn., 
 
 SovZangia thymifolia. 
 
 Phylla'gathis. (From phyllon, a 
 leaf, and agatheos, divine ; beauty of 
 foliage. Nat. ord., Melastomacece ; 
 Tribe, Sonerilem.) 
 
 Stove perennials. For cultivation, see Ml- 
 CONIA. / 
 
 P. gynma'nfha. Pink. Borneo. 1884. / 
 
 — rotumMfo'lia. Pink. July. Sumatra. Leaves 
 
 beautifully ribbed, andhavinea purplisli 
 metallic lustre ; red beneath. B. M. 
 t. 5282. 
 
 Phylla'nthus. (From phyllon, a 
 leaf, and anthos, a flower ; flowers pro- 
 duced on the edges of the leaves. Nat. 
 ord., Euphorhiaeece ; Tribe, Phyllan- 
 thew.) 
 
 Annuals and biennials, ^y seed in a hotbed, in 
 spring, and then flowered in stove and ^een- 
 house during the summer. Shrubby species, by 
 cuttings of the hard ^oots in sandy soil, in 
 heat ; sandy loam and) fibry peat, with a little 
 broken bricks, charcoal, and dried cow-dung. 
 Winter temp., 60° to 55'' ; summer, 60° to 86°. 
 
 ANNUALS aJuB biennials. 
 
 p. ruaderaspatdnsis. 1. Green, yellow. August. 
 E. Ind. 1818. Biennial. Syn., P. gra- 
 
 — Mru'ri. J. Green. July. E. Ind. 1692. 
 
 — obova'tus. J. July. N. Amer. 1803. Hardy. 
 
 — urina'ria,. J. Green, yellow. August. B. Ind. 
 
 1819. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 
 P. anguslifo'lius. 2. Red. July. Jamaica. 
 1789. Syns., Xylophylla elongata, B. C. 
 1. 1091, and X. montana, B. M. t. 2662. 
 
 — arbu'scula. See P. speciosics. 
 
 — atropurpu'reus. Polynesia. 1876. 
 
 — c&ra'mica. A synonym of Exocarpos cerarmca. 
 
 — Chantrie'ri. 2J. Brick-red, pale yellow. 
 
 Cochin China. 1882. Rev. Hort. 1883, 
 p. 637. . 
 
 — di'stidha. 20.30. Green. Malaya. 1796. 
 
 Syns., P. Im^ifolius, Jacq. H. Schoenb. 
 1. 194, and Cicca disticha. 
 
 — epiphylla'nthws. See P. falcata. 
 —falca'tus. 6. Bed. July. W. Indies. 1699. 
 
 Syns., P. epiphyUanthus and Xylophylla 
 faicata, B. R. t. 373. 
 —fraxinifo'Uvs. 4. Green. August. E.Indies. 
 1819. 
 
 — glaiice' scene. Green, red. Siam. 1864. 
 
 — grandifo'lius. 6. Green, yellow. August. 
 
 Tropical America. 1771. Syn., P. jvg- 
 landifoiius. 
 
 P. juglandifo'lius. See P. grandifolius. 
 
 — Tcirganellia. See P. reticulatus 
 
 — lanceola'tus. 3. Green, yellow. Bourbon. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — Uriea'ris. 1-2. White. Jamaica. 
 
 — Ivlcens. A synonym of Breynia/ruticosa. 
 
 — mimosoi'des. 13. Green. August. W. Indies. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — nivo'sus. Green ; leaves mottled with white. 
 
 Polynesia. 1873. Flor. Mag. new ser, 
 t. 120. 
 
 — nu'tans. 1^. Green, yellow. August. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1820. Syn., P. reti^^ulatus of 
 B. C. 1. 116. 
 
 — pallidifo'lius. Yellow, red. Summer. Java. 
 
 Syn., Reidia glaucescens, B. M. t. 5437. 
 
 — polyphy'Uus. 2. Green. August. E. Indies. 
 
 1805. Syn., P. racemoeus. 
 
 — racemo'sus. See P. polyphyllus. 
 
 — reticvXa!tus. 3. Red. August. E. Indies. 
 Syn., P. kirganelia, P. reticulatus of 
 B. C. 1. 116 is P. nutans. 
 
 — salvicefo'lius. Green, red. Summer. New 
 
 Grenada. 1883. Rev. Hort. 1883, p. 176, 
 flgs. 34-36. 
 
 — sca'ndens. 10. Green, yellow. August. B. 
 
 Indies. 1822. Climber. 
 
 — Seemannia'nus. 2. Whitish. New Hebrides. 
 
 1879. 
 
 — specio'sus. Whitish. September. Jamaica. 
 
 1818. Syns., P. arbuscula and Xylo- 
 phylla latifolia, B. M. t. 1021. 
 
 — twHna'tus. 2. Green. July. China. 
 
 Phylla'rthron. (From phyllon, a 
 leaf, and arthros, a joint ; leaflets as if 
 jointed to the footstalks. Nat. ord., 
 Bignoniacem ; Tribe, Crescentiece. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of stubby 
 side-shoots, or pieces of the ripe young wood, in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ; sandy 
 loam and flbry peat, and a little leaf-mould and 
 charcoal. Winter temp., 50° to 66°; summer, 
 60° to 90°. 
 
 P. Bojeria'na. 3. Rose. July. Mauritius. 
 1844. B. M. t. 4173. 
 
 Phyllis. (From phyllon, a leaf. 
 Nat. ord., Eubiacece.) 
 
 Greenhouse undershrub. Cuttings in sand, 
 under a bell-glass. 
 
 P. Hfo'Wa. 3. White. June. Canary Islands 
 and Madeira. 1699- 
 
 pauciplra. Flowers fewer than in the 
 
 type. 
 
 Phylloca'ctUS. (From phyllon, a 
 leaf, and cactus. Nat. ord. , Caetacew. ) 
 This genus has been formed from the 
 Epiphyllum, section of CactUS. 
 
 For treatment, see Cactus. 
 P. Ackerma'nni. Rich crimson. Summer. Mexi- 
 co. 1829. Syn., Cactus Ackermanni, 
 B. R. t. 1331 
 
 — a'lbus superbi'ssimus. YeUowish-white. Gar- 
 
 den seedling. 1891. 
 
 — anmi'twer. White, brown. October. Mexico. 
 
 B. M. t. 6100. 
 
 — bifo'rmis. 2\. Pink. Honduras. 1839. B. M. 
 
 t. 6166. Syns., Cereus biformis and Diso- 
 cactus biformis. B. B. 1845, t. 9. 
 
 — caulorrhi'zus. White, pale green. 
 
 — crena'tus. Creamy-white. Honduras. 1839. 
 
 Syn., Cereus crenatus. B. R. 1844, 
 t. 31. 
 cocci'neus. Scarlet. 
 
 — cruifntum. Red. Hybrid. Flor. Mag. t. 413 
 
 — grandiflo'rus. Large flowered variety. 1884. 
 
 Gfl. 1. 1176. 
 
PHY 
 
 [750] 
 
 PHY 
 
 f. Booketri. 3. White. Summer. S. America. 
 Sya., Cactus PhyUoMthm. B. M. t. 2692. 
 
 — JenMms&ni. -Crimson. A liybrid. 
 
 - — Ut'tifrone. 10. Creamy-white. Mexico. 
 Syns^ Cerews latifrons. B. M. t. 3813, 
 and G. omfpetalus. 
 
 — vimltifio'rus. Beddish-crimson. 
 
 — phyUantlwi!des. 3. Rose, white. June. 
 
 1810. ^yjia.,Cactu8 phyllcmth(yi4A8. B.M. 
 t. 2092, and C. speciosm. B. B. t. 304. 
 
 — PhylUilnthue. 1-3. White or cream. June. 
 
 S. America. 1710. Syna., Cerms Phyl- 
 lamihus and Eptphyllwrn Phyllanthu^. 
 — spedosissi'mo-erena'tnieFra'ngi. Hybrid. Paxt. 
 Fl. Gard. iii. t. 62. 
 
 Phylloea'lyx. (From phyllon, a. 
 leaf, and kalyx, a eup; the cah^x is 
 leafy. Nat. ord., Myrtacece.) United 
 with Eugenia in the Grenera Plan- 
 tarunj. 
 
 Stove or greenhouse shrub. For culture, see 
 Myrtus. 
 P. e^dulis. 4. White ; fruit yellow, with an 
 
 odour of pine-apple. Brazil. 1884. Kev. 
 
 Hort. 1884, p. 348. 
 
 Phyllo'cladus. (From phyllon, a 
 leaf, and klados, a branch ; branch-like 
 leafleted leaves. Nat. ord. , Coniferce ; 
 Tribe, Taxece. Allied to Podocarpus. ) 
 
 Greenhouse cone-bearing trees, from Van Die- 
 men's Land, except P. hypophylla. Cuttings of 
 the ripe shoots in sand, under a glass, in spring, 
 and no artificial bottom-heat until the cuttings 
 swell at their base ; strong loam. At Belfast, 
 rhomboida'lis (Celery-topped, or Adventure Bay 
 Pine) bears the winter without protection ; tri- 
 chomwnoi'des would be equally hardy in the 
 .south of Ireland and south-west of England. 
 Winter temp., 40° to 48° ; summer, 60° to 75°. 
 P. glcm'ca. Yellow. 1853. 
 
 — hypoph}/Ua. 10-30. Borneo. 
 
 — rhfmU/oida'lis. 40. 1825. Syn,, Podoea/rpus 
 
 asplenij'olius. 
 
 — triehOTnanoi^des, 60. Yellow. July. 1840. 
 
 Phyllo'doce. {From. phyllon, a leaf, 
 and dokein, to shine ; the leaves are 
 shiny. Nat. ord., JSricacew.) 
 
 Hardy, heath-like shrubs, requiring a peaty 
 .soil. Propagation by layers. 
 P. eceru'lea. See P. taxifolia. 
 
 — empetrifo'Tmis. A synonym Bryaiithus em- 
 
 petrifoliits. 
 
 — taxifo'lia. 2. Lilac. May. Britain. Syns., 
 
 P. ctsruXea and Menzie^^ ccBrulea. B. C. 
 1. 164. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 886. 
 
 Phyllo'ma. (From phyllon, a leaf, 
 and loma, a border. Nat. ord., lAliacem; 
 'Tribe, AloineoB.) See Lomatophyl- 
 lum. 
 
 p. aloifio'rwm. B. M. t. 1585. See Lomato- 
 phyllwm borbonicum, 
 
 Phyllosta'chys. (From phyllon, 
 a leaf, and stachys, a spike ; the spike- 
 lets are inclosed in foliaceous bracts. 
 Nat. ord., Graminece.) 
 
 Arborescent grasses. For culture, see Bam- 
 BUSA. The stems of P. nigra form the Whangee 
 ■<)anes of commerce. 
 P. bambusoi'des. 10. Javsm. , 
 
 — nigra. 6. China and Japan. Syn., Bamiusa 
 
 nigra. 
 
 Phyllo'ta. (From phyllon, a leaf, 
 and ous (otis), an ear ; shape of leaves. 
 Nat. ord., LegwrmnoscB ; Tribe, Poda- 
 lyriecB. AlUed to Aotus. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen, yellow-flowered shrub. 
 Cuttings of young shoots getting fir!n (the little 
 stubby side-shoots are best), in spring and sum- 
 mer, in sand, under a bell-glass ; nbry, sandy 
 peat, and a few nodules of fibry loam, to keep 
 the plants stubby. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. 
 P. phyUicmldes. 2. Yellow. May. New South 
 
 Wales. 1824. Syns., P. aspera, P. eo- 
 
 mosa and P. squa/rroia. 
 
 Phyllotse'mmn. See Xantho- 
 soma. 
 
 Phyllo'xera vasta'trix. See Grape 
 Phylloxera. 
 
 Ph.yniata'ntliu.s. CPiom phuma, a 
 tumour, and anthos, a flower. Nat. 
 ovd..,Gerani<tcecB.) See Pelargonium. 
 
 P. ela'tus-i Swt. Ger. t. 96. A synonym of Pe- 
 largonium elatum. 
 
 — tricolor. Swt. Ger. t. 43. A synonym of Pe- 
 
 largbnvwm tricolor. 
 
 Phymato'des. (From phvma, a 
 swelling ; alluding to the thickened base 
 of the fronds. Nat. ord., Filiees — Poly- 
 podiacecB.) A sub-genus of Polypo- 
 dium. 
 
 stove ferns. See Ferns. 
 P. bifrons. ^. Ecuador. 
 
 — Bulardi^ri. iji. New Zealand. 
 
 — excava'ta. 1. E. Indies. 
 
 — gemma' ta. J. Brazil. 
 
 — leiorhiza. E. Indies. 1844. 
 
 — longifo'lia. Malay Archipelago. 
 
 — lo'ngipes. 3. Malay Archipelago. 1823. 
 
 — longi'ssi/ma. Malay Archipelago. 
 
 — nigre^scens. 3. Java. 1867. 
 
 — nu'da. E. Indies. ' 
 
 — peltidea. 1^. E. Indies. 
 
 — piistula'ta. IJ. New Zealand. 1820. 
 
 — svnuo'sa. Java. 1859. -^ 
 
 — termima'lis. 1. B. Indies. 
 
 — vulga'ris. E. Indies. 1823. 
 
 Phy'salis. (Frovaphj/sa, a bladder ; 
 alluding to the calyx. Nat. ord., Sola- 
 nacecB ; Tribe, Solaneoe. ) 
 
 There are many species of tjhis genus, but only 
 the following are worth cultivating. They are 
 herbaceous perennials ; the first is hardy, the 
 others are only half-hardy. 
 P. Alkehe'rtgi. 1. White. July. S. Europe. 
 
 1548. Winter Cherry. Sibth. Fl. Gr. 
 
 t. 234. 
 
 — e'dulis. B. M. 1. 1068. See P. perumcma, var. 
 
 — peruma'na. 3. Whitish ; anthers violet. 
 
 Fruit purplish. July. S. America. 1772. 
 e'dulis. 2. Yellow. Fruit yellow. July. 
 
 S. America. 1773.— Cape Gooseberry. 
 
 Syn., P. edulis. 
 molafcea. 3. Yellow, purple. Fruit 
 
 dark violet. Mexico. 1883. Syn., P. 
 
 molacea. 
 
 — prostra'ta. Andr. Bep. t. 76. Now referred 
 
 to Cacabhs. 
 
 — Schraderia'na. 1. White, with olive-green 
 
 dots. Summer. Mexico, 1838. 
 
 — viola'cea. Eev. Hort. 1882, p. 216. See P. 
 
 peruvUma, var. violaem. 
 
PHY 
 
 [751] 
 
 PHY 
 
 Physia'nthus. (From physa, a 
 bladder, and anthos, a flower; alluding 
 to its shape. Nat. ord., AsdepiadaceaB.) 
 See Arauja. 
 
 p. aJlbent. B. M. t. 3201. See Aravja serico- 
 fera. 
 
 — amri'conms. B. M. t. 3891. See Arauja 
 
 graveolens. 
 
 Physic Nut. Ja'tropha. 
 
 Physi'dium. (From physa, a 
 bladder, and eidos, like ; the up of the 
 flower is inflated. Nat. ord., Scrophula- 
 riaceoe.) A synonym of Angelonia. 
 P. comi'gera. See Aiigelonia comigera. 
 
 — Gardne'ri. See Angelonia Gardneri. 
 
 Physochlai'na. (From physa, a 
 bladder, and chlaina, an outer garment ; 
 referring to the swollen calyx of some 
 species. Nat. ord., Solanacece ; Tribe, 
 MyoscyamecB.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Common 
 garden-soil. Increased by root division in au- 
 tunui or early spring. 
 
 P. gramdiflo'ra. IJ. Green. May. Thibet. 
 1860. B. M. t. 4600. 
 
 — orianta'lis. IJ. Bluish-purple. March. Ar- 
 
 menia. 1821. Syn., Syoscyamus orienta- 
 lis. B. M. t. 2414. 
 
 — physcUoi'des. 1^. Violet-purple. March. 
 Siberia. 1777. Syn., Hyoscyamus phy- 
 
 ■ " " , B. M. t. 852. 
 
 Pliysosi'phon.. (From physsao, to 
 inflate, and siphon, a tube ; because the 
 tube of the flower is slightly inflated. 
 Nat. ord., Orchideo} ; Tribe, Epiden- 
 dreoe-PleurothalletB. Allied to Stelis.) 
 
 Stove epiphytical orchids, for cultivation, see 
 Pleurothallis. 
 P. gtmtemale'nsis. Yellow, purple. Guatemala. 
 
 1891. 
 -^ Loddigeisii. Yellowish - green, red -orange. 
 
 March. Mexico. 1828. ^yn., Stelis tti- 
 
 bata. B. C. 1. 1601. 
 
 — punetula'tus. Greenish-yellow, purple. Bo- 
 
 gota. 1870. 
 
 Physoste'gia. (From physa, a 
 bladder, and stege, a covering; formation 
 of the calyx. Nat. ord., Labiatce; Tribe, 
 Stachydew. Allied to Melittis. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds in a 
 little heat, early, and then most of the plants 
 when turned out in May will bloom the same 
 season ; divisions of the plants in spring ; and 
 cuttings, or young shoots, under ah^nd-hght, in 
 sandy soil, in summer ; sandy loam and a little 
 leaf-mould. 
 P. corda'ta. Purple. July. N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 — denticula'ta. See P. virginiana, var. dewti- 
 
 culata. 
 
 — imbrica'ta. 3. Pale purple. September. 
 
 Teiias. 1833. B. M. t. 3386. 
 -- interme^dia. 1-3. Purplish. Summer. 
 
 — speeio'sa. See P. mrginia/aa, var. apeeiom. 
 
 — trwnca'ta. IJ. PaJe pink. St. Felipe. 1834. 
 
 — variega'ta. See P. mrginimut. 
 
 — virginia'na. IJ. Bed. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1683. Syns., P. variegata and Dracoce- 
 phalwm virginianum, B. M. t. 467. 
 
 a'Wa. 3. White. August. 
 
 denticiUa'ta. Striped. August. Caro- 
 lina. 1787. Syns., P. dentieulata and 
 
 Dracocephalum dentieulatwn, B. M. 
 t. 214. 
 P. virginia'iui spedo'sa. Fink. .Tuly. 1822. 
 Syns., P. spedosa and Dracocephalmn 
 speeioswm. Swt. Fl. Oard. t. 03. 
 
 Fhysoste'lma. (From physa, a 
 bladder, and stelma, a girdle ; in allu- 
 sion to the corona. Nat. ord., Ascle- 
 piadacece; Tribe, Marsdenieae.) 
 
 Climbing, stove shrub. For culture, see Hoya. 
 P. campanula' turn. See P. Wallichii. 
 
 — Walli'chii. Green, yellow. May. Malay 
 
 Archipelago. 1845. Syns., P. ca/nvpa- 
 nulatum and Hoya eampoMulata. B. M. 
 t. 4545. 
 
 Physosti'gma, (From physa, a 
 bladder, and stigma ; the stigma is fur- 
 nished with a hood-like appendage. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminosce.) 
 
 Climbing, stove herb. The only species, P. 
 venosv/m, is the Ordeal Bean of Old Calabar. 
 P. veno'swm. Purplish. Tropical Africa. Bent, 
 and Tr. t. 80. 
 
 Physu'rus. (Prova. physa, a bladder, 
 and oura, a tail. Nat. ord. , Orchidew ; 
 Tribe, Neottiem — Spiranthem. Allied to 
 Anaeetochilus. ) 
 
 P. pi'ctvs rivals the far-famed Ancectochilus in 
 the richness of its foliage. Stove orchids, in 
 pots. Division in spring. See ORCHms. 
 P. arge'nteus. i. White. June. Ceylon. 
 Syn., AncectochilTis argenteus. 
 
 — defcorus. Whitish. Sumatra. 1873. 
 
 — fimlyriUa'ris. White, yellow. Brazil. 
 
 — Lobbia'nus. i. Java. 1847. 
 
 — macula'tus. Leaves green, dotted with white. 
 
 Guayaquil. 1862. B. M. t. 6306. 
 
 — no'bilis. Leaves dark-green, silvery veined. 
 
 BrazU. 1866. 
 
 — Ortgi^sii. White. Columbia. 1873. Syn., 
 
 Ancectochilus Ortgiesii. 
 
 — pi'ctvs. \. White. June. Brazil. 1844. 
 
 Syns., AncectochUus argenteus, var. pic- 
 tus, A. pietus and Microchilus pictus. 
 
 — Prdslei. Yellow. February. Maraquita, 
 
 Peru. 
 
 — qu^rceti'colus. N. America. Syn., ArKeetO' 
 
 chUus querceticolus. 
 
 — rarijUirus. Yellow. March. Caraccas. 
 
 Phytarhi'za. See Tillandsia. 
 
 Phyte'lephas. (From phyton, a 
 plant, and elephas, ivory ; alluding to 
 the seed, which, under the name of Ivory 
 nut, is largely imported and used by 
 turners in forming small ivory -like toys, 
 buttons, etc. Nat. ord., Pa/mece; Tribe, 
 Areceai. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Imported seeds. Sandy 
 loam and leaf -mould. Summer temp., 66° to 
 86* ; winter, 60° to 60°. 
 
 P. macroca'rpa. 18. New Grenada. 1846. — 
 Ivory-nut Palm. Fl. Ser. tt. 496-497. 
 
 Phyteu'ina. Rampion. (An ancient 
 name of a plant. Nat. ord., Campanw- 
 laceee ; Tribe, Campanulece. Allied to 
 Campanula.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, with two excep- 
 tions. Seeds and divisions in spring ; common 
 light garden-soil. Pretty little things for rock 
 works and the front of borders. 
 
PHY 
 
 [752] 
 
 PIC 
 
 P.betoniccB/o'limn. 2. Pale blue. June. South 
 Europe. 1818. P. betonicoefoKum d B. 
 M. t. 2066 is P. Driehelii. 
 
 — eampcmuloi'des. 1. Blue. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1804. B. M. 1. 1015. 
 
 Sibthorpia'mim. July. Mount Olympus. 
 
 1804. 
 
 — cane'scene. 2. Lilac. July. Hungary. 1804. 
 
 — Charme'Hi. 1. Blue. June. Pyrenees. 1823. 
 
 — como'sum. J. Blue. June. Austria. 1762. 
 
 Biennial. B. M. t. 6478. 
 
 — corda'tum, B. M. 1. 1466. See P. orbicidare. 
 
 — globularifo'liunt: J. Blue. June. South of 
 
 France. 1820. 
 
 — Halle'ri. i. Violet. May. South of France. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — hemisphce'ricum. 1. Blue. July. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1762. Jacq. Ic. t. 333. 
 
 — hi'spidum. 1. Blue. June. Switzerland. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — hu'mile. J. Blue. June. Switzerland. 1825. 
 
 — irusqua'tum. 1. Blue. June. Austria. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — lanceola'tmn. J. White. June. Armenia. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — Umoniifo'lium,. Switzerland. 1832. Ever- 
 
 green. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 218. Syns., P. 
 strictum, and P. virgatum. 
 
 — Miche'lii. J. Red. June. Switzerland. 1822. 
 
 Syn. P. betoniccefolium of B. M. t. 2066. 
 
 — nigrum. J. Bed. July. Bohemia. 1820. 
 
 — orbicula're. 1. Violet. July. England. B. C. 
 
 1. 122. 
 ded'piens. Blue. July. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 gigantefum. Blue. July. France. 1817. 
 
 — pauciflo'rum. J. Blue. May. Switzerland. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — pulche'llwm. 1836. 
 
 — Scheuehze'ri. J. Blue. May. Switzerland. 
 
 1813. B. M. t. 2271. 
 
 — scorzonerifo^lium. 1. Blue. July. Alps. 
 
 1819. , 
 
 — sibi'ruium. 1. Blue. July. Siberia. 1817. 
 
 — Siebe'ri. 1. Blue. June. Pyrenees. 1826. 
 ~ spica'ttim. 2. Blue. May. Europe. 1597. 
 
 B. M. t. 2347. 
 
 — stri'ctum, B. M. t. 2146, and virga'tmn, B. C. 
 
 t. 667. See P. limoniifoUvmi. 
 
 Fhytola'cca. (From phi/ton, a 
 plant, and lacca, lao ; the crimson colour 
 of the fruit. Nat. ord., Phytolaccacem ; 
 Tribe, EuphytolaccecB.) 
 
 There are many tender species, but the follow- 
 ing hardy herbaceous ones are all that are de- 
 serving notice. Seeds and divisions in spring ; 
 light, sandy soil and leaf -mould. 
 P. acirw'sa. North India. 1844. 
 
 — deca'ndra. 5. White, green. August. S. 
 
 Amer. 1768. Vireinian Poke. 
 
 a'lbo-variega'ta. Garden variety. Eev. 
 
 Hort. 1887, p. 16, flg. 2. 
 
 — icom'ndra. 2. Green. July. Mexico. 
 
 — purpura' sceiis. See Ledenbergia roseo-tznea. 
 
 Phytomy'za i'licis. See Holly- 
 leaf fly. 
 
 Piara'nthus. (From piar, fatness, 
 and anthos, a flower ; the flowers being 
 succulent, as in Stapelia. Nat. ord., 
 AsclepiadacecB ; Tribe, StapeliecB.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from South Africa. 
 Cuttings, dried some days at their base before 
 insertingthem in sandy loam ; sandy loam, lime- 
 rubbish, leaf-mould, and a little dried cow-dung. 
 Winter temp,, 48' to 66° ; summer, 60° to 90° ; dry 
 in winter. 
 P. a'riAus. J. Pale yellow. August. 1795. 
 
 P. gemina'tus. Orange-yellow, blood-red. Sum- 
 mer. 1796. Syn., Podanthea geminata 
 and Stapelia gemmata. B. M. 1. 1326. 
 
 — Gus8(ynea''nus. i. Yellow, brown. June. 
 
 1832. 
 
 — mearna'tus. 1. Flesh. June. 1793. A 
 
 synonym of Boucero^a incarrutta. 
 
 — mammilla'ris. Brown. June. 1774. A 
 
 synonym of Bozicerosia mamvmillwris. 
 
 — paroijlo'rus. J. Yellow. August. 1796. 
 
 — pvJUus. i. Dark purple. August. 1774. 
 
 — puncta'tus. ^. Dark purple. August. 1796. 
 
 Pi'cea. Silver Fir. (From piXy 
 pitch; a resin-bearing genus. Nat. ord., 
 ConifercB. ) 
 
 Hardy, evergreen trees, requiring the same 
 culture as Abies, which see. 
 P. ajane'nsis. 80. Japan. 1861. B. M. t. 6743. 
 Syn., P. jezoensis. 
 
 microspe'rma. Japan. 1861. Syn., Abies 
 
 microsperma. 
 
 — a'lba. 40. Canada. 1700. Fl. Ser. t. 2261. 
 
 White Spruce. 
 
 — Alcoekia'na. 120. Japan. 1861. 
 
 — aXpe'stris. Swiss Alps. 1887. A variety of 
 
 P. exceUa, 
 
 — Breweria'na. 90. N. California. G. C. 1886, 
 
 XXV. p. 497, fig. 93. 
 
 — ca/nade^nsis. See Tsuga ca/nadensis, 
 microphj/lla. See Tsuga canadensis, var. 
 
 mxcropliylla. 
 
 — commu'nis. See P. excelsa. 
 
 — co'ncolor. A synonym of Abies ctmcolor. 
 
 — Engelma'wni. 100. Bocky Mountains. 1864. 
 
 Syn., Abies Engelmanni. 
 glau'ca. Leaves silvery. 
 
 — eremi'ta. See P. excelsa, var. eremita. 
 
 — exce'lsa. 160. May. N. Europe. 1548. Syns., 
 
 P. cormminis, Abies excelsa, A. Picea and 
 
 Pinus excelsa. Norway Spruce Fir. 
 attenua'ta. A slender variety. Syn., P. 
 
 excelsa, var. tenuifolia. 
 
 au'rea. Leaves tipped with gold. 
 
 capita'ta. Garden variety with a more 
 
 or less globular head. Eev. Hort. 1889, 
 
 p. 393, fig. 103. 
 Claribrasilia'na. 4. There is a form 
 
 stricta. 
 
 e'legans. 6. Compact. 
 
 eremi'ta. Bark reddish. Syns., P. ere- 
 
 mita, P. miniata, Abies eremita and A. 
 
 miniata. 
 Finedone'nsis. Young shoots pale yellow, 
 
 changing with age through bronze to 
 
 green. 
 
 Orego'ryi. Dense bush. 
 
 honzonta'lis. Branches more or less 
 
 horizontal. 
 
 inve'rta. Branches drooping. 
 
 monstr&sa. Branches straggling, but 
 
 little branched. Syn., P. excelsa, var. 
 
 virgata. Gfl. 1887, p. 321, flg. 128. 
 
 na'na. See P. -excelsa, var. pygmoea. 
 
 pu'mila glauca. Dwarf, spreading. 
 
 pygmce^a. 1. Pyramidal. Syn., P. excelsa, 
 
 var. nana. 
 
 pyramida'lis. Dwarf, pyramidal. 
 
 rejle'xa. Branches pendulous. Garden 
 
 variety. Rev. Hort. 1890, p. 269, flg. 73. 
 
 tenuifo'lia. See P. excelsa, var. attenuata. 
 
 variega'ta. Variegated with yellow. 
 
 virpa'ta. See P. excelsa, var. monstrosa. 
 
 — Olenmii. Dwarf. Japan. 1880. 
 
 — jezoe^nsis. See P. t0(me7ms. 
 
 — Maximovyi'czii. Japan. 1880. 
 
 — MenMsii. See P. sitchensis. 
 
 — minia'ta. See P. excelsa, var. eremita. 
 
 — Nori'nda: 120. Himalayan Mountains. 
 
 fcus., P. Smifhiana, Abies Xorinda, A. 
 Khutrow, A, Smithiana and Firms 
 Morinda. 
 
PIC 
 
 [753] 
 
 PIL 
 
 P. ni'gra. 80. N. America. 1700. Black Spruce. 
 
 — ohmdta. Siberia. Syn., AKes obovata. 
 japo'nica. Japan. 1868. 
 
 — Omo'rUca. Servia. 1884. The Servian Pine. 
 
 — arienta'lis. 30. Taurus. 1825. Syn., Abies 
 
 orientalis and Pinus orientalis. 
 
 ■ na'na. Dwarf, pyramidal. Garden 
 
 variety. 1891. 
 
 — Parrya'na. See P. pungens. 
 
 — pc/lita. 50. Japan. SyDa,,AMes poUta&ni 
 
 Pimvspolita. 
 
 — pu'ngens. A tail tree. Rocky Mountain. 
 
 Blue Spruce. Syn., P. Partyana. 
 
 arge'ntea. Silvery. Syn., P. Parry ana, 
 
 var. gTauea. 
 
 — m'bra. 60. N. America. 1755. Syns., Abies 
 
 rubra and Pinus rubra. 
 alrctica. Syns., Abiet ruifra, var. o/tiAiea 
 
 and Pinus rubra, var. arctvia. 
 rnola^cea. Syns., Ahies rubra, var. mblacea 
 
 and Pinus rubra, var. molacea. 
 
 — Schrenhia'na. Altai Mountains. 
 
 — eitche!nsis. 70. N. California. 1831. SjT) 
 
 P. Menziesii, AMes Menziesii, and Pinus 
 Menziesii. 
 
 — Smithia'na. See P. Morinda, 
 
 — Tsu'ga. See Tsuga Sieboldii. 
 
 Pick-axe should have a handle three 
 feet and a half long, made of ash ; and 
 tjie points or edges of the head should 
 be of well-steeled iron. There are three 
 
 P. arista'ta. 4. June. Domingo. 1816. Syn., 
 
 ^schynomene aristata. 
 — sqxuima'ta. 4. St. Thomas. 1824. Syn., 
 
 Robvnia squamata. 
 
 Piera'rdia. (Named after Mr. Pie- 
 rard, of Kew. Nat. ord., Sapmdacece. 
 Allied to Melicoeca.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of half-ripe 
 shoots in sandy soil, in heat, in spring ; loam 
 and peat. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 
 60° to 80°. 
 
 P. du'lois. 20. Yellow. Sumatra,. 1820. Syn., 
 P. I ■" 
 
 varieties : — 1. The pick with two points, 
 for loosening hard surfaces. 2. The 
 pick-axe, for cutting through roots of 
 trees when feUing. 3. The mattock, 
 with one pointed and one flat edge, for 
 loosening surfaces and grubhing up 
 roots. 
 
 Pieotee. See Carnation and 
 Pink. 
 
 Picri'diiun. (From Picris, and eidos, 
 like. Nat. ord., Compositce.) 
 
 Hardy, perennial herb. Divisions. Ordinary 
 garden-sou. 
 
 P. tingita'num. 1|. Yellow. July. Tangiers. 
 1882. 
 
 Picrorhi'za. ' (From pikros, bitter, 
 and rhiza, a root ; because of its bitter 
 root. Nat. oid., Scrophulariacece; Tribe, 
 Digitaleee.) 
 
 Hardy perennial herb. For cultivation, see 
 WULFENIA, to which it is allied. The root is 
 used in native Hindoo medicine. 
 P. Kurroo'a. J. Green. August. Himalaya. 
 1880. 
 
 Picte'tia. (Named after A. Pictet, 
 a physician. Nat. ord., Leguminosce ; 
 Tribe, Hedysarece. Allied to Hedy- 
 samm.) 
 
 Stove evergreen, yellow-flowered shrubs, from 
 the West Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots 
 in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat ; peat and 
 loam. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60 to 
 90°. 
 
 Pi'eris. (From Pieria, the supposed 
 habitation of the Muses. Nat. ord., 
 Ericaceae. ) 
 
 Hardy or half-hardy shrubs or trees. For cul- 
 ture, see Andromeda. 
 P.fiorHm'nda. 2-6. White. April. United 
 
 States. 1812. Syns., Andromeda fiori- 
 
 hunda, B. M. t. 1566, and Leucothoe 
 
 fioribmida. 
 —formo'sa. White. G. C. 1881, xv. p. 568, flg. 
 
 107. 
 —japofnica. White. Japan. G. C. 1882, xvii. 
 
 p. 796. Syn., Andromeda japonica. 
 eteganti'smna. Leaves edged with white. 
 
 Syn., Amlromeda japonica, var. varie- 
 
 gata. 
 
 — maria'na. 4. White. May. N. America. 
 
 1736. Syn., And/romeda mariana, var. 
 ovalis. B. M. 1. 1759. 
 
 — ni'tida. 6. White to reddish-purple. March 
 
 S. United States. 1765. Syn., Andro- 
 meda eoriacea, B. M. 1. 1096. 
 
 — ovttUfo'lia. 40. Pinkish. May. Nepaul. 
 
 1825. Halt-hardy. 
 densiflo'ra, White. Assam. 1879. 
 
 — pMUyremfo'lia. 2. White. January to March. 
 
 Florida. 1842. Sfn., Andromeda phiXly- 
 remfolia. B. E. 1844, t. 36. 
 
 Pi'eris cratae'gi. Hawthorn, or 
 Black-veined Butterfly. Is white, with 
 black ribs or veins on the wings. It is 
 very much like Pontia brassicce. The 
 caterpillar is dirty yellow, hairy, black- 
 headed, and a brown stripe down its 
 sides. The caterpillars moult several 
 times, and they are usually found on the 
 apple-tree, where both the yellow^ eggs 
 and caterpillars may be found in June. 
 The caterpillars draw two or three 
 leaves together with a web. These 
 should be sedulously sought for and de- 
 stroyed. 
 
 Pigafe'tta. (After A. Pmifetta, an 
 Italian, who accompanied Magellan's 
 expedition. Nat. ord., Palmce.) 
 
 Tall stove palm. For culture, see Metbo- 
 
 XYLON. 
 
 P. ela'ta. Celebes. Syns., Byospathe elata and 
 
 Pigeon Berry. Phytola'ccadeca'n- 
 Wa. 
 Pigeon Pea. Caja'nus i'ndicus. 
 Pig Nut. Cary'aporci'na. 
 Pig Root. Sisyri'nchium. 
 Pi'lea. (Fromm7os, a cap; alluding 
 
 3c 
 
PIL 
 
 [754] 
 
 PIM 
 
 to one division of the perianth. Nat. 
 ord., VrtiuacecB ; Tribe, UrticecB.) 
 
 Small stove herbs, easily increased from seeds, 
 cuttings, or divisions. Bich sandy loam and 
 
 ?eat. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 68' to 
 0". 
 P. ndcrophy'Ua. W. Indies. 
 
 — muaeo'm. i. May. Green. W. Indies. 1793. 
 
 Syn., P. gerpj/22</'o!w.— Artillery or Pistol 
 Plant. 
 
 Pilea'nthus. (From pUos, a cap, 
 and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Myr- 
 tacece ; Tribe, ChamcBlauciece. Allied to 
 Caly trix. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings oi 
 short young shoots in sand, under a glass, in 
 May, and placed in a shady place in a cold pit ; 
 sandy loam and a little peat. Winter temp., 38° 
 to 48°. 
 
 P. lima'cis. 2. April. White. Australia. 
 1824. 
 
 Pilewort. Ranu'nculits Fica'ria. 
 
 Piloca'rpus. (From pUos, a cap, 
 and karpos, fruit : alluding to the shape 
 of the fruit. Nat, ord. , iJMtocetB ; Tribe, 
 XanthoxylecB. ) 
 
 Stove shrub. For cultivation, see Chloro- 
 
 XYLON. 
 
 P. pennatifo'Hus, 6. Purple. Brazil. 
 
 — pinnati'fidus. Maroon-red. Brazil. 1868. 
 
 Piloce'reus. (Fiom pilos, wool, and 
 Cereus ; alluding to the long hairs upon 
 the spine-cushions. Nat. ord., Cacta- 
 cecB.) 
 
 For cultivation, see Cactus. 
 P. Bruenno'wii. Bolivia. Hamb. Gart. 1888, 
 p. 85. 
 
 — Celfda'nus. 5. Bolivia. 
 
 ehrysoma'llus. 2. Mesico. Syn., P. mUitmis. 
 
 — canUe'scens. Brazil. 1862. 
 
 — colu'nma. Mexico. Syn., P. eolwnrna-trajani. 
 
 Rev. Hort. 1890, p. 130, fig. 40. 
 
 — Curti'sii. Pink, white. New Grenada. Syn., 
 
 Cereus Royeni, B. M. t. 8125. 
 
 — Da/atim'tzii. Peru. 1873. 
 
 — Engelma'nni Greenish-white. Arizona. 1862. 
 
 — Forete'ri. 1886. 
 
 — fotsuXa'tus. Mexico. 1873. 
 
 — HoppemtdMi. Mexico. Uamb. Gart. 1888, 
 
 p. 8. 
 
 — HouUeftU. Eosy-violet. Arizona. 1861. 
 —juba'tm. Mexico. 
 
 — Tii'oer. Mexico. 1845. 
 
 — polylo'^hus. Mexico. 
 
 — Robi'ni. Cuba. 1865. 
 
 — scopa'rvus. 1853. 
 
 — ienillis. 1-26. Mexico. Old Man Cactus. 
 
 — Vett&zn. Brazil 1862. 
 
 — WUUa'msii. 1862. 
 
 Pilo'gyne. (From pilos, wool, and 
 gune, female ; the pistil is hairy. Nat. 
 ord., CucurbitacecB.) See Zehneria. 
 P.puncta'ta. Wien. Gart. Zeit. 1889, p. 469, 
 flg. 73. See Zehneria scabra. 
 
 Filula'ria. (From pUula, a little 
 ball ; referring to the fruit receptacles. 
 Nat. ord., Marsileacece.) 
 
 A small plant with creeping rhizome and fili- 
 form leaves, found in low tying meadows in 
 
 many parts of England. Of little horticultural 
 
 value. 
 
 P. globulife'ra. J. Capsules brown. England. 
 
 Piln'mna,. (From pUos oipileos, a 
 cap ; shape of flowers. Nat. ord., Orchi- 
 dece; Tribe, Vandem.) See Tricho- 
 pilia. 
 
 P.fra'grcma. See Trwhopilia fragrans. 
 
 — la'xa. See Trichopilia laxa. 
 
 — m'bUit. Warn. Orch. Alb. 1. 128. See Tricho- 
 
 pilia/ragram, var. nobilis. 
 
 Pime'lea. (From pimeU, fat ; re- 
 ferring to the viscid matter on the leaves 
 of some species, Nat. ord., Thymelacece ; 
 Tribe, EuthymelecB.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia. 
 Seeds sown in a gentle hotbed, in spring ; cut- 
 tings of young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; 
 sandy, fibry peat, with a third of fibry loam, and 
 pieces of charcoal, freestone, and broken pots, to 
 keep, the soil open, in addition to good drainage. 
 Winter temp., 40° to 48°. 
 P. a^nis White. May. 
 
 — crini'ta. See P. vmfyncata, var. pUigera. 
 
 — decai£8a!ta. 2. Red. May. 1824. 
 
 — dwsmo^o'lia. 1. Rose. July. 1826. See 
 
 also P. fcnrumnea, 
 
 — d/rupa'cea. 2-6. White, pinkish. May. B. C. 
 
 t. 540. Victorian Bird Cherry. 
 
 — e'legcms. See P. Uguatrina, var. hypericma. 
 
 — ferriugilnea. 2. Red. May. 1824. Syns., 
 
 P. deemsata, B. C. t. 1283 and P. dios- 
 mcefolia of B. C. 1708. 
 
 — Jilamento'aa, See P. linifolia. 
 
 — glmi!ca. IJ. "White. June. 1824, Syns., 
 
 P. Jiwmlis, B. R. t. 1268 and P. mter- 
 media, B. R. t. 1439. 
 
 — Gni'dia. 1-10. Bed. Summer. New Zealand. 
 
 — graeiliflo'ra. 3. White. Juue. 1830. , A 
 
 form of P. sylvestris. 
 
 — Henderso'ni. B. M. t. 3721. See P. rosea. 
 
 — hi'spida. ,4. Blush. May. 1830. B. M. 
 
 t. 3459. 
 
 — hu'milis. See P. glcmca. 
 
 — hyperi'dna. See P. liguetHna, var. hypert- 
 
 cina. 
 
 — imbrica'ta pUi'gera. 1^. White. August. 
 
 1837. Syns., P. crinita and P. nana 
 B. M. t. 3833. 
 
 — iTica'na. See P. nivea. 
 
 — intermedia. See P. glauca. 
 
 — lama'ta. See P. sericea. 
 
 — ligustri'na hypericma. 6. White. May. 
 
 1823. Syns., P. degams, P. hyperimia, 
 B. M. t. 3330, and P. ligustrma, B. E. 
 1. 1827. 
 
 — linifo'lia. 2. White. May. 1793. Syn., 
 
 P. JUainentosa, P. linmdes and P. palu- 
 dosa. 
 
 — linoi'des. See P. linifolia. 
 
 — langifidra. 4. White. June. B. M.t. 3281. 
 
 — macroce!pluUa. B. M. t. 4543. See P. maveo- 
 
 lens. 
 
 — Twx'na. See P. imbricata, var. pUigera. 
 
 — Neypergia'na. See P. Preissii. 
 
 — ni'vea. 6. White. June. 1833. Syn., P. 
 
 'incama. B. R. 1838, t. 24. 
 
 — paludo'sa. See P. linifolia. 
 
 — pamH/lo'ra. 10. White. May. 1812. B. C. 
 
 1. 179. 
 
 — Prei'ssii. 2. April. 1846. Sjn., P. If eyper- 
 
 gia/na. 
 
 — ro'sea. 2. Red. June. 1800. B.M. 1. 1468. 
 
 Syn., P. Hendersmi, B. M. t. 3721. 
 
 — seri'cea. 2. May. 1834. Syn., P lanata. 
 
 — specta'bUii. i. White. May. 1840. Syn., 
 
 P. Versehaffeltii, B. M. t. 3950. 
 
 — spiea!ta. 2. White. June. 1824. 
 
PIM 
 
 [755] 
 
 PIN 
 
 f. suave' alms. 3. Yellow. April. 1848. Syn., 
 P. maerocepkala. 
 
 — sylvistris. 3. Blush. June. 1830. B. M. 
 
 t. 3276. P. gracilifiora is a broad leaved 
 form of this. 
 
 — Versohaffe'Uii. See P. spectabUis. 
 
 Pime'nta. Allspice-tree. (From 
 pimento, the Sijanish name. Nat. ord. , 
 Myrtacece; Tribe, MyrtecB. Allied to 
 Myrtus. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees . Cuttings of ripe shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a brisk bottom- 
 heat, in spring ; rich, sandy, flbryloam. Winter 
 temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°. 
 P. a'eris. 20-40. White, reddish. Summer. 
 
 West Indies. 1769. Syn., Dfyreia Ocris. 
 
 B. M. t. 3153. Black Ciimamon or Wild 
 
 Clove. 
 I'lis. 30. White. Summer. Jamaica. 
 
 1793. Syns., P. vulgaris, Eugenia 
 
 Pimenta and Myrtus Pitrwnta,. B. M. 
 
 1. 1236. Allspice. 
 
 — vulga'ris. See P. qffieinalie. 
 
 Pimento Bush. Pime'nto offidna'- 
 iis. 
 
 Pimpernel. Anaga'tUs. 
 
 Pina'nga. (Local name. Nat. ord. , 
 Palmece; Tribe, Arecece.) 
 
 Stove palms. For cultivation, see Euterpe. 
 P. corona' ta. 20. Java. 1848. Syn., Seaforthia 
 
 corormta. 
 ^- decora. Borneo. 1886. 
 
 — globo'sa. See Calyptrocalyx spieatus. 
 
 — Eu'hlU. Java. 1873. Syns., Ptyohaaperma 
 
 KvMii and Seaforthia Kuhlii^ 
 
 — latise^cta. 15. Sumatra. Syn., Seaforthia 
 
 Zatisecta. 
 
 — le!pida. Bast Indies. 1888. 
 
 — macula' ta. The leaves are marbled with light 
 
 and dark green. Philippines. 1863. 
 
 — malaia'na. 12. Penang. Syn., Seaforthia 
 
 malaiana. 
 
 — pa' tula. . 9. Sumatra. B. M. t. 6581. 
 
 — Saunderia'na. Indian Archipelago. 1885. 
 
 — specta'bilis. Leaves light green above, silvery 
 
 beneath. East Indies. 1885. 
 
 — temate'iusis. Ternate. Syn., Areea gigantea. 
 
 — Vei'tchii. Borneo. 1879. Fl. Ser. tt. 2405-6. 
 
 Pinaster. Pi'iiiis pina'ster. 
 
 Pincenecti'tia glau'ca and P. tuber- 
 •cula'ta. See Beaucamea stricta and 
 B. recurvata. 
 
 Pinching is a term applied to crush- 
 ing, between the finger and thumb, the 
 leading bud of a shoot, so as to prevent 
 its increasing in length, and to force 
 more sap to the other ouds. 
 
 Pinckne'ya. (Named after Mr. 
 Pinck'ney, an American botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Rubiacew ; Tribe, Condaminece. 
 Allied to Bouvardia. ) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen tree. Seeds ; and cut- 
 tings of ripened snoots under a hand-light, in 
 :sandy peat. It hardly deserves the greenhouse, 
 and is rather tender for exposure, but would 
 probably flourish against a south wall In a 
 shallow border of loam and peat. 
 -P.'pu'bens. 20. Bed. June. Georgia. 1786. 
 
 Pine. Pi'ntts. 
 
 Pine-apples. Anana'ssa. 
 
 Varieties. — Queen: a free grower and 
 an excellent fruiter ; fit for the earliest 
 summer fruit, and excellent during Sep- 
 tember and October. Ripley Queen: a 
 very fine fruit, and by many preferred 
 to the first. St. Vince'nt, or Green Olive : 
 an excellent winterfruit. Black Jamaica: 
 the best winter pine ; it is too 6ften con- 
 founded with the Montserrat. Black 
 Antigua: a noble pyramidal fruit, with 
 large pips ; should be out a little before 
 it is quite ripe. Brown Sugar loaf: 
 large and showy, with a very juicy flesh ; 
 it is said by some to swell tolerably well 
 in winter. White Providence: one of 
 the largest and noblest of pines ; flavour 
 rather inferior. Trinidad: large and of 
 mrramidal shape ; flavour not first-rate. 
 Enville: noble -looking fruit; flavour 
 second-rate. 
 
 Culture. — This usually commences in 
 February. Have the upper thirty inches 
 of the pit in which the pots are to be 
 plunged filled with fresh tan. Re-pot 
 your plants, using good strong turfy 
 soil, well chopped to pieces ijohen dry, 
 but by no means riddled. Well made 
 leaf-soU, and a little old dung, and 
 bones, mixed with one-sixth of charcoal 
 — or charred wood, such as will pass 
 readily through a riddle of an inch mesh 
 is also a useful compost. 
 
 Use pots which would require but one 
 more shift : the size of the pot for the 
 final shift will determine this ; and pots 
 of about thirteen inches diameter will 
 be sufficiently large for any beginner to 
 fruit in. In potting, first place three or 
 four large crocks in such a way as that 
 at least three bold apertures be formed, 
 both for the escape of water and the 
 admission of gaseous matter from below. 
 Over this strew broken crocks and char- 
 coal lumps, large as horse-beans, until 
 the large crocks at the bottom are just 
 concealed. Then strew a layer of the 
 turfy lumps, out of which the loose soil 
 has been ejected by shaking in a riddle. 
 This done, the ball may at once be in- 
 serted, first suffering such crocks as are 
 loose to dislodge themselves from the 
 old ball. Next, throw in another layer 
 of the turfy lumps all round the ball, 
 and on these strew a couple of inches of 
 the mixeji compost in a mellow state ; 
 then, with a blunt stick, give the whole 
 a slight pressure all round the ball, add 
 another layer of the turfy lumps, strew- 
 ing a little of the compost over them; 
 again press with the stick; and now 
 place a final coating of the compost, 
 nearly two inches in depth, all over, and 
 level with the rim of the pot. Let there 
 
PIN 
 
 [756] 
 
 PIN 
 
 be no tapping or thumping the bottom 
 of the pot on the bench. . If the balls of 
 the pines about to be shifted are dry, 
 water them, at least three days before 
 they are to be shifted, with tepid manure- 
 water, in order to allow the moisture to 
 equalize itself, and the surplus to pass 
 away. Thus there will be no occasion 
 for any root-watering for nearly a month 
 after shifting. The plants may be plunged 
 immediately they are shifted ; but let 
 them by no means be more than half 
 their depth in the tan. If any disrooting 
 has become really necessary, and the 
 sun shines bright, a little canvas shad- 
 ing will be a benefit for a couple of 
 hours each day ; not, however, to ob- 
 struct light, but rather to prevent the 
 too rapid dispersion of atmospheric 
 moisture. 
 
 Stove. — For the construction of this, 
 see Hothouse and Pit. 
 
 Table of Temperature 
 
 %s to Artificial 
 
 
 Heat only. 
 
 
 Day. 
 
 Night- Sunshine 
 
 January . . 
 
 . . 64deg. 
 
 60 deg. 6 dee. 
 
 February 
 
 66 „ 
 
 60 „ 6 „ 
 
 March . 
 
 ■ 70 „ 
 
 62 „ 6 „ 
 
 April . . . 
 
 74 „ 
 
 64 „ 8 „ 
 
 May . . 
 
 76 „ 
 
 65 „ 10 „ 
 
 June. . 
 
 . . 78 „ 
 
 66 „ 10 „ 
 
 July. . . 
 
 ■ 80 „ 
 
 68 „ 10 „ 
 
 Au^st . 
 
 ■ 80 „ 
 
 68 „ 10 „ 
 
 September 
 
 • 76 „ 
 
 68 „ 10 „ 
 
 October . . 
 
 • ■ 73 „ 
 
 62 „ 8 „ 
 
 November . 
 
 . . 70 „ 
 
 62 „ 8 „ 
 
 December . 
 
 ■ 64 „ 
 
 60 „ 6 „ 
 
 Tables of this kind must not be allowed 
 to guide the thermometer entirely. A 
 good cultivator will take notice of the 
 condition of his plants, and shape his 
 course accordingly. If they appear 
 "drawn," he should at once lower his 
 ni^t heat, as also that on dull days. 
 
 For bottom-heat, by adding 5° to every 
 one of the above artificial day tempeia- 
 tures, we shall be as correct as by any 
 tedious detail. Thus July and August 
 should have a bottom-heat of 85°, which 
 ought never to be exceeded in pine cul- 
 ture. If bottom-heat is supplied by a 
 tank or pipes heated by hot water, the 
 directions about renewing the tan are 
 not needed. 
 
 Monthly Cultwre. — The plants being 
 all plunged in the new pit, trial sticks 
 must be put in, and a bottom -heat 
 thermometer by all means employed. 
 The bottom-heat here given is meant to 
 apply to the heat at the bottom of the 
 pot. Whilst practitioners are driven to 
 capricious fermenting materials as a 
 source of bottom-heat, an excess of heat 
 will sometimes become necessary inside 
 the bed, in order to provide somewhat 
 
 against sudden declines. Let, then, the 
 operator secure the bottom-heat as per 
 table at the bottom of the pot, and all 
 will be right. 
 
 If the heat rises above the desired 
 point, let water be instantly employed 
 as a cooler between the pots ; and if 
 this does not immediately check it suffi- 
 ciently, let the pots forthwith be rocked 
 to and fro in the bed, until a fair cavity 
 is obtained between the tan and the pot 
 side ; and when the heat has declined tO' 
 the desired degree the cavity may be 
 filled up again. 
 
 Let atmospheric moisture be liberally 
 employed, especially from three o'clock 
 in the afternoon until eight or nine the 
 next morning. A slight syringing may 
 be applied on every afternoon about 
 closing time, taking care that at this, 
 time (February) it is dispersed on the 
 following morning by a liberal heat and 
 a free ventilation. Air must be given 
 daily, if only for an hour; during all 
 moderate weather a little may be given 
 about 8 A.M. ; increased, if necessaryj. 
 about 11 A.M. ; and taken entirely away 
 about 3 P.M. 
 
 JfarcA.— The sun will now be gaining 
 much power, and evaporation will be 
 more rapid ; let, therefore, a correspond- 
 ing increase take place in the amount of 
 atmospheric moisture. Shading may be 
 employed for a couple of hours or so in 
 the middle of very sunny days with some 
 benefit. Syringing the surface of the 
 tan is an excellent plan. If the wind is 
 very cutting, be very cautious in the ad- 
 mission of air ; the front sashes may be 
 kept closed, and, if sunny, the shade 
 applied, merely letting a little of the 
 surplus heat escape at back. 
 
 April. — In proportion to rapidity of 
 growth must be the admission of air. 
 With a little freedom in growth, accom- 
 panied by a free perspiration, the plants 
 will begin to require occasional water- 
 ings ;, indeed, the Queen section will 
 have required it before March was out. 
 Withregard to such as the Black Jamaica, 
 thecaseiswidelydifferent ; itisastonish- 
 ing how long these pines will not only 
 subsist but thrive without water. 
 Queens, Envilles, Providences, etc., will 
 require it thrice to their once, especially 
 the Queens. 
 
 May. — Atmospheric moisture must 
 continue to increase with increasing heat 
 and light. The syringe may now be 
 plied two or three times a week, always 
 choosing bright afternoons for its appli- 
 cation. The closing up, or reducing the 
 air, must now be deferred until four 
 o'clock P.M., and the giving of air must 
 
PIN 
 
 [757] 
 
 PIN 
 
 take place proportionately sooner ; in- 
 deed, such ought to be in April. If the 
 pines are vigorous, and plenty of atmo- 
 spheric moisture can be commanded, 
 discontinue shading at the end of April 
 or beginning of May, unless the roof be 
 of an exceedingly bright character, and 
 the squares of glass very large. Bather 
 let atmospheric moisture increase ac- 
 companied by a freer ventilation. 
 
 June. —If the pines have done well, 
 their pots will be filled with fine roots 
 by the end of June, and shifting into the 
 fruiting-pots will become necessary. We 
 wiU, however, pass on to the next 
 month. 
 
 July. — At whatever period the last 
 shifting occurs, the same routine of pot- 
 ting may be observed. We have nothing 
 new to say, except that as the size of the 
 pot increases, so may in proportion the 
 size of the lumps of turf, etc. The 
 plunging medium, if necessary, may be 
 renewed ; but much caution must be 
 ■exercised at this period, when the solar 
 heat produces so much excitement. 
 However, we advise that a foot or so of 
 new tan be trenched into the bottom of 
 the bed, and a little mixed with surface 
 tan, and this merely to promote dura- 
 bility through the ensuing winter. 
 Watch daily the bottom-heat thermo- 
 meter. As before observed, if the plants 
 require a watering, let it be three days 
 before the operation of shifting. 
 
 August. — After the plants have been 
 shifted a fortnight or so, they will again 
 require the water-pot. Until the plants 
 are beginning to root in the new soil, 
 however, they may be kept moist enough, 
 by copious syringings, damping also 
 the surface of the tan daily, AH that is 
 further necessary is a most liberal venti- 
 lation from eight a.m. until past four 
 P.M., applying all the atmospheric mois- 
 ture possible the moment the house is 
 closed, and syringing just previous to 
 dosing. 
 
 September. — The August advice will 
 do perfectly well for this month, except 
 that ventilation may even be more liberal 
 still, when the weather is fine, to put a 
 check on too rampant growth ; for, in 
 order to have fine "shows," the tissue 
 of the plant m ust become highly solidified. 
 
 October.— T\ie light will now begin to 
 decrease considerably, and both artificial 
 heat and atmospheric moisture must 
 
 five way in a proportionate degree, 
 till, however, persist in permitting a 
 ■considerable increase of heat when the 
 weather is bright. We need hardly say, 
 beware of burning at the root. The 
 advice applies to every month alike ; 
 
 but it requires a double amount of 
 watchfulness for three weeks after dis- 
 turbing the fermenting material. 
 
 November. — In proportion to the dul- 
 ness of this month, the heat and mois- 
 ture must decline. The tan-bed will 
 require some renewal in the early part 
 of this month, in order to go well through 
 the winter ; and if the tan is mellow, or 
 somewhat dry, let it be well watered 
 with tepid water, and then stirred deeply 
 with a pointed stake, as deep as the 
 stake can go. The whole may then be 
 cased over, up to, and rather above, the 
 rim of the pot, provided the bottom- 
 heat has declined sufficiently to bear it. 
 This renewal must be watched, and 
 water applied to the tan if necessary. 
 
 December and January require a very 
 similar course of practice ; much fire- 
 heat will at times be necessary, and all 
 possible means must be taken to coun- 
 teract dryness in the atmosphere. 
 Syringing can seldom be permitted in 
 these two months, but sprinklings on 
 the surface of the tan, and once a week 
 it may be stirred up with a stake. Be- 
 sides this, the floor may be kept moist, 
 evaporating pans kept in continual 
 requisition, and even the walks sprinkled, 
 if necessary. If the weather become un- 
 usually severe, rather give up five de- 
 grees on the thermometer than continue 
 a roasting fire for several days. In 
 emergencies of this kind, the pines will 
 take no harm at' 55° ; but not a degree 
 below this should be permitted. 
 
 February. — The temperature will now 
 begin to rise again slightly ; growth re- 
 commences, and repotting succession 
 pines, and the renewal of bottom-heat is 
 needed, this brings us to the point from 
 which we commenced. 
 
 Insects. — See Acarus and Coccus. 
 
 Pine-bud moth, or Pine-bud 
 Tortrix. This pretty little moth is a 
 member of the group Tortrioina, and 
 bears the name of Retinia turionana 
 (syn., Orthotcenia turionana). In its 
 larval stage it does considerable damage 
 to the Spruce and other Fir trees by 
 destroyingtheterminal buds, and thereby 
 preventing the proper growth and de- 
 velopment of the tree. The eggs are 
 deposited upon the outside of the buds 
 in July ; they hatch in about two weeks, 
 and the young larvae immediately com- 
 mence to eat their way into the interior 
 of the buds, which they soon destroy, 
 and eat their way downward through 
 the pith to the next buds below, which 
 they then attack and kill. About the 
 end of October the larva is to be found 
 
PIN 
 
 [758] 
 
 PIN 
 
 in the centre of the middle bud of a 
 shoot, where it passes the winter. It is 
 of a shining purplish-brown colour, with 
 a transverse Diaok spot on the first seg- 
 ment behind the head. During the 
 winter it lies dormant, commencing to 
 feed again the next spring. In June it 
 is full fed ; it then passes to the bottom 
 of its burrow, and there changes to a 
 brown chrysalis. About the middle of 
 July the perfect moth emerges. It 
 measures from half an inch to three- 
 quarters of an inch in expanse ; the 
 colour is tawny-orange, with numerous 
 
 silvery white markings. Where this 
 insect has commenced its depredations, 
 the only possible means of eradicating it 
 is by hand-picking the attacked buds 
 and destroying the larvae. This is best 
 done in the month of June, before the 
 moth makes its appearance, so as to pre- 
 vent a further brood. The buds that 
 are attacked may easily be identified by 
 their drooping and withered appearance ; 
 and if this process of hand-picking be 
 followed up for a few years, the insect 
 may be nearly eradicated, or at least its 
 numbers will be so decreased that it will 
 do comparative little injury. 
 
 Pineaster Beetle. Bo'strichus. 
 
 Pine'Uia. (Commemorative. Nat. 
 ord., Aracece.) 
 
 Hardy, tuberous herb. Division in winter. 
 P. tuberi'fera. Japan. 
 
 PingTli'cula. Butterwort. (From 
 pinguis, fat ; the greasiness of the leaves. 
 Nat. ord., Lentibularinece.) 
 
 Seeds and divisions ; chiefly requiring marshv, 
 boggy soil. North American species are the 
 most tender, requiring the treatment generally 
 given to alpines, with the addition of keeping 
 water in the saucer below the pot in which they 
 are grown. 
 
 P. alpi'na. J. 'White, tinted with lemon colour. 
 June. Europe. 
 
 — BaJceria'na. See P. caudata. 
 
 — Cauda' ta. Deep carmine. Autumn. Mexico. 
 
 1881. B.M. t.e624. Syns., P. Bakeriana, 
 P. fios-miUioms, and P. orchidoides. 
 
 — ede'ntula. i. Yellow. April. N. America. 
 
 1823. 
 
 P. fio'a-mulidnie. See P. eoMdata. 
 
 — grandiflo'ra. i. Blue-violet. Summer. 
 
 Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 1122. Syn., 
 P. milga/ris, var. grandlfiora. 
 
 — MrtWra. Lilac, yellowish. Mountains of 
 
 Italy and Greece. 1884. B. M. t. 6786. 
 
 — limta'nwa. i. Lilac, yellow.. Summer. 
 
 Europe. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1124. 
 
 — In'tea. i. Yellow. June. N. America. 
 
 1816, reintroduced 1891. B. R. t. 126 ; 
 B. M. 7203. 
 
 — orcMdoi'des. See P. caudata. 
 
 — vallimericefo'lia. Lilac-purple, Summer. 
 Mountains of Spain. 1878. 
 ','ris. i. Violet. Summer. Britain. 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 1121. Bog Violet, 
 Butterwort. 
 
 grandiflo'ra. See P. grandiflora. 
 
 Pink. So little do the Pink, Picotee,. 
 and Carnation differ in their botanical 
 characteristics, that they are all con- 
 sidered varieties of the Clove Pink 
 {Dia'nth'us caryophy'Uus). Some think 
 that the Bed Pinks only are derived 
 from this, but that the Pheasant's-eye 
 Pinks are the offspring of the Feathered 
 Pink {Dia'ntfiusptwma'riiis). As florists' 
 flowers they are very distinct. The Car- 
 nation marks in flakes, or ribbons, of 
 colour, from centre to edge, and through 
 the edge ; and the more dense these 
 ribbons, or stripes, or flakes of colour 
 are, and the more distinct the white 
 ground between them, the better, and 
 the more equally divided, as to quan- 
 tity, they are, the better. As the petals 
 are broader as they approach the outer 
 edge, as also are, or should be, both the 
 colour and the white. They are divided 
 into classes, called Bizarres and Flakes ,' 
 the former having two colours of stripe 
 besides the white, the latter only one 
 colour. These Bizarres and Flakes are 
 subdivided, there being purple flakes, 
 rose flakes, and scarlet flakes ; and 
 among the bizarres, scarlet bizarres, 
 which have scarlet stripes, and a second 
 colour, which is considered better for a 
 rich contrast of black, and approaches 
 to it ; then purple bizarres, which have 
 purple stripes^ with alight pink, or rose, 
 or some other colour, forming a contrast. 
 The Picotee has the colour only on the 
 edge, and broad or narrow, as the case 
 may be, but ramifying towards the 
 centre ; any mark or spirt of colour that 
 does not touch the edge is a blemish. 
 Some, therefore, are only marked round 
 the edge very distinctly, but as narrow 
 as possible ; others have a sort of feather- 
 ing, narrow or deep, as the case may be, 
 but feathering inwards from the edge ; 
 the outer edge solid, and the inner edge 
 rough, or feathery. The Pink is distinct. 
 from both these. The lacing, as it were,, 
 of a pink is rough outside and inside,, 
 with a portion of white outsidethe lacing,, 
 
PIN 
 
 [759] 
 
 PIN 
 
 as if a band of colour had been laid on ; 
 besides this, there is colour at the base 
 of every_ petal, and, perhaps, one-thii-d 
 of the distance along the petal, so that 
 it forms an eye, or centre, of colour, 
 which is pecufiar to itself, and -which 
 never occurs in the Carnation or Picotee. 
 A Pink, without its lacing all round 
 each petal, and its narrow strip of white 
 outside it, would be worthless as a show- 
 flower. The more distinct this lacing 
 is, the better; it should look like an 
 even piece of embroidery, just fairly 
 within the outer edge of tine white. 
 _ The Pink may be propagated and cul- 
 tivated in every respect similarly to the 
 Carnation. Pipings of it are best made 
 at the end of May, or early in June. 
 
 Gromng in Beds. — By the middle of 
 August Pinks are all gone out of flower. 
 The old plants are of little use to the 
 florist, as they seldom producethe second 
 year first-rate bloom ; but for orna- 
 menting the border they are valuable. 
 Kemove them out of the bed ; trim off 
 all dead flower-stems ; and plant them 
 in the borders of the garden rather deeper 
 than they have been before. They will 
 make fresh roots higher up the stems, 
 and form close compact bushes, pro- 
 ducing the next season abundance of 
 flowers. If it is intended to grow Pinks 
 again in the same bed, the soil ought to 
 be taken out a foot deep, and renewed 
 with fresh loam and very rotten stable- 
 dung, in the proportion of three of the 
 first to one or^the latter, turning it over 
 frequently to thoroughlymixandsweeten 
 it. This should be done by the third 
 week of August. Raise the bed six 
 inches above the soil around, and formed 
 like a pitched roof. The compost should 
 be at least a foot deep. Plant in rows, 
 the first week in September, and twelve 
 inches apart each way. Sheltering in 
 winter, frequent stirring of the soil in 
 spring, and mulching with short, weU- 
 decayed stable manure early in June, 
 are the chief points of after-culture. 
 See Carnation for other points re- 
 quiring attention. 
 
 Pin Pillar. Opu'ntia Curassa'vica. 
 
 Pinnate. A leaf is pinnate when 
 several leaflets grow from the sides of 
 of one foot-stalk, as in the Pea, Acacia, 
 etc. 
 
 Pinnatifid is when a leaf is cut 
 across from the edge towards the centre 
 nerve into several oblong parallel seg- 
 ments, as in Ipomopsis, etc. 
 
 Pi'nus. Pine-tree. (A name from 
 Theophrastus. Nat. ord., Coniferm ; 
 Tribe, Abietinece.) 
 
 Syn., P. 
 
 G. C. 1883, 
 BoUvnderi 
 
 Syn., 
 
 Hardy evergreens, except where otherwise 
 mentioned. Chiefly by seeds ; scarce ones by 
 cuttings, layers, inarching, and grafting ; deep, 
 rich loam j^elds the quickest and finest timber 
 for bulk ; a more mountainous situation, where 
 the soil is neither so rich nor so deep, is supposed 
 to yield the most lasting timber. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 p. albicau'lis. Oregon. 1863. 
 
 — arista'ta. 40. Snowy Bange, N. America. 
 
 1863. 
 
 — arizo'nica. S^nta Rita Mountains. 1876. 
 
 — auttraHis. 70. S. United States. 1730. 
 
 — austri'aca. See P. hwrieiA>, var. ayMriaca. 
 aw'rea. Xeaves tinged with gold. 1887. 
 
 — Ayacahui'te. 130. Mexico. 1840. 
 
 — BalfouHa'na. 60. N. California. 1862. 
 
 Hickory Kne. 
 
 — Banksia'na. 10. N. America. 1785. 
 
 — Benthamia'na, See P. ponderosa. 
 
 — Bru'tia. See P. pyrenaica, var. Brufia. 
 
 — Bungea'na. 80. China. 1846. Lace-bark 
 
 Pine. 
 
 — Bwmapa'rtea. See P. Ayacakuite. 
 
 — calif o'mica. See P. vimgnis. 
 
 — carpa'tica. See P. montana. 
 
 — Ce'mbra. 60-100. Central Europe. 1746. 
 
 Swiss Stove Pine. 
 pu'mUa,. 4. Siberia. 
 
 — cembrolAes. 26. Mexico. 1830. 
 
 Llavewna. 
 
 — Chihuahua' 7ia. 50. N. Mexico. 
 
 — cont&rta. 30. California. 1831. 
 
 xix. p. 46, flg. 5. Syns., P. 
 and P. BoursieH. 
 
 Murraya'na. 80-120. California. 
 
 P. Murrayana. 
 
 — Cmdte'ri. 70. California. 1832. Syn., P. 
 
 macrocarpa. 
 
 — defle^xa. See P. Jeffreyi. 
 
 — densifio'ra. 40. Japan. 
 
 — Dan-Pddri. See P. Ayacahuite. 
 
 — e'dulis. North Mexico, 
 
 — exee'lsti. 160. Himalayas. 1827. 
 
 — JU'xUis. 50. California. 1851. White Pine. 
 albicau'lis. See P. albieaviis. 
 
 — JiVemontia'Tia. See P. monophylla. 
 
 — Grenvi'lleoe. See P. Montezumee. 
 
 — halepi/nsis. 60. Levant. 1683. G. C. 1884, 
 
 xxii. p. 552. 
 
 congUymera'ta. Cones clustered. Monte- 
 negro. 1869. 
 
 mari'tima. 40. May. Greece. 
 
 Pithyu'sa. Syria. 
 
 — i'lwps. 30. N. America. 1739. 
 
 — irmgnis. 100. California. 1833. Syns., P. 
 
 calif ornica and P. radiata. 
 
 — imula'ris. Philippines. 
 
 — Jeffreyi. 150. N. California. Syn., P. deflexa. 
 
 — kara/nm'na. See P. Larici^^ var. karcmiarui, 
 
 — Eoraie'nsis. 30. Corea and Japan. 1861. 
 varlega'ta. Garden variety. 1887. 
 
 — Lmnbertia'na. 160-300. California. 1827. 
 
 Sugar Pine. G. C. 1885, xxii. p. 11. 
 brevifo'lia. Short-leaved. 
 
 — Lari'cio. 160. S. Europe. 1814. Corsican 
 
 Pine. 
 aitstri'aca. 100. Austria. 
 
 P. ^ustriaca and P. nigra. 
 
 Heldrei'ehii. 1884. 
 
 karama'na. Asia Minor. 
 
 xxi. p. 480, flg. 91. 
 Pallasia'na. 80. Crimea. 
 
 P. taurica. 
 pf/gmaea. Dwarf. Leaves tufted at the 
 
 ends of the branches. 
 
 — latifo'lia. Santa Bita Mts. Arizona. G. 
 
 and F. 1889, ii. p. 496, flg. 136. 
 
 — latisqua'ma. Mexico. G. C. 1882, xviii. p. 712 
 
 — Llavea'na. See P. cembrofides. 
 
 1836. Syns., 
 Black Pine. 
 
 G. C. 1884, 
 
 1790. Syn., 
 
PIN 
 
 [760] 
 
 PIO 
 
 P. macroca'rpa. See P. Coulteri. 
 
 — macrophy' lla. See P. Montezumce. 
 
 — mari'tima. See P. Pinaster. 
 
 — Massonia'na. 80. Japan. 1854. 
 
 — mi'tis. 20. N. America. 1739. 
 
 — monta'na. 5-15. Mountains of Central 
 
 Europe. 1779. Syns., P. carpatica and 
 P. Pumilio. 
 
 — Montezu'mce. 40. Mexico. Hardy in the S. 
 
 and W. of England. 
 — . monti'cola. 100. N. California, 1831. 
 
 — Mu'ghus. See P. Tnontana. 
 na'na. 2. Knee Pine. 
 
 — nvurica'ta. 50. California. 1846. 
 
 — Murraya'na. See P. contorta, var. Murrayana. 
 
 — Pallasia'na. See P. Laricio, var. Pallasiana. 
 
 — Parrya'na. California. 
 
 — parvijlo'ra. 40. Japan. 1846. 
 
 — pa'tula. Mexico. G. C. 1885, xxiii. p. 108. 
 Tnacroca'rpa. Mexico. G. C. 1891, ix. 
 
 p. 435. 
 
 — pe'rsica. South of Persia. 
 
 — Peu'ke, Roumelia. 
 
 — Pina'ster. 80. S. W. Europe. 1596. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 1381. Syn., P. maritima. 
 
 HaTnilto'ni. Nice. 1825. 
 
 variega'ta. Leaves green and yellow. 
 
 — Pine'a. 60. June. South Europe. 1548. 
 cre'tica. Crete. 
 
 fra'gilis. 60. South Europe. 
 
 — pondero'sa. 100-150. California. 1827. Syna., 
 
 P. Benthamiana and P. Sinclairiana. 
 
 Jeffre'yi. See P. Jeffreyi. 
 
 scopulo'rum. Rocky Mountains. 1888. 
 
 — Pivmillio. See P. Tnontana. 
 
 — pu'ngenn. 40. S. United States. 1804. 
 
 — pyrenalica. 80. Pyrenees. 1834. 
 bru'tia. Leaves wavy. 
 
 — radia'ta. See P. insignis. 
 
 — refle'xa. Sierra Madre Mts. 1881. 
 
 — resino'sa. 80. N. America. 1756. 
 
 — ri'gida. 40. E. United States. 1759. 
 
 — Russellia'na. See P. Montezumce. 
 
 — Sabinia'na. 120. California. 1832. 
 
 — sero'ti/na. 40. N. America. 1718. 
 
 — Sinclairia'na. See P. ponderosa. 
 
 — sinensis. See P. Massoniana. 
 
 — Stro'bus. 200. April. N. America. 1705. 
 
 Weymouth Pine. 
 
 a'lba. 100. May. 
 
 brevifo'lia. 100. April. 
 
 eccce'lsa zebri'na. Leaves transversely 
 
 marked with white. Rev. Hort. 1889, 
 
 p. 393, fig. 101. 
 
 na'na. Dwarf. 
 
 — sylve'stris. 190. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 
 
 1380. Fir-tree, Scotch Pine, Deal Wood. 
 
 alta'ica. 50. Altai Mountains. 
 
 arge'ntea. Leaves and cones silvery. 
 
 coluTnna'ris compa'cta. Garden variety. 
 
 Rev. Hort. 1889, p. 393, fig. 102. 
 
 fastigia'ta. A form of strict hahit. 
 
 — korizonta'lis. Branches horizontaJ. 
 
 latifo'lia. Leaves broader. 
 
 Tnonophy'lla. 
 
 _ variega'ta. Variegated. 
 
 — Tee! da. 80. May. Florida. 1713. 
 
 — tubercula'ta. 40. California. 1847. 
 
 HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 P. apiUc^nsis. 50. Mexico. 1839. 
 
 — canarie'nsis. 40. Canaries. 1815. 
 
 — cembroi'des. 30. Mexico. 1845. 
 
 — Devonia'na. 80. Mexico. 1839. 
 
 — filifo'lia. 60. Guatemala. 1839. 
 
 — Gera/rdia'na. 50. Himalayas. 
 
 — Hartwe'gii. 40. Mexico. 1839. 
 
 — leiophy'lla. 80. Mexico. 1800. 
 
 — longyfo'lia. 60. Nepaul. 1801. 
 
 — occidenta'lis. 80. St Domingo. 
 
 — Ooca'rpa. 40. Mexico. 1839. 
 
 — oocarpoi'des. Guatemala. 1839. 
 
 — On'za'be. See P. pseudo-strobus. 
 
 1839. 
 
 P. pa'tula. 65. Mexico. 1826. 
 
 stri'cta. 
 
 macroca'rpa. 
 
 — Pi/ncea'na. 60. Mexico. 
 
 — pseu'do-stro'b'us. 70. Mexico. 
 
 — Russellia'na. Mexico, 1839. 
 
 — tenuifo'lia. 100. Guatemala. 
 
 — Teoco'te. 100. Mexico. 1826. 
 
 — Wmcesteria'na. 80. Mexico. 1846. 
 
 The following species are now excluded from 
 Pin us, and placed in the genua mentioned at the 
 head of each list : 
 
 ABIES. 
 
 p. ajane'nsis. 
 
 — alba. 
 na'na. 
 
 — ama'bilis. 
 
 — a/roTna'tica. 
 
 — halsa'TfYhea. 
 
 — bractea'ta. 
 
 — cephalo'nica. 
 
 — falca'txc. 
 — flrma. 
 
 — Frase'ri. 
 na'na. 
 
 — gra'ndis. 
 
 — homole'pis. 
 
 — jezoe'nsis. 
 
 — Ehu'trow. 
 
 — larioca'rpa. 
 
 — microphy'lla. 
 
 — rmicrona'ta. 
 
 — ni'gra. 
 
 — nobilis. 
 
 — Nordntany^ia'na. 
 
 — nuini'dica. 
 
 — orienta'lis. 
 
 — pi'chta. 
 
 — Pi'ndrow. 
 
 — Pinsa'po. 
 
 — religio'sa. 
 
 — trigo'na. 
 
 — Webbia'na. 
 
 LARIX. 
 
 P. Ghneli'ni. 
 
 — Griffithia'na. 
 
 — fcamtscha'tka. 
 
 — La'riz. 
 
 pe'ndula. 
 
 re'pens. 
 
 — Ledebou'rii. 
 
 — leptolefpis. 
 
 — microca'rpa. 
 
 — pe'ndula. 
 
 — sibi'rica. 
 
 PICEA. 
 P. exce Isa. 
 
 — Menzie'sii. 
 
 — Mori'nda. 
 
 — obova'ta. 
 
 — Pi'cea. 
 
 ApoUi'nis. 
 
 leiocla'da. 
 
 — poli'ta. 
 
 — ru'bra. 
 
 a'rctica. 
 
 viola'cea. 
 
 — Schrenhia'na. 
 
 — sitche'nsis. 
 
 P. 
 
 PSEUDOTSUGA. ■ 
 
 'asvi. 
 
 P. Brunonia'Tia. 
 
 — canade'nsis. 
 
 — heterophy'lla. 
 
 — Mertensia'na. 
 
 — Tsu'ga. 
 na'na. 
 
 Piona'ndra. (Nat. ord. , Solanacece. ) 
 A synonym of Cyphomandra. 
 
 p. fra'grans. See Cyphonumdra betacea. 
 
PIO 
 
 [761] 
 
 PIP 
 
 Pio'nea forfica'Ks. The Garden 
 Pebble Moth. This is sometimes found 
 amongst cabbages, and other Crucifer», 
 but does little damage. The moths, 
 ■which appear in May and August, are 
 of a dull straw colour, with markings of 
 a pale brown. The larvEB are yellowish- 
 green, with a darker line down the back 
 and a jjale one on each side. Hand- 
 picking is the best remedy. 
 
 Piophi'la A'pii. The Celery-stem 
 Fly. The larvse of this fly are found in 
 stems of celery. The flies are glossy 
 the black, with a mixture of golden-grey 
 and yellow veins. Infected plants should 
 be burnt. 
 
 Pip, in floriculture, is a single corolla 
 or flower, where several grow upon a 
 common stem, as in the Polyanthus and 
 Auricula. The pips thus growing to- 
 gether are described as a Truss. 
 
 Pi'per. Pepper. (From pepto, to 
 digest ; referring to the stimulating 
 
 ?ower. Nat. ord., Piperacece ; Tribe, 
 HperecB. ) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 wood under a bell-glass, in sandy soil, in heat; 
 also by suckers from the bottom of the plant. 
 Winter temp., 60° to 60°; summer, 60° to 80°. The 
 genus contains the Pepper-plant and the Betle, 
 of which the leaf is chewed in India as much as 
 tobacco is in the west. 
 
 P. aeumina'tum. Green. September. S. 
 America. 1816. B. M. 1. 1882. 
 
 — be'tle. 6. E. Ind. 1804. B. M. t. 3132. 
 
 — bomee'nse. 1. Green. W. Borneo. 1882. 
 
 — coHa'ceum-. Green. Jamaica. 1815. 
 
 — cube'ba. Java. 
 
 — decu'rrens. Leaves very large, purplish be- 
 
 neath. Columbia. 1876. Syns.,Artan- 
 the decwrrens and A. magnifica. 
 
 — di'scolm-. 4. July. W. Ind. 1821. B. C. 
 
 t. 610. 
 
 — exce'lsum au'reo-pi'ctum. Leaves with a large 
 
 creamy blotch. New Zealand. 
 
 — Futokadsu'ra. Greenish. Japan. 1869. 
 
 — genieula'tum. 2. Jamaica. 1823. 
 
 — gla'brum. 10. Campeachy. 1768. 
 
 — glauce'scens. 3. Peru. 1822. 
 
 — laurifo'lium. 10. July. W. Ind. 1768. 
 
 — lo'ngxmi. 6. June. E. Ind. 1788. 
 
 — m-aeulc/aum. Purplish. Spring. West Indies. 
 
 — metallieum. Borneo. 1882. 
 
 — ni'grum 6. E. Ind. 1790. B. M. t. 3139. 
 
 — ama'tum. Indian Archipelago. 1884, 
 
 — parphyrophy'llum. Leaves purplish. Penang. 
 
 Syn., Cissus porphyrophyUus. 
 
 — pidchdUum. \. Green. S. America. 
 
 — rubronodc/ifum. Columbia. 1877. 
 
 — rubrmieno' mm. Leaves bright green, with 
 
 rosy veins. 1887. 111. Hort. 1887, p. 91, 
 
 — trnnenU/sum. 14. August. W. Ind. 1768. 
 
 — trioi'cum. 6. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — tubereula'tum. 6. S. Amer. 1816. Jacq. 
 
 — umbelUtum. ' 3. June. W. Ind. 1748. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 216. 
 Piperidge. The Barberry. 
 Pipes for heating horticultural struc- 
 tures are preferably made of cast iron. 
 
 painted black. Earthenware has been 
 recommended for the purpose ; but they 
 are so much more liable to breakage and 
 leakage, as to outweigh any original 
 saving in the cost. For draining, earthen 
 pipes with a bore an inch or more in 
 diameter are the best. 
 
 Table of the quantity of pipe, four inches dia- 
 meter, which will heat one thousand cubic 
 feet of air per minute, any required number 
 of degrees ; the temperature of the pipe being 
 200° Fahrenheit. 
 
 Temp, of 
 
 external 
 
 air. 
 
 Temperature at which the room is 
 
 required to be kept. 
 
 Fahr. 
 Scale. 
 
 46°j 60° 
 
 66° 
 
 60° 
 
 65°J70° 
 
 76°|80° 86°J90° 
 
 10° 
 
 126160 
 
 174 
 
 200 
 
 229 259 
 
 292 328 3671409 
 
 12 
 
 119 142 
 
 166 
 
 192^220 261 
 
 283 318 367 i 399 
 
 14 
 
 112 135 
 
 169 
 
 184 212 242 
 
 274 309 847 3S8 
 
 16 
 
 106 127 
 
 161 
 
 176 204 233 
 
 265 300 337 878 
 
 18 
 
 98120 
 
 143 
 
 168 195 226 
 
 256 290 3281868 
 
 20 
 
 91112 
 
 136 
 
 160 187,216 
 
 247 281 318 
 
 358 
 
 22 
 
 83106 
 
 128 
 
 162'l79 207 
 
 238 271 308 
 
 347 
 
 ^ \ 24 
 
 76 97 
 
 120 
 
 144170199 
 
 229 262 298 
 
 837 
 
 .3 26 
 
 69 90 
 
 112 
 
 136!l62 190 
 
 220 268 288 
 
 827 
 
 P. 28 
 
 6i: 82 
 
 104 
 
 128il64,181 
 
 211.243 279 
 
 317 
 
 M I 30 
 
 64 75 
 
 97 
 
 120 146 173 
 
 202234 269 
 
 807 
 
 .S 1 32 
 
 47, 67 
 
 89 
 
 112 187.164 
 
 193,225 269 
 
 296 
 
 g 34 
 
 40 60 
 
 81 
 
 104 129 165 
 
 184 216:249 
 
 286 
 
 £ 36 
 
 32 52 
 
 73 
 
 96 120 147 
 
 175 206 239 
 
 276 
 
 Em 38 
 
 25 46 
 
 66 
 
 88 112 138 
 
 166196,230 
 
 266 
 
 40 
 
 18 37 
 
 68 
 
 80 104 129 
 
 157ll87 220 266 
 
 42 
 
 10 30 
 
 60 
 
 72 
 
 96 121 
 
 148 178 210;245 
 
 44 
 
 3 22 
 
 42 
 
 64 
 
 87112 
 
 139168 200 
 
 235 
 
 46 
 
 1 15 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 79 103 
 
 130 169 190 
 
 226 
 
 48 
 
 
 7 
 
 27 
 
 48 
 
 70 95 
 
 121 150 181 
 
 214 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 40 
 
 62 86 
 
 112 140 171; 204 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 32 
 
 64 77 
 
 103 131161194 
 
 To ascertain by the above table the 
 quantity of pipe which will heat one 
 thousand cubic feet of air per minute, 
 find, in the first column, the temperature 
 corresponding to that of the external 
 air, and in one of the other columns find 
 the temperature of the room ; then, in 
 this latter column, and on the line which 
 corresponds with the external tempera- 
 ture, the required number of feet of pipe 
 win be found. 
 
 Pipewort. Eriocau'lon. 
 
 Piping, a mode of propagating the 
 Carnation, Picotee, and Pink, is only 
 another word for a cutting. Some per- 
 sons pull off the pipings from the plant, 
 and stick them in without more ado, but 
 this is a slovenly way ; besides, in pulling 
 off the pipings, the main stem of the 
 
 Slant is materially injured, and often 
 estroyed. The more correct way is, 
 with a sharp knife, to cut off the side- 
 shoot close to the stem, without injuring 
 it, leaving a sufficient number of shoots 
 topreserve the health of the plant. Take 
 oftone kind at once, making the proper 
 number or tally at the same time ; then 
 
PIP 
 
 [762] 
 
 PIS 
 
 dress the pipii.gs by cutting off the lower 
 leaves, leaving about four at the top. 
 These four leaves should not be muti- 
 lated or shortened, as they are the organs 
 to send down sap to form the roots. Put 
 the pipings in pots filled with light earth, 
 and a covering of sand upon it. Place 
 them in a frame with a little bottom- 
 heat, watering gently when dry, and 
 shade from the sun until they are rooted. 
 See Carnation. 
 
 Piptade'nia. (From pipto, to fall, 
 and aden, a gland ; alluding to the fall- 
 ing gland of the anthers. Nat. ord., 
 Legwminosm ; Tribe, Adenantherem.) 
 
 Stove shrubs. For cultivation, see ACACIA. 
 P. guiane'Tisis. See Sfryphnodendron guian^nse. 
 
 — tatifo'lia. i. E. Indies. 1820. 
 
 Pipta'nthus. {From pipto, to fall, 
 and anthos, a flower ; short duration of 
 the flowers. Nat. ord., Leguminosce ; 
 Tribe, PodalyriecB. Allied to Anagyris. ) 
 Hfirdy deciduous shrubs. Seeds, which ripen 
 freely ; cuttings of ripe shoots under a hand- 
 light ; layers ; cuttings, also, of roots ; rich, 
 sandy loam ; should have the protection of a 
 wall in exposed, cold places, far north of London. 
 P, nepale-TUds. 10. Yellow. May. Nepaul. 
 
 1821. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 264. 
 . a/ulrea. Yellow. 1879. Syn., Thermopsis 
 
 nepalensiSy var. aurea. 
 
 — tomento'sus. Covered with silky hairs. 
 
 Yunnan, China. 1887. 
 
 Piptospa'tha. (From pipto, to fall, 
 and spathe, a sheath or spathe ; the top 
 of the spathe falls ofl'like an extinguisher 
 after fertilization. Nat. ord. , AracecB ; 
 Tribe, Philodendrete. Allied to Schisma- 
 toglottis. ) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennial, of dwarf tufted 
 habit. Divisions and seeds. Rich sandy loam, 
 fibry peat, and rotten leaves well drained ; re- 
 quires a very moist atmosphere. Summer temp., 
 70' to 90° ; winter, 60" to 66'. 
 P. msi'gnis. Spathe green and pinkish ; spadix 
 
 white. Summer. N. Borneo. 1879. 
 
 B. M. t. 6698. 
 
 Pique'ria. (Named after .4. Pique- 
 ria, a Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Com- 
 posiim ; Tribe, Eupatoriacem.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous plants. Seeds, but chiefly 
 division in spring ; common soil. 
 P. latifoUa. IJ. Purple. July. Peru. 1800. 
 Syns., Ageratum latifoliv/m and Phala- 
 eroBa ccelentma. 
 
 — trine'rma. 2. White. July. Mexico. 1798. 
 
 B. M. t. 2660. Perennial. 
 
 Pirique'ta. (Probably from the 
 native name. Nat. ord., Turneraeece.) 
 A synonym of Tumera. 
 
 Pironnea'va. See .SJchmea. 
 
 Pisci'dia. JamaicaDogwood. (From 
 piscis, a fish, and cmdo, to kill ; the 
 leaves, twigs, and bark are used to 
 stupefy fish. Nat. ord., Legurmnosae. 
 Allied to Andira. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen, white-flowered trees, from 
 the West Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots: 
 in sand^nder a glass, in heat; sandy, fibry 
 loam. Winter temp., 48° to 60" ; summer, 60° to 
 86°. 
 P. carthaginefnsis. See P. erythrvna. 
 
 — erythn'na. 30. White. May. W. Indies. 
 
 1890. 
 
 — Imbgi^dlm. See Sesbania longifolia. 
 
 Piso'nia. (After Willem Piso, a 
 physician at Amsterdam in the seven- 
 teenth century. Nat. ord. , Nyctaginem. ) 
 
 Stove or greenionse shrubs. Loam. Cuttings. 
 P. aculea'ta. 10. Green. March. W. Indies. 
 1806. West Indian Cockspur. Stove. 
 
 — gra'ndis. See P. inermis. 
 
 — iTi^rmis. 10. Green. March. AustraJia.. 
 
 1806. Syn., P. grandis. Greenhouse. 
 
 — oUusa'ta. 4. Green. April. W. Indies. 
 
 1824. Stove. 
 
 Pista'cia, Pistaehia-tree. (Altered 
 from its Arabic name, Foustag. Nat. 
 otA.. , Ana-ca/rdiauxm ; Tribe, Anaca/rdie(e. 
 Allied to Schinus.) 
 
 P. mu'tica and Unti'stms yield the useful 
 resin called mastich. Seed nuts ; layers and 
 cuttings ; rich, deep, sandy loam. Those from 
 Barbary and the South of Europe require the 
 protection of a greenhouse or a cold pit in 
 winter ; and even the hardiest kinds, though 
 they have stood out at Fulham and the Horti- 
 cultural Society's Gardens, will generally do 
 best against a wall, when north of London, un- 
 less the place is both sheltered from the cold 
 and exposed to the sun. 
 
 EVERGREEN TREES. 
 
 P. lenti'scus. 16. May. South Europe. 1664. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1967. 
 migustifo'lia. 10. May. South Europe. 
 
 1667. 
 Chi'a. May. Scio. 
 
 DECIDUOUS TREES. 
 
 p. avnerica'na. W. Indies. 
 
 — atla'ntica. A synonym of P. mutica. 
 
 — mu'tica. Russia. 1844. 
 
 — Tereti'nthus. 20. June. South Europe. 1666. 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 966. 
 sphceroca'rpa. May. Evergreen. 
 
 — ve'ra. 20. May. Syria. 1770. 
 
 na/rbonefnsis. 20. April. Narbonne. 
 
 1752. Syn., P. reticulata. 
 trif&lia. 20. May. Syria. Syn., P. 
 
 Pi'stia. (FroTO. pisiillum, the female 
 organ ; signifying the appearance of the 
 spathe inflorescence. Nat. ord. iAracew; 
 Tribe, ArinecB.) 
 
 Beautiful stove aquatic. Seeds and divisions ; 
 rich, strong loam ; a tub or tank in the plant- 
 stove or aquarium, 
 
 P. Stratio'tes. i. Greenish. Jamaica. 1843. 
 B. M. t. 4664. Water Lettuce. 
 
 Pistol Plant. Pi'lea musco'sa. 
 
 Pistori'nia. (Derivation, not ex- 
 plained. Nat. ord., Crassulacece.) See 
 
 Cotyledon. 
 
 p. hiapa'nica. See Cotyledon hispanica. 
 
 Pi'sum. The Pea. (From pis, the 
 Celtic name. Nat. ord. , LeguminoscE ; 
 Tribe, VicieiB.) 
 
 Perennials, seeds and divisions ; annuals, 
 
PIT 
 
 [763] 
 
 PIT 
 
 seeds sown according to the time the produce is 
 wanted ; rich, deep soil, where they will neither 
 suffer from damp nor drought. See Pea. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 P. america'num. A synonym oiLathyrusmagel- 
 
 lanicvs. 
 ^ nmri'timum. A synonym of Lathyrus mari- 
 
 timus. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 P. arve'nse. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 687. See P. 
 elatum. 
 
 — ela'tum. 6. Dark blue. Iberia. 1820. Syn., 
 
 P. arvense. 
 
 — Joma'rdi. S. White. Egypt. 1820. 
 
 — sativum. 3. White. South Europe. 
 hu'Tnile. 1. White. 
 
 macroca'rpum. 4. White. 
 
 quadra! turn. 3. White. 
 
 sacchara'tum. 4. White. 
 
 umiella'tum. 4. Purple. G. C. 1873, 
 
 ■p. 45. 
 
 — thebaicum. 3. 1825. 
 
 Pit in the Stove is the excavation, or 
 brick inclosure, in which is the tan, or 
 other material for plunging the pots ; and 
 for Forcing, it is a structure naving a 
 glass roof, and differing from a hotbed 
 and frame only in being large, and with 
 sides fixed to the soil. (See Hotbed 
 and Melon for examples of various 
 kinds of Pit.) A Cold Pit is one where 
 no artificial heat is used, the protection 
 the plants receive being given solely by 
 coverings. During summer and spring, 
 these pits, when not covered, are still a 
 great protection to plants by their walls. 
 Either a Melon or Cucumber Pit un- 
 heated, or an inclosure made with turf 
 walls, and covered with the glass lights 
 of a hotbed frame, answer admirably as 
 cold pits. 
 
 Pitcai'mia. (Named after Dr. Pit- 
 cairn. Nat. ord., Bromeliacece ; Tribe, 
 Piieairniew. Allied to Tillandsia. ) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials. Division, and 
 by suckers in spring, or when they can best be 
 obtained ; sandy, fibry peat, and good, mellow 
 loam. Winter temp., 60° to 56°; summer,. 60° 
 to 86°. 
 P. a'llnjlos. 3. White. September. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 B. M. t. 2642. Syns., P. odorata, Gfl. 
 
 1. 114, and TUlaTidsia Schuckii. 
 
 — albuccefi/lia. Red. Martinique. 1837. Syn., 
 
 P. angustifolia of some gardens. 
 
 — a'lta. 3. Bed. W. Indies. B. M. t. 6606. 
 
 Syns., P. intermedia and P. Skinneri. 
 
 — Altenstei'nii. IJ. Whitish ; bracts crimson. 
 
 Columbia. 1840. Syns., P. undnlati- 
 folia, B. M. t. 4241, Lamprococcus Allen- 
 steinii and Puya AUensteinii. 
 
 giga'ntea. 7. White. February. B. M. 
 
 t. 4309. Syn., P. undulaiifolia, var. 
 gigantea. 
 
 — Andrea'rM. 1. Orange, yellow. Summer. 
 
 Columbia. 1872. B. M. t. 6480. 
 
 — angustifo'Ua. 2. Scarlet. Santa Cruz. 1777. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1547. 
 
 — aphelandrcBfio'ra. Vermilion. BrazU. 1870. 
 
 Syn., Pevinia ap'helandr(^iora. 
 
 — arma'ta. Bed, yellow. New Gfrenada. 1876. 
 
 Syn., Neumannia arcuaia. Bev. Hort. 
 1886, p. 108. 
 
 — atraru'iem. li-3. Whitish. Mountains of 
 
 Chiriqui. 1860. Syn., Pnya Warszce- 
 wiczii. B. M. t. 6226. 
 P. bractea'ta. 2. Scarlet. April. W. Indies, 
 
 1799. Syns., P. eommutata, Gfl. t. 567, 
 and P. latifolia of Bed. Lil. t. 74. 
 
 eommttta'ta. IJ. Scarlet. Tropical 
 
 America. 1868. Syn., P. Gireoudiana. 
 
 stilphu'rea. 2. Yellow. August. W, 
 
 Indies. 1797. Syn., P. sulphurea. 
 
 — bromelicefo'lia. 2. Scarlet. June. Jamaica. 
 
 1781. B. M. t. 834. 
 
 — chile'nsis. 1. Scarlet. July. Chili. 1820. 
 
 — cinnabari'na. Red. July. Brazil. 1851. 
 
 — coa'rctata. 4. Yellow. July. Chili. 1852. 
 
 — cceru'lea. 3. Blue. N. Chili. 1826. Syns.,, 
 
 Puya eoerulea, B. R. 1840, t. 11, ani 
 Puya Whytei, B. M. t. 6732. 
 
 — comTnuta'ta. See P. bracteata. 
 
 — coralli'na. Red. Columbia. 1875. B. M, 
 
 t. 6600. 
 
 — carcovade'wsis. 1. Red. Brazil. 1884. 
 
 — Darblaya'na. Garden hybrid. 1888. 
 
 — Decai'snei. See P. Julgens. 
 
 — densijlo'ra. 3. Green, yellowish-red. 
 
 — eehina'ta. 6. Cream. June. New Grenada^ 
 
 1852. B. M. t. 4709. 
 
 — exsca'pa. See P. heterophylla. 
 —/errugi'iiea. 3. Pale yeilow. Andes, not 
 
 Mexico. Syn., Puya grandiflora. B. M. 
 t. 5234. 
 
 —fla'mmea. 2. Bright red. November. Bio- 
 Janeiro. 1826. B. B. t. 1092. 
 
 —Jtave'sceiw. B. M. t. 6318. See P. xantho- 
 calyx. 
 
 — fiocco'sa. 3. Blue. Venezuela. 1847. Syns.,, 
 
 Pourretia lanuginosa and P. violacea. 
 —fu'lgens. Crimson. Guadeloupe. 1861. Syns., 
 P. Secaisnei and P. L'Herminieri. 
 
 — Funkia'na. Yellow, white. Central Araericar 
 
 1861. Syn., P. macrocalyx. B. M.- 
 t. 4705. 
 
 — furfura'cea. B. M. t. 2657. See P. latifolia,- 
 
 var. fur/uracea. 
 
 — graminifo'lia. See P. integri/olia. 
 
 — heterophy'lla. 2. Bright red. Central America, 
 
 1838. Syns., P. cernua P.exscapa,B/M., 
 t. 4591, P. Morenii, Puya heterophylUty 
 and P. longifolia, Paxt. FI. Card, iftr 
 p. 86. 
 
 — hulmilis. 1. Scarlet. July. S. America.- 
 
 1820. 
 
 — imbrica'ta. Yellow. Mexico. 1868. 
 
 — integrijo'lia. 2. Bed. August. W. Irid.- 
 
 1800. B. M. 1. 1462. Syn,, P. gramini- 
 folia. There is a variety ; — major. 
 
 — intermedia. See P. alta. 
 
 — iridifio'ra. 2. Scarlet. July. 1820. 
 
 ^ Jackso'ni. 2. Scarlet. Guatemala. 1860, 
 B. M. t. 4640. Syn., Lamprococcus: 
 Jacksoni, Lem. Fl. Jard. 1. 127. 
 
 — jali'scana. Deep rose, scarlet. Mexico. 1888., 
 
 — Karwinskia'na. 2. Red. June. Mexico, 
 
 Syns., P. Tnontalbensis and P. ringens. 
 
 — latifolia. 2. Scarlet. Augusts W. Indies, 
 
 1785. B. M. t. 866. 
 
 — Lehma'nni. 3. Bright red. New Grenada. 
 
 — leiole.ma. See P. muscosa. 
 
 — lepido'ta. Orange, yellow. Venezuela. 1874, 
 
 — longifo'lia. B. M. t. 4775. See P. pulveru- 
 
 lenta. 
 
 — Ivftea. 3. Yellow. 1853. 
 
 — macroca'lyx. B. M. t. 4706. See P. Funkidna, 
 
 — maidifo'lia. 3. Greenish-white. May. Vene- 
 
 zuela. 1848. Fl. Ser. t. 916. Syn., Puya, 
 Tnaidifolia. 
 
 — Maro'ni. Hybrid between P. AUensteinii and 
 
 P. corallina. 1884. Rev. Hort. 1885, 
 p. 108. 
 
 — megasta'chya. 3. Pale pink, dark blue. 
 
 Andes of Peru. 1873. Syn., Puya 
 Boezlii. 
 
 — mmitalbdnsis. See P. Earwinskiana. 
 
PIT 
 
 [764] 
 
 PLA 
 
 p. Uoritzia'iia. IJ. Red, yellow. Mountains 
 of Venezuela. 1874. 
 
 — Morre'nii. See P. heterophylla. 
 
 — m/usco'sa. 1. Red. December. Central Brazil. 
 
 1838. B. M. t. 4770. Syn., P. lewlema. 
 
 — nigra. 1. Bright red, very dark purple. 
 
 Ecuador. 1870. Syn., Neumannia nigra. 
 Rev. Hort. 1881, p. 390. 
 
 — niMgena. 3. Bright red. October. Vene- 
 
 zuela. 1852. Fl. Ser. t. 847. 
 — t odora'ta. See P. alUfios. 
 
 — Palmdri. Light red. Mexico. 1888. G. and 
 
 F. 1888, 1. p. 211, flg. 38. 
 
 — petwla'ta. 3. Greenish-white. Mountains 
 
 of Guatemala. 1866. Syn., Neumannia 
 petiolata. 
 
 — platyphy'Ua. See P. hromelimfolia. 
 
 — pulverule'nta. 12. Bright red. December. 
 
 Andes of Peru. 1852. Syn., P. longi- 
 folia. B. M. t. 4776. 
 
 — pu'ngens Scarlet, yellow. Quito. 1863. B. M. 
 
 t. 5366. 
 
 — puni'cea. Red. July. Mexico. 1857. 
 
 — recu'rva. 2. Milk-white. June. Brazil ? 1839. 
 
 — ri'ngens. Gfl. t. 53. See P. Karwinskiana. 
 
 — Roezlii. 2. Scarlet. Organ Mts., Brazil. 
 
 Belg. Hort. xxxv. p. 285, tt. 18-19. 
 
 — Skinne'ri. See P. alta. 
 
 — speciosi'ssima. See P. undulata. 
 
 — sple'ndens. 2. Bright red. Central America. 
 
 1851. 
 
 — staminea. 2. Bright red. January. Rio 
 
 Janeiro. 1820. B. M. t. 2411. 
 
 — suave'olens. 2. Yellow. July. Organ Mts. 
 
 1826. B. K. 1. 1069. 
 
 — sulpJiu'rea See P. bracteata, var. sulphurea. 
 
 B. M 1. 1416. 
 
 — tatmlcefo'rmis. Orange. Mexico. 1862. Belg. 
 
 Hort. 1862, p. 257. Flor. Mag. t. 297. 
 The leaves lie flat on the soil. 
 
 — undulata. 1. Bright red. July. Brazil ? 
 
 1843. Syn., P. speciosissima. 
 
 — undulatifo'lia. See P. AUeneteinii. 
 giaa'ntea. See P. Altensteinii, var. 
 
 giganiea. 
 
 — violalcea. 6. Violet. Mexico or Andes? 1833. 
 
 — vire'scens. 2. Yellowish-green. March. Vene- 
 
 zuela. 1657. Syn., Puya virescens. B. M. 
 t. 4991. 
 
 — Warcewiczia'na, See P. Karwinshia/na. 
 
 — Wendla'ndi. 3. Sulphur-yellow. 1853. Syns., 
 
 Neumannia sulphurea and Puya sul- 
 phurea. B. M. t. 4696. 
 
 — xanthoeaJlyx. 2. Primrose-yellow. June. 
 
 Brazil. 1877. Sya., P. fiaeescens. B. M. 
 t. 6318. 
 
 — zeifo'lia. li. White, reddish-yellow. Guate- 
 
 mala. ' B. M. t. 6536. 
 
 Piteh.er-plant. Nepe'nthes and Sar- 
 racefnia. 
 
 Pitch-tree, Burgundy. Pi'cea 
 «xce'lsa. 
 
 Pitheeo'ctenium. Monkey's Comb. 
 .(From pithex, a monkey, and kteis, a 
 comb. Nat. ord., Bignoniacece.) 
 
 Stove climbing shrubs. For culture, see BlG- 
 
 NONIA. 
 
 P. bucdnato'rivmi. Crimson, yellowish. July. 
 French Guiana. Syn., Bignonia cherere 
 of B. R. 1. 1301. This is now known as 
 Bignonia buccinatoria. 
 
 — Caroli'nce. 10. White, yellow. May. Tropical 
 
 America, Syn,, Bignonia Carotince, 
 B. R. 1844, t. 54. 
 
 — clemati'deum. White, yellow. Argentine Re- 
 
 public. 1890. Bull. Soc. Tosc. 1890, 
 p. 24, t. 2. Syn., Anemopcegma clema- 
 tiAeum. 
 
 Pitheoolo'bium. (From pithekos, 
 an ape, and lobos, the lobe of the ear ; 
 on account of the native name — Mon- 
 key's earring. Nat. ord., Le^uminosce ; 
 Tribe, Ingece. Allied to Albizzia. ) 
 
 Stove trees. For cultivation, see Inga. 
 P.pruino'sum. White. Queensland. 1869. 
 
 Pitto'sporum. (From pitte, to tar 
 or pitch, and sporos, seed ; seeds covered 
 with resinous pulp. Nat. ord., Pitto- 
 sporacece. ) 
 
 Greenhouse, evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April, and 
 kept in a close frame, without bottom-heat; 
 sandy, fibry loam and a few nodules of fibry 
 peat. Winter temp., 38° to 48° ; summer, 60° to 
 75°, P, Tobi'ra and undulaltum have delight- 
 fully-scented flowers, and both have stood 
 against walls, in the climate of London, with a 
 little protection. 
 
 P. Anderso'nii. 4. Yellow. May, Australia. 
 1820. 
 
 — an^ustifo'lium. See P. phillyrceoides. 
 
 — bi'color. 3. Chocolate. Van Diemen's Land. 
 
 1842. 
 
 — bracteola'tum. Norfolk Island. 1837. 
 
 — cape'nse. See P. mriMfolvam. 
 
 — coria'ceum. 8. Blue. May. Madeira. 
 
 1783, 
 
 — cornifo'lium. 3. Brown. May. New Zea- 
 
 land. 1827. 
 
 — erassifo'lium. 4 to 10. Brown-purple. New 
 
 Zealand. 1872. 
 
 — E'nderi. Black purple. Australia. 1868. 
 
 — eugenioi'des variega'tum. Leaves pale green 
 
 with white borders. New Zealand. 
 
 1882. 
 — ferrugi'neum. 6. Yellow. March. Guinea. 
 
 1787. 
 — Jla'vwm. B. M. t. 4799. See Hymenosporum 
 
 Jtavwm. 
 — fu'limm. See P. revolutwn. 
 
 — glabra'tum. li. Bright yeUow. May. 
 
 Kong. 1845. 
 
 — hi'rtum. See P. revolutum. 
 
 — ligustrif&lium. See P. phillyrceoides. 
 
 — mauritia'nuvi. See P. senada. 
 
 — Ma'yii. 3. 1845. 
 
 — oleifo'lium. See P. phillyrceoides. 
 
 — phillyrceoides. 4. Yellow. Summer. 
 
 tralia. 1823. Syns., P. angustifoliwm, 
 P. ligustriifolium and P. ole\folium. 
 
 — remlu'tum. 6. Yellow. March. Australia. 
 
 1795, Syns,, P.fulvum, P. hirtum, and 
 P. tomentosum. 
 
 — rhytidoea'rpwn. White, Fiji, 1887. 
 
 — sena'cia. 8. Yellow. May. Mauritius. 
 
 1825. Syn., P. Tnaitritiana. 
 
 — tenuifo'lium. 4. May. New Zealand. 1820, 
 
 — Tobi'ra. 12. White. May. Japan. 1804. 
 
 — tomento'sum. See P. revolutv/m. 
 
 — undula'tum. 10. White, green. April. N. 
 
 S. Wales. 1789. 
 
 nariega'tum. 5. White, yellow. April. 
 
 Gardens. 
 
 — viridif&lium. May. 1820. Syn., P, capense. 
 
 Pla'cea. (Commemorative. Nat. 
 ord., Amaryllidece. Allied to Pancra- 
 tiam. ) 
 
 Greenhouse bulbs. For cultivation, see Nu- 
 
 RINE. 
 
 P. A'rzce. 1^. Pale yellow, purple. Chili. 
 
 — grandifio'ra. White, crimson. , Chili. 1869. 
 
 — orna'ta. ' White, vermilion. May. Chili. 
 
 1840. 
 
 Plade'ra. (From pladaros, full of 
 
 Hong- 
 
 Aus- 
 
PLA 
 
 [765 
 
 PLA 
 
 moisture ; referring to the nature of the 
 places in which they grow. Nat. ord., 
 Gentiane(e ; Tribe, Chironiem.) Now 
 referred to Canscora. 
 
 Greenhouse annual. For culture, see Chi- 
 RONIA. 
 
 P. decmsa'ta. J. White. B. M. t. 3066. 
 
 _ Plagia'nthus. (From plagios, ob- 
 lique, and anthos, a flower ; in allusion 
 to the unusual unequal-sided petals. 
 Nat. ord., Malvacece; Tribe, Malvern. 
 Allied to Malvastrum.) 
 
 Hardy or greenhouse shrubs with white 
 flowers. For cultivation, see Malvaviscus. 
 P. betuK'nus. 49. New Zealand. 1870. Eib- 
 bon-tree. 
 
 — DaTnpie'ri. See P. Lampenii. 
 
 — divanca'tus. 8. June. New Zealand. 1820. 
 
 B. M. t. 3271. 
 
 — Lampe'nii. 8. Pale yellow. Winter. Tas- 
 
 mania. 1833. G. C. 1884, xxii. p. 200. 
 
 — Lya'llii. 20. White. New Zealand. 1871. 
 
 B. M. t. 6935. 
 — pulchelUus. 4. March. Tasmania and Vic- 
 toria. Syn., Sida vulchella. B. M. 
 t. 2763. 
 
 — sidoi'des. September. Tasmania. 1834. B. 
 
 M. t. 3396. 
 
 , Plagioli'rion. (From plagios, ob- 
 lique, and leirion, a lily; the perianth 
 is oblique. Nat. ord., Amaryllidece.) 
 
 Stove bulb, propagated by offsets. 
 P. Eorsma'nni. i. White. June. Columbia. 
 1883. G. C. 1883, xx. p. 106, flg. 16. 
 
 Plagiolo'bium. (From plagios, 
 transverse, and lobos, a pod. Nat. ord., 
 LeguminoscB.) See Hovea. 
 P. chorozemoBfo'lium. See Hovea chorozemoe- 
 folia. 
 
 — ilicifo'lium. See Hovea ilicifolia. 
 
 Pla'nera. (Named after J. Planer, 
 a German botanist. Nat. ord., Urtica- 
 cem; Tribe, UlmeoB. Allied to the Elm. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous trees. Layers, andgrafting 
 on the elm ; common, rich loam. 
 P. acumitia'ta. See Zelkova acuminata. 
 
 — aqua'tica. 12. Brown. April. N. America. 
 
 1816. Syn., P. Gmelini. 
 
 — carpinifo'lia. Wats. Dendr. 1. 106. See Zel- 
 
 kova. 
 
 — Gmeli'ni. See P. aquatica. 
 
 ~ japo'nica. See Zelkova acuminata. 
 
 — parvifo'Zia. See UItrus 'pa/rmfolia. 
 
 — Richa'rdi. See Zelkova crenata. 
 
 Plane-tree. Pla'tanus. 
 
 Plane-tree, Scotch. A'eer Pseu'- 
 do-pla'tanus. 
 
 Planer- tree. Pla'nera aqua'tica. 
 
 Plank Plant. Bossicefa scolope'n- 
 
 Planta'go. (A name used by Pliny. 
 Nat. ord., Plantagineai.) 
 
 Hardy perennials, propagated by seeds. The 
 British species, especially lanceola'ta and ma'jor 
 are very troublesome in lawns. 
 
 P. aqua'tica. See Pislia stratiotes. 
 
 — brasilie'mie. 1. Whitish. Summer. Brazil. 
 
 1823. B. M. t. 2618. 
 
 — lanceola'ta margina'ta. The leaves are bor- 
 
 dered with white, and the flower spikeis 
 terminated by white spotted leaves. 
 1889. Increased by divisions. 
 
 Plantain. Planta'go. The name is 
 also applied to some species of Mu'sa. 
 
 Pla'ntia. (Named by Dr. Herbert 
 after Mr. Plant, nurseryman at Cheadle, 
 in commemoration of his success in cross- 
 breeding. Nat. ord., Iridece; Tribe, 
 Morceece.) Probably synonymous with 
 Hexaglottis. 
 
 Greenhouse bulb. Seeds in spring, in a slight 
 hotbed ; offsets ; light, rich, sandy loam ; bulbs 
 requiring to be taken up, or protected in a frame 
 during winter. 
 
 P.flalva. Yellow. June. Cape of Good Hope, 
 1842. 
 
 Planting. The end of October is 
 the best time in the whole year to plant 
 all kinds of trees and bushes which cast 
 their leaves in winter, whether fruit- 
 bearing or ornamental ; but all the ever- 
 green American plants, as the Rhodo- 
 ae'ndron, may be planted in October, as 
 well as in July, August, or September — 
 the right months for getting in most 
 evergreens. For directions as to plant- 
 ing Fruit-trees, the reader is referred to 
 the article Stations ; but many of the 
 following directions relative to planting 
 ornamental trees and shrubs are generally 
 applicable. Wherever they are to be 
 placed, if the soil is at all dry at the 
 bottom, no matter how poor it may be, 
 it should be stirred or trenched three 
 feet deep. In the case of single plants, 
 where a pit or hole only is required, the 
 narrowest diameter ought to be four feet, 
 and if the bottom soil is poor, it should 
 be removed, and some good added in- 
 stead ; but loose soil of this description 
 will subside in time, and if the plants 
 are tied to stakes, as many need be to 
 keep them firm the first year or two, the 
 sinking of the soil from under the roots 
 may cause them to strain, or otherwise 
 injure them, by cracking and letting in 
 the diy winds to them. Another evil 
 is, that when trees thus planted sink 
 down gradually, additional soil is placed 
 over the roots to make the surface level, 
 and this is equivalent to planting too 
 deep in the first instance, and deep 
 planting is always to be avoided. There- 
 fore the loose or new soil beneath the 
 roots ought to be firmly pressed down, 
 and the pit filled up to near the surface 
 of the ground, or to within three or four 
 inches of it, so that, when the tree or 
 bush is planted, the surface of the pit 
 will appear a little mound, several inches 
 
PLA 
 
 [766] 
 
 PLA 
 
 above the surrounding surface. Plant 
 fruit-trees shallow and on hard bottoms, 
 to prevent their getting too luxuriant ; 
 but in gardening for ornamental plants, 
 the more healthy and vigorous we can 
 •grow them the more ornamental they 
 will be, unless, indeed, they are rather 
 tender for our climate. In that case 
 shallow planting on a solid or un- 
 Joosed bottom suits them best, as they 
 fCannot grow too strong, and the wood 
 will therefore ripen better. The shrub 
 being taken up with long, bare roots, 
 and a host of small fibres, and a con- 
 siderable ball of soil attached close up 
 to the bole or bottom of the jplant, place 
 this ball in the middle of the prepared 
 pit, and fill in the loose soil under the 
 strong roots, so that they may lie in 
 their natural position ; and in doing it, 
 if the small filbres are pressed down too 
 much, loosen them back again, and fill 
 in any cavities under the bole or main 
 roots. When the roots, great and small, 
 each of them branching out in straight 
 lines, are as regular as they can be 
 placed, some of the lower ones will be 
 out of sight, hut the majority are still 
 in view. Over those put a little better 
 soil, thus : take a spadeful, and throw it 
 past the stem of the plant on the roots 
 on the opposite Side to you, so that the 
 soil runs along in the same direction as 
 the roots. If you throw it on the roots 
 next to you, it will run against their di- 
 rection and turn back their small points, 
 which would be nearly as bad as the old 
 way of shaking the plant up and down 
 ,at this stage. When all the roots are 
 covered an inch or two, the watering-pot 
 must come, with a large rose to it, and 
 you must water all over the surface 
 heartily, even if it is a rainy day. This 
 watering is to do the business oi the old 
 shaking— settle the finer particles of the 
 soil about the roots. The rest of the 
 ;Boil, to the depth of four or five inches, 
 may be thrown on anyhow, if the lumps 
 are broken small, so that the surface is 
 pretty smooth, and formed into a shal- 
 low basin to hold the future waterings. 
 A stout stake, or stakes, according to 
 the size of the plant, should be driven 
 down before the earth is put over the 
 roots, to keep the plant from wind- 
 waving. When large, bushy evergreens 
 :are to oe removed, their branches must 
 be tied up towards the stem by passing 
 a rope or strong cord round them before 
 commencing at the roots. 
 
 Plashing is a mode of repairing or 
 modifying a hedge by bending down a 
 portion of the shoots, cutting them half 
 
 through near the ground to render them 
 more pliable, and twisting them among 
 the upright stems, so as to render the 
 whole more effective as a fence, and, at 
 the same time, preserve all the branches 
 alive. For this purpose, the branches 
 to be plashed, or bent down, must not 
 be cut more than half through, in order 
 that a sufficient portion of sap may rise 
 up from the root to keep alive the upper 
 part of the branches. Where hedges 
 are properly formed and kept, they very 
 seldom require to be thus maimed. 
 
 Plaster of Paris. See Gy'psum. 
 
 Platanthe'ra. (Piom platys, broad, 
 and anthera, an anther. Nat. ord. , Or- 
 ehidem; Tribe, Ophrydew-JBahenarieoe.) 
 See Habenaria. 
 
 p. cUia'ris. See Maibenaria dliaris. 
 
 — crista'ta. See Habenaria cristata. 
 
 — dilata'ta. See Habenaria ditatata. 
 
 — fimbria' ta. A synonym of Habenaria psy- 
 
 chodes. 
 
 — herbifola. See Habenaria herbiola. 
 
 — holope'tala. See Habenaria bkphariglottis. 
 
 — Hooke'ri. See Habenaria Hookeri. 
 
 — hyperbo'rea. See Habenaria hyperborea. 
 
 — inci'sa. See Habenaria incisa. 
 
 — psycho' des. A synonym of Habenaria psy- 
 
 chodes. 
 
 — radia'ta. A synonym of Habenaria radiata. 
 
 — Susa'nnce. A synonym of Habenaria Su- 
 
 sannce, 
 
 Pla'tanus. Plane-tree. (From 
 platys, broad ; the wide-spreading head 
 of the trees. Nat. ord., Platanacece.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees, flowering in April. 
 Seeds in theautumn, and preserved until spnng ; 
 cuttings, also, in spring and autumn, but chieHy 
 and most quickly by layers in autumn and 
 spring ; deep, mellow loam. 
 P. aeerifo'lia. See P. orientalise var. aceri- 
 folia- 
 
 — cunea'ta. See P. orientalis, var. cuneata, 
 
 — occidenta'lis. 70. N. Amer. 1636. Wats. 
 
 Dendr. 1. 100. 
 
 au'rea variega'ta. 70. 1846. 
 
 fo'liii arge'nleis. Garden variety. 1887. 
 
 heterophy'Ua. America. 1842. 
 
 inte^rifo'lia. 70. 1845. 
 
 — orienta'lis, 60. Levant. 1548. Wats. Dendr. 
 
 1. 101. 
 aceri/o'lia. 70. Levant. Syn., P. aceri- 
 
 folia. 
 cunea'ta. 20. Levant. 1739. See P. 
 
 cuneata. 
 
 hispa'nica. 70. Spain. 
 
 laeinia'ta. 70. 1845. 
 
 — inonstro'sa. 70. 1845. 
 
 Platyca'rpum. (From platys, 
 broad, and karpos, fruit. Nat. ord., 
 BubiacecB.) 
 
 Stove tree. Loam and leaf-mould. Cuttings 
 of half-ripened wood, in sand, under a bell- 
 glass. 
 
 P. orinoce^nse. 20. Pale rose. Spring. Orinoco. 
 1813. 
 
 Platyca'rya. (From platys, broad, 
 and kafyoTi, a nut. Nat. ord., J'uglan- 
 dacece. ) 
 
PLA 
 
 [767] 
 
 PLA 
 
 A shrub, or small tree, hardy in sheltered 
 positions in the south of England. For culture, 
 
 see JUGLANS. 
 
 P. etrotnia'cea. Yellowish-green. August. 
 North China and Japan. 1844. Bev. 
 Hort. 1888, p. 88, figs. 18-19. Syn., For- 
 tu7iaia ckinensis. 
 
 Platyce'riiun. Elk's-homorStag's- 
 horn Fern. (From platys, broad, and 
 keras, a horn ; form of the fertile fronds. 
 Nat. ord., Filices — Polypodiaceoe.) 
 
 Stove ferns. See Ferns. 
 P. mthvimewm. 3. Guinea. 1822. Hook. 
 
 Gard. Ferns, t. 9. Sya, P. Stem- 
 
 rnaria. 
 angole'nse. Frond broad at the scarcely 
 
 forked apex. 
 
 — almio'rne. |. Brown. August. N. S. Wales. 
 
 1808. B. K. tt. 262-263. 
 ma'jiis. Polynesia. 1870. 
 
 — bifi/rme. i. Brown. April. E. Ind. 1842. 
 
 — GheUinddi. 1882. 
 
 — gra'nde. Brown. July. MoretonBay. 1828. 
 
 Lowe, Ferns, vH. t. 64. 
 
 — Hi'Uii. Queensland. 1878. 
 
 — Stennma'na. Lowe, Ferns, vii. p. 62. See 
 
 P. cethiopicum. 
 
 — WallUchii. Moulmein. 1860. Hook. Fil. 
 
 Exot. t. 97. 
 
 — WiiyHnchii, Java. 1875. 
 
 Platychi'lum. (From^to*2/«, broad, 
 and cheilos, a lip. Nat. ord., Legumi- 
 noscB ; Tiihe, GenisteiB.) Asynoaymof 
 Hovea. 
 
 p. Celsia'num. See Bovea Celsii. 
 
 Platyeli'nis. (From platys, broad, 
 and clinis, a couch ; referring to the 
 shape of the clinandrium. Nat. ord., 
 Orchidece; Tribe, Epidendrece-Lipariece. ) 
 
 Stove epiphytal orchids, with small flowers. 
 For culture, see LiPARIS. 
 P. Cobbia'na. See DendrocMlum CobUanum. 
 
 — (yuewmeri'num. Liglit green. East Indies. 
 
 1885. Syn., Denarochilum cucumeri- 
 nwm. > 
 
 —filifo'rmis. Pale yellow. Manilla. 1836. 
 Syns., DencLrochilum Mifarme and D. 
 glumaceum of lU. Hort. 1878, t. 323. 
 
 — glwma'cea. White ; fragrant. Philippines. 
 
 Syn., DendrocMlum glvmacewm, B. M. 
 t. 4853. 
 
 Platyco'don. (Ptom platys, hroad, 
 and kodon, a bell ; form of flower. Nat. 
 ord., CampanulacecB.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds and divi- 
 sions in spring, and cuttings of young shoots in 
 summer, under a hand-hght; sandy, mellow 
 loam. 
 P. (mtvmna'le. See P. ehinmse. 
 
 — ehin^nse. 3. Blue. June. C!hina. 18^. 
 
 Paxt. Fl. Gard. ii. p. 61. Syn., P. 
 autumnalis. _ ^ . 
 
 — qrandifio'rum. 1. Blue. June. Dahuna. 
 
 1782. Syn,, Campanula gramMfiora, B. 
 
 M. t. 252. ^ „ ^u t 
 a'lba. 1. White. June. North of 
 
 China. 1845. 
 a!lba mmvpUna. 1. White. June. 
 
 China. 1845. ^ ^ u v,-t 
 Marie'^ii. A plant of more dwarf habit 
 
 that the type, but with larger flowers. 
 
 1881. Garden, March, 1885. 
 
 — mie'nse. Lem. Jard. FI. t. 250. A synonym 
 
 of Campanula sinense. 
 
 Platycra'ter. (From »;«%, broad, 
 and krater, a bowl; in allusion to the 
 expanded calyx of the barren flowers. 
 Nat. ord., SaxifragacecB ; Tribe, Hy- 
 drangecB. ) 
 
 Hardy shrub. Allied to Philadelphds, to 
 which refer for cultivation. 
 P. argu'ta. Whitish. Japan. 
 
 Platylo'bium. Flat Pea. (From 
 platys, broad, and lobos, a pod. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminosm ; Tribe, Genistece. 
 Allied to Hovea. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from Australia and 
 Tasmania. Orange-flowered, except where 
 otherwise mentioned. Seeds in spring, in a 
 sUght hotbed, after placing them seversB hours 
 in water, at a temp, of 130 ; also by cuttings of 
 the half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, in April; flbry, sandy peat chiefly, with a 
 very little flbry loam, charcoal, and broken 
 potsherds, with pots extra well drained. Stag- 
 nant water, especially in winter, destroys them. 
 Winter temp., 40° to 48°. 
 
 P. formo'swfn. 4. July. Australia. 1790. B. 
 M. t. 469. 
 
 — Murraya'num. 1. Yellow, red. May. Tas- 
 
 mania. 1832. B. M. t. 3269. 
 
 — obtusa'ngulum. 1. Yellow, red. May. Tas- 
 
 mania. 1832. B. M. t. 3258. 
 
 rum. 4. July. 1792. B. M. t. 1620. 
 ■ re. 4. July. 1806. B. M. t. 1508. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 
 P. lanceola'tum. Andr. Rep. t. 205. See BossUea 
 
 — microphj/Uum. B. M. t. 863. See Bossicsa 
 
 miorophylla. 
 
 — ooa'tum. Andr. Eep. t. 266. See Bossicea 
 
 heterophylla. 
 
 — Scolope^ndriwrn. Andr. Rep. t. 191. See 
 
 Bossioea Scolopendria. 
 
 Platylo'ma. (From platys, broad, 
 and loma, an edge. Nat. ord., Filices — 
 PolypodiacecE. ) 
 
 Stove, brown-spored fern. See Ferns. 
 P. andromedcefdlia. May. 1840. 
 
 — a'tro-purpiirea. i. May. N. Amer. 1770. 
 
 — belttuim. California. 1873. 
 
 — brachy'pterum. California. 1873. 
 
 — Bridge! sii. California. 1876. Syn., Pellaea 
 
 Bridgesii. 
 
 — Bro'wnii. May. Australia. 
 
 — calome'lanos. See Pteria calomelanos. 
 
 — corda'ta. See Pellcea eordata. 
 
 — falca'ta. 1. May. N. Holland. 1823. 
 —fleamo'aa. May. Peru. 1838. 
 
 — grand\fo'lia. 2. September. W. Ind. 
 
 1793. 
 
 — omiOiopus. California. 1875. Syn.,PeM«a 
 
 omithopus. 
 
 — rotundifdlia. Ij. July. New Zealand. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — sagUta'ta. 3. June. S. Amer. 1826. 
 
 — temi/o'iia. IJ. Mexico. 1840. 
 
 Platylo'phus. (From^Wys, broad, 
 and lophos, a crest ; seed-pod compressed 
 so as to seem winged. Nat. ord., Saxi- 
 fragem ; Tribe, vwiumieix. Allied to 
 Weinmannia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe 
 shoots in sand, under a glass, in April or May ; 
 loam and peat. Winter temp , 40° to 46°. 
 P. trifolia'ta. A synonym of Wemma/nnia tri- 
 foliata. 
 
PLA 
 
 [768] 
 
 PLE 
 
 Platype'talum. (From platys, 
 broad, s,Tia. petalum, a petal. Nat. ord., 
 CrucifercB ; Tribe, Cameline(E. ) A syno- 
 nym of Braya. 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds and divi- 
 sions in spring ; sandy peat, in a very sheltered 
 border, but better stiU treated as an Alpine her- 
 baceous plant, by giving it rather a shady place 
 in summer, and protectmg it from wet andTcold 
 in winter. 
 
 P. purpura' sceTis. J. Purplish. May. Mel- 
 ville Island. 1827. Now known as 
 Braya purpurascens. 
 
 Platysta'chys. (From platys, 
 broad, and staehys, a spike. Nat. ord. , 
 SromeliacecB ; Tribe, TUlandsiecB.) See 
 Tillandsia. 
 
 Platyste'mon. (From platys, 
 broad, and stemon, a stamen. Nat. ord. , 
 Papaveracew ; Tube, JRomneyece. Allied 
 to Platystigma. ) 
 
 Hardy, yellow-flowered annuals. Seeds in 
 April ; common, rich, light soil. 
 P. califo'micum. 1. August. California. 1833. 
 
 B. M. t. 3579. 
 — leioca/rpum. 1. July. N. California. 1837. 
 
 B. M. t. 3760. 
 
 Platysti'gma. {From platys, broad, 
 and stigma, the female organ. Nat. ord. , 
 Papaveracew; Tribe, Momneyem. Allied 
 to Platystemon. ) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds and 
 divisions in spring; common, light soil ; requires 
 a little protection in winter. 
 P. Unea're. J. Yellow. California. 1833. B. 
 R. 1. 1964. 
 
 Platythe'ca. (From platys, broad, 
 and theke, a cell ; the anther-cells are 
 broad. Nat. ord., Tremandrece.) 
 
 Greenhouse shrub, with the habit of a heath. 
 For culture, see Tetratheca. 
 P. galioi'des. 1. Blue. June. S. W. Australia. 
 Syn., Tetratheca vertieiUata. Paxt. Mag. 
 xiii. p. 171. 
 
 Pleasure-ground is a collective 
 name for that combination of parterres, 
 lawns, shrubberies, ornamental waters, 
 arbours, etc., which are noticed indi- 
 vidually in these pages. One observa- 
 tion may be applied to all— let harmony 
 preside over the whole. It is a great 
 fault to have any one of those portions 
 of the pleasure-ground in excess; and 
 let the whole be proportionate to the 
 residence. It is quite as objectionable 
 to be over-gardened as to be over-housed. 
 
 Plectoco'mia. (From plektos, 
 plaited, and kome, leaves; probably 
 from the leaves being used in plaiting. 
 Nat. ord., Falmce; 1nhe,Lepidocaryece.) 
 
 Stove palm. Seed. Sandy loam. Summer 
 temp., 60 to 80° ; winter, 60° to 66°. 
 P. Anders&ni. India. 1874. 
 
 — asm'mica. 80. Yellow. Assam. 1841. 
 
 — elonga'ta. Java. 1889. 
 
 — himalaya'na. Himalayas. 1878. 
 
 Plectra'nthus. (From plektron, a, 
 cock's spur, and anthos, a flower. Nat. 
 ord., Labiates; Tribe, Oeimoidece.) 
 
 Herbaceous perennials, by seeds and divisions ; 
 shrubs, at times by seeds, but chiefly by cuttings 
 in sand, under a bell-glass ; rich, sandy soil will 
 suit them all. Temperature that of the green- 
 house and stove. 
 P. a'sper. See Coleus iwriatus. 
 
 — austra'lis. 3. Pale purple. Summer. Aus- 
 
 tralia. B. C. t. 1185. 
 
 — barba'tus. Andr. Bep. t. 594. See Coleus 
 
 barbatus. 
 
 — coleoi'des. 1-2. Pale lilac. Neilgherries. 
 
 1865. Syn., Coleus Colvillei. 
 
 — emno'sus. B. M. t. 2318. . See Coleus barbatus. 
 —fce^tidus. Purple? Australia. 1877. 
 
 — Forska'hlii. B. M. t. 2036. See Coleus bar- 
 
 batus. 
 — Jrutico'sus. 4. Blue. Cape Colony. 
 
 — inea'nus, 3. Blue. July. 1822. Greenhouse 
 
 herbaceous. 
 
 — rubtcu'ndus. See Orthosiphon rubwwndus. 
 
 — sautellarioi'des. See Coleus Blumei. 
 
 — terna'tus. |. Purple. August. Madagascar. 
 
 1821. Stove herbaceous. B. M. t. 2460. 
 Opirae Plant. 
 
 — ternif&tius. 2. Blue. August. NepauL 
 
 1820. Greenhouse herbaceous. Ic. PI. 
 t. 460. 
 
 — visco'sus, 1^. Blue. August. E. Ind. 1826. 
 
 Stove evergreen. Now known as Oeimum 
 viscosum. 
 
 Plectri'tis. (Fromplektron, a cock's- 
 spur ; the flower being swollen in front. 
 Nat. ord. , Valerianacece. Syn. , Betckea. } 
 
 Hardy American annuals. Seeds in April, in 
 common garden-soil. 
 
 P. brachyste'mtn. White. June. North Cali- 
 fornia. 1836. 
 
 — conge'sta. 1. Rose. July. California. 1826. 
 
 Syn., Valeria/)iella congesta. B. R. 1. 1094. 
 : — mi'nor, 1. Rose. July. 1826. 
 
 — ma'jor. 1^. Rose. August. California^ 
 
 1836. Syn., Betckea major. 
 
 — samolif&Ka. 1. Rose. July. Chili. 1835 
 
 Syn., Betckea sarnioKfolia. 
 
 Plectro'nia. (From plektron, a. 
 cock's spur ; the tree armed with large 
 spines. Nat, ord., Ruhiacece ; Tribe, 
 Vangueriem. Allied to Vangueria. ) 
 
 Greenhouse ever^een tree, Cuttings in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, in May, and placed in a cold 
 frame ; sandy peat and fibry loEim. Winter 
 temp., 40° to 48°. 
 
 P. corynibo'sa. 20. Wliite, green. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1816. 
 
 Plei'one. See Ccelogyne. 
 
 Pleione'ma is a garden corruption 
 of Pleroma, which see. 
 
 Pleocne'mia. See Nephrodium. 
 
 Pleope'ltis. (From pleos, full, and 
 pelte, a shield ; referring to the covering 
 of the spore or seed-cases. Nat. ord., 
 Filices—Polypodiacece.) Now regarded 
 as a section of Polypodium. 
 
 Stove ferns, chiefly with brown spores. See 
 Ferns. 
 P. a'lbido-squama'ta. Borneo. 1864. 
 
 — elonga'ta. Yellow. May. S. Amer. 1843. 
 
 — ensifo'lia. i. May. S. Amer. 1828. 
 —fo'ssa. 1. Malay Archipelago. 1881. 
 
PLE [ 769 ] 
 
 P, hasta'ta. China. 1866. 
 
 — ineurva'ta. Java. 
 
 — tonoeoto'to. 1. August. W. Ind. 1812. 
 
 — latii/Vlia, J. May. S. Amer. 1823. 
 
 — nu'da. i. May. Nepaul. 
 
 — pereu'ssa. Yellow. Brazil. 1842. 
 
 — pi'cta. S. South Sea Islands. 1881. 
 
 — salieifo'lia. Yellow. August. Brazil. 
 
 — tei'pias. Polynesia. 1882. 
 
 — sefrpens. J. May. W. Ind. 1816. 
 
 — xi'phiae. 1. South Pacific Islands. 1881. 
 
 Plera'ndra. {Vrom pleres, full, and 
 aiier, a male ; stamens many. Nat. ord. , 
 AraliacecB. Syns. , Bakeria (of Seemann) 
 and Nesopanax. ) 
 
 Stove trees. Sand, loam and leaf-mould. 
 Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat. 
 P. Qniffei. An error for P. Grayi. 
 
 — Gra'yi. Green. Fiji. 1887. 
 
 — vitUlnsis. Green. Fiji. 1887. SjTis., Bakeria 
 
 vitiensis and NesopaiKi/X vitiensis. 
 
 Plero'ma. (From pleroma, fulness ; 
 in allusion to the cells of the seed-vessel. 
 Nat. ord., MelastomaeecB ; Tribe, Os- 
 beckieoB. Allied to Osbeckia. Syns., 
 Lasiandra and Tibouchitia.) 
 
 Stove Brazilian evergreen shrubs, chiefly with 
 purple flowers. Cuttmgs of half-ripened, or 
 rather, the short, stubby side-shoots in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, in summer, and plunged in a 
 little bottom-heat, lifting the edge of tneTjell- 
 
 PLE 
 
 3 at night, to prevent damping ; sandy, fibry 
 peat, with a few nodules of fibry loam, and pieces 
 of broken pots and charcoal, to keep the soil 
 open, and particularly well-drained. Winter 
 temp., 48° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°. Slega/ns 
 and several others do best in an intermediate 
 house, not so hot as a stove. It does better in 
 the greenhouse than in the stove. 
 
 P. bwrbi'gerum lepid&tum. Violet-purple. Peru. 
 Syns., Lasiandra lepidota and Tibou- 
 china Mathcei. 
 
 — Benthamia'nwm. 6. August. 1841. B. M. 
 
 t. 4007. Syn., P. Kunthianum of Paxt. 
 Mag. xii. p. 125. 
 
 — e^legans. 5. June. Organ Mountains. 1844. 
 
 — GavdichavMa'num. Rosy - violet. Summer. 
 
 Brazil. 1836. Syns., PUumema Gaudi- 
 chaudianay Lasiandra petiolata, B. M. 
 t. 3766, Rhexia petiolata and iJ. petiolaris, 
 
 — Gaya'num. White, yellow. Late autumn. 
 
 Peru. 1874. B. M. t. 6345. 
 
 — glomera'tum. A synonym of Osbecleia glome- 
 
 rata. 
 
 — granulo'swm. 6. Bio Janeiro. 1816. Syns., 
 
 Lasia/ndra Fontanesiana and Melastoma 
 granulosum. B. K. t. 671. 
 
 — heteroma'Uum. 4. July. 1819. Syn., Jfeto- 
 
 stoma heteromallum. B. M. t. 2337. 
 
 — holoseri'ceum. 5. July. Bio Janeiro. 1816. 
 
 Syn., Lasiandra argentea. 
 
 — Kunthia'num of Paxt. Max. xii. p. 125, see 
 
 P.Benthianum ; of others, see P. semi- 
 decandrwm. 
 
 — maera'nthum. B. M. t. 6721. See P. semide- 
 
 candrum. 
 
 — marmora'tum. Bluish-purple. Leaves dark 
 
 green, mottled with white. 1884. 
 
 — aarmento'sum. Violet. Cool valleys of Peru. 
 
 1867. Greenhouse. B. M. t. 6629. 
 
 — semideca'ndrwm. Purple. July. Brazil. 
 
 1847. Syns., P. maeramthum, B. M. 
 t. 5721, P. Kunthianum, B. M. t. 4412, 
 and Lasiandra macrantha. 
 
 Jloribu'ndum. Violet-blue. St. Catherine's, 
 
 Brazil. 1870. Syn., P. maeranthwin, 
 var. floribundum-. 
 
 P. villo'sum. 3. White. July. 1820. Syns., 
 Dissotis villosa and Xelastoma villosum. 
 B. M. t. 2630. 
 
 — vimi'neum. 6. July. 1821. 
 
 . Pleura'ndra. (From pleuron, a 
 side, and aner, a male ; the stamens 
 arranged on one side of the pistil, giving 
 the centre of the flower a one-sided ap- 
 pearance, Nat. ord., Dilleniacew.) A 
 synonym of Hibbertia. 
 
 p. aeicula'ris. See Hibbertia amcularit. 
 
 — calya/na. See Hibbertia strieta. 
 
 — aneo'rum. See Hibbertia nitida. 
 
 — ericoefo'lia. See Hibbertia strieta. 
 
 — ni'tida. See Hibbertia nitida. 
 
 — sca'bra. See Hibbertia Billardieri. 
 
 — stri'cta. See Hibbertia strieta. 
 
 Pleuri'dium. (From pleuron, a 
 side ; alluding to the lateral attachment 
 of the fructification. Nat. ord., FUices 
 — PolypodiacecB.) A section of Poly- 
 podium. 
 
 Stove ferns. See Ferns. 
 P. crassi/o'lium. 3. Tropical America. 1823. 
 — jjtglandifo'lium. 2}. E. Indies. 
 
 — palma'tum. 1. Java. 
 
 — rupe'stre. 1. Java. 1867. 
 
 — venu'stum. 1^. E. Indies, 
 
 Pleurogra'mma. (From pleuron, 
 a side, and gram,ma, writing ; disposi- 
 tion of the spore or seed-cases. Nat. 
 ord., FUices — PolypodiacecB.) Now 
 united with Monogramme. 
 
 stove fern. See Ferns. 
 P. linea'ris. Brown. June. Jamaica. 1823. 
 
 Pleuro'gyne. (From pleuron, a 
 side, and gyne, the female organ ; the 
 stigmas issue from the side of the seed- 
 vessel. Nat. ord., Oentianece; Tribe, 
 Swertiew. Allied to Gentiana.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds in April ; chalky loam, 
 and a small portion of peat. 
 P. cari'nthica. |. Blue. August. ' Siberia. 
 
 1827. Syn., P. rotata. 
 — rota'ta. See P. carinthica. 
 
 Pleurope'talum. (From pleuron, 
 a side, and petalon, a petal ; referring 
 to the shape of the corolla. Nat. ord., 
 PortulacecB. ) 
 
 Stove shrub. Bich sandy loam mixed with a 
 little peat or leaf-mould. Cuttings in bottom- 
 heat under a bell-glass. 
 P. costa/ricelnse. Green to scarlet. August. 
 
 Central America. 1883. B. M. t. 6674. 
 
 Syn., Melanoearpv/m Sprucei. 
 
 Pleurospe'rmum. (Fromplewon, 
 a side, and sperma, seed ; the fruit has 
 large ridges on its sides. Nat. ord., 
 Umbelliferce. ) 
 
 Hardy perennial. Common garden-soil. Seeds; 
 divisions. 
 
 P. austri'acum. 3. White. Summer. South 
 Europe. 1697. 
 
 Pleurotha'Uis. (From pleuron, a 
 side, and thallo, to bloom. Nat. ord., 
 
 3d 
 
PLE 
 
 [770] 
 
 PLO 
 
 Orchideoe ; Tribe, Emdendrex-PUuro- 
 thallecB. Allied to Masdevallia.) 
 
 Stove orchids, not possessing much beauty, 
 but are interesting, curious little plants. They 
 thrive best upon Dloeks of wood, with a small 
 portion of moss tied to the block. The best 
 form of the block is a round one, with the top 
 cut sloping at an angle of 45", the plant to be 
 fixed on the sloping part. These blocks can then 
 be placed on the lower end, which should be cut 
 horizontally, to allow them to stand firmly in 
 that position. 
 
 P. aptho'sa. Yellow. January. Mexico. 1839. 
 
 — atropurpu'rea. ^, Dark purple. Jamaica. 
 
 1838. Syns., Oiyptophoranfhus atro- 
 purpureiis and Masdevallia feriestrata. 
 B. M. t. 4164. 
 
 — a/uriculi'gera. Yellowish. Brazil, 1871. 
 
 — a'viceps. Green, yellow. Brazil. 1871. 
 
 — Barberia'na. Pale ochre, dark purple, whitish. 
 
 January. Tropical S. America. 1881. 
 
 — iiearina'ta. i. Greenish -yellow. Brazil. 
 
 1889. B. M. t. 4142. 
 
 — bilamella'ta. Cinnabar-red. Mexico. 1870. 
 
 Eef. Bot. t. 95. 
 
 — Boiomu'ni. Brazil. 1869. 
 
 — cardiocre'pis. September. 1891. 
 
 — eilia'ta. i. Yellow. Demerara. Ref. Bot. 
 
 1. 142. 
 
 — drcuTnple'xa. Green. February. Mexico. 
 
 1837. 
 
 — cocd'nea. See Rodriguezia secunda. 
 
 — di&coi'dea. ^. Yellow, August. Trinidad. 
 
 1880. 
 
 — e'lega-ns. Violet. New Grenada. 
 —flexuo'sa. Purple. September, Peru. 1839. 
 
 Syn., P. luteola. 
 —fra'gilis. Orange, yellow. May, Bio Janeiro. 
 1841. 
 
 — Jloripe'cten. Yellowish, purple. Venezuela. 
 
 1867. 
 —fu'lqena. Scarlet. Costa Bica. 1876, 
 
 — ge!l%da. Yellowish, May. Jamaica, 1841, 
 
 — genwula'ta. Pale yellow. Mexico, Syn,,/", 
 
 Hartwegii, 
 
 — glosso'pogon of B. M. fc. 6936. See P. insignis. 
 
 — grandifio'ra. Peru. 1842, 
 
 — Gr&byi. i. Yellow, crimson. Brazil, 1834, 
 
 B, M. t, 3682. 
 
 — Hartwe'gii. See P. geniculata. 
 
 — Mmirhoda. White, red. Columbia. 1852. 
 
 — insilgnis. Pale green, dull purple, blackish - 
 
 purple, Venezuela? 1887, Syn., P. 
 glossopogon of B. M. t. 6936. 
 
 — Laiwea'na. ^. Yellow, crimson. Surinam. 
 
 1831. B. C. 1. 1767. 
 
 — lateri'tia. Bed, Costa Bica, 1872, 
 
 — li'ngua. Purple, August, Mezico, 1842. 
 
 — lipara'nges. Palereddish-ochre. Brazil, 1885, 
 
 — longi'ssima. Greenish. Bef. Bot. 1. 141. 
 
 — lute'ola. See P. fragilis. 
 
 — tmtcroble'pharis. Whitish, blackish. Peru. 
 
 1875, 
 
 — macula' tus. Yellow, crimson. Brazil? Syn., 
 
 Cryptophoranthus maeulatus. 
 ~ mmwphy'llue. White. Demerara. Syn., 
 Epidendrwm(^ monophyllum. 
 
 — muscoi'dea. Pale yellow. .Tune. Brazil. 1837. 
 
 — nutabu'nda. February. Brazil. 
 
 — ahhiigifo'lia. Bed. Jamaica. 
 
 — oiova'ta. Pale yellow. May. Brazil. 1834. 
 
 — occu'lta. Brown. January. Brazil. 1837. 
 
 — ochrea'ta. Bed, yellow. September. Brazil. 
 
 1839. 
 
 — octomeroi'des. November. Mexico. 
 
 — ophioce'phala. See Pestrepia ophiocephala. 
 
 — orbicula'ris, Demerara. 1842. 
 
 — oma'to. Yellow with, purple spots April. 
 
 Mexico. B. M. t. 7094. 
 
 — pachyglo'ssa. Purple. March. Mexico. 1837. 
 
 — paTiduri'fera. Yellow. Brazil, 
 
 P.pa'rdipes. Yellowish-brown. Brazil. 1868. 
 
 — pectina'ta. Green, purple. July. Brazil. 
 
 1837, 
 
 — ped/imcula'ta. Green. December, Caraccas, 
 
 1862, 
 
 — pi' eta. Yellow, red, Demerara. G, C, 1887, 
 
 ii. p. 431. 
 
 — plantagvnea. Jamaica. 
 
 — platyra'chis. |. Yellow. Costa Bica. 1884. 
 
 B. M.t. 1884. 
 
 — platysta'chys. Green, with purple dots. Bra- 
 
 zil. 1888. 
 
 — plumo'ga. Green, purple. Trinidad. 1840. 
 
 — polyuria. Whitish-green. Costa Bica. 1871. 
 
 — vrolifera. J. Purple, pink. November, 
 
 Brazil/ 1826, B, E. t, 1928, 
 
 — pulche'lla. Purple, Peru, 
 
 — puncta'ta. See Siotylia puTictata. 
 
 — pwnctula'ttt. Light yellow, with purplish- 
 
 brown spots. New Grenada, G. C, 
 1888, iv, p, 756, 
 
 — pyrso'des. Orange. Central America. 1876. 
 
 — recu'rva. Purple. January. Brazil. 1841. 
 
 — Regelia'na. Beddish ochre, whitish ; lip rosy. 
 
 Minas Geraes, Brazil, 1886. 
 
 — restrepioi'des. Purple green. Peru. 
 
 — Meymo'ndi. Dull purple. Mexico. 1863. 
 
 — Ro^zli. Purplish-brown, Columbia, Orch, 
 
 1888, p, 80, 
 
 — ro'seo-pwncta'ta. White, rose. Sierra Nevada, 
 
 — m'bens. Beddish, June, Brazil. 
 
 — Saundersia'na. Whitish-brown. Brazil. 1866, 
 
 — sca'pha. Whitish, brownish-purple, July. 
 
 1874. A very fine species. 
 
 — scla'rea. Cinnabar, orange. 1876. 
 
 — semipellu'eida. April. Peru and Columbia. 
 
 — seria'ta. Yellow, green. May. Brazil. 1842. 
 
 — sertiUarioi'des. white. Jamaica. 
 
 — sica'ria. Green, yellow. May. Trinidad, 
 
 1841. 
 
 — Smithia'na. Green, purple. May. Bio 
 
 Janiero. 1842. 
 
 — ipectrili'nguis. Whitish (hyaline), mauve. 
 
 purple, olive-brown. G. O. 1882, xviii. 
 p. 457. 
 
 — stenope'tala. Brown, yellow. July. Brazil. 
 
 1837. 
 
 — strupifo'lia. Purple, white. Year. Brazil. 
 
 1837. 
 
 — te'res. Cinnamon. August. Brazil. 1842. 
 
 — testafo'lia. 1. Jamaica. 1881. 
 
 — tigri'na. Yellow, purple. August. Mexico, 
 
 1838. 
 
 — tribulai'des. i. Brick-red. Jamaica. G. C. 
 
 1887, ii. p. 336. 
 
 — tricariiia'ta. Orange. Peru. 
 
 — velaticau'lis. September, Columbia, 
 
 — vela'tipes. May. Venezuela, 
 
 — villo'sa. Purple, May, Mexico, 1838. 
 
 — vitta'ta. Purple. April, Mexico, 1837, 
 
 — WendlandialTia. November, Tropical Amer. 
 
 Plo'cama. (From plokamos, bent 
 hairs. Nat, ord,, Rubiacecs.) 
 
 Greenhouse shrub, with slender, pendent 
 branches. Mixture of loam and peat. Cuttings 
 in sand under a bell-glass. 
 P.pe'ndula. 2. White. Canary Islands. 1772. 
 
 Plocoglo'ttis. (From plokos, a fold, 
 and qlotta, a tongue ; in allusion to a 
 fold in the lip. Nat. ord., Orchidece; 
 Tribe, VaiidecB-Cyrtopadie(e.) 
 
 Stove epiphyte. For cultivation, see Cyrto- 
 PODIUM, to which it is allied. 
 P. Lo'wii. Ochre, brown. Borneo. 1865. 
 
 Plocoste'mnia. (From plokos, 
 curled, and stemma, a crown ; referring 
 to the crown of the stamens. Nat, ord,, 
 
PLO 
 
 [771] 
 
 PLU 
 
 Asclepiadacece ; Tribe, Marsdenieoe. ) 
 ■See Hoya. 
 
 p. lasia'ntkwn. B. M. t. 6081. See Hoya la- 
 siantha^ 
 
 Ploughman's Spikenard. Sa'c- 
 
 PluXQ. Pru'nus dome'stica or insi- 
 ti'tia. 
 
 Superior kinds : — 1. Smith's Orleans ; 
 2. Greengage ; 3. Precoce de Tours ; 4. 
 Washington; 5. White Magnum Bonuni; 
 6. Imperatrice ; 7. Denistoun's Superb ; 
 8. Golden Drop ; 9. Early Favourite ; 
 10. Ickworth Imperatrice ; 11. Cox's 
 Late Red ; 12. Jefferson's ; 13. Heine 
 Olaude-Violette ; 14. Royal Hative ; 15. 
 Wine Sour. Of these, Nos. 1, 3, and 9 
 ^re remarkable for their earliness as 
 table fruit. Nos. 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 
 ior lateness as table fruit. Nos. 4, 7, 
 12, 15 are adapted for the kitchen. 
 Others that require special mention are : 
 ■Cooper's Large ; Early Rivers ; Guth- 
 rie's Late Green ; Red Magnum Bonum ; 
 The Czar ; Victoria, etc. 
 
 Propagation : by Grafting. — The 
 .grafting of the Plum is performed in 
 precisely the same manner as the Pear 
 or the Apple, and at a similar period. 
 The Brussels stock is principally used 
 by our nurserymen ; but for such gross 
 sorts as the Washington, the Magnum 
 Bonum, etc., it is a question whether 
 the Mussel stock would not be better. 
 We need not enlarge here on the pro- 
 ■cess, which will be found in detail under 
 the head Grafting. 
 
 Budding. — The same may be said of 
 this process. See Budding. 
 
 Seed. — This in resorted to in order to 
 procure new varieties ; and to accomp- 
 lish this, of course, seed from choice 
 varieties is obtained. The mode of sow- 
 ing, rearing, etc., will be found detailed 
 in the articles Peach and Pear. 
 
 Culture during the Growing Period. — 
 As with the Peach, the Nectarine, Pear, 
 •etc., so with the Plum. The first pro- 
 ceeding of the season is disbudding. 
 About the beginning of May the trees 
 burst forth into a great amount of spray, 
 -and much of this will be ill-placed ; and, 
 indeed, if well-placed, much too crowded. 
 We are, of course, speaking of wall or 
 ■espalier trees, for there the most atten- 
 -tion is requisite. A progressive dis- 
 budding is best, the first consisting in 
 merely removing the foreright and back 
 shoots, unless, as observed with regard 
 to the other stone fruits, vacant spaces 
 ■occur, when an ill-placed shoot is better 
 than none. Shortly after this period, if 
 the trees be strong, gross shoots or rob- 
 bers will show themselves, which, when 
 
 about six inches long, should have the 
 points pinched off by way of balancing. 
 In a few weeks more, another disbud- 
 ding will be expedient, and by this time 
 shoots of a proper character for final 
 reservation may be determined on. The 
 latter may be carefully tied or trained 
 as soon as convenient, and every shoot 
 of a doubtful character, in the thinning 
 out, may have the point pinched off 
 The rest of the proceedings, indeed, are 
 so similar to the Peach, that it is scarcely 
 necessary to repeat them. 
 
 Culture during the Rest Period. — The 
 trees will require some pruning, and 
 this consists principally in thinning out, 
 and reducing the snags or stumps of 
 shoots pinched back in the summer pre- 
 vious. Our practice is to tie down on 
 the old wood,, or other\vise train in, as 
 much of the shoot-jointed wood as pos- 
 sible, without cramming it too thick; 
 for most of this wood will become 
 studded with blossom-spurs in the sucr 
 ceeding summer. All that is not needed 
 may be cut clear away, as in the Pear ; 
 and all useless stumps also. Where 
 wood is wanting to furnish blanks, some 
 of the leading shoots may be shortened 
 back a little; and, indeed, any points 
 may be shortened which appear spongy 
 and immature. The trees may now be 
 carefully trained or nailed in, and, if 
 necessary, receive any dressing requisite 
 for the insects. 
 
 Diseases and Insects. — See Peach. 
 
 Plumba'gO. Leadwort. (Prom 
 plumbum, lead, or a disease of the eye 
 so called, to which a species of Plum- 
 ba'go was applied. Nat. ord., Plum- 
 baginacem. ) 
 
 Division of hardy lierbaceous perennials, and 
 also seeds and cuttings ; cuttings of the tender 
 kinds; the side, stubby shoots do best, but 
 shoots at almost every age and size will strilte 
 freely in sand, under a bell-glass, in summer, and 
 either Icept cool, or with a little bottora-heat, 
 according to the species. The tender species 
 require the greenhouse or the stove. Sandy 
 loam, and a little flbry peat and dried leaf ■ 
 mould. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 P. cceru'lea. IJ. Blue. Summer. South Amer. 
 1826. Syn., P. rhomboidea of B. M. 
 t. 2917. Annual. 
 
 — cape'nsis. U. Blue. November. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1818. B. M. t. 2110. 
 a'lba. White. 1886. 
 
 — tri'stis. 1}. Brown. May. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1792. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 P. mexica'iia. See P. scandens. 
 
 — ocddenta'lis. See P. scandens. 
 
 — vulche'Ua. 3. Bluish-violet. Mexico. Syn., 
 
 P. rhomboidea of B. C. 1. 1636. 
 
 — rhomboidea of B. M. t. 2917, see P. ecerulea; 
 
 of B. C. 1. 1536, see P. pulchella. 
 
 — ro'sea. li. Bed. May. E. Ind. 1777. B. M. 
 
 t. 230. 
 
PLU 
 
 [772] 
 
 POD 
 
 P. to' sea coccVnea. Flowers larger and brighter 
 than in type. Neilgherries. 1863. 
 
 — sca'ndemi 3. White. July. W. Ind. 1699. 
 Climber. Syns., P. Tneosicana and P. 
 
 E. Ind. 1731. 
 
 'nica, 2. White. June. 
 B. B. 1846, t. 23. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 P. ewopala. 3. Blue. September. South 
 Europe. 1696. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 191. 
 
 — Larpefntm. 2. Blue. July. China. 1846. 
 
 Pax. Mag. xiv. p. 267. Now known as 
 Ceratostigma pluTnba^inoides. 
 
 — micra'ntha. 2. White. July. Siberia. 1829. 
 
 Plumie'ria. (Named after Plumier, 
 a celebrated French botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Apoeynacem ; Tribe, Plumeriece. Allied 
 to Cerbera.) 
 
 Stove e-pergreen trees and shrubs. Cuttings 
 of ripe shoots in spring, in sand, under a hand- 
 light, and in bottom-Heat ; sandy loam and a 
 little fibrypeat. Winter temp., 50° to 55°, and 
 rather dry ; summer, 60° to 85°, with moist roots 
 and atmosphere. 
 
 P. aeumina'ta. B. M. t. 3962. See P. acuti- 
 folia. 
 
 20. Red, yellow. July. B. Ind. 
 
 Syn., P. acuTnmata. 
 
 White, yellow. August. S. Amer. 
 
 B. E. t. 480. 
 
 10. July. S. Amer. 1825. 
 Hesh. July. Peru. 1820. 
 
 — acutifo'lia. 
 
 1790. 
 
 — bi'color. 25. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — Blaihdfordia'na. 
 
 — incarna'ta. 20. 
 
 Syn., P. Milleri. 
 
 — Jameso'ni. 4. Yellow and pink. Guayaquil. 
 
 July. B. M. t. 4761. 
 
 — Eefrii. See P. tricolor. 
 
 — Lambertia'na. 10. White. July. Mexico. 
 
 1819. B. B. 1. 1378. Syn., P. Gouani. 
 
 — leuca'7itha. 10. White. July. S. Amer. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — lu'tea. 10-20. Pinkish, yellow. June. Peru. 
 
 1869. 
 
 — maerophi/lla. 10. White. July. S. Amer. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — mexica'na. White, yellow. June. Mexico. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1024. 
 
 — MUla'rl. See P. inca/rnata. 
 
 — Norfhia'na. 1. July. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 — ohtu'sa. 10. White. July. W. Ind. 1733. 
 
 — parvyfoTlia. White. July. W. Ind. 1813. 
 
 — pu'dica. 5. Yellow. July. S. Amer. 
 
 — purpu'rea. 20. Purple. July. Peru. 1820. 
 
 — ru'tra. 15. Bed. July. Jamaica. 1690. 
 
 B. R. t. 780. 
 
 — tri color. 16. Yellow, white, red. July. 
 
 Mexico. 1816. B. E. t. 160. Syn., P. 
 Kerii. 
 
 — tubercula'ta. 6. White. August. St. Do- 
 
 mingo. 1812. B. C. t. 681. 
 
 Plum, Ginger-bread. Farina'- 
 . rmm inacrophy'Uum. 
 
 Plum, Maiden. Comoda'dia. 
 
 Plum-Nutmegs. The fruits of 
 Monimdaceai. 
 
 Po'a. (From poa, an ancient Greek 
 name for grass or fodder. Nat. ord., 
 Graminete; Tiihe, Festuceai.) 
 
 A large genus of grasses, which forms one of 
 the chief elements of pasturage. The few species 
 in cultivation are hardy, and may be increased 
 by seeds or divisions. 
 P.flaiella'ta. Falkland Islands, etc. Syns., 
 
 Dactylis cceepitosa and Festuca Jlabel- 
 
 lata,. 
 
 — palu'stris. 3. Purplish. South Europe. 
 
 Syn., P. /crt«is. 
 
 P. trivia'lii a'lbo-vitta'ta. J. England. 1868- 
 Fl. Ser. 1. 1695. 
 
 Podaly'ria. (A classical name.. 
 Podalirius was the son of Jisculapius. 
 Nat. ord., LeguminosoB ; Tribe, Poda- 
 lyriew. Allied to Brachysema. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from South 
 Africa. The following, with two exceptions, are 
 purple-flowered. Seeds in a hotbed, m spring ; 
 cuttings of stubby side-shoots in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, in April or May ; sandy loam and 
 fibry peat, well-drained. Winter temp., 40° to 48° 
 P. a'lba. B. M. t. 1177. See Baptisia alba. 
 
 — arge'ntea. 6. White, red. April. 1789. 
 
 Sails. Parad. t. 7. Syn., P. Hfiora.. 
 B. M. t. 763. 
 
 — bijlo'ra. See P. argentea. 
 
 — buxifo'lia. 2. Blue. JuW. 1790. 
 
 — adyptra'ta. 6. Pale purple. Summer. 1792. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1680. Syn., P. styradfolia. 
 
 — glau'ca. 6. June. 1810. 
 
 — myrtUlifo'lia. 6. June. 1796. 
 
 — oleaifo'lia. 4. May. 1804. Salis. Parad. 
 
 t. 114. 
 -- seri'eea. 6. June. 1778. B. M. 1. 1923. 
 
 — styraciifo'lia. See P. calyptrata. 
 
 — tincto'ria. B. M. t. 1099. See Ba/ptisia tine- 
 
 toria. 
 
 Poda'nthes. (From pous, podos, ,a 
 food, and anthos, a flower ; the flowers 
 are borne on long stalks. Nat. ord.,, 
 AsclepiadacecB.) 
 
 Leafless, fleshy, stove shrubs. For culture, 
 see Stapelia. 
 P. gemina'ta. B. M. t. 1326. See Piaranthus 
 
 — irrora'ta. Sulphur, blood-red, purple. Au- 
 
 tumn. 'South Africa. 1796. Syn., Sto- 
 pelia irrorata. B. C. t. 127. 
 
 — pu'lchra. Green, sulphur, dark-brown. 1800.. 
 mrrueo'sa. Pale yellow, dark purple. 
 
 Syn., Stapelia verrucosa. B. M. t. 786. 
 
 Poda'nthus. (From pous, podos, a 
 foot, and anthos, a flower ; referring to 
 the flowers being stalked. Nat ord.,. 
 Compositce; Tribe, Helianthoidece. Syn., 
 Euxenia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse shrubs. Cuttings in sand under a 
 bell-glass. 
 P. Miti'qui. 3. Yellow. Chili. 1824. 
 
 — ovatifo'Utis. 2. Yellow. Chili. 1828. Syn.,. 
 
 Euxenia grata. 
 
 Podoca'rpus. (From pous, a foot,, 
 and karpos, a fruit ; long footstalks, 
 Nat. ord., Goniferm ; Tribe, Podocar- 
 pew. Allied to the Yew. ) 
 
 Bver^een cone-bearers. Cuttings of ripe 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; loam and 
 peat. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. P. neriyfo'lia, 
 lati/o'lia, spinwlo'sa, and nuci'fera have stood 
 some time against walls in the climate of London. 
 They are allgood things for a vrinter garden. 
 P. andi'na. 60. Valdivia. 1860. Syn., Pram- 
 nojcyltys elegans. 
 
 — anta'rctica. Patagonia. 
 
 — Bidwi'lli. SeeP.Totara. 
 
 — chili'na. 40. Chili. 
 
 — cMiidnsis. 20. China and Japan. 1838. 
 
 Syn., P. Maki. There is also a varie- 
 gated form. 
 
 — coria'cea. 50. Jamaica. Richard, Commenv 
 
 tatio de Coniferis, 1. 1, fig. 3. Cephalo- 
 taceus drupacea is sometimes grown 
 under this name. 
 
POD 
 
 [773] 
 
 PCEC 
 
 P. daerydioi'des. 200. New Zealand. 
 
 — elmiga'ta. Cape of <Jood Hope. 
 
 — Bndticheria'na, Nepaul, 
 
 — ensi/o'Ua. Tasmania. 
 
 — ferrugi'nea. 80. New Zealand. 
 — japo'nica. Japan. 
 
 — karaia'iM. A synonym of Cephalotaxus pe- 
 
 dunoulata, var. fastigiata. 
 
 — latifo'lia. 200. March. Pandua. 1828. 
 
 Syn., P. zamixfolia of gardens. 
 
 — macrophi/lla. See P. neriifolia. 
 
 — Nage'ia. 60. China and Japan. Sleb. Fl. 
 
 Jap. t. 135. Syn., Nageia japonica. 
 
 — nerii/o'ha. Java. B. M. t. 4655. Syn., P. 
 
 Ttmcrophylla. 
 
 — nubi'gena. Chili. 
 
 — nuci'fera. See Torreya nucifera. 
 
 — Purdiealna. 100. Jamaica. Yacea-wood 
 
 Tiee. 
 
 — spinulo'sa. 20. Australia. lUawarra Pine. 
 
 — taxifo'lia. 40. Peru. 1820. 
 
 — Tota'ra. 60. New Zealand. Syn., P. Bid- 
 
 Willi. Totara Pine. 
 
 — variega'iue. Leaves white-striped. Japan. 
 
 — iritie'iiMs. 60. Leaves bright green. Fiji. 
 
 G. C. 1886, XXV. p. 464, fig. 89. 
 
 — yg/cca, of Loudon's Hortus Britannicus, p. 388, 
 
 is P. coriacea; of Sweet's Hortus Bri- 
 tannicus, ed. 3, p. 622, is P. taxifolia. 
 
 Podocy'tisus. (From pous, podos, 
 a foot, and Cytisus. Nat. ord. , Legumi- 
 noscB ; Tribe, Genistece. ) A synonym of 
 Laburnum. 
 
 P. carayna'nicus. See Lahurnwm caramanicum. 
 
 Podola'sia. (From pous, podos, a 
 foot, and Lasia ; differing from Lasia in 
 having the spadix with a long stalk. 
 Nat. ord., Aroidem ; Tribe, Orontiece.) 
 
 Stove perennial aroid. 
 P. stipita'ta. IJ. Spathe brownish-red or 
 purple. Borneo. 1882. 
 
 Podole'pis. (From pous, a foot, 
 and lepis, a scale ; flower-stalks, scaly. 
 Nat. ord., ComposiicB ; Tribe, Inuloidece. 
 Allied to Helichrysum.) 
 
 P. acumina'ta and P. arista'ta are hardy 
 annuals ; P. gra'eilis is a half-hardy perennial. 
 Seeds in a little heat, in spring ; division in 
 spring, as growth commences ; sandy loam, and 
 a little leaf -mould or peat ; the protection of a 
 cold pit in winter. There are several species 
 ■besides the foUovring : 
 
 P. acumina'ta. 1}. Yellow. Suiomer. Aus- 
 tralia. Syns., P. ricgata and Scalia 
 jaceoides, B. M. t. 956. 
 
 — arista'ta. 1. Golden-yellow, pink. Summer. 
 
 Australia. Syn., P. chrysantha. 
 
 — chrysa'ntha. See P. aristata. 
 
 — gra'eilis. 3. Pink. August. N. S. Wales. 
 
 1826. B. M. t. 2904. 
 
 — Lesso'nii. Yellow. King George's Sound. 
 
 1862. Syn., Pancetia Lessanii. 
 
 Podolo'bium. ( From ^oms, afoot, 
 and lobos, a pod; the' seed-pod on a 
 foot-stalk within the calyx. Nat. ord. , 
 Leguminosce; Tribe, Podalyriece. Allied 
 to' Gompholobium.) A synonym of 
 Oxylobium. 
 
 p. ierberifo'lium. See Oxylobium berbenfoHvm. 
 
 — heterophy'llum. SeeOseylobiumheterophyllwm. 
 
 — sca'ndens. See Oxylobium scandens. 
 
 stawrophy'llum. B. R. t. 969. See Oxylobium 
 
 staurophyllwm. 
 
 P. riloba'tum. B. E. 1. 1333. See Oxylobium 
 trUobatum. 
 
 Podophyllum. Duck's-foot. (Con- 
 tracted iiomanapodophy'llum, or duck's- 
 foot-leaved. Nat. ord., Berberidece ; 
 Tribe, Berberece.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division at the 
 root ; moist, marshy peat, and a shady situation. 
 P. diphy'llum. A synonym of Jeffersonia di- 
 phylla. 
 
 — Emo'di. White. May. California. 1845. 
 
 — pelta'tum. ^. White. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1664. B. M. 1. 1819. May Apple. 
 1-2. Eich purple. Chf 
 
 ina. G. 
 
 — pleia'nikum. 
 
 C. 1889, vi. p. 299, fig. 44. 
 
 Podo'pterus. (From pous, a foot, 
 auipteris, a wing ; the mode of growth. 
 Nat. ord. , Polygonacece ; Tribe, Tripla- 
 ridecB. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of half-ri- 
 pened shoots under a glass, in sandy loam, in 
 April; sandy, flbry loam, and a little peat. 
 Winter temp., 40° to 48°. 
 P. mexiea'nus. 2. Pink. July. Mexico. 1825. 
 
 Podo'ria. (Derivation uncertain. 
 Nat. ord., Capparidece.) A, synonym of 
 Boscia. 
 
 p. senegale'Tisis. See JBoscia senegalensis. 
 
 Podospe'rraa. (From pous, podos, 
 a foot, and sperma, seed. Nat. ord., 
 Compositce.) A synonym of Podo- 
 
 theca. 
 
 Podospe'rmum. (From pous, a 
 foot, and sperma, a seed. Nat. ord., 
 Compositce ; Tribe, Cichoraceoe. ), A 
 synonym of Scorzonera. 
 
 P. calcitrapifo'liuTti. See Scorzonera calcUrapi- 
 folia. 
 
 — ca'num. See Scorzonera Jacquiniana. 
 
 — eoronopifo'lium. See Scorzonera resedcefolia. 
 
 — interme^dium. See Scorzonera intermedia. 
 
 — ladnia' turn,. See Scorzonera laciniata. 
 
 — octan^ula're. See Scorzonera octangularis. 
 
 — pu'm.ilum. See Scorzonera pum.ila. 
 
 — resedcefo'lium.. See Scorzonera resedcefolia. 
 
 — taraxacifo'limn. See Scorzonera taraxaci- 
 
 folia. 
 
 Podosti'gma. (From pous, podos, a 
 foot, and stigma; the style is elon- 
 gated. Nat. ord., Asclepiadacece.) 
 
 Half-hardy, tuberous herb. For culture, see 
 
 ASCLEPIAS. 
 
 P. pube'scens. J-l. Orange. July. S. United 
 States. 1824. Syn., Stylandra pumila. 
 
 Podothe'ca. (From pous, podos, a 
 foot, and theke, a capsule ; the fruit is 
 stalked. Nat. ord., Compositce.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Ordinary garden-soil. Seeds. 
 P. gnaphalioi'des. 1-lJ. Yellow. June. Aus- 
 tralia. 1841. B. M. t. 3920. 
 
 Poecilo'pteris. (From poikolos, 
 checkered, and pteris, a fern ; alluding 
 to the net-like veins. Nat. ord., Filices 
 — Polypodiacece. ) Sometimes united 
 with Aerostichum. 
 
 stove fern. See Ferns. 
 P. erispa'tula. E. Indies. 
 
P(ED [ 774 ] 
 
 P. diversifo'lia. Malay Archipelago. 
 — JlageUi'fera. E. Indies. 1826. 
 
 — punctiUa'ta. Mauritius. 
 
 — repa'nda. Malay Archipelago. 
 
 — sca'ndem. Brazil. 
 
 — sinu&sa, Luzon. 
 
 Poedi'sca angustiora'na. Apricot 
 Moth. As soon m May as one of the 
 leaves of a Peach, Nectarine, or 
 Apricot is sesn rolled up, destroy the 
 little caterpillar within the roll, and 
 watch for others, hecause the eg^ of 
 the moth from which that caterpillar 
 came continue to hatch for several weeks. 
 The moth is the Nan-ow-wineed Red 
 Bar, Pmdisca angustiorana. The cater- 
 pillars appear during May and June : 
 they are about half an inch long, are 
 pale yellowish-green, and with the head 
 brownish-yellow. A few bristles are 
 scattered over the body. It is a very 
 active caterpillar, wriggling about in 
 most varied contortions when disturbed, 
 crawling with eq^ual facility backwards 
 and forwards, > and letting itself down 
 by a single thread from its mouth. It 
 passes into the state of a brown, shining 
 chrysalis, rolled up in the same leaves, 
 and from this the moth comes forth in 
 July. The moth is very small, not 
 longer than a fourth of an inch. The 
 fore-wings are reddish-brown, in bands 
 of various degrees of darkness. The 
 hind-wings are dusky. It deposits its 
 eggs, probably, upon the branches, 
 where they remain all the winter, and 
 the caterpillars ate most frequently 
 found upon the Apricot. 
 
 Poet's Cassia. Osy'ris. 
 
 Poet's Narcissus. Nard'ssus 
 poe'ticus. 
 
 Pogo'gjme. (From pogon, a beard, 
 and gyne, the female organ ; fringe on 
 the style. Nat. ord., Labiatce ; Tribe, 
 SatvremecB. Allied to Melissa. ) 
 
 Hardyannuals. Cultivated likePoDOSPERMUM. 
 P. Dougla'eii. 1. Purple, dark violet. Cali- 
 fornia. 1871. B. M. t. 6886. 
 
 muMiJlo'ra. i. Pale lilac. August. 
 
 California. 1836. 
 
 — rmiltifl</ra. See P. Douglasii, var. multi- 
 
 flora. 
 
 — nvMu'eeida. 1. Bright blue. California. 
 
 1887. Gfl. t. 1242. 
 
 Pogo'nia. (From pogon, a beard ; 
 alluding to the fringed lip. Nat. ord., 
 Orchidew ; Tribe, Neottiece-ArethusecB.) 
 
 Greenhouse or stove terrestrial orchids. See 
 Orchids. 
 
 P. BarUya'na. 2. Green. South-east Africa. 
 1885. 
 
 — de'WMs. Andr. Eep. t. 212. A synonym of 
 
 Myoponi/m debile. 
 
 — di'seolor. i. Green, white. Java. 1869. 
 
 — Fo'rdii. Dull ochre, white, rose. April. 
 
 Hong-Kong. 1883. Syn., P. pulchella, 
 B. M. t. 6861. 
 
 POI 
 
 P. Gammiea'na. i. Pale lilac ; lip pale green. 
 May. Sikkim. 1847. B. M. t. 6671. 
 
 — gla'bra. Andr. Eep. t. 283. A synonym of 
 Myoporum elliptiffum. 
 
 — ophiogtossoi'des. J. Rose-pink. June. N. 
 America. 1816. B. E. 1. 148. 
 
 — pe'nduta. i. Pink. August. N. America. 
 1824. B. E. t. 908. Syn., Triphorck 
 pendula. 
 
 — plieata. Yellowish-green, pink. E. Indies.. 
 
 — puUhe'lla. See P. Fordii. 
 
 — ro'sea. 3-5. Greenish, pink, lilac, white- 
 August. Guiana. 1844. 
 
 Pogo'nopus. {Vxoiapogon, a beard, 
 a,ndi pous, afoot. Nat. 0TA.,Rubiacece; 
 Tribe, Condaminece. Syn., Howardia.) 
 Stove shrub. To be grown in a compost of 
 peat, loam, and leaf-mould, mixed with a little 
 silver sand. Cuttings during early summer in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, in heat. 
 P. caracase^Tisis. Rose-pink. Summer. Caraccas, 
 
 Venezuela. 1855. Syn., Howardia eara- 
 
 casensis, B. M. t. 5110. 
 
 Pogo'stemon. (From pogon, a, 
 beard, and sterna, a stamen ; the stamen 
 lilaments being hairy. Nat. ord., La- 
 biatcB ; Tribe, Satureinm.) 
 
 Soft-wooded small shrubs. P. Patchou'li re- 
 quires a warm greenhouse, P. plectra/nthoi'des 
 a stove. For cultivation, see Colebrookia. 
 P. Patchou'li. 3. White, purple. June. E. 
 Indies. 1848. 
 
 — pleotranthoildes. 3. White. July. E. Indies. 
 B. M. t. 3238. 
 
 Poincia'na. Flower Fence. (Named 
 after Poind, once governor of the An- 
 tilles. Nat. ord. , Leguminosce ; Tribe, 
 Euccesalpinew. Allied to CEesalpinia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds in a brisk 
 bottom-heat, in spring ; cuttings of stubby young 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; rich, 
 sandy, fibry loam. Winter temp., 60' to 60'" ;; 
 summer, 60° to 90°. 
 P. eUta. 16. Yellow. E. Ind. 1778. 
 
 — Gillie'sii. B. M. t. 4006. A synonym of CoBS- 
 alpinia C 
 
 — insi'gnis. 15. Copper. S. Amer. 1823. A 
 synonym of Ccesalpinia insignis. 
 
 — pulche'rrvma. B. M. t. 995. A synonym of 
 Cceialpmia pulcherri/ma. 
 
 — re^gia. Crimson. Madagascar. 1828. B. M. 
 t. 2884. The pods of this are often two 
 feet long. 
 
 — talra. A synonym of Coulteria tinctoria, 
 
 Poinse'ttia. (Named after its dis- 
 coverer, M. Poinsette. Nat. ord., Muphor- 
 biacecE.) This genus should have beett 
 united to Euphorbia. 
 
 stove Mexican evergreen shrubs. Cuttings 
 taken off in spring, or when the old plant has 
 done flowering ; dried at the base after cutting 
 to a joint, and after several days inserted in 
 sandy loam, in a gentle hotbed ; sandy loam, 
 and a little'peat and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 
 50° to 60°: summer, 60° to 86°. When done 
 flowering, they may be kept dry, in a tempera- 
 ture of from 40° to 45°, if not above a period of 
 two or three months. 
 
 P. pulcfie'rrima. i. Scarlet. March. 1834. 
 B. M. t. 3493. Now known as Euphortia- 
 pulckerHma. 
 
 a'lbida. 4. White.- December. 1884. 
 
 ma'jor. Larger. 1881. 
 
POI 
 
 [775] 
 
 POL 
 
 Pomting-in is mixing manure with 
 the top inch or two of the soil by means 
 of the point of a spade or fork. This is 
 done when roots, which ought not to be 
 disturbed, are near the surface. 
 
 Poire'tia. (After M. J. L. M. 
 Poiret, a French writer in the eighteenth 
 century. Nat. ord., 
 Tribe, Genistece. ) See Hovea, 
 P. elH'ptica. A synonym of Hovea Celsi. 
 — linea'Hs. A synonym of Hovea linearis. 
 
 Poispn-Bulb. Brunsvi'gia cora'nica 
 and toxica' ria, and Cri'num asia'ticum. 
 
 Poison - Nut. Stry'ehnos nux- 
 vo'mica. 
 
 Poison-Oak. Rhu's toxicode'ndron. 
 
 Poison - Sumach, or Poison- 
 wood. Bhu's venena' ta. 
 
 Poisonous Plants. Gardeners 
 should be much more careful than they 
 usually are in handling the plants they 
 cultiyate, for many of them have deadly 
 qualities. M. Neumann, chief gardener 
 of the Paris Jardin des Plantes, says 
 that pruning-knives and hands washed 
 in a tank after they have been employed 
 upon some of the exotics will destroy 
 the fish it contains. JSippo'mane biglan- 
 dulo'sa, the Manchmeel, the Tanghin, 
 Sa'pium lau'ro ee'rasus, and Comocla'dia 
 denta'ta, are equally deleterious to man. 
 Gardeners who have merely rubbed the 
 leaves of the latter between their fingers 
 have had swollen bodies and temporary 
 blindness. Wounds from prunins-knives 
 smeared with the juices of such plants 
 are like those from poisoned arrows. 
 
 Poisons. Soils containing obnoxious 
 ingredients are certain introducers of 
 disease and premature death. An excess 
 of oxide of iron, as when the roots of the 
 apple and pear get into an irony-red 
 gravelly subsoil, always causes canker. 
 In the neighbourhood of copper-smelt- 
 ing furnaces, not only are cattle sub- 
 jected to swollen joints and other un- 
 usual diseases, causing decrepitude and 
 death, but the plants also around are 
 subject to sudden visitations, to ir- 
 regular growths, and to unwarned de- 
 struction ; and a crop once vigorous will 
 suddenly wither as if swept over by a 
 blast. There is no doubt of this arising 
 from the salts of copper, which impreg- 
 nate the soil irregularly, as the winds 
 may have borne them sublimed from 
 the furnaces, and the experiments of 
 Sennebier have shown that of all salts 
 those of copper are the most fatal to 
 plants. That they can be poisoned, 
 and by many of those substances, nar- 
 
 cotic as well as corrosive, which are 
 fatal to animals, has been shown by 
 the experiments of M. F. Marcet and 
 others. 
 
 The metallic poisons being absorbed, 
 are conveyed to the different parts of 
 the plant, and alter or destroy its tissue. 
 The vegetable poisons, such as opium, 
 strychnia, prussic acid, belladonna, al- 
 cohol, and oxalic acid, which act fatally 
 upon the nervous system of animals, 
 also cause the death of plants. 
 
 The poisonous substance is absorbed 
 into the plant's system, and proves in- 
 jurious when merely applied to its 
 branches or stem, almost as much as if 
 placed in contact with the roots. Ulcera- 
 tions and canker are exasperated if lime 
 be put upon the wounds, and when Dr. 
 Hales made a Golden Rennet Apple tree 
 absorb a quart of camphorated spirits 
 of wine through one of its branches, 
 one-half of the tree was destroyed. 
 
 Poitse'a. (After M. Poiteau, a 
 French botanist. Nat. ord., Legu- 
 minosm. ) 
 
 Stove shrab. Well-drained sandy loam. Cut- 
 tings in sand, in heat, under a bell-glass. 
 P. galegoi'des. 1. Eosy-purple. June. St. 
 Domingo. 1826. 
 
 Poi'vrea. (Named after N. Pomre, 
 a Frenchman. Nat. ord., Combretaceas.) 
 A synonym of Combretum. 
 
 P. Afze'lii. See Comlyretum grandiJUyrwm. 
 
 — altemif&lia. See Combretutn decandrwm. 
 
 — barba'ta. See Combretum barhatum. 
 
 — eocei'nea. See Combretum coecineum and C. 
 
 :purpureum. 
 
 — como'sa. See ComJyretwm comosum. 
 
 — d^ca'rtdra. See Combretimt deaand/rum. 
 
 — intermedia. See Combretum, comosum. and 
 
 C. intennedium. 
 
 — maerophy'Ua. See Combretum latifolium. 
 
 — piZo'sa. See Combretum pilosv/m. 
 
 Poke Weed. Phytola'cca. 
 
 Polani'sia. (From poly, many, and 
 anisos, unequal ; many stamens of un- 
 equal lengths. Nat. ord., Capparida- 
 cem; Tribe, Cleomece. Allied to Cleome.) 
 
 Hardy annuals, flowering In June. Seeds in 
 a slight hotbed, under a glass frame, in March 
 and April, and pricked out and finally placed in 
 the open ground in the beginning of June. 
 P. Chelado'nii. IJ. Rose. E. Ind. 1792. 
 
 — dodeea'ndra. IJ. White. E. Ind. 1796. 
 
 Syn., Cleome Burmcmni. 
 
 — grave! olens. IJ. Pinkish. Canada. 
 
 — uniglamdulo'ea. 1. White, red. Mexico. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — visco'sa. 2. Yellow. E. Ind. 1730. 
 icosa'ndra. IJ. Yellow. Ceylon. 1730. 
 
 Polemo'nium, Greek Valerian. 
 {Fiom polemos, war ; according to Pliny, 
 a dispute about its discovery led to war- 
 fare. Nat. ord., PolemoniacecB.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds; but 
 generally division of the plant ; common garden- 
 soil. 
 
POL 
 
 [776] 
 
 POL 
 
 P. cceru'leum. 2. Blue. June. Britain. 
 
 a'lbum. 2. Wliite. June. Britain. 
 
 disse'etum. 2. Wliite. June. Siberia. 
 
 1800. Syn., P. sibiricum. 
 grandiflo'rum. Brown. June. India. 
 
 Biennial. 
 Mmalaya'num. Lilac-blue. Himalayas. 
 
 1887. 
 
 macula! turn. 2. Striped. June. Britain. 
 
 pili'ferum. Blue. June. N. Amer. 
 
 variega'twm. 1. Blue. June. Britain. 
 
 mlMmm. Pale blue. August. Siberia. 
 
 1826. Syn., P. villosum. 
 
 — confe^rtum. Rich blue. Summer. Rocky 
 
 Mountains. G. C. 1886, xxiv. p. 12, fig. 3. 
 
 — fia'vum. 3. Light yellow. New Mexico. 
 
 B. M. t. 6965. 
 
 — gra'cUe. IJ. Blue. Juije. Dahuria. 1818. 
 
 — hu'mile. ^. Blue. July. N. America. 
 
 1926. Syns., P. moschatum and P. 
 Miehardsoni, B. M. t. 2800. P. humile 
 of B. R. t. 1304, see var. pulehellum. 
 pulche'llum. |. Blue. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1827. Syns., P. humile of B. E. 1. 1304, 
 and P. puleherrimum, B. M. t. 2979. 
 
 — la'cteum. White. May. 1829. 
 
 — mexwalnum. 1. Blue. April. Mexico. 
 
 1817. B. R. t. 460. 
 
 — mo&chaltwm. See P. Mimile. 
 
 — poMciJlo'rum. IJ. Yellow, tinged with red. 
 
 Mexico. G. C. 1889, vi. p. 96, flg. 16. 
 
 — pulche'rrvmwm. See P. humile^ var. pul- 
 
 chellum. 
 
 — re'ptans. IJ. Lilac, blue. April. N-.Amer. 
 
 1768. B. M. t. 1887. 
 — ma'jus. 1. Dark blue. April. 
 
 — Richardso'ni. B. M. t. 2800. See P. humile. 
 
 — sibirieum. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 182. See P. 
 
 coeruleum, var. dissectum. 
 
 — villo'sum. Swt. n. Gard. t. 266. See P. 
 
 cxruleum, var. villosum,. 
 
 Polia'nthes. Tuberose. (Prom 
 polis, a city, and anthos, a flower ; re- 
 ferring to its general use in city decora- 
 tion. Nat. ord., Amaryllidece j Tribe, 
 Agavece. ) 
 
 Greenhouse bulbs. Offset bulbs ; old bulbs 
 are generally obtained from Italy every year, 
 and are planted in rich, sandy loam ; and when 
 growth has fairly commenced, they get the ad- 
 vantage of a slight hotbed to forward them (but 
 the bulb, and not the top, should be kept warm), 
 before getting them ready for rooms or green- 
 ttouses. 
 P. gra'cilis. See P. tuherosa, var. gracilis. 
 
 — tuberc^sa. 3. White. August. Mexico. 
 
 1629. B. M. 1. 1817, B. R. t. 63. 
 
 . JWre-ple^TW. 3. Wliite. August. 
 
 gra'cilis. 3. Pale y€!llow. August. 
 
 Brazil. 1822. Syn., P. gracilis. 
 
 Pollen occurs in all flowers contain- 
 ing male organs. It generally exists in 
 the form of separate grains, most fre- 
 quently of a yellow or yellowish-green 
 colour, but varying from reddish-brown 
 in some Lilies to blue ia Scilla. These 
 grains are the result of repeated divi- 
 sions of certain cells in the anther ; 
 those by whose immediate division the 
 pollen grains are formed are known as 
 
 fmrent cells. Each parent cell produces 
 our grains, each of which contains pro- 
 toplasmic matter termed fovilla, and is 
 surrounded by two coats, the extine and 
 the inline. When applied to the stigma 
 
 of a flower the intine bursts through the 
 extine in the form of a tube, and pene- 
 trates the style until it comes in contact 
 with the ovule, which it fertilizes. The 
 shape of the grain varies much, but as 
 four are generally formed from a more 
 or less spherical mother cell, it is usually 
 a three-sided pyramid with a convex 
 base. The extine majr be smooth, 
 granular, warted, or spiny. In some 
 cases the giains remain attached toge- 
 ther in waxy club-shaped masses, e.a. 
 certain Orchidew and Asclepiadacece. In 
 some GonifercB the grain has two blad- 
 der-like appendages, containing air, ta 
 render it more capable of being dispersed 
 by the wind. 
 
 Po'llia. (After Van der Poll, once a 
 consul in Holland. Nat. ord., Com- 
 melinacecB. ) 
 
 Stove herbaceous, trailing perennial. Sandy 
 loam and leaf-mould. Seeds ; divisions. 
 P. (yrispa'ta. Blue. Australia. 1822. Syn., 
 Aneilema crispata. 
 
 Pollination. The act of applying 
 pollen to the stigma of a plant. In a 
 state of nature this is done by the 
 agency of wind or insects, or sometimes 
 by the direct application of the pollen to 
 the stigma of the same flower (self-fer- 
 tilization). Under cultivation the gar- 
 dener employs it to raise new hybrids. 
 
 Poly, or Germander. Tcii'crium. 
 
 Polyachy'rus. (From poly, ma,ny, 
 and achwon, chaff. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positm ; Tribe, Mutisiaceai.) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. Division 
 and cuttings of the young shoots in spring, in 
 sandy soil; the protection of a cold frame, or 
 some analagous place, in winter. 
 P. Poeppi'gii. Blue. June. Chili. 1830. 
 
 Polya'lthia. (From polys, much, 
 and althecis, healthy ; the plants were 
 supposed to maintain health. Nat. ord., 
 AnonacecB.) 
 
 Stove trees. Rich sandy, fibry loam. Cuttings 
 of half-ripened shoots in April, in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, in a brisk bottom-heat. 
 P. cerastd'des. 60. Green. East Indies. 1820. 
 
 Syn., Guatteria cerasoides. 
 — subero'sa. 30. White. Bast Indies. 1820. 
 Syn., Guatteria suberosa. 
 
 Polya'nthus. A race of Primulas 
 derived from a cross between the Prim- 
 rose and the Cowslip. There are many 
 varieties, and their excellence as florists' 
 flowers may be determined by the fol- 
 lowing rules : 
 
 The Pip. — 1. This should be perfectly 
 flat and round, slightly scolloped on the 
 edge, and three-quarters of an inch in 
 diameter. 
 
 2. It should be divided in (five or) six 
 places, apparently forming (five or) six 
 
POL 
 
 [777] 
 
 POL 
 
 flower-leaves, each indented in the centre 
 to make it a kind of heart-shaped end ; 
 but the indentations must not reach the 
 yellow eye. 
 
 3. The indenture in the centre of the 
 apparent flower-leaves should be exactly 
 the same depth as the indenture formed 
 by the join of these flower-leaves, so 
 that it should not be known, by the 
 form of the flower, which is the actual 
 division and which is the indenture ; in 
 other words, which is the side and which 
 the centre of the flower-leaf ; and all the 
 indentures should be as slight as possible, 
 to preserve the character. 
 
 4. The flower should be divided thus : 
 the yellow ttcbe in the centre being 
 measured, the yelloiv eye, round the 
 tube, should be the same width as its 
 diameter ; and the ground colour of the 
 flower should be the same width ; or 
 draw with the compasses, opened to a 
 sixteenth of an inch apart, a circle for 
 the tube or centre, open them to three- 
 sixteenths, and draw another circle for 
 the eye, then open them further to five- 
 sixteenths, and draw a third circle for 
 the ground or dark colour. Beyond 
 these circles there is a yellow lacing, 
 which should reach round every flower- 
 leaf to the yellow eye, and down the 
 centre of every petal to the eye, and so 
 much like the edging that the flower 
 should appear to have (ten or) twelve 
 similar petals. The ends of these (ten 
 or) twelve should be blunted, and 
 rounded like so many semicircles, so 
 that the outline of the circle should be 
 interrupted as little as possible. 
 
 5. The tube (one-fifth the width of the 
 whole flower) should be nearly filled up 
 with the six anthers, which are techni- 
 cally called the thrum (have an elevated 
 edge, rendering it trumpet-eyed), and the 
 flower should not exhibit the pistil. 
 
 6. The edging round and down the 
 centre of the petals formed by the divi- 
 sions should be of even width all the 
 way, and uniformly of the same shade 
 shade of sulphur, lemon, or yellow as the 
 eye, and there must not be two shades 
 of yellow in the eye. 
 
 7. The ground colour may be just 
 what anybody likes best, but clear, well- 
 defined, perfectly smooth at the edges 
 inside next the eye, so as to form a 
 circle, and outside, next the lacing. A 
 black or a crimson ground, being scarce, 
 is desirable ; but the quality of the 
 colour as to clearness, rather than the 
 colour itself, constitutes the property. 
 
 The Plant— I. The stem shoul* be 
 strong, straight, elastic, and from four 
 to six inches in length. 
 
 2. The footstalks of the flower should 
 be of such length as to bring all the 
 flowers well together. 
 
 3. The truss should rise from the 
 centre of the foliage, comprise seven or 
 more flowers, and be neatly arranged to 
 be seen all at once. 
 
 4. The foliage should be dark green, 
 short, broad, thick, and cover the pot 
 well ; but erect and clustering round, 
 though lower than the truss. 
 
 The Pair, or Collection. — The pair, or 
 pan of more, should comprise flowers of 
 different and distinct colours, either the 
 ground colour or the yellow of each 
 being sufticiently different from the rest 
 to be well distinguished. The whole 
 should be so near of a height as to range 
 the heads of bloom well together. The 
 great fault of the Polyanthus now, even 
 among the best sorts, is that the divi- 
 sions between the petals are so wide as 
 to make the flower look starry, whereas 
 there should be no more gap where the 
 division is than is in the indentation of 
 the petal itself. — Glenn y's Properties 
 of Flowers, etc. 
 
 Culture. — The Polyanthus is much 
 easier to cultivate than the Auricula. 
 
 Polybo'trya. (From poly, many, 
 and hotrys, a bunch ; alluding to the 
 fructification. Nat. ord., Filices — Poly- 
 podiacece.) This is sometimes united 
 with Acrostichum. 
 
 stove ferns. See Fekns. 
 P. acumina'ta. July. W. Ind. 1831. Syn., 
 Gyinnopteris acifininata. 
 
 — apiifo'lia. July. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — appendicula'ta. July. W. Ind. 
 
 — artitntla'ta. July. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — cervi'iia. |. April. Jama,ioa. 1823. 
 
 — corcovade^7isis. July. Brazil. 1837 
 
 — viwi'sa. July. W. Ind. 
 
 — interme^dia. April. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — Lechleria'na. Peru and Ecuador. G. C. 
 
 1886, XXV. p. 400, figs. 79, 80. 
 
 — Lo'wii. Borneo. 1861. Syn., Lindsaya Lowii. 
 
 — Osmimda'ceo. July. Mexico. 
 
 — serrula'ta. July. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — speeio'sa. July. W. Ind. 
 
 — vivi'para. J. June. W. Ind. 1823. 
 
 Polycaly'imia. (Pvom poly, many, 
 and halymna, a covering ; the involucral 
 bracts are numerous. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positm. ) 
 
 Half-hardy perennial herb. For culture, see 
 Centaurea. 
 p. Stua'rtii. 1. White. Australia. 
 
 Polyca'rpa. (From poly, many, and 
 karpos, imit. ii a.t. ori., Bixinem.) See 
 Idesia. 
 
 p. Maximowi'czii. See Idesia Polycarpa. 
 
 Polycarpse'a. (From poly, many, 
 and karpos, a fruit ; the plants bear 
 many seeds. Nat. ord., Caryophyl- 
 lacew.) 
 
POL 
 
 [778] 
 
 POL 
 
 Hardy perennials, except P. memphi'tim. 
 Light, sandy loam. Seeds ; cuttings. 
 P. arista'ta. J. White. June. Canary Islands. 
 1780. 
 
 — gnwphalioi'des. White. June. North Africa. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — latifo'lia. i. White. June. Teneriffe. 
 
 1810. 
 
 — memphi'tica. i White. July. Egypt. 1828. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 Polychi'lus. (From poll/, many, 
 and cheilos, a lip. Nat. ord. , Orchidece ; 
 Tribe, Vandece. ) See Phalsenopsis. 
 
 P. co'rnu-ciirm,. B. M. t. 5670. See Phaloenopeis 
 cwiiit-cervi. 
 
 Polycy'cnis. (From poly, many, 
 and kyknos, a swan ; because the lip and 
 column, together, bear some resemblance 
 to a swan. Nat. ord. , Orchidew ; Tribe, 
 Vandem-Stanhopiem. Allied to Cyc- 
 noches. ) 
 
 Stove epiphytes. For cultivation, see Cata- 
 
 SETUM. 
 
 P. barba'ta. White, pink. June. New Grenada. 
 Syn., Cycnoches barbata. B. M. t. 4479. 
 
 — grettio'sa. Brownish, purple. Costa Eica. 
 
 1871. 
 
 — le^pidar. Pale brown, cream, purple. Colum- 
 
 bia. 1870. 
 
 — m/usei'fera. 1. Pale brown. Early Spring. 
 
 Columbia. 1849. Syn., Cycnoches tnusci- 
 ferwrn. 
 
 — vitta'ta. 1. Yellow, darlt chocolate. British 
 
 Guiana. 1841. Syn., HouUetia vittata. 
 B. B. 1841, t. 69. 
 
 Poly'gala. Milk\yort. {Flora poly. 
 much, and gala, milk ; abundance of 
 milky juice. Nat. ord., Polygalacem.) 
 
 Annuals, by seed in a peaty border ; herba- 
 ceous perennials, seeds and divisions in similar 
 soil, or sandy loam and leaf-mould; hardy 
 shrubs and under-shrubs, as chamoebu'xvis, by 
 cuttings and suckers, q,nd which species, in par- 
 ticular, Hkes a little chalk with the peat and 
 leaf-mould ; tender shrubs, by cuttings of the 
 side-shoots, when 2^ inches long, taken off close 
 to the stem, and inserted in sand, under a bell- 
 glass ; for all these, peat three parts, and loam 
 one part. Many of them, from their beauty and 
 comparative hardiness, should be tried against 
 conservpjtory walls, such as latifo'lia, myrtifo'lia 
 grancLiJlo'ra, specio'sa, etc. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 P.fastigia'ta. i. Red. June. N. Amer. 
 1824. 
 
 — TThonspeWaca. J. Blue. June. Mediterra- 
 
 nean. 
 
 — purpu'rea. See P. sanguinea. 
 
 — sangui'nea. Purple. June. N. Amer. 1739. 
 
 Syn., P. purpurea. 
 
 — urnbella'ta. 1. Purple. ' July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. Stove. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 P. a'lba. White. June. Louisiana. 1827. 
 
 — alpe^Btris. See P. amara. 
 
 — a/nm'ra. i. Blue. June. W. and Cent. 
 
 Europe, Britain. B. M. t. 2437. 'Syns., 
 P. atpefstris and P. auBtriaca. 
 
 — austri'actt. See P. a/mara, 
 
 — ehamcBbxdxus. i. Yellow. ' May. Austria. 
 
 1668. Evergreen. B. M. t. 316. 
 purpu'rea. Leaves purplish. 1878. 
 
 — cyrru/sa. J. Lilac, yellow. June. Carolina. 
 
 1824. Syn., P.grammifolia. 
 
 — grwmvnifo'lia. See P. cymosa. 
 
 P. ma'jor. 1. Bed. July. Austria. 1739. 
 
 — pauaiflo'ra. i. Purple. Summer. N. America.. 
 
 1812. B. M. t. 2852. 
 
 — poly'gama. i. Pale red. June. N. America, 
 
 1828. Syn., P. rubella. 
 
 — rubella. See P. polygama. 
 
 — Se'nega. J-l. May. N. America. B. M. 
 
 t. 1051. 
 
 — vulga'ris. i. White to blue or pink. June, 
 
 Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 185. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 P. attenua'ta. B. C. 1. 1000. See P. oppositifoUa, 
 
 — borbonicBfo'lia. See P. opposit^olia. 
 
 — bracteold'ta. 6. Purple. July. S. Africa. 
 
 1713. B. M. t. 346. A synonym of 
 Brachycarpxa varians. 
 
 — Burma'nni. 3. Purple. June. S. Africa, 
 
 1800. 
 
 — cordifo'lia. B. M. t. 2438. See P. oppositi- 
 
 foUa. 
 
 — DcUmaisia'na. See P. mgrtifoUa, var. grmidi- 
 
 jlora. 
 
 — Garci'nii. 3. Purple. July. S. Africa, 
 
 — genistoi'des. See P. virgata. 
 
 — gra'cilis. Blue. May. New Zealand. 
 
 — grandijto'ra. B. C. t. 1227. See P. myrtifoliar 
 
 var. grandijiora. 
 
 — Hilaria'na. 1. White. Spring. Bahia. B. 
 
 M. t. 6067. 
 
 — interme^dia. See P. peduncularis. 
 
 — lamceola'ta. 3. Purple. July. S. Africa. 1820. 
 
 — latifo'lia. B. C. t. 760. See P. oppogitifolia. 
 
 — ligula'ris. B. B. t. 637. See P. myrtifoUa. 
 
 — liliifo'lia. 4. Purple. July. S. Africa. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — myrtifo'lia. 3. Purple. July. South Africa. 
 
 1707. B. B. t. 669. Syn., P. liliifoHa. 
 
 grandiflo'ra. 4. Purple. .July. South 
 
 Africa. 1818. B. M. t. 3616. Syn., P. 
 grandijiora, B. C. t. 1227. P. Dalmai- 
 siana is probably a f oi*ra of this. 
 
 — nwmmiula'ria. See P. oppositifoUa. 
 
 — oppositifo'lia. 3. Purple, yellowish -green. 
 
 June. South Africa. 1790. B. M. 
 t. 492. The following are forms of this 
 species : — P. attenuata, B. C. 1. 1000, P. 
 borbonicefolia, P. cordifolia, B. M. t. 2438, 
 P. latifolia, B. E, t. 645, P. nunmmlaria 
 and P.' tetragona. 
 
 ma'jor. 4. Purple. July. South Africa. 
 
 B. B. 1. 1146. 
 
 — pedunoula'ris. 3. Purple. June. South 
 
 Africa. Syn., P. intermedia. 
 
 — pinifo'lia. 3. Purple. July. South Africa. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — si'mplex. See P. virgata. 
 
 — speci&sa. See P. virgata, var. speciosa. 
 
 — teretif&lia. 3. Purple. August. South 
 
 Africa. 1791. Andr. Eep. t. 370. 
 
 — tetra'gona. See P. oppositifoUa. 
 
 — virgata. 4. Purple. July. South Africa. 
 Bped&sa. 6. Purple. July. South 
 
 Africa. 1814. Syn., P. speciosa, B. C. 
 t. 1780. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 
 P. alopecuroi'des. Andr. Eep. t. 371. See 
 Mwraltia alopecuroides. 
 
 — bracteola'ta. A synonym of Brachycarpcea 
 
 varians. 
 
 — Jilifo'rmis. See Muraltia filiformis. 
 
 — Heiite'ria. B. M. t. 340. See Muraltia Eeie- 
 
 teria. 
 
 — hu'rmlis. B. C. t. 420. See Muraltia hum,ilis. 
 
 — micra'ntha. Andr. Eep. t. 424. See Muraltia- 
 
 jUiformis. 
 
 — rrd'xta. Andr. Eep. t. 446. See Muraltia 
 
 mixta. 
 
 — spino'sa. See Mundia spinosa. 
 
 — stipula'cea. Andr. Bep. t. 363. See Muraltia 
 
 stipula^ea. 
 
 — vi/tni'nea. See Mxtndia spinosa, var. angusti- 
 
 folia. 
 
iPOL 
 
 [779] 
 
 POL 
 
 Polygona'tiim. Solomon's Seal. 
 (From poly, many, and gonu, a joint, 
 or knee ; numerous joints of the stem. 
 Nat. ord.iijfeceos; Tribe, Polygonatem. 
 Allied to ConvaJlaria.) 
 
 Hardy, white-flowered, herbaceous perennial. 
 Seeds and divisions in spring ; rich, light soil. 
 P. lepto^hy'llum and oppoeitiif'o'lium require pro- 
 tection in winter. 
 P. cmgvstifo'lium. See P. bifloriim. 
 
 — UJlo'rum. 1-3. Greenish. May. N. America. 
 
 1812. Syns., P. angustifoUum, P. cana- 
 liculatum, and P. pubescens. 
 
 — crnicUicula'twm. See P. iifiorum. 
 
 — hi'rtum. See P. latifolmm. 
 
 — japo'nimm. IJ. White, green. April. Japan. 
 
 — latifo'liwm. 3. White. May. Central Europe. 
 
 1802. Syn., P. hirtum. 
 
 — leptophy'Uum. 2. White. June. Nepaul. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — maerophy'Uum. See Convallaria leptophylla. 
 
 — mMltiJio'rum. 2-3. White. June. Britain. 
 
 Syn., Convallaria multiflora. Solomon's 
 Seal ; David's Harp ; Lady's Seal. 
 
 flo're-plefno. Double-flowered. 
 
 stria'tum^ Leaves variegated. 
 
 — qgicina'le. 1. White. Britain. Syns., P. 
 
 mdgare and Convallaria Polygonatwm. 
 
 ma^a'nthum. IJ. Flowers larger than 
 
 in the type. Japan. B. M. t. 6133. 
 
 — oppotitifo'lium. 2-4. White. April. Hima- 
 
 layas. 1822. Syn., Convallaria oppositi- 
 folia, B. M. t. 3529. 
 
 a'lbo-mtta'tum. White ; stems red, 
 
 leaves white-striped. Japan. 1862. 
 
 — polya'nthemum. 1. May. Caucasus. 1826. 
 
 — pv^e'scens. See P. bijlorwm. 
 
 — 'puncta'tum, 1^. White. April. Bhotan. 
 
 B. M. t. 6061. 
 
 — ro'seum. 2, Pink. Siberia. B. M. t. 5049. 
 
 — vertidlla'tum. 1. May. Scotland. Syn., 
 
 Convallaria verticillata. 
 
 — vulga're. See P. officinale. 
 
 Poly'gonum. (From poly, many, 
 and gonu, a knee ; numerous joints of 
 the stem. Nat. ord., PolygonacecB ; 
 Tribe, Eupolygonece.) 
 
 Annuals, seeds in the open border, in March 
 and April ; herbaceous jjerennials, also by seeds, 
 as for annuals, and division of the roots ; tender 
 annuals require the assistance of a hotbed before 
 transplanting in May ; greenhouse shrubs, by 
 cuttings in sandy soil, under a glass, and grown 
 in flbry loam, with a little peat ; several of them, 
 such as adprefssum, which sends out very long 
 shooto, should be tried against a wall. The fruit 
 of several, such as tata'rwum are used for tarts. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS AND HERBACEOUS. 
 
 P. adpre^ssum. B. M. t. 3145. See UuehlenbecMa 
 adpressa. 
 
 — Bruno'nis. J. Pink. August. North of 
 
 India. 1846. Lem. Jard. Fl. 1. 117. 
 
 — capita'tum. Pink. N. India. 
 
 — deci'piens. 2. Red. July. Australia. 1822. 
 
 Herbaceous. 
 
 — gra'cHe. 1. Bed. July. ' Australia. 1822. 
 
 Herbaceous. 
 
 — herniarioHdes. J. July. Egypt. 1827. 
 
 — injucu'ndum. B. R. t. 1250. See MutMert/- 
 
 beckia imoucunda. 
 — platycla'djwm. See Muehleribeckia platyclada. 
 
 — timeto'rktm. 2. Bed. July. China. 1776. 
 
 Biennial. 
 
 — tomento'aum. Pink. India. 1875. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 P. affine. |. Bed. June. Nepaul. 1822. 
 
 — atpi'nvm. 2. White. July. Switzerland. 
 
 1816. 
 
 P. amphi'bium. 1. Pink. July. Britain',- 
 
 Aquatic. 
 hirsu'tum. 1. Bed. July. Britain. 
 
 — amplexicau'le. Bed. July. India. 1837, 
 
 B. R. 1839, t. 46. 
 
 — baldsohua'nicum. Bright pink. Eastern 
 
 Buchara. 1888. Gfl. 1. 1278. 
 
 — barba'tum. 2. White. July. China. 1819. 
 
 Trailer. 
 
 — ehine'nse fo'liis pi'ctis. Leaves, some green, 
 
 others purple, and all with a white V- 
 shaped mark. China. 
 
 — cocci' neum. 1. Scarlet. July. N.America. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — cri'spulum. B. M. 1. 1066. A synonym of 
 
 Atraphaxis buxifolius. 
 
 — cuspida'tum. Green. July. Japan. 1826. 
 eompa'ctum. 2. White. September. 
 
 Japan. Before 1876. 
 
 — dlegans. 2. White, green. June. Nepaul. 
 
 1824. Trailer. 
 
 — elli'pticum. 2. Pink. June. Siberia. 
 
 1807. 
 —filifo'rme variega'tum. Leaves mottled with 
 yellow. Japan. 1866. 
 
 — frute' ecens. 1-3. Pale rose. August. Si- 
 
 beria. 1770. B. R. t. 254. 
 
 — glau'cum. 1. N. America. 
 
 — lani'gerum. 6-10. Carnation red. Natal. 
 
 ,Gfl. 1890, p. 224, fig. 62. 
 
 — Laxma'nni. 1. White. June. Dahuria. 
 
 1800. 
 
 — macrophy'llum. IJ. Purple. June. Nepaul. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — m&lle. 2. White. Nepaul. 1882. 
 
 — multifl&ntm. China and Japan. 1881. 
 
 — sachaline'nse. Whitish. Sachalin Islands. 
 
 1869. 
 
 — sphcBrosta'chyum. f. Crimson. Himalayas* 
 
 1889. B. M. t. 6847. 
 
 — seri'ceum. i. White. July. Siberia, 
 
 1820. 
 
 — seto'sum. 1. White. July. Asia Minor.. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — va£ciniif(/Uum,. Pink. Himalaya. 1846. 
 
 Trailing evergreen. B. M. t. 4622. 
 
 — virginia'num. 3. White. August. N.. 
 
 Amer. 1640. 
 
 — volca'nicum. Mexico. 1831. Trailing ever- 
 
 green. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 P. arena'riwm. 1. Purple. June. Hungary, 
 1807. Trailer. 
 
 — emargina'tum. White, pink. China. B. B. 
 
 1. 1065. 
 
 — Fagopy'mrn. See Fagopyrwn esculentum. 
 
 — pyrilrn'riium. i. Red. July. Siberia. 
 1818. 
 
 — mi'te. 1. Bed. July. N. Amer. 180a 
 
 Aquatic. Water-pepper. 
 
 — orienta'le. 6. Red. August. E. Ind. 1707.- 
 
 B. M. t. 213. 
 
 a'lbum. 4. White. August E. Ind. 
 
 1781. 
 
 — pennsylva'nicum. 1. Red. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1800. 
 
 — persicarioi'des. U. Pink. July. Mexico. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — salsuginemn. 1. Pink. June. Caucasus, 
 
 1817. Aquatic. 
 
 — senegale'nsis. IJ. Red. July. Guinea. 
 
 1825. Aquatic. 
 
 Poly'mnia. (One of the Muses. 
 Nat. ord., Compositce ; Tribe, Helian- 
 thoidecB.) 
 
 Greenhouse or hardy perennials. P. pyrami- 
 dalis is best propagated by seed, which should 
 be raised in a hotbed, and then transplanted 
 where the plants can have plenty of room. It is a 
 very rapid grower, attaining a height of six to 
 eight feet the first year, and flowering the second 
 
POL 
 
 [780] 
 
 POL 
 
 year. Kich loam, leaf-mould, and manure, 
 .fciummer temp., 70° to SS" ; wintw, 60° to 70°. 
 P. canade'nsis. 6. Pale yellow. July. N. 
 America. 1768. 
 
 — e'duUs. Yellow. Cultivated In the Andes. 
 
 The tubers are edible. 
 
 ^ f^ailifo'lia. \ ^^^ Montanoa Upmnatifida. 
 
 — pyramuia'lis. 10. Yellow, brown. New 
 
 Grenada. 1867. Rev. Hort. 1867, p. 211. 
 
 — Cveda'lia. 4-10. Yellow. September. N. 
 
 America. 1699. 
 
 Polypo'dium. Polypody. { From 
 voly, manyj and poics, a foot ; nume- 
 rous feet-like divisions of the creeping 
 
 .stems. Nat. ord. , Filices — Polypo- 
 diacem. ) 
 
 A large genus of ferns, distributed throughout 
 the world. Attempts have been made by many 
 Authors to split it up into smaller genera, cha- 
 racterized by the arrangement of the veins in the 
 irond. Amongst these genera are :— Aglao- 
 
 MORPHA, CAMPYLONEURON, COLYSIS, CrASPE- 
 DARIA, CRYPTOSORUS, CYRTOMIPHLEBIUM, DI- 
 BLEMMA, DiCTYMIA, DiCTYOPTERIS, DRYNARTA, 
 
 Dryostachyum, Goniophlebium, Goniopte- 
 Ris, Grammitis (partly), Lecanopteris, Lepi- 
 cystis, Lopholepis, Microgramme, Micro- 
 SORIUM (partly), Niphobolus, Niphopsis, 
 Paragramma, Phegopteris, Phlebodium, 
 Phymatodes, Pleopeltis, Pleuridium, etc. 
 Most of the species in cultivation require stove 
 -treatment. See Ferns. 
 
 J', acrostickoi'des. 2. Ceylon. Syn., Nipho- 
 bolus acrostichoides. Greenhouse. 
 
 — adna'scens. 1. India. 1824. Syn., Nipho- 
 
 bolus adnascens. 
 
 — adna'ium. 3. Guatemala. Syn., Gonio- 
 
 phlehium adnatum. 
 
 — a'lbo-punctati'ssimuTYh. See P. crassifolium, 
 
 var. albo-punctatissimuTfi. 
 
 — a'lbo-squama'tum. 2. Malaga. Syn., Phy- 
 
 matodes albo-sqitamata. 
 
 — alpe'stre. ^. July. Britain. Syn., Pseuda- 
 
 thyrium alpestre. Hardy. 
 fie'sdU. Syn., Pseudathyriumjlexile. 
 
 — ampho'stemon. See P. angustifolium, var. 
 
 amphostemon. 
 
 — andro'gynum. 4. Tropical America. Syns., 
 
 P. tetragonum and Goniopteris tetra- 
 gona. 
 
 — angusta'tum. 1. N. India. Greenhouse, 
 
 •— angiLstifo'lium-. 1. May. Tropical America. 
 1820. Syn., Campyloneuron angusti- 
 folium. 
 
 ampho'stemon. 
 
 fronds. 
 
 ~ ensifo'liwm. 
 
 fronds. 
 
 — areola'tum,. 1. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 — argu'tum. 2. Himalayas. 1843. Greenhouse. 
 
 — aspe'rulum. 2. August. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 1842. Syn., Phegopteris as^erula. 
 
 — aspleni/o'lium. 2. July. Martinique. 1790. 
 
 — asplenioi'des. See P. reptans. 
 
 — attenua'tum. See P. Browiiii. 
 
 — au'reum. 2-5. Tropical America. 1742. 
 
 Syn., Phlebodium aureum. 
 areola' tum. Sori in a single row. Syn., 
 
 P. sporadocarpum and Phlebodium 
 
 areolatum. 
 pulvina'tu/m. Syn., Phlebodium pulvi- 
 
 natum. 
 
 — auricula'tum. 4. Himalayas. 1824. 
 
 — bi'frons. i. Ecuador. Syn., Phymatodes 
 
 bifrons. 
 *- Billardie'ri. 1. May. South Australia. 
 1823. Syn., Phymatodes BUlardieri. 
 Greenhouse. 
 
 A variety with broad 
 A variety with narrow 
 
 P. biserra'tv/m. See P. subpetiolatwm. 
 
 — brasilie'nse. 2. Brazil. 1837. Syn., P. nerii- 
 
 folium. 
 
 — Bro'wmi. 1. Australia. 1823. Syns. P. 
 
 attenuatum and Phymatodes JBroionii. 
 Greenhouse. 
 
 — calca'rewm. |. July. Britain. Hardy. 
 
 — califo'rnicwm. 1. California. Syn., Gonio- 
 
 phlebium californicurn. Greenhouse. 
 
 — earner oonia' num. 4-8. Cameroon Mountains. 
 
 Syn., Dictyopteris cameroonianis. 
 
 — capitella'tum. See P. juglandifolium. 
 
 — cathari'nense. 1. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 — cau'diceps. Formosa. 1886. Syn., Gonio- 
 
 phlebium eaudiceps. 
 
 — cilia' tum. See P. piloselloides. 
 
 — colpo'des. See P. plesiosorum, 
 
 — conjuga'tum. 4. India. Syns., P. coronans 
 
 and Drynaria conjugata. 
 
 — conne'ctile. 1. June. Canada. 1823. 
 
 Hardy. 
 
 — conti'guum. April. Isle of Luzon. 1842. 
 
 — coro'Tians, See P. conjugatutn. 
 
 — corymbi'ferum. See P. lingua. 
 
 — crassifolium. 3. August. West Indies. 
 
 1823. Syn., Pleurvdium crassifolium. 
 
 a'lbo-putwtati'ssimum. A dotted variety. 
 
 Syn., Pleuridium albo-punctatissimum. 
 
 — crassine'rvium. See P. platyphyllum, 
 
 — crena'tum. 2-4. West Indies. 1823. 
 
 — curva'tum. 1. August. Jamaica. 1823. 
 
 Syn., Goniopteris curvata. 
 
 — cuspida tum>. See P. persicoefolium. 
 
 — decuma'num,. 5. August. Brazil. 1818. 
 
 Syns., P, fiictyocallis and Phlebodium 
 decumanum. 
 
 — decu'rrens. 3. Brazil. Syn., Campyloneuron 
 
 decurrens. 
 
 — decussa'tum. 5. West Indies. Syn., Phe- 
 
 gopteris decussata. 
 
 — defie'xum. 2. July. New Grenada. 1830. 
 
 Syn., Phegopteris dejlexa. 
 
 — Dia'nce. See P. molle. 
 
 — dictyoca'llis. See P. decuss<itum. 
 
 — difo'rme. 4. Malay Peninsula. Syn., P. 
 
 irregulare and Dictyopteris irregularis. 
 
 — dilata'tum. 3. North India. Syn., Colysis 
 
 dilatata. , 
 
 — dissi'mile. 2. July. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 — dive'rgens. June. West Indies. 1841. 
 
 ~ diversifo'lium. 2. South Brazil. Syn., P. 
 fraxinifoliuTn. 
 
 — drepa'num. 2. Madeira, Syn., Phegopteris 
 
 drepana. Greenliouse. 
 
 — Dryo'pteris. 1. Britain. Oak Fern. 
 
 Hardy. 
 Robertia'num. A more rigid variety. 
 
 — effu'sum, 3. November. Jamaica. 1769. 
 
 — ela'sticum. IJ. Mexico. 1824. Syns., P. 
 
 plumula and P. ScKkuhri. 
 
 — ensifo'lium. See P. angustifolium. 
 
 — fl'lipes. A form of P. tenellum.. 
 —fo'ssum. 1. 1882 Syn., Pleopeltis fossa. 
 
 — frate'mum. 1. Mexico. Syn., P. Bench- 
 
 7nanni. 
 
 — fraxinifo'lium. 2. August. Caraccas. 
 
 1817. Syn., Goniophlebium fraxini- 
 folium. 
 
 — Gardne'ri. 1. Ceylon. Syn., Niphobolus 
 
 Gardneri. 
 
 — gemina'tum. ^. Brazil. Syn , Anapeltis 
 
 geminata, 
 
 — Ghiesbre'ghtii. IJ. South Mexico. Syn., 
 
 Goniopteris crenata. 
 
 — glaucophy'llum. 1. Tropical America. 
 
 1874. Syn., Goniophlebium glauco^ 
 phyllum, 
 
 — gonato'des. See P. plesiosorwm. 
 
 ~ gra'ndiceps. i. Formosa. 1885. Syn,, 
 Goniophlebium, grandiceps. 
 
 — gra'ndidens. See P. persiccefolium. 
 
 — grandifo'lium. See P. menUiranaceum. 
 
POL 
 
 [781] 
 
 POL 
 
 Syn., 
 
 P. guatenuile'nse. 2i. Guatemala. 
 Phlebodium inoequale. 
 
 — harpeo'des. See P. loriceum, var. latipes^ 
 
 — hastoejo'lium. 1. West Indies. Syn., Phe- 
 
 gopteris hastcefolia. 
 
 — hastatum. 2. July. Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 — hemioniti'deuTn. 1. India and China. 
 
 — Hen^htna'nni. See P. fratem-wm. 
 
 — Hera'eleum. i. Java and Philippines. 
 
 Syns., P, morbillosum and Drynaria 
 Heraclea. 
 
 — heteropkyfllum. J. July. West Indies. 1820. 
 
 — hexagono'pterum. 1. July. North America. 
 
 1811. Hardy. 
 
 — himalay^nse. 2. North India. Syns., P. 
 
 venxistwm and Phyrrmtodes hvmalay&me. 
 
 — inea'num. |. August. Temperate.America. 
 
 1811. Syn., Lepicystis incmui. Green- 
 house. 
 
 — inei'sum. 1. July. West Indies. 1810. 
 
 — incurwJtum. J. Moluccas. Syn., Phyma- 
 
 todes incurvata, 
 
 — iridifoliwrn. IJ. September. 
 
 — vrregula're. See P. diffvrme, 
 
 — jarnmc€!nse. 1^. June. Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 — juglamdifo'lium. IJ. July. North India. 
 
 Syns., P. eapitellatv/m and Pleuridium 
 yuglandifoUwn. 
 
 — Krame'ri. Japan. 1878. 
 
 — Uumopo'dium. i. June. Jamaica. 1843. 
 
 — laneeola'tum. 1. August. West Indies. 1812. 
 
 Syn., Pleopeltis ensifolia. 
 
 — la'tipes. IJ. October. Brazil. 
 
 — leiorhi'zon. 4-6. North India. Syn., Phyma- 
 
 todes lemrhiza. 
 
 — lepido'pteris ru'fulum. 1. Mexico. Syn., 
 
 A rvfidum. 
 sepvlltum. Syn., P. sepultum. 
 
 — Lmdleya'num. See P. pahmttum. 
 
 ~ liTiea're. i-1. North India. Syn., Pleopeltis 
 nuda. 
 
 — lingua. |. North India. Syn., Niphobolus 
 
 lingua. 
 
 hetera'ctis. Fronds broader. Himalayas. 
 
 Syn., Nvphobolus latus. 
 
 — longifo'lium. 2. Philippines. 1819. 
 
 — lo'ngipes. See P. Phymatodes. 
 
 — longi ssimwm, 1. North. India. Syn., Phy- 
 
 matodes lojigissima. 
 
 — lori'ceum. IJ. Central America. Syn., 
 
 GoniophlebiuTn loriceum. 
 
 la'tipes. A larger variety. Syns., P. 
 
 harpeodee and P. vadllans. 
 
 — lu'cidum. i-1. Brazil. Syns., P. nttidum 
 
 and Campyloiieuron rigidv/m. 
 
 — lyeopodioi'des. i- July. West Indies. 1793. 
 
 Syn., Armpeltis lycopodimdes. 
 
 awane'Tise. Fronds shorter. Syn., P. 
 
 owariense. 
 
 — macroca'rpv/m. J. Chili. 
 
 — mti'crodon. 3. Philippines. 1840. Syn., 
 
 Dictyopt&ris Tnacrodonta. 
 
 — TrmcTo'pteru-m. 4-8. Brazil. 
 
 — maermirum. 3. Queensland ? 1886. 
 
 — madre'nse. i. Mexico. 
 
 — margine'llum. J. West Indies. Syn., Gram- 
 
 mitis Tnarginella. 
 
 — Marte'nsii. 1. Mexico. 
 
 — megalo'dus. See P. cmd/rogynwm. 
 
 — meirdn-ana'ceum. 1-3. India. Syn., Colysis 
 
 'inemhranacea. 
 grmidifo'lium. A larger variety. 
 
 — menvseiifo'lium. 2-3. Brazil. 1840. Syn., 
 
 Goniophlebium menisci-i^olium. 
 
 — Meyenia'num. 2-3. Philippines. Syns., 
 
 Aglaammrpha Meyenimmm, Drynaria 
 Meyenianum and J), philippense. 
 
 — mo'lle. 3. St. Helena. Syn., P. Diance and 
 
 Phegopteria mollis. 
 
 — marbillo'sum. See P. Beracleum. 
 
 — muscefo'lium. 3. Malaya. Syn., Phyma- 
 
 todes muscefolia. 
 
 P. myriooa'rpum. See P. pelluddum. 
 
 — nerii/o'limn. See P. brasUiense. 
 
 — nigre' scene. 3. India. Syn., Phymatodes 
 
 nigrescens. 
 
 — ni' gripes. 1. Venezuela. Syh., Phlebodium 
 
 nigripes. 
 
 — ni'tidum. See P. lucidum. 
 
 — nutans. July. Malacca. 
 
 — obliqua'tv/m. 1. India. 1841. 
 
 — oliva'cev/m. 1. South America. 
 
 — Otates. See P. tenuifolium,. 
 
 — &warie'nse. See P. lycopodioides, var. owa- 
 
 riense. 
 
 — oxylo'bum. See P. trifidum. 
 —palma'tum. 1. Philippines. Syns., P. 
 
 angustatum and Pleuridium palmatum^ 
 Lindleya'num. Syn„ P. Lindleyanum. 
 
 — papillo'sum. 1. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — Paradi'sete: i. May. Brazil. 1841. 
 
 — pectina'tum. 3. Mexico. 1793. 
 
 — pellu'ddmm. 1. Sandwich Islands. 
 myriooa'rpum. More divided. 
 
 — pelti'dewm. See P. Phymatodes. 
 
 — penni'gerum. 2. New Zealand. 1835. Syn., 
 
 ,wmiopte?*i« weTwiwera. Greenhouse. 
 
 — pereu'ssum. 1. Brazil. Syn., PZeopeiiisjjer- 
 
 cussa. 
 
 — persiccefo'limn. 3. Java. Syn., P. cttspi- 
 
 datum and Goniophlebium persicoe/O' 
 Hum. 
 ■ gra'ndidens. Pinnae deeply toothed. 
 
 — Phego'pteris. 1-2. Britain. Beech Poly- 
 
 pody. 
 
 — Phyllitidis. 3. Central and South America. 
 
 1793. Syn., Ca/mpyloneuron Phyllitidis. 
 
 — Phymat&des. 3. July. East Indies. 1823, 
 
 Syn., Phymatodes vulgaris. Forms have 
 been named : P. longipes, P. peltideumr 
 and P. terminale. 
 
 — Pico'ti. 3. Brazil. Bev. Hort. 1886, p. 206, 
 
 fie. 62. 
 
 — pilose' lloides. \. August. West Indies. 
 
 1793. Syns., Goniophlebium pUoselloides 
 and Lopholepis piloselioides. 
 cilia'tum. 
 
 — plantagi'naum. 1. July. West Indies, 
 
 1817. ' 
 
 — platyphy'llum. 2. Java. Syn., P. crassi- 
 
 nervi/u/m. 
 
 — plebe^ium. 1. Central and South America. 
 
 — plectole^pis. 2. Central America. Syn., 
 
 Goniophlebium plectolepis. 
 
 — plesioso'rum. 1. Central and South America, 
 
 Syns., P. colpodes, P. gonatodes, and P, 
 rhodopleuron. 
 
 — Plu'mula. See P. elasticum. 
 
 — polya'nthum. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 — 'prolUferum. 1. Madeira. 
 
 — propi'nquum. J. India. Syns., P. Wilde- 
 
 novii and Dryvxiria propinqua. 
 
 — pruina'tum. 2. September. Central America. 
 
 1793. 
 
 — pwictaltum rugulo'sum. 1-6. Australia. 
 
 Syns., P. rugulosum and ^hegoptarii 
 rugulosa. Greenhouse. 
 
 — pustuiatum. 1-2. New Zealand. Syn., Bhy- 
 
 matodes pustulata. Greenhouse. 
 
 — quereifo'lium. IJ. September. India and 
 
 Australia. 1824. Syn., Drynaria querci- 
 folia. 
 
 — 7'ece'dem. June. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — refrac'tum. July. Brazil. 1837. 
 
 — Eeinwa'rdtii. See P. subauriculatuTn. 
 
 — repa'ndum. H. August. Jamaica. 1820, 
 
 — re'pens. 2. May. West Indies. 1810. 
 
 — re'ptans. 1. West Indies. 
 
 ^ aspUnioi'des. A larger form. 
 
 — rhodopleu'ron. See P. plesiosorum. 
 
 — rigifdulum. 2-4. Queensland. Syns., P, 
 
 diversifoVium and Drynaria rigidula. 
 
 — rufe'scens. lJ-3. Java to Australia. 
 
 ■— ru'/vimn. See P. lepidopteris, var. rv/ulum- 
 
POL 
 
 [782] 
 
 POL 
 
 iP. •ntgulo'sum. See P. punctatum, var. rugu- 
 loswm, 
 
 — rupe'stre. 1. Java and Philippines. Syn., 
 
 PUuricLvwm rupestre. 
 
 — aaUdfo'lium. J. August. Brazil. 
 
 — sa'iwtum. IJ. JuK West Indies. 1828. 
 
 — samdvice'Tise. See P. stepnogrammoides. 
 
 — Sehhu'hri. See P. elasticum. 
 
 — aeolopendrioi'des. IJ. May. West Indies. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — ScouWri. 1. North-west America. Syn., 
 
 Goniophlebium Scouleri. 
 
 — sepvlUwrn. See P. lepidopteris, var. sepultum. 
 ^-se'rpens. ^. Australia and New Zealand. 
 
 Syns., P. rupestre a,nd Mphoholusrupes- 
 tris. Greenhouse. 
 
 — serroBfo'rme. July. Isle of Luzon. 1841. 
 
 — mmka'tum. J. West Indies. 1823. Syn., 
 
 Xiphopteris serrutata. 
 
 — sertularioi'des. April. Malacca. 
 
 — Sieberia'nuTti. See P. oyathecefoHum. 
 
 — si'mile. 2. 
 
 — sinuo'siim. i. Malacca. Syn,, Phymatodes 
 
 sinuosa. 
 
 — soro'riuTn. 1-2. South America and West 
 
 Indies. 
 
 — specta'bUe. See SephrodiuTnviUosuTn. 
 
 — spectrum, i. Sandwich Islands. Syn. , 
 
 Colysis spectra. 
 
 — sporadoca'rpum. See P. aureum, var. areola- 
 
 turn, 
 >— squama'tum. 1-2. West Indies, Central and 
 South America. Syn., Lepicystis squa- 
 mata. 
 
 — stegnogrammwi'deB. li-2. Sandwich Islands. 
 
 Syns., P. saiidvicenie and Ooiiiopteris 
 stegnograrmnoides. 
 
 — stigma' ticum'. J. North India. 1823. Syn. , 
 
 Anapeltis venosa. 
 
 — stigmo'sum. 2. May. Himalayas. 1823. 
 
 Syn., Niphobolus costatxis. 
 
 — subwwricula'tum,. 3. Himalayas. Syn., Schello- 
 
 lepis subauriculata. 
 Beinwa'rdtii. Margins of pinnae crenate. 
 
 — subfalca'tuTn. 1. July. Island of Luzon. 
 
 1839. 
 
 — subpetiola'tum. 2. May. Mexico. 1845. 
 
 — surrucuehe'nse. 8. West Indies and South 
 
 America. Syn., Goniophlebium surru- 
 cuchense, 
 Swa'rtzii. i. West Indies. Syns., P. serpens 
 and Anapeltis serpens. 
 
 — sylvi'colum. New Grenada. 1881. 
 
 — tene^Uv/m. 1-2. Australia. 1823. -Syn., 
 
 Arthopteris tenella. Greenhouse. 
 
 — tenui/o'liiim. 1. Brazil. 1834. Syn., P. 
 
 Otites. 
 
 — termina'le. A form of P. Phymatodes. 
 
 — tetra'gonum. See P. androgynuin. 
 
 — thyssanole'pis. 1. Central and South America. 
 
 Syn., Goniophlebium thyssa/nolepis. 
 
 — tricho'des. 1-4. East Indies. 1840. Syn., 
 
 Phegopteris trichodes. Greenhouse. 
 
 — trichomanoi'des. i. August. West Indies. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — tri'fiduin. 1. India. Syns., P. oxylobum 
 
 and Pleuridium oxylobum. 
 
 — trifurcaltum. J, July. West Indies. 1820. 
 
 — tripartitum. Calabar. 1865. 
 
 — tnqv^trufn. 1. Java. Syn., Pleuridium 
 
 triquetrwm. 
 
 — tubero'sum^. 2. West Indies. 
 
 — unidenta'tum. 3. Sandwich Islands. Syn., 
 
 Phegopteris unidentata. 
 
 — vacdniifo'lium. J. September. West Indies. 
 
 Syn., Lopholepis va^ciniifolia. 
 
 — vaci'llans. See P. loriceum, var. ' 
 
 — veno'sum. See P. 'lycopodioides. 
 
 — venu'stum. See P. himalayense. 
 
 — verruco' sum. i. Philippines. Syn., Sehel 
 
 lolepis verrucosa. 
 
 — vulga're. 1. Sritatn. Common Polypody, 
 
 The varieties of this are extremely 
 numerous. 
 
 Pointed. 
 
 Base of pinnae auricled. 
 Fronds forked. 
 1-lJ. Fronds bipinnatifld. 
 1-1^. Fronds forked and 
 
 P. vulga're aou'tum. 
 
 auri'tum. 1, 
 
 bi'fidum. 1. 
 
 ca'm,bricum. 
 
 compo'situmi. 
 
 serrate. 
 
 cornubie'nse. CornwaU. 1871. 
 
 erena'tum. Margins crenate. 
 
 erista'tum. 1. Tips of pinnae crested. 
 
 eleganti'ssimwm. Fronds much divided. 
 
 margina'tum. 1. Pinnae unequally 
 
 serrate. 
 m/ulti'fido-crista'tmn. J. Much forked 
 
 and crested. 
 orrmila'cerum. Pinnae deeply lobed, but 
 
 not overlapping. 
 ~- pulche'rrinrt/um. 1. A broad, deeply ser- 
 rate variety. 
 semila'cerum. 1. Bipinnatifld below, 
 
 pinnate above. Ireland. 
 
 serra'tum. Margins serrate. 
 
 suprasori'ferum. Sori on the edges of 
 
 the upper surface. 
 
 varia'bile. Much divided. 
 
 crista'tmn. Densely crested. Also 
 
 known as glomeratum. 
 va/riega'tum. Fronds variegated with 
 
 whitish-yellow. 
 
 — virginia'num. 
 
 — Wilderw'vii. See P. propirmmm. 
 
 — Xi'phias. 1. South Pacific Islands. Syn., 
 
 Pleopeltis Xiphias. 
 
 Polypody. Polypo'dinm. 
 
 Poly'porus. A genus of Fungi con- 
 taining many speciesfound growing upon 
 the stems of old trees. Some of tliem 
 attain a diameter of two feet, and be- 
 coming woody in age, are occasionally 
 dried and used as brackets. The under 
 surface is densely perforated with pores, 
 which are lined with minute spores or 
 reproductive bodies. The appearance of 
 these fungi is a sure sign of an un- 
 healthy state of the timber of the tree. 
 
 Poly'scias. (From^o^ys, much, and 
 skias, shade ; the leaves afford abundant 
 shade. Nat. ord., Araliobceix.) 
 
 Stove trees. For culture, see Trevesia. 
 P. cutispo'ngia. Mauritius. Syn., Gastonia 
 cutispongia. 
 
 — panicula'ta. Madagascar. 1866. Syn., Ter- 
 
 Tninalia elegans of gardens. 
 
 Polyspo'ra. (From poly, many, and 
 spora, seed ; many-seeded capsules. 
 Nat. ord., Ternstromiacece ; Tribe, Gor- 
 doniece.) See Gordonia. 
 P. amlla'ris. B. M. t. 4019. See Gordonia 
 anomala. 
 
 Polysta'chya. (From poly, many, 
 and stachys, a spike ; referring to the 
 inflorescence. Nat. ord., Orchidece; 
 Tribe, Vandece-Cymbidiece.) 
 
 Stove, epiphytal orchids. For culture, see 
 Orchids. 
 P. abbreoia'ta. Brazil. 1874. 
 
 — bracteo'sa. Yellow, brown. Sierra Le^ne. 
 
 1838. B. M. t. 4161. 
 
 — bulbophylloi'des. White, with orange spot on 
 
 lip. West Coast of Africa. 1891. 
 
POL 
 
 [783] 
 
 PON 
 
 -P. dixa'ntha. Ochre, purple. West Tropical 
 Africa. 1882. 
 
 — galea'ta. Green with red spots ; lip whltish- 
 
 freen. July. Sierra Leone. 1837. Syn., 
 >. grandiflora. B. M. t. 3707. 
 
 — grandijlo'ra. See P. galeata. 
 
 — hypo'erita. Light green with brown spots ; 
 
 lip whitish. West Tropical Africa. 
 1881. 
 
 — laxijlo'ra. January. Sierra Leone. 
 
 — leoneirms. Light green ; lip white. July. 
 
 Sierra Leone. 1888. 
 
 — Unea'ta. Green, brown. Guatemala. 1869. 
 ela'tior. Plant larger. Mexico. 1869. 
 
 — lute!ola. Yellowish -green. Mexico. 1818. 
 
 Syn., Dejidrobium polystachyon. B. C. 
 t. 428. 
 
 — puie!rula. Green. Sierra Leone. 1822. B. R, 
 
 t. 851. 
 
 — puWseens. Bright yellow, red. January. 
 
 DelagoaBay. 1838. B. M. t. 6586. Syn., 
 Epiphora pubescens. 
 
 — purpu'rea. Purplish. July. India. 
 
 — rujtnula. Brown, greenish, yellowish, purple. 
 
 Zanzibar. 1879. 
 
 Poly'stiehum. (From poly, many, 
 .and stichus, a row ; numerous rows of 
 spore cases. Nat. ord., FUices.) A 
 section of Aspidium. 
 
 For culture, see Ferns. 
 P. aerosticoi'des. 2. N. America. 1820. 
 ■ gra'ndiceps. N. America. 1880- 
 
 — aculea'tuTTL. 3. Britain. , 
 
 — angula're. 4. Britain. 
 
 -Ma'yoe. 1. Totnes Down Hill. 1881. 
 
 — ano'malwm. 2. Ceylon. 1856. 
 
 — aristaJtum. 1. July. Norfolk Island. 
 
 — cmrieula'tum. July. East Indies. 1793. 
 
 — Brau'nii. Germany. 
 
 — cape'nse. June. South Africa 1823. 
 
 — cmusa'mm. Japan. 1862. Syn., Lastrcea 
 
 Standishii. 
 
 — eonUfcflium. Ij. June. E. Indies. 1841. 
 
 — eoria'ceum. 3. Mauritius. Stove. 
 
 — erena'tum. New Grenada. Stove. 
 
 — denticula'tum. July. Jamaica. 
 
 — disereftum. May. Nepaul. 
 
 — drepa'num. June. Madeira. 1822. 
 —falaine'Uum. May. W. Indies. 
 —Jle'xwm. 3. Juan Fernandez. 1866. Stove. 
 —frondo'smn. 3. Madeira. Greenhouse. 
 
 — glandulo'gum. June. 
 
 — hi'spidum. July. New Zealand. 1846. 
 
 — Untum. India. 1879. 
 
 — lepidocaiClon. Japan. 1875. 
 
 — loia'tum. 2. Britain. 
 
 — Lonchi'tis. H. Britain. 
 
 — meinca'num. 2. Mexico. 1867. Stove. 
 
 — rmuyrona'tum. Jamaica. 1838. 
 
 — immi'tum. May. Jamaica. 1839. 
 
 — obtu'sum. June. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — ordina'tum. S. America. 
 
 — platyphy^llum. 3. Columbia. Greenhouse. 
 — polyble'pharum. Japan. 1884. 
 
 — proH'ferwm. July. Brazil. 1842. 
 
 — pu'ngens. May. South Africa. 1823. 
 
 — rh&mboi'deum. April. E. Ind. 
 
 — seto'sum. Japan. 1862. 
 
 — specio'sum. July. Nepaul. 
 
 — tria/ngulv/m. |. Jamaica. Stove. 
 
 — tri'pteron. Japan. 1880. 
 
 — vesti'tum. June. Tasmania. 1842. 
 . gra'ndidens. 1882. 
 
 venu'stutn. 
 
 — vim/panmi. W. Indies. 
 
 Polyxe'na. (After Polyxena, the 
 daughter of Priam. Nat. ord., Liliacew; 
 Tribe, Alliece.) 
 
 South African bulbs. For culture, see MaS' 
 
 SONIA, 
 
 P. odora'ta. J. White. October. South Africa. 
 1871. Syn., Massonia odarata. B. M. 
 t. 5891. 
 
 — py'gmcea. ^. Lilac. April. South Africa. 
 
 1790. Syns., Masscmia ensjfolia, B. M. 
 t. 654, M. uniflora and M. molacea. 
 
 Pomade'rris. (From poma, a lid, 
 and derris, a skin ; the membranous 
 covering of the seed vessel. Nat. ord., 
 RhamnacecB ; Tribe, Rliamnece. ) 
 
 Greenhouse, Australian, evergreen shrubs ; 
 yellow-flowered, except where otherwise stated. 
 Cuttings of half-ripened shoots cut to a joint, 
 dried at the base, and inserted in sand, under a 
 glass ; peat and sandy loam. Winter temp., 38° 
 to 45°. Elli'ptica, with the exception of having 
 creamy-like flowers, resembles the Ceano'thus 
 azu'reua, and no doubt would prove almost as 
 hardy against a wall. 
 P. acwmitia'ta. See P. discolor. 
 
 — andromedcefo'lia. See P. phUlyreoides. 
 
 — ape'tala. 4. Greenish. June. 1803. Syn,, 
 
 P. aspera. Victorian Hazel. 
 
 — a'spera. See P. apetala. 
 
 — betuK'na. Pale yellow. B. M. t. 3212. 
 
 — di'seolor. 5. Whitish. April. 1814. Syn., 
 
 P. acuminata and P. elliptica, var. dis- 
 color. 
 
 — elli'ptica. 6. June. 1806. B. M. 1. 1510. 
 
 — eriffifo'lia. See P. phylieifolia. 
 
 — ferrugi'iiea. 6. April. 1810. Syns., P. viri- 
 dirvfa and P. WemLlandiaiia. 
 
 — globulo'sa. See Spyridium globulosum. 
 ^lani'gera. 3. April. 1806. B. M. t. 1823v 
 
 Syn., Ceanottms laniger. 
 
 — ledifo'lia. 2. April. 1824. 
 
 — ligiistri'na. White. June. 1826. 
 
 — phUlyreoi'des. 2. April. 1818. Hyn., P. andro- 
 
 medafolia. B. M. t. 3219. 
 
 — phylieij'o'lia. 2. April. 1819. B. C. t. 120. 
 
 Syn., P. erwifolia. 
 ~ vaccinifo'lia. Cream-colour. Victoria. 1869. 
 
 Poma'ria. (Named after Pomar, a 
 Spanish physician. Nat. ord,, Legu- 
 minoscB ; Tribe, Coesalpiniem. Allied to 
 CsBsalpinia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Seeds in a hot- 
 bed, in spring ; cuttings of half-ripened shoots 
 in May, in sand, under a beU-glass ; sandy loam 
 and fibry peat. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. 
 P. glandulo'sa. 6. Yellow. May. New Spain. 
 1826. Syn., Cccsalpinia glandulosa. 
 
 Po'max, (From poma, a lid; the 
 operculum, or covering of the seed- 
 vessel. Nat. ord., Rubiacece ; Tribe, 
 AnthosperraecB. Allied to Opercularia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. See Opercularia. 
 P. hi'rta. 1. White, green. July. Australia, 
 1826. 
 
 Pomegranate. Pu'nica. 
 
 Porapion. Cucu'rhita. 
 
 Poncele'tia. (Named after M. Pon- 
 celet, author of a treatise on Wheat. 
 Nat. ord., Epacridacece; Tribe, Epa- 
 crecB.) See Sprengelia. 
 
 p. aprengelioi'des. See Sprengelia Pomeletia, 
 Ponds are reservoirs for water dug 
 
PON 
 
 [784] 
 
 PON 
 
 out of the soil, and made retentive by 
 puddling with clay their bottoms and 
 sides. 'Puddling is necessary in almost 
 all instances, and the mode of proceed- 
 ing is thus detailed by Mr. Marnock, in 
 the "United Gardeners' Journal." When 
 the excavation is formed, or partially so, 
 the bottom puddle near the outer edge is 
 formed, and upon this is raised the up- 
 right or side puddle ; and as this pro- 
 ceeds, the ordinary clay or earth is raised 
 at the same time, by which means the 
 upright puddle is retained in its place ; 
 and ultimately the sides, being forrned 
 in a sloping direction, admit of being 
 covered with gravel or sand, and may 
 be walked upon, or stakes may be driven 
 to a considerable depth without reaching 
 the puddle, or in any way injuring it. 
 This can never be the case if the puddle, 
 as is sometimes done, be laid upon the 
 sloping side of the pond. The sides may 
 slope rapidly, or the reverse. If the 
 slope be considerable, sand or gravel, to 
 give a clean appearance, will be more 
 likely to be retained upon the facing ; 
 plants can be more easily fixed and culti- 
 vated ; goldfish, also findin these shallow, 
 gravelly parts under the leaves of the 
 plants suitable places to deposit their 
 spawn, and without this they are seldom 
 found to breed. Ponds made in this way 
 be of any convenient size, from a couple 
 of yards upwards to as many acres. The 
 following is the section of a, pond thus 
 formed : 
 
 appearance of the plants. Nat. ord. , 
 Orchidew ; Tribe, EpidendrecB-Lmliece.) 
 
 Stove epiphytal orchids. See Orchids. 
 P. amethy'stma. Whitish, purple. Veraguas. 
 
 1869. 
 — jmidfo'Ua. Mexico. Syn., Nemaamia gra- 
 
 mimfolia. Kn. and West. ii. p. 127. 
 
 — Kie-na'stii. See Scaphyglottis Kienastii, 
 
 — pe'Uita. YelloAvish, striped with purple. New 
 
 Grenada. 1S80. 
 
 — stria'ta. 2, Green. Guatemala. 1851. 
 
 Ponga'mia. (Pongam, its Malabar 
 name. Nat. ovA., Legiiminosce ; Tribe, 
 Dalbergiece. Allied to Dalbergia. Syn., 
 Galedupa. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs and climbers, all but 
 one white-flowered, and from the East Indies. 
 For culture, see Dalbergia. 
 P. gla'bra. 5. India. 1699. 
 
 — grandijlo'ra. 6. India. 1818. 
 
 — margina'ta. 3. Yellow. May. 1824. Twiner. 
 
 A synonym of Derris iuneyfolia. 
 
 — pisci'dia. India. 1818. 
 
 — uligincfsa. W. Ind. 1824. Twiner. A 
 
 synonym of Derris uliginosa. 
 
 Pontede'ria. (Named after J. Ponte- 
 dera, professor of botany at Padua. Nat. 
 ord., Pontederiacece.) 
 
 Blue-flowered aquatics. Bivisions of the roots ; 
 rich, strong, loamy soil, in a tub of water or an 
 aquarium. 
 
 P. angustifo'lia. See P. cordata, var. angustir 
 folia, 
 
 — azu'rea. B. M. t. 2932. See Eichomia, 
 
 crassipes. 
 
 — ccETu'lea. 2. .July. N. America. 1830. 
 
 — corda'ta. 2. July. N. America. 1769. B. M. 
 
 t. 1166. 
 
 angustifo'lia. 2. July. N. America. 
 
 1806. Syns., P. angustifolia and P. 
 lanceolata, B. C. 1. 1613. 
 
 — cra'ssipes. See Eichornia crassipes. 
 
 — dilata'ta. Andr. Eep. t. 490. See Monochoria 
 
 hastata. 
 
 — lanceola'ta. B. C. t. 613. See P. cordata,. 
 
 var. ( 
 
 a indicates the surface of the ground at 
 the edge of the water ; b, the puddle ; 
 c, the facing to preserve the puddle from 
 injury ; d, the water ; e, the surface of 
 the latter ; and /, the ordinary bottom. 
 When a small pond of this kind is to be 
 made, and the extent of the surface is 
 determined upon and marked out, it 
 will then be necessary to form a second 
 or outer mark, indicating the space re- 
 quired for the wall or side puddle, and 
 about three feet is the proper space to 
 allow for this ; the puddle requiring 
 about two feet, and the facing which re- 
 quires to be laid upon the puddle ought 
 to be about a foot more, making to- 
 gether three feet. Ponds may be made 
 very ornamental. 
 
 Pone'ra. (From poneros, miserable ; 
 
 Ponthie'ya. (After M. de Ponthieu, 
 
 a West Indian merchant. Nat. ord., 
 
 OrchidecE ; Tribe, Neottiece-Spiranthece. ) 
 
 Stove, terrestrial orchids. Sandy loam and 
 
 peat. Divisions. 
 
 P. glaTidulo'sa. 1. Bright green, white. West 
 Indies. 1800. Syn., Neottia gla/ndulosa. 
 B. M. t. 842. 
 
 — macula'ta. 1. Buff, white, green, yellow. 
 
 March. Venezuela. 1882. B. M. 
 t. 6637. 
 
 — petiola'ta. li. Cinnamon-yellow. St. Vin- 
 
 cent. B. B. t. 760. 
 
 Po'ntia. A genus of butterflies, also 
 known as Pieris, of which the following 
 one is most obnoxious to the gardener: 
 
 P. hra'ssicce (Large White Cabbage 
 Butterfly). The wings are white ; the 
 upper with broad black tips ; and the 
 female has two black spots on the 
 middle. The under side of the under 
 wings is light yellow. Breadth, when 
 expanded, two inches. It appears 
 from May to October. The caterpillar 
 is bluish-green, thinly haired, and 
 
POP 
 
 [785] 
 
 POR 
 
 sprinkled with black dots, having a 
 yellow stripe on the back, and the same 
 on the sides. These caterpillars are 
 found, throughout the summer and 
 autumn, on all the cabbage-worts, on 
 horse-radish, radishes, mustard, and 
 similar plants, as well as on water- 
 cresses. The pupae are yellowish-green, 
 with black dots, with a point on the 
 head, and five on the back. The best 
 way to destroy them is picking off and 
 killing the caterpillars, as wefl as the 
 pupse, as far as it is possible ; the latter 
 are found attached to adjacent trees, 
 hedges, and walls. But care must be 
 taken not to destroy those pupse which 
 have a brown appearance ; because they 
 are full of the larvae of ichneumons, and 
 other allied parasites, which are the 
 great scourge of these caterpillars. 
 
 P. ra'pm (Small Cabbage Butterfly). 
 This butterfly resembles the foregoing, 
 but is one-half smaller ; and the olack 
 tinge at the points of the upper wings is 
 fainter, and not visible on the outer edge. 
 The time of appearance is the same as of 
 the former. The caterpillar is of a dull 
 green, with fine white minute hairs, a 
 yellow stripe on the back, and yellow 
 spots on the sides, on a pale ground. In 
 some years it is very injurious to the 
 cabbage and turnip plants ; it also in- 
 f estfe mignonette, which it strips entirely 
 of its leaves. It is very difficult to be 
 discovered,, from its colour. The pupa 
 is yellowish or greenish-grey, with three 
 yellow stripes. — Kollar. 
 
 Popcorn. Ze'a Ma'ys. 
 
 Pope's Head. Meloca'ctus commu'- 
 nis. 
 
 Poplar. Po'pulus. 
 Poppy. Papa'ver. 
 Poppy, Califomian. Platyste'- 
 mon califo'rnieus. 
 Poppy, Corn. Papa'ver Bhce'as. 
 Poppy Gall Ply. Au'lax rhcBa'dis. 
 
 Poppy, Homed. Glau'cium lu'- 
 teum. 
 
 Poppy-Mallow. CalUrho'e. 
 Poppy, Opium. Papa'ver somni'- 
 ferum. 
 
 Po'pulus. Poplar. (From arbor-po- 
 puli of the Romans, or the tree of the 
 public ; the Turin poplar much planted 
 in their cities. Nat. ord., SalicinecE.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees. Seeds, which should 
 be sown in moist soil, slightly covered, but 
 shaded as soon as the seeds diop from the trees ; 
 by cuttings of the ripened shoots ; also by layers 
 and suckers ; a deep, moist, loamy soil suits | 
 
 them the best ; but they do not thrive well either 
 in a very dry place, or in places where there is 
 stagnant water. 
 P. a'lba. 100. March. Britain. Eng, Bot. 
 
 ed. 3, 1. 1299. Abele ; White Poplar. 
 
 Bollea'na. Tiflis. 1879. 
 
 canefscens. 40. March. England. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1300. Syn., P. canescem 
 
 Grey Poplar. 
 
 acer\fo'lia. Maple-leaved. 
 
 ■ cegypti'aca. Egypt. 
 
 arembe'rgica. 1835. 
 
 be'lgiea. South Europe. 1335. 
 
 ■ hi/hrida. iO. April. Caucasus. 1816. 
 
 Drooping-branched. 
 Large leaved. 
 
 pe'7idula. 
 
 macrophy'lltt. 
 
 Pica'rdi. 
 
 — angula'ta. See P. monilifera. 
 
 — balsami'fera. 70. April. N. America. 1792. 
 ■ ca'ndicans, Sj^n., P. macrophylla. 
 
 — fo'liis variega'tis. April. 
 
 interme'dia. April, 
 
 latifo'lia. 40. April. 
 
 lauri'folia. April. Siberia. Syn., P. 
 
 laurlfolia. 
 
 suave'olens. 76. April. Russia. 1825. 
 
 vimina'lis. 40. April. Altai. 1826. 
 
 — betuHfo'lia. 40. March. N. America. Blacb 
 
 American Poplar. 
 
 — canade'nsis. See P. 'monil'^era. 
 
 au'rea. See P. monUifera^ var. aurea. 
 
 — cane'scens. See P. alba^ var. canescens. 
 
 — dilata'ta. See P. nigra, var. pyramidalis. 
 
 — Euge!mi. See P. inonilifera, var. Eugenii. 
 
 — euphra'tiea. Turkestan. 1881. 
 
 — fasti^ia'ta. See P. nigra, var. pyramidalis. 
 
 — gr(s'ca. See P. tremuloides. 
 
 — grandidenta'ta. 60. March. N. America. 
 
 1772. 
 
 pe^ndula. 40. Branches drooping. March 
 
 N. America. 1820. 
 
 — heterophy'Ua. 60. March. N. America. 1765. 
 
 — laurifo'lia. See P. balsamifera, var. lauri- 
 
 folia. 
 
 — longifo'lia. April. N. America. 1843. 
 
 — macrophy'Ua. See P. balsamifera, var. candi- 
 
 cans. 
 
 — monili'fera. 70. May. Canada. 1772. 
 
 Wats. Dendr. t..l02. Syns., P. angulata 
 
 and P. canadensis. 
 au'rea. Leaves tinged with golden- yellow. 
 
 Syn., P. canadensis, var. aurea. 
 Suge'nii. Garden variety. 1887. Syns., 
 
 P. Eugenii and P. pyramidalis, var. 
 
 Meeterms. 
 
 Lindleya'na. April. Canada. 1772. 
 
 variega'ta. May. 
 
 — ni'gra. 50. March. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 
 
 3, 1. 1302. Black Poplar. 
 pyramida'lis. Pyramidal. Syns., P. 
 
 dilatata and P. /astigiaia, Lombardy 
 
 Poplar. 
 
 salwifo'lia. April. Floetbeck. 1834. 
 
 sinensis. China. 1867. 
 
 m'ridis. April. Britain. 
 
 — pseu'do-balsatnifera. April. N. America. 
 
 1843. 
 
 — Simo'nii. China. 1867. 
 
 — Steinia'na. Garden hybrid. Gfl. 1888, p. 173, 
 
 figs. 37, 38. 
 ^- tre^m/ula. SO. March. Britain. Eng. Bot. 
 
 ed. 3, 1. 1307. Aspen. 
 
 Iceviga'ta. 80. March. N. America. 1760. 
 
 pe'rmula. April. 
 
 supi'na. March. N. America. 1824. 
 
 — tremuloi'des. 50. N. America. Syns., P. 
 
 grcEca and P. tremuloides. 
 
 — tre'pida. 30. N. America. 1812. 
 
 — tri'stis. April. N. America. 1843. 
 
 — Via'dri. Germany. 1890. 
 
 Pora'na. (From porenv, to travel ; 
 
 3 E 
 
FOR 
 
 [786] 
 
 FOR 
 
 the twining stems extending far and 
 wide. Nat. ord., Convolimlacece ; Tribe, 
 Convolvulece. ALied to Convolvulus.) 
 
 Stove evergreen, East Indian, white-flovrered 
 twiners. Seeds in a hotbed, and side, stubby, 
 short shoots in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, in 
 heat ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 50 to 55° ; 
 summer, 60° to 65°. 
 
 P.panicula'ta. October. 1823. Syn., Dinetus 
 paniculatus. 
 
 — racemo'sa. July. 1823. Syn., Dinetus raee- 
 
 ■ mosus. Swt. Fl. Gard. 1. 127. 
 
 — volulbUis. 50. July. 1820. 
 
 Poranthe'ra. (From pons, a pore, 
 or opening, and anthera, an anther, or 
 pollen-bag ; anthers opening by pores. 
 Nat. ord., Euphorhiacece ; Tribe, Steno- 
 lobiecB. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of firm side- 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, set in a close 
 frame, and shaded in May ; peat and sandy loam. 
 Winter temp., 40° to 48°. 
 P. ericifo'lia. 1. White. July. Australia. 1824. 
 
 Porlie'ra. (Named after P. A. Por- 
 lier, a Spaniard. Nat. ord. , Zygophyl- 
 lacecB. Allied to Melianthus.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub, with leaves which close 
 before rain ; hence called hygrome'trica. Cut- 
 tines of firm shoots in spring, in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, and in a brisk bottom-heat. Winter 
 temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°. 
 P. kygrome'trica. 6. Peru. 1820. 
 
 Po'rpax of Lindley. (From porpax, 
 a button ; shape of pseudo-bulbs. Nat. 
 ord. , Orchidece ; Tribe, Epidendrece - 
 Eriem.) See Eria. 
 
 p. reticula'ta. See Eria reticulata. 
 
 Po'rpax of Salisbury. (Nat. ord., 
 Liliacem. ) A synonym of Aspidistra. 
 
 Porphyro'coma. (From porphyra, 
 purple, and homa, a head ; flower-heads 
 purple. '^sA.orHi., AcantkacecB ; Tribe, 
 Justicie(B.) See Dianthera. 
 
 p. lanceola'ta. B. M. t. 4176. See Dianthera 
 lanceolata. 
 
 Po'rtea. (Dedicated to its discoverer, 
 Marius Porte. Nat. ord., Bromeliacece ; 
 Tribe, Bromelieas.) 
 
 Stove perennials. For cultivation, see BiLL- 
 
 TIERGIA. 
 
 P. kermesi'na. Bluish-lilac ; bracts rosy. Bahia. 
 1870. Gfl. t. 829. Syn., Billbergia Brong- 
 niarti, 
 
 — Legrellia'na. 1. Bright red, purple. Brazil. 
 
 1875. Syns., JEchmea Legrelliana, Hohen- 
 bergia Legrelliana, Eef. Bot. t. 285, and 
 Ortgiesia Legrelliana. 
 tillandsioi'des. Red. Tropical America. 1860. 
 Syns., Jlchmea Ortgiesii and Ortgiesia 
 tillandsioides. 
 
 Portenschla'gia. (After F. v. Por- 
 trnschlacf-Ledemmei/er, an Austrian bo- 
 tanist, who died 1821. Nat. ord., Celas- 
 trinecB. ) 
 
 Hardy perennials, for culture, see El^oden- 
 
 DEON. 
 
 P. austra'lis. A synonym of Elwodendron 
 austraU. 
 
 — ramweC ssima. Yellowish-white. Dalmatia. 
 
 1888. 
 
 Portla'ndia. (Named after the 
 Duchess of Portland. Nat. ord., Bubia- 
 cea; ; Tribe, Condaminew.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, from Jamaica. Cut- 
 tings of rather fii-m shoots in sand,-under a bell- 
 glass, and in a brisk, sweet bottom-heat ; sandy 
 loam, peat, and a little leaf-mould. Winter 
 temp., 46° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°. 
 P. cocei'nea. 5. Scarlet. 1812. 
 
 — grandifio'ra. 12. White. 1776. B. M. 
 
 t. 286. 
 
 — hexa'ndra. A synonym of Coutarea speciosa. 
 
 — plata'ntha. White. July. 1849. B. M. 
 
 t. 4534. 
 
 Portugal Laurel. Ce'rasus lusi- 
 ta'nicus. 
 
 Portugal Quince. Cydo'nia vul- 
 garis, var. liisita'niea. 
 
 Portula'ca. Purslane. (From ^orto, 
 to carry, and lac, milk ; milky juice. 
 Nat. ord., Portulaceoe. Allied to Tali- 
 num.) 
 
 Hardy annuals, by seeds in the open border, at 
 the end of April ; tender annuals, by seed in hot- 
 bed, in spring, and afterwards flowering them in 
 the greenhouse, as they require a very sheltered, 
 sunny spot to do much good in the open air ; 
 tuberous and shrubby greenhouse kinds, by cut- 
 tings and division of the roots ; rich, sandy loam 
 and peat, the loam being enriched with old leaf- 
 mould or cow-dung. 
 
 STOVE SUCCULENT. 
 
 P. soma'lica. J. Bright yellow. Somali Land. 
 1886. 
 
 GREENHOUSE TUBEROUS EVERGREENS. 
 
 P. Oillie'sii. i. Red, pink. Mendoza. 1827. 
 B. M. t. 3064. 
 
 — gra/ndiflo'ra. Yellow, purple. June. 
 
 1827. B. M. t. 2885. 
 Bege'li. Pink, with yellow centre, 
 
 1885. Gfl. 1. 1209. 
 Thelluso'nii. See P. Thellusonii. 
 
 — sple'ndens. Crimson, purple May. 
 
 1839. Herbaceous perennial. 
 1843, t. 34. 
 
 — Thelluso'nii. 1. Scarlet. July. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 1839. B. R. 1840, t. 31. Syn., P. 
 
 grandijlora, var. Thellusonii. 
 
 iu'tea. 1. Yellow. June. 1847. 
 
 sple'ndens. 1. Eediiish-purple. June. 
 
 GREENHOUSE AN.XUALS. 
 
 P. halimoi'des. See P. pilosa. 
 
 — meridia'na. See P. quadrifida. 
 
 — olera'cea parvifo'lia. J. Yellow. June. 
 
 Jamaica. 1799. 
 
 — pilo'sa. i. Pink. June. S. Amer. 1690. 
 
 Syn., P. halimoides. 
 
 — puii'Ua. j. Yellow. June. Trinidad. 1824. 
 
 — quadri'Ma. h Yellow. August. E. Ind. 
 
 1773. Syn., P. rmridiana. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 P. folio'sa. B. R. t. 793. See P. suffruticosa.^ , 
 
 — grandifio'ra Iu'tea. Yellow. June. Chili. 
 
 1827. 
 
 — guine'nsis. J. Yellow. June. Guinea. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — involucra'ta. See P. suffruticosa. 
 
 — mvA^ona'ta. J. Yellow. June. 1822; 
 
 Chili. 
 Chili. 
 
 Chili. 
 B. R. 
 
POS 
 
 [787] 
 
 POT 
 
 JP. olera'eea. J. Yellow. July. Europe. 1582. 
 
 au'rea. 1. Yellow. August. S.Amer. 
 
 1652. 
 
 — - — mti'va. IJ. Yellow. August. S. Amer. 
 
 1652. 
 
 — racemo'sa- See Talinum racemosum,. 
 
 — sati'va. See P. oleracea, var. sativa. 
 
 — suffruMco'sa. i. Yellow, pink. June. Guinea. 
 
 1820. Syns., P. foliosa and P. involu- 
 crata. 
 
 Posoque'ria. (Posoqueri, the Guia- 
 nan name of P. longiflo'ra. Nat. ord. , Bu- 
 biacecB ; Tribe, Gardeniem. Allied to 
 Gardenia.) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs. , Cut- 
 tings of young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 and in heat, in April or May ; sandy loam, leaf- 
 mould, and a little peat. Winter temp., 48° to 
 ■60° ; summer, 60° to 85°. 
 P. dwmeto'ruvi. See Bandia dumetoruTn. 
 — fra'graTis. See Rmidia malabarica. 
 
 — fragranti! ssima. White. Brazil. 1870. 111. 
 
 Hort. 1870, t. 27. 
 
 — gra'cilis. 5. Guiana. 1825. 
 
 — latifo'lia. 6. September. Guiana. 1826. 
 
 Syn., P. revoluta. 
 
 — longifo'ra. 5, Guiana. 1822. 
 
 — Tfiultijlo'ra. See Randia longiflo'ra. 
 
 — revolu'ta. See P. latifoUa, 
 
 — versicolor. Pinky-white. September. Cuba. 
 
 1839. B. E. 1841, t. 26. 
 
 Potato. Sola'num tubero'sum. 
 
 Soil. — A dry, friable, fresh, and mode- 
 rately rich soil is the best for every 
 variety of the potato. 
 
 The black - skinned and rough - red 
 thrive better than any other in moist, 
 strong, cold soils. If manure is abso- 
 lutely necessary, whatever may be' the 
 one employed, it is better spread regu- 
 larly over the surface previous to digging 
 than put into the holes with the sets, or 
 spread in the trench when they are so 
 planted ; but, if possible, avoid manuring. 
 Leaf-mould, or very decayed stable- 
 dung, is the best of all manures ; sea- 
 weed is a very beneficial addition to the 
 soil ; and so is salt. Coal-ashes and sea- 
 sand are applied with great benefit to 
 retentive soils. The situation must 
 always be open. 
 
 Propagation. — It is propagated in 
 general by the tubers, through the shoots 
 arising from thence, and layers of the 
 stalks, may be employed. New varieties 
 are raised from seed. 
 
 Planting in the open ground is best 
 done in October and November, and may 
 theuce be continued until the end of 
 March. This last month is the latest in 
 which any considerable plantation should 
 be made. They will succeed if planted 
 in May, or even June ; yet it ought 
 always to be kept in mind that the 
 earliest planted, especially in dry soils, 
 produce the finest, healthiest, and most 
 abundant crops. 
 
 Sets. — The next point for consideration 
 is the preparation of the sets. Some 
 
 gardeners recommend the largest pota- 
 toes to be planted whole ; others, that 
 they be sliced into pieces containing two 
 or three eyes ; a third set, to out the 
 large tubers directly in half ; a fourth, 
 the employment oi the shoots only, 
 which are thrown out if potatoes are 
 kept in a warm, damp situation; and a 
 fifth, that merely the paringii be em- 
 ployed. Cuttings of the stalks, five or 
 six inches in length, or rooted suckers, 
 will be productive if planted, during 
 showery weather, in May or June ; and 
 during this last month, or early in July, 
 the potato may be propagated by layers, 
 which are formed by pegging down the 
 young stalks when about twelve inches 
 long, they being covered three inches 
 thiS: with mould at a joint. For the 
 main crops, moderate-sized whole or half 
 potatoes are the best. 
 
 To obtain early crops where tubers are 
 rapidly formed, large sets must be em- 
 ployed. In these one or two eyes at 
 most should be allowed to remain. If 
 the sets are placed with their leading 
 buds upwards, few and very strong early 
 stems will be produced ; but, if the posi- 
 tion is reversed, many weak and later 
 shoots will arise, and not only the earli- 
 ness but the quality of the produce be 
 depreciated. For the earliest crops there 
 are, likewise, several modes of assisting 
 the forward vegetation of the sets. These 
 should be prepared by removing every 
 eye but one or two ; and being placed in 
 a layer in a warm room, where air and 
 light can be freely admitted, with a cover- 
 ing of straw, chaft', or sand, they soon 
 emit shoots, which must be strengthened 
 by exposure to the air and light as much 
 as possible, by takirg off the cover with- 
 out injuring them. During cold weather, 
 and at night, it must always be removed ; 
 the leaves soon become green and tole- 
 rably hardy. In early spring they are 
 planted out, the leaves being left just 
 above the surface, and a covering of lit- 
 ter afforded every night until the danger 
 of frost is passed. 
 
 Planting. — Insert them with the dib- 
 ble, in rows ; for the early crops twelve 
 inches apart each way, and for the main 
 ones eighteen inches ; the sets six inches 
 beneath the surface. The potato dibble 
 is the best instrument that can be em- 
 ployed, the earth being afterwards raked 
 or struck in with the spade, and the soil 
 not trampled upon, but planted as suffi- 
 cient is diig for receiving a row ; for the 
 looser the soil the less does frost pene- 
 trate, and the more readily does super- 
 flous moisture escape. 
 
 The compartment may be laid out 
 
POT 
 
 [788] 
 
 POT 
 
 level and undivided if the soil is light ; 
 but if heavy soil is necessariljr employed, 
 it is best disposed in beds six or eight 
 feet wide. If the staple of the soil be 
 good throughout, the alleys may be two 
 feet wide, and dug deep, otherwise they 
 must be made broader, and only one spit 
 taken out, the earth removed being em- 
 ployed to raise the beds, which should 
 be in four parallel ridges, and the sets 
 inserted along their summits. 
 
 Hoeing. — As soon as the plants are 
 well to be distinguished, they should be 
 perfectly freed from weeds, and of the 
 early crops the earth drawn round each 
 plant, so as to form a cup as a shelter 
 from the cold winds, which are their chief 
 enemy at that season ; but the main 
 crops should not be earthed up, for earth- 
 ing up diminishes the crop one-fourth. 
 Throughout their growth they should be 
 kept perfectly clear of weeds. 
 
 It is very injurious to mow off the tops 
 of the plants. The foliage ought to be 
 kept as uninjured as possible, unless, as 
 sometimes occurs on fresh ground, the 
 plants are of gigantic luxuriance, and 
 even then the stems should be only 
 moderately shortened. It is, however, 
 of considerable advantage to remove the 
 fruit-stalks and immature flowers as soon 
 as they appear, unless the stems are very 
 luxuriant. A potato-plant continues to 
 form tubers until the flowers appear, 
 after which it is employed in ripening 
 those already formed. 
 
 The very earliest crops will be in pro- 
 duction in June, or, perhaps, towards the 
 end of May, and may thence be taken up 
 as wanted until October, at the close of 
 which month, or during November, they 
 majr be entirely dug up and stored. In 
 storing, the best mode is to place them 
 in layers, alternately with dry coal- 
 ashes, earth, or sand, in a shed. The 
 best instrument with which they can be 
 dug up is a three-flat-pronged fork, each 
 row being cleared regularly away. 
 
 The tubers should be sorted at the 
 time of taking them up ; for, as the 
 largest keep the best, they alone should 
 be stored, whilst the smaller ones are 
 first made use of. 
 
 Potatoes should not be stored until 
 perfectly dry, and must also be free from 
 earth, refuse, and wounded tubers. 
 
 To raise Varieties. — A variety of the 
 potato is generally considered to con- 
 tinue about fourteen years in perfection, 
 after which period it gradually loses its 
 good qualities, becoming of inferior fla- 
 vour and unproductive ; fresh varieties 
 must, therefore, be occasionally raised 
 from seed. The berries, or apples, of 
 
 the old stock, having hung in a warm 
 room throughout the winter, the seed 
 must be obtained from them by washing 
 away the pulp during February. The 
 seed is then thoroughly dried and kept 
 until April, when it is sown in drifls 
 about a quarter of an inch deep, and six 
 inches apart, in a rich, light soil. The 
 plants are weeded, and earth drawn up 
 to their stems, when an inch in height r 
 and as soon as the height has increased 
 to three inches, they are moved into a 
 similar soil, in rows sixteen inches apart 
 each way. Being finally taken up in the 
 course of October, they must be pre- 
 served untU the following spring, to be 
 then replanted and treated as for store 
 crops. 
 
 The tubers of every seedling should be 
 kept separate, as scarcely two will be 
 of a similar habit and quality, whilst 
 many will be comparatively worthless, 
 and but few of particular excellence. If 
 the seed is obtained from a red potato 
 that flowered in the neighbourhood of a 
 white-tubered variety, the seedlings, in 
 all probability, will in part resemble both 
 their parents j but seldom or never does 
 a seedling resemble exactly the original 
 stock. At aU events, only such should 
 be preserved as are recommended by 
 their superior earliness, size, flavour, or 
 fertility. 
 
 The early varieties, if planted on little 
 heaps of earth, with a stake in the 
 middle, and when the plants are about 
 four inches high, being secured to the 
 stakes with shreds and nails, and the 
 earth washed away from the bases of the 
 stems by means of a strong current of 
 water, so that the fibrous roots only 
 enter the soil, wiU blossom and perfect 
 seed. 
 
 Forcing. — The season of forcing is 
 from the close of December to the middle 
 of February, in a hotbed, and at the close 
 of this last month on a warm border, 
 with the temporary shelter of a frame. 
 The hotbed is only required to produce a 
 moderate heat. The earth should be six 
 inches deep, and the sets planted in rows 
 six or eight inches apart, as the tubers 
 are not required to be large. The tem- 
 perature ought never to sink below 65°, 
 no* rise above 80°. 
 
 The rank steam arising from ferment- 
 ing dung is undoubtedly injurious to the 
 roots of potatoes; and to obviate this 
 they may be planted in narrow beds, and 
 the dung applied in trenches on each 
 side ; or all the earth from an old cu- 
 cumber or other hotbed being removed, 
 and an inch in depth of fresh being 
 added, put on the sets, and cover them 
 
POT 
 
 [789] 
 
 POT 
 
 with four inches of mould. At the end 
 of five days the sides of the old dung may- 
 be cut away in an inward slanting direc- 
 tion, about fifteen inches from the per- 
 pendicular, and strong linings of hot 
 flung applied. 
 
 If the tubers are desired to be brought 
 to maturity as speedily as possible, in- 
 stead of being planted in the earth of the 
 bed, each set should be placed in a pot 
 about six inches in diameter, though the 
 produce in pots is smaller. But young 
 potatoes may be obtained in the winter, 
 by the following plan, without forcing : — 
 Plant some late kinds, unsprouted, in a 
 ■dry, rich border, in July, and again in 
 August, in rows two feet apart. They 
 will produce new potatoes m October, 
 and in succession until April, if covered 
 with leaves or straw to exclude frost. If 
 old potatoes are placed in dry earth, in 
 a shed during August, they will emit 
 young tubers in December. 
 
 Preparation of Sets for Forcing. — They 
 should be of the early varieties. To 
 assist their forward vegetation, plant a 
 single j)otato in each of the pots intended 
 for forcing during January. Then place 
 in the ground, and protect with litter 
 from the frost. This renders them very 
 excitable by heat ; and, consequently, 
 •when plunged in a hotbed, they vegetate 
 rapidly and generate tubers. The seed 
 potatoes are equally assisted, and with 
 less trouble, if placed in a cellar just in 
 contact with each other ; and as soon as 
 the germs are four inches long, they are 
 removed to the hotbed. 
 
 Management. — More than one stem 
 should never be allowed, otherwise the 
 tubers are small, and not more nu- 
 merous. 
 
 Water must be given whenever the 
 soil appears dry, and in quantity propor- 
 tionate to the temperature of the air. 
 Linings must be applied as the tempera- 
 ture declines, and aur admitted as freely 
 as the temperature of the atmosphere 
 will allow. Coverings must be afibrded 
 with the same regard to temperature. 
 
 Prom six to seven weeks usually elapse 
 between the time of planting and the 
 fitness of the tubers for use. 
 
 The best rules to obtain and preserve 
 sound potatoes, and a good crop, are — 
 1. Grow none but those which ripen by 
 August. 2. Plant whole, middle-sized 
 potatoes. 3. Plant on moderately light 
 soil, manured some months previously. 
 4. Apply no manure at the time of plant- 
 ing. 5. Plant in November in light, dry 
 soils, but not until February in wet soils. 
 ■6. Preserve your seed potatoes between 
 layers of earth until required. 7. Plant 
 
 as you dig ; that is, dig enough for one 
 row, and then plant it with the dibble,, so 
 as to avoid trampling on the ground. 8. 
 Let the tops of the sets be six inches be- 
 low the surface. 9. Do not earth up the 
 stems. 10. Do not cut down the stems. 
 11. Take up the crop as soon as the 
 leaves begin to look yellow in July or 
 early August. 12. Stoi-e in a dry shed 
 between layers of earth, sand, or coal- 
 
 Potato, or Colorado Beetle. 
 
 Doryo'phora decemlinea'ta. 
 
 Potato Murrain, or Potato Dis- 
 ease. This disease — which has been 
 more or less destructive to the potato 
 crops since the year 1845, when it was 
 so general as to cause great losses and 
 much distress in some parts of the king- 
 dom, by the almost total failure of the 
 crops — is caused by the attacks of two 
 kinds of fungi, named Perono'spora 
 infe'stans and Pusispo'rium sola'ni, 
 which spread through the tissues of the 
 potato, corroding and causing the death 
 and decay of every part with which they 
 come in contact, so that in the end, if 
 left to themselves and the weather being 
 favourable to their growth, they bring 
 about the death and putrefaction of the 
 entire potato plant. The disease usually 
 makes its appearance in July or August, 
 sometimes earlier, and is first made 
 evident by the appearance of brown 
 spots upon the leaves ; it generally 
 appears soon after the first heavy summer 
 rains, as wet weather is favourable to 
 the development and growth of the 
 fungi, and it is more prevalent in wet 
 seasons than in dry ones, especially if 
 the season be a warm one and thunder 
 storms frequent. 
 
 That the disease is caused by fungi, 
 has been known for many years, but it 
 was not until 1875 and 1876 that their 
 life-history was fully worked out, when 
 this was successfully accomplished by 
 Mr. W. G. Smith, and thus a firm basis 
 secured upon which to commence a war 
 of extermination against the disease, be- 
 cause the first real step towards the cure 
 of any disease is to thoroughly under- 
 stand its cause. From the life-history of 
 Peronospora infestans as publisKied 
 by Mr. Smith in the "Gardeners' 
 Chronicle" for 1875 and 1876, we con- 
 dense the following account : 
 
 If a section be made through a badly 
 diseased potato leaf and highly magni- 
 fied, it will present somewhat the appear- 
 ance shown at A in our engraving, where 
 the thread-like jointed mycelium of the 
 fungus is seen growing among tlie cel^s 
 
POT 
 
 [790] 
 
 POT 
 
 composing the potato leaf. Branches 
 from this, as at a a a, grow through the 
 epidermis, or pass through the stomata 
 into the air, and there become branched. 
 The ends of the branches develop spores 
 of two kinds. One kind (666660) are 
 called conidm, because they are so 
 
 minute and dust-like. As soon as one of 
 these is detached from the branch pro- 
 ducing it, another is formed in its place, 
 and so a very abundant crop of these 
 conidia is produced, each one of which 
 is capable of reproducing the fungus if 
 it falls upon, or is carried by the wind 
 to, a place thafi is favourable for its 
 growth. The second kind are the zoo- 
 spores. These are formed in an egg- 
 shaped cell terminating a branch (c), 
 termed a swwrm-spore. When wetted 
 by dew or rain, the swarm-spore bursts 
 and the zoo-spores are set free [d). 
 These move about by means of the two 
 little tails with which they are furnished, 
 and often pass through the stomata into 
 the interior of the leaf, and there ger- 
 minate and reproduce the fungus. These 
 two kinds of spores are produced in 
 countless myriads during the brief vege- 
 
 tating period of the fungus, but with the 
 decay of the plant these die, and for the 
 preservation of the species during the 
 winter months another kind of spore is 
 formed. The mycelium in the interior 
 of the leaf, stem, and tuber develops, at 
 the ends of short branches, spherical 
 bodies of two sizes, as shown at e. The 
 smaller of these is the antheridium, and 
 the larger the oogonium. The anthe- 
 ridium applies itself to the oogonium, 
 which it pierces with a small tube that 
 it protrudes, and the contents of the two- 
 bodies blend ; this constitutes fertiliza- 
 tion. The fertilized oogonium increases 
 in size, and various internal and external 
 changes take place, until it finally be- 
 comes matured into the resting spore, 
 shown at B, with a thick warted outer 
 wall ; in this state it passes the autumn, 
 winter, and spring months, being again 
 called to life by the summer rains. The 
 contents of some of the resting spores 
 break up into the zoospores, (C), wnich, 
 when set free, develop two tails, or cilia 
 (D), by the vibration of which they move 
 about in any moist medium. After a 
 short time they come to rest, the tails 
 fall into dust; and they germinate and 
 produce mycelium, as at E. Other 
 resting spores do not break up into zoo- 
 spores, but at once develop a mycelial 
 thread, as at F, which is much stouter 
 than is produced by the zoospores, and 
 it is most probable that there is a sexual 
 relationship existing between them ; for 
 if the mycelium of each kind could be 
 traced, it would probably be found that, 
 the slender threads, which produce the 
 antheridia, are those developed from the; 
 zoospores of the resting spore, whilst 
 the stouter threads, which produce the 
 oogonia, are those directly produced from 
 the resting spore. The figures B to F in 
 our engraving are much more highly 
 magnified than is Fig. A ; / is a Tiair 
 arising from the upper surface of tha 
 leaf. 
 
 The mycelium developed from the 
 resting spores, whether these break up 
 into zoospores or not, on coming in con- 
 tact with a potato plant, penetrates and 
 corrodes its tissues, passing up the stem, 
 branching as it grows, and finally pushes 
 branches through the tissues into the 
 air, and there completes the cycle by 
 producing conidia and zoospores, by 
 which the disease is rapidly spread ; for 
 these are produced in myriads, and as 
 they germinate under favourable con- 
 ditions in about an hour, a large area 
 may soon become affected with the 
 disease, from the proximity of a single 
 diseased Potato plant. 
 
POT 
 
 1791] 
 
 POT 
 
 The Peronospora also attacks the 
 Tomato, proving equally destructive to 
 it as to the Potato. • 
 
 Although the Potato disease has heen 
 such a terrible plague for so many years, 
 there is no known remedy that seems to 
 he of much avail against its ravages. If 
 the season is a tolerably dry one and the 
 tubers are well formed, the crop may be 
 saved hy pulling up the haulm before 
 the heavy summer rains come. If the 
 crop once becomes diseased, nothing is 
 likely to stop the disease entirely, be- 
 cause the mycelium grows so rapidly, 
 that although by the application of some 
 remedy it may be killed where the 
 disease seems worst, there is almost cer- 
 tain to be some distant branch of the 
 mycelium that is not killed by the 
 remedy applied, and which will continue 
 the disease. 
 
 From what we know of the life-history 
 of Peronospora, it appears that it does 
 not exist in a vegetating condition during 
 the winter, but only in the form of 
 resting spores, for the mycelium, aerial 
 zoospores, and conidia are said to perish 
 annually. From these facts two things 
 become very evident : first, that it is 
 hopeless to attempt to exterminate the 
 fungus when it is vegetating and pro- 
 ducing conidia and zoospores ; for these 
 are produced in siich abundance that 
 the air may be said to swarm with them 
 in the neighbourhood of infested Potato 
 plants, and will very rapidly reproduce 
 the fungus and spread the disease. 
 Secondly, that the attack upon the 
 fungus should be made when it is in the 
 resting state, during late autumn and 
 winter. The first step to take is to burn 
 all the Potato haulm as soon as the crop 
 is lifted, so that any resting spores that 
 may be contained in the stems or leaves 
 may be destroyed ; for if they are thrown 
 into a heap and allowed to rot, the 
 resting spores will be preserved, and will, 
 the next season, propagate the disease. 
 The next thing is to endeavour to de- 
 stroy the resting spores that are contained 
 in the earth : if this could be successfully 
 accomplished, the next year's Potato 
 crop would be certain to be pretty free 
 from the disease, unless it were in close 
 proximity with an infected Potato patch, 
 from which the disease could spread. 
 How the resting spores may best be 
 destroyed in the earth, is a question we 
 are unable to answer, for it is here that 
 practical experiments are greatly needed, 
 as hitherto experiments have been con- 
 fined to the discovery of remedies against 
 the fungus when in a vegetating con- 
 dition, and these remedies have all failed, 
 
 because, as shown above, they do not 
 attack the root of the disease. What is 
 required is something with which the 
 ground can be watered after the crop is 
 lifted, that is cheap enough to be used 
 in large quantities, potent enough to 
 penetrate deep into the soil and to kill 
 the resting spores, and yet it must be 
 quite harmless to the Potato when 
 planted ; that is, it should lose its 
 power to hurt vegetation after the lapse 
 of a month or so. It is in this direction 
 that experimentalists should turn their 
 attention. As a remedy of this kind, to 
 be applied when the ground is clear of 
 crops, we would suggest a trial of a 
 dilute solution of sulphuric acid and 
 water. 
 
 Pusispo'rium Sola'ni, of which we 
 here give a magnified representation, is 
 nearly as destructive to the Potato as 
 the Peronospora, which it often accom- 
 panies. The slender mycelial threads of 
 this fungus ramify through the tissues of 
 the Potato, producing in places aerial 
 fusiform bodies consisting of four cells 
 (spores), one or more of which, in some 
 
 cases, germinates and produces a myce- 
 lial thread whilst attached to the thread 
 from which it was developed. In other 
 cases the cells become gradually rounded 
 off, as shown at a, and separate from 
 each other, forming the resting spores. 
 These remain dormant for a few months, 
 and then, under favourable conditions, 
 they germinate and reproduce the fun- 
 gus. Whatever remedy is found to 
 answer with the Peronospora will also 
 prevail against the Fusisporium. 
 
 Potato, or Under-ground 
 Onion. (A'lUum aggrega'tum.) Pro- 
 duces a cluster of bulbs or offsets, in 
 number from two to twelve, and even 
 more, uniformly beneath the surface of 
 the soil. From being first introduced to 
 public notice in Scotland by Captain 
 Burns, of Edinburgh, it is there also 
 known as the Bum Onion. 
 
POT 
 
 [792] 
 
 POT 
 
 Varieties. —There evidently appear to 
 be two varieties of this vegetable, one of 
 which bears bulbs on the summit of its 
 stems, like the Tree Onion, and the 
 other never throwing up flower-stems at 
 all. One variety is much larger than 
 the other, and this vegetates again as 
 soon as ripe. 
 
 Both varieties are best propagated by 
 offsets of the root of moderate size, for if 
 those are employed which the one variety 
 produces on the summit of its stems, 
 they seldom do more than increase in 
 size the first year, but are prolific the 
 next ; this also occurs if very small off- 
 sets of the root are employed. 
 
 Planting.— They may be planted 
 during October or November, or as early 
 in the spring as the season will allow, 
 but not later than April. In the west 
 of England, assisted by their genial 
 climate, they plant on the shortest, and 
 take up on the longest day. They are 
 either to be inserted in drills, or by a 
 blunt dibble, eight inches apart each 
 way, not buried entirely, but the top of 
 the offset just level with the surface. 
 Mr. Maher, gardener at Arundel Castle, 
 merely places the sets on the surface, 
 covering them with leaf-mould, rotten 
 dung, or other light compost. The beds 
 they are grown in are better not made 
 more than four feet wide, for the con- 
 venience of cultivation. 
 
 The practice of earthing over them, 
 when the stems have grown up, is un- 
 natural ; and by so domg the bulbs are 
 blanched, aiid prevented ripening per- 
 fectly, on which their keeping so much 
 depends. So far from following this plan, 
 Mr. Wedgewood, of Betley, recommends 
 the earth always to be cleared away 
 down to the ring from whence the fibres 
 spring, as soon as the leaves have 
 attained their full size, and begin to be 
 brown at the top, so that a kind of basin 
 is formed round the bulb. As soon as 
 they vegetate, they intimate the number 
 of offsets that will be produced by 
 showing a shoot for each. ^ 
 
 They attain their full growth towai-ds 
 the end of July, and become completely 
 ripe early in September ; for immediate 
 use, they may be taken up as they ripen, 
 but for keeping, a little before they 
 attain perfect maturity. 
 
 Potato, Sweet or Spanish. Ba- 
 
 ta'tas e'dulis. 
 
 Potenti'Ua. Cinquefoil. (From 
 potens, powerful ; the supposed medicinal 
 quality^. Nat. ord., Itosacete ; Tribe, 
 PotentillecE. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Ca'ndicans and 
 
 Uneari'loba require protection in the winter; 
 seeds and division of the plant in spring ; shrubs, 
 by cuttings of ripe wood in the autumn, or by 
 cuttings in summer, under a hand-light ; good, 
 deep, sandy loam. All yellow-flowered, except 
 where otherwise mentioned. 
 P. adsce'ndens. 1. June. Hungary. 1806. 
 
 — agrimumiai'des. i. July. Caucasus. 1817. 
 
 — a'lba. h White. May. Wales. 
 
 — alpe'stris. i. Orange. July. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 429. 
 
 — mhbi'gua. J. Yellow. June. Himalaya. 1861. 
 
 B. M. t. 4613. 
 
 — cmgustifo'Ua. i- June. Siberia. 1824. 
 
 — anseri'na. f. July. Britain. 
 
 — avermi'na. J. White. May. Apennines. 
 
 1821. 
 
 — arge'ntea. 1. June. Britain. 
 
 — argiita. 1-3. Pale yellow. June. N. America. 
 
 1826. B. E. t. 1379. 
 
 — argyroph'j/Ua. 3. Yellow. Summer. Hima- 
 
 layas. 1840. Syn., P. iiisignis. 
 
 atrosangui'nea. 1\. Dark crimson. July. 
 
 Himalayas. 1822. Syn., P. atropur- 
 jmrea, B. M. t. 2689. 
 
 — astraca'nica. 1. July. Siberia. 1787. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 92. 
 
 — a'tro-sangui'nea. See P. argyrophylla, var. 
 
 atro-smiguinea. 
 
 — M'eolor. 1. Yellow, red. March. Nepaul. 
 
 1843. B. E. 1846, t. 62. 
 
 — HJlo'ra. i. June. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 — bifii'rca. i. June. Siberia. 1773. 
 subseri'cea. h- June. Astracan. 1827. 
 
 — Bocco'ni. i- White. July. Apennines. 
 
 1823 
 
 — Cala'bra.' Yellow. July. 1829. B. C. 
 
 t.l767. 
 
 — canade'nsis. 1. June. N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 — ca'ndicans. ^. May. Mexico. 1820. 
 
 — caule'scens. 1. White. July. Austria. 1759. 
 
 — chrysa'ntha. 1. Golden. June. Siberia. 
 
 1827. 
 
 — Clusia'na. i. White, yellow. June. Austria. 
 
 1806. 'B. M. 1. 1327. 
 
 — colli'na. 1. June. South Europe. 1816. . 
 
 — Co'inarum. 2. Purple. June. Britain. 
 
 Syn., Comarum palustre. Marsh Cinque- 
 foil. 
 
 — omitfe'rta. \. June. Altai. 1831. 
 
 — conge'ata. See Horkelia congesta. 
 
 — cro'cea. 1. Copper. August. Switzerland. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — dealba'ta. 1. July. Altai. 
 
 — deserto'rwm. 1. June. Altai. 1830. 
 
 — diffu'sa. 1. July. 1817. 
 
 — effu'sa. 1. August. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 — Mge'dii. J. May. Denmark. 1820. 
 
 — ferrugi'iiea. Eusty- brown. July. Paxt. 
 
 Mag. V. p. 223. 
 — jilipdndvla. 1. June. Dahuria. 1823. 
 
 — fiagella'ris. \. June. Siberia. 1820. 
 —farmo'sa. See P. nepalensis. 
 
 — Fraga'ria. i. White. May. Britain. 
 
 — fragifo'rmis. 1. June. South Europe. 1800. 
 —frutico'sa. 3. July. England. Eng. Bot. 
 ed. 3, t. 436. 
 
 ■ dahu'rwa. 2. August. Dahuria. 1824. 
 
 tenui'loba. li. August. N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 — Oariepeinsis. White. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1837. 
 
 — gla'bra. White. Siberia. B. C. t. 914. 
 
 — glandulo'sa. 1. August. California. 1830. 
 
 B. E. 1. 1583. ' 
 
 2. July. California. 1836. 
 July. N. Amer 1826. B. M. 
 
 incisa. 
 
 — gra'cilis. 1. 
 
 t. 2984. 
 
 — grandijio'ra. 
 
 t. 75. 
 
 — 6unthe!ri. 1. June. Europe. 1818. 
 
 — Hippia'na. li. July. N, Amer. 1826. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. 1. June. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 1. June. Siberia. 1640. B.M. 
 
POT 
 
 [793] 
 
 POT 
 
 P.Hopwoodxa'na. 1}. Straw-colour to deep 
 rose. June. B. E. 1. 1387. A hybrid. 
 
 — hybnda. h White. June. Germany. 1820. 
 
 — insi'gnis. See P. argyrophyUa. 
 
 — laeinio'sa. 1. Yellow. June. Hungary. 1816. 
 
 B. R, 1. 1478. 
 
 — lineari'loba. f. July. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 — Loddige'sii. 1. June. Siberia. 
 
 — lupinoi'des. See P. nivalis. 
 
 — maera'ntha. i. May. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 — mi'nima. J. Yellow. May. Alps. 1818. 
 
 — missou'rica. See P. pennsylvanica. 
 
 — moUi'ssima. IJ. July. Europe. 1832. 
 
 — VKmspelie'nsis. J. April. France. 1680. 
 -multi' fiia. J. July. Siberia. 1769. 
 angustifo'lia. i. June. Siberia. 
 
 — nepale'nm. H. Purple. June. Nepaul. 
 
 1822. Syn., P. insignis. 
 
 — ni'tida. J. White, red. June. Switzerland. 
 
 1816. Garden, June 21, 1884. 
 
 — niva'lis. J. White. July. Pyrenees. 1739. 
 
 Syn., P. lupinoides. B. C. t. 664. 
 
 — ni'vea. ^ July. Siberia. 1816. B. C. t. 460. 
 macrophy'lla. f . June. N. Amer. 1827.- 
 
 — ochrea'ta. Yellow. September. Himalaya. 
 
 1860. 
 
 — pa' tula. i. June. Hungary. 1818. 
 
 — peotina'ta. IJ. July, n! Amer. 1826. 
 
 — peda'ta. 1. June. Europe. 1819. B. C. 
 
 t. 679. 
 
 — penriMlva'nica. 1. July. N. Amer. 1726. 
 
 Syn., P. missourica. 
 
 — pimpinelloi'des. J. May. Levant. 1768. 
 
 — pulche'rrima. J. May. N. Amer. 1837. 
 
 — pi/rena'ica. 1. Golden - yellow. Summer. 
 
 Pyrenees. 
 
 — relcta. 1. June. South Europe. 1648. 
 
 — rdptans. J. May. Britain. 
 
 flo're-ple'iio. J. July. Britain. 
 
 variega'ta. J. July. Britain. 
 
 — liichardso'nii. 1. July. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 — rupe'stris. 1. White. June. England. 
 
 — Russellia'nia. 1. Rich scarlet. Summer. 
 
 B. E. 1. 1496. A hybrid. 
 
 — nithe!nica. 1^. July. Siberia. 1799. 
 J. White. May. Mentone. 
 July. Siberia. 1780. 
 
 1. Yellow. July. Britain. Eng, 
 
 3, t. 426. Syn., Sibbaldia pro- 
 
 1848. 
 
 — Saxi'fraga. 
 
 — aerf'eea.' ^. 
 
 — Sibba'ldia. 
 
 Bot., 
 cumbens. 
 
 — Sieversia'Tia. June. Nepaul. 1822. 
 
 — Smou'tii. Yellow with red centre. 
 
 Fl. Ser. t. 373. Hybrid. 
 
 — specio'sa. 1. June. Crete. 1821. 
 
 — sple'ndens. f . Yellow. Autumn. Nepaul. 
 
 B. M. t. 2700. 
 
 — gtipula'ris. 1. July. Siberia. 1727. 
 
 — Thmna'sii. J. June. Italy. 1822. Swt. Fl. 
 
 Gard., ser. 2, t. 366. 
 
 — Tormenti'lla. ^. White. .Tune. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot., ed. 3, t. 430. Syn., P. tridmtata. 
 
 — uTnbro'sa. i. White. May. Tauria. 1818. 
 
 — unguicula'ta. i-1. Pearly white. July. 
 
 California. 1880. B. M. t. 6660. Syn., 
 Ivesia unguiculata. 
 
 — unijto'ra. J. May. Dahuria. 1819. 
 
 — ve'ma. J. June. Britain. Eng. Bot., ed. 3, 
 t. 428. 
 
 J. June. Siberia. 1818. 
 June. N. Amer. 1820. 
 July. Dahuria. 1797. B. E. 
 
 The following are stove epiphytes ; but there 
 are many more, and some evergreen trailers, not 
 worth notice. Dividing the roots in spring ; fibry 
 peat, flbry loam, rotten wood, and charcoal. 
 Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°. 
 P. acau'lis. A synonym of Anthurium Hookeri. 
 
 — angmta'ta. J. May. Trinidad. 1823. A 
 
 synonym of Anthurium angustatum. 
 
 — arge'ntea. Upper surface of leaves silvery 
 
 grey, except the midrib, which is green. 
 Borneo. 1887. 
 
 — argyrce'a. See Scindapsus argyrcea, 
 
 — au'rea. Leaves variegated with yellow. So- 
 
 lomon Isles. 1880. This is probably 
 some species of Scindapsus or Eaphi- 
 
 DOPHORA. 
 
 ■— celaiocau'lis. Very useful for covering walls, 
 trunks of tree-ferns, etc., the leaves being 
 close together and applied flat to the 
 surface of whatever the plant climbs 
 upon. N. W. Borneo. 1380. 
 
 — crassine'rms. A synonym of Anthurium eras- 
 
 sin&rvium. 
 
 — elonga'ta. Leaves dark shining green. 1885. 
 
 A species of Scindapsus ? 
 
 — Endexia'na. Leaves dark metallic green. 
 
 1886. 
 —flexuo'sa. India. 1884: 
 
 — grandiflo'ra. A synonym ot Anthuriurn gran- 
 
 difoUum. 
 
 — macrophy'lla. A synonym of Anthurium 
 
 prandi/olium. 
 
 — ni'gneans. Leaves shining blackish green. 
 
 1886. 
 
 — ni'tens. Leaves green, shaded with bronzy- 
 
 purple. Malay Archipelago. 1887. 
 
 — rubrine'rma. South America. 1820. A sy- 
 
 nonym of Anthurium rubrinervium:. 
 
 — sca'ndens. May. E. Indies. 1821. 
 
 Pothua'va. (Derivation not given, 
 probably from the native name. Nat. 
 otA., Bromeliacece.) See .ZEjChmea. 
 
 P. nudicau'lis. Gfl. t. 1096. A synonym of 
 jEehmea nudicatdis. 
 
 Pot-Marigold. 
 
 nalis. 
 
 Cale'ndula offici- 
 
 i. Yellow. May. Alps. B. C. 
 
 — verticilla'ris. 
 
 — villo'sa. i. 
 
 — visco'sa. 1. 
 
 1. 1492. 
 
 — Weinma'nni. 
 
 t. 706. 
 
 Potherb Moth. Mame'stra. 
 
 Potherbs. See Herbary. 
 
 Po'thos. (The Cingalese name for 
 one species. Nat. ord.,l4roM;?ea5/ Tribe, 
 Orontiece. Allied to Anthurium. ) 
 
 Potting. In performing this opera- 
 tion the Pots are the first consideration, 
 i and for information relative to these, see 
 Flower-pots. 
 
 Time of Potting. — This, when neces- 
 sary, should generally be done afterprun- 
 ing, and when fresh growth has taken 
 place. The reason for this is, that it is 
 advisable never to give more cheeks to a 
 plant at once than cannot be avoided. 
 The cutting down is a check, the repot- 
 ting or shifting is another. Therefore, 
 in both cases, we apply an extra stimulus 
 for a short time immediately after, by 
 keeping the plants closer and warmer. 
 
 State of the Soil. — It should neither be 
 dry nor wet. If very dry, it will not pack 
 so well in the pot ; the water, if it passes 
 freely at all, will find chinks and crannies 
 for itself, and it will be long before the 
 general mass becomes suflSciently moist 
 to support a healthy vegetation. On the 
 other hand, if wet soil is used, it is apt 
 to pack too close; frequent waterings are 
 apt to puddle it ; the very closeness, even 
 
POT 
 
 [794] 
 
 POT 
 
 when the drainage is all right, prevents 
 the air from penetrating. To know the 
 proper dryness, take a handful ; if by 
 tightly sc[ueezing it just holds together 
 slightly, it will do ; if it forms a compact 
 mass, so that it might be laid on the 
 potting-board without any risk of tum- 
 bling to pieces, it is too wet. It is not 
 necessary that the whole of the material 
 should be in a uniform state of moisture ; 
 for instance, we want some rough stuff 
 to place over the drainage, that may be 
 drier. The soil is rather fine ; a.nd to 
 improve its mechanical texture we insert 
 little nodules of fibry loam or peat, little 
 or big, in proportion to the size of the 
 pot, and the smallness and largeness of 
 the shift given. These nodules, if not 
 too numerous, may be drier. So in the 
 case of a manure', which we may wish 
 to act both as a mechanical agent, and to 
 give out its nourishment not at once, but 
 for a long period. It should be old; but 
 it should be hard and dried. When rapid 
 action from manure is required, it should 
 be finely divided, and regularly mixed 
 with the soil, or used largely as a mulch- 
 ing or top-dressing. 
 
 The Soil should be rough and open. — 
 Exceptions there are, such as a covering 
 for small seeds, which must be fine ; in 
 fact, if just pressed into the appropriate 
 soil, a dusting of silver- sand scattered 
 over, and then a square of glass put 
 over the pot, it will answer better than 
 the finest-sifted soil. We would not 
 use a sieve at all, unless a very fine one 
 to get rid of the more dusty portion ; 
 and this should always be done before 
 adding sand as a lightening agent. 
 The rule to follow, for general pur- 
 poses, is to use rough and lumpy, 
 fabry soil, in opposition to that which 
 is fine and sifted ; but let that rough- 
 ness consist in numbers of small rather 
 than a few of larger pieces, and when 
 the latter are used, let them be in pro- 
 portion to the size of the pot, and the 
 size of the shift given. For instance, for 
 a 4-inch pot, the largest pieces may range 
 from the size of peas to horse-beans ; for 
 an 8-inch pot, the largest pieces may be 
 like walnuts, but not many of that size ; 
 and for a 16-inch pot, a few pieces may 
 be as large as eggs, with every other size 
 downwards, and well packed with the 
 finer soil from which the mere dust has 
 been extracted. 
 
 Securing and Preparing suitable Soil. 
 — Heath-soil, so necessary fpr hair-like 
 rooted plants, can only be procured from 
 upland commons where the heath natu- 
 rally grows. Loamot almostevery quality 
 can be procured by taking the surface 
 
 turf from pasture and the sides of roads, 
 and building it in narrow ridges when 
 dry, and using it after being so built up 
 for six or twelve months. J ailing these 
 sources, for all plants not requiring peat 
 earth, suitable soil may be obtained from 
 the sides of highways, and by skimming 
 off the flaky material from the tops of 
 ridges that have been trenched up for 
 some time in the kitchen-garden. In 
 using the latter, however, you must, in 
 general, be content with small shifts, as 
 you will not be able to get the soil rough 
 enough for large ones. The plants, not- 
 withstanding, will thrive beautifully, and 
 size for size will often yield more bloom 
 than if you had used large shifts and 
 larger pots. If the latter is your wish, 
 you may use pieces of charcoal, or, what 
 will answer extremely well, get a few 
 fibry sods taken off quite thin, dry them 
 over a furnace, or, what is better, char 
 the grassy sides by putting them on an 
 old spade or other iron, and then place 
 them over a fire ; allow the sods to be 
 exposed for a few days to sweeten ; and 
 then, if broken into small pieces, they 
 will not only be useful for placing over 
 the drainage, but also for mixing with 
 any, but chiefly Jine soil to keep it open. 
 Where rough soil is wanted for large 
 shifts, it is best to pile the turf, when 
 dry, in narrow stacks, through which the 
 air may circulate, and yet the wet be ex- 
 cluded. In using such a heap, after the 
 time specified, there is little occasion to 
 turn it frequently afterwards, which 
 would be necessary in the case of other 
 fresh soil not so exposed ; for we mustnot 
 forget that every turning we give, while 
 it renders the soil more aerated and sweet, 
 renders it also more fine and dense, from 
 the decomposition of its fibre. Charcoal, 
 owing to its lightness, not tt> speak of its 
 chemical properties, is the best assistant 
 for rendering the soil porous ; and enough 
 of this may be got from every garden by 
 charring the rulbbish. Failing that, how- 
 ever, broken brick, broken pots, and 
 lime-rubbish may be used with advan- 
 tage, if there is nothing in the peculiar 
 plant to render one or all unsuitable. 
 
 Draining. — A plant badly drained will 
 never show fine cultivation. Where 
 worms are likely to intrude, the convex 
 side of the potsherd shouldbe placed over 
 the hole ; but for amateurs, nothing is 
 better than small caps of tin or zinc to 
 cover over the bole completely ; and in 
 either case, plenty of drainage placed 
 over them, the materials being smsftler 
 as it ascends. For anything requiring 
 nicety, there ought to be at least 
 one-inch drainage in a five-inch pot. 
 
POT 
 
 [795] 
 
 PRE 
 
 and so in pl'oportion. The best cover- 
 ing for the drainage is a sprinkling of 
 green moss, to separate the drainage 
 from the soil ; over that some of the 
 rougher materials should be placed, and 
 then some of the finer, on -which the 
 base of the ball should rest. 
 
 Potting or Shiftmg. — The pots should 
 be new or thoroughly clean. No man 
 deserves to have a nice plant who would 
 place it in a dirty- pot, and rarely will he 
 be rewarded with one. Whenheatteinpts 
 to shift again, it serves him right to find 
 that roots and soil alike are so sticking 
 to the sides of the pot, that he must 
 break the pot, or lacerate the roots. Be- 
 fore commencing operations, see that the 
 ball of the plant is moist from the centre 
 to the circumference. If not, youcannever 
 moisten it afterwards without labour, 
 which may as well be spared. 2. If you 
 wish to rattle your plants on until a cer- 
 tain period, upon the successive shift 
 system, never allow the roots to mat 
 round the sides of the pot ; but reshift 
 as soon as they get there. 3. If the roots 
 should be a little matted, gently disen- 
 tangle them, even though in doing so 
 you get rid of a good quantity of the old 
 soil, and spread these roots out into 
 layers, packing them as you proceed with 
 soil of various degrees of fineness. 4. 
 The soil in general should be as high in 
 temperature, or nearly so, as the plant 
 enjoyed previously. Cold soil has injured 
 many a fine plant. We have saidnothing 
 of cutting roots, because that chiefly ap- 
 plies to particular times and instances. 
 Generally, when after a period of rest, 
 fresh growth is to be induced. 
 
 Immediate after - treatment. — What- 
 ever system of potting has been adopted, 
 agreater excitement to growth than usual 
 should be given. If well watered pre- 
 viously to potting, and a largish shift 
 given, little water will be wanted at the 
 root for atime ; but that should be several 
 degrees warmer than usual; and fre- 
 quents3rringingsinbright weather should 
 be imparted, accompanied with shading, 
 if necessary. I^ a small shift was given, 
 water will be wanted more freely at the 
 root; and here, as well as in the other 
 case, a higher temperature should for a 
 time be maintained, until fresh growth 
 has freely commenced, when air and ex- 
 posure may be more freely given. See 
 One-shifb System. 
 
 Potting-off is the term applied to 
 moving into pots, singly, seedlings or 
 cuttings from where they have been 
 grown nuxnerously together. 
 
 Pottle. See Basket. 
 
 Poupa'rdia. (Called Bois de Pou- 
 part, in the Isle of Bourbon. Nat. ord., 
 Anacardiacece.) See Spondias. 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe sliootS' 
 in sand, under a bell-glaas ; peat and loam. 
 Winter temp., 66° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 86°. 
 P. borbo'nica. See Spondias borbonica. 
 
 — du'leis. See Spondias dulcis. 
 
 — mangi'fera,. 30. White. East Indies. 1820.- 
 
 A synonym of Dracantomelum mangi- 
 ferum. 
 
 Pourou'ma. (A native name. Nat, 
 ord., Urticacew ; Tribe, Artocarpece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen tree. For cultivation,, 
 see Artocarpus. 
 P. e'dulis. Cordilleras of Columbia. 1873. 
 
 Pourre'tia. (After Pierre Andr. 
 Pourret, a French botanist of the 
 eighteenth century. Nat. ord., Bro- 
 7neliace(B.) 
 p. Achapu'Ua. See Puya Achupulla. 
 
 — coarcta'ta. See Puya coarctata. 
 —fri'giia. See Byckia frigida. 
 
 — Joinvi'Uei and mexixia'na. See Ruckia Elle-' 
 
 Tneeti. 
 
 Prairie Clover. Petaloste'mon. 
 
 Prasophy'llum. (From Prason, a 
 Leek, and phylloyi, a leaf ; the leaves 
 somewhat resemble those of the Leek, 
 Nat. ord., Orchidem ; Tribe, Neottiem- 
 Diurideos. ) 
 
 Greenhouse, terrestrial orchids, with small 
 flowers of no great beauty. 
 P. Laufferia'nwm. Dusky green. Australia, 
 1888. Journal de Botanique, 1888, p. 302, 
 
 Pra'tia. (Named after M. Prat, a 
 French officer. Nat. ord., Campanu- 
 lacece; Tribe, LoheliecB.) 
 
 Greenhouse or half-hardy herbaceous peren- 
 nials. Seeds in a slight hotbed, in spring; 
 dividing the plants ; cuttings of the young, 
 shoots in sandy soil, any time, but beat in 
 autumn and spring ; sandy loam, and a little 
 peat or leaf-mould ; require a greenhouse or 
 cold pit in winter. 
 P. angula'ta. White. New Zealand. 18V9. 
 
 Creeping rockwork plant. Syn., Lobelia 
 
 littoralis. 
 
 — areno'sa. White. September. New Zealand, 
 
 — begonioefo'lia. Blue. Summer, Nepaul. 1827, 
 
 B. B. 1. 1373. Syn., Lobelia iegonice/olia. 
 
 — corymbo'sa. White. June. South iurica. 
 
 1834. Trailer. Syn., Isolobus carynibo- 
 sus. 
 
 — ere'cta. 1. Blue. June. Australia. 1819. 
 
 — re'pens. White, violet. Summer and autumn. 
 
 Falkland Islands. Syns., Lobelia Pro- 
 tiana, and L. repens. 
 
 Pre'mna. (From premnon, the 
 stump of a tree ; referring to the habit, 
 of these plants. Nat. ord., Verbena-. 
 cece.) 
 
 Stove shrubs or trees. Sandy loam, peat and 
 leaf-mould. Seeds or cuttings. 
 P. eseule'nta. 8. Yellowish-white. May. Bast 
 Indies. 1824. 
 
 — integrifo'lia. 10. Greenish-white. July, 
 
 East Indies. 1827. Syns., P. serrceti- 
 folia and P. spiriosa. Headache Tree. 
 
PRE 
 
 [796] 
 
 PRI 
 
 P. latifo'lia. 15. White. June. East Indies. 
 1827. 
 
 = j;SS''"1 SeeP.»e.pn/oZ«.. 
 
 Prena'ntlies. {¥rora prenes, droop- 
 ing, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., 
 ComposUw ; Tribe, CichoracecB. ) 
 
 P. arbo'reaaiidpinna'taSiTe greenhouse shrubs, 
 the rest tall, hardy herbs. Common treatment. 
 See Greenhouse. 
 
 jP. 'a'lba. 4. White. Autumn. North America. 
 1762. B. M. 1. 1079. 
 
 — ario'rea. Canary Islands. 
 
 — pinTia'ta. Canary Islands. 
 
 — jmrpu'rea. i. Purple. August. Central 
 
 Europe. 1658. 
 
 — virga'ta. 4. Lilac. August. North America. 
 
 1823. 
 
 Prepta'nthe. (From preptos, dls- 
 -tinguished, and anthos, a flower. Nat. 
 ord., Orchidece ; Tribe, E,pidendre(B- 
 Cmlogynecs.) A synonym of Ca- 
 lanthe. 
 
 Prepu'sa. (From prepousa, comely; 
 the beauty of the flowers. Nat. ord., 
 GentianecE ; Tribe, Chironiece. Allied to 
 Lisianthus.) 
 
 stove herbaceous perennials. Seeds in a hot- 
 Bed, in spring ; division of the plant at the same 
 time. Winter temp., 48° to 65° ; summer, 60° 
 to 80°. 
 
 P. Hookeria'Tia. 1. White, crimson. March. 
 Brazil. 1839. B. M. t. 3909. 
 
 Presco'ttia. (Named after John 
 Prescott, a botanist of St. Petersburg. 
 Nat. ord., Orchidew ; Tribe, NeoUieoe- 
 SpiranthecB. Allied to Spiranthes. ) 
 
 Stove terrestrial orchid. For cultivation, see 
 Orchids. 
 
 P. colo'rans. 2. Green. Brazil. 1834. B. R. 
 t. 1915. 
 
 — densifio'ra. J. White. Brazil. 1866. 
 
 — plantagi'nea. Greenish-white. Brazil. 1822. 
 
 B. C. t. 990. 
 
 Pre'slia. (in honour of C. B. and 
 J. S. Presl, of Prague, botanical authors. 
 Nat. ord., Labiatce; Tribe, Satureinece. 
 Allied to Mentha. ) 
 
 Hardy, perennial herb. Ordinary soil. Divi- 
 sions. 
 
 P^^ervi'iia. Prostrate. Pale purple. June. 
 Mediten'anean region. 1684. Syn., 
 Mentha punctata. 
 
 Presto'ea. (After E. Prestoe, once 
 Director of the Trinidad Botanic 
 Gardens. Nat. ord., Palmew.) 
 
 Dwarf stove palms. For culture, see Phoenix. 
 P. CarMH. Columbia. 1876. B. M. t. 7108. 
 Syn., Geonoma Carderi. 
 
 — monta'na. Tropical America. Syn., Euterpe 
 
 irumtana. 
 
 — pubi'gera. 12. West Indies. Syn., Hyo- 
 
 spathe puhigera. 
 
 ' Presto'nia. (Named after C. Pres- 
 ton, M.D. Nat. ord . , Apocynacem ; Tribe, 
 EchitidecB. Allied to W rightia. ) 
 
 stove evergreen, white-flowered twiners, from 
 South America. Cuttings of half-ripened, stubby 
 side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; 
 
 sandy loam, and a little fibry peat or dried leaf- 
 mould. Winter temp., 48° to 68° ; summer, 60° 
 to 85°. 
 P.glabra'ta. 8. July. Quito. 1823. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. 10. Yellow, rose. September. 
 
 Brazil. 1843. SyDB.,Echiteshirsuta3,ni. 
 E, hirtella. 
 
 — tomento'sa. 8. July. Br£i;?il. 1820. 
 
 — veno'sa. Yellowish-green. June. St. Vincent. 
 
 1821. Syns., Echites nutans, B. M. 
 t. 2473, Hoemadictyon nutans, and H. 
 venosuin. 
 
 Pricking-out is transplanting seed- 
 lings from their seed-bed more thinly, 
 that they may acquire more fibrous roots 
 and strength previously to their being 
 finally planted out. 
 
 Prickly Cedar. Cyatho'des oxyce'- 
 
 Prickly Pear. Opu'ntia. 
 
 Prickwood or Timber. Euo'ny- 
 jnus ewropm'us and Co'rnus sangui'nea. 
 
 Priestle'ya. (Named after Dr. Priest- 
 let/. Nat. ord. , Leguminosce ; Tribe, Ge- 
 mstem. Allied to Liparia.) 
 
 Greenhouse, yellow-flowered, evergreenshrubs, 
 from South Africa, all about three feet higti. 
 Cuttings of half-ripened short shoots in sand, 
 under a bell-glass ; sandy loam and flbry peat, 
 and thoroughly well-drained, to assist which 
 charcoal and pieces of broken brick or sand-stone 
 may be mixed with the compost. Winter temp., 
 40° to 48°. Such species as vestita should be 
 tried against a wall. 
 P. axUlalris. June. 1822. 
 
 — capita' ta. July. 1812. 
 
 — elli'ptwa. 1825. 
 
 — ericcefo'lia. A synonym of Amphithalia ericoB- 
 
 .folia. 
 
 — graminifo'lia. June. 1800. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. August. 1792. 
 
 — Iceviga'ta. July. 1820. 
 
 — myrti/o'lia. .Tune. 1823. 
 
 — seri'cea. June. 1794. 
 
 — te'res. June. 1816. ^ 
 
 — tomento'sa. July. 1812. 
 
 — UTnbelli'fera. July. 1826. 
 
 — vesti'ta. May. 1800. Syns., Liparia vestita, 
 
 B. M. t. 2223 and L. villosa, Andr. Eep. 
 t. 382. 
 
 — villo'sa. June. 1774. 
 
 Pri'mula. Primrose. {Ftoih primus, 
 the first ; early flowering. Nat. ord. , 
 Primulacece; Tribe, PrimulecB.) 
 
 Seeds in April, in light, sandy border ; divisions 
 of the plant in March and April, or when the 
 plants nave done flowering, or in the autumn. 
 PrcB^nitens, or ^ne'nsis, and its varieties, 
 by seed in a slight hotbed, in spring or the 
 beginning of autumn, according as the plants are 
 wanted to bloom earlyin winter or the following 
 spring. The Chmese double varieties (so useful 
 for nosegays in winter), by cuttings after flower- 
 ing, in April or May, and by re-potting the small 
 plants of last year ; sandy loam and peat, en- 
 riched with a little decayed cow-dung, and kept 
 open with small nodules of charcoal. These 
 should seldom be below 40' in winter, and the 
 nearer they range from 46° at night, and 50° and 
 66° during the day, the better they will bloom. 
 A history of the Chinese Primulas will be found 
 in the "Journal of the Boyal Horticultural 
 Society," 1891, p. 99. 
 
PEI 
 
 [797] 
 
 PRI 
 
 P. acau'lis. See P. vulgaris. 
 
 fio'reple'no. A synonym of P. mlgarit, 
 
 var. fiore pleno, 
 ibdrica. Lilac-rose. Spring. 1885. 
 
 — admontelniis. Lilac. May. Styrian Alps. 
 
 1883. A hybrid. Syns., P. OmrchiUii 
 and P. Clusiana, var. dentata. 
 
 — a'lgida. Purplish. Spring. Siberia. 
 cu'spidens. Purple. Songaria. 1875. 
 
 — Allio'ni. Mauve, white. April. South 
 
 France. 
 
 — alpi'na. "Violet-purple. May. A hybrid. 
 
 Syns., P. intermedia and P. rhmtica. 
 
 — alta'ica. Mauve, yellow. Altai. 1819. 
 
 — ametht/stina. Reddish-purple. June. Yun- 
 
 nan, China. 
 
 — anKe'-na. See P. cortusoides, var. Sieboldii ; 
 
 also P. elatior^ var. anuxna. 
 
 — Arcto'tis. White or lilac purple. 1886. A 
 
 hybrid. 
 
 — Aurilcula. Varying much in colour. Spring. 
 
 Alps. 1696. B. M. t. 6837. Syn., P. 
 
 Goebelii. 
 
 brevisty'la. Purplish. Caucasus. 1875. 
 
 ealyca'ntha. i. Yellow. April. Switzer- 
 land. 1596. 
 dolomi'iica. Lemon-yellow. Tyrol. 1884. 
 
 Syn., P. dolomitica. 
 horte'nsis. ^. Variegated. April. Europe. 
 
 1596. 
 intege'rriTna. J. Variegated. April. 
 
 Swiitzerland. 1696. 
 lu'tea. J. Yellow. May. Switzerland. 
 
 1696. 
 Ivltea ple'na. h Yellow. April. Garden 
 
 origin. 
 
 — awrieula'ta. J. Purplish, white. June. 
 
 Austria. 1825. Syn., P. longifoKa, B. 
 M. t. 392. 
 
 — Balbi'sii. Yellow. April. South Europe. 
 
 1823. A form of P. Auricula. 
 
 — te'lla. Violet-purple. Summer. YunnaR, 
 
 China. 1884. 
 
 — bellune'nsis. Golden-yellow. May. Alps. 
 
 A hybrid ? 
 
 — Bemi'ruB. Eosy-purple. April. Alps. A 
 
 hybrid. 
 
 — biflo'ra. Deep rose. Spring. Tyrol. 
 
 — blattarifo'rmis. 1. Lilac. Yunnan, China. 
 
 1887. 
 
 — Bmea'rm. i- Yellow. March. Mount Sinai. 
 
 1826. Syn., P. vertiaillata, B. M. t. 2842. 
 Abyssinian Primrose. 
 
 — bractea/ta. Yellow. March. Yunnan, China. 
 
 — ealyca'ntha. See P. elatior, var. calyeantha. 
 
 — calyci'na. Purple. May. Alps of Lombardy. 
 
 1838. Syn,, P.glaucescens of Sweet. 
 
 — Candollea'na. See P. integrifolia. 
 
 — capita'ta. Bluish-violet. April. Himalayas. 
 
 1860. 
 
 — camio'liea. Blue white. April. Cannthian 
 
 Alps. Syns., P. Freyeri, P. grandiflora 
 and P. Jellenkiana. 
 
 mu'lticeps. Flowers darker. Syn., P. 
 
 TnuUiceps. 
 
 — earpa'tica. Pale yellow. Alps. 1882. 
 
 — cashmeria'na. i. Purple, with yellow eye. 
 
 Cashmir. 1879. 
 
 — ce'rnua. Violet. July. Yunnan, China. 
 
 — Ohiurehillii. See P. admontmsis. 
 
 — dlia'ta. See,P. viscosa. 
 
 — Clusia'na. Bright rose. April. Tyrol. 
 _ denta'ta. See P. adnumtensis. 
 
 — Colu'mnce. See P. maveolens. 
 
 — commuta'ta. See P. viseosa. 
 —conjl'nis. See P. viscosa. 
 
 — eortusoi'des. J. Deep rose. 
 
 1794. 
 
 a'lba. White. Japan. 
 
 Siebo'ldii. Deep rose. 
 
 Syn., P. amcena. 
 Cou'rtii. See P. vertidUata, var. sinensis. 
 
 May. Siberia. 
 
 1866. 
 Japan. 1866. 
 
 P. crejw/ta. See P. marginata. 
 
 — cridale'nsis. Rosy purple. Tyrol. 1884. A 
 
 hybrid between P. tyrolensis and P. 
 Wulfeniana. 
 
 — daone'nsis. Pale rose, white. May. Swiss 
 
 Alps. 1854, Syn., P. oenensis. 
 
 — davu'rica. Pink, lemon. May. Dahuria. 
 
 Syn., P. intermedia, B. M. t. 1219. 
 
 — de'cora. See P. viseosa. 
 
 — Delava'yii. 1. Deep purple. August. Yunnan, 
 
 China. 
 
 — dmiimda'ta. Bright lilac. Spring. Hima- 
 
 layas. B. M. t. 3969. 
 
 a'lba. White. 1886. 
 
 cashmeria'na. Light purple, yellow. 
 
 May. Cashmir. 
 
 pulche'rrima. Deep lilac. 
 
 purpvlrea. i. Purple. Himalayas. 
 
 1873. 
 variega'ta. Purple edged with white, 
 
 1889. 
 
 — dentifio'ra. 1. Red. June. Siberia. 1806. 
 
 — dige'nea. Yellow. Alps. A hybrid between 
 
 P. elatior and P. vulgaris. 
 
 — Dinya'na. Deep purple. Spring. Bavaria, 
 
 A hybrid. 
 
 — di'scolor. Purple. April. Tyrolese Alps. A 
 
 hybrid. 
 
 — dolomi'iica. See P. Auricula, var. dolomitica, 
 
 — dryadifo'lia. Violet. July. Yunnan, China. 
 
 — Dumoli'nii. Deep rose. Spring. Austria, 
 
 1877. A hybrid. 
 
 — ela'tior. Pale yellow. April. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 1131. True Oxlip. 
 amoe'na. Purple. Caucasus. Syn., P. 
 
 avruena of B. M. t. 3252. 
 ealyca'ntha, Calyx large and coloured, 
 
 Syn., P. calyeantha. 
 intrica'ta. 
 
 — e'legans. See P. sibirica, var. cashmiriana. 
 
 — elliptica. i. Bluish-purple. June. Cashmir. 
 
 — Elwesia'tia. J. Dark purple. Sikkim. 
 
 — ero'sa. Purple. Spring. Himalayas. 
 
 — Esche'ri. Rose purple. April. 1880. A 
 
 hybrid between P. Auricula and P. in- 
 tegrifolia. 
 
 — Faeehinii. Rosy-purple. May. Tyrol. A 
 
 hybrid between P. minima and P. spec- 
 tabilis. 
 —farino'sa. Pale purple, yellow. Northern 
 Europe. Eng. Bot. ed. 8, 1. 1134. 
 
 — Fedtsche'nkoi. J. Deep violet-purple. Sum- 
 
 mer. Turkestan. 1884. 
 — finima'rchica. \. Violet. May. Norway. 
 1798. Syn., P. norvegica. 
 
 — Florkea'na. \. Lilac-purple. Spring. Swit- 
 
 zerland. Syn., P. minima, var. kybrida. 
 A hybrid. 
 — floribu'nda. Yellow. Western Himalayas. 
 1883. B. M. t. 6712. 
 
 — Forbe'sii. Pale lilac. November. Yunnan, 
 
 China. 1891. 
 
 — Farste'ri. Deep rose, white. Tyrol. 1880. 
 
 A hybrid. 
 
 — Freyf/ri. See P. camiolica. 
 
 — Gambelia'na. Purple. Himalayas. 1884 
 
 — geraniifo'lia. Pale purple. May. Eastern 
 
 Himalayas. 1887. B. M. t. 6984. 
 
 — giga'ntea. i. Red. June. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 — glacia'lis. Violet. June. Yunnan, China. 
 
 — glauce'scens. See P. calycina. 
 
 — glutino'sa. J. Bluish-purple. May. South 
 
 Europe. 1824. 
 
 — Goebe'lii. See P. Auricula. 
 
 — grandi^'ra. See P. camiolica. 
 
 — gra'ndis. t- Yellow. Central Asia. 1878. 
 
 — Heefrii. Purple. April. A hybrid between 
 
 P. viseosa, var. hirsuta, and P. integri- 
 folia. 
 
 — helve'tica. 1. Red. June. Switzerland. 
 a'lba. J. AVhite. May. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. See P. viecosa, var. hirsuta. 
 
!PRI 
 
 [798] 
 
 PRI 
 
 i*. Somenumnia tul. See P. stricta. 
 
 — Hiigiteni'mi. J. Deep purple. April. A 
 
 hybrid between P. glutinosa ana P. in- 
 tegrifolia. 
 
 — hu'milis. See P. pusUla. 
 
 — Hute'ri. Deep violet. May. Tyrol. A 
 
 hybrid between P. 'Plorkeana and P. 
 glutinosa. 
 
 — imperia'Us. 3. Yellow. Java. 1890. 
 
 — infia'ta. |. Yellow. May. Hungary. 1825. 
 
 — integrifo'Ua. \. Rose. Spring. Pyrenees. 
 
 1792. B. M. t. 942. Syn., P. Candol- 
 leana. 
 
 — vnterme' dia. See P. alpma. 
 
 — involucra'ta. ^, Cream, yellow. Spring. 
 
 North India. 1845. 
 
 Mu'nroi. White, yellow. March. North 
 
 India. 1845. Syn., P. Munroi. 
 
 — Jceschkia'Tia. See P. Stuartii, var. pur- 
 
 purea. 
 — japo'nica. 1. 
 1871. B. 
 rose. 
 
 — Jellenkia'na. See P. camiolica. 
 
 — EaVifmannia'na. J-l. Violet. 
 
 Turkestan. 1883. 
 
 — Keme'ri. J. Reddigh-violet. April. Styria. 
 
 A hybrid between P. AurtciUa and P. 
 
 Crimson to white. Japan. 
 M. t. 5916. Japanese I*rim- 
 
 Summer. 
 
 - Eitabelia'na. See P. spectabilis, var. Eita- 
 
 beliana. 
 
 - latifo'lia. See P. viscoia, var. latifoHa. 
 
 - Leblia'na. Rose-purple. April. 1880. A 
 
 hybrid between P. Auricula and P. 
 Wulfeniana. 
 
 - longifio'ra. Purple. May. Alps. 
 
 - long{fo'lia. B. M. t. 392. See P. auriculata. 
 
 - longoba'rda. Rose-purple. April. Lom- 
 
 bardy. 
 
 - longisca'pa. Lilac. AprU. Altai. 1837. 
 
 - lute'ola. 2. Pale yellow. Summer, Cau- 
 
 casus. 1867. 
 
 - margina'ta. i. Violet-rose. April. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1777. B. M. t. 191. Syn., P. 
 crenata. 
 
 ma'jor. Larger than the type and with 
 
 darker flowers. 
 
 - magiasso'nica. Rosy-purple. May. 1880. A 
 
 hybrid between P. speotabilis and P. 
 •minivna. 
 
 - microca'lyx. Red. May. Altai. 1838. 
 
 - mi'nima. One-twelfth. Rose to white. 
 
 Summer. South Europe. 1819. B. R. 
 
 t. 581. 
 
 hy'brida. See P. Florkecma. 
 
 pube'scens. See P. Sturii. 
 
 minuti'ssima. Bright purple. June. Hima- 
 
 North 
 Syn., 
 
 - mistassi'nica. i. Red. June. 
 
 America. 1818. B. M. t. 2973. 
 P. pusilla. B. M. t. 3020. 
 
 - mo'llis. Deep rose. May. Bhotan. 1854. 
 
 B. M. t. 4798. 
 
 - mu'lticeps. See P. camiolica, var. nvulticeps. 
 
 - Munro'i. B. R, 1847, 1. 15. See P. involu- 
 
 crata, var. Munroi. 
 
 - rmiretia'na. Deep purple. April. Alps. A 
 
 hybrid between P. integrifolia and P. 
 viscosa. 
 
 - mu^coi'des. Purple. Sikkira. 1884. There 
 
 is a variety tenuiloba. 
 
 - NeUo'ni. See P, viscosa, var. NeUoni- 
 
 - niva'lis. i. Pure white. Spring. Caucasus. 
 
 1790. See also P. pubescens, var. cUba. 
 fariiw'sa. Leaves nearly beneath. 
 
 Central Asia. 1878. 
 longifo'Ua. Deep violet. Central Asia. 
 
 1878. Gfl. t. 930. 
 turkesta'nica. i. Rose. Turkestan. 
 
 1878. Gfl. t. 930. 
 
 - ni'vea. See P. pubesccns, var. alba. 
 
 - norve'gica. See P. Jmmarekica. 
 
 '. obco'nica. J-1. Lilac. Central China. 1882, 
 Garden, Sept. 6, 1884. Syn., P. poculi- 
 formis, B. M. t, 6582. 
 
 - obova'ta. Pale rose. April. Vahnenon. 
 
 A hybrid between P. tyrolensis and 
 P. Balbrisii. 
 
 - obri'stii. Purple. A hybrid between P. 
 
 Balbisii and P. Auricula. 
 
 - obtusifo'lia. J. Very deep crimson. May. 
 
 Himalayas. 1887. B. M. t. 6956. 
 
 - cene'nsis. See P. daonensis. 
 
 - officinalis. J-l. Yellow. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1130. Cowslip. 
 
 ela'tior du'plex. Calyx petaloid. 
 
 macroca'lyx. Calyx large, leafy. 
 
 - O'lgce. i. Rosy-lilac. Spring. Turkestan. 
 
 1887. 
 
 - PaZinu'ri. J. Bright yellow. April. South 
 
 Italy. 1816. B. M. t. 3414, 
 
 - Palla'sii. i. Yellow. June. Altai. 1823. 
 
 - pa'lHda. See P. vtscosa, var. hirsuta. 
 
 - Pa'rryi. J. Bright purple, yellow. Spring. 
 
 Rocky Mountains. 1865. B. M. t. 6185. 
 
 - pedemonta'-na. See P. macosat var. pedernon- 
 
 tana. 
 ~ Perrinia'na. 4. Yellow, June. Spain. 
 
 - petiola'ris na'na. Lilac-purple, white, yellow. 
 
 Himalayas. 1889. B. M. t. 7079 b. 
 
 - Peyri'tschii. Puri)le. Alps. Syn., P. vis- 
 
 coea, var. major. A hybrid between P. 
 Auricula and P. viscosa. 
 
 - pinnati'fida. Violet. July. Yunnan, China. 
 
 - Pla'ntce. Rosy-purple. April. 1880. A hy- 
 
 brid between P. viscosa, var. Airs«to and 
 P. daonensis. 
 
 - poculifo'rmis. B. M. t. 6582. See P. obco- 
 
 nica. 
 
 - Poisso'ni. ^. Rich purple. Yunnan, China. 
 
 1839. 
 -Po'rtce. Red. April. TyroL 1873. A hy- 
 brid between P, Auricula and P. dao- 
 Tieneis. 
 
 - prceni'tens. See P. sincTisis. 
 
 - proli'fera. i-2. Yellow. Himalayas. 1884. 
 
 B. M. t. 6732. 
 
 - pube'scen^. ^. Rosy crimson. April. South 
 
 Europe. 1800, A hybrid. 
 
 a'lba. ^. White. Spring. Caucasus. 
 
 1790. Syns., P. nivalis of some gardens 
 and P. nivea. 
 
 - piiflchra. Purple. Sikkim. 1884. 
 
 - pu'mila. One-twelfth. Rosy-purple. Ai>ril. 
 
 Tyrol. A hybrid between P. minima 
 and P. daonensis. 
 
 - pur^'rea. See P. Stuartii. 
 
 - pusi'lla. Violet-purple. Spring. Himalayas. 
 
 Syn,, P. hu/milis, P. pusilla of B. M. 
 t. 3020 is P. mistassinica. 
 
 - Ree'dii. Pure white. May. Sikkim. 1886. 
 
 B. M. t. 6961. 
 
 - reticula'ta. J-1. Yellow. May. Hima- 
 
 layas. 
 
 - rhce'tica. See P. alpina. 
 
 - ro'sea. J. Rosy-carmine, yellow. Spring. 
 
 Cashmir. 1879. B. M. t. 6437. 
 
 - rotwndi^o'lia. 4. Purple, yellow. June. 
 
 Himalayas. 
 
 - Ru'sbyi. ^. Deep purple, yellow. Spring. 
 
 New Mexico. 1881. 
 
 - salisburghe'nsis. Reddish - purple. April. A 
 
 hybrid between P. glutinosa and P. 
 minima. 
 
 - sapphiri'na. J. Pale blue. Sikkim. 1884. 
 
 B. M. t.6961 A. 
 
 - sco'tica. J. Purple, yellow. June. Scotland. 
 
 Bng. Bot. ed. 2, 1. 1135. 
 
 - secundido'ra, Violet. July. Yunnan, 
 
 China. 
 
 - septemlo'ba. Purple. July. Yunnan, 
 
 China. 
 
 - serratifo'lia. Golden -yellow.. June. Yunnan, 
 
 China. The same name has been given 
 
PRI 
 
 [799] 
 
 PRI 
 
 to a hybrid between P. minima and P. 
 
 WulferdaTia. 
 J'.sihe'rica. J. Red. May. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 B. M. t. 3167. 
 eaehmeria'na. J. Eosy-lilac. June. 
 
 Western Himalayas. 1879. B. M. 
 
 t. 6493. Syn., P. elegcms. 
 integdrrima. Leaves not dentate. B. 
 
 M. t. 3445. 
 
 — Siebo'ldii. See P. eortusoides, var. Sieholdii. 
 
 — giikime'nsii. IJ. Pale yellow. Summer. 
 
 Sikkim. 1850. B. M. t. 4597. 
 
 — si'miiin. Purple. April. Styria. A hybrid 
 
 between P. Balhisii and P. Auricida. 
 
 — Si'msii. See P. mllosa, var. Jl&re aU)o. 
 
 — sirte'nsis. |. White or lilac. Spring. China. 
 
 B. M. t. 2564. Syn., P. prcenitem. 
 There are numerous varieties of this, 
 such as -.—fimiria'ta a'lba, fimlria'ta 
 ro'sea^ fio're a'lbo, ple'na a!uia, ple'na 
 ro'sea, etc. 
 
 — soldanelloi'des. White. Sikkim. 1884. 
 
 — sonchifo'lia. Violet. June. China. 
 
 — specta'bUis. J. Eosy-purple. July. Eastern 
 
 Alps. 1879. 
 — Eitctbelia'na. Rosy - purple. April. 
 
 Croatia. Syn., P. Kitabeliana. 
 Wulfenia'na. See P. Wul/eniana. 
 
 — spica'ta. Violet. June. Yunnan, China. 
 
 1884. 
 
 — Stei'nii. Bright purple. April. 1878. Gfl. 
 
 t. 991, flgs. 1-3. A hybrid between P. 
 minima and P. viscostty var. hirsuta. 
 
 — stri'cta. i- Pink. April. Denmark. 1822. 
 
 Syn., P. HomemannianOf. 
 
 — StVM'rtii. 1. Golden-yellow. Summer. 
 
 North India. 1845. B. M. t. 4356. 
 purpu'rea. Purple. Summer. Hima- 
 layas. Syn., P. JceschHuna. 
 
 — Stu'rii. Rose-purple. April. 1856. Syn,, 
 
 P. minima, var. pubesceTis, A hybrid 
 between P. minima and P. viscosa. 
 
 — suave'olens. i. Yellow. April. Italy. 
 
 1824. Syn., P. Colmrmce. 
 
 — suffrute'scens. Rosy-purple, yellow. Spring. 
 
 California. 1884. 
 
 — tenelUa. J. Pale blue. Thibet. 1884. 
 
 — tenuUo'ba. A variety of P. musc<Mes. 
 
 — trunca'ta. J. Purple. April. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 
 
 — tyrole'niis. See P. AlHonii. 
 
 — wniflo'ra. Pale lilac. Sikkim. 1884. 
 
 — vaTia'bilis. i. Yellow. April. Britain. 
 
 A hybrid between P. officinalis and P. 
 ■vulgaris. False Oxlip. 
 
 — venu'sta. J. Purple. Hungary. 1833. 
 
 B. R. t. 1983. 
 
 — Vem(/i. Pale purple. April. Tyrol. A 
 
 hybrid. 
 
 — ve!ris. See P. officinalis. 
 
 — verticilla'ta. B. M. t. 2842. See P. £o- 
 
 vea/na. 
 
 sine!nsis. IJ. Yellow. Spring. Abyssmia. 
 
 1870. B. M. t. 6042. Syn., P. Courtii. 
 
 — villo'sa. Purple. Alps. 
 
 — mnciJUy'ra. Violet-purple. Yunnan, China. 
 
 G. C. 1887, i. p. 575, fig. 108. 
 
 — visco'sa. J. Eosy-purple, white. May. 
 
 Pyrenees. 1768. B.M.t.l4. 
 
 cilia'ta. Larger than the 'type. 
 
 commuta'ta. Bright rose. May. Alps. 
 
 canfi'nis. Deep rose. May. Alps. 
 
 hirsu'ta. Pale lilac. Spring. Switzer- 
 land. 
 
 latifo'Ua. h Violet. Pyrenees. 1820. 
 
 ma'j&r. See P. Peyritschii. 
 
 Ndso'ni. Pale purple. April. 
 
 pedemonia'na. i. Rosy -purple. Pied- 
 mont. 1820. B. M. t. 5794. 
 
 — mlqa'ris. i. Pale yellow. Spring. Britain. 
 
 Bng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1129. Syn., P. ocaitiw. 
 Common Primrose. 
 
 P. vulga'ris alXba. \. White. April. Britain. 
 
 — • — pUna a'lba. \. White. April. Britain. 
 ple'na a'tro-purpu'rea. \. Purple. April. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 pWna ca'rnea. J. Flesh. April. Bri- 
 tain. 
 
 ple'na cu'prea. i. Copper. April. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 ple'na ru'bra. J. Eed. April, Britain. 
 
 pls'na sulphu'rea. i. Pale yellow. April. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 ple'na mola'cea. i. Violet. April, 
 
 Britain. 
 
 polya'ntha. 
 
 — Wulfenia'na. Violet-purple. April. Alps. 
 
 Syn., P. spectabins, var. Wulfeniana. 
 
 — yunnane'nsis. Violet-purple. July. China. 
 
 Primuli'na. (From its resemblance 
 to Primida. Nat. ord., Gesneracece.) 
 
 Half-hardy perennial, alpine plant with the 
 
 habit of a Pnmula and odour of tobacco. In 
 
 China it is known as Shek-in or Eock Tobacco. 
 
 P. Taba'cum. J. Violet-purple. China. 1889. 
 
 G. C. 1889, vi. p. 356, fig. 62. Syn., P. 
 
 sinensis, B. M. t. 7117. 
 
 Pri'nos. Winter Berry. (The ancient 
 name of the Holly, which some of the 
 species resemble. Nat. ord., IHcineas.) 
 See Ilex. 
 
 All hardy and deciduous, except lu'cidus 
 (which is a hardy evergreen), and monta'nits, 
 which is a siove-evergreen. All white-flowered. 
 Hardy kinds, seeds and layers ; stove kinds, by 
 cuttings of firm shoots in sand, under a bell- 
 glass ; sandy loam and peat. 
 P. amibi'guus. See lle.x ambigua. 
 
 "f^J^r^Z} See.Ile!clucida. 
 
 — corta ceus. J 
 
 — deci'duus. See Ilex decidua. 
 
 — du'bvus. See Ilex mollis. 
 
 — qla'h&r. Wats. Dendr. t. 27. See Ilex glabra. 
 
 — Iceviga'tus. See Ilex Icevigata. 
 
 — lanceola'tus. See Ilex lanceolata. 
 
 — lu'cidus. See Ilex lucida. 
 
 — inonta'nus. See Ilex inontatia. 
 
 — verticilla'tus. See Ilex verticillata. 
 
 Prio'niuni. (^Toinpriomon, a small 
 saw ; alluding to the serrated leaves. 
 Nat. ord. , Juncacece ; Tribe, Eujuncece. ) 
 
 This remarkable rush is found in S. Africa, 
 not only in swampy places, but on the banks of 
 rivers, which it helps to choke up. Very strong 
 fibres, suitable for brushmaking, are obtained 
 from the old leaf-stalks. 
 
 P. Palnvi'ta. 6. Brownish. S. Africa. 1857, 
 B. M t. 5722. 
 
 Prismatoca'rpus. (From prisma, 
 prismatos, a prism, and karpos, fruit; 
 the fruits are long and angular. Nat. 
 ord., CampanulacecB ; Tribe, Campanu- 
 
 lece.) 
 Greenhouse perennial herbs. For culture, see 
 
 Campanula. 
 
 P. faUa'tus. See Specula/ria falcata. 
 
 — hirsu'tus. See Specularia Speculum, var. 
 
 pubescens. 
 
 — hy'bridus. .See Specularia hybrida. 
 
 — ni'ti^us. 5-1. White. August. South 
 
 Africa. 1787. Syn., Canfijpwnula Pris- 
 matoca/rpus. B. M. t. 2733. 
 
 — penta'gonius. See Specvlaria pentagonia. 
 
 — per/olia'tus. See Specularia perfoliata. 
 
 Pritcha'rdia. (in honour of w. T^ 
 
PRI 
 
 [8oo: 
 
 PEO 
 
 Pritchard, the author of "Polynesian 
 Reminiscences." Nat. ord., Palmece; 
 Trihe, Coryphece.). 
 
 Very ornamental stove palms with large fan- 
 shaped leaves. Sandy loam, peat, and rotten 
 leaves. Seeds. Summer temp., 80° to 90° ; 
 winter, 65° to 70°. 
 P.fXi'fera. See Washingtonia filifera. 
 
 — Gavdichaudia'na. Sandwich Islands. 
 
 — gra'ndis. See Licuala grandis and L. Veitehii. 
 
 — WAH^oea'rpa. Sandwich Islands. 1879. 111. 
 
 Hort. t. 362. I 
 
 — Ma'rtii. Sandwich Islands. 
 
 — paci'Jica. Polynesia. 1870. Fl. Ser. tt. 
 
 2262-3. 
 — pericula'rum. Pomoton Islands. 1883. 
 
 — Thursto'ni. Fiji. 1887. Gfl. 1887, p. 486, 
 
 figs. 123-4. i 
 
 — Vuylstekia'na, Pomoton Islands. 1883. G. C. ■ 
 
 1883, xix. p. 692, fig. 114. Eev. Hort. 
 1883, p. 329, fig. 69. 
 
 Pri'va. (Derivation not stated. Nat. 
 ord. , VerbenacecB ; Tribe, Verbenea. ) 
 
 Greenhouse herb. Compost of sandy loam 
 and leaf-mould. Seeds. 
 
 P. Icdoii. 1}. Rosy-lilac. Summer. Chili and 
 Argentine Repiihlic. 1883. Gfl. 1. 1131. 
 
 Privet. Ligu' strum vulga're. 
 
 Privet, Mock. PMlly'rea. 
 
 Pro'ckia. (Probably a commemora- 
 tive name. Nat. ord. , TiliacecB ; Tribe, 
 Prockiem. ) 
 
 Stove, yellow-flowered, evergreen shrubs. Cut- 
 tings of half-ripened slioots in sand, under a 
 glass, in heat ; sandy, fibry loam, and a little 
 flbry peat. Winter temp., 65° to 60° ; summer, 
 60° to 85°. 
 T>. crn'eis. 4. July. W. Indies. 1822. B. R. 
 
 t. 972. 
 ■-serralta. 6. July. Montserrat. 1823. 
 .— themfo'rmis. 6. July. Bourbon. 1820. 
 
 Proliferous. See Double Flo- 
 wer. The terra is also applied to 
 plants producing many suckers. 
 
 Promense'a. (Derivation uncertain. 
 Nat. ord., Orchidece ; Tribe, Vandea:- 
 Cyrtopodiece.) Now regarded as a sec- 
 tion of Zygopetalum. 
 
 p. citri'na. See Zygopetalum dtrinum. 
 
 — grami'nea. See Aganisia, gramiriea. 
 
 — lentigino' sa. See Zygopetalum lentiginosum.. 
 
 — micro' ptera. See Zygopetalum. micropterutn. 
 
 — RoUisso'nii. See Zygopetalum RolHssonii. 
 
 — stapelioi'des, with its varieties nigra and 
 
 ru'bra. See Zygopetalum stapelioides. 
 ^ xanthi'na. See Zygopetalum xanthinum. 
 
 Prona'ya. (Na.meda,iteiM.Pronay, 
 a French naturalist. Nat. ord. , Pitto- 
 sporeat. Allied to Sollya.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen twiner. Cuttings of 
 young shoots in sand, under a glass; sandy 
 loam and, peat. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. 
 P. e'legans. 4. Blue. August. Australia. 
 1837. Syn., Spiranthera Fraseri. 
 
 Props are the supports req^uired by 
 plants to sustain them in a desired posi- 
 tion. They must vary in height and 
 strength accordantly with the plant to 
 which they are applied, and should al- 
 
 ways be as slight as is consistent with 
 efficiency. Nothing looks worse than a> 
 disproportioned prop or stake ; indeed, it 
 should be concealed as much as possible. 
 The props for peas should be of the 
 brancnes of the hazel, or of frames and 
 strings, which we prefer ; for runner 
 kidney beans, rods of ash. For flowers, 
 stout iron wire, painted dark green, is to 
 be preferred. Whenever wooden props 
 are used, the end thrust into the ground 
 should be previously charred ; if this 
 precaution be taken, and when, no longer 
 required, they are stored in a dry shed, 
 they will last for several seasons. Props 
 should be placed on the south sides of 
 the plants, as they incline in that direc- 
 tion, as being that receiving most light. 
 The fewest possible number of props 
 is one of the evidences of good cultiva- 
 tion and good taste. 
 
 Proserpina'ca. Mermaid Weed. 
 {FTomproserpo, to creep ; referring to the 
 habit of the stems. Nat. ord., Salo- 
 ragece. ) 
 
 Half-hardy aquatic herbs. May be grown in 
 ponds, or in pans of water with a little soil at 
 the bottom. 
 P. palvJstris. White. Summer. Canada. 1818. 
 
 — pectina'cea. White. Summer. North America. 
 
 1821. 
 
 Proso'pis. (A name of a plant em- 
 ployed by Dioscorides. Nat. ord., Le- 
 guminoscB ; Tribe, Adenantherece. Allied 
 to Neptunia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of young 
 shoots, when a little firm, taken off close to the 
 older stems, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in 
 a little bottom-heat ; sandy loam, and sandy 
 fibry peat. Winter temp., 45° to 65°, and rather 
 dry ; summer, 60° to 85°, and plenty of moisture 
 at root and top. Siliqua'stritWy stood several 
 years against a wall in the Horticultural Societ^s 
 Gardens. P. cumane'nsis, dominge!nsis, du'lds, 
 ho^rrida, and siligua'strum are sometimes re- 
 garded as varieties of P. julifio'ra. 
 P. cmnane'nsis. 20. White, green. Cumana. 
 1822. 
 
 — dominge'nsis. 30. Yellow, green. St. Do- 
 
 mingo. 1818. 
 
 — du'lds. 20. White, green. New Spain.. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — ho'rrida. 30. Yellow. Jamaica. 1800. 
 
 — juliflo'ra. 30. White. S. America. 1826. 
 ■■■ ,' strum. 30. White. Chili. 1827. 
 
 Prostanthe'ra. (From prostheke, 
 appendage, and anthera, anther ; con- 
 nectives of the anthers are spurred. 
 Nat. ord., Labiatm ; Tribe, Prostan- 
 therecB. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia. 
 Frequently by seeds in a slight hotbed, in April ; 
 generally by cuttings of the young shoote in 
 sandy soil ; sandy peat, with plenty of fibre in 
 it, and a portion of broken pots and charcoal 
 nodules mixed with it, and good drainage. Win- 
 ter temp., 38° to 48°. Lasia'nthos stood some 
 years against a wall in the Gardens of theHorti 
 cultural Society. 
 
PRO 
 
 [801] 
 
 PRO 
 
 P. coeru'lea. 3. Blue. May. Australia. 1824. 
 
 — cunea'ta. 2. White. June. Tasmania. 
 
 — denticula'ta. 4. July. Australia. 1824. 
 
 — empetrifo'lia. 2. Violet. September. Aus- 
 
 tralia. 1829. Syn., ChUodia, smteUari- 
 (yidee. B. M. t. 3405. 
 
 — lasia'nthos. 3. Purple, lilac. June. Aus- 
 
 tralia. 1808. B. M. t. 2431. 
 
 — ni'vea. Grey. N. S. Wales. 1867. 
 
 — prunelloi'des. Purple. April. Australia. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — rotwndifo'lia. 3. Purple. July. Australia. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — viola'cea. 5. Violet. June. Australia. 1820. 
 
 B. R. 1. 1072. 
 
 Pro'tea. (From Proteus, a sea-god, 
 who could transform himself into any 
 shape ; referring to the diversity of the 
 species. Nat. ori., Proteacece; Trihe, 
 Protece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from South 
 Africa. Cuttings of ripened young shoots, cut 
 close to a joint, and the leaf there, and perhaps 
 the one above, removed, the rest allowed to re- 
 main, inserted firmly in sand, over a little sandy 
 loam, the pots being three-parts filled with 
 drainage ; the pots, with their cuttings, may 
 then be set in a cold pit, and at such a distance 
 from the glass that shading will be little re- 
 quired ; the glasses should also be frequently 
 wedged up at night to prevent damping ; fibry 
 loam, with a good portion of sand, and about a 
 fourth part consisting of a mixture of charcoal, 
 freestone, broken pots, and a little peat. Winter 
 temp., 38° to 48°. These have not been tried 
 agamst a wall, as they should be, with movable 
 lights, or reed coverings, to be taken away in 
 summer. 
 
 P. acau'lis. 1}. Purple. July. 1802. B. JI. 
 t. 2065. 
 
 — acero'sa. Purple. March. 1803. B. R. t. 351. 
 
 Syn., P. virgata. 
 
 — aeumina'ta. 3. Purple. May. 1809. B. M. 
 
 1. 1694, 
 
 — amplemeau'lis. 1}. Purple. February. 1802. 
 
 Syn., P. repens. Andr. Rep. t. 453. 
 
 — wngusta'ta. 1. Purple. June. 1820. 
 
 — oBepito'sa. Andr. Rep. t. 526. See P. tur- 
 
 binifiora. 
 
 — canalicula'ta. 3. Pink. July. 1800. Andr. 
 
 Rep. t. 437. 
 
 — cocci'nea. 5. Scarlet. June. 1824. 
 
 — cm-da'ta. IJ. Purple. April. 1790. Andr. 
 
 Rep. t. 289. Syn., P. cordifolia. B. M. 
 t. 649. 
 
 — eorona'ta. Andr. Rep. t. 469. See P. formosa. 
 
 — cmarm'des. H. Purple. August. 1774. 
 
 B. M. t. 770. 
 
 — elonga'ta. 4J. Purple. July. 1820. 
 
 — formo'sa. 6. Red. May. 1789. Andr. Rep. 
 
 1. 17. Syn., P. coronata. 
 
 — grandifiom. 8. White. May. 1787. Andr. 
 
 Rep. t. 301. 
 
 angmtifo'lia. Narrow-leaved. B. R. 
 
 ' t. 569. 
 margina'ta. 6. White. June. 1795. 
 
 — hirm'ta. 4. Pale. June. 1819. 
 
 — hu'mUis. Purple. Syn., P. humijlora. Andr. 
 
 Rep. t. 532. 
 
 — Wvie. Greenish. May. B. M. t. 2439. 
 
 — lati/o'lia. 7. Purple. August. 1806. B. M. 
 
 1. 1717. Syn., P. radiata. Andr. Rep. 
 
 t. 646. 
 
 cocci'nea. 5. Scarlet August. 1806. 
 
 mridiflc'm. 7. Green. August. 1806. 
 
 loca'rpon. 6. Purple. May. 1806. B. 
 
 M. t. 674. 
 
 xfo'lia. 7. Purple. April. 1798. 
 
 fio'ra. 8. Yellowish-white. November. 
 
 1809. B. M. t. 2720. 
 
 P. longifo'Ka. 2. Purple. May. 1798. Andr. 
 Eep. tt. 132, 133, 134. 
 
 — maerophy'Ua. 8. White. May. 1824. 
 
 — rtMgm'fica. 6. White. April. 1789. 
 
 — meialeu'ca. 6. Purple. May. 1786. 
 
 — melli'fera. 6. Pale yellow. September. 
 
 1774. B. M. t. 346. 
 alba. 6, White. September. 1795. 
 
 — rmusronifo'Ud. 3. White. September. 1803. 
 
 B. M. t. 933. 
 
 — na'na. 2. Crimson. May. 1787. B. M. 
 
 t. 7095. 
 
 White. March. 1806. B. R. 
 
 — Tieriif&lia. 
 
 t. 208. 
 
 — oMu'sa. 10. 
 
 — pulche'lla. 
 
 t. 796. 
 
 cilia'ta. 
 
 gla'bra. 
 
 specio'aa. 
 
 Red. March. 1786. 
 3. Red. June. 1795. B. M. 
 Andr. Rep. t. 270. B. R. t. 20. 
 
 3. Red. June. 1795. 
 
 3. Red. June. 1796. 
 3. Red. June. 1795. 
 
 — radiata. Andr. Rep. t. 646. See P. latifolia. 
 
 — re'pens. Andr. Rep. t. 453. See P. amj/ccj.,.- 
 
 cavlis. 
 
 — moln'ta. Ij. Purple. May. 1824. 
 
 — Sco'lymus. Greenish. July. 1780. B JI. 
 
 t. 698. 
 
 — spedo'ia. 2. Purple. April. 1786. Andr. 
 
 Rep. tt. 103, 104, 277, 438, and 543. 
 
 — tnrbiniflo'ra. i. Pink. April. 1803. Syn., 
 
 P. ccespitosa. Andr Rep. t. 626. 
 
 — villi'fera. 7. Purple. August. 1800. B. R. 
 
 1. 1023. 
 
 — virga'ta. Andr. R«p. t. 577. See P. acerosa. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 
 p. anemonifo'lia, B. M. t. 697 = Isopogon ane- 
 Trwnifolius. 
 
 — argmtifo'liat Andr. Rep. t. 447 = Serruria 
 
 tritemata. 
 
 — ca'tidicatis, Andr. Rep. t. 294 = Leucosper- 
 
 mum tomentoswm^ var. candicans. 
 
 — coni'fera, Andr. Rep. t. 541 = Leucadendron 
 
 strictum. 
 
 — eorymio'sa, Andr. Rep. t. 495 = Leucadendron 
 
 corymbosum. 
 
 — deou'miens, Andr. Rep. t. 349 = Serruria 
 
 Niveni. 
 
 — divarica'ta, Andr. Rep. t. 466 = Isopogon 
 
 ' anethifoUus. 
 
 — globo'sa, Andr. Rep. t. 307 = Leucadendron 
 
 concolor. 
 
 — glomera'ta, Andr. Rep. t. 264 = Serruria 
 
 pedunculata. 
 
 — imbriea'ta, Andr. Rep. t. 517 = Leucadendron 
 
 buxifolium,. 
 
 — intai'rva, Andr. Bep. t. 431 = Leucadendron 
 
 cemulum. 
 
 — la'gopus, Andr. Rep. t. 243 = Nivenia erithmi- 
 
 folia. 
 
 — pinifo'Ua, Andr. Rep. t. 76 = Avlax pini- 
 
 folia. 
 
 — pinna'ta, Andr. Rep. t. 612 = Serruria pin- 
 
 nata: 
 
 — salignat Andr. Rep. t. 572 = Leucadendron^ 
 
 Jloridulum. 
 
 — spica'ta, Andr. Rep. t. 234 = Nivenia media. 
 
 — stella'ris, B. M. t. 881 = Leucadendron 
 
 stellare. 
 
 — teretifo'lia, Andr. Rep. t. 461 = Leiuiaden- 
 
 dron abieiinwm. 
 
 — tritemaJta, Andr. Rep. t. 337 = Serruria, 
 
 triplicato-terrmta. 
 
 — wmbella'ta, Andr. Rep. t. 248 = Aviaoe 
 
 umbellata. 
 
 Protection. See Screens. 
 Froteinopha'Uus. See Amor- 
 phophallus. 
 
 Prou'stia. (In honour of M. Proust. 
 Nat. ord., Composttm; Tribe, Mutisia- 
 cecB. ) 
 
 3f 
 
PEU 
 
 [802] 
 
 PKU 
 
 Greenhouse climber. For cultivation, see 
 
 MUTISIA. 
 
 P. pyrifo'lia. White. Chili. 1865. Fruit- 
 pappus rosy, and very beautiful. B. M. 
 t. 5489. 
 
 Prumno'pitys. (From prumnos, 
 the last, and pitys, a pine. Nat. ord. , 
 Coniferce ; Tribe, Poaocarpece. Allied 
 to Podocarpus. ) 
 
 Hardy evergreen. 
 P. e'legans. 40. Valdivia. 1863. Fruit eatable 
 while green. 
 
 Prunella. Self - Heal. (Altered 
 from the German Die breaune, a disease 
 of the Jaws ; supposed medicinal quali- 
 ties. Nat. ord., Labiatce; Tribe, Stachy- 
 dem.) 
 
 All hardy herbaceous perennials, except ova'ta, 
 which is annual. Seeds, and divisions of the 
 plant in spring ; ornamental for rock-works and 
 the front of flower-borders. 
 P. grandiflo'ra. J. Blue. August. Austria. 
 1596. B. M. t. 337. 
 
 — hi'spida. See P. vulgaris, var. Mspida. 
 
 — hyssopifo'lia. J. Purplish. August. Medi- 
 
 terranean region. 1731. 
 
 — inci'sa. See P. vulgariSt var. pinnatijida, 
 
 — Marrya'ttcB. IJ. Pun»le. July. 
 
 — ova'ta. i. Purple. July. America. 
 
 ~ pennsylva'nica. See P. vulgaris, var. elon- 
 
 gata. 
 ■afris. i. Pink. July. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 1069. Syns., P. lati/olia 
 
 and P. Novm Anglioe. 
 elonga'ta. Violet. July.' N. Amer. Syn., 
 
 P. pennsylvanica. 
 
 fio're-ple'no. h. Pink. July. Britain. 
 
 ni'spida. Pale purple. July. Europe. 
 
 Syn., P. Mspida. 
 pinnatiyida. Purple. July. South Europe. 
 
 Syn., P. incisa. 
 ru'bra. i. Bed. July. Britain. 
 
 — Webbia'na. 1. Lilac. August. 
 
 Pruning, as practised in the garden, 
 has for its o,bject the regulation of the 
 branches to secure the due production of 
 blossom and maturity of f rui^, If carried 
 to too great an extent that object is not 
 attained, for every tree requires a certain 
 amount of leaf-surface for the elabora- 
 tion of its sap ; and, therefore, if this be 
 reduced too much, blossom-buds are pro- 
 duced less abundantly, for leaves are 
 more necessary for the health of the 
 plant ;■ and by a wise provision, the parts 
 less requisite for individual vigour are 
 superseded by the parts more needed. 
 On the other hand, if the branches are 
 left too thick, they overshadow those 
 beneath them, and so exclude the light 
 and prevent that elaboration of the sap, 
 without which no blossom - huds are 
 formed, but an excessive production of 
 leaves, in the vain effort to attain, by an 
 enlarged surface, that elaboration which 
 a smaller surface would effect in a more 
 intense light. The appropriate pruning 
 is given when considering each species 
 of fruit-trees, and here we must confine 
 
 ourselves to a few general remarks. The 
 season for pruning must be regulated, in 
 some degree, by the strength of the tree ; 
 for although, as a general rule, the opera- 
 tion should not take place until the fall 
 of the leaf indicates that growth has 
 ceased, yet if the tree be weak, it may be 
 often performed with advantage a little 
 earlier, but still so late in the autumn as 
 to prevent the protrusion of fresh shoots. 
 This reduction of the branches before 
 the tree has finished vegetating directs a 
 greater supply of sap to those remaining, 
 and stores up in them the supply for in- 
 creased growth next season. If the pro- 
 duction of spurs be the object of pruning 
 a branch, it should be pruned so as to 
 leave a stump ; because, as the sap sup- 
 plied to the branch will be concentrated 
 upon those huds remaining at its ex- 
 tremity, these will he productive of 
 shoots, though otherwise they would have 
 remained dormant, it being the general 
 habit of plants first to develop and ma- 
 ture those parts that are farthest from 
 the roots. It is thus that the filbert is 
 induced to put forth an abundance of 
 young bearing wood, for its fruit is borne 
 on the annual shoots, and similar treat- 
 ment to a less severe extent is practised 
 upon wall-fruit. 
 
 The chief guide in pruning consists in 
 being well acquainted with the mode of 
 the bearing of the different sorts of trees, 
 and forming an early judgment of the 
 future events of shoots and branches, 
 and many other circumstances, for which 
 some principal rules may be given ; but 
 there are particular instances which can- 
 not be judged of but upon the spot, and 
 depend chiefly upon practice and obser- 
 vation. Peaches, Nectarines, and Apri- 
 cots all produce their fruit principally 
 upon the young wood of a year old ; that 
 is, the shoots produced one year bear the 
 year following ; so that in all these trees 
 a general supply of the best shoots of 
 each year must be everywhere preserved 
 at regulardistances, from the very bottom 
 to the extremity of the tree on every 
 side ; but in winter-pruning, or general 
 shortening, less or more, according to 
 the strength of the different shoots, is 
 necessary, in order to promote their 
 throwing out, more effectually, a supply 
 of young wood the ensuing summer, in 
 proper place for training in for the suc- 
 ceeding year's bearing. 
 
 Vines produce their fruit always upon 
 the young wood-shoots of the same year, 
 arising from the eyes of the last year's 
 wood only ; and must, therefore, have a 
 general supply of the best regular shoots 
 of each year trained in, which, in winter- 
 
PKU 
 
 [803] 
 
 PRU 
 
 pruning, must be shortened to a few eyes, 
 in order to force out shoots from their 
 lower paxts, only properly situated to 
 lay in for bearing the following year. 
 
 Figs bear also only upon uie young 
 wood of a year old, and a general supply 
 of it is, therefore, necessary every year ; 
 but these shoots must at no time be 
 shortened, unless the ends are dead, be- 
 cause they always bear principally to- 
 wards the extreme part of the shoots, 
 which, if shortened, would take the bear- 
 ing or fruitful parts away ; besides, they 
 naturally throw out a suiBScient supply 
 of shoots every year for future bearing, 
 without the precaution of shortening. 
 
 Apple, Pear, Plum, and Cherry trees 
 bear principally on spurs, arising in the 
 wood of from two or three to ten or 
 twenty years old, the same branches and 
 spurs continuing to bear a great number 
 ■of years ; so that, having once procured 
 aproper set of branches to form a spread- 
 ing head, no farther supply of wood is 
 wanted than some occasional shoots now 
 and then to supply the place of any worn- 
 out or dead branch. The above-men- 
 tioned spurs or fruit-buds are short, 
 robust shoots of from about half an inch 
 to one or two inches long, arising natu- 
 rally, first towards the extreme parts 
 of the branches of two or three years 
 old, and as the branch increases in 
 length, thenumber of fruit-buds increases 
 accordingly. 
 
 In pruning, always cut quite close, 
 both in the summer and winter-pruning. 
 In the summer-pruning, if attended to 
 •early, while the shoots are quite young 
 and tender, they may be readily rubbed 
 off quite close with the thumb ; but when 
 the shoots become older and woody, as 
 they will not readily break, it must be 
 done with a knife, cutting them as close 
 as possible ; and all winter-pruning must 
 always be performed with a knife. 
 
 Summer-pruning is a most necessary 
 operation. Young shoots require thin- 
 ning to preserve the beauty of the trees 
 and encourage the fruit ; and the sooner 
 it is performed the better. It is, there- 
 fore, advisable to begin this work in May, 
 or early in June, removing all superfluous 
 
 frowths and ill-placed shoots, which may 
 e done with considerably more expedi- 
 tion and exactness than when the trees 
 have shot a considerable length. Where, 
 however, a tree is inclined to luxuriancy, 
 it is proper to retain as many of the 
 regular snoots as can be commodiously 
 trained in with any regularity, in order 
 to divide and exhaust the too abundant 
 sap. It will be necessary to review the 
 trees occasionally, in order to reform 
 
 such branches or shoots as may have 
 started from their places, or taken a 
 wrong direction ; and according as any 
 fresh irregular shoots produced after the 
 general dressing may be displaced, or as 
 the already trained ones advance in 
 length, or project from the wall or 
 espalier, they should be trained in 
 close. 
 
 In the winter-pruning, a general regu- 
 lation must be observed, both of the 
 mother branches, and the supply of 
 young woodlaidin the preceding summer ; 
 and the proper time for this work is any 
 time in open weather, from the fall of the 
 leaf in November, until March ; but the 
 sooner the better. In performing this 
 work, it is proper to unnail or loosen a 
 chief part of the branches, particularly of 
 peaches, nectarines, apricots, vines, and 
 other trees requiring an annual supply of 
 young wood. 
 
 Plum. (From prune, a 
 ord., Eosacece ; Tribe, 
 
 Pru'nus. 
 
 ?lum. Nat. 
 'runece. ) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees, white or red flowered, 
 and blooming in April. Seeds for varieties and 
 stoc]£s, suckers for graf tine; and budding ; deep, 
 loamy soil, if calcareous all the better. For the 
 cultivated Plum, the Muscle and St. Julian 
 stocks are generally used. When dwarfs are 
 desired, the Myrobalan'Plum is preferred. To 
 obtain stocks in great plenty, the long shoots 
 from the stools of last year's growth are laid 
 down in the spring their full length, and covered 
 with soil ; almost every bud sends up a shoot, 
 and roots are formed nearly contemporaneously. 
 In autumn, the shoot laid down is cut off, and 
 then cut into as many pieces as there are young 
 shoots and roots. See Plum. 
 P. alleghanie'nsis. United States. G. and F. 
 1890, p. 429, flg. 53. 
 
 — aTneriea'na. 20. White. 
 
 America. Syn., P. 
 
 — Armeniaca. 15. White. 
 
 1648. Fl. Ser. t. 418. 
 
 vulgaris. Apricot. 
 cordifo'lia. White. 
 
 1548. 
 
 fl&reple'TW. 15. White. April. 
 
 fo'liis variega'tis. 15. White. April. 
 
 ovcUifo'lia. 15. White. March. Levant. 
 
 1548. 
 
 — baldschua'nica. Bed. Buchara. 1890. Dwarf 
 
 tree. 
 
 — M'ferum. White. April. 1875. The flowers 
 
 and fruit of this are on the tree at the 
 same time. 
 
 — borea'lis. White. Canada. B. C. t. 1598. 
 
 — briganti'aca, 6. Pink. March. South of 
 
 Europe. 1819. Syn., Armeniaea brigan- 
 tiaca. 
 
 — ca'ndicans. 15. 1820. B. E. t. 1135. 
 
 — ca'puK. White. Mexico. Eev. Hort. 1888, 
 
 p. 137, fig. 30. 
 
 — eerasi'fera. White. Native country unknown. 
 
 B. M. t. 5934. Oierry Plum, Myrobalan 
 Plum. 
 
 — CefraiUi BigareHla. A synonym of Cerams 
 
 duraana. 
 
 — Chapro'nii. Fruit red, with white dots. 
 
 Boumania. Bev. Hort. 1881, p. 467, 
 fig. 114. 
 
 — coccomi'lla 20. White. Calabria. 1824. 
 
 April. North 
 . B. M. 1. 1117. 
 
 April. Levant. 
 
 Syn., Armeniaca 
 
 March. -Levant. 
 
PKU 
 
 [804] 
 
 PSE 
 
 frv^ctu ru'bro. 
 
 — Jacquemo'ntii. 10. 
 
 Himalayas. 1; 
 
 — japo'nica. White. 
 
 P. dasyca'rpa. 15. White. March. China. 1800. 
 B. B. t. 1243. Syn., Armemaea dasy- 
 carpa. 
 
 — Saviiiarm. Rose. China. 1871. Syns., 
 
 Armenmca Davidiana and Prumis 
 Davidiana. 
 a'lba. White. China. 1872.' 
 
 — depre'ssa. B. C. 1. 1607. See P.jmmila. 
 
 — divarica'ta. 10. Caucasus. 1820. B. M. 
 
 t. 6619. Syn., P. myrobalana. 
 
 — dome'stica. 20. England. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 
 t. 410. Plum. 
 
 armenioi'des. 20. 
 
 Jlo're-ple'nc. 20. 
 
 fo'liis variega'tis. 20. 
 
 heterophy'Ua. 20. 1846. 
 
 pe!ndula. 1838 . 
 
 Plantie'rii. White. 1885. Garden 
 
 variety. 
 — turone'neis. 20. Turin. 
 
 — hy'brida re'ptans. Red. 1886. Garden hybrid. 
 
 Rev. Hort. 1886, p. 416. 
 
 stri'cta. White. 1886. Garden hybrid. 
 
 Re?. Hort. 1886, p. 416. 
 
 — itici/o'tia. White. California. Syn., Cerasus 
 
 ilicifolia. 
 
 — insti'tia. 20. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 409. 
 
 Black Bullace. 
 
 fio're-ple'no. 20. 
 
 fru'ctu lu'tea a'lba. 20. 
 
 fru'ctu ni'gro. 20. 
 
 20. 
 
 Pink. May. North-West 
 886. B. M. t. 6976. 
 Spring. China. 1869. 
 B. R. tt. 27 and 1801. Syn., P. sinensis. 
 
 ~ sphce'rica. Fruit globose, dark red. 
 
 Garden variety. 1887. Rev. Hort. 1890, 
 p. 468, fig. 136. 
 
 — Julia'na. See Cerasus Juliana. 
 
 pe'ndula. Brandies pendulous. Garden 
 
 variety. 1889. 
 
 — Icefvis. See Persica vulgaris, var. loevis. 
 
 — Lannesia'na. Rose. Japan. 1872. Syn., 
 
 Cerasus Lannesiana. 
 
 — Laurocdrasus. A synonym of Cerasus Lauro- 
 
 cerasiis, to which the following varieties 
 
 should be added. 
 
 caveaJsica. 
 
 latifo'lia. 1870. Syn., Cerasus Lauro- 
 
 cerasus lati/olia. — The Yersailles Laurel. 
 Otti'ni. Leaves large. 1877. Syn., Lauro- 
 
 cerasus Ottini. 
 schipkae^nsis. Balkan Mountains. 1889. 
 
 — lu'cida. White. Asia Minor. 
 
 — lusita'nica azo'rica. An Azores variety of the 
 
 Portugal laurel, with larger leaves and 
 flowers. 1866. This should be added 
 to Cera&xs lusitanica. 
 
 — mari'tima. 3. White. April. North America. 
 
 1800. Beach Plum. Syn., P. pubescens. 
 
 — Maure'ri. Garden variety. 1888. 
 
 — Miquelia'na. Pale pink. G. and F. 1888, 
 
 pp. 196, 199, fig. 37. Some doubt exists 
 as to whether this is the true species. 
 
 — JUu'me. 2. White. Japan. 1841. 
 
 Alpha' ndi. Rose - pink ; semidouble. 
 
 Japan. 1885. Rev. Hort. 1886, p. 664, 
 figs. 101-103. Syn., Armeniaca Mume, 
 var. Alphandi. 
 
 — myrobala'na. See P. divaricata. 
 
 — nigra. B. M. 1. 1117. See P. americana. 
 
 — Pa'dus. See Cerasus Padus. 
 
 — pamcula'ta. B. B. t. 800. A synonym of 
 
 Cerasus pseudocerasus. 
 
 — Pattonia'na. White. N.W.America. 1872. 
 — pe'ndula ro'sea. Pink. Japan. 1871. Syn., 
 
 Cerasus pendula rosea. 
 
 — Persica. See Persica vulgaris. 
 
 — Piesa'rdi. White. March. Persia. Rev. Hort. 
 
 1881, p. 190. 
 
 — pitbe'scens. See P. maritima. 
 
 P. Pu'ddum. See Cerasus pseudocerasus. C. 
 
 Sieboldii and C. Sieboldii rosea plena are 
 
 beautiful rose-coloured varieties. Japan. 
 
 1861. 
 —pu'mila. i. White. May. South Europe. 
 
 1806. Syns. P. depressa and Cerasus 
 
 depressa. 
 
 — ru'bra. See Cerasus Padus, var. rubra. 
 
 — salicifo'lia. White. Fruits large, resembling 
 
 apricots. Mexico. 1866.— The CapoUin 
 or Capoulinos. 
 
 — sero'tina. See Cerasus seroiina. 
 
 — serrula'ta. See Cerasus serrulata. 
 
 — sibe'rica. 6. Pink. April. Siberia. 1788. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1627. Syn., Armeniaca siberica. 
 
 — Simo'nii. White. Spring. China. 1872. 
 
 — sine'nsis. See P. ^aponica. 
 
 — spino'sa. 15. White. Spring. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 408. Blackthorn or Sloe. 
 
 flo're-pleno. 10. Tarascon. 
 
 /o'liis variega'tis. 10. Britain. 
 
 macroca'rpa. 10. Britain. 
 
 — miaroca'rpa. 10. Britain. 
 
 — ova'ta. 10. Britain. 
 
 — auboorda'ta. White. California. 1889. 
 
 — subhirte'lla. 10. White. Japan. 1868. Syn., 
 
 Cerasus pendula. 
 
 — tomento'sa. 3. White. Spring. Japan. 1872. 
 
 — triio'ha. Pink. April. China. 1857. Syns., 
 
 P. virgata, Amygdalopsis lAndleyi, Fl. 
 Ser,,t. 1532, and Prunopsis Lindleyi, 
 
 — variega'ta. Leaves yellow-edged. Japan. 
 
 1862. Syn., Cerasus variegata. 
 
 — virga'ta. See P. triloba. 
 
 Fsammi'sia. (From Psammis, a 
 king of Egypt. Nat. ord., Ericacece ; 
 Tribe, Thibaud'iew.) 
 
 Stove or warm greenhouse evergreens. For 
 
 cultivation, see Thibaudia. 
 
 P. Sookeria'na. 6. Red. September. Mountains 
 of Columbia. 1847 Syns., P. piii- 
 chinensis, var. glabra, and Thibaudia 
 pinohinensis, var. glabra. B. M. t. 
 4344. 
 
 — Je'ssicce. Pale red. September. Caraccas. 
 
 1885. Syn., Thibaudia Jessicce. B. M. 
 t. 6647. 
 
 — longi'colla. Crimson, green. S. America. 1865. 
 
 B. M. t. 6626. 
 
 — penduliflo'ra. Crimson, green. Caraccas. 
 
 1869. B. M. t. 5204. 
 
 — pinehiTie'nsis gla'bra. See P. Hookeriana. , 
 
 — sarca'ntha. Red, tipped with yellow. Spring. 
 
 New Grenada. 1852. Syns., P. sclera- 
 phylla and Thibaudia sarcantha. B. M. 
 t. 5450. 
 
 — sclerophy'lla. See P. sarcantha. 
 
 Pseudo-bulb. By this term is de- 
 scribed the fleshy stem of the, orchids ; 
 and the term is applicable as it resembles 
 a bulb more than a stem. 
 
 Pseudodraco'ntium. (From 
 pseudo, false, and Dracontium ; resem- 
 bling the genus Dracontium. Nat. ord., 
 Aroideas; Tribe, Pythoniecs.) 
 
 stove, tuberous herb. For culture, see Amok- 
 
 PHOPHALLUS. 
 
 p. Lacou'rii. Leaves green, marked with round 
 white dots. Cochin China. 1878. B. M. 
 t. 6673. Syn.. Amorphophallus Lacourii. 
 111. Hort. 1878, p. 90, t. 316. 
 
 Pseudogalto'nia. (From pseudo, 
 false, and Galtonia ; resembling the 
 
PSE 
 
 [805] 
 
 PSO 
 
 fenus Galtonia. Nat. ord., Liliacem; 
 'fibe, Scillece. Syn., Lindmria.) 
 Stove bulb. 
 P. Pechne'lii. 1. Greenish. Damaraland. 1890. 
 Syn., Linclneria JUmllosa. 
 
 Pseudola'rix. (From pseudoj, false, 
 and Larix ; resembling the genus Larix. 
 Nat. ord., Coniferce ; Tiihe, Abietinece.) 
 
 Hardy tree. For culture, see PiNUS. 
 -P. Ea'mpfeH. 120. China. Fl. Ser. t. 1777. 
 G. C. 1884, xxii. p. 241. Syn., Larix 
 EoBmpferi. 
 
 Pseudopa'nax. (From pseudo, 
 
 false, and Panax. Nat. ord., Araliacece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen trees. For cultivation, 
 see Panax. 
 
 P. crassi/o'lia. 10. Green. Xew Zealand. 
 
 1846. Syns., Aralia crassifolia and 
 Panax crassifolia. 
 
 — longtssima. 10. Green. New Zealand. 
 
 1866. Syns., Panax longissima, Aralia 
 crassifolia, var. picta and A. tnfolia. 
 
 PseudophCE'nix. (From psevdo, 
 false, and Ptuenix ; resembling the genus 
 Phoenix. Nat. ord., PalmecB ; Tribe, 
 Phoenicece. ) 
 
 Stove palm. For culture, see Phcenix. 
 P. Sarge'ntii. 25. Fruit bright orange or red 
 Florida. 1887. G. C. 1888, iv. p. 409. 
 
 Pseudotsu'ga. (From pseudo, false, 
 and Tsuga. Nat. ord., Coniferce; Tribe, 
 AhietinecE.) 
 
 Tall, hardy, evergreen trees, differing from 
 ABIES in having renexed cones with persistent 
 scales. 
 Pi DavidiaJna. China. 1873. 
 
 — Dougla'sii. 100-180. North America. 1826. 
 
 Syns., P. Lindleyana, Abies Douglasii 
 
 and Pinus Douglasii. 
 
 pe'ndula. 50. Branches drooping. 
 
 Stai'rii. Young leaves creamy white. 
 
 1872. Garden variety. 
 
 Standi'shii. Leaves silvery beneath. 
 
 taaifo'lia. Dwarf et, but stouter than the 
 
 type. 
 
 — Idndleya'na. See P. Douglasii. 
 
 Fsi'dilUU. Guava. (The Greek name 
 once applied to the Pomegranate. Nat. 
 ord., Myrtacece ; Tribe, Myrtece. Allied 
 to Myrtus.) 
 
 Stove, white-floweredevergreens. Cuttings of 
 young shoots, getting a little firm at their base, 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; 
 sandy, fibry loam and peat, with the addition of 
 leaf -mould and a little dried cow-dung, provided 
 the drainage is good and plentiful. Winter temp., 
 48' to 58' ; summer, 60' to 85'. But several, such 
 as Cattleya'nwm, will not only live, but produce 
 their fruit in a greenhouse. The best Guavas we 
 have seen were produced on the back of a vinery 
 from which the frost was little more than ex- 
 cluded in winter. See G uava. 
 P. Ara'ca. See P. Donianum. 
 
 — aroma'ticmn. 6. Guiana. 1779. 
 
 — Cattleya'num. 10. May. Brazil. 1818. 
 
 Trans. Hort. Soc. iv. t. 11. B. M 
 t. 2501. 
 
 — chinefnse. May. China. 1828. 
 
 — corda'tum. 5. White. Summer. W. Indies. 
 
 1811. B. M. t. 1779. 
 
 P. decaspe'rmum,. A synonym of Selitris Jam- 
 bosella, 
 
 — Donia'num. 4. May. Brazil. 1820. Syn., 
 
 P. Araca. 
 
 — Gua'va. 10. June. W. Indies. 1692. Syn., 
 
 P. pomiferum. 
 
 sapidi'ssinmm. 10. June. 1824. Syn., 
 
 P. pomiferwm, var. sapidissimimi. 
 
 — i'ndicum. June. E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 — monta'num. 60. Jamaica. 1779. 
 
 — myrtifo'liwm. 6. April. 1820. 
 
 — m'grwm. May. Chma. 
 
 — oligospe'mmm. 10. 1817. 
 
 — Passea'num. 6. White. Rev. Hort. 1890, 
 
 p. 233, fig. 71. , 
 
 — polyca'rpim. 3. May. Trinidad. 1810. 
 
 Linn. Trans, ii. t. 17. B. E. t. 653. 
 — pomiferum. See P. Guava. 
 sapidi'ssimii/m. See P. Guava, var. sapi- 
 
 — pu'milum. 2. May. E. Ind. 1824. 
 
 — pyri'ferum. 10. June. W. Ind. 1656. B. 
 
 B. 1. 1079. 
 
 — ru'brv/m. May. China. 1820. 
 
 — sapidi'ssimum. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 366. A 
 
 synonym of P. Gvava, var. sapidissi- 
 mum. 
 
 Psi'la. See Carrot Maggots. 
 
 Psilo'tum. (From psilos, naked ; 
 the leaves are few in number and very 
 small. Nat. ord., Lycopodiacece.) 
 
 A curious, almost leafless, stove plant. Fi- 
 brous peat. 
 
 P. trique'trum. J. Brazil and Central America. 
 B. C. t. 1916. 
 
 Psora'lea. (Fiompsoraleos, warted ; 
 the appearance of some of the species. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminosce ; Tribe, Galegeoe. 
 Allied to Amorpha. ) 
 
 Herbaceous, by division, as fresh growth com- 
 mences ; shrubs, by cuttings of the naif -ripened 
 shoots in April or May, in sand, under a glass ; 
 sandy peat, and sandy, flbry loam. Winter 
 temp, for these, 40' to 48°. Glandule' sabasiXaoi 
 in the cmen air f qr a number of years near Lon- 
 don. There are some annuals and biennials, but 
 not worth cultivating. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 P. lupine'lla. 2. Purple. Jnne. Carolina. 
 1812. 
 
 — macrosta'chya. 3. Purple. July. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1833. B. R. t. 1769. 
 
 — melilotoi'des. 2. Pale purple. August. 
 
 North America. 1814. B. M. t. 2063. 
 
 — Onobry'chis. 3. Purple. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1818. B. R. t. 4&3. 
 
 — orbiculafris. i. Pur.ple. June. California. 
 
 1835. B. R. t, 1971. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 
 P. aculea'ta. 3. Blue, white. June. South 
 Africa. 1774. B. M. t. 2158. 
 
 — aphy'lla. 2. Blue. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1790. B. M. t. 1727. See also 
 P. Jacquiniana. 
 
 — arbdrea. 6. Bluish. May. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1814. B. M. t. 2090. 
 
 — bractea'ta. Purple, white. July. South 
 
 Africa. B. M. t. 446. 
 
 — oorylif&Ua. Purple, white. July. South 
 
 Africa. 1752. B. M. t. 665. 
 
 — dem'mbem. \. Purple, white. Softth Africa. 
 
 1774. B. C. t. 282. 
 
 — glandulo'sa. 4. White, blue. Summer. Chili. 
 
 1770. B. M. t. 990. 
 
 — interTne'dia. See P. verrucosa, var. inter- 
 
 media. 
 
PSY 
 
 [806] 
 
 PSY 
 
 P. Jacquinia'rm. 1. Blue. June. South Africa. 
 1790. Syn., P. aphyUa of Jacq. H. 
 Schoenb. t. 223. 
 
 — Muti'sii. See Dalea Mutisii. 
 
 — odoratimma. 6. Pale blue. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1725. 
 —palesti'na. 2. violet. June. Levant. 1771. 
 
 Herbaceous. 
 — peduncula'ta. B. R. t. 223. See P. tomen- 
 
 tosa. 
 
 — pinna'ta. 6. Blue. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1690. Andr. Eep. t. 474. 
 
 — piibe'seens. 2. Pale blue. August. Lima. 
 
 1826. B. E. t. 968. 
 
 — re'pens. IJ. Blue. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1774. 
 
 — seri'eea. 3. Violet. September. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1815. 
 
 — epica'ta. 4. Blue. April. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1774. Andr. Eep. t. 411. 
 
 — sta'ckydis. 3. Brown. April. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1793./ 
 
 — strm'ta. S. Blue. May. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1816. 
 
 — termifo'lm. 2. White, blue. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1793. 
 
 — tomento'sa. 3. Blue. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1820. Syn., P. pedunculata. 
 
 — verruco'sa. 3. Blue. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1774. B. M. t. 30. 
 
 interme'dia. 3. Blue. June. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1820. Syn., P. inter- 
 media. 
 
 Psycho'tria. (Fiompsyche, life ; be- 
 cause of their powerful medicinal quali- 
 ties. Nat. oxd., Bubiaceoe; Tnbe, Psycho- 
 triece. Allied to Rudgea.) 
 
 A very large genus of stove evergreen trees and 
 shrubs ; but as they are mostly unattractive, very 
 few have been introduced. For cultivation, see 
 
 COFFEA. 
 
 p. chontaWnsis. White ; berries blue. Nicara- 
 gua. 1870. 
 
 — cyanoeo'cea. White; berries bright blue, 
 
 ripening in winter. Very handsome 
 and effective when in fruit. Nicaragua. 
 1870. 
 
 — jamiinifto'ra. White. S. Brazil. 1860. Syn., 
 
 Qltmera jaSTninifiora. 
 
 — leueoee^phala. White. Winter. Brazil. 
 
 1880. 
 — Bulphu'rea. Bright blue; berries sulphur 
 coloured. Fiji. 1887. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 
 p. ero'cea. See Palicourea crocea, 
 
 — liiiea'ta. See Palicourea spicata. 
 
 — racemosa. See Palicourea racemoea. 
 
 — ri'gida. See Palicourea rigida. 
 
 Psy'lla. The Chermes is allied to the 
 Aphis. P. pyri, Pear Chermes, appears 
 in May, not unlike a large Aphis, crim- 
 son-coloured, shaded with black. Mr. 
 KoUar says, when pairing is over, the 
 female lays her eggs in great numbers, 
 near each other, on the young leaves and 
 blossoms, or on the newly-formed fruit 
 and shoots. They are of alongish shape, 
 and yellow ; and without a magnifying 
 
 flass, they resemblethe pollen of flowers, 
 hey are called either nymphs or larvse 
 in this state, according to the extent 
 of their development; and, like their 
 parents, have their mouth in the breast. 
 After a fewdays, they changetheir skins. 
 
 and become darker, and somewhat red- 
 dish on the breast, and rather resemble 
 bugs than plant-lice, having the extreme 
 
 Eoint of the body somewhat broad, and 
 eset with bristles. After changing their 
 skins, they quit the leaves, blossoms, 
 and fruit, and proceed more downwards 
 to the bearing wood and the shoots of 
 last year, on which they fix ^themselves 
 securely, one after the other, in rows, 
 and remain there till their last trans- 
 formation. 
 
 When the nymphs have moulted for 
 the last time, and have attained their 
 full size, the body swells out by degrees,, 
 and becomes cylindrical. They then 
 leave their associates, and before they 
 lay aside their nymph-like covering, they 
 search out a leaf to which they fasten 
 themselves firmly, and appear as if they 
 were lifeless. After a few minutes, the- 
 skin splits on the upper part of the 
 covering, and a winged insect proceeds 
 from it. It is of a pleasant green colour, 
 with red eyes and snow-white wings. It 
 very muchresemblesits parents in spring, 
 even in the colour. After a few days, 
 this Chermes has assumed the colours 
 of the perfect insect ; the head, collar, 
 and thorax are of an orange colour, and 
 only the abdomen retains its green hue. 
 It now flies away from the place of its 
 birth to enjoy the open air. 
 
 P. mail (Apple Chermes). This, ac- 
 cording to the same author, appears in. 
 June. In September, they pair, and lay 
 their eggs, which are white, and pointed 
 at both ends, a line and a half long, and 
 the fourth of a line thick, and become 
 yellow before the young escapes. The 
 Apple Chermes lays its eggs in different 
 places of the twigs of an apple-tree ; 
 usually, however, in the furrows of the 
 knots, and sometimes in a very regular 
 manner. The larvse are scarcely escaped 
 from the egg in the open air, when they 
 hasten to the nearest bud, and begin to- 
 gnaw its scales. On the second day 
 after their birth, they cast their first skin, 
 after which they appear nearly of their 
 former shape and colour. The second 
 changing of the skin can sometimes be 
 scarcely seen at aU, because the larva 
 not only puts out. a thicker string with 
 the tubercle, but also an immense num- 
 ber of very fine entangled threads or 
 small hairs, which it turns upwards over 
 its back, and with them entirely covers 
 its body and head. In sunshine, these 
 strings look transparent, as if they were 
 made of glass, and become of a greenish 
 variable colour. Under this screen the 
 Chermes are secured from every attack 
 of other insects ; for no ants, mites, or 
 
PTA 
 
 [807] 
 
 PTE 
 
 bugs can disturb them in their fortifica- 
 tion, or consume them as their prey. 
 After changing the second skin, the 
 young assume a different colour and 
 form ; they now become light green all 
 over, the abdomen much broader than 
 the thorax, and on the side of the latter 
 rudiments of the wings are distinctly 
 seen. The third time of changing the 
 skin comes on in about eight days, some- 
 times sooner and sometimes later, ac- 
 cording to the weather. After this skin, 
 the wing rudiments very distinctly make 
 their appearance, and become larger and 
 whiter the nearer the insect approaches 
 to the perfect state. The body is also of 
 a light green, and the larvse have black 
 eyes, and blackish antennae. At last the 
 time arrives when the insect assumes the 
 perfect state ; it then retires to a part of 
 the leaf which it had selected, and after 
 having firmly fixed itself there, the back 
 splits open, and the beautiful-winged 
 Chermes appears from the nymph. The 
 back of the thorax is of a light green, 
 the abdomen is marked with yellow 
 rings, and the membranous wings with 
 strongly-marked, snow-white veins. 
 
 P. cratwgi infests the camellia. 
 
 P. jkus and P. roscB are found respec- 
 tively on the fig and rose-trees. All the 
 species are destroyed by syringing with 
 tobacco-water until the insects are dead, 
 and then syringing with water only. See 
 Aphis. 
 
 P t a'r mica. (From ptarmikos, 
 sneezing. Nat. ord., Compositw.) A 
 synonym of Achillea. P- grandiflo'ra 
 Ao' re pie! no is a double-flowered form of 
 Achillea grandiflora. 
 
 Pte'lea. Shrubby Trefoil. (From 
 ptao, to fly ; winged fruit. Nat. ord., 
 ButacecB ; Tribe, Toddaliew. ) 
 
 Pi'rmata requires a greenhouse ; cuttings of 
 ripe shoots in sand, under a hand-glass ; sandy 
 loam and peat. TryfoUata and its varieties are 
 hardy ; seed in April^ and by layers in autmn ; 
 any common light soil. 
 P. ova'ta. See Ptelidium ovatwn. 
 
 — pinna' ta. 20. White. May. Norfolk Island. 
 
 1829. Syn,, Blaclcburnia pinnata, 
 
 — trlfolia'ta, 12. Green. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1704. 
 
 au'rea. Garden variety. 1882. 
 
 I'ta. 12. Green. June. 1846. 
 
 Pteli'dium. (So named from its 
 resemblance to Ptelea. Nat. ord., Ce- 
 lastrinew; Tribe, Celastrece.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young 
 shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat ; sandy ^eat 
 and fibry loam, with pieces of charcoal. Winter 
 temp., 60° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°. 
 P. ova'tum. 6. Greenish-white. Madagascar. 
 1818. Syn., Ptelea ovatrnn. 
 
 Pte'ris. Brake. (From pteron, a 
 
 wing ; the shape of the fronds, or leaves. 
 Nat. ord. , FUices. ) 
 All brown-spored. See Ferns. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 p. aquiK'na. 3. July. Britain. 
 
 gla'bra. Smooth variety. Europe. 
 
 lemngino'sa. Woolly variety. Europe. 
 
 — argefntea. J. July. Siberia. 1816. 
 
 — a'tro-purpu'rea. J. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1770. 
 
 — eauda'ta. 2. October. N. Amer. 1777. 
 
 — peda'ta. J. July. Virginia. 1820. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 p. argu'ta. 1. August. Madeira. 1778. 
 
 — cre'tica. 1. July. Candia. 1820. 
 
 albolinea'ta. A variegated form._ 
 
 stenophy'lla. Narrow-leaved variety. 
 
 — escule'nta. 3. August. N. S. Wales. 1815. 
 —/alea'ta. 1. June. Australia. 1820. 
 
 — inei'ia. 3. 1823. Syas., P. ve^ertilionii and 
 
 Litobrochia vespertilionis. 
 
 — i'ntra-mar ina'lis. 1. September. Mexico. 
 
 1828. 
 
 — Kingia'na,, June. Norfolk Island. 1831. 
 
 — latizo'Tia. H. June. Moreton Bay. 1831. 
 
 — scah^rula. New Zealand. 
 
 — serrula'ta. 
 
 crista'ta. Fronds crested at tips. Japan. 
 
 1863. 
 
 — snbverticilla'ta. 1. Mexico. 1831. 
 
 — tre'nvula. 3. July. Australia. 1820. 
 gra'ndiceps. Garden variety. 1886. 
 
 — umiro'sa. 8. July. Australia. 1823. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 P. alloso'rus. 1. 
 
 — a'mpla. 6. July. 
 
 — argyrcB'a. See P, quad/riauriia, var. argyrcea, 
 
 — aspericau'lis. 2. E. Indies. 
 
 ru'bro-ne^rma. Fronds dark green, with 
 
 deep purplish-red rachis and midrib. 
 India. 1861. 
 
 — Ba/u'sei, Garden variety. 
 
 — biauri'ta. West Indies. 1824. Syn., Litobro- 
 
 chia Mcmrita. 
 
 — calomeflam^s. f . September. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1830. 
 
 — Cervcmtesii. 1. July. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 — ehvne'nsls. 2. July. China. 1824. 
 
 — colli'na. J. August. BrazU. 
 
 — co'mans. Bast Indies. 1860. Syn., Litobro 
 
 chid comaTis. 
 undula'ta. Margins wavy. 
 
 — corda'ta. 3. June. Mexico. 1820. 
 
 — crena'ta. See P. ensiformis. 
 
 — orenula'ta. 2. July. 1827. 
 
 — msta'ta na'na. A garden variety of P. serru- 
 
 lata. 
 
 — Curro'ri. 2. West Tropical Africa. Syn., 
 
 Litobrochia Cvjrrori. 
 
 — dejle'xa. 4. Brazil. 1844. 
 
 — dentleula'ta. 2. Tropical America. Syn., 
 
 Litobrochia denticulata. 
 
 — di'scolor. 3. August. Brazil. 1825. 
 
 — edu'lis. 3. New Zealand. 1837. 
 
 — elalta. 4. Tropical America. Syn., Litobro- 
 
 chia data. 
 
 — elUgams. 3. August. B. Ind. 1824. 
 
 — ensi/o'rmis. 1. India. Syn., P. crenata. 
 Victo'rice. Malaya. 1890. 
 
 — /elo'sma. 5. July. Jamaica. 1822. 
 — ftabella'ta. i. S. Africa. 
 
 — Ghiesbr^ghti. Tropical America. 1857. 
 
 — glau'co-m'revs. Tropical America. 1858. 
 
 — grandifo'lia. 1. Troijical America. Syn., 
 
 Litobrochia gra/ndifolia. 
 vitta'ta. 
 
 — heteroda'ctyla. Malay Archipelago. 
 
 — heterophy'lla. 4. July. Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 — Hodkeria'na. 2. Ceylon. 
 
 — interna'ta. W. Indies. 1S80. 
 
PTE. 
 
 [808] 
 
 PTE 
 
 P. Kunzea'na. 4. Tropical America. Syn., 
 Litobrochia Kunzemia. 
 
 — lacinia'ta. 3. W. Indies. 
 
 — la'ctea. 1. November. 
 
 — lanugino'sa. 3. July. Bourbon. 1819. 
 
 — la'ta. Si. June. Brazil. 1841. 
 
 — leptophy'tta. 1. Brazil. 1824. Syn., Lito- 
 
 brochia leptophylla. 
 
 — longifo'Ua. 2. August. W. Ind. 1770. 
 
 — lo'ngipes. 2. India. 
 
 — maeile'nta. 4. New Zealand. Syn., Litobro- 
 
 chia macilenta. 
 
 — maero'ptera. 2. Brazil. Syn., Litobrochia 
 
 Tnacroptera. 
 
 — Milnea'na. 3. Solomon Islands. 1865. 
 
 — Tni'sera, i. Malay Archipelago. 
 
 — 'inclucca'na. Malaya. 1880. 
 
 — mutila'ta. 1. West Indies. 
 
 — nemora'lis. 3. E. Indies. 
 
 — palea'cea. 4. St. Helena. 
 
 — palma'ta. IJ. Tropical America. 1821. 
 
 — pa'tens. 3. Ceylon. Syn., P. deeus- 
 
 sata. 
 
 — peda'ta. J. Tropical America. B. M. t. 3247. 
 
 Syn., Doryopteris pedata. 
 
 — peruvia'na. October. Peru. 1830. 
 
 — Plumidri. 2. July. S. Amer. 1818. 
 
 — podophyflla. 4. West Indies.' Byn., Litobro- 
 
 chia podophylla. 
 
 — pu'TWem. Tropical America. 
 
 — quadriauri'ta. 3. Tropics. 
 
 argyrc^a. E. Indies. 1869. 
 
 fiisci'pes. 1. Solomon Isles. 1868. 
 
 tri'cotor. E. Indies. 1860. 
 
 — rotundifo'lia, li. July. New Zealand. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — sagiita'ta. 3. June. S. Amer. 1826. 
 
 — sagittlfolia. 1. Tropical America. Syn.j 
 
 Doryopteris stwittifoHa. 
 
 — semipinna'ta, E. Iiidies. ^ 
 
 — sermla'ta. IJ. August. India. 1770. 
 angustalta. Pinnse narrow, crested at 
 
 the tips. 
 
 Applehya'na. Pinnse drooping, ta^seled. 
 
 coi'yTmMfera. Fronds erect, densely 
 
 crested. 
 
 Cowalni. 
 
 c^'ista'ta. Fronds erect, densely crested. 
 
 ■ se'mi-fastigiajta. Compact and much 
 
 crested. 
 
 Poco'ckii, 
 
 polyda'ctyla. Pinnse much forked. 
 
 tenuifo'lia. Pinnse narrow. 
 
 — splnulo'sa. IJ. September. 1834. 
 
 — silica' ta. 5. June. Jamaica. 1841. 
 
 — ternifo'lia. 1. June. 1838. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 
 P. angustifo'lia. See TcBnitis angustifolia. 
 
 — arge'ntea. See Cassebeera argentea. 
 
 — argyrophy'Ua. See Cheilanthes farinosa. 
 
 — auricula'ta. See Cassebeera auriculata. 
 
 — auri'ta. See Litobrochia aurita- 
 
 — coUi'na. See Doryopteris collina. 
 
 — corda'ta. See Pellcea cordata. 
 
 — cri'spa. See Cryptogramme crispa, 
 
 — decursi'va. See Cheilanthes farinosa. 
 — farino'sa. See Cassebeera farinosa. 
 
 — Jiexuo'sa. See Pelloea cordata^ var. fleamosaj 
 and Platyloma fieontosa. 
 
 — gra'cilis. See Cheilanthes lanuginosa. 
 
 — hasta'ta. See Cassebeera hastata and Doryo- 
 
 pteris hastata. 
 
 — imbrica'ta. See Jamesonia imbricata, 
 
 — interme'dia. See Litobrochia intermedia. 
 
 — intramarginallis. See Cassebeera intramargi- 
 
 nalis. 
 
 — Imiceola'ta. See Tcenitis lanceolata. 
 
 — laniigimo' sa. See Eriochasnia lanuginosa. 
 
 — palma'ta. See Doryopteris palmata. 
 
 — peda'ta. See Cassebeera pedata. 
 
 — pHose'lloides. See Notholcena piloselloides. 
 
 — sagiita'ta. See Doryopteris sagitti/olia. 
 
 P. sple'ndens. See Litobrochia splendens. 
 
 — trichormmoi'des. See Sothdoma trichoma- 
 
 'ivyides. 
 
 Pteroca'rpUS. (From pteron, a 
 wing, and karpos, a fruit ; seed-pods 
 with wing-like appendage. Nat. ord., 
 Legummosce ; Tribe, Dalbergiem. Al- 
 lied to Dalbergia. ) 
 
 Stoveevergreen trees. Cuttings of half -ripened, 
 stubby side-shoots in sand, under a glass, and in 
 bottom-heat ; rich, flbry losun. Winter temp., 
 50° to 66° ; summer, 60° to 86°. 
 P. Bro'wnei. 10. AVhite, red. W. Ind. 1733. 
 
 — buxifo'lim. A synonym of Brya ebenus. 
 
 — dalbergioi'des. See P. indicus. 
 
 — draco. 40. White. W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — fia'wis. See P. indvms. 
 
 — gla'ber. A synonym of Brya ebenus 
 
 — i'ndiaus. 30. White. E. Ind. 1813. Syns., 
 
 P. dalbergioides, Wight Ic. t. 246 and 
 P. fiavus. 
 
 — lunatus. A synonym of Drepanocarpus 
 
 lunatus. 
 
 — Tnarsu'pium. 40. White. E. Ind. 1811. 
 
 — Plumie'ri. 10. White. S. Amer. 1820. 
 
 — Bo'hrii. 20. Guiana. 1816. 
 
 — sa'ntali'noi'des. 50. Yellow. Sierra Leone. 
 
 1793. AsynonjmotAndirasapindoides. 
 
 — santali'nus. 60. Yellow. E. Ind. 1800. 
 
 — sca'ndens. 16. Yellow. Caraccas. 1817. 
 
 Climber. 
 
 — Siebe'ri. 10. White, red. Guinea. 1324. 
 
 Pteroca'rya. (From pteron, a 
 wing, and earyon, a nut ; winged fruit. 
 Nat. ord., Jugla'ndacece. Allied to 
 Juglans. ) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees ; by layers of the young 
 shoots ; also by grafting on the Walnut ; deep, 
 moist soil in warm places ; in cold situations 
 shallow, poor soil will be best, that the wood 
 may not be stronger than the sun will ripen. 
 P. cauca'sica. See P. fraxinifolia. 
 —fraxinifo'lia. 40. Greenish. May. Caucasus 
 
 and Eastern Europe. 1800. Syn., P. 
 
 caucasica. Caucsisian Walnut. 
 
 — rhoi/o'lia. Greenish. Japan. 
 
 — Spachia'na. 1882. Arboretum Segrezianum, 
 
 t. 20. 
 
 — steno'ptera. Greenish China. 1882. 
 
 .Pterooe'phala. (From pteron, a 
 wing, and kephale, a head. Nat. ord., 
 Dipsaceas.) A synonym of Scabiosa. 
 
 Pterochi'lus. (From pteron, a 
 wing, and cheilos, a lip. Nat. ord., Or- 
 ch'iaecB ; Tribe, Epidendrece-Malaxece.) 
 A synonym of Microstylis. 
 
 PteroCO'cCUS. (From pteron, a 
 wing, and kokkos, a berry. Nat. ord., 
 Polygonaeece.) A synonym of Oalli- 
 
 gonum. 
 
 Pterodi'scus. (From pteron, a 
 wing, and discus, a disk. Nat. ord., 
 Pedalinece ; Tribe, Pedaliece. Allied 
 to Martynia.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials. Seeds in spring 
 and autumn ; division of the plant, and cuttings 
 of young shoots under a bell-glass, in the begin- 
 ning of spring and in the middle of autumn ; 
 sandy loam and leaf -mould. Winter temp., 40° 
 to 48° ; summer, 60° to 75". 
 
PTE 
 
 [809] 
 
 PTY 
 
 P. lu'ridus. li. Dull yellow. July. S. Africa. 
 1868. B. M. t. 5784. 
 
 — spedo'sus. 2. Lilac, purple. May. S. Africa. 
 
 1844. B. M. t. 4117. 
 
 .Pterolo'bitun. (From pteron, a 
 ■wing, and lobos, a pod. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminosce ; Tribe, Muccesalpiniea.) 
 
 Stove, prickly shrub, the pods of which are 
 produced into wings at the tip. For culture, see 
 
 C^SALPINIA. 
 
 P. i:ndicum. Yellowish. Bast Indies. Syn., 
 CoRsaXpinia lacerans. 
 
 Pterolo'ma. (From pteron, a wing, 
 and loma, a fringe. Nat. ord., Legu- 
 minosce ; Tnbe, SedysarecB.) A syno- 
 nym of Desmoditun. 
 
 .Pteroneu'ron. (From pteron, a 
 wing, and neuron, a nerve; winged 
 seed-cord. Nat. ord., Crudferm ; Tribe, 
 Arabidea.) A synonym of Carda- 
 
 mine. 
 
 p. tiamo'sum. See Cardamijie camosa. 
 
 — groB'cwm. See Cardwrnine grceca. 
 
 Ptero'nia. CFrom. pteron, a wing; 
 feathery scales on the flower-receptacle. 
 Nat. ord., CompositcB; Tribe, Asteroi- 
 dem. Allied to Chrysocoma.) 
 
 Greenhouse, yellow-flowered, evergreen shrubs, 
 from South Africa. Cuttings of young shoots in 
 sandy soil, under a hand-light ; also by seeds in 
 a slight hotbed, in spring, or in the greenhouse, 
 in summer ; flbry loam and sandy peat. Winter 
 temp., 40° to 48°. 
 
 P. camphora'ta. 3. June. 1774. Syn., P. 
 striata. 
 
 — Chamcepeu'ce. A synonym of Chamcepeuce 
 
 runtica. 
 
 — echina'ta. A synonym of Felicia echinata. 
 
 — fasGicula'ta. 2. June. 1818. 
 
 — flexicau'tis. 3. July. 1812. 
 
 — glomwra'ta. 2. June. 1817. 
 
 — oppositifo'Ka. i, July. 1774. 
 
 — pa' liens. 2. June. 1816. 
 
 — paucijlo'ra. B. M. t. 1697. See Heliptemm 
 virga'tUTn. 
 
 — scario'sa. 2. July. 1815. 
 
 — stri'cta. See P. camphorata. 
 
 Ptero'psis. (From pteron, a wing, 
 and opsis, like ; shape of the fronds, or 
 leaves. Nat. ord., i^i7ice«.) A synonym 
 of Tsenitis. 
 
 P.furea'ta. See Tmnitis furcata. 
 
 Pterospe'mium. (Fiom pteron, a 
 wing, and sperma, a seed ; winged seeds. 
 Nat. ord., StercuHacew ; Tribe, Helicte- 
 rew.) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered, evergreen trees, from 
 the Bast Indies. Cuttings of half -ripened, stubby 
 side shoots, cut close to the stem, in sand, and 
 in bottom-heat ; sandy, fibry loam and lumpy 
 peat, with good drainage. Winter temp., 60° to 
 55° ; summer, 60° to 85*. 
 
 P. acerifo'lium. 10. August. 1790. B. M. 
 t. 620. 
 
 — platanifo'lium. 15. 1820. 
 
 — semisagitta'tum. 10. 1820. 
 
 — mberifo'lium. 10. 1783. B. M. 1. 1626. Syn., 
 
 Pentapetes suberi/oKa. 
 
 Pteroste'lma. (From pteron, a 
 wing, and stelma, a girdle. Nat. ord.. 
 
 AsclepiadacecE ; Tribe, Marsdenieos. ) A 
 synonym of Hoya. 
 
 Pterosti'gma. (From pteron, a 
 wing, and stigma, the female organ. 
 Nat. ord., Scrophulariacem ; Tribe, Gra- 
 tiolem.) A synonym of Adenosma. 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennial. Cuttings under 
 a bell-glass in heat. Sandy peat. 
 P. grandijlo'rwm. 3. Violet. Hong Kong. 1846. 
 
 B. R. 1846, 1. 16. A synonym of ^flienosma 
 
 grixm,dijlara. 
 
 Ptero'stylis. (From pteron, a 
 wing, and siylis, a column ; in allusion 
 to the broadly winged column. Nat. 
 ord., OrchidecB ; Tribe, Neottieoe-Diuri- 
 decB. Allied to Corysanthes. ) 
 
 Greenhouse terrestrial orchids. Divisions. 
 Leaf-mould, lightened by the admixture of a 
 little sand ; the pots should he about one-third 
 filled with broken crocks, before putting in the 
 soil. No shade required. Summer temp., 60° to 
 80° ; winter, 50° to 60°. 
 
 P. acumina'ta. J. Green. April. N. S. Wales. 
 1827. B. M. t. 3401. 
 
 — Ba'nksii. 1. Green. April. New Zealand. 
 
 1832. B. M. t. 3172. 
 
 — Bapti'stii. 1. Green, white, brown. Winter. 
 
 Australia. 1877. B. M. t. 3661. 
 
 — coruiiima. ^. Puiple-brown, green. N. S. 
 
 Wales. 1828. B. M. t. 3400. 
 
 — cu'rta. ^. Green. October. Australia. 1820. 
 
 — nutans, i. Green. September. Australia. 
 
 1826. B. M. t. 3086. 
 
 Pterosty'rax. (From pteron, a 
 wing, and Styrax, the genus Styrax. 
 Nat. ord. , Styracece. ) See Halesia. 
 P. hi'spidum. See Halesia kispida. 
 
 Ptilo'meris. (Fromjo<j7on, afeathei, 
 and m,eris, a part. Nat. ord.. Compo- 
 site.) See Actinolepis. 
 
 P. c(yron^ria. See Actinolepis ctyronaria. 
 
 Ptilo'trichum. (From ptilon, a 
 feather, and thrix, a hair. Nat. ord., 
 Ci~uciferce ; Tribe, AlyssinecB.) A syno- 
 nym of Alyssum. 
 
 Hardy, white-flowered, deciduous shrubs. Cut- 
 tings in spring and summer ; light, sandy soil ; 
 knolls and rock-works. The two species men- 
 tioned below are forms" of Alyssum canescens. 
 P. cane'seens. April. Siberia. 1828. 
 
 — elonga'tum. April. Altai. 1836. 
 
 Ptychoco'ccus. (From ptyche, a 
 fold, and coccos, a berry. Nat. ord., 
 Palmeas ; Tribe, Arecece.) 
 
 Stove palm. For culture, see Ptychosperma. 
 P. are'einus. 60. Java. 1884. 
 
 PtychOSpe'rma. (From ptyche, a 
 fold or winding, and sperma, a seed; 
 prebably in allusion to the ruminated 
 albumen. Nat. ord., Palmece ; Tribe, 
 Arecece. Syn., Seaforthia.) 
 
 Stove palms. Seeds, sown in a hotbed. Rich 
 loam and leaf -mould, with a top-dressing of cow- 
 dung. Summer temp., 66° to 86° ; winter, 60° to 
 65°. 
 P. Alexa'ndrce. 70. Australia. 1870. Fl. Ser. 
 
 t. 1916. Now known as ARCHONIO- 
 
 PHCENix Alexandra. 
 
PUC 
 
 [810] 
 
 PUL 
 
 P. Cunningha'miana. 60. Queensland. Syn., 
 Seaforthia eiegans, B. M. t. 4961. Now 
 known as Archontophcenix Cunnino- 
 
 HAMIANA. 
 
 — e'legang. Central America. 1868. 
 
 — Ku'hlii. See Pinanga KukUi. 
 
 — lacera'ta. Central America. 1868. 
 
 — Macarthu'rue. New Guinea. 1879. Syn., 
 
 Xentia Macarthuri<e. 
 
 — Normalnbyi. 60. Australia. Syns., Areca 
 
 Normanbyi and Cocos Normanhyi. 
 
 — paltiita. Sumatra. 
 
 — rega'lis. India. 1867. 
 
 — Ru'mphii. See Drgmophlceus olivceformis. 
 
 — rupi'cola. See Loxococcus rupicola. 
 
 — Seema'nni. New Guinea. 1879. 
 
 — singapore^nsis. See Drymophloeus singaporen- 
 
 sis. 
 
 Pucci'nia. A large genus of minute 
 fungi, belonging to the order Uredinew, 
 parasitic upon living plants. Most of 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 the members of this order have been 
 proved to assume different forms in the 
 course of their life history, which were 
 formerly thought to be quite distinct 
 genera. It has been found convenient 
 to still designate the various forms by 
 the old generic names, the final form 
 being the Puccinia. ' The forms are : 
 
 1. ^ciDiUM, or Cluster-Cup.— In 
 this the fungus is embedded in the lower 
 surface of the leaves, and covered by its 
 own skin or peridium, which latter at 
 length bursts and forms cups, such as 
 are shown on p. 97. The upper figure 
 (drawn diagrammatically and magnified 
 about thirty times) is a vertical section 
 of such a cup, showing the chains of 
 conidia or reproductive bodies arising 
 from its base, some of the upper ones 
 breaking free. It also shows the fila- 
 ments or hyphw penetrating the tissue 
 of the leaf. 
 
 2. Uredo. — In this state the spores 
 are not inclosed in a cup, but borne 
 singly at the end of a hypba, as shown 
 in the left-hand illustration of fig. 1. 
 
 Each spore consists of a single cell, 
 much larger than that of the ALciAium 
 stage, and is generally warted. Fig. 2 
 shows one of these spores germinating 
 on the epidermis of a leaf, and the hypha 
 thus produced entering the leaf through 
 a pore or stoma. 
 
 3. Puccinia, or Teleutospoee. — 
 This is generally produced on the same 
 host as the Uredo, but later in the 
 season. The spores in Puccinia proper 
 are two-celled, but in some allied forms 
 vary from one to many-celled. These 
 spores, like those of the Uredo, are 
 borne singly at the end of a hypha. 
 The right-hand, fig. 1, represents a 
 teleutospore germinating. Sometimes 
 several generations of one form are pro- 
 duced before proceeding to the next. 
 See also ^ffiJcidium, Barberry Fun- 
 gus, and Hollyhock Fungus. 
 
 PuCCOOn. Satiguina'ria. 
 
 Puddling. See Mudding. 
 
 Puera'ria. (Named after M. Pue- 
 rari, a Swiss botanist. Nat. ord. , Legu- 
 minosce ; Tribe, PhaseolecB. Allied to 
 Canavalia.) 
 
 Greenhouse, yellow-flowered, evergreen climb- 
 ers. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, 
 under a glass ; sandy peat and fibry loam. 
 Winter temp., 40° to 48°. 
 P. Thunbergia'na. Violet, with yellow spot on 
 
 the upper petal. Japan. 1889. Eev. 
 
 Hort. 1891, p. 31, fig. 8. Syns., Dolichoe 
 
 Mrsutus, D. japonicus, and Pachyrhizu^ 
 
 Thunbergianus. 
 
 — tubero'sa. 3. Yellow. Nepaul. 1806. 
 
 — Walli'chii. 3. Yellow. Nepaul. 1826. 
 
 Pulica'ria. (From puUx,_ a flea ; 
 the smell is supposed to drive fleas 
 away. Nat. ord., Compositm; Tribe, 
 Inuioidew. ) 
 
 Hardy, herbaceous perennial. For culture, 
 see Inula. 
 
 P. o'dora. IJ. Yellow. July. South Europe. 
 1801. Syn., Inula odora. 
 
 Pulmona'ria. Lungwort. (From 
 pulmonarms, diseased lungs ; referring 
 to its supposed eificacy in those diseases. 
 Nat. ord., BoraginecB; Tribe, Boragete.) 
 Hardy, herbaceous perennials. Divisions in 
 spring ; common garden-soil. 
 P. angustifo'Ka. |. Violet. April, firitain. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1097. Syn., P. azurea. 
 
 Blue Cowslip. 
 oblonga'ta. See P. vulgaris. 
 
 — azurea. See P. anguslifolia. 
 
 — dahu'rica. B. M. t. 1742. See Mertensia 
 
 dahurica. 
 
 — denticula'td. See Mertensia sibirica. 
 
 — grandifio'ra. See P. saccharata. 
 
 — margina'ta. A synonym of Mertensia lanceo- 
 
 lata. 
 
 — mari'tima. A synonym of Mertensia mari- 
 
 ti?na. 
 —mo' His. 3. Blue. June. Europe, and Si- 
 beria. B, M. t 2422. 
 —oblonga'ta. See P. vulgaris. 
 
PUL 
 
 [811] 
 
 PUR 
 
 P. offidim'lis. 1. Pink. April. England. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 1098. 
 a'Um. 1. White. June. England. 
 
 — pemieida'ta. B. M. t. 2680. A synonym of 
 
 Mertensia panicxilata. 
 — panijlo'ra. A synonym of Mertensui mari- 
 ti/ma. 
 
 — pube'scens. A synonym of Mertensia panicu- 
 
 lata. 
 
 — sacehara'ta. 1. Pink. June. Europe. 1817. 
 
 Syn., P. marginata. 
 
 — siWrica. A synonym of Merterma sibirica. 
 
 — tvbero'sa. See P. vulgaris. 
 
 — mrgi'nica. B. M. 1. 160. A synonym of Mer- 
 
 tensia pidmonarioides. 
 
 — milga'ris. 1. Pink. May. Central Europe. 
 
 1824. Syus., P. angustifolia, var. ob- 
 longata, P. oblongata, and P. tuberosa. 
 
 Paltenae'a. (Named after Dr. Pul- 
 teney. Nat. ord., Leguminosm ; Tribe, 
 Pocmlyriew. Allied to Gastrolobium. ) 
 
 Greenhouse, yellow-flowered,evergreen shrubs, 
 from Australia. Cuttings of the pomts of shoots 
 as growth is nearly finished, or, better still, small 
 side-shoots, when from two to three inches long, 
 in sand, in April, under a bell-glass ; two parts 
 of sandy, flbry peat to one part of fibry loam, 
 with a little charcoal and good drainage. Win- 
 ter temp., 40° to 48° ; summer, 60° to 75°. Plenty 
 of air, and screened from the full sun during the 
 hottest period of the year. 
 P. arge'niea. See P. dentata. 
 
 — arwta'ta. H. May. 1824. 
 
 -^ a'spera. A synonym of Phyllota phyllieoides. 
 
 — Ausfe'ldi. South Australia. 1866. 
 
 — bilo'ba. See P. scabra. 
 
 — braehytro'pis. IJ. Purple, orange. April. 
 
 1838. 
 
 — ca'ndida. B. C. 1. 1236. See P. tenuifoUa. 
 
 — cane'scens. See P. plumosa. 
 
 — como'sa. See Phyllota phyllieoides. 
 
 — cwda'ta. B. M. t. 3443. See P. juniperina. 
 
 — erassifo'Ua. 2. May. 1824. 
 
 — curtea'ta. 1. June. 1824. 
 
 — daphnoi'des. 2. April. 1792. Andr. Eep. 
 
 t. 98. Syn., P. obcordata of Andr. Rep. 
 t. 574. 
 
 — denta'ta. 2. June. 1820. Syn., P. argentea. 
 
 — echi'mda. 1}. April. 1823. 
 
 — eUiptica. 1. May. 1824. Syn., P. hypo- 
 
 lampra. 
 
 — erieoi'des. April. 
 
 — fle'xilis. See P. Sweetii. 
 
 — Gu'nnii. Australia. 1885. Gfl. t. 1173. 
 
 — kypola'mpra. See P. elliptica. 
 
 — incurva'ta. 2. May. 1823. 
 —juniperina. IJ. June. 1824. Syn., P. eor- 
 
 data. 
 
 — lino'phylla. 2. April. 1789. 
 
 — mUa-opki/Ufi,. 1. May. 1810. 
 
 — mucr<ma'ta. B. C. 1. 1711. See P. polifoUa. 
 
 — na'na. B. C. t. 434. A synonym of Choriiema 
 
 ilid/olium. 
 
 — obcorda'ta. 2. June. 1808. Syn., EttchilKS 
 
 obcordatus, B. E. t. 403. P. obcordata 
 of Andr. Eep. t. 674 is P. daphnoides. 
 
 — Otto'nis. 1867. 
 
 — oicalidifo'lia. See P. temata. 
 
 — Paxto'ni. Yellow, reddish. 1861. 
 
 — peduneida'ta. May. 1820. B. M. t. 2869. 
 
 — plumo'sa. IJ. April. 1824. 
 
 — polifo'lia. 2. May. 1824. Syns., P. mucro- 
 
 nata and P. rosmarinifolia. 
 
 — polygalifo'lia. 2. May. 1817. 
 
 — procu'rniens. }. April. 1823. 
 
 — racemo'sula. 2. April. 1820. 
 
 — retu'sa. 1. April. 1789. 
 
 — ro'sea. 2. Pink. 1877. „ ^ ,. 
 
 — Tomarinifo'lia. B. B. 1. 1584. See P. poll- 
 
 folia. 
 
 P. rwpe'stris. 1. 1846. 
 
 — sca'bra. IJ. April. 1803. Syn., P. 6i7o6a. 
 
 — sqxmrro'sa. A synonym of Phyllota phylli- 
 
 eoides. 
 
 — stipula'ris. 2. April. 1792. 
 
 — stri'tsta. 2. June. 1803. B. M. 1. 1688. 
 
 — swbumbella'ta. 1. April. 1831. B. M. 1. 1584. 
 
 — Sweeltii. IJ. May. 1801. Syn., P. Jlexilis. 
 
 — tenuifo'lia. 1}. April. 1817. 
 
 — tema'ta. 2. April. 1826. Syn., P. oxalidi- 
 
 folia. 
 
 — thymifo'lia. 1. May. 1810. 
 
 — vesti'ta. 3. April. 1803. 
 
 — villi' fera. 2. May. 1824. 
 
 — villo'sa. B. E. t. 309. A synonym of Aotus 
 
 villosa. 
 
 Fu'nica. Pomegranate. (From 
 pimiceus, scarlet ; the colour of the 
 flowers. 'Sail. orA., Lythrariem.) 
 
 Beciduous trees, all blooming in August. 
 Cuttings of the shoots and roots ; layers and 
 grafting; any light, rich soil. It nourishes 
 against a wall, hut in such places the twigs 
 must be encouraged to grow, or there will be 
 few flowers. The double kinds grafted on the 
 single, and grown in rich loam, become nice 
 flowering plants, as the plants do not grow so 
 vigorously as on their own roots, hut flower 
 much longer. The variety iwi'iia requires the 
 stove. 
 
 P. Grana'tum. 18. Eed. South Europe. 1548, 
 B. M. 1. 1832. 
 
 — ■ albe'seens. 10. Whitish. China. 
 
 albe^scens flo're-pl&no. 10. Whitish. 
 
 Syn., P. Granatum, var. albwm. 
 
 ; — Jla'imm. 10. Yellow. 
 
 Jlo're-pldno. White, yellowish. Double- 
 flowered. Garden variety. 
 
 na'na. 3. Eed. South America. 1723. 
 
 Syn., P. TMina. 
 
 rv!brurn flo're-ple'no. 10. Eed. South 
 
 Europe. Syn., P. Qranatum, var. 
 plenum. 
 
 — na'na. B. M. t. 634. See P. Granatum, var. 
 
 nana. 
 
 Punnet. See Basket. 
 
 Pupa. The name applied to one of 
 the stages in the life of an insect. In 
 some insects, e.g.. Butterflies, it is the 
 resting state, and is known as the chry- 
 salis; in others, e.g.. Grasshoppers, it 
 is active, and somewhat resembles the 
 perfect form. 
 
 Pupa'lia. (From PupaK, the East 
 Indian name. Nat. ord., Amarantha- 
 cece.) 
 
 Stove evergreen sub-shrub. Sandy loam. Cut- 
 tings in sand, in heat, under a bell-glass. 
 P. atropurpu'rea. 2. Darkpurple. September. 
 Tropics of the Old World. 1756. 
 
 Purifieation Flower. Gala'nthus 
 
 Purple Carrot-seed Moth. De- 
 
 pressa'ria depresse'lla. 
 
 Purple Loose-strife. Ly'thmm, 
 
 salica'ria. 
 Purple Medick. Medica'go sati'va. 
 Purple Wreath. Petrm'a volu'U- 
 
 lis. 
 Pu'rshia. (Named after F. Pursh, 
 
PUR 
 
 [812] 
 
 PUY 
 
 a writer on American plants. Nat. ord. , 
 Hosacece ; Tiihe, Poteniillece.) A genus 
 of doubtful affinity. 
 
 Hardy evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young 
 shoots in sand, under a hand-light, in early 
 summer ; also by seeds, treated as rose-seeds ; 
 sandy, poor soil. 
 
 i*. hi'spida. A synonym of Onosmodium hispi- 
 dum. 
 
 — mo'Uis. A synonym of Onosmodium molle. 
 
 — tridenta'ta. 2. Yellow. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 B. R. t. 1446. 
 
 Purslane. {Portida'ca.) p. olera'- 
 cea, Green, or Garden Purslane. P. 
 sati'va. Golden Purslane. 
 
 They thrive best in a light, rich soil, 
 and prefer a warm situation, such as a 
 south border. Sow in February and 
 early in March, in a moderate hotbed, 
 to remain where sown ; and at the close 
 of March, and once monthly, during 
 April, May, and the summer months 
 until the end of August, in the open 
 ground. 
 
 Sow in drills six inches apart, very 
 thin, and not more than a quarter of an 
 inch deep. Keep the seedlings clear of 
 weeds, and thin to six or eight inches 
 asunder. In dry weather water mode- 
 rately two or three times a week. 
 
 In general, they are ready for gather- 
 ing from in six weeks after sowing, the 
 young shoots being made use of from 
 two to five inches in length, and the 
 plants branch out again. 
 
 The hotbed crops require the air to be 
 admitted as freely as the weather per- 
 mits, the temperature ranging between 
 50° and 70°. 
 
 To obtain Seed. — A few of the earliest 
 border-raised plants must be left un- 
 fathered from, the strongest and largest- 
 leaved being selected. They must be 
 cut immediately the seed is ripe, laid 
 on a cloth, and when perfectly dry, 
 thrashed, and the refuse is best sepa- 
 rated by means of a very fine sieve. 
 
 Purslane-tree. Portulaca'ria. 
 
 Puschki'nia. (Named after M. 
 Pouschkin, a Russian botanist. Nat. 
 ord. , Liliacece ; Tribe, Scillece. Allied 
 to Hyacinth.) 
 
 Half-hardy bulb. Offset-bulbs ; deep, sandy 
 loam ; requires a little protection, or to be taken 
 up in winter. 
 
 P. seilloi'des. J. Pale blue. May. Siberia. 
 1819. B. M. t. 2244. 
 
 — si'cula. J. Blue. Sicily. 1875. 
 
 Puss Moth. Dicranu'ra vi'nula. 
 
 Puto'ria. (From putor, a strong 
 smell ; the leaves have a strong odour. 
 Nat. ord., Bubiacece ; Tribe, Spermaco- 
 cece.) 
 
 Dwarf, hardy, much-branched shrub. Gravelly 
 soil. Divisions. 
 
 P. cala'brica. i. Red. July. Mediterranean 
 region. 1820. Syna., Asperulacalabricat 
 Emodea monlana, Sibth. Fl. Gr. 1. 143, 
 and PavettafoetidiBsima, 
 
 Putterli'ckia. (After A. Putter-, 
 lick, a Viennese botanist, 1810-1845. 
 Nat. ord., Celastrinece.) 
 
 Greenhouse shrub. For culture, see Celas- 
 
 TBUS. 
 
 P. Pyraca'Ththa. 3. Green,' purple. Winter. 
 South Africa. Syn., Celastrvs Pyra- 
 canthvs, B. M. 1. 1167. 
 
 Putty is a compound of boiled lin- 
 seed-oil and whiting, but as it may be 
 bought in London at half-a-guinea per 
 cwt., it is scarcely worth while to make 
 it. One hundredweight is enough for 
 puttying about three hundred square 
 feet of glass. 
 
 Old putty may be softened by apply- 
 ing to it rags dipped in a saturated 
 solution of caustic potash, leaving them 
 on for twelve hours ; or by rubbing a 
 hot iron along the putty. 
 
 If the gardener does make putty, the 
 whiting snould be well dried, and then 
 pounded and sifted till it becomes a 
 fine powder, and is quite free from grit. 
 The whiting, a little warm, should be 
 gradually added to the oil, and well- 
 mixed by means of a piece of stick, or a 
 spatula. When it is sufficiently stiff, it 
 should be well worked with the hand on 
 a table, and afterwards beaten on a 
 stone with a wooden mallet till it be- 
 comes a soft, tenacious mass. A ball 
 of putty, when left some days, becomes 
 somewhat hard, but may be easily 
 softened by beating. 
 
 Pu'ya. (Native name. Nat. ord., 
 Bromeliacem ; Tribe, Pitcairniece. ) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials, except Tna^ni- 
 spa'tha, which is a stove epiphyte. Seeds in a 
 hotbed, but chiefly by suckers ; sandy loam and 
 peat. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 
 85°. 
 
 P. Acupu'Ua. A synonym of Pitcaimia Bon- 
 plandiL 
 
 — AUeTisteinii. See Pitcaimia Altensteinii, 
 giga'ntea. B. M. t. 4309. See Pitcaimia 
 
 AUensteinUy var gi^antea. 
 
 — cceru'lea. See Pitcaimia coerulea. 
 
 — chile'nsis. B. M. t. 4716. See' Pitcaimia. 
 
 chilensis. 
 
 — coarcta'ta. See Pitcaimia chilensis. 
 
 — gi'gas. 3. White, tinged with red and violet. 
 
 Andes of Columbia. 1880. Rev. Hort. 
 1881, p. 314, flg. 94. 
 
 — grandifio'ra. B. M. t. 5234. See Pitcaimia 
 
 ferruginea. 
 
 — heterophy'ita. See Pitcaimia heterophylla. 
 
 — lanugino'sa. Pale sea-green. Peru. 1888. 
 
 — lotigifo'lia. Paxt. Fl. Gard. iii. p. 86. See 
 
 Pitcaimia heterophylla. 
 
 — tnagnispaltha. ^. Green, white. May. S. 
 
 America. 1820. 
 
 — maidifo'lia. See Pitcaimia maidifolia. 
 
 — pyramida'ta. I. Yellow. June. Peru. 1822. 
 
 — rec^trva'ta. See Pitcaimia recurvata. 
 
 — Roe'zlii. See Pitcaimia megastachya. 
 
PYC 
 
 [813] 
 
 PYR 
 
 P. rubricau'lis. Blue, red. June. Chili. 1827. 
 
 — subero'sa. See Pitcairnia chilensis. 
 
 — sulphu'rea. B. M. t. 4696. See Pitcairnia 
 
 Weiidlandi. 
 
 — vire'seens. B. M. t. 4991. See Pitcairnia 
 
 mrescens. 
 
 — Warszevn'czii. B. M. t. 6225. See Pitcairnia 
 
 atrorubens. 
 
 — Why'tei. B. M. t. 5732. See Pitcairnia cce- 
 
 rulea. 
 
 Pycno'stachys. (From pyknos, 
 dense, and stackys, a spike ; dense 
 flower-spikes. Nat. ord., Labiates; 
 Tribe, Oeimoidece.) 
 
 Stove annual. For culture, see Ocimum. 
 P. cceru'lea. 3. Blue. August. Madagascar. 
 1825. 
 
 — wrticifo'lia. Blue. Tropical Africa. 1863. 
 
 Sub-shrub. B. M. t. 6365. 
 
 Pyre'thrum. Feverfew. (Fiompyr, 
 fire ; alluding to its acrid roots. Nat. 
 ord. , Compositm : Tribe, Anthemideee. ) 
 In Bentham and Hooker's Genera Plan- 
 tarum this genus is united to Chrysan- 
 themuin, but for garden purposes it 
 may be regarded as distinct. The 
 names the various species would bear in 
 Chrysanthemum are here appended as 
 synonyms. 
 
 All white-flowered, except where otherwise 
 mentioned. Hardy kinds, divisions and seeds, 
 and common garden-soil ; greenhouse kinds, by 
 cuttings under a hand-light, in sandy, light 
 soil ; sandy, fibry loam, and leaf-mould ; half- 
 shrubby kinds, such as /tenicw?a'iiAm, will notonly 
 -do well in cold greenhouses, but will probably 
 answer for the bottom of conservatory wall&. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGHEENS. 
 
 p. Broussone'tii. 2. July. Ca,naries. 1817. 
 Syn., Chrysanthemum Broussonetii. 
 
 — coronopi/o'lium. 2. Canaries. Syn., Chrysan- 
 
 themum gravdijlorum. 
 
 — diversijolitim. i. July. N. Holland. 1823. 
 
 Herbaceous. B. R. 1. 1026. A synonym 
 of Brachystephium leucanthemioides. 
 —frute'scens. 3. Canaries. 1699. Syn., Chrys- 
 anthemum frutescens. 
 
 — ffrandi/lo'nim. 3. Canaries. 1816. Syn., 
 
 Chrysanthemum pinnatijidum. 
 
 — specio'sum. 3. Canaries. 1815. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 P. ireviradia'tum. i. Yellow. July. 1818. 
 
 1. July. Mount Baldo. 1816. 
 Biennial. Syn., Chrysanthemum mari- 
 iim,um. 
 
 — i'ndicum. |. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1810. 
 
 B. M. t. 1521. Syn., Chrysanthemum 
 itidicuTn. 
 
 — imido'ntm. \ Synonyms of Matricaria ino- 
 
 — parvifio'rum. f dora. 
 
 — ■pro! cox. 1. June. Caucasus. 1818. Syn., 
 
 Chrysanthemum prcecox. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 P. ochilleKfo'lium. 2. Yellow. August. Cau- 
 casus. 1823. Syn., Chrysanthemum 
 achilleoefotium. 
 
 — alpi'num. |. July. Switzerland. 1769. 
 
 Syn., Chrysanthemum alfinum. 
 
 pube'scens. i- July. Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 Syn., Chrysanthemum alpinum, var. pu- 
 
 — Barrelieri. J. July. South Europe. 1820. 
 
 Syn., Chrysanthemum Halleri. 
 
 — Hpinna'tum. }. Yellow. June. Siberia. 
 
 1796. Syn., Chysanthemum hipinnatum. 
 
 P. Bocco'ni. 1. Yellow. July. Spain. 1823, 
 Sjrn., Chrysanthemum Boceoni. 
 
 — cauca'sicwm. i- July. Caucasus. 1804- 
 
 Syn., Chrysanthemum caucasicum. 
 
 — ceratophylloi'des. 1. June. Piedmont. 1819, 
 
 Syn., Chrysanthemum coronopifoli/um. 
 
 — dneraricefo'lium. 2. July. Dalmatia. 1826. 
 
 Syn., Chrysanthemum^ rigidum. 
 
 — corymbo'sum. 1. July. Germany. 1596. 
 
 Syn., Chrysanthemum corymbosum, 
 
 — Deeaisfnea'nwm. J. Pale yellow. Japan. 
 
 Syn., Chrysanthemum vecaisneanum. 
 
 — Halle'ri. 1. June. Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 Syn., Chrysanthemum Halleri. 
 
 — latifo'lium. 2. June. Pyrenees. 1820. Syn^, 
 
 Chrysanthemum lacustre. 
 
 — leptophy'llum. 1. August. Caucasus. 1821. 
 
 Syn., Chrysanthemum, leptophyllum. 
 
 — maerophy'llum. 3. July. Hungary. 1803, 
 
 Syn., Chrysanthemum macrophyllum. 
 
 — margina'tum. Dark yellow. Japan. Syn., 
 
 Chrysanthemum marginatum. 
 
 — mari'timum. 1. August. Britain. Syn., 
 
 Chrysanthemum maritimum. 
 
 — ma'ximum. 1. July. South Europe. 1818. 
 
 Syn., Chrysanthemum lacustre. 
 
 — mUlefolia'tum. 2. Yellow. July. Siberia. 
 
 1731. Syn., Chrysanthemum mille/olia- 
 tum. 
 
 — palu'stre. 1. June. Armenia. 1820. Syn,, 
 
 Chrysanthemum palustre. 
 
 — partheni/oliiim. 2. July. Caucasus. 1804. 
 
 Syn., Chrysanthemum prmaltum. 
 
 — Parthe'nium. 2, July. Britain. Syn., 
 
 Chrysanthemum Parthenium. 
 
 ait'reum selaginoi'des. Leaves bright 
 
 yellowish green, resembling a Sela- 
 
 Jpinella. 1882. 
 o're-ple'no. 2. July. 
 
 — pinnati'fidum. 2. July. 1823. Syn., Chrys- 
 
 anthemum grandi^orum-. 
 
 — Tchihatche'wii. 2. White, pale yellow. June 
 
 Asia Minor. 1869. Syn., Chrysanthemum 
 Tchihatcheutii. 
 
 — uligino'sum. IJ. August. Hungary. 1818. 
 
 Syn., Chrysanthemum uliginosum. 
 
 Py'rola. Winter - green. (From 
 pyrus, a pear-tree ; resemblance of the 
 leaves. Kat. ord. , Ericacece ; Tribe, 
 Pyrolem. Allied to Chimaphila. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds and 
 divisions in a shady, sandy peat-border. 
 P. asarifo'lia. See P. rotundifolia. 
 
 — chlara'ntha. Yellow. North America. 1822. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1542. Syn., P. conmluta. 
 
 — c&nvolu'ta. See P. chlorantha. 
 
 — denta'ta. See P. picta. 
 
 — elli'ptica. J. White. N. America. 1818, 
 
 — maeulaJta. B. M. t. 897. See Chimaphila 
 
 maculata. 
 
 — me'dia. J. White, red. England. Eng 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 897. 
 
 — mi'mn: J. Red. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 
 t. 898. Syn., P. rosea. 
 
 — occidenta'lis. Yellow. N. America. 1827. 
 
 — pi'cta. Yellow. N. America. 1827. Syn., 
 
 P. dentata. 
 
 — ro'sea. See P. minor. 
 
 — rotundifo'lia. i. White. Britain. Eng, 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 895. 
 
 — secu'nda. i. White. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed, 
 
 3, t. 899. 
 
 — umbella'ta. B. M. t. 778. See Chimaphila 
 
 umbellata. 
 
 — uniflo'ra. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 900. See Mo- 
 
 neses unifiora. 
 
 Pyroli'rion. Flame Lily. (From 
 pyr, fire, and lirion, a lily. Nat. ord.. 
 
PYR 
 
 [814] 
 
 PYR 
 
 Amaryllidece ; Tribe, Amaryllece.) A 
 synonym of Zephyranthes. 
 
 Very rare greenhouse bulb3, flowering about 
 Midsummer, before tlie leares are full-grown, 
 and require rest from December to April. Off- 
 set-bulbs ; sandy loam and leaf -mould ; a green- 
 bouse or a cold pit. 
 P. a/u'reum.* See Zephyranthes aurea. 
 favlcelalvi. B. R. t. 1724. Hea Zephy- 
 ranthes fiava. 
 — Jialvum. See Zephyranthes fiava. 
 
 Pyrrliei'llia. (From pyrrhos, red, 
 and eima, clothing ; from the reddish- 
 brown hairs which clothe the whole 
 plant. Nat. ord. , Commelhiaeece ; Tribe, 
 Tradescantiece. ) A synonym of Trades- 
 cantia. 
 
 stove perennial herb. Seeds in a hotbed as 
 soon as ripe ; divisions. Rich sandy loam and 
 leaf -mould, or a little peat. Summer temp., 65* 
 to 86" ; winter, 60' to 65°. 
 P. Loddi^e'sii. See Tradescantiafuscata. 
 
 Py'rus. Pear-tree. (From pirns, 
 name used by Pliny. Nat. ord., Eosa- 
 cew ; Tribe, Pomem.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees, white-flowered, except 
 where othsrwise mentioned. Seeds for stocks 
 and new varieties ; as, also, in the case of the 
 timber-trees, for the continuance of the species ; 
 but for all particular sorts, by budding and 
 grafting upon wild pears, apples, quinces, and 
 thorns, according to the future effects required ; 
 also by suckers ; good garden-soil, and deep, 
 loamy soil for the wild varieties. See Pear and 
 Quince. 
 P. ace'rba. See P. Malus, var. acerba. 
 
 — ameriea'na. 15. May. Canada. 1792. Syn., 
 
 Sorbus am£ricaiia. 
 mieroca'rpa. Small-fruited variety. 
 
 — amygdalifo'rmis. 15. May. South Europe. 
 
 1810. 
 -- angvstifo'lia. 20. Pink. May. N. Amer. 
 1760. 
 
 — arbutijo'lia. 4. May. N. Amer. 17S0. Syn., 
 
 P. floribunda. 
 
 intermedia. May. 
 
 m4slaruKcirpa. I'ruit dark purple. Syn., 
 
 P. grandi/olia,B. R. 1. 1154. 
 
 pu'niila. IJ. May. 
 
 sero'tina. 4. June. 
 
 — A'ria. 40. May. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 
 t. 482. White Beam-tree. 
 
 acutiifo'lia. 40. May. Europe. 
 
 bulla'ta. 30. May. South Europe. 
 
 cre^tiea. 30. May. Crete. 
 
 latif&lia. Broad leaved variety. 
 
 obtusifo'lia. 40. May. Europe. 
 
 rugo'sa. 30. May. South Europe. 
 
 r- rupi'cola. Leaves white beneath. 
 
 undula'ta. 3u. May. South Europe. 
 
 — astraca'nica, 20. June. Astracan. 1810. 
 
 — Aucupa'ria. 80. May. Britain. Eng. Bot. 
 
 ed. 3, t. 486. Mountain Ash ; Rowan 
 
 tree. 
 
 /aetigia'ia. May. 
 
 fo'liis variega'tis. 30. May. Britain. 
 
 fru'etulu'teo. 30. May. Britain. 
 
 pe^Tidula. Branches drooping. 
 
 varuga'ta. Leaves variegated. 
 
 — auritsula'ta. 20. May. Egypt. 1800. 
 
 — bacca'ta. 15. Pink. April. Siberia. 1784. 
 
 — betulce/o'lia. White. China. 1879. Rev. 
 
 Hort. 1879, p. 318. 
 
 — BoUwyUeria'na. 16. April. Germany. 1786. 
 
 B. R. 1. 1437. Syn., P. Pollveria, B. C. 
 1. 1009. 
 
 P. Botrya'pium. See Atn^lanchier canadensis. 
 
 — Chamceme'spilus. 6. May. Pyrenees. 1683. 
 
 Syns., Cratcegus Chamoemesyilus and 
 Sorbus Cha/mcemespilus. 
 
 Ho'stii. 10. Rosy-pink. Spring. 1877. 
 
 Syns., P. Eostii, Aria Hostii, and Cra- 
 tcegus Hostii. 
 
 — commu'nis. 40. ApriL England. Eng. Bot. 
 
 ed. 3, t. 488. Pear. 
 
 A'chrae. 20. April. 
 
 Bri'ggsii. See P. cordata. 
 
 fio're-ple'no. 20. April. 
 
 fo'liis variega'tis. 20. April. 
 
 fru'ctuvariega'ta. 20. April. 
 
 jaspi'dea. 20. April. 
 
 Pyra'ster. 20. April. 
 
 sanguinole'nta. 20. April. 
 
 sativa. 20. April. 
 
 — corda'ta. Syn., P. cormrmnis, var. Briggsii. 
 
 — corona'ria. 20. Pink. May. Virginia. 1724. 
 
 B. M. t. 2009. Sweet-scented Crab. 
 
 — crena'ta. 15. May. Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 — depre'ssa. May. 
 
 — dioi'ca. 10. April. 1818. 
 
 — densiflo'ra. 6. White. 1879. 
 
 — dame'stiea. 60. White. Europe. 
 
 — edu'lii. 10. April. France. 1816. 
 
 — elceagnifo'lia. 20. April. Siberia. 1806. 
 
 — fe'nnica. Island of Arran. Syn,, P. pinnati- 
 fida. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 485. A hybrid 
 between P. Aria, var. scandica, and P. 
 Aucuparia ? 
 
 —floribu'nda. ' 8. April. China. 1818. Syn., 
 Malus microcarpa, var. floribunda. 
 
 — grandi/o'tia. See P. arbutifolia, var. melano- 
 
 carpa. 
 
 — Ho'stii. See P. Chamtemespilus, var. Eostii. 
 
 — inlerme'dia. 40. May. Sweden. 1739. 
 • angustifo'lia. 10. May. 
 
 latifo'lia. 40. May. Denmark. 1789. 
 
 —japo'nica. 6. Deej) scarlet. Japan. 1816. 
 Syn., Cydonia japonica. 
 'ino'sa. 25. April. Hungary. 
 April. Nepaul. 1818. 
 Fruit white or creamy. 1879. 
 April. Britain. Crab or Apple 
 
 20. April. Europe. 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 481 
 
 Syn., P. 
 
 Malus micro- 
 
 — lana ta. 15. 
 
 — leucoca'rpa. 
 
 — Ma'lus. 20. 
 Tree. 
 
 ace'rba. 
 
 acerba, 
 
 — Berti'ni. 
 
 cratce'gina. 1881. Syn., 
 
 carpa, var. craioegina. 
 
 mi'tis. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 490. 
 
 prce'cox. 10. Blush. April. Russia. 
 
 1784. Syns., P. prcecox and Malus 
 
 microcarpa, var. prcecox. 
 semperm'rens. Evergreen Crab. Syn., 
 
 Malus microcarpa, var. semyervirens. 
 
 — Mau'tei. Orange-red. April. Japan. 1874. 
 
 Syn., Cydonia Maulei. 
 
 — melanocalrpa. 4. May. N. Amer. 1700. 
 subpiMscens. 4. May. 
 
 — mieroca'rpa. 10. April. N. Amer. 
 
 — nim'lis. 6. April. Austria. B. B. 1. 1842. 
 
 — Parkma'nni. Syn., Malus Parkmanni. 
 
 — pinnati'fida. See P. fennica. 
 
 — Pollve'ria. B. C. t. 1009. See P. Bollviylle- 
 
 riana. 
 
 — prce'cox. See P. Malus, var. pr<Bcox. 
 
 — prunyfo'lia. 20. Pink. May. Siberia. 
 
 1758. B. M. t. 6168. Siberian Crab. 
 — pvlbens. 5. May. 
 
 — salicifo'lia. 20. May. Russia. 1780. 
 
 — salvifolia. 16. May. France. 1806. B. B. 
 
 t. 1482. 
 
 — samlnt^ifo'lia. June. 
 
 — Siebo'ldii. Japan. 1880. Fruit eatable. 
 
 Rev. Hort. 1880, p. 110. See also P. 
 Torin^o. 
 
 — Sima'nii. White. Spring. China. 1872. 
 
 Rev. Hort. 1872, p. 28, flg. 3. 
 
 — sma'ica. 20. May. Levant. 1820. Medlar. 
 
PYR 
 
 [815] 
 
 PYR 
 
 P. sine'nsis. May. 
 1. 1248. 
 
 China. 1820. B. E. 
 
 — So'rbus. SO. May. England. Medlar. 
 
 malifo'rmis. 30. May. 
 
 pyrijfo'rmis. 30. May. 
 
 — speetaMlis. 20. May. China. 1780. B. M. 
 
 t. 267. 
 
 Kai'do. Blush-white. Japan. 1874. 
 
 '- Tori'ngo. White or rosy. May. Japan. 
 
 Syns., P. Sieboldii of Kegel and Malus 
 
 micromrpaj var. Toringo. 
 Ri'ngo. Leaves more deeply cut. 
 
 — spu'ria. 20. May. 18U0. B. R. 1. 1196. 
 pe'ndula. May. 
 
 sambucifo'lia. 20. May. 1818. 
 
 — thianscha'nica. Central Asia. 1890. 
 
 — tomento'sa. 20. May. Europe. 1810. 
 
 — tormina'lis. 60. May. England. Wild 
 
 Service. 
 
 — triloba'ta. 20. May. South Europe. 1810. 
 
 — ussurie'nsis. 20. May. Eastern Asia. 1861. 
 
 — variolo'sa. 50. May. Nepaul. 1826. 
 
 — vesti'ta. April. Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 Py'ms Malus or Apple. The 
 
 varieties of the apple are now extremely 
 numerous, so that it is possible to give 
 here the names of but a few of the most 
 desirable. Those varieties should be 
 selected for growing which are most 
 adapted to the soil of the locality, as 
 disappointment is often caused through 
 a variety, whicli has thrived well in one 
 part of the country, failing to produce a 
 remunerative crop in anotner. 
 
 Espalier and dwarf. Dessert kinds. 
 — Lamb-abbey Pearmain; Hick's Fancy: 
 Kerry Pippin ; Sturmer Pippin ; Ribston 
 Pippin ; Pitmaston Nonpareil ; Boston 
 Russet ; Claygate Pearmain ; Keddle- 
 stone Pippin ; Mr. Gladstone ; Old Non- 
 pareil ; Braddiok's Nonpareil ; Scarlet 
 Nonpareil ; Pearson's Plate ; Court- 
 penduplat ; Court of Wick ; Golden 
 Drop ; King of Pippins ; Margille ; 
 Golden Reinette ; Reinette du Canada ; 
 Reinette Grise ; Van Mons Reinette ; 
 Sturmer Pippin ; Red Quarrenden ; 
 Adam's Pearmain ; Boston Russet ; 
 Baddorn, or Spring Ribston Pippin ; 
 Early Harvest; Early Margaret; Golden 
 Harvey. 
 
 Standard. Dessert. — Hick's Fancy ; 
 Kerry Pippin ; Pitmaston Nonpareil ; 
 Court of Wick ; King of Pippins ; Golden 
 Reinette ; Adam's Pearmain ; Boston 
 Russet ; Early Harvest ; Early Mar- 
 garet ; Summer Pippin ; Ribston Pip- 
 pin. 
 
 Espaliers and dwarfs. — Kitchen. — 
 Hawthornden ; Alfriston ; Pitmaston 
 Nonpareil ; Manks Codling ; Wareham 
 Russet ; Blenheim Orange ; Chappell ; 
 Keswick Codling ; Waltham - Abbey 
 Seedling. 
 
 Standard. Kitchen. — Alexander ; 
 Northern Greening, or John ; Mank's 
 Codling ; Chappell ; Wareham Russet ; 
 Blenheim Orange ; Blenheim Pippin ; 
 Noimanton or Dumelow's Seeoling ; 
 
 Gravenstein ; Jolly Beggar ; Keswick 
 Codling ; Hawthornden ; New or Winter 
 Hawthornden ; Bedfordshire Foundling ; 
 Brabant Bellefleur ; Cellini ; Reinette 
 du Canada ; Emperor Alexander ; Non- 
 such ; Norfolk Beefing ; Small's Admir- 
 able ; Worcestershire Pearmain ; Dutch 
 Codling ; Wormsley Pippin ; Waltham- 
 Abbey Seedling ; Alfriston ; Court 
 Rendu Plat ; D. T. Fish ; French Crab. 
 
 For walls. — Ribston Pippin; Old Non- 
 pareil ; Newtown Pippin ; Sturmer 
 Pippin. 
 
 Jpropagation by seed. — Sow in autumn 
 the largest and most convex seeds of a 
 favoured variety, in pots, or a border of 
 light, rich loam ; bury the seed an inch 
 deep ; if in a border, six inches apart 
 each way. Mr. Loudon says, " The end 
 of the first year they should be trans- 
 planted into nrseruy rows, from six 
 inches to a foot apart every way. After- 
 wards they should be removed to where 
 they are to produce fruit ; and for this 
 purpose the greater the distance between 
 the plants the better. It should not be 
 less than six or eight feet every way. 
 The quickest way to bring them into a 
 bearing state, Mr. Williams of Pitmas- 
 ton considers, is to let the plants be fur- 
 nished with lateral shoots, from the 
 ground upwards, so disposed as that the 
 leaves of the upper shoots may not 
 shade those situated underneath, prun- 
 ing away only trifling shoots. 
 
 " He adopted this mode, and succeeded 
 in producing fruit from seedling apples 
 at four, five, and six years of age, in- 
 stead of waiting eight, ten, and even 
 fifteen years, which must be the case by 
 the usual mode of planting close, and 
 pruning to naked Stems. " 
 
 The advice of Mr. Williams is very 
 good : but we must remind our readers 
 that most of our shy, flowering, arbo- 
 rescent, or shrubby plants or trees are 
 soonest brought to blossom by first en- 
 couraging a high amount of luxuriance, 
 and then inducing a severe check by 
 root-pruning. 
 
 By such means, carefully carried out, 
 there can be no doubt that seedling 
 apples may be made to blossom in four 
 years. The check may either consist in 
 a severe root-pruning, or the plants may 
 be transplanted ; tiiking care to prune 
 away all taper-forked roots, and using 
 all possible means to encourage surface 
 fibres. 
 
 We may add here, that the less prun- 
 ing of the shoots the better ; the Knife 
 is a great enemy to early fruitfulness in 
 young trees, especially codlings. 
 
 Most good cultivators— and we be- 
 
PYR 
 
 [816] 
 
 PYR 
 
 lieve we may include the highly-scien- 
 tific authority of the late Mr. Knight, of 
 Downton — prefer grafting the shoots of 
 seedling apples, when two years old, on 
 very old, healthy, and fine bearing 
 kinds. In doing so, the extremities m 
 the best branches should be chosen, as 
 also, the lightest portion of the tree, 
 which should stand in a sheltered and 
 warm situation. 
 
 Mr. Knight states that " the width 
 and thickness of the leaf generally indi- 
 cate the size of the future apple, but 
 will by no means convey any correct 
 idea of the merits of the future fruit. 
 When these have the character of high 
 cultivation, the qualities of the fruit 
 will be far removed from those of the 
 native species ; but the apple may be 
 insipid or highly flavoured, green or 
 deeply coloured, and of course, well or 
 ill calculated to answer the purposes of 
 the planter. An early blossom in the 
 spring, and an early change of colour in 
 the autumnal leaf, would naturally be 
 supposed to indicate a fruit of early 
 maturity ; but I have never been able 
 to discover any criterion of this kind on 
 which the smallest dependence may be 
 placed. 
 
 " The leaves of some varieties will be- 
 come yellow and fall off, leaving the 
 fruit green and immatui-e ; and the 
 leaves in other kinds will retain their 
 verdure long after the fruit has perished. 
 The plants whose buds iii the annual 
 wood are full and prominent, are usually 
 more productive than those whose buds 
 are small and shrunk in the bark ; but 
 their future produce will depend much 
 on the power the blossoms possess of 
 bearing the cold ; and this power varies 
 in the varieties, and can only be known 
 from experience. Those which produce 
 their leaves and blossoms rather early 
 in the spring are to be preferred ; for, 
 though tney are more exposed to injury 
 from frost, they less frequently suffer 
 from the attacks of insects— the more 
 common cause of failure. The disposi- 
 tion to vegetate early or late in the 
 spring is, like almost every other quality 
 in the Apple-tree, transferred in different 
 degrees to its offspring ; and the planter 
 must therefore seek those qualities in 
 the parent-tree which he wishes to find 
 in the future seedling plants. The best 
 method I have been able to discover of 
 obtaining such fruits as vegetate very 
 early in the spring, has been by intro- 
 ducing the pollen of the Siberian crab 
 into the blossom of a rich and early 
 apple, and by transferring, in the same 
 manner, the pollen of the apple to the 
 
 blossom of the Siberian crab. The leaf 
 and the habit of many of the plants 
 that I have thus obtained possess much 
 of the character of the apple, whilst 
 they vegetate as early in the spring as 
 the crab of Siberia, and possess at least 
 an equal power of bearing cold ; and I 
 possess two plants of the family which 
 are quite as nardy as the most austere 
 crab of our woods. " 
 
 By grafting. — Stocks of the crab and 
 apple are raised from kernels ; but the 
 Codling and Paradise stocks must be 
 raised By cuttings and layers. Sow in 
 autumn, in beds of light earth, mode- 
 rately thick, in drills, covering them 
 half an inch deep ; they will come up in 
 the spring, when, if the season proves 
 dry, water them occasionally, which 
 will greatly forward the seedlings, and 
 strengthen their growth ; and in the 
 autumn, winter or spring following, 
 they may be planted out in nursery 
 rows, previously shortening their tap- 
 roots, and planting them in lines two 
 feet and a half apart, and one foot in 
 the rows ; and, after having grown from 
 one to two or three years here, they will 
 be fit for grafting, particularly if for 
 dwarfs, or even for full and half 
 standards, if it is intended to form the 
 stem from the graft, which is an eligible 
 method for these trees ; but if the stock 
 is to form the stem, they will require 
 three or four years' growth to rise to a 
 proper height ; seven feet for full, and 
 four or five for half standards. When 
 these trees are intended for full-sized 
 orchard standards, with strong stems, 
 and the too common practice of pruning 
 close all side-branches, as they spring, 
 from the stem, cannot be too strongly 
 deprecated. A regular series of these 
 should be left up the stem at least for 
 one year after their production, prac- 
 tising what is termed " spurring in " by 
 our nurserymen, at the first winters 
 pruning after their production. Indeed, 
 in the second year, if any stout stems 
 are required, we would only totally re- 
 move one-half ; and instead of perform- 
 ing this operation in the winter, we 
 would leave it until near midsummer ; 
 for recent wounds heal, and skin over 
 much nicer at that period than during 
 the season of rest. 
 
 Before quitting the subject of graft- 
 ing, it may be well to offer a few plain 
 directions. Presuming that stocks; duly 
 cultivated and prepared, exist, the first 
 thing is to provide scions ; that is, a 
 part of the kind intended to be grafted 
 on the stocks. It is, and has been a 
 maxim, for perhaps centuries, to procure 
 
PYR 
 
 [817] 
 
 PYR 
 
 these long before -what is termed the 
 "rising of the sap," that is to say, during 
 the resting season. 
 
 Such, then, being procured during the 
 end of January or through February, 
 they are "heeled ;" that is, after being 
 correctly labelled and tied in bundles, 
 they are placed in the earth, in a cool 
 and damp situation, where neither sun 
 nor wind can penetrate. Here they lie 
 until wanted. There appears to have 
 been originally more than one reason for 
 this procedure. A pressure of spring 
 business, even in former days, would 
 suggest this practice, and it would soon 
 be discovered that these retarded scions 
 possessed real advantages ; the principle 
 of which appears to be the certainty of 
 nourishment the moment they are placed 
 in the parent plant, or, at least as soon 
 as their absorbing powers are fully in 
 action, which will be the case in a day 
 or two. The parent stock is thus much 
 in advance of them ; and a root-action 
 has already commenced, which is capable 
 of supplying their utmost need. The 
 period of grafting is determined by the 
 rising of the sap ; and this is indicated, 
 in deciduous trees, by the enlargement 
 of the buds, which generally takes place 
 in the early part of March, in Britain. 
 We consider that the buds of the stock 
 should be near bursting their skin be- 
 fore grafting should take place. 
 
 This, of course will differ, in different 
 fruits, as differ their degrees of pre- 
 cocity. For details of the process, see 
 Grafting. 
 
 By cuttings. — All the varieties may 
 be raised in this mode, though some, as 
 the Burr-knot, Codling, and June-eat- 
 ing, more readily than others. Trees so 
 raised are said not to be so liable as 
 their parents to canker. In February 
 take cuttings of the young shoots from 
 some of the horizontal branches, about 
 eight inches long, cutting off a portion 
 of the old wood of the branch attached 
 to the shoot ; remove all the buds except 
 the upper three. Plant these firmly m 
 sandy loam giving water, and covering 
 with a hand-glass, until the cuttings 
 have well vegetated. Shade from the 
 midday sun ; remove the hand-glass in 
 July, and get the plants into the nursery 
 early in November. 
 
 Soil.—Th& apple prefers a deep and 
 strong, or adhesive loam. The colour is 
 not so very material, providing such 
 rests on a sound subsoil, free from water 
 lodgments. If it is not so naturally, 
 draining must be had recourse to, or 
 it will be vain to expect success. They 
 are nevertheless cultivated with con- 
 
 siderable success on any ordinary garden- 
 soil ; and even on soils of a peaty cha- 
 racter we have known them to succeed 
 tolerably well; but in the latter case, 
 the peat must be previously solidified by 
 drainage, culture, etc., for a few years, 
 for we nave never known them succeed 
 on raw, elastic peats. Improved peats, 
 indeed, will in due time approacn the 
 character of common, dark, garden-soils; 
 and it becomes expedient for the apple 
 to introduce both marl and clay, and 
 also sand. Whenever a suspicion exists 
 of an ungenial soil, the best plan is to 
 plant on stations ; which, indeed, is the 
 best plan to adopt in all kitchen-gardens 
 where the object is to get great variety 
 in small compass or to induce early bear- 
 ing. See article Stations. 
 
 Flanting. — Thesoilshouldbe trenched, 
 and immediately beneath each tree, ac- 
 cording to the extent of its roots, chalk, 
 stones, or brickbats rammed so as to 
 form a kind of pavement, to direct the 
 roots horizontally. Plant so that the 
 roots nearest the surface are twelve 
 inches below it. See Stations. 
 
 Espaliers. — When first planted, the 
 young plant is cut down to within about 
 a foot of the ground, and only three 
 shoots permitted to spring from it, one 
 of which will be the leader, and the 
 others will form the first or lower tier of 
 bearing branches, which are to be secured 
 to small stakes, so as to keep them in 
 their proper places. 
 
 Thefollowingseason the upright leader 
 must be shortened to nine inches or a 
 foot above the two horizontal branches, 
 and deprived of all its shoots, excepting 
 the three uppermost, which are to be 
 treated the same as before. In this way 
 the leading shoot is to be stopped at the 
 requisite distance above the horizontal 
 ones until it has reached the height of 
 five feet. It is then cut off and no more 
 allowed to grow upright, the whole 
 strength of the tree being directed to the 
 fruiting branches. 
 
 Espalier apple-trees should be planted 
 at not less than twenty feet distance ; 
 but five and thirty feet is better, espe- 
 cially for trees grafted on Crab or Apple- 
 stocks, which are free growers. For 
 trees grafted on Codling or Paradise 
 stocks, eighteen or twenty feet may be a 
 sufficient distance. They should be 
 planted with their heads entire, only 
 removing any very irregular growths 
 that do not range consistent with the 
 intended form, and pruning any broken 
 roots ; as, also the points of immature 
 wood. Let all the Isranches be trained 
 horizontally to the right and left, an 
 
 3g 
 
PYR 
 
 [818] 
 
 PYR 
 
 equal nmnber on each side, all at full 
 length, five or six inches asunder ; and, 
 according as they, shoot in summer, still 
 continue them along entire. At the 
 same time, train in a further supply 
 of new shoots, to increase the number of 
 horizontals or bearers ; and thus con- 
 tinue increasing their numbers every 
 year, till the espalier is regularly filled 
 from the bottom to the top, preserving 
 all the branches at full length, as far as 
 the allotted space will admit. 
 
 They must have a summer and a 
 winter pruning annually. In the sum- 
 mer cut out aU the superfluous and ill- 
 placed shoots of the year, and train 
 regular ones towards the lower parts in 
 vacant spaces, at least to remain till 
 winter, some of which may then be 
 wanted to fill some unforeseen vacancy, 
 clearing out all others at this time as 
 close as possible, and in winter, if any 
 worn out or decayed parts appear, then 
 is the time to retrench them, retaining 
 young branches in their places, and u 
 any vacancy occurs, retain some con- 
 tiguous young shoot to fill it. Cut clean 
 and close to wie branches, still continu- 
 ing all the branches, and any occasional 
 supply of shoots at full length, as far as 
 their limited bounds will allow ; then 
 train the whole regularly, tying them in 
 as straight and close to the railing as 
 possible, about six inches apart. 
 
 Standards, Half - Standards, and 
 Dwarfs. — The standards having been 
 trained in the nursery, with tolerably 
 
 food heads, should be planted with those 
 eads nearly entire, merely pruning 
 away late growths, and occasionally 
 shortening, to produce new shoots when 
 desirable. If any are intended for the 
 kitchen-garden, plant them at least forty 
 feet apart ; and, for a full plantation, to 
 form an orchard, allow thirty feet dis- 
 tance every way. 
 
 Trim any broken or tap roots, but leave 
 all the others entire. 
 
 As soon as planted, let every one be 
 well staked, to support them firmly up- 
 right, and prevent them from being dis- 
 turbed in rooting by winds. 
 
 Smaller-growing standards, such as 
 Codlings and dwarfs upon Paradise 
 stocks, may, if required, be planted at 
 only twenty feet apart, or even less, 
 though if there is room to allow a 
 greater distance it will be of greater 
 advantage. 
 
 Let them also, in future, advance 
 with all their branches at fall length, 
 taking their own natural growth, and 
 they will soon form numerous natural 
 spurs in every part for bearing. 
 
 With respect to pruning these stani 
 dards, very little is required, probably 
 not more than once in three years, and 
 then only the retrenching any verjr irre- 
 gular, cross-placed bough, or reducing to 
 order any very long rambler ; or, when 
 the head is become greatly crowded and 
 confused, to thin out some of the most 
 irregular growth, likewise all strong 
 shoots growing upright in the middle of 
 the head, and all dead wood and suckers 
 from the stem and root. See Pnining, 
 also Station. 
 
 Manuring old Apple-trees. — We gene- 
 rally see fruitful old trees starving by 
 inches ; few think of manuring them. 
 The consequence is, not only premature 
 decay in the tree, but a continual sacri- 
 fice in produce ; and if there be a full 
 crop, the apples either crack, or become 
 corroded with a rusty fungus, under 
 which circumstances they will lose, in a 
 great degree, their keeping properties. 
 The best way to deal with such cases is 
 to strip away, at the end of October, six 
 inches of the surface-soil, and to apply a 
 coating of the very sluteli of the manure- 
 yard three or four inches in thickness ; 
 after which, the turf or some soil may 
 be strewed over, to prevent the loss of 
 its fertile properties. This, once in three 
 years, accompanied by a rather severe 
 thinning or pruning, will be found to re- 
 new the constitution of the tree in a very 
 considerable degree ; the fruit, also, will 
 regain their size, their clear skin, and, of 
 course, their keeping properties. 
 
 Diseases. — See Canker, Russet, 
 and Moss. 
 
 Insects. — So impressed was Mr. Knight 
 with the opinion, that of all our fruits 
 none suffers more from insects than the 
 Apple, that he declared his belief that 
 these are a more frequent cause of the 
 crops failing than frost. The figure-of- 
 eight moth (SiZo'ia cmrvleoce'phala), Lin- 
 naius denominates the pest of Pomona, 
 and the destroyer of the blossoms of the 
 apple, pear, and cherry. He also men- 
 tions another (Ti'nea cortice'lla), as in- 
 habiting apple-bearing trees under the 
 bark. Reaumur has given us the history 
 of a species common in this country, and 
 producing the same efiect, often to the 
 destruction of the crop, the caterpillar of 
 which feeds in the centre of oui' apples, 
 thus occasioning them to fall. Even the 
 young grafts are frequently destroyed — 
 sometimes many hundreds in one night 
 — in the nurseries about London, by the 
 Curcu'lio vasta'tor of Marsham (Otio- 
 rhy'nchiis pi'cipes), one of the short- 
 snouted weevils ; and the foundation of 
 canker, in full-grown trees, is often laid 
 
PYX 
 
 [819] 
 
 QUE 
 
 by the larvse_ of Tema'sa Wcebera'na. 
 The sap, too, is often injuriously drawn 
 off bv a minute coccus, of which the 
 female has the exact shape of a mussel 
 sheU (Co'ccus arho'rum linect'ris), and 
 which Reaumur has accurately described 
 and figured. But the greatest enemy 
 of this tree, which has been known in 
 this country since the year 1787, is the 
 apple-aphis, called by some the coccus, 
 and by others the American Blight. See 
 American Blight, Blight Ypono- 
 menta, Anthonjnmus, Coccus, 
 Psylla, Bostrichus, Scolytus and 
 Acarus. 
 
 Pyxida'nthera. (From pyxis, a 
 
 box, and anthera, an anther ; referring 
 
 to its form. Nat. ord., Diapensiacece.) 
 This genus at present only contains Diapensia 
 
 iarbiUata. See that genus for culture. 
 
 J*, barbida'ta, i. White or rose. June. New 
 Jersey. 1861. B. M. t. 4592. Syn., Dia- 
 pensia barbulata. Pine-barren Beauty. 
 
 Q- 
 
 Quaking Grass. Bri'za. 
 
 Qualea. (The name in Guiana. Nat. 
 ord., Vochysiacece. Allied to Vochysia.) 
 Stove evergreen tree. By seeds in a hotbed, 
 and cuttings of half -ripened shoots in sandy soU, 
 under a bell-glass, ana in bottom-heat; peat and 
 loam. Winter temp., 60° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 
 85°. 
 
 Q. ro'aea. Violet. Brazil. 1824. Syn., Q. 
 violacea. 
 
 Qua'moclit. (From hyamos, a kid- 
 ney-bean, and Aiifo*, dwarf ; resemblance 
 of habit. Nat. ord. , Convolwlacece ; 
 Tribe, Convolvuleoe.) This should have 
 been united to Ipomsea under the 
 specific names annexed. Allied to Ipo- 
 msea. 
 
 Seeds in a hotbed, and cuttings of the points 
 and side-shoots of growing stems, the former 
 planbeing adopted chiefly with annuals, and the 
 latter with perennials ; the annuals being gene- 
 lully grown out of doors after the end of May, 
 and the perennials in the plant stove. 
 
 GREEKHOUSE CLIMBER. 
 
 Q. Natio'nis. Scarlet. Lima. 1864. B. H. 
 t. 6432. 
 
 STOVE PERENNIAL TWINERS. 
 
 Q. globo'sa. 6. Scarlet. Mexico. 1827. Ever- 
 green. IP0M.EA HaRTWEGII. 
 
 — grandifio'ra. 6. Scarlet. Mexico. 1826. 
 
 Evergreen. Ipom^a Llaveana. 
 
 — Icmgifio'ra. 6. White. June. Cuba. 1803. 
 
 Herbaceous. iPOMiEA Bona-nox. 
 
 — pa'tvla. 6. Scarlet. Mexico. 1826. Ever- 
 
 green. 
 
 — sangui'nea. 10. Crimson. July. Santa 
 
 Cruz. 1812. Evergreen. Ipom^a 
 SANGUINEA. 
 
 STOVE ANNUAL TWINERS. 
 
 Q. cocci'nea. 10. Scarlet. August. S. Amer. 
 1818. IPOM^A COCCINEA. 
 
 — digita'ta. 10. Purple. September. W. Ind. 
 
 1P0M.EA DIGITATA. 
 
 Q. hederifo'lia. 10. Violet. July. W. Ind. 
 
 1773. IPOMiEA HEDERIFOLIA. 
 
 — lutf^ola. 10. Orange, yellow. August. 
 
 Guatemala. 1769. IPOM.EA COCCINEA. 
 
 — phceni'cea. Crimson. June, E. Ind. 1806. 
 
 IPOM,«A HEDERIFOLIA, var. PHCENICEA. 
 
 — sero'tina. Orange. July. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 IPOM^A SEROTINA. 
 
 — triloba. 10. Violet. July. S. Amer. 1762. 
 
 IPOM.EA TRILOBA. 
 
 — vulga'ris. Scarlet. September. E. Ind. 
 
 1629. IPOM^A QUAMOCLIT. 
 
 albiflo'ra. White. September. E. Ind. 
 
 1629. 
 
 Qua'qua. (The name given to this 
 plant by the Hottentots, who eat the 
 stems raw. Nat. ord., Aselepiadacece. 
 Allied to Boucerosia.) 
 
 For cultivation, see Hoodia. 
 Q. hottentoto'rum. h Yellow. Summer. 
 Namaqualand. 1878. 
 
 Qua'ssia. (From the name of a 
 slave {Quassi or Coissi), who first used 
 the bark as a febrifuge. Nat. ord., 
 SimarubacecB. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree, the source of the well- 
 known Quassia-chips, used for poisoning flies ; 
 the bitter has also been substituted for hops. 
 Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, m heat ; sandy, rich loam and flbry peat. 
 Winter temp., 66° to 65° ; summer, 66° to 90 , 
 Q, ajmaJra. 20. Bed. June, Guiana, 1790., 
 B, M, t. 497, Syn., Q. Svmaruba. 
 
 — exce'lsa. See Simaruba excelsa. 
 
 — Simaru'ba. See Q. amara. 
 
 Quebec Oak. Que'rcus a'lha. 
 Queen Lily. Phcedrana'asa. 
 
 Queen of the Meadows. Spirce'a 
 
 Ulma'ria. 
 
 Queke'ttia. (In honour of the late 
 E.J. Quekett, F.L.S., author of several 
 works on vegetable anatomy. Nat. ord,, 
 OrchidecB; Tribe, VandecB-Oncidiem.) 
 
 Stove orchid, requiring the same culture as 
 Pleurothallis. 
 Q. mierosco'pica. J. Yellow. Brazil, 
 
 Quenouille is a fruit-tree with a 
 central stem, and its branches trained in 
 horizontal tiers, the lowest being the 
 longest, and the others gradually lessen- 
 ing in length as they do in age ; so that 
 the tree, like a spruce-fir, acquires a 
 pyramidal form. 
 
 Quercitron. Que'rciis tineto'ria. 
 
 Que'rcus. The Oak. (From the 
 Celtic OMer, fine, and cuez, a tree. Nat. 
 ord., Cupuliferw; Tribe, QicereinecB.) 
 
 By acorns, sown as they drop from the tree, 
 or collected, dried, and kept packed in sand, in 
 a dry place, until the following March, when 
 they may be sown in rows, and covered half an 
 inch deep ; deep, loamy soil they like best. Par- 
 ticular varieties are kept up by grafting. 
 Q. acu'ta. Japan. Evergreen. Syn,, Q. 
 Buergeri. 
 
 a'lbo-ne'rvis. Leaves with white veins. 
 
 ro'seo-ne'rvis. Leaves with red veins. 
 
QUE 
 
 [820] 
 
 QUE 
 
 Q.JKgilops. 20-50. Greenish-white. Levant. 
 
 1731. Syn., Q. Ungeri. MgHo^B, 
 
 Yallonea, or Velani Oak. 
 ^ latifo'lia. Leaves broader than in the 
 
 type. 
 peitdida. Branches pendulous. 
 
 — agrifo'lia. 20. California. 1849. Ever- 
 
 green. Euceno Oak. Journ. Hort. Soc. 
 vi. p. 158 ; Ic. PI. t. 377. 
 
 — a'lia. 60. May. North America. 1724. 
 
 American White Oak ; Quebec Oak. 
 pinnati'fida. 60. Leaves deeply cut. 
 
 May. North America. 1724. 
 repa'nda. 60. Leaves vrfth wavy 
 
 (sinuate) margins. North America. 
 
 — amii'gua. 60. May. North America. 
 
 1800. 
 
 — a/ngustifo'lia. Japan. Evergreen. 
 
 — apenni'na. 40. May. South Europe. 
 
 — aqua'tica. 80. North America. Water Oak. 
 mari'tima, 40. North America. 
 
 na'na. 12. May. North America. 
 
 1738. 
 
 — mislra'lis. May. Portugal. 1835. 
 
 — austri'aca sempervVrens. See Q. glaiiduU- 
 
 fera. 
 
 — Ballo'ta. 60. May. South West Europe. 
 
 Barbary Oak ; Sweet Acorn Oak. 
 
 — iambusatfo'lia. See Q. salicina. 
 
 — Baniste^ri. See Q. ilicifolia. 
 
 — bi color. 60. North America. 180O. Syn., 
 
 Q, Prinus, var. torfientosu. Swamp 
 White Oak. 
 
 — Buerge'ri. See Q. acuta. 
 
 — caiyoi'na. May. Europe. 
 
 — : castanecefo'lia. 60. Crimea. 1846. 
 
 — Castella'na. May. Europe. 
 
 — CatesbceH. 15. May. N. Amer. 1823., 
 
 — Cerris. 50. May. South Europe. 1735. 
 
 Wats. Dendr. ii. t. 92. Bitter, Mossy- 
 cupped, or Turkey Oak. 
 
 austri'aca. 40. May. Austria. 1824. 
 
 ca'na ma'jor. May. South Europe. 
 
 ca'na mi'nor. May. South Europe. 
 
 cri'spa. 60. Leaves crisped at the 
 
 edges. 
 
 denta'ta. See Q. Cerris^ var. mbperennis. 
 
 fvZha/me'Tms. See Q. Cerris, var. sub- 
 
 perennis. 
 Lucumbea'na. See Q. Cerris, var. sub- 
 
 perennis. 
 pelndula. 50. Branches drooping. 
 
 May. South Europe. 
 
 Ra'gnal. 60. May. Itagnal. 
 
 subperdnnis. 80. May. Syns., Q. 
 
 Cerris, vars. derdata, fulhamensis, and 
 
 iMcwmbearm. 
 variega'ta. 50. Leaves variegated. 
 
 May. South Europe. 
 vulga'ris. 50. May. South Europe. 
 
 1735. 
 
 — dne'rea. 20. May. North America. 1789. 
 
 Syn., Q. PrinuSj var. ciiierea. Blue 
 Jack ; Upland Willow Oak. 
 
 — coed' fera. 10. May. South Europe. 1683. 
 
 — coeei'nea. 50. May. North America. 1691. 
 
 — confe'rta. South East Europe. Syn., Q. 
 
 parmonica. 
 —iCoo'Mi. Gibraltar. 1835. 
 
 — everwHa. May. Portugal. 
 
 — ewpressoides. See Q. peduncvXata, var. 
 
 Sastigiata. 
 
 — cit^pida'ta. Japan. Evergreen. 
 
 angustifo'hM. Japan. 
 
 latifo'tia. Japan. 
 
 — DttlmiopinruttVfida. 1888. Perhaps a form 
 
 of Q. dentata. 
 
 — dealba'ta. May. Nepaul. 1828. 
 
 — de7isiJlo'ra. California. 1866. 
 
 — Mgita'ta. April. Europe. 
 
 — Mseulus. 40. May. South Europe. 1739. 
 
 — expa'nsa. May. South Europe. 
 
 Q. fagi'nea. South Europe. 1824. 
 
 — faha'ta. 80. May. North America. 1763. 
 — ferrugi'nea. See Q. nigra, 
 —frutico'sa. See Q. humilis. 
 
 — georgia'na. Leaves turning scarlet in. 
 
 autumn. Georgia. 1888. 
 
 — gi'lva. Japan. Evergreen. 
 
 — gla'bra. Japan. 1879. Evergreen. 
 
 — glandvli'fera. Japan. 1870. Syns., Q. 
 
 oAistriaca sempervirens and Q. Ilex, var. 
 austriaca sempervirens. 
 
 — glau'ea. 30. Japan. 1822. Of this there are 
 
 the following named forms in gardens : 
 Q. glau'ea, Awoka'si cce/sia, Q. glau'ea 
 Tsika'si lapi'dea, and Q. glauca Kuri- 
 ka'si ni'gra. 
 
 — gramu'ntia. See Q. Ilex. 
 
 — Ha'as. Cilicia. 1870. 
 
 — haliphle'os. April. France. 
 
 — hemisphe'riea. May. Mexico. 1816. 
 
 — heterophy'lla. 40. May. N. America. 
 
 — Hi'ndsii. California. 1865. Deciduous, 
 
 and valueless as a timber tree. 
 
 — hu'milis. 1-12. Green. Portugal and 
 
 Spain. 1874. Syns., Q. ocymoides, Q. 
 repens, Q. hybrida, and Q. fruticosa. 
 
 — hy'brida. See Q. humiiis. 
 
 — Ilex. «0. May. South France. 1581. The 
 
 Holm, or Evergreen Oak. 
 austrilaca sempervirens. See Q. glandu- 
 
 lifera. 
 
 eri'spa. 60. May. South France. 
 
 fagifo'lia. 60. May. South France. 
 
 1781. 
 fastigia'ta. See Q. Ilex, var. Fordii. 
 
 — - — Fp'rdii. Pyramidal. Syn., Q. /fea:, var. 
 
 fastigiata. 
 integrifo'lia. 60. May. South France. 
 
 1581. 
 latifoHia. 60. May. South France. 
 
 1781. 
 
 longifo'lia. Leaves long and narrow. 
 
 serratifo'lia. Leaves serrate. 
 
 — variega'ta. Leaves variegated. 
 
 — ilieif&lia. 6. North America. 1800. Bear 
 
 or Black Scrub Oak. 
 
 — imbrica'ria. 40. June. North America. 
 
 1786. 
 
 — inca'na. 40. Nepaul. 1818. Evergreen. 
 
 Syn., Q. lanata. 
 
 — infectoria. Levant. 1812. 
 
 — insignia. 60. Mexico. 1846. 
 
 — inversa. See Q. thalassica. 
 
 — lana'ta. See Q. incana. 
 
 — laurifo'lia. 60. May. N. America. 1786. 
 hy'brida. 60. May. N. America. 1786. 
 
 — lauri'na. 30. Mexico. 1837. 
 
 — Lezermia'na. May. South Europe. . 
 
 — liba'ni. 30. Syria. 1870. There is a 
 
 variety (Q. liba'ni pe'ndula) with pen- 
 dent branches. 
 
 — lusita'nica. 40. June. Portugal. 1824. 
 
 — lu'tea. 20. May. Mexico. 1825. 
 
 — lyra'ta. 16. May. N. America. 1786. 
 
 Over-cup Oak ; Water White Oak. 
 
 — macroca'rpa. 40. N. America. Burr Oak j. 
 
 Mossy-cup White Oak. 
 
 — mari'tima. May. N. America. 1811. 
 
 — mmita'na. See Q. Prinus. 
 
 — myrt\fo'lia, A form of Q, Phellos. 
 
 — nigra. 20. May. North America. 1739. 
 
 Syn., Q. ferruginea. Barren or Black 
 Jack Oak. 
 
 — obtiisilo'ba. See Q. stellata. 
 
 — olivc^o'rmis. A form of Q. macrocarpa. 
 
 — palu'stris. 60. May. North America. 1800. 
 
 Pin Oak. 
 
 — panno'nica. See Q. e<mferta. 
 
 — pectim^ia. See Q. pedunculata, var. jjUcifolia. 
 
 — peduncula'ta. 60-100. May. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1288. 
 Conco'rdia. Leaves golden-yellow. 
 
QUE 
 
 [821] 
 
 QUI 
 
 <i. pedwneula'ta/astigia'ta. Habit of Lombardy 
 Poplar. Syns., Q. cupressoides and Q. 
 pi/ramidalu. 
 
 fo'liis variega'tis. 40. May. Britain. 
 
 h.eterophy'lla. May. Britain. 
 
 Hodgi'nsii. May. Britain. 
 
 pe'ndula. 70. May. Britain. 
 
 pube' scene. 60. May. Britain. 
 
 purjm'rascens. May. Britain. 
 
 variega'ta. Leaves variegated with purple 
 
 and white. 
 
 — Phe'llos. N. America. 1723. Cork-tree; 
 
 Willow Oak. 
 
 dne'rea. See Q. cinerm. 
 
 hu'mUis. 20. May. N. America. 
 
 laiifo'lia. 60. May. N. America. 
 
 mari'tinuiy May. Virginia. 
 
 seri'cea. 2. May. N. America. 1724. 
 
 sylva'tica. May. N. America. 1723. 
 
 — po'ntica. Lazistan. 1891. Gfl. 1891, p. 609, 
 
 fig. 95. 
 
 — prasi'na. May. Spain. 1824. 
 
 — Pri'nus. 60. June. N. America. 1730. 
 
 Chestnut Oak. 
 acumina'ta. 80. May. N. America. 
 
 1822. 
 — ' — monti'cola. 60. May. N. America. 
 
 1730. 
 
 palu'stris. 90. X.America, 1720. 
 
 pu'mila. 4. May. N. America, 1823. 
 
 tomento'sa. See jP. Ucolor. 
 
 — pseu'do-eociyi'fera. 
 
 Fontanel sii. 30. May. Calabria. 
 
 mi'her. 60. May. S. America. 1824. 
 
 — paeudoeu'iir. 60. South Europe. 1824. 
 
 Evergreen. Syn., Q. Tumeric Bastard 
 Cork-tree ; False Cork Oak. 
 — pu'mila. 1. May. South Europe. 
 ' — pyramida'lis. See Q. peduneiUata, vax. fasti- 
 
 giata. 
 I — pyrenai'ca. See Q. Toza. 
 
 — Qiiexilgo. Spain. 1845. 
 
 — Bamrucroftia'na. South America. 1866. 
 
 — reticula'ta. 10. Mexico. 1840. 
 
 — Rolmr. 100. Greenish. April. Britain. 
 
 The Oak. 
 
 — rotundifo'lia. June. Spain. 1818. 
 
 — ru'lrra. 40. May. North America, 1769. 
 
 Champion or Bed Oak. ■ 
 
 — salieina. 40. Japan. 1860. Evergreen. 
 
 Syn., Q. hanibusatfolia. 
 
 — iderophy'lla. North China. 1850, Evergreen, 
 
 See also Q. glandulifera. 
 
 — serra'ta. ■ 6. Japan. Evergreen. Japanese 
 
 Silkworm Oak. 
 
 — sessilijlo'ra. 60. May. Britain. Eng. Hot. 
 
 ed. 3, 1. 1289. 
 
 aiistra'lis. April. Portugal. 1835. 
 
 cochlea'ta. The leaves have their edges 
 
 curled upwards. 
 
 Falkenberge'nm. Hanover. 1837. 
 
 Lone'tti. I/eaves long and narrow. 
 
 maerocaJrpa. 60. May. Britain. 
 
 pe'ndula. Branches drooping. Qarden 
 
 variety. 1887. 
 
 pube' scene. 40. May. Britain. 
 
 ruiica'ndAt. Leaves deep red. 
 
 — sempervi'rens. Japan. 1862. 
 
 — eeti'fera. Japan. Evergreen. 
 
 — Skinne'ri. Mexico. 1841. 
 
 stella'ta. 60. North America. 1819. Syn., 
 
 B. obtusifolia. 
 
 — stria'ta. Leaves yellow, the course of the 
 
 veins picked out with green. Japan. 
 1871. There is also a variety (japo'nioa) 
 with variegated leaves. 
 
 — Su'ber. 20. May. Spain. 1581. Cork-tree; 
 
 Cork Oak. The cork of commerce is 
 
 furnished by this tree. 
 
 angueti/o'liwm. 30. June. 
 
 denta'tum. 50. June, 
 
 latifo'lium. 40. June. 
 
 Q. Su'ber tincto'ria. 70, May. N. America. 
 
 angulo'ea. 70. May. N, America. 
 
 — sinuo'sa. 70. May. N. America. 
 
 — thabfesica. China, 1860. Evergreen. Syn., 
 
 Q. inversa. 
 
 — tincto'ria. 80. United States. 1800. 
 
 — Tdza. 4. May. South Europe. 1824, Syn., 
 
 Q. pyrenaica. 
 
 — Tume'ri. See Q. peeudoeuber. 
 
 — Ungelri. See Q. jEgilops. 
 
 — vi'rene. 40. May. North America, 1739. 
 
 Evergreen. Live Oak. 
 
 Quesne'lia. (After M. Quesnel, 
 once French Consul at Cayenne. Nat, 
 ord, , Bromeliacece ; Tribe, Bromeliece- 
 Closely allied to Billbergia. ) 
 
 Stove herbs, requiring the same treatment as 
 Billbergia. 
 
 Q. cayenne'neis. 6-8. Bracts red ; flowers blue, 
 violet. South America. Syns., Q. rufa 
 of Belg. Hort. 1882, p. US, t, 46, and 
 Billbergia Queeneliana^ Fl. Ser. 1. 1028. 
 
 — columbia'na. 1. Violet. March. Columbia. 
 
 1882. Syn., Ronnbergia colv/mbianaj 
 Belg. Hort. 1885, p. 82. 
 
 — Ende'ri. 2. Violet. South Brazil. Gfl. 
 
 1888, p. 195, t. 41-43. Syn., Billbergia 
 Enderi, Gfl. 1. 127. 
 
 — ro'seomargirM'ta. See Q. rufa, 
 
 — rufa. IJ. Bracts rose; Sowers blue. January. 
 
 • Tropical America. 1880. Syns., Q. rosea- 
 marginata, Q. SHnneri, Billbergia rosea- 
 marginata and lAevena princeps. Gfl, 
 1. 1024. See also Q. cayennensis. 
 
 — Selloa'na,. 1. Violet. South Brazil. 
 
 — Skvmielri. See Q. rvfa. 
 
 — etrobiliepi'ca. 2. Violet. South Brazil. 1885. 
 
 Syn., Billbergia Glaziomana. Gfl. 1. 1203. 
 
 — Va'n Hou'ttei. 2. Violet. South Brazil. 
 
 1878. Belg. Hort. 1881, pp. 163 and 360, 
 t. 18. 
 
 — Wittrruickia'na. 3, Blue. South Brazil? 
 
 1888. Gfl. t. 1281, fig. 2. 
 
 Quickset, the same as the Haw- 
 thorn, or Whitethorn, CraioB'giis oxya- 
 ca'ntka. See Hedge. 
 
 Quilla'ja. (From guillai, the Chilian 
 name. Nat, ord., Xosaceee ; Tribe, 
 QuUlajece. Allied to Kageneckia.) 
 
 Hardy evergreen shrub, the bark of which is 
 used instead of soap. Cuttings of ripened shoots 
 in sandy loam, under a hand-light, and very 
 likely by layers ; sandy, deep loam, and a shel- 
 tered place. 
 
 Q. eapona'ria. White. April. Chili. 1832. 
 Syn., Q. MoliruB. 
 
 Qiiina, Quinquina, or Quino. 
 
 Cincho'na. 
 
 Quince. C'ydo''nia vulga'ris. 
 
 Varieties. — Common, Apple-shaped, 
 Pear-shaped, and Portugal. The last is 
 the best, and very distinct from the 
 others. C. sine'nsis, the Chinese Quince, 
 has been fruited in this country, but it 
 requires a ■wall. The fruit is very diffe- 
 rent from that of either the Common or 
 Portugal Quinces ; it is cylindrical, about 
 six inches in length, and exceedingly 
 gritty. 
 
 Culture. — Thetrees may be raised f roin 
 
QUI 
 
 [822] 
 
 BAD 
 
 I' 
 Ti 
 
 seed sown in autumn, but there is no cer- 
 tainty of having the same, or any good 
 fruit from the seedlings. The several 
 varieties may be propagated by cuttings 
 and layers ; also by suckers from such 
 trees as grow upon their own roots, and 
 by grafting and budding upon their own 
 or pear stocks. 
 
 Cuttings, layers, and suckers may be 
 put in in autumn or early spring. Choose 
 oung wood for the cuttings and layers, 
 ^hey Mdll be rooted by next autumn ; 
 then transplant into nursery rows two 
 feet apart. Plant the suckers also at 
 the same distance, and train the whole 
 for the purposes intended ; if for stan- 
 dards with a stem, to any desired height, 
 from three to six feet ; then encourage 
 them to branch out at top, to form a 
 head ; and those designed as dwarfs 
 must be headed near flie ground, and 
 trained accordingly, for espaliers or 
 dwarf standards. 
 
 When they have formed tolerable 
 heads, plant them out finally. Standard 
 quinces, designed as fruit-trees, may be 
 planted in the garden or orchard, and 
 some by the sides of any water in bye 
 places, suffering the whole to take their 
 own natural growth ; and as espaliers, 
 they may be arranged with other mode- 
 rate-growing trees, about fifteen feet 
 apart. For other particulars of culture, 
 see Pear. 
 
 Quince, Bengal. jE'gle ma'rme- 
 los. 
 
 Quincunx is the form resulting from 
 planting in rows, with one plant opposite 
 the centre of each vacancy between two 
 plants in the row on each side of it, as in 
 this diagram : 
 
 -Quinine. A product of several 
 species of Cincho'na. 
 
 Quinsy-berry. Ri'hes nigrum. 
 
 Quisqua'lis. (From quis, who, and 
 qualis, what kind ; when first named it 
 was doubtful to which class and order to 
 refer it. Nat. ord., Combretacew. Al- 
 lied to Combretum. ) 
 
 Stove climbers. Cuttings of the young shoots 
 when several inches in length, after the plant 
 has been stunrped in after-flovpeTing, taking the 
 cuttings off with a heel, and inserting them in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; 
 peat and loam, but most of the latter. Winter 
 temp., 43° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 88°. 
 Q. cjla'bra. See Q. indica. 
 — I'ndica. 20. Orange, red. June. Tropical 
 Asia and Africa. 181B. B. M. t. 2038. 
 
 Slight forms of this are Q, glabra, Q> 
 pubescene, Q. sinensis and Q. vUlosa. 
 Q. pube'scens. See Q. indica. 
 
 — sinensis. B. R. 1844, 1. 16. See Q. indica. 
 
 — villo'sa. See Q, indica, 
 
 Quivi'sia. {Bois de Quivi, of the 
 natives of the Isle of France. Nat. ord., 
 MeliaceoB. Allied to Melia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a glass, and in a brisk 
 bottom-heat; sandy loamandfibry peat. Winter 
 temp., 48° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°. 
 Q. heterophj/lla. 16. White. Mauritius. 1822. 
 
 E. 
 
 Raceme, a cluster. This is formed, 
 of numerous, rather distant flowers, 
 each on its own stalk, but growing out 
 of one central stalk, as in a bunch of 
 currants. 
 
 Badisll. Ra'phanus saU'vus. 
 
 Spring Varieties. — Lrnig rooted: — 
 Long white ; called also the White 
 Transparent, White Italian, and Naples 
 Eadish. White Russian. Twisted 
 Radish of Mons. Semi-long Scarlet. 
 Rose-coloured Semi-long. Scarlet, or 
 Salmon, or Scarlet-transparent Radish. 
 Purple, formerly called exclusively the 
 Short-topped. Red-necked White and 
 others or more or less merit. 
 
 Turnip-rooted: — White Turnip. Early 
 White Turnip. Pink, Rose-coloured, 
 Scarlet and Crimson Turnip. Purple 
 Turnip. Yellow Turnip. New Yellow 
 Short- topped. 
 
 Autumnand Winter Varieties. — These 
 are all of the Turnip-rooted kind, and 
 are in the order they follow in coming- 
 into use : — Yellow Turnip. Round 
 Brown. White Spanish. Oblong Brown. 
 Black Spanish. Large Purple. Winter 
 or Purple Spanish. 
 
 The soil, a light loam, and moderately 
 fertile, should be dug a full spade deep, 
 and well pulverized. Manures shoald 
 not be applied at the time of sowing. 
 The situation should always be open, 
 but for early and late crops warm and 
 sheltered. 
 
 Sowing. — For the earliest productions, 
 during December, January, and Feb- 
 ruary, in a hotbed ; and in the open 
 ground once a month during winter, 
 and every fortnight during the other 
 seasons of the year. 
 
 In the open ground the seed is gene- 
 rally sown broadcast, and well raked in, 
 but in drills is the more preferable mode. 
 In either case it must be sown thin, and 
 buried a quarter of an inch deep. Thick 
 sowing causes the tops to be large, and 
 the roots sticky. 
 
 If broadcast, the beds should be laid 
 
BAD 
 
 [823] 
 
 BAG 
 
 out four or five feet wide, divided by 
 alleys a foot in width, the earth from 
 which may be thrown out to raise the 
 beds. If drills are employed for the 
 long-rooted, they are required to be 
 three inches asunder, for the turnip- 
 rooted four or five, and for the Spanish, 
 etc. , six or eight. 
 
 When the seedlings are well up, and 
 advanced to five or six leaves, they are 
 ready for thinning ; the spindle-rooted to 
 three inches apart, the turnip-rooted to 
 four, and the larger varieties to six. The 
 spaces, however, require to be rather in- 
 creased in moist, warm weather. In 
 dry weather they ought to be watered 
 regularly every night. The early and 
 late crops that have to withstand the 
 attacks of frost, etc., should be kept con- 
 stantly covered with dry straw or fern, 
 to the depth of about two inches, or with 
 matting, supported by hooping until the 
 plants make their appearance, when the 
 covering must be removed every mild 
 day, but renewed towards evening, and 
 constantly during frosty or tempestuous 
 weather. 
 
 The bed should have a good watering 
 the morning before that on which they 
 are taken up, but none afterwards until 
 subsequent to the drawing. 
 
 To draw for Salads whilst with their 
 seed-leaves, sowings must be made once 
 a week. The management is precisely 
 that required for rape, mustard, etc. 
 
 To obtain, Seed, leave in April, or early 
 May, some of the most perfect plants of 
 a main crop. When in full vigour, they 
 must be taken up with as little injury as 
 possible to the roots and leaves, and 
 planted in rows, three feet asunder each 
 way, being inserted by the dibble com- 
 pletely down to the leaves. Water must 
 beapplied until they have taken root, and 
 occasionally throughout their growth, 
 especially when in flower. If practicable, 
 it is best to leave some plants where 
 raised. 
 
 To obtain seeds of the Black Spanish, 
 some seeds must be sown in March, or 
 some of the winter-standing crop left or 
 transplanted during that month. The 
 pods must be cut as soon as they become 
 of a brown hue, and well dried. 
 
 Two varieties must never be raised 
 near each other, and seed of the previous 
 year's raising should always be em- 
 ployed. 
 
 The seeds of the diiferent varieties are 
 easily distinguished by an experienced 
 seedsman. Those of the long white 
 radish are small, flat, and pale ; of the 
 scarlet and purple long-rooted, large ; 
 and of the first very light-coloured, com- 
 
 pared with those of the latter ; of the 
 white turnip, small, round, and brown ; 
 scarlet turnip, rather larger, and some- 
 what darker ; purple turnip, larger and 
 brown, being similar to the long-rooted 
 purple, except in size. 
 
 Forcing. — A moderate hotbed is re- 
 quired for this crop, of a length according 
 with that of the frame to be employed ; 
 the earth about eight inches deep, on the 
 surface of which the seed is to oe sown 
 as soon as the violent heat is abated, and 
 an additional fourth of an inch sifted 
 over it. 
 
 The seedlings are in general up in less 
 than a week, and in six they will be 
 ready to draw. Throughout their growth 
 air must be admitted as freely as is 
 allowable. The glasses, however, must 
 be closed on the approach of evening, 
 and mats or other covering put on in 
 proportion to the severity of the season. 
 When the earth appears at all dry, a 
 light watering must be given at noon. 
 
 The plants must not stand nearer than 
 two inches to each other. The tempera- 
 ture required is from 50° to 70° ; and it 
 must be kept to this heat by moderate 
 linings as required. 
 
 If there be a deficiency of frames, 
 hoops and mats may be employed, a 
 frame of boards being formed round the 
 bed, light and air being admitted as 
 freely and as often as possible. If seed 
 is sown within a frame without any bot- 
 tom-heat, the plants will be two or three 
 weeks forwarder than if sown in the open 
 ground. 
 
 Radish. Fly. Anthomy'ia flora' lis. 
 
 Ra'fnia. (Named after C. Mafn, a 
 Danish botanist. Nat. ord., Legumi- 
 noscB ; Tribe, Genistece. Allied to 
 Hovea.) 
 
 Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from 
 South Africa, except where otherwise mentioned. 
 Seeds in a hotbed, In spring; cuttings of firm 
 side-shoots at the beginning of summer, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass; sandy peat and flbryloam, 
 kept rough by pieces of charcoal and broken 
 pots, and drainage well attended to. Winter 
 temp., 40° to 48°. 
 B. ampUmoau'lis. 4. July. 1816. Syn., Voicoa, 
 
 — angida'ta. 2. May. 1816. Syn., R. JUifolia. 
 
 — corda'ta. 2. May. 1821. 
 
 — euneifo'lia. 2. Yellow, purple. June. 1816. 
 
 — elli'ptica. 1-3. June. 1819. 
 
 — filifo'lia. See R. angulata. 
 
 — la'ncea. 2. June. 1823. 
 
 — perfolia'ta. 4. July. 1812. Syn., Vaseoa 
 
 perfoliata. 
 
 — trifio'ra. 2-4. June. 1794. B. C. t. 611. 
 
 Syn., Crotalaria trifiora. B. M. t. 482. 
 
 Ragged Robin. Ly'chnis Flo's- 
 
 cu'euli. . 
 
 Rags. See Vegetable Manures. 
 
RAG 
 
 Otho'nna and 
 
 [824] 
 Sene'cio 
 
 KAN 
 
 Ragwort. 
 
 JaeobcE'a. 
 
 Railing is of various forms, but all, 
 if made of wood, soon decay if slight, 
 and are clumsy and inelegant if strong. 
 Iron railing is at once light, neat, and 
 enduring, and, like the following, may 
 be erected for about 2s. per yard. 
 
 sions in spring ; sandy loam and a little peat ; a 
 sheltered place, or kept in a pit, in winter, aa an 
 alpine. 
 
 R, pyrena'ica. J. 
 
 1731. Syn. 
 
 t. 236. 
 — se'rMca. Yellow. 
 
 Heldreichii, 
 
 Purple. May. Pyrenees. 
 VerSascum Myconi. B. M. 
 
 Thesaaly. Syn., Jankoea 
 
 Ramoon-tree. Tro'phis. 
 
 Raillia'rdia. (In honour of M. 
 Railliard. Nat. ord., Composites; Tribe, 
 Senecionideve.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. For cultivation, see 
 Bedfordia. 
 
 R. ciliola'ta. Yellow, crimson. Sandwich 
 Islands. 1865. B. M. t. 5617. 
 
 Rain Berry. Bha'mnus catha'r- 
 ticus. 
 Rain Tree. Pithecolo'bmm sa'man. 
 Rainbow Flower. I'ris. 
 
 Raisin Tree, Japanese. Hove'nia 
 du'lcis. 
 
 Raja'nia quina'ta. A synonym of 
 Akebia quinata. 
 
 Rake. This implement is now much 
 less in use than formerly, when broad- 
 cast sowing was prevalent. Now the 
 broad hoe is quite as efficient in covering 
 drill-sown seed. The head of the rake 
 is best made of wood, and of this ash is 
 most desirable. If the head be of iron, 
 the teeth are continua,lly becoming loose. 
 
 Rakes, with heads about six inches long, 
 are required for dressing flower-borders, 
 but for open ground-work the length 
 may be fifteen inches. The hoe and the 
 rake are sometimes attached to one 
 handle ; but it is a form liable to con- 
 stant entanglement in the flower-garden, 
 for which it is designed. 
 
 Ramo'ndia. (Named after L. Ba- 
 mond, a French botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Gesneracece ; Tribe, Cyrtandrece. Allied 
 to Streptocarpus.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds and divi- 
 
 Rampion. Phytm'ma and Cy'phia 
 phyteu'ma. 
 
 Rampion. Campa'nula rapu'nculus. 
 
 The soil ought to be moderately moist ; 
 but it must be light. A shady, rich 
 border is most favourable. 
 
 Sow during March, April, and May, in 
 drills six inches apart ; the plants from 
 sowings in the first two montns soon run 
 up to seed. The plants are to remain 
 where sown ; though, in case of any 
 deficiency, those which are taken away 
 in thinning the crops may be transplanted 
 successfully, if removed to a border simi- 
 lar to the seed-bed, and inserted with 
 the roots perpendicular, and without 
 pressing the mould too close about them. 
 The best time for the removal is during 
 the evening. 
 
 They are fit for thinning when about 
 two inches in height, and they must be 
 set at a distance of six inches apart. The 
 plants of the sowings during the two 
 first-mentioned montns will befit for use 
 at the close of August, or early in Sep- 
 tember, and continue through the 
 autumn. Those of the last one will con- 
 tinue good throughout the winter, and 
 until the following April. The soil 
 throughout their growth must be kept 
 moist by giving frequent waterings. 
 
 The root, for which it is cultivated, 
 either to be sliced together with its 
 leaves in salads, or eaten as the radish, 
 as well as to be boiled like asparagus, is 
 most palatable when drawn young, and 
 eaten fresh from the ground. 
 
 To obtain Seed, leave a few of the 
 winter-standing plants. These flower in 
 July and August, and ripen abundance 
 of seed in early autumn. Gather it 
 before it begins to scatter, and dry on a 
 cloth before thrashing. 
 
 Ra'ndia. (Named after J. Band, a 
 London botanist. Nat. ord., Rubiacece; 
 
RAN 
 
 [825] 
 
 RAN 
 
 Tribe, Gardeniece. Allied to Gar- 
 denia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, and white-flowered, 
 except where otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of 
 the young shoots in spring and summer, in sand, 
 under a oell-glass, in a hotbed. Sandy, flbry 
 loam and flbry peat, with a few nodules of char- 
 coal. Temp., when at rest in winter, 45° to 50° ; 
 when growing in spring or summer, 60° to 80°. 
 R. aculea'ta. 12. White. July. W. Indies. 
 
 1733. Syn., Gardenia Randia. B. M. 
 
 1. 1841. 
 
 — arma'ta. 7. White. May. W. Indies. 1813. 
 
 — Bowiea'na. B. M. t. 3809. See R. maarantha. 
 
 — dumeto'rum. 6. White, yellow. July. E. 
 
 Indies. 1824. Syn., Posoqneria dume- 
 
 tantm. 
 — fasciffula'ta. 4. White. July. E. Indies. 
 
 1824. 
 —jlonbu'nda. 4. July. E. Indies. 1825. 
 
 — ho'rrida. 8. May. China. 1825. 
 
 — latifo'Ha. 7. July. W.Indies. 1733. 
 
 — longifio'ra. 4. August. E. Indies. 1818. 
 
 Syns., Gardemalangiflora&'ai.Poeoqueiria 
 multiflora. 
 
 — vuLCra'ntha. 5. Cream-coloured. August. 
 
 Siena Leone. 1596. Syns., R. Bowieana 
 and Gardenia Devoniana. B. B. 1846, 
 t. 63. 
 
 — maeula'ta. White. April. Sierra Leone. 1843. 
 
 — nuUaba'rica. India. Sya., Posogueria frag- 
 
 rans. 
 
 — mallei'fera. 6. White. July. Sierra Leone. 
 
 1843. Syns., Gardenia medlei/era, B. M. 
 t. 4307, G. octomeria, B. M. t. 5410, and 
 G. Whitejieldii. 
 
 — obma'ta. 6. May. New Grenada. 1818. 
 oxype'tala. Yellowish. May. Saharanpoor. 
 
 1843. 
 
 — parmfio'ra. 4. August. W. Indies. 1818. 
 
 — pube' scene. 5. July. Peru. 1820. 
 
 — rotundifo'lia. 6. July. Peru. 1820. 
 
 — sine'nsis. 5. July. China. 1818. 
 
 Rantry. The Mountain Ash. Py'- 
 rus aueupa'ria. 
 
 Ranu'nCTllus. Crowfoot. (From 
 rana, a frog ; some of the species in- 
 habiting marshy places. Nat. ord., 
 RanunculacecB ; Tiihe, Manunculece.) 
 
 All yellow-flowered, except where otherwise 
 specified. Annuals, seeds m common soil, in 
 March and April, though few are worth the 
 trouble, unless in a comer devoted to small 
 native and alpine plants. Perennials, by divi- 
 sion of the plant in spring. Aquatics, mostly 
 natives, by cBvision, and giving them any soil m 
 shallow ponds or ditches ; tuberous-rooted, by 
 division of the roots in spring. R. asia'tieas, the 
 florists' Ranunculus, and its many varieties, may 
 be planted in stiff, rich loam, either in October 
 or March ; if the former, the beds will require 
 to be protected a little from heavy rains and 
 from sharp frosts. See treatment as a florist's 
 flower. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 R Chi'm. i June. Archipelago. 1827. 
 
 — philono'tis. i. July. South Europe. 1800. 
 
 — sessUiflorus. i- June. Australia. 
 
 — trilo'bue. J. June. Greece. 1816. 
 
 — tviereula'tus. 1. June. Tauna. 1817. 
 
 — uligino'ms. h June. Tenenffe. 1826. 
 
 — ventrico'sus. i- July. Brazil. 
 
 HARDY AQUATICS. 
 S. obtusifo'Hus. 1. White. June. England. 
 -pa'ntolhrix. White. June. Britain . 
 ^'L—nuvia'tilis. White. June. Britain. 
 -polyphy'llui. l AprU. Hungary. 1819. 
 Annual. 
 
 R. triparti'tm. White. June. Europe. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 
 
 R. geranioi'des. May. Mexico. 1836. 
 
 — lappa'eeits. 1. June. Australia. 1822. 
 
 — plehe'iiis. 1. June. Australia. 1820. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 R. fiUfo'rmis. 1. June. N. America. 1823. 
 Creeper. 
 
 — lapp&nicus. |. May. Lapland. 1827. 
 
 HARDY TUBEROUS-ROOTED. 
 
 R. emgula'tus. 1. Naples. 1882. 
 
 — asia'ticus. J. Variegated. May. Levant. 
 
 1696. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 518. 
 
 sanguilnmis. \. Scarlet. May. Syria. 
 
 tenuifo'lius. J. White. May. Greece. 
 
 — bradea'tits. May. Pyrenees. 
 flo're-Mno. May. 
 
 ochroteu'cus. Pale yellow. August. Eng- 
 land. 
 
 — brevifo'lius. |. June. Naples. 1824. 
 
 — Buchana'ni. J-l. Pure white. New Zealand. 
 
 1890. 
 
 — bulla'tiis fio're-ple'no. 1. May. South Europe. 
 
 1640. 
 
 grandifio'rus. 1. May. South Europe. 
 
 1640. 
 
 — ehoerophy'Uus. 1. May. Portugal. 
 
 — cieuta'rius. 1. May. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 — cortiisoBfo'lius. 1. May. Tenerifle. 1826. See 
 
 also R. grandifolius. 
 
 — are'tuyus. 1. May. Candia. 1658. 
 — fwmirioefdlius. 1. May. 
 
 — garga'nieus. J. August. Naples. 1832. 
 
 — gracilis. J. May. Archipelago. 1818. 
 
 — grandAfo'liAis. 1. May. Teneriffe. Syn., it. 
 
 cortusoefoliAJix. B. M. t. 4625. 
 
 — gregar'rius. 1. May. Italy. 1817. 
 
 — ny'bridiis. |. May. Austria. 1820. 
 
 — Uly'ricus. li. May. South Europe. 1596. 
 
 — maerophy'llus. 2. May. Tenenffe. 1658. 
 
 B. B. 1. 1432. 
 
 — millefoHa'tus. May. Sicily. 1820. B. M. 
 
 t. 3009. 
 
 grandiflo'rus. }. April. Naples. 1833. 
 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 248. 
 
 — rmmspeli'aeus. 1. May. South France. 
 
 cuTiea'tus. 1. May. South Europe. 
 
 rotundifo'lius. 1. May. South Europe. 
 
 — oxyspe'rmus. 1. Pale yellow. May. Caucasus. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — peda'tus. 1. May. Hungary. 1805. B. M. 
 
 t. 2229. 
 
 — scuta'tus. J. May. Hungary. 1817. 
 
 — tho'ra. i. May. Austria. 1710. 
 
 — tubero'sus. 1. June. Pyrenees. 1820. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 R aconitifo'lius. 1. White. May. Alps, Europe. 
 1596. B. M. t. 204. 
 
 erassicau'Vis. 1. White. May. Europe. 
 
 hu'rnilis. \. White. May. Europe. 
 
 — a'cris-ple'ntte. 2. June. Britain. B. M. 
 
 t^ 215. 
 
 — aXp^stris. }. White. July. Scotland. 
 
 — amplemeaulUs. 1. White. May. Pyrenees. 
 
 1633. B. M. t. 266. 
 
 — anemonoi'des. J. White tinged with rose. 
 
 Summer. Styrian Alps. 1883. 
 
 — angusMfo'lim. 1. White. May. Grenada. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — apiifo'lius. 2. White, red. June, Bonaiia. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — a'retims. July. N. America. 1827. 
 
 — auri'comus. IJ. May. Britain. 
 
 — boTiariefnsis. i. June. N. Amer. 1817. 
 
 — brevieau'Ks. May. N. America. 1827. 
 
 — Breynia'nua. June. Switzerland.. 1818. 
 
 — Bru'tius. H. May. Italy. 1823. 
 
 — bnpleuroi'des. 1. May. Portugal. 1826. 
 
 — cardiophy'Uus. May. Canada. 1829. B. M. 
 
 t. 2999. 
 
RAN 
 
 [826] 
 
 RAN 
 
 R, cassu'Mcus. 2. June. Siberia, 1794. B. M. 
 t. 2267. 
 
 — cmieafsicus. H. June. Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 — crassieau'lit. 1. June. Europe. 1827. 
 
 — crena'tui. i. White. June. Hungary. 1818. 
 
 — eymbcHa'na. i. June. Siberia. 1824. 
 
 — disst^GtUi. ^. June. Caucasus. 1818. 
 
 — E&chsoko'ltzii. May. N. America. 1827. 
 — fascicvia'ris. 1. June. N. America. 
 
 — Fica'ria. Yellow. May. Britain. Eng. Bot. 
 
 ed. 3, t. 39. Syns., Fiearia ranuTieuloides 
 and P. vema. 
 
 — fri'gidus. J. Pale yellow. May. South 
 
 Europe. 1827. 
 
 — glabe'rHynus. May. N.America. 1827. 
 
 — gltttm'lis. J. White. July. Lapland. 1775. 
 aeoniUA'des. J. White. July. Switzer- 
 land. 1819. 
 
 — Goua'ni. 1. June. Pyrenees. 1818. 
 
 — grwmi'neus. 1. May. Wales. B. M. 1. 164. 
 JWre-ple'no. 1. May. 
 
 phamicifo'liui. 1. May. Europe. 
 
 — grandifio'rtis. i. May. Cappadocia. 
 
 ^ Beldreichia'nus. 1. Pale chrome yellow. 
 Spring. Greece. 1882. 
 
 — hi'rtus. 1. June. New Zealand. 1820. 
 
 — ki'spidus. li. June. N. America. 1810. 
 
 — hyperbo'reus. J. June. North Europe. 1820. 
 
 — isopyroi'des. i- White. June. Siberia. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — Ja'ceriM. }. White. May. South France. 
 
 1821. 
 
 — lamugin&sm. 1. June. South Europe. 1683. 
 
 — li'Tigua^ 2. July. Britain. 
 
 — nwnta'nwi. i. June. Lapland. 1775. 
 
 — napMiifollms. 1. July. Turkey. 1822. 
 
 — nemorasM, 1. June. Switzerland. 1810. 
 
 — niva'lis. i. July. Lapland. 1775. 
 
 — pamassifolius. i. White. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1769. B. M. t. 386. 
 
 — paucift&rus, 1. June. Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 — pedati'fidut. 1. April. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 — plantagi'neus. 1. White. May. Piedmont. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — platanifo'lius. 3. White. June. Germany. 
 
 1769. 
 
 fMre-pWno. 1. White. May. Alps. 
 
 1696. 
 
 — Pu'rehii. July. N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 — pygnudus. \. April. Lapland. 1810. 
 ~pyrencB!u8. 1. White. May. Pyrenees. 
 
 1807. 
 bupleurifo'liut. }. White. June. Pyre- 
 nees. 1818. 
 
 — reeurva'tus. June. N. Amer. 1827, 
 
 — re'pens Jio're-ple'no, J. July. 
 
 — rhomioi'deus. April. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 — ru'fvixbs. July. Portugal. 1826. 
 
 — rutoefo'lim. J. White. June. Austria. 1759. 
 
 — Sali'ni. July. N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 ~ salsugvn&sus. 1. April. Siberia. 1822. 
 
 — SeguMri. i. White. June. Piedmont. 1819. 
 
 Gfl. 1. 1192, fig. 1. 
 
 — spiea'tus. 1. Yellow. April. Algiers. ,1850. 
 
 B. M..t. 4686. 
 
 — Steve'nii. IJ. June. Volhinia. 1819. 
 
 — tom^nto'suB. 1. June. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 — Villa'rsi. 1. June. South Europe. 1819. 
 
 COOL GREENHOUSE. 
 R. Lya'llii. 2-3. White. Spring and Summer. 
 New Zealand. 1879. A very handsome 
 plant. G. 0. 1881, xv. p. 724. New Zea- 
 land Water Lily. 
 
 Ranu'nculus (B. asia'ticus) as a 
 Florist's Flower. 
 
 Varieties. — These are very numerous 
 and annually increased. 
 
 Soil. — This should be of a fine texture, 
 easily broken, and moderately light. It 
 
 should feel soft to the hand, and have a 
 little sand amongst it. The best is 
 generally found near to rivers. Let it 
 be laid on a long heap, not too thick, 
 and turned over once a month for a 
 year. It wUl then be in good condition 
 for use. Remove the old soil away from 
 the bed you intend for ranunculuses to 
 the depth, if the situation is dry, of 
 fifteen inches : if wet, ten inches will do. 
 Put in a layer of very rotten cow-dune, 
 two inches thick ; then bring the sou, 
 put in a layer of four inches, upon that 
 put a layer of rotten hotbed dung one 
 inch thick, and so proceed till the bed 
 is fuU, and raised two or three inches 
 above the surface. Let the bed be edged 
 with boards or slates. Hoop it over, to 
 
 Srotect it from heavy rain, snows, and 
 ailstones. Turn it over, mixing the 
 materials together well, only take care 
 not to disturb the layer of cow-dung at 
 the bottom. Let this turning operation 
 be performed two or three times at in- 
 tervals of three or four weeks between, 
 finishing the last about the end of 
 January, so as to allow the bed to settle 
 by the planting time in February. 
 
 Planting. — The best time for doing 
 this is between the 8th and 20th of Feb- 
 ruary. The sou of the bed ought to be 
 neither wet nor dry. To prove its state, 
 take up a handful, gently squeeze it, and 
 let it fall about half a yard ; if it is in a 
 right condition, it will fall in pieces. 
 W ith a rake level the soil ; then, with a 
 triangular-shaped and rather small hoe, 
 or with the corner of a common hand- 
 hoe, draw a drill across the bed, two 
 inches deep ; draw the next five inches 
 distant from the first, and so on till the 
 whole bed is finished. Commence this 
 some fine morning, when there is a pros- 
 pect of the day continuing fine. When 
 the drills are all finished, sprinkle at the 
 bottom of each drill some fine sand ; 
 then bring out your ranunculus roots, 
 with a numbered label, made either of 
 lead, with the number stamped upon it, 
 or of wood, with each number written 
 upon it with a blacklead-pencil upon a 
 coating of white-lead. Begin then to 
 plant the variety written in your book 
 opposite No. 1 ; take each root between 
 your finger and thumb, and place it at 
 the bottom of the drill, very gently 
 pressing it down in the sand to about 
 half the length of the claws of each root. 
 Having placed the first to your mind, 
 put the next at four inches distance from 
 it, and so proceed till you have planted 
 all the first kind ; then thrust in the 
 numbered label, either with the number 
 facing the kind, or with its back to it. 
 
KAN 
 
 [827] 
 
 RAP 
 
 Both -ways are practised by florists, but 
 we prefer the number to face the variety 
 it belongs to. If our plan is followed 
 the number should be always put in first, 
 the whole of the variety planted, and 
 then the second number put in, and the 
 second kind planted. Follow on in this 
 manner till the bed is filled. As soon as 
 that is completed, cover the roots just 
 over the crowns with some more of the 
 fine sand : this sand prevents the roots 
 from getting too wet, or moulding. Then 
 with a rake carefully level down the soil 
 into the drills. If your bed is not edged 
 with boards or slates (as recommended 
 before), stretch a line on one side of the 
 bed, about four inches from the roots, 
 and with the back of the spade pat the 
 soil on the side of the bed gently, to 
 make it firm ; then chop down the edge 
 of the bed nearly perpendicularly. 
 
 After-culture.— -It is essential to the 
 success of this plant that the soil about 
 it should be close and firm, almost ap- 
 proaching to hardness. If the bed has 
 been rightly prepared, and the flower 
 planted according to the instructions 
 given, all, will be well. When the tops 
 begin to push through the soil, it will be 
 of the greatest importance to tread the 
 soil down very firm between the rows, 
 and if any symptoms of cracking in the 
 soil appear, the surface should be stirred 
 to prevent it. Protection from sharp 
 late frosts should be given, by covering 
 whenever such weather is likely to take 
 place, and it is equally beneficial to pro- 
 tect from heavy rains. Both are best 
 excluded by hoops extended across the 
 bed to support a covering of tarpaulin or 
 oil-cloth. During April and May, should 
 dry weather prevail, water may be cau- 
 tiously administered at intervals in an 
 evening, but only just so much as will 
 prevent the soil of the bed from cracking ; 
 or a little moss or old, spent tanners' 
 bark, etc. , may be neatly placed between 
 the rows, which will retam the moisture 
 in the soil. The over-abundant applica- 
 tion of water is a very common error, 
 and one of the greatest evils. 
 
 The dying of leaves, in some instances, 
 evidently depends on a want of vigour, 
 or partial rot in the root ; and, in some 
 few cases, it would appear to be caused 
 by large earthworms, forming their wide 
 tracks amid the roots of the plants, 
 nearly undermining them ; but in the 
 
 freat majority of cases it is produced 
 y injudicious watering. 
 Durin" the expansion of the flower- 
 buds, and when they are fully blown, an 
 awning should be erected over the bed, 
 as in the case of tulips, that rain and 
 
 hot sun may be excluded ; and gentle 
 watering every second or third evening 
 may be given, which will keep the bed 
 cool and moist, and promote the size of 
 the flower. As much air should be ad- 
 mitted as possible, that the flower-stems 
 be not drawn and weakened. 
 
 Raising Seedlings. — Save seed only 
 from varieties, distinguished for excel- 
 lenceofformandcolour. Sowin February, 
 and place the boxes in a cool greenhouse 
 or frame. Sow in boxes eighteen inches 
 by eleven inches and four inches deep, 
 full of loamy earth, and the surface 
 level. Sow the seeds about the eighth 
 of an inch apart ; cover them as thinly 
 as possible, and water with a fine rose ; 
 but place the boxes under glass, without 
 heat. The plants usually make their 
 appearance in about a month. Give air 
 day and night, except in severe frost ; 
 then cover up with straw mats. With 
 such protection, the young plants will 
 endure the severest seasons. Put the 
 boxes in the open ground up to the 
 second week in May, and water daily 
 until the leaves begin to wither ; then 
 suffer the boxes to become quite dry; 
 and in the middle of July take them up, 
 and preserve the roots in bags until 
 February, and then plant them as the 
 general stock. In the following June 
 thOT flower. 
 
 Taking up. — The roots, in wet seasons, 
 should be taken up as soOn as the leaves 
 turn yellow, as they are apt to sprout ; 
 but in dry seasons they may remain until 
 the leaves are brown. Take them up as 
 dry as the season will permit ; complete 
 the drying in a warm room, rather than 
 in the sun, and store them in a dry, cool 
 place. 
 
 Forcing. — Select tubers which have 
 been kept three or four months, or even 
 a year over the season of planting, these 
 being more easily excited than those 
 which have been only the usual time out 
 of the sou ; plant them in pots about 
 the beginning of August ; and, by bring- 
 ing these into the greenhouse at different 
 periods, a bloom is kept up from October 
 to February. 
 
 'RB.Tpo.te'dipa'ndanoi'des. See Saxo- 
 fredericia suhcordata. 
 
 Rape, or Coleseed {Bra'ssica na'- 
 pus). Like mustard and other small 
 salading, it may be sown at any period 
 of the year, when in request, being 
 allowed a separate bed. It is cultivated 
 as Mustard, which see. 
 
 To obtain Seed. — Some plants of a 
 sowing made about the middle of July 
 must be thinned to eighteen inches apart : 
 
RAP 
 
 [828] 
 
 RAS 
 
 they will survive the winter, and flower 
 in the May and June of the next year. 
 The seed, which is produced in great 
 abundance, ripens in July and August, 
 and must be cut as it does so, and laid 
 upon cloths to dry. 
 
 nape (edible-rooted); This name 
 may be applied to a variety of the rape 
 mentioned by Mr. Dickson, formerly one 
 ■of the vice-presidents of the Horticul- 
 tural Society. Its root is white and carrot- 
 shaped, about the size of the middle 
 finger. It is much more delicate in 
 flavour than the turnip, like which root 
 it is cooked, only that it is not peeled, 
 "but scraped, its skin being remarkably 
 thin. 
 
 Sowing. — For the main crop, sow from 
 themiddtle of July to the end of August, 
 or even later. These will supply the 
 table until April ; and if wanted through- 
 out the year, a little may be sown in the 
 latter end of October, the plants from 
 -which will be fit for use during April 
 and May ; the last crop to be sown from 
 the middle of January to the middle of 
 February, which will come in at the end 
 -of May and during June. On a north 
 border, and if the soil is sandy and moist, 
 it is possible to have them sweet and 
 tender during the whole summer, to effect 
 which sow at the close of March and 
 May. 
 
 Cultivation. — Thin and hoe as turnips. 
 In dry weather the beds must be watered 
 regularly. 
 
 Soil. — One great advantage attending 
 the cultivation of this vegetable is, that 
 it requires no manure. Any soil that is 
 poor and light, especially if sandy, is 
 suitable to it. In rich, manured soil it 
 grows much larger, but not so sweet and 
 .good. 
 
 To obiainSeed. — InFebruary or March, 
 some of the finest roots are transplanted 
 to two feet asunder ; but it would, per- 
 haps, be a better practice to leave them 
 where grown. , The seed must be cut as 
 soon as ripe, and treated as directed for 
 turnips, etc. 
 
 Ra'phanus. Radish. (From ra, 
 ■quickly, and phainomai, to appear ; 
 rapid germination of the seeds. Nat. 
 •ord. , Crtiei/erce '; Tribe, Raphanem. ) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Seeds ; rich, sandy soil ; but 
 for standing the winter it should be dry and 
 poor. See BASISH. 
 
 M. arcua'ttis. See Chorispora tenella, var. 
 (ir<mata. 
 
 — cauda'tus. IJ. White, purple. July. Java. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — isatoi'des. Yellow. Garden variety. 1886. 
 
 Eev. Hort. 1886, p. 372, flg. 101. 
 
 — La'ndra. S. Yellow. June. Italy. 1820. 
 
 Biennial. 
 
 R. sati'vut. 8. White, purple. May. China. 
 1S48. 
 
 — tene'llus. See Chorispora tenella. 
 
 Ra'phia. (Probably from the native 
 name of the West African species. Nat. 
 ord., Palmece ; Tribe, Leptdocaryeoe.) 
 
 Stove palms. See Cocos. 
 R. Ru'Ma. 60. Madagascar, 
 
 — taeiigera. Posa. 1847. 
 
 — vim! Sera. W. Africa. 
 
 Raphido'phora. (From raphis, a 
 needle, and phero, to bear ; on account 
 of the needle-like hairs, which abound 
 in the intercellular spaces in all parts of 
 the plants. Nat. ord., AroideoB ; Tribe, 
 Callece. Allied to Monstera. ) 
 
 Stove climbing evergreen perennials. Seeds ; 
 cuttings in sandy loam and peat in bottom-heat 
 and under a hand-glass. Bich loam and Sbrous 
 peat, about half and half. They do best when 
 planted in a border, and allowed to climb up 
 the dead stem of a tree or a wall. Moist 
 atmosphere. Summer temp., 70° to 90° ; winter, 
 66° to 76°. 
 R. decursi'va. Yellowish. India. 1859. 
 
 — lancif&lia. Spathe apricot colour, green- 
 
 spotted ; spadix white. India. 1874. 
 
 — Pee'pla. Yellow. E. Indies. 
 
 — pertu'sus. E. Indies. 
 
 Raphiole'pis. Indian Hawthorn. 
 (From raphis, a needle, and lepis, a 
 scale; formation of the bracts. Nat. 
 ord., BosacecB ; Tribe, Pomece. Allied 
 to Cratsegus.) 
 
 Half-hardy, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs 
 from China. Cuttings of half -ripened shoots in - 
 sandy loam, in a sheltered place, under a hand- 
 light ; sandy loam and peat ; a sheltered place 
 against a wall, or protected in very cold places 
 by a cold pit ; most of them have stood at least 
 several seasons protected bya wall in the vicinity 
 of London. 
 
 R. i'ndica. White, pink. June. 1806. 
 phceoste'irton. 4. June. 1818. Syn., i{. 
 
 tndtca ot B. E. t. 468, 
 rubra. IS. Reddish. June. 1806. Syn., 
 
 R. rubra. B. E. 1. 1400. 
 saliaifo'lia. 3. June. 1820. 
 
 — japo'nicaintege^rriTiui. White. Japan. 1865. 
 
 B. M. t. 6510. 
 
 — ru'bra. See R. indica, var, rubra. 
 
 — salic\fo'lia. B. R. t. 652. See R. indica, var. 
 
 salicifolia. 
 
 Raphiste'mma. (From raphis, a 
 needle, and stemma, a crown. Nat. ord., 
 Asclepiadacece ; Tribe, Cynanchece.) 
 
 A stove climber. For cultivation, see Stepha- 
 
 NOTIS. 
 
 R. cilia'tum. B. M. t. 5704. See Dcemia 
 extensa. 
 
 — pulche'tlum. White, pink. July. E. Indies: 
 
 1852. Paxt. Mag. xiv. p. 27. 
 
 Raspailia. (Named after M. Bos- 
 pail, a French botanist. Nat. ord., 
 BruniacecE. Allied to Brunia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young, 
 stubby shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and m 
 a cold frame ; sandy, flbry peat. Winter temp., 
 40° to 48°. 
 
 R. mierophy'lla. 1. White. July. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1804. A synonym of BERABDU 
 
 MICROPHYLLA. 
 
HAS 
 
 [829] 
 
 RAS 
 
 Raspberry. Ru'hus idm'iis. 
 
 Varieties. — The most useful are as 
 follows :— 1. Red Antwerp ; 2. Yellow 
 Antwerp ; 3. FastoIflF, orFilby ; 4. Double- 
 liearing. Of these, Nos. 1 and 2 have 
 been for many years highly esteemed ; 
 but 3 has, of late, in a great degree, super- 
 seded them, being larger and of at least 
 equal flavour, a great bearer, and pos- 
 sessing that desirable property in the 
 summer Raspberries of producing occa- 
 sionally fine autumnal fruit, which is 
 superior to that of the double-bearing 
 kinds. No. 4 is a decided autumn Rasp- 
 berry. Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, 
 has a new variety of this from America, 
 which is said to "be very superior. An- 
 other variety is a hybrid between the 
 Raspberry and Blackberry ; this Mr. 
 Rivers calls "the Black," and states is 
 good for preserving. 
 
 Propagation : by Suckers. — Those who 
 desire to make a new plantation of Rasp- 
 berries will do well to obtain their 
 suckers from a healthy stock. We have 
 known new plantations made in cases of 
 emergency from a stock which had stood 
 too long in the ground, and of course 
 were lean, if not diseased. This lean- 
 ness was evidently transmitted to their 
 progeny, and, despite high manuring, a 
 year or two was lost before they could 
 recover. Suckers, then, may be planted 
 any time between October and the mid- 
 dle of February, and theyaredrawnaway 
 from the old plants by hand ; a slight 
 pull will soon show which are those dis- 
 posed to colonize. Deeply-dug ground is 
 requisite, and it should have a liberal 
 amount of half-rotten manure. Strong 
 suckers (drawn with a ball of soil, if pos- 
 sible) may be planted three in a group, 
 at the end of September, four feet apart 
 from centre to centre ; and the rows, if 
 side by side, six feet apart. As soon as 
 the leaf drops, say the beginning of No- 
 vember, we would prune one strong cane 
 to three feet, a second to two feet, and a 
 third to within a couple or three inches 
 of the soil. By these means a nice little 
 crop may be taken the first year, and 
 good shoots reserved for the next. 
 
 From Seed. — This is practised chiefly 
 with a view of raising new kinds ; and 
 the seed collected from superior berries, 
 when thoroughly ripe, is washed from the 
 pulp and dried, then packed in papers 
 until spring. In the beginning of Feb- 
 ruary it must be sown, and a gentle hot- 
 bed would hurry the process much. The 
 seedlings must be pricked out when three 
 inches high, and generous treatment 
 must be continued ; and towards the 
 middle of May, having been hardened 
 
 off, they may be planted at once in their- 
 final destination. All that is requisite 
 now is careful training, the keeping down 
 suckers and watery spray ; and when the 
 shoots are five feet long, the top may be 
 pinched to consolidate the wood. 
 
 Soil. — When wild, being an inhabitant 
 of woods, a damp soil, somewhat reten- 
 tive of moisture, is found to suit it best. 
 We have generally known it most suc- 
 cessful in a darkish soil of an alluvial 
 character ; any of our loams, however, of 
 sound texture, will grow it in perfection, 
 but the soil should be tolerably deep. A 
 hot and loose sand, short of depth, is 
 the least suitable. To meet the increased 
 amount of transpiration from the leaf to- 
 which the cultivated plant is liable in 
 sunny situations, extra provision in the 
 way of top-dressing and mulching is 
 highly to be commended. 
 
 Culture during the Groming Period. — 
 Soon after the canes begin to shoot in 
 spring, a slight thinning-out is very bene- 
 ficial ; this may take place about the be- 
 ginning of May. In a few weeks' time a. 
 thinning of the suckers may take place, 
 for, in general, they produce a profusion, 
 and such draw on the resources of the 
 plant, and exhaust the soil. About four 
 or five may be left on each stool ; if they 
 are very gross, the moderate ones may 
 be left ; ji weak, the strongest. 
 
 If they have not been mulched, it 
 should be done immediately. As soon 
 as the last fruit is gathered, the old bear- 
 ing shoots may be cut clean away, and 
 the young canes drawn a little closer to- 
 gether. When over five feet in height,' 
 the tops may be pinched ; this, however, 
 should not be done before the end of 
 August. 
 
 Culture during the Rest Period. — As 
 soon as the leaves have all fallen, prun- 
 ing may take place, and our practice is 
 to leave four canes. These we cut at 
 different heights ; the tallest about four 
 feet ; the next about nine inches lower, 
 and so on with the rest. By these means 
 the young spray is nicely divided, and 
 the plants fruit from bottom to top. The 
 canes are now neatly fastened, and a 
 top - dressing com- 
 pletesthe rest period. 
 All useless suckers \ 
 or canes are drawn 
 away. 
 
 Training. — The 
 earliest and finest are 
 obtained from canes 
 planted beneath a 
 south wall, and - 
 trained against it in this form. But in 
 the open ground the best mode of train- 
 
RAS 
 
 [830] 
 
 EEA 
 
 ing is round small hoops, thus. The 
 worst form is plaiting the canes to- 
 gether ; and training 
 in arches, or other 
 compact forms, ex- 
 cluding the light and 
 warmth of the sun, 
 is little better. 
 
 Forcing. — Rasp- 
 berries may be 
 forced, growing 
 
 either in pots or in 
 the borders of the 
 house. They may be 
 also planted on the outside of a pit, the 
 bearing canes being introduced inside it, 
 and trained to a trellis, whilst the present 
 year's shoots are left outside. 
 
 Raspberry Moth. Lampro'nm 
 rubie'lla. The larva of this pretty little 
 moth sometimes plays sad havoc in 
 Raspberry beds, by feeding upon the 
 buds and thereby destroying the crop of 
 fruit. The caterpillar is about one-third 
 of an inch in length, of a scarlet colour, 
 with a black head marked with pale 
 lines. When first hatched from the egg, 
 which takes place in August, it feeds 
 upon the foliage for a time, and then 
 crawls to some place of concealment and 
 hibernates. In the spring it comes out 
 again , and commences to attack theyovtng 
 flowering-- shoots, feeding inside the 
 flowering buds, and finally destroying 
 the inside tissue of the young shoot. 
 When full fed, it spins a cocoon among 
 the withered leaves, and there changes 
 to a brown chrysalis, from which the 
 moth emerges in the course of two or 
 three weeks. 
 
 The moth is about half an inch in 
 expanse : the fore wings are shining 
 brown, with five or six golden spots 
 along the front margin of each, and two 
 larger ones on the inner margin, with a 
 few smaller ones on the middle part of 
 the wing; the hind wings are dark 
 brown. 
 
 The best method of getting rid of this 
 insect is to hand-pick and destroy the 
 attacked shoots in the early part of June. 
 If this be done thoroughly, although the 
 year's crop will be destroyed, yet that 
 for the following year will probably be 
 saved. The attacked shoots may be 
 known by their withered, unhealthy 
 appearance. 
 
 .Rattlesnake Fern. Botry'cUum 
 
 virgi'mcum. 
 
 Ranwo'lfia. (Named after L. Rau- 
 wolf, M.D., a botanical traveller. Nat. 
 ord., Apocynaceas ; Tribe, Plwnieriew. 
 Allied to Carissa. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the 
 points of shoots, or stubby side-shoots, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, in the beginning of summer, 
 and in bottom-heat; sandy, flbry loam, fibry 
 peat, a little dried leaf-mould, and pieces of 
 charcoal. Winter temp., 50° to 60' ; summer, 60° 
 to 88°. 
 R. cane'seens. 7. Pink. Jamaica. 1769. 
 
 — deiusijlo'ra. 6. White. June. E^ Indies. 
 
 1824, Syn., TaberiioEnuyiitana densifiora. 
 B. R. 1. 1273. 
 
 — ma'jits. 4. White. April. Java. 1850. 
 
 Syn., Ophiox^lon majus. 
 
 — ni'tida. 12. White. August. Spain. 1752. 
 
 B. C. t. 339. 
 
 — serpenti'na. 1. White or pink. May. 
 
 East Indies. 1690. Syn., Ophkaeylon 
 serpentinutn. 
 
 — spino'sa. Yellow. June. Peru. 1827. 
 
 — tendfo'lia. 3. White. May. W. Ind. 1823. 
 
 B. M. t. 2440. 
 
 — tomento'sa. 3. White. July. W. Ind. 
 
 1823. 
 
 Ravena'la. (From the Malagasy 
 name. Nat. ord., ScitaminecB ; Tribe, 
 MksecB. Syns., Phenakospermum and 
 Urania. ) 
 
 Large stove plants, requiring the same culture 
 as MusA. 
 
 R. guiwne'nsis. 15. White. Brazil and Guiana. 
 1848. Syn., Phenakospermum guianen^e. 
 111. Hort. 1860, p. 239. 
 
 — madagaseime'iusis. 16. White. Madagascar. 
 
 Fl. Ser. t. 1355. Syns., Urania mada- 
 gascarwnsis, IT. Ravenala and U. spe- 
 ciosa. 
 
 Ravene'a. (Named after XowisjBa- 
 veni, a zealous promoter of horticulture 
 at Berlin. Nat. ord. , PalmecB. ) 
 
 A slender greenhouse palm, of doubtful affi- 
 nity, with the habit of a Cham^dorea, to which 
 refer for cultivation. 
 
 R. Hildebra'Tidtii. 12, Comoro Islands, at an 
 altitude of 4,000 feet, 1878, 
 
 Rave'nia. (Derivation not ex- 
 plained. Nat. ord., Butacece; Tribe, 
 Cuspariem. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half -ripe 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom- 
 heat ; sandy peat and fibry loam. Summer 
 temp,, 60° to 85° ; winter, 60° to 66°, 
 R. ro'sea. 2. Bose-red. Summer, Brazil, 
 1880, 
 
 — specta'Hlis. 2, Deep rose, July, Cuba, 
 
 1839, Syn,, Lem<mia spectabilis. 
 
 Ravensa'ra. (From the Malagasy 
 raven, leaf, and sara, good ; the leaves 
 have a strong odour of cloves. Nat. 
 ord. , LaurinecB. Syn. , Agathophylhiin. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Peat, and light rich 
 loam ; cuttings. 
 
 R. aroma'tica. 30. White, Madagascar, 1823, 
 Syn,, Agathophyllum ar&m/iticwm 
 
 Rea'na. (Mtet Mr. Rea. Nat. ord., 
 Graminew; Tribe, Maydew.) See 
 Euchlsena. 
 
 R. luxii/riaTis. See EuchXc&na luxurians. B. M. 
 t. 6414. 
 
 Reaumu'ria. (Named after A. 
 Reaumur, the French entomologist. 
 Nat. ord., Tamariscinece ; Tribe, Beau- 
 muriece. ) 
 
REA 
 
 [831] 
 
 KEN 
 
 Half-hardy evergreens. Cuttings from young 
 shoots in sand, under a glass; sandy, flbry 
 loam, flbry peat, and leaf -mould ; dry soil in 
 sheltered places ; but generally requires a cold 
 pit in winter. 
 
 a. hypericoi'des. 2. Purple. August. Syria. 
 1800. B. M. t. 2057. Syn., P. lini- 
 folia. 
 
 — vermwula'ta. 1. Pink. June. Sicily. 1828. 
 
 A form of B. hyperic&ides. 
 
 Bed Bay. Lau'rus caroKne'nsis. 
 
 Bed Cedar. Juni'perus wginia'na. 
 
 Bed Gum-tree. Euaaly'ptus re- 
 sini'fera. 
 
 Bed Nightshade. EH'ca haliea- 
 ca'ba. 
 
 Bed Spider. See Acarus. 
 
 Beeve'sia. (Named after J. Beeves, 
 .£^^$9., of Canton. Nat OTd.,Sterculiacece; 
 Tribe, Helictereas. Allied to Helioteres. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; fibry 
 loam, and a little sandy peat. Winter temp., 40° 
 to 48". 
 
 It. thyrsoi'dea. 4. White. January. China. 
 1826. B. E. 1. 1236 ; B. M. t. 4199. 
 
 Bege'lia. (Named after M. Regel, 
 the superintendent of the Imperial Bota- 
 nical Gardens at St. Petersburg. Nat. 
 ord., MyrtacecE ; Tribe, Leptospermece. 
 Allied to Beauf ortia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse hard-wooded shrub. For cultiva- 
 tion, see Beaufortia. 
 R. cilia'ta. 6. Bed. W. Australia. 1874. 
 
 — magni'Jica, maje'stiea and pri'viceps, are syno- 
 
 nyms of Verschaffeltia splendidttt a 
 palm. 
 Behma'nnia. (In honour of Joseph 
 Behmann, a, Russian physician at the 
 commencement of the nineteenth cen- 
 tury. Nat. ord., Scrophularinece.) 
 
 Hardy, perennial herbs. Propagated by out- 
 tings. 
 R. chinefnsis. B. M. t. 3653. See R. glvMnosa. 
 
 — glutino'ea. 1-2.. Dingy purple. April. North 
 
 China. 1835. Syn., R. chinensis. B. R. 
 t. 1960. 
 
 — rupe/stris. IJ. White, tinged with rose. July. 
 
 Western China. 1890. 
 
 Bei'dia, is a section of the genus 
 Fhyllanthus, under which the species 
 are placed. 
 
 Beine'ckea. (Commemorative. 
 Nat. ord., Liliacece; Tribe, Conval- 
 iariecB. Allied to Convallaria. ) 
 R. ca'mea. J. Flesh. Spring. Japan, China. 
 
 1792. Syna., Sanseiiiera carma, Andr. 
 
 Bep. t. 361, and S. sessiliflora, B. M. 
 
 t. 939. 
 — variega'ta. Leaves white-striped. 1862. 
 
 m. Hort. t. 323. 
 
 Eeinwa'rdtia of Dumortier. (In 
 honour of K. G. K. Beinwardt, director 
 of the Botanic Garden of Leyden, 1773- 
 1822. Nat. ord., Linece.) 
 
 Greenhouse or store shrubs. Cuttings in a 
 close frame in April or May. 
 
 R. tetra'gynum. Yellow. India. 
 
 — tri'gynvm. 2. Yellow. October. 1799. 
 
 Syn., Linvm, trigynum. B. M. 1. 1100. 
 
 Belha'nia. (Named after B. Belfuxn, 
 a botanical author. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positCB ; Tribe, Inuloidece. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of 
 firm young side-shoots In sand, under a Dell- 
 
 tlass, in a cool frame, in June ; sandy loam and 
 bry peat. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. There are 
 several species besides the following : 
 R. pu'ngem. Yellow. September. South 
 Africa. 1820. B. B. t. 587. 
 
 — squarro'sa. IJ. Yellow. May. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 Bemi'gia. {Alter Bemigio, an Italian 
 surgeon. Nat. ord., Bubictcece.) 
 
 Stove shrub. Cuttings. 
 R. pedwncnda'ta. Pinkish. Brazil. 1889. Gard. 
 1889, XXXV. p. 343. 
 
 Bemusa'tia. [Mter Abel Bemusat, 
 a celebrated physician and orientalist, 
 1785-1832. Nat. ord., AroiclecB.) 
 Stove, tuberous herb. For culture, see Caia- 
 
 DIUM. 
 
 R. vmlpara. 2. Green. May. East Indies. 
 
 1817. Syn., Caladium vimparum. B. C. 
 
 t. 281. 
 Benanthe'ra. (From ren, a kidney, 
 and anthera, a pollen-bag, or anther ; 
 shape of anthers. Nat. ord., Orehidece; 
 Tribe, Vandecs — Sarcanthece. ) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown in pots. See Orchids. 
 R. arachni'tes. 1. Brown, purple. Japan. 
 
 1793. A synonym of Arachnanthe mos- 
 
 chifera. 
 
 — cocei'nea. 8. Scarlet, orange. August. 
 
 Cochin-China. 1816. B. M. t. 2997-8. 
 Chinese Air Plant. 
 
 — eUmga'ta. Purplish. Kuripan. 
 
 — fio'saSrhS. A synonym of jiracAnantte wios- 
 
 chiSera. 
 
 — histrio'nica. Yellow, purplish, white. Ma- 
 
 lacca? 1878. 
 
 — Imschootiafrui. Bed and yellow. 1891. 
 
 — Lo'wii. B. M. t. 5476. A synonym of Arach- 
 
 ncmthe Lofmi. 
 
 — matuti'na. Blood-red, yellow, deep purple. 
 
 December. Java. 1843. B. B. 1843, 
 t. 41. 
 brevtflo'Ta. Sunda Isles. 1879. 
 
 — molucea'na. Bed. Amboyna. 1846. 
 
 — Rohamia'na. Yellow, crimson. Borneo. 1879. 
 
 — Sto'riei. Yellow, vermilion. 1880. 
 
 Bendle's Tank System of heating 
 was first suggested, we believe, by Mr. 
 Rendle, nurseryman, of Plymouth. A 
 tank of iron or wood, twenty feet long, 
 five feet broad, and six inches .deep, is 
 constructed in the centre of the house, 
 and surrounded by a w^alk, except at the 
 end, where the boiler is fixed for heating 
 it. The top of the tank is covered with 
 large slabs of slate, cemented together, 
 to prevent the excessive escape of steam. 
 Around this is a frame sufficiently high 
 to retain the bark, in which the pots are 
 plunged. The boiler and tank are filled 
 with water, and this circulates, when 
 the fire is lighted under the former, by 
 
EEN 
 
 [832] 
 
 REN 
 
 means of two pipes, one from the top of 
 the boiler, and the other returning nearer 
 to its bottom. The expense of pipes, 
 and the danger of their freezing, are 
 avoided ; the fire only requires to be 
 kept lighted for two hours at night, and 
 again for the same period in the morn- 
 ing ; the water, when once heated, re- 
 taming its temperature for a long time. 
 In a small house, the apparatus can be 
 constructed for £5, and in all for less 
 than half the cost of hot-water pipes. 
 The saving in tan and labour is also 
 very great. In some places tan costs 19s. 
 per cart-load, and where it is cheaper, 
 the trouble and litter incident to its em- 
 ployment, and the dangers of loss from 
 fungi and insects, of which it is the 
 peculiarly fertile foster-parent, render it 
 objectionable as a source of heat ; and 
 whenever the tan has to be renewed, 
 the trouble and destruction of plants are 
 alwOTS great. 
 
 " in my new propagating house," says 
 Mr. Rendle, "the tank or cistern is 
 placed in the centre, with a walk sur- 
 rounding it, so as to enable the propa- 
 gator with greater ease to attend to the 
 plants, etc. 
 
 " On the outside of the house is a fire- 
 shed, in which the boiler is fixed. The 
 tank, made of wood, one and a half or 
 "twoinchesthick, which I find the cheapest 
 material (it also prevents the water cool- 
 ing so fast as it does either in stone or 
 iron), may be lined with lead or zinc. 
 Exactly in the centre of the tank is a 
 partition, serving the double purpose of 
 causing the water to circulate, as well as 
 to support the edges of the slates, an 
 aperture being left in the partition, of 
 about two inches in breadth, to allow the 
 water a free passage. The flow- pipe 
 enters near the appendage of the tank, 
 at the mouth of which pipe a piece of 
 perforated copper is placed, as also at 
 the return-pipe, to prevent dirt and sedi- 
 ment from finding their way into the 
 boiler. After everything is properly 
 fixed, the tank is filled with water, 
 which, of course, at the same time fills 
 
 the boiler The tank is about 
 
 four inches deep. Across it, and resting 
 on its sides, are placed slate stones about 
 an inch and a uaM thick, cut square at 
 the edges. These are fastened to each 
 other by Roman cement, or Aberthaw 
 lime, to prevent a superfluity of steam 
 
 from escaping into the house 
 
 Around the edges of the slates a piece 
 of inch board, about nine inches deep, 
 should be placed to inclose the sawdust, 
 sand, moss, or other plunging material." 
 
 In the following sketch, for which, as 
 
 well as for the next, we are Indebted to 
 Mr. Rendle, ^ is a transverse section of 
 Roger's conical boiler ; B is the fireplace ; 
 a, the tank ; c, the flow-pipe ; d, the pipe 
 by which the water returns to the boiler ; 
 e, is the hole for the smoke, which, 
 joined to a flue,/, can be made either.to 
 ascend the chimney at once, or to pass- 
 round the house. 
 
 The next sketch is a Pinery, fitted up 
 with Mr. Rendle's tank. 
 
 It is described as " a very useful and 
 most desirable structure for the growth 
 of the Pine Apple, with a hollow wall, 
 recommended by all garden architects in 
 preference to a solid wall— the heat or 
 cold being not so readily conducted as 
 through a solid mass of masonry." Mr. 
 Rendle might have added, that hollow 
 walls are also much drier. — Rendle's 
 Treatise on the Tank System. See StOVe 
 and Hotbed. 
 
 Benea'lmia. (In honour of Paul 
 Renealme, a French botanist and author 
 of a "History of Plants," 1611. Nat. 
 ord., Scitaminece; Tribe, Zingiberece.) 
 
 StoTe, herbaceous perennials. For culture,, 
 see Alfinia. 
 R. excUta'ta. 8. Scarlet. July. West Indies. 
 
 1820. 8yn., Alpinia tvJmlata. B. M. 
 
 t. 2494. 
 — jamaice'nBis, 6. White. July. Jamaica. 
 
 1793. Syn., Alpinia occidentalis. 
 
 — nu'twns. Andr. Eep. t. 360. See Alpinia 
 
 nutans. 
 
 Kenea'lmia of R. Brown. (Nat. 
 ord. , Iridew ; Tribe, Sisyrinchiece. ) A 
 synonym of Libertia. 
 
 R. grandiflo'ra. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 64. A syno- 
 nym of Libertia grandijlora. 
 
 — panieula'ta. A synonym of Libertia grandi^ 
 
 flora. 
 
 — puicheHla. A synonym of Libertia pulchella.. 
 
REQ 
 
 [833] 
 
 RET 
 
 Requie'nia. (Named after M. 
 Bequien, a French botanist. Nat. ord., 
 LegwminoscB ; Tribe, Galegew.) See 
 
 Tephrosia. 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, with yellow flowers. 
 Cuttings of half-ripened, stubby shoots in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, in heat ; sandy loam, flbry 
 peat, and dried leaf-mould. Winter temp., 60° 
 to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°. 
 R. obcorda'ta. See Tephrosia obcordata. 
 
 — sphtKroepe'rma. See Tephrosia sphcerosperma. 
 
 Rese'da. Mignonette. (From resedo, 
 to calm; supposed virtue for external 
 bruises. Nat. ord., Resedacece.) 
 
 All by seeds ; the half -shrubby kinds also by 
 cuttings ; seeds must be sown at different times, 
 according as the bloom is wanted. The begin- 
 ning and middle of May is early enough to sow 
 in the open border. Though usually treated as 
 annuals, most of the Mignonettes maybe grown 
 as under-sbrubs or perennials, if they are pre- 
 vented seeding freely, and kept from frost 
 in vpinter. We have seen the common Mi|;no- 
 nette that had been kept in a pot about eight 
 years, and flowered freely every season. See 
 Mignonette. 
 
 R. chine'nsis. 2. Yellow, green. June. China. 
 1819. 
 
 — odorafta. 1. Green, red. August. Italy. 
 
 1762. B. M. t. 29. Sweet-scented Mig- 
 nonette. 
 
 frute' semis. 2. August. Egypt. 1762. 
 
 B. R. t.. 227. 
 
 pyramida'lisgrandiflo'ra. Garden variety. 
 
 1884. 
 
 — ti-unca'ta. IJ. Yellow. June. Natolia. 
 
 1836. 
 
 Reserve Garden. See Nursery. 
 Rest. That period when a plant is 
 not growing. 
 
 Rest-Harrow. Ono'nis. 
 Re'stio. (From restis, a cord ; cords 
 are made from these plants in South 
 Africa. Nat. ord., Bestiacece.) 
 
 A genus of grass-like greenhouse plants of no 
 great cultural value. 
 
 R. sviverticUla'tus. 3. Brownish. South 
 Africa. Syn., WUldenovia teres of 
 Gardens. 
 Restre'pia. (Dedicated to M. Ee- 
 strepa. Nat. ord., Orchidece ; Tribe, 
 Epidendreoe — Pleurothailece. ) 
 Stove epiphytes. Allied to Pleurothallis, 
 ' and requiring the same treatment. 
 
 R. antenni'fera. Yellow, red-purple. Columbia. 
 1889. 
 
 — Daya'na. Violet-brown, yellow. Costa Rica. 
 
 1875. 
 
 — eHegams. \. Yellow, purple. Caraocas. 
 
 1872. , „ , 
 
 — Falkenbe:rgii. Yellow, white, purple. Colum- 
 
 bia. 1880. ^ ^ , 
 
 — LanaMrmi. B. M. t. 5267. See R. xanthoph- 
 
 thalma. „ , 
 
 — mamla'ta. Yellow, blackish. Columbia. 
 
 1876. . ., „ . 
 
 — ophioe^phala. Yellow. April. Mexico. 
 
 1837. Syn., Pleurothallis ophiocephala. 
 
 — pandura'ta. Whitish, purple, cnmson-purple. 
 
 Columbia. 1887. . _^„ 
 
 — pror^pens. Yellow. Costa Rica. 1877. 
 
 — Reichenbachia'na. J. Yellow, dark purple. 
 
 Costa Rica. 1876. 
 
 R. stria'ta. Sepals striped, not spotted as 
 in the other species. G. C. 1891, ix. 
 ' p. 1S7. 
 
 — xanthophtha'lnui. Yellow, spotted vrith pur- 
 
 ple. Guatemala. 1861. Syn., R. Lam- 
 bergii. B. M.t. 5257. 
 
 Resurrection Plant. Anasta'Hca 
 Hierochu'ntina, Mesembrya'nthemum 
 Tripo'Uum and Selagine'lla lepidophy'Ua. 
 
 Retani'lla. (The Peruvian name. 
 Nat. ord. , BhamnacecB; Tribe, ColletiecB. ) 
 See CoUetia. 
 
 R. Ephedra. See Colletia Ephedra. 
 
 — obcorda'ta. See Colletia obcordata. 
 
 Retarding requires as much skill as 
 forcing, for as the latter requires the ap- 
 plication of all that is suitable to the pro- 
 motion of a plant's rapid healthy growth, 
 so retarding requires the withholding 
 from it of those contingencies. Thus to 
 retard growth, the lowest temperature, 
 and the least degree of light compatible 
 with healthy growth, must be secured ; 
 and to this end plants for succession are 
 often placed on the north side of a wall. 
 See Screens. 
 
 Then, again, as in the case of rasp- 
 berries and strawberries, plants are often 
 cut down in the spring, compelling them 
 to form fresh foliage and stems, and thus 
 be productive in the autumn instead of 
 the summer.- 
 
 The vegetation of many bulbs may be 
 prevented by merely keeping them dry, 
 and, indeed, the withholding the usual 
 supply of water, giving it only in dimi- 
 nished quantities, is necessary in all re- 
 tarding treatment. To secure the entire 
 resting of bulbs, and of such plants as 
 will bear so low a temperature, the at- 
 mosphere of the ice-house is effectual ; 
 and to this end it should have a few 
 shelves for the support of boxes or flower- 
 pots. Banks of earth ranging east and 
 west, and facing the north at a very acute 
 angle, are very useful in retarding the 
 eany advance to seed in hot weather of 
 spinach, lettuces, etc. Espaliers ranging 
 similarly, and shaded during the whole 
 of March and the two following months, 
 will blossom later and more unfailingly 
 than trees more exposed to the sun in 
 spring. Similar exclusion of heat and 
 l^ht retards the ripening of picked fruit, 
 and if the air be excluded from them, or 
 its oxygen withdrawn, fruit will remain 
 unripened for weeks. To effect this, put 
 a paste formed of lime, sulphate of iron, 
 and water, at the bottom of a wide- 
 mouthed glass-bottle, then a layer of 
 large pebbles to keep the fruit from the 
 paste, then fill the bottle with peaches, 
 apricots, or plums, gathered a tew days 
 before they are ripe, cork the bottle 
 
 3h 
 
RET 
 
 [834] 
 
 KHA 
 
 tight, and cover the cork with melted 
 resin. They have been thus Icept for a 
 month, and summer apples and pears for 
 three months. They ripen when again 
 exposed to the air. 
 
 Reti'nia turiona'na. See Pine -bud 
 Moth. 
 
 Retiniphy'llum. (From retine, 
 resin, and phyllon, a leaf. Nat. ord., 
 JtubiacecB ; Tribe, Betiniphyllece. Al- 
 lied to Hamiltonia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrnb. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a beU-glass, and 
 in a sweet, moist bottom-heat ; sandy loam and 
 iibry peat, with pieces of charcoal. Winter 
 terap., 55° to eO" : summer, 60" to 85°. 
 Ji. secundijio'rwm. 10. White. Brazil. 1839. 
 
 Retino'spora. (From retine, resin, 
 and sporos, seed. Nat. ord., Coniferm ; 
 Tribe, Cupressinece.) 
 
 Hardy evergreens, reguiring the same culture 
 as CuPRESsus. Sometimes this genus is united 
 with Cham^cyparis. 
 R, du'hia. Syn., CftaTncecyparis duMa. 
 
 — Ellwangeria'na. Syn., Chamtxcyparis Elwan- 
 
 geriana. 
 — juniperoi'des. Syn., ChamcBcyparis jxtni- 
 veroides. 
 
 — leptocta'da. 10. Japan. Syn., Chamcecyparis 
 
 leptodada. 
 
 — obtu'sa. 80. Japan. Syn., Chanuxcyparis 
 
 obtusa. 
 lycopodioi'des. Japan. 1861. Syn., 
 
 Chamcecyparis obtusa, var., lycopodi- 
 
 oides, 
 
 Tronbetzkoia'na. Garden variety. 1890. 
 
 variega'ta. Twigs variegated. Japan. 
 
 1871. Syn., Chanuecyparis obtusa, var., 
 
 variegata. 
 
 — plumo'sa, 
 
 — squarro'sa. 6. Japan. Syn., Chamcecyparis 
 
 squarrosa, 
 
 Rha'mnus. Buckthorn. (From 
 rham, a Celtic word, signifying a tuft 
 of branches. Nat. ord., Bhamnacece ; 
 Tribe, BhanmecB.) 
 
 Greenhouse and stove species, by cuttings in 
 sand, under a glass, in summer, and in a cold or 
 close, warm pit respectively ; sandy loam and 
 leaf -mould. Hardy species, by seeds, layers, and 
 cuttings, and more especially the latter mode 
 with all the evergreens, which should be taken 
 off in the autumn, and inserted in sandy soil, in 
 a shady border, with hand-lights over them ; 
 good garden-soil. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 
 Ji. amygdoKnus. 3. Yellow. June. N. Africa. 
 
 — ceCtijo'lius. 20. Green, yellow. May. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 
 ~ chlaro'phorus. Onina. 1857. Green dye of 
 China. 
 
 — crenula'tus. 8. Green, yellow. April. Tene- 
 
 rifle. 1778. 
 
 — ero'em,s. 4. California. 1848. 
 
 — integrifo'U'm. 3. Green. Teneriffe. 1822. 
 
 — prinotdes. 10. Yellow. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1778. 
 
 — tetralgonus. 6. Green. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — thee'zans. 2. Green. May. China. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 
 R. suriname^risis. 1. Green, yellow. Surinam. 
 1820. 
 
 — umbeUa'tus. 6. Reddish. Mexico. 1839. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS SHRUBS. 
 R. alrdfo'liti-s. 4. Green. May. N. Amer. 
 1778. 
 
 — alpi'nus. 3. Green. May. Switzerland. 
 
 1672. B. C. 1. 1077. 
 
 — carolinia'nus, i. Green. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — catHo'rtuTMS. 12. Green, yellow. May. 
 
 England. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 318. 
 
 hydrie'nslg. 12. Green, yellow. June. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 — dahu'ricus. 10. Green, yellow. May. Da- 
 
 huria. 1817. 
 
 — Erythro' Xylan. 6. Yellow, gi-een. July. 
 
 Siberia. 1823. 
 
 angvati'ssimus. Caucasus. 
 
 —fra'rigula. 10. White. May. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 319. Black Dogwood. 
 
 angusHfo'lia. 10. White. May. Britain. 
 
 — franguloi'des. i. Green. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1810. 
 
 — hirsw'tus. 6. Green. June. E. Indies. 
 
 — hy'bridus. 12. Green. 
 
 — infecto'rms. 6. Green, yellow. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1683. 
 
 — lanceota'tiis. 12. Green. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1812. 
 
 — latifo'Uus. i. Green. July. Azores. 1778. 
 
 B. M. t. 2683. 
 Tnacula'tus. 6. Green. July. 1845. 
 
 — libaruftieus. 6. Caucasus. 1879. B. M. 
 
 t. 6721. 
 
 — lam^ifo'lius. 6. Green. 1823. 
 
 — lycwi'des. 6. Green, yellow. November. 
 
 Spain. 1752. 
 arragonelTms. 6. Green, yellow. Octo- 
 ber. Artagon. 1752. 
 
 — maerovhi/U'm. Greenish. China? 1876. 
 
 — oleifo'li'm. N. W. America. 1874. 
 
 — oleoi'des. 4. Green, yellow. June. Spain. 
 
 1752. 
 
 — Palla'sii. Bussia. 1838. 
 
 — pu'mUus. 2. Green, yellow. July. Camiola. 
 
 1762. 
 
 — Purshia'nus. 6. Green. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — piisi'Uus. 1. May. Naples. 1823. 
 
 — robu'sius. 18. Green. 1879. 
 
 — ntpe'stris. 2. Green. May. South Europe. 
 
 1762. 
 
 — saxa'tUis. 1. Green, yellow. May. Europe. 
 
 1762. 
 
 — spathvZcBfo'lius. Bussia. 1838. 
 
 — tin^to'rivs. 5. Green, yellow. May. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1820. 
 
 — VaXentinus. 2. Green. May. South Europe. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — virga'tus. 8. Green. June. Nepanl. 1820. 
 
 — Wv^fe'nii. 2. Green. July. South Europe. 
 
 1758. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 
 R. alate'mus. 20. Green. May. South Europe. 
 
 1629. 
 angustifo'lia. 20. Green. May. South 
 
 Europe. 1629. 
 balea'rica. 20. Green. May. South 
 
 Europe. 
 fo'liis-argefnteis. 20. Green. May. 
 
 South Europe. 
 fo'liis-au'reis. 20. Green. May. South 
 
 Europe. 
 fo'liis-maenla'tis. 20. Green. May. 
 
 South Europe. 
 hispa'niea. 20. Green. May. South 
 
 Europe. 
 
 — buxifo'lius. 3. Green, yellow. May. Numidia. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — cardioca'rpus. 1832. 
 
 — pube'scens. 4. Pale yellow. May. France. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — Wi'cklius. 6. 1839. 
 
RHA 
 
 [835] 
 
 RHl 
 
 Rhaphido'phora. See Raphido- 
 phora. 
 
 Rhaphidophy'llum. (From Rha- 
 phis, and phyllon, leaf. Nat. ord., 
 PcdmecB.) 
 
 Greenhouse palm. For culture, see GSKTtim- 
 
 ROPS. 
 
 R. hy'strix. i. Yellow. June. S. United 
 States. 1801. Syn., Chamoerops hyatrix. 
 
 Rhaphiole'pis. See Raphiole- 
 pis. 
 
 Rhaphitha'mnus. (From rhapis, 
 a needle, and thamnos, a shrub ; some 
 of the species are spiny. Nat. ord., 
 VerbenaceoB.) 
 
 A greenhouse tree, but hardy in the south- 
 west of England. Culture, same as for Myrtus. 
 £. (yyanoca'rpus. 20. Lilac ; berries bright 
 blue. Summer. Chili. B. M. t. 6849. 
 
 ■ Rhapidospo'ra. (From rhapis, a 
 needle, and sporos, a seed. Nat.- ord., 
 AcanthaeecB; Tribe, Justiciece.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials, from the East 
 Indies. For culture, see JUSTICIA. 
 a. gla'bra. Hose, yellow. June. 1824. Wight, 
 
 Ic. t. 1664. A synonym of Justieia 
 
 glabra. 
 
 — vestata. Violet. June. 1827. A synonym 
 
 ot'NeUonia tvmentosa. 
 
 Rha'pis. (From rhapis, a needle ; 
 the sharp-pointed leaves. Nat. ord., 
 Palmem; Tribe, CoryphecB. Allied to 
 Chamaerops.) 
 
 Greenhouse palms. Suckers generally, and by 
 division at the roots ; rich, sandy loam ; most 
 require the protection of the greenhouse ; but 
 some will probably succeed in warm situations 
 out of doors. 
 li. acau'lis. See Sabal Adansoni. 
 
 — aruTidina'cea. A synonym of Sorghum hale- 
 
 pense. (Nat. ord., (JramiTwoe.) 
 
 — a'spera. A synonym of B. fiabelliformis. 
 
 — coehinchine^nsis. 8. Cochin China. 
 
 — earda'ta. Green. May. South France. 
 
 — Jlaiellifo'rmie, 6. Green. August. China. 
 
 1774. B. M. 1. 1371 ; Jacq. Schoenb. iii., 
 
 t. 316. 
 variega'tus. Leaves striped. Japan. 
 
 1861. 
 
 — hu'mUit. Japan. 1837. Syn., R. SirotsUc, 
 
 — java'niea. Java. 
 
 -:- Kwarmix/mick. S. Japan ? 
 
 — ma'jor. Said to be the largest of the genus. 
 
 1880. 
 
 — Siro'tsik. See R. humilie. , 
 
 Rhapo'llticum. (From rha, rhu- 
 barb, and Ponticus, Pontus. Nat. ord., 
 Compositce; Tribe, CynaroidecB.) A 
 synonym of Centaurea. 
 
 B. acau'le. See Centaurea acaulis. 
 
 — Palla'sU. See Centaurea Rhapmitiea. 
 
 — jm'lehrwm. See Centaurea pulehra. 
 
 — scario'mm,. See Centaurea Rhapontica. 
 
 — uniflo'rum. See Centaurea monanthos. 
 
 Rha'zya. (From the Arabic name. 
 JJat. ord., Apocynece.) 
 
 ■ Hardy perennial, resembling a Vinca. For 
 culture, see Yinca. 
 
 R. orienta'lis. Bright blue to dark violet. Tau- 
 rus. 1889. 
 
 Rhee'dia. (Named after Bheede, 
 author of the Horius Malabaruyus. Nat. 
 ord., Guttiferm ; Tribe, Garciniece.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Cuttings of shoots, rather 
 ripe, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a moist^ 
 bottom-heat ; sandy loam and flbry peat. Winter 
 temp., 50° to 65° ; summer, 60° to 86 . 
 R. java'niea. Java. 1826. 
 
 Rhe'um. Rhubarb. (From Bha, 
 the Russian name of the river Wolga, 
 near which the Rhubarb was found. 
 Nat. ord., Polyganacece ; Tribe, Bumi- 
 cecB.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds in spring, 
 and division of the plant then, just as the buds 
 begin to swell ; deep, rich, loamy soil. See 
 Rhubarb. 
 
 R. aeumina'tuTn. 3. Purple. Sikkira. 1851. 
 B. M. t. 4877. 
 
 — austra'le. See R. Emodi. 
 
 — austrilaeuTn. 5. White. May. Austria. 
 
 1800. 
 
 — ca'spicMm. 6. White. May. Bussia. 1817. 
 
 — cmnpa'etum. 3. White, green. May. Tartary. 
 
 1758. Syn., i{. nutans. 
 
 — erUspum. 5. White. May. 1800. 
 
 — Emo'di. 10. White. Himalaya. B. M. 
 
 t. 3508. Syn., R. australe. 
 
 — fenestra'tum. 6. White. May. 1780. 
 
 — hy'bridvm,. 5. White, green. May. Asia. 
 
 1778. 
 
 — leueorhi'mm. Striped. May. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 — no'bile. i. Sikkim. 1875. Fl. Ser. 1. 1272. 
 
 — nu'tans. See R. compaetum. 
 
 — offieina'le. 8. Greenish. Tibet. 1871. 
 
 — palma'tum. 6. White, green. June. Bu- 
 
 charia. 1763. 
 
 toMgu'tieum. Green. N. W. China. 
 
 1875. 
 Rhapo'nticmn. 4. White, green. May. 
 "" — ■■- 1673. 
 
 Levant. 
 
 May. 
 
 Siberia. 1673. 
 
 — ri'bes. 2. White, green. 
 
 1724. 
 
 — HU'ricum. 6. White. May. Siberia. 1800. 
 
 — tata'ricwm. 3. White, green. May. Tartary. 
 
 1793. 
 
 — tmdula'tum. 4. White, green. May. China. 
 
 1734. 
 
 Rhe'xia. (From rhexis, a rupture; 
 supposed cure for ruptures. Nat. ord., 
 Mdastomacece ; Tribe, Bhexie(B.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous North American plants, 
 blooming in July. Division and cuttings under 
 a hand-light ; peat and loam. Most of the peren- 
 niaJs will succeed in a peat border. 
 B. Aciaa'nthera. A synonym of Acisanthera 
 quadrata. 
 
 — amgust'ifi/lia. J. White. 1812. 
 
 — «W«0. 1. Purple. 1812. 
 
 — glomera'ta. B. C. t. 334. A synonym of 
 
 PteroUpii glomerata. 
 —^ holoseri'eea. Bi C. t. 236. A synonym of 
 Plerimui holoserieeum. 
 
 — maria'na. J. Purple. 1769. B. C. t. 366. 
 Tube'lla. i. Pink. 1823. Swt.Fl.Gard., 
 
 t. 41. 
 
 — vimi'nea. B. E. t. 664. A synonym of Ple- 
 
 rmna viminewm. 
 
 — mrgi'nica. %. Purpls. 1769. B. M. t. 968. 
 
 Rhinaca'nthus. (From rAw, a nose, 
 and Acanthus; the shape of the corolla 
 is similar to that of Acanthus. Nat. 
 ord., AcanthacecB.) 
 
 Store shrubs. For culture, see Justicia. 
 
EHI 
 
 [836] 
 
 EHO 
 
 B. comtnu'nis. 2. White. June. East Indies. 
 1790. Syn., Juitieia nasuta, B. M. t. 826. 
 Bingwoim Boot. 
 
 Rhina'nthus. (From rhis, a nose, 
 and anthos, flower; in allusion to the 
 shape of the flower. Nat. ord. , Scrophu- 
 larvxcem. ) 
 
 Hardy annuals, parasitic on the roots of grass, 
 in moist places. Propagated by seeds. 
 R. Cri'sta-ga'lli. 1. Yellow. Summer. Britain. 
 Syn., M. minor, Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 998. 
 
 — ma'jor. 1. Orange yellow, liate summer. 
 
 Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 999. 
 
 Rhinchoglo'ssum. (From rhyn- 
 chos, a beak, and glossa, a tongue ; form 
 of the lip of the flower. Nat. ord., 
 Gesneracem; Tribe, Cyrtandrece. Allied 
 to Didymocarpus. ) 
 
 Greenhouse biennial. Seeds in hotbed, in 
 spring, and, after being potted off, flowered in 
 the plant stove or greenhouse ; peat and loam, 
 with a little silver sand and leaf-mould. 
 R, obli'quum. 1. Blue. July. Ceylon. 1844. 
 Syn., R. zeylanicurrif B. M. t. 4198. 
 
 Bhinope'talum. (From rhis, a 
 nose, and petalon, a petal ; base of the 
 upper sepal. Nat. ord.,X»7iacecB; Tribe, 
 TulipecB.) A synonym of Pritillaria. 
 
 R. Eareli'ni. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 283. See 
 FrUiUaria Karelini. 
 
 Rhipido'pteris. (From rhipis, a 
 fan, and ptens, a fern ; formation of the 
 fronds. Nat. ord., Filices — Polypodia- 
 cece. ) A section of Acrostichum. 
 
 Stove, hrowniah-yellow-spored ferns. See 
 Ferns. 
 
 R. bifurca'ta. March. W. Indies. 
 —ftenmdalcea. March. W. Indies. 
 
 — pMa'ta. March. S. America. 
 
 — tripart'ilta. March. Brazil. 
 
 Rh.i'psalis. (From rhips, a willow- 
 branch ; referringtotheflexible branches. 
 Nat. ord., CactacecB; Tribe, Opuntiece.) 
 
 Greenhouse succulents. Cuttings, dried at the 
 base for a few days before inserting in rough 
 gravel or brick-rubbish; sandy loam, brick- 
 rubbish, and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 40° to 
 65° ; summer, 60° to 86°. 
 R. braohialta. See R. Saglwnie. 
 
 — Cassy'tha. 1. Yellow. September. W. Ind. 
 
 1768. Syn., R. Hookeriana. 
 
 — eommu'nis. Bose, white. Summer and 
 
 autumn. Brazil. 1836. Syn., Lepis- 
 mium comrrmne, B. M. t. 3763. 
 
 — wtepa'ta. 1. White. December. 
 
 — ditei'milis. 8. Brazil. 1890. Gfl. 1891, p. 
 
 634, fig. 121. Syn., Lepismium dissvmile. 
 — fascieula'ta. Dull yellow. W. Indies. B. 
 M. t. 3079. 
 
 — flocco'sa. Woolly. 
 
 — funallis. 3. White. February. Central 
 America. Syn., R. grmidmara. B. M. 
 t. 2740. 
 
 — - (jrandijUra. See jR. fwnaMs. 
 
 — Hookeria'mi. A synonym of R. CassytJia, 
 
 — UouUe'tii. Straw-yellow. Brazil. 1872. B. 
 
 M. t. 6089. 
 
 — meeembriamthemoi'des. J. White. Spring. 
 
 S. America. 1817. B. M. t. 3o78. 
 
 — paeht/ptera. White. February. Tropical 
 
 America. Syn., Caetut alatws. B. M. 
 t. 2820. 
 
 R. parado'cta. Yellow, white. Autumn^ 
 Brazil. Syn., LepismiMm Xyosurus. B. 
 M. t. 3766. 
 
 — parasi'tica. 1. Yellow. S. America. 1800. 
 
 — penduliflo'ra. White. Tropical America. 
 
 1877. 
 
 — penta'ptera. li. White. February. Brazil. 
 — pulvimi'gera. White, yellowish - green. 
 
 BrazU. Gfl. 1889, p. 182, flgs. 83-4. 
 e'lUi. White. South BrazU. Gfl. 1890, 
 p. 118, Sgs. 29, 31-3. 
 
 o'nis. 1. Greenish-yellow. March. 
 Buenos Ayres. 1843. Syn., B. braehiata.. 
 B. M. t. 4039. 
 
 — salwornioi'des. Yellow. Spring. Brazil. 
 
 B. M. t. 2461. 
 
 — sarmenta'cea. White. Brazil. 1858. B. 
 
 M. t. 6136. 
 
 — mathtiia'ta. Yellow. July. Brazil. 1836. 
 
 — Swartaa'na. White. June. Jamaica. 
 
 1810. 
 
 — triqo'na. BrazU. 
 
 Rhizo'phora. Mangrove. (From 
 rhiza, a root, and pKbreo, to beslr ; the 
 branches send down roots like the 
 Banyan-tree. Nat. ord., Rhizophorem.) 
 
 Not likely to be much cultivated until we ob- 
 tain salt water aquariums in our lar^e tropical 
 houses. The Mangrove flourishes in rich, loamy 
 soil, in thickets, by the side of the ocean, in tro- 
 pical latitudes, and possesses the striking feature 
 that the seeds vegetate while attached to the 
 plant, and send out a long radicle, which gene- 
 rally reaches the soft mud, whUe the top puts out 
 leaves ; numbers of plants are thus jomed to- 
 gether, something in the same way as the 
 Banyan-tree. 
 
 R. Ma'ngle. 10. Pale yellow. E. Indies. 
 1820. 
 
 Rhoda'mnia. (From rhodamrms, 
 a small branch ; referring to the size of 
 the plants. Nat. ord., Myrtaceas.) 
 
 The only species introduced is a greenhouse 
 shrub, or smaU tree, requiring the same culture 
 as Myrius. 
 
 R. trme'rvia. White. May. Australia. 1823. 
 Syn., Eugenia trinervia. B. M. t. 3223. 
 
 Rhoda'nthe. (From rhodon, a rose, 
 and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positas; Tiihe, I'rmloide(B.) This genus 
 should have been included in Helip- 
 tenim. 
 
 Greenhouse annuals. Seeds, sown in Septem- 
 ber, in a hotbed ; and also in March, forplants to 
 bloom in spring and summer ; sandy loam, and 
 leaf-mould, and flbry peat, to sow and prick off 
 in ; as the plants are put in their flowering pots, 
 use dried, rotten cow-dung and silver sand freely. 
 After the first potting, an airy place in the green- 
 house. 
 £. atrosangid'nea. Pink, crimson. W. Australia. 
 
 1861. Half-hardy annual. B. M. 
 
 t. 6283. 
 
 — mamla'ta. Pink, crimson. N. W. Australia. 
 
 Half-hardy annual. There is a white- 
 flowered variety. These two are perhaps 
 only varieties of R. Manglesii. 
 
 — Mangle' sii. H. Bose, yellow, June. Swan 
 
 Eiver. 1832. B. B. t. 1703 ; B. M. 
 t. 3483 ; B. M. t. 5290. A synonym of 
 Helipterum Manglesii. 
 
 Rhoddoii; or Roddon-tree. Py'- 
 rus Aucupa'ria. 
 
 Rhodi'ola. A synonym of Sedum. 
 
RHO 
 
 [837] 
 
 RHO 
 
 Bhodochi'ton. (From rhodo, red, 
 and chiton, a cloak ; the calyx is swollen 
 and red. Nat. ord., Scrophulariacece ; 
 Tribe, Antirrhinece.) 
 
 A showy ^eenhouse climber. Propagated by 
 seeds, sown in a slight hotbed in spring ; also by 
 cuttings in August, under a hand-glass, 
 ij. vohi'Ule. 10. Calyx red ; corolla deep blood- 
 colour. June. Mexico. 1833. B. M. 
 t. 3367 ; B. B. 1. 1765 ; Swt. Fl. Gard. 
 ser. 2, t. 250. Syns., Lophoapemum 
 atrosanguineum and L. Bhodoehiton. 
 
 Rhodode'ndron. (From rhodon, 
 a rose, and dendron, a tree. Nat. ord., 
 Ericacem ; Tribe, Mhodorem, Closely- 
 allied to Azalea, which is sometimes 
 united with it. ) 
 
 Seeds in spring, in shallow pans, in sandy 
 peat, and kept in a close, cool frame until the 
 seedlings are fit to be handled, when they should 
 be pricked off into similar soil, and gradually 
 exposed to sun and air ; layers, either in spring 
 or autumn ; cuttings of young shoots, when the 
 base close to the older wood is getting firm, in- 
 serted in silver sand, and placed, at first, in a 
 cold frame, and afterwards in a little bottom- 
 heat ; sandy peat is the best ; sandy, flbry loam 
 and clayey loam the next ; kitchen-garden soil, 
 and soil of any kind containing or resting upon 
 calcareous matter, the worst. The varieties of 
 the arbo'reumt campanula' tumf etc., require a 
 little protection to have them in their beauty. 
 Excellent figures of many of the species are to 
 be found in Sir J. D. Hooker's "Bhododendrons 
 of the Sikkim Himalaya." 
 
 STOVE OR WARM GREENHOUSE SHRUBS. 
 
 R. Apoa'rmm. Bed. Philippine Islands. 1885. 
 Gfl. 1. 1196. 
 
 — balsamirusjlo'rum a'lbum. White. 1888. 
 
 Garden hybrid. 
 
 au'reum. Bright yellow. 1888. Garden 
 
 hybrid. 
 
 — Brookea'num. Orange or tawny-yellow. 
 
 November. Borneo. 1848. Journ. 
 Hort. Soc. iii., p. 83. 
 gra'eUie. Pale yellow. Borneo. 1871. 
 
 — Champi'mux. 7. Pink. April. Hong Kong. 
 
 1851. B. M. t. 4609. 
 
 — isUrinum. Yellow. May. Java. 1854. E. 
 
 M. t. 4797. 
 
 — CurtHsii. See R. multicolor. 
 
 — gra'eUe. 6. Bright red. Borneo. 1848. 
 
 Journ. Hort. Soc. iii., p. 85. 
 — jasmini/Wrum. 2. White, pink. May. 
 
 Malacca. 1849. B. M. t. 4624. 
 — java'nicum. 4. Orange, red. All seasons. 
 
 Java. 1847. B. M. t. 4336. 
 tubifio'rmn. Orange, red. Sumatra. 
 
 B,M. t. 6850. 
 
 — K(Jeliii. White. Philippine Islands. 1885. 
 
 Gfl. 1. 1196. 
 
 — Lo'Wni. Crimson. Borneo. 1869. 
 
 — longijk/rum. 8. Crimson. Borneo. 1848. 
 
 Journ. Hort. Soc. iii., p. 89. 
 
 — malaya'num. Dull scarlet. Malay Archi- 
 
 pelago. 1864. 
 
 — muUi color. Dark red or bnght yellow. 
 
 Winter. Sumatra. B. M. t. 6769. Syn., 
 R. Curtisii. Flor. and Pom. 1884, t. 616. 
 
 — retu'fum. IJ. May. Java. 1818. 
 
 — vertieilla'twm. Eeddish. Borneo. 1848. 
 
 Journ. Hort. Soc. iii., p. 87. 
 
 — Victoria'num. Pure white, golden yellow. 
 
 1887. Garden hybrid. 
 HALF-HARDY OR COOL GREENHOUSE. 
 R. Anderso'ni. Bright carmine. Himalayas. 
 Probably a form of JJ. arboreum. 
 
 R. arbo'reum. 20. Scarlet. May. Nepaul. 1820. 
 alUmm. White with purple dots inside. 
 
 B. M. t. 3290. 
 
 barbaltwm. Bed. April. Nepaul. 1837. 
 
 cimia'mo'me/wm. 20. Purple. June. 
 
 Nepaul. 1820. B. M. t. 3826. 
 linuialtum. Ba.se, white, blood-red. 
 
 Sikkim. 1862. 
 ni'vewm. 20. White. March. Nepaul. 
 
 1817. 
 Paxta/nii. Crimson. May. Khooseea. 
 
 1837. Paxt. Mag. xiv., p. 99. 
 puni'cewm. Bed-scarlet. Syn., R. a/rbo- 
 
 reum of B. B. t. 890. v 
 RollissHnii. Crimson. May. Nepaul. 
 
 1837. 
 ro'seum. 20. Bose. April. Nepaul. 
 
 B. E. t, 1240. 
 — sangui'newm. 20. Scarlet. April. Ne- 
 paul. 1817. 
 
 ■ barbatum. S. 
 
 Nepaul. 1829. Fl, Ser. 
 There is also a variety 
 
 tt. 469-472. 
 Smithii. 
 
 num. White, pale pink. A hybrid. 
 B. M. t. 4478. 
 
 — Dalhou'ske. 7. Pale yellow. March. Sikkim. 
 
 1850. B. M. c. 4718. 
 hy'bridwm. White, pink. A hybrid. B. 
 
 M. t. 6322. 
 — farmo'iwm. 5. White. May. Khasia. 1837. 
 
 Deciduous. B. M. t. 4457. Syn., R. 
 
 Oibsonii, Paxt. Mag., viii., p. 217. 
 
 — Gibso'nii. See R. /ormj>evm. 
 
 — L&chce. 20. Bright red. Mt. Bellenden 
 
 Ker, Australia. 1887. 
 
 — Madde^ni. 7. Blush. May. Himalaya. 
 
 — MoMgldaii. White. Garden hybrid. 1885. 
 
 — Mcttemi'chii. Purple. May. Japan. 
 
 — nilagi'riemn. Bose. White. May. Nepaul. 
 
 1840. B. M. t. 4381. A form of R. 
 wtborrcum.. 
 
 — n^'sema. Lilac. May. Sil^im, Himalaya. 
 
 1850. B. M. t. 4730. 
 
 ftillman. Deep purple. Sikkim. 1886. 
 
 B. M. t. 6827. 
 
 — seto'mm. 1. Purole. Nepaul. 1825. 
 
 — tnflo'rwm. 6: Greeiiish-yellow. Sikkim. 
 
 G. C. 1882, xviii., p. 46. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 R. albescens. White, sulphur-yellow. Garden 
 hybrid. 1887. 
 
 — a'lbum. 1. Yellowish-white or cream. No- 
 
 vember. Java. B. M. t. 4972. 
 
 — argefnteum. Fl. Ser. tt. 473-476. See R. 
 
 grande. 
 
 — AwMa'ndii. White. May. Sikkim. 1850. 
 
 Syn., R. Oriffithiamum, var. AiKklandii. 
 
 — blavfordi(eflo'ni/m. 8. Orange, red. Sikkim. 
 
 1851. B. M. t. 4930. 
 
 — Boo'thii. 6. Bootan. 
 
 — calophy'lltmi. 8. White. May. Bootan. 
 
 — camelliceflcfrum,. 6. White. April. Sikkim. 
 
 1861. 
 
 — campyloca'rpvm. 6. Yellow. April. Sikkim. 
 
 1851. 
 
 — cUia'tum. Bose, white. March. Sikkim. 
 
 Himalaya. Paxt. Fl. Gard. t. 88. 
 
 r&seo-a'lbwm. White, tinged with rose. 
 
 B. M. t. 4648. 
 
 — Edgewo'rtMi. White. May. Sikkim. 1861 
 
 Fl. Ser. tt. 797-798. 
 
 — exi'mvmn. 30. Bootan. 
 
 — FcUconi^ri. Yellow. May. Sikkim. 1851 
 
 Fl. Ser. tt. 477-778. 
 —formo'swm. White. April. Silhet. 1815. 
 B. M. t. 4467. 
 
 — gra'nde. 30. White. March. Sikkim. 1860. 
 
 Syn., R. argenteum. B. M. t. 6054. 
 
 ro'sevim. Deep red. Sikkim. 1887. B. 
 
 M. t. 694S. 
 
 — grmefolerfs. Pure white. Garden hybrid be- 
 
 tween R. formoBum and R. Seaterianum. 
 
RHO 
 
 [ 838 ] 
 
 RHO 
 
 R. Griffiihia'numAuckla'ndii. Seei2. Aitcklandii, 
 
 — Hddgso'ni. Purple. April. Sikkim. 1851. 
 
 — Hoomri, 14. Red. April. Bootan. 
 
 — i'ndico-java'nicum. Garden hybrid. G. C. 
 
 1889, yi., p. 607 and 602. 
 
 — Jenki'nn, 7. Bootan. 
 
 — Kendri'Mi. Scarlet. Bootan. 1859. 
 
 — Ee'ysii. 3. Bed, yellow. July. Bootan. 
 
 1861. 
 
 — lana'tum. Yellow. April. Sikkim. 1851. 
 
 Fl. Ser. t. 684. 
 
 — Id'ndleyi. White. Bootan. 1864. 
 
 — Umgifo'lium. 30. Bootan. 
 
 — Mama'Mi. A hybrid from R. Edgeworthii. 
 
 1846. 
 
 — nwvZTnaine'nse. "White. Arracan. 
 
 — Nutta'Ui. 10. White. May. Bootan. 1859. 
 
 — odora'tum. Tale rose. Garden hybrid. 1886. 
 
 — pendulum. 4. White. Spring. Sikkim. 
 
 Fl. Ser. t. 662. 
 
 — prte^cox. Garden hybrid. 1882. 
 
 — Ro'ylei. India. G. C. 1884, xxi. p. 765. 
 
 — scaBrifo'lmm. White, tinged with rose. 
 
 Yunnan, China. 1890. 
 
 — Seateria'num. White. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — Shevhe'rdii. Scarlet. Bootan. 1869. 
 
 — Srm'thii. Bed. March. Bootan. 1869. 
 
 — VeiUshia'num. White. May. Moulmein. 
 
 1857. 
 
 — Wi'ghtii. Straw colour. April. Sikkim. 
 
 1861. Fl. Ser. tt. 792-793. 
 
 — WiUia'miii. White, spotted purple. 1885. 
 
 Hybrid between Azalea Htiensis and a 
 Rhododendron. 
 
 — WUso'ni. Hose. Garden hybrid. B. M. 
 
 t. 5116. 
 
 — Wi'ndeori. Crimson. Bootan. 
 
 HARDY. 
 R. cerugino'sum. See R. eampanvZatum, var. 
 osruginosumi, 
 
 — alWJIo'rum. 2. White. June. Eocky 
 
 Mountains. 1836. B. M. t. 3670. 
 
 — antho'pogon. 2. Purple. May. Nepaul. 
 
 1820. B. M. t. 3947. 
 
 — califo'micum. Pink. June. California. 
 
 B. M. t. 4863. 
 
 — eampamda'tnm. 4. Pale pink. May. Ne- 
 
 paul. 1826. 
 {BTugino'sum. Leaves clothed beneath 
 
 with verdigris tomentum. 
 Batema'ni. More robust variety. B. M. 
 
 t. 5387. 
 
 hi/bridum. Garden hybrid. 1882. 
 
 Walli'chii. Brightly coloured variety. 
 
 — cmntschcb'ticum. See R, kamtschaticitm. 
 
 — eataitibie'nse. 4. Purple. July. N. America. 
 
 1809. B. M. 1. 1671. 
 
 — Cateiiie'i. 4. Purple. May. N. America. 
 
 1810. 
 
 — cauca'sicum. 1. Purple. August. Caucasus. 
 
 1803. B. M. 1. 1146. 
 fia'vidum. Straw-colour, spotted with 
 
 green. Caucasus. 1863. 
 ' pvZche'rrimum. Hose. A hybrid. Syn., 
 
 R, pulcherrirtmin. B. R. t. 1820, 
 straTnUTieum. 2. Straw. April. B. M. 
 
 t. 3422. 
 
 — Chamigci'stus. B. M. t. 488. See Rhodo- 
 
 thxtmnus ChamaecUtus. 
 
 — ehrysa'nthum. i. Yellow. June. Siberia. 
 
 1796. 
 
 — cinnabari'num. Brownish-red. April. Sikkim. 
 
 1851. 
 pa'Uidum. Pale red. B. M. t. 4788. 
 
 — Collettia'num. 10. White. May. Afgiiani- 
 
 Stan. B. M. t. 7019. 
 
 — dnu'ricum. 3. Purple. March. Siberia. 
 
 1780. B. M. t. 686. 
 Bem^ervi'rene. 8. Purple. March. Si- 
 beria. Syn., R. daurieum, var. atrovi- 
 rem. B. E. t. 194. 
 
 — Farre'ra. 3. Lilac. March. China. 1829. 
 
 R./errugi'neum. IJ. Scarlet. June. Switzer- 
 land. 1752. B. C. t. 65. 
 
 a'lbum. 1. White. June. Pyrenees. 
 
 1830. Swt. Fl. Card. ser. 2, t. 258. 
 
 — Fortu'nei. 12. Pale rose. May. China. 
 
 1859. B. M. t. 5596. 
 
 — ftt'lgens. Bed. April. Sikkim. 1851. Paxt. 
 
 Mag. X., p. 147. 
 
 — glau'cum. 2. Pale purplish-pink. May. 
 
 Sikkim. 1850. B. Mt t. 4721. 
 
 — hirsv/tum. IJ. Scarlet. June. Switzerland. 
 
 1666. B. M. t. 1863. 
 fia'vum. Yellowish. All seasons. Java. 
 
 1847. 
 variega'tum. 1. Scarlet. June. 1800. 
 
 — hy'i/ridvm. B. B. t. 195. See B. maximum. 
 
 — interme'dium. Hybrid between jR. fermgi- 
 
 neum and R. hirsutum. 
 
 — ktmitscha'ticum. Purplish-red, deep purple. 
 
 July. Kamtschatka. 1802. Syn., 
 Rhodothamnits kampsckaticits. 
 
 — Kendri'ekii lati'folium. Scarlet. Spring. 
 
 Bhotan. 1859. B. M. t. 6129. 
 
 — lappo'nicwm. ^. Crimson. April. Lapland. 
 
 1826. B. M. t. 3106. 
 
 — led%fo'liwmpli!napurpvlrea. Garden variety. 
 
 1886. Gfl. t. 1233, o-d. 
 
 — lepido'tum. J. Eose. Nepaul. 1829. B. 
 
 M. t. 4667. 
 chlora'Mhum. Yellowish-green, with 
 
 green spots. B. M. t. 4802. 
 obova'tum. 1-4. Maroon-purple. May. 
 
 Sikkim. 1879. 
 
 — macrose'palum. Rosy, purple. Japan. 1870. 
 
 — maJximum. 20. Pink. July. N. America. 
 
 1766. B. M. t. 961. Syn., R. hybridum-. 
 a'lbum. 15. White. July. 
 
 bi'gener. B. R. 1. 195. 
 
 hy'bridum. Garden hybrid. B. M. 
 
 t. 3454. 
 
 — Mettemi'chii. Eose. Japan. 1870. 
 
 — myrtifo'Hum. B. C. t. 908. See R. ponticum, 
 
 var. myrtifoUum. 
 
 — orbicula're. 10. Eosy. Tibet. 1879. 
 
 — paruffo'liv/m. Pale rose. Baikal. 1877. 
 
 — po'ntieum. 12. Purple. May. Asia Minor. 
 
 1763. B. M. t. 660 ; Jacq. Ic. t. 98. 
 
 azaleoi'des. Hybrid. Syn., R. ponticum, 
 
 var. deciduum. Andr. Eep. t. 379. 
 
 myrii^o'lium. 12. Purple. May. Gib- 
 raltar. 1763. Syn., R. myrtifoliwrn.: 
 
 o&(w's«m. 4. Purple. May. Armenia. 
 
 odoraHum. 3. Pink. July. 1820. 
 
 — punctaHum. < 4. Pink. July. N. America. 
 
 1786. B. M. t. 2286. 
 ma' jus. 6. Pink. July. B. E. t. 37. 
 
 — pitrpu'reum. -25. Purple. July. N. America. 
 
 — Pu'rahii. White. July. Jersey. 1811. 
 
 — Rhodo'ra. Red, purple. May. N. America. 
 
 1767. Syn., Rhodora canadensis. 
 
 — RoUiso'ni. 30. Blood-red. Spring. Ceylon. 
 
 Paxc. Fl. Gard. i. t. 7. 
 
 — semibarba'tum. Greenish-yellow. Japan. 1871. 
 
 — Smimo'wi. Crimson. Tschoruk. G. C. 1891, 
 
 ix. p. 462. 
 
 — Smi'thii. B. M. t. 5120. See R. barbatum, 
 
 var. Smiihii. 
 
 — Thomno'ni. 10. Red. April. Sikkim. 1851. 
 
 Fl. Ser. tt. 688-690. 
 
 — Unge'mi. White. Tschoruk. G. C. 1891, ix. 
 
 p. 462. 
 
 — Yttselyi. 1. Pink. Carolina. 1888. 
 
 — mrga'tum. IJ. Pink. April. Sikkim. 1860. 
 
 — yedoe'nse. Rose-pink. Japan. 1886. Gfl. 
 
 1. 1233, a-b. 
 
 SPECIES REFERRED TO AZALEA. 
 
 R. arborelscens 
 
 — ealenduldeeum ■- 
 
 — Farre!rce = 
 —fla'mm = 
 
 — glau'cum = 
 
 — mjo'lle. - 
 
 Azalea arborescens. 
 
 — calenduiacea, 
 
 — squamMta. 
 
 — pontica, 
 
 — glauca. 
 
 — mollis. 
 
Jt. ni'tid,um = 
 
 — nudiflo'rum = 
 
 — rho'mbieuTn. = 
 
 — serpullifo'Kum = 
 
 — specio sum 
 
 — visco'sum 
 
 RHO [ 839 ] 
 
 = A. witida. 
 . t — bieolor. 
 ( — rmdifiora. 
 
 — rhomMca. 
 
 — 8erpyll%folia. 
 = — spedoBa. 
 _ f — gUmca. 
 
 ( — viscosa. 
 
 Rhodole'ia. (From rhodon, a rose 
 and leios, smooth ; probably alluding to 
 the rose-like flowers and spineless stems. 
 Nat. ord., Hamamelidacece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrab. For cultivation, 
 see Cauellu. 
 JR. Champi'oni. Pink. China. 1862. B. M. t. 4509. 
 
 Rhodomy'rtus. (From rhodon, 
 rose, and myrtos, myrtle. Nat. ord., 
 MyrtacecB. ) 
 
 Greenhouse shrub, requiring the same culture 
 as Myrtus. 
 
 &. tmnento'sa. 5. Rose. June. China. 1776. 
 Syn., Myrtus tomentoswi. B. M. t. 260. 
 Hill Gooseberry ; India Hill Guava. 
 
 Rhodo'ra. (From rhodon, rose ; re- 
 ferring to the colour of the flowers. 
 Nat. ord., Ericacem; Tribe, Rhodorece.) 
 See Rhododendron. 
 
 R. eanadelrms. B. M. t. 474. See Rhododendron 
 Rhodora. 
 
 Rhodospa'tha. (From rhodon, a 
 
 rose, and spatha, spathe ; the spathe of 
 
 some of the species is rosy. Nat. ord. , 
 
 Aroidece ; Tribe, Callew.) 
 Stove perennial evergreen. Sandy loam and 
 
 peat. Moist atmosphere. Summer temp., 80° 
 
 to 90° ; winter, 60° to 75°. 
 
 R. bla'nda. S. Greenish, ochre. Brazil. 1860. 
 Rhodosta'chys. (From rhodon, a 
 
 rose, and stachys, a flower spike ; some 
 
 of the species have spikes of red flowers. 
 
 Nat. ord., Bromeliacece ; Tribe, Srome- 
 
 liecB. Syn., Buckia.) 
 Stove herbs, requiring the .same culture as 
 
 Bromelia. 
 
 R. andi'na. 1. Bose. Summer. Andes of 
 Chili. 1850. Eev. Hort. 1886, p. 540, 
 f . 95. Syns. , Bromelia camea, B. longi- 
 folia, and Ruekia Ellemeeti. R. grandi- 
 fi&ra and R. Uttoralis are forms of this 
 species. 
 
 — bi'coZor. Bose. Tropical America. 1851. 
 
 Forms of this are i—Bronwlia bicolor and 
 B. Joinvillei. 
 
 — pitcaimuBfo'iia. Scarlet. Tropical America. 
 
 1868. Syn., Hechtia pitcairniasfolia, 
 Kirchhojia'na. Blue. Chili. 1890. Gfl. 
 
 t. 1325. 
 Rhodosto'ma. (From rhodon,, a 
 rose, and stoma, a mouth ; the opening of 
 the tube of corolla. Nat. ord., BuhiacecB ; 
 Tribe, Psychotriece.) A synonym of 
 Palicourea. 
 
 stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the young 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom- 
 heat ; sandy, fibry loam and fibry peat. Winter 
 temp., 48° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°. 
 R. garderwi'des. Moore, Mag. Bot. 1860, p. 66. 
 See Palicourea gardenioides. 
 
 Rhodotha'mnus. (From rhodon, 
 a rose, and thamnos, a shrub; the 
 
 KHU 
 
 flowers are rose-coloured. Nat. ord., 
 Ericacem ; Tribe, Rhodorem. ) 
 
 A low-growing, much-branched, hardy shrub. 
 R. Chanueci'stus. i. Rose. Alps of Eastern 
 
 Europe. 1786. Syn., Rhododendrtm 
 
 Chmncecistus, B. M. t. 488. 
 
 — hamtscha'ticus. Paxt. Fl. Gard. i. t. 22. See 
 Rhododendron kamtschatioum. 
 
 Rhodoty'pos. (From rkodov, a 
 rose, and typos, a type or model ; because 
 the flowers resemble those of a rose. 
 Nat. ord. , Rosacece ; Tribe, Spirceece. ) 
 Allied to Kerria. ) 
 
 Hardy shrub. Cuttings under a hand-light, 
 suckers, or layers. Garden-soil. 
 R. kerrim'des. 15. White. April. Japan. 
 1866. B. M. t. 5805. 
 
 Rhoe'o. (Derivation unexplained. 
 Nat. ord., Commelinacece ; Tribe, Trade- 
 scantiew. ) 
 
 Stove perennial herb. For cultivation, see 
 
 Tradescantia. 
 
 R. di'seolor. f. White, pink ; leaves purple- 
 edged. 1868. Syn., Tradescantia dis- 
 color. 
 
 co'neolor. Leaves entirely green. 1868. 
 
 Rhopa'la. See Roupala. 
 
 Rhopalobla'ste. (From rkopalon, 
 a club, and blastos, a cell. Nat. ord., 
 Palmem. ) 
 
 Stove palm, with slender unarmed stem. 
 R. hexa'ndra. B. Indies. 1890. Syn., Bentickia 
 ceramica. 
 
 Rhopalosti'gma. (From rhopalon, 
 a club, and stigma, a stigma. Nat. 
 Old., AroidecB.) See Staurostigma. 
 
 Rhopalo'stylis. (From rhopalon, 
 a club, and sttilos, a pillar ; referring to 
 the shape of the spadix. ■ Nat. ord., 
 Palmem; Tribe, Arecem.) 
 
 Greenhouse palms, with unarmed stems. For 
 culture, see Areca. 
 
 R. Baudri. 20. White. Autumn. Norfolk 
 Island. 1832. Syn., Areca Baueri. B. 
 M. t. 5935. 
 
 — sa'pida. 12. Pink. New Zealand. 1827. 
 Eev. Hort. 1878, p. 360. Syns., Areca 
 sapida, B. M. t. 5139, and Kentia sapida 
 of gardens. 
 
 Rhubarb. Rhe'v.m, rapo'nticum, 
 R. hy'bridum, R. undula'tum, and 
 R. palma'tum. 
 
 Varieties. — There are several varieties, 
 of which the most preferable are the 
 Tobolsk, Gigantic, Victoria (best), and 
 Bucks, or Elford. 
 
 The Soil best suited to it is light, rich, 
 deep, unshaded, and moderately moist. 
 
 Somng. — It may be propagated by 
 cuttings, but usually by seed. Sow 
 soon after it is ripe, in September or 
 October, in drills three feet apart, and 
 an inch deep, the plants to remain where 
 raised ; for although they will bear re- 
 moving, yet it always checks and some- 
 
RHU 
 
 [840] 
 
 BHU 
 
 what lessens their growth. When they 
 make their appearance in the spring, 
 thin to six or eight inches asunder, and 
 let the surface of the ground about them 
 be loosened with the noe. At the close 
 of summer, when it can be determined 
 which are the strongest plants, finally 
 thin to four feet, or the Gigantic and 
 Victoria to six. Break down the flower- 
 stems as often as they are produced. In 
 autumn remove the decayed leaves, and 
 point in a little well-putrefied stable- 
 dung, and earth up the stools. In the 
 spring, hoe the bed, and as the stalks 
 when blanched are much more delicate 
 in taste, require less sugar to be rendered 
 palatable, and are greatly improved in 
 appearance, dig a trench between the 
 rows, and place the earth from it about 
 a foot thick over the stool. This cover- 
 ing must be removed when the cutting 
 ceases, and the plants allowed to grow at 
 liberty. As the earth in wet seasons is 
 apt to induce decay, the covering may 
 be advantageously formed of coal-ashes 
 or drift-sand. Chimney-pots and butter- 
 iirkinsmakegood coverings for blanching. 
 
 To obtain tSeed. — Two-year-old plants 
 often produce seed, but in their third 
 year always. It must be gathered as 
 soon as ripe, and great care taken that 
 none is scattered over the beds, for the 
 plants thence produced often spring up, 
 and greatly injure the old plants by 
 growing unobserved amongst tnem. 
 
 Forcing. — Plant a single row three feet 
 apart in ground that has been trenched 
 two spades deep, and dressed with well- 
 putrefied dung at the time. The forcing 
 may commence in December ; first cover 
 either with sea-kale or common garden- 
 pots (twelves), but chimney-pots are still 
 better, the leaf-stalks becoming much 
 longer and finer, and envelop them with 
 fermenting dung. A frame is much less 
 objectionable, formed by driving stakes 
 into the ground on each side of the bed, 
 alternating with the plants. These are 
 
 to be three feet high above ground, and 
 the space between the two rows of 
 stakes two feet at the bottom, but ap- 
 proaching each other, and fastened by 
 cross pieces, so as to be only fifteen 
 inches apart at top. To the sides and 
 top stout lathes are fixed, as in the 
 accompanying sketch, to prevent the 
 dung falling upon the plants. 
 
 The dung may be either fresh, or that 
 which has already undergone fermenta- 
 tion, placed all round the frame eighteen 
 inches thick, and the top covered with 
 long litter. The temperature in the in- 
 terior should have a range from 55° to 
 60°. If it rises higher two or three 
 large holes made through the top soon 
 correct it. 
 
 Rhubarb may be forced without either 
 pots or frame, by merely covering the 
 plants six inches deep with light litter, 
 care being taken that the plants are not 
 injured. 
 
 Mr. Knight's mode of forcing is to 
 place in the winter as many plants as 
 necessary in large, deep pots, each pot 
 receiving as many as it can contain, and 
 the interstices entirely filled up by fine, 
 sandy loam, washed in. The tops of the 
 roots are placed on a level with each 
 other, and about an inch below the sur- 
 face. These being covered with inverted 
 pots of the same size, may be placed in 
 a vinery or hotbed, and on the approach 
 of spring, any time after January, any 
 room or cellar will be sufficiently warm. 
 If copiously supplied with water, the 
 plants vegetate rapidly and vigorously, 
 and each pot will produce three succes- 
 sional cuttings, the first two being the 
 most plentiful. As soon as the third is 
 gathered, the roots may be changed, and 
 those removed replanted in the ground, 
 when they will attain sufficient strength 
 to be forced again in a year's time. If 
 not, it is of little consequence, for year- 
 old roots raised from cuttings, or even 
 seed sown in autumn, are sufficiently 
 strong for use. 
 
 Propagationhy Division. — Mr. Rogers, 
 a successful cultivator, says, that when 
 the rhubarb is propagated by the root, 
 care must be taken to retain a bud on 
 the crown of each offset, together with 
 a small portion of the root itself, with, 
 if possible, some fibres attached to it. 
 These offsets may be taken from roots 
 of three or four years old without injury 
 to the plant. They may be planted where 
 they are intended to remain, at the same 
 distance and in the same manner as 
 advised for the seedlings. 
 
 Rhu's. Sumach. (From rAwrfrf, red ; 
 colour of the fruit. Nat. ord., Anacar- 
 diacece ; Tribe, Anacardiem. ) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees and shrubs. By seeds, 
 layers, and cuttings of roots and shoots ; light, 
 fibry loam. We have omitted most of the green- 
 house and stove species. 
 R. ame'la. See R. semialata. 
 
 — aroma'tica. 8. Yellow. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1773. Syn., R. tuaveolens. 
 
 — atama'ria. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 343. See R. 
 
 viUosa. 
 
RHU 
 
 [841] 
 
 RHY 
 
 R. Bu'chu amdla. See R. semialata. 
 
 — canade'nsis. See R. typhina. 
 
 — carolinia'na. See R. glabra, var. eoediiea. 
 
 — cau'stica. 40. Pale yellow. ChUi. 1832. 
 
 Syns., Idthrea cartstica and L, venenosa. 
 Greenhouse evergreen. 
 
 — chine'tisis. See R. semialata. 
 
 — eocei'nea. See R. glabra, var. coccinea. 
 
 — copalli'na, 6. Green, yellow. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 1688. 
 leuca'ntha. i. Whitish. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 
 ^eoria'ria. 10. Green, yellow. July. S. 
 
 Amer. 1640. 
 
 — Co'tinus. 6. Pale purple. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1656. 
 pe!ndula. A garden variety with droop- 
 ing branches. 1885. 
 
 — diversifo'lia. Greenish-whice. June. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 
 
 — diversi'loba. Green. June. California. B. 
 
 R. 1845, t. 88. 
 
 — e'leaans. Wats. Dendr. 1. 1. 16. See R. glabra. 
 
 — glabra. 8. Green, yellow. August. N. 
 
 Amer. 1726. Wats. Dendr. i. t. 15. 
 
 Syn., R. elegans. 
 coceinea. 10. Bed. June. N. Amer. 
 
 Syns., R. carolinia/na and R. coccinea. 
 
 dioi'ca. 8. Greenish. July. N. Amer. 
 
 lacinia'ta. Leaves much cut. 1863. 
 
 — java'nica. Seeii. semialata, var. Osbeehii. 
 
 — juglandifo'lia. See R. vemicifera. 
 
 — lu'cida. 6. White. July. South Africa. 
 
 1697. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 347. Green- 
 house. 
 
 — Osbe'cHi. See R. semialata, var. Osbeckii. 
 
 — oxyaea'ntha. 6. Green, yellow. Barbary. 1823. 
 
 — pu'mila. 1. Green, yellow. July. N. Amer. 
 
 18U6. 
 
 — radi'eans. 3. Green, yellow. June. N. 
 
 Amer. Creeper. 
 microca'rpa. 2. Green, yellow. June. 
 
 N. Amer. Climber. 
 volu'bilis. 2. Green, yellow. June. N. 
 
 Amer. Climber. 
 vtUga'ris. Green, yellow. June. N. 
 
 Amer. Creeper. 
 
 — Raedoeli'javel. A synonym of Cannarus macro- 
 
 carpus. 
 
 — semiala'ta. 40. Nepaul. 1823. Syns., R. 
 
 am£la, R. Bucku amela, and R. 
 
 Osbe'ckii. ' 20. White. Japan. 1867. 
 
 Syn., R. Osbeckii. 
 
 — Simo'nii. China. 1866. 
 
 — miaoe'olens. See R. ar&matica. / 
 
 — succeda'nea. 15. Greenish-yellow June. 
 
 Japan. 1768. Japan wax. Greenhouse 
 evergreen. 
 
 — thee'zans. See R. undulata. 
 
 — Toxieode'ndron. Greenish-yellow. June. 
 
 North America. 1640. B. M. t. 1806. 
 Poison ivy or oak. 
 
 — typhi'na. 20. Green, yellow. July, N. 
 
 Amer. 1629. Wats. Dendr. i. 1. 17-18. 
 
 Stag's-hom Sumach ; vinegar-tree. 
 
 arbore'scens. 26. Green, yellow. July. 
 
 frutdscens. 6. Green, yellow. July. 
 
 — undula'ta. 5. Whitish-yellow. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1816. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 346. 
 Syn., R. theezans. 
 
 — veneTM'ta. 6-18. Green. July. North 
 
 America. 1713. Syn., R. vemix. Wats. 
 Dendr. i. 1. 19. Poison Elder, Sumach, 
 or Dogwood. 
 
 — vemici'fera. 10. Green, yellow. Nepaul. 
 
 1823. Syn., R. juglandi/olia. 
 
 — w'mix. See R. venenata. 
 
 — villo'sa. Greenish-yellow. July. South 
 
 Africa. 1714. Syn., B. atamaria. Green- 
 house evergreen. 
 
 Rhyncha'nthera. (Piomrhymhos, 
 
 a beak, and anthera, an anther ; anthers 
 beaked. Nat. ord., Melastomacem ; 
 Tribe, Microliciece. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub, with handsome purple 
 flowers. Cuttings of the half -ripened side-shoots, 
 in sandy loam, m heat and under a bell-glass, 
 which should be raised a little to permit free 
 circulation of air, and prevent damping off. Rich 
 sandy loam and flbry peat, well drained. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60" to 85" ; winter, 58" to 65". 
 R. grandifio'ra. 6. Deep rose. N. Brazil. 1873. 
 B. M. t. 6011. 
 
 Rhyncha'nthus. (From rhynchos, 
 a beak, and anthos, a flower; referring 
 to the shape of the flowers. Nat. ord. , 
 Scitaminem ; Tribe, Zingiberece.) 
 
 A stove, tuberous-rooted herb. Strong, rich 
 loamy soil. Division of the roots. Summer 
 temp., 60" to 90", with plenty of moisture ; winter 
 temp., 60° to 60°. 
 R. longiflo'rus. 1}. Yellowish, tipped with 
 
 freen. July. Burma. 1885. B. M. 
 6861. 
 
 Rhjmchoca'lTpa. (From rhynchos, 
 a beak, and karpos, fruit ; in allusion to 
 the beaked fruit. Nat. ord., Cucurbita- 
 cecB ; Tribe, C'tu:umerinecE. Allied to 
 Bryonia. ) 
 
 Tuberous-rooted greenhouse perennial, but 
 may be grown as an annual in a warm border. 
 Seeds sown in spring in a slight hotbed. Light 
 rich soil. Winter temp., 45° to 55". 
 R.fae'tida. Yellow. Abyssinia. Syn., 2Vi- 
 chosanthes foetidissima. Jacq. Ic. t. 624. 
 
 — glomera'ta. Brazil. 1880. 
 
 Rhynehoglo'ssum. See Rhinco- 
 glossum. 
 
 Rh3nicho'sia. (From rhynchos, a 
 beak ; from the shape of the keel. Nat. 
 ord., Leguminosm; Tribe, PhascoUce. 
 Allied to Eriosema. ) 
 
 Greenhouse or stove perennial trailing or 
 twining herbs. Seeds. Light sandy loam. 
 Summer temp., 60" to 75° ; winter, 50° to 65°. 
 R. a'lbo-ni'tens. See Desmodium Skinneri, var. 
 albo-niteiis. 
 
 — chryso'ciaa. Yellow. May. S. Africa. 1871. 
 
 — cyanospelrma. Bright reddish-purple. Sum- 
 
 mer. Tropics. 
 
 a^fio'ra. Yellowish -white. April. Stove. 
 
 Syn., Oylista alMJlara. B. Mt 1. 1859. 
 
 — gi'bba. Yellow, brown. September. South 
 
 Africa. Syn., Glycine caribcea. B. R. 
 t. 276. Greenhouse. 
 
 — glandulo'sa. 2. Yellow. July. S. Africa. 
 
 1825. Syn., Glycine heterophylla. 
 
 — phaseoloi'deB. Yellow, purple. June. West 
 
 Indies. 1818. Syu., Glycine phaseo- 
 loides. B. M. t. 2284. 
 
 — viola'cea. A synonym of Eriosema violaceum. 
 
 Rhyncospe'nntim. (From rhyn- 
 chos, a beak, and sperma, a seed. Nat. 
 ord., Apoeynacece. Allied to Apocy- 
 num.) 
 
 Evergreen climbers, requiring greenhouse 
 treatment, to be grown in loam and peat, and to 
 be propagated by cuttings under a bell-glass, in 
 sand. 
 R. anguatifo'liwm. See Trachelospermwm jasm,i- 
 
 nUyides, var. angustifoliwm. 
 — jasminioi'des. B. IVI. t. 4737. See Traehelo- 
 spermum jasminoides. 
 
RHY 
 
 [842] 
 
 KIB 
 
 S. variega'tum and va'rium are Tarieties of 
 I^aehelospermmn jasrmnioides. 
 
 Rhyncho'stylis. (From rhynchos, 
 a beaK, and stylos, a pillar. Nat. ord. , 
 Orchidece ; Tribe, Vandem-Sarcanthem.) 
 Stove, epiphytal orchids from the East Indies. 
 For culture, see Saccolabicm. 
 M. retu'sa. 1. White, violet-pink. East Indies. 
 
 1820. Syns., Satxolabium Blumei, S. 
 
 guttatum (B. M. t. 4108) and Sarcwnthue 
 
 guttatue (B. B. 1. 1448). 
 Rvxselia'na. White, mauve-purple. 1886. 
 
 Syn., SaccoWmimBlwmei, var Jiitsselia- 
 
 num. Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 238. 
 
 Rhynchote'chum. (Derivation un- 
 explained. Nat. ord., Gesneracece ; 
 Tnbe, Cyrtandrece. Allied to Besleria. ) 
 
 stove herb, apparently biennial ; and there- 
 fore must be raised from seeds. The soil and 
 temperature should be the same as for Gesneka, 
 which see. 
 
 R. ellVptieum. Deep rose. Himalaya. 1870. 
 B. M. t. 6832. 
 
 Rhytidophy'llum. (From rhytis, 
 a wrinkle, and phyllon, a leaf. Nat. 
 ord., Gesneracece ; Tribe, Gesnerece. 
 Allied to Pentarhaphia. ) 
 
 For culture, see Gesnera. 
 R. Ofuruyula'tum. Bed, yellow. August. Brazil. 
 1834. B. M. t. 3662. 
 
 — floribu'ndum. Fl. Ser. t. 178. See Penta- 
 
 rhaphia libanensis. 
 
 — HuTnb&ldtii. 3. Green, purple. Central 
 
 America. 1863. A synonym of Catn- 
 panea Humboldtii. 
 
 — Oerstgdii. 2. Green, purple. Central America. 
 
 1862. A synonym of Cainpanea Oer- 
 stedii. 
 
 — tigri'dia. 2, Green, purple. Venezuela. 
 
 1852. 
 
 — tomenta'imm. 3. Greenish-yellow with purple 
 
 spots. Summer. West Indies. Syn., 
 Gemeria tomentosa. B. M. t. 1023. 
 
 Ribbon Grass. Pha'laris arundi- 
 na'eea, var. variega'ta. 
 
 Ribbon Tree. Plagia'nthus. 
 
 Ri'bes. Currant. (From the Arabic 
 name of a plant. Nat. ord. , Saxifragem ; 
 Tribe, Eibesiacece.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs, except puncta'tum, 
 which requires shelter. Nearly all bloom in 
 April. Seeds, chiefly, for fresh varieties ; cut- 
 tings of ripened shoots in spring or autumn, in 
 the open ground ; good garden-soil. See CUE- 
 
 RANT and GOOSBBERE.T. 
 
 R. adcula're. White. Siberia. 
 
 — acumina'tum. 5. Greenish-yellow. Nepaul. 
 
 1837. 
 
 — a'lbidwm. White, pink. Paxt. Mag. x. p. 65. 
 
 — alMne'rvium. 4. Green. N. Amer. 
 
 ~ alpi'num. 3. Green. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 
 t. 619. 
 
 bacd'ferum. 3. Green. Britain. 
 
 fo'liis-variega'tis. 4. Green. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 pu'mUum. 2. Green. 
 
 ste^rile. 3. Green. Britain. 
 
 — a'tro-pvrpu'reum. 4. Purple. Siberia. 
 
 — aii'reum. 8. Yellow. May. Missouri. 
 
 B. B. 1. 126. 
 pro^eox. 8. Yellow. N. Amer. 
 
 May. 
 
 1826. 
 1812. 
 
 - ser<^iinwm. 
 1812. 
 
 1812. 
 
 8. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 
 
 R. avi'remn vUlo'sum. 8. Yellow. N. Amer. 
 1812. 
 
 — carpa'thicum, 4. Green. Carpathia. 1818. 
 
 — ee'reum. 2. White. N. Amer. 1827. B. R. 
 
 1. 1263 ; B. M. t. 3008. 
 
 — cyno'ebati. 4. Green. Canada. 1759. Jacq. 
 
 H. Vind. 1. 123. 
 fru'ctii^aeulea'to. 4. Purplish. Lake 
 
 Huron. 
 fru'ctu-glabro. 4. Whitish. Hudson's 
 
 Bay. 
 
 — diaca'ntha. 4. Green, yellow. May. Siberia. 
 
 1781. 
 
 — divarica'tvm. 7. White, red. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 B. R. 1. 1369. 
 
 — Jla'vum,. 6. Yellow. N. Amer. 1812. 
 — Jlo'ridum. 4. Yellow. N. Amer. 1729. 
 
 grandMo'rum. i. Yellow. N. Amer. 
 
 parvijto'rum. 4. N. Amer. 
 
 — fra'grams. Yellow. May. North America. 
 
 1820. B. C. 1. 1633. 
 
 — glacia'le. 4. Yellow. Nepaul. 1823. 
 
 — glandulo'snm. 8. Green, yellow. Peru. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — Gordo'ni. 6. Yellow, red. Fl. Ser. t. 166. 
 
 — gra'cUe. 4. Green, white. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 — grossula'ria. 4. Green. England. Eng. Bot. 
 
 ed. 3, t. 618. 
 Besseria'na. 4. White. Cracow. Syn,, 
 
 R. hybrida. 
 
 bractea'ta. 4. Green, white. 
 
 himalaya'na. 4. Green, white. March. 
 
 Himalayas. 1838. 
 
 macroca rpa. 4. Green, white, 
 
 reclina'ta. 4. Green, white. Germany. 
 
 1781. Syn., R. reclinata. 
 
 splnosi'ssima. 4. Green, white. Britain. 
 
 suHne^rmie. 4. Green, white. 
 
 u'va-cri'spa. 4. Green, white. Britain. 
 
 Syn., R. uva-crispa. 
 
 — hetero'trichum. 2. Puijile. Altai. 1837., 
 
 — hudsonia'nwm. 4. White. Hudson's Bay, 
 
 — ine'brians. Greenish-purple. April. North 
 
 America. 1832. B. R. 1. 1471. 
 
 — integrifo'Uum. 3. Yellow. Chili. 1880. 
 
 — japo'nioum. 3. Green. Japan. 1877. 
 
 — lam'stre. 4. Yellow, green. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 B. C. t. 884. 
 echiTia'tum. IJ. Greenish-yellow. 
 
 — Lo'bbii. 6. Purple. May. California. G. C. 
 
 1883, xix. p. 11, f. 1. Syn., R. subves- 
 titum. 
 
 — macroca'nthum. 4. Green. May. 
 
 — Tnalva'ceum. See R. eaTiguin^imi, var, maiva^ 
 
 ceum. 
 
 — JUenMsii. 5. Red. May. California, 1830, 
 
 B. R. 1847, t. 2368. 
 
 — micrc^hy'Uum. 5. Red. Mexico. 
 
 — mvlti/kfrum. 5. Green. Hungary. 1822. 
 
 B. M. t. 2368. 
 
 — nigrum. 6. Green. Britain. Black Cur- 
 
 rant. 
 
 ba'cca-vi'ride. 5. Russia. 
 
 fo'liie-iiariega'tis. 5. Britain. 
 
 — ni'veum. 5. AVhite. N. Amer. 1826. B. R. 
 
 1. 1692. 
 
 — op-tdifo'Uum. Russia. 
 
 — orUmta'le. 4. Green, yellow. May. Syria. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — oxyacarvthoi'des. 3. Green, white. N. Amer. 
 
 1763. 
 
 — petrcelum. 4. Red. May. England, Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 49. 
 
 — proculmbens. J. Purple. May. Dahuria. 
 
 1804. 
 
 — prostra'tum. IJ. Yellow. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1812. 
 
 laxiflo'rum. 4. Green, yellow. N. Amer. 
 
 1812. Syn., R. laxifiarum: 
 
 — puncta'tum. S. Green, yellow. Chili. 1826. 
 
 Half-hardy. B. R. t. 1278; B. B. 
 t, 16.58. 
 
EIC 
 
 [843] 
 
 RID 
 
 R. resino'mm. 3. Yellow, green. N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1683. 
 ^ ri'gens. 6. Green. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 — Soe'zlii. 3. Bed, white. N. W. America. 
 
 1879. 
 
 — rubrum. 4. Green. Britain. Bed Currant. 
 a'ltmm. i. Green Britain. 
 
 ca'meum. 4. Green. Britain. 
 
 /o'liie a' Ibis. 4. Green. 
 
 -fi'tiie lu'teis. 4. Green. 
 
 Green. Britain. 
 
 Greenisli-yellow. Bnssia. 
 
 Green. Britain. 
 
 4, Green. Austria. 
 
 Blood. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 Soc. vii. p. 13; B. B. 
 
 - harte'nse. 4. 
 
 Bibi'ricuTn. 6. 
 
 sylve^stre. 4. 
 
 variega'tum. 
 
 — scmgui'neum. 6. 
 Trans. Hort. 
 
 t. 1349. A double-flowered Tariety is 
 
 figured in Paxt. Mag. xii. p. 121. 
 
 a'tro-ru'bens. 6. Dark red. N. Amer. 
 
 — glutino'svm. 6. Pale pink. N. Amer. 
 
 malva'ceum. 6. Dark pink. N. Amer. 
 
 Syn., JR. malvaceum. Swt. Fl. Gard. 
 
 ser. 2, t. 340. 
 
 — saxa'tile. 4. Green. May. Siberia. 1819. 
 
 — seto'sum. 4. Green, white. N. Amer. 1810. 
 
 B. R. 1. 1237. 
 
 — specio'sum. 4. Crimson. May. California. 
 
 1829. B. E. t. 1557. 
 
 — spica'tum. 4. Green. England. 
 
 — mbveeti'tum. B. M. t. 4931. See R. LobUi. 
 
 — tenuiflo'rum. 6. Yellow. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 B B. 1. 1274. 
 
 YeUow. 
 6. Yellow. 
 1824. 
 United States. B. C. 
 
 fni'ctu-lu'teo. 
 
 fru'ctu-ni'gro. 
 
 — trUfidwm. Quebec. 
 
 — trifio'Tum. Bed. 
 
 1. 1094. 
 
 — tri'ste. 3. -Siberia. 
 
 — viscosi'ssvinum. 4. 
 
 1820. 
 YeUow. 
 
 N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 Rice. Ory'za sati'va. 
 
 Rice Flower. Pime'lea. 
 
 Rice paper is sliced from the pith 
 of Fa'tsia papyri' f era. See p. 382. 
 
 Richa'rdia. (Named after L. C. 
 Richard, a French botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Aroidece ; Tribe, Philodendrece.) 
 
 Better known as Ca'lla cethidpica, or the 
 Arum-plant. Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. 
 Suckers and division of the plant in spring ; 
 rioli, flbry loam. Winter temp., 35° to 48° ; 
 should be kej)t dryish for a time before growing, 
 so as to get it to throw up its flowers. Thrives 
 well in a cistern in a greenhouse where there is 
 abundance of light, and in a stream of water 
 during the summer, the pots being plunged 
 within it. 
 
 R. celhio'pica. 8. Creamy. March. South Africa. 
 1731. Syiis., R. africana and Calia 
 cethiopiea. B. M. t. '832. 
 
 — africa'mi. See R. mthiopica. 
 
 — d'lbo-mamUa'ta. White. June. Natal. 1869. 
 
 B. M. t. 6140. 
 
 — Elliotia'na. Yellow. Leaves spotted with 
 
 white. 1890. 
 
 — tiasta'ta. Yellow, green. Natal. 1869. B. M. 
 
 t. 8176. 
 
 — melanolevlca. IJ. Spathe pale yellow, black- 
 
 pnrple at base ; spadix white. Natal. 
 1869. B. M. t. 6766. 
 
 — sca'bra. See Richardsonia scabra. 
 
 Rich.ardso'nia. (Named after B. 
 Bichardson, an English botanist. Nat. 
 ord., BuhiaeeoB ; Tribe, Spermaeocew.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots in 
 sandy soil, and in a moist bottom-heat ; flbt? 
 loam and peat, and a little sand and leaf- 
 
 mould. Winter temp., 48° to 68° : summer, 60" 
 
 to 80". 
 
 B. aea'bra. 2. White. September. Brazil. 1814. 
 
 Swt. FI. Gard. t. 91. Syn., Richardia 
 
 scabra. 
 
 Riche'a. (Named after Mr. Richie, 
 an African traveller. Nat. ord., Epdcri- 
 daccm ; Tribe, Epacrcm. ) 
 
 Greenhouse shrubs or small trees. Cuttings 
 of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell- 
 
 tlass, andin a mild, sweet bottom-heat ; sandy, 
 bry peat, with a few nodules of flbry loam and 
 charcoal. Winter temp., 55° to 60" : summer, 
 60° to 88°. 
 
 R.fra' grans. This was erroneously given on 
 p. 266 as the proper name for Oratceva, 
 capparoides and C. fragroAis ; it should 
 have been Ritchieafragrans, which see. 
 
 — pandanifo'lia. 20. Australia. 1883. 
 
 — spreTigelioi'des. 5. Beddish. June. Aus- 
 
 tralia. 1836. 
 
 Ri'cinus. Palma Christi. (From 
 ricintis, a tick ; resemblance in the seeds. 
 Nat. ord., Euphorbiacece ; Tribe, Cro- 
 tonece. ) 
 
 Annuals by seeds in a hotbed ; shrubs by cut- 
 tings in a hotbed ; light, rich sdil. Theahrubby 
 kinds should have the addition of a little peat. 
 They are all too tender to do much good out of 
 doors. The following are all half-hardy annuals, 
 except Wmdus and ru'tilans : 
 R. arnwHim. Andr. Bep. t. 430. See R. com- 
 munis. 
 
 — cambodge'nsis. 1887. Probably a form of 
 
 R. communis. 
 
 — commu'nis. 6. Green. July. B. Ind. 
 
 1548. B. M. t. 2209. Syns., R. armatus 
 and R. major. Castor-oil Plant. 
 — Gibso'nii. Leaves bronzy-purple, 
 
 — ine'rmis. 6. Purple. India. 1768! Jacq. 
 
 Ic. 1. 196. 
 
 — Kra'ppa. White. August. 1827. 
 
 — leucoca'rpus. White. August. 1827. 
 
 — lilvidus. 8. Purple. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1796. Jacq. le. 1. 196. Green- 
 house evergreen. 
 
 — masrophy'llus. White, red. August. 1827. 
 
 — ma' jar. See R. communis. 
 
 — ru'tUoMS. Beddish-white. August. 1827. 
 
 Half-hardy biennial. 
 
 — undula'tus. Bed, white. August. 1827. 
 
 Rico'tia. (Probably a commemora- 
 tive name. Nat. ord., Cruci/erce ; 
 Tribe, Alyssihece.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds ; light, sandy soil. 
 Good for belts, knolls, or rock- works. 
 R. luna'ria. Lilac, purple. June. Egypt. 
 1757. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2. t. 411. 
 Syn., R. cegyptiaca. B. E. t. 49. 
 
 Riddling. Another name for sifting. 
 
 Ridging is digging the soil into 
 
 AAA P*''*ll^l ridges in this form, so as 
 /\/\/\ to expose it thoroughly to the 
 action either of the atmosphere or of 
 frost. 
 
 Ridging-out. Planting out Cucum- 
 bers and Pumpkins in the open-ground 
 beds. Ridging, however, should not be 
 confined to the winter, for in summer 
 the extra exposure to the air and heat 
 is highly promotive of vegetation : it 
 
RIG 
 
 [844] 
 
 RIV^ 
 
 impregnates the soil with oxygen, pro- 
 motes the decay of stubborn vegetable 
 remains, and disturbs predatory vermin. 
 Mr. Barnes says, " I keep all ground, 
 as soon as a crop is done with, well 
 trenched, burying all the refuse I possibl v 
 can in a green state, casting the earth 
 into rough ridges, tumbling those ridges 
 over with a strong fork on frosty morn- 
 ings in winter and spring, and during 
 hot sunny days in summer, continually 
 chan^ng the crops ; keeping the hoe at 
 work at all seasons in suitable weather, 
 forking up all odd corners and spare 
 ground without loss of time. By this 
 management, I find the ground is always 
 in good condition and never tired by 
 cropping, some judgment only being 
 exercised in applying such properties 
 again to the soil that have been taken 
 from it, or that are likely to be required 
 by the succeeding crop." 
 
 The most eflfectual mode of ridging is 
 thus described by Mr. Parkins : 
 
 Let a, b, c, a represent a section of 
 the ground to be trenched two feet deep. 
 In the first place the ground is measured 
 
 ' ff- 
 
 \ /■ 
 
 
 \ / 
 
 ' ' 1 
 
 1* 
 
 I'/ 
 
 1 
 
 \ / 
 
 
 ' 
 
 \y 
 
 out in longitudinal beds four feet wide ; 
 this done, the top spit of the bed c is 
 laid on the bed g, and the second spit of 
 the bed c is laid on h. The first or top 
 spit of the bed / is then laid on h, so 
 that the top soil and subsoil are kept on 
 separate and alternate beds, and may be 
 mixed, reversed, or returned as taken 
 out, at the will of the operator. By 
 this method the advantages are— much 
 greater exposure of surface to the action 
 of the weather ; the opportunity of in- 
 corporating with the soil any desirable 
 or obtainable manures,andat anydesired 
 depth ; a thorough blending of the soil 
 to the depth of two or three feet ; and it 
 also facilitates the operation of draining 
 where necessary. It is needless to add, 
 that when the first thrown-out beds are 
 suflieiently pulverized, they are levelled 
 down, and others thrown out in the 
 same manner; ff, h, i represent the 
 ridges thrown out and left as rough as 
 possible. 
 
 Rigide'Ua. (From rigidus, stiff ; 
 the stiffness of the flower-stalk. Nat. 
 ord., Iridece ; Tribe, Morceece. Allied 
 to Tigridia.) 
 
 Half-hardy bulbs. Offsets in spring ; also by 
 seeds in a hotbed ; rich, sandy loam and peat ; 
 bulbs require to be kept from frost and damp 
 during the winter. 
 
 R.fia'mmea. 6. May. Mexico. 1839. B. B. 
 1810, 1. 16. 
 
 — vmrnuwula'ta. 1. Crimson. June. Guate- 
 
 mala. 1839. Fl. Ser. t. 602. 
 
 — artha'ntha. \i. Crimson. June. Mexico. 
 
 1816. Fl. Ser. t. 46. 
 
 Ringing is cutting away a belt of 
 bark quite down to the wood entirely 
 round a branch. This checks the return 
 of the sap, and aids to make that branch 
 more fruitful, and the fruit on it finer. 
 We have seen it done with the best effect 
 upon the pear and grape-vine. It should 
 be done just previously to the blossoms 
 opening. When first suggested it was 
 called the Ring of Pomona. See Liga- 
 tures. 
 
 Riocreu'xia. (Named after A. 
 Biocreux, a celebrated botanical artist. 
 Nat. ord., Asclepiadacece ; Tribe, Cero- 
 pegiem. Allied to Ceropegia.) 
 
 A free-flowering greenhouse climber. Cuttings 
 in sand, in a slight bottom-heat and under a 
 hand-glass; they are best taken in spring. Sandy 
 loam, well drained ; give plenty of pot room. 
 Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 45° to 55°. 
 R. torulo'sa. Yellowish. S. Africa. 1862. 
 Eef. Bot. 1. 157. 
 
 Ripening Wood is one of the 
 principal objects to be aimed at for the 
 production of either flowers or fruit the 
 following year. To effect this, at the 
 end of August, or early in September, 
 superfluous branches should be removed, 
 and shoots stopped, to concentrate the 
 sap, and expose those retained to the 
 full influence of the sun. 
 
 Ripo'gonum. (From ripos, flexible, 
 and gonos, a shoot. Nat. ord. , Liliacece ; 
 Tribe, Smilacece.) 
 
 Greenhouse, white - flowered, evergreen 
 climbers, from Australasia. Cuttings of side- 
 shoots, when three inches in length, taken off 
 close to the stem, in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 May ; flbry loam, a little peat, sand, and char- 
 coal, and well-drained. Winter temp., 40° to 
 48°. 
 
 R. a'lbwm. 3. June. Port Jackson. 1820. 
 ~- parvUlo'rwm. A synonym of R. scandens. 
 
 — sca'ndens. 2. June. New Zealand. 1820. 
 
 Ri'tchiea. (In honour of Mr. 
 Joseph Ritchie, who travelled in Central 
 Africa, and died 1819. Nat. ord., Cap- 
 paridaeem ; Tribe, Capparece.) 
 
 Stove shrubs. For cultivation, see Crat^va. 
 R.fra'graTis. 15. Whitish. June. Sierra 
 Leone. 1795. Syns., Cratceva eappa- 
 roidee and C. fragrans. B. M. t. 596. 
 
 — •polype! taia. White. Tropical Africa. 1862. 
 
 B. M. t. 5344. 
 
 Ri'vea. (Named after A. de la 
 Rive, a Genevan botanist. Nat. ord., 
 ConvolwJacecB ; Tribe, Convolvuleee. 
 Allied to Ipomcea.) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of side- 
 shoots, and of the young shoots, several inches 
 in length, as they rise from the roots in spring ; 
 or grafting on a free-growing Ipomsea ; flbry 
 
RIV 
 
 [845] 
 
 ROC 
 
 loam and rough, sandy peat. Winter temp., 66° 
 to 60° ; summer, 60° to S6°. 
 Jt. tilicefo'lia. White. June. B. Ind. 1812. 
 A synonym of Argyreia tUiotfolia. 
 "'•"•ea. See Argyreta zeylanica. 
 
 Bivi'na. (Named after A. Q. Sivi- 
 nus, a German botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Phytolcuxacem ; Tribe, JRivinece. ) 
 
 Called rouge plants in the West Indies, where 
 the fruit is used as a cosmetic. Stove everereens. 
 Seeds and cuttings. The flowers are of little 
 beauty ; but the racemes of ripe and ripening 
 fruit are very interesting ; light soil. Winter 
 temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°. 
 jR. brazilie'neis. 2. Green. June. Brazil. 
 1790. 
 
 — hu'milie. 2. White. June. W. Ind. 1699. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1781. 
 
 cane'scens. 2. White. June. W. Ind. 
 
 18U4. 
 
 — laelvU. 6. Pink. May. W. Indies. 1733. 
 
 B. M. t. 2333. 
 
 pvMscens. White. June. W.Indies. 
 
 1699. 
 
 — lanceolaJta. 3. June. Brazil. 1815. 
 
 — latijdlia. Purple. July. Madagascar. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — octa'ndra. See Villa/mitlm octa/ndra. 
 
 — purpura' ecens. 2. Pink. June. W. Ind. 
 
 1815. 
 
 — timsto'ria. i. White. May. Caraccas. 
 
 1830. 
 
 Roan-tree. Py'rus aitcapa'ria. 
 
 Robe'rgia. (After Lorenz Boherg, 
 Professor of Medecine at Upsal at the 
 commencement of the eighteenth cen- 
 tury. Nat. ord., Connaracem ; Tribe, 
 Connarem.) 
 R. f rate' seem. See Rourea frvtescens. 
 
 Robi'nia. (Named after J. Rohin, 
 a French botanist. Nat. ord., Legumi- 
 noscB ; Tribe, Gcdegece. Cobbett's Lo- 
 cnst-tree is Bohi'nia pseu'do-aca'cia.) 
 
 Deciduous, white-flowered trees, from North 
 America, where not otherwise stated.. Fortender 
 kinds, cnttings of young wood in sand, under a 
 glass. The Loeust-tree, in all its varieties, by 
 seed sown in autumn, or preserved in the pods, 
 andsown in the spring ; by cuttings of the shoots ; 
 by cuttings of the roots ; by suckers and layers. 
 The finer varieties are generally grafted. The 
 hi'spida ro'sea, or Rose Acama, is a fine object 
 grafted on the psevldo-aca'cia standard high, 
 in a sheltered place not much north of London. 
 The finer varieties of hi'spida ro'sea^ in cold 
 situations, deserve a place on a conservatory 
 wall, and would be a nice companion to the 
 Gly'eine svnelnsis, etc. 
 
 R. AUaga'nga. B. C. t. 1064. See Caragana 
 AUaganga. 
 
 — cape^nsis. A synonym of Calpumia robi- 
 
 nioides, 
 
 — Caraga'na. B. M. t. 1886. See Caragama 
 
 arboresceTis. 
 
 — cocci'nea. A synonym of Ormosia coccinea. 
 
 — davu'rica. 20. White. May. Davuria. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — du'bia. 30. White, red. May. Syns., R. 
 
 a/niHgua and R hybrida, 
 —frute'scens. See Caragama fruteseens. 
 
 — grandijlo'ra. See Caragana grandifiora. 
 
 — guine^nsis. 6. Guinea. 1822. Stove ever- 
 
 green. 
 
 — BalaSe/ndron. B. M. 1. 1016. See Halimo- 
 
 dendron argenteum. 
 
 R. hi'spida. 10. Pink. July. 1743. B. M. 
 
 t. 311. Rose Acacia. Syn., R. macro- 
 
 phylla. 
 
 macrophy'lla. 10. Bed. May. 
 
 na'na. 1. Pink. June. Carolina. 
 
 — ' ro'sea. 10. Bed. July. Syn., R. 
 
 rosea. 
 
 — iiitlrmis. See R. Pseudacada, var. inermis. 
 —juba'ta. B. C. t. 622. A synonym of Cara- 
 gana jubata. 
 
 — macrophy'lla. See R. hispida. 
 
 — mo' His. See Caragana fruteseens. 
 
 — numstro'sa. N. America, 
 
 — neomexica'na. Red. 1891. Probably a form 
 
 of R. Pseudacacia. 
 
 — pe'ndvla. Peru. 
 
 — pro'eera. See R. Pseudacada, var. proeera. 
 
 — Pseudaea'da. 40. May. 1640. Syn., R. 
 
 echinata. 
 
 amorpluefo'lia. 3. White, red. May. 
 
 angustifcflia. Garden variety. 1888. 
 
 cnrispa. 40. June. 
 
 Decaisnea'na. Rosy pink. 1863. 
 
 flt/re-lu'teo. 40. Yellow. May. 
 
 — JTie'rmw. 40. May. Syn., R. inerrms. 
 
 latisi'liqua. 30. May. 
 
 macrophy'lla. 30. May. 
 
 microphy^lla. 30. May. 
 
 monophy'lla. Garden variety. 1887. 
 
 m^imtro'sa. 30. White, red. May. 
 
 pe'ndula. 30. Pink. May. 
 
 — pro'eera. 30. White, red. May. Syn., 
 
 R. proeera. 
 sophorc^o/lia. 30. White, red. May. 
 
 Syn., R. sophoroefolia. 
 
 specta'bilis. 30. May. France. 
 
 stri'cta. 30. White, red. May. 
 
 tortuo sa. 40. May. 
 
 urribractUi'/era. 40. May. 
 
 purpu'rea. 15. Purple. July. 1810. 
 
 Stove evergreen. 
 
 — r&sea. See R. hispida, var. rosea. 
 
 — se'piv/m. A synonym of Lonehocarpus sepium. 
 
 — seri'eea. A synonym of Lonehocarpus .serU 
 
 ecus. 
 
 — sophoriBfo'lia. See R. Pseiidacttcia, var. 
 
 sophoroefolia. 
 
 — squama'ta. See Pictetia sguamata. 
 
 — stri'cta. See R. Pseudacada, var. stricta. 
 
 — tomento'sa. See Caragana fruteseens. 
 
 — trijio'ra. A synonym of Halimodendron ar- 
 
 genteum. 
 
 — vesiea'ria. Jacq. lo. 1. 148. Now referred to 
 
 Sesbania platycarpa. 
 
 — viola! cea. See Lonehocarptis violaceus. 
 
 — visco'sa. 30. Purple. July. 1797. 
 
 Rocambole (A'Uium Scorodo'pra- 
 surn), sometimes called Spanish Garlic, 
 has its bulbs or cloves growing in a 
 cluster. The stem bears many bulbs at 
 its summit, which, as well as those of 
 the root, are much milder than Garlic. 
 
 It is hest propagated by the root bulbs, 
 those of the stems being slower in pro- 
 duction. Plant either in February, 
 March, or early in April, as well as 
 throughout the autumn, in drills, or by 
 the dibble, in rows six inches apart ekch 
 way, and usually two inches within the 
 ground, though the plants would thrive 
 better if grown on the surface, as re- 
 commended for the Eschallot. In other 
 respects they are cultivated as directed 
 for Garlic. A very small bed is suffi- 
 cient for the supply of the largest 
 family. 
 
ROC 
 
 [846] 
 
 HOD 
 
 Ro'chea. (Named after La Roche, 
 a botanical author. Nat. ord., Crassu- 
 lacex; Allied to Bryophyllum. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen succulents, from South 
 Africa. For culture, see Crassula. 
 H. albijlo'ra. See CrasmCa albijlora. 
 
 — bi'colcrr. 1. Yellow, scarlet. June. 1810. 
 
 — iieonve'xa. J. White. July. 1823. 
 
 — capita'ta. White. July. 1822. 
 
 — cocd'nea. 1. Scarlet. .July 1710. 
 fio're-a'lbo. 1. White. July. 1811. 
 
 — cymo'sa. ^. Bed. August. 1800. 
 — falca'ta. See Crassula falcata. 
 
 — jia'm,. Yellow. June. 1802. 
 
 — jamni'nea, J. White. April. 1815. 
 
 — me'dia. See R. versicolor. 
 
 — odorati'ssima. 1. Fink. June. 1793. 
 
 — perfolia'ta. See Crassula perfoliata. 
 albijlo'ra. 4. White. July. 1800. 
 
 — timfio'ra. White. S. Africa. 1861. Syn., 
 
 Laroehea tinifl&ra. 
 ~ versicolor. 2. White. May. 1817. 
 
 Rock Carrot. Moni'zia e'dulis. 
 
 Rocket. H^speris. 
 
 Rocket Larkspur. Delphinium 
 aja'cis. 
 
 Rock Lychnis. Vuca'rm. 
 ^ock Rose. Ci'stus. 
 
 Rock Tobacco. PrimuWna Ta- 
 
 ba'cum. 
 
 Rock-work is one of the most diffi- 
 cult things to construct tastefully. If 
 the body of the rock is intended to be 
 raised much above the ground level, a 
 quantity of soil should be carried into 
 tlie centre of the space. This soil, be- 
 sides serving to support the rock-work, 
 will also form a medium for the plants 
 to grow in. Having at hand plenty of 
 large, rough stones, of any Kind or 
 colouii, proceed with these to imitate 
 the form of natural rock as nearly as 
 possible. Eough, bold, angular projec- 
 tions, and deeply-formed chasms, are 
 the principal features in natural scenery 
 which please us most. A rock, with a 
 flat unbroken surface, whether horizontal 
 or perpendicular, presents too much 
 sameness to be pleasing to the eye; 
 therefore, in imitating nature, the pro- 
 jections should be varied and bold, and 
 unless ra^gedness and intricacy form 
 principal features in its composition, it 
 will lose much of its effect. If the rock- 
 work J)e on a large scale, it should not 
 be one continued line, but broken at 
 intervals, in one part lost beneath the 
 surface of the earth, and again rising 
 in aHother part and resuming its sinuous 
 form. 
 
 So far there is little difference between 
 this and the common method of making 
 artificial rock. When, however, every 
 stone has been arranged to suit the eye, 
 the interstices between them are to be 
 
 filled up with any kind of rough inate- 
 rial. Of course, fissures, and similar 
 places intended for the plants which are 
 to cover the rock, must be well packed 
 with good soil, so that the roots may 
 penetrate to the body beneath the 
 stones. The spaces between the stones 
 having been filled with good soil, the 
 roots naturally find their way to the 
 larger feeding area. The thickness of 
 the latter on the stones need not be 
 more than the eighth of an inch : it will 
 unite the whole into one mass ; and 
 rock-work thus constructed is, beyond 
 all comparison, far more natural than 
 that maae in the usual way. 
 
 In making artificial rock for water- 
 falls, or other constructions, where the 
 cement used may be constantly exposed 
 to the action of the water, the best 
 water-cement should be used. Any 
 preparation that does not quickly indu- 
 rate under water will, in a short time, 
 be washed away, and leave nothing but 
 the bare stones. 
 
 Rodge'rsia. (N&vaed sdter Admiral 
 Badgers, U.S. Navy, commander of the 
 expedition during which it was first 
 discovered. Nat. ord., Saxifragacece ; 
 Tribe, SaxcifragecB. Allied to Saxi- 
 f raga. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Divisions. Eich 
 loam and peat. 
 R. japo'niea. Gfl. t. 708. See S. podophylla. 
 
 — podcphy'lla. S. White. Japan. 1872. 
 
 B. M. t. 6691. Syn., R. japonica. 
 
 Rodrigue'zia. (Named after E. 
 Bodriguez, a Spanish botanist. Nat. 
 ord., OrchidecB ; Tribe, Vandem-Onci- 
 diecB.) 
 
 Store Brazilian orchids, cultivated in baskets. 
 See Orchids. 
 
 R. Barke'ri. B. M. t. 3497. See Gomern 
 Barkeri. 
 
 — Batema'nrU. Bose. Peru. Syns. Burling- 
 
 tonia Bateman/ni and B. rubescens. 
 
 — Bungero'thi. i. Bright carmine-rose. Vene- 
 
 zuela. 1888. land. 1. 127. 
 
 — calople'ctron. Yellowish. New Grenada. 
 
 1871. 
 
 — eOr^tidida. 1. White. April. Demerara. 
 
 1834. Syn., Bvrlingtonia Candida. B. 
 
 B. 1. 1927. 
 
 — ca'mea. Bose. Columbia. 1844. 
 
 — cri'spa. B. B. 1840, t. 64. See Oomeza 
 
 crispa. 
 
 — de'cora. Pink, white. November. Brazil. 
 
 Syn., Burlingtonia decora. B. M. 
 t. 4834. 
 
 pi'cta. A variety with a white lip and 
 
 purple spots. B. M. t. 5419. 
 
 —fra'grans. April. Brazil. 1850. Syn., Bur- 
 lingtonia fragrans. 
 
 — Fuerstenbe^rgit. 1. Bose, white, yellow. G. 
 
 C. 1890, viii. p. 746. 
 
 — lanceala'ta. B. C. t. 676. See R. seeunia. 
 
 — lasdJU/ra. See Gomeza laxijlora. 
 
 — Leea'rM. 1. White, yellow. G. C. 1883, xx. 
 
 p. 38. 
 
 pi'cta. A variety with purplish-mauve 
 
 lines and spots. 1885. 
 
ROE 
 
 [847] 
 
 ROM 
 
 G. C. 
 
 it Lehma'nnu Ochre. New Grenada. 
 1882, xix. p. 403. 
 
 — leochili'Tia. Yellowish, brown. Costa Bica. 
 
 1871. 
 
 — lute'ola. ' Yellow. G. C. 1883, xix. p. 688. 
 
 — maeula'ta. J. Yellow, brown. May. Brazil. 
 
 1837. 
 
 — ohtvMfo'lia. Brazil. 
 
 —plaiiifo'lia. B. M. t. 3504. See Gomeza plani- 
 folia. 
 
 — pube'scens. J. Snow white. November. 
 
 Brazil. 1860. Syn., BuHingtonia pube- 
 seens. 
 
 — recu'rva. See Oomeza reeurva, 
 
 — refra'cta. White, tinged with purple ; lip 
 
 with dull red spots. Brazil. 
 
 — ri'gida. -1. Purplish, with pink spots. April. 
 
 Brazil. 1838. Syn., BuHingtonia ri- 
 gida. 
 
 — secu'nda. J. Dark rose. July. Trinidad. 
 
 1820. B. M.t. S524. Sjna., Rodriguexia 
 lanceolata, B. C. t. 676 and Pleurothallis 
 coceinea. 
 
 — steiio'chila. See ScelochUus stejiochilus. 
 
 — suave'olens. See Gomeza foliosa. 
 
 — venu'sta. White. March. Brazil. Syn., 
 
 BuHingtonia venusta. 
 
 Bu'bus saxa'ti- 
 
 Boebuck Berry. 
 
 Roe'lla. (Named after G. Eoelle, a 
 Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., Campanu- 
 lacece; Tribe, Campanuleoe.) 
 
 Greenhouse plants, and all but one from South 
 Africa. Dam'rrens from seed in a gentle hotbed, 
 in spring, planted out in early summer ; mus- 
 eo'sa by oiYision; the rest, being CTergreen 
 shrubs, by cuttings of the points of the shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat and 
 fibry loam. Winter temp., 46° to 48°. 
 B. cilia' ta. 1. White, purple. July. 1774. B. 
 M. t. 378. 
 
 — decu'rrens. Andr. Eep. t. 238. See Wahlen- 
 
 bergia capensis. 
 
 — e'legans. }. Purple. February. 1836. Paxt. 
 
 Mag. vi. p. 27. 
 
 — Mifo'rmit. See B. sqriarrosa, var. Bergii. 
 —frutictUo'sa. Yellow. July. Australia. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — musco'8a. i. Blue. August. 1802. Her- 
 
 baceous. 
 
 — pedunmlttHa. Blue. June. 1827. Syn., 
 
 Pnsmatocarpus paniculatut. 
 
 — squarro'aa. J. White. July 1787. 
 Bergii. Blue. August. 1816. Syn., 
 
 R. filiformis. 
 
 — spica'ta. White. August. 1824. 
 
 Roeme'ria. (Named after J. Y. 
 Bomer, a German botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Papaveracece ; Tribe, Eupapaverem. Al- 
 lied to Glaucium.) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Seeds in the open border, in 
 March or April. 
 R. hyhrida. See R. refracta. 
 
 — refra'cta. 1. Violet. June. Tauria. 1823. 
 
 Syn., R. hybrida. 
 
 — vermieula'ta. Bed. June. Persia. 1829. 
 
 Roe'pera. (Named after J. Boper, 
 a German botanist. Nat. oj-d., Zygo- 
 vkyllaeecB.) 
 
 Greenhouse, yellow-flowered,eTergreen shrubs, 
 from Australia. Cuttings of the young shoots in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, in spring ; also seeds in 
 a slight hotbed ; sandy, fibry peat, fibry loam, 
 and a little rough charcoal. Winter temp., 40 
 to 60'. 
 
 R. auranti'aca. August. 1837. 
 
 — fabagifolia. June. 1822. 
 
 — fruticulo'sa. 3. July. 1820. 
 
 Roe'zlia. (Named after M. Boezl, 
 a collector and introducer of Tropical 
 American plants. Nat. ord., Melasto- 
 'macece. Allied to Monochsetum. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. For cultivation, see 
 Pleroma. 
 R. granade'nsis. Rosy. Columbia. 1872. 
 
 — re'gia. A synonym of Furcroea Roezlii (Nat. 
 
 ord. Amaryllideae). 
 
 Rogation Flower. Poly'gala ml- 
 ga'ris. 
 
 Rogie'ra. (Commemorative. Nat. 
 ord., Bubiacece; Tribe, Bondeletiem.) 
 See Rondeletia. 
 
 R. amtx'na. See Rondeletia amaena. 
 
 — corda'ta. See Rondeletia cordata. 
 
 — ele'gans. See Rondeletia Roezlii. 
 
 — eleganti! gsitna. See Rondeletia gratis&iTmt. 
 
 — m^'^h^lla. h«e JiondeUti^ armma. 
 
 — MeTie^chjna. See Rondeletia amaena. 
 
 — Roe/zlii. See Rondeletia Roezlii. 
 
 — versi' color. See Rondeletia amcena. 
 
 Ro'hdea. (In honour of M. Bohde. 
 Nat. ord., LUiacece; Tribe, Aspidistrece.) 
 Greenhouse, almost aquatic. The name is 
 sometimes spelt Buodea. 
 
 R.japo'nica. Japan. 1865. Syn., Orontium 
 japonieum, B. M. t. 898. There are three 
 variegated-leaved varieties. 
 
 Roller. This is best made of cast 
 iron, and may be had in various sizes, 
 the most useful having a diameter of 
 either sixteen, eighteen, twenty-two, or 
 twenty -four inches. The roller is best 
 used the day after a fall of rain. 
 
 Roiaanzo'ffia. (Named after Count 
 Bomanzov, a Russian nobleman. Nat. 
 ord., Hj/drophyllacece.) 
 
 Hardy pereiiniaJ herb, suitable for rockwork ; 
 it has much the appearance of a Saxifraga, and 
 requires the same treatment. 
 R. sUche'nsis. J. White. April. Sitcha. 1873. 
 B.M. t. 6109. 
 
 Ro'mneya, (Named after Bev. Dr. 
 T. Bomney Bobinson, an astronomer of 
 Armagh. Nat. ord., Papaveracece; 
 Tribe, BomneyecB. Allied to Platy- 
 stigma. ) 
 
 A fine and showy herbaceous perennial, which, 
 although half-hardy, thrives best and produces 
 larger and more abundant fiowers if kept in a 
 co(u greenhouse. Seeds sown in spring. Rich 
 sandy loam. Winter temp., 45° to 50". 
 R. Cou'lteri. 4. White. California. 1875. 
 Flor. Mag. t. 252. 
 
 Romu'lea. (In honour of Bomulus, 
 the reputed founder of Rome. Nat. 
 ord., Iridem ; Tribe, Ixiece.) 
 
 Greenhouse, or hardy bulbous plants. 
 R. buliocodioHdes. J. Greenish -yellow. June. 
 South Africa. 1810. Syn., TruHwnema 
 eaviescens. B. M. t. 1392. Green- 
 house. 
 
RON 
 
 [848] 
 
 ROO 
 
 M. BiMoco'dium. J. Yellow, violet. March. 
 South Europe. 1739. Syn., Ixia Bulbo- 
 eodium. B. M. t. 266. Hatdy. 
 
 — Colu'mme. J. Greenish, ■white. March. 
 
 Britain. Syn., Tricnonema Columnce. 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1492. 
 
 — cruda'ta. J. Boae. May. South Africa. 
 
 1758. Syn., Triehonema cruciatum. B. 
 M. t. 576. HaU-hardy. 
 
 — Mae&wa/ni. Golden yellow, tinged with red. 
 
 South Africa. 1887. G. C. 1887, i. p. 180, 
 f. 42. 
 
 — pu'diai. J. Pink, spotted with violet. Au- 
 
 gust. South Africa. 1808. Syn., Tri- 
 chonema pudicum. B. M. 1. 1244. Green- 
 house. 
 
 — ramiflo'ra. i-1. Yellow, lilac. May. Naples. 
 
 1830. Syn., Trichonema ramijlorum. 
 Swt. H. Gard. t. 596. Hardy. 
 
 — ro'sea. i. Bose, yellow. July. South 
 
 Africa. 1818. Syn., Trich<m&tna roeeum. 
 B. M. t. 1225. Greenhouse. 
 
 — ipecio'sa. J. Bose, yellow, violet. May. 
 
 South Africa. 1808. Syns. Bulbocodiujn 
 speciosuTn, Andr. Rep. 1. 170, Trichonemu 
 specwsnm, B. M. t. 1476, and Spatalan- 
 thus speeioms, Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 300. 
 Greenhouse. 
 
 Rondele'tia. (Named after W. 
 Rondelet, a Frenchman. Nat. ord., 
 MubiacecB ; Tribe, RondeletiecB.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Gutting of the points 
 of the shoots, getting slightly firm, in sand, under 
 a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; the glass being 
 raised at night, and in dull weather, to prevent 
 damping ; nbry peat and fibry loam, with enough 
 of sand, broken pots, and charcoal to insure 
 openness in the soil. Winter temp., 48° to 55° ; 
 summer, 60° to 85°. 
 
 Ji. amsrica'na. 10. White. August. W. Ind. 
 1752. 
 
 — amos'na. Pink. Guatemala. Syns., R, ver- 
 
 sicolor, JRogiera amcena, Rogiera Menech- 
 tna, Rogiera versicolor, Rogiera latifolia, 
 and Rogiera macrophylla. 
 
 — ano'mala. Bed, yellow. November. 
 
 — corda'ta. Pink. Guatemala. 1852. Syn., 
 
 Rogiera cordata. 
 
 — di'scolor. 6. Bed. New Grenada. 
 
 — erioca'rpa. Yellow. Columbia. 1867. Syn., 
 
 R. Purdiei. 
 
 — erythroneu'ra. Pink. Tropical America. 1850. 
 
 Syn., R. Backhousii. 
 
 — grati'ssima. Pink. Mexico. 1886. Syn., 
 Rogiera elegantissima, 
 
 ■ hirsu'ta. 5. Yellow. July. Jamaica. 1820. 
 Pink. July. Jamaica. 1770. 
 12. White. July. W. Ind. 
 
 — hi'rta. 10. 
 
 — laevigalta. 
 
 1790. 
 
 — laurifo'lia. 
 
 — longifio'ra. 
 
 flora. 
 
 — odo'rata. 
 
 1830. 
 
 5. White. July. Jamaica. 1824. 
 B. M. t. 3977. See Eijidsia longi- 
 
 3. Scarlet. June. W. Indies. 
 Syn., R. spedosa. B. C. 1. 1893. 
 
 ma'jor. 3. Scarlet. April. Havannah. 
 
 Syn., R. spedosa, var. major, 
 
 — panicula'ta. A synonym of Wendlandia pani- 
 
 culata. 
 
 — racemo'sa. 6. White. July. Jamaica. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — Roe'zlii. Bose. Guatemala. 1849. Syn., 
 
 Rogiera Roezlii. 
 
 — ro'sea. Pink. New Grenada. 1859. 
 
 — specio'sa. B. C. t. 1893. See R. odorata. 
 ma'jor. See R. odorata, var. major. 
 
 — thyrsoi'dea. 6. White. July. Jamaica. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — tomento'sa.. 6. White. Jnly. Jamaica. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — versicolor. B. M. t. 4679. See R. amoena. 
 
 Bonnbe'rgia. (Named after M. 
 Bonnberg, director of agriculture and 
 horticulture to the Minister of the In- 
 terior of Belgium. Nat. ord., Brome- 
 liacecB ; Tribe, Bromeliece. ) 
 
 Stove perennial. A very distinct and remark- 
 able genus among Bromeliads on account of its 
 stalked, entire leaves. For cultivation, see BiL- 
 
 BJSRGIA. 
 
 R. columbia'na. 1. Dark blue, white. Colum- 
 bia. Syn., Billbergia colurribiana. 
 
 — Morrenialna. Blue, white. Columbia. 1874. 
 HI. Hort. 1874, 1. 177. 
 
 Roots are either annual, biennial, or 
 perennial ; but in all roots, and under 
 any mode of management, the fibrous 
 parts (radiculse) are strictly annual ; 
 they decay as winter approaches, and 
 are produced with the returning vigour 
 of their parent in the spring. Hence 
 the reason that plants are transplanted 
 with most success during the season of 
 their decay; for, as the root almost 
 exclusively imbibes nourishment by 
 means of these fibres, so in proportion 
 as they are injured by removal is the 
 plant deprived of the means of sup- 
 port : that sap which is employed m 
 the formation of new fibres would have 
 served to increase the size of other 
 parts. 
 
 Roots always travel in the direction 
 where most food is to be obtained ; 
 therefore, for carrots and parsnips, let 
 a little manure be turned in with the 
 bottom spit when the ground is trenched 
 for them. So, if it be desirable to pre- 
 vent the roots of any plant travelling in 
 a certain direction, the soil on that side 
 should be excavated, and the cavity 
 refilled with sand, or some other unfer- 
 tile soil, whilst the soil on those sides of 
 the plant whither the roots are desired 
 to tend should be made as fertile as is 
 permissible with its habits. 
 
 Whatever causes an excessive de- 
 velopment of root prevents the produc- 
 tion of seed ; and vice versA, the pro- 
 duction of seed, especially in tuberous- 
 rooted plants, reduces the amount of 
 root developed. Thus, frequent trans- 
 planting the young plants of the lettuce, 
 brocoli, and cauliflower causes the pro- 
 duction of numerous fibrous roots, and 
 is found effective in preventing the 
 mature plants advancing early to seed. 
 
 The early varieties of the potato do 
 not naturally produce seed ; but if their 
 tubers are removed as soon as they are 
 formed, these early varieties blossom 
 and bear seed as freely as the later 
 kinds, a fact suggesting many experi- 
 ments to the cultivator of shy-blooming 
 tuberous-rooted flowers. Again, if the 
 blossoms of these later varieties are 
 
EOO 
 
 [849] 
 
 ROS 
 
 plucked off as they appear, the weight 
 of tubers produced will be very mate- 
 rially increased. 
 
 Root-pruning, first adopted as a 
 systematic practice by Mr. Errington, 
 has for its object a check to over-luxu- 
 riance. This it does effectually, for 
 such excess of growth arises from the 
 roots imbibing too much food. By 
 pruning, and thus reducing their nuni- 
 ber, therefore, we reduce their imbibing 
 power ; and it is found that such pruning 
 checks the production of leaf-buds, and 
 will cause any kind of fruit-tree to pro- 
 duce blossom-buds, provided the tree is 
 healthy, and that its barrenness arises 
 from over-luxuriance. To know what 
 proportion of the roots to cut away, we 
 may suppose the trees thrown into three 
 classes. First, trees of moderate luxu- 
 riance ; second, those which may be 
 termed robust ; third, those of gross 
 habit. To give a further idea, we would 
 say that the first class will make young 
 shoots, on an average, a foot in length ; 
 those of the second two feet ; and the 
 third nearly, or quite, three feet: the 
 latter, indeed, frequently burst into 
 lateral or side-shoots from the young 
 shoots of the same season. 
 
 From the first class, therefore, we 
 advise the cutting away about a sixth 
 part of the roots ; from the second class 
 a fourth part ; and from the third class 
 a third part. It must be borne in mind 
 that the extremities of the roots alone 
 should "be cut off, for while we advocate 
 this mutilation, we equally advocate the 
 preservation of the surface roots by 
 every possible means ; naj^, more than 
 that, we recommend their encourage- 
 ment by extra appliances of manure to 
 the surface-soil. 
 
 Ro'pala. See Eoupala. 
 
 Ro'sa. Kose. (From the Celtic rhod, 
 red ; prevailing colour. Nat. ord., Rosa- 
 cece ; Tribe, BoseoB. ) 
 
 For culture, see Rose. A classification of this 
 genus, by J. G. Baker, F.R.S., will be found in 
 the " Journal of Botany," 1885, p. 281; and 
 another by M. Cr^pin in the .Journal of the 
 Eoyal Horticultural Society, xi. p. 217 (1889). 
 R. abyssi'nica. White. June. Abyssinia. 
 
 — acicula'ris. 6. Blush. June. Siberia. 1806. 
 
 — a'lba. 4. White. J« e. South Europe. 
 
 1697. 
 
 — alvi'na. 5. Blush. June. South Europe. 
 
 1683. B. E. t. •124. 
 
 -. gloWsa ; heUebo'rina ; hispid^lla ;lalvis ; 
 
 lagena'ria; pilo'iv,la; pimpinellifo'lia; 
 pyrifo'rmis; seto'sa; sorbine'lla; suave'o- 
 lens; turbinaJta. 
 
 — amemoTueJlt/ra. See S. indica, Tar. anerrwnte- 
 
 flora. 
 ■^ anxerime/oflia. 10. White. Summer. Orient. 
 
 — ane'tmn. B. M. t. 2064 See S. repme. 
 
 E. Ba'nksiai. 20. White. June. China. 1807. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1964. 
 lu'tea. Pale buff. June. China. 1807. 
 
 — Beggeria'na. 6. White. Summer. Afghani- 
 
 stan. 1888. 
 
 — berberifo'lia. See R. simplidfolia. 
 
 — bla'nda. 1-3. Rose. May. N. America. 
 
 Syn., R. fraxmifolia, B. R. t. 468. 
 
 — Borre'ri. 6. Pale red. June. Britain. 
 
 — bractea'ta. 2. White. July. China. 1796. 
 
 B. M. t. 1377. 
 scabriu'scula. 2. White. July. China. 
 
 — bracte' scene. A synonym of R. cariifolia. 
 
 — Snmo'nii. B. M. t. 4030. See R. moschata. 
 
 — byzanti'na. Constantinople. 1888. 
 
 — cassia. See R. canina, var. c(Bsia. 
 
 — cani'na. 8. Pale red. June. Britain. 
 
 adphy'lla. 8. Pink. June. Britain. 
 
 mgypti'aca. 8. Pink. June. Egypt. 
 
 borbania'na. 8. Purple. June. Bourbon. 
 
 cce!sia. 6. Pink, white. July. Scotland. 
 
 dumet&rum. 5. Pink. June. England. 
 
 fastigia'ta. France. 
 
 ForsWri. 6. Pink. June. Britain. 
 
 fruMo'ntm. 6. Pink. June. Volhynia. 
 
 1818. 
 
 - glaitce'scens. 
 ■ Hetsch&ldi. 
 
 - Meratia'na. 
 
 - imcroea'rpa. 
 
 - ni'tens. 8. 
 
 8. June. France. 
 Seedling variety. 1889. 
 8. France. 
 France. 
 June. 
 
 nu'da. 6. Pink. June. Britain. 
 
 obtusifo'lia. 8. June. 
 
 Schottia'na. 8. June. Podolia. 
 
 squarro'sa. Germany. 
 
 surculo'sa. 4. I>ink. June. Britain. 
 
 — Carolina, 6. Crimson. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1726. 
 
 — cauca'sea. 20. Red. June. Iberia. 1798. 
 
 — cerdiifo'lia. 3. " Pink. June. Caucasus. 1596. 
 crista'ta. 3. Pink. June. France. 
 
 1833. B. M. t. 3476. 
 
 musco'sa. 3. White, red. June. 
 
 musco'sa-crista'ta. White, red. June. 
 
 France. 
 pmnpo'n'M. 2. White, red. June. 
 
 — cinn^mi&'mea. 6. Pink. May. Europe. 
 dahu'rka. 6. Red. June. Dahuria. 
 
 1824. Syn., R. dahurica. 
 
 Tnaja'lis. 3. Pale red.' May. Britain. 
 
 Syn., R. majalis. 
 
 — dahu'rica. See R. cinnamomea, var. dahurica. 
 
 — damasce'na. 3. Pink. June. Syria. 1573. 
 variega'ta. Leaflets variegated. 
 
 — Dicks&ni. White. June. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — Donia'na. See R. involuta, var. Sabini. 
 ho'rrida. 4. Pink. June. 
 
 — dumeto'rum. A variety of R. canina. 
 
 — E'coE. Golden. Summer. Afghanistan. 
 
 — Sglante'ria of Linnaeus, see R. lutea ; of 
 Miller, see R. rubiginosa. 
 Zma'nni. Colorado. Gard. and For. 
 1889, p. 376, flg. 121. 
 
 — Fendle'ri. Rose. Mexico. 1888. Probably 
 
 a form of R. blanda. 
 —fe'rox. B. R. t. 420. See R. rugosa. 
 ni'tens. See R. rugosa, var. nitens. 
 
 — Forste'ri. See R. canina, var. Forsteri. 
 
 — Fortunea'na. White. June. China. 1846. 
 
 Fl. Ser. t. 361. A yellow form is figured 
 
 in B. M. t. 4679. 
 — framnifo'lia. B. B. t. 468. See R. blanda. 
 —fruteto'rum. See R. canina, var. frutetorum. 
 
 — ga'lliea. 2. Pink. June. South Europe. 
 
 1596. 
 
 — A'gatha. Purple. 
 
 cmidito'rum. Asia Minor. 1889. 
 
 inape'rta. White rose. Vilmorin Rose. 
 
 indrmis. Purple. 
 
 parvifo'lia. 1. Purple, June. Europe. 
 
 provinaaHis. White, pink. France 
 
 .Syn., R. provineialis. 
 
 3l 
 
EOS 
 
 850] 
 
 EOS 
 
 R. ga'llica, pu'mila. J. Eed. June. Austria. 
 
 1810. 
 trigmtipe^takt. Kazanlick. 1888. 
 
 — giga'ntea. White. Burniah, Siam. 1888. 
 
 The single flowers are often five inches 
 
 in diameter. 
 I— glutino'sa. Pale blush. June. Candia. 1821. 
 ^ Godefro'yce. White. Persia. 1886. 
 
 — gra'cilis." See R. inwluta, var. Sabini. 
 
 •— grandiflo'ra. i. White. May. Siberia. 
 
 1818. B. R. t. 888. 
 r~ gymnoca'rpa. 1-4. Red. June. California. 
 
 — Hackelia'na. Pink. June. South Europe. 
 
 — hemisphce!riea. 3. Yellow. July. Orient. 
 
 1629. Syn., R. sulphurea. B. E. t. 46. 
 
 — hiie'rnica. 4. Blush. August. Ireland. 
 
 — hi'spida. 3. White, tinged with yellow. 
 
 June. 1780. B. M. t. 1570. Syn., 
 
 R. lutescens. 
 I— hu'milis. Pale blush. -Summer. North 
 
 America. 
 trilo'ba. Petals three-lobed. Gard. and 
 
 For. 1889, p. 76, fig. 93. 
 
 — hy'strix. See R. sinica. 
 
 — ibe'rica. 6. Pink. June. Iberia. 1820. 
 
 — indica. 4-20. Red. All seasons. " Native 
 
 country not clearly known." — Baker. 
 
 1789. Common China, or Monthly Rose. 
 
 Numerous hybrids have been raised from 
 
 thls_, such as— 6or6o'7iica, Nouettea'TUi, 
 
 reclina'ta, ru'ga, Temauixia'na, etc. 
 . anemoruBflo'ra. 8. Pale blush. June. 
 
 China. 1846. Syn., R, anemonceflora. 
 
 caryophy'Ua. Rose. 
 
 crue'nta. Blood-red. 
 
 fio're ple'TU). Double-flowered. 
 
 ■ — frii'gra-ns. Rose ; semi-double-flowered. 
 
 Sweet-scented Chinese Rose. 
 l.ongifo'lia. 5. Pink. June. China. 
 
 — . 'm£nmm. Syns., R. La/wrenceana, B. R. 
 
 t. 538, and R. sffmp&rfloreng, var. minima, 
 
 B. M. t. 1762. The double-flowered 
 
 form is known as the " Fairy Rose." 
 nivea. 3. White, red. July. Gardens. 
 
 1831. 
 ochroleu'ca, 2. Cream. June. China. 
 
 1824. 
 odoraii'ssima. 3. Pale pink. June. 
 
 China. 1810. 
 
 panno'sa. Purple rose. 
 
 pu'mila. 1. Pink. July. China. 
 
 semperflo'rene. Purple. Syn., R, semper- 
 
 Jlorens. B. M. t. 284. 
 
 — iiiterm£!dia. White. China. 1868. 
 
 — involucra'ta. 3. White. July. India. 1808. 
 
 B. R. t. 739. 
 
 — involu'ta. 2. Pale red. June. Scotland. 
 SaWni. 8. Pale pink. June. Britain. 
 
 Syns., M. Doniwna and R. gracilis. 
 
 Wils&ni. 3. Dark pink. June. Britain. 
 
 Eng. Hot. ed. 3, t. 464. Syns., R. Wilsoni. 
 
 — Iwa'ra. White. Japan. 1861. Syn., R. 
 
 Yvaara. 
 
 — kamtscha'tica. B. M. t. 3149. See R. rugosa, 
 
 var. hamtschatica. 
 
 — Klu'kii. 6. Pink. July. Tauria. 1S19. 
 
 — Ifemga'ta. See R. sinica. 
 
 — Lawrencea'TM. B. R. t. 538. See R. indiea, 
 
 var. minima. 
 
 — la'xa. 3. Wliite, yellowish. July. Siberia. 
 
 — Li'ndleyi. Red. July, N. Amer. 
 
 — lu'cida. 4. Red. July. N Amer. 1724. 
 
 — lu'tea. 3. Yellow. June. Germany. 1696. 
 
 B. M. t. 363. 
 puni'cea. 3. Yellow, scarlet. June. 
 
 Austria. 1696. 
 subru'bra. 4. Yellow, red. June. 
 
 — lute'scens. See R. hispida. 
 
 — macrovhy'lla. 6. Eed. June. Temperate 
 
 Himalayas and China. 
 
 — maja'lis. See R. dnnamamea, var. majalis. 
 
 — miera'mtha. Pale red. June. Britain. 
 
 R. microca'rpa. 10. White. July. China. 
 1822. 
 
 — microphy'lla. 3. Blush. September. China. 
 
 1828. B. R. t. 919. 
 a'lba. 3. White. 
 
 — Tninutifolia. Pink or white. California. 
 
 1888. Gard. and For., 1888, i. p. 102, 
 f. 22. 
 
 — mo'llis. 6. Eed. June. Caucasus. 1818. 
 
 Syn., R. mollis»vma: 
 
 pow,i'/era. Eed. Summer. 1886. Syn., 
 
 R. pomifera. 
 
 — molKssima, Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 466. See R. 
 
 mollis. 
 
 — monta'na. 6. Whitish to rose. Summer. 
 
 South Europe. 
 
 — Montezu'm^. 3. Pale red. June. Mexico. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — moscha'ta. 12. White. August. Bombay. 
 
 1696. Jacq. H. Schoenb. iii. t. 280. 
 
 — muHiJMra. 12. Eed. June. China. 1822. 
 
 Syn., R. polycmtha. 
 
 Bowrsau'ltii. 12. Pink. June. 
 
 ca'mea. Eed. June. China. 1822. 
 
 Grevillei. 20. Purple. June. China. 
 
 1824. Seven-sisters. 
 Russellia'na. 
 
 — myriaca'ntha. See R. spijiosissiina, var. 
 
 — Niphe'tos stria'ta. Garden variety. 1888. 
 
 — ni'tida. 2. Eed. July. N. America. 1807. 
 
 — nutka'na. 6. Pale to bright red, June. 
 
 Nootka Sound. 
 
 — (mii'ssa. Eose. France. 1888. 
 
 — orienta'le. Eose. June. Orient. 
 
 — parmfio'ra. 2. Flesh-coloured. July, North 
 
 America. 1724. B. R. t. 462. 
 
 — phoeni'cea. White. June. Orient. 
 
 — pim.pineUi/o'lia, See R. spinosissima, 
 
 — viaoca'rpa. Eose, July, California. 1877. 
 
 B. M. t. 6867. 
 
 — Pissa'rdi. 20. White. Persia. 1880. 
 
 — platyphjflla. 1886. A broad-leaved form of 
 
 R. multifiora, 
 
 — polya'ntha. See R. multijlora. 
 
 — provinda'lis B. M. t. 407. See R. galliM't 
 
 var. provindalis, 
 
 — pulcMlla. 2. Eed. June. 1824. 
 
 — Ra'pa. 4, Red, July. North America. 
 
 — reopens. 8. White, yellow, June. Europe. 
 
 Syn., R. arvensis. 
 
 — Anderso'nii. Pale flesh-coloured. June, 
 
 Britain, Syn., B. arvensis, var. Ander- 
 sonii. 
 
 — • capreola'ta. 20. White. August. Scot- 
 
 land. Syn., R. Ayrshirea. Ayrshire 
 Rose. 
 
 — reve^rsa. See R. spinQsisHma, var. reversa. 
 
 — ruhe'lla. 4. Pale or deep red. June. Eu- 
 
 rope. Varieties of this are : — gefntilis, 
 reve'rsa, and stri'cta. 
 
 — rvitif&lia. 6, Pale red. August. N. Amer. 
 
 — rubigino'sa. 5, Pink, June. Britain. Eg- 
 
 lantine or Sweetbriar. Syn., R. Eglan- 
 teria of Miller. Forms of this are:— 
 aculeaWssima, fiexao'sa, grandijlo'ra, 
 Liio'nii, mu'jor, nemora'lis, parv^fo'liU', 
 pu'bera, rotimd\fo'lia. Germany, spi- 
 Tvulif&lia, umbella'ia. Germany. Vail- 
 lantia'na. White, 
 
 — rubri/o'lia. 6, Red, June, South Europe. 
 
 1814. B. R. t. 430. 
 
 feTiestra'lis. See R. setigera. 
 
 hispi'dvla. Eed. June. 1822. 
 
 ine rrms. Purple. June. Switzerland. 
 
 pinnati'fida. Purple. June. Switzer- 
 land. 
 
 Redoutefa, 3, Pale red, June. 
 
 — rugo'sa. 4. Eed. June. Japan. 1846. 
 
 Syn., R.feroic, B. R. t. 420. 
 
 caloca'rpa. Garden variety. 1891. Rev. 
 
 Hort. 1891, p. 129, fig. 36. 
 
ROS 
 
 [851] 
 
 KOS 
 
 B. rugo'sa fimbria'ta. Garden hybrid. 1890. 
 
 Bev. Hort. 1890, p. 427, fig. ISl. 
 kamtscha'tica. 3. Hed. July. Kamt- 
 
 schatka. 17Q1. Syn., R. kamtsehatica, 
 
 B. M. t. 3149. 
 ni'tens. Eed. July. 1S32. Syn., B. 
 
 kamtsdiatica, var. nitens, B. E. t. 824. 
 
 — _f_*p-^,^^j^ I^See B. involuta, var. Sabini. 
 
 — sangmsorbifo'lia. See B. svinoHssima. 
 
 — mrmenta'cea. 6. Pink. June. Britain. 
 
 — semperfl&rens. B. M. t. 284. See B. indica, 
 
 var. semperflorens. 
 
 — sempervi'rens. 20. White. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1629. 
 LeschenauUia'na. 60. Violet. June. 
 
 Neilgherry. 
 
 prosira'ta. White, or pale red. 
 
 sca!ndens. Climbing. 
 
 — se'pium. 3. Pink. June. Britain. 
 
 — seri'cea. White, or pink, or pale straw- 
 
 coloured. May. India. 1822. B. M. 
 t. 5200. 
 
 — seti'gera. 20. Bose, changing to white. 
 
 June. North America. Syn., B. rubri- 
 folia. Tar. fenestralis. 
 
 — Shera'rdi. 6. Pink. June. England. A 
 
 form of B. tomentosa. 
 
 — simplicifo'lia. 3. Deep yellow, with a crim- 
 
 son spot at the base of each petsil. 
 June. Siberia and Persia. 1790. Syns., 
 Bosa lerberyfolia, B. M. t. 7096, Hulthei- 
 mia berberi/olia, and Lawea berberifolia, 
 B. R. 1. 1261. 
 
 — si'niea. White. June. China. J.769. B.M. 
 
 t. 2847. Syn., B. laevigata. Cherokee 
 B«se. 
 hy'strix. Purple. Syn., B. hystrix. 
 
 — splnosi'ssima. 4. White or pink. May. 
 
 Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 461. Syns., 
 
 B. pimpinellifolia and B. sanguisorbi- 
 
 folia. Burnet or Scotch Bose. 
 alia'ica. 4. White. May. Siberia. 
 
 1818. Syn., B. grandiflora, B. B. t. 888. 
 arge'ntea. White. Syn., B. hispida, 
 
 var. argentea, B. M. 1. 1570. 
 Tnyriaea'ntha. 1. White. May. France. 
 
 1820. Syn., B. myriacantha. 
 revefrm. Pale yellow. June. Hungary. 
 
 1816. B. M. t. 431. Syn., B. reversa. 
 
 — stylo' sa. Europe. 
 
 — suav^olens. Pmk. June. North America. 
 
 1800. American Sweetbriar. A form of 
 B. rubiginosa. 
 
 — sua'mn. 4. Purple. June. 1818. 
 
 — sulphu'rea. 4. Yellow. July. Levant. 1629. 
 
 — sylve'stris. See B. tomentosa. 
 
 — sy'siyla. 6. Pink. June. Britain. 
 
 — tau'rica. 6. Bed. June. 
 
 — tomento'sa. 6. Bed, white. June. Britain. 
 
 Ene. Bot. ed. 3, t. 467. Syns., B. Sherardi 
 and B. sylvestris. 
 scabriu'saila. 6. Pink. June. Britain. 
 
 — turbiTui'ta. 5. Bed. June. Germany. 1629. 
 Francofurta'na. 5. Bose, purple, June. 
 
 FranMort. 
 Orbessa'nea. 4. Bose-ooloured. June. 
 
 — mllo'sa. 6. Eed. June. Britain. 
 
 pmni'fera. Eed. June. Europe. 
 
 resino'sa. Eed. June. Ireland. 
 
 — Webbia'na, 6. Pink. June. Himalaya. 
 
 — Wichuraia'na. White. Japan. Gard. and 
 
 For. 1891, iv. p. 569, flg. 89. 
 
 — WUso'ni. See J!, involuta, var. WUsoni. 
 
 — Woo'dsii. 3. Pink, Spring. Missouri. 
 
 B. E. t. 976. 
 
 Rosano'wia. (After Serge Rosa- 
 
 now. Nat. ord., Gesneraeece; Tribe, 
 
 Gemerem.) A synonym of Sinningia. 
 
 B. canspi'eua. Gfl. t. 712. See Sinningia con- 
 
 spieaa. 
 
 B. hy'brida. A garden hybrid. 1885. 
 
 — oma'ta. White, rose, greenish-yellow. Fl. 
 
 Ser. t. 2423-4. This is a hybrid derived 
 from Sinningia conspieua. 
 
 Rosche'ria. (Derivation not stated. 
 Nat. ord., Palmece; Tribe, Arecece.) 
 
 Stove palm, recjuiring the same treatment as 
 Phienix. 
 B. melanochoeftes. 25. Seychelles. 1871. Syn., 
 
 Verschaffeltia melanochoetes. 111. Hort. 
 
 1871, p. 64. 
 
 Rosco'ea. (Named after Mr. Boscoe, 
 the founder of the Liverpool Botanic 
 Garden. Nat. ord., ScitaminetB ; Tribe, 
 ZingiberecB. ) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials, all but one pur- 
 ple-flowered, and all natives of Nepaul. Division 
 in spring ; sandy loam and leaf -mould. Winter 
 tomp., 48° to 65° ; summer, 60° to 75°. 
 B. capita'ta. 1. July. 1819. 
 
 — ela'tior, J 
 
 — gra'cilis. f See Cautleya lutea. 
 
 — lu'tea. J 
 
 — purpvfrea. 1. July. 1820. B. M. t. 4630. 
 sikkime'nm. A colour variety. 1890. 
 
 — spica'ta. 1. July. 1820. Now known as 
 
 Cautleya spicata. 
 
 Rose. Bo'sa. 
 
 Propagation. — Most kinds of roses can 
 be propagated by cuttings. By tliis 
 method we only obtain dwarfs ; yet, as 
 many sorts do oest on their own roots, 
 the China and Tea-scented for instance, 
 for these we must adopt cuttings. The 
 best time for making the cuttings is in 
 AprU. 
 
 Cuttings in Pots. — The most conve- 
 nient-sized ^ots are five inches across ; 
 fill them with moderately rich, light 
 earth, press it firmly down, then fill the 
 pots quite up to the rim with silver 
 sand, or with finely sifted river sand ; 
 give a gentle watering from a fine-rosed 
 watering-pot, then cut the cuttings into 
 lengths of about four inches, remove aU 
 the leaves except those belonging to the 
 top buds, make the cut very smooth 
 across, just under the lowest bud ; the 
 cutting is then ready to be planted. 
 Have a small stick about as thick as a 
 quill, and thrust it into the soil just the 
 depth of the cutting, so as to leave the 
 top bud out ; close the earth firmly to 
 the bottom of the cutting with the 
 stick ; place the cuttings close to the 
 edge of the pots, with the leaves of all 
 pointing inwards ; then close up the 
 holes with a little of the sand, and give 
 a gentle watering. The best situation 
 to place the pots is in a pit, with hand- 
 glasses over them. If you have not that 
 convenience, plimge the pots in coal- 
 ashes on a shady border, covering them 
 with hand-glasses. Shift into larger 
 pots as theji require. 
 
 Cuttings in the Open Ground. — Choose 
 a shady border, next a low wall or hedge 
 
EOS 
 
 [852] 
 
 EOS 
 
 '—the latter to be close-clipped with the 
 garden-shears. Let the soil be well dug 
 and chopped small, and the surface 
 raked very fine ; then pour some water 
 upon it, and let it stand a day, to be- 
 come moderately dry again. Prepare 
 the cuttings as above directed, and 
 always e^xpose the cuttings as little as 
 possible to the sun and air ; they may 
 be preserved fresh by having a little 
 lamp moss or hay at hand to cover them 
 with as soon as they are prepared. 
 When a sufficient number are ready, 
 open a trench with a small spade at the 
 end of the border. Chop the side of the 
 trench furthest from you straight down 
 just a sufficient depth to leave the top- 
 most bud and leaf out of the soil ; then 
 place the cuttings against this upright 
 bank about three inches apart. When 
 the row is filled with cuttings, with 
 your spade put the soil against the cut' 
 tings, and with your foot tread it firmly 
 to them. Take great care that the soil 
 is quite close and firm around each. 
 Then fill up level with the top of the 
 row of cuttings another portion of soil, 
 until there is a bank of earth six inches 
 distant from the first row. Chop down 
 the outermost edge of the soil, so as to 
 leave another upright bank to set the 
 second row of cuttings against, and so 
 proceed from row to row, till you have 
 filled the space set apart for this pur- 
 pose. Examine a few of them occa- 
 sionally after about six weeks, and if 
 they are rooted, lift them carefully with 
 a trowel or small spade, and either pot 
 them or plant them out in rows in a 
 more open situation. By the autumn 
 following they will be nice plants, and 
 may be planted in the situation where 
 they are to grow and flower. 
 
 By Suckers. — Koses send up many 
 suckers annually, which may be taken 
 up in autumn, winter, or early spring, 
 with some rootlets attached ; and the 
 strongest may be planted out finally, 
 and the weakest in the nursery for a 
 year or two longer. They will readily 
 grow, and will most of them produce 
 flowers the following summer. When 
 rose-trees have grown into large bunches, 
 with many suckers, the whole may be 
 taken up and slipped, or divided into 
 separate plants. The Moss and some 
 others furnish suckers but sparingly. 
 
 By Layers. — To obtain shoots for 
 layering, a quantity of rose-trees should 
 be planted for stools, which, being 
 headed down low, will throw out shoots 
 abundantly, near the ground, in sum- 
 mer, for layering in autumn or winter 
 following. (See Layering.) They 
 
 will be rooted by next autumn, and fit 
 for transplantation in nursery rows, 
 though sometimes the moss rose and 
 some others require two years before 
 they are tolerably well rooted ; but of 
 these sorts you may also try layers of 
 the shoots of the year, layered in sum- 
 mer, any time in June. They will pro- 
 bably root a little the same season. The 
 layers of all the sorts, after being pro- 
 perly rooted, should be taken up in 
 autumn and planted in the nursery, tO' 
 have one or two years' growth. 
 
 By Budding. — See Budding and 
 Grafting. 
 
 Soil and Situation. — The best soil is a, 
 rather strong loam : the deeper it is the 
 better. It should be well-drained. Such 
 land as will grow good wheat or good 
 hops will grow fine roses. Next, it 
 should be rich to grow them fine : if not 
 already so, it ought to have thoroughly 
 decayed dung added to it. A portion of 
 super-phosphate of lime (bones dissolved 
 in oil of vitriol) will be of great benefit 
 to them — a manure that may be had of 
 any respectable manure-dealer. The 
 rose-garden ought to open to the south 
 and east, but be sheltered from the 
 north and north-west winds. Tall beech 
 or horn-beam hedges are the best shelter 
 against gales blowing from those points. 
 Roses should not be planted so near 
 trees as to be overhung by them, as the 
 drip from the trees will prevent them 
 from thriving, and injure the flowers. 
 
 Planting. — The best season is the 
 early part of November. They will 
 succeed tolerably even to the middle of 
 March, but not so well as in the autumn. 
 If you have to procure them from a 
 distant nursery, and they are some time 
 out of the ground, make a puddle of 
 earth and water of nearly the con- 
 sistence of paint. Dip tlie roots in 
 this puddle, and plant them imme- 
 diately. Should the border intended for 
 the rose be long and narrow, plant the 
 taUest standards in the back row, the 
 next size in the second, and the half- 
 standards in the third, and the dwarfs 
 in the front row. 
 
 Autumn Pruning: Summer Roses. — ' 
 Provence, including the Moss Hose. — 
 These require to be pruned to three or 
 four eyes, according to the strength of 
 the shoots. Damask. — These require to 
 be pruned according to the strength of 
 the growth of the different varieties. 
 Madam Hardy, for instance, is a strong 
 grower, and ought to be left with shoots 
 of six eyes. White Dawaak. — This spe- 
 cies should be pruned similarly to the 
 Damask. Galhca, or French. — Some of 
 
ROS 
 
 [853] 
 
 ROS 
 
 these are very strong growers, and must 
 be cut accordingly. Some shoots, in 
 
 f;ood soil, will grow three or four feet 
 ong. Those shoots are often pithy and 
 green, and ought to be cut clean out, 
 and the rest shortened to one foot or 
 eighteen inches, according to their 
 strength. Hybrid, Provence. — They 
 ^row naturally in compact heads and 
 many branches, and should be pruned 
 by thinning out about one-third of the 
 shoots, and shortening the rest to six or 
 eight eyes. Hybrid, Chinese. — The 
 strong growers, Brennus for instance, 
 must be cut to eight or nine eyes ; 
 whUst the Beauty of Billard is a weak 
 grower, and should be cut to two or 
 three eyes, and half the shoots entirely 
 cut away. Scotch. — All that these re- 
 quire is to have half of the shoots 
 thinned out, and those that are left cut 
 to half their length. Climbing. — These 
 require a different mode of pruning to 
 all other roses. We shall describe it as 
 the spur system. Train in young shoots 
 during the summer ; in the autumn 
 shorten those shoots one-fourth of their 
 length — that is, supposing the shoot is 
 four feet long, cut one foot of it off, and 
 so reduce it to three feet, and in the 
 same proportion for longer shoots. The 
 shoots will then, during the summer, 
 produce side-shoots ; these are the spurs. 
 In the month of March following, take 
 the shoots off the trellis walls or pillars, 
 prune the spurs into two or three eyes, 
 and then tie or nail them up again neatly 
 to the supporters. 
 
 Autumn Pruning: Autumn Moses. — 
 Macartney.— The Macartney rose itself 
 requires very little pruning : but the 
 Maria Leonidas requires pruning freely, 
 shortening the strong shoots to eight or 
 nine eyes, and the weak ones to three 
 or four. Damask Perpetuals and Hybrid 
 Perpetuals are mostly weak growers, 
 and should be cut into four or five eyes, 
 and a third of the shoots cut clean away. 
 Bourbons and Noisettes are middling 
 growers, and should be pruned mode- 
 rately; strong shoots to be cut to five 
 or six eyes, and the weak ones to three 
 or four. China and Tea-scented. — Most 
 of these are rather tender; consequently, 
 the wood does not ripen to any length. 
 They should, therefore, be pruned close. 
 If they are planted against a wall they 
 may be pruned longer, as the wood then 
 becomes firmer and better ripened. 
 Prune those in the open air, both 
 standards and dwarfs, to two or three 
 eyes, those on walls to six or seven, in 
 proportion to their strength. 
 Summer Pruning. — It often happens. 
 
 where the roses are growing in good 
 
 f round, that some of them produce 
 ranches that grow so strong and fast 
 as to rob the rest of their due support. 
 These branches are what the French 
 call gourmands, which may be Eng- 
 lished gluttons. Only stop these at first, 
 and wait until the autumn before you 
 cut them clean off. When the rose-trees 
 throw out a great number of shoots 
 equally strong, and they appear to be 
 crowded, prune away about one-third of 
 them, but do not shorten any of the 
 others, as that wUl cause them to send 
 out a quantity of small, weak shoots, 
 which will injure the flowers the follow- 
 ing season. 
 
 Boses in Pots. — Procure some pots 
 that are well cleaned, or, what is' better 
 still, quite new; and 24's are a very 
 convenient size to commence with. 
 Worked roses are preferable, for pot 
 purposes, to those grown on their own 
 roots ; therefore select such as are dwarf 
 standards only, and worked close to the 
 collar, so that when the rose is potted 
 the stem is scarcely visible. Tea, China, 
 and Bourbon, or their hybrids, are better 
 suited for forcing and pot plants than 
 Noisette and Hybrid perpetuals ; the 
 two last-named classes of roses grow 
 to greater perfection in the open air. 
 Amongst Tea Poses select Saffrano, 
 Devomensis, Comte de Paris, Nephetos, 
 and Princess Clementine. Mrs. Bosan- 
 quet. Duchess of Kent, with a few others, 
 amongst Chmas; Souvenir de Mal- 
 maison, Leveson Gower, and Dupetit 
 Thouars, amongst Bourbons. Of the 
 above Souvenir de Malmaison is un- 
 rivalled as a pot rose. Having selected 
 plants, lose no time ; but before the 
 roots have got dry, pot them (having 
 first pruned the strong roots) in a mix- 
 ture of half yellow loam, and the rest 
 old cow-dung, leaf-mould, and sand in 
 equal parts ; but a greater proportion of 
 loam may be added with advantage, 
 should the rose to be potted be a Bour- 
 bon or Hybrid perpetual. The plants 
 being potted in October, place them on 
 ashes under a north wall, in some shel- 
 tered part of the garden, until the frosts 
 compel them to be put in cold pits, keep- 
 ing them, since their being repotted, as 
 dry as can be to prevent growth, but not 
 sufficiently so as to cause the plants to 
 flag, or their roots to get quite dry. 
 Then, about the commencement of De- 
 cember, prune all that you intend bring- 
 ing into the greenhouse in the early 
 part of January, for blooming in May 
 and June, and stimulate them gently by 
 applying water at a temperature a few 
 
KOS 
 
 [854] 
 
 KOS 
 
 degrees warmer than the atmosphere of 
 the pit where they still are, so as when 
 they are introduced into the greenhouse 
 at the commencement of January, at a 
 medium temperature of 45°, they are 
 just beginning to push strongly. About 
 the commencement of February a little 
 more heat is to be given, and weak 
 liquid-manure is applied about twice a 
 week, which is strengthened as the 
 plants increase in vigour and have their 
 buds well set. About this time syring- 
 ing over-head with lukewarm water, or 
 steaming, may occasionally be had re- 
 course to, as it tends to give strength to 
 the plants, and keeps away the aphis 
 and other enemies. Lastly, when the 
 shoots are sufficiently long for the pur- 
 pose, they are to be gently brought down 
 to the sides of the pot, or staked to such 
 places as they are intended to occupy, 
 so as when the plants are ready for the 
 show, these appliances may be removed, 
 and the plant still preserve a round and 
 uniform appearance. It is necessary at 
 all times, when the temperature is at 
 50° or above, to give as much air as 
 possible ; and this may even be done 
 when a gentle fire is gomg. 
 
 Z)w«a«e«.— SeeExtravasated Sap, 
 Green Centre, Mildew, and Rose 
 Bust. 
 
 Insects.— See Aphis, Anisopia,and 
 Tortrix. 
 
 Rose Acacia. Bobi'nia hi'spida. 
 
 Rose Apple. Jambo'sa. 
 
 Rose Bay. EpUo'Mv/m angustifo'- 
 Imm. 
 
 Rose Campion. Ly'chnis. 
 
 Rosemary. Bosmari'mis officina'lis. 
 
 Varieties. — There are three varieties 
 — the green, golden-striped, and silver- 
 striped. The first is in general cultiva- 
 tion. 
 
 Soil. — It thrives best on a poor, light 
 soil mixed with old jnortar, or other 
 calcareous matters. In such, or when 
 the plants are self -raised on an old wall, 
 they will bear our severest winters ; but 
 in a rich soil they lose much of their 
 aromatic nature, and perish in frost. 
 For the green variety, the situation may 
 be open ; but the other two, being 
 tender, require to be planted beneath a 
 south wall, or in pots, to be sheltered in 
 winter. 
 
 Propagation is by cuttings and rooted 
 slips during any of the spring months, 
 or by layers in the summer ; but the 
 finest plants are raised by seed. By 
 layers is the best mode of propagating 
 thp gold and silver-striped varieties. 
 
 Sow in March, or early in April, in drills 
 half an inch deep and six inches apart. 
 The rooted slips, and the cuttings of the 
 young shoots, must be from five to seven 
 inches long, and planted in a shady 
 border, in rows eight or ten inches apart, 
 previously removing the leaves from the 
 lower two-thirds of their length. Layers 
 maybe formed by cutting youngbranches 
 half through on their under-side, and 
 pegging them down an inch or two below 
 the surface ; they become established 
 plants by autumn. Water must be ap- 
 plied abundantly at the time of planting, 
 and occasionally afterwards until estab- 
 lished. 
 
 Rose of Heaven. Ly'chnis cw'li- 
 ro'sa. 
 
 Rose of Jericho. Anasta'tica. 
 
 . Rose of the World. CamenUa 
 japo'nica ro'sa-mu'ndi. 
 
 Rose Root. Se'dum Bhodi'ola. 
 
 Rose Rust, and Brand. Roses 
 attacked with this disease present a 
 sickly yellow hue, and if the leaves are 
 examined in an early stage of the disease 
 their under sides will appear sprinkled 
 with yellow dust. In this stage the 
 disease is termed " Rust," at a later 
 period, black dots appear among the 
 yellow dust and constitute the stage of 
 the disease termed "Brand." These 
 appearances are due to a minute fungus. 
 Formerly the Rust and Brand were 
 thought to be produced by two distinct 
 species of fungus, and were even placed 
 in distinct genera ; but they are now 
 known to be but two phases of existence 
 of the same fungus, to which the name 
 Phragmi'dium mucrona'tum is given. 
 
 If the Brand be examined under a 
 microscope it will be found to consist of 
 a multitude of blackish, ob- 
 long, pointed, several-celled 
 bodies, borne on colourless 
 stalks as represented in our 
 engraving. The oblong body j 
 at length breaks up into as 
 many spores as it has cells. ' 
 After a shorter or longer 
 period, these spores germi- 
 nate, and develop a fine, 
 thread-like, branched myce- 
 lium. Upon short branches 
 of this mycelium are deve- 
 loped the minute round yellow spores, 
 which constitute what is called Bust. 
 When ripe, these spores become detached 
 from the mycelium; they soon germi- 
 nate and produce a fresh mycelium, 
 from which the Brand spores are deve- 
 loped, and thus the cycle completed. 
 
ROS [ 855 ] 
 
 The only remedy known to us is to 
 syringe the Rose trees with a very i5ne 
 hose, and then dust them well with 
 powdered sulphur. 
 
 Rose Snowball-Tree. Vibu'mum 
 
 o'pulus ro'seum. 
 
 Rosmari'nus. Rosemary. (From 
 ros, dew, and mariniis, of the sea ; mari- 
 time plants. Nat. ord., Labiatw; Tribe, 
 Mcmardem.) 
 
 Hardy eTergreens, purple-flowered, and na- 
 tives of the South of Europe. See Rosemary. 
 February. 1548. Sibth. Fl. 
 
 M. ojicina'lis. 4. 
 Gr. 1. 14. 
 
 -^ fo'liis-argelnteia. 4. March. 1648. 
 
 fofUis-tiM'reis. 12. February. 1648. 
 
 — lati/o'lius. 12. February. 1648. 
 
 Rostelle'ra, is a corruption of Rot- 
 tlera. See Mallotus. 
 
 Rotation of Crops. There are 
 three circumstances to be regarded in 
 regulating the order in which crops 
 should follow each other: — 1. Each crop 
 should be as dissimilar as possible from 
 its predecessor. 2. The exuviae of the 
 preceding crop should not be offensive to 
 its successor. 3. A spindle-rooted crop 
 should succeed a fibrous-rooted crop, or 
 vice versd. 
 
 Ro'thia. (Named after A. W. Both, 
 a German botanist. Nat. oxA., Legumi- 
 nosce ; Tribe, Genutem.) 
 
 Hardy trailing annual. Seeds in a warm bor- 
 der, in April. 
 
 R. trifolia'ta. 2. Sulphur. July. India. 
 Wight. Ic. t. 199. 
 
 Rothma'nnia. (After G. Eoth- 
 mann, an African traveller. Nat. ord., 
 Ruhiacem. ) 
 
 M. longiflo'ra. Par. Lend. t. 65. A synonym of 
 Randia maculata. 
 
 Ro'ttlera. See Mallotus. 
 Rouge Plant. Rivi'na tincto'Ha. 
 
 Roupa'la. (From roupala, the 
 Guianan name. Nat. ord. , Proteacece ; 
 Tribe, Grevillece. Syns., Bhopala and 
 Ropala. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from South 
 America. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under 
 a bell-glass, not hurried, but freed from damp, 
 and placed in bottom-heat after a few weeks ; 
 fibry loam and sandy peat. Winter temp., 45° 
 to 48° ; a rather sheltered place in summer. 
 R au'rea. Stem and petioles golden-haired. 
 St. Catherine's, Brazil. 1866. 
 
 — Boissieriafna. Yellow. New Grenada. 1863. 
 
 — complica'ta. 8. Columbia. 1863. 
 
 — corcovade^Tisis. See R. Pohlii. 
 
 — ereiM'ta. Brazil. 
 
 — denta'ta. 10. Green. June. Guiana. 1802. 
 
 — ^iegam. Brazil. 
 
 — heterophy'lla. Brazil. Gfl. 1863, t. 402 
 
 — macroph.y'Ua. Gfl. 1863, t. 406. 
 
 — me'dia. 10. May. Guiana. 1823. 
 
 — ni'tida. Pale yellow. Guiana. 1821. 
 
 — obom'ta. 24. Popayan. 1866. 
 
 ROY 
 
 R. Po'hlii. Orange-red. Brazil. Syn., R. cor- 
 
 covadensis. 
 — Poortma'nni. B«d. G. C. 1883, xix. p. 693. 
 
 Leaves covered with reddish-brown felt. 
 -^ sessiliifo'lia. 10. Green. Guiana. 1803. 
 
 Syn., Andriapetalymfi iessUi/olium. 
 
 Roupe'Uia. (In honour of the Rou- 
 pdl family, encouragers of botany. Nat. 
 ord. , 
 
 A shrubby, climbing stove plant. Cuttings of 
 
 young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat. 
 
 Fibry peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 
 
 86° ; wmter, 60° to 60°. 
 
 R. ffra'ta. White, pink. May. Sierra Leone. 
 B. M. t. 4466. The flowers are very 
 fragrant. The fruit is the Cream Fruit 
 of its native place. 
 
 Rou'rea. (Derivation not stated. 
 Nat. ord., Connaracece ; Tribe, Conna- 
 rece. ) 
 
 Shrub, requiring stove treatment. 
 R./rute'scens. 6. White. Guiana. 1823. 
 Syn., Rohergiafrutescens. 
 
 Rowan Tree. Py'rus Aueupa'ria. 
 
 Roxbu'rghia. (Named after Dr. 
 Roxburgh, once Director of the Botanic 
 Garden, Calcutta. Nat. ord., Rox- 
 burghiacecB. ) A synonym of Stemona. 
 Stove twining plants, with stems one hundred 
 fathoms long in tlie hottest parts of India, where 
 the roots are candied with sugar, and taken with 
 tea. Propagated generally by suckers ; sandy, 
 fibry loam, and a little leaf -mould, and the usual 
 plant-stove temperature. 
 
 R. glorio'sa, B. M. t. 1500, R. gloriosoi'd&s^ 
 Wight. Ic. t. 2061, and R. viridifio'ra are 
 all forms of Sterruma gloriosoides. 
 
 Royal Bay. Lau'rus no'bilis. 
 
 Royal Pern. Osmu'nda rega'lis. 
 
 Roy'dsia. (In honour of Sir John 
 Royds, once a judge in the Supreme 
 Court of Judicature of Bengal. Nat. 
 ord., CapparidecB.) 
 
 Stove shrub. Good, rich loam. Cuttings of 
 young wood. 
 
 R. suave'olejis. Dull red, yellowish. January 
 to May. India. B. M. t. 6881. 
 
 Roye'na. (Named after A. Van 
 Roy en, a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Ebenacece. ) Allied to Diospyros. 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from South 
 Africa, all but one white-flowered. Cuttings of 
 half-ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 April or May ; sandy loam and flbry peat. Win- 
 ter temp., 40° to 48° : summer, 60° to 75°. 
 R. gla'bra. 4. September. 1731. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. 7. Purple. July. 1752. 
 
 — latifo'lia. 5. June. 1816. 
 
 — lu'cUa. 4. May. 1690. B. E. 1846, t. 40. 
 
 — pa'llens. 4-15. White, yellowish. 1752. 
 
 Syn., R, pubescens, B. E. t. 500. 
 
 Roy'lea. (Named after Professor 
 Royle, of King's College, London. Nat. 
 ord. , Labiatw; Tribe, Stachydew. Allied 
 to Ballota. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of 
 young shoots in spring, in sandy soil, with a 
 
RUB 
 
 [ 856 ] 
 
 BUB 
 
 bell-glass over them ; sandy loam and leaf- 
 mould. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. 
 R. legcms 2. Purple. July. Nepaul. 1824. 
 
 Bnbe'ntia. (From ruber, red ; the 
 ■wood is red. Nat. ord., Celastrinem.) A 
 synonym of Elseodendron. 
 
 R. anguatifo'lia. See Toddalia angusHfolia. 
 
 — oKvi'na. A synonym of Elaeodendron orien- 
 
 tate. 
 
 Ru'bia. Madder. (From ruber, 
 red ; the colour of the roots. Nat. ord., 
 RubiacecB ; Tribe, Galiem. Allied to 
 Galium. ) 
 
 Half-hardy species, from cuttings in spring, 
 under a hand-light, and peat and loam ; the 
 others are herbaceous plants, propagated by 
 division of the roots, and flourishing in any good 
 garden-soil ; from tiitcto'Twrn madder is obtained. 
 This genus differs from Galium is having a 
 6-lobea, instead of 4-lobed, corolla. 
 
 HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 R. angustifo'lia. 2. Pale yellow. July. Spain. 
 1772. 
 
 — sple'ndens. 2. Yellow. July. Spain. 1812. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 R. cardifo'lia. J. White. July. Siberia. 1783. 
 
 — tincto'rum. 4. Yellow. July. South Europe. 
 
 1696. 
 
 Ru'bllS. Bramble. (From the Celtic 
 rub, red ; colour of the fruit of some of 
 the species. Nat. ord., Bosacece; Tribe, 
 Bubeas.) 
 
 Generally by suckers ; frequently by cuttings ; 
 also by seeds for obtaining new varieties ; also 
 easily obtained by pegging down the points of 
 the shoots in the sou ; deep, rich, loamy soil. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. ' 
 
 R, ape' talus. 6. Purple. July. Isle of France. 
 1823. Stove. 
 
 — austra'lis. White. New Zealand. This is a 
 
 very curious, slender trailer, very prickly, 
 and remarkable for its leaf variation; 
 the form generally cultivated is almost 
 leafless or with small narrow leaves, but 
 other forms have been broad well-deve- 
 loped leaves. 
 
 — jamaice'nm. 6. Jamaica. 1822. 
 
 — nholucca'Tius. 3. Red. July. E. Ind. 1810. 
 
 — parmfo'lius. 2. Pink. August. China. 1S18. 
 
 B. E. t. 496. 
 
 — pinTm'tus, 5. Pink. June. Madeira. 1789. 
 
 — reJUlxms. 3. Bed. July. China. 1817. B. 
 
 E. t. 461. 
 
 — ro'riiue. August. Madagascar. 1831. B. 
 
 E. 1. 1607. 
 
 — nscefo'li'm. 3. August. Mauritius. 1811. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1783. 
 
 cortma'nufi. 3. August. Mauritius. 
 
 1811. 
 
 — nigo'tus. 3. Bed. June. S. Amer. 1819. 
 
 — sangumole'ntus. 4. Eed. Bourbon. 1824. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 R. abru'ptw. 8. White. June. Britain. 
 
 — carpinifo'HiLS. 10. White. July. Britain. 
 
 — di'scolor. 8. White. June. Britain. 
 
 — echina'tus. 8. White. June. Britain. 
 
 — eglante'ria. 3. White. May. Australia. 
 
 1825. 
 
 — jap&nicus. White. Japan. 1852. 
 
 — Leiffhtonia'nus. 10. July. England. 
 
 — Lejeu'nii. July. Channel Isles. 
 
 — li'ngua. 10. July. England. 
 
 — ra'dula. 8. August. Britain. 
 
 — ru'die. July. Britain. 
 
 hi/strix. July. Britain. 
 
 R. rotwndifiyiius. 10. North of India. 1845. 
 
 — villicau'lis. July. England. 
 
 — • arge!ntem. July. England. 
 
 pube'eeem. July. England. 
 
 sylva'ticus. July. England. 
 
 te'nuis. July. England. 
 
 vulga'ris. 8. June. Britain. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 R. acau'lu. Eose. June. N. Amer. 1802. 
 
 — a'reticii^. J. Pink. June. Britain. B. M. 
 
 1. 132. 
 
 — cha/ffKiemo'rus. \. White. May. Britain. 
 
 — stella'tus. J. June. N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS. 
 
 R. affi'nis. 8. White. July. Britain. 
 Irraete&ms. 8. White. August. Britain. 
 
 — agre'stis. 6. White. June. Hungary. 1820. 
 
 — america'nus. See R. viUosus. 
 
 — argu'tua. 3. White. June. N. Amer. 1823. 
 
 — a'sper. 5. White. May. Nepaul. 1821. 
 
 — biio'rus. l/la,Y. Nepaul. 1818. B. M. 
 
 t. 4678. 
 
 — cae'svm. 2. White. June. Britain. DeW' 
 
 berry. 
 
 arve'nsis. 2. White. June. Britain. 
 
 fo'liis-variega'tis. 2. White. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 gramdiflo'rus. 2. White. June. Britain. 
 
 parvifo'lius. 2. White. June. Britain. 
 
 — eanade'nsis. 3. White. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1811. 
 
 — cane'scens. 6. White. July. European 
 
 Alps. 1820. 
 
 — cordyto'lius. 8. White. June. Germany. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — corylifo'liui, 10. White. July. Britain. 
 
 — ■ ca'nus. 10. White. July. Britain. 
 
 glandulo'sus. 10. White. July. Britain. 
 
 — cratoegiffo'lvm. White. N. China. 
 
 — cunf^o'Uus. 3. White. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1811. 
 
 — deilieio'em. 3. White. May. Eocky Moun- 
 
 tains. 1870. 
 
 — di'stans. 6. White. July. Nepaul. 1818. 
 
 — diversif(^li'us. 8. White. August. Britain. 
 
 — dumeto'rum. 8. White. August. Britain. 
 
 — elH'ptieM. White. Nepaul. 1827. Half- 
 
 hardy. 
 — /astigia'tus. 8. White. July. Britain. 
 
 — Ji'ssus. 
 
 — ftagMa'rie. 6. White. June. N. Amer. 
 1789. 
 
 -— vn^rTms. 12. 
 
 — folioWsus. 6. White. June. Nepaul. 
 1818. 
 
 —frutie&sus. 10. Pink. August. Britain. 
 
 co'ncolor. 10. July. 
 
 dalma'tieus. 10. Eose. July. Ger- 
 many. 
 
 jlo're-ro' seo-ple'no. 10. Pink. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 fo'Uis-mriega'tis. 10. Pink. JuTy. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 ine'rmU. 10. Pink. July. Britain. 
 
 leueoea'rpus. 10. July. Britain. 
 
 pompo'nms. 10. White, pink. July. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 twa'ricus. 10. Pinkish. July. 
 
 —fu'sm-a'ter. August. Britain. 
 
 — glamluU/sua. 10. July. Germany. 1816. 
 
 — Mrtus. 10. August. Hungary. 1816. 
 
 — hi'spidiis. 3. August. Canada. 1768. 
 
 — ho'rridMS. 6. June. Germany. 1817. 
 
 — idafus. 6. May. Britain. Easpberry. 
 
 — • mierophy'llus. 3. May. Britain. 
 
 — KolMri. 8. August. Britain. 
 
 — lamnia'tus. 12. White, red. August. 
 
 — UmiigirM'tiM. 10. June. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 — leucosMchya. 10. June. Britain. 
 
 — Lmkia'Tvus. 10. August. Europe. 1821. 
 
 — maeroph^U'M. 8. June. Britain. 
 
RUC 
 
 [857] 
 
 RUE 
 
 £. Me'nJcii. 8. July. Germany. 1816 
 
 — miera'nthus. 10. Red. July. Nepaul. 
 
 — ni'tidus. 3. August. Britain. 
 
 — nu'taTis. i. White. Himalaya. 
 
 — maka'nue. i. August. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 B. B. t. 1368. 
 
 — occidenta'lis. 5. May. N. Amer. 1696. 
 
 — odara'tus. 7. June. N. Amer. 1800 B 
 
 M. t. 323. 
 
 — pa'llidus. August. Britain. 
 
 — paueiflo'rus. 8. Purple. July. Nepaul. 
 
 1825. B. E. t. 864. 
 
 — phcenwola' sills. 10. Pink. Japan. June. 
 
 1377. 
 
 — plica' tus. 10. August. Britain. 
 
 — rhamni/o'liite. 10. September. Britain. 
 
 — ntbrieau'lis. 6. June. Germany. 1818. 
 
 — sa'nctus. 8. Pink. June. Palestine. 1823. 
 
 — saxa'tilis. \. June. Britain. 
 
 — Schlechtenda'hlii. 10. June. Europe. 1823. 
 
 — Schleiche/ri. 8. June. Germany. 1818. 
 
 — seto'sus. 2. June. N. Amer. 1827. 
 
 — specta'Mlis. 4, Dark red. May. Columbia. 
 
 1827. B. B,. t. 1424. 
 
 — Spren^e'lii. 10. Pink. August. Germany. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — strig&ms. 3. June. N. Amer. 
 
 — suberdctus. 4. August. Britain. 
 
 — tilicefo'lius. 6. June. Germany. 1819. ~ 
 
 — tomento'sus. 10. August. Germany. 1818. 
 
 — tri'fidus. Bose. Japan. 1888. 
 
 — triflo'rus. 3. June. Canada. 
 
 — trlma'lis. Fruit black. S. United States. 
 
 1889. 
 
 — vlmifo'lius. 10. August. Spain. 1823. 
 
 — vrsi'nus. White. California. 1888. 
 
 — mllo'sus. 3. August. North America. 1777. 
 
 Syn., R. ameHcanus, 
 
 Ru'ckia. (In honour of Mr. Buck, a 
 Russian gardener. Nat. ord., Brome- 
 liacew. ) See Bhodostachys. 
 
 iJ. EUeinee'ti. See Rhodogtachys ordina. 
 
 Rudbe'ckia. (Named after 0. Bud- 
 beck, a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., 
 CoTnpositce ; Tribe, Helianthoidece.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous, yellow-flowered perennials, 
 from North America, except where otherwise 
 mentioned. Seeds and division of the plant in 
 spring ; common garden-soil ; majJi/o'iia requires 
 the protection of the cold pit in winter. 
 R. amplexUiau'lis. Yellow, July. Lousiana. 
 
 1793. Syns., R. amplexifolia, Jacq. Ic. 
 
 t. 592, and Dmcopis avfiplexicaulis. 
 Tni'nor. A variety with entire leaves. 
 
 Syn., Dracopis amplexicaulis. B. M. 
 
 t. 3716. 
 
 — amplexifolia. See R. amplexicavlis. 
 
 — aspe'rrima. 3. Bed. White. September. 
 
 1832. 
 
 — eolumna'ris. 3. August. 1811. B. M. t. 1601. 
 
 Syn., LepcLchys colurmia/ris. 
 , pulehe'rrima. 3. Beddish-yellow. 
 
 August. 1835. 
 ~digita'ta. 6. August. 1769. Syn., Lepachys 
 
 digitata. 
 
 — Drurmno'ndi. Orange. August. 1836. Paxt. 
 
 Ma£. vi., p. 51. 
 
 — Mlgidar 3. July. 1760. B. M. 1. 1996. 
 
 — grandijlo'ra. H. September. 1830. Syn., 
 
 Centrocarpha grandiflara. Swt. Fl. 
 Gard. ser. 2, t. 87. „ „ ^ 
 
 — hi'rta. 2. August. 1714. Swt. Fl. Gard. 
 
 t 82 
 
 — lacimia'ta. 6. August. 1640. 
 -Iceviga'ta. 3 July. 1812. 
 -ma'xima. 4-9. August. 
 
 -naplfdlia. 2. July. New Spain. 1824. 
 Syn., Echinacea napi/olia. 
 
 R. Newma'nni. See R. apedosa. 
 
 — pa'Uida. i. Rose. Summer. 1861. Syn., 
 
 Echinaeea anguitifolia, B. M. t. 6281. 
 
 — pinna' ta. 3. July. 1803. B. M. t. 2310. 
 
 Syn., Lepachys pinnata and L. pmnati- 
 flda. 
 
 — purpu'rea. 4. Beddish-purple. Summer. 
 
 1799. B. M. t. 2. Syn., Echinaeea pur- 
 pwrea.- 
 inierme!dia. 2-4. SjTi., Echinacea pur- 
 purea, var. intermedia. 
 
 — ra'dula. 2. August. 1825. Syn., Helianthus 
 
 radula. 
 
 — sero'tina. 3. Bed. September. 1816. Swt. 
 
 Fl. Gard. t. 4. Syn., Echinacea gerotina. 
 
 — speoo'SK. 3. Orange, dark purple. Summer. 
 
 G. C. 1881, xvi. p. 372. Syns., R. New- 
 mcmni and Echinacea spedosa. 
 
 — subtmnento'sa. 3. August. 1802. 
 
 — triloba. 4. August. 1699. B. C. t. 817. 
 
 Ru'dgea. (Commemorative of Mr. 
 E.Bvdge. Nat. oxdi.yBubiacecB; Tribe, 
 PsychotriecB. ) 
 
 Stove evergreens. For cultivation, see COFPEA. 
 R. Tnacrophy'lla. Cream. Brazil. 1867. B. M. 
 t. 5663. Syn., R. leucocephala. 
 
 — nivo'sa. White. Parana. 1866. Syn., 
 
 Psychotria nivosa. 
 
 Rudo'lphia. (Named after W. Bu- 
 dolph, a Prussian botanist. Nat. ord., 
 LeguminoscB ; Tribe, Phaseolece. Allied 
 to Erythrina.) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiners, with- scarlet flowers, 
 from Central America. Young side-shoots in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, in a moist, sweet 
 bottom-heat ; fibry loam, sandy peat, and a 
 little charcoal. Winter temp., 48° to 60° ; sum- 
 mer, 60° to 80°. 
 R. du'bia. See CentroscTna diibiwm. 
 
 — portorice'Tisis. See R. volubilis. 
 
 — ro'iea. 6. 1826. 
 
 — volu'bilis. July. Mexico and Portorico. 
 
 1820. Syn., R. portoricensis. 
 
 Rue, or Herb Grace. {Bu'ta 
 grave' oleiis.) Thrives best in a poor, 
 clayey loam, mixed with calcareous 
 rubbish, in an open situation. It is pro- 
 pagated by slips and cuttings as well as 
 from seeds, the first two modes being 
 usually practised as being the most easy. 
 It may be planted or sown at any time 
 during the spring. The seed in drills 
 six inches apart, and a quarter of an 
 inch deep. The rooted slips, or cuttings, 
 may be planted on a poor, shady border, 
 and watered occasionally until taken 
 root. In the autumn the plants may 
 be removed. During their after-growth 
 they must be kept pruned in a shrubby 
 form, and never be allowed to produce 
 
 Rue'llia. (Named after J. Ruelle, a 
 French botanist. Nat. orA.., Acanthaeem ; 
 Tribe, Buelliece. Syn., Diptcrocanthus.) 
 
 Stove shrubs, except where otherwise men- 
 tioned. Cuttings of the young shoots in spring 
 or summer, in light, sandy soil. In a sweet hot- 
 bed ; fibry loam, leu-mould, and peat. Winter 
 temp., 48° to 58° ; summer, 60° to 85°. 
 R. acuta'ngvla. Scarlet, yellow. May. Brazil. 
 
RUE 8 
 
 B. anUophy'lla. B. C. 1. 1070. See Strobilanthes 
 anisophylla. 
 
 — austra'lis. 2. Blue. Jiily. Australia. 
 
 1824. Maund. Bot. IV., t. 177. 
 
 — Baikiel. 3. Scarlet. December. W. Africa. 
 
 1868. Syn., Stephanophysum Baikiei. 
 
 — iarlerioi'des. A synonym o£ Petalidium 
 
 barlerioides. 
 
 — Wfio'ra. 2. Blue. July. Carolina. 1766. 
 
 Greenhouse. 
 .— hraetea'ta. A synonym of Petalidivm bar- 
 lerioides. 
 
 — ce'mua. 1. Blue. July. India. 1816. 
 
 — dlia'ta. 2. Purple. July. India. 1806. 
 
 Syn., Dipterocanthus cUiatits. 
 
 — eiliatijlo'ra. Purple, blue. September. 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 1838. B. M. t. 3718. 
 
 — cilio'sa. 1. Blue. July. Georgia. 1824. 
 
 — dandefstina. See i2. obtusa. 
 
 — cmromandelia'na. See Asystasia coroman- 
 
 ddiana. 
 
 — crista'ta. See Aphelandra eristata. 
 
 — depe'ndens. See Rungia parviflora. 
 
 — Devogialna. White ; leaves purple beneath. 
 
 Brazil. 1877. 
 
 — e'legane. B. M. t. 3389. See BemigraphU 
 
 latebrosa. 
 — fx'tida. See JJ. rubicaulis, 
 —formo'aa. 2. Scarlet. August. Brazil. 
 
 1808. Andr. Rep. t, 610. 
 —fu'lgida. 2. Scarlet. July. West Indies. 
 
 1804. Andr. Rep. t. .527. 
 
 — glom^ra'ta. See StrohUanthes glomeratus. 
 
 — hi'rta. Sb6 Uemvjraphis hirta. 
 
 — infundibulif&rmis. Andr. Rep. t. 642. See 
 
 Crossandra wndulatfolia. 
 
 — intru'sa. Sefe Asystasia coromandeliana. 
 
 — la'ctea. 2. Pale violet. July. Mexico. 
 
 1796. Greenhouse. 
 
 — Hlad'na. B. M. t. 4147. See JJ. solitaria. 
 
 — longijlo'ra. Purplish-lila«. October. 
 
 — langifo'lia. 2-3. Vermilion. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 Syn., Stephanophysum longifolium. 
 
 — nui^ra'raha. Rosy-purple. 1881. Rev. Hort. 
 
 1881, p. 410. 
 
 — macrophy'lla. 3. Scarlet. June. New 
 
 Grenada. 1840. Syn., Stemonacanthus 
 Ttmcrophylliis. 
 
 — obliqua. See AsystOMa coromandeliwia. 
 
 — oblongifo'lia. B. C. 1. 1889. See Calophanes 
 
 Mong^olia. 
 
 — obtu'sa. 2. Blue. July. Barbadoes. 1728. 
 
 Syn., a. clan^lestina. 
 
 — oeynwifdes. See R. patula. 
 
 — ova'ta. 2. Blue. July. Mexico. 1800. 
 
 — panicula'ta. 3. Purple. August. South 
 
 America. 1768. B. R. t. 686. 
 —pa' tula. li. Pale violet. July. East 
 Indies. 1774. Jacq. Ic. 1. 119. Syn., Bip- 
 teracanthus 'patuius. Wight. Ic. 1. 1605 
 
 — Pea!rcei. Scarlet. Bolivia. 1867. Syn., 
 
 Stemonacwnthug Pearcei. 
 
 — pi'eta. 1. Blue. June. Domingo. 1826. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1448. 
 
 — pilo'sa. 3. Blue. July. South Africa. 
 
 1823. Syn., B. puMscens. 
 
 — Porte'Ucs. 1. Rose. South Brazil. 1879. 
 
 B. M. t. 6498. 
 
 — pube'scene. See R. pUosa. 
 
 — Purdi^a'na. Crimson. March. 1846. B. 
 
 M. t. 4298. 
 
 — n'ngms. See Hygrophila mlicifolia. 
 
 — ro'eea. Rose-piiik. Brazil. 1818. 
 
 — rubieau'lis. 1. Blue. July. Mexico. 
 
 1823. Syn., B. foaida. 
 ^ Sabinia'rM. Purple. Sylhet. 1828. B. R. 
 t. 1238. 
 
 — salieif&Ka. See BygrophUa mUcifoUa,. 
 
 — solita'ria. 3. Lilac. October. Brazil. 
 
 Syns., B. lilacina and Vipteraeanthus 
 calvescens. B. M. t. 6106. 
 
 — gpeeio'm. Scarlet. August. Brazil. 1859. 
 
 18 RUN 
 
 Syn., Dipteracanthus affini», B. M. 
 t. 6414. 
 R. stre'pem. 2. Blue. July. North America. 
 1726. Greenhouse. 
 
 — tetra'g(ma. 2. Blue. June. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 — tviero'sa. 2. Blue. July. Jamaica. 1762. 
 
 — undula'ta. 2. Blue. East Indies. 1824. 
 
 — viola'eea. i. Violet. July. Guiana. 1820. 
 
 Ruins are a class of buildings beau- 
 tiful as objects, expressive as characters,, 
 and peculiarly calculated to connect with 
 their appendages into elegant groups : 
 they may be accommodated with ease to 
 irregularity of ground, and their dis- 
 order is improved by it ; they may be 
 intimately blended with trees and with 
 thickets, and the interruption is an ad- 
 vantage, for imperfection and obscurity 
 are their properties, and to carry the 
 imagination to something greater than 
 is seen, their effect. 
 
 Rui'zia. (Named after H. Ruiz, co- 
 author with Pavon of the Flora Peru- 
 viana. Nat. ord., Sterculiacece ; Tribe, 
 Domheyem. Allied to Dombeya.) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered evergreens, from the Isle 
 of Bourbon. Cuttings of half -ripened side-shoots 
 in summer, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, but 
 raised at night, and in a mild hotbed ; sandy 
 loam and flbry peat. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; 
 summer, 60° to 80°. 
 R. loba'ta. 6. 1816. 
 
 — varia'Mlis. 6. May. 1792, 
 
 Ruli'ugia. (Dedicated to John 
 Philip Buling, who wrote an essay on 
 the Natural Order of Plants. Nat. ord., 
 Sterculiacece ; Tribe, Buettneriem.) 
 
 Greenhouse shrub. For cultivation, seeLASIO- 
 
 PETALUM. 
 
 R. coryli/o'lia. 2. White. April, Australia. 
 B. M. t. 3182. 
 
 — hermannicBf&lia. 4. White. July. Aus- 
 
 tralia. 1818. Syns., Byttneria her- 
 inunnio^olia and Lasiopetalum du- 
 moBUTriy B. 0. t. 1664. 
 
 — panno'sa. 3. White. June. Tasmania. 
 
 1780. B. M. t. 2191. Syns., Byttneria 
 dasyphylla and Commersonia dasyphylla, 
 Andr. Rep. t 603. 
 
 — parviflo'ra. 1. White. W. Australia. 1868. 
 
 Ru'zaex. Dock. (A name used by 
 Pliny. Nat. ord., Polygonacece.) 
 
 R. Aceto'sa is the Sorrel. The species of this 
 genus are known to the gardener chiefly as 
 troublesome weeds. 
 
 Run. A plant advancing to seed is 
 said by gardeners to have run. Also, 
 when the dark colouring of a carnation, 
 or other flower, becomes confused or 
 clouded with its lighter ground colour, 
 they say it is a run flowe,r. Abundance 
 of moisture and a rich soil promote the 
 development of leaves, and, conse- 
 quently, check running, or producing 
 seed. A suitably fertile soil also pre- 
 serves the colours of a flower pure and 
 distinct ; over-fertility or poverty of 
 soil will equally cause the colours to run. 
 
RUN 
 
 [859] 
 
 RYA 
 
 Runcinate, or Lion-toothed, de- 
 scribes the edge of a leaf cut into trans- 
 verse sharp-pointed segments, pointing 
 backwards, as in the leaf of the Dande- 
 lion. 
 
 Bu'ngia. (After F. F. Birngia, of 
 Hamburg, born 1795. Nat. ord., Acan- 
 thacece; Tribe, BttelliecB.) See Ruellia. 
 
 JJ. parviflo'ra. See Ruellia dependens. 
 
 Bu'pala. See Roupala. 
 
 Ru'sCUS. Butcher's Broom. (From 
 bruscas, derived from the Celtic beus, 
 box and kelem, holly ; Box Holly, or 
 Butcher's Broom. Nat. ord., Liliacece; 
 Tribe, Asparagece.) 
 
 Hardy evergreen shrubs. Suckers, and dividing 
 the roots ; any common, rich soil. Andro'gynus 
 is a greenhouse evergreen climber, and like the 
 rest of the Butcher's Brooms, retains the singu- 
 larity of producing its flowers and fruits on leaf - 
 like expansions of the stem. 
 B. aculea'tus. 1. Green. May. England. 
 Eng. Bot. ed; 3, 1. 1616. 
 
 laJtcus. 1. Green. April. Portugal. 
 
 rotundifo'lius. 1. Green. March. 
 
 — andro'gynus. B. M. t. 1898. See Semele 
 
 androgyna. 
 
 — hypofflo'ssum. 1. Pale yellow. May. Italy. 
 
 1B96. 
 
 — hypophy'llum. 1. Green. June. Italy. 
 
 1640. B. M. t. 2049. 
 trifoliallus. 2. ' Green. Zante. 
 
 — latifo'lius. Green, white. May. Madeira. 
 
 — racemo'sus. 4. Green, yellow. April. Portu- 
 
 gal. 1814. Wats. Dendr. It, 1. 145. 
 
 Rush. Ju'ncus. 
 Rush Broom. Vimina'ria. 
 Rush Fern. ScMzce'a. 
 Rush, Flowering. Bu'tomus. 
 Rush Lily. Sisyri'nchium. 
 
 Russelia. (Named after Dr. Mussel, 
 author of a "Natural History of Aleppo. " 
 Nat. Old., Scrophulariacew; Tribe, Che- 
 lonece. .Allied to Pentstemon.) 
 
 Stove, red-flowered evergreens, from Mexico. 
 Cuttings in sandy soil, in heat ; also frequently 
 by suckers. If a large branch is allowed to lie 
 along the ground in a warm, moist place, plenty 
 of plants will be made from its twigs rooting ; 
 sandy loam, peat, and leaf-mould. Winter 
 temp., 45° to 65° ; summer, 60° to 86°. 
 M. Jloriiu'nda. See S. rotundifolia. 
 
 — ju'ncea. 3. July. 1833. B. E. 1. 1773. 
 
 — muUiflo'ra. B. M. 1. 1628. See S. sarmen- 
 
 tosa. 
 
 — rotundifo'lia. i. June. 1824. Syn., R. 
 
 horibunda. 
 
 — sarmento'm. i. July. 1812. Syns., R. 
 
 rmUtiAora and R. temiifolia. 
 
 — ternifo'lia. See R. iormentom. 
 
 Rust. A disease of the berries of the 
 grape. It appears in the form of a rough, 
 rusty appearance of their skins, which 
 have, in fact, become thick and hardened. 
 Some think it arises from the berries 
 being handled, or the hair of the head 
 touching them ; but the disease is often 
 
 too general to admit of this explana" 
 tion. We believe it to arise from an 
 over-heating and sudden reduction of 
 temperature of the vinery whilst the 
 grapes were young, and thus tending 
 to force them to a premature rapidity of 
 growth. Any excessive pressure upon 
 the cuticle, whether from within or 
 without, causes its thickening. 
 
 Rustic Structures are pleasing in 
 recluse portions of the pleasure-ground, 
 if this style be confined to the formation 
 of either a seat or a cottage ; but it is 
 ridiculous, if complicated, and elegant 
 forms are constructed of rude materials. 
 Thus we have seen a flower-box, in- 
 tended to be Etruscan in its outlines, 
 formed of split hazel stakes — a combina- 
 tion of the rude and the refined, giving 
 rise to separate trains of ideas totally 
 unassociable. 
 
 Ru'ta. Rue. (From 'rus, to flow ; 
 from some reputed medicinal virtue. 
 Nat. Old.., BwtacecB ; Tribe, Buteoe ) 
 
 Seeds in spring ; also by cuttings under a 
 hand-light in sandy soil, in a shady place, in 
 summer. They flourish best in a deep, sandy 
 loam, with limy rubbish mixed. See EUE. 
 R. albiflo'ra. B. C. t. 1862. A synonym of 
 BoemninghauBenia, albiflora. 
 
 — angustif&lia. B. M. t. 2311. See R. chale- 
 
 perms. 
 
 — brmteo'sa. 3. Yellowish. Summer. South 
 
 Europe. 1772. Syn., R. maerophylla. 
 B. M. t. 2018. 
 
 — chalepefrms. 2. Yellowish. Summer. Med 
 
 terranean region. 1722. Sibth. Fl. Gr. 
 t. 368. Syn., R. tmgustifolia. B. M. 
 t. 2311. 
 
 — grave' oleius. 3. Yellow, green. Summer. 
 
 South Europe. 1662. Common Kue. 
 
 — variega'ta. Leaves with white spots. 
 
 — linifo'lia. Yellow. September. Spain. 
 
 Andr. Rep. t. 666. 
 grandifio'ra. B. M. t. 2254. See E. 
 
 — macrophy'Ua. B. M. t. 2018. See R. 
 
 Sracteosa. 
 
 — pata/oi'na. Yellow, green. June. Orient. 
 
 1819. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 369. 
 
 — suave'olens. 2. Yellow. Summer. Tauria. 
 
 Syn., E. linifolia, var. grandiflora. B. 
 M. t. 2254. 
 
 Ruy'schia. (Named after J". Buysch, 
 a Dutch -botanist. Nat. ord., Ternstros- 
 m'iacecB ; Tribe, Marcgraviece. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Cuttings of flrm shoots in 
 sand, under a glass, in a hotbed ; fibryloara and 
 leaf -mould. Winter temp., 66° to 60' ; summer, 
 60° to 86°. 
 
 R. dusicefc^lia. 4. Purple. May. W. Ind^ 
 1823. 
 
 Rya'nia. (Named after Dr. Bi/an. 
 Nat. ord., Bixinem.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Cuttings of ripened shoots 
 in sand, in summer, in a hotbed, and under a 
 bell-glass ; fibry peat and sandy loam. Usual 
 stove temperatures. 
 
 R, specio'ia. 10. Cream. August. Trinidad. 
 1823. Syn., Pairiiiapyrif era. 
 
EYS 
 
 [860] 
 
 SAC 
 
 Rysso'pterys, (From ryssos, 
 wrinkled, and pteryx, a wine ; form of 
 wing of fruit. Kat. ord., Malpighiacem ; 
 Tribe, Banisteriece.) 
 
 Stove twiner. Cuttinga of firm young shoots in 
 sand and bottom heat, under a bell-glass. Fibry 
 peat and sandy loam. Summer temp., 65° to 90° ; 
 ■winter, 66° to 65°. 
 S. microste'ma. White. August. Java. 1820. 
 
 Rjrtidophy'Uum. See Rhyti- 
 dophy'Uum. 
 
 S. 
 
 Sa'bal. (Probabhr the South Ameri- 
 can name of one of the species. Nat. 
 ord., Palmece ; Tribe, Coryphece.) 
 
 Stove, or greenhouse, green-flowered Palms. 
 By suckers; light, rich loam. Winter temp., 
 56° to m' ; summer, 60° to 88°. 
 S. AdoMSo'nii. 6. July. Florida. 1810. B. 
 M. 1. 1434. 
 
 — Blackiumia'na. 6. Bermudas. 1825. Syn., 
 
 S. umiraculifera. Fan or Thatch Palm. 
 no'bilis. Wien. Gart. Zeit. 1888, p. 240. 
 
 — cosniie'scens. Columbia. 1875. Greenhouse. 
 
 — glaitee' scene. Trinidad. 1825. 
 
 — grwminifo'lia. 6. South America. 1825. 
 
 — mauritixfo'rrtm. 60. Venezuela. 1860. 
 
 Syn., Trithrinax mauritiieformis. 
 
 — mexica''na. 20. Mexico. 1834. 
 
 — Palme'tto. 20. Southern United States. 
 
 1825. Syn., ChamcBrops Palmetto. Cab- 
 bage Palmetto, or Palmetto Palm. 
 Greenhouse. 
 
 — semita'ta. See Serenoa, serrulata. 
 
 — umbraffuli'fera. See S. Blackbumiana. 
 
 — Wood/o'rdii. Trinidad. 1836. 
 
 Sabba'tia. (Named after L. Sahbati, 
 an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Gen- 
 tianecB ; Tribe, Chironioe.) 
 
 Hardy biennials, except va/nieula/ta and all 
 from North America. Seeds in a shady, moist 
 border ; or if in pots, treated as alpines, having 
 a saucer of water under them ; the perennial by 
 division in spring. 
 S. angula'ris. J. Purple. July. 1826. 
 
 — eatyco'aa. 1. Dark red. July. 1812. B. M. 
 
 1. 1600. 
 
 — campslstrie. 1. Lilac. July. Texas. 1855. 
 
 B. M. t. 5015. 
 
 — ehloroi'des. J. Bed. July. 1817. 
 
 — gra'cUis, 1. Eose. July. Sails. Brad. t. 32. 
 
 — panieula'ta. IJ. White. May. 1817. 
 
 Perennial. 
 
 — stella'ris. Brown, yellow. June. 1827. 
 
 Sabi'cea. (From saMsdbi, the Indian 
 name. Nat. ord., Bubiacece ; Tribe, 
 Musscendece. Allied to Hamelia. ) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered, evergreen climber. 
 Cuttings of half -ripened shoots in sand, under a 
 glass, in heat ; 'sandy loam, fibry peat, with silver 
 sand and charcoal. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; 
 summer, 60° to 88°. 
 S. a'spera. 6. White. June. Guiana. 1824. 
 
 — hi'rta. 6. White. June. Jamaica. 1825. 
 
 Sabi'nea. (In honour of Joseph 
 
 Sabine, F.B.S^ once Secretary of the 
 
 Horticultural Society of London. Nat. 
 
 oiA., LegurriinoscB ; Tribe, Galegece.) 
 
 Stove shrubs. Sandy loam, well drained. 
 
 Cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a hand- 
 glass, m heat. 
 
 5. eardina'lis. Bright scarlet. West Indies. 
 —Jlo'rida. Eosypink. West Indies. 
 
 Sa'ccharum. Sugar Cane. (From 
 its Arabic name. Nat. ord., 
 Graminece ; Tribe, Andropogoneoe. ) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials. Suckers chiefly ; 
 cuttings taken from shoots that start from the 
 joints; rich, loamy soil. Winter temp., 55° to 
 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°, and moist atmosphere. 
 S. cegypti'amim. 1. Panicle silvery, rivals 
 Pampas Grass. Algeria. 1866. 
 
 — Mu'nja. 10. Benares. 1805. 
 
 — offitdna'rum. 10. July. East Indies. 1597. 
 
 Bent, and Tr. t. 298. Common Sugar 
 Cane. 
 
 viola' ceum. Stems violet or plum-colour. 
 
 West Indies. 1824. 
 
 — pro'eerum. 15. July. Bengal. 1822. 
 
 — sine'nse. 6-10. China. 1822. Greenhouse. 
 
 Sa'ccia. (in honour of Dr. Sace, 
 agricultural chemist at Cochamba, Bo- 
 livia. Nat. ord., Convolvulacece.) 
 
 An ornamental stove bush. 
 5. e'legans. 6. Lilac. Cochamba, Bolivia. 
 1889. 
 
 Saccola'bmm. (From saccus, a 
 bag, and labium, a lip ; bagged labellum. 
 Nat. ord., Orchidece ; Tribe, Vandeoe- 
 SarcanthecB. ) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown in baskets. See Orchids. 
 5. acutifo'liwrn. J. Yellow; lip pale pink. 
 Khasya. 1837. Syn., iS'. dentiiyvilatum. 
 B. M. t. 4772. 
 
 — ampulla! ceum. Paxt. Mag, xiii. p. 49. See 
 
 8. rubntm. 
 
 ro'aeum. See 5. rwbrwm, var. moulmei- 
 
 nense. 
 
 — belli'num. Straw-colour, with dark brown 
 
 blotches ; lip white, mauve-purple, yel- 
 low. February. Burmah. 1884. Warn. 
 Orch. Alb. 1. 166. 
 
 — BerkeUyi. White, amethyst. Andaman 
 
 Islands? G. C. 1883, xix. p. 814. 
 
 — bigi'ibwm. J. Yellow. November. Rangoon. 
 
 1868. B. M. 6767. 
 
 — bivitta'tmn. Yellowish, with purple-brown 
 
 stripes ; lip nearly white. East Indies. 
 1890. 
 
 — Blu'mei. Lindl. Sert. t. 47. A synonym of 
 
 Bh^nchostylis retusa. The following are 
 
 varieties : 
 
 rna'jus. A large variety. 
 
 Russelia'num. White, mauve-purple. 
 
 Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 238. 
 
 — bomee'nse. Ochre-cinnamon. Borneo. G. C. 
 
 1881, XV. p. 563. 
 
 — b^icc&sum. Yellowish, with purple-brown 
 
 dots. Moulmein. 1871. 
 
 — calceola're. Yellow, with red spots. Khasia. 
 
 1837. Paxt. Mag. vi. p. 97. 
 
 — oalo'pterum. Purple, white. New Guinea. 
 
 1882. 
 
 — carina'tum, India. 1838. 
 
 — ceri'num. Orange, apricot-colour, Sunda 
 
 Isles. G. C. 1888, Iv. p. 206. 
 
 — coele'ste. Blue. Moulmein? G. C. 1885, xxiii. 
 
 p. 692. 
 
 — compre'SBum. Cream-white. Manilla. 
 
 — cwnnfo^lium. 1. Cinnabar-red. May. Ceylon. 
 
 Syn., S. miniatum. B. M. t. 6326. 
 fia'vum. Clear yellow. Moulmein. 
 
 — dentifio^rum. Brown, white. July. Manilla. 
 
 1838. 
 pa'llidum. Manilla. 1837. 
 
SAC 
 
 [861] 
 
 SAG 
 
 S. dentictUa'tum. i. Yellow, red. Sylhet. 
 1837. Paxt. Mag. Tii. p. 146. 
 
 — di'ves. Pale yellow. Bombay. 1875. 
 — fie!xum. Red. New Guinea. 1882. 
 
 — fira'grans. White; lip mauve-purple. Burmah. 
 
 1882. Flowers with a scent of violets. 
 — furca'tum. White, with rose-coloured spots. 
 
 July. India ; Java. 
 
 — gemma' turn. Purple. May. Sylhet. 1837. 
 
 — giga'nUum. White, with amethyst spots ; lip 
 
 mauve-violet. Winter. Burmah. 1864. 
 
 B. M. t. 6635. Syn., Yandu densiflora. 
 illu'stre. A variety vrith flowers more 
 
 richly coloured than in the type. Cochin 
 
 China. 111. Hort. 1884, t. 617. 
 Petotia'nuTn. Dull white Cochin China. 
 
 1886. 
 Segnie'ri. A variety with flowers IJ 
 
 inches across. Cambodia. Eev. Hort. 
 
 1889, p. 232. 
 
 — Gralfei. Deep purple. Fiji Islands. G. C. 
 
 1881, xvi. p. 716. 
 
 — gurwaHicum. White, blotched with amethyst. 
 
 India. 1879. 
 
 — gvMa'twm. B. M. t. 4108. A synonym of 
 
 Rhyiichostylis retusa. 
 
 — Harrisonia'num. See fif. violacewn, var. 
 
 G arrisonianum. 
 
 — Hendersonia'nuTn. Bose-colour ; lip white. 
 
 Borneo. 1862. B. M. t. 6222; Lind. 
 t. 313. 
 
 — Hutto'ni. Rose-colour ; lip amethyst. Java. 
 
 1867. B. M. t. 6681. Syn., Aerides 
 Huttoni. 
 
 — littora'le. G. C. 1881, xvi. p. 198. Probably a 
 
 form of Bhynchostylis retusa. 
 
 — Tnacrosta'chyum. Variegated. ' Philippine 
 
 Islands. 1840. 
 
 — micra'nthwm. Violet. July. East Indies. 
 
 1837. 
 
 — mi'mus. Rosy- purple, green. Polynesia. 
 
 1878. 
 
 — minia'tum. ^, Vermilion. March. Java. 
 
 1846. B. M. 1847, t. 68. 
 
 eitri'num. Lemon-yellow ; centre darker. 
 
 Philippine Islands. 1884. 
 
 — ochra'ceum. Yellow, red. May. Ceylon. 
 
 1838. 
 
 — papillo'sum. B. R. t. 1662. See Acampe 
 
 papulosa. 
 
 — Pdehei. Ochre with red spots. Moulmein. 
 
 G. 0. 1887, T. p. 447. 
 
 — prcemv'rsum. See Acamfe papulosa. 
 
 — pumi'lio. Yellow ; lip white, purple. Manilla. 
 
 1876. 
 
 — retu'sum. A form of Bhynchostylis retusa. 
 
 Fl. ser. 1. 1463-4. 
 
 — ru'brwm. f. Deep rose-colour. May. India. 
 
 1839. Syn., S. am/puUaeeum. B. M. 
 
 t. 6695. 
 rruyulmeine!nse. Deep rose. Syn., 5. 
 
 ampuUaeeum, var. roseum. Flor. Mag. 
 
 t. 393. 
 ^ Smeea'num. White, mauve, yellow, brown, 
 
 ochre. G. 0. 1887, ii. p. 214. 
 .- speeio'sum. IJ. Purple, spotted. May. 
 
 Bombay. 1840. Syn., Aerides macula- 
 
 sum. B. B. 1845, t. 68. 
 ,- Tume'ri. Lilac, spotted. June. India. 
 
 1878. 
 
 — viola'ceum. White, with mauve spots ; lip 
 
 deep mauve. January. Manilla. 1839. 
 Syn., Vatuia violaeea. B. B. 1847, 
 t. 30. 
 
 . Harrisoniafnum. Pure white ; fragrant. 
 
 Winter. Pulo Copang. 1864. Syn., 5. 
 Harrieonianum. B. M. t. 5433. 
 
 — Wittea'num. Orange, with red spots ; lip 
 
 white, purple. Java. 1884. 
 
 SaCCOlo'ma. (From sahkos, a bag, 
 and loma, a border ; alluding to situa- 
 
 tion of the spores. Nat. ord., Filices.. 
 Allied to Davallia. ) 
 
 Stove fern. See Ferns. 
 S. e'legatis. 3. Tropical America. 1860. 
 
 Sacred Bean, Egyptian. Nelu'm- 
 
 bium speeiosum or Ny'mphcea Lo'tus. 
 
 Saddle Grafting. See Graft- 
 ing. 
 
 Saddle Tree. Liriode'ndron tuH- 
 piferum. 
 
 Sadle'ria. (Named after Joseph 
 Sadler, Professor of Botany^ at Pestli. 
 Nat. ord., Filices — Polypodmcece.) 
 
 Stove ferns. For cultivation, see Ferns. 
 5. eyatheoi'des. Sandwich Islands. 1877. G. 
 C. 1877, vii. p. 761. 
 
 Sad Tree. Nycta'nthes a'rbor- 
 tri'stris. 
 
 Safflower. Ca'rthamus. 
 
 Saffron. Cro'cus sati'vus. 
 
 Saffron, Meadow. Co'lchicum. 
 
 Saffron Thistle. Ca'rthamus 
 tincto'rius. 
 
 Sage. Sa'lvia officina'lis. 
 
 Varieties. — The Common Green ; 
 Wormwood ; Green, with variegated 
 leaves ; Red, with variegated leaves j 
 Painted, or Parti-coloured ; Spanish, or 
 Lavender-leaved ; and Red. 
 
 Soil and Situation. — A dry, mode- 
 rately fertile soil is best suited to their 
 growth, in a sheltered situation. 
 
 Propagation: by Cuttings. — These may 
 be either of the preceding or same 
 year's growth ; if of the first, plant in 
 April ; if of the latter, not until the 
 close of May, or middle of June. The 
 shoots of the same year are usually em- 
 ployed, as they more readily emit roots, 
 and assume a free growth. The out- 
 ward and most robust shoots should be 
 chosen, and cut from five to seven inches, 
 in length. All but the top leaves being 
 removed, insert by the dibble almost 
 down to these, in rows six inches apart 
 each way, in a shady border, and during 
 moist weather, otherwise water must be 
 given immediately, and repeated occa- 
 sionally, until they have taken root. 
 
 By Seed. — Sow in April, in a bed of 
 rich, light earth, in drills a quarter of an 
 inch deep, and six inches apart. When 
 two or three inches high, thin the plants 
 to half a foot apart, and those removed 
 prick out at a similar distance. In the 
 autumn or succeeding spring, as the 
 plants are strong or weak, remove them 
 to their final stations. 
 
 After-Culture. — The decayed flower- 
 stalks, stunted branches, etc., remove in 
 
SAG 
 
 [862] 
 
 SAI 
 
 eaily winter and spring, and turn the 
 soil of the beds slightly over. When the 
 plants have continued two or three years, 
 a little dry, well-putrefied dung may be 
 turned in during early spring. Attention 
 to the mode of gathering has an influence 
 in keepin" the plants healthy and vigo- 
 rous. The tops ought never to be 
 cropped too close, so as to render the 
 branches naked or stumpy. 
 
 Sage, Jerusalem. Phlo'misfru- 
 fico'sa. 
 
 Sage'nia. (From sagu, the Malay 
 name of some Palms, which this genus 
 resembles in miniature. Nat. ord., 
 Filices. Closely allied to Nephrodium. ) 
 
 Stove, brownish-yellow-spored ferns. See 
 Ferns. 
 5. calca'rea. June. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — cicuta'ria. 2. Tropics. Syn., Nephrodium 
 
 cieutarium, 
 
 — coad/untt'ta. i. June. Ceylon. 1845. 
 
 — interTne^dia. June. Ceylon. 
 
 — irfegula're. Polynesia. 1884. 
 
 — Lawrenoea'na, 3. Madagascar. G. C. 1881, 
 
 XV. p. 9. 
 
 — mamillo'sa. 2. Moluccas. 1886. 111. Hort. 
 
 t. 598. 
 
 — platyphy'lla. 3. June. Ceylon. 1845. 
 
 Sage of Bethlehem. Pulmona'- 
 ria officina'lis. 
 
 Sagere'tia. (After M. Sageret, a 
 Frencn agriculturist. Nat. ord., 
 BhamnecB. ) 
 
 .stove shrub, with small greenish flowers. 
 5. hatno'sa. Green. India and Formosa. 
 
 Sage Rose. Ci'stus. 
 
 Sagi'na. (From sagina, fatness ; 
 presumed nourishing qualities for sheep. 
 Nat. ord., Caryophyllacece ; Tribe, 
 Alsinece. ) 
 
 Insignificant weeds. S. procufmbejiSf however, 
 is one of the prettiest of our alpine plants, which 
 makes a close carpet on the ground, spreading 
 far and wide, and has starry, white flowers. It 
 is not more than half an inch high. S. pili'fera, 
 var. au'rea has golden-yellow foliage and is 
 suitable for carpet bedding. 
 
 Sagitta'ria. Arrow-head. (From 
 sagitta, an arrow ; the leaves of some 
 species resemble an arrow-head. Nat. 
 ord., Alismacece ; Tribe, AlismecB.) 
 
 White-flowered aquatics. Division of the plant 
 n spring; rich, loamy soil. The greenhouse and 
 stove kmds in an aquarium, or m vessels duly 
 supplied with water. 
 
 STOVE AQUATICS. 
 
 S. aeutifo'lia. 1. June. America. 1816. 
 
 — angusti/o'lia. IJ. July. Bssequibo. 1827. 
 
 B. R. 1. 1141. 
 
 — montevide'Tisis, White, crimson. South 
 
 America. 1888, B. M. t. 6736. 
 
 — oitusifo'lia. 2. July. China. 1804. The 
 
 correct name of this is LiMNOPHYTON 
 
 OBTUSIFOLIUM. 
 
 GREENHOUSE AQUATICS. 
 
 S. Donia'-na. 1. July. Nepaul. 1820. 
 —rgami'nea. IJ. July. Carolina. 1812. 
 
 5. haata'ta. IJ. July. N. Amer. 1818. 
 
 — hetemphy'Ua. 1. July. N. Amer. 1822. 
 
 — Ittneifii/lia. IJ. June. W. Ind. 1787. B. 
 
 M. 1. 1792. 
 
 — obtu'sa. 1. July. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 — sine'rme. 2. October. China. 1812. B. M. 
 
 t. 16S1. 
 
 HARDY AQUATICS. 
 
 S.falca'ta. 1. July. Carolina. 1812. 
 
 — latif&lta. 1. July. N. Amer. 1818. 
 flo're-ple'no. 1. July. N. Amer. 
 
 — na'tans. 1. July. Carolina. 1812. 
 
 — ri'gida. IJ. June N. Amer. 1806. B. M. 
 
 t. 1632. 
 
 — sagittifo'lia. 2. July. England. Eng. Bot. 
 
 ed. 3, 1. 1436. 
 fif/re-jale'TV}. 1\. July. 
 
 Sago Palm. Metro'xylon Sa'gus. 
 
 Sagrse'a. (Named after Bamon de 
 la Sagra, a Spaniard. Nat. ord., Mela- 
 stomaceoe ; Tribe, Miconieos. Allied to 
 Miconia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of stubby 
 young side-shoots in spring ; sandy peat and 
 fibry loam, with a little charcoal, and sufBcient 
 silver sand to keep the soil open. Winter temp., 
 48° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 88 . The two follow- 
 ing are the best : 
 
 S. hirsu'ta. 6. White. May. South America. 
 1823. 
 
 — mierophy'lla. 2. White. May. Jamaica. 
 
 1820. Syn., Ostscea microphylla. 
 
 — sessilifl&ra. 1. Red. April. Guiana. 1793. 
 
 — um1>r</sa. 6. Red. March. South America. 
 
 1824. 
 
 Sague'rus. See Arenga. 
 
 Sa'gus. Sago Palm. (From sagu, 
 the Malay name. Nat. ord., Palmex ; 
 Tribe, Lepidocaryece.) 
 
 Stove, green-flowered palms. Suckers and 
 seeds; rich, loamy soil. Winter temp., 60°; 
 summer 60° to 90°, and moist atmosphere. 
 S. Pa'lma-Pi'nus. See Raphia vinifera, 
 
 — peduncula'ta. A synonym of Metroxylon 
 
 pedunculaia. 
 
 — Ru'ffia. See Ravhia Ruffia. 
 
 — Ru'mphii. SeeMetroxylonSagus. 
 
 — toBdi'gera. See Raphia ttedigera. 
 
 — vini'fera. See Raphia vinif&ra, 
 
 St. Andrew's Cross. Ascy'rum 
 cru'x A'ndrece, ' 
 
 St. Barbara's Herb. Barbare'a 
 vulga'ris. 
 
 St. Bamaby's Thistle. Centau'- 
 rea solstitia'lis. 
 
 St. Bernard's Lily. Anthe'ricum 
 LUia'go. 
 
 St. Dabeoc's Heath. Dabos'cia 
 poHfo'lia. 
 
 Saintfoin. Onohry'chis sati'va. 
 
 St. George's Herb. VaUria'na 
 officina'lis. 
 
 St. John's Bread. Cerato'nia si'- 
 
 St. John's Wort. Hype'rkum 
 and Symphorica'rpus vulga'ris. 
 
SAI [ 863 ] 
 
 St. Joseph's Lily. Li'Kum ca'n- 
 didum. 
 
 St. Martin's Flower, Alstrcetne'- 
 ria pu'lehra. 
 
 St. Martin's Herb. Sauvage'sia 
 ere'cta. 
 
 St. Mary's Wood. Calophy'llum 
 inophy'Uuin. 
 
 St. Patrick's Cabbage. Saxi'- 
 fraga umhro'sa. 
 
 St. Peter's Wort. A'scyrum 
 sta'ns, Hype'ricum A'scyron, Primula 
 offidTia'lis, and Symphorica'rpus. 
 
 Sala'cia. (After Salacia, the 
 mythical wife of Neptune. Nat. ord., 
 CelastrinecB. ) 
 
 Stove shrubs, or small trees. Sandy loam. 
 ■Cuttings of ripened wood, in sand, in heat 
 under a bell-glass. See also Anthodon. 
 iS. prinoi'des. Greenish-yellow. June. East 
 
 Indies. 1820. Syn., Johnia coromande- 
 
 liana. Climber. 
 — wri'f''''"'!'^- 6. Greenish-yellow. June. Upper 
 
 Guinea. 1825. 
 -- Roxbu'rghii. 4. Orange. June. Ghittagong. 
 
 1822. Syn., Johnia salaeioides. 
 
 Salad Burnet. Pote'riwn san- 
 gniso'rba. 
 
 Salading. See the following: — Ame- 
 rican Cress, Beet Root, Borage, Burnet, 
 Celeriae, Celery, Chervil, Corn Salad, 
 Cress, Dandelion, Endive, Finochio, Gar- 
 den Rocket, Horse-radish, Lettuce, Mint, 
 Mustard, Onions, Pursland, Radishes, 
 Rape, Scurvy Grass, Succory, Water 
 Cress, Wood Sorrel. 
 
 SAL 
 
 Salep. O'rchis. 
 
 Salisbu'ria. Maiden - hair - tree. 
 (Named after R. A.Salisbury, an English 
 totanist. Nat. ord., Coniferos.) See 
 Ginko. 
 
 Hardy deciduous tree. Layers, which require 
 from one to two years to root, unless the sou be 
 kept moist about them ; cuttings of the well- 
 ripened shoots, taken off with a heel, and in- 
 serted under hand-lights; deep, sandy loam, 
 and dry sub-soil. This is a highly ornamental 
 tree, producing its male and female blossoms on 
 different trees ; and it is doubtful if the female 
 plant be in this country. The readiest way to 
 secure fruit would be to graft female shoots on 
 the male plant. 
 
 S. adiantifollia. , Wats. Dendr. t. 168. A 
 synonym of Ginko biloba. In addition 
 to those mentioned on p. 420 there is a 
 variety macrophy'lla. 
 
 Sali'sia of Lindley. (Named after 
 the Countess de Salis. Nat. ord., Myr- 
 tacem; Tribe, LeptospermecB. Allied to 
 Leptospermum.) A synonym of Ktin- 
 zea. This must not be confounded 
 with" Salisia of Regel, which is a 
 synonym of GlOXinla (Nat ord., Ges- 
 neracem). 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of 
 young shoots, gettmg a little firm, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, in May; peat and loam. 
 Winter temp., 38° to 48°. 
 
 S. piilche'Ua. Rose. May. Swan Eiver. The 
 proper name of this is EUNZEA sericea. 
 
 Sa'lix. Willow. (From the Celtic 
 sal, near, and lis, water ; place of 
 growth. Nat. ord., Salicinem.) 
 
 Cuttings of ripened shoots, which merely re- 
 quire to be inserted in the soil in the autumn ; 
 moist soil, inclining to the marshy, suits them 
 best ; very dwarf shrubs, propagating with more 
 diHiculty, should be struck ui summer under a 
 hand-light. 
 
 GREENHOVSE DECIDUOUS. 
 
 5^. Bonplandia'Tta. Mexico. 
 
 — Oariepi'na. April. South Africa. 1816. 
 
 — Humloldtia'na. 10. Peru. 1828. Ever- 
 green. 
 
 — tetraspe'rma. 20. E. Ind. 1769. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 S. cine'rea, 15. April. Britain. 
 
 — venul&sa. 2. April. Scotland. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS. 
 
 S. acumina'ta. 16. April. Britain. 
 
 — aciiti/o'lia. 8. April. Caspian Sea to Britain. 
 1823. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1309. 
 
 — (Bgypti'aca. Egypt. 
 
 — atatemoi'des. April. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 — a'lba. 40. April. Britain. 
 cceru'lea. 40. May. Britain. Eng. Bot. 
 
 ed. 3, 1. 1310. 
 
 cri'spa. England. 
 
 vitelli'na. Twigs yellowish. Golden 
 
 Willow. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1311. 
 
 — albe/scens. April. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 — alnifo/lia. April. Europe. 1830. 
 
 — ambUgua. 20. ApriL Britain. 
 
 ma'jor. 5. April. , England. 
 
 undida'ta. ApriU England. 
 
 — ATmnania'na. 20. May. Austria. 1821. 
 
 — amygdallina. 2. April. Britain. 
 
 — Andersonia'na. 3. April. Scotland. 
 
 — angtieta'ta. 10. March. Pennsylvania. 1811. 
 
 — anguxtifo'lia. 3. April. Caspian. 1825. 
 
 — Ansonia'na. March. Switzerland. 1827. 
 
 — aqua'tica. 10. April. Britain. 
 
 — arena'ria. 3. June. Scotland. 
 
 — altro-purpu'rea. April. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 — a'tro-vi! rena. May. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 — auri'ta. 2. April. England. 
 
 — austra'lis. April. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 — balmmi'fera. 4-10, Eastern North America. 
 
 1888. 
 
 — babylo'iiica. 30. May. Levant. 1730. 
 
 annula'ris. Leaves twisted. 
 
 cri'spa. May. 
 
 Na/poleo'na. 16. 
 
 vulga'ris. June. England. 
 
 — Bashforaia'na. Bark bright orange, red when 
 
 young. April. North France. G. C. 
 1882, xvii. p. 298. 
 
 — berberifo'lia. May. Dauria. 1824. 
 
 — betiUifo'lia. May. Scotland. 
 
 — hi' color. 6. April. Britain. 
 
 — Borreria'na,. 8. May, Scotland. 
 
 — cc^sia. 3. May. South Europe. 1824. 
 
 — calif o'mica. A variety of S. repens. 
 
 — ea'ndida. 10. April. N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 — ca/ndidu'la. April. Europe. 
 
 — can^scem. A synonym of S. lapponum. 
 
 — ca'prea. 30. April. Britain. Eng. Bot. 
 
 ed. 3, t. 1331. Common Sallow ; Goat 
 Willow. There are two varieties : 
 cine'rea and pe'ndula, the Kilmarnock 
 Weeping Willow. 
 
 — ca'rina'ta. 3. April. Scotland. 
 
SAL 
 
 [864] 
 
 SAL 
 
 S. carpiiw^o'lia. Ajjril. Germany. 1824. 
 
 — ceras^dlia. April. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 — ehUrophy'Ua. 4. North America. 1888. 
 
 — chrysa'nthos. April. Norway. 
 
 — clethc^(/lia. April. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 — cortfo'rmis, April. N. Amer. 
 
 — coni'fera. 10. June. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 — carAa'ta. 6. April. N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 — (Kfrdiifo'lia. 3. N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 — corialcea. 8. April. Switzerland. 1825. 
 
 — coru'scans. 3. April. Germany. 1818. 
 
 — continif&lm. 2. March. Britain. 
 
 — erassifc/lia. April. 
 
 — Crowea'na. 8. April. Scotland. 
 
 — cydonifef&lia. April. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 — damasce^na. 12. April. Scotland. 
 
 — dapknoi'des. April. Switzerland. 1820. 
 
 — Davdllialna. 6. May. Scotland, 
 
 — deci'piens. 8. May. England. 
 
 — decu'mbens. May. Switzerland. 1823. 
 
 — Dicksfmia'na. 1. April. Scotland. 
 
 — di'ecolor. 8. April. N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 — Donia'na. 6. April. Scotland. 
 
 — du'ra. April, 
 
 — elceagnm'des. 4. May. Europe. 1824. 
 
 — eria'ntha. April. Switzerland. 1820. 
 — fagifo'li^. Croatia. 
 
 — falca'ta. 4. April. N. Amer. 1811. 
 —ferrugi'nea, 12. April. Britain. 
 
 — Jinma'rchwa. 10. April. Sweden. 1825. 
 — Ji'rma. April. 
 
 —foliolo'sa. 6. April. Lapland. 1818. 
 
 — Forbesia'na. 6. April. Britain. 
 
 — Forbya'na. 8. April. England. 
 
 — formo'sa. Carintiua. 
 
 — Fanteria'na. 10. April. Scotland. 
 —fra'gUis. 16. April. Britain. Bng. Bot, 
 
 ed. 3, t. 1306. 
 —fu'eca. 2. May. Britain. 
 
 arge'ntea, 4. April. England 
 
 faitida. \\. May. Britain. 
 
 incubalcea. 4. May. England. 
 
 prostra'ta. 1. May. Britain. 
 
 relvens. 2. May. Britain. 
 
 mUga'ris. May. Britain. 
 
 — fu8ca!ta. 2. April. N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 — gcmina'ta. March. Britain. 
 
 — glabra! ta. April. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 — glau'ca. 2. July. Scotland. 
 
 — gri'sea. 6. April. Pennsylvania. 1820. 
 
 — Grisone'nsis. 15. April. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 — grimphi/Ua. April. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 — hasta'ta. 15. May. Lapland. 1780. 
 
 arbu'tcvla. 1. May. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 malifo'lia. 6. Britain. 
 
 serrida'ta. 8. May. Lapland. 1810. 
 
 — he'lix. 10. March. Britain. 
 
 — helve! tica. 14. April. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 — herba'cea. i. June. Britain. 
 
 — heterophy'lla. April. Switzerland. 1823. 
 
 — hippophaefo'lia. April. Germany. 1823. 
 
 — hi'rta. 15. April. England. 
 
 — Hqffma'nnia. 30. May. England. 
 
 — holoseri'cea. 8. April. England. 
 
 — Houetania'na. 4. April. Virginia. 
 ^ Hoyeria'na. British Columbia. 1891. 
 
 — hu'mUin. IJ. April. 1820. 1 
 
 — inca'na. April. Austria. 1821. 
 
 — itictme! scene. March. Switzerland. 1823. 
 
 — JacquHnii. 2, April. Austria. 1818. 
 
 — Kitaibelia'na. J. April. Carpathian. 1823. 
 
 — Icum'stris. March. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 — Lamiertia'na. 10. March. England. 
 
 — lana'ta. 2. May. Scotland. 
 
 — lappdnvm. 2. May. Lapland. 1812. 
 
 — lasta'ndra lanajfo'lia. California. Gfl. 1887, 
 
 p. 409, fig. 98. 
 
 — latiifi/lia. March. 
 
 — lauri'na. 8. April, England. 
 
 — laxifio'ra. 12. April. Scotland. 
 
 — leueophi/lla. 40. May. Europe. 1824. 
 
 — IvnetirU. 4. April. Switzerland. 1820. 
 
 S.U'vida. 1. May. Lapland. 1820. 
 
 — longifo'lm. April. N. Amer. 1819. 
 
 — lu'cida. 8. May. N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 — Lyo'ivli. Switzerland. 
 
 — macrostipvXtCeea. May. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 — mespUifo'lia. April. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 — Meyeria'na. 20. April. Sweden. 1822, 
 
 — Michelia'na. 15. April. 
 
 — molli'ssima. 20. April. Germany. 
 
 — monspelie'nsis. May. Montpelier. 1825. 
 
 — THontd'Tia. May. Switzerland. 
 
 — MuMenhergia'na. 3. April. N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 — mwri'TMS. April. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 — miuta'tnlis. March. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 — myricm'des. 8. April. N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 — Tnyriini'tes. 3. May. Scotland. 
 
 — myrtUloi'des. 2. Ma.y. Sweden. 1772. 
 
 — nervo'sa. April. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 — Nicholso'nipurpujra'ecens. 1889. 
 
 — ni'gra. 20. May. N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 — nigricans. 10. April. England. 
 
 — nitens. 10. April. Scotland. 
 
 — obova'ta. May. N. Amer. 
 
 — obttisifo'lia. April. Lapland. 1818. 
 
 — oleifo'lia. 4. March. Britain. 
 
 — pallida. April. Switzerland. 1823. 
 
 — paludo'sa. April. Germany. 
 
 — panno'm. April. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 — pa! tens. 4. April. 
 
 — pa'tvZa. April. Italy. 1818. 
 
 — pedicella'ris. 3. March. N. America. 1811, 
 
 — pe'nMia. A synonym of 5. babylonica. 
 
 — peivrtsylva'nica. April. N. Amer. 1825. 
 
 — penta'ndra. 15. April. Britain. Eng. Bot. 
 
 ed. 3, 1. 1303. Bay-leaved Willow. 
 hermaphrodHtica. 15. March. Britain. 
 
 — petiola'rii. 10. April. Scotland. 
 
 — petrcda. 7. April. Britain. 
 
 — phylieifo'lia. 10. April. Britain. Tea- 
 
 leaved Willow. 
 
 — phillyreifo'lia. 5. April. Scotland. 
 
 — planifo'lia. 2. Labrador. 1811. 
 
 — pola'ris. 1. Lapland. 1820. 
 
 — vamera'nica. 10. May. Pomerania. 1822. 
 
 — Pontedera'na. 3. May, Switzerland. 1821. 
 
 — prinoi'des. 10. March. N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 — procu'miens. ^. June. Scotland. 
 
 — propi'ngua. 8. Britain. 
 
 — protecejfflia. April. Switzerland. 1820 
 
 — prwnif&lia. 3. April. Scotland. 
 
 sty'lo-longit/re. 3, April. Scotland. 
 
 — purpu'rea. 8. March. England. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1316-1319. Purple Osier. 
 amplexicaulis. Galatian Pontus. 1891. 
 
 — Pwshia'na. May. N. Amer. 
 
 — pyrena'ica. 1. May. Pyrenees. 1823. 
 
 — - — cilia'ta. 1. May. Pyrenees, 
 
 — pyrifo'lia. April. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 — radi'cans. May. Britain. 
 
 — ramif'u!8a. April. Britain. 
 
 — recurva'ta. 3. April. N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 — fejie!xa. March. 
 
 — re'pms. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, tt. 1356-62. 
 
 Creeping Willow. 
 
 — retiendaHa. f. June. Britain. 
 
 — retu'sa. }. May. South Europe. 1673. 
 
 — rigida. 15. April. N. Amer, 1811. 
 pe'ndula. Branches drooping. 1884. 
 
 — rimiXd'ris. May. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 — rornnarimifdlia. 2. April. Britain. 
 
 — rotunda'ta. 15. April. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 — ru'bra. 8. April. England. Eng. Bot. ed. 
 
 3, 1. 1320. 
 
 he'Ux. An abnormal form caused by 
 
 the punctures of a Cynips. Eose 
 Willow. 
 
 — rupe'stris. 3. April. Scotland. 
 
 — RusseUi'ana. 40. April. England. 
 
 — saUia^o'lia. Portugal. 
 
 — Schleicheria'na. April. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 — Schraderia'na. 2. May. Germany. 1820. 
 
 — septentriana'le. April. Europe. 
 
SAL 
 
 [865] 
 
 SAL 
 
 5. seri'cea. 2. May. Switaerland. 1820. 
 
 — serpylUfolia. i. April. Switzerland. 1818. 
 
 — silm'aaa. 6. May. Silesia. 1816. 
 
 — SmUhia'na. 20. April. England. 
 
 — so'rdida. April. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 — spathula'ta. 5. April. Germany. 1818. 
 
 — ivhacela'ta. 2. April. Scotland. 
 
 — Starkea'na. April. Europe. 1820. 
 
 — stipula'ris. 6. March. England. 
 
 — stre'pida. April. Switzerland. 1820. 
 
 — Sluartia'na. i. July. Scotland. 
 
 — subalpi'na. April. Switzerland. 1820. 
 
 — tenuif&lia. 2. May. Britain. 
 
 — tenu'imr. 16. May. Scotland. 
 
 — tetra/ndra. April. Europe. 
 
 — tetra'pla. i. March. Scotland. 
 
 — Trevira^ni. April. Germany. 1826. 
 
 — tria'ndra. 30. July. Britain. Eng. Bot. 
 
 ed. 3, 1. 1313. 
 
 omygdaK'na. Twigs furrowed. 
 
 Hofinamnia'na. Twigs not furrowed. 
 
 Boj^ea'na. 30. May. Austria. 1820. 
 
 — tri'strie. i. April. N. Amer. 1765. 
 
 — ulmi/o'lia. 1. April. Switzerland. 1821. 
 
 — undula'ta. 30. April. England. 
 larueola'ta, 30. April. England. 
 
 — u'va-u'rsi. i. April. Labrador. 1811. 
 
 — vacdniif&lia. 2. April. Scotland. 
 
 — Vaude'nsis. 3. March. Switzerland. 1824. 
 
 — veluti'na. April. Europe. 1826. 
 
 — versi'color. 2. May. Switzerland. 
 
 — ViUarsia'rui. 6. April. France. 1818. 
 
 — villo'sa. 2. April. Switzerland. 
 
 — vimifia'lU. 12. April. England. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1322. Common Osier. 
 
 — vird scene. 8. April. Switzerland. 
 
 — virga'ta. IJ. May. 
 
 — vi'ridis. 30. May. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 
 1. 1308. 
 
 — vitelli'na. 15. March. England. 
 
 — Waldsteinia'na. 4. April. Alps, Tyrol. 
 
 — Weigelia'na,. 10. Britsbin. 
 
 — Willden<mia!na. May. 
 
 — Woolgmria'na. 12. April. England. 
 
 — Wulfenia'na. 6. May. Garinthia. 1818. 
 
 Salix, Disease of. — Small tumours 
 often appear upon the leaves of willows. 
 Some of these are caused by a fungus or 
 "rust" known as Lecy'thea mi'xta, 
 which grows in the internal tissue of the 
 leaf. By its growth these tumours are 
 formed, which at length burst and allow 
 an orange-coloured dust to escape. This 
 dust consists of myriads of minute pear- 
 shaped spores or rq)roductive bodies. 
 Another species, Lecy'thea salice'ti, 
 forms the tumours on the underside only, 
 of the leaves. Old trunks are often in- 
 fested by larger fungi, such as : Aga'ri- 
 cus sali'gmis, Poly'porus scUici'ntcs, P. 
 ignia'rius, etc. 
 
 Sallow. Sa'Kx, especially S. ca- 
 prea. 
 
 Sallow Thorn, Hippopha'e. 
 
 Sa'lmea. (Named after the Prince 
 Salm Dyck. Nat. ord., Cmypositae; 
 Tribe, Hdianthoidem. - Allied to Spi- 
 lanthes. ) 
 
 StoTe evergreen twiners. Cuttings of firm, 
 stubby side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 bottom-heat ; rich, flbry loam. Winter temp., 
 48° to 68° ; summer, 60° to 85°. 
 8. Eupato'ria. See S. grandicepe. 
 
 S. gra'ndiceps. White. April. Mexico. 1815. 
 
 — Mrsu'ta. 6. Yellow. August. Jamaica. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — sca'ndens. 6. Yellow. June. Vera Cruz. 
 
 1820. B. M. t. 2062. Syns. Bidem 
 scandens and Hopkirkia scandens. 
 
 Salmon Berry. Mu'bus specfa'- 
 
 Salpia'nthus. (From salpinx, a 
 tube, or trumpet, and antkos, a flower ; 
 referring to the coloured calyx, which is 
 tubular in all the plants in this order. 
 Nat. ord., NyctagynecB, Allied to the 
 Marvel of Peru. ) 
 
 Cuttings in sand, under a glass, in heat ; peat 
 and loam. Winter temp., 66° to 60 ; summer, 
 60° to 80°. 
 S. fragrans. A synonym of Pewnus fragram. 
 
 (Nat. ord., MonvmiacecR.) 
 — lanoeola'ta. 3. Purple. June. W. Ind. 
 
 1824. Stove evergreen. 
 — pwrpm'a! scene. Variegated. June. Cuba. 
 
 1830. Stove herbaceous. A synonym of 
 
 Cryptocarpus globosus. 
 
 Salpichlse'na. (From salpinx, a 
 tube, and chlaina, a cloak ; the covering 
 of the spore-cases. Nat. ord. , Filices, ) A 
 synonym of Blechnum. 
 
 Stove fern. See Ferns. 
 S. volu'biiie. Yellow, brown. July. Brazil 
 1842. 
 
 Salpichro'a. (From salpinx, a 
 tube, and chroa, colour ; coloured tube. 
 Nat. ord., SolanacecB ; Tribe, Solanece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of 
 half -ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; 
 peat and loam. Winter temp., 46° to 60°. 
 5. glandido'ea. Yellow. July. Chili. 1844. 
 
 Salpiglo'ssis. (From salpinx, a 
 tube, and glossa, a tongue ; refers to 
 the style in the tube of the flower. 
 Nat. ord., Solanacece ; Tribe, SaZpiglos- 
 sidece. ) 
 
 Annuals and biennials, from Chili; do best 
 when sown in autumn and spring, for early 
 spring and summer blooming. Strwmi'nca, 
 sown in spring in a gentle hotbed, will bloom 
 freely in summer and autumn in the greenhouse ; 
 rich, light soil. 
 
 S. atropwrpu'rea. B. M. t. 2811. A form of S. 
 eivAiata. 
 
 — Barelaya'na. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 1. 112. A 
 
 form of 5. eimuata. 
 
 — cocci'nea. Paxt. Fl. Gard. 1. 100. A form of 
 
 5. eimvMta. 
 
 — integrifo'lia. B. M. t. 3113. See Petunia 
 
 molacea, 
 
 — linea'rit. B. M. t. 3256. See Petunia inter- 
 
 media, 
 —pi'cta. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 268. See S. einuata, 
 var. picia. 
 
 — siniM'ta. 1. Purple. August. 1824. Bien- 
 
 nial. 
 pi'cta. 6. Variegated. May. 1820. 
 
 Annual. Syn., S. picta. 
 strami'nea. IJ. Red, white. July. 
 
 1824. Annual. Syn., S. etraminea. 
 
 — etra/mi'nea. B. M. t. 3365. See 5. sinuata, 
 
 var. etraminea. 
 
 Salpigo'phora. 
 
 (From salpinx, a 
 3k 
 
SAL 
 
 [866] 
 
 SAL 
 
 tube, and phora, bearing ; shape of 
 flowers. Nat. ord., BignoniaeecB.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. For cultivation, 
 see Chilofsis. 
 S. chiloe'nsis. Crimson. Chili. 1862. 
 
 Salpixa'ntha. (From salpinx, a, 
 tube, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., 
 Acanthacece ; Tribe, Justiciece. Allied 
 to Ruellia.) See Geissomeria. 
 
 stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young 
 shoots in spring and summer, in sandy soil, in a 
 hotbed ; loam and peat, with a little old dung, 
 such as that from a spent mushroom-bea. 
 Winter temp., 48° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°. 
 5. cocci'nea. B. M. t. 4168. See Geissomeria 
 cocciTiea. 
 
 Salsafy. Tragopo'gon porrifo'Uus. 
 
 Soil. — Light and moderately fertile. 
 At the time of sowing trench it, turning 
 in a little manure with the bottom-spit 
 only. 
 
 Sow in March and April, in an open 
 situation, in shallow drills, nine incnes 
 asunder, scatter the seeds thinly, and 
 cover them half an inch deep. When the 
 plants are two or three inches high, thin 
 to ten inches asunder. During very dry 
 weather water occasionally very plenti- 
 fully, and if half an ounce of guano is 
 added to each gallon of water it will he 
 very beneficial. They will have large 
 roots by September or October, when 
 they are ready to be taken up for use; 
 and in November, when the leaves begin 
 to decay, a quantity may be preserved in 
 sand for use in time of severe frost ; but 
 those left in the ground will not be in- 
 jured. In spring, when those remaining 
 m the ground Degin to vegetate, the 
 shoots, when a few inches high, may be 
 cut and used like asparagus, being ex- 
 cellent when quite young and tender. 
 Allow a few plants to run up to stalk 
 every spring to produce seed. The best 
 mode of cooking the roots is to boil and 
 mash them, then form them into cakes, 
 and fry them in butter. The flavour is 
 that of oyster patties. 
 
 Salts. Saline manures are generally 
 beneficial, and often essential. They 
 ought to be put on in very small quanti- 
 ties, and frequently, during the time of 
 the plant's growth. 
 
 Com/mon Salt. — Chloride of sodium, 
 applied in the spring at the rate of 
 twenty bushels per acre, has been found 
 very beneficial to asparagus, broad beans, 
 lettuces, onions, carrots, parsnips, pota- 
 toes, and beets. Indeed, its properties are 
 so generally useful, not only as promoting 
 fertility, but as destroying slugs, etc., 
 that it is a good plan to sow the whole 
 garden every March with this manure, at 
 the rate above specified. The flower- 
 
 garden is included in this recommenda- 
 tion ; for some of the best practical 
 fardeners recommend it for the Stock, 
 [yacinth, Amaryllis, Ixia, Anemone, 
 Colchicum, Narcissus, Ranunculus, 
 etc., and in the fruit-garden it has been 
 found beneficial to almost every one of 
 its tenants, especially the cherry and 
 apple. On lawns and walks it helps 
 to drive away worms and to destroy 
 moss. 
 
 Ammonia. — The salts of ammonia are 
 highly stimulating, and afford, by their 
 ready decomposition, abundant food to 
 plants. The dungs of animals are 
 fertilizing exactly in proportion to the 
 amount of ammonia in them. The only 
 care required is not to apply them too 
 abundantly. Half an ounce to each gal- 
 Ion of water, given at the most twice a 
 week, is a good recipe for all the am- 
 moniacal s^Qts. The ammoniacal gas 
 liquor, at the rate of one pint to two gal- 
 lons of water, is highly beneficial to all 
 plants grown for their leaves. 
 
 Chalk (Carbonate of Lime) may be 
 applied in large quantities, twenty or 
 thirty tons per acre, to render a light 
 siliceous soil more retentive, or a heavy 
 soil more open. Its basis, lime, enters 
 into the composition of most plants in 
 some state of combination. If the chalk 
 is to be burnt into lime before it is ap- 
 plied, care should be taken that it does 
 not contain, like some of the Yorkshire 
 chalks, a large proportion of carbonate of 
 magnesia. Magnesia remains long in a 
 caustic state, and has been found inju- 
 rious to the plants to which it has been 
 applied. 
 
 Chloride of Lime gradually gives out 
 a portion of its chlorine, and is converted 
 into muriate of lime, a salt absorbing 
 moisture from the air, which can hardly 
 exist in any soil, however light, without 
 keeping it moist ; and its nauseous odour 
 may be found to keep off the attacks of 
 the fly and other vermin. A solution 
 containing one ounce in five gallons of 
 water is said to destroy the aphis and 
 the caterpillar, if poured over tne trees 
 they infest. 
 
 GasLime is a hydro-sulphuret of lime, 
 with a little ammonia. It is an excellent 
 manure, especially to cabbages, turnips, 
 cauliflowers, and brocoli, dug in at the 
 time of planting or sowing. If sown over 
 the surface at the time of inserting the 
 crop, at the rate of twenty bushels per 
 acre, it wUl eifectually drive away the 
 turnip-fly, slug, etc. 
 
 Gypsum,, or Plaster of Paris, is sulphate 
 of lime. It has been found very useful 
 as a top-dressing to lawns, and dug in 
 
SAL 
 
 [867] 
 
 SAL 
 
 for turnips and potatoes. Three hun- 
 dred weight per acre is abundance. 
 
 Nitrate of Potash (Saltpetre), and of 
 Soda (Cubic Petre), have been found 
 beneiicial to carrots, cabbages, andlawns. 
 One pound to a sc[uare rod of ground is 
 a sufficient quantity. Both these nitrates 
 have been found beneiicial to potatoes in 
 Scotland. Mr. Murray says, that for 
 vpry many years he has been in the 
 habit of watering pinks and carnations 
 wth solutions of these two nitrates, and 
 the benefit has been uniform and emi- 
 nent in promoting their luxuriance. 
 
 They have also been given in solution 
 with great benefit to chrysanthemums, 
 lettuces, celery, fuchsias, and dahlias : 
 one pound to twelve gallons of water. 
 Nitrate of Soda destroys slugs. 
 
 Phosphate of Lime. — See Bones. 
 
 Super-Phosphate of Lime. — Chrysan- 
 themums were much increased in vigour 
 when watered with a solution of this salt 
 in the Chiswick Garden at the end of 
 July. It is thought, if the application 
 had been made earlier, the benefit would 
 have been still more marked. 
 
 Salt- tree. Eaiimode'ndron. 
 
 Saltwort. Sa'lsola. 
 
 Saltwort, Black. Glau'x. 
 
 Salvado'ra. (In honour of J. Sal- 
 vador, a Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Salvadoraeew. ) 
 
 A small, stove, evergreen tree. Soil, well- 
 drained loam. Propagated by cuttings in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, in heat. 
 S. i'ndica. See S. pereica. 
 — pe'rsica. White. June. Arabia, India. 
 1850. Wight, lo. 1. 1621. Syns., S. indica 
 and 5. W'ighticma. 
 — Wightia'na. See S. persica. 
 
 Salvia. Sage. (From salvo, to 
 save ; medicinal qualities. Nat. ord., 
 Labiates; Tribe, Monardece.) 
 
 Annuals and biennials, seeds in the open bor- 
 der ; herbaceous perennials, by division at the 
 roots in spring ; shrubs, by cuttings inserted 
 firmly in the ground in autumn or spring, like 
 the common Sage ; greenhouse and stove species, 
 by cuttings of the young shoots at all seasons 
 except winter, only the stove kinds like a little 
 heat ; rich, light, good soil. See Clary and 
 Sage. 
 
 stove annuals. 
 S. lanceola'ta. 1. Blue. J'uly. W. Ind. 
 1813. 
 
 — micra'ntha. 1. Blue. May. Cuba. 1823. 
 
 — rhornbifo'lia. Blue. Peru. 1827. B. K. 
 
 1. 1429. 
 
 — tene'lla. Blue. June. Jamaica, 1821. 
 
 HARDY BIENNIALS AND ANNUALS. 
 
 S ^thi'opu. 3. White. May. Austria. 
 1670. 
 
 — Tnizanti'na. 1. Blue. July. Turkey. 1825. 
 
 — c'eratophy'lla. 2. Yellow. July. Persia. 
 
 1699. Kn. and West. t. 6. 
 
 — ceratophyllm'des. 1. Yellow. July. Egypt. 
 
 1771. 
 
 S. ero'stt, 1. Blue. July. Europe. 1817. 
 
 Annual. 
 — folio' ia. li. Blue. All seasons. Mexico. 
 
 1827. Greenhouse biennial. B. B. 
 
 1. 1429. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. 1. Blue. May. 1801. Annual. 
 
 — Mspa'nioa. IJ. Blue. July. Spain. 1739. 
 
 Annual. B. B. t. 359. 
 
 — hormil'mmi,. IJ. Purple. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1596. Annual. Sibth. Fl. Gr. 
 
 t. 20. 
 ru'bra. 1}. Bed. July. South Europe. 
 
 1596. 
 viola'cea. IJ. Purple. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1596. 
 
 — nepetifo^lia. 1. Blue. July. Europe. 1823. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 — nil&tioa. 1. Blue. July. Egypt. 1780. 
 
 Jacq. Vind. III. t. 92. 
 
 — phlomoi'des. 2. Blue. May. Spain. 1806. 
 
 — pinna'ta. 1. Purple. July. Levant. 1731. 
 
 — sda'rea. i. White, purple. August. South 
 
 Europe. 1662. B.B. 1. 1003. 
 
 — spino'sa. 1. White. June. Egypt. 1789. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 7. 
 
 — tingita'na. 3. White. July. Barbary. 
 
 1796. 
 
 — vi'ridis. li. Blue. July. Italy. 1759. 
 
 Annual. Jacq. Ic. t. 4. 
 
 GREENHOUSE AND SIOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 S. africa'na. 2. Violet. May. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1731. 
 
 — agglutma'ta. Scarlet. June. New Spain. 
 
 1827. 
 
 — a'lbo-eceru'lea. White, blue. Mexico. 
 
 — wmethy'stina. 2. Blue. August. Columbia. 
 
 1817. Stove. 
 
 — au'rea. 3. Blue. July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1731. B. M. 1. 182. 
 
 — auri'ta. 2. Lilac, yellow. May. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1795. 
 
 — BetheHUi. See S. invoiucrata, var. Bethellii. 
 
 — boUvia'na. See S. rubeseens. 
 
 — brazilidmis. Eose. Brazil. lU. Hort. t. 432. 
 
 — eamiphora'ta. Kose. South America. 1872. 
 
 — canarie'nsis. 4. Purple. July. Canaries. 1697i 
 
 — chamaedryaildei. if. Blue. July. Mexico. 
 
 1795. B. M. t. 808. 
 
 — amfertifio'ra. 3. Bed. August. Bio Janeiro. 
 
 1838. Stove. B. M. t. 3899. 
 
 — n-e'Kcd. i. Violet. June. Crete. 1760. 
 
 — dasya'ntha. Scarlet. New Grenada. 1859. 
 
 — denta'ta. i. White. December. South Africa. 
 
 1774. 
 
 — di'icolm: 3. Dark purple. Andes of Peru. 
 
 1883. Syn., S. mexiccma, var. minor. 
 B. M. t. 6772. Stove. 
 
 — doUchosta'chya. 6. Scarlet. August. Mexico. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — eHegcms. 4. Cream. July. Mexico. 1820. 
 — floamlo'mvertimlla'tapa'uciflo'ra. Bed, white. 
 
 Andes of Quito. 1890. 
 —formo'sa. i. Scarlet. June. Peru. 1788. 
 B. M. t. 376. 
 
 — fu'lgens. 6. Scarlet. July. Mexico. 1829. 
 
 B. E. 1. 1356. 
 
 rcBfl&ra. 3. Scarlet. March. 1846. 
 
 Lem. Jard. Fl. 1. 179. Stove. 
 
 3. Carmine. Autumn. North 
 __exico. 1885. B. M. t. 6812. 
 
 — Hee'rii. Scarlet. Peru. 1855. 
 
 — invotuera'ta. 2. Bed. August. Mexico. 
 
 1824. B. M. t. 2872. Stove. 
 BelMllii. Eosy-crimson. 1881. Seedling 
 
 variety. Syn., 5. Bethellii. G. C. 1881, 
 
 XV. p. 49. 
 Desohampsia'na. S. Eose ; calyx r^d. 
 
 1869. 
 
 — tamiifo'lia. 2. Blue. July. S. Amer. 1821. 
 
 Jacq. H. Schcenb. t. 318. 
 
 — me'ntiens. Eose-pink ; bracts . and calyx 
 
 crimson. Brazil. 1870. 
 
SAL 
 
 [868] 
 
 SAL 
 
 S. meieica'na minor. G. C. 1883, xix. p. 341, 
 flg. 49. See S. discolor. 
 
 — ocadentaJlis. IJ. White. July. Jamaica. 
 
 1824. Stove. 
 
 — odaira'ta. 3. White. July. Bagdad. 1804. 
 
 — panieula'ta. 6. Violet. July. Gape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1768. 
 
 — pa'tens. 10. Blue. September. Mexico. 
 
 1888. Trans. Hort. Soc. ix. p. 10 ; B. M. 
 t. 3808. 
 
 — phoeni'cea. Magenta. Ecuador. 1890. 
 
 — rvsc^o'lia. Purple. July. Levant. 1872. 
 
 — rube^scens. Scarlet. Columbia. 1872. Syn., 
 
 jS. boUvitma. 
 
 — runeina'ta. 2. Blue, July. South Africa. 
 
 1774. 
 
 — ru'tilans. 3. Bright scarlet. Summer. 1873. 
 
 — aca'bra. 2. Blue. June. South Africa. 1774. 
 
 — Schimpelri. 3. White. Abyssinia. 1875. 
 
 — strictifi&ra. 3. Brown, red. December. 
 
 Peru. 1831. Stove. B. M. t. 3136. 
 
 — tri'color^ White, scarlet. Mexico. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 
 
 5. amari'ssima. 2. Blue. August. Mexico. 
 1803. B. E. t. 347. 
 
 — angustifo'lia. 2. Blue. May. Mexico. 1816. 
 
 — ccesia. 2. Blue. July. S. Amer. 1813. 
 
 — cacalicef&lia. 3. Blue. June. Mexico. 
 
 1868. 
 
 — cocci'nea. 2. Scarlet. July. S. Amer, 1772. 
 Tna'jor. A large variety. 
 
 ps^u'do- cocci'nea. 3. Scarlet. July. 
 
 South America. 1797. Syn., S. pseudo- 
 coecinea. B. M. t. 2864. 
 
 — coele^stvna. Blue. Mexico ? 1878. 
 
 — Colmnba'rioe. i-2. Blue. Summer. California. 
 
 1881. B. M. t. 6696. Half-hardy. 
 
 — deterto'rum. 2J. Blue. October. Siberia. 
 
 1829. 
 
 — Gaudo'tii, 2. Purple. Columbia. 1870. 
 
 Syn., S. laiUwmfolia. 
 
 — Graha'tni. 4. Pu^le, blue. September. 
 
 Mexico. 1829. 
 
 — Bovdyi. See S. icmthina. 
 
 — ianthi'na. Purple. Peru ? 1860. Syn., 
 
 S. Hoveyi. 
 
 — leuca'ntha. 2. White. Mexico. 1826. 
 
 — mexica''na. 2. Scarlet. June. Mexico. 
 
 1824. stove, 
 
 — nu'bia. 2. Blue. June. Abyssinia. 1784. 
 
 — nubi'cola. 3, Yellow. October, NepauL 
 
 1823. 
 
 — obtu'm. IJ. Carmine. Mexico. 1861, 
 
 — oppositijlo'ra. Orange, red. November. Peru. 
 
 1847. Stove. Paxt. Mag. xv. p. 63. 
 
 — polysta'chya. 3. Blue. October. Mexico. 
 
 1822. 
 
 Purple. March. Africa, 1826. 
 
 — puiche'Ua. 
 
 1821. 
 
 — purpu'rea. 
 
 1825. 
 - ri'ngenw. 
 
 2. Scarlet. December. S. Amer. 
 
 2J. Purple. June. Mexico. 
 Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 263. 
 . Blue. July. Levant. 1827. 
 
 — Ro/dii. IJ. Scarlet. Mexico. 1861. 
 
 — rugo'sa. 2. White, red. July, South Africa. 
 
 1775, 
 
 — rvItila/Mt, Scarlet. 1873. 
 
 — iovpifdrmis. Pale blue. Formosa. 1888. 
 
 B. M. t. 6980. 
 
 — serdtina, \\. Blue. August. Ohio. 1803. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 3. 
 
 — tpU/ndene. 3. Scarlet. December. Mexico. 
 
 1822. B. B. t. 687. 
 
 — tiXio^o'lia. 4. Blue. May. Caraccas. 
 
 Stove. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 264. 
 
 — tubi'fera. 8. Red. August. Mexico. 
 
 B. K. 1841, t. 44. 
 
 — tiibijuyra. 4. Scarlet. June. Mexico. 
 
 — tnb\fofrmie. Scarlet. June. Mexico, 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 S. ealyci'na. 1. Pink. August. Greece, 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t, 16, 
 
 1793, 
 
 1824, 
 
 1820, 
 1844, 
 
 1823. 
 
 5. HabUida'na. White, red. August. Tauria< 
 1769. B. M. t. 1429, 
 
 — imterru'pta. 4. White. July. Barbary. 1790, 
 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 169. 
 
 — lavtmctmicefi/Ua. Blue. March. Spain. 1697. 
 
 — offleina'lie. 1. Blue. June. South Europe. 
 
 1597. Common Sage. Bent, and Tr. 
 
 t. 206. 
 
 term'ior. 1. Blue. June. Spain. 1597. 
 
 variega'ta, 1. Blue. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1597. 
 
 — pomi'fera. 2. Blue. July. Candia. 1699, 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. 1. 16. 
 
 — scorodanifo'lia, 2. White. July. 1825. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 S. a/rge'ntea. 3. Yellow. June. Crete. 1759> 
 Jacq, H. Schoenb. t. 6. 
 
 — aspera'ta. 2. White. July. Cashmere. 
 
 B. M. t. 4884. 
 
 — auBtri'aca. 1. Cream. June. > Austria^ 
 
 1776, B. E. 1. 1019. 
 
 — azu'rea. 6. Blue. August. N. Amer. 1806. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1728. 
 
 — Ba/mlie'ri. 3, Blue. April. Spain. 1821. 
 
 — bi'color. 2. Bed, white. June. Barbary. 
 
 1793. B. M. 1. 1774. 
 
 — bractea'ta. 3. Purple. March. Eussia. 
 
 1821. B. M. t. 2320. 
 
 — eamdela'brwm. 3. White, purple. July< 
 
 Spain. B. M. t. 5017, 
 
 — candidi'ssima. 2. White. Armenia. 1S20. 
 
 — ccmefscens. 2. Purple. July. Caucasus. 
 
 B. B. 1838, t. 36. 
 
 — cardua'eea. IJ. Purple. Calif omia Proper. 
 
 July. 
 
 — clande^stima. |. Blue. June. Italy. 1739. 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 24. 
 
 TmtXti'fida. \. Blue. April; Europe. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — compre'sia. 2. White. May. E. Ind. 1822, 
 
 — ercuaifo'lia. 2. Blue. June. South Europe. 
 
 1804. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 26. 
 
 — dichro'a. 2-3. Blue, white. Greater Atlas. 
 
 1873. B. M. t. 6004. 
 
 2. White. July. Syria. 1773. 
 
 3. Blue, white. Summer. Texas. 
 Gfl. 1. 1002. 
 
 li. Blue. July. Levant. 1800. 
 B. M. t. 988. 
 
 — glutvn&sa. 3. Yellow. July. Germany. 
 
 1769. 
 
 — gramdiflo'ra. 2. Blue. July. South Europe. 
 
 1 1816. 
 
 — hi'ams. 1. Blue. June. Cashmere. 1839, 
 
 B, E, 1841, t, 89. 
 
 — I'ndica. 3. Blue. June. India. 1731. B. E. 
 
 t. 395, 
 
 — limia'ta. Eussia, 1838, 
 
 — Linhia'na. Blue. July. Levant. 1823. 
 
 — lusita'nica. 1^. Blue. June. Spain. 1819, 
 
 — lyra'ta. 1. Purplish. June. N. Amer. 1828. 
 
 — Moorcro^tia'na. 3. Pale blue. India. 
 
 — napifo'lia. 2. Dark blue. June. Italy. 
 
 1778, Jacq, Vind. 1. 152, 
 
 — nu'tans. 2, Violet. July. South Europe. 
 
 1780, B. M. t, 2436. 
 
 — Pitche'ri. 2. Blue. New Mexico. 1873. 
 
 HaJf-hardy. 
 
 — porphyra'ta. 1. Bed. Texas. 
 
 — prate^nsit. 4. Violet. May. England. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1058. 
 
 — prunelloi'des. J. Blue. June. Mexico. , 
 
 1838, Paxt, Mag. xi. p. 176. 
 
 purpu'rea. Purple-red, Hamb. Gart. 
 
 1890, p. 484. Annual. 
 
 — pseu'do-cocei'Tiea. 3. Scarlet. July. S. Amer. 
 
 1797. Jacq. Ic. t. 209 ; B. M. t. 2864. 
 See S. coecinea^ var. pseudo-cocei/nea. 
 
 — pyrena'ica, 4. Blue. July, Pyrenees. 1824. 
 
 — re'gla. 6. Scarlet. July. Mexico. 1739. 
 
 B, B, 1841, t, 14, 
 
 — Rcemeria'na. 2, Crimson, July, Texas, 1852. 
 
 ~ fariTM'cea. 
 1847. 
 - Forsk&hlii. 
 
SAL 
 
 [869] 
 
 SAN 
 
 iS. scabiosoefo'lia. 1. White. August. Siberia. 
 1818. 
 
 — sclareoi'des. Violet. July. South BuroDe 
 
 1804. *^ 
 
 — Sibtho'rpii. Blue. June. Europe. 1813. 
 
 — Simsia'na. S. Pale blue. June. Russia. 
 
 1820. B. R. 1. 1003. 
 
 — sylve'strie. 2. Purple, violet. August. 
 
 Germaijy. 1769. 
 
 — syri'aca. IJ. White. July. Levant. 1759. 
 
 — taraxaeifo'lia. Pink, yellowish. Greater 
 
 Atlas. 1872. B. M. t. 5991. 
 
 — trilo'ba. 2. Red. June. South Europe. 
 
 1596. Sibth. Fl. Gr. 1. 17. 
 
 — urlieifo'lia. 3. Blue. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1799. 
 
 — verbascWlia- 3. White. May. Iberia. 1823. 
 
 — verbena'ca. 2. Violet. August. Britain. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1056. 
 
 oblongifc'Ha. IJ. Blue. September. 
 
 Europe. 1820. 
 
 — versi'color. IJ. Blue, white. July. Spain, 
 
 1822. 
 
 — verticilla'ta. 3. Blue. August. Germany. 
 
 1628. 
 
 — virga'ta. i. White. September. America. 
 
 1758. 
 
 — vieco'sa. 1}. Violet. May. Italy. 1773. 
 
 Jacq. lo. t. 5. 
 
 Salvi'nia. (Named in honour of 
 Antonio Maria Salvini, a Professor at 
 Florence in the seventeenth century. 
 Nat. ord., MarsUiacece.) 
 
 This pretty little floating aquatic, which, like 
 AZOLLA, is suitable for a stove, greenhouse, or 
 indoor aquarium, is easUy managed in the 
 summer time, simply requiring to be let alone or 
 have its water changed, if necessary ; but in the 
 winter is often lost through a want of knowledge 
 of its life-history. The mature plant floats on 
 the water and has no true roots, though the row 
 of divided leaves on the under side of the stem 
 look like roots at first sight, and assume their 
 functions. Among these the spore capsules are 
 developed, and from them the plant must be 
 grown annually, as the old plants die in the 
 winter. The best way to preserve the spores Is 
 to half fill a broad pan with sandy loam, and 
 then fill up with water ; when the water has 
 cleared, place a number of plants upon it, and 
 stand the pan by in a cool greenhouse ; in the 
 winter the plants will all die, but the spores will 
 remain in the loam, which must not be thrown 
 away or allowed to dry, and the next spring they 
 will reproduce the plant. Azolla. should be 
 treated in the same manner. 
 S. na'tans. Europe, India. 
 
 Sa'mara. (From the Indian name. 
 Nat. ord., Myrsinew.) A synonym of 
 Myrsine. 
 
 .S". penta^ndra, A synonym of Myrsine Samara. 
 
 Sambu'cus. Elder-tree. (From 
 sambuke, a musical instrument, made of 
 elder- wood. Nat. ord., CaprifoliacecE ; 
 Tribe, Sambucece.) 
 
 Hardy plants, and all white-flowered, except 
 where otherwise mentioned. Generally by cut- 
 tings of ripened wood, either of one or several 
 years of age. Common, rich, light soil. 
 
 HARDY HBEBACEOtlS. 
 S. chin^rme. 4. September. China. 1823. 
 — Ebulus. 3. White, red. June. Britain. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 638. 
 gau'tschii. Garden form. 1890. Syn., 
 
 5. Gautschii. 
 , hu'mUis. 2. White, pink. June. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS SHRUBS. 
 S. au'rea. See S. nigra, var. foliis-luteis. 
 
 — eanade'mis. 6. July. N. Amer. 1761. 
 
 — nigra. 15. June. Biitain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 
 t. 637. ■ , 
 fo'liis arge!nteis. 25. June. Britain. 
 
 Syn., (S. ni^ra, var. variegata. 
 fofliie-lu'teis. 25. June. Britain. Syn., 
 
 5. aurea. 
 laeinia'ta. 25, June. Britain. Syn., 
 
 8. nip^a, var. laeiniata. 
 
 lacinia'ta au'rea. 25. June. 1848. 
 
 lev^oca'rpa. 25. June. Britain. Syn., 
 
 5. nigra, var. albida. 
 
 — rrumstro'sa. 25. June. Britain. 
 
 pulverule^nta. 10. June. Britain. 
 
 roiundifo'lia. 25. June. Britain. 
 
 — vire'scens. 26. June. Britain. Syn., 
 
 S. mridis.- 
 
 — pu'bens. 6. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 — racemo'sa. 12. Green, yellow. May. South 
 
 Europe and Siberia, 1596. Jacq. Ic. 
 . t. 59. 
 
 arborefseeni. Rocky Mountains. 1888. 
 
 flave^scens. 12. Yellow, green. May, 
 
 South Europe. 1696. 
 heterophy'lla. Leaves simple or divided. 
 
 Gfl. 1891, p. 656, f . 123. 
 
 ladnia'ta. Leaflets withiagged margins. 
 
 plwmo'aa. Leaflets deeply cut. Garden 
 
 variety. 1886. 
 purjm'rea. 12. Purple. May. South 
 
 Europe. 1596. 
 ierratifo'lia. Leaflets narrow, toothed. 
 
 1886. 
 
 — vl'ridie. See S. nigra, var. itireseens. 
 
 Sa'mbul Plant. Fe'rula Sa'mhul. 
 
 Sa'niolus. Brookweed. (From the 
 Celtic sau, salutary, and mos, a pig; 
 meaning pigs'-food. Nat. otA.., Primu- 
 laoece; Tribe, Samolece.) 
 
 White-flowered herbaceous perennials. Divi- 
 sion of the plant in spring ; sandy loam and 
 peat. S. Vatera'ndi ishaxdy ; the others require 
 to be kept moist in the ^eenhouse or pit in 
 winter. 
 
 S. campamuloi'des. 1. July. South Africa. 
 1816. 
 
 — Htora'lie. B. C. t. 436. See 5. repens. 
 
 — re'pens. }. August. Australia. 1800. Syn,, 
 
 iS. lUoralis: 
 
 — Vaiera'ndi, |. July. Britain. 
 
 Samphire. See Crithinmn. 
 
 Samy'da. (Greek name of the birch, 
 which tnw resemble. Nat. ord., Samy- 
 dacecB; Tribe, Caseariece.) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs. Cut- 
 tings of shoots nearly ripe in sand, under a bell- 
 tlass, and placed in bottom-heat, in summer ; 
 bry loam, and sandy, fibry peat. Winter temp. , 
 60° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 86°. 
 5. glabra'ta. 6. August. W. Ind. 1800. 
 
 — macroca'rpa. July. Mexico. 1826. 
 
 — • maerophp'Ua. 6. E. Ind. 1820. Syn., S. 
 vind^ora. 
 
 — n&bilis. Brazil. 1866. 
 
 — ro'sea. B. M. t. 550. See 5. serrvZata, 
 
 — serrula'ta. 3. July. W. Ind. 1723. Andr. 
 
 Rep. t. 202. Syn., 5. rosea. 
 
 — viridijlo'ra. See 5. macrophylla. 
 
 Sanche'zia. (in honour of Don 
 Sanchez. Nat. ovd., Acanthacece ; Tribe, 
 BuelliecB. Syn., Ancyclogyne.) 
 
 Stove siib-shrub. For cultivation, see Bar- 
 LERIA. 
 
SAN 
 
 [870] 
 
 SAN 
 
 S. l(mg%/lo'ra. Vinous-purple. April. Guaya- 
 quil. 1866. Fl. Ser. t. 2460. Syn., 
 Ancylogyne longiflora, B. M. t. 6S88. 
 
 — ruybilis. YeUow, cnmson. Ecuador. 1866. 
 
 B. M. t. 6694. There is a variety with 
 white-striped leaves, and another with 
 glaucous leaves. 
 
 Sandal Wood. Sa'ntalum. 
 Sand-box-tree. Hu'ra cre'pitans. 
 
 Sanderso'nia. (In honour of J. 
 Sanderson, secretary of the Natal Horti- 
 cultural Society. Nat. oid.,' Liliacece; 
 Tribe, Uvularieee.) 
 
 Warm greenhouse bulb. For cultivation, see 
 
 HlPPEASTRUM. 
 
 5. auranti'aea. IJ. Orange. Natal. 1862. 
 B. M. t. 4716. 
 
 Sand Pear. Py'rus sinensis. 
 
 Sand Wood. Bremontidra ammo'- 
 xylon. 
 
 Sanguinaire Plant. Parony'chia 
 arge'ntea. 
 
 Sanguina'ria. Puccoon. (From 
 sanguis, blood; their red juice. Nat. 
 ord., Papaveracew; Tribe, Eupapa- 
 vereoB.) 
 
 Hardy, tuberous, white-flowered perennials, 
 from North America. Division of the roots, or 
 by seeds in spring ; light, loamy soil. 
 S. carictdefrmi. J. March. N. Amer. 1680. 
 B. M. 1. 162. 
 
 — gramd^lo'ra. May, N. Amer. Swt. Fl. 
 
 Gard. ser. 2, 1. 147. 
 
 Sanguiso'rba. Burnet. (Prom 
 sanguis, blood, and sorbeo, to absorb; 
 supposed to be an active vulnerary. Nat. 
 or A., RosacecB; Tribe, PofemcB. ) This 
 is now included in Poterium, under 
 the specific names annexed. 
 
 Hardy, herbaceous perennials. Division of the 
 roots, and by seeds in spring ; common garden- 
 soil. See BURNBT. 
 5. alpi'na. Yellow. June. Altai. 1837. 
 
 POTEWUM AU?INUM: 
 
 — Anders&nii. Pink. July. Siberia. Pote- 
 
 rium Andersonii. 
 
 — ccmade'nBis. 3. White. August. Canada. 
 
 1633. Poterium canadense. 
 
 — ca'mea. 4. Bed. July. Siberia. 1823. A 
 
 form of Poterium officinale. 
 
 — maurita'nica. 4. Pink. July. Algiers. 
 
 1810. POTERIUM MAURITANICUM. 
 
 — m^dia. 4. Flesh. August. Canada. 1785. 
 
 Poterium medium. 
 
 — negldcta. 4. White. July. Europe. 1800. 
 
 A form of POTERIUM officinale. 
 
 — ofleina'lis. 4. Purple. July. Britain. 
 
 Poterium officinale, Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 t. 421. 
 auricula'ta. 4. Pink. July. Sicily. 
 
 — prceleox. 3. Pink. May. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 A form of Poterium officinale. 
 
 — ru'bra. A form of Poterium officinale. 
 
 — sUcMmis. Carmine-red. Sitoha. 1889. 
 
 — tenui/o'lia. 4. Pink. July. Dahuria. 1820. 
 
 Poterium tenuifolium. 
 
 Sanicle. Sani'cula europce'a, 
 Sanicle, Bear's Ear. Cortu'sa. 
 
 August. 
 
 Sansevie'ra. (Named after Sanse- 
 vier, a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Scemodoracece ; Tribe, Ophiopogoniew. 
 Allied to Phormium.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials, white-flowered, 
 except where otherwise mentioned. Suckers in 
 spring, or when obtainable, and division of the 
 plant. Most of them require a plant-stove, or a. 
 warm greenhouse, to grow them well, and these 
 tender ones must have little water when in a 
 comparatively dormant state in winter j light 
 flbry loam and vegetable mould. 
 S. aw'rea variega'ta. Leaves pale green, with 
 creamy white bands. 
 
 — ca'rnea. Andr. Eep. t. 361. See Iieineeke(^ 
 
 cctrTiea, 
 
 — cyli'ndriea. 3. Yellow, green. 
 
 Angola. 1856. B. M. t. 5093. 
 
 — ens^o'lia. See S. zeylanica. 
 
 — fulmei'ncta. See 5. thyrsiflora. 
 
 = ?SL'«p«.}seeS.ffm«ee»^. 
 
 — guinee'nm. 2. Green. September. Guinea. 
 
 1790. B. M. 1. 1179. Syns., S. glauea, 
 S. grandicrispis, S. Icetevirens, and ,S. 
 polyphylla. 
 — java'nica. A synonym of Sraccena elliptica. 
 
 — iCBtein'rens. See S. guineensis. 
 
 — lanugino'sa. 2. East Indies. 
 
 — langifio'ra. 2. White. July. West Tropical 
 
 Africa. 1824. B. M. t. 2634. 
 
 — polyphy'Ua. See 5. guineensis. 
 
 — pu'mila. See S. zeylanica. 
 
 — sessUiflo'ra. B. M. t. 290. See Meineekea 
 
 camea. 
 
 — spiai'ta. See 5. thyrHJlora. 
 
 — stenophy'Ua. See S. zeylanica. 
 
 — subspica'ta. Leaves not spotted. S. Africa. 
 
 1889. 
 
 — thyrsiflo'ra. 1. S.Africa. 1790. Syns.,S'./M(- 
 
 vodmeta and S. spieata. 
 
 — zeyla'niea. 2. White, green. September. 
 
 Ceylon. 1731. 
 Sa'ntalum. Sandal Wood. {From 
 the Persian sandul, signifying useful. 
 Nat. ord., Santalaeece; Tribe, Osyridece.) 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of firm young shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; sandy, flbry 
 loam and peat, with nodules of charcoal. Win- 
 ter temp., 50° to 56'' ; summer, 60" to 86". 
 S.a'lbwm. 10. Purple. East Indies. 1804. 
 
 B. M. t. 3236. 
 myrtifo'lium. 4. Bed. East Indies. 
 
 1804. 
 
 — obtueif&litMm. 6. Red. Australia. 1823. 
 
 Santoli'na. Lavender Cotton. 
 (From sanctics, holy, and linum, flax ; 
 refers to fancied medicinal qualities. Nat. 
 ord., Composifm ; Tribe, Anthemidece. ) 
 
 Hardy, yellow-flowered evergreens. Cuttings 
 in autumn or spring, in a shady place ; common 
 soil. 
 5. aipi'na. July. South Europe. 1798. 
 
 — camefscens. July. Spain. 1683. 
 
 — cha'rrue-cypari'ssus. 2. July. South Europe. 
 
 1573. 
 
 — pectina'ta. 2. July. Spain. 1822. 
 
 — rosmarinif&lia. 2. August. South Europe. 
 
 1683. 
 
 — aquarro^ea. H. July. South Europe. 1670. 
 
 — m'ridis. 2. July. South Europe. 1727. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. - 
 
 S. a/nthemoi'des — Laaiospermum anthemoides. 
 
 — crithmifo'Ua = — critnmifoliv/m, 
 
 — erefcta = — pedumytdare. 
 
 — enospe^rma = — eriospermum, 
 
 — ri'gida = — rigidum. ' 
 
SAN 
 
 [871] 
 
 SAR 
 
 Sanvita'lia. (Named after a 
 Spaniard, Sanvitali. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positm; Tribe, Edianthoidem.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds in a slight hotbed, in 
 
 March, or in the open ground at the end of 
 
 April. A trailing annual, well fitted for edgings. 
 
 S. proeu'mbem. 1. Yellow. July. Mexico. 
 
 1798. B. R. t. 707. 
 
 Saouari or Suwarrow Nut. 
 Caryo'car. 
 
 Sap is the fluid which permeates 
 living plants. Two principal sap cur- 
 rents can be distinguished : 1. The as- 
 cending or crude sap, which consists of 
 water, with various mineral matters in 
 solution, which has been absorbed by 
 the root-hairs. It passes up the wood 
 vessels of the stem. 2. The descending 
 or elaborated sap passes mainly down 
 the bast tubes to oe distributed to what- 
 ever point it may be required. In it the 
 food materials exist in such forms as to 
 be immediately available for building 
 up the tissues of the plant. 
 
 Sapi'ndus. (From Sapo-indicus, 
 Indian Soap; the mucilaginous aril of 
 the seeds is used as soap in America. 
 Nat. ord., Sapindacem; Tribe, Sapin- 
 decB.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Seed sown in a hotbed 
 in spring ; cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 in heat. 
 
 S. Danu'ra. 6. White, red. May. India. 
 1820. Syn., Nephelium verticillatum. 
 
 Sapodilla or Sapotilla Plum. 
 
 A'chras Sapota. 
 
 Sapona'ria. Soapwort. (From 
 sapo, soap ; the bruised leaves of S. offici- 
 nalis form a lather like soap. ^ Nat. ord. , 
 Caryophyllacem ; Tribe, SilenecB. Al- 
 lied to Silene. ) 
 
 S. cata'hrica and ocymoi'des are two of the 
 prettiest flower-garden plants in this order. 
 Seeds of the annuals in open border, in April ; 
 division of the perennials, and cuttings of the 
 
 Soints of the shoots, in a sandy soU, under a 
 and-Iight ; sandy loam, with a little peat or de- 
 cayed vegetable earth. S. ocj/OToi'des and several 
 other trailing kinds are pretty hanging over 
 knolls or rock-works. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 S. eala'brica. h Rose. August. Calabria. 
 1830. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 79. 
 
 — cerastwi'des. i- Pink. Russia. 1836. 
 
 — glutino'sa. 1. Pink. June. Tauria. 1817. 
 
 Biennial. B. M. t. 2855. 
 
 — orienta'lis. 1. Pink. July. Levant. 1732. 
 
 — perfolia'ta. 2. Pink. June. E. Ind. 1830. 
 
 — vo'rrigene. 1. Flesh. July. Levant. 1680. 
 
 Jacq. Vind. t. 109. Syn., Gypsophila 
 porrigens. 
 
 — vacea'ria. 2. Red. July. Germany. 1696. 
 
 B. M. t. 2290. 
 
 — visco'sa. 1. 1836. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 5. leUidi/o'lia. J. Red. July. Italy. 1825. 
 
 — eceemto'sa. h Red. July. Pyrenees. 1820. 
 
 G. C. 1881, XV., p. 501. Syn., S. elegcms. 
 Half-hardy. 
 
 S. e'legans. See S. cmspitosa. 
 
 — illi/rica. A synonym of Tunica illyrica. 
 
 — lu'tea. J. Yellow. July. Switzerland. 
 
 1804. 
 
 — ocymoi'des. \. Pink. June. France. 1768. 
 
 B. M. t. 154. 
 
 — offldTM'lis. 2. Pink. July. England. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, 1. 197. 
 hy'brida. Pink. England. 
 
 — prostra'ta. Rose. July. Pyrenees. 1824. 
 
 Sapo'ta. (The native name. Nat. 
 ord., Sapotacece.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree, with milky juice. Cut- 
 tings. 
 
 S. A'chras. 50. Whitish. May. West Indies. 
 1731. The correct name of this is ACHRAS 
 Sapota. B. M. tt. 8111-12. 
 
 Sappan Wood. Cwsalpi'nia sap- 
 va'n. 
 
 Saprophyte. A plant obtaining its 
 food from decaying organic matter (e.^., 
 most Fungi), in contrast with a parasite, 
 which absorbs its nourishment from 
 living organisms, e.g., Mistletoe. 
 
 Sara'ca. (From Sarac, the American 
 name. Nat. ord., Leguminosce. Syn., 
 Jonesia.) 
 
 Stove trees. Cuttings of ripened shoots in 
 sand, in a brisk heat ; peat and loam. Summer 
 temp., 60° to 88° ; winter, 65° to 60°. 
 5. inclina'ta. Yellowish-orange. Java and 
 Sumatra. 
 
 — i'niica. 20. Orange. Summer. India. 1796. 
 
 Syns., Jonesia Asoca, B. M. t. 3018, and 
 J. pinnata. 
 
 — tria'ndra. 20. Orange. E. Indies. 1820. 
 
 ■ Syn., Jonesia scandens. 
 
 Sara'cha. (After Isidore Saracha, 
 a Benedictine monk at Madrid. Nat. 
 ord., Solanacece.) 
 
 Greenhouse, or hardy herbs. Seeds of the 
 
 hardy species sown in the open border in spring. 
 
 & procu'mbens. Yellow. Summer. Peru. Syn., 
 
 Atropa procurrU/ens. Jacq. H. Schoenb. 
 
 t. 492. 
 
 — stapelioi'des. IJ. Pale yellow, reddish-brown. 
 
 Summer. Western America. 1866. Gfl. 
 t. 465. Greenhouse. 
 
 — umbella'ta. 2-4. Cream-coloured. June. 
 
 Peru. 1822. Swt. ¥1. Gard. t. 85. Syn., 
 Atropa umbellata. 
 
 — visco'sa. Yellow. Summer. Western America. 
 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 323. 
 
 Sarca^nthus. (From sarx, flesh,- 
 and anthos, a flower ; substance of the 
 flowers. Nat. ord., Orchidece; Tribe," 
 VandecB-SarcanthecB. ) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown in baskets. See ORCHIDS. 
 5. arieti'mis. Greenish, rosy, yellow. Assam. 
 1869. 
 
 — bel</phonis. Ochre, with purplish-brown 
 
 stripes. G. C. 1883, xx. p. 262. 
 
 — ehrysomelas. Yellowish, blackish-purple. 
 
 Moulmein. 1869. 
 
 — ero'ceus, SaSron. Manilla. 1837. 
 
 — eri-na'ceus. White, rose. Moulmein. 1867- 
 
 Syn., Aerides rv^yrwm and A. dasypogon.^ 
 
 — Mifo'rmis. Brown, yellow. July. East 
 
 Indies. 1842. B. M. t. 4639. 
 '—fielxus. Yellowish-brown, pale yellow. 
 Borneo. 1881. 
 
SAR 
 
 [872] 
 
 SAR 
 
 S, gutta'tus. B. B. t. 1143. See Saceolabium 
 guttatum. 
 
 — Hincksia'mts. Green, red. 1878. 
 
 — la'xvs. White, purple. Moulmein. 1866. 
 
 Bef. Bot. 1. 109. 
 
 — Lendya'nus. Greeniah, purple, orange. 
 
 Saigon. G. C. 1884, xxi., p. 44. 
 
 — ma'crodon. Yellowish, purple. Madras. 1873. 
 
 — Tnira'bilis, 1^. Yellowish, India. 
 
 — oxyphy'Uiis. China. 1837. 
 
 — pa'Uidus. White. September. E. Ind. 
 
 1840. 
 
 — pardeula'tus. 2^. Yellow, brown. China. 
 
 — Pari'shii. Yellow ; lips rosy. Moulmein. 1861. 
 
 — prtxmo'rsus. See Saceolabium papillosv/m. 
 
 — ro^ra'tus. B. B. t. 981. See Vanda recwrva. 
 
 — striola'tus. Orange, cinnamon. Philippine 
 
 Islands. G. C. 1882, xviii., p. 168. 
 
 — sucd'sm. 1. Green. June. China. 1824. 
 
 B. E. 1. 1014. 
 
 — teretifo'liiis. 1^. Green, brown. May. China. 
 
 1819. B. M. t. 3571. Syn., Vanda tereti- 
 folia. 
 
 — WUlia-fnso'nii, Amethyst. Assam. 1865. 
 
 Sarcocau'lon, (From sarx, flesh, 
 and caulon, a stem ; the stems are fleshy. 
 Nat.ord., (reraMiacecE; Tribe, Geraniece. ) 
 Greenhouse herbs or subshrubs. Loam, peat 
 and half-mould mixed. Cuttings in sand under 
 a beU-glass. 
 
 iS. Burma'nni. 1. Purple. May. South Africa. 
 1800. B. M. t. 6729. 
 
 — Heritiiri. See Mtmson'M Heritieri, 
 
 — Paterso'ni. See Monsonia Patersoni. 
 
 Sarcoce'phalus. Guinea Peach. 
 (From sarx, flesh, and kephale, a head ; 
 shape and substance of the fruit. Nat. 
 ord., Rubiacece; Tribe, Nauclece.) 
 
 Cuttings in spring, in bottom-heat, under a 
 glass. Stove evergreens, requiring a high, moist 
 temperature when growing ; sandy lo«im, flbry 
 
 Seat, with a little rough charcoal, and good 
 rainage. Winter temp., 66° to 60°; summer, 
 60° to 88°. 
 
 S. ccrda'tus. 10. Yellow. May. Australia 
 and India. 1820. Syn., Kauclea coadu- 
 nata. 
 
 — eseule'ntus. 15. Pink. July. Sierra Leone. 
 
 1822. Trans. Hort. Soc. v., p. 422, 
 t. 18. 
 
 Sarcochi'lus. (From swrx, flesh, 
 and cheilos, a lip ; fleshy labellum. Nat. 
 ord., OrchidecE ; Tribe, Vandece-Sar- 
 canthece. Syn. , Ornitharium. ) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown on blocks. See ORCHIDS. 
 S. calce'olus. White. Manilla. 1844. B. E. 
 1846, t. 19. 
 
 — cochinchine'nsie. Yellow. Cochin China. 
 
 1877. Syn., Camarotis eochinchinenm. 
 
 — falea'tus. White. April. Australia. 1821. 
 
 B. B. t. 1832. 
 
 — Fitzgera'ldi. White, rose. Australia. 1877. 
 
 — Freema'nii. Yellow, brown. Assam. 1876. 
 
 Syn., Thrixspenm/um Freemanii, 
 
 — Hartma'nni. Creamy white, red, yellow 
 
 Queensland. 1877. B. M. t. 7010. Syn., 
 Thrinesperrmim Hartmamni. 
 
 — indusia'tum. Yellowish, with red spots ; lip 
 
 white. Sunda Isles. 1886. Syn,, Thrix- 
 spermum indiLSiaiwm. 
 
 — iOTw'gmutn. Yellow, cinnamon-brown, rod. 
 
 Manilla 1844. 
 
 — oliva'cev,s. Dull purple or brownish ; lip 
 
 white with red stripes. Australia. 
 
 — pa'lliduB. Pale yellow. Sylhet. Syn., Jfwro- 
 
 pera pallida. 
 
 S. purpu'reua. Pale rose ; lip rosy-crimson. 
 India. Syn., Camarotis purpurea. 
 
 — rubrice'ntrum. Pure white with a red centre. 
 
 Australia. 1880. 
 
 — te'res. White, violetj purple. India. Syn., 
 
 0mUhariuni8triatiU'wm,VB,'^t.¥l. Gard., 
 i., p. 188, flg. 117. 
 
 — unguieula'tut. White, red, yellow. Manilla. 
 
 1846. Syns., PhaUenopsig Ruckeriana 
 and Thrixspermura unguieulatwm. 
 
 SarCOCO'cca. (From sarx, flesh, 
 a,nA.kokkos, a berry; the fruits are fleshy. 
 Nat. ord., Euphorbiacem.) 
 
 Greenhouse, or half-hardy shrubs from the 
 Past Indies. S. Hookeria'na has proved hardy 
 in the south of England. Propagated by cuttings, 
 in sand, under a bell-glass. 
 5. Hookeria'na. 4. Yellowish. June. Sikkim. 
 
 — prunifo'rmis. See S. salignus. 
 
 — saw gnus. 4. Pale yellow. Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 Syn.. S. prvmiformis, B. B. 1. 1012. 
 caria cea. 4. White. June. Nepaul. 
 
 1822. Syn., Pachysandra conacea. 
 
 Stove. 
 laiifdlia. A broad-leaved variety. 
 
 SarcoCO'Ua. (From sarx, flesh, and 
 
 kolla, glue ; some of the species excrete 
 
 a resinous matter. Nat. ord.jPereoEoscetB.) 
 
 Greenhouse shrubs from South Africa. For 
 
 culture, see Pen^a. 
 
 iS. imbrica'ta. IJ. Pink. .June. South Africa. 
 1824. Syn., Penosa imjmcata, B. M. 
 t. 2809. 
 
 — Linnoe'i. 1. Bed. June. South Africa. 
 
 1826. Syn., Peruea Sarcocolla. 
 
 — squamo'sa. 1. Bed. June. South Africa. 
 
 1787. Syn., Pencea squamosa. B. E. 
 1. 106. 
 
 Sarcoglo'ttis. (From sarx, flesh, 
 a,nd glottis, a tongue ; shape of the label- 
 lum. Nat. ord., Orchidece ; Tribe, 
 NeottiecB-SpiranthecB. ) Now united with 
 Spiranthes. 
 
 stove orchids, grown in pots. (See Orchids.) 
 Some of the Neottias are by some botanists 
 added to this section. 
 S, diure'tuia. See Spiranthes diuretica. 
 
 — Esseri. See Spiranthes Esseri. 
 
 Sarcolo'bus. (From sarx, flesh, 
 and lobus, a pod; seed-vessel fleshy, 
 Nat, ord,, Asdepiadacece ; Tribe, Mars- 
 deniece. Alliea to Pergularia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiners, from the East Indies. 
 Cuttings of short, firm side-shoots any time in 
 summer, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, and 
 in a brisk bottom-heat ; fibry loam and peat, 
 with a small quantity of charcoal, dried leaf- 
 mould, and silver sand. Winter temp., 60° to 
 66° ; summer, 60° to 88°. 
 S. earina'tus. 16. Green, yellow. India. 1823. 
 
 — globo'sus. 16. White. India. 1823. Wight. 
 
 Ic. 1. 1273. 
 
 Sarcopo'dilim. (From sarx, flesh, 
 and poiis, a foot. Nat. ord. , Orchidece ; 
 Tribe, Epidendrem-Dendrobiea: 
 
 Stove epiphytical orchids, sometimes referred 
 to the genera Dendrobium and Bulbophvl- 
 LUM. See Orchids. 
 S. Chei'ri. Olive-green, brown. Manilla, 
 
 — Dea'rei. Yellowish, red. G. C. 1883, XX. 
 
 p. 108, flg. 17. 
 
 — Godseffla'num. Yellow, brown. 1890. 
 
SAR 
 
 [873] 
 
 SAS 
 
 S. Lc/bbii. Yellow, orange. Java. 
 
 — Tnacra'nthuTn. Lemon, brown. Singapore. 
 
 — pika'tum. Yellow. Singapore. 
 
 — peittacogl&ssum. Yellow, red. Moulmein. 
 
 1863. B. M. t. 5408. 
 
 Sarcoste'mma. (From mw;, flesh, 
 and stemma, a crown ; fleshy flower- 
 head. Nat. ord., Asclepiadaceoe ; Tribe, 
 CynanchecB. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings of the 
 points of shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and 
 in bottom-heat ; but care must be taken to raise 
 the glass often, to prevent damping ; sandy peat 
 and flbry loam, a small portion of charcoal, feaf- 
 monld, and sand. Winter temp., 45° to 66° ; 
 summer, 60° to 80°. 
 
 S. Brunmiialnum. Yellow. India. 1872. B. 
 M. t. 6002. 
 
 — campanula' turn. B. R. 1846, t. 36. See Pkili- 
 
 bertia campanulata. 
 
 — Swartzia'nwm. 6. White. Jamaica. 1820. 
 — vimina'le. 6. White. July. E. Ind. 1731. 
 
 Sarge'ntia. (After Prof. G. Sprague 
 Sargem, Director of the Arnold Arbore- 
 tum, United States. Nat. ord., Palmece ; 
 Tribe, Arecce. ) A synonym of Pseudo- 
 phoenix. 
 
 S. arico'cca. A synonym of Pseudophoemie Sar- 
 gentii. 
 
 Sarmie'nta. (Named after Mart. 
 Sarmietito, a Spanisli botanist. Nat. 
 ord., GesneracecB ; Tribe; Cyrtandrece.) 
 
 Greenhouse perennial trailer. For cultivation, 
 see Gesnera. 
 S. re'pens. Bed. Chili. 1862. Fl. Ser. 1. 1646. 
 
 Sarotha'mnus. (From saros, 
 broom, and thamnos, shrub ; a shrub 
 resembling the Broom. Nat. ord., 
 LeguminoscB ; Tribe, Genistece.) See 
 Genista. 
 
 S. scopa'rius Andrea'nus. See Genieta An- 
 dreana. 
 
 Sarrace'nia. Side-saddle Flower. 
 (Named after Dr. Sarrasm, a French 
 physician. Nat. ord., Sarraceniacece.) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous perennials, natives of 
 North America, but many garden hybrids have 
 now been raised. Division in spring ; flbry peat 
 and chopped sphagnum-moss ; a pit or frame 
 will be necessary for their cultivation, to keep 
 them from frost in winter^ and to afford them a 
 close, humid atmosphere in summer. 
 S. Athinsonia'iia. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — atrosangui'nea. See 5. Jlava, var. atrosan- 
 
 guinea. 
 
 — CatesbaH. See 5. jlava, var. Catesbcei. 
 
 — ehelso'ni. Garden hybrid between S. rubra 
 
 and iS. purp^irea. 
 
 — Cou'rtii. Garden hybrid between S. purpurea 
 
 and S. psittacina. 
 
 — crispa'ta. White. N. America. 1879. Per- 
 
 haps a natural hybrid. 
 
 — de'cora. Garden hybrid. 1889. 
 
 — Drummo'ndii. 2. Purple. June. X. Amer. 
 
 1829. Fl. Ser. t. 660. Syn., S. undulata. 
 a'lba. Pitchers marked with white. 
 
 Garden variety. 
 ru'bra. Pitchers marked with bright red. 
 
 Garden variety. 
 
 — exce'llens. Hybrid between S. variolaris and 
 
 S. Drummondii, var. alba. 
 
 S. excu'lta. Hybrid between S. Jlava, var. atro- 
 sanguinea and 5. Drunvmondii. 
 
 — exoma'ta. Hybrid between S. purpurea and 
 
 5. erispata. 
 
 — FUde'sii. See 5. fiava, var. Catesbcei. 
 —fla'va. 2. Yellow. June. N. America. 
 
 1762. B. M. t. 780. 
 atrosangui'nea. Cream-colour, yellow. 
 
 N. America. 1879. Syn., S. atrosan- 
 
 guinea. 
 CatesbaH. Pitchers with red veins. 
 
 Syns., S. Catesbcei, S. FUdesiit and S. 
 
 jlava, var. picta. 
 Umba'ta. Lid of pitcher edged with 
 
 brownish-crimson. 
 
 ina'ieima. Pitchers large, pale green. 
 
 oma'ta. Yellow. 1879. Syn., iS. arnata. 
 
 pi! eta. See S. jlava, var. Catesbasi. 
 
 Willialnmi. N. America. 1874. Syn., 
 
 5. Williajmsii. 
 
 — formo'sa. Hybrid between 5. ysittacina and 
 
 5. variolaris. 
 
 — illustra'ta. Hybrid between S. jlava, var. 
 
 picta, and 5. Stevensii. 
 
 — XaddiiarMna. Hybrid between S. vario- 
 
 laris and S^sittctcina. 
 
 — melarwrho'da. Hybrid between S. Stevensii 
 
 and S. purpurea. 
 
 — m/i'nor. i. Purple, green. April. N. 
 
 America. 1829. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 
 1. 138. 
 
 — Mitchellia'na. Hybrid between S. Drum- 
 
 mondii, var. rubra, and S. purpurea. 
 
 — Moo'rei. Hybrid between iS. Jlava and S. 
 
 Drummondii. 
 •—Po'pei. Hybrid between 5. Jlava and 5. 
 rvirra. 
 
 — porphyroneu'ra. Pitchers veined with purple. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — vsittaGi'na. Leaves red-veined, and ends 
 
 parrot-headed. American Southern 
 States. 1866. 
 
 — purpu'rea, 1. Purple. June. N. America. 
 
 1640. B. M. t. 849. 
 
 — ru'bra. 1. Reddish - purple. May. N. 
 
 America. 1786. B. C. 1. 1163. 
 
 — acumiiui'ta. Pitchers with crimson 
 
 veins. Syn., S. rubra of B. M. t. 3515. 
 
 — Steve'nsii. Hybrid between S. purpurea and 
 
 S. Jlava. 
 
 — Swania'na. Hybrid between S. variolaris 
 
 and S. purpurea. 
 
 — ToUia'na. Hybrid between S. Drummmidii, 
 
 var. alba, and 5. Jlava. 
 
 — undula'ta. See S. Drummondii. 
 
 — variola'ris. 1. Yellow. June. N. America. 
 
 1803. 
 
 — vitta'ta moGula'ta. Hybrid between S. pwr^ 
 
 purea and S. chelsoni. 
 
 — Willia'msii. See S. jlava, var. WilliamMi. 
 
 — Wilsonia'na. Hybrid between S. Jlava and S. 
 
 purpurea. 1884. 
 
 — Wrigleya'na. Hybrid between 5. psittacina 
 
 and S. variolaris. 
 
 Sa'ssairas. (From Sassafras, the 
 Spanish for Saxifrage. Nat. ord., 
 Laurinem. ) 
 
 Hardy, deciduous tree, from the Eastern 
 United States. From the young shoots a kind 
 of beer is manufactured, while the fruits yield 
 an oil, used by perfumers. For culture, see 
 Laurus. 
 S. offlelna'le. 30. Greenish-yellow. April. 
 
 Eastern United States. 1633. Bent. 
 
 and Tr. t. 220. Syn., Laurus sassafras. 
 
 Sassafras, Califomian. Umbel- 
 hda'ria califo'rnica. 
 
 Sassafras, Swamp, Magno'lia 
 glau'ca. 
 
SAS 
 
 [874] 
 
 SAU 
 
 Sassafras, Tasmanian. Anthero- 
 spe'rma moscKa'ta. 
 
 Sassafras Tree. Sa'ssafras offlci- 
 na'le. 
 
 Satin Flower. Sisyri'nchium. 
 
 Satin Moth. Li'paris. 
 
 Satin wood Tree. CMoro'xylon 
 Swiete'nia. 
 
 Sature'ia. Savory. (From the 
 Arabic sattar, applied to labiates. Nat. 
 ord., LabiatcB; Tribe, Satureinece.) 
 
 Seeds and divisions in spring ; common, sandy 
 loam. See Savory. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS, ETC. 
 
 S. horte^nsis. IJ. Pink. July. Italy. 1662. 
 Annual. Syn., S. vvmiiwa, 
 
 — m&Uis. i. White. July. Teneriffe. 1829. 
 
 — monta'na. IJ. Purple. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1662. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 643. 
 
 — vimi'nea. See 5. hortensis. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 S. mu'tioa, June. Caucasus. 1836. 
 
 — spino'aa. White. May. Crete. 1827. 
 
 — thyfmjbra. 1. Purple. June. Candia. 
 
 1640. Sibth. H. Gr. t. 641. 
 
 — virga'ta. Purple. June. Naples. 1424. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 
 5. approxima'ta = Micromeria approximata, 
 
 — capita' ta = Thynvue capitatus. 
 
 — conge'sta = Micromeria grceca, var. densiflora. 
 
 — grceca = Micromeria grceca. 
 
 — Jul^^} = «i«-<meria Juliami. 
 
 — n^rvo'ea = Jftcromeria nervosa. 
 
 — ruptletris, Jacq. Ic. t. 494, = Mieromeria ru- 
 
 pettrit. 
 
 Saty'rium. (From satyrus, a satyr ; 
 supposed aphrodisiacal properties. Nat. 
 ord., Orchidece; Tribe, Ophrydece- 
 Disece.) 
 
 Terrestrial orchids, from South Africa; except 
 S. cilialtv/m and S. TiepaWn^Cy less difficult to 
 cultivate than their allies. We have flowered 
 some of them planted out in a cold frame with 
 Xxias and other Cape Irids. Division of the 
 roots as fresh growth is commencing ; fibry 
 loam and turfy peat, well drained. Winter 
 temp., 40" to 46° ; summer, 65° to 75°. 
 S. avireum. Orange. August. 1842, 
 
 — ca'nAidum. White. September. 1836. 
 
 — ca'rneunrb. IJ. Pink. June. 1797. 
 
 — chrysoeta'chywm. See 5. coriifolium. 
 
 — cilia'twm. Pinkish-white. August. Hima- 
 
 laya. 1880. 
 
 — eoriifo'lium. 1. Yellow. October. 1820. 
 
 Syn., S. cucullatwm of B. C. 1. 104. 
 
 — cuculla'tum. J. Green. June, 1786. B. 
 
 B. t. 416, Syn., Orclm Mcomis. Andr. 
 Eep. t. 316. 5, cucuUatwm of B, C. 
 1. 104 is a synonym of 5. eoriifolium. 
 
 — ere'ctum. 1^. Yellow. February. 1838. 
 
 Maund Bot. iii,, t, 117. Syns., iS. pa- 
 pillosvm and 5. pvMulatum, B. E. 1840, 
 1. 18. 
 —/olio'sum. Purple. July. 1828. 
 
 — margima'twm. }. June. 1789. Syn., 5. 
 
 parmflorum, 
 
 — memmana'cevmi. 1. Bright red. 1889. 
 
 — nepaUiue. IJ. Bose-pink. Himalayas. 
 
 1882. B, M, t. 6626. 
 
 — papiUo'ewm. See 5^. erectium. 
 
 — parviJUrum. See S. marginaUtm. 
 
 S. pustula'tum. B. B. 1840, t. 16, See S, 
 erectum. 
 
 Saucers made of earthenware and 
 glazed inside are useful for standing pots 
 in on tables, which would be damaged 
 by a moist unprotected pot. They are 
 now often replaced by an ornamental 
 china pot, in which the ordinary flower- 
 pot is completely inclosed. In either 
 case care must be taken that the water 
 is not too great in quantity or does not 
 become stagnant. 
 
 Saunde'rsia. (After W. Wilson 
 Saunders, F.L.S., an eminent cultivator 
 of rare plants and patron of Botany. 
 Nat. ord., Orchidece; Tribe, Vandem- 
 OncidiecB. ) 
 
 The sole species of this genus is a stove 
 epiphyte, 
 
 S. mira'Mlii. Greenish-white, yellow, pui-ple. 
 Brazil. Echb. Xen. t, 177. 
 
 Saunders Wood. Pteroca'rpus 
 santali'nus. 
 
 Saurau'ja. (Named after Sauraujo, 
 a Portuguese botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Temstrbmiaceos ; Tribe, Sauraujece. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen, white-fiowered trees and 
 shrubs. Cuttmgs of ripe shoots in sand, under 
 a bell-glas.';, in heat, in spring ; flbry loam and 
 sandy peat. Winter temp., 60° to 56° ; summer, 
 60° to 80°. 
 S. excdUa. 60. Caraccas. 1820. 
 
 — lamceola'ta. 1882, 
 
 — macrophy'lla. Mexico, 1844. 
 
 — nepalensit. 30, August. Nepaul. 1824, 
 
 — sarapime'nsis. Costa Eica. 1866. 
 
 — specta'hilis. 10. July. Bolivia. 1838. B. 
 
 M. t, 3982, 
 
 SaurOglo'SSUm. (From saura, a 
 lizard, and glossa, a tongue ; resemblance 
 to the tongue of that reptile. Nat. ord., 
 Orchidew; Tribe, NeottieoB-SpirantheiB.) 
 See Spiranthes. 
 
 S. ela'twm. B. E. t. 1618. See Spira/nthes 
 elata. 
 
 Sauroma'tum. (From saura, a 
 lizard ; alluding to the speckled interior 
 of the spathe. Nat. ord., Aroidew; 
 Tribe, Arinem. ) 
 
 Stove tuberous-rooted herbaceous perennials, 
 allied to Arum. Offsets. Light loam and peat 
 in equal proportions. 
 S. a'sperum. See Draconiium asperum. 
 
 — gutta'tum. IJ. Green, purple. May. - E. 
 
 Indies. 1830, Syn., Arum venomm, 
 B, E. 1. 1017, See also S. venosum. 
 
 — pedaHwrn. 3. Dark purple, yellowish. 
 
 March. East Indies. 1815. Gfl. 
 t. 495. 
 
 — pwnctaltwm,. 1. Green, purplish. 1858. 
 
 — veno'mtm. 1. Green, purple-brown. India. 
 
 1840. Syn,, S. guttMwm of B. M. 
 t. 4466, 
 
 Sau'ropus. (From sauros, a lizard, 
 and pov^, a foot ; application not appa- 
 rent. Nat. ord., Euphorbiacets ; Tribe, 
 Phyllanthece. ) 
 
SAU 
 
 [875] 
 
 SAW 
 
 Stove shrub. For cultivation, see Phyllan- 
 THUS, to which it is allied. 
 S. a'llrieans Gardneria'nus. Java. 1861. Syn., 
 S, Qardneri, 
 
 Sauru'ms. (From sauros, a lizard, 
 and oura, a tail, referring to the ap- 
 pearance of the inflorescence. Nat. ord., 
 Piperacem. ) 
 
 Hardy, perennial, aquatic herbs, suitable for 
 growing in a shailow pond. Propagated by 
 seeds or divisions. 
 
 5. ce'muus. 2. White. Summer. North 
 America. 1759. 
 
 — chine'neis. See S. Loureiri. 
 
 — Loweiri. 2. White. Summer. Eastern 
 
 Asia. 1819. Gfl. t. 766. Syn., 5. 
 chiTiensis. 
 
 Saussu'rea. (Named after H. B. de 
 Saiissure, a Swiss botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Corraaositce ; Tribe, Cynaroidem. Allied 
 to Carlina. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceons perennials, and purple- 
 blossomed, except where otherwise mentioned. 
 Seeds and divisions of the plant in spring ; com- 
 mon garden-sou. 
 5. ala'ta. See 5. japonica. 
 
 — albescens. 2. Purple. July. Nepaul. 
 
 1837. Syn., Aplotcuds albescens. 
 
 — alpi'na. i. July. Britain. Bng. Bot. ed. 
 
 3, t. 703. 
 
 — ama'ra. IJ. July. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 — angustifo'lia. 2. July. Siberia. 1816. 
 
 — crassifo'lia. July. Caucasus. 1824. 
 
 — dX scalar. 1. July. Switzerland. 1818. 
 lapathifo'lia. 1. July. Europe. 1816. 
 
 — e'Ugans. Bose. July. Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 — elonga'ta. 2. July. Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 -~ Gmeli'ni. A synonym of SerratuXa Gmelini. 
 
 — japo'nica. 2. Bed. July. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 Syn., S. alafa. 
 
 — lacinMta. June. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 — Katroildes. See S. pyenocephala. 
 
 — lyra'ta. 2. Bed. July. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 — pulche'lta. 2. July. , Siberia. 1836. Syn 
 
 Serratula pulchella, B. M. t. 2689. 
 
 — pyenocephala. 2. July. Siberia. 
 
 Syn., S. liatroides. 
 —pygmcda. 1. July. Austria. 1816. 
 Serratula pygmma. 
 
 — ri'gida. July. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 — rwrumia'ta. 2. Bed. July. Siberia. 
 
 — mliei/o'lm. 2. Bed. July. Siberia. 
 ^sa'lsa. IJ. Bed. July. Caucasus. 
 
 — serra'ta. July. Europe. 1816. 
 
 Sauvage'sia. Iron Shrub; St. 
 Martin's Herb. (Named after F. B. 
 de Sawoages, a French botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Violace(B; Tribe, Sauvagesiem.) 
 
 Pretty, tender, violet-looking annuals. Seeds 
 in spring, in a hotbed, pricked out, and potted, 
 and then flowered in the plant-stove or warm 
 greenhouse. 
 
 S. erelcta. 1. Pink or purple. May. Mexico. 
 1820. 
 
 — gerniniflo'ra. ) gynonyms of S. erecta. 
 
 — nutans. i , 
 
 Savannah Flower. EcM'tes suh- 
 ere'cta. 
 
 Savin Tree. Juni'perus Sahi'na. 
 
 Savory. Sature'ia monta'na, Winter 
 or Perennial Savory. S. horte'n^is, 
 Summer or Annual Savory. 
 
 Siberia. 1827. 
 
 Syn., 
 
 1819. 
 1796. 
 1816. 
 
 They may oe sown in the open ground 
 at the latter end of March or in April, 
 in a light, rich soil ; thin the seedlings 
 moderately, and they may either remain 
 where sown, or be transplanted. Of the 
 Winter Savory, when the seedlings are 
 about two inches high, it is eligible to 
 plant out a quantity of the strongest in 
 moist weather, in nursery rows, six inches 
 asunder, to remain till September or 
 spring following, then to be transplanted 
 with balls of earth where they are finally 
 to remain, in rows a foot asunder. When 
 it is intended to let the Winter or Sum- 
 mer Savory remain where sown, the 
 seeds may be in shallow drills, either in 
 beds, or along the edge of any bed or 
 border by way of an edging. 
 
 By Slips. — In the spring, or early 
 part of summer, the Winter Savory may 
 be increased by slips or cuttings of the 
 young shoots or branches, five or six 
 inches long; plant them with a dibble 
 in any sha3y border, in rows six inches 
 asunder, giving occasional waterings, 
 and they will T)e well rooted by Sep- 
 tember, when they may be transplanted. 
 
 Savoy. Bra'ssica olera'cea hulla'ta 
 ma'jor. 
 
 Varieties. — Yellow, for Autumn ; 
 Dwarf and Green, and two sub- varieties 
 of these, the Round and the Oval ; Large 
 Green, very hardy. These for winter- 
 standing crops. 
 
 Sow at the close of February, the 
 plants of which are ready for pricking- 
 out in April, and for final planting at 
 the end of May, for use in early autumn ; 
 the sowing to be repeated about the 
 middle of March, the plants to be pricked 
 out in May, for planting in June, to 
 supply the table in autumn and early 
 winter. The main crops must be sown 
 in April and early May, to prick out and 
 
 Slant, after similar intervals, for pro- 
 nction in winter and spring. 
 Planting. — Theplantsof thefirst crops 
 should be set out twfl feet apart each way, 
 but the winter-standing crops are better 
 at two feet by eighteen inches. Water 
 abundantly, if the weather be dry, until 
 the plants are well established. 
 
 To save Seed. — Such plants must be 
 selected of the several varieties as are 
 most true to their particular charac- 
 teristics, and as are not the first to run. 
 Plant these in open weather, from early- 
 in November to the close of February, 
 entirely up to the head, in rows two feet 
 and a half each way, each variety as far 
 from the other as possible. They ripen 
 their seed in July and August. 
 
 Sawdust, especially in a decayed 
 
SAW 
 
 [876] 
 
 SAX 
 
 condition can he used as a manure, but 
 is of little value. 
 
 Saw-Fly. See Athalia and Hylo- 
 tonia. 
 
 Saws for garden-pruning must have 
 a double row of teeth, to obviate the 
 tendency to nip, or buckle, that the 
 dampness of green wood and the leverage 
 of the branch occasion. One with a very 
 narrow blade, and on a handle six feet 
 long, for reaching branches difficult of 
 access, will be found convenient. The 
 face of the wound made by a saw should 
 always be cut smooth with the knife, 
 and painted with tar, otherwise the wet 
 lodging on its rough surface occasions 
 decay. See Bill. 
 
 SaWWOrt. Serra'tula. 
 
 Saxe-Go'thsea. (In honour of his 
 late R. H. Prince Albert. Nat. ord., 
 Ooniferm; Tribe, Podocarpew.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen tree. 
 5. cojispi'cuffi. 30. June. Patagonia. 1845. 
 Journ. Hort. Soc. vi., p. 268. 
 
 Saxi'fraga. Saxifrage. (From 
 saxum, a stone, and frango, to break ; 
 supposed power in disease of the bladder. 
 Nat. ord., Saxifragacece ; Tribe, Saxi- 
 frages.) 
 
 Seeds, and especially divisions in spring, unless 
 for annuals ; sandy loam ; the tenderest will re- 
 pay for a little leaf-mould or peat ; suited best for 
 the fronts of borders, the stumps of trees, and 
 for knolls and rook- works. 
 
 HARDY AN;(UALS, ETC. 
 
 S. controm'rsa. i. May. South Europe. 1824. 
 —flageUa'rie. i. Yellow. June. Greenland, 
 
 1851. Evergreen trailer. B. M. 
 
 t. 4621. 
 
 — hedera'eea. i. July. Levant. 1762. 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 379. 
 
 — ii-ri'gua. 1. June. Tauria. 1817. Bien- 
 
 nial. 
 
 — petrala. i. April. Norway. 1732. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 81. 
 
 — trldMtyliltes. J. April. Britain. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 
 5. adsce'niens. i. May. Pyrenees. 1752. 
 
 — oestiva'lis. May. Altai. 1821. 
 
 — affinii. J. May. 
 
 — aizoi'des. J. Yellow. July. Britain. 
 
 — Aizo'on. 1. June. Alps. 1731. 
 
 — ajiigcsfo'lia. 1. June. Pyrenees. 1770. 
 — 'alUfijAa. 1. 
 
 — Atmre^wsii. ^. White, with purple dots. 
 
 1848. A hybrid between S. &ewm and 
 5. Aimon. 
 
 — andmsa'cea. 1. May. Austria. 1792. 
 
 — aqua'tica. 1. White. July. Pyrenees. 
 
 1884. Gfl. t. 1167. 
 
 — aretioi'des. i- Yellow. June. Switzerland. 
 
 1826. 
 mtcrope^tala. See S. luteo-pv/rpvrea. 
 
 — argu'ta. %. May. N. America. 1827. 
 
 — a'spera. J. Cream. August. Switzerland. 
 
 1752. 
 
 — W flora. J. Purple. May. Switzerland. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — Bo'ydi. Golden-yellow. March. Hybrid be- 
 
 tween S. JBurseriana and 5. aretioides. 
 1890. 
 
 t. Cream. May. Siberia. 1819. 
 Cream. June. Switzerland. 
 
 Siberia. 
 
 180O. 
 
 1768. 
 1809. 
 
 Japan. 
 
 S. bronchia' lis. 
 
 — bryoi'dee. i. 
 
 1762. 
 
 — bulbi'fera. J. June. South Europe. 1819. 
 
 — Burseria'na. J. Cream. April. Carniola. 
 
 1826. 
 ma'jor. Flowers la,rger. 1880. 
 
 — ccElsui. J. Pale yellow. May. Switzerland. 
 
 1752. B. C. t. 421. 
 
 — ccespito'sa. J. Cream. May. Wales. 
 
 — Campo'sii. |. White. May. Spain. 1882. 
 
 B. M. t. 6640. Syn., S. Wallacei. 
 
 — ceratophy'Ua. B. M. 1. 1651. See S. trifurcata. 
 
 — ce'miM. i. July. Scotland. 
 
 — cilia'ta. B. B. 1843, t. 66. See S. ligulata, 
 
 var. dliata. * 
 
 — Clu'sii. White, yellow, red. Pyrenees. 1882. 
 
 — cotidensa'ta. J. May. Scotland. 
 
 — cordifo'lia. 1. Purple. April. Siberia. 1779. 
 
 — cortuscefo'lia. White. October. Japan. 
 
 1883. B. M. t. 6680. 
 
 — Cotyle'don. J. June. Alps, Europe. 1696. 
 
 S. Tiepalensis and S. pyramidalis are 
 forms of this. 
 
 — crassifo'lia. 1. Purple. April. 
 
 1765. B. M. 1. 196. 
 
 — cnista'ta. J. June. Switzerland. 
 
 — cuneif&lia. J. May. Switzerland. 
 davu/rica. J. June. Siberia. 
 
 — cuscutoefo'rmis. J. White. June. 
 
 1816. B. M. t. 2631 ; B. C. t. 186. 
 
 — Cymbala'ria. Citron - yellow. Summer. 
 
 Northern India. 
 
 — deci'piem. i. May. Wales. B. C. 1. 1510. 
 
 — de'nsa. A synonym of S. bronchialis. 
 
 — dennda'ta. J. May. Scotland. B. C. 
 
 1. 1617. 
 
 — diapensioi'des. J. April. Switzerland. 1825. 
 
 — diversifo'lia. 1. Yellow. July. India. 1882. 
 
 B. M. t. 6603. 
 
 — e^legans. Ireland. 
 
 — elonge'Ua. 1. April. Scotland. 
 
 — M'ngleri. Hybrid between S. aizoon and S. 
 
 cutieifolia. 
 •—ero'sa. 1. White, yellow. May. Carolina. 
 
 1812. 
 ' hirsu'ta. 1. White, yellow. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1800. 
 
 — exara'ta, J. May. South Europe. 1800. 
 — femigi'nea. i. September. N. Amer. 1827. 
 — yiorate'nto. 1. Lilac. S. Europe. 1872. B. 
 
 M. t. 6102. 
 
 — Fortu'nei. White. Japan. 1863. ' Half- 
 
 hardy. B. M.t. 6377. 
 
 — Friddrici Augu'sti. A synonym of 5. luteo- 
 
 jmrpurea. 
 
 — geranioi'des. i. April. Pyrenees. 1770. 
 
 — Ge'um. 1. June. Ireland. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 
 t.-54S. 
 
 crena'ta. 1. May. 
 
 denta'ta. 1. May. Ireland. 
 
 poli'ta. 1. May. Ireland. 
 
 — granula'ta. 1. May. Britain. 
 
 ed. 3, t. 655. 
 ple'na. 1. May. 
 
 — greenla'ndiea. i. White. Greenland, 
 
 — Guthrie!<ma. White, with purple 
 
 Garden hybrid. 
 
 — Eawo'rtMi. May. Europe. 
 
 — hi&radifo'lia, IJ. May. Hungary. 1789. 
 
 — M'rcultts. i. Yellow. August. England. 
 grandiflcfra. Flowers large. Gfl. 1. 1035, 
 
 fig. 4. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. 1. Flesh. May. Ireland. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 546. 
 sphoeroi'dea. 1. Flesh. May. Pyrenees. 
 
 — hi'rta. 1. June. Scotland. 
 
 — Ho'stii. 1. White, with purple dots. May. 
 
 South Europe. 
 
 — Hugueni'm. 2. White. Eastern Switzer- 
 
 land. Gfl. 1. 1230. 
 ~hy'brida. i. June. Piedmont. 1810. 
 
 Eng. Bot. 
 
 dots. 
 
SAX 
 
 [877] 
 
 SAX 
 
 18i3. 
 
 1817. 
 
 S. hypnoi'des. i. May. Britain. 
 
 amgustif&lia. J. May. Scotland. 
 
 nmsco'sa. }. May. Scotland. 
 
 ptUche^lla. J. May. Scotland. 
 
 vised sa. J. May. Scotland. 
 
 — imbri^ta. J. White. June. India. 
 
 — inewrmifo'lia. J. May. Ireland. 
 
 — imta'cta. 1. June. Tyrol. 
 
 mi'rwr. 1. May. Alps. 
 
 pamfo'ra. 1. May. Alps. 
 
 — intermefdia. 1. Jvdy. 1808. 
 
 — irri'gva. 1. White. June. Tauria. 
 
 B. M. t. 2207. 
 
 — juniperijv'lia. Yellowish. July. Caucasus. 
 
 — Eo'Uchyi. J. Yellow. Asia Minor. 1873. 
 
 B. M. t. 6065. 
 
 — l<ietem,'rerts, J. May. Scotland. 
 
 — Ic^vls. i. August. Caucasus. 
 
 — taneeolata. i. May. Europe. 180O. 
 oitu'sa. i. May. Europe. 1820. 
 
 — larvto'scana- Creamy-white. Maritime Alps. 
 
 G. C. 1881, XV. pp. 109 and 640. 
 
 — La/peyrov! sei. See S. tuteo-purpwea. 
 
 — latepetiola'ta. 1. White. Spain. B, M. 
 
 t. 7056. 
 
 — leptophy'lla. J. May. Wales. 
 cmgusti'fida. J. May. Wales. 
 
 — leueanthemifo'lia. f . June. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 B. M. t. 2969. 
 
 — UgtUa'ta. i. White, red. May. Nepaul. 
 
 1821. B. M. t. 3406. 
 
 cilia' ta. J. May. Nepaul. 1843. Syns., 
 
 S. ciliata and 5. thysanodes, B. B. 1846, 
 t. 33. 
 
 — lingula'ta. IJ. June. Switzerland. 1821. 
 cochlea'ris. White. June. Maritime 
 
 Alps. 1883. B. M. t. 6688. 
 media. IJ. June. Carniola. 180O. 
 
 — longifo'lia. White, red-dotted. Summer. 
 
 Pyrenees. B. M. t. 6889. 
 
 — lu'teo-purpu'rea. Yellow. Balmatia. 1877. 
 
 Syns., 5. aretioides, var. micropetala, S. 
 Iiapeyrousei and 5. media var. FrideriH 
 
 S, pentadafctylis. J. May. Pyrenees. 1815. 
 
 — petrol a. A synonym of S. saxatilis. 
 
 — platype'tala. 1. J\me. Scotland. 
 
 — propagi'nea. White. September. Seedling 
 
 variety. 1881. 
 
 — pulclieHla. i. May. Germany. 1819. 
 
 — purpura' scene. J. Purple. Sikkim. 1850. 
 
 B. M. t. 6066. Syn., Megasea purpura- 
 
 - maerope'iala. Deep lilac. Tyrol. 1888. 
 
 — Mawea'na. J. White. May. Morocco. 1871. 
 
 B. M. t. 6384. 
 
 — margina'ta. \. White. July. Italy and 
 
 Greece. 1883. B. M. t. 6702. 
 
 — wtddia. i. Purplish. June. Pyrenees. G. 
 
 C. 1885, xxiii. p. 801. 
 
 Fridelriei Augvlsti. See 5. luteo-pur- 
 
 pwrea. 
 
 — MUeltii. White or pale pink. Himalayas. 
 
 1882. 
 
 — montanove^nsis. Yellow, red. 1890. 
 
 — moscha'ta. J. Lilac, yellow. May. Pyrenees. 
 
 — muscoi'des. J. Pale yellow. May. England. 
 
 1819., 
 
 — mwta'ta. i. Ulao, yellow. June. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1779. Jacq. Ic. t. 466; B. M. 
 t. 351. 
 
 — nim'lis. J. June. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 
 
 3, t. 541. 
 
 — mtdieau'lis. J. May. N. America. 
 
 — oppositifo'lia. i- Purple. March. Britain. 
 a'Wa. White. 
 
 ma'jor. Flowers large. 
 
 pa'lHda. A variety with paler flowers. 
 
 1888. 
 
 pyrena'ica supe'rba. Eosy lilsw:. 1884. 
 
 sple'ndens. Wales. 1884. 
 
 — panicula'ta. A Bynonym ol S. geramoides. 
 — pectina'ta. N. America. 
 —pedati'flda. i. May. Scotland. 
 
 — pedemonta'na. May. Piedmont. 1824. 
 
 — pelta'ta. 1. Eosy. April. California. 1873. 
 
 B. M. t. 6074. 
 
 — petmsylm'nica. li. Green, yellow. May. 
 
 N. Amer. 1732. 
 
 gla'bra. 2. Green, yellow. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1732. 
 
 —pygmala. J. White, yellow. May. Scot- 
 land. 
 
 — pyramidallis. A form of S, Cotyledon. 
 
 — pyrena'ica snpe'rba. G. C. 1884, xxi. p. 419. 
 
 A variety of S. oppositifolia. 
 
 — pyroloRfo'lia. See Leptarr^ena pyrolcefolia. 
 
 — quimqudftda. J. April. Scotland. 
 
 — retvfsa. J. Purple. May. Piedmont. 1826. 
 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 49. 
 
 — rivula'ris. J. June. Scotland. Eng. Bot. 
 
 ed. 3, t. 553. 
 
 — Soehelia'na. i. White. Summer. Austria. 
 
 — ■ coriophj/Ua, Prostrate. 
 
 — rotund^o'lia. 1. White, red. May. Austria. 
 
 1696. B. M. t. 424. 
 
 repa'nda. 1. May. Caucasus. 1800. 
 
 tayg^tea. Greece. 
 
 — sa'ncta. Yellow. Summer. Mount Athos. 
 
 1882. 
 
 — sarmento'sa. 1. June. China. 1771. B. 
 
 M. t. 92. 
 
 cuscvtcBf&rmis. i. June. China, 1816. 
 
 mi'Twr. A smaller form. 
 
 tri'color. Leaves variegated. 
 
 — Schmi'dtii. i. Eose. Himalaya. 1878. 
 
 Gfi. t. 946. This seems the same as^ 
 S. Ugvtata. 
 
 — Schrade'n. 1. May. 1826. 
 i Yellow. May. Europe. 1820. 
 
 1. Green, yellow. May. 
 N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 — siWriea. J. July. Siberia. 1802. 
 
 — spathula'ta. June. Algiers. 
 
 — spica'ta. J. Spotted. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1827. 
 
 — squarro'sa. White. Early summer. Alps. 
 
 — stella'ris. J. June. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 
 
 3, t. 642. 
 
 dissi'milis. J. June. Scotland. 
 
 ScJUeichdri. Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 — StenMrgii. 1. May. Germany. 
 
 — Stra'elieyi. }. Pink. Himalaya. 1861. B. 
 
 M. t. 6967. 
 
 a'lba. White. Himalaya. Gfl. 1. 1228. 
 
 albiflo'rapube'scens. White. 1884. 
 
 — teneHla. i. July. Corinthla. 1819. 
 
 — te'nera. J. Cream. May. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — fhysarw'des. B. E. 1846, t. 33. See S. ligidata, 
 
 var. eiliata. 
 
 — tmibeane'nsis. White. Tyrol. 1888. 
 
 — tricuspida'ta. May. N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 — tridercta'ia. J. May. 
 
 — triifwca'ta. J. White. May. Spam. 1804. 
 
 Syn., S. eeratophylla. B. M. 1. 1651. 
 
 — umbro'sa. 1. Elesh. May. Britain. Lon- 
 
 don Pride ; St. Patrick's Cabbage. 
 
 putuita'ta. 1. May. Ireland. 
 
 serratifo'lia. May. Ireland. 
 
 — valde'rms. White. Alps. 1871. 
 
 — virginie'nsis. J. May. N. Amer. 1790. B. 
 
 M. 1. 1664. 
 
 jU^re pldno. Double-flowered. Gfl. 
 
 1. 1092. 
 
 — visco'm. i. May. 
 
 — Walla'cei. See S. Camposii. 
 
 Saxo-Prederi'cia. (In honour of 
 Frederick Augustus, King of Saxony. 
 Nat. ord., Bapateacece.) 
 
 Stove plants, natives of the marshes of Guiana 
 and Amazons. Loam and peat. Keep wet. 
 
SCA 
 
 [878] 
 
 SCA 
 
 Seeda, diviaions. Summer temp., 85° to 90° ; 
 
 winter, 60° to 65'. 
 
 S. subeorda'ta. 1. Brownish. Amazons. 1873. 
 
 Syn., Eapatea pandanoides. 111. Hort. 
 
 tt. 1534. 
 
 Scabio'sa. Scabious. (From scabies, 
 the itch ; said to cure the disorder. Nat. 
 Old., DipsacecB. Syns., Asterocephahis 
 and Pterocephahis.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds and 
 divisions in spring ; common garden-soil. 
 
 ANNUAIS. 
 
 S. atropurpu'rea. Brown. July. B. Ind. 1629. 
 
 Syn., Asteroeephalus atropurpureus. B. 
 
 M. t. 247. 
 
 a'lba. White. July. E. Ind. 1629. 
 
 ca'mea. 3. Flesh. July. E. Ind. 1629. 
 
 ■ proWfera. 3. Purple. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1629. 
 
 . ro'sea. 3. Bed. July. E. Ind. 1629. 
 
 variega'ta. 3. Variegated. July. E. 
 
 Ind. 1629. 
 
 — monspelie^nsis. 2. White. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1820. Syn., Asteroeephalus 
 
 — Stella' ta. IJ. Pink. July. Iberia. 1823. 
 
 Syn., Asterocephahis rotatus. 
 
 — ucra'nica. 1. Pink. July. Sicily. 1783. Syn., 
 
 Ast&rocephalus sicvXus. 
 
 PERENNIALS. 
 
 S. africa'Tia. 6. White. August. Africa. 
 1690. Greenhouse evergreen shrub. 
 Syn., Asteroeephalus africanus, 
 
 — amoe'na. 2. Purple. June. Bussia. 1820. 
 
 Syn., Asteroeephalus amcenus, 
 
 — arve'nsis. 2. Bluish-lilac. Summer. Britain. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 679. 
 flo're-a'lbo. 2. White. July. Britain. 
 
 — austra'lis. IJ. Purple. June. Styria. 1820. 
 
 — carpa'tica. 1. White. June. Prussia. 1819. 
 
 — cauea'siea. 1. Blue. June. Caucasus. 1803. 
 
 Syn., Asteroeephalus caucasieus. 
 
 e'legans. Blue. Gfl. t. 1212. 
 
 heterophi/lla. Pale purple. Gfl. 1. 1084. 
 
 — eeratophy'lla. 2. Red. July. Italy. 1826. 
 
 Syn., Asteroeephalus ceratophyllus. 
 
 — eolumba'ria. 1. Purple. July. Britain. 
 
 Bng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 678. Syn., Astero- 
 eephalus columbarium. 
 
 — eormrmta'ta. 1. Blue. July. Siberia. 1826. 
 
 Syn., Asteroeephalus eomm/utatus. 
 
 — erena'ta. 2. Flesh. August. Italy. 1825. 
 
 Syn., Asteroeephaltts crenatus. 
 
 — ere'tiea. 1. Purple. June. Crete. 1596. 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Syn., 
 Asteroeephalus eretieus. 
 
 — dieho'toma. 1. Pink. July. Sicily. 1804. 
 
 — dipsaeifaflia. 2. White. June. Germany. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — inferm^dius. IJ. Blue. July. South 
 
 Europe. Syn.^ Pteroeephalus VaUlamtii. 
 
 — isete'nsis. 1. White. July. Siberia. 1801. 
 
 Syns., S. rupestris, Asteroeephalus ise- 
 tensis, and X rupestris. 
 
 — lu'tea. 2. Yellow. June. Bussia. 1820. 
 
 Syn., Asteroeephalus luteus. 
 
 — lyra'ta. 1. Purple. July. Turkey. 1799. 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Syn., 
 Asteroeephalus lyratus. 
 
 — Teiiffra'ntha. 1. Pink. July. Armenia 
 
 1825. Syn., Asteroeephalus micranthus. 
 
 — mo'llts. 2. Violet. July. 1820. Syn., 
 
 Asteroeephalus eapillatus. 
 
 — nitens. June. Azores. 1779. Syns., Astero- 
 
 eephalus Imridus and A. nitens. 
 
 — oehroleu'ca. 1. Yellow. July. Germany 
 
 1517. Syns., Asteroeephalus oehroleiteus. 
 
 — - paueise'ta. Straw. July. South of Europe. 
 
 1827. Sjn., AsterocepMlum pams;tus. 
 
 S. pteroee'phala. J. Purple. July. Greece. 
 
 — pube'seens. '2. White. June. Hungary. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — pyrena'ica. 1. Purple. July. South of 
 
 France. 1819. Syns., Asteroeephalus 
 mollissi'nms and A. pyrenaiaus. 
 
 — rupe'stris. See S. isetensis. 
 
 — rutcsfo'lia. 1. Scarlet. July. Sicily. 1804. 
 
 — Satce'di. 1. White. June. Spain. 1823. 
 
 — Seopo'lii. 2. Straw. July. South of Europe. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — seti'fera. 2. White. July. France. 1826. 
 
 Syn., Asteroeephalus setiferus. 
 
 — silenifolia, IJ. Red. July. Hungary. 1826. 
 
 — strilcta. 2. Bed. June. Hungary. 1820. 
 
 — mave'olens. 1. Red. July. Europe. 1836. 
 
 Syn., Asteroeephalus inca/nus. 
 
 — uera'niea. 1. light yellow. July. Ukraine. 
 
 1795. Syn., Asteroeephalus ucranieus. 
 
 — ureeola'ta. 3. Yellow. July. Barbary. 
 
 1804. Syn., Asteroeephalus urceolatus. 
 
 — Vieto'rioe. Garden hybrid. 1888. 
 
 — Webbia'na. i. White. July. Mount Ida. 
 
 1818. Syn., Asteroeephalus Webbitmus. 
 
 Scse'va. Hawk Fly. Of this genus 
 there are several species, the most com- 
 mon of which are S. ribesii and S. Py- 
 rastri. Wherever aphides are abundant, 
 whether on the cabbage, hop, or else- 
 where, there is a fleshy-green maggot. 
 This is the larva of a hawk-fly, and 
 should be left undisturbed, as it is a 
 voracious destroyer of plant-lice. 
 
 Scse'vola. (From scoeva, the left 
 hand; form of the corolla. Nat. ord., 
 GoodeniacecB. ) 
 
 Divisions and cuttings of young shoots ; the 
 tender species in heat ; the greenhouse in a cold 
 pit, under a bell-glass ; sandy loam and turfy 
 peat ; the usual greenhouse and stove treat- 
 ment. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 S. ivaefo'lia. White. August. Trinidad. 1820. 
 
 — Koni'gii. 2. Pale red. E. Ind. 1820. B. 
 
 M. t. 2732. 
 
 — Plumie'ri. 2. White. August. West Indies. 
 
 1724. 
 
 — Tacca'da. 2}. White. August. E. Ind. 
 
 1810. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 
 
 5. altema'ta. Purple. June. Swan River. 1844. 
 
 — anchusifi/lia. Blue. May. Swan River. 
 
 — attenua'ta. 2. Pale blue. June. Swan 
 
 River. 1844. B. M. t. 4196. 
 
 — erasHfo'lia. 3. White. September. Aus- 
 
 tralia. 1805. 
 
 — cuneifo'rmis. 1^. Blue. Australia. 1824. 
 — fasdcvXa'ta. August. Swan River. 
 
 — hi'spida. 2. Lilac. July. Australia. 1827. 
 
 — microea'rpa. IJ. Violet. July. N. S. Wales. 
 
 1790. Syn., Goodenia albida and 6. 
 Icemgata. B. M. t. 287. 
 
 — multiflo'ra. Blue. July. Swan River. 1840. 
 
 — piXo'sa. 2. Blue. May. 
 
 — platyphi/Ua. 2. White. May. 1841. 
 
 — suaveolins. 2. Blue. August. N. S. Wales. 
 
 1793. Syn., Ooodemia ealendulaeea. 
 Andr. Rep., t. 22. 
 
 Scale Insect. See Coccus. 
 
 Scallion. See Ciboul. 
 
 Scammony. Convo'lvulus Scam- 
 mo'nia. 
 
 Scaphose'palum. (From skaphe, 
 a boat, and sepalon, a sepal ; the lateral 
 
SCA 
 
 [879] 
 
 SCH 
 
 sepals are boat - shaped. Nat. ord. 
 Orehideoe; Tribe, Epidendre(B -Pleuro 
 thallea. ) 
 
 Greenhouse orchid. 
 S. antenni'ferwm. Greenish-yellow ; brown in- 
 side. G. C. 1890, vii., p. 709. 
 
 Scaphyglo'ttis. (From skaphe, a 
 boat, and gXotta, a tongue ; referring to 
 the shape of the lip. Nat. ord., Orchi- 
 dece ; Tribe, Epidendrece-Stenoglossece.) . 
 Stove epiphytal orchids. For culture, see 
 Cattleya. 
 
 S. Eiena'itii. Brownish-green. Mexico. 1877. 
 Syn., Ponera Zienastii. 
 
 — steUa'ta. Violet. Demerara. 
 
 — viola' eea. Violet. Demerara. B. M. t. 4071. 
 
 Spares are but very inefficient pro- 
 tection for fruits, as birds soon sit on the 
 very branches which bear the manikin. 
 To frighten them effectualljr, it is best 
 to employ boys for the short time scaring 
 is required. Over seed-beds a net is the 
 best protection; but threads tightened 
 across the beds are very eflfectusS. 
 
 Scarlet Runner. Phase'olits muUi- 
 
 ilo'riis. 
 
 Scelochilus. (From skelos, a leg, 
 and cheilos, a lip. Nat. ord., Orchidece ; 
 Tribe, Vandece-OncidiecB. Allied to Com- 
 parettia.) 
 
 Stove epiphytal orchid. See Orchids. 
 -S. Otto'nis. Yellow, red. July. Caraccas. 1841. 
 
 SchaeflFe'ria. False Box. (After 
 James Christian Schmffer, 1718-1790, a 
 German naturalist. Nat. ord., Celas- 
 irinece. ) 
 
 Stove shrub. Compost of loam, sand, and 
 peat. Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 neat. 
 
 S.frute'icens. 10. White. August. West 
 Indies. 1793. Crabwood-tree. 
 
 — laterifio'ra. A synonym of Drypetes aroeea. 
 
 Schaue'ria. (From Professor John 
 Konrad Schauer, of Greifswald, 1813- 
 1848. Nat. ord., Acanthacece; Tribe, 
 JusticiecB. ) 
 
 Stove herb. For culture, see Jdsiicia. 
 S. catyco'truha. 2. Tellow. February. Bra^. 
 
 1824. Syns., 5. JlaviAyymat Jiistuyia calli- 
 
 tricha, B. C. t. 1921, J. calycotricha, B. 
 
 M. t. 2816, and J. flamcama, B. E. 
 
 1. 1027. 
 — flavi'eama. See S. calycotricha. 
 
 Scheelea. (Dedicated to Scheele, a 
 celebrated German chemist. Nat. ord., 
 Palmem; Tribe, Cocoinece.) 
 
 Stove palm. Allied to Aitalea, to which 
 refer for cultivation. 
 S. exallea. 40. Venezuela. 1826. 
 
 — imperia'lis. Columbia. 1875. 
 
 — insi'gnis. 50. Quito. Syn., Mazimiliana 
 
 irmgnis. 
 
 — u'nguis. 8. 
 
 Schee'ria. (In honour of F. Scheer, 
 Esq. Nat. ord., Gesneracew ; Tribe, | 
 
 Gesnerece.) Now united with Achi- 
 menes. 
 
 stove herbaceous perennial, closely allied to 
 Gloxinia. For culture, see Achimenes. 
 S. lana'ta. J. Purple. October. Mexico. 1856. 
 
 — mexica'na. |. Purple. August. Mexico. 
 
 1850. B. M. t. 4743. Now known as 
 Achimenes Scheerii. 
 
 Schelha'nunera. (Named after 
 C. C. Schelhammer, a professor at Jena. 
 Nat. ord., Liliacece; Tribe, Uvulariece. 
 Allied to Uvularia.) 
 
 Greenhouse, purple-flowered, herbaceous per- 
 ennials, from Eastern Australia.' Divisions : 
 sandy loam and fibry peat ; a cool greenhouse or 
 a cold pit in winter. 
 S. multiflo'ra. IJ. June. 1824. S. multiflora 
 
 of B. C. 1. 1511 is a synonym of Kreysigia 
 
 multiflora. 
 
 — undida'ta. J. June. 1824. B. M. t. 2712. 
 
 Schello'lepis. (From skellos, dis- 
 torted, and lepis, a scale. Nat. ord., 
 Filices — Polypodiacece. ) Now united with 
 Polypodium. 
 
 stove, yellow-spored Indian ferns. (See 
 Ferns.) There are two species, 5. omte'jia, and 
 verruco'sa(,= Polypo'dium verruca' sum). 
 
 Schi'ma. (Perhaps from schisma, a 
 cleft; valves of capsule cleft half-way 
 down. Nat. ord., Temstroemiacece.) 
 
 Stove tree. Loam and sand. Cuttings of 
 ripened shoots cut oS at a joint, in sand, under 
 a hand-glass in heat. 
 
 S. Noro'nhce. 20. White. Hong Kong. 1824. 
 Syns., 5. superiaa,TiiGoraoriia javanica. 
 B. M. t. 4539. 
 
 — supe'ria. See 5. Noronhce. 
 
 Schi'nus. (The Greek name for 
 Pista'chia lenti'scus. Nat. ord., Ana- 
 cardiacecB ; Tribe, Anacardiem. ) 
 
 Greenhouse, green-flowered evergreens. Cut- 
 tings of ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 and in a loild beat, in spring ; loam and peat. 
 Winter temp., 45° ; summer, 60° to 75'. 
 5. denta'tus. Andr. Bep. t. 620. See Duvaua 
 dentaia. 
 
 — mo'lle. 20. August. Peru. 1597. B. M. 
 
 t. 3339. 
 
 — terebinthifo'lia. 20. Brazil. 1829. 
 
 — virga'ta. 8. June. Lima. 1822. 
 
 Schismatoglo'ttis. {Fromschisma, 
 deciduous, a,ui glotfa, a tongue ; because 
 the limb of the spathe falls off very 
 quickly. Nat. ord., Aroidece; Tribe, 
 Philodendrece. ) 
 
 Stove perennial herbs, of dwarf stature, with 
 variegated leaves. All are natives of the Indian 
 Archipelago. Divisions. Rich sandy loam, 
 fibry peat, and leaf -mould, in equal proportions, 
 well drained ; they require a moist atmosphere, 
 and plenty of water with shade. Summer temp., 
 70° to 85° ; winter, 60° to 70°. 
 5. erispa'ta. Leaves dark green, vrith a broad 
 central greyish band. Green, creamy 
 white. Borneo. 1881. B. M. t. 6576. 
 
 — de'cora. See S.jmlchra. 
 
 — latifo'lia. See S.rupeitrie. 
 
 — Lava'llei. Leaves bright green, blotched 
 
 with grey above, pale green below. 
 Java. Syn., Aglaonema Lavallei. 111. 
 Hort. t. 418. 
 
SCH 
 
 [880] 
 
 SCH 
 
 5. Lava'llei immacula'ta. Leaves bright green 
 
 above, not spotted, purple below. Java. 
 
 1882. Syn., S. Lavallei, var. Lans- 
 
 bergia/na. 
 LoMsbergia'na. 111. Hort. t. 468. See 5. 
 
 Lavallei, var. vmmaculata. 
 purjfu'rea. Leaves bright and blotched 
 
 with grey above, deep purple beneath. 
 
 Sumatra. 1882. 
 
 — longispa'tha. Yellowish-green. Leaves light 
 
 green, feathered wi& silvery-grey along 
 the midrib. Borneo. 1881. 
 
 — neoguitiee'nsis. Pale green. Leaves bright 
 
 green, with yellowish-green blotches. 
 New Guinea. 1879. Syn., Colocasia 
 neogumeensis. HI. Hort. t. 380. 
 
 — pi'cta. ^. Whitish. Leaves with a feathered 
 
 greyish band down the middle. Borneo. 
 1864. 
 
 — pu'lchra. Leaves glaucous green above. 
 
 Borneo. 1884. 111. Hort. t. 620. Syn., 
 5. decora. 
 
 — rupe'stris. Yellow. Java. 1882. Syn., 5. 
 
 latifolia, 
 
 — iiainefnsis. Leaves glossy-green, with white 
 
 spots. Slam. 1884. 
 
 — variega'ta. J. White leaves nearly as in S. 
 
 picta. Borneo. 1862. 
 
 Schivere'ckia. (Named after A. 
 Schiureck, a Kuasian botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Cruciferm ; Tribe, AlyssinecB.) 
 Now united to Alyssum. 
 
 Hardy herbaceous. Divisions ; common garden- 
 soil. 
 
 5. podo'liea. J. YeUow. June. Podolia. 1821. 
 B. C. 1. 1720. The correct name of this 
 is Alyssum podolicum. 
 
 SchizSB'a. (From schizo, to cleave, 
 or cut; the appearance of the fan-like 
 fronds. Nat. ord., Filices-OsTnundacew.) 
 
 Curious ferns, with narrow fronds usually 
 branched in a dichotomous manner. See 
 Ferns. 
 
 greenhouse ferns. 
 S. bi'fida. i. June. Australia. 1822. 
 
 — pusi'lla. i. June. N. Amer. 
 
 — rupe'stris. }. June. Australia. 1822. 
 
 stove ferns. 
 S. dicho'toma. 1. W. Indies. 
 
 — digita'ta. 1. Malay Islands. 
 
 — dtegans. J. June. Trinidad. 1819. 
 latifo'lia. 1} to 3. W. Indies. 1861. 
 
 — penwilla'ta. See ^S". pennula. 
 
 — pe'nnula, 1. S. America. 1816. Syn., 5". 
 
 penicillata. 
 
 — propi'nqua. April. Malacca. 
 
 Schiza'ndra. (From schizo, to cut, 
 and aner, the male organ ; split stamens. 
 Nat. ord., Magnoliacece ; Tribe, Schizan- 
 
 Schiza'nthus. (From seUzo, to 
 cut, and anthos, a flower; the petals 
 cut into fringes. Nat. ord., Solanaeeoe ; 
 Tribe, Salpiglossidece.) 
 
 Seeds in autumn, to be kept in a greenhouse, 
 for early blooming ; seeds in a slight hotbed, in. 
 March, for successive blooming in pots, and 
 early blooming out of doors ; seed in the open 
 air in the end of April. Beautiful annuals, 
 fitted either for pot or border culture ; rich, 
 light, fibry loam ; when kept over the vrinter, 
 the soil should be poor, and the plants near the 
 
 ) 
 
 Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, and kept only a little higher than the 
 temperature of a cold pit or green-house; sandy, 
 fibry loam, and a little leaf-mould. Winter 
 temp., 40° to 45°. 5. eoccinea lived several years 
 against the conservatory wall at Chiswiok. 
 S. ehindnm. 20. Pale rose. Summer. N. 
 China. 1860. 
 
 — cocci'nea. Scarlet. June. N. Amer. 1806. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1413. 
 
 — marmora'ta. Borneo. 1860. Syn., Sphcero- 
 
 stema mamuyratum. Stove climber. 
 
 — propinqua, 8. Pale yellow. July. Nepaul. 
 
 1828. Syn., Sphcerostema propinquwm. 
 B. M. t. 4614. Stove. 
 
 5. ea'ndidm. 2. White. Coquimbo. 1843. B. E. 
 1843, t. 45. 
 
 — Evansia'nus. Paxt. Mag. viii. p. 171, See 
 
 S. pi/nnatus. 
 
 — Graha'mi. 2. Variegated. August. Chili, 
 
 1831. B. M. t. 3044. 
 lilaci'nus. Lilac, golden-yellow, veins 
 
 brown. Garden variety. Gfl. 1887, p. 665, 
 
 fig. 169. 
 r^tueus. 2. Variegated. August. Chili. 
 
 1831. Syn., S. retusus. B. M. t. 3044. 
 
 — Hooke/ri. 2. Rose, lilac. August. Chili. 
 
 1828. B. M. t. 3070. 
 
 — irusa'nus. 1. White, yellow. 1852. Belg. Hort. 
 
 ii. t. 6. 
 
 — pinnati'fldus. 2. Various. May. Coquimbo. 
 
 1841. 
 — pimna'tus. 2. White, purple. August. Chili. 
 
 1822. Syns., ' S. Evansiarms and S, 
 
 Priestii. 
 hu'milis. 1. Crimson. July. Valparaiso. 
 
 1831. 
 
 — p(/rrigens. 2. Crimson. August. Chili. 1822. 
 
 B. M. t. 2521. 
 
 — Prie^stii. Paxt. Mag. i. t. 31. See 5. pin- 
 
 natus. 
 
 — retu'sns. See 5. Orahami, var. retustis. 
 
 — mola'ceus. 3. Purple. August. ChUi. 1853. 
 
 ScMzoba'sis. (From schizo, to cut, 
 and basis, the base ; because the withered 
 coroUa separates at its base from the 
 receptacle, and is pushed off by the 
 swelling fruit in the form of a calyptra. 
 Nat. ord., Liliacece ; Tribe, Asphodelece. 
 Allied to Bowiea. ) 
 
 Greenhouse bulb. Seeds ; offsets. Light loam; 
 place in full sunshine. Summer temp., 60° to 
 80° ; winter, 46° to 56°. 
 
 5. intrica'ta. |. White, green. S. Africa. 
 1876. 
 
 Schizocse'na. (From schizo, to cut, 
 and kainos, unusual. Nat. ord. , Filices. ) 
 A synonym of Cyathea. 
 
 Stove fern. See Ferns. 
 S. Bruno'nia. A synonym of Cyathea Brunonie. 
 
 — fitnua'ta. A synonym of Cyathea sinuata. 
 
 Schiz oea'sia. ( From schizo, to split, 
 and Casia, a plant with divided leaves, 
 allied to Colocasia. Nat. ord.., Aroidem; 
 Tribe, ColocasiecB. Very closely allied 
 to Alocasia. ) 
 
 Stove, herbaceous aroids. For culture, see 
 Alocasia. 
 S. Po'rtei. Philippine Islands. 1862. 
 
 — Segnie^ri. Leaves dark green, with whitish- 
 
 green midrib and nerves. Siam. 1887. 
 111. Hort. xxxiv. t. 6.- 
 
 Schizolo'bium. (From schizo, to 
 split, and lobos, a little pod ; probably 
 
SCH 
 
 [881] 
 
 SCH 
 
 in reference to the dehiscence of the 
 pod. Nat. ord., Leguminosw; Tribe, 
 EuccBsalpiniem. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. For cultivation, see 
 PoiNCiANA, to which it is allied. 
 5. excellsum. Yellow. Brazil. 1874. 
 
 Schizolo'ma. (From scMzo, to cut, 
 and loma, an edg;e ; edges of fronds cut. 
 Nat. ord., Filwes.) A sjmonym of 
 Lindsaya. 
 
 Brownish-yellow-spored stove ferns. See 
 Ferns. 
 
 5. eTistfo'lia. May. Malacca, A synonym of 
 Lmdsaya eTisifolia. 
 
 — heterophi/Ua. May. Isle of Luzon. A 
 
 synonym of LiTidsaya heterophylla. 
 
 Schizome'ria. (From schizo, to 
 cut, and meros, a part ; cut petals. Nat. 
 ord., Saxifra^acew ; Tribe, Cunoniece. 
 Allied to Weinmannia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergjreen shrub. Cuttings of 
 half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 in spring ; loam and peat, with silver sand and 
 charcoal. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. 
 5. ova'ta. 8. White. Australia. 1825. 
 
 Schizope'talon. (From schizo, to 
 cut, and petalon, a petal. Nat. ord., 
 CrucifercBj Tribe, Sisymhriece.) 
 
 Seeds in a slight hotbed in March, pricked out 
 into pots, and grown in an airy greenhouse, or 
 transplanted to the front of borders in May ; 
 sandy loam and leaf -mould ; if in a pot, add a 
 little peat. 
 
 S. Walkelri. 2. White. June. ChiU. 1822. 
 B. M. t. 2379. 
 
 Schizophra'gma. (From schizo, 
 to cut, and phragma, an inclosure or 
 wall; because the portions of the wall 
 between the ribs of the fruit fall away 
 when it is ripe. Nat. ord., Saxi- 
 fragacecB ; Tribe, EydrangecB. Allied 
 to Hydrangea.) 
 
 Greenhouse shrub. Seeds' cuttings in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, in a shght bottom heat. 
 Fibry loam and leaf-mould. Ordinary green- 
 house treatment. 
 
 S. hydrangeoi'des. White or flesh - coloured. 
 Japan. 1879. Eev. Hort. 1881, p. 313. 
 
 Schizo'stylis. (From schizo, to cut, 
 and stylos, a column. Nat. ord., Iri- 
 decs ; Tribe, Ixiece. ) 
 
 For cultivation, see LiBERIIA. 
 S. cocei'nea. 3. Crimson. Kaffraria. 1864. B. M. 
 t. 5422. Half-hardy bulb. 
 
 Schli'mia. (In compliment to M. 
 Schlim, one of M. Linden's plant col- 
 lectors. Nat. ord., Orchidem; Tribe, 
 Vandete-MaxUlariece. ) 
 
 Stove epiphytal orchids. See Orchids. 
 5. jaaminodo'ra. White. Central America. 1852. 
 
 — tri'Ma. White, purplish, orange. Columbia. 
 
 1876. 
 
 Sohlumberge'ria. (Named after 
 F. Schlumierger, a Belgian horticultu- 
 rist. Nat. ord., BrommacecB.) 
 
 stove perennials. For cultivation, see Til- 
 
 LANDSIA. 
 
 S. Linde'ni. Belg. Hort. 1883, p. 121, tt. 10-12. 
 See Caragicata Lindeni. 
 
 — Xorrmia'na. Belg. Hort. 1883, p. 46, tt. 4-6. 
 
 See Caraguata Schlwmbergii. 
 
 — Soe'zlii. 3. White and greenish. Andes of 
 
 Peru. 1879. 
 
 — mre'seens. 2. Pale yeUowish-green. March. 
 
 Columbia. 18B7. Syns., Puya vireecens, 
 Anoplophytum vittatwm, A. stramvneum, 
 and Tillandsia mttata. 
 
 Schmide'lia. (Named after C. C, 
 Schmidel, a German botanist. Nat. 
 ord., SapindacecB ; Tribe, Sapindece; 
 Syn., Ornitrope.) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of 
 ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in the 
 beginning of summer, and placed in a mild 
 bottom-heat; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter 
 temp., 60° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 8B° 
 S. comi'nia. 20. Jamaica. 1778. 
 
 — integrifo'lia. Bourbon. 1804. 
 
 — ocddenta'lis. 8. W. Ind. 1828. 
 
 — racemo'sa. 15. May. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — serra'ta. 12. E. Ind. 1804. 
 
 Schce'llia. (In honour of Dr. Schcsn, 
 a botanical artist. Nat. ord., CompositcB; 
 Tribe, Inuloidew. Allied to Pteropogon 
 and Helichrysum. ) 
 
 A tender annual. Sow end of March in mode- 
 rate heat ; transplant seedlings into small pots 
 in same heat ; plant four or five in an eight-mch 
 pot ; gradually harden ; and when in flower 
 place m greenhouse. 
 5. oppositifo'lia. 1. Pink. May. Swan River. 
 
 1846. B. M. t. 4660. Syn., S. Cami- 
 
 niana. 
 
 Schce'fEia. (in honour of John 
 Schoeff, a German botanist. Nat. ord., 
 OlacinecB. ) 
 
 Stove, or greenhouse shrub. Propagated by 
 cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat. 
 5. fra'grans. 16. Pale yellow. June. Nepaul. 
 1827. 
 
 Schombu'rgkia. (Named after Sir 
 B. Schomburgk. Nat. ord., Orchidem; 
 Tribe, Epidendrem-LcBliecB. Allied to 
 Cattleya. ) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown on blocks. See ORCHIDS. 
 5. chvmodc/ra. 1. White, with purple spots. 
 
 Central America. 1886. 
 KimbaUialna,. Light purple. 1888. 
 
 — eri'apa. 3. Yellow, brown, pink. January. 
 
 Jja, Guayra. 1844. 
 
 — grand^U/ra. See 5- tibit^nis, var. gra/ndi- 
 
 nora. 
 
 — Humbo'ldtii. 1. Pale lilac, purple; lip 
 
 amethyst purple, yellow. Venezuela. 
 
 — limpidi'ssima. 3. Purple. G. C. 1889, v. 
 
 p. 72. 
 
 — Lyo'tmi. 3. White, marked with purjile ; 
 
 Up white, yellow. August. Jamaica. 
 1863. B. M. t. 5172. 
 
 — margina'ta. IJ. Brick-red ; lip white, pink, 
 
 yellow. August. Surinam. 1838. B. M. 
 t. 3729. 
 
 invmargina'ta. Brownish, margin not 
 
 yeUow ; lip white. G. C. 1887, i. p. 447. 
 
 — ro'sea. Deep red, pale rose. Sierra Nevada. 
 
 — Sanderia'na. Bosy carmine. February. G. C. 
 
 1891, ix. p. 202. 
 
 — Thormonia'na. Light yellow, mauve, white ; 
 
 3L 
 
SCH 
 
 [882] 
 1887. 
 
 SCI 
 
 lip blackish-purple, white, yellow, 
 Syn., JBletia Thomsonutna. 
 
 S. tiU'einis. 8. Pink, white. April. Honduras. 
 1834. 
 
 grandiflc/ra. 6. Brown, rose. May. Hon- 
 duras. 1844. Syn., S. grandifiora. B. M. 
 t. 4476. 
 
 — undula'ta. Purple. January. La Guayra. 
 
 1843. Syns., S. violacea and Bletia undu- 
 lata. B. E. 1846, t. 63. 
 
 Scho'tia. (Named after B. V. Schot, 
 ■who travelled with Jacquln. Nat. ord. , 
 Leguminosce ; Trihe, Amherstiece. Allied 
 to Amherstia. ) 
 
 Greenliouse everffreen shrubs, from South 
 Africa. Cuttings of half -ripened, young, stubby 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat 
 and fibry loam ; flowers chiefly at the end of stiff 
 young snoots. 
 S. ala'ta. 6. Crimson. July. 1816. 
 
 — latifo'lia. Purple, white. June. 1810. 
 
 — simplici/o'lia. Bed. June. 1816. Syn., 
 
 Sandei/risa simplidfolia. 
 
 — speno'm. 6. Scarlet. August. 1769. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 76 ; Andr. Eep. t. 348. 
 
 — stipula'ta. 5. Crimson. July. 1794. 
 
 — tamarindi/o'lia. 6. Crimson. August. 1796. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1163. 
 
 SchOTlsbce'a. (Named after P. K. 
 A. Schm<^boe, once Danish consul in 
 Morocco. Nat. ord., Combretaceai.) A 
 synonym of Cacoucia. 
 8. eocd'nea. A synonym of Caeouoia eoccmea. 
 
 Schou'wia. (Named after J. F. 
 Schouw, a Danish botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Cruciferce ; Tribe, Lepidiece. ) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds in light, sandy soil, in 
 April. 
 
 8. ara'Mca. f . Purple. June. Arabia. 1837. 
 Ic. PI. t. 223. 
 
 Schra'dera. (After Henry Adolf 
 Schroder, 1767-1836, a German botanist. 
 Nat. ord., Bubiacece.) 
 
 Stove, sub-epiphytal shrubs. Compost of sandy 
 loam and peat. Cuttings in sand, under a bell- 
 gla«s, in heat. 
 S. eephalo'tes. 4. White. July. Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 Schra'nkia. (Named after F. P. 
 Schrank, a German botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminosce; Tiihe, Eumimosece. Allied 
 to Mimosa.) 
 
 The leaves yield to the touch like those of the 
 sensitive plant — Mvmo'sa pudi'oa. Herbaceous 
 plants. Division of the roots in spring, and cut- 
 tings of the young shoots in spring in sandy soil, 
 under a bell-glass, and a little bottom-heat ; 
 sandy loam and.flbry peat. Plant-stove and cool 
 greenhouse treatment. 
 
 S. aculea'ta. 2. Ked. July. Vera Cruz. 1733. 
 Stove. 
 
 — leptoea'rpa. Bose. July. St. Domingo. 1837. 
 
 Stove. 
 
 — tmeina'ta. 2. Red. July. N. Amer. 1789. 
 
 Greenhouse. 
 
 Schre'bera a'lbens. A synonym of 
 Xilseodenclron pedunoulatum. 
 
 Schube'rtia. (Named after M. 
 Schubert, a Polish botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Asclepiadaceoe ; Tribe, Cynanchem.) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiners, from Brazil. Cuttings 
 
 of stubby side-shoots in sand, under a bell-gla«s, 
 in bottom-heat ; sandy loam, flbry peat, and a 
 little charcoal and pounded bricks, with pots 
 well drained. Winter temp., 60° to 65° ; summer, 
 60° to 86°. 
 5. auri'coma, S. Ora'hami, S. gramdiflo'ra, and 
 
 S. grave'olene (B. R. 1846, t. 21) are all 
 
 forms of AroMJa graveolens. 
 — capdnais. A synonym of Widdringtoniajuni- 
 
 — di'sticha. See Taxodium dietichwm. 
 
 Schwsegriche'nia. (After Dr. 
 SchvxBgrichen, an eminent bryologist. 
 Nat. ord., Hcemodoraceoe.) A synonym 
 of Anigosanthos. 
 
 5. fla'vida. A synonym of Anigosamthos flarrida. 
 
 Schwa'nnia. (After fheodor 
 Schwann, a physician at Bonn. Nat. 
 ord., MalpighiaceoB. Syn., Fimbriaria.) 
 
 Stove evergreen, climbing shrub. Loam, leaf- 
 mould and sand. Cuttings. 
 8. e'legaTis. B«d. June. Brazil. 1842. 
 
 Schweigge'ria. (Named after Pro- 
 fessor Schwezgger, a German botanist. 
 Nat. ord., ViolaeecB.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Cuttings of firm side-shoots, 
 tvro or three inches in length, in sand, under 
 a I)eU-glass, in May, and in a sweet hotbed. 
 Winter temp., 60" to 65° ; summer, 60" to 86°. 
 S. paudfic/ra. White. May. Brazil. 1838. 
 B. R. 1841, t. 40. 
 
 Sciado'calyx. (From sews, a 
 parasol, and calyx; alluding to the 
 shape of this part of the flower. Nat. 
 ord., GnsnerciccecB.) Now united with 
 Isoloma. 
 
 This is a very gay stove plant, blooming from 
 July to January. Cultivated like Achimenes. 
 S. Warezewi'czii. 3. Scarlet, yellow. New 
 
 Grenada Mountains. 1865. B. M. t. 4843. 
 
 A synonym of IsoLOMA Waeszewiczii. 
 
 Sciadophy'llum. (From skiceides, 
 shady, and phyllon, a leaf ; the large 
 leaves afford much shade. Nat. ord., 
 Araliacece. Allied to the Ivy. ) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat, in 
 spring ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter 
 temp., 500 to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°. The 
 Peruvian species will thrive well in a greenhouse 
 with 10° less. 
 5. aeumina'tum. 10. Yellow. Peru. Climber. 
 
 — ano'malum. 20. White. Green. Trinidad. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — Bro'vmii. 20. White. Jamaica. 1793. 
 
 — co'rmmm. 10. Pale red. Peru. Climber. 
 
 — digita'tum. 10. Green. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — pedicella'tvmi. 10. Purple. Peru. Climber. 
 
 — pmta'ndrwm. 8. Pale red. Peru. 1820. 
 
 Sciado'pitys. (From skias,^ a 
 parasol, and pitys, a fir tree ; referring 
 to the spreading whorls of leaves. Nat. 
 ord., ConifercB ; Tribe, AraucariecB.) 
 
 Hardy evergreen. Imported seed. Rich light 
 loam. 
 S. wrtmUa'ta. 140. Japan. 1861. Fl. Ser. 
 
 t. 1483. 
 variega'ta. Some of the leaves are pale 
 
 yellow. Garden variety. 1887. 
 
SCI 
 
 [883] 
 
 SCI 
 
 Sci'ara. S-pi/ri. Small Pear Midge. 
 S. Schmidbe'rgeri, Large Pear Midge. 
 When a fallen pear is cut open, it is 
 often found core-eaten, and with a brown 
 powder marking the progress of the 
 assailant. This is caused by the larva 
 of these insects. The midges appear 
 early in July. The Small Pear Midge 
 has club-shaped halteres, the club dark 
 brown, and the stem whitish. When 
 alive, the abdomen is of a lead colour, 
 with black win^s. The head and thorax 
 are black, as also are the antennae ; the 
 palpi are of a pale yeUow, the feet 
 whitish, and the tarsi black. 
 
 The Large Pear Midge appears about 
 the same time as the preceding. The 
 female is little more than a line long, 
 and half a line thick, also much larger 
 than the smaller pear midge ; the male 
 is more slender, and somewhat shorter. 
 The antennae are blackish, and not so 
 long as the body. The head is black and 
 shining, as is also the thorax ; the pro- 
 boscis ashy-grey, the abdomen of the 
 male a deep black, that of the female 
 browner, with black wings ; the anal 
 point, however, is quite black, the feet 
 ashy-grey, and the tarsi and wings black. 
 They both survive the winter, and de- 
 posit their eggs in the blossom, when it 
 opens in early spring. The larva eats 
 its way into the core of the young fruit, 
 aud again eats its way out at one side 
 when the time arrives for it to bury 
 itself in the ground, and pass into the 
 chrysalis form. — Kollar. 
 
 Sci'Ua. Squill. (From skyllo, to 
 injure ; the bulbs said to be poisonous. 
 Nat. ord., LUiacece ; Tribe, SeUlecB.) 
 
 Offsets ; light, sandy soil. 
 
 GREENHOUSE BULBS. 
 
 S. Adla'mi. Mauye-i)urple. Natal. 1891. 
 
 — Be'llii. i. Brownish-blue. Spring. Central 
 
 Persia. 1884. 
 
 — Berfhelo'tii. Pink. Tropical Africa. 1862. 
 
 Stove. B. M. t. S308. 
 
 — irevifo'lia. B. M. t. 1468. A synonym of 
 
 HyaeimthuB brevifolius. 
 
 — chine'nsis. Pale blue. May. China. 1819. 
 
 B. B. t. 1029. Syn., JBamardia tdl- 
 Mdes. 
 
 — c<m<»!nna. Bosy-parple. S. Africa. 1862. 
 
 Bef. Bot. t. 235. 
 
 — eo'neolor. Purple, green. S. Africa. 1862. 
 
 Syn., Drimia Oooperi. 
 
 — Coop^ri. Purple. S. Africa. 1866. B. M. 
 
 t. 5580. 
 — floriMi'nda. 1. Green, purple. S. Africa. 
 1862. Bef. Bot. 1. 188. 
 
 — humifu'aa. i. Eeddish-green. Spring. 
 
 Natal. 1881. 
 
 — hyacinthoi'des. i. Blue. August. Madeira. 
 
 1685. B. M. t. 1140. 
 stri'cta. Flower-stalks erect. Pales- 
 tine. 
 
 — lasaflo'ra. \. Green; fllamtots purple. S. 
 
 Africa. 1891. 
 
 — Ledi'eni. Green, purplish. Congo. 1889. 
 
 Gfl. 1. 1294. Stove. 
 
 1870. 
 Africa. 
 
 1. Purple, green, S. Africa. 
 
 S. linewrifo'lia. Lurid purple. S. Africa. 1862. 
 Bef. Bot. 1. 184. 
 
 — li'vUa. i. Green, tinged with dull purple. 
 
 July. S. Africa. 188S. 
 
 — lara'ta. Purple-green. S. Africa. 1862. 
 
 Syn., Drimia apertifiora. Eef. Bot. 
 1. 19. 
 
 — Xaa/wani. i. Greenish. S. Africa. 1875. 
 
 — Tnari'tima, See Urgme-a maritima. 
 
 — mcmrUalnwa. J. Blue. April. Portugal 
 
 and Tangiers. 1819. 
 
 — mierosei/pha. i. Green. Spring. Natal. 
 
 1881. Sometimes erroneously called 
 Drimia microscypha. 
 
 — nataWrma. Blue. Natal. 1863. Greenhouse. 
 
 B. M. t. 5379. 
 
 so'rdida. A small variety. Leaves 
 
 tinged with brown. 
 
 — ovatifo'lia. Bosy. Natal. 1862. 
 
 — paUviilWra. 1. White. S. Africa. 
 
 — pauei/o'Ua. Green, whitish. S. 
 
 1862. 
 
 — p^ndula. 1. Green ; stamens lilac. Natal. 
 
 1878. 
 
 — plu'mbea. 1. Dull blue. May. S. Africa. 
 
 1812. 
 
 — polya'ntha. 
 
 1878. 
 — prasi'na. Green, purple. S. Africa. 1870. 
 
 — pri'Ttceps. Yellowish-green, purple. S. Africa. 
 
 1862. Bef. Bot. 1. 189. 
 
 — soeia'lis. Greenish. S. Africa.- 1862. Bef. 
 
 Bot. 1. 180. 
 ~~- spathula'ta. i. Green, purple. S. Africa. 
 1862. Eef . Bot. 1. 187. 
 
 — subglau'ca. Bose-purple. S. Africa. 1862. 
 
 B«f. Bot. 1. 186. 
 
 — subaeeufnda. i. Greenish-brown ; filaments 
 
 purple. E. Gape Colony. 1881. 
 
 — tricolor. J. Green. Natal. 1880. 
 
 — verti color. Greenish- white. S. Africa. 1872. 
 
 Bef. Bot. t. 305. 
 
 — zebri'na. Yellowish-green, purple. S. Africa. 
 
 1862. Bef. Bot. 1. 185. 
 
 HARDY BULBS. 
 
 5. amoefna. J. Blue. March. Levant. 1596. 
 
 siH'riai. B. M. 1. 1025. A synonym of 
 
 S. st&trica. 
 
 — amairmla. B. M. t. 2408. A form of S. sibi- 
 
 rica, 
 
 — antitau'rica. Blue. Pebruary. Anti-Taurus. 
 
 1889. 
 
 — autwmna'lis. i. Pink. August. England. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1526. S. aututimalis 
 of B. M. t. 919 IS 5. obtwrlfolia. 
 
 a'lba. J. White. August. 
 
 ma'jor. J. Pink. August. Britain. 
 
 ' ' *■ See 5. italica. 
 
 Blue. March. England. B. M. 
 
 — Bertolo'nii. 
 
 — ti/o'lia. J. 
 
 t. 746. 
 
 a'lba. J. White. March. South Eu- 
 rope. 
 
 ruln-a. i. Bed. March. South Eu- 
 rope. 
 
 — bruma'lis. Blue. May. N. Amer. 
 
 — campanvZa'ta. -B. M. t. 1102. 
 
 paniea. 
 
 — eefrrma. See S. nutans. 
 
 — corymbo'sa. See S. nutaiis. 
 
 — Cupa'ni. 1. Purple. June. 
 
 Syn., 5. Cupaniana. B. 
 
 — escule'nta. B. M. t. 1574. 
 
 Fraseri. 
 flo're a'lbo. B. M. t. 2774. 
 
 esculenta, var. flore albo. 
 —/eata'lis is the oldest name for the plant 
 
 known as S. nonscripta or S. nutans. 
 
 — hispa'nica. 1. Dark blue. May. Spam. 
 
 1683. Syn. iS. campantUata. 
 
 a'lba. 1. White. May. South Europe. 
 
 1683. 
 
 1841. 
 S. his- 
 
 Sicily. 1834. 
 . E. 1. 1878. 
 See Camassia 
 
 See Camassia 
 
SCI 
 
 [884] 
 
 SCI 
 
 S. hispa'nica ca'mea. 1. Pink. May. South 
 Europe. 1683. 
 
 — Hu'ghii. Blue. Sicily. 1873. 
 
 — i'ndwa. 1. Bast Indies. 1816. Syn., Lede- 
 
 bouria indica. B. M. t. 3226. 
 
 — ita'Uea. J. Blue. May. Switzerland. 1605. 
 
 B. M. t. 663. 
 
 — li'lw-hyaei'mthus. 1. Blue. June. Europe. 
 
 1697. Bed. Lil. t. 206. 
 
 — Imgvla'ta. Blue. Algeria. 1887. Gfl. 
 
 1. 1261. 
 
 a'lba. White. Algeria. 1887. 
 
 Ulaci'na. Lilac-blue. Algeria. 1887. 
 
 — lusita'nica. h Blue. May. Portugal. 
 
 1777. B. M. 1. 1999. 
 
 — monophj/lla. Blue. May. Spain. 1821. 
 
 Syn., S. pu-mila. 
 
 — no'n-scri'pta. B. M. 1. 1461. See S. nutans. 
 
 — nu'tans. J. Blue. April. Britain. Syns., 
 
 5. festalis, 5. rum-scripta, Agraphis 
 
 nutans and HyadnthuB nonscrvptus. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1528. Bluebell ; Wild 
 
 Hyacinth. 
 
 a'lba. White. April. Britain. 
 
 calmea. }. Hesh. April. Britain. 
 
 ro'sea. Rose. 
 
 ru'bra. Red. 
 
 — oitiisifo'lia. J. Blue. March. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 1829. Bed. Lil. 1. 190. Syn., S. 
 autwmnalis of B. M. t. 019. 
 
 — odora'ta. Blue. May. Portugal. 1818. 
 
 — veruvia'na. 1. Bark blue. May. Spain. 
 1607. B. M. t. 749. 
 
 White. May. South Europe. 
 
 a'lba. 1. 
 
 1607. 
 di'scolor. 
 
 1843. 
 — ■p&meridia'na. 
 
 1. Buff. May. Portugal. 
 
 Bed. Lil. t. 421. A synonym 
 of Chtorogalwm p&meridianu'm. 
 
 — prcebractea'ta. 1. Blue. June. South 
 
 Europe. 
 
 — prce/cox. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 1. 141. See S. 
 
 sibirica. 
 
 — pratdnsis. Blue. May. Hungary. 1827. 
 
 B. E. 1839, t. 63. 
 
 — pu'bens. i- Blue. May. Lunimar. 
 
 — pu'mila. B. M. t. 3023. See S. mn 
 
 phylla. 
 
 — puschkinioi'des. Pale blue. Spring. Tur- 
 
 kestan. 1881. Gfl. 1. 1050, fig. 1. 
 
 — roma'na. B. M. t. 939. See Hyacmthus ro- 
 
 manus. 
 
 — ro'sea. A form of S. b^olia. 
 
 — sero'tma. B. M. t. 869. See Sipcadi serO' 
 
 tinum. 
 
 ■ var. B. M. t. 1185. See JKpcadi sero- 
 
 tinwm, var. fulvum. 
 
 — sibi'rica. J. Blue. February. Siberia. 
 
 1796. Andr. Eep. t. 365. 
 
 — wmieUa'ta. J. Blue. April. Pyrenees, 
 
 1822. Bed. Lil. 1. 166. 
 
 — un\fo'lia. A synonym of OmifhogaXum uni- 
 
 foliwm. 
 
 — v^ma. i. Blue. April. Britain. Sea 
 
 Onion. 
 
 a'lba. J. White. May. 
 
 ro'sea. Bose. May. 
 
 — vUMsa. i. Lilac. Tripoli. 1821. B. M. 
 
 t. 3211. 
 
 Scinda'psus. (From sMndapsos, 
 „.i ancient name for an Ivy-like climber. 
 Nat. ord., Aroide(e; Tribe, Callem.) 
 Allied to Kaphidophora. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen climbers, requiring the same 
 treatment as Monstera, BAPHmoPHORA, or 
 Philodendbon. 
 
 S. (mo'mala. Toung leaves entire, those pro- 
 duced later divided. Bev. Hort. 1884, 
 p. 686, fig. 114. 
 
 an 
 
 S. a/rgy'rea. Borneo. 1859. Syn., Pothos ar-. 
 gyraea. 
 
 — offiema'lis. 4. Green, dull yellow. May. 
 
 India. 1820. 
 
 . Bev. Hort. 1883, p. 561, fig. 111. 
 The plant here figured is Monstera deli- 
 ciosa. 
 
 — pi'cta. Leaves dark green and clouded above, 
 
 pale green beneath. Java. 
 
 Sciodaphy'lluni. See Sciado- 
 phyllum. 
 
 Scion. See Graff. 
 
 Sci'rpus. Kush. (A name used by 
 classical writera for the Rush. Nat. 
 Old., Cyperaceos; Tribe, Scirpece.) 
 
 A large ^enus of marsh plants. The species 
 in cultivation are hardy, or half-hardy peren- 
 nials. 
 
 5. Holoschce^nus varwga'tus. li. Green. Sea- 
 shores of Europe. 
 
 — lacu'strit. 1-8. Reddish-brown. July. 
 
 Northern Europe. 
 
 — ripa'rius. Brownish. Extra^tropical regions. 
 
 Syn.. Isolepis gracilis. 
 
 — seta! cent. J. Green, brown. July. Britain. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 1694. Syn., Isolepi 
 setaceus. 
 
 — Taiemcemonta'ni zehri'na. 2-3. Japan. 1881. 
 
 Syn., Juneus zebrinus. The leaves are 
 terete and banded with green and white, 
 in a similar manner to a porcupine's 
 quill, hence the name — Banded Rush. 
 
 Scissors of various sizes are required 
 by the gardener. A pair with very sharp 
 and pointed blades is recLuired for cut- 
 ting away the anthers of flowers in 
 hybridizing, and for thinning grapes. 
 Stouter pairs are used for removing 
 
 flower-stalks when the petals have fallen 
 from roses, etc. Sliding pruning scissors 
 (see fig.) are employed for cutting the 
 shoots of shrubs. They are powerful 
 instruments for the purpose ; but a more 
 simple pair, without a spring, is made. 
 
 Shears are only large scissors. Hedge 
 Shears for clipping hedges are the most 
 common, and are now made with a 
 notch in one of the blades near the rivet, 
 to act as a fulcrum when cutting the 
 larger branches. Sliding Pruning Shears, 
 with a movable centre, so as to make a 
 drawing cut when used as when the 
 pruning knife is employed. See Aver- 
 runcator. 
 
 The drawing shows the smaller size. 
 
SCL 
 
 [885] 
 
 SCO 
 
 used -with one hand. The large size, 
 ■which has wooden handles, •will, when 
 employed with both hands, cut through 
 a bough full three inches in circumfe- 
 rence with the greatest ease. 
 
 Verge Shears are merely the hedge 
 shears set nearly at a right angle on long 
 handles, for the convenience of the gar- 
 dener in clipping the sides of box-edging 
 and the verge of grass-plots. S'urf 
 Shears are set also at an angle, but in a 
 different direction, for cutting the tops 
 of edgings, and grass growing in corners 
 unapproachable by the scythe. 
 
 Scla'rea. (From the Italian scAJarea, 
 clear ; the flowers of the common species 
 are of a clear blue colour. Nat. ord., 
 Labiat(e;TTihe,MonardecB.) Asynonym 
 of Salvia, 
 
 Scle'ria. (From skleria, hardness ; 
 the character of the nutlet. Nat. ord., 
 CyperacecB; Tribe, ScirpecB.) 
 
 Hardy marsh herbs, requiring the same culture 
 as SciRPUS. 
 
 S. cilia'ta. 2. June. Southern United States. 
 1823. , 
 
 — ■oertieilla'ta. 1. June. North America. 
 
 1825. 
 
 Scle'roon. (From scleras, hard, and 
 con, an egg; hard seeds. Nat. ord., 
 Verbenacew ; Tribe, ViticecB. Allied to 
 Comutia. ) Now united with Petitia. 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in spring; 
 peat, loam, and leaf-mould, and half a part 
 of silver sand. Winter temp., 38° to 48° ; sum- 
 mer, 60" to 75'. 
 
 S. ole'inum. 2. Green, white. May. Mexico. 
 1840. The correct name of this is Peti- 
 tia OLEINA. 
 
 Sclerotha'mnus. (From scleras, 
 hard, or rigid, and thamrmis, a shrub. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminosce ; Tribe, Poda- 
 lyriecE. Allied to Pultensea. ) Asynonym 
 of Eutaxia. 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of stiff side- 
 shoots in April or May, in sand, under a bell- 
 tlass ; two parts peat, and one part of sandy, 
 bry loam, and one of equal parts broken 
 bricks, charcoal, and silver sand. Winter 
 temp., 40° to 48°. 
 
 S. micrqphy'llvs. 2- Yellow. May. Australia. 
 1803. A synonym of Eutaxia micbo- 
 
 PHYLLA. 
 
 Seolope'ndrium. Hart's Tongue. 
 (From scolopendra, a centipede ; the 
 appearance of the seed, or spore-cases. 
 Nat. ord., Filices.) 
 
 Hardy or greenhouse brown-spored ferns. 
 See Fekns. 
 S. Hemioni'tis. 1. August. Spain. 1779. 
 
 — Ere'bsii. A synonym of Lomaria pwnctulata. 
 
 — ofieina'rwm. See S. vulgare. 
 — palma'twm. See S. Hemionitis. 
 
 — pinna' turn. 1. May. India. Greenhouse. 
 
 — rhizophy'llum. May. North America. Syns., 
 
 AntigrarmrM rhyzophyUa and Camptoso- 
 rus mizophyllus. Greenhouse. 
 
 5. mlga're. U. Europe. Syn., S. offieinarum. 
 Hart's tongue. The forms of this are 
 extremely numerous. 
 
 Offrocla'don. Fronds narrow, branched 
 
 and crested. 
 
 angustfo'lium. J. July. Britain. 
 
 clapha'mii. Fronds forked, crested ; 
 
 edges laciniate. 
 
 cpluTrma're. i. Fronds fringed. 
 
 Cooli'ngii. \. Frondsverymuch branched, 
 
 and forming an almost spherical plant. 
 
 cH' spurn, ij. July. Britain. 
 
 crista'twm. Fronds branched and ex- 
 panded upwards. 
 
 de'nsum. i. Resembling curled parsley. 
 
 1882. 
 
 Kelwa'yi. 1880. 
 
 lacera'tum. Much crested and curled at 
 
 the tips. 
 
 margina'twm. 1. Margins of frond 
 
 thickened beneath and often vrith pro- 
 jecting points. 
 
 multi'ficUwm. IJ. July. Britain. 
 
 ra'Tno^marginaltwm. Intermediate be- 
 tween the varieties cristatum and 
 tnarginaMim. 
 
 ramo'swm. IJ. July. Britain. 
 
 StansHeHdU. Fronds fringed at the edge 
 
 and crested at the tips. 
 
 wndvZa't'wm. 1^, July. Britain. 
 
 Valloi'siit Fronds dilated and crested at 
 
 their tips. Eev. Hort. 1886, p. 447, 
 flg.114. 
 
 Sco'lymus. Golden Thistle. (From 
 skalos, a thorn ; plants spiny. Nat. ord. , 
 Carmiasitos ; Tribe, Cichoria,cew. Allied 
 to Chichory.) 
 
 Hardy, yellow-flowered plants. Seeds and 
 divisions in spring ;' common garden-soil. 
 5. grandiMrus. 3. May. Barbary. 1820. 
 Herbaceous. 
 
 — hispa'nicus. 3. August. South Europe. 
 
 1668. Herbaceous. Sibth. Fl. Gr. I. 825. 
 
 — maaiialtus. 3. July. South Europe. 1633. 
 
 Annual Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 824. 
 
 Scolytus. A genus of small beetles, 
 very nearly allied to Bostrichus. S. de- 
 structar attacks the Elm ; S. ligniperda 
 the bark of some of the Conifers ; and S. 
 crenatus perforates, in a similar manner, 
 the wood of the Plum. They do not, 
 however, confine their ravages to the 
 trees we have named. They are not more 
 than an eighth of aninch long, black, with 
 chestnut-coloured legs, and sprinkled 
 over with bristles. 
 
 Scopo'lia. (Named after G. A. Sco- 
 poli, a foreign botanist. Nat. ord., So- 
 lanacece; Tribe, Hyoscyamece. Allied 
 to Physalis. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous. Division of the roots in 
 spring, or sowing the seeds in a slight hotbed ; 
 sandy loam, and a dry situation. 
 S. aculea'ta. See Toddalia aculeata. 
 
 — camio'l'Uia. 1. Bark purple. April. Car. 
 
 niola. 1780. Syns., S. atropoides and 
 Hyoecyamits Scopolia. B. M. 1. 1126. 
 
 — lu'rida. 5. Green, changing to yellowish, 
 
 then to purple. Nepauli 1824. Syn., 
 Whitleya stramomfoha. Swt. Fl. Gard. 
 1. 125. 
 
 — mnHiea: IJ. Yellow. May. Egypt. 1829 
 
 Syn.i Hyoseyamul datora. Half-hardy 
 evergreen. 
 
SCO 
 
 [886] 
 
 SCK 
 
 Scorching, or Burning, describes 
 
 the drying up of the roots or of the 
 leaves from exposure to too much heat. 
 The preventive, in the first case, is re- 
 ducing the temperature of the hotbed, 
 or lifting the pots if the plants are so 
 grown ; in the second case, as it always 
 arises from the sun's ra^s in the con- 
 fined air of a house. Hartley's rough 
 glass, and early ventilating, are the 
 preventives. 
 
 Scorodo'sma. (From schorodon, 
 
 farlic, and osme, smell. Nat. ord., 
 TmhelKfercB ; Tribe, PeucedanecB.) A 
 synonym of Perula. 
 
 S.faltidMm. Wien. Gart. 1888, p. 74, fig. 13. A 
 synonym of Ferula asafcetida, 
 
 Scoi3)ion Grass. Myoso'tis. 
 
 Scorpion Senna. Coroni'lla e!me- 
 rus. 
 
 Scorzone'ra. Viper's Grass. (From 
 scurson, a viper; supposed remedy for 
 the bite of a viper. Nat ord., Com- 
 positce ; Tribe, Cichoriacece. Syn. , Podo- 
 spermum.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous ; yellow-flowered, except 
 where otherwise stated. Seeds in April or May ; 
 common garden-soil, 
 8. angustifo'lia. J. July. South Europe. 1759. 
 
 — tt/iistri'aca. 1. August. Europe. 1697. 
 
 Syn., 5. humilie. 
 
 — ealcitrap\fo'lia. 1. June. Levant. 1820. 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 787. Syn., Podospermum 
 ccUcitrapifoliuTn. 
 
 — earwif&lia. ij. July. Siberia. 1806. 
 
 — enstfo/lia. i- May. Caucasus. 1826. 
 
 — «riospe'r«Mt. 1. August. Italy. 1816. Syn., 
 
 Lasiopemmm erioBpermum. Half-hardy. 
 
 — glastifo'lia. 2. July. ..Germany. 1818. 
 
 — graminifdlia, 2. July. Portugal. 1759. 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 784. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. IJ. June. South Europe. Syn., 
 
 ' Oeri^ogon calyeulatut. Jacq. Vind. 
 1. 106. 
 
 — Mgpa'niea. 8. July. Spain. 1576. 
 
 — hu'milis. See S. austriaca. 
 
 — intermedia. June. Bussia. Syn., Podo- 
 
 Bpemvwm intermedium. 
 
 — Jaequwlna. June. Persia. 1838. Syn., 
 
 Podogperrmim canum. 
 
 — torinid'to, 2. June. South Europe. 1640. 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 788. Podospermum 
 ladniatum. 
 
 — lana'ta. 1. July. Iberia. 1824. 
 
 — iMtifdlia. June. Persia. 1830. 
 
 — nu/llie. li. July. Caucasus. 1818. B. M. 
 
 t. 3027. 
 
 — oettmgiMris. 1. June. South Europe. 
 
 1818. Syn., Podospenmmt, octangulare. 
 
 — pu'mUa. 1. June. Spain, 1816. Syn., 
 
 Podospemmm pumuum. 
 
 — pwrpu'rea. 2. Purple. May. Austria. 1769. 
 
 B. M. t. 2294. 
 
 — retediBfdlia. IJ. June. South Europe. 1818. 
 
 Syn., Podospermum resedcefoliv/m. 
 
 — rdsea. IJ. PinK. July. Hungary. 1807. 
 
 — tmaxadidlia. 1. June. Boheinia. 1820. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 160. Syn., Podospermumi 
 twraxaci^oliwm, 
 
 — tuber</sa. J. June. Volga. 1825. 
 
 — undvlata. 1-2. Purple. July. Algeria. 
 
 1874. B. M. t. 6127. 
 
 Scorzone'ra in the kitchen-garden 
 is the S. hispa'nica, grown for its par- 
 snip-like roots. Sow annually, in any- 
 open light spot of ^ound, the latter end 
 of March or beginning of April. Trench 
 the ground, and with the bottom spit 
 turn in a little dung ; sow in half-inch 
 deep drills, twelve inches asunder. Thin 
 the plants to ten inches distance ; they 
 will grow freely, and their roots continue 
 increasing in size till September. The 
 roots may either remain in the ground, 
 to be drawn as wanted, or taken wholly 
 up in autumn when their leaves decay, 
 and preserved in sand all winter. 
 
 To save Seed. — Let some of the plants 
 remain where sown, when they will shoot 
 up in the spring, and produce plenty of 
 seed in autumn. 
 
 Scotch Asphodel. 
 
 alpi'na. 
 
 Tofle'ldia 
 
 Mara'smius 
 
 Scotch Bonnets. 
 
 or^ades, a fungus. 
 
 Scotch-kale. Bra'ssica olera'cea 
 sabe'llica. 
 
 Scotch Laburnum. Cy'tisus al- 
 pi'nus. 
 
 Scotch Pine. Pi'nus sylve'stris. 
 
 Scotch Primrose. Pri'mula sco'- 
 tiea. 
 
 Sco'ttia. (Named after Dr. Scott, 
 once professor of botany in Dublin. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminosm ; Tribe, Genis- 
 tew.) United with Bossisea in the 
 " Genera Plantarum." 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia. 
 Cuttings of shoots, when getting a little firm at 
 the base ; sandy, flbry loam one part, and two 
 parts of sandy, flbry peat, with a httle charcoal. 
 Winter temp., 40° to 48°. 
 5. emgustifo'lia. 6. Green, yellow. April. 
 
 1826. B. E. 1. 1266. Sometimes regarded 
 
 as a variety of 5. dentata. 
 
 — denta'ta. 3. Eed, green. July. 1803. 
 
 — la/vis. 3. Yellow, scarlet. June. 1833. 
 
 B. E. t. 1662. Syn., S. dentata, var. 
 luMtata, 
 
 — trapezifo'rmie. January. 1825. 
 
 . Screen. All cooling is occasioned 
 either by the heat being conducted from 
 a body by a colder, which is in contact 
 with it, or by radiating from the body 
 cooled, though circumstances accelerate 
 or retard the radiation ; and whatever 
 checks the radiation of heat from a body 
 is a screen, and keeps it warmer. For 
 screening or protecting the blossom of 
 wall-fruit, Mr. Errington states : — We 
 do not know-that any material is more 
 proper for covering than thin canvas, 
 such as is manufactured in widths of 
 three yards, which is enough for most 
 walls, which is sold at about fivepence 
 
SCR 
 
 [887] 
 
 SOU 
 
 per square yard, so that every lineal 
 yard costs ifteenpence ; but then this 
 canvas ■wUl last well for seven years if 
 properly preserved, and a due care be 
 exercised. Thus it will be seen, that 
 the annual expense of protecting a lineal 
 yard of walling is not more than two- 
 pence-halfpenny, exclusive of a few or- 
 dinary poles. We place a pole every six 
 feet, running under the coping at top, 
 and straddling away nearly two feet at 
 bottom. At two feet above the ground 
 level an auger hole is bored in the pole, 
 and an oaken peg driven in, the end 
 left projecting nine inches forward ; and 
 when the canvas is lowered in the day, 
 it hangs in folds on this line of pegs : 
 this keeps it from contact with the damp 
 soil. Every pole has a ring dangling 
 from a staple close to the top ; and on 
 the outer face a rope of sash-cording is 
 attached to the edge of the canvas 
 opposite each ring; this being passed 
 through the ring from the under side, 
 enables the operator to pull it up or let 
 it down with ease. Thus, when the 
 canvas is lowered, the wall is un- 
 covered, and vice versd. Now, these 
 rings and cords will add to the expense ; 
 and, since both are very durable, we 
 may, perhaps, add another halfpenny 
 per lineal yard to the amount, account- 
 ing the ropes to last nearly as long as 
 the canvas. A still more complete 
 plan is to hang the canvas like cur- 
 tains, or after the manner of the cover- 
 ing to what are termed conservatory 
 walls. 
 
 For wall-trees, now that glass is be- 
 come so much cheaper, the best of all 
 screens may be employed, viz., glazed 
 frames, of a length extending from the 
 coping of the wall to the surfiice of the 
 soil, about two feet from the stems of 
 the trees. See Glass Case. 
 
 Screw Pine. Pa'ndanm. 
 
 Screw-tree. Eeli'cteres. 
 
 Scrophula'ria. (So called from 
 being a reputed remedy for Scrofula. 
 Nat. Old., Scrophulariacece ; Tribe, Che- 
 lonece.) 
 
 Hardy perennial herbs. Seeds, or divisions of 
 the plants. Ordinary garden-soil. 
 5. chrysa'ntha. J-IJ- Golden-yellow. March. 
 
 Asia Minor. 1882. B. M. t. 6629. 
 — suilyra'ta. 3. Green, purple. August. 
 
 Portugal. 1879. 
 
 Scrub Oak. Que'reus Catesbce'i. 
 
 Scrubby Oak. Lophi'ra africa'rM. 
 
 Scurvy Grass [Cochlea' ria offici- 
 nalis) flourishes most in a sandy, moist 
 soil. Sow as soon as the seeds are ripe 
 
 in June or July, in drills, eight inches 
 apart, and half an inch deep. Thin to 
 eight inches asunder, and those removed 
 may be transplanted to a bed at similar 
 distances, giving water at the time, and 
 frequently afterwards, until fully estab- 
 lished. The leaves are fit to gather 
 during the following spring. 
 
 To obtain Seed. — A few plants must 
 be left ungathered from in the spring. 
 They will run up to flower about May, 
 and perfect their seed in the course of 
 the two following months. 
 
 Scutella'ria. Skull-cap. (From 
 scutella, a little saucer ; form of oalyx. 
 Nat. ord., Labiatce ; Tribe, Stocky dece.) 
 
 Seeds and divisions in spring, and the ever- 
 green kinds easily by cuttings under a hand- 
 light ; some of the tender species are very hand- 
 some, such as cordifo'lia ; but the red spider 
 must be looked after. 
 
 TENDER SPECIES. 
 
 S. a!lbo-ro'sea. LilEic. Upper Amazons. 1869. 
 
 — auralta. Yellow. Brazil. 1863. 
 
 — c<yrdifdlia. 1. Scarlet, orange. September. 
 
 Mexico. 1844. Stove evergreen. B. M. 
 t. 4290. 
 
 — costanca'na. Scarlet, yellow. June. 1864. 
 Hartwdgi. 2. Bright red, violet. Summer. 
 
 "~-^- 1882. B. M. t. 6616. Stove sub- 
 
 Quito, 
 shrub. 
 
 - hu'inilis. '■ 
 
 1823. 
 
 - incama'ta. 
 
 1844. 
 
 N. S. Wales 
 
 Blue. June. 
 Greenhouse. 
 
 IJ. Bose. August. Quito 
 Greenhouse evergreen. B. M. 
 t. 4268. 
 Tricma'i. Eosy-scarlet. B. M. t. 5186. 
 
 — Lehma'Twd. 2. Bright scarlet. Summer. 
 
 Columbia. 1884. Gfl. t. 11B2. Fig. 1, 
 a-c. Stove perennial. 
 
 — Modnia'na. IJ. Scarlet, yellow. Mexico. 
 
 1868. 
 
 — Ventena'tii. 2. Scarlet. August. St. Martha. 
 
 1844. Greenhouse. B. M. t. 4271. 
 
 — villo'sa. }. Scarlet. February. Peru. 1842. 
 
 B. M. t. 4789. 
 
 H.4RDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 5. alpi'na. %. Purple. August. Hungary. 
 
 1762. B. E. 1. 1460. 
 lupulina. Yellow. August. Tartary. 
 
 1739. B. E. 1. 1493. Syn., S. lupuMna. 
 
 sangui'nea. J. Eed. July. 1836. 
 
 varUga'ta. |. Pale yellow. Augusts 
 
 Switzerland. 
 
 — altismna. 1. Dark purple. July. Crimea. 
 
 1824. B. M. 2548. 
 
 — Colvlmnos. li. Blue. July. South Europe. 
 
 1806. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 62. 
 
 — commwta'ta. Purple. August. Hungary. 
 
 1683. 
 
 — galericvZa'ta. 1. Blue. July. Britain. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1060. 
 
 — grandifid'ra. IJ. Bed. July. Siberia. 
 
 1804. B. M. t. 635. 
 
 — hastifo'Ua. J. Purple. June. Germany. 
 
 1798. 
 
 — hi'rta. Darkpurple. June. Candia. 1835. 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 683. Syn., S. deewm- 
 bens. 
 
 — integrifo'lia, 1. Blue. July. N. America. 
 
 1781. Syn., 5. hyttopifolia. 
 — japo'niiM. J. Purple, white. August. Japan. 
 1838. PI. Ser. 1. 16. 
 
 — iMterifio'ra. 1. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1762. 
 
 — maera'ntha. }. Blue. August. Dahuria. 
 
 1827. B. C. t. 1866. 
 
sou 
 
 [888] 
 
 SEA 
 
 5. mi'nor. i. Pink. July. Britain. Eng. 
 Bot. ed. 8, 1. 1061. 
 
 — neno'sa. 1. Blue. July. Virginia. 1826. 
 
 — orienta'Us. 1. Yellow. August. Levant. 
 
 1729. B. M. t. 1061. 
 
 — pa'rvula. J. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1822. 
 
 Syn., S. amlrkfua. 
 
 — peregri'na. 2. Violet. August. Tauria. 
 
 1823. Slbth. Fl. Gr. t. 682. Syn., S. 
 rubicunda. 
 
 — pilo'sa. 1. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 Syn., S. caroliniana. 
 •^ purpura' scens. 2. Blue. June. W. Ind. 
 1820. 
 
 — terra' ta. \. Blue. August. N. Amer. 1800. 
 
 Andr. Bep. t. 494. 
 
 — Toumefo'rti. IJ. Purple. July. Persia. 
 
 1837. 
 
 — vefma. J. Blue. June. South Europe. 
 
 1821. 
 
 Scutica'ria. {From scutica, a, -whip; 
 leaves as round as a whipcord. Nat. 
 ord. , Orchidece ; Tribe, Vandem — Maxil- 
 larieCB. ) 
 
 Stove orchid, grown on blacks. See Orchids. 
 5. Dodgso'ni, G. C. 1881, xv. p. 9, is a very 
 doubtful plant. 
 
 — Eadw^ni. If. Green, chocolate, white. 
 
 June. Brazil. 1861. Syn., Bifrenturia 
 Hadweni. B. M. t. 4629. 
 ■— Stee/lii. Yellow-spotted. July. Guiana. 1834. 
 Syn., Maxiliaria Steelii. B. M. t. 3573; 
 B. R. 1. 1986. 
 
 Scypha'nthus. (From scyphos, a 
 cap, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., 
 Loasaceae.) A synonym of Graniina- 
 
 tocarpus. 
 
 Hardy, yellow-flowered, twining annuals, from 
 Chili, Seeds in the open air in May, or in a 
 slight hotbed in March, to be afterwards trans- 
 planted. 
 
 S. e/legams, Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 238, and 5. grandi- 
 fio'rus are synonyms of Gramnmtocarpus 
 volvMlis. 
 
 Scythe. _ This mowing implement 
 is confined, in the garden, to cutting 
 the coarser, long grass, for which the 
 mowing machine is not adapted. It is 
 necessary that the mowers should not 
 score the grass, that is, should not leave 
 the mark of each stroke of the scythe, 
 which has a very unsightly appearance ; 
 to prevent this, have the scythe laid out 
 rather wider, an inch or two beyond heel 
 and toe, especially for short grass ; and 
 in mowing keep the point rather out, 
 and do not draw that part too fast for- 
 ward, gathering the grass neatly to the 
 left in a range ; and having mowed to 
 the end of the swath, mow it lightly 
 back again, to trim off all scores and 
 other irregularities unavoidably left the 
 first time. A great inconvenience at- 
 tending the old scythe is the difficulty 
 of fastening and adjusting the blade to 
 the handle. This is entirely obviated 
 by Boyd's Self-adjusting Scythe. It is 
 always a problem to determine the angle 
 the blade should make with the handle, 
 as it varies with every mower. A good 
 
 guide is for a perpendicular line to be 
 chalked against a wall, and for the 
 mower to stand close and directly front- 
 ing to this line ; then, without moving 
 his feet, and with arm at full stretch 
 above his head, to chalk a line to the 
 left, from the perpendicular line, as far 
 as he can reach. The line he thus 
 chalks should correspond with the angle 
 of the scythe's blade, supposing the per- 
 pendicular line to represent the handle. 
 
 Sea Bells. Convo'liml'us Soldane'lla. 
 
 Sea -buckthorn. Hippo'phae 
 
 rhamnoi' des. 
 
 Seafo'rthia. (Named after Lord 
 Seaforth, a botanical patron. Nat. ord., 
 Palmece; Tribe, Arecece.) A synonym 
 of Ptychosperma, but most of the 
 
 Elants grown in gardens under this name 
 elong to the genus Pinanga. 
 
 5. corona'ta = Pinanga coronata. 
 
 — casta' ta — — costata. 
 
 — Dickso'nii = — Dicksonii, 
 
 — e'Ugans = Archontophcenix Cwnninghami- 
 
 ana. 
 
 — Ku'hlii = Pinanga KvMii. 
 
 — latisf^cta = — latisecta. 
 
 — malaia'n^— — malaiana. 
 
 — gylve'strie = — javanica. 
 
 — Vei'tchii = — Veitchii. 
 
 Sea-heath. Franhe'nia Ice'ids. 
 
 Sea-holly. Er'y'ngiummari'timum. 
 
 Sea-kale. Cra'mbe mari'tima. See 
 Crambe. 
 
 In addition to what is there stated of 
 its culture, we have only to give draw- 
 
 ings of the pots usually employed for 
 blanching it ; but see Rhubarb for a 
 frame, which also answers, when fer- 
 menting materials are heaped over, to 
 force it. 
 
 The following is also a good mode of 
 forcing : — On each side of a three-foot 
 
 Frame 
 \Trev.ch Bed Trench/ 
 
 bed dig a trench two feet deep, the side 
 of it next the bed being perpendicular, 
 but the outer side sloping, so as to make 
 it eighteen inches wide at the bottom. 
 
SEA 
 
 [889] 
 
 SED 
 
 but two and a half at the top. These 
 trenches fill with fermenting dung, 
 which, of course, may be renewed if 
 found necessary, and frames put over 
 the plants, the light to be completely 
 excluded by boards, matting, etc. The 
 accompanying sketch represents a sec- 
 tion of the construction. 
 
 Sea Lavender. Sta'tice Limci- 
 nium. 
 
 Sea Ragwort. Cinera'ria mari'- 
 tima. 
 
 Sea-side Grape. Coeco'loha. 
 
 . Sea-side Balsam. Cro'ton elm- 
 te'ria. 
 
 . Sea-side Laurel. Xylophy'lla 
 latifo'lia. 
 
 Sea- weed. See Green Manure. 
 
 Sebse'a. (Named after A. Scha, a 
 Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., Oentianece ; 
 Tribe, Exacece.) 
 
 Greenhouse annuals, all but ova'ta from South 
 Africa. Seeds in a sweet hotbed in March, 
 pricked out or potted, and either bloomed in 
 the open garden, or in the greenhouse after 
 May. 
 S. a'lbem. i. White. August. 1820. 
 
 — au'rea. J. Yellow. July. 1824. 
 
 — corda'ta. ^. Yellow. July. 1815. 
 
 — ova'ta. J. Bed. August. New S. Wales. 1820. 
 
 Secamo'ne. (Altered from sjwa- 
 mona, the Arabic name. Nat. ord., 
 AsclepiadacecB. ) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered, evergreen twiners. Cut- 
 tings of firm side-shoots when about three Inches 
 in length ; fibryloam, two parts ; fibrypeat and 
 very rotten dung, or leaf -mould, dried, one part ; 
 silver sand and charcoal, to keep it open. Win- 
 ter temp., 6U° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°. 
 S. eegypti'aca. 6. July. Egypt. 1752. 
 
 — elli'ptica. 6. N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 — emitica. 6. India. 1816. Wight Ic. 
 
 1. 1283. 
 
 Se'chium. Choko. (From sehiso, 
 to fatten ; hogs are fed on the fruit in 
 Jamaica. Nat. ord., CucurbitacecB.) 
 
 A cucumber-like, yellow- flowered annual; 
 seeds in a hotbed, and either cultivated in 
 houses or pits ; or, after June, in the open air ; 
 light, rich soil. 
 
 S. edu'le. 6. June. W. Ind. 1816. 
 ■ — palma'tum. June. Mexico. 1827. 
 
 Secnrida'ca. (From securis, a 
 hatchet; form of the wing-like process 
 at the end of the pod. Nat. ord., Poly- 
 galacecB.) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiners, from the West Indies. 
 Cuttings of half -ripened shoots, in sand, under 
 a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat. Winter temp., 
 60° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°. Sandy loam and 
 sandy, fibry peat. 
 S. erdcta. Purple. July. 1824. 
 
 — panUsida'ta. Yellow. July. J820. 
 
 — ramifiolra. Yellow, red. August. Siberia, 
 
 1785. Syns., Phyllcmthus ra/mifiarm and 
 Xylophylla ramiflora. 
 
 S. virga'ta. 10. White. 1739. 
 
 — volu'bilis. 10. White. 1739. 
 
 Se'dum. Stonecrop. (From sedere, 
 to sit ; they grow as if sitting on stones, 
 rocks, walls, etc. Nat. ord., Crassu- 
 lacecE.) 
 
 Annuals, by seeds, on raised dry places, such 
 as banks and rock-works ; perennials, by divi- 
 sions and cuttings, which root most readily, and 
 all of which prefer dry, sandy, loamy soil ; the 
 more tender of these may be grown in well- 
 drained pots, in sandy loam and brick-rubbish, 
 and treated as alpines. The greenhouse kinds 
 require similar treatment, only a higher tem- 
 perature, and to be kept even drier in winter. 
 
 HARDT HERBACEOUS. 
 
 5. a'cre. 4. . Yellow. June. Britain. Eng. 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 532. Varieties are -.—au- 
 reum, e'leganSy and mu'jits. 
 
 ditninu'tum. J. Yellow. June. Eng- 
 land. 
 
 elonga'tum. J. Yellow. June. Eng- 
 land. 
 
 — adeno'trichum. Pinkish-white. Himalaya. 
 
 1872. 
 
 — aizo'on. 1. Yellow. August. Siberia. 1767. 
 
 — Albe^rti. White. July. Turkestan. 1880.. 
 
 — albe'scens. i. Yellow. June. England. 
 
 — a'lbieans. 2. White. August. Europe. 
 
 1794. 
 
 — a'lbo-r(/seum, 1^. White, rose-tinted. Japan. 
 
 1860. 
 
 — a'lbum. J. White. June. England. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 629. 
 miera'nthum. J. White. June, Eng- 
 land. 
 
 — alta'icum. 1. Yellow. June. Altaic Moun- 
 
 tains. 1831. 
 
 — alti'ssimum. 1. Yellow. July. S. Europe. 
 
 1769. 
 
 — anaca'mpseros. J. Purple. July. France. 
 
 1696. B. M. 1. 118. Evergreen Orpine. 
 
 — Andegave^nse. J. Yellow. July. Andega- 
 
 venny. 1835. 
 
 — Anderso'mi. i. White. June. Hungary. 
 
 1816. Biennial. 
 
 — a'nglieuTn. \. White. July. Britain. 
 
 Aifte'micum. J. White. July. Ireland. 
 
 microph'i^lVwm. i. White. July. Britain. 
 
 — anope.talu'm. ^. Pale yellow. July. South 
 
 France. 1818. 
 
 aurmitl<wwm. J. Orange. June. France. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — atra'tum. J. Purple. August. Italy. 1795. 
 
 — ccespit&swm. White. Corsica. 1872. 
 
 — cala'brieu/m. 1. Whitish. .July. Calabria. 
 
 1835. 
 
 — ea'mewm. Yellow. Japan. The white- 
 
 leaved variety is pretty, and useful for 
 basket cultivation. . 
 
 — Cegala. 1. White. July. France. 1640. 
 
 B. E. 1. 1391. 
 
 — cceru'Uum. J. Pale blue. July. Africa. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — ewraU: scent. J. Yellow. July. 1820. 
 
 — Coape'ri. J. White, 1869. 
 
 — cordifo'lvmn. IJ. White, purplish-tinted. 
 
 1860. 
 
 — eya'neum. J. Purplish. Siberia. 1879. 
 
 — dasyphj/llum. \. White. June. England. 
 
 Jacq. Vind. 1. 163. 
 
 — deltoi'deum. Purple. June. Xaples. 1826. 
 
 — denta'tum. i. Purple. June. 1810. 
 
 — elonga'tum. Y"ellow. May. Altai. 1827. 
 ^ Ewdrsii. J. June. Siberia. 1829. 
 —faba'ria. White. July. Europe. 1836. 
 
 Biennial. 
 
 — FarateriiiSnwm. J. Yellow. July. Wales. 
 
 — frutifftUd swm. " \. Yellow. Portugal, 1829. 
 
SED 
 
 [890] 
 
 SEL 
 
 S. glmiduK'/ermn. J. White, rose. Morocco. 
 1873. Syn., S. dasyphyllum. Tar. glan- 
 duliferum. 
 
 — gland/ulo'svm,. i. Bosy-purple. June. Sar- 
 
 dinia. 1871. 
 
 — glcm'eum. J. Yellow. July. England. 
 
 — qlolndiifo'Uu'm. Yellow. June. 1838. 
 
 — Msva'nieum. J. Pale yellow. June. Spain. 
 
 1732. 
 
 — hi/bridum. J. Yellow. June. Siberia. 1776. 
 
 — ibe^Hcwm. ^. Fink. ' July. Spain. 
 
 — involtuyra'tum. J. Yellow. July. 
 ~ japo'nicum. Yellow. Japan. 1866. 
 ^leamtscha!tio^lm. Yellow. June. Songarla. 
 
 1844. 
 
 — lat^&Kv/m. Greenish-white. August. Swit- 
 
 zerland. 1794. 
 
 — U'vidmm. i. White, green. July. 1816. 
 
 — ly'dium. J. White. Asia Minor. 
 
 — magelUme. Yellow. July. Magellan. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — JUaximovn'czii. 1. Yellow. Japan. 1867. 
 
 — miera'nthum. White. June. England. 
 
 — Middendorffla'mmi, J. Yellow. Turkestan. 
 
 1880. 
 
 — mult-Uau'le. Yellow. May. Himalaya 
 
 Mountains. 1838. 
 
 — neglefctum. 1. White. August. Naples. 
 
 1835. 
 
 — Notarja'nni. White. July. Naples. 1824. 
 
 — dblo'rmwm. \. White. July, Britain. 
 
 — ochrofeu'cmn. 1. White. July. Greece. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — oppositif&lium. i. White. August. Cau- 
 
 casus. B. M. 1. 1807. 
 
 — pa'llens. i. White. July. South Europe. 
 
 1816. Biennial. 
 
 — pa'Uidum. J. Pale red. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — pectina'tum. J. White. July. 1818. 
 
 — popvlVo'liiiin. 1. White. August. Siberia. 
 
 1780. 
 
 — puleheHlum. J. Eosy-purple. July. North 
 
 America. 1874. 
 
 — pu'lchrwm. Purple. July. N. America. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — purpu'reum. 1}. Purple. August. Siberia. 
 
 1862. 
 
 — 3«ad»-i'.ffid«m. J. Yellow. July. New Asia. 
 
 1800. 
 
 — refle'xum.. 1. Yellow. June. England. 
 colH'num. 1. Yellow. 1816. 
 
 recurva'tum. J. Yellow. June. Eu- 
 rope. 1818. 
 
 — filpeM. \. Eed. June. Switzerland. 1826. 
 
 — Bhod'Hola. Yellow. June. Britain. 
 
 — ro'seum, Bose. July. Caucasus. 1827. 
 
 — ru!bens. J. Pinkish, white. South Europe. 
 
 1870. 
 
 — rup^stre. i. Yellow. June. England. 
 
 — aaxaltile. \. June. South Europe. 1820. 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 460. 
 
 — selkaMa'num. Yellow. Siberia. 1862. 
 
 — sem^erm'mim. i. Deep purple. July. Iberia. 
 
 1825. 
 
 — septangula're. J. Yellow. July. 1795. 
 
 — seaxmgula/re. i. Yellow. July. England. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 633. 
 
 — i^xjiduiti, \, White. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — Siei&ldii variega'twn. Japan. 1860. 
 
 — spathula'tiim. J. White. July. Hungary. 
 
 1816. Biennial. * 
 
 — speeta'Mle. Purplish. Japan. Syn., 5. 
 
 Fabiaria. 
 
 — spu'rium. ^, White. August. Caucasus. 
 
 1816. 
 
 apldrulerui. J. Rosy-purple. Caucasus. 
 
 1876. 
 
 — etenopeltalum. Golden. June. N. America. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — subeUmaltum. J. July. N. America. 1829. 
 
 S. etella'twm. i. Pink. July. South Europe. 
 1640. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 446. 
 
 — teWphiwm. 2. Purple. August. Britain. 
 
 Varieties are : — a^'ne^ a/rdrenne'nsef 
 Borde'ri, Brwnfe'ltu, Jullia'num, lugdu- 
 rufnse, oecidenta'le, pyena'ntha, rhoda- 
 nknse, and rube^Ua. 
 
 — telephioi'des. 1. Purple. August. N. Ame- 
 
 rica. 1810. 
 
 — terna'tum. i. White. July. N. America. 
 
 1789. B. M. 1. 1977. 
 
 — tetraphy'llvm. White. July. Levant. Bi- 
 
 ennial. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 448. 
 
 — verticilla'tum. 1. Pink. August. South 
 
 Europe. 
 
 — mll<^sum. J. Pink. June. Britain. 
 
 — m'rens. J. Yellow. June. Portugal. 1774. 
 
 — vir^scens. 1. Green, yellow. July. 1816. 
 
 HAEDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 5. nu'dum. |. White. July. Madeira. 1777. 
 
 — SUbo'ldii. J, Blue. July. Japan. 
 
 — teretifo'lium. J. White. England. 
 
 — mrildvlvm. J. Yellow. June. Europe. 
 
 1824. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 5. califo'mvywm,. J. Yellow. California. 1876. 
 
 — ebrcuitea'tum: 1. Yellowish-white. Mexico. 
 
 1865. 
 — fantioea'nv.m. J. Bright yellow. Summer. 
 Formosa. 1885. Annual. 
 
 — Liebnumnia'nwm. J. White. June. Mexico. 
 
 1880. 
 
 — mi' serum. Green. July. Mexico. 1837. 
 
 — retu'stum. White, rosy. June. Mexico. 
 
 1880. 
 
 — spathvX\fo'Uum. Yellow. California. 1873. 
 
 Seed-Room. AH that has been 
 said relative to the Fruit-room is applic- 
 able to this. Everything liable to cause 
 decay or germination is to be avoided ; 
 and if one relative direction more than 
 another requires to be urged upon the 
 gardener, it is comprised in these words 
 — keep it as dry as possible: the room 
 may be even hot, so that it is not damp. 
 
 Seema'nnia. (Named after Bert- 
 hold Seemann, a botanist and traveller. 
 Nat. ord., Gesnerace(B ; Tribe, Gesnerece. 
 Allied to Achimenes and Isoloma.) 
 
 Stove perennial herbs. For ciUtivation, see 
 Gesnera. 
 j9. Bena'ryi. See 8. sUvatica. 
 
 — sUva'tica. 3-4. Bright scarlet. Winter. 
 
 Pern. 1875. Syns., 5. Benaryi, Gfl. 
 t. 814, and 5. temifolia, Gfl. t. 126. 
 
 — temifo'lia. See S. silvaticd. 
 
 Selagine'Ua. (A diminutive of 
 Selago. Nat. ord., Lycopodiacem.) 
 
 Stove and greenhouse evergreens, some re- 
 sembling mosses. See Lvcopodium, from which 
 some of the following species are taken. 
 S. africa'na. IJ. W. Africa. 
 
 — ama'na. Mexico. 
 
 — a'pus. N. America. 
 
 — atrovlride. 1. E. Indies. 
 
 — be'llula,. See S. perelegans. 
 
 — brasUie^nsia. J. Brazil. 
 
 — eaulefscens. E. Indies. 
 gra'cUis. India. 1880. 
 
 — cogna'ta. Pacific Islands. 
 
 — cmfefrta. 1. Borneo. 1860 
 
 — convolu'ta. i, Brazil. 
 
 — cuspida'ta. i. Central America. 
 elonga'ta. 1. Colombia. 
 
 — delicati'mma. Andes ? 
 
SEL 
 
 [891] 
 
 SEL 
 
 £u dentieula'ta. i. Europe. 
 
 — erythro'puB. Troi)ical America. 
 — fiHcHna. Colombia. 
 
 — fldbdla'ta. Indian Archipelago. 
 
 — fiageUi'fera. litjl Islands. 
 
 — Galleo'ttii. Mexico. 
 
 — gra'dlis. South Sea Islands. 
 
 — gra'ndis. Borneo. G. C. 1882, xviii. p. 40, 
 
 flgs.V, 8. 
 
 — Griffl'thn. Java. 1860. 
 
 — helve^tica, Europe. 
 
 — horte'nsis. i. SicUy, 
 
 — iruequaHfo'lia. 2. E. Indies. S. perelegans 
 
 is a variety of this. 
 
 — increscentif&ltd. Colombia. 
 
 — invo'lvens. Japan. 1868. There is a white 
 
 variegated variety. 
 
 — Kraussia'na au'rea. Leaves yellow. 1878. 
 
 — Ueviga'ta. 2. E. Indies. 
 
 — lepidofihy'lla. Mexico. 1869. 
 
 — Lo'bbii, Borneo. 
 
 — lorwi'ssima. New Grenada. 1881. 
 -^ ludomcia'na. Louisiana. 
 
 — Lya'Uii. A form of 5. Icevigata. 
 
 — marte'Tisii. Mexico. 
 
 — mo'Uicepe. Upper Guinea. Syn., S. rubrt- 
 
 caulis, 
 
 — pereHegans. Ceylon. 1879. Syn., S. hellula 
 
 of some gardens. This is a variety of S, 
 inoequalifolia, 
 
 — Pervi'lUd. Madagascar. 
 
 — Poeppigia'na. S. America. 
 
 — Poulteri. Azores. 1868. 
 
 — pube'scens. E. Indies. 
 
 — H'gidn. S. America. 
 
 — rube'Ua. Stem and leaves reddish-brown. 
 
 1871. 
 
 — rubricau'lis. See S. moUiceps, 
 
 — se'rpens. W. Indies. 
 
 — spinulo'sa. Europe. 
 
 — sulca'ta. Brazil. 
 
 — uncina'ta. China. Blue-tinted. 
 
 — Vieto'riie. Polynesia. 1878. Very elegant. 
 
 — virida'ngula. Polynesia. 1884. 
 
 — viticvZo'sa, Columbia and Central America. 
 
 — Voge'lii. West Africa. Syn., 5. afriaana. 
 
 — Walli'chii. Penang^. 1860. 
 
 — Wildeno'vii. Cochm China. 
 
 Se'lagO. (From the Celtic sel, sight, 
 and jack, salutary ; siipposed eflfects on 
 the eyes. Nat. ord., Setaginaceoe.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from South Africa. 
 Cuttings of the points of shoots, or rather, the 
 short, stubby side-shoots, taken off close to the 
 stem, in spring and autumn, in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, but raised at night to prevent damp- 
 ing. Sandy loam and vegetable mould. The 
 protection of a greenhouse ; but many of them 
 are worth a i3a.ce in the flower-garden in 
 summer. 
 5. angitatifo'lia. August. 1819. 
 
 — bractea'ta. IJ. Purple. June. 1812. Now 
 
 known as MiCRODON lucida. 
 
 — eam^scejis. IJ. Pale purple. September. 1812. 
 
 — eorymbo'sa. 2. White. July. 1699. 
 ^denta'ta. Ij. White. July 1823. 
 
 — diffu'ta. IJ. Purple. July. 1807. 
 
 — distans. 2. White. April. 1845. 
 
 — faseicula'ta. 1}. Blue. July. 1774. Jacq, 
 
 Ic. t. 496 ; B. R. 1. 184. 
 
 — frutico'sa. Yellow. June. 1822. 
 
 — Gi'llii. 1. Pale rose. March. 1829. B. M. 
 
 t 3028 
 ^ heterophi/u'a. 1. Purple. July. 1823. 
 
 — hi'spida. Yellow. June. 1823. Syn., Dts- 
 
 chisma ca/pitatum. 
 ~ miera'ntha. Yellow. May. 1820. 
 
 — minuti'mma. Yellow. June. 1816. 
 
 — om'ta. 1. Dark purple. 1774. B. M. 1. 186. 
 
 Now known as MiCRODON ovata. 
 
 S. polygaloi'des. |. Purple. August. 1807 
 Now known as MiCRODON cylindrica. 
 
 — polysta'chya. White. June. 1823. 
 
 — rarrmlo'm. li. White. 1824. 
 
 — rapunculoi'des. 2. Violet. 1824. 
 
 — rotuTidift/lia. 1. Purple. June. 1816. 
 
 — spiea'ta. J. Purple. August. 1824. A 
 
 synonym of Ancrodon ovata. 
 
 — spi'nea. 3. Purple. 1824. 
 
 — spu'ria. 1. Violet. August. 1779. B. C. 
 
 t. 391. 
 
 Sela'ndria a'tra. Pear Saw-FIy. 
 The upper surface of Pear-tree leaves 
 during the months of July, August, and 
 September, are liable to be destroyed 
 by what is very characteristically named 
 the slimy grub. These grubs are nearly 
 half an inch long, cylindrical, but 
 thicker towards the head than at the 
 other extremity. The whole body, ex- 
 cept at the time of skin-casting, is 
 covered with a sticky, gi-eenish-black 
 matter, and from this they have been 
 named. Whilst feeding, the fore part 
 of the body is so swollen that the ver- 
 min looks somewhat like a small tad- 
 pole. If the slimy matter is removed 
 from the body, this is found to be a 
 grub or caterpillar with twenty feet, 
 and of a pitchy-brown colour. At the 
 
 last-but-one casting of its skin the 
 sliminess no longer appears, and the 
 grubs become of a clayey colour. They 
 finally form a brown cocoon about Oc- 
 tober, and remain in the pupa state 
 until the following June or July, when 
 the perfect insect comes forth in the 
 form depicted in the annexed cut, but 
 of the size shown by the cross Hue? 
 above it. It is known as the Sela'ndria 
 a'tra. Linnaeus calls it the Cherry Saw- 
 Fly (Tenthredo cerasi), from the mis- 
 taken opinion that it attacked the leaves 
 of that tree only, whereas its grubs are 
 more frequently found on the leaves of 
 the Pear. This fly is shining black, and 
 the tips of the legs yellowish. The 
 female lays her eggs on the upper sur- 
 face of the leaves. The slime on the 
 grub is of a peculiar nature, not being 
 dried by exposure to the hottest sun- 
 shine. 
 Sele'nia. (Perhaps from selene, the 
 
SEL 
 
 [892] 
 
 SEM 
 
 moon. Nat. ord., Cruciferm ; Tribe, 
 Alyssinece.) 
 
 Hardy annual, Trith showy, sweet-scented 
 flowers. 
 
 S. au'rea. |. Golden-yellow. June. Texas 
 and Arkansas. 1881. B. M. t. 6607. 
 
 . Selenipe'dium. (From selenis, a 
 little crescent, and pedion, a slipper; 
 the shape of the labellmn. Nat. ord., 
 OrchidecB ; Tribe, Cypripediece.) 
 
 This genus only differs from CYPEIPEDIUM in 
 having a three-celled ovary, whereas in Cypri- 
 PEDIUM the ovary is one-celled. In all other 
 respects the two genera are identical. 
 S. Airmiio'rthii. Whitish or yellowish-green, 
 
 purple, sulphur. 1878. Hybrid between 
 
 S. Sedeni and S. Roezlii. 
 
 — (I'lbo-purpylrewm. Pinkish, crimson, ivory- 
 
 white. Syn., Cypripedium albo-purpu- 
 reuTn. Hybrid between 5. Dominionum 
 and S. Schlimii. 
 — - Boissieria'num, Yellow, bright green, 
 brownish-crimson. 1887. 
 
 — calu'rum. Pale green, rose. 1884. Syn., 
 
 Cypripediuin calurum. Hybrid between 
 S. longyfolium and S. Sedeni. 
 
 — eardina'le. Whitish, green. December. 
 
 Hybrid between S. Sedeni and S. 
 Schlimii, var. cUbiflcrum. 
 
 — cariei'nuTn. 1. Pale green, white, brown. 
 
 Peru. Syns., S. Pearcei, Fl. Ser. 1. 1648. 
 and Cypripediwm caricinum, B. M. 
 t. 6466. 
 
 — tauda'tum. 2. Green. March. Quito. 
 
 1851. Fl. Ser. t. 666. Syn., Cypripedium 
 
 cattdcttum. 
 Albertia'num. Sepals yellow; lip 
 
 yellowish, dark purple. Lind. 1. 174. 
 ro'seum. Green, yellow, rosy-purple, 
 
 111. Hort. t. 696. 
 
 — chlo'rops. Garden hybrid. 1888. Syn., Cy- 
 
 ^pedium ehlorops. 
 
 — conchi'ferum. White, greenish-yellow, 
 
 brownish-crimson. Hybrid between 5. 
 caridnum and S, Roeaii. 
 
 — DoTninia'nuTn. ' Yellowish-green, reddish- 
 
 brown, dark purple. Flor. Mag. t. 499. 
 Syn., Vypripediv/m Brnnini/mutn. 
 
 — gralnde. Pale yellow, crimson, greenish- 
 
 yellow. Petals more than a foot long. 
 Hybrid between 5. cavdatwrn and S. 
 Roezlii. 
 
 — Eincksia'num. Pale and dark green. Darien. 
 
 1878. Syn., Cypripedium Hincksia/num. 
 
 — kaieteu'rum. See S. Lvndlm/a/num. 
 
 ' — leucorrho'don. White, purple, sulphur. 1886. 
 Hybrid between 5. Roeaii and S. Schli- 
 •ndi, var. aZbiflorwrn. 
 
 — iMde'ni. 1. White, green, reddish-purple. 
 
 May. New Grenada. 1850. Syn., Uro- 
 pedimm Mndmi. Belg. Hort. 1834, 
 jp. 193. 
 
 — Limdleya'num. Pale green, reddish-brown, 
 
 crimson. Kaieteur Fall, British Guiana. 
 1885. Syn., iS. kaieteurum. 
 
 — longifo'HuTn. Yellowish-green, purple, 
 
 brownish. Central America. 1869. 
 Syns., Cypripedium longifolium, B. M. 
 t. 5970, and C. R&iehenbachianwm. 
 coloraftwn. Purplish. Costa Kica. 1873. 
 
 — nitidi'ssimwm. Garden hybrid. Syn., Cj/pri- 
 
 pedi/um nitidissimum. 
 
 — PaHahii. Yellowish, green, maroon ; lip 
 
 bronzy-red. 1886. 
 
 — Pm'rcei. See 5. mneimAon. 
 
 — parphy'reum. Purplish. 1878. . Hybrid be- 
 
 tween S. Roezlii and S. Sehlvmii. 
 reticula'tmn. White with green veins. Ecua- 
 dor. 1886. 
 
 5. Eoe'zlii, 3. Greenish-yellow, purple. Colum- 
 bia. 1873. Syn., CypHpediu/m Roezlii. 
 B. M. t. 6217. 
 
 — Saundersia'num. White, purple, green ; lip 
 
 bright reddish-mauve. 1888. Hybrid 
 between S. caudatum and S. Schlimii. 
 
 — Schlimii. White, crimson-spotted. New 
 
 Grenada. 1867. Syn., Cypripedium 
 Schlimii. B. M. t. 6614. 
 albijlo'rum. White. Columbia. 1876. 
 
 — Schrode'rce. Beddish-green, purplish, dull 
 
 crimson. Hjrbrid between S. eavdatum 
 and S. Sedeni. 
 
 spldndens. A brightly coloured variety. 
 
 1887. Lind. ser. 2, t. 69. 
 
 — Sede'ni. Greenish-white, purplish-crimson, 
 
 rich crimson. Syn., Cypripedium. Sedeni. 
 Flor. Ma«. ser. 2, tt. 206, 302. Hybrid 
 between S. Ummfolium and S. Schlimii. 
 
 candi'dulum,. White with rosy margins ; 
 
 lip purple. Hybrid between S. longifo- 
 lium and S. Schlimii, var. albifiorum.r 
 
 — stenophy'Uum. Bose, green, purple, 1876. 
 
 Hybrid between S. Schlimii and 5. cari- 
 dnum. 
 
 — vitta'tum. l-lj. Pale green, red, brownish. 
 
 Brazil. 1876. 
 
 — Walli'sii. Pale green, white, yellow. Ecuador. 
 
 Syn., Cypripedium Wallisii, Echh. Xen. 
 1. 181. 
 
 — Weidlichia'num. Hybrid between S. Hart- 
 
 wegii and 5. Schlimii. G. C. 1890, viu. 
 p. 702. 
 
 Self, A flower with petals of only 
 one colour. 
 
 Self-heal. Prune'lla vulga'ris. 
 
 Selligue'a. (Probably from the 
 Javanese name. Nat. ord., Filices.) 
 
 Stove, yellow-spored ferns. See Ferns. 
 5. caudi/o'rmis. Malay Archipelago. 1862. 
 — Jlave'scens. May. B. Ind. 
 
 — UamHto'ni. May. Nepaul. 
 
 — heteroca'rpa. June. Java. 
 
 — Tnacrophy'lla. May. Java. 
 
 — pothifo'lia. May. Nepaul. 
 
 Semeca'rpus. Marking Nut-tree. 
 (From semeion, a mark, and Icarpos, 
 fruit ; the black juice used for marking 
 clothes. Nat. ord., Anacardiaeem ; 
 Tribe, Anacardiece. Allied to Anacar- 
 dium. ) 
 
 Stove, greenish-yellow-ilowered, evergreen 
 trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a 
 glass, in heat, in March or April ; peat, loam, 
 leaf -mould, and sand. Winter temp., 60° to 60' ; 
 summer, 60° to 90°. 
 S. Anaca'rdium. 20. India. 1820. Wi^ht Ic. 
 
 t. 669. Syns., AruKardiwm longifolium 
 
 and Cassumum hmgifoliwrn. 
 cmieij'o'lium. 20. India. 1824. Syn., 
 
 S. eaneifolium. 
 
 Semeia'ndra. (From semeia, a 
 banner, and aner, a male ; referring 
 to the petal-like appendage to each 
 stamen. Nat. ord., Onagracem.) 
 
 A greenhouse shrub, allied to Fuchsia, like 
 which it may be cultivated. 
 S. grandiflo'ra. 6. Scarlet. March, and through- 
 out the summer. Mexico. 1853. B.M. 
 t. 4727. 
 
 Sempervi'vxtm. Houseleek. (From 
 sempervivo, to live for ever ; tenacity of 
 life. Nat. ord., Crassulaceoe.) 
 
SEM 
 
 [893] 
 
 SEN 
 
 Hardy and frame kinds, by division, and by 
 cuttings, and most of them delight in dry, sandy 
 soil, kept moist only when growing. Greenhouse 
 kinds are also freely propagated by cuttings, 
 dried for several days at the cut part ; grown in 
 sandy loam, leaf -mould, and brick-rubbish, and 
 kept dry and in a state of rest in winter. Winter 
 temp., 38° to 45° ; summer, 55° to 75°. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 5. ono'maZum. J. Mauve-purple. June. Syn., 
 (S. j^aucijlorwm. 
 
 — araehnoi'deum. J. Purple. July. Italy. 
 
 1699. B. M. t. 68. 
 
 ma'jus. }. Red. June. Italy. 
 
 mi'nus. J. Red. June. Italy. 
 
 — arena'rium, J. Yellow. Tyrol. 1879. 
 
 Syn., 5. comutum. 
 
 — arvemenee. J. Pink. France. 
 
 — assi'mile. i. Pale rose. July. Tyrol. 1879. 
 
 — atla'ntieum. J. Pale red. Greater Atlas. 
 
 1873. Syn., S. tectorumyYar. atlanticum. 
 
 — iarba'tulum. J. Pale red. Tyrol. 
 
 — SoisMri. f. Red. July. 1878. 
 
 — Boutignya'num. J. Pale rose. Pyrenees. 
 
 1878. 
 
 — Brau'nii. J. Yellow. July. Tyrol. 1874. 
 
 — calcara'tum. J. Reddish-white. 1874. 
 
 — ccUca'reum. J. Pale red. France. Syn., 5. 
 
 califomicuin. 
 
 — Doellia'num. J. Red. Alps. 
 
 — FauconTufti. J. Red. Jura^ 1879. 
 — fimbria'twm. }. Bed. July. France. 
 —Jlagellif&rme. f. Reddish. July. Siberia. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — Fu'ncHi. J. Bed-purple. S. Europe. 
 
 — glau'cum-, f. Red. Alps. 
 
 — globi'ferum. J. Yellow. June. Germany. 
 
 1733. B. M. t. 507 and t. 2116. 
 
 — grandifo'rum. J. Yellow. 1880. 
 
 — Grednii. i. Red. Europe. 1877. 
 
 — hi'rtum. i. Yellow. June. Central 
 
 Europe. 1804. 
 
 — Lamo'ttei. 1. Pale pink. Summer. Central 
 
 France. 
 
 — Moggri'dgei. |. Red. September. Alps. 
 
 1881. B. M. t. 6610. 
 
 — monta'num. J. Bed. June. Pyrenees. 
 
 1762. 
 
 — oUgo'trichwm. J. Red. Tyrol. 1879. 
 —parmUum J. Pale red. France. 1878. 
 
 — pa! tens. Yellowish. Europe. 
 
 HeuffeHii. Yellowish. Europe. 1876. 
 
 — Pitto'ni. i. Yellow. July. Styrian Alps. 
 
 1879. 
 
 — PmneHii. \. Bose-red. July. France, 
 
 — p^milum. \. Pale red. June. Caucasus. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — Begi'nce Ama'lias. J. Pale yellow. Greece. 
 
 — ruthdniewm. J to 1. Yellow. S. E. Europe. 
 
 1835. 
 
 — Scho'ttii. i. Purple. Tyrol. 1874. 
 
 — soboWferum. i. Yellow. Austria. 1699. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1457. 
 
 — tecti/rum. 1. Purplish. July. Britain. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 638. 
 
 — tri'ste. }. Red. 1879. 
 
 — Yerlo'ti. J. Rose. France. 
 
 — Wulfdni. i. Yellow. Alps. 1879. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 
 
 S. dicho'tomum. Yellow. July. Canaries. 
 
 1815. Biennial. 
 
 — dodranta'le. i- Flesh. July. Tenerlfle. 
 
 1816. Annual. 
 
 — miera'nthes. J. Green, red. September. 
 
 (~J Q U n TIP S 
 
 — Stella' turn. j. Yellow. July. Madeira. 
 
 1790. Annual. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 S. aizoi'des. Yellow. June. Madeira. 
 
 — arbo'reum. 9. Golden. July. Iievant. 
 
 1640. 
 
 S. arbo'reum variega'tum. 4. Yellow. July, 
 Levant. 1640. 
 
 — au'reum. 1. YeUow. July. Canaries. 1815. 
 spu'rium. 1. Yellow. July. Canaries. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — barla'tum. 1. Yellow. July. Canaries. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — bifu'rcum. 2. Madeira. 
 
 — ccBspito'sum. i. YeUow. August. Ma- 
 
 deira. 1815. 
 
 — canarie'nse. IJ. White. June. Canaries. 
 
 1699. 
 
 — cUia'tum. IJ. Pale yellow. Teneriffe. 
 
 1815. 
 
 — crue'nturn. 2. Yellow. May. Canaries, 
 
 1834. 
 — frutefscens. 3. Yellow. Teneriffe. 1804. 
 
 — glandul&suTn. 1. Yellow. April. Ma- 
 
 deira. 1777. 
 
 — glutinf/sum. IJ. Yellow. July. Madeira. 
 
 1777. 
 
 — holochry'sum. Golden - yellow. Winter. 
 
 Teneriffe. 1816. 
 
 — Pa'ivce. Green. Canaries. 1866. B. M. 
 
 t. 6693. 
 
 — polyphj/llum. J. Bed. August. Canaries. 
 
 1777. 
 
 — retu'sum. 2. Yellow. July. Tenerifie. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — rwpi'fra^a. Yellow. May. Canaries. 1830. 
 
 — Smi'thii, 1. Pale yellow. July. Teneriffe^ 
 
 1816. B. M. 1. 1980. 
 
 — tabvlcefo'rme. IJ. Yellow. July. Madeira. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — tortuo'sum. f. Yellow. July. Canaries. 
 
 1779. B. M. t. 296. 
 
 — u'rbicum. 2. Yellow. July. Teneriffe. 
 
 1816. B. R. t. 1741. 
 
 — uvi'/erum. Yellow. Teneriffe. 1829. Uva 
 ' de Guanches. 
 
 — vill&sum. ' ^. Yellow. June. Canaries. 
 
 1777. B. B. 1. 1553. 
 
 — yovmgia'num. 3. Yellow. June. Canaries. 
 
 1842. Syn., uEonium Youngianum. B. 
 R. 1844, t. 36. 
 
 Sena'cia glau'ca. A synonym of 
 Elseodendron pedunculatum. 
 
 Seneci'Uus. (A diminutive, of 
 senecio. Nat. ord., Compositce ; Tribe, 
 Seneciomdece.) A synonym of Sene- 
 cio. 
 
 S. purpura'ta is a synonym of Cineraria pur- 
 purata. 
 
 Sene'cio. Groundsel. (From senex, 
 an old man ; naked receptacle compared 
 to a bald head. Nat. ord., Compositce; 
 Tribe, Senecionidew.) 
 
 So difficult are the species to determine, that 
 they have often been classed under numerous 
 Other genera. All yellow-flowered, where not 
 otherwise specified. Annuals, by seeds in the 
 open border, and in a slight hotbed ; perennials, 
 by seed, and division of the plai(t, and also in 
 common garden-soil, shrubby kinds by seeds, 
 and easily by cuttings, and mostly requiring a 
 little peat or dried leaf-mould along with the 
 soil, and the protection of a cool greenhouse. 
 The double varieties of eflegans are much used 
 in flower-gardens ; but the single varieties are 
 also very Deautiful. The double varieties are 
 preserved by cuttings in winter, and must be 
 saved from damp. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS, ETC. 
 
 S. aeonitif&lia. Pinkish-red. Amur. 1877. 
 Syn., SyneiletiB aeonitifolia. Gfl. t, 887. 
 
 — ammvlla'ceus. 2. Texas. 1834. B. M. 
 
 t. 3487. 
 
SEN 
 
 [894] 
 
 SEN 
 
 S. arge/ntea. Pyrenees. 1873. 
 
 — orassifo'lius. IJ. Purple. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1816. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 868. 
 
 — divariea'ty^. IJ. Purple. July. China. 
 
 1801. Greenhouse biennial. 
 
 — Do'ria. Yellow. S. Europe. 
 
 — Doro'niewm. 1. Yellow. S. Europe. 
 hoBmarie'nsis. J. Yellow. May. Mo- 
 rocco. 1874. B. M. t. 6101. 
 
 — eruie^scens. 2. Purple. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1774. Greenhouse bien- 
 nial. 
 
 — ga'lHcus. June, France. 
 
 — Eodgso'ni. Yellow. Japan. 1846. 
 
 — japanieus. S. Yellow. Japan. 1866. Syns., 
 JErythrochcBte palmatifida. 
 
 — KcempfdH. Yellow. Japan. Syns., S. Far- 
 
 fugium and lAgutana Scemp/eri. 
 
 aureo-Tnacula'ta. Leaves spotted with 
 
 yellow. Syn., Farfiigium grande. 
 
 crista'ta. Leaves crisped and covered 
 
 with curly hairs. Japan. 1861. 
 
 — lanugino'sus. 5. November. 1826. 
 
 — teUphifo'lius. 1. July. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1820. 
 
 — valenancefo'Uus. 4. July. • Europe. 1800. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREEN. 
 
 S. gibWms. June. Sicily. 1827. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 5. Adenotri'chia. 2. Yellow. May. Chili. 
 1826. S^i^., AdeMotnehia amphxiamlis. 
 B. E. 1. 1190. 
 
 — anteupho'Thimm. Yellowish. Cape Juby, 
 
 West Africa. 1870. B. M. t. 6099. 
 Syn., Kleinia anteuphorbium. 
 
 — argu'tus. 3. July. Mexico. 1827. 
 
 — o'sp«r. 3. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 — chordifo'Ka. 1. Yellow. S. Africa. 1862. 
 
 B. M. t. 6216. 
 
 — einerarioi'des. July. Mexico. 1826. 
 
 — co'neolor, of gardens, is S. speeiosus. 
 
 — e'legams. 2. Purple. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1700. B. M. t. 238. 
 fl(yre-a'lbo. IJ. White. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1700. 
 ple^mta-a'lbus. 1^. White. July. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1700. 
 -^ ple'nus^ru'ber. 2. Bed. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1700. 
 po'mponicus eu'preus. Garden variety. 
 
 1888. 
 
 — Farri'sii. 2. Yellow. Peru. 1869. 
 
 —fu'lgem. Scarlet. Natal. 1866. Green- 
 house. Syn., Eleinia fulgens. B. M. 
 t. 6690. 
 
 — hcematophy'Uus. 2. April. 1789. 
 
 — halimifo'livs. 3. July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1723. 
 
 — Heritidri cycmophtha'lm/us. Whitish • blue. 
 
 June. Canaries. 1843. Herbaceous. 
 B. M. t. 3827. Syn., Cineraria aurita. 
 
 — ilieifo'liug. 3. June. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1731. 
 
 — la'neem. 3. August. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1731. 
 
 — lUa'einus. 6. Lilac. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1826. B. B. 1. 1342. 
 
 — longifo'hus. 8. September. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 177s. 
 
 — maeroglassus. Climber. Yellow. Natal. 
 
 1868. B. M. t. 6149. 
 
 — mikanioi'des. Yellow. December. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1866. Syn., Mikania 
 senedoides. 
 
 — multibractea'tus. Magenta. S. Africa. 
 
 1872. Ref. Bot. t. 261. 
 
 — Palme'ri. Yellow. Guadeloupe Island, 
 
 Lower California. Wien. Gart. Zeit. 
 1890, p. 120, fig. 24. 
 ~ persiccefo'hus. 3. Turple. July. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 5. peucedani/o'lius. 3. Purple. May. Cape 
 of Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 — prcefeox. 2*. Yellow. B. M. t.4803. 
 
 — pseu'do-China. i. July. E. Ind. 1732,. 
 
 Herbaceous. Andr. Bep. t. 291. 
 
 — pteroneu'ra. 4 to 8. Whitish. Morocco. 
 
 1872. B. M. t. 6946. Syn., Kleinia 
 pteroneura. 
 — puln'geru3. 2. Red. June. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1816. 
 
 — pu'kher. 1 to 4. Purple, yellow. Uruguay. 
 
 1872. Annual. B. M. t. 6959. 
 
 — purpu'reus. 2. Purple. August. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1774. Herbaceous. 
 
 — pyramida'tus. Yellow. S. Africa. 1863. 
 
 B. M. t. 6396. 
 
 — reelina'tiis. 2. Purple. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1774. 
 
 — Hgefscena. 3. July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1815. 
 
 — ri'gidus. 3. July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1704. 
 
 — ro»marinifo'lius. 3. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. Jacq. Ic. t. 587. 
 
 — sea'ber. 4. July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1700. Herbaceous. 
 
 — Shinne'ri. 3. Yellow. June. Guatemala. 
 
 1840. Syn., dynoxys fragrans. B. M. 
 t. 4611. Climber. 
 
 — solidagi'-neus. 2. July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — sonehifo'lia. 1. Yellow. E. Indies. 
 
 — speeu/sus. J. Scarlet. July. China. 1789. 
 
 Herbaceous. B. B. t. 41 ; B. C. 1. 1113. 
 
 — subsca'ndens. Yellow. Winter. Tropical 
 
 Africa. 1878. B. M. t. 6363. 
 
 — tussila'ginia. 1. Purple. April. Tenerifle. 
 
 1829. B. R. 1. 1560. 
 
 — venu'stits. U. Purple. August. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1774. B. B. t. 901. 
 
 — volu'bilit. 6. Orange, purple. April. South 
 
 Africa. 1814. Syn., Cacalia soandens. 
 Twiner. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 S. adonidif&lius. 1. July. Europe. 1800. 
 
 — alpi'nus. 2. July. South Europe. 1683. 
 
 — arachnoHdea. July. Italy. 1827. 
 
 — balsami'tcB. June. N. Amer. 1819. 
 
 — canadefnsis. IJ. July. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 — cordifo'lius. 2. July. Austria. 1749. 
 
 — coria'ceus. 4. July. Levant. 1728. 
 
 — croa'ticus. 4. July. Hungary. 1806. 
 
 — cro'ceus, June. Austria. 1822. 
 
 — eru^ntue. Purple. April. TeneiiSe. B. E. 
 
 1839, t. 7. 
 
 — deei'piene. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1821, 
 
 — delphinifo'liuR. 1. July. Barbary. 1800. 
 
 — evMrus. July. 1816. 
 
 — fri'gidus. May. N. America. 1827. 
 
 — jap&nicus, 1. August. Japan. 1774. 
 
 — La'gopus. J. Bright yellow. Summer. New 
 
 Zealand. 1882. 
 
 — leucoi>hy'llus. 1. July. South Europe. 1816. 
 
 — lyratifo'lius, 2. July. Austria. 1749. 
 
 — Tniiyrophy'Uus. 4. July. Caucasus. 1818. 
 
 — nemore^nsis. 3. July. Austria. 1786. 
 
 — odora'ttis. 3. S. Australia. 
 
 — otho'nce. 2. Pink. July. Iberia. 1816. 
 
 — ova'tus. 3. September. Germany. 1823. 
 
 — prate'nsis. June. Galicia. 1828. 
 
 — Smi'thii. Pink. July. Cape Horn. 1801. 
 
 — stenoce^phala eomo'aa. 2. Yellow. Summer. 
 
 Japan. 1881. G. C. 1881, xvi. p. 300, 
 figs. 65, 66. 
 
 — taraxaeifo'lius. June. Caucasus. 1824. 
 
 — Toumefo'rtii. 3. July. Pyrenees. 1810. 
 
 — umbro'sus. 2. July. Hungary. 1816. 
 
 — uniflo'rus. J. July. Alpine Europe. 1789. 
 
 Sensitive Pern, OnocU'a sensi'- 
 
 bilis. 
 
SEN 
 
 [895] 
 
 SEK 
 
 Sensitive Plant. Mimo'sapudi'm. 
 There are several other plants which 
 give evidence of being sensitive. The 
 Venus Fly-Trap (Dionce'a musci'pula) 
 has jointed leaves, which are furnished 
 on their edges -with a row of strong 
 prickles. Hies, attracted by honey 
 which is secreted in glands on their 
 surface, venture to alight upon them. 
 No sooner do their legs touch these 
 parts than the sides of the leaves spring 
 up, and, locking their rows of pnckles 
 together, squeeze the insects to death. 
 O'xalis sensifi'va and Smi'thia sensiti'va 
 are similarly irritable, as are the filaments 
 of the stamens of the Berberry. One of 
 this sensitive tribe, Desmo'dvum gy'rans, 
 has a spontaneous motion ; its leaves 
 are frequently moving in various direc- 
 tions, without order or co-operation. 
 When an insect inserts its proboscis 
 between the converging anthers of a 
 Dog's Bane (Apo'ci^num androscemifo'- 
 iium), they close with a power usually 
 sufficient to detain the intruder until 
 death occurs. 
 
 Se'ptas. (From septem, seven ; the 
 number prevailing in the parts of the 
 flower. Nat. ord., Crassulacece.) A 
 synonym of Crassula. 
 
 Greenhouse, white-flowered evergreens, from 
 South Africa. Increased by division of the 
 roots ; plants kept dr^ in winter ; sandy loam 
 and brick-rubbish. Winter temp., 38° to 46°. 
 S. cape'nsis. See Cmssula Septas. 
 
 — globijliira. B. M. t. 1472. See Crassula 
 
 globifio'ra. 
 
 — tc7nbeUa. A synonym of Crassula umbella. 
 
 Sequo'ia. Native name. (Nat. ord., 
 Coniferce ; Tribe, Taxodiece.^ Syns., 
 Washingtonia and Wellmgtonia.) 
 
 Hardy evergreen. For cultivation, see Taxo- 
 DIUM, to which it is allied. 
 S. giga'ntea. 300. California. 1853. Syn., 
 WeUiiigtcmia gigantea. B, M. tt. 4777-8. 
 
 au'rea. Young twigs yellowish. 
 
 pe'ndwla. Branches pendulous. 1871. 
 
 — sempervi'rens. 300. Upper California. Syn., 
 
 S. pyramidata. Califomian Evergreen 
 Redwood. 
 
 a'lbe-tpi'ca. Tips of young shoots creamy- 
 white. 
 
 glau'ca. Leaves tinged with glaucous 
 
 blue. 
 
 taxifo'lia. Leaves broader than in the 
 
 type and glaucous. 
 
 variega'ta. Leaves glaucous and slightly 
 
 variegated. 1890. 
 
 Seraphy'ta. (From ser, a silk- 
 worm, and phyton, a plant ; the flowers 
 are said to resemble silkworms. Nat. 
 ord., Orchidem; Tribe, EpidendrecB- 
 LceliecB.) 
 
 Stove, epiphytal orchid, requiring the same 
 culture as Epidendrum. 
 
 £■. diffu'sa. 2. Greenish-white. April. West 
 Indies. 1816. Syn., EpidenArum digu- 
 sum. B. M. t. 3665. 
 
 Sera'pias. (An ancient Greek name 
 for some Orchis. Nat. ord., Orchidece ; 
 Tribe, Ophrydem-Serapiece. ) 
 
 Hardy terrestrial orchids. For cultivation, 
 see Orchis, to which it is allied. 
 S. cordi'gera. f. Lila«, purple. Mediterranean 
 region. B. M. t. 6868a. 
 
 — li'ngua. f. Lilac, red. Mediterranean 
 
 region. B, M. t. 5868B. 
 eUmga'ta. 2. Brown-purple. April. 
 
 Sicily. 1878. 
 lute'ola. Purplish, yellowish. May. 
 
 Sicily. 1876. 
 
 — longipeftala. li. Purple, greenish. May. 
 
 Sicily. 1876. 
 palMiflo'ra. 1. May. Sicily. 1876. 
 
 — papilioTLofceo-li'Tigua, 1. Green, purple. S. 
 
 France. 1876. A natural hybrid be- 
 tween Orchid papilionacea and 5. lingua. 
 B. M. t. 6255. 
 
 Sereno'a. (In honour of the late 
 Sereno Watson, a distinguished North 
 American botanist. Nat. ord., Palmce; 
 Tribe, Coryphew.) 
 
 An elegant, dwarf, greenhouse palm. 
 S. serrula'ta. 4-8. Greenish. June. Southern 
 United States. 1840. Syn., Sabai 
 serrulata. 
 
 Sericoca'rpus. White - topped 
 Aster. (From serikos, silken, and kar- 
 pos, fruit ; the fruit is crowned by silky 
 nairs. Nat. ord., CompositoB; Tribe, 
 AsteroidecB.) 
 
 Hardy, perennial herbs, requiring the same 
 culture as Asieb. 
 
 iS. conyzoi'des. 2. White. Summer. Xorth 
 America. 1778. 
 
 — Bolidagi'neus. 2. White. Autumn. North 
 
 America. 1699. Syn., Aster solidagi- 
 neus. 
 
 Serico'graphis. (From serikos, 
 silk, and grapho, to write. Nat. ord., 
 Acanthacece ; Tribe, Justieiem. Allied 
 to Aphelancba.) A synonym of Jaco- 
 binia. 
 
 Stove half-herbaceous perennial. Easily in- 
 creased by cuttings. For culture, see JUSTICIA. 
 S. GhiesbreqhUa'na. Gfl. t. 98. See Jacobinia 
 Ghiesbreghtiana. 
 
 — Uohilntli. Scarlet. Mexico. 1881. A 
 
 climber. 
 
 Seri'ngia. (Named after M. Seringa, 
 a Swiss botanist. Nat. ord., Sterculia- 
 cece; Tribe, Lasiopetalece. Allied to 
 Lasiopetalum.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April or 
 May ; sandy peat one part, sandy, fibryloam two 
 parts. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. 
 S. ova'ta. A synonym of PteUdiv/m ovatum. 
 
 (Nat. ord., Celastrinece.) 
 —platyphj/Ua. 12. White. June. Australia. 
 
 1822. 
 
 Seri'ola. (From seris, succory ; as 
 the species resemble this plant. Nat. 
 ord., Compositce ; Tribe, Cickoriacem.). 
 This genus is now united to Hypo- 
 chsens under the specific names an- 
 nexed. 
 
SEE, 
 
 [896] 
 
 SES 
 
 All hardy herbaceous plants, except ruhe'seens, 
 which is annual, and all natives of Sicily. Seed 
 sown in early spring, in any common garden- 
 soil. 
 S. cetne'nsis, Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 816, andS. a'lbieans 
 
 are synonyms of Hypochceris cetnensis. 
 
 1. Yellow. July. Sicily. 1763. 
 
 — glau'ca and S. rubefscens are synonyms of Sypo- 
 
 chceris loBvigata. 1. Yellow. May. 
 Sicily. 1828. 
 
 — u'rens is a synonym of Hypoehwris cretemis. 
 
 i. Yellow. July. South Europe. 1773. 
 
 Seri'ssa. (Name of a plant men- 
 tioned by Dioscorides. Nat. ord., Bubia- 
 cem ; Tnbe, AnthospermecB. ) 
 
 Greenhouse, white-flowered evergreens, from 
 Japan. Cuttings in spring, under a glass ; loam, 
 peat, and sand. Probably hardy in the south of 
 England. 
 
 S.fce'tida. 2. May. 1787. Syns., I/yeium 
 fcRtidv/m and L. japonicum, B. M. t. 361. 
 
 — mu'ltiplex. May. 
 
 Serra'tula. Saw-wort. (FTOvaserra, 
 a saw ; edges of the leaves. Nat. ord. , 
 Compositm ; Tribe, Cynaroidece.) 
 
 Perennials, by seeds and divisions in spring ; 
 annuals, by seed; common garden-soil. All 
 purple-flowered, except where otherwise stated. 
 S. ala'ta. 2. Purple. July. 
 
 — alpi'na. See Saueevrea alpina. 
 
 — ama'ra. See Sav^surea amara. 
 
 — angustifo'lia. See Saussurea angitstifoUa^ 
 
 — arqu'ta. See S. tinctoria. 
 
 — ca'spica. See Earelinia caspica. 
 
 ~- centaurioi'des. 1. Purple. July. Siberia. 
 1804. 
 
 — corona'ta. 6. Purple. July. Siberia. 1739. 
 
 — cyanoides. A synonym of Jurmea PoUichii. 
 
 — cyanaroi'des. 3. July. Pyrenees. 1640. 
 
 Syn., Rhapontiewm cynaroides. 
 
 — depre'ssa. 1. Purple. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1818. Linn. Trans, xi. t. 38. 
 
 — di'scolor. See Saussurea discolor. 
 
 — e'legans. Linn. Trans, xi. t. 37. See Liatris 
 
 —flave' scene. White. July. Spain. 1825. 
 Syn., 5. leuca/ntha. Annual. 
 
 — heterophy'Ua. 2. Purple. July. Dauphiny. 
 
 1824. Syn., S. KUaibelii. 
 
 — KUaihe'lii. See S. heterophylla. 
 
 — leuca'ntha. See S. fiav'esceTis. 
 
 — Hatroi'des. See Saussurea pycnocephala. 
 
 — linearifo'lia. A synonym of Jurinea Uneari- 
 
 folia. 
 
 — multifi&ra. 2. July. Siberia. 1816. A 
 
 synonym of Jurmea Imear^olia. 
 
 — ni'tens. See Centaurea nitens. 
 
 — ni'tida. 2. Purple. July. Siberia. 1837. 
 
 — panno'nica. See Cnicus pa/nnonieus. 
 
 — pUo'sa. See Liatris pilosa. 
 
 — pulche^lla. B. M. t. 2589. See Saussurea 
 
 pulchella. 
 
 — pygmoE^a. See Saussurea pygnusa. 
 
 — qui/nquefo'lia, 3. Deep purple. July. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1804. B. M. 1. 1871. 
 
 — radia'ta. 2^. Purple. July. Hungary. 
 
 1800. Biennial. 
 
 — sa'lsa. See Saussurea crassifolia. 
 
 — si'mplex. B. M. t. 2482. A synonym of 
 
 Jurinea mollis, 
 
 — spica'ta. Andr. Bep. t. 401. See Liatris 
 
 spicata. 
 
 — transylva'ni^a. A synonym of Jurinea mollis, 
 
 Serru'ria. (Named after J. Serru- 
 rier, a German botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Proteaceas ; Tribe, Proteai. Alliance 
 near Leucospermum. ) 
 
 Greenhouse, South African evergreens ; purple- 
 flowered, except where otherwise speciflea. Cut- 
 tings of ripe snoots in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 and kept cool, the glass being raised and fre- 
 quently removed at night, to prevent damping, 
 the cuttings at the time protected by a frame or 
 pit ; light, fibry loam, with a portion of charcoal 
 and broken bncks or freestone. Winter temi>., 
 38° to 48°, with a shaded position for the pots in 
 the heat of summer ; the heads will stand the 
 sun freely if the roots are protected, 
 5. a^otamifo'lia, 4, Pink. 1803. Syn., Protea 
 abrotanifolia, Andr. Rep. t. 622. This 
 name has been used for other species, 
 which will be found in this list. 
 
 — acroca'rpa. Lilac. April. 1822. 
 
 — adsce'ndens, 2. 1819. 
 
 — oe'mula, 3. 1803. 
 
 — arena'ria, 1. 1803. 
 
 — Bwrma'nni. 2J. 1786. 
 
 — cilia'ta. 2. 1803. 
 
 — conge'sta. 2. Pink, white. July. 1800. 
 
 Syn., Protea triternata, Andr. Rep. 
 t. 337. 
 
 — cyanoi'des. IJ. 1803. 
 
 — decu'rnbens. 1. 1818. 
 
 — diffu'sa. 3. 1810. 
 
 — eleva'ta. Lilac. April. 1821. 
 
 — elonga'ta. IJ. 1800. 
 
 — etnargina'ta. 2. Pink. 1800. Syn., Protea ■ 
 
 abrotanifolia. var. minor. Andr. Rep, 
 
 t. 636. 
 —flagella'ris. 2. 1816. 
 —florida. 2. 1824. 
 
 — glttbe'rrvma. 1. 1825. 
 
 — glmnera'ta. 3. 1789. 
 
 — Nive'ni. IJ. 1800. Sja,, Protea decumbeng. 
 
 Andr. Rep. t. 349. 
 
 — odora'ta, 2. Pink. 1803. Syn., Protea 
 
 abrotanifolia, var. odorata. Andr. Rep. 
 t. 545. 
 
 — peduncula'ta. 7. July. 1789. Syn., Protea 
 
 glomerata. Andr. Rep. t. 264. 
 
 — phylicoi'des. 3. 1789. Sya,, Protea abrotOMi- 
 
 folia. Andr. Rep. t. 507. 
 
 — pinna'ta. 1. Pink. 1803. Syn., Protea 
 
 pinnata. Andr. Rep. t. 512. 
 
 — Roxbu'rghii. 3. White. 1806. 
 
 — rubricau'lis. 2. 1818. 
 
 — scario'sa. Lila^. 1816. 
 
 — squarro'sa. 2. 1810, 
 
 — trUema'ta. 7. July. 1802. Syn., Protea 
 
 argentifiora. Andr. Rep. t. 447. 
 
 — viUo'sa. 2. July. 1829. 
 
 Service Berry. Amela'nchier md- 
 ga'ris. 
 
 Service. (Py'rus dome'stica.) There 
 are three varieties : Apple-shaped, Pear- 
 shaped, and Berry-shaped. 
 
 Propagation. — By Grafting on the 
 apple, medlar, and nawthorn. 
 
 By Cuttings and by Seed, as directed 
 for the Amle. 
 
 Soil. — Clayey loam, well drained, suits 
 it best. 
 
 Culture. — They are best trained as 
 dwarf standards or espaliers. See 
 Medlar. 
 
 Gather the fruit in autumn, and treat 
 it like that of the Medlar. 
 
 Sesba'nia. (From sesban, the Arabic 
 name of S. oegyptia'ca. Nat. ord., 
 LegumimoscE ; Tribe, Galegece. Alliance 
 near Clianthus.) 
 
 Yellow-flowered, except iS. coceinea. Annuals 
 
SES 
 
 require to be sown in a hotbed, in April, and 
 flowered either in the plant-stove or a warm 
 greenhouse ; shrubs, by cuttings of the half- 
 ripened, stubby shoots in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, in bottom-heat ; flbry loam and sandy 
 peat. Winter temp., 60" ; summer, 60° to 90°, 
 .With abundance of moisture. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 S. mgypti'aca. i. July. Egypt. 1680. Wight, 
 Ic. t. 32. 
 
 — cocei'nea. 25. Eed. August. East Indies. 
 
 1768. Syn., Agati coccinea. 
 
 — longifo'lia. 3. July. New Spain. 1820. 
 
 Syn., Daubentonia longifolia. 
 
 — ocddentaHis. i. July. W. lud. 1816. 
 
 STOVE ANNUALS. 
 
 S. aculea'ta. i. July. B. Ind. 1690. 
 
 — afi'nis. 3. July. E. Ind. 1800. 
 
 — gra'cUis. 3. July. 1820. 
 
 — pi'cta. 6. July. W. Ind. 1823. Biennial. 
 
 B. R. t. 873. 
 
 — pmicta'ta. 3. July. Guinea. 1826. 
 
 — seri'cea. 3. July. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 GREENHOUSE ANNUAL. 
 
 S. dispe'rma. 2. July. Florida. 1816. Syn., 
 Glot tidium fioridanum. 
 
 Se'seli. Meadow Saxifrage. (A 
 name used by Hippocrates. Nat. ord., 
 UmhelKfercB. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous plants. Ordinary garden- 
 soil. Propagated by seeds. 
 S. dioho'tomum. 2. White. July. Tauria. 
 1818. Perennial. B. M. t. 2073. 
 
 — gummi'ferwm, i. White. Summer. Tauria. 
 
 1804. Biennial. B. M. t. 2259. 
 
 Sesle'ria. (In honour of Leonard 
 Sesler, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., 
 GraminecE ; Tribe, Phalaridece.) 
 
 Hardy, perennial grass. 
 S. catru'lea. i-lj. Blue-grey. May. Britain. 
 
 Sesu'vium.. (Derivation doubtful. 
 Nat. ord., FicoidecE.) 
 
 Greenhouse, succulent herbs or sub-shrubs. 
 Sandy soil, well drained. Cuttings inserted in 
 sand, under a bell-glass. 
 S. Portulaea' strum. Green, reddish. June. 
 
 1692. Syn., Aizoon ca/nariense. Andr. 
 
 Eep. t. 201. Sea Purslane ; West Indian 
 
 Samphire. 
 
 sefssile. Flowers sessile. 
 
 revolutifo'lium. Bed, white. July. Cuba. 
 
 Syn., 5. Portulacastrum, var. revolutv/m. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1701. 
 
 Seta'ria. (From seta, a bristle ; re- 
 ferring to the bristles on the spikelets. 
 Nat. ord., Oraminece; Tribe, Panicece.) 
 Hardy, annual grasses, of no horticultural 
 value. 
 
 S. ita'lica. A garden form of this has been 
 called Panieum italicum, var., japonir 
 cum. Gfl., 1887, p. 278, fig. 72. 
 
 vertiAlla'fa has become naturalized in the 
 
 south-east of England. 
 
 — m'ridis. 1. Green. July, Britain. 
 
 Sets are the tubers, or portions of 
 tubers, employed for propagating pota- 
 toes and other tuberous-rooted plants. 
 It may be accepted as a rule universally 
 applicable to them, that a moderately- 
 s&ed whole tuber is always to be pre- 
 ferred to a cutting of a tuber. 
 
 Jew- 
 rd.. 
 
 [ 897 ] SHA 
 
 Setterwort. Selle'borws fos'tidTis. 
 
 Setting is fertilizing the female 
 blossoms ^\-ith pollen from the male 
 blossoms. A plant is said to be a shy 
 setter when this fertilizing is apt to fail. 
 
 Set Wall. Valeria'na. 
 
 Severi'nia. (After M. A. Severino, 
 Lecturer on Anatomy at Naples in the 
 sixteenth century. Nat. ord., Butacece ; 
 Tribe, Aurantiece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. For culture, see 
 Citrus. 
 
 5. buxifo'lia. 3. White. May. China. Syn,, 
 Citnts buxifolia. 
 
 Seville Orange. Ci'trus vulga'ris. 
 
 Sewerzo'wia. (After a Russian 
 traveller, who discovered this plant. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminosm. AUied to 
 Astragalus.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Ordinary garden-soil. Seeds. 
 S. turkesta'nica. J. Summer. Turkestan. 1883. 
 Gfl. 1883, p. 250. 
 
 Seyme'ria. (Named after JI. Sey 
 mer, an English naturalist. Nat. ord 
 Scrophulariacew ; Tribe, Gerardiece. 
 
 Hardy, yellow-flowered annuals, from North 
 America. Seeds in April, in a peat border. 
 S. pectina'ta. 1. July. 1820. 
 — tem&fo'lia. 1. July. 1730. Syn., Gerardia 
 AfzeLii. 
 
 Seymou'ria. (In compliment to 
 the Hon. Mrs. Seymour, of Woburn. 
 Nat. ord., Geraniacece; Tribe, Gera- 
 niecB.) A synonjon of Pelargonium. 
 
 5. asar\fo'Ka. Swt. Geran. t. 206. See Pelar- 
 goniv/m aswrtfolium-. 
 
 Shaddock. Ci'trus decuma'na. 
 
 Shades are for prolonging the time 
 of a plant's blooming, or promoting the 
 rooting of cuttings, by excluding the 
 sunlight. See Cuttings, Screens, 
 
 and Tulip. 
 
 Shallot. See Eschallot. A'lKum 
 ascalo'nicuTn. 
 
 Shanking is the technical term for 
 a gangrene ■\raich attacks the footstalks 
 of grapes and the stems of cabbages 
 which have vegetated through the 
 winter. The shanking of the grape ap- 
 pears to be occasioned by the soil be- 
 coming exhausted, or by its temperature 
 being too much below that in which the 
 branches are vegetating; and, conse- 
 quently, the supply of sap to the grapes 
 being too much diminished, the parts 
 which thus fail of support immediately 
 begin to decay : this is a,n effect always 
 the consequence of a diminished supply 
 of sap, apparent either in the leaves, 
 flower, or fruit. Shanking rarely ap- 
 pears in the grape if the roots of the 
 
 3m 
 
SHA 
 
 [898] 
 
 SIB 
 
 vine are within the house. Shanking in 
 the cabbage arises from a very different 
 cause, viz., the freezing of the stalk of 
 the cabbage just where it comes in con- 
 tact with the soil. The best preventive 
 is dressing the soil with salt, about five 
 bushels per acre, late in the autumn, 
 and sprinkling charred vegetable mat- 
 ters among them. See Damping-off. 
 
 Sharewort. A'ster THpo'lium. 
 Sharp Cedar. Aca'cia oxyce'dms 
 and Jum'perus oxyce'drus. 
 
 Shears are made of varioiis forms, 
 according to the use to which they are 
 to be put. Straight ones are of service 
 in clipping or pruning branches, which 
 are too thick to be cut with a pruning 
 knife. Some are made with long handles, 
 to which the blades are attached nearly 
 at right angles, to enable a man to cut 
 the edge of a lawn without stooping ; 
 these are occasionally made with a 
 wheel to run along the ground. 
 
 Sheep Laurel. Ka'lmia angusti- 
 fo'lia. 
 
 Sheep's Scabious. Jasw'ne. 
 Shells. See Animal Matters. 
 Shelter. See Screen. 
 
 She - Oak. 
 
 va'lvis. 
 
 Casuari'na quadri- 
 
 Shepherd's Beard. Amo'pogon. 
 Shepherd's Club. Verba'scwm 
 
 tha'psus. 
 
 Shepherd's Knot. Potenti'lla Tor- 
 menti'lla. 
 
 Shepherd's Purse. Capse'lla 
 
 hu'rsa-pasto'ris. 
 
 Shephe'rdia. (Named after the late 
 W. Shepherd, curator of the Botanic 
 Garden, Liverpool. Nat. ord., Elceag- 
 nacecB. Allied to Hippophae.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs, from North America. 
 Generally by suckers ; frequently by seeds ; 
 deep, sandy loam. Good shrubs for lawns or 
 shrubberies. 
 
 S. arge'ntea. 10. April. 1820. Syn., Hippo- 
 phae argentea. 
 — eanade'nsis. 10. April. 1759. Syn., Hippo- 
 phae camadensis. 
 
 Shield Fern. Aspi'dium. , 
 
 Shifting. See Potting and One- 
 shift System. 
 
 Sho'rtia. (After Dr. Short, author 
 of the "Medicina Britannica," published 
 in London, 1747. Nat. ord., Diapen- 
 siacece. ) 
 
 Hardy perennial. 
 5. cali/o'mica of Rev. Hort. 1883, p. 41, fig. 7, 
 ■ appears to be some Composite. 
 
 S. galaafo'Ka. White. February to April 
 
 Alleghany Mountains. 1888. Gard. 
 
 and For. 1888, i., p. 509, fig. 80. Syn., 
 Schizodon v/nijfUyrm. 
 
 Shreds for fastening trees to walls, 
 etc. , are best made of the list or selvage 
 torn from black or blue cloth, and may 
 be obtained of any tailor. The smallest 
 possible number of shreds, and the nar- 
 rowest consistent with strength, should 
 be employed ; for wherever the shred 
 envelopes the branch, the wood beneath 
 is never so well ripened as those parts 
 exposed to the light and air, which are 
 so essential to enable the bark to as- 
 similate and separate from the sap those 
 secretions which are required for the 
 next year's growth. Shreds should al- 
 ways be long enough to permit the ends 
 to be doubled over, so that the nail may 
 pass through four thicknesses of the 
 cloth, otherwise they look ragged, and 
 are liable to tear away from the nail. 
 If old shreds are re-used, they should be 
 previously boiled for a few minutes to 
 destroy any insect-eggs, or larvte, they 
 may contain. 
 
 Shrivelling of the berries of the 
 grape in stoves arises from the roots of 
 the vine not supplying a sufficiency of 
 sap. This occurs if the roots are in a 
 cold, heavy soil, or are vegetating in ah 
 outside border, the temperature of which 
 is too low compared with that of the 
 stove. In the first case, thorough drain- 
 ing and the incorporation of calcareous 
 rubbish ; and in the second case, protec- 
 tion to the border and stem, will remove 
 the evil. 
 
 Shrubbery is a garden, or portion 
 of a garden, devoted to the cultivation 
 of shrubs. 
 
 Shrubs are trees of a dwarf growth, 
 not exceeding in height twelve or fifteen 
 feet, unlessthey are climbers, and having, 
 if permitted, branches and foliage cloth- 
 ing the entire length of their stems. 
 
 Shrubby Pink. Dia'nthus fruti- 
 co'sus. 
 
 Shute'ria. (Named after Dr. iSAMfer, 
 of Madras. Nat. ord., Convolvulacece.) 
 See Hewittia. 
 
 5. bi'oolar. B. E. t. 318. A synonym of Hewittia, 
 Imolor. 
 
 Shutting-up is closing the lights of 
 frames, pits, greenhouses, and stoves, 
 which have been opened for the admis- 
 sion of air. 
 
 Siba'ldia. (Named after Dr. Sib- 
 bald, of Edinburgh. Nat. ord., Eosa- 
 cece; Tribe, PotentUlece.) A synonym 
 of Potentilla. 
 
SIB 
 
 [899] 
 
 SID 
 
 Seeds, but chiefly by division of the plant in 
 spring ; flbry, sandy loam, and flbry peat. They 
 are best kept as little alpines, in pots, protected 
 from frost and wet in winter, and shaded from 
 the midday sun in summer. 
 S. ere'cta. See Chwmcerhodos ereeta. 
 
 — grandifio'ra. See Cha/moerlwdos gratidijlora. 
 
 — ootope'tala, parviflo'ra, and procu'mbens are 
 
 synonyms of Potentilla Sibbaldia. 
 
 Siberian Crab. Py'rm pruni- 
 fo'lia. 
 
 Siberian Pea-tree. Caraga'na. 
 Sibtho'rpia. (Named after Dr. Sib- 
 thorp, of Oxford. Nat. oid., Scrophula- 
 Tiaeem ; Tribe, DigitalecB.) 
 
 Yellow-flowered trailers. Seeds and divisions 
 of the plant in spring ; moist, sandy, shady peat- 
 border. ProstraJta requires the protection of a 
 greenhouse in winter. 
 S. europ(^a. J. July. England. 
 
 variega'ta. Leaves variegated. 
 
 — peregri'na. J. Yellow. June. Madeira. 
 1771. Syns., S. prostrata and Disandra 
 prostrata. B. M. t. 218. Sometimes re- 
 garded as a variety of S. europcea. 
 
 Sica'na. (The Peruvian name of 
 one species. Nat. ord., CucurbitacecB.) 
 
 Vigorous growing stove climbers, 
 S. edori'fara. Yellow. Brazil. 1889. Fruit 
 like a large cucumber. 
 
 — ephelriea. Yellowish. Jamaica. 1890. B. M. 
 
 t. 7109. Fruit globular, about the size 
 of an orange, 
 
 Si'cyos. (A name used by Theo- 
 pbrastus for the Cucumber. Nat. ord., 
 CticurbitctoecB.) 
 
 Greenhouse, or half-hardy annual. 
 *S^ e'dulis. A synonym of SechiuTn edule. 
 
 Si'da. Indian Mallow. (A name used 
 by Theophrastus for the Water Lily. 
 Nat. ord., Maivacece.) 
 
 This genus being widely dispersed through 
 the world, contains stove, greenhouse, and 
 hardy herbs or shrubs. They require a rich 
 soil. Seeds ; cuttings. 
 S. aiirea. Yellow. India. B. C. 1. 1842. 
 
 — auri'ta* Reddish. December, Java. 1821. 
 
 B. M. t. 2495. Stove. 
 
 — Bedfordia'na. B. M. t. 3892. See AbutiUm 
 
 Bedfordia/num. 
 — crista' ta. B. M. t. 330. See Anoda Dilleniana. 
 
 — globifio'ra. 6. White. November. Mauritius. 
 
 1827. B. M. t. 2821. 
 
 — grave' olem. B. M. t. 4134. See AbutUon 
 
 — hastata. B. M. 1. 1541. See Anoda hastata. 
 
 — ijKsqua'lis. 7. White. May. Brazil. 1829. 
 
 Stove shrub. B. M. t. 3436. 
 
 — intege'rrima. 16. Yellow, red. New Grenada. 
 
 B. M. t. 4360. Stove. 
 
 — malvoefio'ra. B. B. t. 1036. See Sidaieea 
 
 campestris. 
 
 — mo'Uis. B. M. t 2759. A synonym of Abu- 
 
 tilon molle. 
 
 na'pma. 4-10. White. Summer. North 
 
 America. Hardy perennial. B. M. 
 t 2193. 
 
 — pcemdceflo'ra. B. M. t. 4170. See Atmtikm 
 
 pceoniflorum. 
 
 — pa'tens. Yellow. Abyssinia. Andr. Eep. 
 
 t. 671. 
 
 — pen'ptera. B. M. t. 1644. A synonym of 
 
 Arwda punicea 
 
 5. pi eta. B. M. t, 3840. A synonym of AbutiUm 
 pictwm. 
 
 — puUhdlla. B. M. t. 2753. See Plagianthus 
 
 pulchellits. 
 
 — ro'sea. See S. speeiosa. 
 
 — aessUifio'ra. 3. Yellow. Autumn. South 
 
 America. 1827. Stove sub-shrub. B. 
 M. t. 2867. 
 
 — Specio'sa. Purplish-red. October. South 
 
 America. 1820. Syn., S. rosea. B. M. 
 t. 3160. 
 
 — «e?io'ga. B. M. t. 4463, See Abutilon venoswn. 
 
 — vUifo'lia. B. M. t. 4227. A synonym of 
 
 Abutilon vitifolvwm. 
 
 Sida'lcea. (From sida, an ancient 
 Greek name of a plant, and alkea, an 
 ancient name of some Malva. Nat. ord., 
 Malvacem; Tribe, Malvece. Allied to 
 Callirhoe. ) 
 
 Hardy, mostly perennial herbs. For cultiva- 
 tion, see Malta. 
 
 5. eampe!stris. S. Very pale pink. October. 
 New Albion, Columbia. 1827. Syn., 
 Sida malvceflora of B. E. 1. 1036. 
 
 — ca'ndida. 3. White. Rocky Mountains. 
 
 1882. Rev. Hort, 1891, p, 366, fig. 85. 
 
 Sidera'nthus. (From sidereus, 
 starry, and anthos, flower. Nat. ord., 
 CompositcE ; Tribe, Asteroidece.) A 
 synonym of Haplopappus. 
 
 S. spinulo'sus. A synonym of Haplopappus 
 spinulosus. 
 
 — inllt/sus. A synonym of Chrysopsis villosa. 
 
 Sideri'tis. Ironwort. (From sideros, 
 iron ; supposed power of healing wounds 
 by iron. Nat. ord.. Labiates ; Tribe, 
 Staehydece. Allied to Marubium.) 
 
 Yellow-flowered, except where otherwise speci- 
 fled. Seeds; cuttings under a hand-light in 
 summer ; division of the plant in spring ; dry, 
 sandy, or chalky soil ; well fitted for knolls and 
 banks. 
 
 HARDY HEBBACEOUS, 
 
 S. roma'na. 1. July. Italy. 1740. Annual. 
 
 — serra'ta. 1. August. Spain. 1818. 
 
 — spino'sa. IJ. August. Spain. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 S. scordioi'des. 1. September, France. 1597, 
 
 alpi'na. 1,. July. Pyrenees. 1827. 
 
 Kn. and West. t. 31. 
 
 angustifo'lia. 1. July. Pyrenees. 1697. 
 
 elonga'ta. August. Spain. 1822. Half- 
 hardy. 
 
 — tau'rica. 1}. July. Tanria. 1822. 
 
 HALF-HABDT EVERGREENS. 
 
 5. angustifo'lia. 1. July. Spain. 1820. 
 
 — chamaedpfdlia. 1. July. Spain. 1816. 
 
 — Umfdlia. IJ. July. Levant. 
 
 — inca'na. IJ. July. Spain. 1752. 
 
 — leuca''nt.ha. 1. White. Jtily. Spain. 1823. 
 
 — perfolia'ta. 2. September. Levant. 1731. 
 
 — syri'aea. IJ. July. Levant. 1697. 
 
 GREENHOUSE SHRUBS. 
 
 S. ccmatrielnm. Yellow. Canary Isles. 1869. 
 Ref. Bot. t. 160. 
 
 — ea'ndieans. 3. Yellovrish. Teneriffe. 1714. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 S. decu'mbens. See Stachys Lama/rcHi. 
 
 — hyssopifo'lia. See Stachys recta. 
 
 — Imeairiifo'Ua. See Stachys stenophylla. 
 
 Siderode'ndron. Iron-tree. (From 
 sideros, iron, and dendron, a tree ; from 
 liardness of wood. Nat. ord., Bubia- 
 
SID 
 
 [900] 
 
 SIL 
 
 cece; Tribe, Ixorece.) A synonym of 
 Ixora. 
 
 stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of rijje shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a moist heat ; 
 sandy, flbry loam, flbry peat, and leai-mould. 
 Winter temp. 50° to 60" ; summer, 60° to 80°. 
 5. trifio'rvm. 20. Pinlj. W. Indies. 1793. 
 Now known as Ixoba ferbea. 
 
 Sidero'xylon. (From sideros, iron, 
 &-aA..xylon, wood; the wood of certain 
 species is very hard. Nat. ord., Sapo- 
 tacece. ) 
 
 S. mekmophle'os. Jacq. H. Vind. t. 71. See 
 Myrsine Tnelanophleos. 
 
 — mi'te. B. M. 1. 1868. White. June. South 
 
 Africa. 1816. Greenhouse evergreen. 
 This is probably a species of Ilex. 
 
 — spiTW'sum. See Argania Sideroxylon. 
 
 Side-saddle Flower. Sarrace'nia. 
 
 Sie'bera. (In honour of F. W. 
 Sieber, a botanical traveller, 1785-1844. 
 Nat. ord., Umbelliferce ; Tribe, Hydro- 
 cotylecB. ) 
 
 Greenhouse, perennial herb. For culture, see 
 Trachymene. 
 
 S. Billardie'ri lanceola'ta. 3. White. Aus- 
 tralia. 1829. Syn., Trachymene Umceo- 
 lata. B. M. t. 3334. 
 
 Siegesbe'ckia. (Named after J. 
 G. Siegesbeck, a German botanist. Nat. 
 ord. , CompositcB ; Tribe, Selianthoidem. 
 Alliance near EcUpta.) 
 
 Hardy, yellow-flowered annuals. Seeds in a 
 hotbed, in April ; seedlings pricked off, and 
 finally turned out into the flower-garden in the 
 beginning of June ; rich, light, sandy soil. 5. 
 c<yrdifo'lm, S. ibe'ricay and S. triaTigula'ris are 
 sometimes regarded as varieties of £f. orienta'lis. 
 5. cordifo'lia. 20. August. Mexico. 1826. 
 
 — dros&roi'des. See S. orientalis. 
 
 — ib^rica. White. August. Iberia. 1818. 
 
 — orienta'lis. 2. September. India. 1730. 
 
 Syn., S. d/roseroides. B. B. t. 1061 ; 
 Swt. ¥1. Gard. t. 203. 
 
 — triangula'ris. 2. August. Mexico. 1825. 
 
 Sieye'rsia. (Named after ilf. Sievers, 
 a Russian botanist. Nat. ord., Mosa- 
 cecB ; Tribe, Potentillem.) Now united 
 to Geuin, under the specific names 
 annexed. 
 
 Hardy, yellow-flowered, herbaceous peren- 
 nials. Seeds, and division of the plant in spring ; 
 light, sandy soil. 
 
 5. anermmoi'des. J. July. Kamtschatka. 1820. 
 Geum anemonoides. 
 
 — atla'ntica. See Geum atlanticwm. 
 
 — glacria'lis. J. July. Siberia. 1819. Geum 
 
 GLACIALE. 
 
 — monta'na. J. July. Austria. 1697. Geum 
 
 MONTANUM. 
 
 — pa'fado'xa. See Fallugia pa/radoxa, 
 
 — Pdckei. B. M. t. 2863. See Geum Peckei. 
 
 — re!ptam». J. July. Switzerland. 1697. 
 
 Geum keptans. 
 
 — ro'eea and trijWra. \. July. Louisiana. 1826. 
 
 Geum ibipi.oe.um. 
 
 Sieves are made with various meshes, 
 according to the use for which they are 
 intended, such as cleaning seeds, sfifcing 
 soils, gravel, etc. 
 
 SigmatOSta'lix. (From dgma, S- 
 shaped, and stalix, a stake. Nat. ord., 
 Orchidece; Tribe, Vandece-Oncidiem.) 
 Stove orchids. For culture, see Oncidium. 
 S. mallei' f era. Yellow, with brown spots. New 
 Grenada. 1883. 
 radHcans. Yellow, greenish, violet-purple. 
 Brazil. 
 
 White. July. Britain. 
 
 J. Red. Jmy. Switzerland. 
 
 Sile'ne. Catchfly. (From sia 
 saliva ; from the gummy secretion on 
 the leaves of some, which entraps small 
 flies. Nat. ord., GaryophyllacecE ; Tribe, 
 SilennRm.) 
 
 All propagated freely by seeds. Annuals, in 
 the open garden, in April, and many, if sown in 
 September, will bloom very early ; the low- 
 growing ones are very suitable for knolls and 
 rock-works. Herbaceous ones also by division, 
 and by cuttings of the young shoots in sand, 
 under a hand-light. In summer ; shrubby ones , 
 by similar means ; rich, sandy loam. 
 
 GREENHOUSE BIENNIALS. 
 
 5. crasdfo'lia. 1. Brown. July. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1774. 
 
 — gyja'ntea. 3. White. June. N. Africa. 1738. 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 432. 
 
 — orna'ta. 2. Purple. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1776. B. M. t. 382. 
 
 — undula'ta. IJ. Bed. August. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1775. 
 
 HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 5. acau'lis. i. Bose. July. Britain. Eng. 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 206. 
 
 a'lba. i, 
 
 exsca'pa. 
 
 1819. 
 
 foefmina. Bed. July. Scotland. 
 
 ma's. Bose. July. Scotland. 
 
 —faba'ria. f. White. July. Sicily. 1731. 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 415. 
 — frutico'sa. IJ. Pink. June. Sicily. 1629. 
 Evergreen. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 428. 
 
 — Mocinia'na. 1. Purple. June. Mexico. 
 
 1827. 
 
 — spedo'sa. 1. Scarlet. June. 1343. Paxt. 
 
 Mag. X. p. 219. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS, ETC. 
 
 S. (egypti'aca. 1. Pink. July. Egypt. 1800. 
 
 — Arme'ria. IJ. Pink. August. England.. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 204. Sweet Witliam. 
 al'ba. White. 
 
 — asce^nden^. |. Bed. June. Spain. 1822. 
 
 — ato'cion. ^ Pink. June. Levant. 1781. 
 
 Jacq. vind. iii. t. 32. 
 
 — bi'color. 1. Striped. June. France. 1820.. 
 
 — ca/na/rie'nsis'. i. Bed. June. Madeira. 1822. ' 
 
 — cerastoi'des. |. White. July. South Europe. 
 
 1732. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 412. 
 
 — cheiramthifo'lia. 1. Bed. July. Swan Biver. 
 
 1821. 
 
 — coloralta. 1. PuTOle. June. Morocco. 1819. * 
 
 — compa'cta. IJ. Pink. August. Caucasus. 
 
 1823. Biennial. B. C, 1. 1638. 
 
 — eonge'sta. 1. Pink. June.' Greece. 1818. 
 
 — cre^ica. |. Green, white. July. Crete. 
 
 1732. Biennial. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 422. 
 
 — Csereli. 3. White. June. 1821. 
 
 — cylindmjlo'ra. 1. Bed. June. Levant. 1824. 
 
 Biennial. 
 
 — di'seolor. J. Bed. April. Greece. 1817. 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 410. 
 
 — diversifo'lia. 1. Purple. June. 1820. 
 
 — ellegaMS. IJ. White. June. Portugal. 1819. 
 
 — gemmd^ra. 1. Purple. June. 1816. 
 ■~gra'<Mw. 1. White. July. 1823. 
 
 — hi'spida. 1. Cream. June. Barbary. 1817.^ 
 
 — iiie'rica. 1. White. June. Iberia. 1823. 
 
SIL 
 
 [901] 
 
 SIL 
 
 S. imbrica/ia, IJ. White. June. N. Africa. 
 1818. 
 
 — ita'lwa. IJ. White. May. Italy. 1759. Bien- 
 
 nial. Slbth. Fl. Gr. t. 429. 
 — juvena'lis. 2. White. June.. 1835. 
 
 — la'cera. IJ. White. July. Caucasus. 1818. 
 
 Biennial. B. M. t. 226B. 
 
 — laxiflo'ra. 1. White. June. Spain. 1820. 
 
 — lin-i/o'lia. 1. Green, yellow. July. Portugal. 
 
 1817. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 433. 
 
 — longicau'lis. 1. Eed. June. Spain. 1818. 
 
 — Ivsita'nica. 1. Pink. June. Portugal. 1732. 
 
 — rmiZtiMra. 1. White. June. Hungary. 1794. 
 
 Biennial. 
 
 — nemora'lis. 1. White. June. Hungary. 
 
 1816. Biennial. 
 
 — noctijio'ra. 2. Pink. July. England. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 209. 
 
 — iiOGtu'ra. 2. Brown. July. South Europe. 
 
 1683. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 408. 
 
 — nyeta'ntha. li. Brown. July. 1815. 
 
 — OliverMna. Red. July. Aleppo. 1818. 
 
 — orchi'dea. Eose. June. Levant. 1781. Sibth. 
 
 Fl. Gr. t. 127. 
 
 — pe!ndida. 1. Eed. June. Sicily. 1731. 
 
 B. M. t 
 — perfolialta. IJ Red. June. Levant. 1817. 
 Biennial. 
 
 — pi' eta. 2. Pink. July. France. 1817. 
 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 92. 
 
 — portf/nsis. 1. Pink. July. Portugal. 1769. 
 
 — Psammi'tis. 1^. Cream. June. 1818. Bien- 
 
 nial. 
 
 — pumi'lio. i Pink. June. Germany. 1823. 
 
 — guinqiie-m/l7iera. 1. Blood. July. England. 
 
 — ramo'sa. 1. White. July. Barbary. 1820. 
 
 — ramosilssima. li. Rose. June. Candia. 
 
 Biennial. 
 
 — reticula'ta. 1. Eose. July. Barbary. 1804. 
 
 — rube'lla. i. Flesh. May. Portugal. 1735. 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 426. 
 
 — sabuleto'rum. 1. Purple. June. 1818. 
 
 — seamdiflo'ra. 1. Purple. June. Spain. 1820. 
 
 — seri'cea. IJ. Pink. July. South Europe. 
 
 1801. 
 
 — spathula'ta. J. Purple. June. Caucasus. 
 
 1823. Biennial. 
 
 — stri'cta. IJ. Purple. June. Spain. 1802. 
 
 — tenuifo'lia. 1. Purple. June. Dahuria. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — tridenta'ta. |. Pink. May. Barbary. 1823. 
 
 — undulcefo'lia. Eed. June. Sardinia. 1829. 
 
 — vesperti'na. 2. Eose. July. Brittany. 1796. 
 
 B. M. t. 677. 
 
 — msco'sa. 2. White. June. Levant. 1731. 
 
 Biennial. 
 ^ viscosi'ssmia. 1. June. Naples. 1824. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 5. alta'iea. 1. Yellowish. August. Altai. 1831. 
 
 — amaina. 1. White. July. Tartary. 1779. 
 
 — cmgustifo'Ua. 1. White. July. Europe. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — apri'ca. Russia. 1837. 
 
 — ccespito'sa. J. Pink. June. Caucasus. 1822. 
 
 Linn. Trans, xi. t. 35. 
 
 — campa'nula. i- Green, white. July. Pied- 
 
 mont. 1823. 
 
 — m'na. li. Red. June. 1824. 
 
 — ca'spica. |. Pink. June. Caucasus. 1823. 
 
 — Catesbc^a. 1. Pink. June. Carolina. 1810. 
 
 — catMlica. IJ. Green, white. August. Italy. 
 
 1711- 
 
 — chlormfo'Ma. 1. Lilac, yellow. August. 
 
 Armenia. 1796. B. M. t. 807. 
 
 — ehlora'ntha. IJ. Green, white. July. Ger- 
 
 many. 1732. 
 
 — dlia'ta. |. Purple. June. Crete. 1804. 
 cm-di/o'lia. J. Pink. June. Piedmont. 1819. 
 
 — eo'rsica. 1. Purple. June. Corsica. 1820. 
 ' — depr^ssa. J. White. June. Iberia. 1816. 
 
 — efu'sa. 1. White, yellow. July. Volga. 
 
 1823. 
 
 5. ela'ta. 3. White. June. Tauria. 1819. 
 
 — Elizabe'thce. J. Magenta. Italy. 1863. 
 
 Hardy perennial. 
 —flmbria'ta. 2i. White. June. Caucasus. 
 
 1803. 
 — flave'scens. 1. Yellow. June. Hungary. 
 
 1804. 
 
 — glmuAfo'lia. J. Eed. June. Spain. 1820. 
 
 — gramtnifo'lia. 2. White. June. Altai. 1819. 
 
 — gypeo'phila. J. White. June. 1822. 
 
 — hispanica. i. Eed. June. Spain. 1819. 
 
 — Hookdri. Pink, white. California. 1873. 
 
 — infia'ta. 1. White. July. Britain. 
 hirsu'ta. White. Britain. 
 
 — infra' Ota. White. July. Hungary. 1800. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 199. 
 
 — lamda'ta. IJ. Scarlet. July. S. America. 
 
 1823. B. R. t. 1444. 
 -—latifo'Ua. 1. White. July. Barbary. 1817. 
 
 — longiflo'ra. 1}. Lilac, purple. August. Hun- 
 
 gary. 1793. 
 
 — maritima. |. White. August. Britain. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 200. 
 fio're-pldiio. 1. White. August. Eng- 
 land, 
 
 — moUi'ssima. 1. Pink. August. ' Italy. 1739. 
 
 — oaymoildes. 1, April. 1823. 
 
 — ova'ta. 1. White. June. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 — parado'xa. 1. Pink. July. Europe. Jacq. 
 
 Vind. iii. t. 84. 
 
 — parvifo'lia. IJ. Pink. June. 1817. 
 
 — paJtula. 1. White. July. Barbary. 1823. 
 
 — pennsylva'nica. 1. Eed. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1806. B. R. t. 247. 
 
 — petrol a. J. White. July. Hungary. 1822. 
 
 — pilo'sa. White. August. Europe. 1739. 
 
 — polyphy'lla. 1. White. June. Austria. 
 
 1800. 
 
 — procu'mbens. f. Pink. June. Siberia. 1823. 
 
 — pube^scens, 1. Purple. July. Corsica. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — pim'Ua. One-twelfth. A very free flowering 
 
 plant. 
 
 — quadrid^nta'ta. J. White. June. Alps. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — quadri'fida. J. White. June. Verona. 1818. 
 
 — refielxa. 1. Purple. June. South Europe. 
 
 1726. 
 
 — relgia. IJ. Crimson. June. N. Amer. 1811. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1724. 
 
 — re'pens. 1. Pink. August. Siberia* 1823. 
 
 — Bequie'mi. J^. White, red. June. Corsica. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — Saxi'/raga. i. Flesh. July. France. 1640. 
 
 B. C. t. 454. 
 
 — Scha'fta. J. Eose. April. Keridach. 1844. 
 
 B. E. 1846, t. 20. 
 
 — sibHrica. IJ. Eose. July. Siberia. 1773. 
 
 — spergulifo'lia. i. White. June. Armenia. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — atella'ta. 1. White. July. N. Amer. 1696. 
 
 — stylo'sa. J. Yellowish. July. 1831. 
 
 — supi'na. }. Pink. July. Caucasus. 1804, 
 
 B. M. 1. 1997. 
 
 — tata'rica. 2. White. July. Eussia. 1796. 
 
 — te'nuis. }. Cream. July. Siberia. 1816. 
 
 — Valle'sii. J. Flesh. July. Switzerland. 
 
 1765. 
 
 — mrgilnica. 1, Purple. July. N. Amer. 1783, 
 
 — viseagmoi'des. i- Pink. June. Dauria. 1824. 
 
 — wolgdnsis. Green, yellow. July. Wolga. 
 
 1824. 
 
 Sileno'psis. See Lychnis. 
 
 Silk-cotton Tree. Bo'inbax and 
 Eriode'nch'O'n,. 
 
 Silken Sissy. 
 
 Silk Tree. Albi'zzia JuUbri'ssin, 
 
 Silk Vine. Periplo'ca grce'ca. 
 
[902] 
 
 Munti'ngia Cala- 
 
 Cotyle'don Pachy- 
 
 Anthy'Uis Ba'rha- 
 
 JunVperus virgi- 
 
 SIL 
 
 Silk- wood Tree, 
 
 hu'ra. 
 
 Silky Oak. Grevi'Uea robu'sta. 
 
 Silphiuni. Eosin-plant. (From 
 Silphion, a name used by Hippocrates 
 for a plant producing gum-resin. Nat. 
 ord., ComposUw ; Tribe, Helianthoidece.) 
 
 Hardy, perennial herbs, with a resinous juice. 
 Ordinary garden-soil. Divisions. 
 S. annfio'rumj. i. Creamy-white. September. 
 Texas. 1887. B. M. t. 6918. 
 
 — lacmia'tiim. 3-6. Yellow. July. United 
 
 States. B. M. t. 6534. The leaves of 
 this species are said to face north and 
 south, hence the names Compass Plant, 
 Klot Weed and Polar Plant. 
 
 — perfoKa'tvm,. %. YeUow. July. North 
 
 America. B. M. t. 3364. 
 
 — terebrnthina'cemn,. 4-10. Yellow. Summerand 
 
 autumn. North America. B. M. t. 3626. 
 
 — trifolia'tum. 4-6. Yellow. August. North 
 
 America. B. M. t. 3356. 
 
 Silver Bell Tree. HaU'sia. 
 Silver Berry. The fruit of Elma'g- 
 nus arge'ntea. 
 
 Silver Bracts, 
 
 phy'tuin. 
 
 Silver Bush. 
 
 Jo'vis. 
 
 Silver Cedar. 
 
 nia'na, var. glau'ca. 
 
 Silver Fir. A'bies pectina'ta. 
 
 Silver Rod. Asphode'lus ramo'sus. 
 
 Silver Tree. Lcucade'ndron arge'n- 
 teum and Elmo! gnus. 
 
 Silver Weed. Argy'reia and Poten- 
 tilla anseri'na. 
 
 Si'lybum. (A name used by Dios- 
 corides. Nat. ord. , Compositce ; Tribe, 
 CynaroidecB. ) 
 
 Hardy, perennial herh, found as a garden 
 escape in some parts of Britain. Ordinary 
 garden-soU. Seeds. 
 5. Ma/ria'nwm, 1-4. Eose-purple. Autumn. 
 
 South Europe. Bng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 681. 
 
 Blessed, Holy, or Our Lady's Milk 
 
 Thistle. 
 
 Sima'ba. (Native name. Nat. ord., 
 SimaruhacecB ; Tribe, Simaruheoe.) 
 
 stove deciduous tree. Seeds from abroad, and 
 cuttings. The seed is a valuable febrifuge. See 
 Quassia. 
 S. Ce dron. 20. May. New Grenada. 1846. 
 
 Simaru'ba. (The Guiana name. 
 Nat. ord. , Simarubacece ; Tribe, Sima- 
 rubece. Allied to Quassia. ) 
 
 Stove, yellowish-white-flowered evergreens, 
 from the West Indies. Cuttings of the ripe 
 shoots In sand, under a bell-glass, and in a 
 strong, moist heat ; flbry peat, and light, flbry 
 loam. Winter temp., 56° to 66° : summer, 66° 
 to 85°. 
 
 S. ama'ra. 10. 1789. Bent, and Tr. t. 66. Syn., 
 5. officinalis. Bitter Or Mountain Dam- 
 son ; Stavewood. 
 
 SIN 
 
 S. glau'ca. 1824. 
 
 — officina'lis. See S. amara. 
 
 — Tu'lce. Carmine. Porto Eieo 1889 Gfl. 
 1. 1298. 
 
 Sime'this. (After the nymph Sime- 
 this. Nat. ord., Liliacece; Tribe, As- 
 phodelece.) 
 
 Hardy perennial. Compost of heath soil and 
 sand. Division, 
 
 S. bi'colm-. 1. White, purplish. June. North- 
 west Africa ; naturalized in a few locali- 
 ties in Britain. Eng. Bot. ed, 3, 1. 1641. 
 Syn., S. planifoUa. 
 
 — planifo'lia. See S. hicolor. 
 
 Simmo'ndsia. (In memory of T.W. 
 Svmmonds, botanist and explorer. Nat. 
 ord. , EuphorbiaceoB ; Tribe, Buxece. ) 
 
 Hardy evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Eich light 
 loam with a little peat. 
 
 S. calif o'miea. 4. Green. California. Syn., 
 Buxus chinensis. 
 
 Sina'pis. Mustard. (From the Celtic 
 nap, applied to the cabbage tribe. Nat. 
 ord., Cruciferm ; IribQ, Bro/ssicw.) Now 
 united witn Brassica. 
 
 Hardy, yellow-flowered annuals. See Mus- 
 tard. 
 S. a'lba. A synonym of Brassica alba. 
 
 — ni'gra. A synonym of Brassica nigra. 
 
 Singa'na. (From singa-singa, the 
 name in Guiana. A genus of doubtful 
 affinity, which should perhaps be placed 
 in the natural order Legurmnosw. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of firm 
 side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in 
 bottom-heat in May; sandy loam and fibry 
 peat. , Winter temp., 65° to 66° ; summer, 60° 
 to 85°. 
 S. guiamdrms. White. June. Guiana. 1827. 
 
 Singling. Thinning seedlings so 
 that two do not touch each other. 
 
 Sinni'ngia. (Named after W. 
 Sinning, a German gardener. Nat, 
 ord., GesneracecB ; Tribe, Gesnerece. 
 Syns., Biglandularia, Ligeria, Bo- 
 sanoma, and Tapeinotes.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. For culture, see Gesnera. 
 The species of this genus are often erroneously 
 referred to Gloxinia. 
 S. iarta'ta. IJ. White, red. Summer. Brazil. 
 
 1867. Syn., Tapeinotes Carolince. B. M. 
 t. 6623. 
 
 ma'jor. A larger plant. HI. Hort. u. s. 
 
 t. 606. 
 cond'nna. Purple, yellowish. Summer and 
 
 autumn. Brazil. Syns., Stenogaster 
 
 coneinna, B. M. t. 6253 and Stenogastra 
 
 concinna, M. Ser. 1. 1633. 
 nmltiflc/ra. Bluish-lilac. HI. Hort. 
 
 1864, t. 390. 
 conspi'cua. 1. Yellow, purple. Brazil. 
 
 1868. Syn., Biglandulanaeonspicuaa.iid 
 Rosanowia conspicua, Gfl. t. 712. Rosa- 
 nowia ornata, M. Ser. t. 2423, is a hybrid 
 derived from this. 
 
 gutta'ta. li. Yellow, red. June. Brazil. 
 
 1827. B. E. 1. 1112. 
 Eellc'ri. 1. White, green. June. Eio 
 
 Janeiro. 1827. Syn., S. velutina, B. M. 
 
 t. 4212. 
 
SIP 
 
 [903] 
 
 SIR 
 
 S. hirm'ta. }. Bluish-lilac, July. BrazU. 
 1824. Syn., Gloxinia hirsuta. B. M. 
 t. 2690. 
 
 — Menzie'sU.^ Violet, with red dots. August. 
 
 Brazil. Syn., Gloxinia speciosa, var. 
 Menziem. B. M. t. 3943. 
 
 — speeio'sa. 1. Violet. September. Brazil. 
 
 181B. Syns., Gloxinia Passinghamii, 
 Paxt. Mag. xil. p. 267, G. spemosa, B. M. 
 t. 1937, and Ligeria speeiosa. The 
 garden forms of this species are ex- 
 tremely numerous. 
 
 albiWra. White. Syn., Oloxinia spe- 
 eiosa, var. alKfiora. B. M. t. 8206. 
 
 cauUscerns. A taller plant than the type. 
 
 1826. Syn., Gloxinia caulescens. B. R. 
 t. 1127. 
 
 macrophy'lla. Leaves large and with 
 
 white veins. 1844. Syn., Gloxinia spe- 
 eiosa, var. maorophylla variegata. 
 
 ru'hra. Eed. Syn. Gloxmia rubra. 
 
 Paxt. Mag. vii. p. 271. 
 
 veluti'na. IJ. Pale greenish. June. 
 
 Brazil. 1827. B. C. 1. 1398. S. velutina 
 of B. M. t. 4212 and B. R. t. 997 is S. 
 Helleri. 
 
 — villo'sa. IJ. Tellow, green. June. Brazil. 
 
 1827. B. R. t. 1134. 
 
 — Youngia'na. J. Purple. June. Brazil. 
 
 B. M. t. 4954. A hybrid between S. 
 spedosa and 5. velutina. 
 
 Siphoca'mpylus. (From siphon, 
 a tube, and hampylos, a curve ; shape of 
 the flower. Nat. ord., Campanulacem ; 
 Tribe, Lobeliem.) 
 
 Cuttings root readily ; those which are herba- 
 ceous are best struck from the young shoots, 
 several inches in length, as they rise from the 
 root in spring; W color and betulcefo'lius are 
 hardy in sheltered places. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 S. betulcefo'lius. 3. Red, yellow. July. Brazil. 
 1842. Deciduous. B. M. t. 3973. 
 
 — bi'color. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2 t. 389. A 
 
 synonym of Lobelia laxiflora, var. an- 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 S. amo^nus. M. Ser. t. 619. See 5. villosulus. 
 
 — eoeci'neus. 3. Scarlet. July. Brazil. B. 
 
 M. t. 4178. 
 
 leucostomus. White. 1850. H. Ser. 
 
 t. 648. 
 
 — erenatifo'lius. 2. Scarlet, yellow. Brazil. 
 
 1870. Ref. Bot. t. 227. 
 
 — duploserra'tus. 2. Eed. Brazil. 1847. 
 
 — fimhria'tus. Orange-red. Brazil. 1868. 
 —fvJlgens. See 5. Humiioldtianus. 
 
 — hama'tus. Violet. Brazil. 1850. 
 
 — Ewmboldtia'nue. .Scarlet. Peru. 1867. B. 
 
 M. t. 5631. Sya., S. Mgme. 
 
 — lantani/o'lius. Rose. July. Organ Moun- 
 
 tains. 1841. B. M. t. 4105. 
 glabriu'seulus. 3. Purplish-red. April. 
 
 Cj3iT3iCC3jS 1847. 
 
 — longepeduneula'tus. 3. Red. January. Organ 
 
 Mountains. - 1841. B. M. t. 4106. 
 
 — mllo'sulus. 3. Orange, red. June. Brazil. 
 
 1832. Syn., S. anuenus. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 S. ca'nus. See 5. maeropodus. 
 
 — ferrugi'jieus. Eed. New Grenada. Syns., 
 
 Lobelia aselepiadea and L. ferruginea. 
 
 — qiga'nteus. YeUow red. New Grenada. Ic. 
 
 PI t 716. 
 
 — glaniuio'sus. 3. Red. July. Bogota. 1845. 
 
 B. M. t. 4331. 
 
 — guiane'nsis. Guiana. 1847. „ , - 
 
 — Mndleyi. Scarlet. New Grenada. Lem. 
 
 Jard. Fl. ii. t. 142. 
 
 S. maero'podus. 3. Purplish-red. June. Brazil 
 Syn., 5. canus. 
 
 — manetticejlo'rtts. 1. Red, yellow. April. 
 
 New Grenada. 1848. B.M.t.4403. Syn. 
 S. niiidus. 
 micr&stoma. 3. Scarlet. September. New 
 Grenada. 1844. B. M. t. 4286. 
 
 — i'tidus. See S. manettioefiorus. 
 
 — Orbigya'nus. Yellow and scarlet. Valparaiso. 
 
 1860. B. M. t. 4713. 
 e^legans. Bright red. New Grenada. 
 
 1849. 
 exi'mius. Dark violet. New Grenada. 
 
 1850. 
 
 — pendvXijlo'rus. Pink. Caraccas. 1663. Fl. 
 
 Ser. t. 763. 
 
 — reticMlaltus. Violet. New Grenada. 1850. 
 
 — scalndens. Scarlet. Peru. 1847. 
 
 — mirinamtlnsls. A synonym of Centropogon 
 
 surinamensis. 
 tovare'nsis. 3. Rose. Autumn. Venezuela. 
 Syn., Centropogon tovarensis. Fl. Ser, 
 t. 802. 
 
 Siphona'ndra. (From siphon, a 
 tube, and aner, a male. Nat. ord., 
 Subiacece ; Tribe, ChiococcecB. ) A syno- 
 nym of Chiococca, 
 
 Siphona'nthUS. (From siphon, a 
 tube, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., 
 VerbenacecB ; Tribe, ViiiciecB.) A syno- 
 nym of Clerodendron, 
 
 stove evergreen. 
 S. i'ndica. See Cl&rodevdron SiphonantMiS. 
 
 Sipho'nia. (From siphon, a tube, 
 or pipe. Nat. ord., Euphorhiacem ; 
 Tribe, CroioraetE. ) Asynonymof Hevea. 
 
 The Brazilian, or Bottle India-rubber is the 
 produce of this shrub. Stove evergreen shrub. 
 Cuttings of ripened shoots, dried at the base, in- 
 serted in sand, under a large glass, in bottom- 
 heat ; sandy, flbry loam, peat, and leaf -mould. 
 Winter temp., 60" to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°. 
 S. Cahu'chu. 6. Guiana. 1823. This species 
 and S. ela'stica are forms of Hevea 
 
 GUIANENSIS. 
 
 Si'rex gi'gas. This insect so much 
 resembles ithe hornet in general appear- 
 ance as to be very frequently mistaken 
 for it. In the summer months the Sirex 
 may sometimes be seen flying briskly 
 among Fir trees, or sitting on their 
 trunks depositing its eggs. It is rather 
 a formidable-looking insect, measuring 
 an inch to an inch and a half in length. 
 The head is black, with two yeUow 
 spots behind the eyes ; the thorax is 
 black ; the abdomen is yellow, with a 
 dark-brown central belt; the long ovi- 
 positor — which is often mistaken for a 
 sting, though in this respect the insect 
 is quite harmless — is reddish-brown ; 
 the legs and antennse are yellow, and 
 the wings hyaline, with a yellowish 
 tint. The insect deposits its eggs in 
 either living or felled Fir trees. In 
 doing this it elevates its body, and 
 applies its ovipositor to the wood in a 
 manner so as to form nearly a right 
 angle with its body ; it bores with the 
 
SIS 
 
 [904] 
 
 SIS 
 
 sheath of its ovipositor to a considerahle 
 depth into the wood, and there deposits 
 its eggs. The larva, when full grown, 
 is rather more than an inch long ; the 
 head is furnished with strong jaws, and 
 
 the tail ends in a short spine. It bur- 
 rows deep into the wood, forming long 
 galleries, thereby doing considerable 
 damage to the timber. At the termina- 
 tion of one of these galleries it changes 
 to the pupa state, in which condition 
 it sometimes remains for several years 
 before the perfect insect emerges, which 
 at times has to eat its way through a 
 considerable thickness of wood before it 
 can enjoy a free, winged existence. 
 Another species of this' genus, which is 
 not uncommon, is S. juvenctis ; this has 
 similar habits to S. gigas, from which it 
 is distinguished by its smaller size, steel- 
 blue body, and black antennae. For the 
 above engraving of S. gigas, we are in- 
 debted to the publishers of the Gar- 
 deners' Chronicle. 
 
 Sissoo Wood. Dalbe'rgia Si'ssoo. 
 
 Sisy'mbrium. (A classical name 
 for some plant. Nat. ord., CrucifertB ; 
 Tribe, Sisymbriece.) 
 
 Many species, all but one mere weeds. This is 
 propagated by cuttings of young shoots in 
 spring ; does best with greenhouse treatment, 
 but requires at least a cold pit in cold winters ; 
 common, sandy loam. 
 
 S. miUefo'lium. IJ. Yellow. June. Canaries. 
 1779. Evergreen. 
 
 Sisyri'nchium. (From sys, a pig, 
 and rynchos, a snout ; swine grub out 
 the roots for food. Nat. ord., Iridece ; 
 Tribe, Sisyrinchiece. Syns., Eriphilema 
 and Hydastylus. ) 
 
 Herbaceous perennials. Seeds and offsets in 
 spring ; sandy loam and leaf-mould. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 S. a'nceps. B. C. t. 1220. See 5. angiisti- 
 folium. 
 
 — angustifo'Hum. 1. Blue. June. Eastern 
 
 United States. 1693. Syns., S. aneeps 
 and S. mucronatum. 
 
 — bermudia'num. 1. Blue. June. Bermuda. 
 
 Syns., S. iridioides, B. M. t. 94, and S. 
 Nuttalii. 
 
 — Cummi'ngii. 1. Cream. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1832. 
 
 — Sougla'sii. Fl. Ser. t. 146. See 5. grandi- 
 
 fiorum. 
 
 — glaucophi/llum. }. Blue. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1830. 
 
 — grandifio'rum. J. White. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1826. B. M. t. 3609. Syn., 5. Douglasii. 
 There is a white-flowered variety. 
 
 — iridioi'des. B. M. t. 94. See S. ber^nudia- 
 
 num. ^ 
 
 — luie'scens. B. C. t. 1870. See S. striatum. 
 
 — mucrona'tum. See 5. angustifolium. 
 
 — Nutta'lii. See S. bermudianum. 
 
 — stria'tUTn. 2. Yellow. June. Mexico. 1788. 
 
 Syn., S. lutescens. 
 
 — tenuifo'lium. i. Yellow. May. Mexico. 
 
 1816. 
 
 HALF-HARDY. 
 
 S. calif o'rnicum. }■ Yellow. July. California. 
 1796. Syn., Marica ealifomica. B. M. 
 t. 983. 
 
 — cMle'nee. ^-1. Purple, yellow. July. Brazil. 
 
 1826. B. M. t. 2786. Syn., S. gramira= 
 folium of some authors. 
 
 — convolu'tum. *. Yellow. May. S. Amer. 
 
 1816. Bed. Lil. t. 47. Syn., 5. luteum. 
 
 — ftlifdlium. ^. White, reddish-purple. May. 
 
 Falkland Islands. 1886. B. M. t. 6829. 
 
 — formo'^wni'. A synonym of Libertia fonnosa. 
 
 — grarfdnifo'lium.. f. Yellow. April. Chili. 
 
 1826. B. B. t. 1067. Syn., S. majale. 
 
 See also S. chiiense. 
 — asce'ndens. i. Yellow. October. Chili. 
 
 Syn., iS. graminifolium,, var. vumilum. 
 
 B. K. 1. 1916. 
 Tnacula'tum. 1. Yellow, with red spots. 
 
 June. Chili. 1830. Syn. S. maculatum. 
 
 B. M. t. 3197. 
 pu'Tnilwrn. See S. graminifolium, var. 
 
 asceiideng. 
 
 — hirte'llum. |. White. July. N. America 
 
 1830. 
 
 — iridif&lium. J. Yellow. June. Brazil. 
 
 1822. B. C. t. 1979. Syns., 5. laxum, 
 B. M. t. 2312, and Marica iridifolia, B. 
 E. t. 646. 
 
 — ju'nceum. }. Lilac. June. Chili. 1832. 
 
 Kn. and West. t. 95. 
 
 — lalxmn. See S. iridifolium. 
 
 — longisti/lum. Fl. Ser. t. 266.' See Solemmelus 
 
 chileTisis. 
 
 — lu'teum. See S. convolutum. 
 
 — macroce'phalum. IJ. Yellowish. July. 
 
 — macula' turn. See 5. graminifolium, var. macu- 
 
 latum,. 
 
 — ma'jale. See S. graminifolium. 
 
 — miera'nthum. J. Yellow. June. Mexico 
 
 and Brazil. 1816. B. M. t. 2116. 
 
 — odorati'ssiTmum. B. E. 1. 1283. See Soleno- 
 
 melus bifioFus. 
 
 — palmifo'lium. Bed. Lil. t. 352. A synonym 
 
 of Eleutherine plicata. 
 
 — peduncula'tum. B. M. t. 2965. See Soleno- 
 
 melus chilensis. 
 
 — plica' turn. A synonym of Eleutherine pli- 
 
 cata. 
 
 — specio'sum. 1. Blue. June. Chili. 1836. 
 
 B. M. t. 3644. Now known as Caly- 
 
 DOREA SPECIOSA. 
 
 — versicolor. See Libertia tricolor. 
 
SIT 
 
 [905] 
 
 SLO 
 
 Sitolo'biiun. (From sitos, wheat, 
 and lobos^ a lobe ; shape of the lobes of 
 the fronds. Nat. ord., Filices.) A 
 synonym of Dicksonia. 
 
 Stove, brown-spored ferns. See Ferns. 
 S. adiantoi'des. See Dicksonia adiantoides. 
 
 — cunea'tum. May. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — davallim'des. See Dicksonia davallioides. 
 
 — disse'ctum. See Dicksonia dissecta. 
 — ffla'cddum. See Dicksonia fflaccida. 
 
 — glutiiho'sum. See Dicksonia glutinosa. 
 
 — nwlucca'num. Malay Archipelago. 
 
 — pilosiu'soulum. See Dicksonia puosiuscula. 
 
 — punctilo'bum. See Dicksonia punetiloba. 
 
 — rubigitio'sum. See Dicksonia rubiginosa. 
 
 Sito'nes. A genus of weevils dis- 
 tinguished principally by their short, 
 flat beak, which does considerable 
 damage to various leguminous plants, 
 especially to peas and clover. Sito'nes 
 Knea'tus is about one-sixth of an inch 
 long, of an ochraceous colour, with 
 three whitish longitudinal stripes on the 
 back, alternating with dotted stripes ; 
 the antennas are reddish. It feeds 
 
 freedily upon pea leaves, sometimes 
 evouring almost the entire leaf. The 
 maggots, which are white with brownish 
 heads, are to be found on the roots of 
 seedling peas. It is important to have 
 the soil sufficiently rich to render the 
 seedlings strong, as they are then better 
 able to resist the attacks of these mag- 
 gots. These insects also attack clover, 
 and some of the weevUs are known to 
 hybernate in hollow corn stubble. Little 
 is at present known as to the way of pre- 
 venting their attack, but well rolling the 
 ground has been found to diminish their 
 numbers. 
 
 Sito'nes crini'tus, the Spotted Pea 
 Weevil, is smaller than S. lineatus, grey 
 or rosy, and with black spots on the 
 wing cases. 
 
 Si'um. (From sin, the Celtic for 
 water. Nat. ord., Umbelliferece ; Tribe, 
 Amminece. ) 
 
 All weeds, except the following. See Skirbet. 
 S. sisa'rum. 1. White. August. China. 1648. 
 
 Ski'mjuia. (From Skimmi, the 
 Japanese name. Nat. ord., Butaceai ; 
 Tribe, Toddalie(e.) 
 
 Hardy evergreen shrubs, with shining leaves. 
 Propagated from cuttings, and cultivated like the 
 hardy evergreen Daphnes. 
 S. Forema'nni. Garden hybrid. 1888. 
 —fra'grans. 3. White. April. Japan? 1880. 
 
 Rev. Hort. 1880, p. 56. 
 — fragranti'ssima. SeeS.oblata. 
 
 — interme'dia. White, rosy. Spring. 1870. 
 —japo'nica. 3. White. March. Japan. 1845. 
 
 B. M. t. 4719. Syn., Ilex Skimmia. 
 arge'nteo-variega'ta. Japan. 1875. 
 
 — Uurdola. 4. Pale yellow. Spring. Nepaul. 
 
 Syn., Idinonia laureola. 
 
 — obla'ta. Scarlet berries. Japan. 1864. Syn., 
 
 S. fragrcmtissima, which is the male 
 form. 
 
 S. obla'ta Vei'tchii. 3. Dirty white. Spring 
 1880. Rev. Hort. 1880, p. 57. 
 
 — ova'ta. Probably a garden form of 5. japonica. 
 
 — rubtHla. Greenish-white; buds red. China. 
 
 1874. Rev. Hort. 1880, p. 57. 
 
 Skinne'ra. (in honour of an Ox- 
 ford botanist named Skinner, who 
 flourished at the end of the eighteenth 
 century. Nat. ord., Onagracem.) A 
 synonym of Fuchsia. 
 S. excortica'ta. A synonym of Fuchsia excorti- 
 cata. 
 
 Skinne'ria. (Named after Captain 
 Skinner, a botanist. Nat. ord.. Con- 
 volvulacece.) Now united with Ipo- 
 msea. 
 
 Stove herbaceous. Seeds in a hotbed, in 
 spring ; and cuttings of the young shoots in 
 spring, in sandy, light soil, and in a sweet bot- 
 tom-heat; rich, light flbry loam, and a little 
 peat. Winter temp., 53° to 60° ; summer, 60° 
 to 85°. 
 
 5. ccespito'sa. Yellow. May. B. Ind. 1827. 
 Now known as IPOMCEA LINIFOLIA. 
 
 Skirret or Skirwort. {Si'um 
 sisa'rum.) Sow at the end of March, 
 or early in April, in drills a quarter of 
 an inch deep, and twelve inches apart. 
 Thin the plants to twelve inches apart. 
 In autumn they will be fit for use like 
 parsnips. By Offsets. — Old roots throw oft' 
 these in the spring, when they may be 
 slipped off, and planted in rows a foot 
 apart each way. Soil. — A light, rich loam 
 is best, trenched, with a little manure 
 dug in with the bottom spit. To save 
 Seed, let a few of the old roots run up in 
 spring ; they ripen their seed in the 
 autumn. 
 
 Skull-cap. Seutella'ria. 
 
 Skunk Cabbage. Symploca'rpus 
 fce'tidus. 
 
 Slevo'gtia. (After J. Hadrian 
 Slevogt, 1653-1725, Professor of Anatomy 
 at Jena. Nat. ord., Gentianece.) 
 
 Stove biennials. Sow in a hotbed in spring, 
 
 or at the end of summer, and keep in a stove 
 
 during winter to flower early the following year. 
 
 S. oceidenta'liB. IJ. White. July. Trinidad 
 
 1817. Syn., Eippion verticillatum. 
 
 — arienta'Us. 1. Yellowish. July. B. Indies. 
 
 1825. Syn., Hippion hyssopifolium. 
 
 Slimy Grub. See Selandria. 
 
 Slipperwort. See Calceolaria. 
 
 Slips are young shoots torn off from 
 the parent plant, so that they have a 
 heel of older wood attached to them. 
 (See Cuttings for culture. ) Slips, also, 
 is the name applied to the side beds of 
 the kitchen, not immediately in contact 
 with the walls or fences. 
 
 Sloa'nea. (In honour of Sir Hans 
 Sloane, 1660-1753, founder of the British 
 
SLO 
 
 [906] 
 
 SMI 
 
 Museum and the Chelsea Botanic Gar- 
 den. Nat. ord. , Tiliacecs. ) 
 
 Stove shrubs. Loam and peat. Cuttings of 
 ripened wood, in sand, in heat. 
 S. denta'ta. 60. White. Autumn. Ti-opical 
 America. 1762. 
 
 — sinemarie'nsis. 50. White. July. Tropical 
 
 America. 1820. 
 
 Sloe-tree. Pru'nus spino'sa. 
 
 Slow-match Tree. Care'ya ar- 
 ho'rea. 
 
 Slugs are of many species, and the 
 smaller are much more injurious to the 
 gardener than those of a larger size, be- 
 cause they are much less discernible, and, 
 their ravages being more gradual, are 
 not at once detected. They are effec- 
 tually destroyed by either salt or lime ; 
 and to secure the contact of these with 
 their bodies, it is best first to water the 
 soil where they harbour with lime-water 
 in the evening when they are coming 
 out to feed, sprinkling the surface at the 
 same time with dry ' lime, and at the 
 end of a week applying a surface-dress- 
 ing of salt, at the rate of five bushels 
 per acre. If cabbage-leaves are spread 
 upon the surface of land infested by 
 slugs, they will resort to their under 
 sides, and thus they may be trapped ; 
 but lime and salt are most efficacious. 
 Lime-water may be poured over wall- 
 trees infested with them, and they may 
 be syringed with it as well as with' water 
 in which gas liquor has been mixed, 
 about half a pint to a gallon. If lime 
 be sprinkled along the top and at the 
 base of the wall, renewing it weekly, the 
 slugs cannot get to the trees. Fresh 
 brewers' grains, placed in small heaps, 
 are good traps for them ; and frequent 
 earth-stirring helps to banish them. 
 
 Smeathma'nnia. (Named after 
 
 Smeathmann, an African traveller. Nat. 
 ord., Passifloracew ; Tribe, PassiflorecB.) 
 Stove, white-flowered evergreens, from Sierra 
 Leone. Cuttings of ripened shoots, or short, 
 stubby side-shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 and in bottom-heat; sandy, flbry loam, and 
 lumpy peat. Winter temp., 66° to 60° ; summer, 
 60° to 86°. 
 S. emargiTia'ta. 1851. 
 
 — Imviga'ta. 6. February. 1823. B. M. t. 4194. 
 
 — pube'scens. 10. February. B. M. t. 4364. 
 
 — ro'sea. Red. 1851. 
 
 Smelo'skia. (After T. Smelowski, 
 a Russian botanist at the beginning of 
 this century. Nat ord., Cniciferoe ; 
 Tribe, Thlaspideoe.) 
 
 Hardy, herbaceous perennial. Sandy loam, 
 mixed with a little peat or leaf -mould. Seeds, 
 or divisions in spring. 
 
 S. calyci'na. J. White. April. Siberia. 1823. 
 Syn., Hutchinsia calycina, 
 
 Smilaci'na. (Diminutive of Smilax, 
 
 from smile, a scraper ; referring to the 
 rough stems. Nat. ord., Liliacew; 
 Tribe, Polygonatece. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous, white-flowered, and from 
 North America, except where otherwise speci- 
 fied. Divisions in spring ; common, light soil. 
 S. amoe'na. See S. paniculata. 
 
 — bifo'lia. A synonym of Maianthemum bi/o- 
 
 lium. 
 
 — iorea'lis of B. M. 1. 1403, see Clintonia borea- 
 
 lis; of B. M. 1. 1155, see Clintonia vm- 
 bellata. 
 
 — canadensis. J. June. 1812. Now known 
 
 as Maianthemum Convalla/ria. 
 
 — cilia'ta. See 5. racemosa. 
 
 — panicula'ta. 4. Green. May. Guatemala. 
 1850. Syn., S. ameena. 
 
 — racemo'sa. 1. Pale yellow. May. 1649. 
 
 Bed, Lil. t. 230. Syns., S. ciliata and 
 Convallaria racemasa, B. M. t. 899. 
 
 — ramo'sa. 2. Pale yellow. May. Siberia. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — steUa'ta. J. May. 1633. Bed. Lil. 1. 185. 
 
 Syn., ConvaUaria stellata, B. M. 1. 1043. 
 
 — trifo'lia. i. June. 1812. 
 
 — U7nbella'ta. See Clintonia umbellata. 
 
 — unijio'ra. See Clintonia unijlora. 
 
 Smi'lax. (From smile, a scraper ; 
 rough, prickly stems. Nat. ordL.,Lilia- 
 cecB ; Tribe, Smilacece. ) 
 
 Sarsaparilla is the produce of many species of 
 Smilax. There are many species, but only the 
 following require our notice, which have whitish- 
 green flowers. Suckers from the roots ; sandy, 
 rich loam, and a little peat. They are evergreen 
 climbers, seldom floweiring. One of the most 
 beautiful is ru'bens, from the red colour of its 
 tendrils. The species from China should have 
 the protection of a cold pit or a wall. 
 S. a'spera. 8. September. S. Europe. 1648. 
 
 angustifo'lia. 1^. September. China. 
 
 1820. Syn., S. sagitttefolia, B. C. 1. 1799. 
 
 — ■ — - maurita'niea. Greenish-yellow. 1884. 
 
 Half-hardy. 
 
 puncta'ta. Leaves spotted with white. 
 
 Gfl. t. 683. 
 
 — aspe^rriWja. A doubtful plant. 
 
 — auricula'ta. Southern United States. 1884. 
 
 — austra'lis. 6. Summer. Australia. 1791. 
 
 Syn., iS. latifolia. 
 
 — Bo'na-no'x. 5-10. July. North America. 
 
 1739. Syn., S. tamnoides. 
 
 hasta'ta. Leaves narrower, prickly. 
 
 ru'bens. 6. July. North . America. 
 
 1812. Syn., S. rubens. Wats. Dendr. 
 
 1. 108. 
 
 — Chi'na. 20. August. China. 1759. 
 
 — discolor. Leaves blotched with purplish- 
 
 brown when young. Mexico. 
 
 — glau'ca. 3. July. North America. 1816. 
 
 Syn., S. Sarsaparilla of Wats. Dendr. 
 t. 111. 
 
 — glycyphy'lla. Summer. Australia. Gfl. 1888, 
 
 p. 343, fig. 74. Botany Bay Tea. 
 
 — herbacea. June. North America. 1699. 
 
 Carrion Flower. 
 Si'msii. Leaves smaller. Syn., S. her- 
 bacea of B. M. t. 1920. 
 
 — lanceola'ta. 15.- June. N. America. 1785. 
 
 — latifo'lia. See S. australis. 
 
 — longif</lia variegalta. See S. salicifolia, var. 
 
 vari^gata. 
 
 — macrophy'lla macula'ta. See S. omata. 
 
 — marmo'rea. Probably a synonym of S. or- 
 
 nata. 
 
 — ojncina'lis. Chiriqui. 1866. Bent. andTr.t. 289. 
 
 — oma'ta. Leaves silvery-marked. Mexico. 
 
 1863. Greenhouse. 111. Hort. t. 439. 
 Syn., S. macrophylla, var. maculata. 
 
SMI 
 
 S. pseu'do-Chi'na. July. North America. 1739. 
 
 — gtmdrangula'ris. See 5. rotimdifolia. 
 
 — rotundifo'lia. June. North America. 1888. 
 
 Syn., S. guadrangulwris. 
 
 — Tu'hetis. See 5. Btma-Twx^ var. rubens. 
 
 — sagittoefo'lia. See 5. aspera, var. aiigusti- 
 
 folia. 
 
 — salielfo'lia variega'ta. Leaves long, variegated 
 
 with white. Para. 1867. Greenhouse. 
 Syn., S. longifolia, var. variegata, lU. 
 Hort. t. 521. 
 
 — Sarmpa/ri'Ud. Several species have been 
 
 CTOwn under this name. That of Wats. 
 Dendr. t. Ill is S. glaum. 
 
 — Shuttlewo'rthii. Leaves green, blotched with 
 
 grey. Columbia. 1877. 
 
 — tanmoi'des. See iS. Bona-nox. 
 
 — Waltefrii. Virginia. 
 
 — Watso'ni. 4. July. North America. 1811. 
 
 Szai'thia. (In honour of Sir James 
 Hdward Smith, 1759-1828, founder of 
 the Linnsean Society, and author of 
 many botanical works. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminosce ; Tribe, EedysarecB.) 
 
 Stove annual, requiring the same culture as 
 Mimosa. 
 
 [ 907 ] SOB 
 
 Sneezewort. AchilU'a Pta'rmica 
 Snow is one of the gardener's best 
 
 Purple, with white spots. 
 East Indies. 
 
 1848. B. M. 
 
 shelters, and should never be removed 
 from his out-door crops. It prevents 
 heat from radiating from them ; pro- 
 tects them from freezing, diying blasts, 
 and, being a bad conductor of heat, thus 
 prevents its escape from them. We 
 have never known the surface of the 
 earth, below a covering of snow, colder 
 than 32°, even when the temperature of 
 the'dir above has been 28°. 
 
 5^. purpu'rea. ^-1 
 Summer, 
 t. 4283. 
 
 Smoke Plant. Rhu's Coti'nus. 
 
 Smoke-wood. Cle'matis Vita'lha. 
 
 Smooth Flower. Leia'nthus longi 
 fo'lius. 
 
 Smooth-fruited Horse Chest 
 nut. Pa'ma. 
 
 Smut. A popular name- for the 
 Ustilaginem, a group of microscopic 
 fungi which infest many plants, espe- 
 cially cereals. They are developed 
 within the tissues or their hosts, and 
 when ripe burst out in the form of a 
 sooty powder (spores), whence the name. 
 
 Snails. See Slugs. 
 
 Snail Flower. Phase'oliu cara- 
 ea'lla. 
 
 Snake Gourd. Trichosa'nthes an- 
 gui'na. 
 
 Snake Plant. Dracu'nculus vul- 
 garis. 
 
 Snake Root. Aristolo'chia serpen- 
 ta'ria. 
 
 Snake's Beard. Ophiopo'gon. 
 
 Snake's Head. Fritilla'ria mele- 
 a'gris and I'ris tuhero'sa. 
 
 Snake's Mouth Orchid. Po- 
 
 go'nia ophioglossoi'des. 
 
 Snake's Tongue. Ophioglo'ssum. 
 • Snake- weed. Poly'gonwmhisto'rta. 
 
 Snake Wood. Cecro'pia and 
 Stry'chnos colubri'na. 
 
 Snapdragon. AntirrM'num. 
 I- Snapweed. Impa'tiens. 
 
 Snowball Tree. Vibu'mum o'pu- 
 lus. 
 
 Snowberry. Chioco'cca and Sym- 
 phorica'rpus raoemo' sus. 
 
 Snowdrop. Gala'nthiis niva'lis 
 and AneTno'ne sylve'stris. 
 
 Snowdrop Tree, ffale'sia tetra'p- 
 tera. 
 
 Snowdrop-tree, African. Boye'- 
 na lu'cida. 
 
 Snowdrop Windflower. Am- 
 mo' ne sylve'stris 
 Snowflake. Leiwo'jttm. 
 Snow Flower. Chiona'nthm. 
 Snow Glory. Chionodo'xa Luci'lice. 
 
 Snow in Summer. Cera'stium 
 tomento' sum. 
 
 Snow Pear. Py'rus sine'nsis. 
 
 Snow Tree. Py'rus niva'lis. 
 
 Snowy Fly. Aleyro'des proUte'lla. 
 
 Soap-boiler's Ashes. See 
 Ashes. 
 SoaiD-plant. 
 
 Soap Tree. 
 
 sis. 
 
 Chloro'gcdum pomeri- 
 Gymnocla'dus ckine'n- 
 
 Sapona'ria. 
 (Named after F. 
 
 Soapwort, 
 
 Sobra'lia. (Named after F. M. 
 Sobral, a Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Orchidece ; Tribe, Neottiem- Vanillem. ) 
 
 stove orchids, grown in pots. See ORCHIDS. 
 S. Ca'ttleya. Purplish-brown, yellow. Columbia. 
 1877. 
 
 — chlara'ntha. B. M. t. 4682. See 5. maero 
 
 phylla. 
 
 — deco'ra. Various. July. Guatemala. 1836. 
 
 — Aicho'tmtM. Bose, purple. March. Peru. 
 — frai grans. 1. Yellow. New Grenada. 1863, 
 
 — UucoxaJntha. 1. White, golden-yellow, 
 
 orange-red. August. Costa Bica. 1888. 
 Warn. Oroh. Alb. t. 271. 
 
 — lilm'strwm. White. July. Guiana. 1840. 
 ro'sea. Bich rose ; petals white-veined. 
 
 — Lo'wii. l-lj. Bright purple. New Grenada. 
 
 1890. 
 
 — macra'ritha. 6. Crimson. September. Gua- 
 
 temala. 1842. 
 
SOI 
 
 [£08] 
 
 SOI 
 
 3. maera'ntha a'lbida. Creamy-white, rosy- 
 purple. Guatemala. 1871. 
 
 Keinastia'na. White, with a blotch of 
 
 yellow at the base of the lip. 1888. 
 
 na'na. 1^-2. June. Mexico. 1874. 
 
 pa'lKda. Whitish, purplish, yellow. 
 
 Guatemala. 1873. 
 
 purpulrea. Eich purple. 
 
 spWiideTis. 3. Crimson. September. 
 
 Guatemala. 1846. 
 
 — maerofhy'lla. Yellow. June. Brazil. Syn., 
 
 S. chlarantha, B. M. t. 4682. 
 
 — ro'sea. 6. Pink. Peru. Syn., S. Ruckeri, 
 
 Warn. Sel. Orch. iii. t. 19. 
 
 — Rucke'ri. See 5. rosea. 
 
 — Sande'roe. White. Central America. 1890. 
 
 — selssilis. Pink. December. Peru. 1840. 
 
 — suave' olens. Yellow, white. Central America. 
 
 1878. 
 
 — mala:cea. Violet, white. July. Merida. 
 
 — Wilso'ni. White, rose, yellow. Central 
 
 America. 1890. 
 
 — xantholeu'ca. Sulphur-yellow, orange-red. 
 
 Guatemala. 1882. Gard. 1882, xxii. 
 p. 366 ; Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 250. 
 a'lba. Pale primrose-yellow. 1889. 
 
 Soil. Every soil is composed of silica, 
 alumina, lime, magnesia, oxide of iron, 
 salts, and animal and vegetable remains, 
 and the different kinds of soil depend 
 upon the varying proportion of these 
 ingredients. A fertile soil is one which 
 contains such a proportion of decom- 
 posing matter and of moisture as to keep 
 the crop growing upon it always supplied 
 with food in a state fit for the roots to 
 absorb, yet not so superabundantly as 
 to render the plants too luxuriant, if the 
 object in view is the production of seed ; 
 but for the production of those plants 
 whose foliage is the part in request, as 
 spinach, or of edible bulbs, as onions, 
 which have a small expanse of leaves, so 
 as to be almost entirely dependent upon 
 the soil for nourishment, there can 
 scarcely be an excess of decomposed 
 matter presented to their roots. 
 
 A subsoil of gravel, mixed with clay, 
 is the best, if not abounding in oxide 
 of iron ; for clay alone retains the mois- 
 ture on the arable surface in too great 
 amount ; and sand or chalk, on the con- 
 trary, allows it to pass away too rapidly. 
 It is, however, evident, that to insure 
 these desiderata in any soil, at all sea- 
 sons, is impossible ; and it is manifest 
 that a soil that would do so in one 
 climate would fail in another, if the 
 mean annual temperature of them should 
 difler, as well as the amount in inches 
 of rain which falls during the same 
 period. Thus, in the western parts of 
 England, more than twice as much rain 
 occurs as in the most eastern counties, 
 or in the proportion of forty- two to nine- 
 teen. A soil in the east of England, for 
 any given crop, therefore, may be richer 
 and more tenacious than thesoil required 
 for it on the western coast. 
 
 Alumina (clay) imparts tenacity to 
 a soil when applied ; silica (sand) dimi- 
 nishes that power; whilst chalk and 
 lime have an intermediate effect. They 
 render heavy soils more friable, light 
 soils more retentive. These simple 
 facts are important ; two neighbouring 
 gardens, by an interchange of soils, being 
 often rendered fertile, which before wer« 
 in the extremes of tenacity and porosity. 
 
 In affording warmth to plants, the 
 earth is of considerable importance, and 
 the power of accumulating and retaining 
 heat varies as much in soils -as the 
 proportions of their constituents. Sir 
 Humphry Davy found that a rich black 
 mould, containing one-fourth of vege- 
 table matter, had its temperature in- 
 creased, in an hour, from 65° to 88° by 
 exposure to the sunshine, whilst a chalk 
 sou was heated only to 69° under similar 
 circumstances. But the first, when 
 removed into the shade, cooled in half 
 an hour 15° ; whereas the latter lost only 
 4°. This explains why the crops on light- 
 coloured, tenacious soils are in general 
 so much more backward iji spring, but 
 are retained longer in verdure, during 
 autumn, than those on black, light soils ; 
 the latter attain a genial warmth the 
 more readily, but part from it with equal 
 speed. 
 
 The quantity of soluble matter obtain- 
 able from a soil at any one time is very 
 small, seldom exceeding a one-thousandth 
 part of its weight ; and even pure vege- 
 table mould, the dibris of entirely putre- 
 fied plants, was found by Saussure to 
 vieM only one-eleventh of soluble matter. 
 This mould was too rich for horticultural 
 
 Eurposes, peas and beans grown in it 
 eing too luxuriant ; and they were more 
 productive in a soil containing only one- 
 twentieth of organic constituents soluble 
 in water. Small in amount, however, 
 as are the soluble constituents of the 
 most fertile soils, they are necessary for 
 the vigorous vegetation of plants ; for 
 when a soil is deprived of those consti- 
 tuents by frequent washings with boiling 
 water, it is much less fertile than before. 
 Liebig and others have concluded, from 
 the smallness of the soluble extract con- 
 tained in a soil, that it is of small im- 
 portance, forgetting that as fast as it is 
 taken by the roots of the crop, it is 
 generated again by the decomposition 
 of the animal and vegetable remains. 
 This is one reason why fallowing is 
 beneficial. Easily decomposing matters 
 have been exhausted by successive crops ; 
 and by a year's rest, and exposure to the 
 putrefactive agency of the air, the more 
 stubborn and more slowly decomposing 
 
SOI 
 
 [909] 
 
 SOL 
 
 matters have time to decay and accumu- 
 late in the soil. It is now established 
 that plants are not dependent for food 
 on the matter already m a state of solu- 
 tion in the soil, but that some, at least, 
 of them can, by an acid excretion from 
 their rootlets, dissolve substances {e.g. 
 carbonate of lime, magnesia, etc.) not 
 soluble in water, and so utilize them as 
 food. 
 
 Soiling-up. See Basining-up 
 and Earthing-up. 
 
 So'ja. (From sooja, the name of a 
 sauce made from the seeds in Japan. 
 Nat. ord., LeguminoscB ; Tribe, Phaseo- 
 U(B. Allied to Dolichos.) Now united 
 to Glycine. 
 
 Climbing annual. Seeds in May, In the open 
 border, or m a slight hotbed in Api-il, and trans- 
 planted. 
 S. Mspida. 3. Violet. July. B. Indies. 1790. 
 
 Syn., Dolichos Soja. The correct name 
 
 of this is Glycine hispida. 
 
 Sola'ndra. (Named after Dr. So- 
 lander, a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord. , 
 SolanacecB ; Tribe, Atropem.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings from flower- 
 ing shoots in open, sandy loam, and in a brisk 
 bottom-heat ; sandy loam, a little fibry peat, and 
 dried nodules of old cow-dung. Winter temp., 
 60° to 60°, and almost dry ; summer, 60° to 90°, 
 and plenty of moisture when growing. 
 S. grandAjldra. 16. Pale yellow. May. Ja- 
 maica. 1781. Climber. 
 
 — gutta'ta. 12. Pale yellow. Mexico. 1830. 
 
 — fce'sts. 2. White. October. B. M. t. 4346. 
 
 — ni'tida. 20. Yellowish-white. E. Indies. 
 
 1829. 
 
 — oppositifo'lia. 10. White. Ceylon. 1820. 
 
 — viridijlo'ra. B. M. 1. 1948. See Dyssochroma 
 
 viridijlora. 
 
 Sola'num. Nightshade. (From 
 solor, to comfort; soothing narcotic 
 effect. Nat. ord., Solanacece ; Tribe, 
 Solanece.) 
 
 All freely by seeds. Annuals, hardy, seeds in 
 the open air; tender, in a hotbed, and trans- 
 planted in June ; herbaceous, by similar means, 
 and division ; shrubby, by similar modes, and 
 cuttings under a bell-glass, and requiring the 
 protection of a house and temperature, in 
 proportion to the place of which they are 
 natives. A review ol the tuber-bearing species 
 of this genus, by J. G. Baker, P.B.S., is pub- 
 lished in the Journal of the Linnsean Society 
 (Botany), vol. xx. p. 489, plates 41-46. See 
 Potato. 
 
 hardy annuals. 
 S. wthio'pimm. U. White. August. Ethiopia. 
 1597. Jacq. H. Vind. 1. 12. 
 
 — Fmitcmesia'num. Yellow. August. Brazil. 
 
 1813. B. K. 1. 177. 
 
 — Iwltera'TUinmi. Yellow. July. Missouri. 
 
 1837. 
 
 — heterodo'xum. Blue. July. Mexico. 1820. 
 
 — ni'grum. 3. White. July. Britain. Bng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 8, t. 931. , „. 
 melanoee'msum. 2. White. July. Vir- 
 ginia. 1820. 
 
 — obtusifo'liwm. August. 1831. 
 
 — rostra' turn. Yellow. Julv. Mexico. 1823. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 S. cardiophy'Uum. 1. Cream. June. Mexico. 
 1846. Journ. Hort. Soc. iii. p. 71. 
 Tuberous. 
 
 — Commerso'ni. 2. Pale lilac or white. Brazil. 
 
 1822. Syn., S. Ohrondii. 
 
 — cri'spum. 18. Blue. June. Chili. 1824. 
 
 Evergreen. 
 
 — demi'ssuTti. 1\. June. Mexico. 1846. Journ. 
 
 Hort. Soc. iii. p. 69. Tuberous. 
 
 — etuber(/sum. 2. Purple. June. Chili. 1833. 
 
 — Jamdsii. J. White. Summer. Mexico and 
 
 South Western United States. 1884. 
 B. M. t. 6766. 
 
 — Ma'glia. 1-li. White. Summer. Chili and 
 
 Peru. 1862. B. M. t. 6756. 
 
 — Ohro'ndii. Rev. Hort. 1883, p. 428, flgs. 99-100. 
 
 See S. Commersoni. 
 
 — fubero'sum. 2. White. July. Peru. 1597. 
 
 greenhouse ANNUALS. 
 
 5. fusca'tum. 1^. Scarlet. June. S. America. 
 1817. Jacq. Ic. t. 42. 
 
 — melonge'na. Violet. June. E.Indies. 1597. 
 escule'Titum. Blue. August. B. Ind. 
 
 1816. 
 fru'ctu-a'lio. 2. Blue. June. Tropics. 
 
 1697. 
 fru'ctu-lu'teo. 2. Blue. June. Tropics. 
 
 1797. 
 fru'ctu-ru'iro. 2. Blue. June. Ti'opics. 
 
 1697. 
 fru'ctVrviola'ceo. 2. Blue. June. Tropics. 
 
 1697. 
 ovi'gerwm. 2. Blue. June. Africa. 
 
 1597. 
 
 — ovi'gerum. See S. melongena, var. ovigerum. 
 
 — pu'ngens. Blue, violet. June. Australia. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — racemifi&rum. 2. White, rose. August. 
 
 S. Amer. 1818. Biennial. 
 
 greenhouse or HALF-HARDY. 
 
 S. a'lbidwm Poortma'nni, 1. White. Andes. 
 1886. Rev. Hort. 1886, p. 232, fig. 67. 
 
 — atropurpu'reutn. 4-6. Yellowish ; spines 
 
 very numerous, purple. BrazU. 1869. 
 Hef. Bot. t. 207. 
 
 — campanula'tum. 1. Blue. June. N. S. 
 
 Wales. 1836. B. M. t. 3672. 
 
 — capsica' strum. 2. Brazil. Very ornamental 
 
 when bearing fruit. El. Ser. t. 1242. 
 There is a variegated form of this. 
 
 — crini'tum. 6-8. Dark blue. Quito. 1889. 
 
 — cymut'nthwm. 6. Blue. 1880. 
 
 — escule'ntum. See I/ycopersicwm esculentwm. 
 
 — glaucophy'llum. 3. 1880. 
 
 — jasmmoi'des. 6. Purple. August. S. America. 
 
 1838. Climber. Paxt. Mag. viii. p. 6. 
 
 JtorHm'-ndwin. Garden variety with smaller 
 
 leaves and more numerous flowers. 1886. 
 
 — peruvia'num. Jacq. Ic. t. 327. See Lycopersi- 
 
 cum peruvicmum. 
 
 — pseu'do-lycope^rsicum. Jacq. H. Vind. t. 11. 
 
 See pgcopersicum cerasiforme. 
 
 — quercifo'Uum. Violet. 1880. 
 
 — robu'stwm. 4. Greenish. Minas Geraes. 
 
 1868. Eef. Bot. t. 37. 
 
 — texa'nuTifi. Lilac ; fruit bright red. Texas. 
 
 Half-hardy annual. EI. Ser. t. 1398. 
 
 — To'rreyi. Purple. Summer. Texas. 1878. 
 
 B. M. t. 6461. 
 
 — Tweedia'num. H. White, purple. September. 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 1833. ^ 
 
 stove herbaceous. 
 S. acanthc/des. 3-6. Purple. Bra^zil. 1877> 
 B. M. t. 6283. 
 
 — a/nthopopliago'rum. Berries scarlet, lobed. 
 
 Fyi Islands. B. M. t. 6424. Formerly 
 theberries were eaten by the natives with 
 human flesh. 
 
 — asarifo'lium. White. Venezuela. 1870. Eef. 
 
 Bot. t. 256. 
 
SOL 
 
 [910] 
 
 SOL 
 
 5. aoi'reum. Blue. Quito. 1879. 
 
 — calyd'nv/m. 1. Blue. June. Mexico. 1820. 
 
 — dlia'tum. 1\. White ; berries very large, 
 
 scarlet. Porto Eico. 1871. Flor. Mag. 
 t. S21. 
 Tnaaroca'Tpum. Fruit large. Rev. Hort. 
 
 1888, p. 78, fle. 16. 
 
 — camigerum. 3. Violet. Africa? 1868. Syn., 
 
 S. cornieulatwm. 
 
 — Dammannia'rmm. 9. Dark blue. Berries 
 
 yellow. 1890. 
 
 — Ducha'rtrei. IJ. Purple. West Tropical 
 
 Africa. 1890. 
 
 — guvMe'nse. 4-6. Violet. West Tropical Africa. 
 
 1889. Annual. 
 
 — monor'nthum. 2. Blue. June. New Spain. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — pe/nsile. Bright blue; stamens yellow. Brazil. 
 
 1889. B. M. t. 7062. 
 
 — Seaforthia'num. 8. Blue. November. West 
 
 Indies. 1804. Climbing. Andr. Eep. 
 t. 604 ; B. M. 1. 1982. Syn., S. vmustum 
 of some gardens. 
 
 — venu'stum. See S. Seaforthianum. 
 
 — Walli'sii. 2. Purple ; fruit plum-like, eatable. 
 
 Peru. 1877. 
 ~ WendlaJ-ndii. Pale lilac-purple. Costa Rica. 
 1887. B. M. t. 6914. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 S. aggrega'tum,. 6. Purple. June. South Africa. 
 1821. Jacq. Ic. t. 323. 
 
 — amazo'nium. Blue. July. Mexico. 1800. 
 
 B. C. t. 362. 
 
 — angula'tv/m. 4. White. July. Lima. 1825. 
 
 — arbo'reum, 40. White. June. Cumana. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — auricula'twm. 4. Violet. Madagascar. 1773. 
 
 — beta'ceum. 4. Pink. June. S. America. 
 
 1803. Andr. Rep. t. 511. 
 
 — ionari^me. 10. White. July. Buenos 
 
 Ayres. 1727. 
 
 — brasUia'num. 2. June. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 — cmia'ceum. 4. Purple, white. July. Mexico. 
 
 1820. B. M. t. 2708. 
 
 — corymbo'sMm, 2. Violet. July. Peru. 1786. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 40. 
 
 — ela'twm. 6. White. June. 1820. 
 
 — fro! grans. B. M. t. 3684. See Cyphomandra 
 
 betaeea,. 
 
 — glutmo'sv/m. 4. Blue. June. 1810. 
 
 — havane'nse. 5. Blue. July. W. Indies. 
 
 1793. 
 
 — hUrtum. 2. White. June. Trinidad. 1821, 
 
 — hy'bridum. 2. Purple, blue. June. Guinea. 
 
 1816. Jacq. H. Vind. t, 113. 
 
 — Hgnewifh. 3. White, July. S. America. 
 
 1714. Jacq. H. Vind. t. 14. 
 
 — inca'num. 2. Purple. July. Ceylon. 1823. 
 
 — i'ndicwm. 6. Purple. July. India. 1732. 
 
 Wight, Ic. t. 346. 
 — jamaice'nse. 4. White. June. Jamaica. 
 1818. 
 
 — Icmcemfo'limn. 10. White. July. W. Indies. 
 
 1816. Jacq. Ic. t. 329. 
 
 — IwnceolaJtwm. 7. Pale blue. June. Mexico. 
 
 1800. B. M. t. 2173. 
 
 — laurifo'livmi. 8. June. S. America. 1820. 
 
 — longifio'rum. 3. Violet. July. Cayenne. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — macra'nthmn. 12. Pale lilac. Brazil. B. M. 
 
 t. 4138. 
 
 — melano'xylum. 3. White. June. 1821. 
 
 — mexica'nvjm. 3. Violet. June. Mexico. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — mo'lle. 5. Purple. July. Trinidad. 1817. 
 
 — nrnrica: turn. 3. Violet. July. Peru. 1786. 
 
 — mgrmea'iMm'm.. 3. Purple. July. 1822. 
 
 — negldctum. i. Violet. June. W. Indies. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — pyraea'ntha. 4. Purple. August. Mada- 
 
 gascar. 1789. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 470 ; 
 B. M. t. 2647. 
 
 S. pyraca'ntha me'rmis. 4. Purple. September. 
 Madagascar. 1780. 
 
 — subine'rme. 7. Blue. July. W. Indies. 
 
 1762. 
 
 — te!ctimi. 3. Yellow. June. Mexico. 1823. 
 
 — tego're. 2. Blue. Guiana. 1822. 
 
 — toTnento'swm. 2. Blue. June. South Africa. 
 
 1662. 
 
 — trique^trum. 2. White. June. New Spain. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — tri'ste. 6. Violet. June. W. Indies. 1820. 
 
 — umbro'sum, 2. White. June. Trinidad. 
 
 1825. 
 
 — verbasd/o'Uum. 7. White. June. W. Indies. 
 
 1740. Jacq. H. Vind. 1. 13. 
 
 — oiola'ceuin. 4. Blue. June. E. Indies. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — volu'bik. 8. Blue. June. W. Indies. 1823. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 S. aculeati'ssimum. 3. Pale blue. May. S. 
 America. 1816. Jacq. Ic. t. 41. 
 
 — Balbi'sii. 4. Blue. July. S. America. 
 
 1816. B. M. t. 2568. 
 bipinna'tum. Blue. June. Buenos 
 
 Ayres. 1840. B. M. t. 3954. 
 — purpu'reum. Purple. B. M. 2828. 
 
 — Bro'vmii. 3. Violet. July. N. S. Wales. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — coa'gulans. 3. Purple. July. Arabia. 1802. 
 
 Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 469. 
 
 — eloeagnifali'wm. 6. Blue. June. Chili. 1823. 
 —Jlavescens. 3. Blue. June. Trinidad. 1826. 
 —fu'gax. 5. White. June. Caraccaa. 1816. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 324. 
 •— giga'nteum. 16. Violet. June. South Africa. 
 
 1792. Jacq. Ic. t. 328 ; B. M. t. 1921. 
 ^ lacinia'tum. 3. Violet. July. Australia. 
 
 1772. B. M. t. 349. 
 herba'cemn, 3, Violet. July. Van 
 
 Diemen's Land. 1772. 
 
 — liguetri'num. 8. Deep lilac. June. Chili. 
 
 1831. B. C. 1. 1963. 
 
 — maera'ntherum. 3. Purple. August. Mexico. 
 
 1838. B. R. 1841, t. 7. 
 
 — jnaeroca'rpum. 1. Blue. August. Peru. 
 
 1769. 
 
 — margina'twm. 4. Purple. July, Africa. 
 
 1776. Jacq. Ic. t. 46 ; B. M. t. 1928. 
 
 — Mille'ri. 3. White. July. South Africa. 
 
 1762. Jacq. Ic. t. 330. 
 
 — myrtifo'lium. Blue. B. C. t. 1431. 
 
 — pseu'do-ca'psicum: 4. White. July. Madeira. 
 
 1696. 
 
 — pvM'gerum. White. June. Mexico. 1818. 
 
 — ra'dica/iis. 3. Purple. Peru. 1771. 
 
 — rige' scene, IJ. Violet. June. South Africa. 
 
 1823. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 42. 
 
 — Ro'ssii. Pale blue. Mexico. 
 
 — runeim.a'tuin. 3. Violet. September. Chili. 
 
 1831. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 1. 177. 
 
 — sa'thctum. 3. Purple. June. Egypt. 1818. 
 
 — sapoTw/ceum. 4, White. July, Chili, 1825. 
 
 B. M. t. 2697. 
 
 — sinua'tvm,. 2^. Bluish. July. 1816. 
 
 — Sodo'mewm. 3. Violet. June. North Africa. 
 
 1688. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 236. 
 
 — stella'tum. 6. Blue. June. 1805. Jacq. Ic. 
 
 t. 321. 
 
 — steUi'gerwm. 3. Pale purple. July. Australia. 
 
 1823; 
 
 — stramumifo'Kum. 6. Purple. July. E. Indies. 
 
 1778. Jacq. Ic. t. 44. 
 
 — vesperti'lio. Blue. June. Canaries. 1779. 
 
 — vesti'twn. 6. White. October. Mexico. 
 
 Maund. Bot. iv. 1. 192. 
 
 Sola'ria. (Named in honour of i'Vosw- 
 cisci de Borja Solar, an eminent Chilian 
 mathematician. Nat. ord., LUiacece; 
 Tribe, Alluos.) 
 
 A remarkable greenhouse bulb. Seeds, offsets. 
 
SOL 
 
 [911] 
 
 SOL 
 
 Sandy loam and leaf-mould ; keep the bulbs 
 nearly dry during their period of rest, and 
 gradually diminish the quantity of water given 
 when the leaves begin to die down. Summer 
 temp., 60° to 80° ; vrinter, 40" to 60°. 
 S. mierswi'des. i. Green. Chili. 1871. Syn., 
 Symea gillesioides. Ref . Bot. t. 260. 
 
 Soldane'lla. (A diminutive of «oM«<s, 
 a piece of money ; shape of the leaves. 
 Nat. ord. , Primulacece ; Tribe, Primu- 
 leee. Allied to the American Cowslip.) 
 
 Halt-hardy herbaceous perennials, purple- 
 flowered, and blooming in April, except where 
 otherwise mentioned. Seeds and division of the 
 plant in spring ; peat and loam ; front of a shel- 
 tered peat-border, or treated as alpine plants, 
 protected from severe frosts and heavy rains in 
 winter ; mi'nima and 'pusi'Ua^ at least, require 
 this protection. 
 8. aji'nis. See 5. rmmtcma. 
 
 — alpi'na. J. Switzerland. 1666. B. M. t. 49. 
 
 Syn., S. Clusii of B. M. t. 2163. 
 
 — Clu'shi. See S, alpina and S. piisiUa, 
 
 — crena'ta. \. 
 
 — mi'nima. J. Blue. Switzerland. 1823. 
 a'lha. J. Bluish. May. Switzeriand. 
 
 — montaliM. i. Bohemia. 1816. Syn., S. 
 
 a;§inis. 
 
 — pusilla. J. Blue. Switzerland. 1820. Syn., 
 
 S. Clusii of B. C. t. 872. 
 
 Soldier-wood. I'nga purpu'rea. 
 
 So'lea. (After W. Sole, an apothe- 
 cary of Bath, who published a mono- 
 graph of the British Mints in 1798. Nat. 
 ord., ViolacecB.) A synonym of loni- 
 dium. 
 
 S. stri'cta. See lonidiwm Sprengeiianum. 
 
 — verticilla'ta. See lomdium polygalmfoliwm. 
 
 Sole'na. (From soUn, a pipe or 
 tube ; in allusion to the long tube of the 
 corolla. Nat. ord., Bubiaeece; Tribe, 
 Gardeniece.) A synonym of PoSO- 
 queria. 
 
 S. gra'cUis. See Posoqiieria gramlis. 
 
 — longijio'ra. See Posoquena Ifmgifiora. 
 
 Soleni'dium. (From solen, a tube. 
 Nat. ord., Orehidem ; Tribe, Vandem- 
 OncidieoB. Allied to Brassia. ) 
 
 Stove orchid, grown on a block. See Orchids. 
 S. raceme/sum. Yellow, red. November. Pam- 
 plona. Paxt. n. Gard. 1. 102. 
 
 Soleno'melus. (From solen, a tube, 
 and melos, a limb ; the perianth is tubu- 
 lar. Nat. ord., Iridece ; Tribe, Sisyrin- 
 chiecE. ) 
 Half-hardy bulbs. For culture, see SlSY- 
 
 EINCHIUM. 
 
 S. biflo'rus. White. June. South America. 
 1828. Syn., Sisyrinchium odoratiesi- 
 m.um. . ™ ... 
 
 — chUe'rms. 1. Yellow. September. Chili. 
 
 1827. Syns., SisyrCnehmm lonmstylwm, 
 Fl. Ser. t. 265, and 5. 'pedimcmatum, B. 
 M. t. 2965. , 
 
 Soleno'phora. (FromsoZe»,atube, 
 and pherein, to bear ; the corolla is 
 tubular. Nat. ord., Gemeracece. Syn., 
 Arctocalyx. ) 
 
 Stove, evergreen shrub. For culture, see 
 
 Gloxinia. 
 
 S. Endlicheria'Tui. 2, Orange, marlted with 
 purple. April. Mexico. 1849. Syn., 
 Arctocalyx Endlicherianus, Fl. Ser. 
 t. 646. 
 
 Solida'go. Golden Rod. (From 
 solidare, to unite ; supposed healing pro- 
 perties. Nat. ord., (Jmwpositm ; Tribe, 
 AsUroidecB.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials, all yellow- 
 flowered, and all from North America, where 
 not otherwise noticed. Divisions of the plant in 
 spring ; common soil. Showy at the back of 
 herbaceous borders, or the back rows of herba- 
 ceous plants in the front of shrubberies. 
 5. al'pd slrii. See S. mrgaurea. 
 
 — alti'ssiTna. See 5. rugosa. 
 
 — ambi'gua. 2. July. 1769. 
 
 — angustifo'lia. 3. September. 
 
 — anisa'ta. 3. September. 1816. 
 
 — arena'ria. See 5. mrgaurea. 
 
 — arge'ntea. See 5. pulvemlenta. 
 
 — argu'ta. North America. 
 
 — a'spera. 3. September. 1732. 
 
 — In! color. See Aster bicolor. 
 
 — ccdsia. 2. September. 1732. 
 
 — eanadefnsis. 3. August. 1648. Syn., 5. 
 
 hum,ilis. 
 
 — eilia'ris. 3. August. 1811. 
 
 — decu'rrens. See S. mrgaurea, 
 
 — Drummo'ndii. 1-3. Summer. 1885. B. M. 
 
 t. 6805. 
 
 — ela'ta. 1. September. 1811. 
 
 — elli'ptica. 8. August. 1759. 
 
 axilliflo'ra. Slower-heads short, in the 
 
 axils of the leaves. Syn., S. fragrans of 
 some authors. 
 
 — erefcta. 3. September. 
 
 — fra' grams. 3. August. See also 5. eKyiica, 
 
 var. axillifiora and S. serotina. 
 
 — giga'ntea. 6. August. 1768. 
 
 — glomera'ta. 3. September. 1820. 
 
 — graminifo'lia. 3. September. 1758. 
 
 — hu'milis. See 5. canaderusw. 
 
 — Iceviga'ta. 3. September. 1699. 
 
 — lanceola'ta. 3. September. 1758. B. M. 
 
 t. 2546. Syn., Mithcmiia graminifolia. 
 
 — lateriflo'ra. 3. August. 1758. 
 
 — latifo'lia. See S. mrgaurea. 
 
 — macrophj/lla. 3. September. 
 
 — mexiea'na. 3. September. 1683. 
 
 — minu'ta. J. July. Pyrenees. 1772. 
 
 — multiradia'ta. See S. mrgaurea. 
 
 — iiemxnralHs. IJ. September. 1769. 
 
 — nepalelnsis. See S. mrgaurea. 
 
 — noveborace!nsis. 3. September. 
 
 — nudifio'ra. See S. virgoMrea. 
 
 — o'dora. 3., July. 1699. 
 
 — pa'tula. 2. September. 1805. 
 
 — paueijloaculo'sa. 2. September. 1811. 
 
 — polifolia. 3. September. 1826. 
 
 — pro'cera. 6. September. 1768. 
 
 — pube'rula. 2. September. 
 
 — pulveruleinta. 3. August. Syn., S. argentea. 
 
 — pyramida'ta. 2. September. 1790. 
 
 — recurva'ta. 2. October. 
 
 — refie'xa. 3. August. 1758. 
 
 — rSgida. 3. September. 1710. 
 
 — rugo'sa. 2-7. August. 1686. Syn., S. al- 
 
 tissi/ma. 
 
 — sea'bra. 3. August. 1811. 
 
 — semperm'rens. 5. September. 1699. 
 
 — sero'tina. 4. July. 1758. 
 
 — si'mpUx. 1. 1826. 
 
 — speeio'sa. 4. October. 1817. 
 
 — iquarrdsa. 3. September. 
 
 — striata. 3. September. 1768. 
 
 — tenuifo'lia. 2. Octijber. 1758. 
 
 — urticcefo'lia. See Galea urticcefolia. 
 
SOL 
 
 [912] 
 
 SOP 
 
 S. villo'sa. 3. August. 1732. 
 
 — vimi'nea. 3. September. 1769. 
 
 — virga'ta. 2. September. 1800. 
 
 — virgau'rea. J-2. August. N. America and 
 
 Europe. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 778. Forms 
 of this are : 5. alpestris, S. arenaria, S. 
 decurrem, S. latifolm, S. midtiradiata, 
 S. twpalensis, and S. nvdiflora. 
 
 So'Uya. (Named after R. H. Solly, 
 a naturalist. Nat. oxA., PittosporecB.) 
 
 Greenhouse, blue-flowered, evergreen climbers, 
 from Australia. Seeds in a slight hotbed, in 
 April ; cuttings at the same time of young shoots 
 a little firm at the base, in sand, under a beU- 
 
 flass, and placed in a cold pit, when the night 
 emperature does not exceed from 45° to 50° ; 
 loam and peat. Winter temp., 40° to 46°. Most 
 of them would succeed against a conservatory 
 wall. 
 S. angustyfo'lia. See 'Billardiera angustifotta. 
 
 — Drummo'ndi. See S. parmflora. 
 
 — heterophy'lla. 6. July. 1830. B. E. 1. 1466 ; 
 
 B. M. t. 3523. Australian Bluebell 
 Creeper. 
 
 angustifo'lia. 6. A narrow-leaved variety. 
 
 Syn., 5. linearis, B. E. 1840, t. 3. 
 
 — linearis. See S. heterophylla, var. angusti- 
 
 folia. 
 
 — parmflo'ra. Blue. July. 1838 Syn., S. 
 
 DruTnmondi. 
 
 — salici/o'lia. Mam. Mag. 1839, t. 11, is pro- 
 
 bably a form of S. heterophylla. 
 
 Solomon's Seal. Polygona'tum 
 multiflo'rum. 
 
 Solomon's Seal, False. Smi- 
 laci'na. 
 
 So'uchus. Sow-thistle. (The 
 ancient Greek name, Sogchos. Nat. ord. , 
 Composite; Tribe, Cichormcem.) 
 
 Hardy annuals or perennials. Seeds, cuttings 
 or divisions, in the casfe of perennial species, 
 which are the only ones cultivated. Ordinary 
 garden-soil. 
 
 S. gummi'fer. Yellow. Canary Islands. 1861. 
 B. M. t. 6219. 
 
 — Jacqui'nii. 1-2. Golden-yellow. March. 
 
 Canary Islands. 1882. B. M. t. 6142. 
 Pastor's Lettuce. 
 
 — pinna'tus. 3. Yellow. Summer. Madeira. 
 
 1777. 
 
 — radica'tv,s. Yellow. July. Canary Islands. 
 
 1780. B. M. t. 6211. 
 
 Soneri'la. (From Soneri-ila, the 
 Javanese name. Nat. ord., Melasto- 
 macece; Tribe, Sonerilece. Alliance near 
 Bertolonia. ) 
 
 Stove annuals. Seeds in a gentle hotbed, in 
 March, potted off, and bloomed in greenhouse 
 or stove ; sandy peat 
 
 S. Benso'ni. Eose-purple. India. 1873. B. M. 
 t. 6049. 
 
 — eHegams. 1. Pink. January. E. Indies. 
 
 B. M. t. 4978. 
 
 — grandiflo'ra. Eed. Neilgherries. 1863. 
 
 Sub-shrub. B. M. t. 6364. 
 ^ Eenderso'ni. J. Lilac-rose ; leaves olive 
 green with white spots. 1876. This is 
 sometimes regarded as a variety of S. 
 Ttiargaritacea. The var. argentea has the 
 leaves surfaced with silvery-grey ; and 
 in var. marmorata they are banded with 
 silvery-grey. 
 
 — margarita'cea. 1. Purple. B. Indies. 1854. 
 
 B. M. t. 6104. 
 
 S. orJncula'ta. 1. Pink. November. E. Indies. 
 1852. 
 
 — orienta'lis. Bright rose, or purple ; anthers 
 
 yellow. Arracan Hills. 1890. The 
 varieties guttulata, jticta, and pwnctata^ 
 differ in the variegation of the leaves. 
 
 — strHcta. J. Eose. May. Java. 1848. B. 
 
 M. t. 4394. 
 
 Sonnera'tia. (Named after M. Son- 
 nerat, a botanical traveller. Nat. ord., 
 Lythrariece ; Tribe, Lythreoe.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, from the East Indies. 
 Cuttings of half-ripened shoots, taken off with 
 a heel, in sand, under a bell-gla.ss, and -placed in 
 a mild hotbed in May ; flbry loam, turfy peat, a 
 little sand, and dried old cow-dung. Winter 
 
 ; summer, 60° to 86°. 
 June. 1822. Wight, lo t. 340. 
 May. 1824. 
 White. June. 1826. 
 
 temp., 45° to 65° ; 
 S. a'cida. Eed. 
 
 — a'lba. White. 
 
 — apeltala. 40. 
 
 Soot is the volatilized unoonsumed 
 portion of common coal. It is thus con- 
 stituted : — Charcoal, 371 ; salts of am- 
 monia, 426 ; salts of potash and soda, 
 24 ; oxide of iron, 50 ; silica, 65 ; alu- 
 mina, 31 ; sulphate of lime, 31 ; carbo- 
 nate of magnesia, 2. It is an excellent 
 manure for peas, onions, carrots, and 
 probably all garden crops. An excellent 
 liquid-manure is soot mixed with rain- 
 water, in the proportion of one table- 
 spoonful of soot to a quart of water, for 
 plants in pots ; but for asparagus, peas, 
 etc., six quarts of soot to a hogshead of 
 water. It must never be applied to 
 plants in a state of rest. It succeeds 
 admirably with bulbs. See Liquid' 
 manures. 
 
 So'phora. (From the Arabic name, 
 Sophero, of a leguminous tree. Nat. 
 ord., LeguminoscB ; Tribe, Sophorece.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous kinds by divisions in spring ; 
 stove and greenhouse species, by cuttings of 
 half-ripened shoots under a bell-glass, in sand, 
 and grown in peat and loam. The hardy kinds, 
 such as jflwjo'mca and its varieties, are very 
 ornamental trees on a lawn, but should be grown 
 in poor soil north of London, that the annual 
 growth may be well-ripened ; propagated by 
 imported seeds, by cuttings of the roots, and 
 layers : its varieties by grafting. The variety 
 pe'ndvXa is extremely graceful and fast growing. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 S. alopecuroi'des, 4. Yellow. July. Levant. 
 — Jlave'scens. 2. Yellow. June. Siberia. 1785. 
 
 galegeoi'des. 2. Yellow. June. Siberia. 
 
 1817. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS TREES. 
 
 S. chine^nsis. 30. White. August. China. 1763. 
 
 — heptaphj/lla. 6. Yellow. October. Neil- 
 gherries. 1830. Wight, Ic. 1. 1166. 
 
 — japo'nica. 40. White. August. Japan. 
 1763. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 363. Syn., 
 Styphnolotnutn japonicum. 
 
 fo'liis-variega'tis. 14; White. August 
 
 Japan. 
 
 pe^ndula. 12. White. August. Japan. 
 
 variega'ta. Leaves variegated. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 5. chrysophy'lla, 6-10. Yellow. May. Sand- 
 wich Islands. Syn., Edwardsia chryso- 
 phylla, B. E. t. 738. Deciduous. 
 
SOP 
 
 [913] 
 
 aoR 
 
 S. macroca'rpa. 6. Yellow. April. Chili. 
 1822. B. C. t. 1126. Syn„ Edwardsia 
 chilmsis, B. E. 1. 1798. Evergreen. 
 
 — secundijlo'ra. 6. Violet. June. Mexico. 
 
 1820. Rev. Hort. 1854, p. 201. 
 
 — seri'cea. 6. Yellow. Bourbon. 1820. Syn., 
 
 Edwardsia nitida. 
 
 HALF-HARDY DECIDUOUS. 
 
 S. glau ca. 6. Pale purple. May. Nepanl. 
 .1820. Syn., S. mlutina, B. R. t. 1185. 
 Shrub. 
 
 — tetra'vtera. 12. Yellow. May. New Zea- 
 
 land. 1772. G. C. 1878, ix. p. 729. 
 
 grandifio'ra. 12. Yellow. May. New 
 
 Zealand. A robust variety. Syn., S. 
 tetraptera. B. M. 1. 167. 
 
 microphy'lta. 6. Yellow. May. New 
 
 Zealand and Australia. 1772. Syns., 
 Edwardsia Mamq,biana, B. M. t. 3735, 
 and E. microphylla. B. M. 1. 1442. 
 
 — tomento'sa. 6. Yellow. August. North 
 
 America. 1739. B. M. t. 3390. Shrub. 
 
 — veluU'na. See 5. glaitea. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 
 ^S". aZpi'na. See Thermopsis corcogensis. 
 
 — arge'ntea and 5. Wfdlia are synonyms of 
 
 ^ Amnwdmidron Sieversii. 
 —faba'cea. See Thermopsis fabacea. 
 
 Sophroca'ttleya. (A name given 
 to hybrids between the genera Sophro- 
 wiYtsand Cattleya. Nat. ord., Orchidece; 
 Tribe, Epidendrece-LcBliece.) 
 
 Stove orchids. 
 S. Batemannia'na. A synonym of Lcelia Bate- 
 manniana. 
 
 — Calif pso. A hybrid between Sophnmitis 
 
 grandijlwa and Cattleya Loddigesii, var. 
 Barrisonce. G. C. 1890, viii. p. 688. 
 
 Sophro'nia of Lindley. (From 
 sophrona, modest. Nat. ord., Orchidece ; 
 Tribe, Epidendrece-LceUece.) A synonym 
 of Sophronitis. 
 
 S. ee'mua. See Sophronitis cernua. 
 
 Sophroni'tis. (From sophrona, 
 modest ; referring to the pretty little 
 flowers. Nat. ord,. Orchidece ; Tribe, 
 EpidendrecB-LceliecB. ) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown on blocks. See ORCHIDS. 
 S. ce'rnua. J. Red. June. Rio Janeiro. 
 1827. B. R. t. 1129. Syn., Sophronia 
 cernua. 
 
 — cocci'nea. See S. grandiflora. 
 
 — graindifio'ra. h- Red. Organ Mountains. 
 
 1837. Lindl. Sert. t. 5. Syns., 5. 
 coceinea, ¥1. Ser. t. 1716, and Cattleya 
 coceinea. S. grandiflora of B. M. t. 3709 
 is S. militaris. 
 
 auranti aca. Orange-red. Rev. Hort. 
 
 1886, p. 492. 
 pwrpv:rea.. Purplish. Brazil. 1878. 
 
 Syn., S. pifjrpurea. 
 ro'sea. Rose or rosy-carmine. 1884. 
 
 Syn., S. rosea. 
 
 — milita'ris. }. Bright cinnabar or crimson. 
 
 November. Brazil. 1837. Syn., S. 
 grandiflm-a of B. M. t. 3709. 
 
 — pteroca'rpa. Red. Guatemala. 1842. 
 
 Paxt: Fl. Gard. iii. p. 11, fig. 239. 
 
 — viola' cea. J. Violet. February. Mexico. 
 
 1838. B. M. t. 6880. 
 
 Sopu'bia. (From the East Indian 
 name. Nat. ord., Scrophulariacece ; 
 Tribe, Gerardiece.) 
 
 Stove, herbaceous perennial. Soil peaty. 
 Cuttings or seeds. 
 
 S. delphinifo'lia, i. Rose. July. India. 
 Syn., Gerardia delphinifolia. 
 
 So'rbus. (The Latin name of the 
 Sei-vice Tree. Nat. ord., RosoA^ece; Tribe, 
 Pomece. ) A synonym of Pynis. 
 S. arnerica'na. See Pyrus amencana. 
 
 — A'ria. See Pyrus Aria. 
 
 — Aticupa'ria. See Pyrus Aucnparia. 
 
 — dome'stica. See Pynis Sorbus. 
 
 — hi/brida. See Pyrus fenniea. 
 
 So'rghum. Millet Grass. (From 
 the Indian name, Sorghi. Nat. ord., 
 GraminecE ; Tribe, Awropogonece.) 
 
 Half-hardy, or greenhouse, perennial grass. 
 Seeds or divisions. 
 
 S. hdkpe'nse. J. Purplish. Mediterranean 
 region. 
 
 Sorindei'a. (From the Malagasy 
 name. Nat. ord., Anacardiacece.) 
 A small stove tree. For culture, see Ana- 
 
 CARDIUM. 
 
 iS. madagascarie'nsis. 10. Purple. May. 
 Madagascar. 1828. 
 
 Soroce'phalus. (From soros, a 
 heap, and Icephale, a head ; clustered 
 head of flowers. Nat. ord., Proteacece ; 
 Tribe, Protece.) 
 
 Greenhouse, purple-flowered evergreens, from 
 South Africa. Cuttings of ripened young shoots 
 in sand, under a hand-light, either in spring or 
 autumn ; may be hastened, after the base has 
 i swelled, with a little bottom-heat ; sandy, flbry 
 loam, and a little peat and broken freestone, 
 carefully drained. Winter temp., 38° to 46". 
 S. diversifo'lius. 4. June. 1803. 
 
 — imbe'rbis. 3. July. 1806. 
 
 — vmbrica'tus. 3. June. 1794. Syn., Protea 
 
 imbricata. Andr. Rep. t. 517. 
 
 — lanaltus. 2. August. 1790. 
 
 — seta'cevs. 2. July. 1823. 
 
 — ^ataUoi'des. 3. July. 1803. 
 
 — tenuifo'lius. 3. July. 1802. 
 
 Soroma'nes. (From soros, a heap, 
 and mania, uncontrollable propensity ; 
 alluding to its excessive production of 
 sori. Nat. ord., Filices — Polypodiacece.) 
 Now united with Acrosticliuin. 
 
 Stove ferns. See Ferns. 
 S. serratifdlium. 2. Venezuela. 
 
 Sorrels. These are O'xcdis acetose'lla. 
 Wood Sorrel ; Ru'mex aceto'sa. Garden 
 Sorrel; B. scuta'tus, French or Roman 
 Sorrel. They thrive best in any light, 
 rich garden-soil. 
 
 The species of Eumex are propagated 
 by seed, and all of them by parting the 
 roots, both of which modes may be prac- 
 tised from the middle of February until 
 the same period in May, and by parting 
 the roots in September and October. 
 Sow in drills, six or eight inches apart, 
 and a quarter-inch in depth. When two 
 or three inches high, the seedlings should 
 be thinned to three or four inches apart. 
 In September or October, or in the 
 
 3n 
 
SOK 
 
 [914] 
 
 SOW 
 
 March and April of the succeeding year, 
 they may be removed into their final 
 stations, in rows twelve inches apart 
 each way, or, if the French, eighteen 
 inches. 
 
 When divisions of the root are em- 
 ployed, they must be set at once where 
 they are to remain, at the final distances 
 above mentioned . In summer, the stalks 
 must be cut down, to encourage the pro- 
 duction of leaves. In autumn and spring 
 the surface of the ground should be 
 gently stirred, and a little manure 
 turned in. 
 
 To obtain Seed. — Some plants must 
 not be gathered from, but be allowed to 
 run up unchecked. They flower in the 
 course of June, July, and August, per- 
 fecting their seed in autumn. Wood 
 Sorrel does not produce seed readily. 
 
 Sorrel-tree. Oxyde'ndron arbo'rea. 
 
 Sorrowful-tree. Nycta'nthes a'r- 
 hor-tri'stis. 
 
 Sorus. The name given to the fruc- 
 tification of Ferns. It is generallysitua- 
 ted on the under-surface of the frond, 
 and consists of a number of stalked 
 bodies (sporangia) containing minute, 
 dust-like spores, which are liberated 
 when ripe and serve to reproduce the 
 plant.* These sori are sometimes covered 
 by a scale [indusium), the shape of which 
 serves to distinguish the genera ; in 
 Nephrodium it is reniform, in Aspidiwm 
 circular and attached by its centre, in 
 Asplenium elongate, in Pteris and Adi- 
 antum it is formed from the recurved 
 margin of the frond, and in Polypodium 
 absent. In Hymenophyllum and Tricho- 
 manes the sorus is cup-shaped and situa- 
 ted at the apex of a segment of the 
 frond. 
 
 Souari Nut-tree. Ca'ryocar nuci'- 
 ferum. 
 
 Soula'ngia. (Named after Soulange 
 Bodin, a French nurseryman. Nat. 
 ord., RhamnaeecB ; Tribe, Bhamnece.) 
 A synonym of Phylica. 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from South 
 Africa. Cuttings of the points of shoots in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, in April or May ; sandy, fibry 
 peat, and a few bits of charcoal, to keep it open. 
 Winter temp., 38° to 4B°. Should be tried against 
 a wall in the open air, in dry places and mild 
 situations. 
 S. buxifo'lia. See Phylica buxifolia. 
 
 — eorda'ta. See Phylica cordata. 
 
 — dioi'ca. See Phylica dioica. 
 
 — Tnyrtifo'lia. See Phylica myrtifolia. 
 
 — ru'bra. B. E. t. U98. See Phylica pw- 
 
 — thyrmfo'Ha. See Phylica fhymifolia. 
 
 Sour is a term applied to wet lands 
 producing acid weeds, such as Sorrel ; 
 
 but it is also appropriate because such 
 lands contain Gallic and other acid com- 
 pounds, unfriendly to cultivated plants. 
 
 Sour Gourd. Adanso'nia digita'ta. 
 
 Sour Sop or Custard Apple. 
 
 Ano'na mwriea'ta. 
 
 South African Yellow Wood. 
 
 Podoca'rpus eloTiga'ta. 
 
 Southern Wood. Artemi'sia 
 
 Abro'tanum. 
 
 South Sea Tea. I'lex vomito'ria. 
 
 Sowbread. Cy'damen. 
 
 SowerbSB'a. (Named after Mr. 
 Sowerby, an eminent botanical artist. 
 Nat. ord., Liliacece; Tribe, Johnsoniece.) 
 Half-hardy, pink-flowered, herbaceous peren- 
 nials, from New South Wales. Divisions of the 
 plant in spring ; loam and sandy peat, or old 
 leaf -mould. Require the protection of a cold pit 
 in winter and to be kept dryish. 
 S.ju'ncea. 1. May. 1792. Linn. Trans, v. 
 
 t. 6 ; B. M. 1. 1104. 
 — laxiflo'ra. 1. June. 1839. B. E. 1841, 
 
 1. 10. 
 
 Sowing. (See Germination.) In 
 addition, a few practical directions may 
 be given. Let all sowing be done in drills. 
 For small .seeds, such as lettuce, cab- 
 bage, etc., the drills may be sunk by 
 pressing the handle of the hoe into 
 freshly -dug soil ; but for larger seeds, as 
 parsnips, beet, and onions, the drills 
 must be stnick with the hoe. Almost 
 all sowing should be performed in dry 
 weather, more particularly all early sow- 
 ing in winter and spring ; but in hot 
 weather, in summer and autumn, it may 
 often be better to take advantage of 
 sowing immediately after a shower of 
 moderate rain. 
 
 The drills being at some distance from 
 one another, not only admit the sun, air, 
 and rain more effectually to the plants, 
 and give them a greater scope than such 
 as are sown broadcast, but admit more 
 readily the hoe between the drills to cut 
 down weeds and loosen the soil. 
 
 The general method of forming drills 
 for the reception of seeds is with a com- 
 mon drawing-hoe, sometimes witha large 
 hoe, and sometimes a middling or small 
 hoe, according to the size of the drill 
 required, and the size and nature of the 
 seeds ; drawing the drill sometimes with 
 the corner of the hoe, especially for 
 larger seeds, and sometimes with the 
 edge of the hoe flatwise, or horizontally. 
 Large seeds, such as peas, kidney beans, 
 many of the nut kinds, and other large 
 seeds, both of trees, shrubs, and herba- 
 ceous plants, require a deep angular 
 driU, drawn with the comer of the hoe, 
 
SOY 
 
 [915] 
 
 SPA 
 
 turning the face or edge close to the 
 line, and drawing the drill along evenly 
 with an angular bottom the depth re- 
 quired, the earth remaining close along 
 the side of the drill, ready for turning in 
 again over the seeds ; but where flat or 
 shallow drills are required for smaller 
 seeds, it may, in many cases, be better 
 to draw the drill with the hoe flatwise, 
 Jioldins the edge in a horizontal position. 
 
 Bedding-in Sowing. — In this method, 
 the ground being dug and formed in beds 
 four or five feet wide, with alleys a spade 
 width or more between bed and bed, and 
 the earth being drawn off the top of the 
 bed with a rake or spade, half an inch 
 or an inch deep into the alleys, the seed 
 is then sown all over the suface of the 
 bed which being done, the earth in the 
 alleys is immediately drawn or cast over 
 the bed, again covering the seeds the 
 same depth, and the surface is raked 
 smooth. 
 
 The method of bedding-in sowing by 
 sifting is sometimes practised for very 
 small or light seeds of a more delicate 
 nature, that require a very light covering 
 of earth when sown. In order to bury 
 them as shallow as possible, cover them 
 in by sifting fine earth over them out of 
 a wire sieve. 
 
 Soy. See Glyci'ne. 
 
 Spade. This most important of the 
 gardener's tools varies in its form and 
 size. The Common Digging Spade is of 
 the largest size, being generalljr from 
 fourteen to sixteen inches long in the 
 
 Elate, and nine or ten broad, narrowing 
 alf an inch to the bottom. The Mid- 
 dling Spade is about a foot long in the 
 plate, and seven or eight inches broad, 
 and is useful in digging any narrow com- 
 partments and between rows of small 
 plants ; also in flower-beds and borders, 
 and in stirring and fresh earthing the 
 surface of beds occasionally between 
 close-placed plants of long standing; 
 plantmg and transplanting many sorts, 
 both in the ground and in the pots. 
 
 The Small Spade.— Size ten or twelve 
 inches long in the plate, and five or six 
 wide is convenient in pointing-up or 
 slight digging, and fresh earthing the 
 surf ace between closerowsof small plants, 
 in beds and borders, etc., where neither 
 of the two former spades can be readily 
 introduced ; likewise in planting and 
 potting many sorts of small plants, tak- 
 ing up small roots, and for other light 
 purposes. Proper garden spades have 
 the plate wholly of iron, not above a 
 quarter of an inch thick upwards, grow- 
 ing gradually thinner from the middle 
 
 downward, the tree or handle being gene- 
 rally of ash, about two feet and a half 
 long and an inch and a half thick, with 
 a firm, open handle at top, formed out of 
 the solid wood, just big enough to admit 
 of taking ready hold, one hand at top 
 and the other below, and with an iron 
 rivet through it to prevent it slipping. 
 Semicircular or Scooped Spade has the 
 plate made semicircular, uke a garden 
 trowel, and is very useful in taking up 
 plants with balls of earth, to preserve 
 them more firmly about the roots. 
 
 Spado'styles. (Derivation not ex- 
 plained. Nat. ori., Leguminosce ; Tribe, 
 Podalyriem.) Now united with Pul- 
 tensea. 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. For culture, 
 see PULtENAi. 
 
 S.Siebe'ri. 2. YeUow, May. N. S. Wales. 
 1824. A synonym of Pultenxa euchila. 
 
 Spanish Bluebell or Squill. 
 
 Sci'lla hispa'nica. 
 
 Spanish Broom. Spa'rtiumju'n- 
 ceum. 
 
 Spanish Chestnut. Casta'nea 
 sati'va. 
 
 Spanish Garlic. See Rocam- 
 bole. 
 
 Spanish Juice Plant. Glycyrrhi'- 
 za gla'bra. 
 
 Spanish Moss. Tilla'ndsia 
 usneoi'des. 
 
 Spanish Onion. A form of onion 
 largely imported into this country, but 
 not sufficiently hardy for remunerative 
 growing in this climate. 
 
 Spanish Oyster Plant. Sco'lymus 
 
 — 'nicus. 
 
 Spanish Viper's Grass. Scor- 
 
 zone'ra. 
 
 Spara'xis. (From sparasso, to tear ; 
 lacerated spathes. Nat. ord. , Iridew ; 
 Tribe, Ixiece. Allied to Ixia:) 
 
 Pretty little bulbs, from South Africa. For 
 culture, see Ixia. 
 
 5. anemonifio'ra. |. White. June. 1825. 
 Syn., Ixut aneirwnijUyra, of Red. Lil. 
 t. 86, but not of Jacq. Ic. t. 273. 
 
 — bi'eoldr. ' See Syrmotia bwolor. 
 
 — hla'nda. See S. tricolor, var. blanda. 
 
 — buXbUfera. 2. Yellow. May. 1768. Syn., 
 
 Jxia iulbifera. B. M. t. 645. 
 — fra'grans. See Ixia fragrans. 
 
 — grmidifio'ra. 1-2. Purple, white. April. 
 
 1768. B. M. t. 779. Syns., Ixia aris- 
 tata, Andr. BiCp. t. 87, and I. grUTidi- 
 flora, B. M. t. 541. 
 
 lAlia'fo. White. April. 1768. Syns., 
 
 5. IMago and Ixia lAliago, Bed. Lil. 
 1. 109. ■ • 
 
SPA 
 
 [916] 
 
 SPA 
 
 S, gra/ndifio'ra Imea'ta. i^. Yellow, pink. April. 
 
 Syn., 5. limeata. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 
 
 1. 131. 
 stella'ris. 1. Purple. June. 1836. 
 
 Syn., S. stellaris, Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 
 
 t. 383. 
 atrial ta. i. Variegated. April. 1758. 
 
 — LUia'go. See 5. gramd-i^ffray var. Liliago. 
 
 — liTiea'ta. See S. grandifioray var. lineata. 
 ^pelndula. B. R. t. 1360. Now known as 
 
 ^ jmlche'rrirrM. B. M. t. 5555. Now known as 
 
 ZHerwma pulcherrima. ' 
 ^~ stella'ris. See S. grandiJUtra, var. stellaris. 
 ^- tri'color. 1-2. Orange, yellow, black. May. 
 
 1789. B. M. 1. 1842. Syn., Ixia tricolor. 
 B. M. t. 381. 
 
 Ma'nda. Whitish, rose, yellow. May. 
 
 1821. Syns., S. Uanda and 5. tricolor, 
 
 var. subrosea albida, B. M. 1. 1482. 
 Griffi/nii. Yellow, violet-purple. April. 
 
 1811. Syn., S. tricolor, var. violaceo- 
 
 purpurea. B. M. 1. 1482. 
 sangui'neO'purpu'rea, 1. Red. April. 
 
 1811. 
 subro'sea a'lbida. See S. tricolor, var. 
 
 blanda. 
 versicolor. Bright purple, brownish. 
 
 September. 1825. Syns., S. versicolor, 
 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 160, and Synnotia 
 
 versicolor. 
 viola! ceo-purpu'rea. See S. tricolor, var. 
 
 Gri^nii. 
 
 — versicolor. See S. tricolor, var. versicolor. 
 
 — WalUii. See Symwtia variegata. 
 
 Sparma'nnia. (Named after A. 
 Sparmann, a Swedish botanist. Nat. 
 ord., TUiaceoB ; Tribe, Tiliem.) 
 
 A fine old greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cut- 
 ings of young shoots in April ; loam and a little 
 peat Winter temp., 38° to 48°. 
 iS. a/rica'na. 10. White. May. South Africa. 
 
 1790. B. M. t. 516. Syn., S. aceri/olia. 
 
 Spa'rtium. Spanish Broom. (From 
 spartan, cordage ; alluding to the flexible 
 snoots. Nat. ord., Leguminosm ; Tribe, 
 Genistem. Allied to Genista. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous, yellow-flowered shrubs. 
 Generally by seeds, but cuttings will strike freely 
 in summer under a hand-light ; and tWs is the 
 best mode for securing a particular variety. 
 They should be planted out young, or be fre- 
 quently moved, as they make long, naked stems ; 
 common, light soil. 
 S. acuti/o'lium. B. E. 1. 1974. A synonym of S 
 
 juTieeitm. 
 — ju'nceum. 6. August. South Europe. 1648. 
 
 B. M. t. 85. 
 >-Jio're-ple^no. 6. August. South Europe. 
 
 1648. 
 odorati' ssimwm. 4. July. Persia. 
 
 1834. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 390. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 
 S. wtne'nse. B. M. t. 2674. See Genista 
 cetnensis. 
 
 — cmgula'twm. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 672. See 
 
 Cytisus angulOfta. 
 
 — aphy'ttum. See Eremospa/rtum a/phyllwm. 
 
 — decu'mbens. Jacq. Ic. t. 355. See Cytisus 
 
 decuTribens. 
 
 — dne'reum. See Genista einerea. 
 
 — congelstuni. See Genista congesta. 
 
 — felrox. B. E. t. 368. See Genista ferax. 
 
 — lini/o'lvam. See Genista limifolia. 
 
 — monospe^rmum. B. M. t. 683. See Genista 
 
 monosperma. 
 ^ muUifio'rum. B. C. t. 1052. See Cytitus 
 albus. 
 
 S. nubi'genum. See Cytisus fragrans. 
 
 — parmfto'mm. See Genista parmfiora. 
 
 — pa'tens. See Genista patens. 
 
 — pu'rgans. B. C. t. 1U7. See Genista pur- 
 
 gans. 
 
 — radia'twm. B. M. t. 2260. See Genista- 
 
 radiata. 
 
 — scopa'rium. See Genista scoparia. 
 
 — sco'rpiv/m. See Genista seorpius. 
 
 — sph(jeroca'rpum. See Genista sphcerocarpa. 
 
 — telon^nsis. See Adenoca/rpus telonensis. 
 
 — umbella'tum. See Genista umbellata. 
 
 — virga'tum. B. M. t. 2266. A synonym of 
 
 Erenwspartiimi aphyllum. 
 
 Spartotha'mnus. (From spartan, 
 cordage, and thamnos, a shrub ; its 
 flexible shoots. Nat. ord., Verbenacem ; 
 Tribe, Chloanthece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of 
 young shoots under a bell-glass, in sandy soil ; 
 sandy, fibry peat, and lumpy loam. Winter 
 temp., 38° to 45°. 
 
 S.ju'nceus. 3. White. August. Australia. 
 1819. 
 
 Spatala'nthus. (From spatalos, 
 delicate, and anthas, a flower. Nat. 
 Old., Iridew ; Tribe, Sisyrinchie(e.) A 
 synonym of Romulea. 
 
 A very rare and delicate Cape bulb, requiring' 
 one-half sand and one-half good, turfy peat, in a 
 well-drained pot, after the manner of Ixias. 
 S. spedo'sus. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 300. See Romu- 
 lea speciosa. 
 
 Spata'Ua. (From spatalos, delicate ;. 
 the flowers are fragile. Nat. ord., F7-a- 
 teacecB ; Tribe, Protece.) 
 
 Greenhouse, purple-flowered evergreens, from. 
 South Africa. Cuttings of ripe young shoots in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, and kept cool ; sandy, 
 fibry loam, with pieces of charcoal and free- 
 stone ; drainage and watering very particularly 
 attended to. Winter temp., 38° to 45°. Pots 
 defended from sun in summer 
 S. bractea'ta. 3. June. 1806. 
 
 — bremfo'lia. IJ. July. 1823. 
 
 — cauda'ta. 2. June. 1812. 
 
 — incv!rva. 2J. May. 1789. 
 
 — mo'llis. 2. June. 1826. 
 
 — ni'vea. 2. June. 1806. 
 
 — peduncula'ta. April. 1822. 
 
 — proKfera. IJ. July. 1800. 
 
 — pyramida'lis. June. 1821. 
 
 — ramulo'sa. 3. August. 1787. 
 
 — Thunbe!rgii. 3. May. 1806. 
 
 Spatha'ntheum. (From spaihe, a 
 .•^pathe, and anthas, a flower ; the flowers 
 are seated on the midrib of the spathe. 
 Nat. ord., Araidew ; Tribe, Spathi- 
 carpem. Allied to Spathicarpa. ) 
 
 Greenhouse tuberous-rooted perennial. Off- 
 sets and division of the tubers. Eich loam and 
 peat, well-drained ; give plenty of water when 
 growing, and place in the warmest part of the 
 house. It requires to rest in winter like Cala- 
 DIUM, ARIS.BMA, etc. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; 
 winter, 56° to 60°. 
 
 S. hetera'ndra. 1}. Spathe and spadix green. 
 Tropical America. 1876. Syn., Omno- 
 ehlamys heterancbra. Ref . Bot. t. 346. 
 
 Spathe. A large bract, which in- 
 closes the whole inflorescence in bud, as 
 in Palms and Aroids. 
 
SPA 
 
 [917] 
 
 SPE 
 
 Spathe'lia. (From spathe, a sheath, 
 or spathe, as in the Palm; resem- 
 blance. Nat. ord., Simarubece j Tribe, 
 J'icramniece. ) 
 
 Stofe eTerereen tree. Cuttings of ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat ; loam and 
 peat. Winter temp., 60* to 60° ; summer, 60° to 
 .85°. 
 
 S. si'mplex. 40. Bed. Jamaica. 1778. 
 
 Spathica'rpa. (From spathe, a 
 spathe, and karpos, fruit ; the ovaries 
 are seated along the midrib of the 
 spathe. Nat. ord., Aroidece ; Tribe, 
 Spathicarpem. ) 
 
 Stove eTerereen herbs, with tuberous root- 
 stock. By mvisiona and seeds. Rich sandy 
 loam. Summer temp., 80° to 90° : winter, 60° to 
 75°. ' 
 
 S. comu'ta. 1. Green. Brazil. 1860. 
 
 — hasti/o'lia. 1. White. July. South Brazil. 
 
 1831. Hook. Hot. Misc. t. 77. 
 
 — longicu'spis. 1. Green. Brazil. 1860. 
 
 — platyspa'tha. J-1. Green. Brazil. 1860. 
 
 — sagittifo'lia. fl. Green. Brazil. 1860. 
 
 Spathiphy'llum. (From spathe, 
 a spathe, and phyllon, a leaf ; spathe 
 leaf -like. Nat. ord., Aroidece; Tribe, 
 Aro7itiecE.) 
 
 Stove evergreen herbaceous perennials. Seeds 
 sown in a hotbed ; but chiefly by divisions of the 
 rootstock. Peat and leaf -mould in equal parts, 
 mixed with a little loam and bits of charcoal. 
 They require plenty of water and the atmosphere 
 must be moist. For decorative purposes some of 
 the smaller species, such asfloribwndum, Patini, 
 <a7ididum, a.jid canncefoliv/m, are veryuseful, and 
 form a very effective contrast with ANTHURIUM 
 Scherzerianum or A. AndreanuTn. Summer 
 temp., 65° to 85° ; winter, 60° to 70°. 
 S. ca'TididuTn. |. Spathe and spadix white. 
 Columbia. 1875. Sjras., Anthurium 
 candidum and Massowia Gardneri. 
 
 — canncefo'lium. 1. Spathe and spadix white. 
 
 W. Indies and Columbia. Syns., Anthu- 
 rium Dechardi and Pothos cawiuefolia. 
 B. M. t. 603; B. C. t. 471. 
 
 — convmuta'tuin. 2^. Spathe and spadix white. 
 
 Philippines. 1870. Syn., 5. Minahassce. 
 — fioribu'ndu/m. 1.- White. New Grenada. 
 1874. Syn., Anthurium. jioribundwm, 
 HI. Hort. 1877, t. 159. 
 
 — heliconicefo'lium. 4. Spathe green ; spadix 
 
 white. Peru. 
 
 — hi/bridum. A hybrid between 5. canncefolium 
 
 and S. Patini. 111. Hort. t. 450. 
 
 — la/nccefo'lium. Greenish. Venezuela. Syn., 
 
 Vracontium lanccefoliwm. Jacq. Ic. 
 t. 612. 
 
 — Minaha'ssce. See S. commutatwm. 
 
 — Ortgie'sii. 1}. Spathe light green ; spadix 
 
 white. July and December. Mexico. 
 1873. 
 
 — Patini. |. White. Columbia. 1874. Syns., 
 
 AnthuriuKti Patini and Avwrnophyllum 
 Patimi. 
 
 — pi'ctum. Leaves mottled with golden green. 
 
 S. America. 1874. 
 
 — WaUi'svi. See StenosperTnatium Wallisii. 
 
 Spatho'dea. (From^aiAe, a sheath; 
 sheath, or spathe-like calyx. Nat. ord., 
 BignoniacecB ; Tribe, Tecomece.) 
 
 Cuttings of side-shoots, three or four inches in 
 length, taken off with a heel, as growth is pro- 
 ceeding, in spring, inserted thinly in sand, under 
 
 a bell-glass, and in a sweet bottom-heat ; peau 
 and loam. Winter temp., 50° to 60° : summer, 
 60° to 80°. 
 
 STOTE EVERGREEN CLIMBERS. 
 
 S. bractm'sa. 8. White. Guiana. 1823. 
 —framnif<yiia. 10. Caraccas. 1822. Syn., 
 Bignonia framnifolia. 
 
 — unca'ta. 10. Yellow. Guiana. 1804. Syn., 
 
 Bignonia uncata. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN TREES. 
 
 5. adenophy'Ua. B. Indies. 1822. A synonym 
 of Heterophragma adenophyllum. 
 
 — campanula'ta. 50.' Orange, red. Guinea. 
 
 Paxt. m. Gard. t. 104; B. M. t. 6091. 
 
 — corymho'sa. 6. Yellow. Trinidad. 1824. 
 
 A synonym of Macfadyena corynnbosa. 
 
 — lafvis. B. M. t. 4637. See Newiouldia Icevis., 
 
 — longifio'ra. 12. Bed. E. Indies. 1816. A 
 
 synonym of Dolichandrone Rheedii. 
 
 — pentalndra. B. M. t. 3681. See NewbouMia 
 
 loBvns. 
 
 — Bhee'dii. 16. Cream. E. Indies. 1794. A 
 
 synonym of Dolichandrojie Rheedii. 
 
 — Roxbulrghii. 12. Pink. B. Indies. 1820. 
 A synonym of Beterophragma Box- 
 
 — semila'ta. E. Indies. 1832. 
 
 — spedo'sa. Pink. May. W.Africa. 1850. 
 
 Spathoglo'ttis. (From spathe, a 
 sheath, and glottis, a tongue. Nat. ord. , 
 OrchidecB ; Tribe, Epidendrex-Eriex. 
 Allied to Bletia. ) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown in pots. See Orchids. 
 S. Augusto'rum. See 8. Viellardi. 
 
 — au'rea. 2. Yellow. July. Malacca. 1849. 
 
 — Fortu'na,. |. Yellow. January. Hongkong. 
 
 1844. B. E. 1846, 1. 19. Greenhouse. 
 
 — Mmballia'na. G. C. 1888, iv. p. 93, flg. 9. A 
 
 form of S. aurea. 
 
 — Lo'bbii. Sulphur, brown. Bunnah. 1876. 
 
 — paci'fica. Lilac, yellow. Pacific Islands. 
 
 1883. 
 
 — Pdtri. 2. Lilac, purple. Polynesia. 1877. 
 
 B. M. t. 6354. 
 
 — plica' ta. 1^. Purple. June. Java. 1844. 
 
 — pviie'scem. 1^. Yellowish, violet. June. 
 
 Sylhet. 
 
 — Begnie^ri. Light yellow, white, brown. Cochin 
 
 China. 1887. 
 
 — ro'sea. 2. Rose. July. Philippines. 1837. 
 
 Syn., Paxtonia rosea. B. B. 1838, t. 60. 
 
 — toTnento'sa. Crimson. June. Manilla. 
 
 — Viella'rdi. Pale lilac. Sunda Islands. 1886. 
 
 B. M. t. 7013. Syn., S. Augustorum. 
 Lind. t. 25. 
 
 Spawn is the underground vegeta- 
 tive part of the mushroom. It consists 
 of numerous whitish, much-branched 
 threads (hyphce), from which, under 
 favourable conditions, the mushrooms 
 arise. It is not seed as is sometimes 
 erroneously supposed, but corresponds 
 more to an underground stem. It 
 originates from the minute dust-like 
 spores formed on the under surface of 
 the mature mushroom. See Mush.- 
 room. 
 
 Specula'ria. (From the ancient 
 name, Spe'culum Vene'ris, or Venus' 
 Looking-glass. Nat. ord.. Campanula- 
 cem; Tribe, Campanulem.) 
 
 Annuals and all others, by seeds in pans, in a 
 bed, under glass, in March and April ; division 
 of the herbaceous kinds in spring, and cuttings 
 
SPE 
 
 [918] 
 
 SPH 
 
 of young shoots under a hand-light, in a shady 
 place, in summer; cuttings of shrubby kinds 
 under a glass, in sandy soil, in April; sandy 
 loam, with I a little peat, or reduced dried leaf- 
 mould, for shrubby. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 S. diffu'sa. Blue. August. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1787. 
 — frutico'sa, 1. Blue. August. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1787. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 
 
 S. interru'pta. 1. Blue. June. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1818. Syn., Campanula 
 intemipta. 
 
 — ni'tida, f . White. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1787. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 S. bifio'ra. 1. Blue. June. Russia. 1836. 
 — falca'ta. J. Rose. July.. Mediterranean. 
 1820. Syn., Prismatocarpus falcatus. 
 
 — hl/irida. 1. Rose. July. England. Syns., 
 
 Campanula hybrida, Eng. Bet. ed. 3, 
 t. 874, and Prifsm/itocarpus hybridus. 
 
 — pentago'nia. 1. Blue. July. Levant. 1686. 
 
 Syns., Campo/nula pentagoniay B. R. 
 t. 66, and Prismatoearpv^ p^ntagonius. 
 ~~ perfolia'ta. 1. Blue. July. N. Amer. 
 1680. Syn., PrUmatocarpxis perfoliatus. 
 
 — Spe'culum. 1. Green, white. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1696. Syn., Campanula Specu- 
 lum'. B. M. t. 102 Venus' Looking- 
 
 calyci'na. July. Iberia. 
 
 liba'nica. July. 
 
 pube'scens. July. France. Syn., Pris- 
 
 m^atocarpus hirsutus. 
 
 Speedwell. Vera nica. 
 
 Speira'ntha. (From speira, a coil, 
 and anthos, a flower ; in allusion to the 
 arrangement of the flowers. Nat. ord., 
 Liliacew; Tribe, Convallariece.) 
 
 Greenhouse plant, requiring the same culture 
 as Albuca. 
 
 S.canvallarim'des. J. White or greenish. June. 
 China. 1864. Syn., Albuea Gardeni. 
 B. M. t. 4842. 
 
 * 
 Spenne'ra. (Named after 31. 
 Spenner, a German botanist. Nat. ord. , 
 MelastomacecB ; Tribe, Osbeckiece. Al- 
 lied to Pleroma.) Tliis genus is now 
 united with Aciotls. 
 
 Stove evergreens. Seeds, and cuttings of the 
 young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in 
 heat ; sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter temp., 
 60° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°. 
 S.fra'gilis. f. White. June. Trinidad. 1822. 
 A synonym of Aciotisfragilis. 
 
 — gla/ndulo'sa. See Pleroma glandulosa. 
 
 — paludo'sa. J. Rose. June. Brazil. 1826. 
 
 A synonym of Aeiotis paludosa. 
 
 — penduHfolia. }. Rose, March. Guiana. 
 
 1826. A synonym of Aeiotis penduH- 
 folia. 
 
 Spe'rgula. Spurrey. (From sparqo, 
 to scatter ; in allusion to the scattering 
 of the seeds. Nat. ord., Caryophyllacem ; 
 Tribe, Alsinece.) 
 
 Hardy annual herbs. To raise from seed, sow 
 m May. To establish an edging in place of 
 grass, from plants, plant patches m September 
 about two inches apart. They require to be 
 frequentlybeaten flat with the back of the spade. 
 It seems too apt to become patchy to be relied 
 
 upon for ainy extensive surface, like a lawn. S. 
 ar«e'?isiS'has proved a satisfactory crop, on lighi 
 sandy soils, for conversion into ensilage. 
 S. orve'nsiB. J-1^. White. Summer. Britain. 
 
 — pUi'fera and its variety au'rea are now re- 
 
 ferred to Sagina pilifera. 
 
 Spermaco'ce. Button Weed. 
 (From sperma, a seed, and akoke, a 
 point ; tne pointed calyx teeth crown 
 the fruit. Nat. ord., Bubiacece ; Tribe, 
 SpermacocecB.) 
 
 A large genus of stove, greenhouse and hardy 
 herbs or shrubs, of which but few species have 
 been introduced into cultivation. 
 S, Bruno'nis. See EnoiKia brachyearpa. 
 
 — hi'rta. Jacq. Ic. t. 308. See Mitracarpum 
 
 hirtum. 
 
 — stri'cta. f- White. July. Porto Rico. 
 
 Syn., Borreria stricta. 
 
 — sumatre^neis. A synonym of Knoxia sum^a- 
 
 trensis. 
 
 — verticilla'ta. ^2. White. July. West 
 
 Indies and Mexico. Syns., Borreria 
 comm/utata and B. verticillata. 
 
 Spermadi'ctyon. (From sperma, 
 a seed, and dictyon, a net. Nat. ord., 
 RubiacecB; Tribe, PcsderiaceoB.) A 
 synonym of Hamiltonia. 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. 
 S. azu'reum. B. R. t. 1235. A synonym of 
 Hamiltonia scabra. 
 
 — suave^olens. B. R. t. 348. A synonym of 
 
 Sa/rmltonia suaveolen^. 
 
 Spermaxy'rum. (From sperma, 
 a seed, and xuros, shaven. Nat. ord., 
 OlacinecB. ) A synonym of Olax. 
 8. stri'ctum,. A synonym of Olax stricta. 
 
 Spha'cele. (A Greek name for 
 some Salvia. Nat. ord., Labiatcn; 
 Tribe, Satureinece. Allied to Hor- 
 minium. ) 
 
 A handsome free-flowering herbaceous peren- 
 nials, requiring the same treatment as the more 
 tender species of Salvia, and the temperature 
 of a warm greenhouse. 
 
 S. eaeru'lea. Light blue. Summer. 1866. Flor. 
 Mag. t. 281. 
 
 — campanula! ta. 2-3. Pale blue. July. Chili. 
 
 1796. B. R. t. 1382. 
 
 — Li'ndleyi. 3-4. Purplish-violet. July. Chili. 
 
 1826. B. M. t. 2993. Syn., Staclnjs 
 Salme. B. R. 1. 1226. 
 
 Sphsera'lcea. (From sphaira, a 
 globe, and alcea, the Marsh Mallow ; 
 the seedpods, or carpels, are in globular 
 heads. Nat. ord., Malvacew ; Tribe, 
 MalvecB. Allied to Mallow. ) 
 
 Annuals, by seed in a hotbed, in April, planted 
 out at the beginning of June ; shrubs, by cuttings 
 of young shoots in sandy soil, under a hand- 
 light, in summer ; loam and peat. Winter temp., 
 40" to 48°. 
 S. abutiloi'des. A synonym of Malva abutiloides. 
 
 — aeerifo'lia. Rose. N. W. America. 1863. 
 
 B. M. t. 6404. Half-hardy. 
 
 — angusti/o'lia. 8. Pink. August. Mexico. 
 
 1780. Syn.,: Malva angustifolia. B. M. 
 t. 2644. 
 
 — carolinia'na. See Modiola caroliniana. 
 
 — decu'mbens. See Modiola decumbens. 
 . 3. Red. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1791. Byn., Malva elegans. 
 
SPH 
 
 [919] 
 
 SPH 
 
 S. Emo'ryi. 1-2. Orange-red. Summer Cali- 
 fornia. 1888.. Gfl. 1. 1266, fig. 1. 
 
 — minia'ta 4. Red. June. S. America. 1798. 
 
 B. M. t. 6936. Syn., Malva miniata. 
 
 — nu'tans. Purple. Guatemala. 1852. Fl. 
 
 Ser. t. 726 
 
 — obtusilo'ba. i. Purple. July. Chili. 1827. 
 
 Syn., Malva obtmiloba. B. M. t. 2787. 
 
 — prostra ta. See Modiola prostrata 
 
 — umAella'ta, See Malva wnibellaza. 
 
 Sphaero'gyne. (From sphaira, a 
 globe, and gyne, a female ; shape of 
 female organ. Nat. ori., Melastomacew ; 
 Tribe, Miooniece.) A synonym of To- 
 coca. 
 
 stove shrubs. For cultivation, see Centra- 
 
 DENIA. 
 
 5. ciwnamo'mea. Costa Bica. 1866. 
 
 — ferrugi'nea. A synonym of Tococaferruginea. 
 
 — imperia'lis. A synonym of Toeoca imperialis. 
 
 Sphserolo'bium. (From sphaira, 
 a globe, and lobos, a pod ; the pods are 
 
 flobose. Nat. ord., Leguminosce j Tribe, 
 'odalyriecB. ) 
 
 Greenhouse, evergreen shrubs. Soil, a com- 
 post of loam and peat. Propagated by cuttings 
 in sand, under a bell-glass. 
 S. acumina'tum. See -S. medvum. 
 
 — me'dium: 2. Red or orange Summer. 
 
 Australia. 1803. Sjn-, S. acumimitum. 
 
 — vimi'neum. 2. Yellow, Summer. Australia. 
 
 1802. B. M. t. 969. 
 
 Sphserophy'sa. (From sphaira, a 
 globe, and physa, a bladder ; the pods 
 are globose and bladder-like. Nat. ord. , 
 l,egum,inoscB ; Tribe, Galegece.) 
 
 Hardy, perennial herb or sub-shrub. Sandy 
 loam, with an occasional application of salt. 
 Seeds. 
 S. ca'spica. See S. salsula., 
 
 — sa'lsula. H. Pale purple. July. Russia 
 
 and Northern Asia. 1818. Syn., S. 
 caspica. 
 
 Sphsero'pteris. (From sphaira, a 
 globe, and pferis, a fern ; the involucres 
 are globose. Nat. ord., Filices.) 
 
 Stove fern. For culture, see Fekns. 
 S. barba'ta. 3. Northern India. Syn., Pera 
 nema a 
 
 Sphseroste'ma. (From sphaira, a 
 globe, and sterna, a stamen ; stamens 
 collected into close clusters. Nat. ord. , 
 Magnoliacece; Tribe, Schizandrece.) A 
 synonym of Schizandra. 
 
 Stove evergreen climbers. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-^lass, and 
 in bottom heat : sandy, flbry peat, flbry loam, 
 with a little charcoal and broken pots, and well 
 drained. Winter temp., 46° ; summer, 60" to 80°. 
 A lower temperature even might be tried in 
 wir.tsr, if the wood was well ripened. 
 S marnurra'tum. See Schizandra marmorata. 
 — frovi'mguum, B. M. t. 4614. See Schizandra 
 propinqva. 
 
 Sphaerosti'gma. (From sphaira, 
 a globe, and stigma, the female organ. 
 Nat. ord., Onagracecs.) A synonym of 
 OEnothera. 
 
 Hardy biennials and annuals, by seeds in the 
 open border, in April j cheiranthifo'livm by 
 cuttings of young shoots in spring 
 S. Chamisso'nis. 1. Yellow August. Russia. 
 
 1837. Annual. A synonym of (Enothera 
 
 dentata ' 
 
 — cheiranthyfo'Uum. See (Enothera cheiranthi- 
 
 folia. 
 
 — hi'rVwm. A synonym of (Enothera dentata. 
 
 — mi/nutiflo'rum. 1. Yellow. August. Russia. 
 
 1837. Annual, A synonym of (Enothera 
 minutijlora. 
 
 Spha'gnum. This is a genus of 
 pale green -leaved Mosses, becoming 
 white when dry, commonly found on 
 peat-bogs. There are several British 
 species, the commonest of which is 
 Spha'gnum cymbifo'lium. It is an ex- 
 cellent material for packing plants in, 
 being extremely retentive of moisture, 
 and yet contains so much astringency 
 as to check decay. It is also extremely 
 useful for placing on the surface of pots 
 containing plants, which thrive in damp 
 situations, as is the case with certain 
 Orchids. 
 
 Sphena'ndra. (PTomsphen, a wedge, 
 and aner, andros, a male or anther ; the 
 anthers are wedge-shaped. Nat. ord., 
 Scrophulariace(e ; Tribe, Manulece.) 
 
 Greenhouse annual or perennial herb. Loamy 
 soil. Seeds. 
 
 S. visco'sa. 1. Violet. June. South Africa. 
 1773. Syn., Buchnera viscosa. B. M 
 t. 217. 
 
 Sphenode'sma. (From sphen, a 
 wedge, and desme, a bundle ; referring 
 to the shape of the inflorescence. Nat. 
 ord., Verberiacece J Tribe, Sympho- 
 remece. ) 
 
 Stove, climbing shrubs Cuttings in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, in heat. 
 S. Jaekia'na. See S. pentandra. 
 
 — penta'ndra. 6. Purple, white. June. East 
 
 Indies. 1823. Syn., S. Jackiana. 
 
 Spheno'gjme. (From sphen, a 
 wedge, and gyne, female organ ; the 
 shape of pistil. Nat. ord. , Compositce ; 
 Tiihe, Arctotidece.) See Ursinia. 
 
 All yellow-flowered, and natives of South 
 Africa. Annuals, by seed, under protection in 
 April, or in the open border in the end of May ; 
 shrubs, by cuttings of young shoots in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, m a cool pit, in May ; loam 
 and peat, sandy and flbry. Winter temp., 40° 
 to 45°. 
 S. abrotanifo'lia. See Ursinia abrotanifolia. 
 
 — anthemm'des. See Ursimia paradoxa. 
 
 — crithmifo'lia. B. M. t. 3042. See Ursinia 
 
 crithmifolia. 
 
 — denta'ta. See Ursinia dentata. 
 
 — foenieula'eea. See Ursinia fceniculacea. 
 
 — leucanthemoi'des. See Ursinia leucanthe- 
 
 moides. 
 
 — odora'ta. See Ursinia odorata. 
 
 — pili'/era. B. B. t. 604. See Ursinia pilifera. 
 
 — scario'sa. See Ursinia scariosa. 
 
 — serra'ta. See Ursinia seirata. 
 
 — specio'sa. Kn. and West. t. 77. See .Ursinia 
 
 speciosa. 
 
SPH 
 
 [920] 
 
 SI'I 
 
 Spheno'toma. (From sphenoo, to 
 cleave, and tome, a section ; limb or 
 border of the flower deeply cut. Nat. 
 ord. , EpacridecB ; Tribe, Epacrem. ) See 
 Dracophyllum, 
 
 Greenhouse, white-flowered evergreens, from 
 Australia, Cuttings of young shoots when a 
 couple of inches in length, provided they are 
 getting a little firm at the base, in sand, under 
 a bell-glass, in spring ; sandy, fibry peat, with a 
 little charcoal. Winter temp., 38° to 45' ; might 
 be tried in a very sheltered rock-work, among 
 peat and broken freestone. 
 S. capitaitum. B. E. 1. 1515. See Dracophyllum 
 capitatum. 
 
 — gra'cile. See Dracophyllum gracile. 
 
 Sphinctaca'nthus. (Derivation 
 not given. Nat. ord., Acanthacece ; 
 Tribe, Justiciece.) 
 
 Greenhouse herb, requiring a light loamy soil. 
 5. Orifi'thii. White, purple. October. South 
 Africa. 1774. Syn., Jiisticia orchioideSy 
 B. C. t. 827. 
 
 Spice Bush. Linde'ra Benzoi'n. 
 Spider Flower. Cle'ome. 
 
 Spider Orehis. O'phrys urani'- 
 
 fern. 
 
 Spiderwort. Tradesca'ntia. 
 
 Spielma'nnia. (Named after J. 
 R. Spielmann, a German botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Myoporinece.) See Oftia. 
 
 Greenhouse, evergreen shrub. 
 S. afrlca'na. B. M. 1. 1899. See Oftia africana. 
 
 Spige'lia. Worm Grass. (Named 
 after A. Spigdms, a botanist of Padua. 
 Nat. ord., LoganiacecB ; Tribe, Eulo- 
 ganiem.) 
 
 Annuals, by seed under the usual treatment ; 
 hardy herbaceous, by seed and division of the 
 roots ; loam and peat. 
 
 S. anthe-lmda. IJ. Red. July. S. America. 
 1759. Stove annual. B. M. t. 2369. 
 
 — marUalndMa. 1. Scarlet. July. N. America. 
 
 1694. Hardy herbaceous. B. M. t. 80. 
 
 — splelndens. Scarlet. Central America. Stove 
 
 perennial. B. M. t. 5268. 
 
 Spikenard or Nard. Nardo- 
 sta'ehys. 
 
 Spikenard, Ploughman's. 
 
 Ba'ccliaris. 
 
 Spila'nthes. (From spilos, a spot, 
 and antkos, a flower ; the species on 
 ■which the ^enus was founded has the 
 disk appearing like a brown spot in the 
 centre of the yellow flower. Nat. ord., 
 Compositm; Tribe, HelianthoidecB.) 
 
 S. croca'ta. B. M. t. 1627. See Verbesina 
 crocata. 
 
 — exaspera'ta. 2. Yellowish. Venezuela. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. S84. 
 
 — olera'cea. 1. Yellow. India and S. America. 
 
 Jaoq. H. Vind. t. 136. Sometimes re- 
 garded as a variety of S. acmella. 
 
 Spiivach. Spma'cia olera'cea. 
 
 There are the Bound-leaved, or Smooth- 
 
 seeded, and the Triangular-leaved, or 
 Prickly-seeded. The first being the most 
 succulespt, is employed for the spring and 
 summer crops, and the latter for autumn 
 and winter. The Lettuce-leaved and the 
 Flanders are hardy for a winter crop, 
 and by far the best. 
 
 Soil. — For the round-leaved variety, a 
 rich, light, moist loam, in an open situa- 
 tion, is preferable ; but for the triangular- 
 leaved, and other winter varieties, a 
 li"ht, moderately fertile, and dry border. 
 The earth should always be well pul- 
 verized at the time of digging, and the 
 soil for the summer crops cannot be too 
 rich. Liquid-manure is nighly beneficial 
 to them, and when made of blood and 
 the most fertilizing matters, the greater 
 the benefit. 
 
 Sow the round-leaved variety at the 
 close of January in a warm situation, to 
 be repeated in larger, but still small 
 breadths, at the commencement and end 
 of February, and to be continued eveiy 
 three weefa until the middle of April, 
 when it must be performed once a week 
 until the close of May, and then once a 
 fortnight tUl the end of July. In August 
 sow at intervals of three weeks until the 
 early part of September. Sow thinly 
 in drills half an inch deep and a foot 
 apart. The sowing should be in showery 
 weather, otherwise an occasional water- 
 ing must be given ; for if there is a defi- 
 ciency of moisture during the first grades 
 of vegetation, not half of the seedlings 
 will come up. The triangular-leaved 
 plants must be thinned to four or five 
 inches apart, and the round-leaved to 
 eight. Thin by degrees, separating them 
 at first only an inch or two, as the plants 
 of the several thinnings are fit for use. 
 The thinning ought to commence when 
 they have attained four leaves about an 
 inch in breadth. Eegular gathering pro- 
 motes the health of the plants. The 
 outer leaves only should be gathered at 
 a time, the centre being left uninjured, 
 to produce successional crops. This 
 direction applies chiefly to the winter- 
 standing crops ; those of the summer 
 may be cut off close to the root. 
 
 To obtain Seed.— A sowing of each 
 variety may be made in February or 
 March, according to the openness of the 
 season ; or, of thie round-leaved variety, 
 some plants of a regular crop may be 
 allowed to run up in April or May; and 
 of the triangular-leaved, some plants of 
 the winter-standing crops may be trans- 
 planted in March. Set them twelve 
 inches apart. Spinach is dioecious, and 
 many ignorant persons, perceiving some 
 of the plants to have no appearance of 
 
SPI 
 
 [921] 
 
 SPI 
 
 bearing seed, advise these to be pulled 
 up ; but they are the male-bearing plants, 
 •without which the others would be un- 
 fruitful. If, however, they are very 
 numerous, some of them may be removed 
 "with benefit to those that remain, care 
 being taken that some are left in every 
 part of the bed. When the seed is set 
 the male plants maj be entirely removed. 
 When the seed is ripe in July or August, 
 the plants ought to be pulled up, and laid 
 to drjr thoroughly on a cloth, previous to 
 its being beaten out and stored. 
 
 Spinach, Mountain. A'tripUx 
 horte'nsis. 
 
 Spinach, New Zealand. Tetra- 
 go'nia expa'nsa. 
 
 Spinach, Wild. Chenopo'dium 
 Bo' nus- Henri' cus. 
 
 Spina'cia. Spinach. (From spina, 
 a prickle; seeds prickly. Nat. ord., 
 CMnopodiacecB ; Tribe, Atriplicece.) 
 
 Hardy, green-flowered annual. See Spinach. 
 B. olera'cea. IJ. June. South-east Europe. 
 
 1568. 
 gla'bra. IJ. June. Bound-seeded, or 
 
 Summer Spinach. 
 spino'sa. IJ. June. Prickly-geeded, or 
 
 Winter Spinach. 
 
 Spindle-Tree. Euo'nymus. 
 
 Spino'vitis. (From spinosus, spiny, 
 and vitis, a vine. Nat. ord., AmpdidecB.) 
 
 A climbing plant, resembling the vine, but 
 having its stem covered with spines. Pro- 
 pagated by seeds. 
 
 jS. Dam'dii. Green. North China. Eev. Hort. 
 1885, p. 66, flg. 10. 
 
 Spirse'a. (From speira, anything 
 wreathed ; the flowering branches used 
 in garlands. Nat. ord.,So«ace(B; Tribe, 
 SpirceeoB. ) 
 
 All white-flowered, except where otherwise 
 mentioned. Herbaceous and tuberous, by divi- 
 sion of the plant in spring ; shrubs, by cuttings, 
 layers, and suckers ; good garden-sou. 
 
 HARDY TUBEROnS-ROOTED. 
 
 S. Mipe-ncLxda. 2. September. Britain. Eng. 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 416. . 
 
 minor, IJ. August. Europe. 
 
 pvibe'sc&ns. 1\. August. France. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 S. aru'neus. i. June. Siberia. 1633. 
 
 aTnerica'na. 4. June. N. America. 
 
 astilboi'des. ' IJ. White. July. Japan. 
 
 1880. 
 
 — barba'ta. B. E. t. 2011. See Astilbe japanica. 
 
 — denvdafta. July. South Europe. 
 
 — ckigita'ta. 2. Bed. July. Siberia. 1823. 
 
 — laxijlo'ra. See S. vaceiniifolia. 
 
 — loba'ta. 2. Red. July. N. America. 1766. 
 —palma'ta. 2. Eed. July. China. 1823. 
 
 B. M. t. 5726. 
 a'lba. White. Leaves light green. 1882. 
 
 — rotimdifo'lia. June. Cashmere. 1840. 
 a'lia. White. 1884. 
 
 — ulnm'ria. 2. August. Britain. Eng. Bot. 
 
 ed. 3, t. 415. 
 
 mu'lHplex. 2. August. Bntam. 
 
 phylla'ntha. A form with abnormal 
 
 flowers, in which the sepals are leafy, 
 and the petals and stamens absent or 
 deformed. 
 S. vhna'ria variega'ta. 2. July. Britain. 
 
 — ulmifo'lia. 8. June. Carmola. 1790. 
 phylla'ntha. 3. June. 
 
 — urale'nsis. i. April. Uralia. 1817. 
 
 — vacimi/&lia. July. India. 1820. B. C. 
 
 t. 1403. Syn., 5. laxijlora. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS SHRUBS. 
 
 5. acutifo'lia. See 5. hyperic^olia, var. acuta. 
 
 — alpi'na. 3. July. Siberia. 1806. 
 
 — amure'nsw. Gfl. t. 489. See Neillia wmu- 
 
 reiwis. 
 
 — arqefntea. Nepaul. 
 
 — an'cefo'Ua. 8, June. N. America. 1827. 
 
 — be'lla. 2. Eed. July. Nepaul. 1820. B. 
 
 M. t. 2426. 
 
 — betulifo'lia. 2. Pink. June. N. America. 
 
 1812. Wats. Dendr. t. 67. 
 
 — Boursie'rii. See S. discolor^ var. dumosa. 
 
 — bulla'ta. IJ. Dark pink. Summer. Japan. 
 
 1882. Syn., S. crispifolia. 
 
 — Butna'lda^ var. rube^rrima. A hybrid between 
 
 S. Bv/malda and 5. bullata. 1891. 
 
 — ca'na. IJ. June. Hungary. 1825. 
 
 — called scene. Nepaul. 1879. 
 
 — capita'ta. 3. June. Columbia. 1826. 
 
 — ceanothifo'Ua. 2. June. 1823. 
 
 — chamcedrifo'lia. 4. June. Siberia. 1789. 
 flexuo'sa. 4. June. B. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 Syn., S. ficvuom. 
 
 inci'sa. H- June. Germany. 
 
 me'dia. l|. June. Germany. 
 
 oblongifo'lui. 3. June. Hungary. 1816. 
 
 subracem&sa. IJ. June. 
 
 ulmifo'lia. 5. White. June. Siberia. 
 
 1790. Syn., 5. chamwdrifolia of B. E. 
 
 t.l222. 
 mU^a'ris. 1}. July. 
 
 — chine'nsis. 5. White. March. Chuiian. 
 
 1843. Syn., S; pubescens, B. E. 1847, 
 t. 38. 
 
 — confu'm. See S. media. 
 
 — coryrnbo'sa. IJ. July. Virginia. 1819. B. 
 
 C. t. 671. 
 soro'ria. 2. August. N.America. 1829. 
 
 — eratcegifo'lia. 3. July. Siberia. 1812. 
 
 — erenttta. 2. April. Podolia. 1739. B. C. 
 
 1. 1252. 
 
 — erisp^dlia. See 5. btiLlata. 
 
 — ewnnfo'lia. 3. India. 
 
 — deea'mhens. IJ. White. August. Europe. 
 
 — di'scolor arioeifo'lia. 8. Dirty white. Summer. 
 
 N.W.America. 1827. Syn., S. arioefoHa. 
 
 dumo'aa. Smaller than S. discolor. Syns., 
 
 S. Boursierii and S. dumosa. 
 
 — dumo'sa. See S. discolor, var. dimiosa. 
 
 — expa'nsa. 3. Pink. June. Kamoon. 1846. 
 ^ Jlagella'ta. SeeS. hypericifolia. 
 
 — fleamo'sa. SeeS. ehamicedrifolia, vax.flexuosa. 
 
 — giga'ntea. See S. Jcamtschatica. 
 
 — gra/ndiflo'ra. B. M. t. 4796. See Exoehorda 
 
 grandriflora. 
 
 — hyperidfdlia. 6. April. N. America. 1640. 
 
 Syii., S. fiagellata. . 
 — acu'ta. 4. May. Siberia. 1817. Syn., 
 
 8. acutifolia. 
 
 Besseria'na. Corymbs lax. B. C. 1. 1262. 
 
 crena'ta. Leaves obovate. 
 
 PlunkeTietia'na. April. Canada. 
 
 thalictroi'des. 2. June. Dahuria. 1806. 
 
 Syn., 5. thalictroides. 
 
 — inci'sa. White. China. 1875. 
 
 — kamtscha'tica. 4-10. June. N. America. 1830. 
 
 Syn., S. gigamtea. 
 
 himale^nsis. 2. June. N. India. 1838. 
 
 B. E. l&41,t.4. 
 
 — Icemga'ta. 4. Eed. May. Siberia. 1774. 
 
 — Icmceola'ta. Mauritius. 
 
 — mefdia. 4. White. June. N. Asia. Syns., 
 
 S. eonfusa and 5. oblongifolia. 
 
SPI 
 
 [922] 
 
 SPI 
 
 S. me dia rotundifo'lia. Pune white. Japan. 
 1886. 
 
 — obova'ta. 3. June. Hungary. 1816. 
 
 — opulifo'lia, with its varieties, heterophy'lla 
 
 (Gfl. 1890, p. 9), Ivltea, and tomente'Ua, 
 are now referred to Neillia opuUfolia. 
 
 — Pickowie'nMs. i. June. Podolia. 1807. 
 
 — pnmifo'lia Jlo're-ple'no, 6. March. China. 
 
 1844. Fl. Ser. tt. 163-4. 
 
 — pube'scens. White. North China. 1888. 
 
 Gard. and For. 1888, i. p. 330, flg. 62. 
 
 — pube'scens of Lindley, B. E. 1847, t. 38. See 
 
 S. chinensis. 
 
 — salicifo'lia. 6. July. Britain. 
 
 alpe'stris. 6. July. Eussia. 182U. 
 
 ca'rjiea. 6. Flesh. July. Britain. 
 
 grmidifio'ra. 4. Pink. July. Kamt- 
 
 schatka. 1827. 
 
 latifo'lia. 6. July. Europe. 
 
 — panieula'ta. July. N. America. 
 
 — savra'nica. 4. April. Podolia. 1819. 
 
 — strrbifo'lia 4. August. Siberia. 1769. 
 
 ■ ■ alpina. 3. August. Siberia. 1817. 
 
 — ■ ■ PaUa'sii. White. 1874. 
 
 — thalictroi'des. See S. hypericifolia, var. thalic- 
 
 troides. 
 
 — tobo'lskia. 4. June. Eu-ssia. 1823. 
 
 — tomento'sa. 5. August. N. Amer. 1736. 
 
 — trUota'ta. 3. May. Altai. 1801. B. C. 
 
 1. 1271 ; Wats. Dendr. t. 68. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 
 S. camtone'rms, 4. White. Summer. China 
 and Japan. 1843. Fl. Ser. 1. 1097. Syn., 
 S. Reevesiana. 
 
 — Dovgla'sii, Rose. August. Columbia. Paxt. 
 
 Mag. xii. p. 196. 
 — fjssa. 3. November. Mexico. 1841. 
 
 — Lindleya'na. Himalayas. B. R. 1845, t. 33. 
 
 — Noblea'na. See S. Douglani. 
 
 — Reevesia'na. B. R. 1844, t. 10. See S. can- 
 
 tonensis. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
 
 5. callo'sa. See 5. japonica. 
 
 — Fortu'nei. See 5. japonica, 
 
 — japo'nica. 6. Rosy-red. June. China and 
 
 Japan. 1859. Syns., S. callosa and S. 
 
 Fortunei. B. M. t. 6164. See also 
 
 Astilbe japonica. 
 allba. 1. White. Syn., 5. callosa, var. 
 
 aZba. 
 
 ru!bra. Dark red. 1862. 
 
 sple'ndens. Peach-coloured. Syns., S. 
 
 callosa, var. rosea, S. hydrangecefolia 
 
 and S. splendens. 
 supifrba. Deep rose-red. Syn., S. cal- 
 losa, var. superba. 
 
 Spiranthe'ra. (From speira, spiral, 
 and anfhera, an anther ; twisted anthers. 
 Nat. ord., Eutacece ; Tribe, Ciispariece.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Cuttings of short, stubby 
 side-shoots in sand, under a oell-glass, in a sweet 
 bottom-heat, the glass to be removed at night ; 
 sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 50° to 
 00° ; summer, 60" to 80°. 
 S. odorati'ssima. 6. White, red. BrazU. 1823. 
 
 Spira'nthes. Lady's Tresses. (From 
 speira, spiral, and anthos, a flower ; 
 flowers arranged spiralljr. Nat. ord., 
 Orchideai ; Tribe, Neottice-Spirantheoe. 
 Allied to Neottia. ) 
 
 Stove terrestrial, greenhouse or hardy orchids, 
 
 grown in pots. See Orchids. 
 
 S. cestivalis. 1. White. July. Britain. Eng. 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 1473. Syn., NCottia spira- 
 lis. B. C. t. 931. Hardy. 
 
 — albe'scens. Green, brown. CoIun\bia. 1886. 
 
 Syn., »?. leucosticta. 
 
 S. arge'ntea. White. April. Brazil. 1843. 
 
 — au'rea. Olive, brown, April. Guatemala!. 
 
 1842. 
 
 — auatra'lis. 1. White, pink. June. Australia, 
 
 Syns., S. pudica and Neottia australis. 
 Greenhouse. 
 
 — a/utunvna'lis. J. White. August. Britain. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 1472. Hardy. 
 
 — bi'color. 1. Greenish. January. Trinidad. 
 
 1823. Syn., Neottia bicolor. B. E. 
 t. 794. 
 
 — bracteo'sa. 1. White, yellow. May. St. 
 
 Catherine's, Brazil. 1836. B. R. 1. 1934. 
 
 — ce'rnua. i-l^. White. September. North 
 
 America. 1796. Syn., Neottia cemua. 
 B. M. t. 1668. Hardy. See also 5. 
 picta. 
 
 — dnnabari'na. 2-3. Yellowish. June. Mexico. 
 
 1846. Syn., Stenorhynchus cinnabarinus. 
 B. E. 1847, t. 66. Greenhouse. 
 
 — colora'ta. 2. Scarlet. April. West Indies 
 
 and Central America. 1790. Syns., 
 S. colora/ns, Neottia speciosa, B. M, 
 t. 1374, and Stenorhynchus speciosus. 
 Greenhouse. 
 
 Tnaeula'ta. Leaves with bright gueen 
 
 spots. 1883. 
 
 OrtQie'sii. Rose. Leaves blotched with 
 
 white. 
 
 — diure^iica. Green, white. August. Valpa- 
 
 raiso. 1838. Syn., Sareoglottis diuretica. 
 
 — ela'ta. 2. Greenish. July. West Indies. 
 
 1790. Syns., Neottia elata, B.M. t. 2026, 
 and N. minor, Andr. Eep. t. 376. 
 
 Lindleya'na. Leaves dark green, banded 
 
 with white. S. America. 1861. Syn., 
 S. LincUeya/na. 
 
 — JEsmera'lda. Whitish ; leaves spotted with 
 
 white. S. Brazil. Eef. Bot. t. 121. 
 Syns., 5. margaHtif&ra and Ilai>enaria 
 Tnargariiacea. 
 
 — Fsse'ri. Grey, green. Central America. 1863. 
 
 Syn., Sareoglottis Esseri. 
 
 — euphle'bia. 1. White, red, brown. Novem- 
 
 ber. Brazil. 1882. B. M. t. 6690. 
 
 — genvmi'para. See 5*. Romanzoviana. 
 
 — grandiflo'ra. Greenish. September. Brazil. 
 
 B. E. t. 1043. Syns., 5. picta, var. 
 grandijlora and Neottia grandi*/lora. 
 B. M. t. 2730. 
 
 — leucosti'cta. See S. albescens. 
 
 — margariti'fera. See S. Esmeralda. 
 
 — orchioi'des. 2-3. Purplish. November. Tropr. 
 
 cal America. 1826. Syn., JSeottia 
 orchioid£s. B. M. t. 1036. 
 
 — pi' eta. 1-2. Greenish. February. West 
 
 Indies. 1843. Syn., 5. cernua of B. E. 
 
 t. 823. 
 
 grandiflo'ra. See S. grandifiara. 
 
 variega'ta. White. Leaves variegated. 
 
 Syns., Neottia acaulis and N. picta. 
 
 B. M. t. 1562. 
 
 — Romamovia'na. J. White. August. Britain. 
 
 G. C. 1881, xvi. p. 466, flg. 86. Syn., 5. 
 gewmipara. Eng. Bot.. ed. 3, t. 1474. 
 Hardy. 
 
 — Sauroglo'ssum. li. Green. April. Brazil. 
 
 1832. Syn., Sauroglossum elatwm, B. R. 
 1. 1618. 
 
 — Smi'thii. Yellow and green, or brownish and 
 
 green. Costa Rica. 1868. 
 
 — Wei'ni. Reddish. Columbia. 1870. 
 
 Spire Lily. Oalto'nia ca'ndicans. 
 
 Spirone'ma. (From speira, spiral, 
 and nema, a filament ; stamens spiral. 
 Nat. ord., Commelinacem ; Tribe, Trades- 
 cantiecB. Allied to Tradescantia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous. Seeds, and division 
 of the roots ; sandy, flbry peat and loam. 
 Winter temp., 46° to 66° ; summer. 60° to 80°. 
 
SPL 
 
 [923] 
 
 SPR 
 
 S.fra'grcms. 1. White. May. Mexico. 1839. 
 B. E. 1840, t. 47. 
 
 Spleenwort. Asple'nivm. 
 
 Spo'ndias. Hog Plum. (The ancient 
 name of a wild Plum ; resemblance of 
 fruit. Nat. ord. , Anacardiacece ; Tribe, 
 Spondie(E.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat, in 
 May or June ; loam and peat. Winter temp., 
 50° to 65° ; summer, 60° to 80°. 
 S. acunmia!ta. June. Malabar. 1824. 
 
 — axilla'ris. See S. lutea. 
 
 — barbo'nwa. 40. Deep purple. Bourbon. 
 
 1825. 
 
 — d/ullcis. 50. Yellowish-green. June. Society 
 
 Islands. 1793. Syn., Poupartia dulcis. 
 Sweet Otaheite apple. 
 
 — Mtea. 30. Yellowish. Summer. West 
 
 Indies. 1739. Syns., S. axillaris, S. 
 Mombin, S. Myrobalanus and S*. pur- 
 purea. Golden Apple ; Jamaica Plum. 
 
 — mangi'fera. 30. White. East Indies. 1820. 
 
 Syn., Poupa/rtitt mangi/era. 
 
 — Mo'mMn. See S, lutea, 
 
 — mjyroba'lanus. See S. lutea. 
 
 — purpu'rea of Miller, not Linngeus, see 5. 
 
 lutea. 
 
 Sponge Tree. Aca'ciafamesia'na. 
 
 Spongiole. A term formerly used 
 for the tips of roots, it being supposed 
 that these slightly swollen tips acted in 
 a sponge-like manner in absorbing food 
 for the plant. It is now known that they 
 are organs to protect the growing point 
 of the root and are called root-caps or 
 pileorhizse, while absorption of food is 
 effected by the root-hairs. 
 
 Sporangium or Sporange. The 
 cases in which the spores or ultimate re- 
 productive bodies are inclosed in Crypto- 
 gams or flowerless plants. For a descrip- 
 tion of the sporangia of Ferns, see 
 Sorus. 
 
 Spore or Sporidium. The bodies 
 by which cryptogamic plants are repro- 
 duced. The term is now restricted to 
 such bodies as are produced by sexual 
 agency ; nonsexual reproductive organs 
 are variously called gemmce, conidia, 
 gonidia, etc. Spores are generally 
 minute, but differ much in form and 
 structure. 
 
 Sporting is the term whereby gar- 
 deners describe any deviation from the 
 usual form or colours of a plant or 
 flower. 
 
 Spot. A disease occurring on theleaves 
 of the pelargonium, is a dry gangrene, 
 occaisioned by an irregularity in the 
 supply of moisture and vicissitudes of 
 temperature, but especially if one of the 
 extremes is much below the degree of 
 heat most favourable to the healthy 
 
 growth of that plant. The reason of 
 this is very obvious. If a pelargonium, 
 or any other plant, be placed in a highly 
 stimulating heat, and abundantly sup- 
 plied with root moisture, it immediately 
 increases its surface of leaf to elaborate 
 and digest the large amount of sap for- 
 warded from the roots. If this amount 
 of sap is subsequently suddenly reduced, 
 by lowering the temperature and adding 
 water to the soil less freely, the increased 
 surface of leaf is no longer required, and 
 it is a law pervading all the vegetable 
 creation that the moment any one of the 
 parts of a plant is unnecessary to it, 
 immediately that part begins to decay. 
 
 Spra'guea. (Named after Isaac 
 Sprague, an American botanical 
 draughtsman. Nat. ord., Portulacece.) 
 
 Hardy perennial, adapted for rockwork and 
 edge of flower borders. Cuttings in spring. 
 S. umbellttlta. White, purple. July. California. 
 1859. B. M. t. 6143. 
 
 Spread Elagle. Ond'dium cartha- 
 gine'nse. 
 
 Spreke'lia. (Named after Dr. 
 Sprekel, a German botanist. Nat. ord., 
 AmaryllidecB ; Tribe, Amaryllem.) 
 
 This is the name for the old Aniar-i/Uis for- . 
 Tnosi'ssima, or Jacobaea Lily, not of Dr. Herbert, 
 but of Heister, a German botanist ; and Dr. 
 Herbert had some doubts latterly of its correct- 
 ness. Stove bulbs. For culture, see Hippea- 
 
 STRUM. 
 
 S. Cy'bister, B. M. t. 3872, and var. bre'vis, B. E. 
 1840, t. 33. See Hippeastrum- Cyhister. 
 
 — formosi'ssima. f. Crimson. June. Guatemala. 
 
 1658. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 144. 
 
 Syn., Avfiaryllis forTnosissima, B. M. 
 
 t. 47. 
 glau'ca. 1. White. April. Bolivia. 
 
 1839. Syn., S. glauca. B. E. 1841, 1. 16. 
 ri'ngens. Crimson, green. Flowers: 
 
 drooping. 
 
 — glau'ca. See S. formosissima, var. glauca. 
 
 Sprenge'lia. (Named after C. Spren- 
 gel, naturalist. Nat. ord., Epacridece; 
 Tribe, Epacrece. Syn. , Ponceletia. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings of short 
 young shoots, a little firm at the base, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, in spring and early summer. 
 Winter temp., 35° to 45°. 
 S. Andersdni. See Andersonia sprengelioides. 
 
 incarna'ta. 2. Flesh. May. N. S. Wales. 
 1793. B. M. 1. 1719. 
 
 — Poncele'tia. 1. Scarlet. May. Extra-tropical 
 
 AustraUa 1826. Syn., Ponceletia 
 
 Spring Beetles. The Elateridm, 
 a group of insects, one phase of whose 
 life is known as the Wireworm, 
 which see. 
 
 Spring B ell. Sisyri'nchium grandi- 
 jlo'rwm. 
 
 Spring Grass. Anthoxa'ntMim. 
 Spring Snowflake. Leuco'ium, 
 
SPR 
 
 [924] 
 
 STA 
 
 Spruce Fir. Daery'dium cupressi'- 
 num, also some species of Pi'cea. 
 
 Spruce Gall. See Ade'lges aUe'- 
 tis. 
 
 Sprue. A market name for the 
 smallest sprouts of asparagus. 
 
 Spurge Flax. Da'phne Meze'reum. 
 
 Spurge Laurel. Da'phne laure'ola. 
 
 Spurge Nettle. Ja'tropha u'rens. 
 
 Spurge Olive. Cneo'rum trico'ccwm 
 and Da'phne Meze'reum. 
 
 Spurgeworts. The Euphorbia'cece. 
 
 Spurless Violet. Vi'ola hedera'cea. 
 
 Spurring is cutting the lateral or 
 side-shoots, so as to leave only a few 
 buds in length of them projecting from 
 the main branches. 
 
 Spyri'dium. (From spyris, a 
 basket ; application not apparent. Nat. 
 •ord., Bhamnacew; Tribe, Ehamnece.) 
 
 Tall greenhouse shrub. For cultivation, see 
 POMADERRIS, to whlch it is allied. 
 jS. globulo' su7n. West Australia. 1874. Gfl. 
 t. 795. Syn., PoTnad&^s globulosa. 
 
 Squash. (Cueu'rbita melqpe'po.) 
 
 See Cucurbita. 
 
 Squill, Roman. Hyaci'nthus ro- 
 nui! ims. 
 
 Squill. Sci'lla. 
 
 Squill, Striped. Puschki'nia scil- 
 loi'des. 
 
 Squinant. Andro'pogon Schosna'n- 
 thus. 
 
 Squirrel-tail Grass. Eo'rdemh. 
 Squirting Cucumber. Echa'Uum 
 Elate'rium. 
 
 Staa'via. (Named after M. Staaf, a 
 correspondent of Linneeus. Nat. ord., 
 Bruniacew. 
 
 Greenhouse, white-flowered evergreens, from 
 South Africa. Cuttings of young shoots in 
 sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy, fibry peat. 
 Winter temp., 38° to 45'. 
 
 S. cilia'ta. Ij. June. 1812. Syn., Brunia 
 cUiata. 
 
 — glutino'sa. H. April. 1793. B. C. t. 852. 
 
 Syn., Brunia glutinosa. 
 
 — radia'ta. 1. May. 1787. Syn., Brunia 
 
 radiata. 
 
 Sta'chys. Hedge Nettle. (From 
 staehys, a spike ; their manner of flower- 
 ing. Nat. ord.,Za6jaste; Tribe, Stachy- 
 decE.) 
 
 Herbaceous perennials, by seeds and divi- 
 sions ; shrubs, by cuttings under a hand-light, 
 m sandy soil, in summer. The tender kinds re- 
 quire a cold pit or greenhouse in winter. There 
 are many annuals and biennials, but not worth 
 culture. 
 
 ■ HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 S. fruticulo'sa. 1. Purple. July. Caucasus. 1818. 
 
 — pcdceeti'na. 1. Purple. July. Syria. 1820. 
 
 — stenophy'lla. 1. Yellow. July. Spain. 1823. 
 
 Syn., Sideritis linearyfolia. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 S. cocei'nea. 2. Scarlet. Summer. Mexico. 
 Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 284* 
 
 — Lama'rckii. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1820. Syn., Sideritis decumbent. 
 
 — rugo'sa. 2. Pale yellow. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1774. Jacq. Ic. t. 409. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 S. albicttu'lis. 3. Violet. Summer. Andes of 
 Chili. B. B. 1. 1558. 
 
 — alopecu'rus. IJ. Ked. July. South Europe. 
 
 1769. 
 
 — alpi'na. 2: Beddish-purple. Summer. South 
 
 Europe. 
 
 intermefdia. A large variety. Syn., S. 
 
 siberwa. Swt. Fl. Gard. 1. 100. 
 
 — imgustifo'lia. J. Purple. July. Tauria. 
 
 1823. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 180. 
 
 — arena'ria. 1. Purple. July. Levant. 1804. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1969. Syn., S. rubra. 
 
 — a'spera. 4. Purple or rosy-red. Summer. 
 
 North America. . B. C. 1. 1412. 
 
 — Balbi'sii. See 8. piibescens. 
 
 — Beto'nica. i-2. E«d-purple. Summer. Bri-. 
 
 tain. Eng. Hot. ed. 3, t. 1067. Syn., 
 Betoniea oj^wmalis. Wood Betony ; 
 Bishop's Weed. 
 
 " <ra. IJ. Flesh-colour. June. South 
 Europe. 1759. Syns., Betoniea hirsuta 
 and j&. incana. B. M. t. 2125. 
 
 — foeni'culum. A synonym of Lophanthua 
 
 anisatus. 
 
 — germa'nica. 1-3. Pale pink, white. Summer 
 
 Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1068 ; B. E. 
 1. 1289. Syn., S. orientalis. 
 pube'scens, 2. Purple. August. Ger- 
 many. 1826. 
 
 — glutino'sa. 1. Purple. June. Candia. 1729. 
 
 — grandidenta'ta. 1-3. Violet. Summer. Chili. 
 
 B. B. 1. 1080. 
 —■ grandiflo'ra. IJ. Purple. May. Siberia. 
 1800. 
 
 — ^ne7na \ Synonyms of 5. densiflora. 
 
 — infia'ta. IJ. Bed. July. Persia. 1852. B. E, 
 
 1. 1697. 
 
 — ita'lica. 6. Purple. June. Europe. Syn., 
 
 S. salvicefolia. 
 
 — lana'ta. 2. Striped. July. Siberia. 1782. 
 
 — macrou'ra. 1. Pale red. July. Europe. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — Mawea'na. Sulphur- yellow, spotted purple. 
 
 Morocco. 1878. Hardy herbaceous. 
 
 — mentho&fo'lia. Yellow. July. Dalmatia. 
 
 1838. 
 
 — ni'vea. 1. Bed. July. Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 — oficina'lis. 1. Purple. August. Britain. 
 a'lba. 1. White. August. Britain. 
 
 — orienta'lis. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 660. See S. ger- 
 
 maniea. 
 
 — pube'scens. Yellowish. July. Europe. 1816. 
 
 Syn., S. Balbisii. 
 
 — re'cta. 2. Yellow. July. South Europe. 
 
 1683. Syn., Sideritis hyssopifolia. 
 
 — ru'bra. See 5. arenaria. 
 
 — Sallvim. B. B. t. 1226. See Sphacele Llnd- 
 
 leyi. 
 
 — salma^o'lia. See S. italiea. 
 
 — seri'cea. 1. Lilac. August. Nepaul. '1830. 
 
 — serc/tina. IJ. Bed. August. Austria. 
 
 1832. 
 
 — seti'fera. 1}. Bed, brown. Caucasus. 1837. 
 
 — speeio'sa. 4. Scarlet. July. Mexico. 1839. 
 
 Syn., Gardoquia elliptica. 
 
 — stri'eta. IJ. Purole. June. Denmark. 
 
 1592. 
 
STA 
 
 [925] 
 
 STA 
 
 S. tiiberi'fera. North China. 1887. See G. C. 
 1888, iii., pp. 13 and 16. This species 
 produces emble tubers. 
 
 Stachyta'rpheta. Bastard Ver- 
 vain. (From stachys, a spike, and tar- 
 pheios, dense ; mode of flowering. Nat. 
 ord., Verbenacece; Tribe, Verbenece. 
 Allied to Verbena.) 
 
 Annuals and biennials treat as tender stove 
 annuals ; perennials, by division ; shrubs, by 
 cuttings under a bell-glass, in sand, and in bot- 
 tom-heat ; sandy loam and leal-mould. Winter 
 temp., 60° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 86°. 5. muta'- 
 bilis is very interesting. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 5. arista'ta. 2. Purple. September. S. Amer. 
 1845. B. M. 1 4211. 
 
 — hi'color. Blue, white. Brazil. 1866. 
 
 — catru'lea. 2. Deep blue. July. 
 
 — cayenne'mis. 3. Blue. May. Cayenne. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — erassifo'lia. Violet. June. Brazil. 1826. 
 
 — hi'rta. Violet. July. New Grenada. 1831. 
 
 — muta'Ulis. 3. Orange. June. S. Amer. 
 
 1801. B. M. t. 976. Syn., Verbena 
 Tnutabilis. 
 
 STOVE BIENNIALS. 
 
 S. dicho'toma. 2. Blue. June. South Amer. 
 Syn., S. urtieifolia. B. M. 1. 1848. 
 
 — ela'twr, Violet. October. Brazil. 1821. 
 
 — jamaice'nsis. 2. Blue. July. W. Ind. 1714. 
 B. M. 1. 1860. 
 
 — oru'biea. 3. Violet. July. Panama. 1699. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 — prisma'tiea. 2. Blue. May. W. Ind. 1699. 
 
 — umhro'sa. Blue. May. Cumana. 1829. 
 
 — wrticifdlia. See 5". dichotonm. 
 
 — Zucca'gni. Kose, violet. June. 1824. 
 
 Stachyu'rus. (From stachys, a 
 spike, and euros, broad. Nat. ord., 
 Ternstrdmiacew J Tribe, Saraujece.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the 
 points of shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 April ; fibry, sandy loam and a little peat. Win- 
 ter temp., 35° to 45°. 
 
 S. prof cox. Pink. April. Japan. Sieb. Fl. 
 Jap. 1. 18. 
 
 Stackhou'sia. (Named after Mr. 
 Stackhouse, a Britist botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Stackhoiisiece.) 
 
 Australian plants. Perennial, by division of 
 the plant in spring ; shrubs, by cuttings in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, in summer. Winter temp, for 
 latter, 35° to 45°. 
 5. Imwrmftilia. 2. 1823. Evergreen. 
 
 — numo'gyna. 1. Pink. Aprili 1836. B. R. 
 
 1. 1917. Hardy herbaceous. 
 
 — spathula'ta. White. AprU. 1825. Ever- 
 
 green. 
 
 Stadma'nnia. (Named after M. 
 Stadmann, a botanical traveller. Nat. 
 ord., Sapindacece ; Tribe, Sapindece.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Allied to Nephelium, 
 to which refer for cultivation. 
 S. ama'bilis. Zanzibar. 1873. 
 
 Stseheli'na. (Named after B. Stmhe- 
 lin, a Swiss botanist. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positce; Tribe, Cynaroidem. Allied to 
 Arctium. ) 
 
 Half-hardy, purple-flowered, deciduous shrubs. 
 Cuttings in sandy soil, under a band-light, in 
 
 summer ; sandy, flbry loam and leaf -mould ; re- 
 quire the protection of a cold pit in winter. 
 S. arborel scens. i. August. Candia. 1739. 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 846. 
 
 — cha/mcepeu'ce. 2. July. Candia. 1640. 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 847. 
 
 — du'bia. 3. June. South Europe. 1640. 
 
 — gnaphaloi'des. A synonym of Helipterum 
 
 Staflf-Tree. Cela'stms. 
 
 Stag Beetle. Luca'nus ce'rvus. 
 
 standard. A tree unsupported by 
 a wall or trellis. 
 
 Full Standards are such trees as are 
 trained with tall, straight stems, six or 
 seven feet high, clear of branches, and 
 are then suffered to branch out.. 
 
 Half Standards are trees trained with 
 short stems only two or three feet high, 
 then suffered to branch out at that height 
 to form heads ; having low heads the 
 fruit is more easily gathered. Concave 
 dwarfs have the middle hollow, and the 
 branches all round in a cup form. Hori- 
 zontal dwarfs have the branches ex- 
 tended all round in a flat or horizontal 
 position, but the concave dwarf is to be 
 preferred. 
 
 Stange'ria. (Named after Dr. 
 Stanger, of Natal. Nat. ord., Cycada- 
 cecE ; Tribe, Encephalartece. ) 
 
 Stove i)lant. For cultivation, see Zamia, to- 
 which it is allied. It has the leaves of a cycad, 
 and the forked veins of a fern. 
 S. paraMxa. 2. Natal. 1861. B. M. t. 6121. 
 Raltzeri. S. Africa. 1876. Gfl. t. 798. 
 
 Syn., S. Katzeri. 
 — . echi'zodmi. Natal. 1872. Syn., S. 
 
 schizodon. 
 
 Stanho'pea. (Named after Earl 
 Stanhope, 1781-1855. Nat. ord., Or- 
 chidece; Tribe, Vandece — Sianhopiece.) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown in pots. See Orchids. 
 S. aura'ntia. Orange. June. La Guayra. 
 1840. 
 
 — au'rea. See 5. Wardii, var. aurea. 
 
 — Ba/rkdri. Yellow, brown. July. Mexico. 
 BucfiplhtHus. 2. Yellow, crimson. May. 
 
 "■ 1843. B. E. 1846, t. 24 ; B. M. 
 
 Apricot-colour, blotched with 
 
 Yellow, brown. Nicaragua. 
 
 Nica- 
 
 Quito. 
 
 t. 6278. 
 gutta'ta. 
 
 brown. 
 —Boe'zlii. 
 
 1874. 
 — cirrha'ta. 1. 
 
 ragua. 
 
 White, yellow, violet. 
 1840. G. C. 1850, p. 295. 
 deltoi'dea. Light yellow, crimson speckled ; 
 lip orange and blackish-brown. Peru? 
 1862. 
 
 — Devonie'n&is. IJ. Yellow, crimson. June. 
 
 Peru. 1833. Lindl. Sert. t. 1. Syn., 5. 
 maculosa. 
 
 — eiu'rviea. White. Brazil. B. E. t. 1629. 
 
 — specta'Hlis. Straw-colour, white, crim- 
 son. Venezuela. 1868. 111. Hort. 
 t. 631. 
 
 — ecomu'ta. 1. White, yellow; Central 
 
 America. 1864. El. Ser. t. 181 ; B. M. 
 t. 4885. ^Yn.,Stanhopeastru7necomutwm.. 
 Echb. Xen. i. t. 43. 
 
 — expa'nsa. Various. May. Mexico. 1841. 
 —fio'rida. White, purple. 1879. 
 
STA 
 
 [926] 
 
 STA 
 
 ,S. gibbo'sa. Dull yellow, crimson. June. S. 
 America. 1870. 
 
 — grandiflo'ra. 1. Wliite. June. Trinidad. 
 
 1824. Maund. Bot. iv., t. 176. Syn., 
 CeratocMltiS grandiflorus. 
 
 a'lia. WMte. June. Demerara. 1841. 
 
 incama/ta. White, flesh. June. Deme- 
 rara. 1836. 
 
 odora'ta. White. June. Demerara. 1835. 
 
 — grave'olens. Straw. May. Peru. 1843. Fl. 
 
 Ser. tt. 69-70. 
 
 auri'ta. Deep apricot-colour. 
 
 Lie'Uei. Yellowish, red, white, with 
 
 purple dots. Brazil. 1891. Gfl. 1. 1346. 
 
 — guttuta'ta. See S. otmlctta, 
 
 — Harriso'nice. June. Brazil. 1836. 
 
 — ino'd&ra. Yellow, white. May. Mexico. 
 
 1844. B. B. 1845, t. 66. 
 
 amo&'na. Deep yellow, brownish-red, 
 
 rose. 
 
 — insi'gnis. 1. White, purple. September. 
 
 Quito. 1826. B. M. tt. 2948-9. 
 
 a'tro-pwrpu'rea. White, purple. Septem- 
 ber. Brazil. 1830. 
 
 fia'va. Yellow, purple. September. 
 
 Brazil. 1837. 
 
 fu'Ua. White, red. September. Brazil. 
 
 YeUow, 
 1834. 
 Yellow, 
 
 purple. September, 
 purple. September. 
 White, purple. September. 
 
 hi!tea. 
 
 Brazil. 
 m.a'jor. 
 
 Brazil. 
 obscu'ra. 
 
 Brazil. 
 pa'Uida. White, red. September. Brazil. 
 
 1830. 
 
 — Li'ndleyi. 1. Brown, red. August. Mexico. 
 
 1839. 
 
 — ly'ncea. Various. June. Mexico. 
 
 — rnacrochi'la. White, crimson. Mexico. 1859. 
 
 111. Hort. 1869, p. 71. 
 
 — maculo'sa, Kn. and West. t. 121. See S, 
 
 Devoniensis. 
 
 — Martia'na. 1. White. May. Mexico. 
 
 1843. Bate. Orch. t. 27. Syn., S. 
 velata. 
 
 bi'color. 1. White, purple. June. 
 
 Mexico. 1843. B. E. 1843, t. 44. 
 
 — ocula'ta. 2. White, purple. June. Brazil. 
 
 1829. B. E. 1. 1800. Syns., S. guttulata 
 
 and Ceratochilus oculatus. 
 Barkeria'na. 2. White, pjirple. June. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 cro'cea. Gfl. t. 189. See S. omatissima, 
 
 ma'jor. White, purple. June. Mexico. 
 
 1836. 
 pa'Uida. White, red. June. Mexico. 
 
 1836. 
 
 — ornati'ssima. Deep orange, red-brown. Peru? 
 
 1862. Syn., S. oculata, var. crocea. 
 
 — platyce'ras. Yellowish, purple, brown-purple. 
 
 Columbia. 1868. Eef. Bot. 1. 108. 
 
 — pu'Ua. Yellow, white, brownish - purple. 
 
 Costa Bica. 1877. Echb. Xen. t. 205. 
 
 — quadrieo'mis. 2. Yellow, red. June. 
 
 Central America. B. E. 1838, t. 6. 
 
 — radio'sa. See S, saccata. 
 
 — Heichenbachia'na. White, ochre, rosy. Co- 
 
 lumbia. 1879. 
 
 — Rucke'ri. Yellow, brown. May. Guatemala. 
 
 1843. Lem. Jard. Fl. iv. p. 376. Syn., 
 S. Ruckeri, var. syedosa. 
 
 — Jtiissellia'na. Various. May. Brazil. 1843. 
 
 — sacca'ta. Yellow, green. May. Guatemala. 
 
 1836. Bate. Orch. t. 16. Syn., S. 
 radiosa. 
 
 pa'Uida. Yellow. May. Guatemala. 
 
 1840. 
 
 — Shuttlewo'rthii. Apricot colour, purple. Co- 
 
 lumbia. 1876. 
 
 — Spmdleria'na. A garden hybrid between 5. 
 
 ociUata and S. tigrina, Gfl. t. 1336. 
 
 5. tigrina. 2. Eed, chocolate. July. Xalapa, 
 Bate. Orch. t. 7 ; B. M. t. 4197. Syn., 5. 
 tigrina, var. superba. 
 
 atra'ta. Orange, black. July. Guate 
 
 mala. 1843. 
 
 lute' scene. Bright yellow, orange, choco- 
 late. Guatemala. 
 
 ni'gro-viola'cea. Deep brownish-purple, 
 
 1846. 
 
 purpu'rea. Orange, purple July. Guate- 
 mala. 1836. 
 
 supe:rba. Fl. Ser. tt. 713-6. See 5. 
 
 — trico'rnis. Pink, white. Peru. Fl. Mag. u. ». 
 
 t. 469. ' 
 
 — vela'ta. See S. Martiana. 
 
 — vsnu'sta. See S. Wa/rdii. 
 
 — Walrdii. 1. Yellow, brown. August. Mexico. 
 
 1836. Lindl. Sort. t. 20. Syns., S. grave- 
 olens Qi some authors and S. venusta. 
 
 mt'rea. Deep orange yellow. May. 
 
 Guatemala. 1835. Syn., S. aurea. 
 
 — Warsczewiczia'na. White, yellow. Central 
 
 America. 
 
 — xytrio'phora. Straw, purple. Peru. 1868. 
 
 Stanhopea'strum. (From Stan- 
 hopea, and astron, a star. Nat. ord., 
 Orchidece; Tribe, Vandew — Stanhopiece.) 
 
 See Stanhopea. 
 
 S, ecornu'tum. Echb. Xen. i. t. 43. See Stan- 
 hopea ecornuta. 
 
 Stanle'ya. (Named after the Earl 
 of Derby. Nat. ord., Crueiferce; Tribe, 
 iSisymbriece. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds and di- 
 vision of the plant in spring ; sandy loam and 
 vegetable mould. 
 
 S. pinnati'fida. 1. Yellow. June. Louisiana. 
 1816. 
 
 Stape'lia. (Named after J. B. 
 Stapel, a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., 
 AsclepmdacecB ; Tribe, StapelieCB. 
 
 Greenhouse ever^eens, from South Africa. 
 Cuttings of shoots in spring, well-dried at the 
 base before inserting them in sandy soil ; sandy 
 loam, brick-rubbish, and broken bricks, with 
 top-dressings of rotten cow-dung when growing 
 freely, or manure waterings. Winter temp., 40° 
 to 60° and dry ; summer, 60° to 80°, and moisture, 
 but with judgment at all times. 
 S. acumiTia'ta. f. Purple-striped. August. 1795. 
 Mass. Stap. t. 17. 
 
 — awM'gua. 2. Purple, brown. June. 1796. 
 
 Mass. Stap. t. 12. 
 
 — aiigui'nea. i. Yellow, brownish-red. June. 
 
 1812. B. C. t. 828. 
 
 — angula'ta. J. Purple, yellowish. September. 
 
 S. Africa. 1877. 
 
 — ape'rta. % Yellow, purple. July. 1796. 
 
 Mass. Stap. t. 37. 
 
 — Aste'rias. }. Violet. May. 1796. Mass. 
 
 Stap. t. 14 ; B. M. t. 536. 
 
 — atra'ta. J. Dark purple-brown, yellowish. 
 
 September. S. Africa. 1877. 
 
 — barba'ta. B. M. t. 2401. See Hiternia bar- 
 
 bata. 
 
 — Ba/yfle'ldii. J, Purplish-brown, yellow. S. 
 
 Africa. Before 1877. G. C. 1877, vii., 
 p. 430. 
 
 — Beffonia'na. See S. b%foma. 
 
 — Msu'lca. 1. Yellow-striped. July. 1805. 
 
 — bufo'nia. 1. Yellow-striped. July. 1806. 
 
 Jacq. Stap. tt. 35-36; B. M. 1. 1676. Syn., 
 S. Beffoniana. 
 
 — cacti/o'rmu. ^. Yellow -striped. August. 
 
 1844. B. M. t. 4127. 
 
STA 
 
 i 927 ] 
 
 STA 
 
 S. ccespito'sa. Mass. Stap. t. 29. See Duvalia 
 ccB»pitosa, 
 
 — campanula'ta. B. M. t. 1661. See Huernia 
 
 clavigera. 
 
 — cane'scetis. i. Brown. July. 1796. 
 
 — eilia'ta. Mass. Stap. t. 1. See Diplocyatha 
 
 ciliata. 
 
 — coma'ta. 1. Pale yellow. September. 1819. 
 
 Jacq. Stap. t. 49. 
 
 — compa'cta. \. Brown. August. 1800. 
 
 — cmci'nna. i. Green. July. 1798. Mass. 
 
 Stap. t. 18. 
 
 — Cordero'yi. See Dmalia Corderoyi. 
 
 — en' spa. See Huernia erispa. 
 
 — deco'ra. J. Yellow-striped. March. 1795. 
 
 Mass. Stap. t. 26. 
 
 — dejie'xa. B. M. t. 1890. See S. rejlexa. 
 
 — depre'ssa. i. Brown, purple. July. Jacq. 
 
 Stap. t. 66. 
 
 — Besmetia'na. J. Purplish-red, with pale 
 
 yellow lines. December. About 1874. 
 G. C. 1889, vi. p. 684. 
 
 — di'scolor. J. Purple-brown, yellowish. Autumn. 
 
 S. Africa. 1176. 
 
 — divarica'ta. f . Flesh-coloured. August. 1793. 
 
 Mass. Stap. t. 22. 
 
 — e'legans. B. M. t. 1184. See Duvalia elegans. 
 
 — erectiflo'ra. J. Greyish - purple. Karoo. 
 
 G. C. 18S9, Ti., p. 650. 
 
 — europcE^a. See Bmicerosia europcea. 
 
 — fiesiro'stris. 2i. Yellow, green. 1823. Jacq. 
 
 Stap. t. 23. 
 — flameoma'ta. J. Yellow. 1810. 
 — fusca'ta. J. Brown, purple. July. 1814. 
 
 Jacq. Stap. t. 46. 
 
 — gemina'ta. J. Purple. March. 1796. B. 
 
 M. 1. 1326. 
 
 — gemmifio'ra, ^. Darlc purple. October. 1795. 
 
 B. M. t. 1839. 
 
 — giga'ntea. ^. Yellowish, brownish-red. Zulu- 
 
 land. 1862. Kemarkable for its enormous 
 iiowers, which are twelve to fourteen 
 inches in diameter. G. C. 1877, vii., 
 p. 693.- 
 
 — glabrifio'ra. J. Purple-red. Yellowish. S. 
 
 Africa. 1862. Syn., 5. graTidiJlora,, var. 
 vnyior. 
 
 — glanduWfera. J. Yellowish. August. 
 
 — glandtdijlo'ra, ^. Brown. August. 1795. 
 
 Mass. Stap. t. 19. 
 
 — glau'ca. 2. Red, purple. July. 1799. 
 
 — glomera'ta. See Duvalia glomerata. 
 
 — Gordo'ni. 1. Yellow, brown. 1796. 
 
 — grandifio'ra. 1. Dark purple. October. 1796. 
 
 Mass. Stap. t. 11. S. grandiflora of B. 
 
 M. t. 686 is S. spectabilis. 
 linea'ta. h. Purple-brown, yellow. S. 
 
 Africa. 1873. 
 mi'nor. See S. glabrifiora, 
 
 — Gussonea'na. B. E. t. 1731. See Bouceroisia 
 
 europcea. 
 
 — hama'ta. J. Blood-red. July. 1820. B. C. 
 
 t. 242. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. i. Purple. July. 1710. 
 a'tra. i- Dark purple. July. 1710. 
 
 — Kirte'lla. Jacq. Stajp. t. 10. See Duvalia 
 
 hirtella. 
 
 — hispi'dula. }. Green. July. 1824. 
 
 — hu'milis. Mass. Stap. t. 5. See 3uemia 
 
 hwmilis. 
 
 — hy'strix. See Huernia liystria. 
 
 — Jacguinid'na. See Duvalia Jacquinicma. 
 
 — juvermda. 1. Brown. Purple. July. Jacq. 
 Stap. t. 28. 
 
 — Iceviga'ta, See Duvalia laevigata. 
 
 — lani'gera. J. Brown. August. 1800. 
 
 . — lentigino'sa. B. M. t. 606. A synonym of 
 Huernia guttata. 
 
 — lu'eida. 1. Purple. July. 1812. 
 
 — tnaeulo'sa. 1. Brown-striped. August. 1804. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1833. , ■ , 
 
 — margina'ta. h Yellow-striped. July. 1805. 
 
 S. marmora'ta. 1. Yellow-striped. July. 1820. 
 Jacq. Stap. t. 38. 
 
 — Masso'ni. 2. 
 
 — mi'xta. 1. Yellow-striped. July. 1800. 
 
 — moscka'ta. i. Brown, purple. July. B. C. 
 
 1. 1051. 
 
 — multijlo'ra. 1. Violet, red. September. 1817. 
 
 — muta'hilis. J. Yellow-striped. June. 1823. 
 
 Jacq. Stap. tt. 29-30. 
 neglecta. Yellowish, purple-brown. Sep- 
 tember. Africa. 1876. 
 
 — na/maque'nsis. Namaqualand. 1882. 
 
 — nmrmallis. J. Yellow-striped. July. 1821. 
 
 B. E. t. 765. 
 
 — ocella'ta. Jacq. Stap. t. 6. See Huei'nia 
 
 oeellata. 
 
 — oliva'cea. ^. Dark olive-green. Summer. 
 
 S. Africa. 1872. Syn., S. eruciformis. 
 
 — ophiu'ncula. i. Brown. July. 1806. 
 
 — orbicula'ris. J. Purple. July. 
 
 — pa'llida. i. Pale blue. 1818. 
 
 — panicula'ta. J. Green, brown purple. July. 
 
 1805. Jacq. Stap. t. 26. 
 
 — patentiro'stris. J. Purple-brown, yellow. S. 
 
 Africa. 1870. 
 
 — pa' tula. 1. Orange. July. 1797. Jacq. 
 
 Stap. t. 66. 
 
 — pi! eta. |. Yellow-striped. August. 1799. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1169. 
 
 — pili'fera. See Trichocaulon piliferum. 
 
 — plam,ifio'ra. J. Pale yellow. August. 1805. 
 
 — Pla'ntii. J. Purple-brown, yellow. Septem- 
 
 ber. Natal. 1866. B. M. t. 6692. 
 
 — pulche'lla. ^. Yellow-striped. May. 1795. 
 
 Mass. Stap. t. 36. 
 
 — pu'lchra. i. Yellow-striped. August. 1800. 
 
 — pu'lla. B. M. 1. 1648. A synonym of .Boucerosm 
 
 'ma/mTnillaris. 
 ^ puMna'ta. J. Dark violet. August. 1796. 
 B. M t. 1240. 
 
 — guvnqu^ne'rms. 1. Yellow-striped. May. 1800. 
 
 — radia'ta. B. M. t. 619. See Duvalia radiata. 
 
 — ramo'sa. H. Dark purple. June. 1795. 
 
 Mass. Stap. t. 32. 
 
 — recUna'ta. B. M. t. 1397. See Duvalia re- 
 
 clinata. 
 
 — refle'xa. i. Green, purple. .July. 
 
 — reticula'ta. B. M. t. 1662. See Huernia 
 
 reticulata. 
 
 — retu'sa. ^. Yellow-striped. July. 1800. 
 
 — revolu'ta. 1. Purple. July. 1790. B. M. 
 
 t. 724. 
 
 — rulfa. \. Brown. September. 1796. B. C. 
 
 t 239. 
 
 — rufe'scens. J. Eeddish-brown. September. 
 
 — rugo'sa. Purple, green. June. Jacq. Stap. 
 
 t. 41. 
 
 — scutella'ta. J. Yellowish, purple - brown. 
 
 August. S. Africa. 1877. 
 
 — serrula'ta. J. Purple. July. 1806. Jacq. 
 
 Stap. 1. 17. 
 
 — Si'msii. J. Dark purple. July. 1800. 
 
 — soro'ria. 1. Dark purple. July. 1797. Mass. 
 
 Stap. t. 39. 
 
 — speeta'bilis. 1. Dark purple. December. 
 
 1802. 
 
 — stella'ris. J. B. C. 1. 1312. 
 
 — stri'cta. i. Pale blue. August. 1814. B. M. 
 
 t. 2037. 
 
 — Sty'gia. J. Dark purple. August. 1810. 
 
 — tri'fida. J. Purple-brown, yellowish. Sep- 
 
 tember. S. Africa. 1876. 
 
 — tsomce'nsis. J. Dull purple. Summer. 1882. 
 
 — tuba'ta. Jacq. Stap. t. 3. See Huernia 
 
 tubata, 
 
 — UTWuipe'tala. J. Purple-brown, yellow. S. 
 
 Africa. 1877. G. C. 1877, vii., p. 336. 
 
 — varia'bilis. Yellow, red. June. 1823. 
 
 — variega'ta. 1. Yellow-striped. August. 1727. 
 
 B. M. t. 26. 
 
 — venu'sta. Mass. Stap. t. S. See Huernia 
 
 venmta. 
 
STA 
 
 [928] 
 
 STA 
 
 S. verrueo'sa. Yellow, spotted with dark purple. 
 B. M. t. 786. 
 
 — vetu'la. J. Dark purple. August. 1793. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1234. 
 
 — Wendlandia'na. 1. Yellow-striped. August. 
 
 1818. 
 
 Staphyle'a. Bladder-Nut. (From 
 staphyle, a bunch ; flowers in clusters. 
 Nat. ord., Sapindacece ; Tribe, Staphy- 
 lecB.) 
 
 Hardy, white - flowered, deciduous shrubs. 
 Seeds sown when ripe, remaining a year or more 
 in the soil ; cuttings in September ; layers and 
 suckers ; any light soil. Qccidenta'lis requires a 
 hothouse, but it scarcely deserves one ; pinna'ta 
 is singular from its large bladder-capsules. 
 S. Bolanidri. California. 1883. 
 
 — Bumallda. 6. Summer. Japan. 1812. Sieb. 
 
 Fl. Jap. t. 95. 
 
 — co'lchica. White. N. Europe. G. C. 1879, 
 
 xi., p. 117. 
 
 — CoulonMe'ri. A garden variety. 1887. 
 
 — ocddenta'lis. 30. Jamaica. 1824. 
 
 — pinna'ta. 6. June. England. Eng. Bot. 
 
 ed. 3, t. 322. St. Anthony's Nut. 
 
 — trifo'lia. 6. May. N. Amer. 1640. 
 
 Star Apple. ' Chrysophy'llum. 
 
 Star-fish Flower. Stape'lia Aste'- 
 rias. 
 
 Star Flower. A'ster, Stemhe'rgia, 
 Trienia'lis and Tritele'ia. 
 
 Star Grass. Ale'tris farino'sa. 
 
 Star Head. ScaUo'sa. 
 
 Star Hyacinth. Sd'lla amm'na. 
 
 Starof Bethlehem. Omitho'galum 
 
 umbella'tum. 
 
 Star, Sea. A'ster tripo'Kum. 
 
 Star Thistle. Centau'rea calci'- 
 trapa. 
 
 Starwort. A'ster and Stella'ria. 
 
 Starting. A term used to designate 
 hastening the commencement of growth, 
 either in seed or plant, by submitting it 
 to artificial heat. 
 
 Sta'tice. Sea Lavender. (From sta- 
 tizo, to stop ; the powerful medical as- 
 tringency of some of the species. Nat. 
 ord., PlumhaginecB ; Tribe, Staticece.) 
 
 Hardy perennials, by division and seeds, and 
 tender species by similar means, and also by 
 cuttings ; those requiring a cold pit and green- 
 house flourish best in sandy, flbry loam and a 
 little peat, also good and flbry. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 S. mrbo'na. 2. Blue. July. Teneriffe. 1829. 
 B. M. t. 3776. 
 
 — B(md/ue!Ui. 1. Yellow. June. N. Africa. 
 
 18.'i9. B. M. t. 6168. 
 
 — Bourgicx'i. 1. Purple, white. August. 
 
 Canary Islands. 1859. B. M. t. 6163. 
 
 — brassiccef&lia. IJ. Purple. August. Canary 
 
 Islands. 1859. B. M. t. 6162. 
 
 — Diekso'nii. Purple. May. 1840. Mam. 
 
 Mag. 1841, p. 8. 
 
 — echioi'des. 1. Pale blue. July. South Europe. 
 
 1762. Biennial. Sibth. M. Gr. t. 299. 
 
 — gramdifior'a. 1836. 
 
 S. macro TBtera. Purple. Canary Islands. 
 
 — suffruUco'sa. J. Blue. July. Siberia. 1799- 
 
 HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 5. oegypU'aea. 1}. Pale pink. May. Ararat, 
 1829. B. M. t. 2363. 
 
 — ala'ta. 1. Purple, yellow. July. 1806. 
 
 — auricula'ta. i. Blue. July.' Galicia. 1817. 
 
 — auriculc^o'lia. i. Red. July. Barbary. 1781- 
 .— austra'lis. 1. Australia. 1823. 
 
 — cime'rea. 1. Blue. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1810. 
 
 — conge'sta. Bed. July. Altai. 1837. 
 
 — coTWm'eMft. 1. Pink. July. Russia. 1804. 
 
 B. M. t. 1629. 
 
 — corda'ta. \. Blue. June. South Europe- 
 
 1752. 
 
 — emargina'ta. |. Purple. May. Gibraltar. 
 — folio' sa. 1. Purple, white. July. Graciosa. 
 
 1830. 
 — frutd scens. 1. Blue. Canaries. 1847. Fl- 
 Ser. t. 325. 
 
 — Halfo'rdii. A form of S, Tnacrophylla. 
 
 — imbi-ica'ta. Teneriffe. 1829. Fl. Ser. tt. 320-21. 
 
 — inea'na. 1. Pink. July. Egypt. 1823. 
 
 — Limo'nmm. 1. Blue. July. England. 
 
 — nuiGrophi/Ua. 2. White. May. Canaries- 
 
 1824. B. M. t. 4126. 
 
 — monope^tala. B. R. 1841, t. 54. See lAmoni- 
 
 astrum msmopetaXa. 
 
 deniido'to. B. E. 1842, t. 69. See lAmmi- 
 
 astrum imnopetala, var. denudata. 
 
 — mucrona'ta. 1. Red. July. Barbary. 1784. 
 
 — omlifo'lia. 1. White. July. Canaries. 1816. 
 
 — pectina'ta. f. Blue. September. Canaries- 
 
 1780. B. R. 1840, t. 66. 
 
 — profvlsa. 2. White, bluish-purple. August. 
 
 A hybrid between S. puberula and S. 
 Halfordii. 
 
 — pseii! do-a/r'me'')nu. Paxt. Mag. xi., t. 79. A 
 
 synonym of Armaria ccBspiioea, 
 
 — pube'rvZa. |. Violet. May. Graciosa. 1830- 
 
 B. E. 1. 1450. 
 
 — pubifscens. i. Red. July. South Europe. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — pwrpwra'ta. 6. Purple. July. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1800. Jacq. H. Schoenb. 
 t. 340. 
 
 — sca'bra. 1. Blue. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1788. 
 
 — smua'ta. 1. Purple, yellow. August. Le- 
 
 vant. 1629. B. M. t. 71. 
 
 — speeio'sa. 1. White. July. Russia. 1776. 
 
 B. M. t. 656. 
 
 — tetra'gona. 2. Red. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. ■ 1820. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 S. acc-ro'sa. See Acantholimon acerosum. 
 
 — alta'ioa. 1. Blue. July. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 — arara'ti. See Acantholimon glwmacewm, 
 
 — arme'ria. A synonym of Armaria vulgaris. 
 
 — a/rticula!ta. ^. Blue. July. South France- 
 
 1826. 
 
 — amCrea. Golden. Siberia. 1832. 
 
 — bellid-ifo'lia. J. Pale blue. June. Greece; 
 
 1810. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 296. 
 
 — bi'eoliyr. Purple, white. May. 1837. 
 
 — bvnervo'sa. 1. Blue. July. England. 
 
 — carolinia'na. 1. Blue. June. Carolina- 
 
 1820. 
 
 — ca'spia. 1. Pale blue. July. Caspian Sea- 
 
 — cana'ria. IJ. Lilac. July. Caucasus. 
 
 — cunsa'ta. i. Blue. July. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 — dicho'toma, ^. Blue. July. South Europe- 
 
 1810. 
 
 — echi'nus. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 300. A synonym 
 
 of Acantholimmi androeaceum,. 
 
 — ela'ta. 1. Blue. August. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 — exi'mia. 1. Lilac, ro.9e. August. Sougaria. 
 
 1844. B. R. 1847, t. 2. 
 
 turkesta'nica. 2. Lilac. Turkestan. 
 
 1888. Gfl. 1. 1270, figs. d-m. 
 
STA 
 
 [929] 
 
 STA 
 
 S. fenda'cea. 1. Yellow. July. Siberia. 1796. 
 —fiexiw'm. 1. Purple. July. Siberia. 1791. 
 
 — Fortu'nei. 1. Yellow. April. China. 1845. 
 
 — globxiiaruxfo'lia. 1. White. August. Mexico. 
 
 1821. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 2967 
 
 — Gmeli'ni. 1. Blue. July. Siberia. 1796. 
 
 — gralca. J. White. June. Greece. 1810. 
 
 — graminifo'lia. 1. Red. June. Siberia. 
 
 1780. 
 
 — Kavfmannia'rM. 1. Pink. Turkestan. 1880. 
 
 Gfl. t. 996. 
 
 — latifdlia. 1. Blue. June. Siberia. 1791. 
 
 — Upto'bola. Yellow, purple. Summer. Tur- 
 
 kestan. 1881. Gfl. 1. 1045. 
 
 — minu'ta. J. Bed. June. Mediterranean 
 
 region. 1658. 
 
 — na'na. i. Blue. July. Britain. 
 
 — oleifo'lia. 1. Bed. July. Italy. 1888. 
 
 — pruin&sa. 1. White. July. South Europe. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — rarjflo'ra. Blue. July. Britain. 
 
 — reticula'ta. J. Blue. July. England. 
 
 — rytidophy'Ua. S. Blue. May. Port Natal. 
 
 1840. B. M. t. 4066. 
 
 — scopa'ria. 1. Blue. July. Siberia. 1796. 
 
 — spathula'ta, 1. Purple. July. Barbary. 
 
 1804. B. M. 1. 1617. 
 
 — spica'ta. J. White. July. Caucasus. 1819. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 — supefrba. Lilac. 1887. Gfl. 1887, p. 666, fig. 
 
 170. 
 
 — Suworo'vn. Lilac. Summer. Turkestan. 
 
 1883. Gfl. 1. 1095, figs. 1-2. 
 
 — tata'riea. IJ. Pink. June. Russia. 1731. 
 
 — Thoui'nii. 1. Blue. August. North Africa. 
 
 1700. 
 
 — wmi'n^a. J. Blue. July. 1818. 
 
 — virga'ta. 1^. Blue. July. Spain. 
 
 — Willdeiwvia'na. i. Violet. July. France. 
 
 1800. 
 
 Stations for Fruit-trees. Unless 
 the soil is good, this is the best mode of 
 planting ; and it often renders draining 
 unnecessary. If the soil be too wet, the 
 hole need only be half the prescribed 
 depth ; the other half may rise above the 
 ordinary ground level. H too dry, there 
 is no occasion to elevate the surface, only 
 care must be taken not to place the collar 
 of the tree too deep, which is a serious 
 fault under all circumstances. Let the 
 stations extend three feet on each side of 
 the position for the tree, thus producing 
 an excavation of six feet square. Two 
 feet in depth is amply sufficient for any 
 fruit-tree, especially for a dwarfing plan. 
 The soil should then be thrown entirely 
 out, and four or five inches more must 
 be allowed for some impervious material, 
 which we will presently describe. In 
 throwing out the soil, care must be taken 
 to place it in samples, or both labour and 
 material will be wasted. Itveryfrequently 
 happens that three distinct samples of 
 soil or subsoil will come to hand during 
 the operation. Of course all clayey, or 
 sour, and badly-coloured subsoil must be 
 rejected, audits amount will be supplied 
 by the new material to be introduced ; 
 and if this is scarce, any ordinary sur- 
 face-soil may be in part substituted. In 
 filling the materials back again, the best 
 
 of the original surface-soil must be kept 
 downwards, mixing it thoroughly with 
 the new soil ; the inferior or second-rate 
 soil may be kept to dress the surface with. 
 As to character of soil to be introduced, 
 that depends partly upon the soil already 
 existing in the garden, as well as on the 
 kind of fruit-tree about to be planted. If 
 the soil is naturally sandy and dry, a very 
 stiff or clayey loam should be selected ; 
 if naturally clayey, any fresh, mellow, 
 sandy loam, or even the paring of road- 
 sides, commons, or lanes, will prove 
 excellent material. The furrowings of 
 old leys from what is considered good 
 wheat soil, is, however, of all other soils 
 the best adapted for general fruit culture. 
 Whatever materials are used, let it be 
 remembered that the more of turfy 
 matter that can be introduced, the longer 
 will the compost endure. Any sort of 
 turf, even from hungry situations, is 
 most relished by fruit-trees. If, never- 
 theless, no turf can be obtained, and the 
 soil is loose and poor, it is well to intro- 
 duce any vegetable refuse of a dry 
 character, such as decayed bean or pea 
 haulm, ordinary straw, old thatch, or, 
 indeed, anything of a decaying vegetable 
 character which is strong in fibre and 
 durable. If any manure is thought 
 necessary, it should be fresh from the 
 stable or cow-shed, as such will endure 
 longer in the soil; merely using one 
 barrowful of mellow and rather rich soil 
 to plant the tree in. As before observed, 
 the most inferior portion of the soil may 
 be reserved to dress the surface of the 
 station with after the tree is planted; 
 here it will do no harm, and will be in a 
 position for improvement. We now come 
 to the hard materials for the bottom of 
 the hole ; four or five inches in depth, as 
 before stated. It matters not what this 
 is composed of : broken stones from 
 quarries, brickbats, chalk, cinders, or 
 clinkers, etc., are all eligible. These 
 being rammed hard, throw a coating of 
 fine-riddled cinders, or very fine gravel 
 over the whole : this secures dramage, 
 and prevents the roots entering to any 
 injurious extent. 
 
 Staunto'nia. (Named after George 
 Staunton, a traveller in China. Nat. 
 oxd., Berberidacece ; Tribe, Lardiza- 
 hale(B. Allied to Holboellia. ) 
 
 Hardy evergreen climber, producing deli- 
 ciously scented fiowers. Cuttings of young, 
 half-npened shoots in sandy soil. Sandy loam. 
 In autumn the long trailing shoots should be 
 cut back, leaving only those from which flowers 
 are desired. 
 5. hexaphy'tla. White. April. Japan. 1876. 
 
 Sieb. H. Jap. 1. 176. 
 — latif&lia. A synonym of Solbcellia latifolin. 
 
 30 
 
STA 
 
 [930] 
 
 STE 
 
 Stauraca'nthus; (From stauros, a 
 cross, and ahantha, a spine ; two side- 
 spines at the base of the principal spine 
 give it the resemblance of a cross. Nat. 
 Old., Leguminosce ; Tribe, Genistece.) 
 See Ulex. 
 
 Hardy evergreen. Seeds, and cuttings of 
 young shoots under a hand-light, in summer, 
 in saudy soil. 
 5. aphijllus. See Ulex gemistoides. 
 
 Staura'nthera. (From stauros, a 
 cross, ajuianthera, an anther; the anthers 
 cohere in the form of a cross. Nat. ord., 
 Gesneracece J Tribe, Cyrtandrece.) 
 
 For cultivation, see Bhyngoglossum. 
 S. grandifo'lia. Lilac, orange. Monlmein. 1863. 
 B. M. t. 5409. Greenhouse. 
 
 Stauro'psiS. (From stauros, a cross, 
 and opsis, like ; in allusion to the shape 
 oftheflower. Nat. ord., OrcAirfefls; Tribe, 
 Vandece-Sarcanthece. ) 
 
 Stove epiphytal orchids, requiring the same 
 culture as Vanda, which see. 
 5. Batema'nni. Yellow, crimson, purple. Sum- 
 mer. Philippine Islands. Syns., Fieldia 
 lissochiloides, Vanda Batenummi, B. E. 
 1846, t. 69, and F. lissochiloides. 
 
 — fascia'ta. White, yellowish, purple. Eastern 
 
 Tropical Asia. 1872. Syn., Trichoglottis 
 faseiata, 
 
 — giga'ntea. Deep yellow, blotched with cinna- 
 
 mon ; lip white. Spring. Burmah. 
 1858. Syn., Vanda gigantea, B. M. 
 t. 5189. 
 
 Staurosti'gma. (From stauros, a 
 cross, and stigma, a stigma ; referring to 
 the cross or star-shaped stigmas. Nat. 
 ord., Aroidece ; Tribe, Dieffenbachiece. 
 Syn., Asterostigma.) 
 
 Stove plants, with tuberous rootstock. They 
 require a season of rest, during which they should 
 be watered sparingly and not allowed to go per- 
 fectly dry. Sandy loam and peat, well drained. 
 Summer temp., 76" to 86° ; winter, 60° to 70°. 
 S. colubri'nwm. Livid green, purple-brown, red. 
 Bio Janeiro. 1860. 
 
 — conci'nnvm. 1}. Whitish, red. Brazil. 1860. 
 
 Syn., Caladium litHduTn, B. C. t. 1590. 
 
 — Langsdo'rf,i. Vs. Green, purplish. Eio 
 
 Janeiro. 1860. 
 
 — Uneola'tum. IJ. Dull green, purple-brown, 
 
 pinkish. Rio Janeiro. 1860. 
 
 — Luschnathia'nwm. Green, yellowish, scarlet. 
 
 Bio Janeiro. Syn., Asterostigma Imsch- 
 nathiamum, B. M. t. 5972. 
 
 — Eiedelia'num. 2. Dull gi-een, cream-colour. 
 
 Bahia. 1860. 
 
 — zebri'na. Eio Negro. 1866. 
 
 Staves- Acre. Delphi'nium staphi- 
 sa'gria. 
 
 Steeping. (See Germination.) 
 
 It is a very unfounded idea, that by 
 steeping seeds in certain solutions the 
 vigour and fecundity of the plants to 
 which they give birth might be promoted. 
 A certain degree of heat, oxygen gas, 
 and water are all the requisites for germi- 
 nation, and until this process has com- 
 menced, no liquid but water at common 
 
 temperatures is required. At first the 
 plants are absolutely dependent for their 
 very existence upon the food contained 
 in or around the seed-leaves, and if these 
 are removed the plant either makes no 
 further advance or altogether perishes. 
 To hasten the germination of peas, 
 beans, etc., it is a good plan to soak 
 them in water for twelve hours previously 
 to sowing ; and old seeds of all kinds 
 have had their germinating powers 
 aroused by putting them into water 
 heated to 200 Fahr. , and allowing them 
 to remain in it until cold, but the tem- 
 perature of the water must be governed 
 by the nature of the seed. 
 
 Ste'lis. (A Greek name for some 
 parasitical plant. Nat. ord. , Orchidex ; 
 Tribe, Epidendrem-PhnrothcdlecB. ) 
 
 Stove epiphytes. For cultivation, see Pleu- 
 ROTHALLIS, to Which they are allied. Many 
 species are mentioned in Loudon's "Hortus 
 Britannicus" without descriptions, and not 
 having been described in any other work, can- 
 not be identified. 
 (S. atrojmr^rea. B. M. t. 3975. See S. ciliaris, 
 
 — Bruchmu'lleri. i. Dark purple. December. 
 Andes. 1879. B. Wf. t. 6521. 
 
 — canalicula'ta. Yellowish-green. Columbia. 
 1873. 
 
 — dlia'ris. J. Deep purple. February. 
 Mexico. 1842. Syn., S. atropurpurea. 
 
 — JEndre'sii. Greenish-white. Costa Eica. 1870. 
 
 — glo'ssula. Brownish. Costa Eica. 1870. 
 
 — grandijWra. J. Chocolate-coloured. July. 
 '■ -■" 1836. 
 
 Pale green. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 — grossila'bris. 
 
 p. 717. 
 
 — tnicra'ntha. 
 maica. 
 
 G. C. 1881, xvi. 
 Ja- 
 
 i. Whitish, red. April. 
 1805. B. C. 1. 1011. 
 
 — ophioglossoi'des. Green, purplish. September. 
 
 West Indies. 1791. B. C. t. 442. 
 
 — sesquipeda'lis. J. Pale yellow. August. 
 
 Sierra Nevada. 1846. 
 
 — tuba'ta. B. C. 1. 1601. See Physosiption 
 
 Loddigesii. 
 
 — zana'ta. Pale ochre, mauve. Demerara. G. 
 
 C. 1881, xvi. p. 717. 
 
 Stella'lia. Stitohwort. CFvorastella, 
 a star. Nat. ord. , Caryophyllacece ; 
 Tribe, Alsmew.') 
 
 A genus of weedy herbs, except Stella'ria 
 holo'stea, which is one of the prettiest flower- 
 
 farden plants for May in the Brffifsh Flora, 
 ncreased by division of the roots in spring or 
 autumn, when it may be planted out to flower, 
 and may be removed in June when the flowers 
 are over. S. grami'nea, var. au'rea, is a variety 
 of garden origin, sometimes employed in carpet 
 bedding. 
 
 Stelle'ra. (After G. W. Staler, 1709- 
 1746, a Russian botanical collector. Nat. 
 ord., ThymelmacecB.) 
 
 Hardy, perennial herbs or subshrubs. Ordi- 
 nary garden-soil. Divisions. 
 S. Albe'rti. Gfl. t. 1262. See Wikstroemia 
 Alberti. 
 
 — altai'ca. 1. White. July. Altai. 1824. 
 
 — ChaTiueja'sme. 1. White. June. Siberia. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — Paseeri'na. Jacq. Ic. t. 68. S( 
 
 arvensia. 
 
STE 
 
 [931] 
 
 STE 
 
 Stemma'tium. (From stemmation, 
 a small crown ; in reference to the corona. 
 Nat. ord., LUiacece; Tribe, AUiece.) 
 See Tristagma. 
 
 A pretty and interesting greenhouse bulb, 
 soinewhat resembling a narcissus. Offsets and 
 seeds. Rich sandy loam ; not too much water. 
 Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 60° to 60°. 
 ^f. naraissoi'des. See Tristagma nareUsoides. 
 
 Stemo'dia. (From stemon, astamen, 
 and dis, double ; the cells of the anthers 
 are separated. Nat. ord., Scrophulari- 
 imcB ; Tribe, Gratiolem.) 
 
 Half-hardy herbs. Rich, moist soil. Division 
 of roots. 
 
 S. chile'nsis. 1. Blue. September. Chili. 
 
 1829. B. R. t. 1470. 
 
 — durantifo'lia. Bluish-purple. Tropical Ame- 
 
 rica. 1890. 
 
 — lobeliai'des. 1. Beep blue. August. Brazil. 
 
 1830. Syn., Gratiola tetragona, B. M. 
 t. 3134. 
 
 Ste'mona. (From «iemore, astamen; 
 the stamens are foliaceous. Nat. ord., 
 Roxburghiacem. ) 
 
 Stove climber. Turfy loam. Reproduced by 
 suckers. 
 S. glorCosoi'des. 6. Green. July. Bast Indies. 
 
 1803. Syns., Roxbmrghia glonosa^ B. M. 
 
 1. 1500, and R. viridiflora. 
 
 Stemonaca'nthus. (From stemon, 
 a stamen, and akantha, a spine. Nat. 
 ord., AcanthacecB J Tribe, Buelliece.) 
 See Ruellia. 
 
 S. macrophy'Uus. See Ruellia macrophyUa. 
 -^ Pea'rcei. See Ruellia Pearcei: 
 
 Stena'ctis. (From stenos, narrow, 
 and aktin, a sunbeam ; the rays of the 
 expanded blossoms. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positcB ,' Tribe, Aateroidex. ) Now united 
 with Erigeron. 
 
 Hardy herbaceous. Seeds, which, if sown in 
 a slight hotbed in March, will produce plants to 
 bloom the same season ; division of the root in 
 spring. 
 
 S. heterophi/lla. 1. White. July. N. Amer. 
 1640. 
 
 — inuloi'des. 1. Red. August. Nepaul. 
 
 — specio'sa. 2. Purple. July. California. 
 
 1831. B. R. t. 1677. A synonym of 
 Erigeron speciosum. 
 
 — strigo'sa. 1. White. July. N. America. 
 
 1816. 
 
 Stena'ndrium. (From stenos, nar- 
 row, and aner, andros, male ; referring 
 to the stamens. Nat. ord., Acwnthacem ; 
 Tribe, Justiciece.) 
 
 Dwarf, stove plant with variegated leaves. 
 S. i'gneum. See ChamcerantheTmum, igneum. 
 
 Mnde'ni. YeUow. Leaves dark green, paler 
 
 towards the edges ; veins yellow. Peru. 
 1890. Dl. Hort. xxxviii. 1. 136. 
 
 Stena'nthera. (From stems, nar- 
 row, and anthera, an anther; the fila- 
 ments broader than the anthers, which 
 are narrower in proportion. Nat. ord., 
 Epacridacece. ) See Astroloma. 
 
 Greenhouse Australian evergreens. Cuttings 
 of young, short shoots, a little firm at their base, 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, and placed in a cold 
 frame in May ; sandy, fibry peat, with enough 
 of charcoal and broken pots to keep the soil 
 open. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. 
 S. eilia'ta. A synonym of Astroloma loTigiJlorum. 
 — pinifo'lia. B. C. t. 228. A synonym of Astro- 
 loma pinifolia. 
 
 Stena'nthiuza. (From stenos, nar- 
 row, and anthos, a flower ; the perianth 
 segments are narrow. Nat. ord. , LUiacece ; 
 Tribe, VeratrecB.) 
 
 Greenhouse, or hardy bulbs. Compost of 
 sandy loam and peat. Divisions. 
 S. angustifo'lium. 2-3. Greenish-white. June. 
 North America. Hardy. 
 
 grami'neum. A variety with narrower 
 
 leaves and fewer flowers. Syns., Helo- 
 nias graminea, B. M. 1. 1699, and Xero- 
 
 ^ „ uin gram.tneimi. 
 
 — fri'gidum. 2-3. Purplish. June. North 
 
 America. 1846. Fl. Ser. t. 468. Hardy. 
 
 — occidenta'le. Dark purple. North-west Ame- 
 
 rica. 1881. Gfl. 1. 1036, fig. 3. 
 
 Ste'nia. (From stenos, narrow ; the 
 pollen masses. Nat ord., Orchidece; 
 Tribe, Vandeoe-Maxillariece. Allied to 
 Maxillaria. ) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown on blocks. See Orchids. 
 S.fimhria'ta. See Chondrorhyncha ^/mbriata. 
 
 — gutta'ta. Straw, purple. July. Peru. 1880. 
 
 — pa'Uida. J. Yellow. August. Demerara. 
 
 1837. B. R. 1838, t. 20. 
 
 Stenoca'rpUS. (From stenos, nar- 
 row, and karpos, fruit ; the fruit being 
 long and thin. Nat. ord., Proteacew. 
 Syn., Agnostus.) 
 
 Stove or warm greenhouse trees. For cultiva- 
 tion, see LoMATIA. 
 5. Cwmvingjia'mii. See S. sinuatus. 
 
 — ForMri. White. New Caledonia. 1851. 
 
 Paxt. Fl. Gard. ii. p. 166.- 
 
 — sali'gnus. 5. Greenish. June. Australia. 
 
 1719. B. R. t. 441. Beef Wood. 
 
 — sinua'tus. 100. Scarlet. August. Moreton 
 
 Bay. 1830. Syn., S. Cunninghamiii, 
 B. M. t. 4263. 
 
 Stenochilus. (From stenos, narrow, 
 and cheilos, a lip ; the narrow lip of the 
 flower. Nat. ord., Myoporinece.) Now 
 united with Eremophila, under the 
 specific names annexed. 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from Australia. Cut- 
 tings of young shoots m sand, under a beU- 
 glass, in April or May ; sandy loam and a little 
 fibry peat. Winter temp., 40° to 46°. 
 S. eHegans, A synonym of Lamourouxia multi- 
 fida. 
 
 — gla'ber. 2. Red. 1803. B. M. 1. 1942. Ere 
 
 MOPHILA BrOWNII. 
 
 — longifo'lius. 4. Scarlet. April. 1826. Ere- 
 
 mophila LONGIFOLIA. 
 
 — maeula'tus. 3. Scarlet. April. 1820. B. C, 
 
 t. 805. Eremophila maculata. 
 
 — visco'siis. 2. Yellow. October. 1844. B. M. 
 
 t. 2930. Eremophila Brownii. 
 
 Stenochlse'na. (From stenos, nar 
 row, and chlaina, a cloak ; the covering 
 of the spore-cases. Nat. ord., Filices- 
 Polypodiacece.) 
 
STE 
 
 [932] 
 
 STB 
 
 Stove, brown-spored ferns. See Ferns. 
 S. hetffronw'rpha. April. Australia. 
 
 — Urmmifo'lia. May. E. Ind. 
 
 — longWlia- 2. June. W. Ind. 1810. 
 
 — Mey&ria'Tia. 3. S. Africa. 
 
 — sea'ndens. 30. July. E. Ind. 1841 
 
 — sorWfo'lia. July. W. Ind. 1793. 
 
 — spondiayf&lia. June. B. Ind. 
 
 — trique/tra. July. E. Ind. 
 
 Stenoco'ryne. (From stenos, nar- 
 row, and koryne, a club. Nat. ord., 
 Orchidece; Tribe, Vandem-Maxillariem.) 
 See Bifrenaria. 
 
 stove orchid, grown in a basket. See Or- 
 chids. 
 
 S. Umgieofmis. A synonym of Bifrenaria longi- 
 comis, 
 
 Stenoga'stra, sometimes spelt Ste- 
 nogaster. (From stenos, narrow, and 
 gauer, belly ; some of the species have 
 a swelling on the corolla-tube. Nat. 
 ord., GesneraceiB.) See Siimingia. 
 5. ameSnna. See Simingia corudnniim. 
 
 Stenoglo'ttis.. (From stenos, nar- 
 row, and glotta, a tongue ; in allusion to 
 the narrow lip. Nat. ord., Orchidece; 
 Tribe, OphryaecB-Habenariece. Allied to 
 Habenaria.) 
 
 Greenhouse terrestrial orchids. Divisions of 
 the roots. Loam and rotten leaves, mixed with 
 bits of decayed wood and churcoal. Water 
 plentifully when growing. The temperature of 
 an intermediate house suits them best. 
 S.fimbria'ta. Rose-pink, purple. S. Africa. 
 1871. B. M. t. 6872. 
 
 — longifo'lia. 1^.' Deep mauve. Natal. B. M. 
 
 t. 7186. 
 
 Stenome'sson. (From stenos, nar- 
 row, and messon, the middle ; the flowers 
 contracted in the middle. Nat. ord., 
 AtnaryllidecB ; Trihe, AmaryllecB. Syns., 
 Carpodetes and Cohwrgia.) 
 
 Pretty frame or half-hardy bulbs, requiring 
 complete rest in winter; "sandy soil, shade, 
 and plenty of moisture in summer." They 
 flower before the leaves rise, and are easily 
 increased from oflset-bulbs in spring ; sandy 
 loam and flbry peat. ' 
 
 S. aurcmU'aeum. Orange. May. Quito. 1843. 
 Syns., 5. Hartwegii, B. B. 1844, t. 42, 
 and Chrysiphiala.aiirantiaca. 
 
 — cocei'neum. Scarlet. May. Peru. Eef . Bot. 
 
 ' t. 309. Syns., Paiieratium coccmewm 
 and Cobwrgia coccinea, B. M. t. 3865. 
 
 — (To'ccMTO. 1. Copper. May. 1820. B. M. 
 
 t. 3615. Syn., Pameratvwm croceum. 
 Bed. Lil. 1. 167. 
 
 — cwnndenta'tum. B. M. t. 2640. See S. 
 
 Jtavum, var. curvidentatv/m. 
 
 — fla'vum. Yellow. May. Peru. 1823. B. M. 
 
 t. 2641. Syn., Chrysvphiala flava,. B. E. 
 
 t. 978. 
 cmvidenta'tum. Yellow. May. Peru. 
 
 1842. Syns., 5. mrvidentatvm,. B. M. 
 
 t. 2640, iS*. paibciflora and Chrysiphmla 
 
 pa/ucifiora, 
 lat^&aum, 1. Yellow. March. Lima. 
 
 1837. Syns., 5. laWoUwrn, B. M. t. 3803, 
 
 and 5. vitellmum, B. B. 1843, t. 2. 
 
 — Hartwefgii. See S. tmrcmtiacum. 
 
 — hu'mile. 1. Orange-red. March. Pern. 
 
 1841. Syn., Cobwrgia hwmilis, B. E. 
 
 1842, t. 46. 
 
 S. imearna'tvm. 1^-2. Pale or bright red^ 
 August. Andes of Ecuador, &c. 1S26> 
 Syn., Coburgia i/ncamata. Swt. Fl. 
 Gard., Ser. 2, 1. 17. Forms of this have 
 received the following names i—Cobu'r- 
 gia ehacapoye'nsis, C. ju'lva, C. hxlta, C. 
 lange'nsis, 0. sple'ndens, C. tricb/ro'ma, 
 C. variega'ta and C versi' color. 
 
 acu'tum, A form with a narrower peri- 
 anth tube. Syn., Cobwrgia acuta. 
 
 — latifo'Kwm. See S. fimmm, var. latifoliwrn. 
 
 — lu'teo-vi'ride. 1. Primrose yellow. Spring. 
 
 Andes of Ecuador. 1879. B. M. t. 6608. 
 
 — paucifto'rwm. See S. Jlavwm,\a.r. paueifiorwm. 
 
 — Pea'reei. 2-3. Yellow. May. Andes of Peru 
 
 and Ecuador. 1871. Eef. Bot. t. 308. 
 
 — recvjrvaiwm. 1-1^. Eeddish-yellow. Andes 
 
 of Peru. Syns., Carpodetes remirvatus, 
 Chrysiphiala recurvata and PancratiUTn. 
 recurvatimi. 
 
 — ru'brum. A synonym of S. cocd^iewin. 
 
 — Strickla'ndi. See Stricklandia euffrosioides. 
 
 — suspdn&um. 1. Bright scarlet. May. Andes 
 
 of Peru. 1868. Eef. Bot. t. 22. 
 
 — mridijlo'rwm. 1^-2. Green. May. Andes 
 
 of Peru. 1840. Syns., Caffit/iffiwmomri- 
 difiorwm, B. M. t. 3866a, and Paiwra- 
 tivjm .vvridijlorum. 
 
 — viteUi'nwm. B. E. 1843, t. 2. See S.fiamm, 
 
 var. latifoliwni. 
 
 Stenorhy'nchus. (From stems, 
 
 narrow, and rhynchtis, a beak ; shape of 
 the column. Nat. ord. , Orchidece; Tribe, 
 NeottieoB-SpiranthecB. ) See Spiran- 
 thes. 
 
 stove orchids, grown in pots. See Orchids. 
 S. aphy'Uus. A synonym of Neottia aphylla. ' 
 
 — cimndba/ri'nus. B. E. 1847, t. 65. See Spi- 
 
 ratithee ci^inabarinus. 
 
 — specio'sus. Garden, June 14, 1884. See Spi- 
 
 rantheB colorata. 
 
 Ortgie/sii. See Spiranthes colorata, var. 
 
 Ortgiesii. 
 
 Stenose'mia. (From stenos^mos, a 
 narrow edge ; referring to the fertile 
 fronds. 'Na.t. ord., Filices-Poli/podiacfiCB.} . 
 Now united with Aerosticnum. 
 
 Stove fern. See Ferns. 
 S. auri'ta. Java. 
 
 Stenosperma'tion. (From stems, 
 narrow, and spermation, a diminutive of 
 sperma, a seed ; on account of the slender 
 seeds. Nat. ord.,.4w6?efl5; Tribe, O/'ora- 
 tiecB. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen herbaceous perennial. For 
 cultivation, see Spathiphyllum, to which it is 
 aUied. 
 
 S. Walli'isii. 1. Spathe and spadix white. Co- 
 lumbia, B. M. t. 6334. Syns., S. pom- 
 payanense and Spathiphyllum WaUisii. 
 
 Steno'stomum. (From siemos,. nar- 
 row, and stoma,, a mouth ; referring to 
 the flower. Nat. ord. Rubiaeece ; Tribe, 
 Guettardece. Allied to Guettarda. ) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered. West Indian, evergreen 
 shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, 
 under a glass, m a sweet bottom-heat ; peat and 
 loam. Winter temp., 50° .to 56" ; summer, 60* 
 to 80°. 
 S. hi'oidntm. May. 1818. Syn., Ouettardaltusida. 
 
 — tomento'swm. May. 1822. Syn., Omttarda 
 
 tomentosa. 
 
STE 
 
 [933] 
 
 STE 
 
 Stenota'phnun. (Piomstenos.nax- 
 TOW, and taphros, a trench ; in reference 
 to the cavities in the rachis in which the 
 spikelets are seated. Nat. ord., Gra- 
 mineoB ; Tribe, Paniceis. ) 
 
 A curious stove perennial grass. Seeds ; 
 divisions. Light loam. Summer temp., 60° to 
 SO' ; winter, 65° to 60°. 
 S. ameriea'num. J. Green. Tropical America, 
 
 Africa, andAustralia. Syn., S. glairum. 
 variega'tum. Leaves white-striped. New 
 
 S. Wales. 1874. Syn., Stephanophorum 
 
 glabrwm, var. variegatum. 
 
 — gla'brum. See 5. amerwanum. 
 
 Stephana'ndra. (From Stephanos, 
 a crown, and aner, a man ; in allusion 
 to the disposition of the stamens. Nat. 
 ord., JRosacece; Tribe, Spirmece. Allied 
 to Spiraea. ) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrub. Seeds, cuttings, 
 layers, and suckers. Good garden-soil. 
 S.fleteuAt'm. White. July. Japan. 1880. Syn., 
 jS*. vndsa. 
 
 Stepha'nia. (In honour of Professor 
 Stephani. Nat. ord.,- Menispermacece ; 
 Tribe, Cissampelidew.) 
 
 Greenhouse climbers. For cultivation, see 
 MORISONIA. 
 jS. hemandifo'lia. June. India. 
 
 — rotu'nda. Orange. ' Himalaya. 1866. 
 
 Stephanoco'raa. (From Stephanos, 
 a crown, and home, hair ; referring to 
 the pappus. Nat. ord., Compositm; Tribe, 
 Arctottdece. ) 
 
 Greenhouse herb. For culture, see StobjEa. 
 5. carduoi'des. 2J. Yellow. Autumn. South 
 Africa. 1864. Syn., Stobcea decurrens 
 and S. spJioerocephala. B. M. t. 5716. 
 
 Stephanoli'rion. {Vrom Stephanos, 
 a crown, and lirion, a lUy. Nat. ord., 
 LUiacece; Tribe, AlliecB.) See Tri- 
 stagma. 
 
 jS. narcissoi'des. See Triatagma nardssoides. 
 
 Stephano'phorum. (Eiom Stepha- 
 nos, a crown, and phoreo, to bear. Nat. 
 ord., GraminecB ; Tribe, Panicew.) See 
 Stenotaphmm. 
 
 S. gla'irum variega'tum. See Stenotaphrwm 
 americanum, var. variegatum. , 
 
 Stephanophy'sum. [Fiomstepha- 
 nos, a crown, and physa, a bladder. 
 Nat. orA..,Acantha/xm; liihe, Buelliece.) 
 See Ruellia. 
 
 S. Baiki'ei. B. M. t. 6111. See Ruellia BaikUi. 
 Stephano'tis. (From Stephanos, a 
 <!rown, and ous, otos, an ear ; the ear- 
 like processes on the crown of the 
 stamens. Nat. ord., Asclepiadacem ; 
 Tribe, Marsdeniea.) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered, evergreen twiners. Cut- 
 tings of the points of shoots, but best by small, 
 stiff side-shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, and 
 plunged in bottom-heat ; fibry loam and flbry 
 peat, with a little sUver sand and dried leaf- 
 mould. Winter temp., 45° to 55", and rather 
 dry ; summer, 60° to 85", and plenty of moisture 
 
 when growing. Would answer, probably. In a 
 warm conservatory when once it reached the 
 top of the roof. See G.G, 1881, xvi., pp. 342 and 
 379. 
 
 S. ftoribu'nda. 20. May. Madagascar. 1839. 
 B. M. t. 4068. 
 
 — Thoua'rsii. May. E. Ind. 1842. 
 
 Stereu'lia. (Named after Stercus, 
 a heathen god. Nat. ord., Sterculiacece ; 
 Tribe, Stercvliem.) 
 
 Stove, or greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings of 
 ripe shoots m sand, under a bell-glass, in moist 
 bottom-heat ; fibry loam and peat. Winter 
 temp., 46° to 58°: summer, 60° to 80°. Traga- 
 ca'ntha produces the gum of that name. Plata- 
 nifo'lia stood for years in the open air at 
 Chelsea, and it is likely that many of the East 
 Indian and Australian species would thrive with 
 greenhouse treatment. 
 iS. Bala'iwhas. B. B. 1. 185. See S. ndbilis. 
 
 — Bidwi'Uii. Bed. September. N. B. Aus- 
 
 tralia. 1861. Syn., Brachychiton Bid- 
 willii. B. M. t. 6133. Greenhouse. 
 
 — Cauda' ta. 20. North Australia. 1824. Syn., 
 
 Brachyehiton divarsifoliwm. Greenhouse. 
 
 — eoaii'nea. 20. B.Ind. 1817. 
 
 — colora'ta. 30. Scarlet. E. Ind. 1818. Ic. PI. 
 
 1. 143. 
 
 — di'soolor. 40. Eose-red. West Australia. 
 
 1882. B. M. t. 6608. Greenhouse. 
 
 — divers^o'lia. 20-30. Australia. 1824. 
 
 — gramdifl&ra. 6. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — heli'cteres. 8. Yellow, purple. Carthagena. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — heteraphj/tta. West Africa. 
 
 — Ivi'ra. 20-60. Yellowish. . July. South 
 
 America. 1793. 
 
 — lanceola'ta. 20. Reddish-brown. Summer. 
 
 China. B. R. 1. 1256. Greenhouse. 
 
 — maerophy'lla. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1822. 
 
 — no'tais. 20. Pale buff. E. Ind. 1787. Syn., 
 
 . & Balamghas, B. B. 1. 186. 
 
 — platomifo'lia. 30. China. 
 
 — T^abdacens. 20. White. Guinea. 1793. 
 
 — rupdstris. N. E. Australia. 1880. Syns., 
 
 Delabechea rupestris and Oleobachia 
 mcuyrophylla, 0. palustria and O. rupe- 
 siris.— The Bottle-tree. 
 
 — tragaca'ntha. 40. Bed, brown. May. Sierra 
 
 Leone. 1793. B. B. 1. 1353. 
 
 Sterile. See Barren. 
 
 Steripho'ma. (From steriphoma, a 
 foundation ; the fruit-stalk being large. 
 Nat. ord., CapparidacecB.) 
 
 Stove shrub. Cuttings under a bell-glass in 
 heat. 
 
 5. paradofxum. Yellow, orange. July. Vene- 
 zuela. 1797. Fl. Ser. tt. 664-5. Syn., 
 J?, cleomoides. 
 
 Sternbe'rgia. (Named after Count 
 Sternberg, a German botanist. Nat. ord. , 
 AmarylUdece; Tribe, Amaryllece.) 
 
 Hardy autumnal-flowering bulbs, with one 
 yellow flower on a stalk, open before the leaves 
 rise ; offsets ; good, sandy loam and leaf -mould. 
 S. Clv>sia'7ia. i. Constantinople. 
 
 — colchidjlo'ra. i. Hungary. 1816. B. B. t. 2008. 
 
 Syns., Amaryllis mtrima, Sibth. Fl. Gr. 
 t. 311, and A. colchicifolia. 
 
 — Fischeria'na. Yellow. Spring. Karabagh. 
 
 1868. 
 -.- lu'tea. Yellow. Autumn. S. Europe. Hardy. 
 
 Syns., Amaryllis lutea, B. M. t. 290 and 
 
 O^anthus lutea. 
 
 exi'gua. J. N. Africa. 1820. 
 
 gr(B/ea. Mountains of Greece. 
 
STE 
 
 [934] 
 
 STI 
 
 Steudne'ra. (1^a,meda,itevDr.Steud- 
 ner, of Gorlitz, a German botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Aroidem; Tribe, Dieffenbachiece. 
 Allied to Colocasia.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials. Seeds, suckers, 
 or cuttings or divisions of the rootstock. Rich 
 sandy loam, leaf-mould, and bits of broken 
 charcoal, well mixed and well drained. Moist 
 atmosphere. They require a period of rest. 
 Summer temp., 66° to 85° ; winter, 60° to 66°. 
 S. colocasicefo'lm. 1. Spathe purple-brown ; 
 
 spadix whitish. India. 1869. B. M. 
 
 t. 6762. 
 
 — di'scolor. 1. Spathe yellow and purple. 
 
 India. 1874. Syns., S. colocasicBfolia 
 of B. M. t. 6076, and S. colocasicefoliat 
 var. discolor. 
 
 Stevenso'nia. (Aiter Stevenson, 
 
 once Governor of the Mauritius. Nat. 
 
 ord., PaZmecB ; Tribe, Arecece. Syn., 
 
 Phcenicophorum. ) 
 Stove palm, requiring an atmosphere almost 
 
 saturated with moisture. Fibrous peat, mixed 
 
 with sand and pieces of charcoal. Imported 
 
 seeds. 
 
 S. grandifo/lia. 40. Yellow. Seychelles. 1866. 
 B. M. t. 7277. Syns., Areca seychella- 
 rwiii, Astrocaryv/m Borsigianum and 
 av/reo-pictwm and Phcenicophorwm sey- 
 chellarum. 111. Hort. t. 433. 
 
 — viridijlo'ra. See Verschaffeltia splendida. 
 
 Ste'via. (Named after P. J. Esteve, 
 a Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positoe; Tribe, Eupatoriacece.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, from 
 Mexico, where not otherwise mentioned. They 
 all bloom in August. Seeds and division in 
 spring ; sandy, loamy soU. The protection of a 
 cold pit in winter. 
 5. adeno'phara. 2. White. Chili. 1822. 
 
 — wngwttifdlia. IJ. Pink. 1823. 
 
 — iireDiomfo'tii. 3. Rose. July. Tucuman. 
 
 1836. B. M. t. 3792. 
 
 — caMdsa. A synonym of Florestmo, callosa. 
 
 — ccmeiscens. 1. White. 1827. Syn., 5. in- 
 
 caTiescens. 
 
 — convolmilif&lmm. Yellow. Guiana. 
 
 — diver fflfo'lvwm. Yellow. June. W. Indies. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — ema/rgina'tum. 10. Yellow. July. W. Indies. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — Eujpato'rui,. 2. Pink. 1798. B. M. 1. 1849. 
 
 Syns., S. punctata and Ageratum punc- 
 tatum. Jacq. Hort. Schoenb. t. 300. 5. 
 JEupatoria of B. R. t. 93 is 5. purpurea. 
 
 — fasmcula'ris. 1. White. September. 1830. 
 
 B. R. 1838, t. 69. 
 — fastigia'ta. li. White. New Spain. 1826. 
 —fu'lgens. 6. Yellow. W. Indies. 1759. 
 
 — glanduli'/era. 3. Purple. 1839. Syn., S. 
 
 trachelioides. B. M. t. 3866. 
 
 — SuTn^oldtia'num. 20. Yellow. S. America. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — hyssopif&lia. IJ. Pink. B. M. 1. 1861. 
 
 — ineatie! scene. See S. canescens. 
 
 — ivoe/o'lia. 2. White. 1816. 
 
 — lanceola'ta. 1. Purple. 1822. 
 
 — la%ifio'ra. Purple. 
 
 — linea'ris. A synonym of Palafoxia linearis. 
 
 — lu'cida. 2. Pink. New Spain. 1824. 
 
 — mierophy'lla. 2. Blush. September. 1828. 
 
 — mo'Uie. White. 1834. 
 
 — monardaefo'lia. H. Violet. 1826. 
 
 — nepetcef&lia. 1}. White. 1824, Syn., 5. 
 
 — odora'ta. li. White. 1890. 
 
 — ova'ta. 2. White. 1816. 
 
 S. panicula'ta. 1}. White. New Spain. 1824. 
 
 — peda'ta. B. M. t. 2040. A synonym of Plore- 
 
 stina pedata. 
 
 — periplocaefo'liMni,. 10. Yellow. July. W. 
 
 Indies. 1818. 
 
 — pilo'sa. IJ. Pink. 1820. 
 
 — pu'berum. Yellow. August. Guiana. 1824. 
 
 — puie! scene. IJ. Purple. 1823. 
 
 — puncta'ta. See S. JEupatoria. 
 
 — purpu'rea. li. Purple. 1812. Syn., 5. J?«- 
 
 patoria of B. R. t. 93. 
 
 — rhombifo'lia. IJ. White. 1827. 
 
 — salvAfdlia. IJ. Pink. 1803. 
 
 — salmmfiilia. li. White. 1827. 
 
 — se/rra'ta. li. Flesh. 1799. 
 
 — mavdolens. See S. nepetcefolia. 
 
 — subo'cto-arista'ta. White. Peru. 1824. 
 
 — subpube' scene. 2. Pink. New Spain. 1820. 
 
 — ternif&lia. li. White. 1824. 
 
 — toment&sa. IJ. Violet. 1824. 
 
 — tracheloi'des. B. M. t. 3856. See 5. glanduli- 
 
 fera. 
 
 — tri'fida. li. White. New Spain. 1827. 
 
 — viola! cea. 3. Violet. 1829. 
 
 — visco'sa. Purple. 1821. 
 
 Sti'fitia. (Probably in memory of 
 M. Stifft. Nat. ord., Compositce; Tribe, 
 MutisiaoecB.) 
 
 Stove shrub. Cuttings. Peat and loam. 
 Summer temperature, 60 to 80° ; winter, 60° to 
 65°. 
 
 S. chryea'ntha. 6. Orange. February. Brazil. 
 B. M. t. 4438. 
 
 Stigmaphy'llon. (From stigma, 
 the female organ, and phyllon, a leaf ; 
 leaf -like stigma. Nat. ord., 
 ghiacecB. Allied to Banisteria. ) 
 
 Stove, yellow-flowered plants. Cuttings of 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in bottom- 
 heat ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 48° to 65° ; 
 summer, 60° to 80°. 
 
 S. arieta'tmn. 20. July. BrazU. 1832. Twiner. 
 B. R. 1. 1669. 
 
 — auricula'twm. 10. Brazil. 1820. Twiner. 
 
 — dlia'tum. May. Brazil. 1796. Herbaceous. 
 
 — elli'pticum. 10. September. Mexico. 1844, 
 
 Syn., S.- mwyronatwm. Twiner. 
 
 — heterophy'llum,. 10. December. Buenos 
 
 Ayres. 1842. Climber. B. M. t. 4014. 
 
 — jatrophcefo'Wwm. 3. May. Uruguay. 1841, 
 
 Twiner, 
 
 — littora'le. Autumn. South Brazil. 1882. B. 
 
 M. t. 6623. Climber. 
 
 — miterona'tum. See 5. ellipticwm. 
 
 Stilli'ngia. (Named after Dr. B. 
 Stillingfleet, an English botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Euphorbiacece ; Tribe, Crotonece. 
 Allied to Homalanthus.) 
 
 Stove, yellow-flowered evergreens. Cuttings 
 in sand, in heat ; sandy, fibry loam, a little peafc 
 and charcoal, and also a little brick-rubbish. 
 Winter temp., 60° ; summer, 60° to 75°. 
 S.popu'lnea. 14. Ceylon. 1823. 
 
 — sebi'fera. 10. China. 1703. A synonym of 
 
 Sapium eehiferum. 
 
 Stinging Bush. Ja'tropJia u'nns. 
 
 stinging Nettle. U'rtica dioi'ea. 
 
 stinking Gladwjm. Tris fmti- 
 di'ssima. 
 
 Sti'pa. Feather Grass. (From stipe, 
 feathery, or silky. Nat. ord., Oraminece; 
 Tribe, Agrostidece.) 
 
STI 
 
 [935] 
 
 ST(E 
 
 Stipa setiTta'to is the common feather-grass of 
 the seed-shops. All but eleganti'sHma and 
 hu muts are hardy herbaceous perennials ; divi- 
 sion and seeds in spring ; common soil. 
 5^. alta'ica. July. Altai. 1836. 
 
 — capilla'ta. 2. July. Europe. 1816. 
 
 — confe'rta. 2. July. 1819. 
 
 — eleganti'ssima. 2-3. Australia. Greenhouse. 
 
 — giganUa. 3. July. Spain. 1823. 
 
 — hu'milis. i. July. S. Amer. 1802. 
 
 — ju'ncea. 3. July, France. 1772. 
 
 — Lasiagro'stis. South Europe. Syn., Lasia- 
 
 grostis Calamagrostis. 
 
 — pmna'ta. 2. July. Britain. 
 
 Stitchwort. Stella'ria. 
 
 .Stizolo'bium. (From steizein, to 
 prick, and ?o6os, a pod. Nat. ord., Legu- 
 minosce; Tribe, Phaseolece.) A synonym 
 of Mucnna. 
 
 S. altHssima. A synonym of Mvmvna altissima. 
 
 — pru'riens. A synonym of Mucuna pruriens. 
 
 Stobse'a. (Named after Dr. Stobceus, 
 a Swede. Nat. ord., Compositce; Tribe, 
 Arctotidea.) A synonym of Berk- 
 heya. 
 
 Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from 
 South Africa. Cuttings of the points of shoots, 
 when growing, in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy 
 loam and flbry peat. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. 
 S.pinma'ta. B. M. t. 1788. See ~ " 
 pinnata. 
 
 — purpu'rea. Q. C. 1872, p. 1261. See 
 
 purpurea. 
 
 — ; sphcBroce^phala. B. M. t. 5715. See Stephana- 
 coma cardiwides. 
 
 Stocks are young trees or shrubs 
 raised from seed, suckers, layers, and 
 juttings, for the reception of buds or 
 grafts from other trees or shrubs of a 
 superior kind. 
 
 The old gardener's maxim, "the graft 
 overruleth the stock quite," is consonant 
 with truth, though it is to be taken with 
 some reservation. The graft prevails, 
 and retains its qualities ; yet the stock 
 has the power of influencing its produc- 
 tiveness, as well Eis the quality of the 
 fruit. Thus, a tree having an expansive 
 foliage and robust growth, indicative of 
 large sap vessels and vigorous circula- 
 tion, should never be grafted upon a 
 stock oppositely characterized, for the 
 supply of sap will not be sufficient. 
 
 The habit of the stock, also, is of 
 much more importance than is usually 
 considered. If it grows more rapidly, 
 or has larger sap vessels than the scion 
 or bud, an enlargement occurs below 
 these; but if they grow more rapidly 
 than the stock, an enlargement takes 
 place just above the point of union. 
 In either case, the tree is usually ren- 
 dered temporarily more prolific ; but in 
 the case where the stock ^ows most 
 slowly, the productiveness is often of 
 very short duration, the supply of s^ 
 annually becoming less and less suiii- 
 cient to sustain the enlarged production 
 
 of blossom and leaves. This very fre- 
 quently occurs to the freer-growing 
 cherries when inserted upon the wild 
 species, and still more frequently to the 
 peach and apricot upon stocks of the 
 slow-growing plums. It is highly im- 
 portant, therefore, to employ stocks, the 
 growth of which is as nearly similar as 
 may be to the parent of the buds or 
 scion. 
 
 The earlier vegetation of the stock 
 than of the bud or graft is also impor- 
 tant ; for, if the latter is earliest in de- 
 velopment, it is apt to be exhausted and 
 die before the flow of sap has enabled 
 granulation and union between the 
 faces of the wounds at the junction to 
 occur. 
 
 Stocks for general use may be used 
 for grafting or budding, when from the 
 size of a good goose-quiflto half an inch, 
 or not more than an inch in the part 
 where the graft or bud is to be inserted. 
 Stocks of two or three inches or more in 
 diameter, either the stems or branches, 
 are also occasionally grafted or budded 
 with success, but are not proper for 
 general practice. Crab Stocks are all 
 such as are raised from seeds, etc., of 
 any wild ungrafted trees, particularly if 
 of the fruit-tree kind, such as the wild 
 crab apple of the woods and hedges, 
 wild pears, plums, wild cherry, and 
 such other trees as have not been grafted 
 or budded. Free Stocks are such as are 
 raised from the seed, layers, etc., of any 
 of the cultivated varieties of fruit-trees 
 and others. Paradise or Doucin stocks 
 are raised from layers or suckers from a 
 dwarf variety of apple, the roots of 
 which are produced nearer to the sur- 
 face than those from crab stocks. The 
 FreiMh Paradise stock is distinguished 
 from all others by its very dwarf growth, 
 its clear chestnut-coloured shoots, and 
 small fibrous roots, which spread near 
 the surface. The English Paradise may 
 be either referred to as the Doucin of 
 the French or the Dutch Paradise ; for, 
 in English nurseries, trees propagated 
 on either are said to be on paradise 
 stocks. Of these two the Doucin has 
 the darkest shoots. Their effects on the 
 growth of the trees worked upon them 
 are similar, being intermediate between 
 the very dwarf habit induced by the 
 French Paradise, and the luxuriant 
 growth induced by the crab or free 
 stocks. See Grafting and Budding. 
 
 Stoe'be. (Prom stibas, a bed of 
 leaves ; those of S. cethio'pica so used. 
 Nat. ord., Compositce; Tribe, Inuloi- 
 -ce.) 
 
STO 
 
 [936] 
 
 STO 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from South Africa. 
 Cuttings of young shoots In sand, under a bell- 
 glass, in May ; flbry, sandy loam and peat. 
 Winter temp., 40° to 45°. 
 5. athiefpica. 2. August. 1759. 
 
 — eine'rea. 2. August. 1784. 
 
 — ericoi'des. 2. August. 1816. 
 
 — refle'xa. 2. August. 1816. 
 
 Stoke'sia. (Named after Dr. Stokes, 
 an English botanist. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positoe ; Tribe, Vernoniacece.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen. Seeds, or division of the 
 plant in spring ; sandy loam and a little leaf- 
 mould ; requires a little protection in winter. 
 S. eya'nea. 2. Blue. August. Carolina. 1766. 
 B. M. t. 4966. 
 
 Stonecrop. Se'dum. 
 
 Stone Pine. Pi'tms pi'nea. 
 
 stopping is pinching or nipping off 
 the extremity of a branch, to prevent its 
 further extension in length. It is fre- 
 quently done, either to promote its ro- 
 bustness or the production of lateral 
 shoots. 
 
 Storax. Sty'rax. 
 
 Stork's Bill. 
 
 Stoves are glazed structures, differ- 
 ing from greenhouses chiefly in requiring 
 a higher temperature to be sustained 
 within them for growing plants from 
 tropical climates. Nearly all that is 
 stated relative to the greenhouse, hot- 
 bed, and pit, under the articles Melon 
 and Rendle's Tank System, is 
 applicable to the stove. The best form 
 of house is that generally known as 
 span-roofed. Light, being highly essen- 
 tial to all tropical, ornamental foliaged 
 and flowering plants, is best obtained 
 by using this form of house. The use 
 of rhomboid panes of glass (as shown in 
 the annexed figure) for conducting con- 
 densed vapour to one corner, 
 and thence down the sash- 
 bars, is now entirely aban- 
 doned. 
 
 Flues are rapidly giving 
 place to hot-water or steam- 
 pipes in the heating of tro- 
 pical houses. The more re- 
 cent systems are not only 
 safer, but do their work 
 better, with greater regu- 
 larity, and, as a rule, re- 
 quire less attention than the 
 older ones. The old troughs 
 (as shown in the annexed figure), so 
 popular in the days of flues, have given 
 place to tanks cast on the pipes, where- 
 by the air may be kept at a uniformly 
 moist temperature. 
 
 To ascertain the surface of pipe re- 
 quired to warm any given quantity of 
 
 air, multiply the cubic feet of air to be 
 heated per minute by the difference be- 
 tween the temperature the 
 house is to be kept at, and 
 that of the external air in 
 degrees of Fahrenheit's ther- 
 mometer, and divide the pro- 
 duct by 2'1, the difference 
 between 200, which is the 
 temperature of the steam 
 pipes, and the temperature 
 of the house ; the quotient 
 will be the surface of cast-iron pipe re- 
 quired. 
 
 Now, in the house of ordinary dimen- 
 sions, if the lowest temperature in the 
 night be fixed at 50°, and 10° are allowed 
 for winds, and the external air is sup- 
 posed to be at zero or of Fahrenheit, 
 then 1175 multiplied by 60°, and the 
 product divided by 2-1, the difference 
 between 200 and 60 will give us the 
 quotient 236 = to the surface of pipe 
 required. Now, the house being thirty 
 feet long, five pipes of that length, and 
 five inches in diameter, will be about 
 the proper quantity. 
 
 If hot water be employed instead of 
 steam, the following proportions and 
 information, obtained from Mr. Rendle, 
 may be adopted confidently as guides : — 
 In a span-roof propagating-house, forty 
 feet long, thirteen feet broad, seven feet 
 high in the centre, and four feet high at 
 the two fronts, having a superficial sur- 
 face of glass amounting to 538 square 
 feet, Mr. Rendle has a tank eighty-three 
 feet long, running round three sides of 
 the house, four feet wide, and a,hout 
 eight inches deep, and consequently 
 capable of containing nearly 300 cubic 
 feet of hot water, though only half that 
 quantity is used. This is closely ap- 
 proaching to the size pointed out, ac- 
 cording to Mr. Tredgold's formula. The 
 mean temperature of a hot-water tank 
 will never be much above 100°, so that, 
 for the sized house mentioned by that 
 skilful engineer, the divisor must be 2 '1 
 times the difference between 100° and 
 60°, which gives as the quotient 335 
 cubic feet. 
 
 The tank in Mr. Rendle's propagating- 
 house is built lined with Roman cement, 
 and if the temperature at the time of 
 lighting the fire oe 90°, the temperature 
 of the atmosphere of the house 67°, and 
 the temperature out of doors 50°, the 
 quantity of small coal or breeze required 
 to raise the temperature of the water to 
 125° is 28 pounds. In twelve hours the 
 water cools, after the fire has been ex- 
 tinguished, from 125° to 93°. 
 When steam is employed, the space 
 
STO 
 
 [937] 
 
 STR 
 
 for steam in the boiler is easily found 
 by multiplying the length of the pipe in 
 feet by the quantity of steam in a foot 
 in length of the pipe. 
 
 In the above-noticed house, the length 
 of pipe five inches in diameter is 150 
 feet ; and these multiplied by 1 -363 = 
 20-5 cubic feet of steam, and as the pipe 
 will condense the steam of about one 
 cubic foot and one-third of water per 
 hour, therefore the boiler should be 
 capable of evaporating IJ cubic feet of 
 water per hour, to allow for unavoidable 
 loss. In the extreme cases of the ther- 
 mometer being at zero, the consumption 
 of coals to keep up this evaporation will 
 be 12| pounds per hour. 
 
 Interior 
 
 diameter of pipe 
 
 in inches. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2i 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 g 
 
 10 
 
 Decimal parts of a 
 cubic foot of steam 
 in each foot of pipe. 
 
 0-0546 
 
 0-1226 
 
 0-2186 
 
 0-34 
 
 0-49 
 
 0-873 
 
 1-063 
 
 1-904 
 
 2-67 
 
 3-49 
 
 4-42 
 
 6-45 
 
 These calculations are all founded 
 upon the supposition that the condensed 
 water is returned to the boiler whilst 
 hot ; but if this cannot be effected, then 
 one-twelfth more fuel will be required. 
 The boiler for the supply either of steam 
 or hot water should be covered with the 
 best available non-conductor of heat, and 
 this is either charcoal or sand. 
 
 A case of brickwork, with pulverized 
 charcoal between this and the boiler, is 
 to be preferred to any other. A boiler 
 having a surface of seventy feet exposed 
 to the air, in a temperature of 32°, re- 
 quires an extra bushel of coals to be 
 consumed per day, to compensate for 
 the heat radiated and conducted from 
 that surface ; and the smaller the boiler, 
 the greater is the proportionate waste. 
 The surface of the pipes should be 
 painted black,, because a surface of this 
 colour gives out more heat in a given 
 time than any other. 
 
 The temperature for a stove should 
 be :— Winter : day, 60°-65° ; night, 65° ; 
 summer : 65°-70°, rising with sun-heat. 
 Where a great variety of plants are 
 grown requiring different temperatures, 
 those which require most heat may be 
 grown in the warmer end, admitting all 
 air at the cooler end if possible. 
 
 A plunging tank heated with pipes 
 and fUled with cocoanut-fibre is another 
 essential to a stove, and should always 
 
 be provided where pits orotheraccommo- 
 dation for this purpose are limited. 
 
 Bark or Moist Stove. — Mr. Loudon 
 gives the following design and descrip- 
 
 iM 
 
 tion of a moist stove, warmed on the old 
 plan of deriving heat by the combined 
 agency of bark and flues. Instead of a 
 stage in the centre it has a pit, which 
 may be from two and a half to four feet 
 deep, according as bark or leaves are to 
 be used, the latter material requiring 
 the greatest depth. It is commonly sur- 
 rounded by a thin brick wall ; but planks 
 of stone, or plates of slate or cast iron, 
 are to be prefeiTed. 'J'he roof, when 
 necessary, may be supported by iron ■ 
 columns from the middle of the pit, a. 
 Shelves may be placed against the back 
 wall, 6, and occasionally a narrow-leaved 
 creeper run up the roof, c. We may add, 
 that houses or-this description are gene- 
 rally placed east and west against walls, 
 on account of the shelter thereby ob- 
 tained during winter, when a high de- 
 gree of heat is kept up within, while the 
 cold is excessive -without. 
 
 Stranvse'sia. (Named after the 
 Hon. W. F. Strancrwdys, F.R.S. Nat. 
 ord., Bosaeem ; Tribe, Pomece.) 
 
 A beautiful and nearly evergreen shrub, but 
 not quite hardy, except in the south of England. 
 Grafting on the thorn ; in cold places would like 
 a little protection in winter. 
 S. glauce'scene. 20. White. June. Nepaul. 
 1828. B. E. 1. 1956. 
 
 Stratio'tes. Water Soldier. (From 
 stratos, an army ; sword -like leaves. 
 Nat. ord., Hydrocharideos ; Tribe, Stra- 
 tiotecB. ) 
 
 Hard^ aquatics. Useful to plant in ponds, 
 where it will soon cover a large space. Seeds 
 and divisions ; ponds and lakes. 
 S. alismoi'des. A synonym of Ottelia alimwides. 
 
 — aloi'des. 2. White. June. England, 
 
 Strava'dimn. (From the native 
 name in Malabar. Nat. ord., Myrta- 
 cem ; Tribe, LecytMdece.) See Bar- 
 ringtonia. 
 
 stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a good, 
 moist bottom-heat ; flbry loam and peat, with a 
 little charcoal and silver sand. Winter temp., 60° 
 to 65° ; summer, 66° to 90°. 
 5. aeuta'Tigulvm,. See Ba/nmgtonia acutangula. 
 
 — msi'gne. Fl. Ser. tt. 654, 666. A synonym of 
 
 Barringtonia meignis. 
 
STR [ 938 ] 
 
 STR 
 
 S. racemo'sum. See Barringtonia racsmosa. 
 — rw'brwm. See Barringtonia acutarigula. 
 
 Strawberry. Fraga'ria. 
 
 Superior kinds. — These are President, 
 Sir Joseph Paxton, Lucas, Black Prince, 
 Bicton, iSritish Queen, Dr. Hogg, Elton, 
 Keen's seedling, Loxford Hall seedling, 
 James Veitch, La Constance, La Grosse 
 Sucr6e, Pauline, Pioneer, Vicomtesse 
 H6ricart de Thury, etc., etc. 
 
 SoU. — A good loam of some depth is 
 best adapted to high culture ; for al- 
 though strawberry walls are found to 
 be highly conducive to flavour, yet they 
 will not succeed well in such situations, 
 unless a special provision of this kind be 
 made for them. Therefore, loose and 
 sandy soils must be mixed with marls 
 or clays, and clayey soils must be ren- 
 dered open by applying sand, road- 
 scrapings, cinder-asnes (fine), burnt or 
 charred material, etc. Bo^gy or peaty 
 soOs will require consolidation by burn- 
 ingj or the application of sound soil, and 
 by thorough draining, if wet. 
 
 Propagation. : by Kunners and Seed. — 
 Their propagation by runners is well 
 known. Seed-sowing is resorted to for 
 raising new varieties, and for heighten- 
 ing the culture of the Alpine class, which 
 is, by most cultivators, treated as an 
 annual. 
 
 Culture during the Growing Period. — 
 Very little is necessary besides keeping 
 them clear of weeds, and trimming all 
 those runners away which are not re- 
 quired for future stock. All operations 
 connected with root-culture should be 
 carried out during the rest period. At 
 the end of May the runners will begin 
 to ramble freely, and at this time a 
 very general spring-dressing should take 
 place. This consists in hoeing and 
 raking the ground thoroughly, choosing 
 a dry period for the operation, in order 
 that every weed may be destroyed ; at 
 the same time trimming away all the 
 wires or strings on which the runners 
 are produced. The next proceeding will 
 be to place clean straw, grass-mowings, 
 or tan beneath the trusses of fruit ; 
 this process requires a little nicety of 
 handling. When the bloom trusses 
 make their appearance, the next great 
 point is to see that the plants never 
 suffer from drought from this period 
 to the moment they commence ripen- 
 ing. 
 
 Culture during the Best Period. — We 
 date our rest season from the period at 
 which the last fruit is gathered, or soon 
 after, say the end of August. At this 
 period it will be found, that in spite of 
 the trimming the plants received in May, 
 
 a profusion of runners will have been 
 produced, the rambling foliage from 
 which wUl obstruct the light from the 
 older and principal leaves, which have, 
 from this time forward, the important 
 office of preparing for the formation of 
 the ensuing year's blossom. The waste 
 runners should therefore be trimmed 
 away as soon as possible, for they also 
 exhaust the soil by their roots. In cut- 
 ting away these runners, great care must 
 be exercised in preserving all the true 
 leaves, which must by no means be cut. 
 No further trimming need be practised 
 until the following March, in the early 
 part of which all the decayed and in- 
 jured foliage may be cut away. The 
 rows being three feet apart, at the end 
 of October, one foot in the centre only is 
 to be dug, thus leaving the plants one 
 foot of roots on each side entirely undis- 
 turbed. Introduce some decayed manure 
 annually in this centre, and the small 
 amount of loss of root is more than com- 
 pensated by the volume of new white 
 fibres which, by the month of May fol- 
 lowing, have fully invested the new 
 ground. The dung or vegetable matter 
 should be somewhat fresh ; such is pre- 
 ferable to rotten manure. 
 
 Making new Plantations. — Trenching 
 should be had recourse to, going as deep 
 as the good soil will permit, placing the 
 manure necessary principally between 
 the two spits. If the soil be shallow, of 
 course the manure will be dug down 
 with a single spit. If good runners can 
 be obtained early in July, and carefully 
 cultivated, they may be expected to 
 bear a respectable crop the following 
 summer. From those planted in Feb- 
 ruary, of course, little can be expected. 
 It is by far the best to keep a little 
 nursery for runners in a very open 
 situation, and the plants a long way 
 apart. 
 
 Strawberry Walls or Banks. — These 
 have been highly recommended, and 
 are, doubtless, very useful, as heighten- 
 ing flavour. They have, however, never 
 become very general, owing to their 
 being rather expensive in constructing. 
 A strawberry wall, in the direction of 
 east and west, would be a useful adjunct 
 in high gardening if properly managed. 
 On the south side plant the Black Prmce 
 and the Keen's Seedling; and on the 
 north side the Elton. The former would 
 ripen a fortnight earlier than ordinary 
 ones, and the latter continue bearing 
 until October. These walls may be 
 built of any kind of material which will 
 maintain its position, and should be as 
 near to an angle of 45° as can be ap- 
 
preached, 
 structed — 
 
 STR 
 They may be thus eon 
 
 [939] 
 
 
 
 Strawberry Forcing.— One principal 
 point here is to obtain very early run- 
 ners, which is generally effected by lay- 
 ing the earliest in small pots, in a sound 
 compost. These, when full of roots, are 
 repotted into larger ones ; and the 
 whole business henceforth is to give 
 them kindly cultivation, as to regular 
 waterings, etc., and to keep them m an 
 open situation. By the end of Septem- 
 ber they will possess stout buds, and 
 must be plunged up to their rims for the 
 winter. Forcing must be commenced 
 very gently, with plenty of atmospheric 
 moisture, — say, commence with the 
 temperature at 55°, and rise gradually, 
 by the time the leaf is thoroughly deve- 
 loped, to 60°, and the less advance that 
 is made beyond this the better, except 
 in sunny weather. They love to be 
 near the glass, and to have abundance 
 of air. 
 
 Strawberry-Blite. BU'tum. 
 
 Strawberry-Spinach. BU'tum. 
 
 Strawberry-tree. A'rhutus. 
 
 Streblorrhi'za. (Prom streUos, 
 twisted, and rhiza, a root. Nat. ord., 
 LeguminoscB; Tribe, Galegece.) 
 
 Half-hardy, climbing shrub. For culture, see 
 Clianthus. 
 
 S. specicfua. 3. Flesh-coloured. May. Norfolk 
 Island. 1840. Syn., Clianthns carneus. 
 B. B. 1841, t. 51. 
 
 Stre'blus. (From streblos, twisted ; 
 refen-ing to the branches. Nat. ord., 
 Urticacece. ) 
 
 A stove shrub or tree. Rich loam mixed with 
 fibry peat. Seeds ; cuttings. 
 S. a'sper. 20. Greenish. Tropical Asia. Paper 
 Tree. 
 
 Streli'tzia. Bird of Paradise 
 Flower ; Bird's-tongue Flower. (Named 
 after Charlotte, queen to George III., 
 of the house of Mecklenbvrgh-Strelitz. 
 Nat. ord., Scitaminece ; Tribe, Musece.) 
 Stove, yeUow-flowered, herbaceous perennials, 
 from South Africa. By seeds in a good, moist 
 heat, In spring ; generally by suckers and dividing 
 the plant ; flbry loam and a little peat. Winter 
 temp., 45° to 65° ; summer, 60° to 80°, 
 iS. a'MJloi. See S. quermmi. 
 
 — miffustO'o'Ua. See S. parvi/olia. 
 
 — tmgu'sta. 18. White. March. 1791. B.M. 
 
 tt. 4167—4168. 
 
 S. farmo'sa. 
 — hu'Tnilis. 
 
 STR 
 
 February. 1795. 
 
 May. A dwarf form of 
 
 S. 
 
 ■—ju'ncea. See S. parvifolia, var. juncea. 
 
 — Nieola'i. 25. White, blue. May. Gfl. t. 235. 
 
 — Mve'nii. Garden hybrid. 1888. 
 
 — ova'ta. 8. March. 1777. Syn.,S.Begvru«oi 
 
 Alton. 
 
 — parmfo'lia- 6. June. 1796. Syn., S. angmti- 
 
 folia. 
 
 ju'ncea. 6. May. B. E. t. 616. Syn., 
 
 5. juncea. 
 
 — proli'fera. See S. Reginoe, var. prolifera. 
 
 — quenscfni. Bosy violet. 1863. Syn., S. albi- 
 
 Jlos. 
 
 — lUgi'nce. 8. April. 1773. B. M. tt. 119, 
 
 120 ; Bed. LU. tt. 77, 78. 
 
 eitri'na. Sepals citron-yellow. 1887. 
 
 Lem(yinie!rii. 3. TeUow, blue. 1880. 
 
 proli'fera. A variety with two spathes. 
 
 pu'mila. A dwarf variety. 1866. 
 
 Strepta'nthera. (From streptos, 
 twisted, and anthera, an anther ; refer- 
 ring to the shape of the anthers. Nat. 
 ord., IridecB ; Tribe, Ixiece. Closely 
 allied to Gladiolus, with which it is 
 sometimes united. ) 
 
 Greenhouse bulbs. Sandy loam. Offsets. 
 S. cu'prea. |. Copper. June. South Africa. 
 1825. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 1. 122. 
 
 — eHegams. J. White, blue. May. South 
 
 Africa. 1827. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 209. 
 
 Streptoea'lyx. (From streptos, 
 twisted, and calyx, a cup or calyx. 
 Nat. ord., Bromeliacece; Tribe, Brome- 
 lieoe.) 
 
 Stove plants, requiring the same culture as 
 
 .aECHMEA. 
 
 5. Furstenbelrgii. IJ. Pink. October. Bahia. 
 1877. Syns., JEchmtea Merstenbergii and 
 Tillamtsia Furstenbergii. 
 
 — Vallera'Ttdi. 2. Bracts bright red ; flowers 
 
 violet. Amazon Valley. 1876. Belg. 
 Hort. 1883, p. 13, 1. 1, 2. Syn., Lampro- 
 cocews Valleramdi, Bev. Hort. 1887, 
 p. 129. 
 
 Streptoca'rpus, (From streptos, 
 twisted, and carpos, a fruit ; the long 
 seed-pod is twisted. Nat. ord., Gesnera- 
 eeae ; Tribe, Cyrtandrece.) 
 
 Greenhouse, or stove, herbaceous perennials. 
 By seeds in a gentle hotbed, in spring ; also by 
 dividing the plant.; light, rich, seindy loam. 
 Winter temp., 40° to 60°. 
 S. a'lbidus. Garden hybrid. 1889. 
 
 — azu'reus. Garden hybrid. 1889. 
 
 — biflo'ro-polya'nthus. Pale bliiish-lilac. Fl. 
 
 Ser. t. 2429. Garden hybrid. 
 
 — Bnui'ntn. Hybrid between 5. Beayii and S. 
 
 polycmthiis. 
 
 — eaule'scens. Pale lilac. Summer. East 
 
 Tropical Africa. 1885. B. M, t. 6814. 
 Stove. 
 
 — controve^rsits. Garden hybrid. 1889. 
 
 — Du'nnii. Pale or bright rose. May. Trans- 
 
 vaal. 1884. B. M. t. 6903. 
 
 — Oalpi'ni. Mauve-blue, with a white eye. 
 
 Transvaal. 1891. 
 
 — Gwrde/ni. }. Blue. July. Natal. 1854. 
 
 B. M. t. 4862. 
 
 — grwndi/U/rus. Garden hybrid. 1889. 
 
 — Qreefnii. li. Pale lilac-blue. 1882. Garden 
 
 hybrid between S. Eemi and S. Savmder- 
 tii. G. C. 1882, xvii. p. 303. Stove. 
 
 — ms^gnis. Garden hybrid. 1889. 
 
STR 
 
 [940] 
 
 STR 
 
 S. kewe'nsis. Bright mauve - purple, with 
 brownish-purple stripes in the throat. 
 Autumn and winter. 1887. Garden 
 hybrid between S. Dunnii and 5. Bexii. 
 
 — Eirhii. Lilac. Summer. Bast Tropical 
 
 Africa. 1884. B. M. t. 6782. Stove. 
 
 — lu'tea. White, with pale purple stripes. 
 
 June. 1882. Syn., 5. parviflora of B. M. 
 t. 6636. 
 
 — rfuicula'ta. Garden hybrid. 1889. 
 
 — parmfio'ra. Purple, white, yellow. South 
 
 Africa. 1888. B. M. t. 7036. See also 
 S. lutea. 
 
 — paucifl&rus. White, purple, primrose. 1882. 
 
 — polya'nthus. 1. Natal. Purple. 1863. B. 
 
 M. t. 4850. 
 
 — iie'aat. J. Blue. June. South Africa. 1824. 
 
 B. R. t. 1173. Syn., Didynwcarjms Bexii. 
 B. M. t. 3006. 
 
 — Sawnde'rsii. Blue, purple. Natal. 1861. 
 
 B. M. t. 5261. 
 
 — Watso'ni. Bright rose-purple. Autumn and 
 
 winter. 1887. Hybrid Between S. kewen- 
 sis and S. parviflora. G. C. 1887, ii. 
 pp. 137 and 216, fig. 62. . 
 
 — Wendla'ndii. Clear blue. 1890. 
 
 Stre'ptopus. (From streptos, 
 twisted, and pous, a foot ; flower-stalks 
 twisted. Nat. ord., Liliacece ; Tribe, 
 PolygonatecB. Allied to Uvularia. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds or divi- 
 sions In spring ; any good garden-soil. 
 5. amplexifo'lius. Ked. Lil. t. 269. See S. 
 distoriits. 
 
 — disto'rtus. 1. Greenish-white. May. Europe 
 
 and North America. Syns., S. a/mplexi- 
 folius, Uvularia amplexifolia and tT. 
 distorta. 
 
 — lani^ino'sus. 1^. Yellow, green. June. N. 
 
 America. 1812. Syn., Uvularia lanu- 
 
 fvnosa. B. M. t. 1490. Now known as 
 'ROSARTES LANUGINOSUS. 
 
 — ro'seus. li^. Pinfc. June. N. America. 
 
 1806. Syn., Uvularia rosea. B. M. 
 1. 1489. 
 
 — simplex. 1^, June. Nepaul. 1822. 
 
 Streptoso'len. (From streptos, 
 twisted, and solen, a tube ; in allusion 
 to the corolla tube. Nat. ord., Solana- 
 cecB ; Tribe, Salpiglossidece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Seeds sown in 
 a mild heat, in March, and potted when the 
 seedlings are sufficiently large iiibo light,, rich 
 soil. 
 S. Jameso'ni. 4. Orange. June. Ecuador. 
 
 1847. Syn., Browallia Jamesoni. B. M. 
 
 t. 4606. 
 
 Strickla'ndia. (After Sir c. W. 
 Strickland, Bart., a successful culti- 
 vator of Amaryllidese. Nat. ord., 
 Amaryllidece ; Tribe, Pancratiece.) 
 
 Stove bulb. For culture, see Stenomesson. 
 S. eucrosioi'des. 1. Bright red. Spring.- Andes 
 of Ecuador. 1877. Syns., Leperiza 
 eucrosioides&nd.StenoTnesson Stricklandi'. 
 
 Striking. The process of causing 
 cuttings to emit roots. 
 
 Stringy Bark Tree. A name ap- 
 plied to several species of Eucaly'ptus. 
 
 . Strobila'nthes. (From strobiles, a 
 pine-cone, and anthos, a flower ; resem- 
 blance of the head of flower. Nat. ord.. 
 
 Acanthacece ; Tribe, Buelliece. Allied 
 to Ruellia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings any time 
 during summer in sandy soil, under a hand- 
 light, in heat ; fibry loam and sandy peat. 
 Winter temp., 48° to 56° ; summer, 60° to 80°. 
 S. anisophy'Uus. 3. Lavender. June. Silhet. 
 
 1823. Syns., Goldfussui anisophylla, B. 
 
 M. t. 3404 ; Euellia anisophylla and B. 
 
 persic^oUa, B. R. t. 956. 
 
 — attenua'tu^. Violet-blue. Himalaiyas. 1887. 
 
 Gfl. t. 1243. Greenhouse. 
 
 — calMsus. Blue. May. B. Indies. 1840. 
 
 Syn., Buellia callosa. 
 
 — colora'tus. Pale lilac-purple. Eastern Hima- 
 
 layas. 1887. B. M. t. 6922. 
 
 — co^isangui'neits. Blue. Ceylon. 1873. 
 
 — Jlacddi/o'lius. Lilac -purple. India and China. 
 
 1887. B. M. t. 6947. This shrub yields 
 a blue dye. 
 
 — glomera'tus. 2-6. Purple. November. 
 
 India. 1838. Syn., Goldfussia glom^rata. 
 B. M. t. 3881. 
 
 spedo'sTis. A more showy variety. Syn., 
 
 Ooldfussia glomerata, var. speciosa. B. 
 M. t. 4767. 
 
 — isopky'llus. 2. Lavender. Autumn. India. 
 
 1846. Syn., Ooldfussia isophylla,. B. M. 
 t. 4363, and Maund. Bot. t. 244. 
 lacta'tus. 1. Pale lilac. September. E. 
 1847. B. M. t. 4366. 
 1^. Pale lilac. September. 
 
 Indies. 
 
 — macula' tus. 
 
 1848. 
 
 — SaMnia'nus. 
 
 Nepaul. 
 
 4. Blue, purple. March. 
 
 _--,„ 1826. Syn., Buellia SaMana. 
 
 B. fe. t. 1238. 
 
 — sca'ber. 3. Yellow. May. E. Indies, 
 
 1826. Syn., Buellia scabra. 
 
 — se'ssilis. li. Pale purple. April. Bombay. 
 
 1836. 
 
 — Wallichii. ^-2. Blue. October. India. 1868. 
 
 Syn., Ooldf ussia Thomsoni. B.M. t 6119. 
 
 Strobilora'chis. (From stroUlos, 
 a fir cone, and rachis, a ridge ; referring 
 to the form of the inflorescence. Nat. 
 ord,, Acanthacece.) Now united with 
 Aphelandra. 
 
 stove shrub. For cultivation, see Ruellia, to 
 which it is allied. 
 
 S. gla'hra. Yellow. Brazil. 1862. Now known 
 as Aphelandra Hydromestus. 
 
 Stroma'nthe. (From stroma, to 
 strew, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., 
 Scitaminece ; Tribe, Marantece.) 
 
 Stove perennial 'evergreen herbs. Seeds ; 
 division of the plant in spring. Rich sandy loam, 
 fibrous peat, and leaf-mould. Summer temp., 66° 
 to 86° ; winter, 58° to 66°. 
 5*. ama'bilis. Brazil. 1875. 
 
 — Lubbe'rsii. Leaves marbled with yellow 
 
 above ; under surface greyish. 1880. 
 Belg. Hort. 1882, 1. 1. 
 
 — Portea'na. Leaves green above, paler be- 
 
 neath. 1869. 
 
 — samgui'nea. A synonym of Maranta san- 
 
 guinea, 
 
 — specta'bilis. Lem. Jard. Fl. t. 401. See 
 
 Maramta spectabilis. 
 
 Stropha'nthus. (From strophes, 
 twisted, and anthos, a flower ; divisions 
 of petals twisted. Nat. ord. , Apocyna- 
 cecB ; Tribe, Echitidece. Allied to 
 Nerium. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat, in 
 
STB, 
 
 [941] 
 
 STY 
 
 spring ; flbry loam and sandy peat. Winter 
 temp., 50° to 66° ; summer, 60° to 85°. 
 S. BvUemUirms. Yellow, purple. W. Tropical 
 Africa. 1870. 
 
 — capdnsis. Orange, yellow. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1866. B. M. t. 6713. 
 
 — c&Mie'juiw. See S. divergens. 
 
 — dich&tmnm. S. Rosy. June. E. Indies. 
 
 1816. 
 chine'Tisis. See S. divergens. 
 
 — divdrgens. 3. Yellow. February. China. 
 
 1816. Syns., 5. ehinensie and 5. dic&o- 
 tomus, var. chinerms. B. R. t. 469. 
 
 — Leditfnii. Yellow, purple. Congo. 1887. 
 
 Gfl. t. 1241. 
 ~ swrment&ms. 6. Red. June. Sierra 
 Leone. 1824. 
 
 Stropholi'rion. (Prom strophos, 
 twisted, and Krion, lily. Nat. ord., 
 LiliaeeoB; Tribe, Alliece.) See Bro- 
 disea. 
 
 S. caXifo'rrAeum and S. mlu'bile are synonyms of 
 Brodicea volubilis. B. M, t. 6123. 
 
 Stnuna'ria. (From struma, a tu- 
 bercle ; the style is enlarged at the 
 bottom. Nat. ord., Amaryllidew ; 
 Tribe, AmarylletB. Allied to Nerine 
 and Hessea.) 
 
 Bulbs, from South Africa. For culture, see 
 Nekine. 
 
 S. angustifo'Ha. J. Pink. April. 1795. Jacq. 
 ^ Ic. t. 369. 
 
 — en'ma. B. M. 1. 1363. See Beisea erispa. 
 —ffllifi'lia. Jacq. Ic. t. 361. See Hessea fili- 
 
 folia, 
 
 — gemma'ta. B. M. t. 1620. See Hessea gem- 
 
 mata. 
 
 — lingucefdlia. \. White. April. Jacq. Ic. 
 
 t. 366. 
 
 — nMlla. J. Pink. May. 1796. Jacq. Ic. 
 
 t. 368. 
 
 — spira'lis. B. M. t. 1383. See Cwrpolyza 
 
 »piralis. 
 
 — stdla'ris. See Hessea stellaris. 
 
 — truTUsa'ta. J. White. April. 1795. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 367. 
 
 — undula'ta. i. White. May. 1820. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 360. 
 
 Stnithi'ola. (From strouthion, a 
 little sparrow ; resemblance of seeds to 
 a beak. Nat. ord., Thymelacem ; Tribe, 
 EuthymelecB. Allied to Gnidia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from South Africa. 
 Cuttings of the points of shoots, two or three 
 inches in length, in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 May ; sandy, flbry peat and a little charcoal. 
 Winter temp., 40° to 47°. 
 5. anguetifo'lia. 3. YeUow. July. 1816. 
 
 — eilia'ta. 2. White. June. 1779. Andr. 
 
 Rep. t. 139. Andr. Rep. t. 149 is S. vir- 
 gata. 
 
 — er^cta. B. M. t. 2138. See 5. stricta. 
 
 — gla'bra. 2. YeUow. June. 1820. 
 
 — imimca'ta. 2. YeUow. June. 1794. Andr. 
 
 Rep. 1. 133. 
 
 — mea'na. 2. White. August. 1817. 
 
 — juniperi'iia. 2. White. June. 1768. B. C. 
 
 — laterifio'ra. 2. Yellow. July. 1819. 
 
 — longiJMra. 2. Yellow. July. 1823. 
 
 — lu'cens. 2. Yellow. June. 1817. 
 
 — ova'ta. 2. White. April. 1792. Andr. 
 
 Rep. 1. 119. 
 —pvMscens. 3. Red. June. 1790. B. M. 
 1. 1212. 
 
 S. stria'ta. 2. Yellow. July. 1820. 
 
 — strHeta. li. White. June. 1798. Syn., 
 
 S, erecta of Curtis (not Linn£eus). 
 
 — toment&sa. 2. Yellow. August. 1799. 
 
 Andr. Rep. t. 334. 
 
 — mrga'ta. 2. Red. June. 1779. Syn., 5. 
 
 eUiata ot Andr. Rep. 1. 149. 
 
 Stmthio'pteris. (From strouthios, 
 an ostrich, and pteris, a fern ; resem- 
 blance of the leaves, or fronds, to its 
 feathers. Nat. ord., Filices.) 
 
 Hardy, brown-spored ferns. See FERNS. 
 S. germa'nica. 2. July. Europe. 1760. 
 
 — orienta'lis. Japan. 1869. 
 
 — pennsylva'niea. 2. August. N. America. 
 
 1812. 
 
 Strychnoda'phne. (From strych- 
 nos, a name of a plant mentioned by 
 Theophrastus, and daphne. Daphne, a 
 nymph. N ait. Old., Lauracece ; Tribe, 
 Litsceacece. ) 
 
 Stove evergreens. For culture, see Lau- 
 
 RDS. 
 
 S. JUyriJm'nda. 40-60. YeUow. West Indies. 
 1800. Syns., Laurus exaltata and i- 
 jioribvmia. 
 
 — pute^rula. 40. White. Cayenne. 1800. 
 
 Syn., haurus crassifolia. 
 
 Str3rphnode'ndron. CFvomstruph- 
 nos, acid, and dendron, tree. Nat. ord., 
 Leguminosce; Tribe, Adenantherece.) 
 
 Stove shrub. For culture, see ACACIA. 
 S. gmarui'nse. 30-40. White. November. 
 Cayenne. Syns., Acacia guiwnensiSt 
 Mimosa guianensis and PiptadeniOr 
 guianensis. 
 
 Stua'rtia. (Named after John 
 Stuart, Marquis of Bute. Nat. ord., 
 Ternstromiacece ; Tribe, Gordoniece. Al- 
 lied to Gordonia.) 
 
 Hardy, white-flowered, deciduous shrubs. 
 Generally propagated by layers ; moist peat soU,. 
 or deep, moist, sandy loam. 
 S. grandifio'ra. See S.pseudo-caTneUia. 
 
 — ma/ryla'ndiea. See S. virginica. 
 
 — ova'ta. See S. pentagyna. 
 
 — penta'gyna. 10. Cream-coloured. Summer. 
 
 North America. 1786. B. M. t. 3918. 
 Syns., 5. ovata and Malacodendron ova- 
 turn. ,B. R. 1. 1104. 
 
 — pseu'do-came'Uia. 12. Creamy-whit«. Sum- 
 
 mer. Japan. 1879. Syn., S. grandi- 
 JUyra. 
 
 — mrgi'mea. 8. White. AprU. North 
 
 America. 1743. Syn., S. inaryXaTidicob. 
 
 Styla'ndra. (From stylos, a column, 
 and aner, a male ; in allusion to the 
 arrangement of the stamens. Nat. ord. , 
 Asclepiadacem.) See Podostigma. 
 
 S. pu'mila. See Podostigma pubescens, 
 
 Styli'dium. (From stylos, a column ; 
 the stamens and style are joined into a 
 column. Nat. ord., StylidiacecB.) 
 
 AU Australian plants. Herbaceous, by divi- 
 sions, and by seeds in spring ; shrubs, by cut- 
 tings of young shoots in sand, under a bell- 
 glass ; flbry, sandy loam, and a little peat and 
 vegetable mould. Winter temp., 40° to 46°. 
 
STY 
 
 [942] 
 
 STY 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 S. Brunonia'num. 1. Kose. June. 1841. B. 
 E. 1842, 1. 15. 
 
 — fascicula'tum. J. Pink. August. 1838. B. 
 
 M. t. 3816. 
 —frutico'sum. IJ. Pink. July. 1803. B. C. 
 1. 171. 
 
 — sca'ndens. 2. Rose. July. 1803. B. M. 
 
 t. 3136. 
 
 GREKNHOnSE HERBACEOUS. 
 
 S. adna'tum. J. Pink. July. 1824. B. M. 
 t. 2698. 
 
 — androsa'ceuTti. White. 
 
 — armelria. 1. Pui-ple. Tasmania. 1851. 
 
 Lem. Jard. Fl. t. 286. 
 
 — Wcolor. Wiiite. Purple. 1843. 
 
 — canalicula'tum. Yellow. July. 
 
 — caricifo'lium. Wliite. July. 
 
 — caule'scens. Pink. 
 
 — cilia'tum. 1. Yellow. May. 1840. B. M. 
 
 t. 3883, 
 
 — compre'ssum. Yellow. Purple. July. 
 
 — dicho'tommm. J. Yellow. August. Syns., 
 
 S. Mookeri and S. mueronifolium. B. 
 M. t. 4638. 
 
 — Drwmmo'nii. 2. Pink. November. 1838. 
 
 Maund. Bot. v. t. 213. 
 
 — gramimfo'lium. 1. Pink. July. 1803. 
 
 Andr. Eep. t. 668. 
 
 — hirsu'tum. |. Rose. June. 1830. B. M. 
 
 t. 3194. 
 
 — hi'epidum. White. July. 
 
 — Hmke'ri. Fl. Ser. t. 606. See S. dicho- 
 
 tomutn. 
 
 — ju'ncewm. J. Eose. 1830. 
 
 — 'laridj'o'lium. 1. Pink. July. 1818. B. E. 
 
 t. 560. Syn., S. tenui^olium. 
 
 — leptosta' chyum. White. 
 
 — linea're. 1. Eed. June. 1812. 
 
 — mueronifo'lium. See S. dichotomum. 
 
 — nu'dum. White. June. 1840. 
 
 — pilo'sum. 1. Pink, white. June. 1841. B. 
 
 R. 1842, t. 41. 
 
 — proH'ferum. Pink. June. 1839. 
 
 — pyenosta' chyum. Pink. June. 1843. 
 
 — recu'rvy/m. J. Green, purple. May. 1840. 
 
 B. M. t. 3913. 
 
 — saxifragoi'des. WHte. June. 1842. B. M. 
 
 t. 4629. 
 
 — sca'bridum. White. July. 1841. 
 
 — spathula'tum. i. Straw. S. W. Australia. 
 
 1872. B. M. t. 6953. 
 
 — etria'tum. White. May. 
 
 — tenuifo'lium. B. M. t. 2249. See 5. larvsifo- 
 
 lium. 
 
 Styloco'ryna. (From stylos, a 
 column, and Imryne, a club ; shape of 
 the style. Nat. ord., Bubiacece ; Tribe, 
 Gardeniece.) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered, East-Indian evergreens. 
 Cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a bell- 
 
 f" iss in heat ; flbry, sandy loam and peat, 
 inter temp., 46° to 65° ; summer, 60° to 86°. 
 S. coria'cea. 1828. 
 
 — corymlxysa. 6. 1759. 
 
 — cymo'sa. 1811. 
 
 Stylole'pis. (From stylos, a column, 
 and fepis, a scale ; the flower-stalks are 
 scaly. Nat. ord., Conyoositw ; Tribe, 
 ImUoideoB. ) See Podolepis. 
 
 S. gra'cilis. A synonym of Podolepis gracilis. 
 
 Stylo'phorum. (From stylos, a 
 column, and phero, to bear ; in allusion 
 to the lonjt style. Nat. ord., Papavera- 
 cecB ; Tribe, EupapaverecB. Allied to 
 Cathcartia.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds in the 
 open border in April; divisions of the root. 
 Light garden-soil. 
 S. divMllwm. }. Yellow. June. Western 
 
 United States. 1854. B. M. t. 4867. 
 
 Syns., B. ohioense, S. petiolatwm, Cheli- 
 
 dorwwm diphyllwm, Meconopsis diphylla 
 
 and M. petiolata. 
 
 — japo'nicum. li. Yellow. May. Japan. 
 
 1S70. B. M. t. 6830. Syn., Chelidonium 
 ^wponicwm. 
 
 = ;SS;™. }See5.dipAa,««m. 
 
 Stypa'ndra. (From stype, tow, and 
 aner, an anther ; resemblance of the an- 
 thers. Nat. ord., LUiacecB ; Tribe, .4s- 
 phodelece. Allied to Dianella. Syn., 
 Styponema.) 
 
 Greenhouse Australian plants. Division of 
 the plant in spring ; sandy loam and flbry 
 peat ; require the protection of a dry, cold pit in 
 winter. 
 
 5. cmspito'sa. 1-2. Blue or yellowish. June. 
 1824. 
 
 — fruUscens. Kn. and West. t. 63. See 5. 
 
 glauca. 
 
 — gltm'ca. 1-3. Blue. June. 1823. Syns., S. 
 
 fnitescens and S. propinqua. B. M 
 t. 3417'. 
 
 — umbella'ta. |. ■ White or yellowish. June. 
 
 1826. 
 
 Styphe'lia. (From styphelos, hard ; 
 referring to the wood. Nat. ord. , ^a- 
 cridacece ; Tribe, Stypheliece. ) 
 
 Greenhouse Australian evergreens. Cuttings 
 of young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 April ; sandy, flbry peat, and only a little flbry 
 loam. Winter temp., 38° to 48°. 
 S. amplexlcau'lis. Linn. Trans, viii. t. 8. ^ A 
 synonym of Letwopogon amplexicciulis. 
 
 — epaaridioi'des. 6. Crimson. July. 1823. 
 
 — mau'ca. A synonym of Monotoca lineata, 
 
 — la/ta. 4. Pink. June. 1823. Syn., 5. lati- 
 
 folia. 
 
 — latifo'lia. See S. Iceta. 
 
 — longifc^lia. 3. Green. June. 1807. B. E. 
 
 t. 24. 
 
 — parmfio'ra. Andr. Eep. t. 287. See Leucopogon 
 
 Richei. 
 
 — Ri'chei. A synonym of Leucopogon Richei. 
 
 — spte'?idens. See Astaroloma silendens. 
 
 — trifl&ra. 6. Pink. July. 1796. Andr. Eep. 
 
 t. 72. 
 
 — tiMflo'ra. 6. Scarlet. July. 1802. B. C. 
 
 t. 1938. 
 
 — viridiJUi'ra. See S. virid/is. 
 
 — m'ridis. 4. Green. May. 1791. Andr. 
 
 Rep. t. 312. Syn., S . viridii/lora. B.C. 
 1. 1223. 
 
 Styphnolo'bium. (From styphon, 
 contracted, and lobos, a pod ; the pods 
 are generally constricted between the 
 seeds. Nat. ord., Leguminosm ; Tribe, 
 SophorecB.) See Sophora. 
 S. japo'nicum. See Sophora japonica. 
 
 Stsr'rax. Storax. (From the Arabic. 
 Nat. ord., Styracem.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous, white-flowered shrubs, ex- 
 cept where otherwise stated. By imported seeds, 
 also by cuttings and layers ; light, rich, sandy 
 loam, and a little peat; should be planted 
 against a wall to bloom profusely, and it is well 
 worthy of such protection ; next to that a dry, 
 protected situation. 
 
sue 
 
 [943] 
 
 SUT 
 
 5. america'num. 6. Summer. North America. 
 
 — Senzo'in. Summer. Sumatra. Stove. 
 
 — califo'micum, 8. Summer. CaUfomia. 
 
 — grandif&lium. 6. Spring. North America. 
 
 1765. B. C. 1. 1016. 
 
 — japo'nicum. See 5. serrulatwrn^ var. 'virgata. 
 
 — Icem^/a'tum. B. M. t. 921. See S. pulveru- 
 
 lentum. 
 
 — ola'ssia. Japan. 1888. G. C. 1888, iv. p. 131, 
 
 flg. U. 
 
 — offlcmaHe. 12. July. Levant. 1B97. Sibth. 
 
 Fl. Gr. t. 375 ; Andr. Eep. t. 631. 
 
 — pulverule'ntum: 4. June. N. Amer. 1794. 
 
 Wats. Dendr. t. 41. Syn., 5. Icevigatum. 
 B. C. t. 960. 
 
 — serrula'tuni, 40. Spring. India and Japan. 
 
 B. M. t. 5960. 
 
 virga'ta. 6. Buds sometimes pinkish 
 
 outside. Japan. 1868. Syn., S.japo- 
 nicuTti. Gfl. t. 583. 
 
 Succulent Plants are so charac- 
 terized on account of their thick juicy 
 leaves or stems. They are formed to 
 exist, says Mr. Fortune, in countries 
 and situations where they are often ex- 
 posed to intense light and dryness ; 
 their skins are thick; they have few 
 evaporating pores ; and they have, like- 
 wise, few roots to gorge their tissue 
 with food during the rainy season. 
 Therefore, we find the dry, sandy plains 
 of the Cape abounding in Aloes and 
 Mesemhryanthemums ; and the bare vol- 
 canic rocks of Mount Etna covered, in 
 many places, with the common prickly 
 pear. In Mexico, also, and in many 
 other parts of Central and South Ame- 
 rica, the extensive race of Cacti, with 
 their curious forms, are at home, and 
 flourish even in those dry and parched 
 seasons when the whole face of nature 
 besides seem withered and destroyed. 
 The natural circumstances in which 
 these plants are found are sure and cer- 
 tain guides in cultivation. 
 
 Suckers are branches naturally 
 thrown up by a plant from its base, 
 when the onward current of growth of 
 the stem is stopped. 
 
 Suffocation is a term employed by 
 Keith and others to describe any stop- 
 ping of the transpiratory organs of 
 plants, whether it arises from extrava- 
 sated sap, mosses, fungi, or from a de- 
 ficient supply of sap. 
 
 Sugar Bakers' Refuse. See 
 Animal Matters. 
 
 Sa'ccharum officina'- 
 
 Sugar Cane 
 
 rum. 
 
 Sumach. Bhu's. 
 
 Summer Snowflake. Leucoi'um 
 cesti'vum. 
 
 Sun-dew. Dro'sera. 
 Sunflower. Hdia'nthm. 
 
 H. a'nnuus. Annual Sunflower, is cul- 
 tivated in southern Europe for its oil, 
 and as a food for cattle and poultry. 
 
 The earlier the seed can be got into 
 the ground the better, say the beginning 
 of April, as the crop will be ready to 
 harvest the latter part of August, which 
 will be of the greatest importance to 
 growers. The necessary quantity of 
 seed required for an acre depends upon 
 the conditions of the soil, and varies 
 from four pounds to five pounds ; but, 
 of course, it is advisable to sow a little 
 more than is actually wanted, to pro- 
 vide against accidents. The seed should 
 be drilled into the ground, and the dis- 
 tance from row to row eighteen inches ; 
 the plants to be thinned out to thirty 
 inches from plant to plant, and the 
 number of plants at this distance would 
 be about 14,500 per acre; at eighteen 
 inches from plant to plant, 25,000 per 
 acre ; and at twelve inches from plant 
 to plant, 32,000. The produce of this 
 kind of grain, like that of most others, 
 varies considerably, according to the 
 state of the soil, climate, and the culti- 
 vation that is employed ; but the average 
 quantity of seed is about fifty bushels 
 per acre. This will produce fifty gallons 
 of oil, and of oilcake, 1,500 pounds. The 
 stalks, when burnt for alkali, give ten 
 hundredweight of potash. 
 
 Sun-fruit. Helioca'rpus. 
 
 Sun Plant. Portula'ca grandijlo'ra. 
 
 Sun-rose. Helia'nthemum. 
 
 Surface Grubs, or Caterpillars, 
 
 are the larvse of several species of Noctua, 
 or Night Moths. Gardeners thus name 
 them because they attack the roots of 
 the turnip, mangold wurtzel, etc., just 
 at the surface of the soil. 
 
 Susa'rium. (From sousarion, a 
 small lily; supposed resemblance to a 
 lily. Nat. ord., Iridece; Tribe, Sisy- 
 rinchiecB.) 
 
 S. Sege'thi. Violet, yellow. Temperate South 
 America. Gfl. 1. 1117, fig. 1. 
 
 Su'sum. (From the native name. 
 Nat. ord. , Flagdlariacem. ) 
 
 Stove plant, with the habit of a Dracaena. 
 S. anthelmi'nticum. Beddish. Sumatra. 1889. 
 nev. Hort. 1889, p. 76, flg. 23. 
 
 Sutherla'ndia. (Named after 
 James Sutherland, author of a botanical 
 catalogue. Nat. ord., LeguminoscB ; 
 Tribe, Galegece, Allied to Cuanthus.) 
 
 Half-hardy, scarlet-flowered evergreens, from 
 South Africa. Seeds in spring, or cuttings of 
 young shoots in May, under a hand-light : re- 
 quire protection in hard winters. 
 
SUT 
 
 944] 
 
 SWE 
 
 S. frute'scem. 3. June. 1683. Syn., Colutea 
 fruteseene. B. M. 1. 181. Cape Bladder 
 Senna, 
 
 eanef scene. June. 1816. 
 
 oicorda'ta. Mam. Mag. 1839, t. 7. 
 
 — microphy'Ua. 3. June, 1816. 
 
 Sutto'nia. (In honour of the Bev. 
 Dr. Sutton, F.L.S. Nat. ord,, Myrsi- 
 nacece; Tribe, Enmyrsinece.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. For cultivation, 
 see Myrsine, to which it is allied, 
 S. austra'lis. 10. New Zealand. Now known 
 as Myrsine Urvillei. 
 
 SuwarrOW-Nut. Ca'ryocar. 
 
 Swainso'nia. (Named after Isaac 
 Sviainson, F.B.S. Nat. ord., Legumi- 
 nosm ; Tribe, Galegem. Allied to Co- 
 lutea. ) 
 
 Greenhouse Australian evergreen shrubs. 
 Seeds in a alight hotbed in April, after being 
 soaked in warm water, or they may be sown 
 when ripe ; cuttings of young shoots in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, and kept in a cool frame or 
 pit any time in summer ; sandy, fibry loam, and 
 a third of peat. Winter temp., 38° to 4S°. They 
 would no doubt succeed against a protected 
 conservatory wall. 
 
 S. astragaWo'lia. See S, Ussertiifolia, var. 
 aetragalifolia. 
 
 — atrococci'nea. Garden variety. 1887, 
 
 — (xmefscens. 1-2, Blue, or violet-purple. May, 
 
 Syn,, Cyclogyne canescens. 
 
 — caronilloefo'ha. 2, Purple, July. 1802, 
 
 Salis. Parad, t. 28 ; B, M. t, 1726. 
 a'aa. White. 1889. 
 
 — Ferra'ndi a'lba. Pale yellowish in bud, snow- 
 
 white when fully open. Garden variety 
 
 — Froebe'lii. 1. Violet. Gfl. 1854, t, 89, 
 
 — galegifo'lia. 2, Bed, July, 1800, Syn,, 
 
 Colutea galegifolia. B, M. t, 792, 
 
 albijto'ra. 2. White. July. 1826. B. 
 
 E. t. 994. 
 
 — Greya'na. 2. Pink. July. 1844. B. K, 
 
 1846, t. 66. 
 
 — lessertiifo'lia. 2. Purple, July. 1824. 
 mtragalifo'lia. White. July. 1802. Syn,, 
 
 S. astragalifolia. 
 
 — magnijwa. Flor, Mag. t. 273. A superior 
 
 form of 3. Greyana. 
 
 — occid^ntalis. Purple, W. Australia. 1865, 
 
 B, M. t. 6490. 
 
 — Oebo'mii. Rose, becoming violet with age. 
 
 Autumn. 1861. Lem. Jard. Fl, t, 304, 
 
 — proeu'miens. Purple. Summer. 1862, Syn,, 
 
 S. violacea. 
 
 — purpn'rea. A form of S. galegifolia. 
 
 — viola' cea. See S. procu-nwens. 
 
 Swallowwort. Ascle'pias and Che- 
 lido'niwn. 
 
 Swanunerda'mia. . (Named after 
 J. Swawrnierdam, naturalist. Nat. ord., 
 Compositm ; Tribe, InuloidecB.) A syno- 
 nym of Helichrysum. 
 
 Half-hardy evergreens. For culture, see 
 Podolepis. 
 5. antetmm'ria, 3. White. January. Tan 
 
 Diemen'9 Land. Joum. Sort. Soc. iv. 
 
 J). 77, A synonym of Helwhrysiim 
 
 a/niermariv/m. 
 
 — glomera'ta. 6, White. May. New Zealand, 
 
 1861, 
 
 Swamp Dogwood. Pte'lea trifo- 
 lia'ta. 
 
 Swamp Hickory. Cary'a ama'ra. 
 Swamp Locust Tree. Gledi'ts- 
 
 cha monospe'rma. 
 Swamp Post. 
 
 Que'rcus lyra'ta. 
 
 Swamp Rose-Mallow. SiU'scm 
 mosche'utos. 
 
 Swamp Sassafras, or Laurel, 
 
 " ■» qlau'ca. 
 
 Swamp Saxifrage. Saxifraga 
 
 vennsylvanica. 
 
 Swamp White Oak. Que'rcus 
 hi'color. 
 
 Swan-neck, or Swan - Wort. 
 
 Cycno'ches. 
 Swan River Daisy. Brachyco'me. 
 
 Swa'rtzia. (Named after Dlof 
 Swartz, a German botanist. Nat. ord., 
 LeguminoscB ; Tribe, Swartziem.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and. 
 in bottom-heat, in the beginning of summer;: 
 sandy, fibry loam and peat in equal proportions. 
 Winter temp., 50° ; summer, 60° to 85°. 
 S, grwndiflo'ra. 6. Yellow. Trinidad. 1821. 
 Syn., 5. ^/mplwifolia. 
 
 — pkma'ta. 6. Yellowish. June. West Indies. 
 
 1817, 
 
 — simplici^o'lm. See 5. grandifiora. 
 
 Swedish Beam-tree. Py'rus in- 
 terme'dia. 
 
 Swedish Juniper. Juni'pems 
 commu'nis, var. fastigia'ta. 
 
 Sweeping. (See Besom.) It is 
 best done in calm weather, and early, 
 whilst the dew is strong enough to 
 allay the dust, and keep the light re- 
 fuse from blowing about. 
 
 Sweet Acorn Oak. Que'rcus 
 Ballo'ta. 
 
 ' Sweet Alyssum. Koe'niga mari- 
 tvma. 
 
 Sweet Amber. Hypericum Andro- 
 scB'mum. 
 
 Sweet Basil. O'dmum hasi'licum. 
 Sweet Bay. Lau'rus no'biUs. 
 Sweet Briar. Bo'sa rubigino'sa. 
 Sweet Broom. Scopa'ria du'lds. 
 
 Sweet Calabash. Pdssiflo'ra mali- 
 fo'rmis. 
 
 Sweet Cassava. Ma'nihot Ai'pi. 
 
 Sweet Chestnut. Casta'nea 
 sati'va. 
 
 Sweet Cicely. ChcBrophy'llum 
 aroma' ticum. See Chervil. This 
 name is also applied to My'rrhis- 
 odora'ta. 
 
 Sweet Flag. A'corus Ca'lamus. 
 
SWE 
 
 Sweet Gale. My'rica Ga'le. 
 Sweet Gum. 
 
 [945] 
 
 SYM 
 
 flua. 
 
 Swee'tia. (After Bobert Sweet, 1783- 
 1835, a nurseryman at Stockwell, and 
 authtir of numerous botanical works. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminosm; Tribe, Sopho- 
 rew.) See Galaotia. 
 
 S. filifo'rmis. See GalactiaJUiformis. 
 
 — ligno'sa. A synonym of Galactia tenuifolia. 
 
 — longifo'lia. See Galactia longifolia. 
 
 Sweet Lime. Ci'trus Lime'tta. 
 
 Sweet Marjoram. Ori'ganum 
 majora'na. 
 
 Sweet Maudlin. AcMlle'a agera'- 
 tum. 
 
 . Sweet Orange. Citrus Aura'n- 
 tium. 
 
 Sweet Pea. La'thyrus odora'tus. 
 
 Sweet Potato. Bata'tas e'dulis. 
 
 Sweet Scabious. ScaUo'sa atro- 
 purpu'rea. 
 
 Sweet-scented Crab. Py'rm 
 
 eorona'ria. 
 
 Sweet-scented Verbena. Li'ppia 
 citriodo'ra. 
 
 Sweet Sop. Ano'na sguamo'sa. 
 
 Sweet Sultan. Centau'rea mos- 
 cha'ta. 
 
 Sweet William. Bia'nthus har- 
 ha'tus. 
 
 Swe'rtia. Felwort. (Named after 
 E. Swert, a Dutch florist. Nat. ord., 
 GentianecB ; Tribe, Swertiece. Syn., 
 Ophelia.) 
 
 Hardy plants ; all annuals except S. Michauxi- 
 ana and 5. perennis. Seeds in spring ; a marshy, 
 peaty soil. 
 
 5. ala'ta. 2. Greenish-yellow, with purple 
 Teins. Summer. India. 1868. Syn., 
 ' Ophelia alata. B. M. t. 6687. 
 
 — amgmtifo'Ha. 2. White, with dark blue 
 
 spots. Summer. India. 1868. Syn., 
 Ophelia angustifolia. B. M. t. 6687, 
 figs. 3-4. 
 
 — eomieida'ta. i. Pale green. August. Siberia. 
 
 1817. Syn., Balenia sibirica. 
 
 — corymbo'sa. 1. Pale blue, or white with blue 
 
 spota. May. India. 1836. Syn., 
 Ophelia corymiosa. B. M. t. 4489. 
 
 — Michmixia'na. h Green, yellow. July. 
 
 North America. 1824. Biennial. 
 
 — vammla'ta. 1. White, purple or green. 
 
 India 1868. Syn., Ophelia panumlata. 
 B. M. t. 6687, figs. 6-6. 
 —per^rmis. 1. Purple. July. England. 
 Marsh Felwort. Perennial. 
 
 — purpura'seens. i-3. Purple. June. India. 
 
 1840. Sjn., Ophelia purpvrascens. 
 
 — rota'ta. A synonym of Pleurogyne carinthiaca. 
 
 — trich&toma. Ij. White. Summer. India. 
 
 1863. Syn., Ophelia wmbeUata. B. M. 
 t.6397. ^.- 
 
 Swiete'nia. Mahogany. (Named 
 after Vmi Sioieten, a Dutch botanist. 
 Nat. ord., Meliacem ; Tribe, Swieteniece.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a hand-hght, and in bot- 
 tom-heat ; sandy, flbry loam. Winter temp., 60° 
 to 60° ; summer, 60° to 86°. 
 5. Chlorojcylon. A synonym of Chloroxylon 
 
 —febrifu'ga. 60. White, yellow. E. Indies. 1796. 
 
 — malCa'gmi. 80. Bed, yellow. W.Indies. 1734. 
 
 Swift Moth. See otter Moth, 
 
 Sword Pern. Xipho'pteria. 
 
 Sword Lily. Gladiolus. 
 
 Sy'agrus. (After an ancient poet. 
 Nat. ord., Palmece; Tribe, Cocoinece.) 
 
 Stove palms. Seeds ; sandy loam, in a warm, 
 moist plant-stove. 
 S. ama'ra. 25. Martinique. 1860. 
 
 — hotry&phora. See Cocos botryophora. 
 
 — campefstris. 10. Yellowish. Brazil. 
 
 — cocoi'dee. See Cocos Syagrus. 
 
 — com&sa. 10. Brazil. Syn., Cocos comosa. 
 
 — Mika/nia'Tia. See Cocos Mikwnicma. 
 
 — Sarm/na. 60. Brazil. , 
 
 Sycamine. Tree. MoWus. 
 
 Sycamore Tree. A'cer psevdo- 
 pla'twrmm. 
 
 Sycomore Fig Tree. Fieus 
 
 Sycomo'rus. 
 
 Sycomorus. (So named from one 
 species being thought to be the Syco- 
 more of the Bible. Nat. ord. , Urticacece ; 
 Tribe, Moreoe.) Now united with 
 Ficus. 
 
 Stove trees. For cultivation, etc., see Ficus. 
 S. amtiqv.o'rum. 30. Egypt. A synonym of 
 Fievs SycoTnorus. 
 
 — cap^nsis. 4. Cape of Good Hope. 1816. A 
 
 synonym of Ficus variegata. 
 
 Sympho'nia. (From sumphonia, 
 regularity; referring to the regularity 
 of the flowers and fruit. Nat. ord., 
 GuttifercB.) A synonym of Morono- 
 bea. 
 
 S. gloiulijlo'ra. A synonym of Maronobea, 
 cocciTwa. 
 
 Sympho'ria.. (From sumphoreo, to 
 bear together. Nat ord. , Caprifoliacece ; 
 Tribe, Lonicerece.) See Symphori- 
 carpus. 
 
 5. glomera'ta. See Symphoricarpus vulgaris. 
 
 fo'liis variega'tis. See Symphoricarpus 
 
 vulgaris, var. foliis variegatis. 
 
 — monta'na. See Symphoricarpus mierophyllus. 
 
 — rctcetno'sa. B. M. t. 2211. See Symphoricarpus 
 
 racerrwsus. 
 
 Sjrmphoriea'rpus. (From sum- 
 
 fihoreo, to bear together, and karpos, a 
 ruit; clustered fruit. Nat. ord., Capri- 
 foliacece; Tribe, Lonicerece.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs, from North America. 
 Cuttings in autumn, and freely by suckers ; good, 
 common soil. The flowers of racemo'sus are 
 hunted after by bees, and its masses uf white 
 
SYM 
 
 [946. 
 
 SYN 
 
 fnuu are grateful to many birds, besides looking 
 
 very pretty in winter. 
 
 S. acu'tus. North West America. 1888. 
 
 — microphy'Uus. 6. Pink. August. Mexico. 
 
 1829. Syns., 5. montanus, Maund, Bot. 
 i. t. 20, and Symphoria tnontana. 
 
 — rmnta'nus. See S. mierophyllus. 
 
 — occidenta'lis. 6. Pinkish. July. 
 
 ■ Be'yeri. Rosy. Colorado. 1888. 
 
 — puni'ceus. i^ Eed. July. 1816. 
 
 — racemo'sus. 6. Bose. August. 1817. Syn., 
 
 Symphoria racemosa. B. M. t. 2211. 
 paueiflo'rus. A variety with but one or two 
 
 flowers in the axils of the upper leaves. 
 -^ -mlga'ris. 6. White. August. 1730. Syn., 
 
 Symphoria glomerata. 
 — : fo'liis-variega'tis. 6. Pink. August. 
 
 Syn., Symphoria glomerata, var. foliis 
 
 vaHegatis. 
 
 Symphya'ndra. (From sumphio, 
 to erow together, and aner, andros, an 
 anther ; in allusion to the connate an- 
 thers. Nat. ord., CampanulaceoB.) 
 
 Hardy, perennial herbs. Rich sandy loam. 
 Division of roots ; seeds. 
 5. armdna. 2. Blue. June. Orient. 1836. 
 
 — Hofma'nni. 1-2. White. Bosnia. 1884. G. 
 
 C. 1888, iv., p. 760, fig; 107. 
 
 — pe^ndula. 2. Cream. July, Orient. 1823. 
 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 66. 
 
 — Wa/nne!ri. J. Blue. Summer. Alps. Syn., 
 
 Campanula Wanneri. 
 
 Symphyoglo'ssum. (From sum- 
 phio, to grow together, and glossa, a 
 tongue. Nat. ord., Asclepiadacece.) A 
 synonym of Cynaxichwoa. 
 
 Symphyoste'mon. (From mm- 
 phio, to grow together, and stemon, a 
 stamen. Nat. ord., Iridece ; Tribe, 
 Sisyrinchem.) See SolenonielUS. 
 
 S. Tiarcissoi'des. See Soleiiomelus bifiorus. 
 
 Sy'mphytum. Comfrey. (From 
 sumphuo, to make unite; healing quali- 
 ties. Nat. ord., Boraginem ; Tribe, 
 Boragece. ) 
 
 Division of the plant, chiefly in spring ; good, 
 common soil, and a rather shady situation, where 
 few herbaceous plants would flourish. 
 
 HARDY TUBEBOUS-BOOTED. , 
 
 .5. bohefmicum. See S. o^emale, var. variegatum. 
 
 — oMdna'le. 4. White. June. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1116. 
 
 — bohefmicum. 3. Crimson. May. Bohemia. 
 
 1810. Syn., 5. boh&micwin, 
 lu'teo^ma/rgina'tum. Leaves broadly 
 
 margined with yellowish. Belgium. 
 
 1870. Syn., S. officinale, var. variegatum. 
 pa'tens. 4. Blue. June. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1116. 
 variega'tum. See S. officinale, var. 
 
 luteo-marginatum. 
 
 — tubsro'sum. i. Yellow. July. Scotland. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1117. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 S. aspe'rrimum. 6. Eed, blue. July. Cau- 
 casus. 1799. B. M. t. 929. 
 
 avlreo-variega'tum. Leaves bordered 
 
 with yellow. 1879. 
 
 — buMaitivm. See S. tauricum, var. bullatum-. 
 
 — cauca'sicum. S. Blue. Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 B. M. t. 3188. See also S. Donii. 
 
 — Do'nii. 2. Azure. June. Caucasus. Syn., S. 
 
 coMcasicumot Swt. H. Gard. ser. 2, t. 294. 
 
 — corda'tum. 2. Cream. June. Transylvania. 1813. 
 
 S. echina'twm. Purple. May. 1824. 
 
 — orienta'le. 3. White. May. Turkey. 1752. 
 
 B. M. t. 1912. 
 
 — peregri'num. 2. July. Podolia. 1818. 
 
 — ty/ulriffiim. 3. White. June. Tauria. 1806. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1787. 
 
 bulla'tum. 2^. Pale yellow June 
 
 Caucasus. 1818. Syn., S. bullatum. 
 B. C. 1. 1862. 
 
 Sympie'za. (From sumpiezo, to 
 press ; the stamens compressed in the 
 tube. Nat. ord., Ericacem ; Tribe, 
 Ericeat. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of the points 
 of shoots a couple of inches long, the base part 
 being a little firm, in sand, under a bell-glass ; 
 sandy, flbry peat. Winter temp., 38° to 46°. 
 S. capitella'ta. 1}. July. South Africa 1812. 
 
 Sy'niplOCOS. (From sumploke, a 
 connection; stamens united. Nat. ord., 
 StyracecB. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, except S. Su- 
 mu'nti, which requires stove treatment. Cut- 
 tings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a 
 glass ; sandy, flbry loam, and a little flbry peat. 
 Winter temp., 40° to 46. The cocci'nea will re- 
 quire 10° more heat but similar treatment 
 otherwise. S. si'nica should have a place on a 
 conservatory wall. 
 S. cocci'nea. Rose. Mexico. 1825. 
 
 — crataegoi'des. White. April. Nepaul. 1824 
 — japo'nica. Yellow. Japan. 1850. 
 
 — si'hiea. 3. White. May. China. 1822. 
 
 — Sumu'ntia. Whitish. Summer. Nepaul. 
 
 1883. Gfl. 1. 1073, figs. c-g. Stove. 
 
 — tincto'ria. 3. Yellow. Carolina. 1780. 
 
 Synade'ninm. (From sun, united, 
 and aden, a gland ; because the glands 
 of the involucre are united in a cup or 
 disc. Nat. oid., Euphorbiacece ; Tribe, 
 EuphorbiecB. Allied to Euphorbia.) 
 
 Stove perennial succulent shrub. For cultiva 
 tion, see Pedilanthus. 
 
 S. Gra'ntii. 3. Crimson. Central Africa. 1867. 
 B. M. t. 6633. 
 
 Syna'ndra. (Fromsure, together, and 
 aner, anther ; the anthers are in pairs. 
 Nat. ord., LabiatcB ; Tribe, Stachydece. 
 Allied to MelittLs.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds, and divi- 
 sion in spring ; dry, sandy soil. 
 5. grandifio'ra. Yellow. June. N. America. 
 1827. 
 
 Synanthe'riaS. (From sun toge- 
 ther, and anthera, an anther. Nat. 
 ord., Aroidece.) 
 
 Stove aroid. For culture, see Amorpho- 
 
 PHALLUS. 
 
 S. sylva'tica. Spathe whitish, with green spots ; 
 spadix yellow. May. India. B. M. 
 t. 7190. Syns., Amorphophallus zey- 
 lanicus and Arum sylvaticwm^. 
 
 Synaphle'bium. (From smji, toge- 
 ther, and phlebs, a vein ; the veins on 
 the fronds. Nat. ord., Filices.) 
 
 Stove, brown-spored ferns. See Ferns. 
 5. lobulo'sum. May. B. Indies. 
 
 — obtu'sum; May. Malacca. 
 
 — pectina'tum. May. E. Indies. 
 
 — reeurva'tvm,. May. Malacca. 
 
SYN 
 
 [947] 
 
 SYE 
 
 Synecha'nthus. (From suneches, 
 continuous, and anthos, a flower ; re- 
 ferring to the inflorescence. Nat. ord., 
 Palmece ; Tube, ArececB.) 
 
 Stove palm. For culture, see Cham^edorea. 
 S.fibro'sus. i. Guatemala. B. M. t. 6672. 
 
 Syneile'sis. See Seneoio. 
 
 Syngo'nium. (From sun, confluent, 
 and gone, the womh ; referring to the 
 cohesion of the ovaries. Nat. ord., 
 AroidecB ; Trihe, PhUodendrece. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen climbers. For cultivation, see 
 Philodendron. 
 
 S. afi'ne. Green, yellowish. Brazil. Syn., S. 
 pradle. 
 
 — albolmea'tum. See S. podophyllum, var. cdbo- 
 
 Imeatum. 
 
 — auri'tum. Purple, yellow. Jamaica. Five 
 
 Fingers. 
 
 — gra'eUe. See & afine. 
 
 — podophy'llum a'lbo-linea'tum. Leaves green, 
 with silvery-grey veinings. Central 
 America. Syns., S. albohneatwm. and 
 S. Seema/nni. 
 
 — Jtiedelia'num. Green, white. Brazil. 1860. 
 
 A form of 5. Velloeianum. 
 
 — Vellozia'num. Green, yellowish. Kio Janeiro. 
 
 — Wendla'Tidii. Costa Bica. 
 
 Synno'tia. (In honour of W. Syn- 
 not, who collected plants in South Africa. 
 Nat. ord., Iridem ; Trihe, Ixiem.) 
 
 Greenhouse bulbs, all natives of South Africa 
 S. bi'color. J. Brown, yellow. March. 1786. 
 Syns., Ixia bicolor, B. M. t. 648 ; Gladi- 
 oliis bicolor, Jacq. Ic. t. 2i0 ; and Spar- 
 axis bicolor. 
 
 — galea'ta. 1. Brown, yellow. April. 1826. 
 
 Syns., Gladiolus galeatus, Jacq. Ic. t. 
 268, and Sparams galeata. 
 
 — variega'ta. i. Variegated. May. 1826. 
 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. 1. 160. 
 
 Synthy'ris. (From sun, together, 
 and thyris, a little door ; referring to 
 the valves of the fruit. Nat. ord., Scro- 
 vhulariaceai.) 
 
 Hardy, perennial herbs. For culture, see 
 Veronica. 
 
 S. pinnati'fida. i. Dark blue. Eocky Moun- 
 tains. 1889. 
 
 — renifo'rmis. ^. Pale violet. April. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1886. B. M. t. 6860. 
 
 Syrian Thistle. Noto'i 
 syri'aca. 
 
 Syri'nga. The Lilac. (From syrinx, 
 the Persian name. Nat. ord., Oleacece; 
 Trihe, Syringece.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs. Layers and suckers 
 generally ; scarce kinds by budding or grafting ; 
 close-headed ones, grafted standard-high on the 
 a-sh, would look very interesting ; common 
 garden-soil. 
 S. amiwre'nsis. See 5. japonica. 
 
 — Sretschnei'deri. See S. vUlosa. 
 
 — chinefnsis. i. Violet. May. 1796. A 
 
 hybrid. Syns., S. duMa and S. rotho- 
 
 *- du'Ma. See S. chinensis. 
 
 — Mmo'di. 10. White. April. Himalayas. 
 
 B. R. 1846, t. 6. 
 au'rea. Leaves blotched with dull yellow. 
 
 1886. Garden variety. 
 
 S. Emo'difo'liis variega'tis. Garden variety. 
 ro'sea. See 5. villosa. 
 
 — hyacinthiflo'ra. Garden hybrid. 1889. 
 —japo'nica. Creamy white. Japan. G. C. 
 
 1886, XXV. p. 661, fig. 123. Syns., S. 
 amwrensis and Ligustrina amurensis. 
 
 — Josihaela. 8. Deep lilac. June. Germany. 
 
 1833. B. M. t. 3278. 
 
 — dbla'ta. 10. Purple. China. 1869. There 
 is a white variety. 
 
 le'TCsis. White. North China. Gard. 
 and For. iii., p. 166, fig. 30. Syn., Ligus- 
 trina pekinensis. 
 
 pe'ndida. A variety with drooping 
 
 branches. 
 
 — pe/rsica. 6. Purple. May. Persia. 1640. 
 a'lba. 2. White. May. Persia. 
 
 integrifo/lia. Leaves undivided. Syn., 
 
 S. persica of B. M. t. 486. 
 lacinia'ta. 6. Purple. Leaves incised. 
 
 May. Persia. 
 salwo^lia- 6. May. 
 
 — pulbo'scens. 3-5. Pale rose. North China. 
 
 1888. Gard. and For. 1888, i. p. 414, 
 fig. 67. 
 
 — rothomag^nm. See S. chinensis. 
 
 — villo'sa. 6. Bluish-purple. May. North 
 
 China. 1880. Syns., 5. Emodi, var. rosea, 
 and S. Bretschneideri. 
 
 — vulga'ris. 8. Red, bluish-violet, or white. 
 
 May. Persia. 1697. Common lilac ; 
 
 Pipe Tree. 
 
 a'lba. 6. White. May. Persia. 
 
 a'lba-ma'jor. 6. White. May. 
 
 a'lba-ple^na. 5. White. May. 
 
 cceru'lea. Blue. 
 
 gra/ndifio'ra. Red. Flowers large. 
 
 purpu'rea. Violet-purple. 
 
 ru'ara. 10. Red. May. 
 
 ru'bra^ma'jor. 10. Red. May. 
 
 ru'bra-plefna. 10. Red. May. 
 
 viola'cea. 8. Purple. May. Persia. 
 
 B. M. 1. 183. Scotch lilac. 
 
 Syri'nga, Mock. Philade'lphus 
 
 corona'rius. 
 
 Syringe. This is a most useful im- 
 plement for impelling water over plants 
 in pots, wall-trees, etc. When the object 
 is merely to refresh the plants, the 
 operator should stand at some distance 
 from the plants, so that the water may 
 spread and fall upon them like a shower. 
 But if aphides have to be destroyed, he 
 may be closer to the plants, and drive 
 forth the water with greater force. In 
 some patterns the water is made to pass 
 through many minute holes; hut the 
 syringe is also provided with spare 
 nozzles, so as to deliver the water in a 
 greater body ; and with elbows, so that 
 the opposite sides of plants in green- 
 houses may be syringed without moving 
 them. Special syringes for the various 
 insecticides are now before the public, 
 and as all are useful in their way it 
 would be invidious to recommend any 
 one in particular. The one sent out by 
 the Stott Company we have found very 
 effective, but in small places we would 
 strongly recommend Cross's syringes as 
 being most economical. See Engine. 
 
 Syringo'dea. (From suHggodes, 
 fistular ; in allusion to the slender peri- 
 
SYZ 
 
 [948] 
 
 TAC 
 
 anth tube. Nat. ord., Iridew ; Tribe, 
 ^■■~— ■■-'--■ -e.) 
 
 A pretty little greenhouse bulb, requiring the 
 same treatment as IxiA. 
 
 S. pukheflla. Pale purple. S. Africa. 1873. 
 B. M. t. 6072 
 
 Syzy'gium. (Fiomsuzugos, coupled; 
 branches and leaves in pairs. Nat. ord., 
 Myrtacew; Tiihe, Mprtece.) See Eu- 
 genia. 
 
 ^ Stove, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs. Cut- 
 tings oi half-ripened shoots in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, and m a moist bottom-heat ; sandy 
 loam and flbry peat. Winter temp., 50° to 60" ; 
 summer, 60° to 85°. 
 
 S. cairyophyUifo'lium. See Eugenia caryophyUi- 
 
 'folia. 
 — fruticdsum. See Eitgeniafruticosa. 
 
 — glomera'twm. See Eugenia glomerata. 
 
 — inophy'Umn. See Bugenia mophylla. 
 
 — Jambolla'num. See ^fhigenia JamioUana. 
 
 — obova'tutn. See Eugenia obovata. 
 
 — pa/nicula'tum. See Eugenia panieulata. 
 
 — vend sum. See Eugenia frcmdosa. 
 
 — zeyla'nicum. See Eugenia zeylanica. 
 
 Tatoebu'ia. (From the Brazilian 
 name. Nat. ord., Bignoniacew.) 
 
 stove trees or shrubs, requiring the same treat- 
 ment as Tecoma. Certain species of Bignonia, 
 which under that article Tiave been referred 
 to TABERNiEMONTANA and Tecoma, should be 
 placed in this genus, and are here included as 
 synonyms. 
 
 S. (xseuUfo'lia. 20. Orange, with yellow spots. 
 June. Mexico. Syns., Bigrwmia ceseuli- 
 folia and Tabemcemontama cescuiifolia. 
 
 — chrysa'ntha. 10. Yellow. Guiana. 1823. 
 
 Syns., Bignonia chryscmtha and Tecoma 
 chrysantha. 
 
 — leueo/xyla. 12. White or pinkish. West 
 
 Indies. 1759. Syns., Bignonia leuco- 
 xyla and B. pallida. 
 ~T pentwphy'Ua. 6. Orange. July. East Indies. 
 Syn., Tecoma pentavhylla. 
 
 — serratifo'lia. 20. Yellow. West Indies. 
 
 1822. Syn., Tecoma serratifolia. 
 
 — speetM'bilis. 10. Purple. West Indies. 1820. 
 
 Syns., Bignonia spectabilis and Tecmna 
 speetabilis. M. Ser. t. 948. 
 
 Tabemsemonta'na. (Named after 
 J. T._ Tabemcemontanits, a celebrated 
 botanist. Nat. ord., Apocynacew ; 
 Tribe, Plumieriece. .Allied to Plumieria.) 
 
 Stove evergreens, all white-flowered, unless 
 otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in the beginning of summer, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, and in a moist bottom-heat ; 
 flbry peat and lumpy loam, with a fair portion 
 of silver sand, and small pieces of charcoal. 
 Winter temp., 66° ; summer, 60° to 85°. 
 T. cemiZifo'lia. The correct name of this is 
 Ta^ebuia oesculifolia. 
 
 — a'lba. 10. May. West Indies. 1780. Syn., 
 
 T. cit/rifolia of Jacquin. 
 
 — Amso'nia. A synonym of Anmonia Tabemce- 
 
 montama. 
 —amygdalif&lia. 6. Yellow. July. S; 
 America. 1780. B. E. t. 338. 
 
 — mma'ta. 40. Cream. Peru. 1824. 
 
 — Bartelri. 6. Western Tropical Africa. B. 
 
 M. t. 6869. 
 
 T. eltrifo'lia. 15. Yellow. Jamaica. 1784. 
 See also T. alba. 
 
 — comna'ria. 6. July. E. Indies. 1770. B. 
 
 C. t. 406. 
 flo're-pldno. i. July. W.Indies. 1770. 
 
 — ari'spa. 6. July. E. Indies. 1818. Wight. 
 
 let. 470. ■ 
 
 — eymxt'sa. 10. Carthagena. 1820. Syn., T. 
 vmiltijiora. 
 
 B. E. t. 1273. See Bomwolfia 
 
 — dicho'toma. 12. September. Ceylon. 1820. 
 
 B. R. 1841, t. 63. Syn., TangUnia 
 diohotoma. 
 
 — discolor. 10. Cream. April. Jamaica. 1822, 
 
 — grandifio'ra. 6. Trinidad. 1823. 
 
 — grata ssvma. See T. recurva. 
 
 — laurifo'lia. 13. Yellow. May. W. Indies. 
 
 1768. B. E. t. 716. 
 
 — kmgijlo'ra. White. Sierra Leone. 1849. B. 
 
 M. t. 4484. 
 
 — multifio'ra. See T. eymosa. 
 
 — odora'ta. i. Yellow. October. Cayenne. 
 
 1793. Syn., T. taynaquarvna. 
 
 — persicari^fdlia. 6. Cream. Mauritius. 1819". 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 320. 
 
 — reeu'rva. 6. June. East Indies. 1824. 
 
 Syn., T. gratissima, B. E. 1. 1084. 
 
 — tama^uan'na. See T. odorata. 
 
 — Wallichia'na. White. India. 1873. 
 
 Ta'cca. (The Malayan name. Nat. 
 ord., Taecacece.) 
 
 Stove, East Indian bulbs, except artoearpi- 
 fo'lia. Division of the roots in spring; sandy 
 loam and a little flbry peat. Winter temp., 60° ; 
 summer, 60° to 90°, and plenty of moisture. 
 
 T. artocarpifo'lia. 6. Green, brown. Mada- 
 gascar. 1872. 
 
 — a'spera. See T. im,tegrifolia. 
 
 — crista'ta. 2. Brownish-purple. Summer. 
 
 Malaya. 1812. B. M. t. 4689. Syn.„ 
 Atacda cristata, El. Ser. tt. 860-1. 
 
 — guiMeelnsis. 2. Guinea. July. 
 
 — integrifo'lia. i. Purple. June. Chittagong. 
 
 1810. Herbaceous. B. M. t. 14S8. 
 Syns., S. aspera and Ataccia aspera. 
 
 — lalvis. 2. Brown. July. 1820. 
 
 — phali'fera. A synonym of Amorphophallus. 
 
 camvpanulatus. 
 
 — pinnati'fida. 2. Purple. 1793. B. C. t. 692, 
 
 Tacca'rum. (So named on account 
 of a resemblance to the genus Tacca. 
 Nat. ord., Aroidece ; Tribe, Dieffen- 
 bachia.) 
 
 Stove, tuberous perennial. For culture, see 
 Staurostigma. 
 T. perfgri'num. See Lysistigma peregrinwm. 
 
 — Warmingia'num. Spathe olive green, streaked 
 
 with white, the interior flushed with 
 pink ; spadix pink. Winter. 1881. G. 
 
 C. 1881, xvi. p. 664, flg. 134. 
 
 Ta'chia. (The Guianan name. Nat. 
 ord., Gentianew ; Tribe, ChironiecB.) 
 See Leianthus. 
 
 stove, yellow-flowered evergreens, from Ja- 
 maica. Cuttings of half -ripened shoots in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, in May ; sandy, flbry peat, 
 and a very little loam and leaf -mould. Winter 
 temp., 65°, and kept in a dryish atmosphere; 
 summer, 60° to 80°, and moist. 
 T. cordiifo'Ua. 2. 1818. Syn., Leianthus cordi- 
 folius. 
 
 — longifo'Ua. IJ. July. 1793. Syn., Leianthus 
 
 longi/elvus. 
 
 — Swa'rtm. lO. July. 1793. Syn., Leianthus 
 exsertus. 
 
TAG 
 
 [949] 
 
 TAL 
 
 Tachiade'nus, (From Tachia, the 
 name of another genus, and aden, a 
 
 fland ; because the ovary is surrounded 
 y a ring of glands as in Tachia. Nat. 
 ord., Oentianem; Tribe, Mxacecs.) 
 
 Stove shrub. Cuttings in sand under a hand- 
 glass in heat. Peat, aand, and loam. Keep 
 rather dry in winter. 
 
 T. carina'tus. Purple. October. Madagascar. 
 1868. B. M. t. 6094. 
 
 — radia'tus. Wien. Gart. Zeit. 1889, p. 113. 
 
 Probably synonymous with T. cari- 
 natus. 
 
 Tachiga'lia. (From the Guianese 
 name, Tachigali. Nat. ord. Legumi- 
 nosce ; Tribe, AmherstiecB. Alliance 
 near the Tamarind.) 
 
 _ Stove, yellow-flowered, evergreen trees. Cut- 
 tings of ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, 
 in March, in bottom-heat ; also seeds in a hot- 
 bed ; sandy, flbry loam. Winter temp., 50° to 
 S5° ; summer, 60° to 80°, 
 T. bi'jvga. 20. Brazil. 1822. 
 
 — panicula'ta. 60. Guiana. 1827. 
 
 Tacso'nia. (From tacso, the name 
 ■of one of them in Peru. Nat. ord., Pas- 
 siflorctcece ; Tribe, Passifloria.) Some- 
 times regarded as a section of Passi- 
 flora, from which it can be readily 
 distinguished by the elongated calyx 
 tube. 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen climbers. Cuttings of 
 young shoots any time in summerj flbry loam 
 -and a little sandy peat and leaf- mould. Fruit of 
 T. moUi'ssmia is eatable. 
 T. adulteri'na. New Grenada. 
 
 — Anderso'ni. Garden hybrid. G. C. 1875, 
 
 p. 167. 
 
 — Buchana'ni. See Passifiora vitifolia. 
 
 — eria'ntha. See T. Tnixtdt var. eriantha. 
 
 — exonie'Tisis. Bright rosy-pink ; throat violet. 
 
 a, hybrid between T. moUissima and T. 
 Van-Volxemii. 1872. 
 
 — i'gnea. See T. manicata. 
 
 — insi'gnis. Crimson. Bolivia. 1873. Hor. 
 
 Mag. n. s, t. 89, Syn,, Passifiora insignw. 
 B, M. t. 6069. 
 
 — raanica'ta. Scarlet. July, Columbia, 1873, 
 
 Syn, , Passifiora manicata, B, M. t. 6129, 
 
 — mi'xta. Pink, August, Andes, 
 
 eria'ntha. Pink, Plant covered with 
 
 white pubescence, Syn,, T. eriantha. 
 
 B, M, t, 6760, 
 quite^nsis. Bose-pink. July.. Peru, 1867, 
 
 Syn,, T. quitensu, var, eriantha. 
 specio'sa. Bosy-red. Stem glabrous, 
 
 Columbia, 1871, Syn., T. speeiosa. 
 
 — moUi'ssima. 20, Rose, September, Quito, 
 
 1844. 
 
 — PwrfHtce. Rosy and rich orange. Tolima. 
 
 1882, G. C, 1882, xvii,, p, 225, 
 
 — peduncula'ris. 10. Eose, Peru, 1816, 
 
 — pinnatisti'pttla. 30, Pale rose, September. 
 ChUi, 1828, B, B, 1. 1536. Syn., Passi- 
 fi(yra pinnatistipula. 
 
 — quadridenta'ta. l See Passifiora quadri- 
 
 — qaadriglamdulo'sa. ( gtandiUosa. 
 
 — quite'nsis. Eosy. Peru. 1869. 
 
 eria'ntha. See T. mixta, var, quitensis. 
 
 — samgm'nea. Crimson, July, Trinidad, 1852. 
 -^ specio'sa. See T. mixta, var. specipsa. 
 
 — Smythia'na. Garden hybrid, 1892, 
 
 — tomento'sa. Bosy-red, Columbia. 1870. 
 
 — Van-Volxe^mii. Crimson, New Grenada. 
 
 1866. B. M, t, 6671. One of the finest. 
 
 Tsenio'psis. (From tainia, a fillet, 
 and opsis, like ; the resemblance of the 
 leaf, or frond, '^a.t. or A., Filices.) See 
 Vittaria. 
 
 stove, brown-spored ferns. See Ferns. 
 T. litiea'ta. See Vittaria linaata. 
 
 — revolu'ta. See Vittaria revoluta. 
 
 Tseni'tis. (From tainia, a fillet ; 
 the resemblance of the fronds, or leaves. 
 Nat. ord., lUices.) 
 
 Stove, brown-spored ferns. See Ferns. 
 T. amgustifo'lia. J, July, Jamaica. 1816. 
 
 — blechnoi'des. May, India, 
 
 interru'pta. Sori not continuous, 
 
 — chine^Tisis. June, China, 1828, 
 —furca'ta. June. Trinidad. 1824. 
 
 — graminifo'lia. J. July. Trinidad. 1820. 
 
 — lamieola'ta. 1. August, W. Indies. 1818. 
 
 Tage'tes. (Named after a Tuscan 
 divinity. Nat. ord., Compositce; Tribe, 
 Helenioidece.) 
 
 Yellow -flowered, Mexican annuals, except 
 where otherwise mentioned. Annuals, sown in 
 open ground in May ; or better still, in a hotbed 
 in the beginning of April, and planted out in the 
 middle of May, Perennials, by seed, division, 
 and cuttings. T. lu'cida is pretty either for a cool 
 greenhouse or a bed on the lawn in summer, 
 T. angustifo'lia. 3, August, 1826, 
 
 — ca/racasa'na. 3, August, Caraccas. 1819. 
 
 — elandesti'na. 3, July. 1823. 
 
 — corymbo'sa. Swt. Fl. Gard. t, 161, See T. 
 
 patula. 
 
 — daucoildes. June, 
 
 — ere'cta. 3, July, 1596. African Marigold. 
 
 — ftZifo'lia. 3. August, 1826. 
 
 — jki'rida. 1, August. 1827. Herbaceous. 
 Swt, Fl, Gard, ser. 2, t. 35. 
 
 — giga'ntea. 6-9, Bolivia, 1886, 
 
 — glanduli'fera. 6, October, 1826, 
 
 — glamdulo'sa. 3, September, S, America. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — lu'eidM. 1. August. S. America. 1798. 
 
 Herbaceous, B, M, t, 740. 
 
 — miera'ntha. 3. August, 1822, 
 
 — mmu'ta. 2, August. Chili. 1728. 
 
 — pa' tula. 2. August. 1673. B. M. t. 150. 
 
 Syn,, T. corymiosa. B, M. t, 3830, 
 French Marigold, 
 lu'tea. IJ, August, 1825. 
 
 — signa'ta. 1^. Yellow. Mexico. 
 
 — SMbvillo'sa. 2. September. 1823. 
 
 — tenuifo'lia. 3. August. Peru. 1797. B. M. 
 
 t. 2046. 
 
 Tail Flower. Anthu'Hum. 
 
 Tai'nia,. (From tainia, a band ; in 
 allusion to the shape of the lip. Nat. ord. , 
 Orchidem ; Tribe, EpidendrecB-Bletiece. 
 Syn., Ania.) 
 
 Stove orchids. For culture, see Galanthe, 
 T. Hco'rnis. Green, reddish ; lip yellow, blotched 
 vrith red, March. Ceylon, 1842, Syn., 
 Ania Mcomis. B, E. 1844, t, 8, 
 
 — latifo'lia. 2, Green, brown, April, Sylhet, 
 
 1862. Syn,, Calanthe virMifusca. B, 
 M. t. 4669. 
 
 Talail'ma. (Its South American 
 name. Nat. ord., Magnoliacem ; Tribe, 
 MagnolieoB.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of ripe shoots, 
 thinly, in sand, under a large bell-glass, in heat ; 
 
TAL 
 
 [950] 
 
 TAM 
 
 grafting and inarching on Magno'Ka obova'ta ; 
 nbry peat and a little loam and sand. Winter 
 temp., 46° to 66° ; summer, 60° to 80° 
 T. Cwndo'ttii. 16. Cream-colour. April. Java. 
 
 1827. B. M. t. 4251. Syn., Magnolia 
 
 odoratissima. 
 
 Oaleottia'na. Dull yellow. B. M. t. 6614. 
 
 —B'odffso'mi. Creamy-white. Winter. Himalayas. 
 
 1857. 
 
 — Plumie'ri. 60. White. Antilles. 1829. 
 
 — %mlrmla. 3. Cream. Java. 1786. Syn., 
 
 Magnolia pmruila. Andr. Eep. t. 226. 
 
 Talewort. Bora'go offioinallis, 
 
 Talie'ra. (The Indian name. Nat. 
 ord., PalmecB ; Tribe, Corypheai.) See 
 Corypha. 
 
 stove palm. Seeds ; rich, turfy loam. Winter 
 temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°. 
 T. beTigale'nsis. See Corypha Taliera. 
 
 Taliga'lea. (From the Guianese 
 name. Nat. ord. , Verbenacece. ) A sy- 
 nonym of Amasonia. 
 
 stove sub-shrubs. 
 T. campefstris. A synonym of Amasonia earrir 
 
 —puni'cea. A synonym of Amasonia calycina. 
 B. M. t. 6916. 
 
 Talbo'tia. See Vellozia. 
 
 Tali'num. (From thalia, a green 
 branch; its durable verdure. Nat. ord., 
 Pm'tulacea. ) 
 
 Annuals and biennials, sown in a hotbed early 
 in spring, pricked out, and bloomed in the green- 
 house, or a sheltered place out of doors ; the 
 others are under-shrubs, easily propagated by 
 cuttings of the succulent shoots, dried at the 
 base before inserting them in sandy soil ; peat, 
 loam, sand, and brick-rubbish. Winter temp., 
 45° to 68°, and dryish ; summer, 60° to 80°. 
 
 ANNUALS, ETC. 
 
 T. ■purpu'reum. Purple. August. Mexico. 1826. 
 
 — refldxwm. 1. Yellow. September. S.America. 
 
 1800. Biennial. B. M. 1. 1643. 
 
 EVERGREENS, ETC. 
 
 T. Arru/tii. IJ. Yellow. S. Africa. 1867. 
 
 — crassifo'lium. 1. Bed. August. 1800. 
 alMfto'rwm. White. July. S. America. 
 
 J819. 
 
 — ewneifo'liwm. 1. Purple. August. Egypt. 
 
 1820. 
 — pa'tem. 1. Ked. September. S. America. 
 1776. Herbaceous. Andr. Eep. t. 253. 
 
 — teretifdlium. 1. Pink. August. N. America. 
 
 1823. Herbaceous. B. E. 1843, 1. 1. 
 
 — trlangiiM're. |. Yellow. August. W. 
 
 Indies. 1739. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 
 T. Anaea'mpseros = Anacampseros TelepMast- 
 
 rvrni. 
 ' — Andre!wsii = CaloMdrinia Andrewsii. 
 
 — dlia'tum = Cala/ndrinia ciliata. 
 
 — pwnicula'tum, = Calandrinia paniculata. 
 -^ pa' tens = Calandrinia Andrewsii. 
 
 polya'ndrum, B. M. t. 4833, = Calandrinia 
 polyandra. 
 
 . Talipot Palm. Cori/'pha umbracu- 
 li'fera. 
 
 Tali'sia. (From Toulichi, the name 
 in Guiana. Nat. ord., Sapindacecej 
 Tribe, Sapindece.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripened 
 wood, with leaves, thinly inserted in sand, under 
 
 a glass, in moist bottom-heat ; sandy peat and 
 
 flbryloam. Winter temp., 60° to 60°; summer, 
 
 60° to 86°. 
 
 T. guiane/mis. 8. Eose. Guiana. 1824. Syn., 
 T. rosea. 
 
 — pri'nceps. Whitish. Leaves pinnate, six feet 
 long. Venezuela. Syns., Brovmea erecta, 
 B. prin£eps, and Theophrasta pinnata. 
 
 Tallow Shrub. My'rica ceri'fera. 
 
 Tallow Tree, Chinese. StilK'-n- 
 gia sebi'fera. 
 
 Tallow Tree, Sierra Leone. 
 
 Pentade'sma butyra'cea. 
 
 Tamarind Tree. Tamari'ndus 
 i'ndica. 
 
 Tamari'ndus. Tamarind-tree. 
 (From Tamarlindy, the Arabic name. 
 Nat. ord., Legii/minosce ; Tribe, Amher- 
 
 •■) 
 
 stove, yellow-flowered, evergreen trees. Seeds 
 soaked, and sown in a hotbed ; cuttings in sand, 
 in heat ; sandy loam and leaf-mould. Winter 
 temp., 60° to 60°; summer, 60° to 86°. 
 T. i'ndica. 60. July. Tropics. 1633. Lem. 
 Jard. Fl. t. 133. Syns., T. occidentalis 
 and T. ojidnalie. 
 
 — oc&identa'lis. See T. indica. 
 
 — offloina'lis. B. M. t. 4563. See T. indica. 
 
 Ta'marix. Tamarisk. (From Ta- 
 'maris, now Tambro, the name of a river 
 where it grows, on the borders of the 
 Pyrenees. Nat. ord., TaiTiariscmecB ; 
 Tribe, 'Tamariseece.) 
 
 Hardy, by cuttings under a hand-light, or even 
 in the open air, in spring or autumn, and in any 
 common soil ; the tender species require a warm, 
 greenhouse or a cool plant-stove, and to be 
 grown in peat and loam ; increased by cuttings 
 under a hand-glass, in sand, and in heat. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 T. davyfriea. A synonym of Myricaria davurica. 
 
 — ga'Uica. 10. Flesh. July. England. De- 
 
 ciduous. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 291. 
 
 — germa'nica. A synonym of Myricaria ger- 
 
 manica. 
 
 — odessa'nM. Odessa. 1891. 
 
 — Palla'sii. 8. Flame. July. Caucasus. 1827. 
 
 — parmfio'ra. Pink. Summer. Levant. Syns., 
 
 T. africana and T. tetrandra of some 
 authors. Fl. Ser. t. 898. 
 
 — tetra'ndra. 6. White. July. Tauria. 1821. 
 
 See also T. parmfiora. 
 
 STOVE AND GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 T. articiUa'ta. 10^ Pink. Arabia, Persia, and 
 India. Syn., T. orientalis. Greenhouse.^ 
 
 — dioi'ca. 6. East Indies. 1823. 
 
 — i'ndica. 6. Pink. July.. East Indies. 
 
 — orienta'lis. See T. wrticulata. 
 
 Tarn o'n e a. (From tamone, the 
 Guianan name. Nat. ord., Verbenacem ; 
 Tribe, Verberiem. Allied to Lantana. ) 
 
 Tender, blue-flowered biennials. By seed in a. 
 hotbed jn spring ; pricked out, and potted off, 
 and bloomed in the greenhouse. 
 T. Curassa'irica. ■ 1. July. W. Indies. 1823. 
 Syn., T, verbenacea. 
 
 — mu'tica. 1. July. Guiana. 1820. 
 
 — spica'ta. September. Trinidad. 1824. 
 'cea. See T. Curassatma. 
 
 Ta'mus. (A name used by Pliny. 
 Nat. ord., Dioscoreacem.) 
 
TAN 
 
 [951] 
 
 TAR 
 
 Hardy perennial twiner, whose leaves turn a 
 
 beautiful bronze in autumn. Ordinary gardeu- 
 
 soiL Seeds, or division of roots. 
 
 T. commu'nis. 10. Greenish; fruit bright scarlet. 
 
 May to June. England. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 
 t. 1608. Black Bryony; Lady's Seal; 
 
 Murrain Berries. 
 
 — ekphttlntipee. B. M. t. 1347. See Testudir 
 
 naria elephantipes. 
 
 Tan. See Bark. 
 
 Tanaee'tum. Tansy. (Derivation 
 uncertain. Nat.ord., Composite ; Tribe, 
 Anthemidece.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Divisions in 
 spring, and cuttings under a hand-light in sum- 
 mer ; any soil. 2*. graTidiJl&rum requires a cool 
 greenhouse or a cold pit m winter, and a sandy, 
 nbry loam. 
 
 T. Balsami'ta. 2-3. Yellow. Autumn. Orient. 
 Syn., Balsamita mUgaris. 
 
 — e'legans. See T. huronense. 
 
 — fiabellifafrme. B. M. t. 212. See Pentzia 
 
 fiabeUi/ormis. 
 
 — frutico'sum bractea'tum. Yellowish. India. 
 
 1877. 
 
 — grandiJWrum,. IJ. Yellow. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1820. 
 
 — hurone''me. Yellow. July. California. 1857. 
 
 Syn., T. elegam. Fl. Ser. 1. 1191. 
 
 — leucophifllwm. |. Golden-yellow. Summer. 
 
 Turkestan. Gfl. t. 1064. 
 
 — purpvlreum. IJ. Pale red. June. Nepanl. 
 
 1811. 
 
 — vulga're. 2. Yellow. June. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 716. 
 variega'tum. 2. Yellow. July. Britain. 
 
 Tanghi'nia. (From TangMn, the 
 Madagascar name. Nat. ord., Apocy- 
 nacew.) See Certaera. 
 
 Stove, white-flowered evergreens, from the 
 East Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat; peat and 
 loam, with a little sand. Winter temp., 60° to 
 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°. The nut of veTieni'Jiuaf 
 though not larger than an almond, is sufficient 
 to poison a score of people. 
 T. dicho'toma. See Taberticemontana dichotoma. 
 
 — laurifo'lia. See Cerbera laurifolia. 
 
 — Ma'nghai. Kn. and West. t. 78. See Cerbera 
 
 Manghas. 
 
 — Odo'llam. Wight. Ic. t. 441. See Ceriera 
 
 Odollam. 
 
 — veneni'flua. Kn. and West. t. 67. See Cerbera 
 
 Tangier Pea. La'thyrus tingita'- 
 nus. 
 
 Tanner's Tree. Coria'ria myrti- 
 fo'lia. 
 
 Tansy. Tanaee'tum vulga're. 
 Tape Grass. Vallisne'ria spira'lis. 
 
 Tapeina'nthus. (From twpeinos, 
 low, and anthos, flower; a plant of 
 dwarf habit. Nat. ord., Amaryllidece.) 
 
 The only species of this genus is a hardy bulb, 
 difficult of cultivation in this country. 
 T hu'mUie. J. Yellow. Spain and Tangiers. 
 1887. 
 
 Tapeino'tes. (From tapeinotes, 
 lowliness ; very dvcarf. Nat. ord., Ges- 
 
 neraeeai ; Tribe, Gesnerece. ) See Sin- 
 ningia. 
 
 stove plant. For cultivation, see Nematan- 
 
 THUS. 
 
 T. CaroK'iwe. B. M. t. 5623. See Sinningia 
 barbata. 
 
 Tapogo'mea. (Prom the Guianese 
 name, tapogoma. Nat. oid.,Iiubiace(ej 
 Trihe, Psychotriece.) See Cephselis. 
 
 T. pwrpu'rea. See Cephcelis purpurea. 
 
 — viola' cea. See Cephcelis molacea. 
 
 Tara'xacum. (From tarasso, to 
 alter; its supposed medicinal effect. 
 Nat. ord., Compositce ; Tribe, Cichora- 
 cece.) 
 
 Hardy, perennial herbs, almost stemless. Or- 
 dinary garden-soil. Propagated by divisions. 
 Although they will produce seeds readily, they- 
 should never be allowed to do so, as they spread', 
 with great rapidity, and on account of the depth < 
 to which the tap-roots descend are difficult to 
 eradicate. T. ojicina'le is grown as a salad 
 plant ; its roots are also dried and used as a 
 kind ef coSee. 
 T. monta'num. Yellow. August. Armenia. 
 
 1834. Syn., Lasiopus sonchoides, Swt. 
 
 Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 346. 
 
 — officina'le. Yellow. March to October. 
 
 Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 802. Com- 
 mon Dandelion. , 
 
 Tarchona'nthus. -African Flea- 
 bane. (From tarehon, Arabic for tar- 
 ragon, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., 
 Compositce; Tribe, Inuloidem.) 
 
 Greenhouse, purple-flowered evergreens, from 
 South Africa. Cuttings in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, in the beginning of summer ; flbry, sandy 
 loam and a little leai-mould. Winter temp., 
 40° to 48°. 
 T. camphora'tui. 10. 1690. B. C. t. 382. 
 
 — dental ta. A synonym of Brachylama nem- 
 
 folia. 
 
 — elli'ptwus. A synonym of Brachyleena ellip- 
 
 tiea. 
 
 Ta'ro. Coloca'sia antiquo'rum. This 
 plant forms one of the chief articles of 
 diet in the Pacific Isles, where it is 
 largely cultivated. The tubers are boiled 
 or baked, or made into puddings or 
 bread, and the young leaves maybe eaten 
 like Spinach ; but, like the tubers, they 
 rec[uire to be well cooked to destroy their 
 poisonous properties and acridity. Seve- 
 ral varieties are cultivated, some being 
 better for one mode of cooking, some for 
 another. Dr. Seemann relates that one 
 kind, called " Kurilari," was pointed 
 out to him as having been eaten with 
 nearly a whole tribe of people, in the 
 island of Viti Levu. This tribe, having 
 given great oflence to the ruling chief of 
 the district, was condemned to die. 
 Every year the inmates of one house 
 were baked and eaten, the empty dwell- 
 ing burnt down, and its foundation 
 planted with "Kurilagi." The next 
 year, when this Taro was ripe, it was 
 the signal for destroying the next house 
 
TAR 
 
 [952] 
 
 TAX 
 
 and its inhabitants, and the planting of 
 a fresh field of Taro. After many years 
 the remaining few were pardoned, and 
 allowed to die a natural death, and in 
 1860 one old woman was the only sur- 
 vivor of the tribe. See Seemann's 
 " Flora Vitiensis." 
 
 Tarragon. {Artemi'siadrava'nculus). 
 Used in salads to correct the coldness of 
 the other herbs ; and its leaves are ex- 
 cellent when pickled. 
 
 Soil. — Poor, dry soil is essential to 
 produce it in perfection, and hardy. 
 
 Propagated \)^ parting the roots. To 
 have green Tarragon during the winter 
 and spring, strong-rooted plants must 
 be planted, small portions at a time, 
 once or twice a month, from the close 
 of October, to the end of January. For 
 the main crop, it m^ be planted any 
 time from the end of February until the 
 end of May. 
 
 Plant ten inches apart, and, if dry 
 weather, water must be given regularly 
 every evening until the plants are rooted. 
 They soon establish themselves, and 
 may be gathered from the same year. 
 As they run up, the stems should be cut 
 down, which causes them to shoot 
 afresh. 
 
 At the end of autumn, if some estab- 
 lished plants are set beneath a south 
 fence, they will often afford leaves 
 throughout the winter, or, at all events, 
 come early in the spring. Some of the 
 leaves should be gathered in the sum- 
 mer, and dried for winter's use. 
 
 Tasma'nnia. (Named after C. Tas- 
 mann, a Dutch navigator. Nat. ord., 
 Mamoliacece; Tribe, Winterece. Allied 
 to niicium.) 
 
 The fruit of T. aroma! tica is used for pepper 
 in Australia. Greenhouse, Australian, white- 
 flowered evergreens. Cuttings of firm shoots in 
 sand, under a bell-glass ; kept cool at first, and 
 then, when the base swells, placed in a sweet, 
 mild bottom-heat. Fibry, sandy loam, with a 
 little peat ; require the protection of a cold pit 
 in winter. 
 
 T. aroriM'tica. B. R. 1846, t. 43. See Drimys 
 a/romatica. 
 
 Tasteless Mountain Currant. 
 
 Bi'bes alpi'num. 
 
 Tausche'ria. (In honour of /OTiosfo'te* 
 F. Vauscher, once Professor of ISotany 
 at Prague. Nat. ord., CrMa/ercE; Tribe, 
 IsatidecE. ) 
 
 Hardy annual, of little horticultural value. 
 T. lasioea'rpa. Yellow. Central Asia. 
 
 Tavemie'ra. (After J. B. Taver- 
 rmr, a traveller in the Levant, in the 
 seventeenth century. Nat. ord., Legu- 
 minosoe; Tribe, Hedysarece.) 
 
 Oreenhouse undershmbs. 
 
 T. lappa'cea. Yellow. July. Arabia Feux. 
 1820. 
 
 — nwnvmula'ria. 1-2. Red. June. India, 
 
 1826. East Indian Moneywort. 
 
 Taxa'nthema. (From taxis, ar- 
 rangement, and anthemon, a flower. 
 Nat. ord., Plumbaginece ; Tribe, Stati- 
 cecB. ) A synonym of Statice. 
 T. austra'lis. See Statice australis. 
 
 — inca'na. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 272. See Statice 
 
 — speeio'sa. Swt. Fl. Gard. 1. 105. See Statice 
 
 — iata'rica. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 37. See Statice 
 
 tatarica. 
 
 Taxo'dium. Deciduous Cypress. 
 (From taxus, the yew, and aides, like. 
 Nat. ord., Coniferce ; Tribe, Taxodiece. 
 Syn. Glyptostrohus.) 
 
 Hardy or half-hardy Conifers. Seeds in April ; 
 cuttings in autumn or spring, in a moist, shady 
 place ; layers, also, root the first season ; a low, 
 moist situation suits all the hardy varieties best ; 
 cuttings will also strike in water as freely as 
 the Nerium. The plants should have a httle 
 peat added, and will require a little protection 
 in winter, such as a cold pit would give, or sur- 
 rounding them with a frame of Spruce-branches. 
 T. cape'nge. See Widdringtonia juniperoides. 
 
 — diitichwrn. 60. May. N. Amer. 1640. 
 
 dermda'tum. Syn., T. denudatv/m. 
 
 exce^lsum. See T. mtccronatum. 
 
 fasti^iia'tum. Florida. 
 
 Tnexwa'num. See T. mucronatum. 
 
 microphy'Uum. May. Syns., T. distichum, 
 
 var. pendulum, T. pendulum, and Glyp- 
 tostrobus pendulum, B. M. t. 6603. 
 
 na'num. 10. 
 
 nwyi'ferum. See Torreya nuci/era. 
 
 nu'ta/ns. 20. May. 
 
 pa't&ns. See r. distichum, var. nutans. 
 
 semperm'rens. 50. Yellow. New Zea- 
 land. 1843. Evergreen. 
 
 SMie'mse. 20. May. N. China. Syns., 
 
 T. Binense and Olyptostrobus sinensis. 
 
 — hete/rophj/Uum. 10. China. Embossed Cy- . 
 
 press. Syn., Qlyptostrolnisheterophyllus. 
 
 — japcfmicum. See Cryptomeria japonica. 
 
 — Tnexica'num. See T. mucronatum. 
 
 — nmtsrona'tum. 120. Mexico. Syns., T. 
 
 distichum, var. excelsum and var. mexi- 
 ccmum, and T. mexicanum. 
 
 — pe^nd/iilum. See T. distichv/m, var. micro- 
 
 phyllum. 
 
 — sintlnse. See T. distichurri, var. sinense. 
 
 Ta'xus. The Yew. (From taxon, a 
 bow; being used for bows. Nat. ord., 
 ComifercB ; Tribe, Taxece.) 
 
 Evergreen Conifers. Seed, gathered in Octo- 
 ber, either sown directly, or taken to the rot- 
 heap until spring, when the plants, many of 
 them, will appear the following year ; cuttings, 
 ten inches in length, lower half deprived of 
 leaves, in sand, in a shady border, in April and 
 August, taJken off with a heel ; deep, loamy soil, 
 with a fair portion of moisture. 
 T. adpre'ssa. See T. haccata, var. adpressa. , 
 
 — baoca'ta. 10-60. March. Britain. Common 
 
 Yew. There are numerous varieties, 
 
 such as :— 
 adpressa. 8. Japan. 1844. Syns., T. 
 
 adpressa, T. tard%va, and CephaiotaTus 
 
 tard/iva. Forms of this are: — erecta, 
 
 stricta, and variegata. 
 
 arge'ntea. Leaves silvery striped. 
 
 Barro/ni. See T. baccata, var. variegata. 
 
TEA 
 
 [953] 
 
 TEC 
 
 T. bacca'ta cheshunte'Tisis. 
 
 Dovastc/ni. Branchlets drooping. 
 
 — variega'ta. Leaves edged with gol- 
 den-yellow when young, with silvery- 
 white when old. 
 
 Elvastone'nm. Young leaves bright 
 
 orange. 
 
 epaenai'des. Dwarf. Leaves light 
 
 green. 
 
 — — ere' eta. Fulham Yew ; Upright Common 
 Yew. There is a form Crowderi. 
 
 erieoi'des. 1-2. Leaves small, dark 
 
 green. 
 
 fastigia'ta. 20. April. Ireland. 1780. 
 
 Irish or Florence Court Yew. 
 
 au'reo-variega'ta. Golden-variegated 
 
 form. 
 
 variega'ta. Silvery-white or straw- 
 coloured variegated form. 
 
 Po'icii. 2. Leaves dark green. 
 
 frv/ctu-lu'teo is a handsome yellow- 
 berried variety. 
 
 glau'ca. Leaves bluish or greyish be- 
 neath. 
 
 Jackso'ni. Leaves light green. Branches 
 
 pendulous. 
 
 na'na. 2. Leaves dark, glossy green. 
 
 nidpathe'7i6w. A variety of columnar 
 
 habit. 
 
 prom'mtens. 8. February. Europe. 
 
 recurva'ta. Margins of leaves involute. 
 
 sparsifo'lia. March. Branches spreading. 
 
 variega'ta. Leaves edged with golden- 
 yellow. Barroni is a freely fruiting form 
 of this. 
 
 Wallichia'na. See T. WalUchicma. 
 
 — brevifo'lia. 40. California. Syn., T. iMnd- 
 
 leya/na. Western or California Yew. 
 
 — canade'nsis. 4. North America. 1800- 
 
 American Yew ; Ground Hemlock. 
 
 variega'ta. Leaves variegated with 
 
 white. 
 
 — cuspida'ta. 20. Japan. 
 
 — empetrif&lia. See T. baccata, var. eHcoides. 
 
 — Portu'iiei. See Cephalotaxus Fortwnei. 
 
 — globiysa. Mexico. Mexican Yew. 
 
 ^ Harringto'nii. See Cephalotaxus peduncu- 
 lata. 
 
 — Inuka'ja. See Cephalotaxus pedunculata. 
 
 — JAndleya'tia. See T. brevifolia. 
 
 — Mako'ya. See Podocarpus chinensis. 
 
 — VAU^'fera. See Torreya wadfera. 
 
 — tojrdj^va. See T. baccata^ var. ad-sressa. 
 
 — Wallichia'na. Nepaul. Syn., T. baecata, var. 
 
 Walliahia/na. 
 
 Tea. The dried leaves of Came'llia 
 thei'fera. 
 
 Tea Berry or Canada Tea. G'ual- 
 the'ria proculimhens. 
 
 Tea, Botany Bay. S'mi'lax glycy- 
 ph'y'Ua. 
 
 Tea, Paraguay. I'lex paraguari- 
 e'nsis. 
 
 Tea Tree. Zy'cmm ba'rbarum. 
 
 Teak Tree, African. Oldfie'Mia 
 africa'na. 
 
 Teak Tree, Indian. Te'dona 
 gra'ndis. 
 
 Teak Tree, New Zealand. Vi'- 
 
 tex littora'lis. 
 
 Teasel, Teazel, or Teazle. Di'p- 
 
 sacus. 
 
 Te'eoma. (A contraction of the 
 Mexican name, Tecomaxochili. Nat. 
 Old., Bignon'iacecB ; Tribe, Tecomem.) 
 
 Mostly by cuttings ; the hardy i-adi'cojw and 
 its varieties by cuttings of the shoots, and very 
 freely by pieces of the roots ; all the others are 
 the better for a glass being placed over them, 
 and flourish in loam and peat. The cam^nsia 
 makes a neat pot-plant. Under the article BlG- 
 NOHIA several species have been referred to this 
 genus, which should have been placed in Tabe- 
 
 BUIA. 
 
 HAKDY EVERGEEEN CLIMBERS. 
 
 T, radi'cans. 80. Orange. July. N. America. 
 
 1640. Syn., Bignonia radica/ns, B. M. 
 
 t. 486. 
 ma'jor. 30. Orange. July. N. America. 
 
 1640. 
 mi'nor. 20. Scarlet. July. N. America. 
 
 1640. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN CLIMBERS, ETC. 
 
 T. austra'lis. Orange. June. N. S. Wales. 
 1793. Syn., T. diversifolia, Bignonia 
 meonantha and B. Pandorea. 
 
 — capeltisis. 8. Orange. August. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1823. B. E. 1. 1117. 
 ~ diversi^o'lia. See T. australis. 
 
 — gramdiflo'ra. SO. Orange. July. China. 
 
 1800. Deciduous. Syn., Bignonia chi- 
 nensis and B. grandifiora. 
 —jasminoi'des. Pink. August. N. S. Wales. 
 Syn. , Bignonia jasmmoides. 
 
 — Macke'nii. See T. Bicasoliana. 
 
 — meonafntha. 12. Blush. April. Australia. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — mo'llis. 6. Yellow. Mexico. 1824. Deci- 
 
 duous. 
 
 — Eicasolia'na. Eose-pink, with darker veins. 
 
 South Africa. 1887. Bull. Soc. Toso. 
 1887, xviii. p. 17, t. 1-2. Syn., T. Mae- 
 kemi. 
 
 — Smi'thii. Garden hybrid between T. velutina 
 
 and T. capensis, raised in South Aus- 
 tralia. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREEN SHBVBS. 
 
 T. aniboine'nsls. Orange-red. Amboina. 
 Climber. 
 
 — aid stro-caledo'nica. White. New Caledonia. 
 
 Syn., Pandorea austro-caledonica. 
 
 — chile'nsis. Scarlet. Spring. Chili. 1870. 
 
 Syn., Campsidium chilense. 
 
 — chrysa'ntha. See Tabebuia chrysantha. 
 
 — digita'ta. 6. Yellow. South America. 1818. 
 —JUieifo'lia. Fiji Islands. 1873. Syn., Camp- 
 
 sidiuTn filicifolium. 
 —fu'lva. Eed. Yellow. November. Peru. 
 B. M. t. 4896. 
 
 — incHsa. See T. atoms, var. apiifolia. 
 
 — leueo'xylon. 12. Pink. West Indies. 1769. 
 
 Syn., Bignonia leucoxylon. 
 
 — mira'bilis. See T. valdiviana. 
 
 — pentaphi/lla. See Tabebuia pentaphylla. 
 
 — roscefo'lia. 6. Yellow. Peru. 
 
 — sambusifo'lia. 6. Yellow. Peru. 1824. 
 
 — serratifo'lia. See Tabebuia serratifolia. 
 
 — sorbifo'lia. 6. Yellow. South America. 
 
 — specta'bilis. See Tabebuia spectdbilis. 
 
 — sple'ndida. 6. Yellow. Brazil. 1820. Syn., 
 
 Esterhazya splendida. 
 
 — stains. 12. Yellow. August. S. America. 
 
 1730. B. M. t. 3191. Syn., Bignonia 
 stans. 
 
 apiyfo'lia. 10. Yellow. August. S. 
 
 America. 1820. Syns., T. incisa, T. 
 stans, var. incisa, and Bignonia incisa. 
 
 — und'U.la'ta. Orange. Summer. India. Syn., 
 
 Bignonia undulata. 
 
 — valdivia'na. Orange. Spring. Chili. 1870. 
 
 Syn., T. mirabilis. 
 
 — xyloca'rpa. See Stereospermum xylocarpum. 
 
TEC 
 
 [954] 
 
 TEL 
 
 Tecophilse'a. (Named after Teco- 
 vhila, a daughter of Bertero. Nat. 
 Old. , Hcemodoracew ; Tribe, Conanthe- 
 rew. ) 
 
 Greenhouse bulbs. Seeds ; offsets. Rich sandy 
 loam ; the bulbs should be kept dry during their 
 period of rest. Summer temp., 60" to 85" ; winter, 
 45" to 56". This genus is remarkable for its half- 
 inferior ovary, -which peculiarity renders its 
 position somewhat doubtful, being in this respect 
 exactly intermediate between the AmarylK- 
 dacece, which are characterized by their inferior 
 ovary, and the Liliacece, which have a superior 
 ovary. ' 
 
 T. cyamoero'cus. Blue ; throat whitish. Juan 
 
 Fernandez. 1872. 
 LeichtU'nii. Deep blue. 1882. Syn.,!". 
 
 Leichtlinii. 
 Rege'lii. Blue. Perianth segments 
 
 narrower than in the type. Syn., T. 
 
 cyanocrocus of Gfi. t. 718. 
 
 Te'ctona. Teak-tree. (The Malabar 
 name is tekka. Nat. ord., Verbenacece ; 
 Tribe, Viticew.) 
 
 For ship-building this gives the best timber. 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripened shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, in April, and in a 
 moist bottom-heat ; sandy loam and flbry peat. 
 Winter temp., 60° to 66° ; summer, 60° to 86°. 
 T. cfra'ndis. 100. White. B. Indies. 1777. 
 
 Tee'dia. (Named after J. G. Teede, 
 a German botanist and traveller. Nat. 
 ord. , Scrophulariacem ; Tribe, Chelonece. 
 Alliance near to Phygelius. ) 
 
 Greenhouse, purple-flowered biennials, from 
 South Africa. Seeds in a slight hotbed in March ; 
 cuttings of side-shoots, taken off in April or 
 August, and inserted in sandy soil, under a hand- 
 light ; sandy loam and vegetable mould. 
 T. lu'dda. 2. April. 1774. B. E. t. 209. 
 
 — pube' scent. 2. May. 1816. B. E. t. 214. ' 
 
 Teesda'lia. (Named after B. Tees- 
 dale, author of a Flora of Castle Howard. 
 Nat. ord., Cruciferce ; Tribe, Thlas- 
 mdece. Allied to Candytuft. ) 
 
 Hardy, white-flowered annuals. Seeds ; com- 
 mon sou. 
 T. Ibe'ris. See T. nudicaiUU. 
 
 — Lepi'divmi. J. March. South Europe. 1824. 
 
 — midicau'lis. J. May. Britain. Syn. T. 
 
 Iberis. Pepper Cress. 
 
 Tela'nthera. (From teUois, com- 
 plete, and anthera, an anther. Nat. 
 ord., Amarantacece ; Tribe, Gomphre- 
 necB.) 
 
 Half-hard}^ herbaceous plants, chiefly used for 
 carpet bedding. Divisions and cuttings. To 
 obtain the latter, trim back old plants about 
 March, and plunge in a hotbed, when they soo^ 
 produce cuttings, which will root freely in leaf- 
 mould and sand in heat; box off, in nch light 
 soil and keej) in heat until well established, then 
 gradually shift them to houses of lower tempera- 
 ture^ so as to be ready for bedding out. They are 
 cultivated under the name of Alternantheba. 
 T. awAxlna. Leaves variegated with rose, brown, 
 
 and green. Brazil. 1866. 
 ama'bilis. Leaves green, red, and rose. 
 
 Braza. 1868. 
 tri'color. Leaves dark green, variegated 
 
 with rose, purple, and orange-yellow. 
 
 Brazil. 1862. 
 
 T. Bettitichia'na. Leaves olive and red. Brazil. 
 
 1862. 
 spathvla'ta. Stem and leaves red. Brazil. 
 
 1865. 
 
 — came^scene. 1. White. July. Cumana. 1826. 
 
 Syn., AU&rmmthera ccmescens. 
 
 — caracasa'tia. 1. White, July. Caraccas. 
 
 1819. Syn., AUemanthera ea/racasana. 
 
 — fieoHdea. Leaves variegated with green, rose, 
 
 and red. India. 1865. Useful as a 
 bedding plant. 
 
 — polygonoi'deg. 1. White. July. S. America. 
 
 1731. SyTL.t AUernantkera polygoTwides. 
 
 — versicolor. Leaves rose, green, and dark 
 
 blood-red. Brazil. 1866. 
 
 Telegraph-Plant. Desmo'diwmgy'- 
 rans. 
 
 T e 1 e' k i a. (Name not explained. 
 Nat. ord., Composite; Tribe, Inuloidem.) 
 A synonym of Buphthalmum. 
 
 Hardy herbaceous. Seeds, and divisions of the 
 root in spring ; common soil. 
 T. specMsa. B. M. t. 3466. See Buphthalmum 
 cordifolium. 
 
 Telfai'ria. (Named in honour of 
 Mrs. Telfair. Nat. ord., Cucurbitacece ; 
 Tribe, Cucumerinece.) 
 
 Stove twiners. Cuttings of the flowering shoots, 
 if procurable ; if not, other young shoots, getting 
 firm, in sand, and in heat ; peat and loam. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60° to 85" ; winter, 50" to 58°. 
 T. ocddenta'lis. White, purple. Autumn. W. 
 Tropical Africa. 1870. B. M. t. 6272. 
 
 — peda'ta. 20. Pink. July. Zanzibar, 1825. 
 
 B, M, tt, 2751-2, Syns,, Pevillea pedatd, 
 B, M, t, 2681, and Jollifia africana. 
 
 Telipo'gon. (From telos, the sum- 
 mit, and pogon, a beard ; the column is 
 bearded to its summit. Nat, ord., Or- 
 chidece ; Tribe, Vandece-Notyliece. Allied 
 to Acriopsis,) 
 
 Stove epiphytal orchid. Should be grown on 
 blocks. See Orchids, 
 
 T. Croe'sus. Yellow, with dark network. Colum- 
 bia. 1877, 
 
 Te'Uima. ( An anagram of ilfiieWa; 
 separated from the genus Mitella. Nat. 
 ord. , Saxifragacece ; Tribe, Saxifragece. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous. Division; sandy loam and 
 peat, 
 
 T. gramdijkfra. 1, Pink. April. North West 
 America. 1826. B, E. t, 1178. 
 
 Telo'pea. Warratah. (From telo- 
 pas, seen at a distance ; conspicuous 
 flowers. Nat. ord., Proteacece ; Tribe, 
 EmbothriecB.) 
 
 This is the finest of all the Proteacese. Green- 
 house evergreen. Cuttings of ripe shoots with 
 leaves on, except the one at the base, in sand, 
 under a glass, and kept cool until the base 
 swells, when a little heat may be given ; also by 
 layering the suckers that rise from the roots ; 
 sandy loam and peat, with a third of broken 
 stone, potsherds, and charcoal, and the pot 
 extra well drained. Winter temp., 46° to 65°, 
 and not much water ; summer, 60° to 75°, and a 
 good supply of moisture, the pot being defended 
 from the sun. 
 
 T. speciosi'ssima. 10. Scarlet. June. N, S. 
 Wales. 1789. Syn., Embothrium spathu- 
 latum, B. M 1. 1128, and E. speciosum. 
 
TEM 
 
 [955] 
 
 TER 
 
 Temasia Woeberana. See Py- 
 rus. 
 
 Temperature is one of the most 
 important circumstances connected with 
 the cultivation of plants ; for upon its 
 proper regulation and just accommoda- 
 tion to the intensity of light depend, in 
 the chief degree, whether a plant is 
 healthy, and capable of performing its 
 functions. Every seed has its appro- 
 priate temperature for germinating (see 
 Germination) ; every root has a tem- 
 perature in which it imhibes food most 
 favourably (see Bottom-heat) ; and 
 every leaf has a temperature in which it 
 respires most vigorously. (See Leaves 
 and Night Temperature.) 
 
 Temples dedicated to some deity of 
 the heatnen mythology, as to Pan in a 
 grove, or to Flora among bright, sunny 
 parterres, are not inappropriate, if the 
 extent of the grounds and the expendi- 
 ture on their management allow them 
 to be of that size and of that correctness 
 of style, which give the classic air and 
 dignity that are their only sources of 
 pleasure. 
 
 Templeto'hia. (Named after J. 
 Templeton, an Irish botanist. Nat. ord. , 
 Leguminosce ; Tribe, Genistew. Allied 
 to Boissisea.) 
 
 Greenhouse, red-flowered evergreens, from 
 Australia. Cuttings of half-ripened wood in 
 sand, under a bell-glass ; fibry peat and sandy 
 loam, most of the first, with a little charcoal. 
 Winter temp., 40° to 48°. 
 T. glau'ca. B. M. t. 2088. See T. retusa. 
 
 — retu'sa. 2. May. 1803. B. M. t. 2334. Syn., 
 
 T. glauea. 
 
 Te'naris. (Probably derived from 
 the South African name. Nat. ord., 
 Asclepiadacece ; Tribe, Marsdeniem.) 
 
 Greenhouse, perennial herbs. For culture, see 
 Ceropegia. 
 
 T. rostra'ta. li. Whitish, with minute purple 
 dots. East Tropical Africa. 1886. 
 
 Teno'ria. (After Prof. Tenore, of 
 Naples. Nat. ord., Umhelliferfe ; Tribe, 
 AmminecB.) A synonym of Bupleu- 
 rum. 
 
 T. arbore' scene. See Heteromorpha aarborescens. 
 
 — canaMnsis. See Crithmum latifoUwm. 
 
 — coria'cea. See Bupleurum gtbraltaricum. 
 — frute'scem. See Bupleurum frutescens. 
 — frutico'sum. See Bupleurum fruticonim. 
 
 — plantagi'neum. See Bupleurumplantaginemn. 
 
 Tentaculate, furnished with 
 thread-like appendages. 
 
 Tepals. A name used by Prof. 
 H. GT Eeichenbach to designate the 
 inner perianth segments, or petals, of 
 Orchids. 
 
 Tephro'sia. (From tephros, ash- 
 grey; colour of some of the species. 
 
 Nat. ord., Leguminosce; Tribe, Gale- 
 gece. Allied to Galega.) 
 
 Seeds, steeped in water at 130° for a day before 
 sowing in a notbed ; cuttings of young, stubby 
 side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in May, 
 the stove species in a hotbed ; sandy, fibry 
 loam and peat. Greenhouse or stove tempera- 
 tures. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS, ETC. 
 
 T. cape'nsis. 1. Purple. July. Cape of Good 
 Hope. 1825. 
 
 — ehine^nsis. Purple. July. China. 1822. 
 
 — grandiflo'ra. 4. Pink. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1774. B. B. t. 769. 
 
 — mua-ona'ta. 2. Pale Ted. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 — seri'cea. 1. Bed. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1800. 
 
 — stri'cta. 3. Pink. June, Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1774. Syn., Indigophora strieta. 
 Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 236. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS, ETC. 
 
 T. Apolli'nea. 2. Blue. July. Egypt. 1816. 
 
 — bifio'ra. 2. Purple. July. 1816. 
 
 — calndida. 4. Pale red. Bengal. 1816. 
 
 — capitulttlta. li. Bed. July. Owhyhee. 1823. 
 
 Herbaceous. 
 
 — cariboB'a. 3. Bed, white. June. W. Indies. 
 
 1786. 
 
 — Coloni'la. 3. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — filifo'lia. Bed. July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — frviico'sa. 6. Bed. July. E. Indies. 1816. 
 
 — Heynea'na'. 3. Purple. June. E. Indies. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — laneeoefa'lia. 3. Pale yellow. July. 1820. 
 
 — linea'ris. 1. Bed. July. W. Indies. 1823. 
 
 — Ktora'lis. 1. Purple. July. W. Indies. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — longifo'lia. 3. Bed. June. S. America. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — obcorda'ta. 1. Yellow. July. Senegal. 1826. 
 Syn., Requienia obcordata. 
 
 oehroleu'ca. 3. Cream. W. Indies. 1789. 
 ■'rma. 1. Yellow. April. South 
 Africa. 1816. Syn., Requienia sphcero- 
 spemm. 
 
 — toxica'ria. 3. Pale red. W. Indies. 1791. 
 
 — villo'sa. 2. White. July. E. Indies. 1779. 
 
 Termina'lia. (From termimts, 
 limit or end ; leaves in clusters at the 
 end of the branches. Nat. ord., Combre- 
 tacecB. Syn., Bucida.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of ripe shoots, with 
 most of the leaves, in sand, thinly, under a bell- 
 glass, and in a sweet bottom-heat ; sandy loam 
 and fibry peat. Winter, temp., 65° to 60° ; sum- 
 mer, 65° to 86°. The juice of T. Cata'ppa is a 
 chief ingredient in In(£a-ink. 
 T. cmgustifo'lia. Jacq. Vind. iii. t. 100. See T. 
 
 — arbu'scula. 1. White, green. S. America. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — Arju'na. 70. Greenish. India. Syn.,i'e»i- 
 
 taptera Arjuna. 
 
 — belle'rica. 20. Yellow, green. E. Indies. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — bengalefrtsis. White. June. E. Indies. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — Benzo'in. 40. Whitish. Mauritius. 1824. 
 
 Syns., T. angustifolia and T. mauri- 
 iia/na. 
 
 — Bitica'ria. 20. Yellow, green. E. Indies. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — bu'c^ras. 26. Yellow, white. August. 
 
 Jamaica. 1793. Syn., Bucida buceras. 
 B. E. t. 907. 
 
 — Cata'ppa. 20. White. E. Indies. 1778. B. 
 
 M. t. 3004. 
 
TER 
 
 956] 
 
 TET 
 
 T. Cata'ppa subcorda'ta. 20. Yellow, green. 
 South America. 1796. 
 
 — Che'bula. 20. White. E. Indies. 1796. 
 
 — eitri'na. 20. Yellow, green. B. Indies. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — di'sticha.- 20. Yellow, green. E. Indies. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — eHeqans. See Polyscias paniculata. 
 
 — Fdtrcela. 20. Yellow, green. Madagascar. 
 
 Yellow, green. E. Indies. 
 
 W. Indies. 1800. 
 See T. Benzoin. 
 20. White, green. 
 
 E. Indies. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — ga'nge:tica. 2 
 
 1820. 
 
 — latifo'lia. 25. 
 
 — mmiritia'na. 
 
 — molucca'Tm. 
 
 1804. 
 
 — jiro'cffra. 40. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — rotundifo'lia. 20. Yellow, green. E. Indies. 
 
 1824. 
 ^- seri'cea, 6. White. 
 
 — Tanibcm'ea. White. 
 
 Yellow, green. E. Indies. 
 
 South Africa. 1816. 
 June. Guiana. 1826. 
 
 Temstro'mia. (Named after M. 
 Ternstrom, a Swedish botanist. Nat, 
 ord., Temstriimiacem ; Tribe, Ternstro- 
 miece. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripe young 
 shoots in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, in heat ; 
 flbry loam and sandy peat. Winter temp., 55° to 
 «0" ; summer, 65° to 85 . 
 
 T. ire'vipes. 6. Eed. July. S. America. 
 1818. 
 
 — elUpti'ca. 6. White. July. West Indies. 
 
 1818. Syn., T. peduncidaris. 
 
 — pedwncula'ris. See T. ellipticd. 
 
 — puncta'ta. 6. Yellowish. July. W. Indies. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — serra'ta. White. June. E. Indies. 1820. 
 
 — sylva tica. Green, purple. February. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 — veno'ea. 6. White. July. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 Terpna'nthUS. (From terjmos, 
 delightful, and anthos, flower. Nat. 
 ord. , SutacecB ; Tribe, Cuspariece.) See 
 Spiranthera. 
 
 T. jarnnijiai'des. A synonym 
 of Spiranthera odora- 
 tissima. 
 
 Terraces are not 
 permissible anywhere 
 but around the mansion, 
 and they are noble and 
 effective almost in pro- 
 portion to their breadth. 
 
 Testace'Ua halio- 
 ti'dea. The Ear-shelled 
 Slug is a slug that the 
 gardener should make 
 himself well acquainted 
 with, and not only that, 
 but should endeavour to 
 get his garden well 
 stocked with them ; for, 
 unlike other slugs, this 
 one is a real friend to the 
 gardener, since it does 
 not feed upon vegetable 
 matter at all, but is 
 strictly carnivorous, feeding principally 
 upon worms and other species of slugs, of 
 wnich it destroys considerable quanti- 
 
 ties. It should, therefore, never be 
 killed. This slug is readily recognized 
 by its yellow colour, and the small ear- 
 shaped external shell it carries upon its 
 tail : no other British slug has an ex- 
 ternal shell. It is nocturnal in its 
 habits, and has the power of burrowing 
 to a considerable depth in the ground. 
 See the Gardeners' Chronicle for 1877. 
 
 Testudina'ria. Elephant's Foot. 
 (From testudo, a tortoise ; the hard, out- 
 side covering of the corm, or root. Nat. 
 ord., DioscoreaeecB.) 
 
 Greenhouse, yellow - flowered deciduous 
 climbers, from South Africa. Cuttings of Arm 
 side-shoots, or cuttings of the young shoots when 
 growth commences, m spring, in sandy loam, 
 under a bell-glass, and care taken to prevent 
 damping ; might be tried by cuttings of the 
 roots ; sandy, fibry loam and turfy peat. Winter 
 temp., 43° to 48°, and kept rather dry. 
 T. elepha'ntipes. 8. July. 1774. B. E. t. 921. 
 Syn., Tarnus elephantipes. B. M. 1. 1347. 
 
 — rrumta'na. 8. July. 1816. 
 
 Tetra'cera. (From tetras, four-fold, 
 and keras, a horn ; the four capsules, or 
 divisions of seed-pod, recurved. Nat. 
 ord. , Dilleniaoem ; Tribe, DelimecB. 
 Allied to Delima.) 
 
 Stove, yellow-flowered, evergreen climbers. 
 Cuttings of young shoots, getting firm, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, thinly, and In bottom-heat ; 
 sandy loam and fibxy peat. Winter temp., 55° ; 
 summer, 65° to 85° 
 T. alnifo'lia. 20. Guinea. 1793. 
 
 — Cali'nea. A synonym of Dolioearpus Calmea. 
 
 — obova'ta. February. Guinea. 1822. 
 
 — potat&ria. 20. Sierra Leone. 1822. 
 
 — volu'bilis. 12. S. America. 1818. 
 
 Tetra'dium. (From tetradeion, a 
 quaternion ; the parts of the flowers are 
 arranged in fours. Nat. ori.. , Eutacece ; 
 Tribe, ZanthoxylecB.) Now united with 
 Evodia. 
 
 Stove, evergreen tree. 
 T. tricho'tamum. 20. Whitish. April. Cochin 
 China. 1822. A synonym of Evodia 
 
 FKAXINIPOLIA. 
 
 Tetrago'nia. New Zealand Spinach. 
 (From tetra, four, and gonia, an angle ; 
 fruit four-angled. Nat. ord. , Ficoidew ; 
 Tribe, Mesembryece.) 
 
 See New Zealand Spinach. A genus allied 
 to Mesehbryanthemum, from which it differs 
 in the absence of petals. 
 T. expa'nsa. Yellow. August. New Zealand. 
 1772. Annual. B. M. t. 2362. 
 
 Tetragono'lobus. (From tetra, 
 four, gonia, an angle, and lobos, a pod ; 
 shape of seed-pod. Nat. ord., Legu- 
 minosce ; Tribe, LotecB.) See Lotus. 
 
 Seeds in April, in common soil j the perennials, 
 also, by division and cuttings. Good for the 
 fronts of flower-borders and rock-works. 
 T. Hfio'rus. See Lotus bijlorus. 
 
 — conjuga'tus. See Lotiis JRequienii. 
 
 — mwritiirvus. See Lotus Biliqu^sus, 
 
TET [ 957 ] 
 
 T. purpu'rms. See Lotus Tetragonolotus. 
 
 — Meguie'nii. See Lotus Eequienii. 
 
 — siliguo'sus. See Lotus siliquosus. 
 
 Tetragonothe'ca. (From tefra- 
 gonos, quadrangular, and theke, a cap- 
 sule ; tne achenes are four-sided. Nat. 
 ord., Composit(e; Tribe, Selianthoidece.) 
 
 Tall, hardy, perennial herb. Rich, light soil. 
 Divisions or seeds. 
 
 T. helicmthoSdes. 3. Pale yellow. August. 
 North America. 1726. 
 
 Tetrame'rium. (From tetra, four, 
 and meros, a part. Nat. ord., Eubia- 
 cece ; T^rihe, CoussarecB.) A synonym of 
 Faramea. 
 
 T. odorati'ssimum. A synonym of. Faramea 
 
 odoraAissima, 
 — sa/rdaula'tum. A synonym of Cofeapanicm- 
 
 lata. 
 
 Tetrami'cra. (From tetra, four, 
 and micros, small; in allusion to the 
 pollen masses. Nat. ord., Orchidece ; 
 Tribe, Epidendrece-Lceliece.) 
 
 Stove, or greenhouse orchids. For culture, 
 see ORcnms. 
 
 r. bi'eolor. White, with purple streaks. Winter. 
 Brazil. 1831. Syn., Leptotes bieolw. 
 B. R. t. 1625 ; B. M. t. 3734. 
 
 — mimi ta. A species scarcely two inches 
 
 high. 
 
 — ri'gida. See Brassavola elegans. B. M. 
 
 t. 3098. 
 
 — serrula'ta. Greenish ; lip white. April. 
 
 Brazil. Syn., Leptotes serrulata. 
 
 Tetrane'ma. (From tetra, four, and 
 nema, a filament ; four stamens instead 
 of five, as in Pentstemon, which it much 
 resembles. Nat. ord., Scrophulariacew ; 
 Tribe, Cheloneoe.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous. Seed sown in a slight hot- 
 bed in March ; cuttings of young shoots, a little 
 firm, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, in April 
 and August ; sandy loam and leaf -mould. Winter 
 temp., 45° to 50°. In summer the shelter of the 
 greenhouse or a warm place out of doors. 
 T. mexica'na. 1. Purple, white. June. Mexico. 
 1843. B. B. 1843, t. 52 ; B. M. t. 4070. 
 
 Tetranthe'ra. (From tetra, four, 
 and aner, anther ; four out of nine 
 stamens fertile. Nat. ord., Lauracew; 
 Tribe, Litseeacece.) 
 
 Cuttings of young shoots, nearly ripe, in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, and the stove ones in bottom- 
 heat ; fibry, sandy loam and turiy peat. Green- 
 house and stove temperatures. 
 
 GREENHOVSG ETEKGREENS. 
 
 T. ap^tala. See Litsxa Tetranthera. 
 
 — genimXa!ta. See Litscea genieulata. 
 — japo'nica. See Litscea japonica. 
 
 — lanirifo'lia. B. R. t. 893. See lAtsaealetran- 
 
 thera. 
 
 — Lhu'ysii. Japan. 1869. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 T. imvolucra'ta. See T. sebifera. 
 
 — sebi'fera. 10. Yellow, green. May. B.Indies. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — triine!rvis. 10. Yellow, green. May. Ceylon. 
 
 1821. 
 
 Tetra'nthuS. (From tetra, four, 
 and anthos, a flower j four-flowered. 
 
 TET 
 
 Nat. ord., Compositve ; Tribe, Helian- 
 thoidecB.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trailer. Division and cuttings ; 
 sandy loam and a little peat ; requires the stove 
 in winter. 
 
 T. litora'lis. i. White. August. W. Indies. 
 1820. 
 
 Tetrape'ltis. (From tetra, four, 
 a,ni pelte, a small shield; form of flower. 
 Nat. ord., Orchidece; Tribe, Epiden- 
 drem-Ccelogynece.) See Otochilus. 
 
 Stoveorchid, grown in a basket. See Orchids. 
 T.fra'grans. B. M. t. 3921. See Otochilus 
 irckgrans. 
 
 Tetrapo'gon. (From tetra, four, 
 and pogon, a beard ; the flowers are 
 bearded. Nat. ord., Graminecej Tribe, 
 ChloridecB.) 
 
 Hardy, perennial grass, of little horticultural 
 value. 
 T. viUo'sus. 1. Pale yellow. North Africa. 
 
 Tetra'pterys. (From tetra, four, 
 and pteron, a wing ; the carpels four- 
 winged. Nat. ord., MalpighiacecB ; 
 Tnhe, Sircee(B. Allied, to ffirasa.) 
 
 Stove, evergreen, yellow-flowered climbers. For 
 culture, see Malpighia. 
 T. acapvlcdnsis. May. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 — acutifdlia. May. Cayenne. 1826. 
 
 — eWrifo'lia. See T. incequalis. 
 
 — di'scolor. May. Guiana. 1827. 
 
 — incequa'lis. Yellow. May. Brazil. 1818. 
 Syn., T. eitrifolia. 
 
 Tetrathe'ca. (From tetra, four, 
 and theke, a cell ; anthers four-celled. 
 Nat. ord., Tremandrece.) 
 
 Greenhouse, Australian evergreens, and 
 purple-flowered, where not otherwise specified. 
 Cuttings of young shoots, the side ones are the 
 best, in sand, under a bell-glass, and great oare 
 taken to prevent damping ; fibry peat, a little 
 turfy loam, and a good portion of charcoal fcnd 
 broken pots. Winter temp., 43° to 60° ; summer, 
 an airy situation, but the pot saved from direct 
 sun and heavy rains, or careless waterings. 
 T. dlia'ta. Pink, Australia. 
 
 — ericctf&lia. 1. Rose. July. 1820. Linn.. 
 Trans, viii. 1. 11. 
 
 — erieoi'des. 2. Pink. Tasmania. 1854. 
 
 — glandule' sa. 1. July. 1822. Linn. Trans, 
 viii. 1. 10. 
 
 — hirsulta. 2. Pink. March. 1843. B. R. 
 1844. t. 67. 
 
 — ju'ncea. 2. July. 1803. 
 
 — nu'da. 2. Crimson. May. 1843. 
 
 — pilifera. 2. June. 
 
 — pilo'sa. 1. July. 1823. 
 
 — rutnoi'des. 1. July. 1825. 
 
 — rubrise^ta. 2. Rose. July. 1834. 
 
 — thymifo'lia. 1. July. 1824. 
 
 — verticilla'ta. 2. June. 1845. Paxt. Mag> 
 xiii. p. 171. 
 
 — mmi'nea. 2. July. 
 
 Tetrazy'gia. (From tetra, four, and 
 zygos, a yoke ; the parts of the flower in 
 fours. Nat. ord., Melastomaceai ; Tribe, 
 MiconiecB. Allied to Miconia. ) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered evergreens, from the 
 West Indies. Cuttings of side-shoots, getting 
 firm, in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; sandy 
 
TET 
 
 [958] 
 
 TEU 
 
 loam and flbry peat. Winter temp., 66° to 60° j 
 summer, 65° to 85". 
 
 T. angustifo'lia. B, May. 1823. Syn., T. 
 elceagnoides of B. M. t. 4333. 
 
 — di'scolor. 6. May. 1793. 
 
 — elceagnoi'des. 4. March. See also T. 
 
 angus>tifoUa.- 
 
 — tetra'ndra. 3. March. 1815. 
 
 Tettigo'nia spuma'ria of some en- 
 tomologists, and the Cercopis, Cicada, 
 or Aphrophora spumaria of others, Froth 
 insect, Cuckoo-spit, Froth-hopper, or 
 Frog-hopper. The larva enveloped in its 
 froth is especially prevalent upon the 
 young shoots of the white- thorn or quick ; 
 but it also infests the stems of pinks, 
 carnations, lilacs, and many other plants. 
 If the froth be removed, one and!^ some- 
 times two small, pale green, aphis-like 
 insects are detected. These are the 
 larvae or young of the Froth-fly. By 
 means of its sharp rostrum or beak it 
 extracts the sap of the plant, and voids 
 it as an excrement in the frothy form, 
 which is its characteristic. About the 
 end of July it sheds its akin, leaving it 
 in the froth, and comes forth the perfect 
 insect. About the beginning of August 
 the males and females may be found in 
 pairs numerously on the plants they 
 frequent. They are of a dirty-white 
 colour, thickly dotted and clothed With 
 short hairs ; head broad and bluntly 
 triangular, with black lines down its 
 centre and sides ; eyes, one on each side, 
 near the base of the head ; rostrum long, 
 bent underneath its body when not in 
 use ; antennae ending in a fine bristle ; 
 thorax and shield (scutellum), adjoining 
 the back of the head, brownish. The 
 wing-cases are brown, mottled with 
 ochre, with four whitish patches on the 
 margin ; the under wings are trans- 
 parent and iridescent. The legs, six in 
 number, short, but two hind-legs longest, 
 and formed for leaping. So effectual are 
 they for the purpose, that, as Mr. Kirby 
 states, after showing their mode of leap- 
 ing, they will spring five or six feet at a 
 time, being more than 250 times their 
 own length, or "as if a man of ordinary- 
 height should be able to vault through 
 the air to the distance of a quarter of a 
 mile. " It is not ascertained where the 
 eggs of this insect are deposited, but 
 probably on the stems of the plants on 
 the shoots of which the larva feeds. It 
 appears, however, that they can travel 
 after hatching, for seedlings and plants 
 raised from root-cuttings are often 
 aflfected. We know of no bettei plan for 
 destroying the insect than draw^ing the 
 affected shoots between the fingers, and 
 then dipping these into a bowl of water 
 after each grasp. In the case of carna- 
 
 tion stems and other flowers, requiring 
 more tender treatment, all the froth may 
 be taken from the insect by means of a 
 piece of sponge, and itself then removed 
 by a camel's hair brush. 
 
 Teu'crium. Germander. (Named 
 after Teucer, a Trojan prince, who first 
 used it medicinally. Nat. ord. , Labiatce ; 
 Tribe, AjwgoidecB. Syn., Leucoscep- 
 trum. ) 
 
 Annuals by seeds in the open ground in April; 
 perennials, by seeds and oivisions ; shrubs, by 
 cuttings in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, in 
 spring, and a hand-light in summer. Mjost of 
 them in the atmosphere of London,' and farther 
 north, require a cold pit or a greenhouse in 
 winter. In dry places in the soutn of England 
 they will frequently stand our winters un- 
 injured. They are not at all particular as to 
 soil. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 T. cmgusti'ssimum. 2. Purple. June. Spain. 
 1818. 
 
 — bremfo'lium. 1. Pink. June. Crete. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — orienta'le. 1. Blue. July. Levant. 1725. 
 
 B, M. 1. 1279. 
 
 — po/lium. 1. Pale. August. South Europe. 
 
 , 1662. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 636. 
 
 angustifo'lium. Purple. July. Spain. 
 
 1732. 
 
 flave!tcens. Yellow. July. South Eu- 
 rope. 1731. 
 
 — mxa'tUe. i. Pale yellow. July. Valentia. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — Scorodiinia. 1. Yellowish. June. Britain. 
 crilspwrn. Garden variety. 1866. 
 
 — thymifo'lium. J. Beddish. August. Spain. 
 
 1816. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 T. campimvUtum. 1. Blue. July. Levant. 
 1728. 
 
 — canaMme. 2. Purple. August. N. Amer. 
 
 1768. 
 
 — chamcefd/ryB. }. Purple. July. England. 
 
 — hyrcalnimm,. IJ. Purple. September. 
 
 Persia. 1763. B. M. t. 2013. 
 
 — Laama'nni. 1. Variegated. July. Siberia. 
 
 1800. 
 
 — lu'eidwm. 1\, Purple. August. South 
 
 Europe. 1730. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 632. 
 
 — luslta'nicum. IJ. Purple. August. Portugal. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — massflie'Mse. 2. Purple. France. 1732. 
 
 Jacq. Vind. i. t. 94. 
 
 — multijio'rwm. 1. Light red. August. Spain. 
 
 1732. 
 
 — fyenophi/Uum. J. Purple. July. Spain. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — virgi'nimm. 2. Blue. N. Amer. 1768. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 
 
 T. infia'tum. 2. Bed. September. Jamaica. 
 1778. Stove. 
 
 — nissolm'num. 1. Purple, July. Spain. 
 
 1762. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 T. abutiloi'des. IJ. Yellow. April. Madeira. 
 1777. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 358. 
 
 — Ardui'ni. See T. bicolor. 
 
 — asia'ticum. 2. Pink. August. 1777. Jacq. 
 
 Vind. iii. t. 41. 
 
 — beMnicum. li. Lilac. July. Madeira. 
 
 1776. B. M. 1. 1114. 
 
 — bi'oolor. 1. Pink. July. Chili. 1826. B. 
 
 R. t. 1256. Syns., T. Arduini and T. 
 orchideum. B. E. 1. 1266. 
 
 — ca'num, IJ. Purple. Armenia. 1836. 
 
TKY 
 
 [959] 
 
 THA 
 
 T.ereticum. U. Purple. July. Crete. 1824. 
 
 Slbth. Fl. Gr. t. 629. 
 — ./Ja'mtm. 2. Yellow. August. South Europe. 
 
 1640. Slbth. Fl, Gr. t. 633. 
 —fru'ticans. 2-3. Blue. S. Europe. 1869. 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 527. Syn., T. latifoUum. 
 
 B. M. t. 246. 
 
 — heterophj/Uum. 2. Purple. June. Madeira. 
 
 1759. 
 
 — latifo'lium-. See T. fruticans. 
 
 — maerosta'chyum. India. Syn., Leucosceptrum 
 
 canuTn. 
 
 — ma'rum. IJ. Pale purple. August. Spain. 
 
 1640. ^ 
 
 — orchi'deum. See T. bivolor. 
 
 — pseu'do-chamc^pitys. J. Purple. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1820. 
 
 — pu'mUum. J. Purple. July. Spain. 1816. 
 
 — re'gium. H. Purple. July. Spain. 1699. 
 
 — trifidvm. IJ. Purple. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1791. 
 
 Teysma'nnia. (In honour of J. E. 
 Teysmann, a Dutch gardener. Nat. 
 ord., Palmece ; Tribe, Coryphece.) 
 
 Dwarf, stove palm, requiring the same treat- 
 ment as CORYPHA. 
 T. a'ltifrons. 10. Yellowish. Sumatra. 
 
 Thala'mia. (From thalamus, a re- 
 ceptacle. Nat. ord., ConiferoB ; Tribe, 
 TaxecB. ) A synonym of PhyllocladUS. 
 
 T. asplem/o'lia. A synonym of Phyllocladm 
 rhomboidalis. 
 
 — nuci'fera. A synonym of Torreya nucifera. 
 
 Thalia. (Named after J, Thalius, 
 a German physician. Nat. ord., Scita- 
 minecB; Tribe, Maranteoe. Allied to 
 Maranta. ) 
 
 Blue-flowered evergreens. Divisions; rich- 
 sandy loam. T. geniculalta requires a cool plant 
 stove in winter; deaLba'ta, a greenhouse, in a 
 tub of water, or the roots in a pond out of doors, 
 so deep that the frost will not reach them. 
 T. dealba ta. 4. July. Carolina. 1791. B. M. 
 t. 1690. 
 
 — genicula'ta. 2. August. W. Indies. 1823. 
 
 — sangui'nea. Lem. Jard. Fl. iii. t. 268. A 
 
 synonym of Maranta sanguinea. 
 
 Thali'Gtrum. Meadow Bue. (From 
 thallo, to grow green ; the bright green 
 colour of the young shoots. Nat. ord., 
 JRanunculacecB ; Tribe, Anemonew. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Divisions of 
 the plant in spring ; sandy loam and a little leaf- 
 mould. Beautiful for the back of herbaceous 
 borders. 
 
 T. acutilo'bum. IJ. Pale yellow. June. Siberia. 
 1820. 
 
 — adiantifo'lni/m. See T. mvrms. 
 
 — alpi'num. J. White, yellow. June. Britain. 
 
 B. M. t. 2237. 
 
 — anemonoi'dea. 3. April. N. America. 1768. 
 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. ISO. Syn., 
 Anemmie thalictroides. B. M. t. 866. 
 fio're-ple'no. J. April. N.America. 1768. 
 
 — angustifo'lium. 3. Pale yellow. June. 
 
 Germany. 1798. Jacq. Vind. iii. t. 43. 
 
 — apicula'tma. Yellow. June. 1838. 
 
 — appendicula'tum. Russia. 1832. 
 
 — aquilegifo'lium. 3. Light purple. June. 
 
 Austria. 1731. B. M. t. 1818. 
 (C tro-purpu'reum. 3. Dark, purple. June. 
 
 Austria. 1731. 
 formo'sum. 3. Purple. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1890. 
 
 T. aquUegi/o'Uwm ro'seuvfi. Rose. June. ISCO. 
 
 — cala'briiwm. 3. Yellow. July. Sicily. 1800. 
 
 — carolinia'num. 1. White. June. N.America. 
 
 1808. 
 
 — chelido'nii. 2. Purplish. June. Nepaul. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — (yine'reum. 2, Yellow. June. 1810. 
 
 — clava'tum. 2. White. June. N. America. 
 
 1720. 
 
 — oolU'num. IJ. Pale yellow. June. Europe. 
 
 1800. 
 
 — conei'nnum. 3. White. Green. June. 
 
 — conto'rtum. 2. White. .June. Siberia. 
 
 1796. 
 
 — Comu'ii. 3. White. Yellow. May. N. 
 
 America. 1806. 
 
 revolu'tum. 1^. Light yellow. June. 
 
 N. America. 1806. 
 
 — crena'twm. 5. Yellow. July. Europe. 
 
 1800. 
 
 — cultra'twm. Green, yellow. June. Hima- 
 
 layas. 
 
 — cynapifo'lium. 2. Purple, yellow. June. 
 
 Siberia. 1823. 
 
 — Delava'yii. 3, Pale purple. Summer, 
 
 Yunnan, China. 1890. B. M. t. 71S2. 
 
 — dioi'cum. 1. Light yellow. June. N. America. 
 
 1759. 
 
 — divarica/tum. IJ. Yellowish. June. Europe. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — dive'rgens. 2. Yellow. June. Siberia. 1819. 
 
 — ela'tum. 4. Light yellow. August. Hungary. 
 
 1794. Jacq. Vind. iii. t, 95. 
 
 ambi'guum,. 2. Pale yellow. June. 
 
 Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 — exuUa'tum. Siberia. 1832. 
 
 — fia'vum, 4. Orange. June, Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 8. 
 vagina'tum. 2. Yellow. June. Siberia. 
 
 1810. 
 — fiAXiw'suin. IJ. Yellow. June. Germany, 
 
 1820. 
 — fon'tidum. f. White, yellow. June. France. 
 
 1640. 
 
 — foliol&sum. 2. Purple, yellow. June. Ne- 
 
 paul. 1819. 
 
 — galioi'des, 1. Yellow. June. Alsace. 1816. 
 
 — glauce'scens. 2. Green, yellow. June. Russia, 
 
 1818. 
 
 — glau'cum-. 8. Yellow. .Tune. Spain. 1798, 
 
 — lanerpitiifo'lium. 3. Yellow. June. Europe. 
 
 1810. 
 
 — lu'cidum, 4. Yellow. June. Spain. 1739, 
 
 — nwyroca'rpum. Russia. 1832. 
 
 — mi'm!.). 1. Pale yellow. June. Britain, 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 3, 
 
 — oUgospe'rmum. ■ 2. Purple, yellow. June, 
 
 Siberia. 1820. 
 
 — petaloi'deum. 3. White, yellow. June, 
 
 Dahuria. 1799. B. 0. t. 891. 
 
 — pube!scens. IJ. Pale yellow. June. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1819. 
 
 — purpura' sc&ns. 3. Light purple. June. N, 
 
 America. 1699. 
 
 — rosmarinifo'lium. 2. Purple, yellow. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1816. 
 
 — rugo'sum. 4. White, yellow. July. N. 
 
 America. 1774. 
 
 di'scolor. 6. Yellow. June. N. America, 
 
 1810. 
 
 — saxa'tUe. IJ. White, red. June. Europe, 
 
 1819. 
 
 — Schweigge'ri. Yellow. June. 
 
 — siii'rieum. 1. Lilac, yellow. June. Siberia, 
 
 1776. 
 
 — si'mplex. 1. Lilac, yellow. May. Sweden. 
 
 1778. 
 
 — sparsiflo'rum. Yellow. June. Siberia. 1838, 
 
 — squarro'sum. 1. Yellow. June. Siberia. 
 
 1806. 
 
 — stipula'eeum. 2. White, yellow. June. 
 
 Europe. 1820. 
 
THA 
 
 [960] 
 
 THE 
 
 Tha'mnea. (Fiom thamnos, a ahiah. 
 Nat. ord., Bruniacew.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the 
 young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, m April, 
 and then set in a cloaa pit ; flbry, sandy peat, 
 and a little charcoal and freestone. Winter 
 temp., 40° to 48". 
 
 T. unifio'ra. White. April. South Africa. 
 1810. 
 
 Tha'psia. (The Greek name of T. 
 garganica. Nat. ord., Umbelliferm ; 
 Tribe, Laserpitiece.) 
 
 The species to which the ancient Greeks gave 
 the name of Thapsia has been long celebrated 
 for its healing powers, the root being used exter- 
 nally as a remedy for all kinds of pain, and for 
 the reduction of tumours, by the Moors. Green- 
 house perennials, with a thick carrot-like root. 
 Seeds, or breaks from the root. Loam. Summer 
 temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 48° to 60°. 
 T. deei'piens. 6. White. Madeira. 1867. 
 
 — elcbuMs. 4. White. May. Madeira. 1867. 
 
 Syn., Nonizia edulis. B. M. t. 5724. 
 
 — garga'niea. Yellow. Mediterranean region. 
 
 1683. Sibth. ri. Gr. t. 287. 
 
 — villo'sa. 4. Yellow. June. South Europe. 
 
 1710. 
 
 Thatch Palm. Eute'rpe, Sa'hal, 
 and Thri'nax. 
 
 The'a. Tea. (From tcha, the Chinese 
 name for tea. Nat. ord., Ternstrdmia- 
 eece ; Tribe, Gordoniece. ) Now united 
 with Camellia. 
 
 Greenhouse^, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs. 
 Cuttings of ripened young shoots, taken off at 
 a joint, inserted in silver sand, under a bell- 
 glass, and placed in a close pit, the glass being 
 opened at night to prevent damping; also by 
 layers from shoots thrown up by the roots ; also, 
 we believe, by grafting the tenderer kinds. 
 Equal parts of flbry peat and sandy, turfy loam 
 packed tight. Winter temp., 38° to 48°. As the 
 roots run deep, they thrive best when planted 
 out in a cool conservatory. Plants have survived 
 many winters round London in the open ground 
 with the protection of a mat in cold weather. 
 T. Sohe'a, B. M. t. 998, and T. m'ridis, B. M. 
 t. 3148, are forms of CaTnellia Thea. 
 
 — maliflo'ra. A synonym of Camellia rosceflora. 
 
 Theezan Tea. Bha'mnus thee'zans. 
 
 Thelymi'tra. (From thelj/s, a 
 woman, and mitra, a cap ; in allusion to 
 the hood-shaped column. Nat. ord., 
 Orchidece ; Tribe, Neottiem-Spiranthece.) 
 
 Greenhouse, terrestrial orchids. 
 T. ca'rnea. J-1. Pink. May. Australia. 1820. 
 
 — ^ami'nea. j i^iiyvu:,iu,. 
 
 — ixioi'des. 1. Blue. May. Australia. 1810. 
 
 — longifo'tta. 1. Blue to Pink. May. Australia. 
 
 1824. Syns., T. Vanteri, T. graminea 
 and T. pawiifiara. 
 
 — pawdfidra. See T. longifoUa. 
 
 — variega'ta. 1. Purple. May. Australia. 
 
 Syns., Macdonaldia spi/ralis and M. 
 va/riegata. 
 
 — mno'sa. 1-2. Blue. April. Australia. 1826. 
 
 Syn., Macdonaldia venosa. 
 
 Them.istocle'sia. (After Themis- 
 tocles, a Grecian statesman. Nat. ord., 
 Vacciniacece ; Tribe, Euvaecinieos.) 
 
 Stove, evergreen shrub. Turfy loam, peat and 
 sand. Cuttings. 
 T. eoroni'lla. Bed. Columbia. 1866. Syns., 
 
 C&ratostemma coroiiarium and Thibaudia- 
 
 coronaria. B. M. t. 6576. 
 
 Thena'rdia. (Named after 31. The- 
 nard, a French chemist. Nat. ord., 
 ApocynacecB ; Tribe, Echitidea.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of stubby 
 side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in 
 heat ; sandy, flbry loam and peat, with a little 
 charcoal. Winter temp., 65° to 60°; summer,. 
 65° to 85°. 
 T. floribu'nda. 10. Blue. Mexico. 1823. 
 
 Theobro'ma. Chocolate-tree. (From 
 theos, a god, and broma, food; poetically, 
 food for the gods. Nat. ord., Stercw- 
 liacece ; Tribe, Suettneriece. Syn., 
 Cacao.) 
 
 The seed of T. Caca'o is the chief ingredient in 
 chocolate and cocoa. Stove evergreen trees. 
 Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, in heat ; flbry loam and sandy peat» 
 Winter temp., 55° to 66° ; summer, 65° to 88 . 
 T. bi'color. 16. Brown New Grenada. 1820. 
 
 — Caca'o. 16. Brown. S. America. 1739. B> 
 
 C. t. 646. 
 
 — earibcefa. Yellow. W. Indies. 1821. 
 
 — Quazu'tna. A synonym of Guazumaulmifolia. 
 
 — guiane'nm, 16. Yellow. Guiana. 1803. 
 
 " Theophra'sta. (Named after Theo- 
 phrastus, the father of natural history. 
 Nat. ord., Myrsmece ; Tribe, Theophras- 
 tece.) 
 
 Stove white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of 
 ripe young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 heat; sandyloam and flbry peat. Winter temp.,. 
 60° to 68° ; summer, 60" to 85°. 
 T. argyroefa. 1860. 
 
 — imperia'lis. B. M. t. 6823. See Chryso- 
 
 phyllum imperiale. 
 
 — Jussiali. 3. St. Domingo. 1818. B. M. t. 
 
 4239. 
 
 — latifo'lia. S. America. 
 
 — Icmgif&lia. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 116. A 
 
 synonym of Clavija omata. 
 
 — mavrophy'Ua. Brazil. 
 
 — pinna'ta. See Talisia princeps. 
 
 — smara'gdina. See Beheramia STuaragdina. 
 
 — umbro'aa. See Clavija umbrosa. 
 
 There'sia. (Commemorative, but of 
 
 whom not explained. Nat. ord. , Lilia- 
 
 cecB; Tribe, Tulipeoe.) See Pritillaria. 
 
 Hardy bulb. For cultivation, see LiLiUM Can- 
 
 DIDUM. 
 
 T. pe'rsica. A synonym of FritUla/ria persica. 
 
 Thermometer. This instrument is 
 the only unfailing guide for the gardener 
 in regulating the neat to which he allows 
 the roots and foliage of his plants to be 
 subjected. 
 
 Fahrenheit' sis used chieily in Britain, 
 Holland, and North America, the freez- 
 ing point of water on which is at 32° ;. 
 and its boiling point, 212°. Beaumur's 
 thermometer was that chiefly used in 
 France before the Revolution, and is that 
 now generally used in Spain, and in some 
 other continental states. In its scale 
 
THE 
 
 [961] 
 
 THI 
 
 the freezing point is 0° ; and the boiling 
 point, 80°. On Celsius or the Centigrade 
 thermometer, now used throughout 
 France, and in the northern Icingdoms of 
 Europe, the freezing point is 0°; and the 
 boiling point, 100°. Hence, to reduce 
 degrees of temperature of the Centigrade 
 thermometer and of that of Reaumur to 
 degrees of Fahrenheit's scale, and con- 
 versely : 
 
 Rule 1. Multiply the Centigrade de- 
 grees by 9, and divide the product by 5 ; 
 or multiply the degrees of Reaumur by 
 9, and divide by 4 ; then add 32 to the 
 quotient in either case, and the sum is 
 the degrees of temperature of Fahren- 
 heit's scale. 
 
 Rule 2. From the number of degrees 
 on Fahrenheit's scale subtract 32 ; mul- 
 tiply the remainder by 5 for Centigrade 
 degrees, or by 4 for those of Reaumur's 
 scale, and the product, in either case, 
 being divided by 9, will give the tem- 
 perature required according to Fahren- 
 heit's. 
 
 To ascertain the internal temperature 
 of a hothouse, the thermometer should 
 be fixed near its centre, against a pillar, 
 and under a cupola, or little roof, shading 
 it from the sun. 
 
 A self -registering thermometer should 
 be in every house, for it shows 
 the highest and lowest degrees 
 of heat which have occurred 
 in the twenty -four hours ; and, 
 therefore, serves as a check 
 upon those to whose care they 
 are intrusted. 
 
 Bregazzi's hark-hed thermo- 
 meteriiaxi excellent instrument 
 for a.sicertaining the bottom- 
 heat of hot beds, bark-pits, 
 etc. It is a thermometer in- 
 closed in a metal tube, per- 
 forated to admit the heat, 
 pointed, so as to be easily thrust 
 down, and with a small door iu the side, 
 for observing the degree of temperature 
 shown by the scale. 
 
 Thermo'psis. (From thermos, a 
 lupine, and <msis,\TlkB; lupine-like shrub. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminosce ; Tribe, Poda- 
 lyriem. Allied to Piptanthus. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous yellow-flowered perennials. 
 Chiefly by seeds sown in April ; light, sandy 
 loam. 
 
 T. barba'ta. 1}. Purple. June. Himalaya. 
 1855. 
 
 — eargone:nsis. 1. July. Altaia. 1820. Syn., 
 
 Sophora alpina. 
 —f aba! em. 2. June. N. America. 1811. B. 
 M. t. 3611. Syn.,5opAora/a6otcea. 
 
 — labwrnWim. B. C. t. 1095. A synonym of 
 
 Piptemthui nepalensis. 
 
 — lamceola'ta. 1. June. Siberia. 1119. Syn., 
 
 Podalyria lupinoides. 
 
 T. monta'na. 1. June. N. America. 1818. 
 
 — nepcUe'Tisis. ■ See Piptanthus nepalensis. 
 OM'rea. See Piptanthus nepalensis, var. 
 
 aurea. 
 
 Theropo'gon. (Compounded from 
 theros, summer, and the termination of 
 Ophiopogon ; in allusion to its resem- 
 blance to Ophiopogon, and the annual 
 renewal of its leaves in summer. Nat. 
 ord., Liliacece; Tribe, Convallariece. 
 Allied to Polygonatum. ) 
 
 Greenhouse herbaceous perennial, of tufted 
 habit with CTass-like leaves. Seeds sown in a 
 slight hotbed in spring ; divisions of the plant. 
 Sandy loam and leaf-mould. Summer temp., 65* 
 to 75° ; winter, 40° to 60°. 
 T. pa'lUdue. J. Pink. Himalayas. 1876. B 
 M. t. 6154. 
 
 The'sium. (From Thession, a name 
 used by Theophrastus. Nat. ord., /Sare- 
 talaeem. ) 
 
 A large genus of herbaceous plants, scarcely 
 worth cultivation. 
 
 T. dmigpa'cewm is a, synonym of Leptomeria, 
 Billardieri. 
 
 Thespe'sia. (From thespesios, 
 divine ; one of the trees often planted 
 round places of worship in India. Nat. 
 ord., MalvaeecB ; Tribe, Hiliscece.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of stubby 
 side-shoots in sand, in May, under a bell-glass, 
 in bottom-heat j fibry, sandy loam, and a little 
 leaf -mould. Wmter temp., 48" to 55° ; summer, 
 65° to 86°. 
 T. grandifio'ra. 30. Scarlet. Porto Eico. 1837. 
 
 — popu'lnea. 30. White. Tropics of the Eastern 
 
 Hemisphere. 1770. Wight, Ic. t. 8. 
 
 guadalup^Tisis. 30. Cultivated in Gua- 
 
 daloupe. 
 
 Theve'tia. (In honour of M. Thevet. 
 Nat. ord., Apocynacece ; Tribe, Plume- 
 riecB. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sand, 
 under a bell-glass in heat. Fibrous loam. Sum- 
 mer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 65° to 60°. 
 T. Ahou'ai. 20. Yellow. June. Brazil. 1739. 
 Syn., Cerbera Ahouai. Andr. Rep. t. 231 ; 
 B. M. t. 737. 
 
 — neriifo'lia. 12. Yellow. June. S. America. 
 
 1736. Syn., Cerbera Thevetia. B. M. t. 
 2309. 
 —Yeco'tli. 8. Yellow. June. Mexico, 1800. 
 Syn,, Cerbera thevetioides. 
 
 Thibau'dia. (Named after Thiebaut 
 de Berneaud, a French botanist. Nat. 
 ord., VaeciniacecB ; Tribe, Thihaudiem.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of half -ripe shoots 
 in sand, under a bell-glass, and in moist heat^ 
 sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp,, 60° to 
 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°. 
 
 T. acumina'ta. B, M. t. 5762, See Cavendishia 
 acwminata. 
 
 — angustifo'lia. Peru. Ic. PL 1. 110. 
 
 — cordifo'lia. B. M. t. 6669. See Cavendishia 
 
 cord'iifdlia. 
 
 — corona'ria. See TTiemistocleHa coronilla. 
 — JlariMi'nda. Scarlet. New Grenada. 
 
 — Jefssuxe. B, M. t, 6647. See Psammisia 
 
 Jessicce. 
 
 — macra'ntha. B, M. t, 4666. A synonym of 
 
 Agapetes macra/ntha. 
 
 — macroph'g'Ua. White. East Indies. 
 
 3Q 
 
THI 
 
 [962] 
 
 THO 
 
 T. mierophy'lla. 2. September. Peru. 1847. 
 PI. Ser. t. 332. 
 
 — oca/ne'nsis. Ocana. 1865. 
 
 — p&nduliflo'rii. Red, green. Caraccas. 
 
 — pinchine^nsis. 12. Scarlet. Pinchincha. 1849. 
 gla'lra. B. M. t. 4344. See Psammisia 
 
 Hookeruma. 
 
 — pulche'rrima. B. M. t. 4303. A synonym of 
 
 Agapetes puXcherrvma. 
 
 — sarca'ntha. B. M. t. 6460. See PsammiHa 
 
 sarcantha. 
 
 — scabriu'seula. 6. Crimson. April. New 
 
 Grenada. 1860. 
 
 — seti'gera. Scarlet. Khasia. 1837. 
 
 — viiccina'cea. Scarlet. Kiiasia. 1837. 
 
 — va/riega'ta. See Agapetes variegata. 
 
 Thinning. The exhaustion conse- 
 quent upon the excessive production of 
 seed is one of the many causes of the 
 decay of plants. This explains why 
 fruit-trees are weakened or rendered 
 temporarily unproductive, and even 
 killed, by being allowed to ripen too 
 large a crop of fruit, or to " overbear 
 themselves. 
 
 The thinning of fruit is, consequently, 
 one of the most important operations of 
 the garden, though one of the least gene- 
 rally practised. It is equally important 
 to be attended to in all miit-bearers, but 
 especially the vine, nectarine, peach, 
 apricot, apple, and pear. It should be 
 done with a bold, fearless hand ; and the 
 perfection of that which is allowed to 
 remain will amply reward the grower, 
 in harvest time, for the apparent sacri- 
 fice made. But he will not reap his 
 reward only in this year, for the trees, 
 thus kept unweakened by over-produc- 
 tion, will be able to ripen their wood, 
 and deposit their store of sap in their 
 vessels, so absolutely necessary for their 
 fruitfulness next season. 
 
 Thinning is a most necessary opera- 
 tion with plants as well as with the fruit 
 they bear. The roots of a plant extend 
 in a circle round it, of which the stem is 
 the centre. If the roots of adjoining 
 plants extend within each other's circle, 
 they mutually rob of nutriment, and 
 check each other's growth. Thinning in 
 the seed bed is generally applied with 
 too timid a hand. 
 
 Thistle. Various species of Ca'rduus, 
 Cni'cus, etc. 
 
 Thistle, Blessed. Si'lyhum Maria' - 
 num. 
 
 Thistle, Cotton, Ono'pordon 
 Aca'nthiwn. 
 
 Thistle, Globe. EcM'nops. 
 
 Thistle, Golden. Sco'lymm his- 
 pa'nicus. 
 
 Thistle, Hedgehog. EcMno- 
 ca'ctus. 
 
 Thistle, Holy. Si'lybum Maria'- 
 num. 
 
 Thistle, Melon. Meloca'ctm. 
 
 Thistle, Our Lady's Milk. Si'- 
 lyhum Maria' nmn. 
 
 Thistle, Sow. So'nchus. 
 
 Thladia'ntha. (From thladias, a 
 eunuch, a.n&anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., 
 Cueurbitacece ; Tribe, Cucumerinem. ) 
 
 Greenhouse climber. For cultivation, see 
 Sechium. 
 T. du'bia. Yellow. China. 1864. B. M. t. 5469. 
 
 Thla'spi. Penny Cress. (From 
 Thlaspis, a name for Cress used by 
 Dioscorides. Nat. ord., Cruciferce ; 
 Tribe, Thlaspidew.) 
 
 Hardy, annual or perennial herbs. 
 T. ard'biewm. A synonym of jEtkimiema Bux- 
 bawmii. 
 
 — cepecefo'liwm. \. Pink. July. Caiinthia. 
 
 1824. Syn., Butchinmi, cepeoefolia. 
 
 — lu'teum. A synonym of Bivonoea lutea. 
 
 — pu'lniluTn. 3\ra.Q. Caucasus. 1821. Syn., 
 
 Hutchinsia pwmila. 
 
 — rotundifo'liuTn. J. White. Purple. June. 
 
 South Europe. 1769. Syn., Hutchinsia 
 rotuvdifolia. 
 
 — iaxa'tile. A synonym of jEthioneTtia mxatile. 
 
 Thoma'sia. (Named after Messrs. 
 Thomas, two brothers, collectors of Swiss 
 plants. Nat. ord.., Sterculiacea; j Tribe, 
 jLasiopetalece. Allied to Lasiopetalum. ) 
 Greenhouse, Australian, evergreen shrubs. Cut- 
 tings of firm, stubby, youn^ side-shoots in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, in April ; sandy, flbry loam 
 and peat, with a little charcoal and broken pota, 
 and the pots extra well-drained. Winter temp., 
 40° to 48 ; a sheltered, airy place in summer. 
 T. cane'sceTis. Purple. June. 1835. 
 
 — diffu'sa. White. April. 1822. 
 
 — dwrru/m. 2i. White. May. 1826. 
 
 — folio' ta. 8. June. 1823. 
 
 — ghitino'ia. Red. May. 1842. 
 
 latifo'lia. Pink. Summer. 1885. Gfl. 
 
 1. 1186. 
 
 — grcmdiJUi'ra. Bed. 1840. 
 
 — maeroea'rpa. 3. Red. June. 1842. 
 — pcmieula'ta. Red. June. 1842. 
 
 — patudjlo'ra. Red. June. 1848. 
 
 — purpu'rea. 3. Purple. June. 1803. Syn., 
 
 Lasiopetalum pvrpureum, B. M. 1. 1755. 
 
 — quera/o'lia. 3. Purple. May. 1803. Syn., 
 
 Lasiopetalimi quercifolium. B. M. t. 
 1485. 
 
 — solana'cea. 3. White. June. 1803. 
 
 — stipula'cea. 3. Red. 1842. B. M. t. 4111. 
 
 — triphy'lla. 3. June. 1824. Syn., Lasiope- 
 
 talum triphyllmn. 
 
 Thomso'nia. (in honour of Dr. A. 
 T. Thomson, 1778-1849. Nat. ord., 
 AroidecB ; Tvibe, Pythoniew.) 
 
 Stove, tuberous, perennial herbs. For culture, 
 see Caladium. 
 T. Boohe'ri. 2. Churia, India. 1840. 
 
 — nepale'nsis. 2. Green, purple, yellow. 
 
 Nepaul. 1816. 
 
 Thorn, Various species of Cratce- 
 ffus, etc. 
 
THO 
 
 [963] 
 
 THR 
 
 Thorn Apple. Datu'ra Stranw'- 
 nium. 
 
 Thorn Bloom. U'lex europce'us. 
 
 Thorn, Christ's. Paliu'rus aculea'- 
 ins and Zi'zyphus Spi'na-Chri'sti. 
 
 Thorn, Garland. Paliu'rus am- 
 lea'tus. 
 
 Thorn, Jerusalem. Parkinso'nia 
 aculea'ta. 
 
 Thorough-Wax. Bupleu'rum ro- 
 tundifo'Kum. 
 
 Thoui'nia. (Named after A. Thouin, 
 professor of agriculture, etc., in Paris. 
 Nat. ord., Sapindaceoe ; Tribe, Sa- 
 pindecB. AUiea to Talisia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttinga of firm side- 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; 
 sandy, fibry loam and a little peat or leaf- 
 mould. Winter temp., 60° to 63° ; summer, 60° 
 to 85°. 
 T. pinna'ta. 8. White. New Spain. 1823. 
 
 Three Birds Orchid. Pogo'nia 
 pe'ndula. 
 
 Thrift. Arme'ria m.ari'tima. See 
 Edging. 
 
 Thri'nax. (From thrinax, a fan ; 
 shape of the leaves. Nat. ord., Palmece; 
 Tribe, Coryphem.) 
 
 Stove palms. Seeds in a moist, sweet hotbed, 
 in spring ; rich, loamy soil. Winter temp., 66° 
 to 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°. 
 T. arge'ntea. 16. W. Indies. 1830. 
 
 — barbade'nsis. 12. Barbados. 1875. 
 Central America. 1861. Very 
 
 dwarf. 
 .tVsmtKi. 1871, 
 
 — exc^lsa. W.Indies. 1800. 
 
 — ferrugi'nea. Jamaica. 1840. 
 
 — gra'cilis. Trinidad. 1824. 
 -r gra&i'Uima. 1877. 
 
 — graminifo'lia. See T, rmdtiflora. 
 
 — gra'ndis. 1870. 
 
 — liavane'nm. West Indies. 1869. 
 
 — Morri'sii. 3. Anguilla, West Indies. G. C. 
 
 1891, ix. p. 700, fig. 134. 
 
 — rmaHflo'ra,., 8. Haiti. 1847. Syn., T. 
 
 graminifolia. Dl. Hort. n. s. 1. 187. 
 
 pa/rmdo'ra. 16. White, green. Jamaica. 
 
 1778. 
 
 — mi'milio, Jamaica- 1738. 
 
 — radia'ta. Trinidad. 1838. 
 
 — stella'ta. Cuba. 1852. 
 
 Thrips. HeliothripsAdonidum is one 
 of the worst pests that can gain a footing 
 in our stoves and greenhouses. The 
 larvae and pupae are yellowish-white, and 
 the perfect insect is of a dull, deep black, 
 with the point, and sometimes the whole 
 of the abdomen, of a rust colour ; the 
 wings are dirty white ; the horns and 
 legs yellowish, the extremity of the for- 
 mer black. It attacks plants by piercing 
 the under side of the leaves ; and one 
 often sees, at the tip of the tail, a globule 
 
 of blackish fluid, which it soon deposits, 
 and, by innumerable spots of this gluti- 
 nous matter, the pores of the leaves are 
 stopped up, and large portions of the 
 surface become blotched. During March 
 the full-grown larvse and pupae, which 
 are as large as the perfect insect, are 
 found in groups, feeding on the under 
 side of the leaves ; and at this time the 
 recently -hatched but perfect insect either - 
 lies close under the ribs, or roves about 
 in search of a mate {Curtis). Flowers '- 
 of sulphur have been recommended as 
 destructive of this plague, but we believe 
 that Scotch snutf, applied by means of a 
 dredging-box (perhaps Brown's Fumi- 
 gator would answer), is as effectual an 
 application as any. Prevention, however, 
 is better than cure ; and if the plants are 
 kept healthy by due ventilation, and by 
 moisture both in the air and soil, this 
 insect may be usually banished. 
 
 Thrips ochraceusmtests the ripe fruit of 
 plums, peaches, and nectarines, piercing 
 the stalks, and causing their fall, and ren- 
 dering the fruit disgusting. It was first 
 noticed and described by Mr. Curtis. It 
 is narrow and linear, of a bright and deep 
 ochreous colour, the eyes are black, the 
 horns appear to be only six-jointed and 
 brownish at the tips, it has three ocelli 
 in the crown, the body is hairy, the tip 
 pointed and bristly, the wings are shorter 
 than the body in the male, lying parallel 
 on the back when at rest, narrow, espe- 
 cially the under ones, and fringed, the 
 hairs longest beneath and at the point, 
 tips of feet dusky. It is destroyed by the 
 same means as Meliothrips Adonidwn. 
 
 Thrixspe'rmum. (From thrix, a 
 hair, and sperma, a seed ; in allusion to 
 the slender hairlike seeds. Nat. ord., 
 Orchidece; Tribe, Vdndece-Sareanthew.) 
 A synonym of Sarcochilus. 
 
 Stove epiphytal orchid. Should be grown on 
 blocks. See Orchids. 
 
 T. Berhelelyi. A synonym of Sarcochilus Berke- 
 leyi. 
 
 — Freema'nii, See Sarckochilus Freemanii. 
 
 — Martmalnni. See Sarckochilus BoHitumni. 
 
 — i/ndusiaJtwm. See Sarchochilus indusiatum. 
 
 — luni'/eruTn, Ochre, white, brown. Burmah. 
 1868. 
 
 — lloo'rei. f. Yellow, brown. Solomon Islands. 
 1880. 
 
 — mMricula'twm. Pale ochre, purple. India. 
 1881. 
 
 — Sillemia'nwm. A synonym of Sarchochilus 
 Sillemiammi. 
 
 — imguicula'tum. See Sarchochilus unguicvr 
 latum, 
 
 Thrya'llis. (A name used by Theo- 
 phrastus. Nat. ord., Malpigniacece ; 
 Tribe, Malpighiem.) A synonym of 
 Galphimia. 
 
 T. brachysta'chys. 4. August. Bio Janeiro. 
 1823. B. E. 1. 1162. 
 
THR 
 
 [964] 
 
 THU 
 
 ThrjTpto'mene. (From thrypto, to 
 break or crush ; in allusion, to the fragile 
 appearance of the plant. Nat. ord., 
 Myrtacece. ) 
 
 Heath-like, greenhouse shrub. For culture, 
 see BrnxEk. 
 
 T.saxi'eola. 3. White. July. Australia. 
 1824. Syn., Eceeleea saxicola. B. M. 
 t. 3160. 
 
 Thu'ja. See Thuya. 
 Thujo'psis. See Thuyopsis. 
 
 Thimbe'rgia. (Named after C. P. 
 Thunberg, the celebrated botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Acanthacece ; Tribe, Thunhergiece.) 
 
 Stove evergreen climbers. Seeds in early 
 spring, in a strong, moist, sweet hotbed ; 
 cuttings any time before the end oJ August, in 
 sandy soil, under a bell-glass ; flbry loam and 
 peat, with a little rotten dung and lime rubbish. 
 Winter temp., 48° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°. As 
 they are very subject to red spider, perhaps the 
 best mode of treating these fine plants is to 
 grow them as annuals, throwing the plants 
 away in the end of autumn. If preserved, the 
 flowers of sulphur and the syringe must hardly 
 ever have a holiday. Indeed, the syringe and a 
 little shade are necessary to their health in 
 summer. 
 
 T. affl'nig. Violet ; throat yellow. September. 
 Zanzibar. 1887. B. M. t. 6975. 
 
 — ala'ta. 4. Yellow. June. South Africa. 
 
 1823. B. M. t. 2591. 
 
 a'lba. 4. White. May. Madagascar. 
 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 392. 
 
 auranU'aca. 4. Orange. May. 
 
 . D&ddsii, Tellowish-orange, purplish- 
 violet. 1848. H. Ser. t. 416. Syn., 
 T. Doddeii. 
 
 — amgvlalta. 4. June. Madagascar. 1823. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1044. 
 
 — cape'Tisis. S. Yellow. June. South Africa. 
 
 1824. B. C. 1. 1529. 
 
 — chry'sops. 3. Blue, violet. June. Sierra 
 
 Leone. B. M. t. 4119. 
 
 — cocei'nea. 4. Scarlet. Jime. India. 1823. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1195. 
 
 — corda'ta. 3. White. June. E. Indies. 1820. 
 
 — D&ddsii. Paxt. Mag. xv. p. 221. See T. alata, 
 
 var. Doddsii. 
 
 — erdeta. 6. Dark blue, orange. July. West 
 
 Africa. 1867. Syn., Meyenia erecta. 
 
 B. M. t. 6013. 
 
 a'lta. White, yellow. 
 
 — fra'groMS. i. White. June. India. 1796. 
 
 B. C. 1. 1913. 
 Icelms. Not fragrant as in the type. 
 
 Syn., T.fragrans of B. M. 1. 1881. 
 
 — ^ra/ndUlo'ra. 6. Blue. July. India. 1820. 
 
 B. M. t, 2366. 
 
 — Hwrri'sii. See T, laurifolm. 
 
 — Hmiitaynealna. 10. Scarlet. June. Nepaul. 
 
 1826. Paxt. Mag. vi., p. 147. Syn., 
 Meyenia Hawtayneana. ■ 
 
 — Ki'rkii. 3. Bluish-violet. September. East 
 
 Tropical Africa. 1876. B. M. t. 6677. 
 
 — lav/nfdlia. Blue. Malay Islands. 1866. 
 
 B. M. t. 4985. Syn., T. Barrisii. B. M. 
 t. 4998. 
 
 — mytm^nm. Yellow, purplish. Spring. My- 
 
 sore. 1854. Syn., Hexacentris mmoreTi- 
 8k, B. M. t. 4786, and var. lutea, M. Ser. 
 t. 942. 
 
 — nataUnsie. 2}. Blue. July. Natal. 1858. 
 
 B. M. t. 6082. 
 dia'na. Bluish-violet. Summer. Fer- 
 nando Po. 1863. Syn., Meyenia Vogeli- 
 B. M. t. 5389. 
 
 Thunder Plant. Sempervi'vum 
 tecto'rum. 
 
 Thu'nia. (Berivation not stated, 
 Nat. ord., Orchidece; Tribe, Epidendrew- 
 Bletiece. ) Now regarded as a section of 
 Phaius. 
 
 T. a'lba. See Phaius albus. 
 
 — BeTtso'niie. See Phaius Bensonits. 
 
 — candidi'ssima. See Phaius candidissmms. 
 
 — Ma/rshallioB. See Phaius MarshallioB. 
 
 — Mastersia'na. i. Moulmein. G. C. 1891, X., 
 
 p. 420. 
 
 — nvva'lis. See G. C. 1888, iv., j). 62. 
 
 — pu'khra. A synonym of Phaius albus, 
 
 — Veitchia'na. See Phaius Veitchianus, 
 
 Thu'ya. Arbor Vitse. (From thyon, 
 a sacrifice ; the resin used as incense in 
 eastern sacrifices. l^aX. oxdi., Coniferoe; 
 Tribe, CupressinecB. Syn., Thuja.) 
 
 Hardy evergreen shrubs or trees. Seeds, which 
 ripen freely, or by cuttings ; the seeds are best 
 sown in April, slightly covered, and if a frame 
 or hand-light can be set over them, all the better ; 
 moist soil suits most of them ; a few of the ten- 
 derest will require protection until they become 
 some size. 
 T. acu'ta. See T. orientaJis. 
 
 — chilefnsis. S.ee Libocedrus chilensis. 
 
 — Donia'TM. See lAbocedrus Doniana. 
 
 — giga'ntea. 50-150. North West America. 
 
 White Cedar. T. gigantea of Carrifere is 
 
 Libocedrus decwrrens. 
 
 atrom'rens. Leaves dark glossy-green. 
 
 ere^cta. A variety with stricter habit. 
 
 pu'mila. A dwarf variety. 
 
 — - — • variega'ta. Young branchletspaleyeJlow. 
 
 — Icetevi'rens. See Thuyopsis dolabrata, var. 
 
 Icetevirens. 
 
 — occidenta'lis. 60. North America. American 
 
 Arbor Vitae ; White Cedar. Wats. Dendr. 
 1. 160. 
 
 a'lba. Tips of young branchlets silvery- 
 white. 
 
 argefntea. Branchlets silvery-white. 
 
 au'rea. A golden variety. 
 
 compa'cta. A variety of conical habit. 
 
 crista' ta. Branchlets densely arranged at 
 
 the ends of the branches. 
 
 Elwa/ngeria'Tm. A dwarf bush. 
 
 globo'sa. A dwarf globular bush. 
 
 gra'cilis. Branches slender, drooping. 
 
 A compact bush. Branches 
 
 flat. 
 
 pe'ndvta,. Primary branches drooping. 
 
 Spa'thii. Young shoots thread-shaped ; 
 
 feathered the second year. 1890. 
 
 variega'ta. Some branchlets pale yellow. 
 
 walthaw^nsis. 8. Pyramidal. 
 
 — orienta'lis. 20. China and Japan. 1860. 
 
 Pyramidal. Syns., T. acuta and Biota 
 
 oHentalis. 
 arge^ntea. Branchlets variegated with 
 
 white. 
 
 aseotefnsis. Branches bright golden. 
 
 athrotaxoi'des. Dwarf variety. 
 
 wu'rea. 8. Golden-yellow. 
 
 eleganti'ssiifia. Tips of young shoots 
 
 golden-yellow. 
 
 falca'ta. Pyramidal. 
 
 ftmicula'ta. Branchlets bright green. 
 
 — glau'ca. Covered with a silvery powder. 
 
 gra'cilis. A slender variety. Nepaul. 
 
 macrooa'rpa. Branches drooping. Cones 
 
 large. 
 
 monstr&sa. Branches few, contorted. 
 
 pekim'nsis. 60. Pekin. 1861. 
 
 pe^ndmla. 15. Japan. Syn., Biota pen- 
 
 dmla. Weeping Arbor Vitse. 
 
THU 
 
 [965] 
 
 THY 
 
 30. Pyramidal, 
 i Golden throughout 
 
 T. orienta'lis pyramida'lis, 
 se'mper-aure^scens. 
 
 the year. 
 
 Siebo'ldii. Conical, dwarf, bright green. 
 
 tricmgula'rit. Branchlets arranged in a 
 
 tnangular manner. 
 variega'ta. Branchlets bright golden and 
 
 green. 
 Zuccarinia'na. Dwarf, bright green. 
 
 — plica'ta. 20. Nootka Sound. 1796. 
 
 mi'nima. A dwarf, slow-growing variety. 
 
 variega'ta. Variegated with pale yellow. 
 
 — Standi'shii. Japan. 1862. Syn., Thuyopsis 
 
 — tata'rica. 10. Syn., T. Wareana. 
 compa'cta. Compact, conical. 1886. 
 
 — tetra'gona. See Libocedrut tetragona. 
 
 — Warea'na, See T. tatarica. 
 
 Thuyo'psis. (From Thuya, the 
 arbor- vitae, and opsis, resemblance. Nat. 
 ord.. Conifer m ; Tribe, Cwpressinex. 
 Sya., Thujopsis.) 
 
 Hardy evergreens. 
 T. borea'lis nidi'fera, A seedling variety with 
 plume-like branches. 
 
 — doldbra'ta. 50. Japan. There is «■ variety 
 
 with white-blotched twigs. 
 Icetevi'rens. Japan. 1862. Syn., Thuya 
 
 Icetevirens. 
 varie^a'ta. Variegated with pale yellow. 
 
 — Standi'shii. See Thuya Standishii. 
 
 Thy'mbra. (An ancient name ap- 
 plied to a thjrme-like plant. Nat. ord., 
 XdbiatcB; Tribe, SatureinecB. Allied to 
 Melissa.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreens. Seeds in April, or cut- 
 tings under a hand-light in June ; .sandy, gravelly 
 loam. Nice rock-work plants, requinng a cold 
 pit in winter. 
 
 T. carolvnia'iM, A synonym of Macbridea 
 pulehra. 
 
 — cUia'ta. See Thyrmis ciliatus. 
 
 — spiea'ta. IJ. Pale purple. June. Levant. 
 
 1699. Sibth. Vf. Gr. t. 646. 
 
 Thyme. Thy'nvus. 
 
 Thyme, Basil. Calami' ntha, 
 A'cinos. 
 
 Thyme, Water. Elo'dm. 
 
 Thymelae'a. (From thymos, thyme, 
 and elaia, olive ; the leaves resemble 
 those of thyme, the fruits those of the 
 olive. Nat. ord,, Thymelacece.) 
 
 Hardy, or half-hardy shrubs. Loam and peat 
 in equal parts. Cuttings. 
 T. arve'mis. IJ. Yellowish. Syn., Stellera 
 Passerina. Jacq. Ic. t. 68. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. 2. White. July. Mediterranean 
 
 region. 1769. Syn., Passerina hirsuta. 
 B. M. t. 1949. Half-hardy. 
 Tartonrai'ra. See Daphne Tartonraira. 
 
 Thy'mus. Thyme. (From thuo, to 
 perfume. Nat. ordi., LabiatcB ; Tribe, 
 Satureineoe.) 
 
 Hardy evergreen trailers, and purple-flowered, 
 except where otherwise mentioned. Seeds, cut- 
 tines or divisions in March or AprU ; sandy loam 
 suits them aU best. T. vulga'ris is our common 
 pot-herb thyme. For culture, see Sage. 
 T. alpi'nus. B. M. t. 2153. A synonym of Cala- 
 miniha alpina. 
 
 T. amgustifo'lius. }. June. South Europe. 1771. 
 
 — azo'riaus. July. Azores. 1820. B. C. 1. 1530. 
 
 — azu're:m. }. June. South Europe. 1830. 
 
 — capita'tui. June. South Europe. 1696. 
 
 — eephalo'tes. |. July. Portugal. 1759. 
 
 — ChQ/nKxidrys. Pale purple. Summer. Britain. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1044. 
 
 lamMgmo' sus. Young shoots woolly. 
 
 imontaJnue. A large variety. Syn., T. 
 
 nurmmUaHus. B. M. 2666. 
 
 — cilia' tus. Violet. July. N. Africa. 1824. 
 
 — eitriodo'rus. See T. serpyllum, var. vulgaris. 
 
 — co'rsiaus. Lilac. Corsica. 1831. 
 
 — eroa'ticus. 1. July. Hungary. 1802. 
 
 — elongalt'm. 1. August. 1816. 
 
 — ericasfo'lius. J. July. Spain. 1806. 
 
 — frutiealo'sus. 1. July. Sicily. 1822. 
 
 — glabra' tus. J. July. South Europe. 1823. 
 
 — grandiMrus. B. M, t. 997. A synonym of 
 
 Calamintha gramdiflara. 
 
 — hirsu'tus. J. July. Spain. 1821. 
 
 — laneeola'tus. J. July. N. Africa. 1823. 
 
 — nwmmula'rkis. B. M. t. 2666. See T. Cha/mos- 
 
 drys, var. numtanus. 
 
 — panru/niotis. i. July. Crimea. 1817. 
 
 — pata'mmus. B. C. t. 499. A synonym of 
 Calamintha patamui. 
 
 — pipere'lla. J. July. Spain. 1810. 
 
 — roturubifo'lius. J. Pale pink. Pyrenees. 1879. 
 
 — serp!/llum. \. July. Britain. Eng. Bot. 
 
 ed. 3, 1. 1043. 
 
 a'lbus. J. White. July. Britain. 
 
 atropurpu'reus. Deep purple. North of 
 
 England. 1888. 
 
 elt/ra'tus. July. 
 
 variega'tue. \. July. Britain. 
 
 mdga'ris. July. Tauria. 1820. Syn., 
 
 T. citriodonis. 
 avireo-margina'tus. Garden variety. 
 
 1871. 
 au'rews. Garden variety. 1870. 
 
 — spicaHus. 1. June. Pyrenean. 1832. 
 
 — stria' tus. Greece. Syn., T. Zygis. Sibth Fl. 
 
 Gr. t. 574. 
 
 — mUga'ris. 1. June. South Europe. 1648. 
 
 lat^fo'lius. 1. June. 
 
 variega'tue. 1. July. Britain. 
 
 See T. striatus. 
 
 Thyrsaca'nthtis. (From %rae, a 
 thyrse, and Acanthus; thyrse-flowered 
 Acanthus. Nat. ord., Acanthacem ; 
 Tribe, J'usticiem.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs. For culture, see GEis- 
 SOMERIA. They must be spurred in closely. 
 Flowers nearly all the year. 
 T. barlerioi'des. Red. Minas Geraes. Fl. Ser. 
 t. 986. 
 
 — bracteola'tus. 2. Bed. July. New Grenada. 
 
 1823. B. M. t. 4441. Syn., Justicia 
 iracteolata. Jacq. Ic. t. 206. 
 
 — eaUista'ehyus. 2. Bed. Mexico. Syns., 
 
 T. lilacmus, Paxt. Fl. Gard. t. 63, and 
 Justiaia lilaeina of gardens. 
 
 — coeei'neus. See T. Leimaiream.us. 
 
 — i'ndieus. B. M. t. 5062. A synonym of Asy- 
 
 stasia Thyrsacantha. 
 
 — Lemairea'nus. 3. Bed. February. Honduras 
 
 1840. Syns., T. coemneus, T. strictus. 
 B. M. t. 4378, Aphelandra longiscapa, 
 Eranthemwm cocdnewm, Fl. Ser. t. 240, 
 and Justi^skb longiracemosa. 
 
 — lila'einus. See T. eallistachyus. 
 
 — nVtidus. 4. Bed. West Indies. Syn., Justida 
 
 nitida. Andr. Bep. t. 670. 
 
 — ru'tilans. 2. Deep red. Winter. Columbia. 
 
 1851. See also T. SchojnburgManus. 
 
 — SchomlmrgHa'nus. 3. Brightcrimson. Winter. 
 
 New Grenada. 1866. B. M. t. 4851. 
 Syn., T. rutUans of Fl. Ser. t. 732. 
 
 — stri'ctus. See T. Lemaireanus. 
 
THY 
 
 [966] 
 
 TIL 
 
 Thyrso'pteris. (From thyrsus, a 
 staff, a,ndi pteris, a fern ; alluding to the 
 contracted fertile portion of the fronds. 
 Nat. ord., Filices — Polypodiaceai.) 
 T. e'legane. 16. Juan Fernandez. 
 
 Thysano'tus. (From thysanotos, 
 fringed : the ilower much fringed. Nat. 
 ord., LiliacecB; Tribe, Asphodelece.) 
 
 Greenhouse, purple-flowered, from Australia. 
 By division of the plant in the herbaceous, and 
 dividing the tuberous-rooted kinds ; sandy loam 
 and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 38° to 46°, and 
 very little water. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 
 
 T. intrica'tm. }. July. 1838. B. E. 1840, t. 4. 
 —ju'nceus. i. 1804. B. B. t. 656. 
 
 — proKferui. 1. August. B. E. 1838, t. 8. 
 
 — te'nuis. Lilac. May. 1836. B. E. 1838, 
 
 t. 60. 
 
 GREENHOUSE TUBERS. 
 
 T. aa'tiar. 1. August. 1823. 
 
 — isanthelr'm. J. August. 1822. B. E. t. 6B5. 
 
 — t«ft«ro'siM. 1. June. 1826. 
 
 Tiare'Ua. (From tiara, a little 
 diadem ; form of seed-pod. Nat. ord., 
 Saxifragacem ; Tribe, Saxifragece.) 
 
 Hardy, white -flowered herbaceous plants. 
 Divisions of the root ; common soil ; dry borders, 
 and the front of them, or elevated places in 
 rock-works. 
 
 T. cardifo'lia. J. April. N. America. 1731. 
 B. M. 1. 1589. 
 
 — Memie^Hi. See Tolmiea Memiesii. 
 
 — polyphj/Ua. 1. Apiil. Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 Tiari'diuna. (From tiara, a diadem, 
 and eidos, like ; form of seedjpod. Nat. 
 ord., BoraginecB ; Tribe, Heliotropiece.) 
 This genus is now united with Helio- 
 tropituu. 
 
 Aimuals. Seeds in a slight hotbed at the end 
 of March, pricked off, and planted out towards 
 the end of May. Perhaps cmisophy'Uum will re- 
 quire a warm comer, or to be bloomed in a pot, 
 in the greenhouse. 
 T. anisophy'llum. White. June. Africa.. 1822. 
 
 — i'ndieum. 1. Blue. June. W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 A synonym of Heliotropiujn indicuTn. 
 
 — veluti'num. 1. Blue. June. W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 TiboTlcM'na. (The native name in 
 Guiana. Nat. ord., Melastomacece ; 
 Tribe, Osheckiew.) See Pleroma. 
 
 Stove evergreen. Cuttings of flrmish side- 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a mild 
 bottom -heat, any time between April and 
 August ; fibry peat and sandy loam, with a 
 little charcoal and broken pots, and extra care 
 in draining. Winter temp:, 55° to 60° ; summer, 
 65° to 88°. 
 
 T. Mathaii, See Pleroma, iarbigerum, var. lepi- 
 dotv-m. 
 
 Tico'rea. (The native name of T. 
 fce'tida. Nat. ord., Eutacece ; Tribe, 
 Cusparie<B. Allied to Galipea. ) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered, evergeen trees. Cuttings 
 of ripe young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 in heat, in March ; flbry loam and sandy peat. 
 Winter temp., 60° to 65° ; summer, 60° to 80 . 
 T. fce'tida. 10. Guiana. 1826. 
 — jasminiflo'ra. 20. Brazil. 1827. 
 
 Tiga'rea. (From the Guianese 
 
 name. Nat. ord., Mosacecs ; Tribe, 
 
 PotentUlecB. ) A synonym of Purshia. 
 
 T. tridenta'ta. A synonym of Purshia triden- 
 
 tata. 
 
 Tiger Iris, Tigri'dm. 
 
 Tiger Lily. Li'lium tigri'num. 
 
 Tigri'dia. Tiger Flower. (From 
 tigris, a tiger, and eidos, like ; resem- 
 blance of the spotted flowers. Nat. ord., 
 Iridece; Tribe, MormeoB. Syns., Bea- 
 tonia and Hydrotcenia. ) 
 
 Having yielded to cross-breeding, this genus 
 maybe expected to run into varieties of very gay 
 colours. Half-hardy or greenhouse bulbs, from 
 Mexico. Seeds in a slight hotbed, in spring ; 
 also by offsets ; sandy loam and leaf-mould ; 
 protected in the ground from frost and wet, or 
 taken up at the end of autujnn, and kept in a 
 dry, co<n place, the roots being covered with 
 earth until planting-out time in the middle of 
 April. 
 
 T. atra'ta. 2. JDark purple. August. Mexico. 
 1843. Syn., Beatonia atrata. 
 
 — Imcci'fera. 1. Greenish-yellow, with purple 
 
 dots at the base. Jalisco Mts., Mexico. 
 Gard. and For. 1889, p. 412, fig. 126. 
 
 — conchiflo'ra. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 128. See T. 
 
 pavonia, var. conchijlora. 
 
 — mrva'ta. Purple. April. Del Monte. 1843. 
 
 Syn., Beatonia curvata. 
 
 — grandifio'ra a'lba. White, base of segments 
 
 yellowish with reddish-brown spots. 
 1882. 
 
 — Herle'rti. B. M. t. 2599. A synonym of Cy- 
 
 pella Herberti. 
 
 — lu'tea. i. Yellow. June. Peru. 1843. B. 
 
 M. t. 6296. Syn., Beatonia lutea. 
 
 — mealealgris. H. Purple. Spring. Mexico. 
 
 Syn., SydrotoemMi Tneleagris, B. E. 1842, 
 t. 39. 
 
 — pavo'nia. 1-2. Orange, red. June. Mexico, 
 
 1796. Bed. Lil. t. 6. Syns., Ferraria 
 
 pavonia, Andr. Eep. t. 178, and F. Ti- 
 
 gridia, B. M. t. 532. 
 
 albifio'ra. White. 
 
 aynchifio'ra. Deep yellow. Syn., T. con- 
 
 chijUyra, Paxt. Mag. xiv. p. 53. 
 specio'sa. A brightly coloured variety. 
 
 M. Ser. t. 908, flg. 1. 
 
 — Pri'nglei. 1-2. Scarlet, orange, blotched 
 
 with crimson. Chihuahua. Gard. and 
 For. 1888, p. 388, flg. 61. 
 
 — Vcm-Hou'itei. 1. Yellow, lilac. Spring. 
 
 South Mexico. 1876. Fl. Ser. t. 2174. 
 
 — molalcea. 1. Eose-purple, white. May. 
 
 South Mexico. 1838. Syn., Beatonia 
 purpurea. 
 
 Tigris, Flower of, Tigri'dia 
 pavo'nia. 
 
 Tile-Root, Geissorhi'za. 
 
 Ti'lia, Lime or Linden-tree. (A 
 nameusedby Virgil for the Lime. Nat. 
 Old., Tiliacece; Tribe, Tiliece.) 
 
 Hardy, deciduous, yellowish-green-flowered 
 trees. Seeds, gathered and preserved in moist 
 sand until March or April, and then some will 
 generally vegetate that and the following season ; 
 principally, however, by layers in autumn, which 
 may be removed in a twelvemonth. To save 
 layering, old trees are sometimes cut down ; 
 shoots spring up in abundance ; among these six 
 
TIL 
 
 [967] 
 
 TIL 
 
 inches or a foot of fine soil is thrown, and in two 
 or three years nice-rooted plants are obtained. 
 Deep, loamy_ soil suits all the varieties, as well 
 as the species, best. The white lime is pro- 
 pagated chiefly by layers and grafting. T. rnne- 
 rica'na and its many varieties are very orna- 
 mental, but not so hardy as the European in our 
 moist climate. 
 
 T. a'lba. Wats. Dendr. t. 71. See T. argentea. 
 pe'ncUa. See T. petiolaris. 
 
 — america'na. 60. June. N. Amer. 1762. 
 
 Wats. Dendr. t. 134. 
 heterophy'Ua. 30. July. N. America. 
 
 1811. 
 lamfi&ra. 50. White. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1820. 
 
 ■ ■ptlndula. See T. petiolaris. 
 
 pube^ scene. 20. July. N. Amer. 1726. 
 
 pube'scens leptophy'lla. 20. Yellow. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 — arge'ntea. 30-60. Yellowish-white. Summer. 
 
 Eastern Europe. 1767. Syn., T. alba, 
 Wats. Dendr. t. 71. White or Silver 
 Lime. 
 
 orbicularis. Seedling variety with pen- 
 dent branches. 1890. 
 
 pefTidula. See T. petiola/ris. 
 
 — corddta. 60. Yellowish-white. Summer. 
 
 Europe. Syns., T. microphylla, T, parvi- 
 folia and T. vZmi^folia. 
 anrgdntea. Leaves bordered with creamy- 
 white. Silesia. 1862. Syn., T. parvi- 
 foli<t,j var. argentea. 
 
 — dasysty'la. 30-60. Summer. South Tauria. 
 
 1883. 
 
 — europafa. 50. July. Britain. 
 
 au'rea. 50. August. Britain. 
 
 dasysty'la. 50. July. Tauria. 
 
 laeinia'ta. 60. August. Britain. Syn., 
 
 T. platyphylloSj var. asplenifolia. 
 
 microphy'lla. 60. August. Britain. 
 
 pdndula. June. 1815. 
 
 platyphy'Ua. 60. August. Britain. Syn., 
 
 T, platyphyllos. 
 
 platyphy'lla a/u'rea. 20. Britain. 
 
 pyra/mida'lis. Garden variety. 1888. 
 
 ru'bra. 60. August. Britain. 
 
 variega'ta. See T. vulgaris, var. varie- 
 
 gata. 
 
 vitifo'lia. June. 1846. 
 
 — heterophy'lla. 30-50. Greenish-yellow. July. 
 
 North America. 1811. American White 
 BEisswood. 
 
 — interme'dia. See T. vulgaris. 
 
 — microphy'lla. See T. cordata. 
 
 — paarmfo'lia. See T. cordata. 
 
 argefntea. See T. cordata, var. argentea. 
 
 — petiola'ris. 60. Yellowish-green. July. 
 
 Crimea? B. M. t. 6737. Syns., T. alba, 
 var. pendula, T. anwricana, var. pendvXa, 
 and T. argentea, var. pendula. 
 
 — platyphy'llos. See T. europcea, var. platy- 
 phylla. 
 
 aspUnifo'lia. See T. ewopaea, var. Zoci- 
 
 niata. 
 
 — vlmifo'lia. See T. cordata. 
 
 — vitifo'lia. See T. europcea, var. vitifolia. 
 
 — miga'ris. Pale yellowish. Summer. Europe. 
 
 Syns., T. europcea (partly) and T. inter- 
 
 variega'ta. Leaves blotched with creamy- 
 white. Syn., T. europcea, var. variegata. 
 
 Tilla'ndsia. (Named after E. 
 Tillands, physician at Abo. Nat. ord., 
 JSr-ometocetB ; Tribe, Tillandsiea. Syn., 
 Vriesia.) 
 
 Stove epiphytes. Divisions and suckers. The 
 weaker kinds do best m very shallow baskets, m 
 sphagnum, turfy peat, broken pots, and char- 
 coal ; the stronger-growmg ones may be potted 
 
 high m turfy peat, a little turfy loam, and char- 
 coal. Winter temp., '56° to 60°; summer, 60° to 
 80°. 
 
 T.acau'lis. B. E. 1. 1167. See Cryptanthusun- 
 
 dulatus, 
 nebri'na. See Cryptanthus wnchilatus, 
 
 var. zebrinus. 
 
 — AMrti. Garden hybrid. 1888. 
 
 — aloifo'lia. SeeT.fleamosa. 
 
 — amethy'stina. Yellow. South Brazil. 1884. 
 
 Syn., Vriesia a/methystvna, Belg. Hort. 
 1884, p. 330, tt. 16, 16. 
 
 — a'nceps. J. Blue. April. W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 B. C. t. 771. Syns., T. setaeea, T. tricolor, 
 Phytarrhiza anceps and Vriesia cmceps. 
 
 — angustifo'lia. J. Blue. August. W. fiid. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — arge'ntea. 1. Bluish. Peru. 1866. Syn., 
 
 I T. teetorum. 
 
 — arma'dce. Leaves violet. South Columbia. 
 
 1883. 
 
 — Balbisia'na. 1. Violet ; bracts rose. W. 
 
 Indies. 1874. Belg. Hort. 1879, tt. 6-7. 
 
 — BariUdti. Yellow. Andes of Ecuador. 1883. 
 
 Syns., Vriesia Barilleti and V. crotalo- 
 ^hora. Vriesia Wittmachiana, Gfl. 1. 1283, 
 IS a hybrid between this and T. lAndeni. 
 
 — Bartra'mi. 1. Blue. April. Carolina. 1826. 
 
 — BiZWe'raice. f . Green, white, rose. Mexico. 
 
 1870. Syn., Vriesia Billbergiece. 
 
 — braehycaAi'los. ^. Purple. Mexico. 1878. 
 
 — brachysta'chys. See T. carinata. 
 
 — bractea'ta. 1. August. W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 — bryoi'des. A small moss-like plant. South 
 
 Brazil. 1880. Syn., T. polytrichoides. 
 
 — buXbo'sa. J. Blue. November. Trinidad. 
 
 1823. Syn.. T. paudflora. 
 
 pi' eta. ^. Piuk. December. Jamaica. 
 
 1845. 
 
 — c<me!scens. J. Blue. June. W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 — ea'put-medvlsce. Mexico. 1880. 
 
 — carina' ta. Yellow ; bracts green and scarlet. 
 
 Brazil. 1866. Syns., T. brachystachys, 
 Vriesia brachystachys, V. carinata, V. 
 psittacina, vars. braehystachya and cari- 
 nata. 
 
 — chrysoka'chys. Yellow. Andes of Peru. 1881. 
 
 B. M. t. 6906. Syn., Vriesia chryao- 
 stachys. 
 
 — eirdma'lis. See T. Dwratii. 
 
 — eircina'ta. See T. streptophylla. 
 
 — coareta'ta. 1. June. ChUi. 1823. 
 
 — complana'ta. See T. aiphostachys. 
 
 — comprdssa. 1. June. Chili. 1823. 
 
 — eoralli'na. Green ; bracts and scape purplisB- 
 
 crimson. Tropical America. 1871. Syns., 
 Emholirimi corallinum, Flor. Mag. new 
 ser. 1. 116, and Vriesia eoraUina. 
 ro'seum. Eose. Syn., EnchoUrionroseum. 
 
 — cordobe^nsis. See T. recurvata. 
 
 — croca'ta. Saffron-yellow. Brazil. 1880. Syn., 
 
 Phytarrhiza erocata. 
 ^eya'nea. Guatemala. 1852. Sjbs., Allardtia 
 cyanea and Platystcbchys cyanea. 
 
 — deeurva'ta. 2. Yellow. Eio Janeiro. 
 
 — dianthoi'dM. Blue; bracts rosy-purple. 
 
 Uruguay. Syn., T. stricta of B. E. 
 1. 1338. 
 
 ro'sea. White ; bracts rosy -pink. Syn ., 
 
 T. recurvifolia, B. M. t. 5246, and T. 
 rosea, B. E. 1357. 
 
 — didi'sticha. White. South Brazil. 1881. 
 
 Syn., Anopl(mhytv/m didistichum. 
 
 — dista'ehya. J. AiVliite. January. Honduras. 
 
 1880. 
 
 — Dma'tii. Violet. Uruguay. 1879. Syns., 
 
 T. eirdnalis, T. revoluta and Wallisia 
 Duratii. 
 
 — Duvalia'na. 1. Yellow, green. South Brazil. 
 
 1884. Syn., Vriesia Duvaliama, Belg. 
 Hort. 1884, p. 106, t. 7-8. Vriesia fulgida is 
 a hybrid between this and T. incurvata. 
 
TIL 
 
 [968] 
 
 TIL 
 
 T. e'minem. A form of T. hulboea. 
 
 — ensifo'rmis. li. Eeddish-yellow. Brazil. 
 
 — entbe'aeens. A form of T. bulboea. 
 
 — fasdcula'ta. 1. Blue. June. W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — fenestra: lis. Pale yellow. Parana. 1876. 
 
 B. M. t. 6898. Syn., Vriesia fenestralis, 
 111. Hort. new ser. 1. 12. 
 —fiUfo'lia. Pale blue. Central America. Syn., 
 T. staticifiora. 
 
 — flexuo'sa. 1. Blue. W. Ind. 1790. B. B. 
 
 t. 749. Syns., T. aloifolia and T. tenui- 
 
 folia. 
 pa'llida. 1. Yellow. June. W. Ind. 
 
 1816. 
 — folio'sa. Violet. Mexico. 1885. 
 
 — Furstenie'rgii. A synonym of Streptocalyx 
 
 Furstenbergii. 
 
 — Gardne'ri. Eose. February. Brazil. 1842. 
 
 Syn., Anoplophytum mccmum, Belg. 
 Hort. 1881, 1. 11. 
 
 — Bei'ssei. Rosy. Chili. 1889. Gfl. t. 1302, 
 
 flg-2. 
 
 — gamirMdra. J. Bed, yellow. February. 
 
 Brazil. 1840. Syns., T. rubida and 
 Anoplopliytum geminiflorum, 
 
 — giga'ntea. A form of T. regina. 
 
 — gMdioliJio'ra, Greenisli-violet. Costa Bica. 
 
 1863. Syn., Vriesia gladiolitUrra. 
 
 — gloMcophy'lla. IJ. Greenish-white, purple. 
 
 August. Santa Martha. 1847. Syn., 
 Vnena glawsophylla, B. M. t. 4416. 
 
 — gra'cilis. 1. June. C!hili. 1823. Syn., 
 
 Vriesia gracilis. 
 
 — gutta'ta. 2i. Yellow. Leaves red-spotted. 
 
 Brazil. 1876. Syn., Vriesia guttata. 
 111. Hort. new ser. t. 200. 
 
 — Eamelea'na. Violet, white. 1870. Syns., 
 
 Phytarrhiza Ra/meleana and Wallisia 
 Sameleana. 
 
 — helieonioi'des. 1. White. Bio Magdalena 
 
 Valley. Syns., Vriesia bellula, V. Fal- 
 henbergii and V. heliconioides. 111. 
 Hort. new ser. t. 490. 
 
 — hierogly'phiea. Leaves marked above with 
 
 darlc green ; below with dark purple. 
 Syns., Massangea hieroglyphicaj Rev. 
 Hort. 1887, p. 176, M. tignna, and Vriesia 
 hieroglyphiea, 111. Hort. 1884, t. 614. 
 
 — ina'nis. Purple. March. Buenos Ayres. 
 
 1841. 
 
 — ineurva'ta. Yellow, green. South Brazil. 
 
 1882. B. M. t. 6882. Syns., T. inflata, 
 Vriesia ijiaurvata and V. psittadnat var. 
 Truffantiana. 
 
 — injla'ta. See T. incurvata. 
 
 — iona'ntha. J. Violet. Brazil. 1871. Syns., 
 
 T. erubescens and Pitrophylluyn ionan- 
 thum. 
 
 — ixioi'des. ^. Orange. Uruguay. 
 
 — Jo'nghei. Dull yellow. Brazil. 1874. Belg. 
 
 Hort. 1874, t. 12-13. Syn., Vriesia 
 Jorighei. 
 
 — jimc\fo'lia. See T. setacea. 
 
 — Ra/nmrwldalna. 1. Violet. Winter. Mexico. 
 
 1878. 
 
 — Eirchofia'na. Bracts coral-red ; flowers blue. 
 
 Mexico. Gfl. 1889, p. 107, flg. 22. 
 
 — Krame'ri. A form of T. psittacina. 
 
 — Linde'ni. Violet ; bracts rosy. Peru. 1867. 
 
 Syns., T. Morreniana and Phytarrhiza, 
 
 Wallisia, and Vriesia Lindeni. 
 
 interme^dia. Bracts rosy -green. 1871. 
 
 Kcmtnnskya'na. Flowers double. 1880. 
 
 Syn., Phytarrhiza Lindeni, var. Kout- 
 
 sinskya/na. 
 luxu'rians. Flower-stem branched. 
 
 1871. 
 
 ma'jor. Flowers larger. Peru. 1871. 
 
 Regelia'na. Blue, white ; bracts red. 
 
 Ecuador. 1877. Syii., T. Lindenia/na. 
 tri'color. Violet, with a white eye ; 
 
 bracts red. 
 
 r. Lmde'ni mola'cea. Violet. 
 
 — Lindenia'na. See T. Imidem, var. Begeliama. 
 
 — Ivnea'ta. Leaves green, witli violet stripes ; 
 
 under surface violet. Columbia. 
 
 — Malzi'nei. 1. White. Mexico. 1874. B. 
 
 M. t. 6495. Syn., Vriesia Malzmei. 
 
 — monadeHpha. Whitish, pale purple. Guiana. 
 
 1882. Syn., Phytarrhiza monadelpha. 
 
 — Marre'ni. IJ. Light brown, yellowish-green. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 — Morreniafna. See T. Lindeni. 
 
 — 'musa'ica. See Caraguata musaica. 
 
 — narthecioi'des. 1. Yellowish-white. Ecuador. 
 
 1878. 
 
 — ni'tida. 2. Blue. October. Jamaica. 1823. 
 
 — nu'tans. 2. Blue. August. Jamaica. 1793. 
 
 — obscu'ra. 2. July. S. America. 1820. 
 1. Blue. June. W. Indies. 
 
 — pa/nieala'ta. 
 
 1820. 
 —paraba'iea. 
 
 purple. 
 
 \. Yellow; bracts reddish- 
 r—f- Summer. Brazil. 1886. Syn., 
 vriesia 'parabaica. 
 
 — PastuehoMa'na. Leaves irregularly marked 
 
 with dark green lines. Brazil. 1886. 
 
 — paueifo'lia. J. Violet. 1878. 
 
 — Phili'ppo - Cobu'rgi. IJ. Golden - yellow, 
 
 greenish. Brazil. Syn., Vriesia Phiiip- 
 pO'Cobu'rgi. 
 
 — m'cta. See T. spUndens. 
 
 — Platzma'rmi. 3. Yellow. South Brazil. 
 
 1875. Syn., Vriesia Platzmanni. 
 
 — polysta'chya. 2. June. S. America. 1825. 
 
 — polytrichoi'des. See T. bryoides. 
 
 — pruino'sa. J. Blue. Tropical America. 
 
 Belg. Hort. 1876, 1. 16-17. 
 
 — psittimlna. Scarlet. July. Bio Janeiro. 
 
 1826. B. M. t. 2841. Syn., Vriesia psit- 
 tacina. Vriesia retrofiexa, Belg. Hort. 
 1884, p. 186, t. 10, is a hybrid between 
 this and T. scalaris. 
 
 — psittaci'na-scala'ris. 1884. Syn., Vriesia 
 
 retrofiexa. Belg. Hort. 1884, p. 186, 
 t. 10. 
 
 — pulchelUa. See T. pulchra. 
 
 — pu'lchra. f. Pink. October. Tropical 
 
 America. 1823. Syns. T. pulchella, B. 
 M. t. 5229, and Pourretia surinamensis. 
 
 mruB'na. Blue. Brazil. 1883. Belg. 
 
 Hort. 1883, 1. 17. Leaves more slender 
 than in the type. 
 
 — pu'mila. A form of T. bulbosa. 
 
 — ramo'sa. 1. June. Chili. 1823. 
 ^recurva'ta. i. Purple. July. Jamaica. 
 
 1793. 
 
 — reeurmfo'lia. See T. dianthoidea, var. rosea. 
 
 — regilna. White. Bio Janeiro. 1867. Fra- 
 
 grant. Syns., T. gigantea, Vriesia gi- 
 gantea and V. Glazioviana. Vriesia 
 imperialis, Bev. Hort. 1888, p. 68, is a 
 form of this. 
 
 — reticula'ta. 2. Milk - white. Brazil. 1870. 
 
 Syns., Guzma/nnia reticulata SLnd Vriesia 
 reticulata. 
 
 — retrofit ooa. Yellow, Garden hybrid. 1886. 
 
 — revotu'ta. See T. Duratii. 
 
 — ri'gida. 1. June. Chili. 1823. 
 
 — Rodrigasia'na. Citron-yellow. South Brazil. 
 
 1883. Syn., Vriesia Rodrigasiana. 111. 
 Hort. new ser. t. 467. 
 
 — Soe!zlii. Eosy. N. Peru. 1877. Belg. Hort. 
 
 1877, 1. 15. 
 
 — ro'sea. See T. diamihoidea, var. rosea. 
 
 — ru'bida. See T. geminifiora. 
 
 — swnguinole^nta. Leaves with ocellated blood- 
 
 ' red blotches Columbia. 1875. Syns., 
 Vriesia sanguinolenta and Encholirion 
 
 irsii. IJ. Pale yellow. Tropical 
 America. 1872. Syn., Vriesia Saun- 
 dersii. 
 
 — seala'ris. }. Yellow, green ; bracts rosy. 
 Brazil. 1877. Syn., Vriesia scala/ris. 
 
TIL 
 
 [969] 
 
 TIN 
 
 T. ScTUeetenda'hlii. 1. Central Mexico. 1883. 
 Syn., Vriesia cceepitosa. 
 
 — serra'ta. 2. Yellow. June. Jamaica 
 
 1793. 
 
 — seta'cea. i. Blue. June. W. Indies. 1824 
 
 Be(. Bot. t. 288. Syn., T. jmus^olia and 
 T. Unuifolia. See also T. museps, 
 
 — spedo'sa. See T. splemdens. 
 
 — spicule' sa. Mexico. 1878. 
 
 — sple'ndens. Yellow. Guiana. FI. Ser. t. 43 
 
 Syns., T. speciosa, T. picta, T. zehrina, 
 
 and Vriesia sptendens. 
 •- etatiHflo'ra. See T. flli/olia. 
 ■- streptophy'lla. Violet. Mexico. 1878. B 
 
 M. t. 6757. Syn., T. circinata. 
 
 — stri'cta. |. Blue. September. Brazil. 1810. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1629. 1529. See also T. dicm- 
 
 thoidea. 
 
 cauWscens. A tall variety. 
 
 ~tecto'rmn. White, blue. Andes of Peru. 
 
 1866. Syns., T. argentea and Pourretia 
 ' nivosa. 
 
 — tenuifo'lia. See T. setacea. 
 
 — tessella'ta. Leaves with dark-green veins on 
 
 a paler ground. Tropical America. 
 1873. Syn., Vriesia tessellata. Belg. 
 Hort. 1882, p. 381, t. 1416. 
 
 — tricolor. IJ. Violet, white ; bracts green. 
 
 Winter. Mexico. 1877. Syn., Vriesia 
 tricolor. See also T. anceps. 
 
 — umbella'ta. 1. Blue. White. Winter. 
 
 Ecuador. 1882. 
 
 — usneoi'des. Greenish. Tropical America. 
 
 1823. B. M. t. 6309.— Spanish Moss, or 
 Old Man's Beard. 
 
 — utrimUa'ta. 2. Purple, yellow. West 
 
 Indies. 1793. 
 
 — vemico'sa. White. Parana. 1887. 
 
 — vesti'ta. i. Yellow ; bracts bright red. 
 
 Mexico. 1887. 
 
 — mmina'lis. 2. White. Costa Bica. 1873. 
 
 Syns., Vriesia mminalis and V. viridi- 
 flora. 
 
 — vir^ina'lis. Green, white. Mexico. 1873. 
 
 — vvridijlo'ra. 2. Green. Summer. Mexico. 
 
 1887. See also T. viminalis. 
 
 — vitelli'na. Yellow. February. Venezuela. 
 
 — vitta'ta. See Schlv/mbergeria virescens. 
 
 — Warmi'ngii. 4. Yellow. South Brazil. 
 
 1884. Syn., Vriesia Warmingii. Belg. 
 Hort. 1884, p. 260, t. 12-13. 
 
 — Wawra'nea. IJ. Green, yellow. Summer. 
 
 Syn., Vriesia Waviramea. 
 
 — seiphim'des. J. White. July. Buenos 
 Ayres. 1810. 
 
 ' ' ys. Purple. August. Central 
 Amenca. 1861. Syns., T. cormplanata 
 and Vriesia xiphostachys, B. M. t. 4287. 
 
 — zebri'na. See T. splendent. 
 
 Tille'tia. Bunt. The most common 
 species of this genus 
 ol Fungi is T. Tri'tici 
 (Syn. , T. ca'ries), which 
 attacks the ovaries of 
 wheat. The diseased 
 grains become filled 
 with a mass of dark 
 brown powdery matter, 
 which on microscopic 
 examination are seen 
 to consist of spherical 
 granules with a reticu- 
 lated surface. These 
 granules under favour- 
 able circumstances 
 emit a tube, bearing 
 needle-shaped sporidia at its apex (as 
 
 shown in the accompanying figure, one 
 sporidium being detached). 
 
 These conidia sometimes conjugate 
 before falling off to reproduce the 
 fungus. 
 
 Timo'nius. (From the Malayan 
 name. Nat. ord. , Bubiacece ; Tribe, 
 Chiococceas. ) 
 
 Stove, evergreen tree. Sandy, fibry loam and 
 a little peat. Cuttings. 
 
 T. Ru'mphii. 12. White. East Indies. 1823. 
 Syn., Urithalis Tvmon. 
 
 Tina'ntia. (After a Belgian bo- 
 tanist named Tinant. Nat. ord., Com- 
 melinacecE ; Tribe, TradescantiecB.) 
 
 Half-hardy, perennial herb. For culture, see 
 
 Tradbscantia. 
 
 T. fu'gax ere'cta. IJ. Blue or purplish. July. 
 S. America. 1794. Syns., Tradescantia 
 erecta, B. M. t. 1340, T. latifolia, B. C. 
 t. 1300, and T. undata, B. E. 1. 1403. 
 
 Ti'nea. A genus of moths, the larvae 
 of which are very destructive. 
 
 T. dauce'lla. Carrot Moth. A sy- 
 nonym of Depressaria daucella, which 
 see. 
 
 T. pade'lla, Small Ermine Moth, is 
 white, with black dots on the upper 
 wings. Eggs deposited in June and July 
 near the flower-buds of the hawthorn, 
 euonymus, apple, and pear-tree. Cater- 
 pillars appear in autumn, and inclose the 
 twigs with a web. In the following spring 
 they attack the petals and calyx. Colour, 
 dull lead, with a black head. 
 
 T. elercke'lla. Pear-tree Blister Moth. 
 The caterpillars of this raise dark-brown 
 blisters on the leaves of the pear-tree, 
 and less often on those of the apple. 
 The moth is active and minute, shining 
 like pearly satin, the wings having an 
 orange ground, spotted with black and 
 other colours. It appears in May. Mr. 
 Curtis says, " To check this disease, it 
 will be advisable to wash the tree with 
 soapsuds the end of May or beginning of 
 June, when the moths are pairing and 
 laying eggs for a future progeny ; and if 
 a very valuable tree be only partially at- 
 tacked, the blistered leaves might be 
 gathered and burnt as soon as any spots 
 began to appear in August." 
 
 T. capite'tla. Triple-spotted Currant 
 Tinea. The larvse of this feed upon the 
 pith of the young shoots of the currant, 
 which they attack in the spring. The 
 moth itself is fuscous ; the head with an 
 ochreous tuft ; superior wings bronzed, 
 spotted with purple and yellow. 
 
 T. cortice'lla. See Pyrus. 
 
 T. porecte'lla. Rocket, or Grey-streak 
 Moth, has its habits and forms thus 
 described by Mr. Curtis 
 
TIN 
 
 [970 J 
 
 TOB 
 
 During the middle and latter end of 
 April, as the shoots of the rockets ad- 
 vance, it is found that the leaves adhere 
 firmly together, and those that liberate 
 themselves are perforated yrith large 
 holes. On forcibly opening a shoot (for 
 the young leaves are connected by silken 
 threads), a small green caterpillar of dif- 
 ferent shades, varying with its age, is 
 found in or near the centre, feeding upon 
 the tender leaves, and sometimes a little 
 family of four or five inhabit the same 
 head. The head, feelers, and horns of 
 our little moth are white, the latter with 
 a few black spots near the tip ; the 
 thoraxis cream-coloured, thesides brown, 
 upper wings lance-shaped, very pale clay 
 brown, with whitish streaks. Perhaps the 
 best mode of extirpating them would be 
 to search for the young caterpillars be- 
 tween the leaves on the first symptoms 
 of their presence, and extracting them 
 with a small pair of forceps, such as are 
 used for microscopic objects ; but as some 
 might be too minute at that early period 
 to be detected on the first search, this 
 operation must be repeated. Pinching 
 the maggots in the bud is also recom- 
 mended. 
 
 Ti'nnea. (In honour of Mademoiselle 
 Tinn6, NUe voyager. Nat. ord., Labia- 
 tcB ; Tribe, Ajtigoidece.) 
 
 Stove plant. For cultivation, see Plectran- 
 
 THUS. 
 
 T. cethMpiea. Maroon. Central Africa. 1867. 
 
 Violet-scented. B. M. t. 6637. 
 denta/ta. A variety with a large calyx. 
 
 1884. B. M. t. 6744. 
 
 Ti'ptlla. Crane Fly, or Daddy-long- 
 legs. T. oZera'cea, the grubs, or "leather- 
 jackets," so injurious to the market- 
 gardener, are its larvae. They attack the 
 roots of scarlet beans, lettuces, dahlias, 
 potatoes, etc., from May to August. Dur- 
 ing this last month and September they 
 become pupae. Mr. Curtis observes, that 
 it is said that lime-water will not kill 
 them, and suggests that if quick-lime 
 were scattered on the ground at night, it 
 would destroy them when they come, 
 to the surface to feed. All the gnats 
 that are found on the walls, palings, 
 ground, or elsewhere, should be killed, 
 especially the female, which would pre- 
 vent any eggs being deposited in the 
 ground. A mixture of lime and gas- 
 water, distributed by a watering-pot over 
 grass, has completely exterminated the 
 larvae where they had been exceedingly 
 destructive ; and by sweeping the grass 
 with a bag-net, like an angler's landing- 
 net, only covered with canvas, immense 
 numbers of the gnats might be taken 
 and destroyed. 
 
 Titho'nia. (From Tithonus, in 
 mythology, the favourite of Aurora. 
 Nat. ord., Gompositm ; Tribe, Melian- 
 thoidece. Allied to Helianthus. ) 
 
 Stove, yellow-flowered annuals from Central 
 America. Propagated by seeds, Kich, sandy, 
 fibry loam. Winter temp., 60° to 66° ; summer, 
 60° to 80°. 
 T. exce'lsa. August. 1824. 
 
 — ova'ta. B. M. t. 3901. See Zexmenia ovata. 
 
 — specio'sa. 4. August. Mexico. 1833. Syn., 
 
 Helianthus specioBus. B. M. t. 3296. 
 
 — tagetiflo'ra. 10. August. Vera Cruz. 1818. 
 
 B. E. t. 691. 
 
 — tubaifo'rmis. 6. July. Mexico. 1799. Syn., 
 
 Helia/nthits tuboeformis. B. R. 1. 1619. 
 
 Tithy'naalllS. (From Tithumalos, 
 the Greek name for the Spurge, Euphor- 
 bia. Nat. ord., Euphorbzacew.) A 
 synonym of Euphorbia. 
 
 T. genicula'tus. A synonym of EupTwrbia re- 
 yanda. 
 
 — pelrtdvlun. A synonym of Euphorbia pen- 
 
 dula. 
 
 Tittma'nnia. (After J. A. Titt- 
 rrwmn, an apothecary of Hanover. Nat. 
 Old.., ScrophularinecE ; Tribe, Gratiolece.) 
 A synonym of Vandelia. 
 
 T. ova'ta. See Vwndelia Crustacea. 
 
 — visco'sa. See Vandelia hirsuta. 
 
 Toad Flax. Lina'ria. 
 
 Toad Plax, Ivy-leaved. Lina'ria 
 Cymbala'ria. 
 
 Toad Flower, African. Stape'Ua. 
 
 Toad Stool. A general name for 
 poisonousf ungi of the ovier Symenocetes. 
 
 Tobacco (Nicotia'na), whether in 
 the form of snuff, or its decoction in 
 water, or its smoke whilst burning, is 
 very^ destructive to insects. 
 
 Tobacco-paper is paper saturated with 
 the decoction of tobacco, and when burnt 
 emits a fume nearly as strong. It is an 
 easy mode of generating the smoke. 
 Whenever plants are smoked they should 
 be done on two following nights, and 
 then be syringed the following morning. 
 Mr. Cameron says : — I have always 
 found tobacco-paper the most efficacious 
 substance to fumigate with for destroying 
 the aphis without doing any in j urv to the 
 plants. If the house is not filled too 
 rapidly with smoke, which is allowed, to 
 reach the glass without coming in con- 
 tact with any of the plants, it then de- 
 scends as it cools, without doing any 
 injury. Plants fumigated in frames, or 
 under hand-glasses, are most liable to be 
 injured bjr the heat of the smoke, if the 
 operation is not done cautiously. There 
 is a spurious kind of tobacco-paper some- 
 times offered in spring by tne tobacco- 
 nists, apparently made to meet the in- 
 
TOB 
 
 [971] 
 
 TOF 
 
 creased demand, and this kind of paper 
 will bring the leaves off plants, without 
 killing many of the aphides. It is of a 
 lighter colour than the genuine sort, and 
 may be readily detected by the smell 
 being very different. Foliage should be 
 perfectly dry when a house is fumigated, 
 and should not be syringed till next 
 morning. If plants are syringed im- 
 mediately after fumigation, many of the 
 aphides will recover even when they 
 have dropped off the plants, a fact which 
 any one may soon prove after fumigating 
 a house. 
 
 Another very simple mode of fumi- 
 gating plants in frames, and under hand- 
 glasses turned over them for the purpose, 
 is as follows : — " Dissolve a table-spoon- 
 ful of saltpetre in a pint of water ; take 
 pieces of the coarsest brown paper, six 
 inches wide and ten inches long, steep 
 them thoroughly in the solution, dry 
 them, and keep till wanted. To fumi- 
 gate, roll one of the pieces into a pipe 
 like a cigar, leaving the hollow half an 
 inch in diameter, which fill with tobacco, 
 twist one end and stick it into the soil, 
 light the other, and it will burn gradu- 
 ally away for an hour or more." 
 
 Tobacco-smoke should not be admitted 
 to fruit trees when in bloom, nor when 
 the fruit is ripening, as it imparts to 
 them a flavour. See Fumigating and 
 Pumigator. 
 
 Tobacco-water is usually made from 
 what is known as Tobacconists' Liquor, 
 being a liquor expressed bj^ them, and 
 full of ammonia and the acrid oil of the 
 plant. To every gallon of this add five 
 gallons of water. This mixture with 
 Read's garden-syringe may be sprinkled 
 over the trees, "putting it on with the 
 finest rose, and being careful to wet all 
 the leaves. This operation is to be per- 
 formed only in the hottest sunshine, as 
 the effect is then much greater than when 
 the weather is dull ; five gallons of liquor 
 reduced as above stated will cleanse 
 seventeen peach and nectarine-trees, 
 averaging seventeen feet in length, and 
 twelve in height. The black, glutinous 
 aphis, provincially called blight, so de- 
 structive to the cherry-trees, and, in 
 fact, every species of aphis, is destroyed 
 in the same way with equal facility. The 
 grubs which attack the apricot may be 
 destroyed almost instantly by immersing 
 the infested leaves in this liquor. 
 
 As the tobacconLst's liquor cannot be 
 obtained always, tobacco-water may be, 
 in such case, made by pouring half a 
 gallon of boiling water upon one ounce 
 of strong tobacco, and allowing it to 
 remain until cold, and then straining. 
 
 Tobacco, Rock. PrimuU'na 
 
 Taba'cum. 
 
 Toco'ca. (From the Guianese name 
 of T. guiane'nsis. Nat. ord., Melasto- 
 maeece; Tribe, Miconieai.) 
 
 Stove shrubs, natives of the northern part of 
 South America. Peat mixed with half the 
 quantity of sandy loam. Cuttings of side shoots, 
 taken early in the year. 
 
 T. ferrugHnea. South America. 1868. Syn., 
 SphcETOgyne ferruginea. 
 
 — guiandnm. i. Pale pink. August. Guiana. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — imperia'lis. Peru. 1869. Syn., Spheerogyne 
 
 — latifo'lia. Pink or red. South America. 
 
 1862. Syn., Sphcerogyne latifolia. 
 
 Tocoye'na. (Name in Guiana. 
 Nat. ord., Subiaeece; Tribe, Gardeniew. 
 Allied to Posoqueria. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sandy soil, under a glass, in 
 heat, in May ; fibry peat, a little lumpy loam, 
 sand, and charcoal. Winter temp., 60° to 60° ; 
 summer, 60° to 85°. 
 T. longifio'ra. 6. Yellow. Guiana. 1826. 
 
 Todda'lia. (From Toddali, the 
 Malabar name of T. aculea'ta. Nat. 
 ord., ButacecB ; Tribe, Zanthoxylece. 
 Allied to Ptelea.) 
 
 Stove, white-fiowered evergreens. Cuttings of 
 young, stubby side-shoots in sand, under a glass, 
 m AprU, in a sweet bottom-heat; fibry loam and 
 a little peat or leaf -mould. Winter temp., 50° to 
 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°. 
 
 T. aculea'ta. 6. B. Indies. 1790. Syn., Scopolia 
 aculeata. 
 
 — angustifo'lia. 6. Mauritius. 1824. 
 
 — lamceola'ta. i. White. May. 1824. Syn., 
 
 Vepris lanceolata. 
 
 — paniculalta. 30. Greenish-white. May. 
 
 1824. 
 
 Toddy Palm. Caryo'ta u'ren,s. 
 
 To'dea. (Named after H. J. Tode, 
 a German student of Ferns. Nat. ord., 
 Filices. Allied to Osmunda.) 
 
 Greenhouse, brown-spored ferns. See Ferns. 
 T. africa'na. See T. barbara. 
 
 — austra'lis. Australia. 1831. 
 
 — ba'rbara. 6. Temperate Australia. 1805. 
 
 Syn., T. africana. 
 
 — Fraselri. New S. Wales. 
 
 — grandiySimvla. IJ. Garden hybrid. G. C. 
 
 1886, XXV. p. 752. 
 
 — hymenophylloi'des. New Zealand. 1842. Syn., 
 
 T. peUucida, 
 
 — interme'dia. New Zealand. 1869. 
 
 — pellu'cida. See T. hymenophylloides. 
 
 — rivula'ris. New S. Wales. 
 
 — supe'rba. New Zealand. 1861. Syn., Lepto- 
 
 pteris superba. 
 
 — Wilkesia'na. 1}. Fiji Islands. 1870. 
 
 Tofieldia. (Namedafterilfr. To/eM, 
 a botanical patron. Nat. ord. , LiliacecB ; 
 Tribe, Narthecieos.) 
 
 Hardy, North American, herbaceous peren- 
 nials. Division of the roots in spring ; sandy 
 loam and a little vegetable mould. 
 T. glutino'sa. J. White. 182B. Linn. Trans, 
 xii. t. 8. 
 
TOL 
 
 [972] 
 
 TOO 
 
 T.pufbens. Green, yellow. July. 1840. B. M. 
 t. 8859. 
 
 — pu})e'scens. J. White. April. 1790. Bed. 
 
 liil. t. 324. 
 
 Tolmie'a. (Inhonourof JIfn ToZmie, 
 a surgeon of the Hudson's Bay Company. 
 Nat. ord., SaxifragaceoB ; Tribe, Saxi- 
 fragecB.) 
 
 The only species of this genus is a hardy 
 perennial herb. 
 
 T. Menzie'sii. 1-2. Greenish. April. North 
 West America^ 1812. Syns., Beuchera 
 Memnesii and Karelia MenzUsii. 
 
 To'lpis. (Meaning not known. Nat. 
 ord., Corrmositw; Tribe, Cichoriacece. 
 Allied to Lapsana.) 
 
 Hardy, yellow-flowered annuals, from the 
 South of Europe. Seeds in flower-beds or borders 
 in April. 
 T. alti'snma. 4. June. 1823. 
 
 — barba'ta. 2. Yellow, purple. June. 1620. 
 
 Syn., Crepis bartata. B. M. t. 36. Yel- 
 low Garden Hawk Weed. 
 
 — coronopifo'lia. 1. June. 1777. 
 
 — granUJlo'ra. June. 1830. 
 
 — macrorhi'za. Madeira. Syn., Crepis macro- 
 
 rhiza. B. M. t. 2988. 
 
 — umbella'ta. 2. Yellow, purple. 1820. 
 
 — mrga'ta. 2. 1818. 
 
 Tolu Balsam-tree. Myro'xylm 
 Tolui'ferum. 
 
 Tomato. Lycope'rsicumescuU'ntum. 
 See Love Apple. 
 
 Tomato, Cannibal's. Sola'num 
 anihropophago'rum. 
 
 Tomato disease. This disease is 
 caused by Perono'spm-a infe'staiis, the 
 same fungus that causes the Potato 
 disease, to which refer for its history. 
 
 Tonga Plant. Epipre'mnum mira'- 
 bile. 
 
 Tongue Grafting. See Grafting. 
 
 Tongue Grass. Lepi'diwm saW- 
 vum. 
 
 '• Tongue Violet. Schweigge'ria 
 paudflara. 
 
 TonquinBean. Di'pterixodora'ta. 
 
 Tool-house. Upon this too-much- 
 negleeted garden edifice, Mr. Barnes, of 
 Bicton Gardens, says: — "Have a place 
 for everything, and everything in its 
 place ; kept in good condition, and at all 
 times put away clean ; it will be found 
 necessary to have a set of rules drawn 
 up, and hung in a conspicuous place in 
 the tool-house, which should be rigidly 
 enforced, as well for the workman's 
 benefit, as for the good preservation of 
 the tools. Dirty tools engender slovenly 
 habits, and inferior workmanship. The 
 tool-shed of the outhouse and flower- 
 garden department is a lean-to shed at 
 the back of a hot house, substantially 
 
 built, and covered with slate; length, 
 fifty-four feet; width, thirteen feet; 
 height at back, fifteen feet ; and height 
 at front, nine feet ; paved all through 
 with Yorkshire flag-stones, which are 
 neatly swept up every night, the last 
 thing, and washed thoroughly once a 
 week. There is a door at each end, and 
 one in the centre of the front wall, and 
 a window on each side of the centre 
 door. Strong beams are thrown across 
 from front to back, and strong planks 
 laid on them, which form a useful loft 
 for placing mats, stakes, laths for tally- 
 making, brooms, nets, canva* for cover- 
 ing and shading, etc. , etc. Within two 
 feet of the roof, against the back waU, 
 is placed a row of pegs the whole length 
 of the shed, forl^anging the long-handled 
 tools, such as grass and leaf rakes, long- 
 handled Dutch hoes, and iron rakes, etc. ; 
 on the next row of pegs, the whole length 
 of the shed, are placed the various kinds 
 of draw hoes, tan forks, dung forks and 
 prongs, strong forks for digging and 
 surface-stirring, spades and shovels of 
 various kinds, pickaxes, mattocks and 
 bills, dung drags, edging shears, etc. ; 
 on a third row of pegs, still lower, (are 
 placed the water-pots, all numbered, 
 with initials as well, thus — B, G — 45, or 
 60, whatever the number may run to ; 
 underneath those is a row more of pegs, 
 for placing the roses of the water -pots — 
 thus the back wall is furnished. The 
 front wall, half-way, is furnished with 
 shelves for placing shreds and nails, rope 
 yarn, tallies, flower-pegs, whetstones, 
 rubber or scythe-stones, and many other 
 small articles. Underneath those shelves 
 are pegs for hanging the hammers, axes, 
 saws, hatchets, mallets, and stake- 
 drivers, trowels, hand-forks, reels and 
 lines, hedge-clipping shears, scythes, 
 chisels, the various sizes of one-handed 
 crane-necked hoes, crowbars, mops, hair- 
 brushes, and brooms, and various other 
 articles. The scythes are hung up over 
 the end beam, and on the other side, 
 without shelves, the hand-barrows are 
 placed; birch and heath brooms, both 
 round and fan -shaped, that are in daily 
 use ; and various other articles. The 
 garden rules are hung , in a conspicuous 
 place ; also in the tool-house. Every 
 tool is to be put into its proper or allotted 
 place every night thoroughly cleansed, 
 any omission of which subjects the de- 
 faulter to a fine. Each tool-house is 
 under the same system. We have sepa- 
 rate wheelbarrow sheds ; shedsforplacing 
 soils in the dry, arranged in old casks ; 
 varieties of sand, pebbles, and flints, for 
 potting purposes, with lofts over for 
 
TOO 
 
 [973] 
 
 TOR 
 
 flower-pot stowage ; a shed for the liquid- 
 manure casks, which is one of the most 
 essential and valuable of all. A shed 
 for placing the charred articles of all 
 kinds, equal to the last ; a potting shed ; 
 mushroom shed ; stove shed; fruit rooms, 
 and onion lofts, etc., etc. Each and all 
 are kept under the same regulations." 
 
 Tooth-ache-tree. Zantho'xylum. 
 Toothwort. Denta'ria. 
 Top-dressing. Manure spread over 
 the surface whilst the crop is growing. 
 
 Torch Lily. Knipho'Jia. 
 
 Torch-Thistle. Ce'reus. 
 
 Tore'nia. (Named after Rev. 0. 
 Toren, a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., 
 ScrophulariacecB ; Tribe, Gratiolece.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of the points of 
 shoots, or small side-shoots, m sandy soil, and in 
 a little heat ; if far enough from the glass of the 
 frame or pit, they will want no bell-glass ; fibry 
 loam and sandy peat in equal proportions, with 
 another part made up of dried old cow-dung, 
 charcoal, and rough sand. Winter temp., 42° to 
 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°. 
 T. arracane^nsis. Deep purple. June. 1846. 
 
 — asia'tica. IJ. Purple. June. E. Indies. 
 
 1848. 
 
 hi/rsulta. White. June. East Indies. 
 
 1823. Syn., T. hirmta. B. M. t. 6167. 
 
 — owrieuleBfo'lia, Lilac, purple, white. India. 
 
 1871. Flor. Mag. t. 534. A synonym of 
 Craterostigma pumilum. 
 
 — Baillo'ni. See T.flava. 
 
 — co'ncolor. B. R. 1846, t. 62. See T. rubeiie. 
 
 — eardi/o'lia. J. Lilac. July. E. Ind. 1811. 
 
 B. M. t. 3715. 
 
 — diffu'sa. A synonym of Vandellia Roxburghii. 
 
 — edelntvla. B. M. t. 4229. See T. peduruni- 
 
 laris. 
 
 — escappendicula'ta. White, deep blue. S. 
 
 China. 1877. 
 — fla'va. |. Yellow, purple. Summer. India. 
 1823. B. M. t. 6700. Syn., T. Baillmi. 
 
 — Fo'rdii. i-1. Straw-coloured, violet. Sum- 
 
 mer. China. B. M. t. 6797. 
 
 — FmirrMri. i. Pale blue, black-purple, yel- 
 
 low. Summer. Cochin China. 1876. 
 
 eompa'cta. A dwarf, compact variety. 
 
 Gfl. 1887, p. 667, flg. 172. 
 
 — h-irsu'ta. See T. aeiaticobt var. hirsuta. 
 
 — pedimcula'ris. Pale yellow, purple. China. 
 
 1883. Syn., T. edentula. B. M. t. 4229. 
 
 — ru'bens. IJ. Purple. July. Hongkong. 
 
 1844. Syn., y. concolor. B. B. 1846, 
 t. 62. 
 
 — sea'Iyra. B. M. t. 3104. See Artanema 
 
 fm^yriatum. 
 
 Toringo Crab. Py'rus Tori'ngo. 
 
 Tormentil. PotenU'lla Tormen- 
 ti'lla. 
 
 Torre'ya. (Named after iV. Ton-ew, 
 an American botanical writer. Nat. ord., 
 Coniferm; Tribe, Taxe^. Allied to 
 Taxus.) 
 
 Por culture, see Taxus. Hardy evergreens. 
 
 T rnJifo'miea. 40. California. 1851. Syn., 
 T. '"^Vorn^.^^^^ ^ ^^ ^ ^^^_ CaUfomian 
 
 Nutmeg. „ „ . 
 
 — gra'ndia. 80. North China. 
 
 T. Hiimb&ldtii. Georgia. 1848. 
 
 — Myri'stica. G. C. 1884, Xidi. p. 68L See T. 
 
 californica, 
 
 — nuei'fera. 30. Jayan. Syns., Podocarpus 
 
 nucifera and Thala/m/ia nucifera. 
 
 — taxifo'lia. 60. Florida. 1840. Ic. PI. 
 
 tt. 2S2-233. 
 
 Tortoise Plant. Testudina'ria, 
 
 To'rtrix. A genus of moths. 
 
 T. lusca!na. generates a red grub, and 
 T. cynoshana a black-spotted, green grub, 
 both very destructive of blossom-buds. 
 
 T. vitisa'na. Vine Tortrix. Found 
 on the vine in April and May; head 
 yellow ; upper wings marbled with rusty 
 and grey colours. Caterpillars appear 
 as the blossom-buds open, which they 
 unite with white thread. 
 
 T. nwrica'na. Red Plum Gruh Tor- 
 trix. Moth black, appearing in June. 
 Eggs deposited on the plum ; grub small, 
 red, pierces the fruit, and is found near 
 the stone. Mr. Curtis observes that, 
 "If the plums that have fallen off be 
 examined, a small red caterpillar will be 
 found within them ; the caterpillar being 
 generally full grown when the plum f alLi 
 off, soon creeps out, and penetrates the 
 loose hark, forming a case, in which it 
 remains during the winter. Early in 
 the spring it changes into a light brown 
 pupa, and the moth emerges about June. 
 The moth is not so large as a house fly j 
 its wings are almost black, and when 
 the sun is shining on them they have a 
 remarkably metallic lustre ; on the outer 
 edge of the fore-wings there is an ap- 
 pearance of fine silver dust. Among 
 the remedies proposed to lessen th& 
 ravages of this insect, it is recommended 
 to shake the trees and remove all the 
 fruit that falls off; and another good 
 method is to scrape the rough pieces of 
 bark off the stem under which the cocoons 
 are concealed : this must be done late in 
 the autumn, or early in the spring." 
 
 T. Bergmannia'na. Rose Tortrix. 
 Differs little to a common observer from 
 the preceding. Where bushes are much 
 infested with the larvae of these insects, 
 it is much better to cut them down, and 
 bum the shoots. This and hand-picking- 
 are the only remedies we are acquainted 
 with. Care must be taken not to disturb 
 the maggots when collecting them, for 
 thep will let themselves down with 
 threads, and thus escape. 
 
 T. oeella'na. This is the parent of 
 the red-bud caterpillar, which destroys 
 the buds of the apple and pear. Upper 
 wings grey, with a white transverse 
 band. 
 
 T. Wceheria'na. Plum-tree Tortrix. 
 Its larva feeds on the inner hark of the 
 
TOT 
 
 [974] 
 
 TRA 
 
 plum, apricot, almond, and peach. The 
 grubs pierce holes through the bark, 
 which may be detected by small heaps 
 of red powder upon it. Moth brown; 
 grub peenish, with a red head. 
 
 T. yomona'na. Codling Moth. Its 
 reddish- white grub is common in apples 
 and pears. Moth light grey, streaked 
 with dark grey. Seen in the evening 
 during May, and the grubs appear soon 
 after. All fallen apples should be de- 
 stroyed, because they usually contain 
 this or other grubs, which will othenvise 
 produce motfi, and multiply £he evil. 
 
 T. turwna'na, T. hyrcynm'na, T. resi- 
 ne'Ua, and T. buolia'na, all infest pine- 
 trees, injuring them by depositing their 
 eggs in tne buds, which are subsequently 
 preyed upon by their caterpillars. 
 
 Tota'ra Pine. Podom'rpus Tota'ra. 
 
 Touch-rae-not. Impa'tiens. 
 
 Toumefo'rtia. (Named after J". P. 
 Toumefort, a great systematic botanist. 
 Nat. ord. , Baraginece ; Tribe, Eeliotro- 
 piece. Allied to the Heliotrope.) 
 
 Cuttings of young shoots in April or August, 
 in sandy soU, under glass, and in a little heat. 
 Some, such as heliotropwi'des^ make a fair bed 
 out of doors ; except lor this purpose, they are 
 not worth house room either in a greenhouse or 
 a plant-stove ; any light, common soil suits them, 
 and they may be planted out in the middle of 
 May. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 2*. cardi/o'lia. White. Tropical America. 1887. 
 Rev. Hort. 1887, p. 128, figs. 28-7. 
 
 — frutico'sa. i. Yellow. June. Canary 
 
 Islands. 1800. B. E. t. 464. 
 
 — umbella'ta. White. June. Mexico. 1826. 
 
 — mluti'na. 10. White. June. Mexico. 1826. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 T, caracasa'na. White. May. Caraocas. 1828. 
 
 — gnaphalo'dea. White. June. W. Indies. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — heliotropioi'deg. 2. Pale lilac. May. Buenos 
 
 Ayres. 1829. B. M. t. 3096. 
 
 — hirsuti'ssima. 10. Green, yellow. June. 
 
 W. Ind. 1818. 
 yua. 12. Yellow. July. W. Ind. 
 
 — macula'ta. Yellow. June. Carthagena. 1828. 
 
 — sca'ndens. 10. Green, yellow. July. Pern. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — volu'Mlis. 10. Green, yellow. July. Jamaica. 
 
 1752. 
 
 Tourre'tia. (After Marc Ant. Claret 
 de la Towrrette, 1729-1793, a botanical 
 author. Nat. ord., Bignoniacew.) 
 
 Hardy climbing herb. Seeds sown early in 
 spring in a hotbed, the seedlings transplanted 
 when large enough. 
 
 T. lappa'cea. 6. Violet-purple. July. Alpine 
 Tropical America. 1788. B. M. t. 3749. 
 
 Tova'ria. (Derivation unexplained. 
 Nat. ord. , Liliacece ; Tribe, Polygona- 
 tece. Allied to Convallaria.) A synonym 
 of Smilaciua. 
 
 T.olera'cea. i. White. Sikkim. 1877. A 
 synonym of Suilacina oleracea. 
 
 Tovomi'ta. (Tovomite, the name 
 in Cayenne. Nat. ord., GuttifercB; 
 Tribe, Clusiece.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of h alf -ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; sandy 
 peat and fibry loam. Winter temp., 58° to 65°; 
 summer, 65° to 90°, and moist atmosphere. 
 T. Choisya'na. 10. Yellow. May. Cayenne. 
 
 1823. Syns., T. cluswefolia and Micran- 
 
 thera clmioejolia. 
 — frvMliw'ndMa. 18. Yellowish. January. 
 
 Peru. Syn., Beauharrumia fructipem- 
 
 dmZa. 
 
 — guicme'nsis. Green. Guiana. 1827. Syn., 
 
 Marialva guiaTiensis. 
 
 Town Cress. Lepi'dium sati'vum. 
 Toxicode'ndron. (From toxicon, 
 
 poison, and dendron, tree ; the fruits 
 are poisonous. Nat. ord., Euphorbia- 
 cecB.) 
 
 Small much-branched greenhouse tree or 
 shrub. Propagated by cuttings, in sand, under 
 a bell-glass. 
 
 T. cape'nse. 6. June. South Africa. 1783. 
 Syn., Byaenachne globosa. 
 
 Toxicophlse'a. (From toxicon, 
 poison, and phloios, bark. Nat. ord., 
 ApocynacecB ; Tribe, Plumeriem.) 
 
 Greenhouse trees or shrubs. Soil rich and 
 light. Cuttings. 
 
 T. cestrm'des. A synonym of Acokamthera 
 venenata. 
 
 — specta'Mlis. See Acokcmthera spectabilis. 
 
 — Thunbe'rgii. See Acokanthera venenata. 
 
 Trache'lium. Throatwort. (From 
 trachelos, the neck ; supposed efficacy in 
 diseases of the trachea. Nat. ord., 
 Campanulacece ; Tribe, Campamilece. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds in a slight 
 hotbed in spring ; also by cuttings of young 
 shoots in sandy soil, in April, or at the end of 
 summer; sandy loam ana a little vegetable 
 mould. 
 T. cceru'leum. 2. Blue. August. Italy. 1640. 
 
 B. R. t. 72. 
 a'lbimi. A white-flowered variety. 
 
 Trachelospe'rmum. (From 
 trachelos, the neck, and sperma, a seed ; 
 the seeds are elongated at one end. 
 Nat. ord., Apocynacece.) 
 
 Evergreen climbers, requiring greenhouse 
 treatment. Grow in a compost of loam and 
 
 Eeat, and propagate by cuttings in sand under a 
 ell-glass. 
 T.jasminoi'dee. White. July. China. 1846. 
 Syn., Bhyncospernhwrn jasmmoides. B. 
 M. t. 4737. BhyncosperTnifm variegatum 
 and R. variv/m are forms of this. 
 
 atigustifo'liuTn. Leaves narrower than 
 
 in the type. Syn., Trachelospermum 
 cmgitstifolium. 
 
 Trachyca'rpus. (From trachys, 
 TOugh, and karpos, fruit; probably in 
 allusion to the hairs upon the fruit. 
 Nat. ord., Palmece; Tribe, Coryphece.) 
 
 Greenhouse or half-hardy palms. Allied to 
 Cham^rOPS, to which refer for cultivation. 
 T. exceHam. 29. Yellow, green. July. China. 
 1844. Syn., T. Fartvmei and Chamcerops 
 Fortwmi. B. M. t. 5224. 
 
TRA 
 
 [975] 
 
 TRA 
 
 T. FarMnei. See T. excelaus. 
 
 — Oriffithii. See T. khasyanus. 
 
 — khasya'nus. 9. Yellowish. Khasya Moun- 
 
 taina. B. M. t. 7128. Syns., T. Grifithii, 
 T. MarUanus, Chamcerops Griffithii and 
 C Martiana, 
 
 — Martia'nus. See T. khasycmus. 
 
 Trachylo'bium. (From trachys, 
 rough, and lobos, pod. Nat. ord., 
 Legutninosce ; Tribe, Amherstiece.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. For culture, see 
 
 HYMEN.EA. 
 
 T. vermco'sum. 20. White. Madagascar. 1808. 
 Syns., T. Martianum and Hymencea 
 verrucosa. 
 
 Trachyme'ne. (From trachys, 
 rough, seaahymen, a membrane ; channels 
 of the fruit. Nat. ord., UmbellifercB ; 
 Tribe, Hydrocotylece.) 
 
 All the following are greenhouse, Australian 
 evergreen plants, except coervllea. The annuals 
 never do much good in the open air, however 
 raised ; but if sown in a gentle hotbed in March, 
 pricked outand potted, and flowered in the green- 
 house in summer, they will reward the trouble ; 
 sandy loam and leaf-mould ; shrubs, cuttings of 
 young shoots under a bell-glass, in sandy soil ; 
 sandy loam and flbry peat. Winter temp., 40° 
 to 60°. 
 
 T. cceru'lea. IJ. Blue. July. 1827. Annual. 
 Syn., DwLiscus cceruleus. B. M. t. 2875. 
 
 — com/pre' ssa. 1. Pale yellow. May. 
 
 — lanceola'ta. B. M. t. 3334. See Siebera 
 
 Billardieri, var. lanceotata. 
 
 — Unea'rw. 2. Yellow. July. 1824. 
 
 — ovallis. 1. White. May. 
 
 — ova'ta. 1. Pale yellow. May. 
 
 Trachyste'mon. (From trachys, 
 rough, and stemon, a thread ; in allusion 
 to the hairy filaments of the stamens. 
 Nat. Old. , Borac/inacece ; Tiihe, Boragece. 
 Allied to Anchusa. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds; divi- 
 sions in spring. Ordinary garden-soil. 
 T. ere'tiaim. 1. Blue. May. Crete. 1823. 
 Syn., JBorago eretica. 
 
 m-ienta'iis. 2. Blue. Spring. Levant. 1762. 
 
 Syn., Borago orientalis. B. M. t. 288. 
 
 TradeSCa'ntia. Spiderwort. (Named 
 after J'. Tradescant, gardener to Charles I. 
 Nat. ori.., Commelinacece; Tribe, Trades- 
 cantiecB. ) 
 
 All blue-flowered, except where otherwise 
 mentioned. Annuals, by seed; perennials, by 
 divisions in spring ; rich, light loam ; those re- 
 ouiring the greenhouse and stove will thrive 
 better from having a little peat, and they should 
 be well drained. 
 
 HAEDY ANNUALS. 
 
 T ere^cta. Jacq. Ic. t. 354 ; B. M. 1. 1340. See 
 Tinantwfugax, var. ereeta. 
 
 — Utyfo'lia. B. C. 1. 1300. See Tinantmfugax, 
 
 var. ereeta. „, ,. ,. 
 
 — undoita. B. E. 1. 1403. See Tmantui, fugax, 
 
 var. ereeta, 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS, ETC. 
 
 T cramfo'lia. 3. August. Mexico. 1796. B. 
 
 -pani^iJi^^l. August. E. Ind. 1816. 
 
 «,.,7..i?7te "l* July. Mexico. 1826. Evergreen. 
 
 STOVE HERBACEOUS. 
 
 T. cordifo'lia. i. June. Jamaica. 1819. Ever- 
 green. 
 
 — cralisula. 1. White. July. Brazil. 1825. 
 
 B. M. t. 2935. 
 
 — di'ieolar. B. M. 1. 1192. See Bliceo discolor. 
 
 — diuriltiea. J. June. Brazil. 1825. 
 
 — divarica'ta. f June. Trinidad. 1818. 
 
 — fusca'ta. i. September. S.America. 1820. 
 
 B. C. t. 374. Syn., Pyrrheima Loddi- 
 gesii. 
 
 — genieula'ta. 1. July. W. Ind. 1783. 
 
 — malaba'riea. 1. Purple. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1776. 
 
 — Martensialiut. See Callisia Martensiana, 
 
 — nmltijU/ra. J. June. Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 356. 
 
 — navicula'ris. Rose. Peru. 
 
 — procu'mbens. i. June. Trinidad. 1824. 
 
 Evergreen. 
 
 — spedo'sa. 1. July. Mexico. 1825. 
 
 — spica'ta. 2. Purple. Mexico. Kn. and 
 
 West, 1. 124. 
 
 — tricolor. See Zebrina pendvla. 
 
 — tuber&sa. IJ. July. B. Ind. 1817. 
 
 — undula'ta. 1. June.. Trinida'd. 1819. 
 
 — Warsczemeaa'na. 2. Purple. May. Guate- 
 
 mala. 
 
 — zan&nia. A synonym of Cartvpelia zaTwnia. 
 
 — zebri'na. See Zebrina pendula. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 T. caricifo'Ua. 1. August. Texas. 1835. B. 
 M. t. 3646. 
 
 — congefsta. 2. August. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 — pilo'sa. B. M. t. 3291. See T. virgvnica, var. 
 
 pilosa. 
 
 — ro'sea. 1. Pink. June. Carolina. 1802. 
 
 B. C. t. 370. 
 
 — virgi'nica. IJ. July. N. Amer. 1629. B. 
 
 M. 1. 105. 
 a'lba. 1. White. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1629. 
 cceru'lea a'lba. 1. Blue, white. July. 
 
 N. Amer. 1629. 
 pilo'sa. 1. White. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1629. B. R. t. 1055. Syn., T. pilosa. 
 
 B. M. t. 3291. 
 
 ple'na. 1. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1629. 
 
 ru'bra. 1. Bed. July. N. Amer. 1629. 
 
 Tra'gmm. (Said to be derived from 
 tragos, a goat ; application obscure. ) 
 T. a/ni'sum. A synonym of Pimpinella anisum. 
 See Anise. 
 
 — tavlricwin. A synonym of Scilla indiea. 
 
 Tragopo'gon. Goat's Beard. (From 
 tragos, a goat, Sbuipogon, a beard ; long, 
 silky beards of the seed. Nat. ord., 
 CompositcB ; Tribe, Cichoriacece.) 
 
 Hardy biennials, yellow-flowered, exceptwhere 
 otherwise mentioned ; seeds in March and Au- 
 gust ; common garden-soil. See Saxsahy. 
 T. du'bius. 3. May. Podolia. 1818. 
 —fiocc&ms. 3. May. Hungary. 1816. 
 
 — gla'ber. IJ. Pink. July. Italy. 1704. 
 
 Syn., Geropogon gldber. B. M. t. 479. 
 
 — hirsu'tux. IJ. Bed. July. Italy. 1769. 
 
 Syn., Geropogon Mrsvctwi. 
 
 — ma' jar. 6. May. Austria. 1788. 
 
 — milruyr. 2. June. Britain. 
 
 — muta'bilis. 8. Pale. May. Siberia. 1816. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. 1. 167. 
 
 — orienta'lis. 3. June. Levant. 1787. 
 
 — porrifo'liut. 4. Purple. May. England. 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 159. 
 
 — pasillus. J, June. Iberia. 1820. 
 
 — ro'eeus. IJ. Bed. May. Siberia. 1826. 
 
 Tragopy'nun. Goat's Wheat. (From 
 tragos, a goat, and pyros, wheat. Nat. 
 
TEA 
 
 [976] 
 
 TEA 
 
 ord., Poly gonacecB ; Tribe, Eupolygonece.) 
 Now known as Atraphaxis. 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs. Generally by layers 
 in spring and autumn ; a moist, peaty soil suits 
 them most. 
 
 T. buxifo'lium. 1}. White. July. Siberia. 
 1800. Atraphaxis boxifolius. 
 
 — laneeola'tii/m. 2. Pink. July. Siberia. 
 
 1778. Atraphaxts frutescens. 
 
 latifo'lia, A broad-leaved variety. Russia 
 
 and Central Asia. 1891. Gfl. t. 1344, 
 figs. 1-3. 
 
 — poli/ganum. 2. Pink. July. Carolina. 
 
 1810. 
 
 Trailers. See Creepers. 
 
 Train Oil. See Animal Matters. 
 
 Training ias for its object the ren- 
 dering plants more productive either of 
 flowers or of fruit, by relating the 
 number and position of their branches. 
 If their number be too great they over- 
 shadow those below them, and, by ex- 
 cluding the heat and light, prevent that 
 elaboration of the sap req[uired for the 
 production of fructification. If they are 
 too few the sap is expended in the pro- 
 duction of more, and in extending the 
 surface of the leaves required for the 
 development of the juices. 
 
 The position of the branches is im- 
 portant, because, if trained against a 
 wall, they obtain a higher temperature 
 and protection from winds ; and if trained 
 with their points below the horizontal 
 line the return of the sap is checked. 
 Shy-fiowering shrubs, as Mi'mulus gluti- 
 no'sus, ySi.T.puni'ceus, are made to blossom 
 abundantly, and freely -flowering shrubs, 
 as C'tj'tisus hy'bridus, are made to blossom 
 earlier, by having their branches bent 
 below the horizontal line. 
 
 The reason of this appears in the fact, 
 that a plant propels its sap with greatest 
 force perpendicularly, 
 so much so that the 
 sap rising in a vine 
 branch growing in a 
 right line from the 
 root, with a force 
 capable of sustaining 
 a column of mercury 
 twenty -eight inches 
 high, will, if the 
 branch be bent down 
 to a right angle, sup- 
 port barely twenty- 
 three inches, and it 
 bent a few degrees 
 below the horizontal 
 the column sustained 
 will not be more than 
 twenty - one inches. 
 This is the reason why, at such angles, 
 gardeners find the trained branches of 
 their wall-trees rendered more produc- 
 
 tive of blossoms, and furnished with a, 
 smaller surface of leaves. A similar 
 effect is produced by training a branch 
 in a waving form, for two-thirds of it& 
 length are placed horizontally, as in the 
 accompanymg outline. 
 
 Besides the usual modes of training — 
 for which see also Espaliers and 
 Standards — there are two other modes 
 which deserve notice. 
 
 Quenouille Training consists in train- 
 ing one upright central shoot in summer, 
 and shortenmg it down to fifteen inches 
 at the winter pruning, in order that it 
 may, at that height, produce branches 
 forming a tier, to be trained, in the first 
 instance, horizontally. The shoot pro- 
 duced by the uppermost bud is, however, 
 trained as upright as possible during the 
 summer, and is cut back, so as to produce 
 another tier fifteen inches above the first, 
 and so on until the tree had reached the 
 desired height. In this climate it ia 
 necessary to train the shoot downwards, 
 which is easily done by tying those of the 
 first tier to short stakes, those of each 
 successive tier being fastened to the 
 branches below them. When the shoots, 
 are thus arched downwards at full length, 
 or nearly so, they soon come into a bear- 
 ing state; but in this climate, if cut 
 short, as the French do, they only send 
 up a number of shoots annually. The 
 plan answers very well where it can be 
 at all times properly attended to ; but if 
 this cannot be guaranteed, the ordinary 
 form of dwarf is preferable. Quenouilles 
 require more time to be devoted to them 
 than espaliers. 
 
 Balloon Training is forcing downwards 
 all the branches of standard trees till the 
 points touch the earth, and they have the 
 merit of producing large crops of fruit 
 in a very small compass. Their upper 
 parts are, however, too much exposed to 
 radiation at night, and the crop from that 
 part of the branches is apt to be cut off. 
 
 Tra'ma awn'culcB. This Aphis at- 
 tacks the roots of the Auricula, and. 
 oftentimes causes serious 
 damage to the plants. In 
 colour the insect is 
 greenish-white, some in- 
 dividuals being furnished 
 with a woolly excretion 
 behind (our illustration ' 
 represents this form 
 magnified), others being 
 without it ; the legs and 
 antenuEe are brownish. When Auriculas 
 are found to be attacked by the Trama, 
 which may be known by their unhealthy 
 appearance and the presence of white. 
 
TRA 
 
 [977] 
 
 TRE 
 
 woolly matter about the collar and roots, 
 the infected plants should be thoroughly 
 cleansed of the earth, andtheirroots, etc. , 
 well cleaned with soft soap, and then re- 
 potted in fresh soil and clean pots ; the 
 earth and pots in which they grew should 
 be scalded to kill anyinsects or eggs that 
 may remain in it. The repotted plants 
 should be placed in a fresh place, to pre- 
 vent their oeing again attacked by any 
 stray Tramas that may lurk in the 
 neighbourhood where the infected plants 
 stood. 
 
 Transplanting is most successfully 
 performed whenever the roots are least 
 required for supplying the leaves with 
 moisture. The reason is obvious, because 
 the roots are always in some degree 
 broken, and lessened in their absorbing 
 power, by the process of removal. That 
 such is the rationale of seasonable trans- 
 planting is proved by the fact, that plants 
 in pots, with reasonable care, may be 
 transplanted at any season. This rule, 
 too, is sanctioned both by theory and 
 practice — transplant as early as possible 
 after the leaves cease to require a supply 
 of sap ; the reason for which is, that the 
 vital powers in the roots continue active 
 long after they have become torpid in 
 the branches, and fresh roots are formed 
 during the autumn and winter to suc- 
 ceed those destroyed by transplanting. 
 
 For transplanting most deciduous trees 
 and shrubs October and November are 
 the most successful months. In trans- 
 planting evergreens, Mr. Beaton says : — 
 " I do not now concur in the g:eneral 
 belief that autumn is the best time to 
 plant all kinds of evergreens indiscrimi- 
 nately. I have planted evergreens every 
 week in the year, more from necessity 
 than choice it is true, but stUl the result 
 of the whole convinces me that a dog- 
 matic adherence to this or that given 
 period of the year is just as bad and un- 
 philosophioal as the old prejudice in 
 favour of planting all kinds of ever- 
 greens late in the spring. That vast 
 assemblage of evergreens belonging to 
 the natural order Coniferce, from the 
 Cedar of Lebanon down to the trailing 
 Juniper, should be planted from the 
 middle of July to the beginning of Octo- 
 ber, according to the weather after bt. 
 Swithin's day. November, on the other 
 hand, is as good a time as can be to re- 
 move evergreens of all kinds, provided 
 that large balls of earth be removed with 
 them. Hollies, Laurestinus, Alaternus 
 PhUlyreas, and TVee/oa; will transplant 
 as well in May and June as at any other 
 time of the year-of that I am quite 
 certain • I have removed hundreds of, 
 
 them in May and June without losing 
 a twig. On the other hand, all these, 
 and many more besides, will answer as 
 well if planted early in November ; but 
 that is no reason for giving up the old 
 plan of late spring planting such ever- 
 greens as do well at that time, although 
 we need not dp so from choice. The 
 whole question amounts to this : — All 
 evergreens succeed if planted in the 
 autumn ; a great number of them will 
 do better from being planted in the 
 autumn, and will not transplant safely 
 except in the autumn; while a large 
 portion of them may be planted every 
 day in the year with almost equal 
 success." 
 
 November and May are the best two 
 months to remove Roses. All the young 
 and tender ones in pots turn out in 
 May ; but for all those on their own 
 roots November is the best month to 
 remove them. 
 
 Tra'pa. Water Caltrops. (From 
 calcitrapa, an ancient instrument in war- 
 fare with four spikes; fruit armed with 
 spikes, or horns. Nat. ord. , OnagrarieoB. ) 
 
 Aquatic!!. Seeds ; good loam, in a tab or 
 pond of water ; T. tia'tans will do in the latter ; 
 the others require the shelter of a greenhouse. 
 T. bico'mw. White. July. China. 1790. 
 Greenhouse perennial. 
 
 — Msfmo'sa. White. July. B; Ind. 1822. 
 
 Greenhouse biennial. 
 
 — no! tans. White, purple. July. Europe. 
 
 1781. Hardy annual. 
 
 — quadrispino'sa. White. July. E. Ind. 
 
 1823. Greenhouse biennial. 
 
 — verlaMe'rws. Lake Maggiore. 1886. Hardy. 
 
 Trautvette'ria. (After Ernest B. 
 Trautvetter, a Russian botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Banunculacece ; Tribe, Banuncu- 
 lece.) 
 
 Hardy perennial. Divisions. Ordinary garden- 
 soil. 
 T. paZma'ta. 2-3. White. July. North America 
 
 and Japan. 1812. Syn., Actcea palmata. 
 
 This is the correct name for the plant 
 
 described on p. 222 as Citme^uga 
 
 palmata. 
 
 Travellers' Joy. Cle'matis vita'lba. 
 
 Travellers' Tree. Bavena'lamada- 
 gascarie'nsis. 
 
 Treasure Flower. Ga^za'nia. 
 
 Treculia. (Named in honour of M. 
 Auguste Tr6cul, a botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Urticacece; Tribe, Artocarpece. , Allied 
 to Artocarpus.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of the ripened 
 shoots in sandy loam, in bottom heat and under 
 a bell-glass. Kich loam and leaf -mould. Sum- 
 mer temp., 65° to 86° ; winter, 60° to 70°. Moist 
 atmosphere. 
 
 T. africa'na. Greenish. W. Tropical Africa. 
 1872. B. M. t. 6986. 
 
 3r 
 
TRE 
 
 [ 978 J 
 
 TRE 
 
 Tree Carrot. Moni'zia e'dulis. 
 
 Tree Celandine. Bocco'niafrute'- 
 scens. 
 
 Tree Guards. The following are 
 cheap and effectual : — Stakes about the 
 thickness of the wrist, seven feet in 
 length, and tolerably straight, each 
 chopped a little flat on one side, some 
 iron hooping, a little thicker than coopers 
 are in the habit of using for barrels, with 
 punched holes through it six inches apart, 
 with one hole near each end. Nail this 
 to the stakes on the chopped side, one 
 foot from the top of them, and one foot 
 from the bottom ; then raise it, and bend 
 it circularly round the tree, observing 
 that the hoops are placed inside, nearest 
 the tree ; the holes left at each end of 
 the hoop are then clenched up with a 
 nail, and the guard is complete. 
 
 The following plan is somewhat simi- 
 lar : — Procure staJies of ash or larch, six 
 feet in length, or more if requisite, and 
 about two inches in diameter, and bore 
 holes through the tops and bottoms about 
 one foot from each end. Get a similar 
 hole drilled up the centre of a stake, and 
 saw it off in lengths of two inches, or 
 rather less ; pass a strong wire, or thick 
 tarred string, through one stake, by the 
 holes at the top and at the bottom ; 
 then pass it through the hole made in 
 one of the two-inch pieces at each end, 
 and then through another stake, sepa- 
 rating each stake at top and bottom by 
 a piece of wood, until you leave enougifi 
 to surround the tree loosely, leaving 
 plenty of space for growth. Place it 
 round the tree, and fasten the ends of 
 the wire or string. This guard is much 
 the same as a cradle put round the neck 
 of a blistered horse, to prevent his gnaw- 
 ing the irritated part. The stakes merely 
 rest on the ground, and should be cut 
 quite flat at the bottom, to prevent their 
 sticking into the ground. At the upper 
 end they should have a sharp slanting 
 cut with a bill-hook, and threaded with 
 the slope towards the tree. The motion 
 of the tree will not in any degree be im- 
 peded ; and the bark cannot be injured 
 let the wind blow as it may, for the 
 guard moves freely with the tree in 
 every direction. 
 
 Trees are the chief material in land- 
 scape gardening. The varieties in their 
 shapes, says Mr. Whately, may be re- 
 duced to the following heads : Some, 
 thick with branches and foliage, have 
 almost an appearance of solidity, as the 
 beech, the elm, the lilac, and seringa ; 
 others, thin of boughs and of leaves, 
 seem light and airy, as the ash and the 
 
 abele, the common arbor vitse and the 
 tamarisk. 
 
 There is a mean betwixt the two ex- 
 tremes, very distinguishable f jom both, 
 as in the bladder-nut and the ashen- 
 leayed maple. They may again be 
 divided into those whose branches begin 
 from the ground, and those which shoot 
 up in a stem before their branches be- 
 gin. Trees which have some and not 
 much clear stem, as several of the firs, 
 belong to the former class ; but a very 
 short stem will rank as a shrub, such as 
 the althaea, in the latter. 
 
 Of those, the branches of which begin 
 from the ground, some rise in a conical 
 figure, as the larch, the cedar of Lebanon, 
 and the holly. Some swell out in the 
 middle of their growth and diminish at 
 both ends, as the Weymouth pine, the 
 mountain ash, and the lilac ; and some 
 are irregular and bushy from the top to 
 the bottom, as the evergreen oak, the 
 Virginian cedar, and Guelder rose. There 
 is a great difference between one whose 
 base is very large, and another whose 
 base is very small, in proportion to its 
 height. The cedar of Lebanon and the 
 cypress are instances of such a difference; 
 yet in both the branches begin from the 
 ground. 
 
 The heads of those which shoot up 
 into a stem before their branches begin 
 sometimes are slender cones, as of many 
 firs; sometimes are broad cones, as of 
 the horse-chestnut ; sometimes they are 
 round, as of the stone pine, and most 
 sorts of fruit-trees ; and sometimes irre- 
 gular, as of the elm. Of this kind there 
 are many considerable varieties. 
 
 The branches of some grow horizon- 
 tally, as of the oak ; in others they fall, 
 as in the lime and the acacia ; and in 
 some of these last they incline obliquely, 
 as in many of the firs ; in some they 
 hang directly down, as in the weeping 
 willow. 
 
 Some are of a dark green, as the 
 horse-chestnut and the yew ; some of a 
 light green, as the lime and the laurel ; 
 some of a green tinged with brown, as 
 the Virginian cedar; some of a green 
 tinged with white, as the abele and the 
 sage-tree ; and some of a green tinged 
 with yellow, as the ashen-leaved maple 
 and the Chinese arbor vitse. The varie- 
 gated plants, also, are generally entitled 
 to be classed with the white or the 
 yellow, by the strong tincture of the 
 one or the other of those colours on then- 
 leaves. 
 
 , The fall of the leaf is the time to learn 
 the species, the order, and the propor- 
 tion of tints, which blended will form 
 
TRE 
 
 [979] 
 
 TRE 
 
 beautiful masses ; and, on the other 
 hand, to distinguish those which are in- 
 compatible near together. The peculiar 
 beauty of the tints of red cannot then 
 escape observation, and the want of 
 them throughout the summer months 
 must be regretted ; but the want, though 
 it cannot perfectly, may partially be sup- 
 plied, for plants have a permanent and 
 an accidental colour. The permanent 
 is always some shade of green, but any 
 other may be the accidental colour ; and 
 there is none which so many circum- 
 stances concur to produce as a red. It 
 is assumed in succession' by the bud, the 
 blossom, the berry, the bark, and the 
 leaf. Sometimesit profusely overspreads, 
 at other times it dimly tinges the plant, 
 and a reddish-green is generally the hue 
 of those plants on which it lasts long or 
 frequently returns. 
 
 Admitting this, at least for many 
 months in the year, among the charac- 
 teristic distinctions, a large piece of red- 
 green, with a narrow edging of dark 
 freen along the further side of it, and 
 eyond that a piece of light green still 
 larger than the first, will be found to 
 compose a beautiful mass. Another, 
 not less beautiful, is a yellow-green 
 nearest the eye, beyond that a light 
 
 freen, then a brown-green, and lastly a 
 ark green. The dark green must be 
 the largest, the light green the next in 
 extent, and the yellow-green the least 
 of all. 
 
 From these combinations the agree- 
 ments between particular tints may be 
 known. A light green may be next 
 either to a yellow or a brown-green, and 
 a brown to a dark green, all in con- 
 siderable quantities ; and a little rim of 
 dark green may border on a red or a 
 light green. Further observations will 
 show that the yellow and the white- 
 greens connect easily ; but that large 
 quantities of the light, the yellow, or 
 tne white-greens do not mix well with a 
 large quantity also of the dark green ; 
 and that to form a pleasing mass, either 
 the dark green must be reduced to a 
 mere edging, or a brown or an interme- 
 diate green must be interposed ; that 
 the red, the brown, and the intermediate 
 greens agree among themselves, and 
 that either of them may be joined to 
 any other tint ; but that the red-green 
 will bear a larger quantity of the light 
 than of the dark green near it ; nor does 
 it seem so proper a mixture with the 
 white-green as with the rest. In massing 
 these tints an attention must be con- 
 stantly kept up to their forms, that they 
 do not lie in large stripes one beyond 
 
 another ; but that either they be quite 
 intermingled, or, which is generally 
 more pleasing, that considerable pieces 
 of different tints, each a beautiful figure, 
 be in different proportions placed near 
 together. See Clump, Avenue, and 
 Grove. 
 
 Tree Mallow. Lava'tera arho'rea. 
 
 Tree of Heaven. Aila'nthus. 
 
 Tree of Life. Thu'ya. 
 
 Tree of Sadness. Nyota'nthes 
 
 a'rbor tri'stis. 
 
 Tree or Canada Onion. (A'llium 
 proli'ferum. ) This is without a bulbous 
 root, but throws out numerous offsets. 
 Its top bulbs are greatly prized for pick- 
 ling, being considered or superior flavour 
 to the common onion. 
 
 It \& propagated both by the root off- 
 sets, which may be planted during March 
 and AprU, or in September and October, 
 and from the top bulbs, which are best 
 planted at the end of April. The old 
 roots are best to plant again for a crop 
 of bulbs, as they are most certain to run 
 to stems. Plant in rows twelve inches 
 asunder, in holes six inches apart and 
 two deep, a single offset or bulb being 
 put in each. Those planted in autumn 
 will shoot up leaves early in the spring, 
 and have their bulbs fit for gathering in 
 June or the beginning of July. Those 
 inserted in the spring will make their 
 appearance later, and will be in produc- 
 tion at the close of July or early in 
 August. They must not, however, be 
 gathered for keeping or planting until 
 the stalks decay, at which time, or in 
 the spring also, if only of one year's 
 growth, the roots may be taken up and 
 parted if required ior planting ; but 
 when of two or three years' continuance, 
 they must, at all events, be reduced in 
 size, otherwise they grow in too large 
 and spindling bunches ; but the best 
 plan is to make a fresh plantation an- 
 nually with single offsets. 
 
 The bulbs, when gathered, must be 
 gradually and carefully dried in a shady 
 place, and if kept perfectly free from 
 moisture wiU continue in good state 
 until the following May. 
 
 Trefoil. Trifo'Uwm. 
 
 Trefoil, Bird's-foot. Lo'tus eomi- 
 cula'tus. 
 
 Trefoil, Golden. Anemo'ne Hepa'- 
 tiea. 
 
 Trefoil, Milk. Cy'tisus. 
 
 Trefoil, Moon. Medica'go ar- 
 ho'rea. 
 
TRE 
 
 [980] 
 
 TRE 
 
 Trefoil, Scented. MelUo'tus. 
 
 Trefoil, Shrubby. Jasmi'niwm 
 fi'u'ticans and Pte'lea trifolm'ta. 
 
 Trellis, or Treillage, is an arrange- 
 ment of supporters upon which to train 
 plants. 
 
 Espalier Trellis. — The cheapest, the 
 easiest, and the soonest made is that 
 formed with straight poles or stakes of 
 ash, oak, or chestnut, m len^hs of from 
 five to six or seven feet, driving them in 
 the ground in a range ahout a foot dis- 
 tant, all of an equal height, and then 
 railed along the top with the same kind 
 of poles or rods, to preserve the whole 
 form in a regular position. They should 
 be full an inch and a half thick, and, 
 having pointed them at one end, drive 
 them with a mallet into the ground in a 
 straight range, close along the row of 
 trees, a foot deep at least. To render 
 treillage still stronger, run two, three, 
 or more ranges of rods along the back 
 part of the uprights, a foot or eighteen 
 inches asunder, fastening them to the 
 upright stakes either with pieces of 
 strong wire twisted two or three times 
 round, or by nailing them. 
 
 Espalier trellis made of cast-iron rods 
 is neater and much more durable than 
 that made of wood. 
 
 Trellis for Climbers. — These have been 
 greatly improved, or rather, they have 
 been created within recent years. 
 
 Their forms are now various and 
 elegant ; but we shall here only explain 
 the manner in which the wire trellis for 
 climbing plants is attached to the pots. 
 It will be seen that a strong wire ring is 
 
 having been done, the uprights are 
 directed upwards, and fashioned into 
 the pattern required. By these means 
 a sort of collar is formed upon the rim 
 of the pot, which prevents the trellis 
 from slipping downwards, while, at the 
 same time, the lowest ring of wire keeps 
 it from swinging and swaying backwards 
 and forwards. 
 
 Umbrella Trellis is a form excellently 
 adapted for Wista'ria sine'nsis, and 
 
 carried round the pot a little above its 
 bottom. To this a sufficient number of 
 upright wires are attached all round. 
 These upright wires are pressed down 
 upon the surface of the pot till they 
 reach the rim, over which they are 
 firmly bent till they reach the highest 
 point of the rim, or are even bent alittle 
 within it. At this point they are 
 secured by a second ring of stout wire, 
 adjusted as in the drawing, which 
 
 other climbers or shrubs having long 
 racemes of flowers. 
 
 Hothouse Trellis, for training vines 
 near the glass, is usually made of thin 
 rods of deal or of iron, placed about a 
 foot apart, and fastened to the frame- 
 work of the building. Mr. Long, Beau- 
 fort Place, Chelsea, has invented a 
 movable wire trellis, by which the 
 vines may be lowered from the roof^ 
 or placed at any angle, without injur- 
 ing the vines. This is an excellent 
 mode of removing them from the in- 
 fluence of extreme exterior heat or cold. 
 A still further improvement would be to 
 have the vertical rods movable round 
 the rod horizontally fixed to the rafter 
 or roof, for then the whole trellis might 
 be raised to an angle with, or even close 
 to, the glass, whenever sun to the vine 
 upon the trellis, or shade to the plants 
 within the house, was desirable. 
 
 Trema'ndra. (From tremo, to 
 tremble, and andros, a male; the 
 anthers vibrate with the least move- 
 ment of the air. Nat. ord., Trenum- 
 drem.) 
 
 Small greenhouae shrubs from Australia, with 
 purplish flowers. For cultivation, see Tetra- 
 
 THECA. 
 
 T. hirsu'ta. 1. 
 
 — stelU'geira. 1 J. 
 
 — vertioUla'ta. See PlMytheca galioMee. 
 
 Trembling American Tree. 
 
 Po'pulus tre'mida. 
 
TRE 
 
 [981] 
 
 TRE 
 
 Trenching is one of the readiest 
 modes in the gardener's power for reno- 
 vating his soil. The process is thus con- 
 ducted : From the end of the piece of 
 ground where it is intended to hegin 
 take out a trench two spades deep, and 
 twenty inches wide, and wheel the earth 
 to the opposite end to fill up and finish 
 the last ridge. Measure off the width 
 of another trench, then stretch the line, 
 and mark it out with the spade. Pro- 
 ceed in this way until the -whole of the 
 ridges are outlined, after which hegin at 
 one end, and fill up the hottom of the 
 first trench with the surface or "top 
 spit " of the second one ; then take the 
 bottom " spit " of the latter, a.nd throw 
 itin such a way over the other as to form 
 an elevated sharp-pointed ridge. By this 
 means a portion of fresh soil is annually 
 brought on the surface in the place of 
 that which the «rop of the past season 
 may have, in some measure, exhausted. 
 
 Bastard Trenching is thus per- 
 iormed : — Open a trench two feet and 
 a half or a yard wide, one full spit, and 
 the shovelling deep, and wheel the soil 
 from it to where it is intended to finish 
 the piece ; then put in the dung, and 
 dig it in with the bottom spit m the 
 trench ; then fill up this trench with 
 the top spit, etc., of the second, treat- 
 ing it m like manner, and so on. The 
 advantages of this plan of working the 
 soU are, the good soil is retained at the 
 top, an important consideration where 
 the subsoil is poor or bad ; the bottom 
 soil is enriched and loosened for the 
 penetration and nourishment of the 
 roots, and, allowing them to descend 
 deeper, they are not so liable to suffer 
 from drougittt in summer ; strong soil is 
 rendered capable of absorbing more 
 moisture, and yet remains drier at the 
 surface by the water passing down niore 
 rapidly to the subsoil, and it insures a 
 thorough shifting of the soil. 
 
 In all trenching, whether one, two, or 
 more spades deep, always, previous to 
 digging, put the top of each trench two 
 or three inches deep or more, with all 
 weeds and other litter at the bottom of 
 the open one, which not only makes 
 clean digging and increases the depth of 
 loose soil, but all weeds and their seeds 
 are regularly buried at such a depth, that 
 the weeds themselves will rot, and their 
 seeds cannot vegetate. 
 
 Treve'sia. (After the Treves de 
 Bonfigli of Padua, patrons of Botany. 
 Nat. ord., Araliaeex.) 
 
 Stove shruba, or small trees with large 
 leaves. Compost of sand, loam, and leaf -mould. 
 Cuttings. 
 
 T.emmms. Phillipine Islands. 1882. 
 
 —palnwIUt. 10. Greenish-white. March. 
 India. 1818. Syns., T. sundaiea. Gas- 
 toma palmata, B. B. t. 894, and Qiii- 
 oertia palmata, 
 
 — sunda'ica. See T. palmata. 
 
 Trevira'na. (In honour of Lvdolph 
 thrist. Treviranus, professor of Botany 
 at Rostock, 1812, and Breslau, 1816. 
 Nat. ord., Gesneracece; Tribe, Gesnerece.) 
 A synonym of Achimenes. 
 
 T. ca'ndUa. H. Ser. t. 420. See Achimenes 
 Candida. 
 
 — coed'nea. See Achimenes eocdnea. 
 
 — Ungifio'ra. See AcMmenes longiflara. 
 — pulche'lla. See AchimAnes coccmea. 
 
 Trevo'a. (In honour of Trevo, a 
 Spanish botanist. Nat. ord. , Bhamnece. ) 
 
 Greenhouse tree, rarely seen in cultivation. 
 T. trine'rvis. South America. 
 
 Tre'wia. (In honour of C. J. Trew, 
 1695-1769, author of a volume of illus- 
 trations of garden plants. Nat. ord., 
 EuphorbiacecB.) 
 
 Stove tree. Compost of sandy loam and peat. 
 Cuttings, in sand, in heat, under a bell-glass. 
 T. nudiflo'ra. 8. Greenish. May. East Indies. 
 1796. 
 
 Tria'nea. (Named in honour of M. 
 Josi Triana, a botanist and traveller in 
 Columbia. iH a,t. oid.,Hy drocharidacecB. 
 Allied to Hydrooharis. ) 
 
 Stove or greenhouse floating aquatic. See 
 Aquarium. 
 
 T. hogote'rms. Columbia. 1879. G. C. 1881, xv. 
 p. 466 ; Gfl. t. 980. 
 
 Tri'as. (From treis, three ; in refe- 
 rence to the arrangement of the perianth 
 segments. Nat. ord., Orchidece; Tribe, 
 EpidendrecB — Dendrohiece. ) 
 
 Dwarf stove orchids. See Orchids. 
 T. oblo'nga. i. Greenish-brown ; lip purplish. 
 
 April. Moulmein. 1837. 
 — pi'cta. Honey-colour, spotted with reddish- 
 purple. G. C. 1888, iii. p. 488. 
 
 Tribra'chia. (From treis, three, 
 and braehys, short. Nat. ord., Orchi- 
 dece ; Tribe, Epidendrece-BendrobiecB.) 
 A synonym of Bulbophyllum. 
 
 T.pe'nMla. B. B. t. 963. See Bvlbophyllvm 
 recmrvum. 
 
 Tri'bulus. Caltrops. (From treis, 
 three, and ballo, to project ; carpels, or 
 divisions of the seed-vessel, end in three 
 or four projecting points. Nat. ord., 
 Zygophyllacece. ) 
 
 All yellow-flowered, and annuals, except ds- 
 tm'des. Sow in a hotbed in March, harden off, 
 and put in a sheltered place in the garden 
 towards the beginning of June, or flower m pots 
 in the greenhouse ; noh, light, sandy loam ; a 
 little peat will be required for cistoi'des, which 
 is easily increased by cuttings in the spring. 
 T. cistoi'des. IJ. July. S. Amer. 1762. Stove 
 
 evergreen. Jacq. H. Scboenb. t. 103; 
 
 B. E. t. 791. 
 
TRI 
 
 [982] 
 
 TRI 
 
 T.ma'ximui. li. June. Jamaica. 1728. 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 462. 
 
 — terr^stris. 1. June. South Europe. 1596. 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 372. 
 
 — trijuga'tus. i. June. Georgia. 1819. 
 
 Tricha'ntha. (From thrix, a hair, 
 and anthe, a blossom. Nat. ord., Ges- 
 neracew ; Tribe, CytandrecB.) 
 
 Stove trailer. For cultivation, see NiphjEa. 
 T. mi'nor. Yellow, purple, scarlet. Columbia. 
 1864. B. M. t. 6428. 
 
 Trichi'lia. (From iricha, in threes, 
 or ternary ; the parts of the seed-pods 
 in threes. Nat. ord., Meliacem ; Tribe, 
 TricMUfCB.) 
 
 White-flowered stove, evergreen trees. Cut- 
 tings of ripened shoots in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, and in a moist, sweet heat, in April or 
 autumn ; flbry loam and sandy peat. Winter 
 temp., 65° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°. 
 T. gla'bra. See T. havanensis, 
 
 — glandido'sa. 20. July. N.Holland. 1821. 
 
 — havane'nsis. 30. June. Havannah. 1794. 
 
 Syn., T. glabra. 
 
 — hi'rta. 12. June. West Indies. 1800. Bas- 
 
 tard Iron-wood. 
 
 — odora'ta. 20. Yellowish. June. West Indies. 
 
 1801. Andr. Eep. t. 637. 
 
 — spondioi'des. 16. White. Tropical America. 
 
 1870. Jacq. H. Schoenb. 1. 102. 
 
 — termina'lis. 20. Jamaica. 1825. 
 
 — trifolia'ta. 8. S. America. 1828. 
 
 Trichi'nium. (From trichinos, 
 hairy ; flowers covered with knotted 
 hairs. Nat. ord., Amarantacece ; Tribe, 
 Amarantece.) 
 
 Australian annuals. Seeds in a hotbed in 
 April ; pricked out, and ultimately bloomed in 
 a cool greenhouse ; rich, sandy loam and a little 
 peat. 
 
 T. alopeeuroi'deum. 1. Yellow, red. June. 
 1838. B. B. 1839, t. 28. 
 
 — Mangle'sii. White, pink. June. 1838. 
 
 — Stirli'ngii. White, pink. June. 1838. 
 
 Trichoca'rpa. (From thrix, a hair, 
 and carpos, f rait ; the fructification is ele- 
 vated on a short hair. Nat. ord., Filices 
 — PolypodiacecB. ) 
 
 Stove fern. See Ferns. 
 T. lloo'rei. IJ. New Caledonia. 
 
 Trichocau'lon. (From thrix, a 
 hair, and caulon, a stem ; referring to 
 the tufts of hair on the stem. Nat. ord., 
 AsclepiadacecB ; Tribe, Stapeliem.) 
 
 Dwarf succulent plant. For culture, see 
 Stapelia. 
 T. pili'ferum. Yellowish-red outside; dark 
 
 Surple inside. South Africa. 1882. B. 
 I. t. 6759. Syns., Piaranthus piliferus 
 and Stapelia pUifera. 
 
 Trichoce'ntrum. (From thrix, a 
 hair, and centron, a spur ; application 
 not obvious. Nat. oid., Orchidem; Tribe, 
 Vandece-Oncidiem. ) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown on blocks. See Orchids. 
 T. a'lbo-purpu'reu-m. Cinnamon, white, purple. 
 
 Bio Negro. 1866. B. M. t. 6688. , 
 stria' turn. Lip blotched at the base, and 
 
 striped at the apex with purple. 1887. 
 
 Lind. t. 85. 
 
 T. ea'ndidmn. White, yellow. May. Guate- 
 mala. 1840. 
 
 — capistra'tum. Yellow, white, purple. Costa 
 
 Rica. 1871. 
 
 — convuco'pice. Greenish-white. S. America. 
 
 1866. Bef. Bot. t. 77. 
 — fu'scum. J. Green, white. July. Mexico. 
 
 1836. B. R. 1. 1951. 
 Erame'ri. A variety with large flowers. 
 
 Brazil. 1886. 
 
 — Hoflgei. Greenish-yellow, purple. Mexico. 
 
 1882. 
 
 — ionophtha'lmum. Yellowish, brown, whitish, 
 
 violet. Amazons. 1876. 
 
 — iridifo'lium. Yellow. September. Demerara. 
 
 1830. 
 
 — macula'tum. White, purple. February. 
 
 New Grenada. 
 
 — orthople'ctron. Cinnamon - brown, yellow, 
 
 white, crimson. October. Brazil. 
 Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 272. 
 
 — Pfa'vei. Brown, white, red. Central America. 
 
 1881. G. C. 1881, xvi. p. 70 ; Gfl. 1. 1103. 
 zona'le. A variety with a greater propor- 
 tion of brown. 1883. 
 
 — porphy'rio. Brown, yellow, magenta. South 
 
 America. 1884. 111. Hort. 1884, t. 608. 
 
 — pu'lchrum. Yellow, white. July. Peru. 
 
 — purpu'reum. Olive-green ; lip purple. Deme- 
 
 rara. 
 
 — recu'rvum. White, purple. May. Guiana. 
 
 1842. 
 
 — tenuificyrum. Brown, white. January. Bahia. 
 
 — tigri'num. Greenish, brown, purple, white, 
 
 orange. Ecuador? 1869. 111. Hort. 
 new ser., t. 282. 
 
 sple'ndens. Base of lip rich purple. Lind. 
 
 t. 24. 
 
 — trique'trum. J. Straw-colour, orange. Peru. 
 
 1891. G, C. 1891, ix., p. 701. 
 
 Tricho'cerOS. (From thrix, a hair, 
 and keras, a horn ; in allusion to the two 
 hairy antenna-like processes froni the 
 column. Nat. ord.. Orchid-em; Tribe, 
 Vandece-Notyliem. ) 
 
 Stove epiphytal orchid. Should be grown 
 upon blocks. See Orchid. 
 T. parvifio'rus. Green, purple, brown. Columbia. 
 1870. 
 
 Trichode'sma. (From thrix, a hair, 
 and desmos, a bond ; anthers bound to- 
 
 f ether by hairs. Nat. ord. , Boraginacece; 
 'ribe, Boragex.) 
 
 Stove annuals. Sow in a hotbed early in 
 spring ; plant out the seedlings in a sheltered, 
 warm border early in June. 
 T. a'nceps. 2. Tropical America. 
 
 — Bancro'ftii. i. Jamaica. 
 
 — Boje'ri. Mauritius. 
 
 — zeyla'nicum, 4. Blue. August. Ceylon ancf 
 
 W. Australia. 1865. B. M. t. 4280. Syn., 
 Barago zeylanica. 
 
 Trichoglo'ttis. (From thrix, a hair, 
 and glottis, a tongue. Nat. ord. , Orchi- 
 dim ; Tribe, Vandem-Sarcanthem. ) 
 
 Stove orchids. See ORCHIDS. 
 T. cocklea'ris. §. White, purple. Sumatra^ 
 1883 
 
 — fascia' ta. Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 208. See 
 
 Stauropsis fasciata. 
 
 — pa'llens. Green. Manilla. 
 
 Tricho'inanes. (From thrix, a,\iair, 
 and memos, soft ; the shining stems 
 appear like fine hair. Nat . ord. , Filices. ) 
 
TRI 
 
 [983] 
 
 TRI 
 
 Stove, flimy f ems. See Ferns. The sporangia 
 are borne on a hair-like receptacle, around 
 which tlie apex of a segment of the frond forms 
 a cup-shaped indusium. 
 T. achillecefo'Uum. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — aculea'tv/m May. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — ala'tum. June. W. Ind. 1824. Hook. Ic. 
 
 Fil. i. 1. 11. 
 
 — a'nceps. W. Indies. 1863. 
 
 — angusta^tum. May. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — auricula' twm. |. Java. 1871. 
 
 — brevise'tum. i. May. Britain. Hardy. 
 
 — eri'spmn. - May. W. Ind. 1828. Hook. Ic. 
 
 Fil. i. 1. 12. 
 
 pilo'sum. Fronds clothed with reddish 
 
 hairs. S. America. 1863. 
 
 — curva'tum. April. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — disse'ctum. April. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — fili'cula. J. Mauritius. 
 
 — fimbria'tum. W. Indies. 1862. 
 —floribu'ndum. May. W. Ind. 1825. Hook. 
 
 Ic. FU. i. t. 9. 
 — fv! sco-glauce! teem. May. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — gemma'tv/m. April. Malacca. 
 
 — Ha'rtii. Sierra Leone. 1882. 
 
 — hu'mile. May. Isle gf Luzon. Hook. Ic. 
 
 Fil. i. t. 85. 
 — java'niaim. May. Java. Hook. Ic. Fil. ii. 
 t. 240. 
 
 — Ealbreyefri. J. New Grenada. 1881. 
 
 — Kaulfu'ssii. 1. W. Indies. 
 
 — Rravlssii. i. Dominica. 
 
 — Iabia*tu7n. British Guiana. 1885. 
 
 — iMschnathia'num. Brazil. 
 
 — meifo'lium. April. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — ■memtrana'cewm. }. May. W. Ind. 1820. 
 
 Hook. Fil. Ex. t. 76. 
 
 — wUlefo'liutn. Brazil. 
 
 — muscoi'des. i. W. Indies. Hook. Ic. Fl. ii. 
 
 1. 179. 
 
 — obsffa'rum, April. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — pa'rvuluTii. April. Isle of Luzon. Hook. 
 
 Sp. Fil. t. 39. 
 
 — Pete'rsii. N. America. 1875. Ic. PI. t. 986. 
 
 — pinnatine'rva. British Guiana. 1886. 
 
 — puncta'tum. W. Indies. Hook. Ic. Fil. ii. 
 
 t. 236. . .. 
 
 — pyxidi'ferum. W. Indies. Hook. Ic. Fil. u. 
 
 t. 206. „ , 
 
 — qmreifo'lium. April. Jamaica. 1844. Hook. 
 
 Ic. Fil. i. 1. 115. 
 
 — radi'cans. April. Hook. Ic. FU. u. t. 218. 
 
 — renifo'rme. J. New Zealand. Hook. Ic. Fil. 
 
 i. t. 32. 
 
 — rhomboi'deum. May. Isle of Luzon. 
 
 — saxa'tile. Borneo. 1862. 
 
 — sca'ndens. J. Jamaica. 
 
 — seti'gerum. Borneo. 1862. . 
 
 — swmo'avm. |. W. Indies. Hook. Ic. Fil. i. 
 
 1. 13. 
 
 — spica'tum. May. Jamaica. 1844. 
 — ' supe^rbwm. Borneo. 1862. 
 
 — thunoi'des. J. Mauritius. .. 
 
 — trichoi'deum. J. Jamaica. Hook. Ic. lil.u. 
 
 1. 199. 
 
 — trichophy'Uum. Borneo. 1862. 
 -venosum. J. New S. Wales. Hook. Ic. Fil. i. 
 
 t. 78. 
 Trichone'ma. (From thrix, a hair 
 and nema, a filament ; stamens clothed 
 with minute hairs. Nat. ord., Irtdece ; 
 Tnhe, IxiecE.) See Romulea. 
 
 Half hardv bulbs, which require the same 
 feS a^s Ixia..' All, except T. Colu'rmuz, 
 from South Africa. 
 T. caule'seem. B. M. t. 1392. See R<mulea 
 
 bulbocodiaides. 
 
 — ColvSmirm. See iJom«feffi Oolumi^ 
 
 — crucia'tum. B. M. t. 576. 
 
 eritciata. 
 
 See Bomulea 
 
 T.pu'dieum. B. M. 1. 1244. S6e Romulea pudica. 
 
 — py'Hum. B. E. 1847, t. 40. A form of Romulea 
 
 ButbocodiAim. 
 ramiflc/rum. See Romulea ramiflora. I 
 
 rofeewm. B.M. 1. 1226. See Romulea rosea. ' 
 
 — epeekfmm. B. M. t. 1476. See Romulea 
 spedosa. 
 
 ilu'stre. B. B. 1847, t. 40. A form of 
 Rx)r(mlea Bulbocodium. , 
 
 Trichope'talum. (From tJiHx, a 
 hair, and petalon, a petal ; flowers 
 fringed inside. Nat. ord., LiliacecB ; 
 Tribe, AsphodeUm.) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous perennials, from Chili. 
 Division in spring ; rich, sandy loam and a little 
 peat. Winter temp., 38° to 46°. 
 T. gra'eile. 8. Greenish. July. 1828. B. B. 
 1. 1536. 
 
 — itella!tum. 1. White. April. 1829. 
 
 Trichopi'lia. (From thrix, a hair, 
 and^i^ora, a cap ; summit of the column 
 with tufts of hair. Nat. oxdi.,OrchidecB; 
 Tribe, Vandece-Oncidiece. Allied to 
 Aspasia. ) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown in baskets. See Orchids. 
 T. a'lbida. White, yellow. Caraccas. 1851. 
 
 — Backhousia'na. Columbia. 
 
 — coeci'nea. See T. marginata. 
 
 jlave'ola. See T. marginata, var. flaveola. 
 
 — eri'spa. Crimson-purple. Columbia. 1857. 
 margina'ta. Wine-red, margins white ; 
 
 lip crimson. Central America. 1862. 
 
 Fl. Ser. tt. 1926-6. 
 —fral grans. White, yellow. Columbia. 1868. 
 
 Syn., Pilurrt/im fragrant. B. M. t. 5035. 
 no'bilis. White, yellow. Venezuela. 1872. 
 
 Syn., Pilumna nobilis. Warn. Orch. 
 
 Alb. 1. 128. 
 
 — Galeottia'TU. Yellow, brown, white, purple. 
 
 Mexico. 1860. Syns., T.picto, 111. Hort. 
 t. 225, and T. turialvce, B. M. t. 5660. 
 
 — gra'ta. Yellowish-green, white, yellow. Peru. 
 
 1868. Sweet-scented. 
 
 — hymena'ntha. White, red. Columbia. 1864. 
 
 B. M. t. 5949. 
 
 — Eienastia'na. White, yellow. 1883. 
 
 — la'xa. Pale green, tinged with purple ; lip 
 
 cream-colour. October. Popayan. 1844. 
 Syn., Pilunma laxa, B. R. 1846, t. 57. 
 Jlave'ola. Yellowish- white. 1884. 
 
 — Lehma'nni. White, yellow. 1888. Gfl. 1. 1276, 
 
 fig. 2. 
 
 — le'pida. Wine-red, white. Costa Rica. 1873. 
 
 Warn. Orch. Alb. 1. 197. 
 
 — margina'ta. Brownish-red, greenish-yellow; 
 
 lip white, purple, crimson. May. Central 
 America. 1849. Syn., T. coccinea. B. 
 M. t. 4867. 
 
 fiavelola. Greenish -yellow; lip white. 
 
 1880. Syn.,T,cocGinea,Y9X.jlaveola. 
 
 — mu'tica. White, tinged with red. 1821. 
 
 Trinidad. 1821. Syn., Macradeniamu- 
 tica. 
 
 — no'bilis. See T. fragrams, var. nobilis. 
 
 — pi' eta. See 'T. Galeottiana. 
 
 — puncta'ta. Sepals and petals spotted with 
 
 reddish-purple. G. C. 1890, vii. p. 227. 
 
 — rostra'ta. i. White, orange. Columbia. 1866. 
 
 — sangumole'ivta. Yellowish-olive, brownish- 
 
 crimson ; lip white, veined with crimson. 
 Ecuador. 1843. Syii.,Heleiasamguino- 
 lenta. Paxt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 182. 
 
 — s'ua'vis. White, purple. April. Central 
 
 America. .1852. B. M. t. 4654. 
 
 a'lba. White, yellow. May. 1882. 
 
 gramdifio'ra. White, crimson, orange. 
 
 Lama'rchas. White, rose. Costa Rica. 
 
 1874. 
 
TRI 
 
 [984] 
 
 TRI 
 
 T.sua'vitsple'ndena. White, purple, carmine, 
 yellow. Costa Bica. 1868. 
 
 — to'rtilis. 3. White, red. January. Mexico. 
 
 1835. B. M. t. 3739. 
 
 pa'Uida. White. January. Guatemala. 
 
 1844. 
 
 — turia'lvce. See T. Galeottiana. 
 
 Trichosa'cme. (From thrix, a hair, 
 and acme, a point ; referring to the 
 corolla's hairy apjjendage. Nat. ord., 
 AsclepiadacecB ; Tribe, Gonolohece.) 
 
 Stove climber. AU parts of the plant, except 
 the corolla, are covered with a woolly felt. For 
 cultivation, see Stapelia. 
 T. lana'ta. Purple. Mexico. 1850. Paxt. Fl. 
 Gard. i. p. 106, fig. 71. 
 
 Trichosa'nthes. Snake Gourd. 
 (From tfirix, a hair, and anthos, a flower; 
 flowers fringed. Nat. ord., Cucurhita- 
 cecB ; Tribe, Cwiumerinece.) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered annuals. Seeds in a 
 sweet hothed in March, potted and grown in a 
 plant-stove ; sandy loam, leaf-mould, and fibry 
 peat. The great length of the cucumber-like 
 seed-vessel is interestmg. 
 T. cmgui'na. i. May. China. 1735. B. M. 
 t. 722. Syn., T. cslubrina. 
 
 — colulri'na. B. B. 1846, 1. 18. See T. anguitia. 
 — foetidi'esima. Jacq. Ic. t. 624. See JRhyrusho- 
 
 carpafaetidOf. 
 —jaso'nica. Greenish- white. Japan. 1872. 
 Gfl. t. 714. 
 
 — Kirilo'vm. See T. vit\folia. 
 
 — palma'ta. July. E. Ind. 1826. B. M. 
 
 t. 6873. 
 
 — mtifc/lia. White ; fruit large, orange-red. 
 
 China. 1872. Syns., T. Kirilovni and 
 Eopepon vitifolius. 
 
 Tricho'sma. Hair Orchis. (From 
 thrix, a hair, and kosmos, ornament. 
 Nat. ord., Orchidece; Tribe, Epidendrece- 
 Ccelogynem.) 
 
 Stove orchid, grown in a basket. See Orchids . 
 T. sua! vis. 1. White, yellow. June. Northern 
 India. 1840. B. B. 1842, t. 21. 
 
 Trichoste'ma. (FromiAria;, ahair, 
 and sterna, a stamen ; the filaments are 
 slender. Nat. ord.. Labiates.) 
 
 Hardy sub-shrub, requiring the same culture 
 as Salvia. 
 
 T. Pari'shii. IJ. Bluish-purple. South Cali- 
 fornia. 1882. 
 
 Trico'ryne. (From treis, three, and 
 koryne, a club ; form of the seed -pod. 
 Nat. ord., Liliacece ; Tribe, Johnsoniece.) 
 
 Half -hardy, white-flowered, herbaceous peren- 
 nials, from Australia. Division and seeds ; rich, 
 sandy loam ; a very sheltered place, or a cold 
 pit, or a cool greenhouse in winter. 
 T. ela'twr. 2. June. 1824. 
 
 — sca'bra. 1. 1826. 
 
 — n'mplex. 1. July. 1823. Biennial. 
 
 Trichoto'sia. See Eria. 
 
 Tricra'tus admira'bilis isja synonym 
 of Abronia umbellata. 
 
 Tricuspida'ria. (From tricuspis, 
 three pointed ; in allusion to the three- 
 
 toothed petals. Nat. ord., Tiliacece ; 
 Tribe, SloanecB. Allied to Aristotelia.) 
 A very beautiful ^eenhouse shrub. We know 
 nothing of its cultivation, but it will probably 
 be found to thrive if treated in the same way as 
 Sparmannia. 
 
 T. hexape'tala. Scarlet. Chili. 1880. Syn., 
 Crmodendron Hookerianum. 
 
 Tricy'rtis. (From treis, three, and 
 kyrtos, convex ; alluding to the three 
 outer sepals having bags at their bases. 
 Nat. ord., Liliacece; Tribe, Uvula/riecB.) 
 
 Half-hardy bulbs. Greenhouse or cold pit in 
 winter. Offsets. Sandy loam and peat. 
 T. e'legam. IJ. White, purple. China. 1860. 
 
 — hi'rta. i. White, purple. Japan. 1863. 
 
 B. M. t. 6356. 
 
 — maero'poda. Greenish-yellow, purple-dotted. 
 
 Japan. 1869. B. M. t. 6544. 
 
 stria'ta. Leaves striped with white. 
 
 Syn., T. foliis albo-striatis. Fl. Ser. 
 1. 1820. 
 
 — vilo'ea. 1. Green, red. Sikkim. 1861. B. 
 
 M. t. 4966. 
 
 Tri'dax. (From treis, three, and 
 akis, a point ; the ray florets are three 
 lobed. Nat. ord.. Composites. ) 
 
 Hardy, perennial herbs. Propagated by divi- 
 sions or seeds. 
 
 T. ii'color, var. ro'sea. Bosy-lilac, yellow. 
 Mexico. 1887. 
 
 — eoronopif&liwm. 1. Yellow. June. Mexico. 
 
 Syn., PtilostephmmcoroTiopifolmm. 
 
 — tritobaltum. 1. Yellow. June. Mexico. 
 
 Syn., Galinsoga trilobata. B. M. 1. 1896. 
 
 Trienta'lis. Wintergreen. (From 
 triens, one-third ; low growth. Nat. 
 ord., Primulacem; Tribe, Lysimachiece.) 
 
 Hardy, white-flowered, herbaceous perennials. 
 Seeds under a hand-light ; divisions of the plant 
 in spring ; light, rich soil. Pretty little plants, 
 requiring a shady situation. 
 T. america'na. J. July. N. America. 1816. 
 
 — europtx^a. i. May. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 
 
 3, 1. 1139. 
 
 Trifoliuin, Trefoil. (From tres, 
 three, and folium, a leaf ; three-leaved. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminosce ; Tribe, Trifo- 
 liecB. ) 
 
 Seeds in the open ground, and, divisions of the 
 herbaceous perennials ; light, rich loam. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 T. aWtum. J. Flesh. June. South Europe. 
 1820. 
 
 — aipi'num. J. Purple. July. Europe. 1775. 
 
 — armem'acwm. 1. Bed. July. Armenia. 
 
 1830. 
 
 — arme^nium. 1. Cream. August. Armenia. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — ba'dium. J. Yellow. July. Pyrenees. 
 
 — ccBspito'swm. J. Purple. July. Switzerland. 
 
 1815. 
 
 — eane^ scene. Cream-coloured. May. Cappa- 
 
 docia. 1803. B. M. 1. 1168. 
 
 — coTno'suTti. i. White. June. America. 
 
 1798. 
 
 — Cuss&nii. 1. Blue. July. Sicily. 1826. 
 
 — e'legans. J. Pale red. July. Europe. 1823. 
 
 — emmiMm. \. Purple. June. Dahuria. 
 
 1820. 
 albifia'rwm. i. White. June. Altai. 
 
 — ZaM'num. 1. White, red. June. Italy. 
 
TRI 
 
 [985] 
 
 TRI 
 
 T. Lupma'eter. li. Purple. July. Siberia. 
 
 1741. B. M. t. 879. Syn., iMpinaster 
 
 pentaphyllus. 
 albifio'rum. White. July. Siberia. 
 
 1818. 
 purpura' scens. Purple.- Syn., LupiTiaater 
 
 oblongifolius. 
 
 — me^dium. 2. Purple. June. England. 
 
 — TWJ'j-icMm. 1. Cream. July. Cariuthia. 
 
 1821. 
 
 — ochroleu'cum. 1. Sulphur. May. England. 
 — panno'nieum. 1. White, yellow. June. 
 
 Hungary. 1752. 
 
 — pennsylvanicum. 1. Bed. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1811. 
 — physo'des. J. Beddish. June. Hungary. 
 1805. 
 
 — prate! nse. 2. Purple. July. Britain. 
 
 — purpura' seens. 1. Purple. June. Siberia. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — ripens, li. White. July. Britain. 
 pentaphiiUurn. J. White. June. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 — nt'fiCTM. li. Bark red. South Europe. 
 
 1633. 
 
 — rupelstre. 1. White. June. Naples. 1820. 
 
 — trichoedphaium. 1. Cream. June. Cau- 
 
 casus. 1827. 
 
 — unijUrinn. 4. Blue. June. Italy. 1800. 
 
 Sibth. FI. Gr. t. 752 ; B. C. 1. 1882. 
 
 Stembergia'num. J. White. June. 
 
 ■South Europe. 1822. 
 
 — vaginaJtum. 1. Pale yellow. Switzerland. 
 
 1819. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 T. Bocccfni. J. Pale purple. June. Spain. 
 1820. 
 
 — bractea'tuTn. 1. Purple. June. Morocco. 
 
 1804. Biennial. 
 
 — ce'muum. 1. Pale purple. June. Spain. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — d'nctum. 1. Pale jjellow. June. 1820. 
 
 — conge! stum. J. White, red. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1820. 
 
 — constantinopolita'num. J. Yellow. June, 
 
 Turkey. 1820. 
 
 — erma'ceum. J. Pale red. June. Iberia. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — fimbria'twm. Purple. September. North 
 
 America. 1825. B. B. 1. 1070. 
 —fuca'tum. 1. Yellow. June. California. 
 1834. B. B. 1. 1883. 
 
 — gem^Uum. i. Yellow. June. Spain. 1818. 
 ~globo'iwm. 1. Purple. July. Levant. 1713. 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. ib. 744. 
 
 — hi'rtum. 1. Purple. July. Barbary. 1817. 
 pi'etum. 1. Purple. July. 1800. 
 
 — incama'tum. 1. Flesh. July. Italy. 1596. 
 
 B. M. t. 328. 
 
 Uolinelrii. 1. White, red. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1820. 
 
 — interm^dmm. 1. White. June. Italy. 
 
 1820. , ^ , 
 
 — KUaibelia'num. 1. Pale purple. July. 
 
 Hungary. 1818. 
 
 — lago'pus. 1. Bed. July. Spain. 1827. 
 
 — lavpa'eeum. i. Pale red. July. Montpeher. 
 
 1787 
 
 — ligu'sticum. J. White, red. June. Spain. 
 
 -malaL'nihum. 1- Purple. J"ly- 1824. . 
 
 -man'timum. i- PalgJ'.'JI'l^-T'^""^- 1^^,,^^' 
 -TTwnta'num. 1. White. July. Europe. 
 
 l786 
 
 — ohscu'rurrl. h Purple. June. Italy. 1824. 
 -paWum. 1. Wtite. June. Hungary. 
 
 180S 
 
 — nnrisielnse i. Yellow. June. Fiance. 
 =1^^. i. White. June. Hungary. 
 
 1820 
 
 — vromfmbms. 1. Yellow. June. Britain. 
 
 Hop Trefoil. 
 
 T.purpu'reum. 1. Purple. June. France. 
 1816. 
 
 — refldxum. 1. Purple. July. Virginia. 
 
 1794. B. M. t. 3471. 
 
 — saxa'tile. }. Pale white. June. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1818. Biennial. 
 
 — speoio'sum. 1. Yellow. June. Candia. 
 
 1752. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 764. 
 
 — sphceroce'phakm. i. White. June. N. Africa. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — squarro'sum. J. Pale purple. July. Spain. 
 
 1640. 
 
 fla'vieans. i. Pale yellow. July. Pi- 
 
 sania. 1817. 
 
 — stri'ctum. 1. White. July. South Europe. 
 
 1805. 
 
 — suave^olens. J. Purplish. July. Italy. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — supi'num. J. Pale purple. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1816. 
 
 — tenuiflofrum. J. Pale red. July. Italy. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — tenuifiyiium. J. June. Italy. 1826. 
 
 — tomento'mm. f. Purple. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1640. 
 
 Trifu'rcia. (From freis, three, and 
 furca, a fork ; the style is three-forked. 
 Nat. otA., Irideas.) A synonym of Her- 
 bertia. 
 
 T. cceru'lea. See Herbertia ccemlea. 
 
 — putch^Ua. See Herbertia pulGhella. 
 
 Triglo'ehin. Arrow Grass. (From 
 treis, tiree, and glochin, a point ; refer- 
 ring to the angles of the carpels. Nat. 
 ord., Naiadacece.) 
 
 Greenhouse, marsh herb. 
 T. Sarrelie'ri. See T. bulbosuan. 
 
 — bulbo'sum. 1. Purplish. October. South 
 
 Europe. 1806. B. M. 1. 1445. Syn., T. 
 Smrelieri. i 
 
 Triglo'ssum. (From treis, three, 
 and glossa, a tongue. Nat. ord., Gra- 
 minecB.) A synonym of Arundinaria. 
 
 Trigone'Ua. Fenugreek. (From 
 treis, three, and gonu, an angle; the 
 flower has a somewhat triangular appear- 
 ance. Nat. ord., Legvmiinosce ; Tribe, 
 Trifolieoe.) 
 
 Hardy, herbaceous annuals, except T. ruthe'- 
 nica, which is a perennial. Seeds. Ordinary 
 garden-soil. 
 
 T. cceru'lea. 1-2. White, blue. July. Switzer- 
 land. 1562. Syn., Trifoliwm cceruleum. 
 B. M. t. 2283. 
 
 — Falnwm-Gralemn. 1-2. White. Summer. 
 
 South Europe. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 766. 
 
 — rutM.nica. IJ. Yellow. June. Siberia. 
 
 1769. B. C. 1. 1391. 
 
 Trigo'nia. (From treis, three, and 
 gonu, an angle ; the fruit thi'ee-angled. 
 Nat. ord., Vochysiace.(B.) 
 
 Stove evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in neat; 
 sandy, &bry loam, and a little rough peat and 
 leaf -mould. Winter temp., 56° to 66" ; summer, 
 60° to 85°. 
 T. laftris. White. June. Guiana. 1828. 
 
 — vUlo'sa. Yellow, red. Cayenne. 1820. 
 
 Trigoni'dium. (From trigona, a 
 triangle, and eidos, like ; resemblance of 
 
TRI 
 
 [986] 
 
 TRI 
 
 several parts of the plant. Nat. ord., 
 OrchidecB ; Tribe, Vandem-Oncidiece.) 
 
 Stove orchids, from Demeiara, grown in pots. 
 See Orchids. 
 T. acumina'twm. 1. Straw-coloured. 1834. 
 
 — acu'tum. Chocolate. 
 
 — Egertonia'num. 1^. Pale brown. Year. 
 
 — monophy'llwm. ' See Lcelia inonophyUa. 
 
 — obtu'swm, 1. Orange, brown. June. 1834. 
 
 B. E. t. 1923. 
 
 — H'ngens. Yellow, green. Mexico. 1839. 
 
 Now known as Mormolyce lineolata. 
 
 — tefnue. Brown, purple. May. 1836. 
 
 Trili'sia. (From trilix, triple ; re- 
 ferring to the divisions of the pappus. 
 Nat. ord., Conipositce; Tribe, Eupato- 
 riacece. ) 
 
 Hardy, perennial herbs. Light soil. Divisions 
 in spring, or seeds in autumn. 
 T, odorati'sHma. 4. Bright purple. September. 
 North America. 1786. Syn., Liatris 
 odoratissima, Andr. Kep. t. 633. The 
 bruised leaves have the odour of vanilla, 
 hence the name. Vanilla Plant. 
 
 — panieula'ta. 3. Puiple. August. Carolina. 
 
 1826. Syn., Idatria pamciUata. 
 
 Tri'lliimi. (From trilix, triple ; the 
 parts of the flower in threes. Nat. ord., 
 Liliacem ; Tribe, Medeolece. Allied to 
 Paris. ) 
 
 Hardy, North American, tuberous-rooted 
 perennials. Division of the tuberous roots, and 
 by seeds ; sandy peat-border, or kept as alpine 
 plants. 
 T. CatesbaH. J. B«d. May. 1820. 
 
 — ce'rnuum. IJ. White. April. 1768. B. M. 
 
 t. 954. 
 
 — di'scolor. i-1. Dark-purple to green. Feb- 
 
 ruary. 1831. B. M. t. 3097. 
 
 — ere^ctvm,. 1. Dark purple. May. 1769. B. 
 
 M. t. 470. Syn., T. faetidum. 
 a'lbum. i. White. April. 1700. B. 
 
 M. 1. 1027. 
 ochroleu'cum. Yellowish -white. Syn., 
 
 T. erectum, var. viridijlorwm. B. M. 
 
 t. 3260. 
 
 — erythroca'rpum. J. Red, white. May. 1811. 
 
 B. M. t. 3002. See also T. grandiflorwm. 
 — fo&'tidum. See T. erectwm, 
 
 — gramdifio'rum. J. White. July. 1799. Syn., 
 
 T. erythrocarpwrn of B. M. t. 855. 
 
 — nerv&sum. J. Bed. April. 1820. 
 
 — niva'le. J. White. Summer. N. United 
 
 Stotes. 1879. B. M. t. 6449. 
 
 — obma'tum. ^. Bed. April. 1810. 
 
 — petiolaltum. J. Brown. April. 1811. 
 
 — pu'milvm. J. Bed. May. 1812. 
 
 — ee'ssile. i-1. Dark purple. March. 1769. 
 
 B. M. t. 40. 
 
 caliif(^rmcu'm. A robust variety. Gard. 
 
 and For. 1890, p. 321, fig. 44. 
 
 — stylo'man. J. Bed. April. 1823. 
 
 — wndvla'twn. J. Red. April. 1818. 
 
 Trime'zia. (From treis, three, and 
 merizo, to divide ; in allusion to the 
 parts of the flower being in threes. Nat. 
 ord. , Iridem ; Tribe, Morceece. ) 
 
 Stove bulbous plant. For culture, see IRIS. 
 "t. lu'rida. 1. Yellow. April. West Indies. 
 Syns., T. martmieensis, Cvpura rrmrtini- 
 cvmiSf Iris martinicensis, B. M. t. 416, 
 Lcmsbergia caracctsana, and L. martmi- 
 eensis. 
 
 Triole'na. (From treis, three, and 
 
 olene, the arm ; in allusion to the three 
 processes from the base of the anther. 
 Nat. ord., Melastomacece ; Tribe, Sone- 
 rilecB. Allied to Monolena.) 
 
 Stove perennial herb, with the habit of Berto- 
 LONIA. Seeds; cuttings in sandy loam, in bottom 
 heat and under a bell-glass. Rich sandy loam 
 and leaf -mould; moist atmosphere. Summer 
 temp., 65° to 80° ; winter, 60° to 70°. 
 T, scorpioi'des. J. Bose. Chiapas. 1869. 
 
 Trio'pterys. (From treis, three, 
 and pteron, a wing ; carpels, or divisions 
 of seed-vessel, three- winged. Nat. ord., 
 MalpighiacecB ; Tribe, Inrceeoe.) 
 
 Stove twiners. Cuttings of stubby side-shoots, 
 any time in summer, in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 and in a brisk, sweet moist bottom-heat ; sandy 
 loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 48° to 68° ; 
 summer, 60° to 86°. 
 T. jamuvMnsis. 10. Yellow. Jamaica. 1822. 
 
 — lu'eida. Pink. May. Cuba. 1822. 
 
 — seri'cea. 6. Yellow. S. Amer. 1823. 
 
 Trio'steum. Feverwort. (From 
 treis, three, and osteon, a bone ; three 
 bony seeds. Nat. ord., CaprifoliacecB j 
 Tribe, Lonicerece. Allied to the Honey- 
 suckle.) 
 
 Hardy^ North American, herbaceous peren- 
 nials. Division of the plant in spring, or cuttings 
 of the young shoots under a hand-light in the 
 beginning of the summer ; light, sandy soil and 
 a little leaf -mould. 
 T. angustifo'Kum. 1. Yellow. June. 1690. 
 
 — perfolia'tum. 2. Dark red. June. 1730. 
 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 45. 
 
 Tripha'sia. (From triphasios, 
 triple ; calyx three-toothed, and petals 
 three. Nat. ord., Butacece ; Tribe, 
 AurantieCE. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of 
 ripened shoots, at least those getting firm at the 
 base, in sandy soil, in May, under a bell-glass, 
 with a sweet bottom-heat ; fibry, sandy loam and 
 a little peat and dried cow-dung. Winter temp., 
 40° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°. 
 T. tri/oUa'ta. 2. White. June. China. 1?08. 
 Little Orange. 
 
 Triphysa'ria. (From treis, three, 
 and pnysa, a bladder ; the corolla has 
 three bladder-like appendages. Nat. 
 ord., Scrophularinece ; Tribe, Euphra- 
 sies. ) 
 
 Hardy, annual herb. 
 T. versi'color. 1. Cream-colour to purple. June. 
 North America. Now known as Ortho- 
 carpus erimithus, var. roseus. 
 
 Triplet Lily. Tritele'ia. 
 Tripoly. A'ster Tripo'Hum. 
 
 Tri'psaeuna. (From tripeo, to 
 thresh. Nat. ord., Graminem.) 
 
 Greenhouse, or hardy grass. 
 T. hermaphrodi'tum. August. Central Ame- 
 rica. 1776. Syn., Anthephora elegans. 
 
 Triptery'gium. (From treis, three, 
 and pterygion, a small wing ; in refe- 
 rence to the three-winged fruit. Nat. 
 ord., Celastracece ; Tribe, Celastrece.) 
 
TRI 
 
 [987] 
 
 TBI 
 
 Hardy subscandent shrub. We know nothing 
 of its cultivation. 
 
 T. Wilf(/rdi. White. Japan. 1867. Gfl. 
 t. 612. 
 
 Tripti'lion. (From treis, three, and 
 vtilon, a feather ; the divisions of the 
 pappus, or seed-crown. Nat. ord., Com- 
 oositce ; Tribe, Mutisiacem.) 
 
 Hardy annuals, from Chili. Seeds in a slight 
 hotbed in the beginning of April ; plants pricked 
 out, and either planted out m a sheltered place 
 at the end of May, or bloomed in pots in a cool, 
 airy greenhouse ; rich, light soil. 
 T. cordifo'Uum. J. White. July. 1824. B. B. 
 t. 853. 
 
 — smno'S'u'm. J. Blue. July. 1827. Maund. 
 
 Bot. t. 224. 
 
 Trista'gma. (From treis, three, and 
 stagma, a drop ; in allusion to the three 
 honey glands. Nat. ord., Liliacece ; 
 Tribe, Alliece. Syns., Stemmatium and 
 Stephanolirion. ) 
 
 Greenhouse, bulbous plant. Rich, sandy loam. 
 Seeds or offsets. 
 
 T. narcissoi'des. J. White, orange. Chili. 
 1875. Syn., Stem/matium narcissoides 
 and Stepharwlirion Tiareissoides. 
 
 Trista'nia. (Named after Tristan, 
 a French botanist. Nat. ord., Myrta- 
 ceoB. ) 
 
 Hardy, yellow-flowered evergreens, from Aus- 
 tralia. Cuttings of young, stubby side-shoots, 
 or the points of shoots, two or three inches long, 
 when getting a little firm at the base, in sand, 
 under a glass, in April or May; sandy, fibry 
 loam, and a little peat and charcoal. Winter 
 temp., 35° to 46°. 
 T. arhore'seens. 10. 1820. 
 
 — cimfe'rta. 6. August. 1805. 
 
 — densijio'ra. 1881. 
 
 — deme'sea. See T. suaveolens. 
 
 — maerophj/Ua. 50. White. June. 1800. B. 
 
 El t 1839 
 
 — iierii/o'lia. 6.' July. 1804. B. C. t. 167. 
 
 Syns., MelalewM neriifoHa, B. M. 1. 1086, 
 and M, saliaifoHa, Andr. Kep. t. 485. 
 
 — simve'olem. August. 1820. Syn., T. de- 
 
 pressa. 
 
 Tritele'ja. (From treis, three, and 
 teleios, complete ; parts of the flower and 
 fruit in threes. Nat. ord., LUiaeem ; 
 Tribe, AUiecB.) United with Brodisea 
 in the Genera Plantarum. 
 
 Very pretty little bulbs for a front border. 
 Offset-bulbs ; sandy loam, peat and leaf-mould ; 
 protected in a dry border from frost and damp m 
 winter, or saved in a cold pit or frame. 
 T. au'rea. 1. Yellow. April. Monte Video. 
 1838. 
 
 — ctmspi'cua. See Milla eonspzcua. __ 
 
 — arandijkira. See Brodi(m Douglam. 
 
 — la'iKt. li. Dark blue. July. California. 
 
 1832. B. K. t. 1685. . .. 
 
 — LeiehUi'nii. See Milla Leichtlvmi. 
 
 — mrrifdlia. See MiUa porrjfolia. 
 
 — uniJUra. B. B. 1. 1921. See Milla umflora. 
 
 Trithri'nax. (From freis, three, 
 and thrinax, a fan ; alluding to the divi- 
 sion and form of the leaves. Nat. ord., 
 PcdmecB; Tribe, Coryphem.) 
 
 Stove.paims. For cultivation, see Thrinax. 
 
 T. acanthoco'ma. Bio G-rande. 1878. 
 
 — aculea'ta. A synonym of Acanthorhiza acu- 
 
 leata. 
 
 — brasilielrms. 10. Brazil. 1876. 
 
 — campe'stris. South Argentine. 1889. Half- 
 
 hardy. 
 
 — mauriticefo'rmis. See Sabal mauritimformis. 
 
 Tri'toma. (From treis, three, and 
 temno, to cut ; three sharp edges of the 
 ends of the leaves. Nat. ord. , Liliacece ; 
 Tribe, Eemerocallece. ) This name is now 
 superseded by Kniphofia. 
 
 Greenhouse, orange-flowered bulbs, from South 
 Africa. Division, and by suckers from the roots ; 
 rich, sandy soil ; as they bloom late, they are 
 better for the protection of a cold pit in late 
 autumn and winter. 
 T. Burehe'lUi. IJ. 1816. B. B. t. 1716. 
 
 — Cana'ri. A yellow-flowered form of Kni- 
 
 phofia aloides. 
 —fla'mmea. See Blanfordiafla/mmea. 
 
 — gra'ndis.^ Scarlet, yellow. 1884. 
 
 — mefdia. 2. April. 1789. Bed. Lil. 1. 161. 
 
 — no'iilis. 1882. 
 
 — ■pu'mila. 1. September. 1774. B. M. 
 
 t. 764. 
 
 — Eoope!ri. See Kniphofia Sooperi. 
 
 — Sawnde'rsii. 1882. 
 
 — Uva'ria. B. M. t. 758. A synonym of Kni- 
 
 phofia aloides. 
 
 Tritoma'nthe Uva'ria is a synonym 
 of Kniphofia aloides. 
 
 Trito'nia. (From triton, a weather- 
 cock ; variable direction of the stamens. 
 Nat. ord., Iridece ; Tribe, Ixiece. 
 Montbretia is sometimes united with 
 this genus. Allied to Ixia, ) 
 
 Bulbs, from South Africa. For culture, see 
 Ixia. 
 T. anigomnihmfixira. |. Yellow. June. 1826. 
 
 — avirea. 2. Orange. July. 1846. B. M. 
 
 t. 4336. Now known as Crocosma 
 aurea. 
 
 — cape'nsis. 1. White or red. September. 
 
 1811. B. M. t. 618. Syn., Uladiolus 
 roseus. Jacq. Ic. t. 261. 
 
 — c(/ncolor. 1. Yellow. May. 1811. 
 
 — cri'spa. i. Flesh. April. 1787. Syn., 
 
 Gladiolus crispus. Jacq. Ic. t. 267. 
 
 — croca'ta. J. Orange. June. 1768. Syns., 
 
 Gladiolus cardinalis, B. M. t. 136, and 
 Ixia crocata, B. M. 1. 184. 
 
 — erocosmoBfio'ra. A hybrid between T. Pottsii 
 
 and Crocosma aurea. Flor. Mag. new 
 ser. t. 472. 
 
 — deu'sta. i. FuMd. May. 1774. Syn., 
 
 Ixia miniata of Bed. Lil. t. 89. 
 
 — fenestra' ta. IJ. Yellow. May. 1801. Syn., 
 
 Ixiafenestrata. Jacq. Ic. t. 289. 
 —fla'va. i. Yellow. February. 1780. B. B. 
 
 t. 747. 
 —fuca'ta Bed, yellow. May. 1813. B. B. 
 
 1838, t. 36. ' 
 
 — linea'ta. 2. Variegated. May. 1774. 
 
 — longifio'ra. 1. White. May. 1774. B. M. 
 
 t. 1602. Syn., Ixia longiflora, B. M. 
 t. 266. 
 
 — minia'ta. i. Scarlet. August. 1796. B. 
 
 M. t. 609. Syn., Ixia miniata of Jacq. 
 H. Schoenb. t. 24. 
 
 — odora'ta. i. Yellow. June. 1829. B. C. 
 
 t. 1820. 
 
 — pa'llida. 1. White. August. 1806. 
 
 — pectinalta. 1. Yellow. May. 1825. 
 
 — Po'ttsii. 3-4. Orange-scarlet. 1877. B. H. 
 
 t. 6722. , Syns., Gladiolus Pottsii and 
 Monti/retia Pottsii. 
 
TKI 
 
 [988] 
 
 TRO 
 
 T. refra'eta. B. R, 1. 135. See Freesia nJmiAa. 
 
 — Moche'mis. 1. Yellow. August. 1811. B. 
 
 M. t. 1603. 
 
 — ro'sea. IJ. Pink. June. 1793. 
 
 — adlla'ris. White or reddish. May. Syns., 
 
 Ixia polystachya, Jacq. Ic. t. 275 ; I. 
 polystachya, var. incamata, Andr. Rep. 
 1. 128 ; I. refiexa, Andr. Rep. t. U ; and 
 I. seillarU, B. M. t. 542. 
 
 — seeuri'gera. J. Brown. May. 1774. Syn., 
 
 Gladiolus seeuriger. B. M. t. 883. 
 
 — sqwilida. h Rufous. May. 1774. B.M. 
 
 t. 581. Syn., Ionia hyahna. Red. 
 Lil. t. 87. 
 
 — stria'ta. 1. Blue. May. 1826. 
 
 — tenuifio'ra. 1. Yellow. April. 1811. B. O. 
 
 — ■ct'ridig. f.' Green. July. 1788. B. M. 1276. 
 
 — Wilso'ni. ij. White, flushed with purple. 1886. 
 
 — xantho'spila. 1. Red, yellow. June. 1825. 
 
 Triumfe'tta. (In honour of G. B. 
 Trionfetti, an Italian botanist, 1658-1708. 
 Nat. ord., Tiliacece.) 
 
 Stove, or greenhouse herbs or subshrubs, of 
 little horticultural value. 
 T. a'nnua. Yellowish. August. East Indies. 
 B. M. t. 2296. 
 
 — miarope'tala. Yellow. East Indies. B. R. 
 
 1. 1058. 
 
 Tri'xis. (From trixos, triple ; tri- 
 angular seed-vessel. Nat. ord., Com- 
 posites ; Tribe, Mutisiacece.) 
 
 White-flowered, blooming in August. Sene- 
 cioides hy seed In open ground in April ; aurim- 
 la'ta, by cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 May ; sandy loam and leaf-mould, and the pro- 
 tection of a warm greenhouse in winter. 
 T. auricula'ta. 1. Brazil. 1827. Evergreen. 
 B. M. t. 2766. 
 
 — senecioi'des. li. Chili. 1821. Annual. 
 
 Trizeu'xis. (From treis, three, and 
 zeuxis, a union ; the three outer perianth 
 segments are united. Nat. ord., Orchi- 
 dece; Tribe, Vandece-Oncidiece.) 
 
 Stove, epiphytal orchid, to be grown on blocks 
 of wood. Divisions. 
 
 T.falca'ta. J-1. Green. Columbia and Trini- 
 dad. 1820. B. C. t. 975. 
 
 Troche'tia. (Named after Dutro- 
 diet, the celebrated French physiologist. 
 Nat. ord., Sterculiacece ; Tribe, Dom- 
 beyecE. AEied to Dombeya. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of ripened 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in March, and 
 inserted in a sweet bottom-he&t ; sandy peat and 
 fibry loam, with a little charcoal and broken 
 freestone. Winter temp., 56° to 65° ; summer, 
 65° to.88°. 
 
 T. Blackbwmia'na. White, crimson. Mauritius. 
 B. M. t. 7209. 
 
 — grandiflo'ra. 6. White, yellow. Mauritius. 
 
 1844. Syn., Penti^etes JErythroxylon. 
 B, M. 1. 1000. 
 
 Troehoca'rpa. (From trqchos, a 
 ■wheel, and karpos, a fruit. Nat. ord., 
 Epacridece ; Tribe, Stypheliece. Allied 
 to Styphelia.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings of the 
 points of young shoots, or stubby, short side- 
 shoots getting Srm at the base, in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, and kept close in a frame or pit, any 
 time in sjsring or summer ; sandy, fibry peat. 
 
 Winter temp., 40° to 48°. More heat and mois- 
 ture after flowering, and plenty of air and light 
 before the end of autumn. 
 T.lamrSTUt. 25. Yellow. June. Australia. 
 1829. B. M. t. 3324. 
 
 Tro'Uius. Globe-Flower. (From 
 trol, the German for round ; the globular 
 flowers. Nat. ord., Banuncidacece ; 
 Tribe, Helleborece. Allied to Helle- 
 borus. ) 
 
 Hardy, yellow-flowered, herbaceous plants. 
 Divisions of the plant in spring; light, loamy 
 soil, rather moist. 
 
 T. aeau'lis. i. July. Cashmere. 1841. B. R. 
 1843, t. 32. 
 
 — aconitifcflius. 2. May. 1829. 
 
 — atta'ieus. May. Altai. 1836. 
 
 — americalniis. B. M. 1. 1988. See T. laxus. 
 
 — OBia'ticuB. 1^. Dark orange. May. Si- 
 
 beria. 1759. B. M. t. 235. There is a 
 variety supe^rhiis, 
 
 — cauca'aieus. 1^. May. Caucasus. 1817. 
 
 — europce^iis. 2. May. Britain. Eng. Bot. 
 
 ed. 3, t. 42. 
 
 a/lbus. 1. AVhitish. June. Britain. 
 
 hu'mUis, i. May. Austria. 180O. 
 
 — la'xus. f . May. North America. 1806. 
 
 Syn., T. americavAis. B. C. t. 56. 
 
 — Ledehou'rii. 2. May. Siberia. 1827. 
 
 — napelli/</Hus. 2. May. Europe. 
 
 — pa'tuhte. 1. Orange. May. Siberia. 1800. 
 
 — Miederia'rms. May. Siberia. 1838. 
 
 Tromsdo'rflSa. (AfterJ.B.Tromma- 
 dorf, an apothecary at Erfurt, 1770-1837. 
 Nat. ord., Gesneracem ; Tribe, Cyrtan- 
 drece.) A synonym of Chirita. 
 T. speeio'sa, A synonym of Chirita Borsfieldii. 
 
 Tropse'ollIIIl. Indian Cress. (From 
 tropaion, a trophy. Nat. ord., Oeranm- 
 cecB ; Tribe, Pdargoniem. ) 
 
 Annuals, hy seed in the open ground in April ; 
 tuberous, by division of the roots, and by cut- 
 tings : the others by seeds ; also by cuttings in 
 sandy loam any time during spring and summer 
 and early autumn ; a rich, light soil suits them 
 best. Tlie best tuberous kinds multiply their 
 tubers if the young shoots are laid in the ground 
 as they commence growing. A tuber will gene- 
 rally form at the bends ; none of them will stand 
 frost, unless the hardy tuberous ones, and they 
 had better be lifted and kept in dry ^nd untU 
 spring. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 T. digita'tum. Scarlet. July. Caraccas. 1862. 
 ' Gfl. 1. 1146. Syn., T. Gartneriawum. 
 
 — Ocertneria'num. See T, digitatum. 
 
 — ma'jus. 6. Orange, yellow. July. Peru. 
 
 1686. B. M. t. 23. 
 
 a'tro-sangui'newm. 3. Dark red. August. 
 
 Peru. 
 
 — mi'mtB. 1. Orange, yellow. August. Peru. 
 
 1596. B. M. t. 98. 
 
 HALP-HARDY TUBERS. 
 
 T. Be'nOiii. Yellow. June. Bolivia. 1860. 
 
 — brachy'ceras. Yellow. Chili. 1830. B. M. 
 
 t. 3861. 
 
 — edu'le. 6. Orange. March. Chili. 1841. 
 
 Maund. Bot. t. 248. 
 
 — Moritma'num. 6. Yellow, red. July. Cu- 
 
 mana. 1839. B. M. t. 3844. 
 — pentaphj/llum. See Chymocarpus penta- 
 phyllue. 
 
 — tubero'sum. 3. , Yellow, red. September. 
 
 Peru. 1836. 
 
 — umbella'tum. 3. Rose, orange. June. Fil- 
 
 zhum. 1846. 
 
TRO 
 
 [989] 
 
 TRU 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 T. adu'ncum. B. B. t. 718. See T. peregrinum. 
 
 — azu'reum. S. Blue. October. CJhili. 1842. 
 
 Heibaceous. B. M. t. 3986. 
 
 — chrym'nthum. Yellow. Summer. Columbia. 
 
 1874. 
 
 — crenatifio'rum. 3. Yellow. June. Peru. 
 
 1846. Herbaceous. B. H. t. 4245. 
 
 — Deckeria'mnn, Blue, green, scarlet. Vene- 
 
 zuela. 
 
 — hj/bridv/m, 4. Orange. July. Peru. 
 
 — Jarra'ttii. 12. Scarlet, yellow. Santiago. 
 
 1836. Paxt. Mag. t., p. 29. 
 
 — LobWa'num. 6. Orange. November. Co- 
 
 lumbia. 1^3. Herbaceous. B, M. 
 t. 4097. 
 
 fimbria'tum. A hybrid with fringed 
 
 petals. 1866. 
 
 — mcd^us Jlo're - ple'Tio. 6. Orange, yellow. 
 
 August. Pern. 1686. 
 
 — mi'mus fio're-plilno. 1. Orange, yellow. Peru. 
 
 1696. 
 
 — pdndvlvmi. Yellow. July. Central Ame- 
 
 rica. 1860. 
 
 — peregrinum. 3. Yellow. July. New 
 
 Grenada. 1810. B. M. t. 1361. Syn., 
 T. adwncwm. 
 
 — pitmaltum. 2. Yellow. June. 1800. Andr. 
 
 Eep. t. 535. A hybrid. 
 
 — polyphi/llwm. 3. Orange, yellow. June. 
 
 Chili. 1827. B. M. t. 4042. 
 
 — 8essilif<yiium. Red, shaded with violet. Chili. 
 
 1868. 
 
 — Smi'thii. Orange, red. July. Columbia. 
 
 1775. B. M. t. 4386. 
 
 — specio'sum. 6. Scarlet. June. S. America. 
 
 1846. Herbaceous. B. M. t. 4323. 
 
 — tricolo'rum. Orange, purple. July. Val- 
 
 paraiso. 1828. Swt. ¥1. Gard. t. 270. 
 There are several varieties, e.g., grandi- 
 JU/rumf Regelia'tvuTii, Schu'ltzis etc. 
 
 Trottles. Sy'mphytum aspdrrimmm. 
 
 Trowel. This implement, made of 
 iron, from six to twelve inches long in 
 the plate, and half as broad, hollowed 
 like a scoop, and fixed on a short handle 
 to hold with one hand, is convenient in 
 removing small plants with a ball or 
 lump of earth about their roots ; lifting 
 bulbous flower-roots after the flowering 
 is past in summer, planting bulbs in 
 patches or little clumps about the bor- 
 ders, for digging small patches, also, in 
 the borders, and sowing hardy annual 
 flower-seeds ; likewise for fiUing mould 
 into small pots, stirring the surface of 
 the earth m pots, and fresh earthing 
 them when necessary. 
 
 Tro'xiraon. (From troximos, edible ; 
 the plants, however, are not edible. 
 Nat. ord. , CompositcB. ) 
 
 Perennial, almost stemless herbs. Sandy 
 loam. Divisions. 
 
 T. gltm'cum. 1. Bright yellow. May. United 
 States. 1811. B. M. 1. 1667. 
 
 dasyce'phalum. Bright yellow. May. 
 
 North America. B. M. t. 3462. Syn., 
 Ammogetcm scorzonermfoUwm. 
 
 True Love. Pa'ris guadrifo'Ua. 
 
 Trufl3e. Tu'her mobgnoJtum, Pied- 
 montese Truflle ; T. Bo'rchii, Italy ; T. 
 moscha'twm, Musk Truffle, near Bath ; 
 
 T. ciba'rium. Common Truffle, England. 
 But, besides the tubers, there are other 
 edible fungi known as truffles, viz., Hy- 
 droho'Utes Tula'snei, Spye Park, Wilts ; 
 Melagona'sterBroomeia'nus, Red Truffle, 
 near Bath. 
 
 These edible fungi have not yet been 
 cultivated in England, though the Prus- 
 sians have succeeded in making them a 
 farden tenant, and Comte de Borch has 
 een equally successful in Italy. The 
 latter cultivates the Piedmont Truffle, 
 and his process is this : — He either em- 
 ploys the soil where the truffle is found, 
 or he prepares an artificial soil of seven 
 parts good garden earth, two weU-pul- 
 verized clayey soil, and one oak saw- 
 dust, intimately mixed. Decayed oak 
 or beech leaves would be better, pro- 
 bably, than the sawdust. If the natural 
 soil was used, he trenched it two feet 
 deep, removing all the large stones, and 
 adding oak-sawdust if necessary, and 
 about one-tenth of powdered snail-shells 
 if the soil was too stiff. 
 
 Choosing an aspect rather exposed to- 
 the north than the south, where no re- 
 flected rays could fall upon it, with every 
 precaution to insure its being thoroughly 
 soaked with pure rain-water, and after 
 waiting a day or two, till it was in a 
 proper state of moisture, he made rows 
 half a foot deep, and in these, at six 
 inchesdistance,he placed good and sound 
 truffles, each of them being surrounded 
 with two or three hand-fulls of oak saw- 
 dust, taking care to mark the rows accu- 
 rately. Ridges were then made over each 
 row, to prevent the truffles being injured 
 by too abundant moisture. The bed was 
 then left till the following autumn, with 
 no other precaution than, m dry weather, 
 to take care that it did not become too 
 dry. The result, we are informed, was 
 an abundant harvest every year from 
 October to January. 
 
 Bradley, writing, in 1726, of the culti- 
 vation or the truffle in England, says, 
 that the truffle may be easily cultivated 
 where there are woods or coppices of oak 
 or hazel, and where the sod is not too 
 stiff, or inclining to chalk. The soil 
 where they are most found is a reddish 
 sandy loam ; this will then be the .best 
 for our purpose, especially if it has lain 
 long uncultivated. When we are thus 
 
 Erovided with the proper soil, we must 
 e sure to let it lie undisturbed till we 
 are ready to plant, which will be in the 
 months of October, November, and De- 
 cember, if the weather be open ; for then 
 the truffles are to be found in their full 
 ripeness, and then, likewise, one may 
 find themina state of putrefaction, which. 
 
TRU 
 
 [990] 
 
 TUL 
 
 is the time when the spores are prepared 
 for vegetation. It is in the last state 
 that one ought to gather truffles for plant- 
 ing, or, at least, they should be in perfect 
 ripeness. The proper soil and these 
 rotten truffles being found, we may 
 begin our work as follows : Open a spot 
 of ground of a convenient space, and 
 take out the earth about eignt inches 
 deep, and screen it, that it may be as fine 
 as possible ; then lay about two or three 
 inches thick of this fine earth at the 
 bottom of the trench or open ground, 
 and upon it lay some of the over-ripe 
 truffles, about a foot and a half distance 
 from one another ; and, as soon as pos- 
 sible, prepare a thin mud, made of the 
 screened earth and water, well-stirred 
 and mixed together, and pour it on the 
 truffles till the open ground is quite filled 
 up. By this means, in a few noui's, the 
 ground will be as closely settled about the 
 truffles as if it had never been dug or 
 disturbed at all, and you may expect a 
 good crop in due time. You must, how- 
 ever, take care to choose your spots of 
 ground in woods or coppices, or such 
 places as are shaded with trees. Their 
 favourite tree is the oak, or the quercus 
 ilex or evergreen oak, as the elm is the 
 favourite of the morille. Notwithstand- 
 ing these statements, it is quite certain 
 that, at present, the art of cultivating 
 the truffle is not known in England ; 
 and it will remain unknown, probably, 
 untU we have discovered how its spawn 
 can be prepared as for cultivating the 
 mushroom. 
 
 Mr. Gower says he recommended an 
 old truffle hunter to bury, at the proper 
 depth, some of his truffles that were in a 
 state of decay and unfit for the table 
 under one of the unproductive trees 
 sufficient in stature and in umbrageous 
 development. At the beginning of next 
 winter, when his visit was repeated, he 
 sought for Mr. G., and told him, with 
 great satisfaction, that the scheme had 
 answered ; for he had found two or three 
 pounds of excellent truffles beneath the 
 hitherto barren tree. By following this 
 example, proprietors of trees adapted to 
 truffles, and where the proper trees have 
 been planted, may, in a short period, do 
 that which a lapse of years, unassisted, 
 would not effect. Of all trees the cedar 
 of Lebanon is the most favourable to the 
 growth of the truffle. 
 
 Trumpet Flower, Bigno'nia. 
 
 Trumpet Weed. Eupato'rium 
 purpu'rewn. 
 
 Truss is the florist's name for what 
 botanists call an umbel of flowers, where 
 
 several flowers have their stalks united 
 at one common centre, and thus spring 
 from the root or branch on one stem, as 
 in the auricula, polyanthus, and cowslip. 
 See Pip. 
 
 Trym.a'lium.. (From trymalia, a 
 perforation ; the capsule has small holes 
 at the top. Nat. ord., EharmMcem; 
 Tribe, Shamneas.) 
 
 Greenhouse everOTeen shrubs, from Australia. 
 For culture, see Pomadekris. P. globulo'sa 
 and P. Wendlandia'na belong to this genus. 
 T. cwpsula'ris. 3. Purple, yellow. April. 
 1820. 
 
 — odorati &8vmvjm. White. February. 1837. 
 
 — spathula'ta. 4. Purple, yellow. April. 1826. 
 
 Tsu'ga. (The Japanese name. Nat. 
 ord., Conifer CB ; Tribe, Ahietinece. Al- 
 lied to Picea and Abies. ) 
 
 Hardy trees. This has by some authors been 
 considered as a section of Abies. 
 T. Brwrumia'na. 70. Bhotan. Syns., Alms 
 Brwnoniana, A. dwmosa, and Pinus 
 Srunoniana. 
 
 — canade'nsis. 70. North America. 1736. 
 
 Syns., Abies canadensis^ Picea cana- 
 densis, and Pinus canadensis. Hemlock 
 
 Spruce. 
 
 a'lba-s'j 
 
 Tips of young branches 
 
 spica. 
 white. 
 
 — gra'cilis. Branchlets very slender, drooping. 
 Tnicrophy'lla. Oregon. Syn., Picea cana- 
 densis, var. miorophyUa. 
 
 'mUtforde'Tisis. A dwarf variety with 
 
 drooping branches. 
 TwJna. 3. More or less prostrate. 
 
 — carolinia'na. 60. North Carolina. 1888. G. 
 
 C. 1886, xxvi. p. 781. 
 
 — Hookeria'na- British Columbia. 1852. 
 
 — Merten.sia'na. 150. California. Syns., Abies 
 
 Albertiana, Abies heterophylla, A. Mer- 
 tensiana, Pinus heterophylla and P. 
 Mertensiana. 
 
 — Paitonia'mx,. California. 1852. Syn., Abies 
 
 Williamsoni. 
 
 — Roe'zlii. 60. North California. 
 
 — Siebo'ldii. 100. Jadan. Syns., Abi^s Tsuga, 
 
 Picea Tsuga and Pinus Tsuga. 
 
 Twi'na. 3. Japan. 1872. Syns., Abies 
 
 Tsuga, var. nan^, and Pinus Tsuga, var. 
 nana. 
 
 Tube riower. Clerede'ndron 
 Siphona'nthiis. 
 
 Tuber. A roundish, underground 
 stem furnished with buds, which under 
 favourable conditions develop into new 
 plants, e.g., the Potato. 
 
 Tu'ber ciba'rium. See Truffle. 
 Tuberose. Polia'nthes tubero'sa. 
 
 Tulba'gia. (After a Dutch governor 
 at the Cape of Good Hope, named Tul- 
 hagh. Nat. ord., Liliaeece.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbs, with perennial rhizomes. 
 Compost of sandy loam or peat. Offsets or 
 seeds. 
 T. affl'nis. See T. alliacea, var. apnXs. 
 
 — allia'cea. 1-lJ. Greenish-purple. June. 
 
 South Africa. 1820. Eef. Bot. t. 319. 
 See also T. capensis. 
 
 affl'nis. A robust variety. Syn., T. 
 
 affinis. 
 
TUL 
 
 [991] 
 
 TUL 
 
 T. allia'cea Ludwigia'na. IJ-Z. Syn., T. Lud- 
 
 wigiana. 
 ~ cape'mis. 1^-2. Greenish-purple. June. 
 
 South Africa. 1774. Jacq. Vind. 1. 115. 
 
 Syn., T. alliaeea of B. M. t. 806. 
 -^ Ludwigia'na. See T, alliaeea, var. ImSvA- 
 
 gia/aa. 
 
 — natale'nsis. Greenish-white. Natal. 1891. 
 ^viola'cea. 1-2. Purplish -violet. March. 
 
 South Africa. 1838. B. M. t. 3655. 
 
 Tulip. Tu'lipa. 
 
 Tu'lipa. The Tulip. (From its 
 Persian name, thoulyban. Nat. ord., 
 Liliaeece; Tribe, Tulipem. Syn., Ori- 
 thya.) 
 
 Hardy bulbs. Seeds for new varieties; offsets; 
 a rich compost, made of loam, sand, and vege- 
 table mould, suits them best; common kinds 
 may remain for years in the same place if you 
 top-dress them, and do not want to separate the 
 biubs. 
 
 T. acumina'ta. Variable. May. 1810. Syn , 
 T. comuta. B. E. t. 127. Turkish 
 Tulip. Native country unknown. 
 
 — Albe'rti. Scarlet, scarlet-yellow, or purple. 
 
 Turkestan. 1877. B. M. t. 6761. 
 
 — alta'ica. 1. Yellow. April. Altai. 
 
 — Aucheria'na. J-J. Mauve-lilac, yellow. 
 
 April. Teheran. 1880. 
 
 — a/ustra'lis. IJ. Yellow, flushed with red. 
 
 June. Savoy. Syns., T. Breyniana, B. 
 M. t. 717, and T. Celsiana. 
 
 — SataU'ni. Pale yellow. Buchara. 1889. 
 
 Gfl. 1. 1307, fig. 2. 
 — Biebersteinia'na. 1. Yellow, purple. June. 
 Siberia. 1820. 
 
 — Uflo'ra. J. Yellow. April. Bussia. 1806. 
 
 B. B. t. 535 ; B. M. t. 6518. 
 
 — BiUietia'na. See T. Didieri, var. Billetiana. 
 
 — Bonarotia'na. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser, 2, t. 116. 
 
 See T. strangulata. 
 
 — Borszczo'wi. 1-1^. Bright-red, brownish- 
 
 black, yellow. Spring. Central Asia. 
 Gfl. 1. 1175 ; B. M. t. 6636. 
 
 — braehystdrrwn. Yellow, red. Turkestan. 
 
 Gfl. 1. 1099, figs. 2-3. 
 
 — Breynia'Tia. See T. australis. 
 
 — eamptope'tala. A form of T. Didieri. 
 
 — Celsia'na. See T. australis. 
 ^dlia'tula. Bright crimson. Asia Minor. 
 
 1890. 
 
 — Clusia'na. 1. White, purple. July. Sicily. 
 
 1636. B. M. t. 1390. 
 
 — eornu'ta. See T. acuminata. 
 
 — crucia'ta. Cherry-red, yellow. Spring. Asia. 
 
 Minor. 1874. 
 
 — cuspida'ta. See T. Elwesii. 
 
 — Damma'nni. Purple, black. Mount Lebanon. 
 
 1889. Gfl. 1. 1300, fig. 2. 
 
 — Didie'H. Bright red. May. Alps. 1882. 
 
 B. M. t. 6639. Syn., T. Fransoniana. 
 
 BiUietia'na. Yellow. Switzerland. 1888. 
 
 Syn., T. Billietiana. ]. . , 
 
 — idvMs. i. Pale yellow, sometimes flushed 
 
 with red. May. Japan. Syn., Orithya 
 edulis. ,, , „ . -1 
 
 — Eiehle'ri. Ih Crimson, black, yellow. April. 
 
 GeorgL. 1874. B. M. t. 6191. 
 
 — ^legans. Bright red, yeUow. April. Prob- 
 
 ably a hybrid. , . , , , „ „ 
 ^EMHi. Bright scarlet, black, yellow. 
 
 April. Teheran. Gfl. t. 1147. Syn., r. 
 
 cuspidata. . 
 
 —fra'gram. See T. syUestrf. _ 
 
 — F^immia'na. See r. JXdierx. 
 —fu'laens. A torm oi T. Gejneriana. 
 -GeSia'na. 2. Striped. April. Levant. 
 
 — «'««»»^»""-g^ T Qeanenama, var. Strang- 
 ■ B. B. 1838, t. 46. 
 
 T. Gemeria'na Draco'ntia. Petals lacerated ; 
 
 various colours. Parrot Tulip. 
 ladnia'ta. 2. Variegated. April. 
 
 Levant. 1603. 
 
 '"'*f"- ^i- Yellow. April. Levant. 
 
 1603. 
 
 P}^™- 1- Variegated. April. Levant. 
 
 1603. 
 
 epathula'ta. Bright red, purplish-black. 
 
 Syns., T. Gesnenana, var. vera, and T 
 spathulata. 
 
 ve^ra. See T. Gesneri<ma, var. spathu- 
 lata. 
 
 versi'color. IJ. Variegated. April. 
 
 Levant. 1603. 
 
 — Grei'gii. J. Scarlet, purple, or yellow. 
 
 Turkestan. 1873. B. M. t. 6177. There 
 are numerous varieties of this species ; 
 see Wien. Gartz. 1888, p. 333. 
 
 — Grisebachia'na. 1. Lemon-yellow. Spring. 
 
 Herzegovina. 1884. 
 
 — Baage'ri. J. Scarlet, yellow, blackish-blue. 
 
 April. Greece. 1874. B. M. t. 6242. 
 
 — hiema'lie. Bed. April. Bussia. 1843. 
 
 — hu'milis. See T. australis. 
 
 — Uie'nsis. i. Yellow. E. Turkestan. 1879. 
 
 B. M. t. 65] 8B. 
 
 — Eaufmannia'na. IJ. Yellow, red. Spring. 
 
 Central Asia. 1877. B. M. t. 6887. 
 a'lbo-variega'ta. White, yellow, rose. 
 
 Turkestan. 1877. 
 lu'teo-variega'ta. Yellow, red, rose. 
 
 Turkestan. 1877. 
 
 — Kesselri'ngi. J. Yellow, orange. Turkestan. 
 
 1879. B. M. t. 6754. 
 
 — KolpakowsJcia'na. 1. Yellow, red. Turkestan. 
 
 1878. B. M. t. 6710. 
 
 — Leiehtli'ni. 1. Bich purplish-red, white, 
 
 yellowish. Kashmir. 1889. 
 
 — libano'tica. Purple, black. 1888. 
 
 — linifo'lia. Scarlet, black. Central Asia. 
 
 1886. Gfl. 1. 1236, figs. d-f. 
 
 — maerospei'la. Bright crimson, yellowish. 
 
 May. Probably a hybrid. 
 
 — macula'ta. Bright red, black. May. 
 
 — male'olens. 1. Bed. Yellow. May. Italy. 
 
 1827. 
 
 variega'ta. 1. Variegated. May. Italy. 
 
 1827. 
 
 — Maximowi'czi. Scarlet-purple, blue-black, 
 
 white. Buchara. 1889. Gfl. t. 1307, 
 fig. 1. 
 
 — me'dia. 1. Scarlet, white. May. 1827. 
 
 — monta'na. 1. Scarlet. July. Persia. 
 
 1827. 
 
 — negle'cta. See T. strangulata. 
 
 — o'culits so'lis. 1. Bed, blue. April. Italy. 
 
 1816. Bed. Lil. t. 219. B. E. tt. 204, 
 1143 and 1419 are T. prcecox. 
 
 pe'rsica. 1. Scarlet, black; April. Persia 
 
 1826. 
 
 — Orphani'dea. }. Yellow, red-brown. Spring. 
 
 1862. B. M. t. 6310. 
 — T Ostrowskia'na. Bright red, black. Spring. 
 Turkestan. 1884. Gfl. t. 1144, figs. 1-2. 
 
 — oxype'tala. J. Yellow. Central Asia. 1879. 
 
 Syn., Orithya oxypetala. 
 
 — pal tens. 1. White, grey. April. Siberia. 
 
 1826. Syns., T. sylvestris, var. trUiolor, 
 and T. tricolor. B. M. t. 3887. 
 
 — pralcox. 1. Scarlet. April. Italy. 1825. 
 
 Syns., T. Qesneriana of B. E. t. 380, 
 and T. oculus solis of B. B. cited 
 above. 
 
 — primuli'na. J. Primrose-yellow. Spring. 
 
 Eastern Algeria. 1882. B. M. t. 6785. 
 
 — jmie'scens. 1. Bed. April. 1824. Syn., 
 
 T. suaveolens, var. latifolia, B. M. 
 t. 2388. 
 
 — pulehe^lla. i. Base-red, bluish-lilac, purple. 
 
 Asia Minor. 1877. B. M. t. 6304. 
 
 1. Yellow. April. Bussia. 1819. 
 
TUL 
 
 [992] 
 
 TUL 
 
 T. retrojU/xa. Bright yellow. May. Probably 
 a hybrid. 
 
 — saaa'tUis. 1. Yellow. April. Crete. 1827. 
 
 B. M. t. 6374. 
 
 — aealnisaa'pa. 2. Bed, yellow. April. Italy. 
 
 1837. B. E. t. 1990. This Is a form of 
 T. strangulata. 
 
 — Schreinkii. See T. Gesneriana. 
 
 — Smteni'sii. Scarlet, black. March. Turkish 
 
 Armenia. 1891. B. M. t. 7193. 
 
 — spathula'ta. See T. OemeriOMa, var. spafhu- 
 
 lata. 
 
 — stellalta. 2i. White. ApriL Cumana. 
 
 1827. B. M. t. 2672. 
 
 — strangula'ta. IJ. April: Syns., T. neglecta 
 
 and T, Bonarotiana. 
 
 — suave! oUns. J. Bed, yellow. April. South 
 
 Europe. 1603. B. M. t. 839. 
 latifo^ia. See T. puiescens. 
 
 — suMstris. 1. Yellow. April. England. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 1620. Syn., T. fra- 
 grafis. 
 tri'color. See T. patens. 
 
 — thianscha'niea. Thian-schan Mountains. 
 
 — tri'color. See T. patens. 
 
 — triphy'lla. }. Bright lemon-yellow. March. 
 
 Central Asia. B. M. t. 6469. 
 
 Hoeltzelri. Yellow. Turkestan. 1884. 
 
 Gfl. 1. 1144, flgs. 3-4. 
 
 — tu'rdca. See T. Gesneriana, var. Dracantia. 
 
 — turkesta'nica. Yellow. Western Turkestan. 
 
 - Gfl. 1. 1060, flg. 2. 
 
 — imdulatifo'lia. J. Bed, black, yellow. Asia 
 
 Minor. 1877. B. M. t. 6308. 
 
 — unifio'ra. Pale yellow, greenish. April. 
 
 Altai Mountains. &ja.tOrithyav/mfi(yra. 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 336. 
 
 — va'ria-pi'cta. A form of T. strangulata. 
 
 — viridijlo'ra. Pale yellow, green. 
 
 — vitelh'na. 1-2. Pale yellow. A hybrid. 
 
 Gard. 1889, xxxvi., p. 631. 
 
 Tulip as a Florist's Flower.— 
 
 Florists call tulips seedlings until they 
 have bloomed ; after this those preserved 
 on account of their good form and habit, 
 as well as the offsets they produce, are 
 called breeders. Aiter some years the 
 petals of these become striped, and they 
 are then said to be broken. If the 
 striping is good they are said to have a 
 good strain; if it be inferior, they are 
 described as having a bad strain. A 
 rectijied tulip is synonymous with a tulip 
 having a good strain. 
 
 A feathered tulip has a dark-coloured 
 edge round its petals, gradually becoming 
 liguter on the margin next the centre of 
 the petal. The feathering is said to be 
 light, if narrow ; heavy, if broad ; and 
 irregular, if its inner edge has a broken 
 outline. 
 
 A flamed tulip is one that has a dark- 
 pointed spot, somewhat in shape like the 
 flame of a candle, in the centre of each 
 petal. 
 
 Sometimes a tulip is both feathered 
 a,ndflamed. 
 
 A Bizard tulip has a yellow ground, 
 and coloured marks on its petals. 
 
 A Byblomen is white, marked with 
 black, lilac, or purple. 
 
 A Base is white, with marks of crim- 
 son, pink, or scarlet. 
 
 The end of September is a good time 
 for preparing the tulip-bed. 
 
 Situation. — The aspect should be open 
 to the south and south-east, but well 
 sheltered from the north, north-east, and 
 north-west winds. We prefer a perfectly 
 level surface, because the advantage of 
 rain falling upon the bed and sinking 
 into the earth is more certain than on a 
 slope. The elevation of the site is also 
 a consideration worth serious attention. 
 Wherever it is in the power of the culti- 
 vator of tulips intended for exhibition to 
 choose the site, let him choose the happy 
 medium, neither too high nor too low. 
 If there are no shelters already on the 
 spot to defend and protect those choice 
 ffowers frpm the untoward blasts of the 
 northern quarter, there ought to be some 
 prepared. A close wooden paling is the 
 one most ready and effectual, and if made 
 of deal or oak, and well-painted, will last 
 several years. Beech, hornbeam, yew, or 
 arbor vitse hedges are very excellent ; bub 
 they require several years' growth before 
 they are-high enough to screen the flowers 
 effectually. They might be planted be- 
 hind the paling, to oe advancing in ' 
 growth ; so that when the paling decays 
 the hedges would be hign and thick 
 enough to answer the purpose. What- 
 ever shelter is made use of, it should be 
 placed at a sufficient distance from the 
 beds not to draw up the flowers, or pre- 
 vent a full exposure to light. On these 
 accounts, or for these reasons, the wind- 
 shelters should never exceed six or eight 
 feet high. 
 
 Draimrag'.— The tulip loves a deep soil 
 and a dry subsoil. Where there is a good 
 depth 01 good loam, with a dry, gravelly, 
 or sandy bottom, no more drains are 
 required than one or two formed with 
 drain-pipes and tiles to carryoff the water 
 that may fall in wet seasons on the sur- 
 face. An upright shaft, with a grating 
 on the top to catch this surface-water, 
 will be necessary. When the natural soil 
 is shallow and the subsoil clay, or any 
 other water-retaining substance, set out 
 the bed the desired length and breadth, 
 and cast on one side euI the good soil, 
 shovelling the small crumbs ; then dig, 
 or hack or shovel out the subsoil till 
 the bed is eighteen inches deep. After 
 that is finished, dig a drain in the centre 
 of the bed six inches deep, and wide 
 enough to allow the operator to lay down 
 first the flat tiles, and then the circular 
 pipes, with holes in the latter to admit 
 the water to escape into them, and then 
 be carried clean away. When the pipes, 
 etc., are laid down, cover them with 
 rubble, and then lay all over the bottom 
 
TUL 
 
 [993] 
 
 TUL 
 
 of the bed three or four inches of either 
 small stones, broken clinkers, or brick- 
 ends. Upon this drainage lay a stratum 
 of short straw or small brushwood ; make 
 this smooth, and you may consider the 
 drainage complete. 
 
 Manure and Soil. — Procure some one- 
 year-old cow-dung ; spread over and upon 
 the drains a stratum of this cow-dung 
 two inches thick ; then mix about one- 
 sixth of very well-decomposed hotbed 
 dung with the loam thrown out and laid 
 on one side on commencing the opera- 
 tion of draining. If there is not enough 
 soil to make the bed up level as before, 
 procure some good loam for the purpose, 
 mixing it with the same proportion of 
 well-decomposed dung. If the situation 
 is low and damp, it will be advisable to 
 place an edging round the bed six or 
 eight inches deep, of sufficient strength 
 to bear up the soil when it is raised to 
 that height. The best material for an 
 edging of this kind is blue slate, which 
 may now be had very reasonably ; the 
 next best are common flags of slate ; and 
 the next, slabs of wood nailed to strong 
 uprights driven into the ground at proper 
 intervals. Mix the top surface with a 
 considerable mixtiire of river sand ; this 
 will cause the bulbs to come out of the 
 soil at taking-up time clean and of a 
 bright brown colour. Should the collec- 
 tion be large, there should be two parallel 
 beds, with a walk between them. 
 
 Planting. — The best season is about 
 the beginning of the second week in No- 
 vember, as near the tenth of that month 
 as the weather and the state of the ground 
 will permit. The rule applies to all the 
 country north of London ; perhaps, in the 
 milder climate of the southern counties, 
 a week later would be better. Too early 
 planting is injurious, inasmuch as the 
 leaves will be pushing through before 
 the severe weather has passed away, and 
 would then be in danger, however well 
 protected, of being frost-nipped, and, 
 consequently, injured not only for that 
 year, but also for years to come. 
 
 The Method of Planting is governed by 
 the height of the flower-stems ; for, as 
 some varieties grow taller than others, 
 the tallest should be in the centre of the 
 bed. This consideration renders it neces- 
 sary to plant them in rows lengthways of 
 the bed, and not across it. This being 
 determined upon, let the soil of the bed 
 be levelled and made tolerably smooth ; 
 then, with a triangular hoe, draw a drill 
 the length of the bed, as near two inches 
 deep as possible. To accomplish this 
 quite straight, it will be necessary to have 
 a line stretched very tightly the whole 
 
 length of the bed, at such a distance from 
 the centre as will allow the point of the 
 hoe, in drawing the drill, to be exactly in 
 the centre. As soon as the drill is drawn, 
 bring out all the tall growers, and plant 
 them five inches apart at the bottom, 
 giving each a gentle pressui'e. When 
 the row is finished, thrust in at each end 
 a strong stick ; this is to mark where the 
 row of bulbs is when covered up. Of 
 very choice and expensive varieties, some 
 florists recommend covering the bulbs 
 with fine white sand ; but, if the soil is 
 mixed withsand,we think the white sand 
 may be dispensed with. Coverthem up by 
 drawing the soil over them with a short- 
 toothed rake. After that let the soil on 
 each side of the planted row be stirred 
 up with a three-pronged fork. Then set 
 the line at the right distance from the 
 centre (we mentioned that the beds 
 should be four feet wide, which would 
 allow nine inches between each of the 
 fiverows, and six inches next the edging) ; 
 the line then must be set at such a dis- 
 tance from the centre, that the next row 
 of bulbs will be exactly nine inches apart 
 from the centre one. Draw the drill the 
 game depth as the first, and plant the 
 next tallest flowers in it. Then mark the 
 row with a stick at each end, and so pro- 
 ceed till the whole is finished ; the lowest 
 growers will then be next the paths all 
 round the bed. Each variety must be 
 numbered, and the numbers put in so 
 securely that they cannot be easily dis- 
 placed. 
 
 5'Ae/ierisnecessary for theflower before 
 and when in bloom. Where the collec- 
 tion is small, and the means small too, 
 this consists merely of hoops, either of 
 wood or iron, with canvas covers or 
 mats to be thrown over the hoops, which 
 should be high enough to keep tne cover- 
 ing clear of the flowers. This covering 
 should be applied not only when the 
 plants are in bloom, but also to shelter 
 them from the late frosts that sometimes 
 come after the plants make their ap- 
 pearance, as well as from the cutting 
 winds that often visit us in this country 
 during the early months of the year. 
 This shelter, however, must not be used 
 except when absolutely necessary. Too 
 much shelter only coddles the plants, 
 and makes them so tender that a too 
 sudden exposure, or the least neglect in 
 applying the covering, would be equally 
 as mjunous as no shelter at all ; there- 
 fore, on all favourable occasions, remove 
 the coverings entirely, and let them have 
 the benefit of fine weather and gentle 
 rains. 
 
 Where the collection is large, and the 
 
 3s 
 
TUL 
 
 [994] 
 
 TUB 
 
 means ample, the most convenient width 
 of each bed would be five feet ; this will 
 hold five rows nine inches apart. A walk 
 between them may be either three or 
 four feet ; the latter will allow more 
 room for the operator and the spectator. 
 Three feet beyond each bed, on the outer 
 sides, place a row of pillars, four and a 
 half inches square, to support the shelter; 
 each pillar may either be let into the 
 ground and well rammed, or be inserted 
 into an iron or stone socket. These 
 
 fiillars should stand above the surface at 
 east five feet, and at a distance of five 
 feet from each other. On the top of each 
 pillar a rafter should be placed, to meet 
 a coiTesponding rafter in the centre of 
 the space just over the centre of the walk. 
 Each rafter, at the junction, must be 
 firmly fastened to a longitudinal piece 
 of wood running the whole length of the 
 beds, the length of the beds depending, 
 of course, upon the number of roots, or 
 size of the collection. There will then 
 be required two rollers of wood of the 
 length of the structure. On each of 
 these nail a sheet of canvas of sufficient 
 width to drop down on each side nearly 
 to the ground. On the top, at the centre, 
 fit a pair of weather-boards, projecting 
 high enough to allow the roller and 
 ■canvas to go under them, one on each 
 side. This will preserve the canvas 
 from rotting, and so enable it to be used 
 for several years. 
 
 Tulip, African. 
 
 Tulip-bearing Myrtle 
 nia, maeroste'gia. 
 
 . Tulip, Butterfly. Calocho'rtm 
 .lUaci'nus. 
 
 Tulip, Drooping. FritUla'ria 
 Melea'gris. 
 
 Tulip, Golden Star. Calocho'rtm 
 pulche'llus. 
 
 Tulip-Tree. Liriode'ndron. 
 
 Tulip - Tree, Laurel - leaved. 
 
 Magno'lia. 
 
 Tu'nica. (From tunica, a coat ; the 
 calyx. Nat. ord. , Caryophyllaceat ; 
 Tribe, Silenew. Allied to Dianthus. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous plants, blooming in July. 
 Seeds in spring, and division of the plants ; rich, 
 light soil. 
 T. dianthoi'des. Bed. Candia. 1838. 
 
 — Uly'rica. Ked. Sicily. 1838. 
 
 — pachyno'ta. White. Natolia. 1838. 
 
 — Saxi'fraga. J. Pink. Germany. VHi. 
 
 — itri'cta,. Pink. Altaia. 1834. 
 
 Tu'pa. (The name of one of the 
 species in Chili. Nat. ord., Canipanu- 
 
 Rmma'nthus. 
 
 Dartui'- 
 
 lacece; Tribe, Loheliem.) A synonym 
 of Lobelia. 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous perennials. Cuttings, 
 but chiefly by division of the suckers that spring 
 up after the flowering stalks are cut down ; rich, 
 sandy loam. When planted out in a bed the 
 surface may be dressed with advantage with 
 rotten dung. Unless in a very sheltered place, 
 they require the protection of a cold pit or a 
 greenhouse in winter ; and to flourish well they 
 should be divided and potted, and assisted with 
 a little heat in a bed before planting out in 
 May. 
 T. argu'ta. See Lobelia arguta. 
 
 — bla'nda. 3. Pink. Chili. Swt. Fl. Card. 
 
 ser. 2, t. 308. 
 
 — crassicau'Us. 3. Yellow, red. Brazil. 1849. 
 
 — Feui'llei. See Lobelia Tupa, 
 —polyphj/lla. A synonym of Lobelia polyyhylla. 
 
 — purpu!rea, ' A synonym of Lobelia purpurea. 
 
 — saliiyi^o'lia. A synonym of Lobelia gigantea. 
 
 — secu'nda, A synonym of Lobelia seeunda. 
 
 Tupida'nthus. (From tupis, a 
 maUet, and anthos, a flower ; referring 
 to the form of the flower-bud. Nat. ord. , 
 Araliaeew.) 
 
 Gigantic evergreen stove climber. Cuttings in 
 sand under a bell-glass, in heat. Sandy loam. 
 Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 50° to 60°. 
 T. calyptra'tus. 60. Green. Khasia. B. M. 
 t. 4908. 
 
 Tupi'stra. (From tupis, a mallet ; 
 in allusion to the form of the stigma. 
 Nat. ord. , Liliacece ; Tribe, Aspidistreoe. 
 Allied to Aspidistra. ) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials. Suckers, and 
 
 division of the plant in spring, Bich loam. 
 
 Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°. 
 
 T. maGrosti'gma. 1^. Dark purple. Winter. 
 
 Khasia. 1872. B. M. t. 6280. Syn. 
 
 , Macrostigma tupistroides, 
 
 — nu'tans. See T, squalida, 
 
 — squa'lida. 2. Lund-violet, greenish. March. 
 
 Himalayas. 1820. B.M. 1. 1666. Syn., 
 T. nutans, B. M. t. 3054. 
 
 Turf may be obtained either by sow- 
 ing grass seeds, or laying turf obtained 
 fi'om a common or down : if the latter 
 mode can be adopted it is the best, as 
 the turf is obtained at once, and is more 
 regular than can be obtained under the 
 best circumstances from seed. All the 
 preparation of the soil required is to dig 
 it level a spade deep, provided the sub- 
 soil is open, otherwise to have a good 
 drainage effected (see Draining) ; to 
 have all large stones removed from the 
 surface, and to h.ave it brought to a per- 
 fect level by repeated rollings, and filling 
 up the hollows when necessary, as indi- 
 cated by the level. The surface being 
 then loosened by raking is ready for the 
 seed or turf. 
 
 By Seed. — See Grass. 
 
 By Turf. — The season for laying turf 
 is any time from September till April or 
 May, though it will grow at almost any 
 time of the year, even if there be occasion 
 to lay it in summer, and dry weather 
 
TUE 
 
 [995] 
 
 TUR 
 
 succeed ; for although it will open at the 
 joints, and turn brown, as if dead, yet 
 after the first rain it will close again, 
 and resume its verdure. The turf for this 
 use is cut with an iron instrument called 
 a, turfing iron, observing to cut the pieces 
 all an equal width, length, and thick- 
 ness — the proper size is a foot wide, a 
 yard long, and about an inch thick ; they 
 should be first marked by line the proper 
 width, length, and depth, with a racer 
 or rutter ; racing them first longwise a 
 foot wide, then across in yard lengths ; 
 then proceed to cut them up, having 
 paxticular regard to cut them level, and 
 equal in thiScness, otherwise it will be 
 impossible to lay them level. As you 
 cut, a man or boy should roll each turf 
 up close and tight, the grass side inwards, 
 and pile them up by tens, especially if 
 they are cut by the hundred. If they 
 are cut by the hundred, the price is from 
 sixpence to a shilling, according to the 
 iature of the soil, whether soft and easy 
 to cut, or hard, or stony. A man will 
 cut fi-om three to five, six, or seven 
 hundred in a day, or more, if very soft, 
 easy-cutting turf, and having a person 
 to race them out and roll them up, turf 
 and turf, as they are cut. They are to 
 be laid regularly, turf and turf, unrolling 
 them as you lay them, joining them up 
 quite close, edge to edge, making good 
 aU deficiency of broken parts as you go 
 on ; and, as soon as laid, it should be 
 well beaten with broad, heavy, wooden 
 beaters, made of flat pieces of elm or 
 oak plank, two inches thick, fifteen or 
 eighteen inches long, and a foot broad, 
 having a long handle fixed slanting in 
 the middle of the upper side ; and with 
 these beat the grass regularly all over, 
 and then roll it well with a heavy roller, 
 observing that the beating and rolling 
 should be repeated in moist weather. 
 If very dry, hot weather succeeds, so as 
 to occasion the turf to shrink and open 
 at the joints, a good watering wUl be of 
 much advantage. 
 
 By Inoculation. — If turf is scarce, cut 
 turfs into pieces, about three inches 
 square, and plant these, green side up, 
 pretty thickfy over the space intended 
 tor the lawn. Beat them down into the 
 soil, and water freely ; roll frequently, 
 and water also in dry weather. The 
 turf will soon be as close, and the sward 
 as perfect, as if the ground had been 
 entirely turfed. 
 
 Turf Ashes. See Ashes. 
 
 These, which are the basis of charred 
 turf, now becoming so usual a manure, 
 are, according to M. Sprengel, thus 
 constituted : 
 
 Silica 
 
 Alumina, 
 
 Oxide of iron 
 
 manganese .... 
 
 Lime 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 Potash, combined with sulphuric acid 
 
 Common salt 
 
 Sulphuric acid, combined with potash 
 
 and lime 
 
 Phosphoric acid, combined with lime 
 
 and magnesia 
 
 Turf Tools are the Racer or Butter, 
 for cutting the edges of turf after it has 
 been laid, and for cutting the outlines of 
 the turfs when first obtained. It is a 
 thin, sharp-edged implement, somewhat 
 resembling a cheese-cutter, fixed to a 
 handle about four feet long. 
 
 93-10 
 
 1-35 
 1-73 
 0-32 
 0-62 
 0-33 
 0-38 
 0-08 
 
 1-70 
 
 0-39 
 
 € 
 
 =^ 
 
 The Twrfing Iron is for raising or 
 peeling off the turfs from the soil. It 
 
 r 
 
 ^ 
 
 has an arrow-headed, flat blade, with an 
 angular handle. 
 
 A Turf or Daisy Rake consists of a 
 piece of thin plate iron cat into teeth, 
 with two slips of ash, or other tough 
 wood, between which it is firmly riveted 
 to form a back, and keep it from bending. 
 When put together, the back is an inch 
 and aquarterthick. Thewood is bevelled 
 half an inch above the interstices of the 
 teeth, at which point the iron is slightly 
 bent longitudinally, to admit the thick- 
 ness of wood underneath, and give a 
 proper inclination to the handle. The 
 
 instrument serves both as a grass rake 
 and a daisy rake, and has the advantage 
 over the daisy rakes in common use of 
 being easier cleaned, on account of the 
 wideness of the interstices between the 
 teeth. . , . 
 
 The Turf-Beater or Beetle is made of 
 a stout flat piece of wood about a foot 
 square, furnished with a long handle 
 fixed to it at such an angle as to allow 
 of its being brought down flat upon the 
 turf. Its object is to leveL mewly laid 
 turf, and press it firmly into position. 
 
TUR 
 
 [9961 
 
 TUB. 
 
 Turgo'sia. (From turgesco, to be- 
 come turgid; the plants are succulent. 
 Nat. ord., Crassulacece.) A synonym of 
 Crassula. 
 
 T. aloi'des. See Cras&uZa aloides. 
 
 — capitella'ta. See Cvas&tda capitellata. 
 
 — limguoefo'lia. See Crassula linguoefoHa. 
 
 — obova'ta. See Crassula obovata. 
 
 — pertu'sa. See Crassula corymbulosa. 
 
 — pertu'sula. See Crassula pertusula. 
 
 — tmnento'sa. See Crassula tomentosa. 
 ^ turri'ta. See Crassula iurrita. ' 
 
 Tu'mera. (Named after Dr. W. 
 Turner, author of the first English herbal. 
 Nat. ord., Turneracece.) 
 
 All yellow -flnwered. Annuals and biennials, 
 by seeds in a hotbed in spring, and plants 
 bloomed in a greenhouse ; shrubs, by seeds, and 
 also by cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 spring and summer ; sandy loam, fibry peat, and 
 a little charcoal. Winter temp., 60° to 60° ; 
 summer, 60° to 85°. 
 
 GREENHOUSE ANNUALS. 
 
 T. eistoi'des. J. July. America. 1774. 
 
 — guiane'nsis. 1. June. Guiana. 1823. 
 
 — hi'rta. 1. .June. Brazil. 1818. 
 
 — pu'mila. i. August. Jamaica. 1796. 
 
 — racerm'sa. 2. July. Siberia. 1789. Jacq. 
 
 Vind. iii. t. 94. 
 
 — ulmifc/Ua. 3. July. Jamaica. 1733. 
 
 Biennial. B. M. t. 4137. 
 
 STOVE EVEKGREENS. 
 
 T. angusti^o'lia. B. M. t. 281. A synonym of 
 T. uVmifolia, var. anmistyolia. 
 
 — brazilie'nsis. 1. June. Brazil. 1810. 
 
 — cuneifo'nms. 1. June. S. Amer. 1821. 
 ^rupe'stris, 2. July. Guiana. 1824. 
 
 — trkmifio'ra. 2. Brazil. 1812. B. M. t. 2106. 
 
 — ulmifo'Ua angustifo'lia. 3. June. Jamaica. 
 
 1733. 
 
 Turnips. Bra'ssica ra'pa. 
 
 Varieties. — For the first sowings : — 
 Early White Dutch, Early Stone, Early 
 Munich and Extra Early Milan. 
 
 For the spring sowings : — Common 
 Kound White, Large Round White, 
 Large Green-topped, Large Red-topped, 
 Yellow Dutch, Tankard, French, Small 
 Round French, Sjvedish, Moscow, or 
 Narva. 
 
 Sowing may commence at the end of 
 February, a small portion on a warm 
 border, and some in a moderate hotbed 
 of the first two varieties mentioned. 
 These will be fit for use during April. 
 The sowing on a border to be repeated 
 in the beginning of March, and these 
 will produce throughout May. 
 
 These sowings are to be repeated in 
 small proportions, at monthly intervals, 
 until the beginning of July, when the 
 main crop for the supply of the winter 
 may be inserted ; and finally, small 
 crops at the commencement or August 
 and September for Spring. 
 
 ilfoi^e. — Sow broadcast, or in drills 
 twelve inches apart, and very thin ; and 
 to enable the seed to be distributed 
 regularly, mix it well with sand before 
 
 sowing. Each sowing should, if possible, 
 be performed in showery weather ; if 
 otherwise, water at the time of insertion, 
 and three times a week afterwards. 
 
 Thin the plants when they have four 
 or five leaves about two inches in breadth 
 to at least twelve inches asunder from 
 each other. 
 
 Water must be given frequently and 
 plentifully, as on a regular supply of 
 moisture their goodness, in a great 
 measure, depends. 
 
 In Noveinber or December, before the 
 setting-in of frost, some of the bulbs 
 must be taken up, and, the tops and 
 roots being removed, preserved under 
 shelter in sand. The young tops are 
 much in request during spring; they 
 must be gathered when very young, 
 otherwise they are strong-flavoured and 
 bitterish. 
 
 To obtain Seed, some of the most per- 
 fect roots of those which wUl withstand 
 the winter may remain where grown ; pr 
 they may be transplanted in November 
 or February ; of the two earliest varie- 
 ties, sown on a border early in March, 
 some of the bulbs being allowed to re- 
 main will produce seed the same autumn. 
 
 Manures. — The best manure for tur- 
 nips is stable-dung; and next in their 
 order, guano, super -phosphate of lime, 
 soot, and salt. 
 
 For the injuries to which the turnip 
 is liable, see Athalla, Cabbage 
 Ambury, and Black Fly, 
 
 Turnip Cabbage {Bra'ssica na'po- 
 hra'ssica), and Turnip-rooted Cabbage 
 [B. cau'lo-ra'pa). See Knohl-Kohl. 
 
 Turnip-Fly. See Black Flea. 
 
 Turnip Moth. Agro'tis sege'tvm. 
 
 Turnsole. Eeliotro'pium. 
 
 Turpentine. Si'lphium terehintha'- 
 ceum. 
 
 Turpentine-Moth. See Tortrix 
 resinella: 
 
 Turpentine-Tree. Pista'cia tere- 
 bi'nthus, A'bies and Pi'nus. 
 
 Turpi'nia. (After P. Turpin, a 
 French botanical artist. Nat. ord., 
 Sapindacece ; Tribe, Staphylece. Syns., 
 Lacepedea and Ochranthe.) 
 
 Stove or greenhouse trees or shrubs. Cuttings 
 of ripened wood, in sand, in heat. 
 T. argu'ta. 4. Dirty white ; buds pnrpUsh. 
 March. China. 1826. Syn., Ochranthe 
 arguta. B. R. 1. 1819. Greenhouse. 
 
 — insi'gnis. 20. White. May.' Mexico. 1847. 
 
 Syn., Lacepedea insignis. 
 
 — nepale'neis. See T. pomifera. 
 
TUR 
 
 [997] 
 
 TYP 
 
 T. ocaOenta'lis. 25. White. May. West 
 Indies. 1824. Stove. Cassava Wood. 
 
 — pomi'fera. 26. White. May. India and 
 
 China. 1820. Syn., T. nepaUrms. 
 
 Turrse'a. (Named after G. Turra, 
 professor of botany at Padua. Nat. ord. , 
 Mdiaeece; Tribe, Meliece. Allied to 
 Melia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of firm, young 
 shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in March, in 
 a hotbed; fibry, sandy loam and vegetable 
 mould. Winter temp., 55° to 60°: summer, 60° 
 to 85°. 
 
 T. heterophy'Ua. 20. White. May. Sierra 
 Leone. 
 
 — Ubata. White. July. Sierra Leone. 1843. 
 
 B. B. 1844, t. 4. . 
 
 — oUusifo'lia. 4 to 6. White. S. Africa. 1872. 
 —pinna'ta. 16. Pale rose. March. Sylhet. 
 
 1828. B. E.t. 1413. 
 
 Turri'tis. (From turritus, towering. 
 Nat. ord., Crtcciferce; Tribe, Arabidece.) 
 A synonym of Arabis. 
 T. alpi'na. A synonym of AraKs ailiata. 
 
 Tussa'cia. (Named after F. R. de 
 Tussac, who wrote a Flora of the An- 
 "tille.s. Nat. ord., Gesneracece ; Tribe, 
 Cyrtandrew. Allied to Episcia. ) 
 
 Stove perennial herbs. For cultivation, see 
 ■Gesnera. 
 T. pwlche'lla. 1. Yellow; calyx red. July. 
 
 West Indies. 1830. Syn., Besleriavul- 
 
 chella. B. M. t. 1146. 
 
 — semidau'sa. Yellow, crimson-purple. Brazil. 
 
 1870. 
 
 Tussila'gO. Coltsfoot. (From tussis, 
 a cough ; used to allay coughs. Nat. 
 ord., CompositcBj Tribe, Tussilaginem.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division of the 
 roots, which are mostly inclined to spread freely. 
 The flowers of many of the sorts, especially of 
 fra'grans, are grateful from their scent, and, if 
 kept in pots, are interesting in a greenhouse in 
 the early months of the year ; they generally do 
 lest in a strong, loamy soil, moderately rich. 
 T. a'lba. 1. White. March. Europe. 1683. 
 
 — alpi'na. J. Lilac, purple. April. Austria. 
 
 1710. B. M. t. 84. Now referred to 
 HOMOGYNE alpina. 
 
 — di'scolor. J. Lilac. Purple. April. Austria. 
 
 1633. 
 
 — Fa'rfarafo'Uisvariega'tis. J. Yellow. March. 
 
 Briteiin. 
 —fra'grans. B. M. t. 1388. See Petasites 
 
 fragrans. 
 — fri'gida. See Petasites frigida. 
 
 — hy'brida. See Petasites mUgaris. 
 
 — integrifo'lia. See Chaptalia tomentosa. 
 
 — Itemga'ta. ^. Yellow. May. Bohemia. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — ni'vea. See Petasites nivea. 
 
 — paima'ta. J. White. April. Labrador. 
 1778. 
 
 — Petasites. See Petasites wZgaris. 
 
 — purpu'rea. Purple. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1825. 
 
 — sagitta'ta. J. White. April. N. Amer. 
 
 Tutsan. Sype'riewm Androsce'mtim. 
 
 Twee'dia. (Named after Mr. 
 Tweedie, a botanical collector. Nat. 
 ord., Asclepiadaeem; Tribe, C^nanchew.) 
 A synonym of Oxypetalum. I 
 
 . Greenhouse twiners. Seeds in a slight hotbed 
 in spring ; cuttings of young shoots, gettingflnu 
 at tlie base, in sand, under a bell-glass, in April 
 or May; sandy, flbry loam, with a little peat 
 and leaf -mould ; require the protection of a cool 
 greenhouse m winter. 
 T. cceru'lea. Paxt. Mag. vi. p. 126. See Oxype- 
 
 talv/m cceruleum, 
 —floribu'nda. A synonym of Oxypetalum sola- 
 
 noides. 
 
 — pube'scens. A synonym of Oxypetalum sola- 
 
 noides. 
 
 — ro'sea. A synonym of Oxypetalum solanaides. 
 
 — versicolor. 3. Blue. July. Tucumania. 1836. 
 
 B. M. t. 3630. See Oxypetalum oceruXeum. 
 
 Twin-Plower. Brmo'a gemini- 
 flo'ra. 
 
 Twisted Stalk. Stre'ptopus, 
 Tydae'a. (After Tydeus, son of 
 CEneus, King of Calydon. Nat. ord., 
 Gesneracem.) Now united with Iso- 
 loma. 
 
 Stove herbs. For culture, see Gesnera. 
 T. a/ma'bilis. 1-2. Dark rose, with purple spots. 
 Spring. New Grenada. 1865. B. M. 
 t. 4999. 
 
 — Ceei'lice. See Isoloma Ceciliee. 
 
 — hy'brida na'na. Yellow, crimson, purple. 
 
 Gfl. 1886, p. 606, fig. 60. One of the 
 numerous garden hybrids raised from 
 this genus. 
 
 — Linde'ni and Lindenia'na. See Tsolomu I4n- 
 
 denianura. 
 
 Tyle Berry. Ja'tropha mulWflda. 
 
 Tylo'phora. (From tylos, a swell- 
 ing, and phoreo, to bear, the swollen 
 pollen-masses. Nat. ord., Asclepia- 
 dacecB ; Tiibe, Marsdeniew.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen twiners. Cuttings of 
 either old or young shoots in very sandy loam, 
 and brick and old lime-rubbish, in spring, 
 though any time will do ; sandy loam, lime- 
 rubbish, and a little old, dried cow-dung. 
 Winter temp., 40° to 45°, and dry; summer, 60° 
 to 85°, and moist. 
 T. asthma'tica. 5. Green. November. India. 
 
 1814. Syn., Cyjianchum mridijlorum. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1929. 
 
 — barba'ta. 10. July. N. S. Wales. 1822. 
 
 — calcara'ta. Green, yellow. May. Brazil. 
 
 1840. Syn., Hybanthera eordifolm. 
 
 — exi'lis. 10. Pale purple. July. Sylhet. 
 
 1823 
 
 — grandiflo'ra. 10. July. N. S. Wales. 1822. 
 
 Ty'pha. Bullrush; Reed Mace. (A 
 name used by Theophrastus. Nat. ord. , 
 Typhacem.) 
 
 Hardy, perennial herbs, thriving by the sides 
 of shallow rivers or ponds. Seeds or divisions. 
 T. angustifdlia. Brown. July. Britain. Eng. 
 Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1386. 
 
 — latifo'lia. 3-7. Brown. July. Britain. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1385. 
 
 Typho'nium. (A name applied to 
 some Aroid by the ancients. Nat. ord. , 
 Aroidew; Tribe, Arinew. Allied to 
 Arum.) 
 
 Stove tuberous-rooted herbs. Offsets. Rich 
 loam and leaf-mould. Give plenty of water 
 when flowering. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; 
 winter, 58° to 65°. 
 
TYT 
 
 [998] 
 
 ULM 
 
 T. Bro'wnii. J. Spathe and spadix dark lurid I 
 purple. April. Australia. 1875. 
 da'tum. 1. Spathe green ; spadix 
 whitish. Bast Indies. 1819. Syn., 
 Animflagelliforme. B, C. t. 396. 
 
 — divwrica'tum. 2. Purple. July. East 
 
 Indies. 1769. Syn., T. trilobatum of 
 Curtis, Arum divarieatum, Arwm trilo- 
 batum, B. M. t. 339, and Arwm triloba- 
 turn, Tar. awrieidatum, B. M. t. 2324. 
 r— Huegelia'num. Spathe purple-brown ; spadix 
 blackish. Himalaya. 1879. Syn., Hetero- 
 stalis Suegeliana, 
 
 — triloba'tum. 1^. Green, rose-purple. East 
 
 Indies. 1714. Syn., Arum oriawnse, B. 
 E. t. 450. See also T. divar-katum. 
 
 Tyto'nia. The Water Balsam. (In 
 honour of A. Tyton, a patron of botany. 
 Nat. ord., Geraniacece ; Tribe, Bal- 
 saminecB. ) 
 
 This genus is now called Hydrocera, Stove 
 aquatic. Seeds sown in spring in a good hotbed, 
 and grown in strong, loamy soil, with the pot 
 immersed in water in a tub, and receiving the 
 high temperature of a plant stove from 65° to 
 
 T. na'tans. Various. August. India. 1810. 
 
 u. 
 
 Ulcer, See Canker. 
 
 U'lex. Furze. (From the Celtic ac, 
 point ; the prickly branches. Nat. ord., 
 LeguminosoB ; Tnbe, Genistece.) 
 
 Hardy, yellow-flowered evergreens. Seeds in 
 spring ; deep, light soil, though not very parti- 
 cular. The gorse, whin, or furze is valuable, 
 not only for its gi-eat beauty, but as constitut- 
 ing a valuable fodder and fence-plant. The 
 Dauble-bloeaomed Furze is very beautiful, and 
 worthy of a place in small gardens, and is pro- 
 pagated by cuttings in spring and autumn, in a 
 shady, sandy border, or under hand-glasses. 
 The Upright or Irish Furze is propagated in a 
 similar manner, and is also valuable for fodder ; 
 but it seldom flowers, and when it does has 
 generally only a few flowers on a plant. See 
 Hedge. 
 U, europee^us, 6. Spring and autumn. Britain. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 323. 
 
 flo're-ple^no. 6. May. Britain. 
 
 ■ stri'ctus. Branches erect. Syns., U. hi- 
 
 bemicus and U. strictus. Irish Furae. 
 
 — Ga'llii. See ,Cr. rut/nus, var. Gallii. 
 
 — genistoi'dee. 3. August. Mediterranean 
 
 region. 1823. B. E. t. 1462. Syn., 
 Stauracanihns aphyllus. Half-hardy. 
 Portuguese Furze. 
 
 — hibefmicus. See U. europceus, var. strictus. 
 
 — na'nus. S. Autumn. North West Europe. 
 Ga'llii. A variety with longer spines. 
 
 Syn., tr. Gallii. PI. Ser. t. 4416. 
 
 — parviflo/rue. i. July. South Europe. 1823. 
 
 Syn., JJ. provincialis. 
 
 — provincialis. See V. parvijkyrus. 
 
 — ttri'otue. See U. europceus, var. strictus. 
 
 Ullo'a parasi'tica. A synonym of 
 Juanulloa aurantiaca. 
 
 UUu'cus. (From ullueo, its Quitan 
 name. Nat. ord., Chenopodiacece ; Tribe, 
 Euhasellece. Syn., Metloca.) 
 
 Herbaceous tuberous-rooted plant. It Is ex- 
 tensively grown in the mountains of Peru and 
 Bolivia for the sake of its small potato-like- 
 tubers. It was tried in this country unsuccess- 
 fully SiS a substitute for the potato. 
 U. tubero'sus. 2. Yellow. August. S. America. 
 
 1847. B. M. t. 4617. Syn., Basellm 
 
 tuberosa. 
 
 U'lmus. The Elm. (From the Celtic 
 name ■ulm. Nat. ord., Urticacem; Tribe, 
 UlmecB. ) 
 
 Nearly all hardy ; all deciduous, and brown- 
 flowered, blooming in April. IT. campdstris audits 
 allies, by suckers and layers, and by grafting on 
 U. monta'na. The latter is also propagated, not 
 by suckers, but by layers, which root freely ; but 
 chiefly by seeds, which should be gathered in 
 June as soon as ripe, and sown in light, mellow 
 soil ; or dried, andjutin bags until the following 
 March or April. Deep, dry, sandy loam suits all 
 the species and varieties, and produces the most 
 valuable timber. ' 
 Cr. ala'ta. 30. N. America. 1820. 
 
 — a'lha. 30. Hungary. 1824. 
 
 — america'na. 46. N. America. 
 a'lba. 40. N. America. 
 
 fo'liis-variega'tis. Leaves variegated. 
 
 i7m!sa. N. America. 
 
 pe'ndula. N.America. 1820. 
 
 rvJbra. 40. N. America. 1824. 
 
 — camp^stris. 80. Britain. 
 
 acutifo'lia. 80. Britain. 
 
 a'lba. 80. Britain. 
 
 au'rea. Leaves golden - bronze. 1866. 
 
 Syn., JJ. Roseelsii. 
 
 Bera'rdn,. Seedling variety. 1887. 
 
 hetul(efo'li<t,. Britain. , 
 
 chine'neis. China, Syn., U. cMnensis. 
 
 corusamef&lia. Britain. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 comtt&ie'nm. 8. Britain. Syn., ZT. 
 
 striata. 
 
 cuculla'ta. 
 
 f&liis-au'reis. Britain. 
 
 fo'liis-variega'tis. Britain. 
 
 latifdlia. 80. Britain. 
 
 nalna. 2. Britain. 
 
 parvifo'lia. 20. Siberia. 1822. 
 
 planifo'lia, 20. S^n., U. plauifolia. 
 
 sa/rniinsis. 80. Britain. Syn., U. sa/r- 
 
 niensis. 
 
 stri'cta. 80. Britain. 
 
 tortu^'sa. Britain. 
 
 urnbraculi'fera. Tiflis. 1879. 
 
 vimina'Iis. 30. Britain. 
 
 vi'rens. 80. Britain. 
 
 visco'sa. Britain. Syn., U. viscosa. 
 
 milga'ris. 80. Britain. 
 
 — carpvnifo'lia. See U. campestris. 
 
 — ejffu'sa. See U. pedunculata. 
 
 — frutico'sa. 8. Europe. 
 
 —fu'lva. 60. N.America. Syn., U. pendula. 
 
 — gla'bra. 60. Britain. Syn., ET. sufterosa, var. 
 
 glabra. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1286. 
 
 glandulo'sa. Britain. 
 
 latifo'lia. Britain. 
 
 ma'j&r. 80. Britain. 
 
 microphyfUa. Britain, 
 
 pe'ndvXa. Britain. 
 
 ramulo'sa. Floetbeck, 
 
 • variega'ta. Britain. 
 
 vege!ta. 80. Britain. Syns., V. aineri- 
 
 carta, var. vegeta, and 17. montana, var. 
 
 vegeta. 
 vulga'ris. 60. Britain. 
 
 — integrifo'lia. 40. E. Ind. 1822. 
 ma'jor. 40. Britain. 
 
 — moTite'rMt. 40. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 
 t. 1287. Syn., U, scabra. .Scotch or 
 Wyoh Elm. 
 <metra'lis. 
 
UMB 
 
 [999] 
 
 UKA 
 
 U. monta'na cemnne'nsls. 
 
 cri'spa. 20. N. America. Syns., U. aritpa 
 
 and U. urticc^olia. 
 
 f Ottilia' ta. Exeter. 1826. 
 
 ma'jor. Britain. 
 
 mi'nor. Britedn. 
 
 ni'gra. 40. Ireland. 
 
 pe'ndula. Britain.' 
 
 rugo'sa. 40. Britain. 
 
 mtiga'rie. 40. Britain, 
 
 — nemora'lis. See Zelkova crenata, 
 
 — parvifo'lia. China and Jajian. 
 
 — peduncula'ta. 60. Europe. 1800. Syns., U. 
 
 ciliata and U. effusa. 
 
 — jRosee'lsii. See U, campestris, var. aurea. 
 
 — sca'bra. See XT. montana. 
 
 — euber&sa. 40. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 
 t. 128S. 
 
 a'lba. Britain. 
 
 angusti/o'Ua. Hertford. 
 
 ere! eta. 80. Britain. 
 
 fo'livs.vanega'tis. 80. Britain. 
 
 gla'bra. See U. glabra. 
 
 latifo'lia. Hertford. 
 
 vulga'ris. 80. Holland. 
 
 — urticc^o'lia. See U. montana, var. erispa. 
 
 Umbellula'ria. (A diminutive of 
 umbella, a sunshade ; referring to the 
 arrangement of the fiower. Nat. ord., 
 Laurineas ; Tribe, Perseacece.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen tree or shrub. For 
 
 culture, see Laurus. 
 
 U. calif o'mica. 80. Greenish-yellow. June. 
 California. 1862. Syns., Ocotea cali- 
 fornica and Oreodaphrie califomica. B. 
 M. t. 6320. 
 
 Umbilicus. (From umbilicus, the 
 navel ; concave leaves of some species. 
 Nat. ord., Crassulacece.) See Coty- 
 ledon. 
 
 Hardy herbaceous succulents. Seeds, divi- 
 sions, and cuttings of offsets ; sandy loam and 
 peat. They do best in the recesses of rock- 
 work. 
 U. ere'ctus. See Cotyledon erecta. 
 
 — gla'ber. See Cotyledon glabra. 
 
 — horizonta'lis. See Cotyledon Umbilicus. 
 
 — Lievdnii. See Cotyledon Lievenii. 
 
 — mMacophi/Uug. B. M. t. 4098. See Cotyledon 
 
 Tnalacophylla. ■ 
 
 — penduli'nus. See Cotyledon Umbilicus. 
 
 — platyphy'llus. See Cotyledon platyphylla. 
 
 — Sffmpervi'wmi. See Cotyledon Senvperviw/m, 
 
 — serra'ttts. See Cotyledon serrata. 
 
 — spino'sus. See Cotyledon spinosa. 
 
 — turkesta'nieus. See Cotyl^lon turhestamca. 
 
 Umbrella Leaf. 
 
 mo'sa. 
 
 Umbrella Pine. 
 
 ticUla'ta. 
 
 Umbrella Plant. 
 
 ta'ta. 
 
 Umbrella Tree. Magno'lia Um- 
 hre'lla and Thespe'sia popu'lnea. 
 
 Umbrella-wort. Oxyha'phus. , 
 
 Unea'ria. (From uncus, a hook ; 
 the petioles hecome converted into 
 hooks. Nat. ord., RuhiacecB ; Tribe, 
 Nauclew.) A synonym of Nauclea. 
 
 Diphylle'ia cy- 
 
 Sciado'pitys ver- 
 
 Saxi'fraga pel- 
 
 U. Ga'mbxer. 10. Pale red. India. 1826. A 
 synonym of Nauclea Gaubier. 
 
 — sessilifru'ctus. 10. Pale red. India. 1829 
 
 A synonym of Nauclea sessilipructa. 
 
 Unci'fera. (From uncus, a hook, 
 and fero, to bear ; in allusion to the 
 curved process to which the pollen masses 
 are attached. Nat. ord., Orchidece ; 
 Tribe, Vandece-Sarcanthem. Allied to 
 Saccolabium. ) 
 
 Stove epiphytal orchid. Grow on blocks or 
 m baskets. See Orchids. 
 U. heteroglo'saa. 1878. G. C. 1878, x. p. 234. 
 
 Unge'ria. (.Aiter F. linger, once 
 professor of botany at Vienna. Nat. 
 ord., AmaryllidecB ; Tribe, Amaryllece.) 
 
 Hardy bulbous plant. 
 U. trisphcefra. J-1. Reddish. Afghanistan. 
 1886. Syn., I/ycoris Sewerzowi. Gfl. 
 t. 914. 
 
 Undergroiind Bean. Voandzei'a 
 subterra'nea. 
 
 Underground Onion. See Po- 
 tato Onion. 
 
 Ungna'dia. (In honour of Baron 
 Von Ungnad, the introducer of the 
 Horse-chestnut. Nat. otA. , SapindacecE ; 
 Tribe, Sapindece.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrub. For cultivation, see 
 Pa VIA, to which it is allied. 
 U. speeio'sa. 20. Pink. Texas. 1850. Fl. Ser. 
 1. 1069. 
 
 Unicom Plant. Marty'nia lu'tea 
 and M. probo'scidea. 
 
 Uni'ola. Spike Grass. (From unus, 
 one ; the glumes are united. Nat. ord., 
 Graminem.) 
 
 Hardy perennial grasses. Seeds. 
 U. latifo'lia. 4. August. North America. 
 
 — Palm^ri. 4. Colorado River. Gard. and 
 
 For. 1889, p. 400, fig. 124. 
 — panieula'ta. 4-8. North America. 
 
 Uno'na. (Probably altered from 
 Anona, an allied genus. Nat. ord., 
 AnonacecB ; Tribe, Uvariece. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen. For culture, see Uvaria. 
 U. Na'rum. 10. Brownish. Malabar. Syn., 
 Uvaria Narwm. 
 
 Untrue. See Sporting. 
 Upas Tree. Antia'ris toxica'ria. 
 Upland Willow Oak. Que'rcus 
 
 Upright Portugal Laurel. Ct'- 
 rasus lusita'nica, var. myrtifolia. 
 
 Ura'nia. (From ouranios, sublime ; 
 the stateliness of the plant. Nat. ord., 
 Scitamineas; Tribe, Musem. ) See Rave- 
 nala. 
 
 stove herbaceous. Seeds in a hotbed, in 
 spring ; suckers and divisions ; sandy, fibry 
 
URA 
 
 [1000] 
 
 UBO 
 
 loam, a little dried leaf-mould, and charcoal. 
 Winter temp., 65° to 65° ; summer, 65° to 90°, and 
 a moist atmosphere. 
 
 U. madagascarie'nsis, U. RaveTia'la, tmd U. 
 speciosa are synonyms ofRavenalamada- 
 
 Ura'ria. (From oura, a tail; the 
 Iiracts. Nat. ord. , Lcguminosm ; Tribe, 
 HedysareoB. Allied to Hedysarum. ) 
 
 stove evergreens. Seeds inahotbed,in spring ; 
 and cuttings of side-shoots, in Ma3^ in sand, 
 under a bell-glass ; sandy loam and fibry peat. 
 ■\Vinter temp., 55° to 65° ; summer, 65° to 85 . 
 U. alopeouroi'des. White. July. E. Ind. 1823. 
 Wight, Ic. t. 290. 
 
 — como'sa. 3. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1818. 
 
 — crini'ta. 2. Pint. July. E. Ind. 
 
 — hanw'sa. White. June. E. Ind. 1827. 
 
 Wight, Ic. t. 284. 
 
 — lagoce'^phala. 2. Yellow. July. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 — lat/opodioi'des. IJ. Purple. July. China. 
 
 1790. Wight, Ic. t. 289. 
 
 — lago'pus. 7. Purple. June. Nepaul. 1824. 
 
 — pi'cta. 3. Purple. July. Guinea. 1788. 
 
 Syn., Hedysarum victum. Jacq. Ic. 
 t. 667. 
 
 Urceo'charis. (From a combina- 
 tion of Ureeolina and Eucharis. Nat. 
 ord., Amaryllidem.) 
 
 U. Clibra'ni. Pure white.- A hybrid between 
 Eucharis amazonica and Ureeolina pen- 
 dula. Joum. Hort. 1893, xxvi. p. 183, 
 fig. 38. 
 
 Urceoli'na. (From wrceoto, a small 
 cup, or pitcher ; from the smallness of 
 the cup, or nectary, inside the flower. 
 Nat. ord., AmaryllidecB ; Tribe, Pan- 
 cratiecB. Allied to Eucharis. ) 
 ■ Half-hardy bulb, growing in shady woods, and 
 flowering from June to November, and requires 
 perfect rest m winter. Offset bulbs ; rich, fibry 
 loam ; the protection of a cold pit, and kept dry 
 in winter. 
 U. au'rea. See XT. ^endulct. 
 
 — latifo'lia. 1. Bright yellow, green. Septem- 
 
 ber. Andes of Peru. Syns., Chrysi- 
 phiala latifolia, Leperiza latifoUa, B. M. 
 t. 4952, and Pancratium latifolium. 
 
 — minia'ta. 1-1^. Bright scarlet. February. 
 
 Andes of Peru, 1836. Syn., Pentlandia 
 miniata. B. R. 1839, t. 68. 
 — ye'm(«!a. Yellow, green. June. Peru. 1837. B. 
 M. t. 5464. Syns., U. aurea and Crinum 
 urc&olatum. 
 
 Ure'do. See Barberry and Mil- 
 dew. 
 
 Ure'na. (From the Malabar name, 
 Vren. Nat. ord., Malvacem.) 
 
 Stove annual herb. Seeds. Rich, light soil. 
 XJ. loba'ta. Pink. Summer. India. B. M. 
 t. 3043. 
 
 Urgi'nea. (From the name of an 
 Arab tribe, Ben Vrcjin, in Algeria. Nat. 
 ord., Liliac&cs ; Tribe, Seillece.) 
 
 Greenhouse bulbous plants. For culture, see 
 SciHA. 
 
 U. alti'ssima. S. Whitish, purplish-green. May. 
 South Africa. 1789. Syn., Drimia altis- 
 sima. B. M. t. 1074. 
 
 — eriospermoi'des. 2. Whitish. South Africa. 
 
 1887. 
 
 U. exuvia'ta. J. Whitish, purple. June. South 
 
 Africa. 1796. Syn., Albuca eammata. 
 
 B. M. t. 871. 
 —jUifdlia. J-1. Whitish, purple. June. South 
 
 Africa. 1820. Syn., Albuca fili/olia. B. 
 
 E. t. 667. 
 
 — fra' grans. 1. Whitish, purple. July. South 
 
 Africa. 1791. Syn., Albuca/ugax. B. E. 
 t. 311. 
 
 — maeroce'ntra. 3. White, green. May. South 
 
 Africa. 1887. 
 
 — mari'tiraa. 1-3. White, greenish -purple. 
 
 Autumn. Mediterranean region. 1829. 
 Syns., XT. Seilla and OrnithogaVwm 
 SquiUa. B. M, t. 918. The bulbs of 
 this plant furnish the squills of com- 
 merce. 
 
 — physo'des. \. Whitish, purple. June. South 
 
 Africa. 1804. Syn., Alimca physodes. 
 B. M. t. 1046. 
 
 — Sci'Ua. See IT. 7naritima. 
 
 Urine. (See Dung.) The urine of 
 all animals is excellent as manure ; but 
 it must be given only to plants whilst 
 growing, and in a diluted state. One of 
 the most fertilizing of liq^uid-manures is 
 composed of cabbage-leaves, and other 
 vegetable refuse, putrefied in the urine 
 from a house or stable, and diluted with 
 three times its quantity of water when 
 applied. If mixed with bleaching powder 
 (chloride of lime), there will be no offen- 
 sive smell. Gypsum mixed with urine, 
 or a little oil of vitroil poured into it, 
 adds to its utility as a manure. Sulphate 
 of iron, in the pi-6portion of seven 
 pounds to every hundred of urine, pre- 
 vents the escape of ammonia during 
 putrefaction. 
 
 Urope'dium. (From oura, a tail, 
 and podion, a slipper ; referring to the 
 long form of the petals. Nat. ord. , Or- 
 chidece; Tribe, Cypripediecs.) SeeSele- 
 nipedium. 
 
 stove orchids. See Orchids. 
 XT. Linde'ni. See Sclenipediu/m Lindeni. 
 
 Urope'talon. (From oura, a tail, 
 and petalon, a petal ; the petals are 
 lengthened out into tail -like appendages. 
 Nat. ord., Liliaceoe; Tribe, Seillece.) 
 See Dipcadi. 
 
 Offsets in spring ; sandy, light loam and leaf- 
 mould. Must be Kept dry in winter, either by 
 protecting them in a border, or placing them in 
 a cold pit ; perhaps best by potting them, and 
 keeping them in a pit or greenhouse, and dry, 
 until growth has fairly commenced. 
 XT.fu'lvam. See Dipdadi serotinum, var. ful- ' 
 vum. 
 
 — glau'cum. B. R. t. 156. See Dipeadi glau- 
 
 cum. 
 
 — longifo'lium. B. E. t. 974. See Dipcadi longi- 
 
 folium. 
 
 — serc^tinum. See Dipcadi serotinum. 
 
 — wmbona'tum. Eef. Bot. 1. 17. See Dipeadi 
 
 umhonatum. 
 
 — Welm'tschii. Eef. Bot. t. 16. See Dipcaii 
 
 Welwitechii. 
 
 Uroaki'nnera. (Named after G. 
 Ure Skinner, a merchant and collector of 
 
URO 
 
 [ 1001 ] 
 
 UTR 
 
 Central American plants. Nat. ord., 
 Sorophulariacem ; Tribe, Chelonem.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous plant. Cuttings in sand 
 under a bell-glass. Sandy loam. Summer 
 temp., 60° to 80" ; winter, 50° to 60°. 
 U. specta'Mlis. Pale purple. July. B. M 
 t. 6009. 
 
 Urospa'tha. (From oura, a tail, 
 and spatha, a spathe ; referring to the 
 long-pointed spathe of most of the 
 species. Nat. ord., Aroidece ; Tribe, 
 OrontiecB.) 
 
 Stove aroids. 
 U. desei'scens. 3. Brown, claret. Brazil. 1860. 
 
 — sagittifo'lia. Green. Para. J866. 
 
 U. e'legans, XT. gra'ndis, U. pictura'ta, U. spec- 
 ta'bilis, and U. splilndens, all from Para^ are 
 garden names for what are probably varieties 
 of U. sagittifo'lia. 
 
 Urospe'rmtlin. (From oura, a tail, 
 and spermum, a seed. Nat. ord. , Com- 
 positce; Tribe, Cichoriacece. Syn.,Arno- 
 pogon.) 
 
 Hardy herbs. Common garden-soil. Seeds in 
 
 March or April. 
 
 IT. Dalecha'mpii. 2. Pale yellow. July. South 
 Europe. 1789. Syn., Aniopogon Dale- 
 champii, B. M. 1. 1623. Perennial. 
 
 — picroi'des. 1. Yellow. July. South Europe. 
 
 1683. Syn., Amopogon pieroides, Sibth. 
 
 El. Gr. t. 781. Annual. 
 a'sperum. 2. Yellow. July. Mont- 
 
 pelier. 1774. Syn., Amopogon asperutn. 
 cape'nse. 1. Yellow. July. South 
 
 Africa. 1818. Syns., Arnopogtm capense 
 
 and Tragopogon capensis, Jaoq. Ic. 
 
 t. 577. 
 
 Ursi'nia. (After John Ursinus, of 
 Regensburg, 1608-1666. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positce; Tiihe, Arctotidece. SjQ.,Spheno- 
 gyne.) 
 
 Greenhouse, or half-hardy herbs or shrubs. 
 Loam and peat. Cuttings. 
 U. abrotanifo'lia. 1-2. Yellow. July. South 
 Africa. 1789. Syn., Sphenogyne abro- 
 tanifolia. 
 
 — anthemoi'des. J-l- Yellow, purplish. Au- 
 
 gust. South Africa. 1774. Syns., rr. 
 paradoxa, Arctotis anthemoides, B. M. 
 t. 644, and Sphenogyne anfherruMes. 
 
 — erithnd/o'lia. 1-2. Bright yellow. July. 
 
 South Africa. 1768. Syn., Sphenogyne 
 erUhmifoUa, B. M. t. 3042. 
 
 — denta'ta. 1-2. Yellow. June. South Afnca. 
 
 1787. Syn., Sphenogyne dentata. 
 
 — fomieida'cea. 1. Yellow. August. South 
 
 Africa. 1825. Syn., Sphenogyne fcenicu- 
 lacea. , , 
 
 — leucanthemoi'des. J-. Yellow. August. 
 
 South Africa. 1826. Syn,, Sphenogyne 
 leuamthenwides. 
 
 — odora'ta. 1. Yellow. May. South Africa. 
 
 1774. Syn., Sphenogyne odorata. 
 
 — parado'xa. See U. anthemoides. 
 
 — mli'/era. Yellow, purplish. December. 
 
 South Africa. 1821. Syn., Sphenogyne 
 pilifera, B. E. t. 604. 
 
 — pu'lchra. 1. Bright orange. Summer. 1836. 
 
 Syn., Sphenogyne speoiosa. ^, , ^ . 
 ^scario'sa: 1. Yellow. June. South Africa. 
 1774. Syn., Sphenogyne scariosa. 
 
 — serra'ta. Yellow. June. South Africa. 
 
 1826. Syn., Sphenogyne serrata. 
 
 U'rtica. Nettle. (From uro, to bum ; 
 most of the species are furnished with 
 stinging-hairs. Nat. ord., Urticacece; 
 Tribe, Urticece. ) 
 
 A genus of no horticultural value, best known 
 by its British species— dio'ica, pili'fera, u'rens — 
 which often occur as garden weeds. 
 U. c^stuans. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 388. See 
 Fleurya cestuans. 
 
 — involuora'ta. B. M. t. 2481. A synonym of 
 
 Pilea involucrata. 
 
 — reticula'ta. ,B. M. t. 2667. A synonym of 
 
 Pilea reticulata. 
 
 Urvi'Uea. (After Captain Dumont 
 D'Urville, a French naval officer and 
 botanist. Nat. ord., Sapindacem.) 
 
 Climbing stove shrub. 
 U. femtgi'nea. Whitish. South America. 
 
 Urosti'gma. See Picus. 
 
 Ustila'gO. The typical genus of the 
 Ustilaginei, an order of microscopic 
 fungi, commonly known as Smuts, 
 which attack various flowering plants, 
 more especially grasses. Urocy'stis is 
 an allied genus. 
 
 Utricula'ria. Bladder-wort. (From 
 utriculus, a little bottle ; on account of 
 the minute pitcher-Uke bodies developed 
 on their roots arid leaves. Nat. ord., 
 Lentibulariacea. Allied to Pinguicula.) 
 
 A large genus of curious and very interesting 
 plants, very few of which are in cultivation, 
 although many are exceedingly pretty. We do 
 not know that our native species are cultivated, 
 but they are added here as they are quite worthy, 
 The stove species should be grown in sphagnum- 
 moss mixed with bits of charcoal, and treated 
 like an orchid. The pitcher-like bodies are very 
 curious : they are hollow, and have their inner 
 surface covered with minute quadrifld hairs ; the 
 mouth is furnished with a little flap which acts 
 like that of certain mouse-traps. Minute ani- 
 malcules endeavour to get in these little pitchers, 
 which are veritable traps ; they push against the 
 flap, which yields and allows them to enter, and 
 then it springs back into its former position and 
 closes the entrance, so that the animalcule can- 
 not get out again, but, after a while, dies and 
 decomposes, and the nutritive matter of its de- 
 composed body is absorbed by the quadrifld 
 hairs, and serves to nourish the plant. 
 
 HARDY AQUATICS. BRITISH. 
 
 XT. interme'dia. J. Yellow. Summer. Eng. 
 Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1127. 
 
 — mi'nor. M- Yellow. Summer. Eng. Bot. 
 
 ed. 3, 1. 1126. 
 
 — negle'eta. h Yellow. Late summer. Eng- 
 
 land, Essex. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 1125 
 bis. 
 
 — vulga'ris. H- Yellow. Summer. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, 1. 1126. 
 STOVE. 
 U U'tida. Bright and orange yellow. Septem- 
 ber, fiidia and China. 1882. , B. M. 
 t. 6689. Greenhouse. 
 
 — Endre'm. J. Bluish. Costa Eica. 1874 B. 
 
 M. t. 6656. Syn., XT. montana, var. rosea. 
 
 — Humlo'ldtii. Bluish-purple. Guiana. 1886. 
 
 Fl. Ser. 1. 1390. 
 
 — monta'na. i. White, yellow. July. South 
 
 America. 1871. B. M. t. 6923. A beau- 
 tiful plant. 
 
UVA 
 
 [1002] 
 
 VAC 
 
 U. monta'na ro'sea. See U. Endresii. 
 
 — ren\fo'rm.is. 2. Eose. Brazil. 1886. The 
 
 largest species in cultivation. 
 
 — rhyterophy'Ua. Violet ; palate yellow. 1889. 
 
 Uva'ria. (From uva, a cluster of 
 grapes ; the resemblance of the fruit. 
 Nat. ord., Anonaceoe ; Tribe, UvariecB.) 
 
 Stove evergreens, brown -flowered, except 
 where otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of firm 
 side-shoots in May, in sand, under a Bell-glass, 
 In heat ; sandy loam and flbry peat. Winter 
 temp., 56° to 60° ; summer, 60° to §^°. 
 U. acumirm'ta. ,6. Guiana. 1820. 
 
 — armnaltica,. 6. Guiana. 1820. 
 
 — eseulefnta. 10. Madras. 1818. 
 
 — fascityula'ta. B. Indies. 1823. 
 
 — Gc^rtneri. 6. E. Indies. 1820. 
 
 — Ri'rkii. 4. Dull yellow. Zanzibar. 1870. 
 
 B. M. t. 6006. 
 
 — laneeola'ta. A synonym of GvMtteria virgata. 
 
 — longiko'ra. Purple. B. Indies. 1833. 
 
 — langVo'Ua. 4. Bengal. 1820. 
 
 — lu'cnda. Africa. 1825. 
 
 — hiltea. 6. Greenish-yellow. E. Indies. 1822. 
 
 — Na'rum. See Urwna Narwm. 
 
 — odaralta. E. Indies. 1804. 
 
 — trnnetnto'sa. 6. B. Indies. 1822. 
 
 — veluti'na. 6. B. Indies. 1823. 
 
 — villo'sa. E. Indies. 1831. 
 
 — zeyla'niea. 20. Scarlet. Ceylon. 1794. 
 
 UVTlla'ria. (Formerly used in dis- 
 eases of the uvula. Nat. ord., Liliacece; 
 Tribe, Uvulariece.) 
 
 Hardy, North American, herbaceous peren- 
 nials ; yellow-flowered, except grandiflo'ra. Di- 
 vision of the plant in spring ; light, sandy loam. 
 IT, amplexicau'lis. See Streptopus distortus. 
 
 — chine'nsis. B. M. t. 916. See DiBporum 
 
 pwUum. 
 — Jla'va. See V. perfoliata. 
 
 — grandiflo'ra. ' 1. Purple. May. 1802. B. M. 
 
 t. 1112. 
 ^- laneeola'ta. See U. perfoliata. 
 
 — lanugm&sa. B. M. t. 1490. See StreptopiLS 
 
 — per/olia'ta. 1. May. 1810. B. M. t. 955. 
 
 Syns., U.flava and 17. lanceolata. 
 
 — pube'rula. 1. May. 1824. B. C. 1. 1260. 
 
 — ro'eea. B. M. 1. 1489. See Streptopus roseus. 
 
 — eeesiUfi/lia. i. June. 1790. B. M. 1. 1402. 
 
 Vacci'nium. Whortleberry. (The 
 derivation is doubtful, perhaps from 
 bacca, a berry. Nat. ord., VacetniacecB ; 
 Tribe, Euvacciniece.) 
 
 Seeds in autumn ; cuttings under a hand- 
 light in summer ; suckers ; divisions ; rooting 
 stems from trailing along the ground ; very 
 sandy loam ; if a portion of peat all the better. 
 All hardy except canracasa'num^ leuco'stomwniy 
 meridimm'le, and Rolliso'ni, and all deciduous, 
 and natives of North America, unless otherwise 
 mentioned. 
 
 V. albifio'rum. White. May. 1833. B. M. 
 t. 3428. 
 
 — ama!num. B. R. t. 400. See V. oorymiosum, 
 
 var. owwBjium. 
 
 — arwvitifo'lmm. 2. Pale yellow. May. 1776. 
 
 — a/rto'rewm. White, red. 1766. B. C. 1. 1885. 
 
 Syn., F. diffvxum. 
 
 — Arctoeta'phylos. B. M. t. 974. See V. made- 
 
 rente. 
 
 See Gaylussada peeudo-vaeci- 
 A synonym of 
 
 1825. 
 
 F. 1/raailMn»e. 
 nvwm. 
 
 — Imxifo'liwm. B. M. t. 928. 
 
 Gaylussaeia brachycera. 
 
 — ccBspit&sum. i. White. May. 1823. 
 
 — carMde'nse, 1. White, red. May. 
 
 B. M. t. 3446. 
 
 — caracasa'num. 6. White. July. Caraccas. 
 
 1825. Stove evergreen. 
 
 — corymbo'sum. 7. White. May. 1765. B. M. 
 
 t. 3433. 
 amaSnum. Syn., F. amoenmn, B. E. 
 
 t. 400. 
 
 angvxtifdlvum. 3. White. 1767. 
 
 fnsea'tum. 2. White, pink. June. 1770. 
 
 virga'twrn. 3. White, red. April. 1767. 
 
 — eraesifolmm. 1. White. June. 1787. 
 
 Andr. Rep. 1. 105. 
 
 — diffvlaum. B-M. 1. 1607. See V. arhorewm. 
 
 — duttio'swm. B. M. 1. 1106. See Gaylussacia 
 
 dumosa. 
 
 — elonga'tum. 2. White. July. 1812. Wats. 
 
 Dendr. 1. 125. 
 
 — erythri'num. IJ. Scarlet. Java. 1862, 
 
 B. M. t. 4688. 
 
 — erythroea'rpum. Syii.,^0«ycoccus erythroear- 
 
 pue. 
 ^frondo'sum. Andr. Eep. 1. 140. See Gaylua- 
 
 sacm frondosa. 
 — /usca'tum. See F. virgatum. 
 
 — gale'zans. 2. White. May. 1806. 
 
 — gla'brum. 2. Pink. July. 1812. 
 
 — grandiflo'rum., 2. White. July. 1812. 
 
 — ftvmifu'Bum. i. White. 1827. 
 
 — Imra'yi. St. Domingo. 1861. Ic. PI. t. 292. 
 
 — leuco'stmnum,. 2. Scarlet, white. Peru. 
 
 1847. Greenhouse evergreen. Fl. Ser. 
 t. 332. 
 
 — ligustrilnum. 3. Purple. 
 
 Andromeda ligwtrina. 
 
 — maeroca'rpum. B. M. t. 2586. 
 
 OxycoccuB TnacrocarpuB. 
 
 — madere^nse. 6. Greenish-white. Madeira. 
 
 1777. Syn., V. ArctoBtaphylos, B. M. 
 t. 974. 
 
 — meridiona'le. 2. Eed, white. April. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1778. Stove evergreen. 
 
 — minutifio'rum, 2. White. 1812. 
 
 — Morti'nia. 3. Eose-pink. Andes. 1884, 
 
 B. M. t. 6872. Half-hardy. 
 
 — Myrsmi'tes. IJ. Purple, May, Syn., Y. 
 
 Spreiwelii. 
 
 lanceola'tmn. li. Purple. May. 
 
 obtu'Bum. H. Purple. May. 
 
 — myrtif&lium. 1. White. June. 1812. 
 
 — imyrtilloi'des. H. Fink. June. 1776. B.M. 
 
 t. 3447. 
 
 — Myrti'Uus. IJ. Pink. May. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 879. Bilberry. 
 a'lbis-ba'ccis. Green. May. Britain. 
 
 — ni'tidwm. IJ. Fink. May. 1794. Andr, 
 
 Bep. t. 480. 
 deeu'mbens. 2. Pink. May. 1794. 
 
 — ova'tum. 2. Pink. May. N. W. America, 
 
 1826. B. C. 1. 1605. 
 
 — Oxyco'cctiB. See Oxycoceus paluBtrie. 
 
 — padifo'lium. Pale green. July. Madeira. 
 1777. 
 
 — pa'llidum. 2. White. May. 1774. 
 
 — parviflo'7'um. Andr. Eep. t, 125. A form of 
 
 GayliiBsaeia resinosa. 
 
 — penneylva'nvyum. IJ. White, blue. June. 
 
 1772. B. M. t. 3434. 
 
 — rejtelxwm. 2. Eed. January. Bolivia. 
 
 1869. B. M. t. 6781. 
 
 — reBino'sum. B. M. 1. 1288. See Gaylnssavui 
 
 resinoBa. 
 
 — MolliBo'ni. 2. Scarlet. August. Java Moun- 
 
 tains. 1851. Greenhouse. B. M. 
 t. 4612. 
 
 — rvgo'Bum. A synonym of Pentayterygium 
 
 rugoBum. 
 
 May. Syn., 
 A synonym of 
 
VAG 
 
 [1003] 
 
 VAL 
 
 V.te'rpem. Crimson. Himalayas. 1884. 
 
 — serra'tum. i. White. N. E. Bengal. 1859. 
 
 Syn., Epigynium leucobotrys, B. M. 
 li. 6103. 
 
 — SprmgeiHi. See V. Myrnnites. 
 
 — stamineum. 2. White. May. 1772. Andr 
 
 Eep; t. 263. 
 a'lbum. 2. White. Mexico. 
 
 — tene'llum. See V. mrgatum, var. tenellum. 
 
 — uligino'mm. 2. Flesh. April. Britain. 
 
 Eng. Hot. ed. 3, t. 878. Bleaberry. 
 
 — virga'tum. 3. Rose. North America. B. 
 
 M. t. 8622. Syn., V.fuscatum. 
 
 tejie'Uum. White. A dwarf variety 
 
 Syn., V. tenellum, Wats. Dendr. t. 36. 
 
 — Ti'Hs Ida! a. }. Pink. May.- Britain. 
 
 Evergreen. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 877. 
 
 Vaga'ria. (Derivation not explained. 
 
 Nat. ord., Amaryllidece ; Tribe, Pan- 
 
 cratiece. Allied to Eurycles. ) 
 
 V. parvijlo'ra. 1-2. Greenish-white. Autumn. 
 
 Syria. 1815. Syn., Panerativ/m parvi- 
 
 florum. Red. Lil. t. 471. 
 
 Valdi'via. (From the town of Val- 
 divia, in Chili, near which it grows. 
 Nat. ord., Saxifragacece j Tribe, Escal- 
 loniecB.) 
 
 Evergreen herbaceous perennial. Half-hardy. 
 For cultivation, see Tiaeella. 
 F. Gaya'na. Rose. Chili. 1863. 
 
 Valeria'na. Valerian. (Named after 
 Valerius, who first used it in medicine. 
 Nat. ord., Valerianaceoe.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Divisions of 
 the root in spring, ancf seeds ; common garden- 
 soil ; the tenderer sorts should have a dry place. 
 F. (Uliarloefo'lia. IJ. Red. June. Caucasus. 
 1826. 
 
 — angustifo'Ka. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 29. A syno- 
 
 nym of Centra/nthus angustifolitis. 
 
 — a'pula. Red. June. Pyienees. Syn., F. 
 
 globiUari(B/olia. 
 
 — asaHfo'Ua. 1. Red. June. Crete. 1824. 
 
 — etiteitra'pa. Slbth. Fl. Gr. t. 30. A synonym 
 
 of Centranthus ccUcitrapa. 
 
 — cape-rms. J. Red. June. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1816. 
 
 — edltica. 1, White. June. Switzerland. 
 
 1784. 
 
 — cornucdpiiB. B. R. 1. 155. See Fedia comu- 
 
 copice. 
 
 — dioi'ca. 1. Flesh. June. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 668. 
 
 — eUmga'ta. J. Yellow. June. Austria. 1812. 
 — globularicBfo'lia. See F. apula. 
 
 — intermefdia. 1. White. June. Pyrenees. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — manta'na. 1. Light red. July. Switzer- 
 
 land. 1748. B. C. t. 317 ; B. M. t. 1825. 
 
 — na'pus. White. Mexico. 1839. 
 
 — qglema'lis. 3. Flesh. June. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 666. 
 
 — phu'. 3. White. August. Germany. 1697. 
 — aurea. A form with golden-yellow young 
 
 shoots. 
 — pyrma'ica. S Pink. August. Scotland. 
 
 — ruthe'nica. B. M. t. 2326. See Patrinia 8t- 
 
 berica. 
 
 — saliu'nca. IJ. Red. June. France. 1824. 
 
 — awmtmeifo'lia. 3. White. July. Germany. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — saxa'tilis. J. White. July. Austna. 1740. 
 
 — sib^rica. B. M. t. 714. See Patrinia hetero- 
 
 — nmmirri^o'lia. 1. Bed. June. South Eu- 
 rope. 1820. 
 
 V.mpilna. J. White, red. July. Switzerland. 
 1822. 
 
 — tri'pteriis. 1. White. May. Switzerland. 
 
 1762. 
 
 — tuben'm. IJ. Light, red. June.' South 
 
 Europe. 1629. 
 
 Valeriane'Ua. Lamb's Lettuce. (A 
 diminutive of Valerian. Nat. ord., 
 Valerianacem. ) 
 
 Hardy annuals. Seeds in the open border, in 
 spring. See Corn Salad. 
 V. conge'sta. 'B. E. t. 1094. See Plectritis con- 
 gesta. 
 
 — echina'ta. 1. Fink. July. South Europe. 
 
 1807. 
 
 — oUto'ria. J. Blue. April. Britain. 
 
 Valerian, Greek. Polemo'nium 
 cceru'leum. 
 
 Valerian, Long-spurred. Cent- 
 ra'nthus macrosi'phon. 
 
 Valerian, Red. Centra' nthusru'ber. 
 
 Valla'ris. (From vallo, to inclose ; 
 used for fences in Java. Nat. ord. , Apoey- 
 naceoB ; Tribe, Echitidem. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of short, 
 firm, stubby side-shoots in sandy soil, under a 
 glass, in heat, in May ; sandy, flbry loam, and 
 fibrypeat. Winter temp., 56° to 60° : summer, 60° 
 to 86°. 
 
 F. pergula'na. 10. White. India. 1818. Ic. 
 PI. t. 163 ; Wight, Ic. t. 429. 
 
 Valle'sia. (Named after i?". Vallesio, 
 physician to Philip IL of Spain. Nat. 
 ord., Apocynacem ; Tribe, Plumeriece.) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of 
 young shoots, getting firm, in sand, under a bell- 
 glass in heat ; sandy loam and flbry peat. Win- 
 ter temp., 65° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 86°. 
 V. cymbmfo'lia. 4. June. Mexico. 1821. Syn., 
 F. glabra. 
 
 — dicho'toma. 8. May. Peru. 1822. 
 
 — gla'bra. See V. cymbmfolia. 
 
 Vallisne'ria. (Named after A. Vol- 
 lisneri, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Hydrocharidem ; Tribe, Vallisneriew.) 
 
 A floating, fresh - water perennial, whose 
 flowers live under water, except just at the time 
 of impregnation. Division ; rich loam, in a 
 good-sized pot, plunged deep in a tub or cistern 
 of water. Winter temp., 46° to 50° ; summer, 60° 
 to 80°. 
 F. spira'lis. White. July. South Europe. 1818. 
 
 ValloneaOak. Que'rcus ^'gii 
 
 Vallo'ta. (Named after P. Vallot, 
 a French botanist. Nat. ord. , Amaryl- 
 lidece; Tribe, Amaryllece. Allied to 
 Cyrtanthus.) 
 
 A cross-seedling, by its pollen, was obtained 
 by Mr. Beaton from Cyrta'nthus obU'quus, 
 which no one could distinguish from a Val- 
 lota of the same age. Greenhouse, scarlet- 
 flowered bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope. 
 Offsets ; sandy loam and peat, and leaf -mould. 
 Winter temp., 40° to 46°, and dry ; summer, 60° 
 to 76°. 
 
 F. purpu'rea. IJ. May. 1774. Syn., Amaryl- 
 lis purpurea. B. M. t. 1430. Scar- 
 borough Lily. 
 
VAL 
 
 [ 1004 ] 
 
 VAN 
 
 V . purpu'rsa exi'mia. Red, white, crimson. Flor. 
 Mag. t. 226. 
 
 magni'fica. A brightly coloured variety. 
 
 major. May. 1774. 
 
 . mi'nor. 1. May. 1774. 
 
 Vallora'dia. A synonym of Cerato- 
 stigma. 
 
 Vancouve'ria. (From Fort Van- 
 couver, California. Nat. ord., Berberi- 
 dew ; Tribe, Berberecc. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial 
 Y. hexa'ndra. J. Lilac. May. North Amer. 
 1827. Syn., JSpimedium hexandrum. 
 
 Va'nda. (The Sanskrit name of the 
 first-found species. Nat. ord., Orchidece; 
 Tribe, VanaecB-Sarcantheas. ) 
 
 Stove orchitis, grown in baskets. See Or- 
 chids. 
 
 F. alpi'na. Pale green, yellowish, dull purple. 
 Knasya. 1837. Syn., Luisia ulpina. 
 
 — Amesia'na. Creamy white, suffused with 
 
 rose. India. 1887. Warn. Orch. Alb. 
 t. 296. 
 
 — Batema'nni. B. E. 1846, t. 69. See Staurop- 
 
 sis Batemanni. 
 
 — Benso'ni. Green, with crimson dots. Kan- 
 
 goon. 1886. B. M. t. 6611. 
 
 — bi'eolor. Yellowish, lilac. India. 1876. 
 
 — Boxa'UiiCobbia'na. Milk-white, purple. G. C. 
 
 1S81, xvi. p. 780. 
 
 — Cathca'rtii. A synonym of Arachnanthe Cath- 
 
 carta. 
 
 — coeru'lea. 3. Pale blue ; lip darker. Autumn. 
 
 Khasya. 1849. Fl. Ser. t. 609. 
 grandiflo'ra. A variety with large flowers, 
 
 Eev. Hort. 1881, p. 290. 
 ^ccerule'scens. Lilac, blue. Burmah. 1869. 
 
 B. M. t. 6634. 
 Boxa'llii. White, lavender, violet. India. 
 
 1877. B. M. t. 6828. 
 Lowia'na. White, amethyst. India. 
 
 1877. 
 
 — Cla'rkei. A synonym of Arachnanthe Clarkei. 
 
 B. M. t. 7077. 
 
 — co'ncolor. 5. White with rosy dots, cinna- 
 
 mon. China. 1850. Syn., V. Box- 
 burghii, var. unicolor. B. M. t. 3416. 
 
 — conge'sta. Yellow, crimson. East Indies. 
 
 — crista'ta. Yellowish - green, buff, purple. 
 
 Summer. Nepaul. 1818. B. M. t. 4304. 
 
 — erue'nta. 2. Red. August. China. 1819. 
 
 — Cumi'ngii. Brown, yellow. July. Philip- 
 
 pines. 1837. 
 
 — Bea'rei. Yellow. Sunda Islands. 1886. 
 
 — Benisonia'na. White, orange. Burmah. 1862. 
 
 B. M. t. 4304. 
 hebrai'ca. Sulphur, with darker marks 
 
 resembling Hebrew letters, olive-green. 
 
 July. Burmah. 1885. Warn. Orch. 
 
 Alb. t. 248. 
 pimcta'ta. Sulphur, brown, white. 1881. 
 
 — densiflo'ra. See Saccolabium giganteum. 
 
 — fvJrva. Brown, white. December. China. 
 
 1844. 
 
 — fv! sco-vHriMs. Brovra, greenish-yellow. Sep- 
 
 tember. Paxt. Fl. Gard. ii. p. 20. 
 
 — giga'ntea. B. M. t. 5189. See Stauropsis gi- 
 
 gantea. 
 
 — Gfywe!ras. See V. tmdulata. 
 
 — Griji'thii. Yellow, brown. Bhotan, 
 
 — hdsti'fera. Pale yellow, blotched with red ; 
 
 lip white, brown, mauve. Sunda Islands. 
 1883. 
 
 — helm^la. Red, purple. March. Java. 1850. 
 
 — Hookeria'na. White, rosy, magenta, purple. 
 
 September. Borneo, 1882. 
 
 V.insi'gnU. 2. Crimson, brown, white. Feb- 
 ruary. Java. 1848. B. M. t. 6769. 
 
 Schroderia'na. Light yellow; lip pure 
 
 white. Autumn. Malay Islands. 1883. 
 
 — Kimiallia'na. 1. White ; lip rosy-purple. 
 
 1889. 
 
 — lamella' ta. Pale yellow, reddish. August. 
 
 Manilla. 1837. 
 Boxa'llii. Ochre, mauve, purple-lake. 
 
 Philippines. 1880. 
 supe'rba. White, claret - colour. 
 
 1888. Lind. 1. 136. Syn., F. superba. 
 
 — limba'ta. Brown, yellow, lilac. Java. 1875. 
 
 B. M. t. 6173. 
 
 — Linde'ni. Pale yellow, with red dots. Sunda 
 
 Islands. 1886. 
 
 — lissochiloi'des. See Stauropsis Batemojmd. 
 
 — longi/o'lia. IJ. Yellow, red, white. Sep- 
 
 tember. Bast Indies. 1847. 
 
 — Lo'vni. A synonym of Arachnanthe Lowii. 
 
 — multifijo'ra. Lindi. Coll. t. 38. See Aca/mpe 
 
 m.ultiJlora. 
 
 — Pari'shii. Yellow, brown, white, violet. 
 
 Burmah. 1870. Warn. Orch. Alb. 1. 15. 
 
 — Mariottia'na, Mauve, white. 1880. 
 
 Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 61. 
 
 purpu'rea. Yellow, with brown spots, 
 
 mauve-purple, white. G. C. 1883, xix. p. 
 307. 
 
 — parmflo/ra. Pale yellow, white, purple. 
 
 Summer. India. Syns., V. testaeea. 
 Aerides testaceum and A. Wi^htianum. 
 B. M. t. 6188. 
 
 — peduncula'ris. July. Ceylon. 1840. 
 
 — recu'rva. 1. Orange, brown. April. China. 
 
 1824. Hook. Ex. Fl. t. 187. Syn., Sar- 
 canthus rostratus. 
 
 — Boxbu'rghii. IJ. White, purple. July. 
 
 China. 1810. B. M. t. 2246. 
 tessella'ta. 1. White, purple. July. 
 
 China. 1816. Syn., V. Boxburghii,\a,i. 
 
 rubra. 111. Hort., new ser. t. 579. 
 
 uni'color. See V. concolor. 
 
 Wrightia'na. G. C. 1883, xx. p. 262. 
 
 — Sanderia'na. Pink, buff, purplish-red. Sep- 
 
 tember. Philippine Islands. 1881. G. C. 
 
 1813, XX. p. 440; Warn. Orch. Alb. 
 
 Orch. Alb. t. 124. 
 alba'ta. White, purple, yellow. G. C. 
 
 1887, ii. p. 9. 
 labe'llo vi'ride. Lip green. Mindanad. 
 
 1886. Lind. t. 4. 
 
 — Schroderia'na. See V. suavis, var. Schro- 
 
 deriana. 
 
 na. Purplish - brown, white, yel- 
 low, mauve. Assam. 1886. Rchb. 
 Xen. ii. t. 102. 
 
 — sua'ms. White, purple. September. Java. 
 
 1847. B. M. t. 6174. 
 fia'va. Yellow, with brown spots. Syn., 
 
 V. tricolor of B. M. t. 4482. 
 
 Gottscha'lcJrei. White, rosy-purple. 1869. 
 
 Linde^ni. White, purple. 1886. Lind. 
 
 t. 60. 
 Schroderia'na. Syn., Vanda Schrbderi- 
 
 ana. Gard. March 1st, 18*1. 
 
 — supe'rba. See V. lam^llata, var. Boocallii sur 
 
 perba. 
 
 — t^res. White, rose, magenta, orange. Sum- 
 
 mer. Burmah. 1828. B. M. t. 4114. 
 AnS.erso'ni. A richly coloured variety. 
 
 Warn. Sel. Orch. ser. 8, t. 2. 
 
 auro'rea. White, rosy, pale ochre. 1884. 
 
 ca'ndida. White. 
 
 — teretifo'lia. B. R. t. 676. See Sarcanthus 
 
 teretifolius. 
 
 — tessella'ta. Paxt. Mag. vii. p. 266. See Y. 
 
 Roaxiurghii, var. tessellata. 
 
 — testa'cea. See V. parmflora. 
 
 — tricolor. Yellow, crimson, purple. Java. 
 
 Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 77. V. tricolor of B. 
 ' M. t. 4432 is Y. suavis, var. flava. 
 
VAN 
 
 [1005] 
 
 VEL 
 
 V. tri'color einnamo'mea. Yellow, brown. Java. 
 1869. 
 
 ^ — Dodgso'ni. Light amber, reddish-brown, 
 
 violet-purple, white. 
 
 inei'gnis. Light yelloWj with crimson 
 
 spot3 ; lip pale lilac. Spring and autumn. 
 
 Paterso'ni. Creamy-white, with cinna- 
 mon-brown spots ; lip bright magenta. 
 G. C. 1884, xxii. p. 237. 
 
 planila'bris. Citron-yellow, with brown 
 
 spots ; lip rose, mauve and chocolate- 
 purple. Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 87. 
 
 Susselia'na. A brightly coloured variety. 
 
 Wame'H. Edged with deep rose ; lip 
 
 deep rosy-purple. Warn. Sel. Orch. ser. 2, 
 t. 39. 
 
 — UTidula'ta. White, greenish, orange. India. 
 
 1876. Syn., F. Gowerce. 
 
 — viola'cea. B. B. 1847, t. 30. See Saccolabium 
 
 violaceum. 
 
 — Vipa'ni. White, brownish-purple, yellow. 
 
 Burmah. 1882. 
 
 Vande'llia. (Named after L. Van- 
 delli, a Portuguese botanist. Nat. 
 ord. , Scrophiilariacem ; Tribe, Gratioleoe, 
 Syns., Mbrnemannia and Tittmannia. 
 Allied to Torenia. ) 
 
 Tender annuals. Seeds in a hotbed, in spring ; 
 plants pricked off, and bloomed chiefly in the 
 greenhouse, in light, rich soil. 
 V. crusta'cea. Blue. June. India. 1816. Wight 
 Ic. t. 863. Syn., HomeTnar/nia ovata. 
 
 — diffu'sa. 1. White. July. Santa Cruz. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. Blue. June. India. 1823. Syn., 
 
 Hm-nemannia viscosa. 
 
 — Hoxbu'rghii. Purple. July. Coromandel. 
 
 1818. 
 
 Vangue'ria. ( Voa - vanguer, the 
 name of V. edu'lis in Madagascar. Nat. 
 ord. , BubiacecB ; Tribe, Vangueriece. 
 Allied to Plectronia. ) 
 
 V. ddulis produces a good dessert fruit. Stove 
 evergreen. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in 
 sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat and flbry 
 loam. Winter temp., 50° to 65° ; summer, 60° to 
 86°. 
 V. edu'lis. 10. White. Madagascar. 1809. 
 
 — veluti'na. 3. Pale yellowish-green. May. 
 
 Madagascar. 1829. B. M. t. 3014. 
 
 Vani'lla. (A diminutive of vaina, 
 the Spanish for sheath ; shape of seed- 
 pod. Nat. ord., Orchidew ; Tribe, Neot- 
 tiecB-Vanillem. Syn., Myrobroma.) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown on blocks; white-flowered, 
 where not otherwise specified. (See Orchids.) 
 The Vanilla of commerce is, or should be, the 
 dried fruit of V. planifo'Ka. 
 V. ajyuMfc/Ua. Caraccas. 1841. 
 
 — africa'na. Sierra Leone. 1843. 
 
 — armna'tica. 10. July. South Europe. 1739. 
 
 — bi'color. Dull red. Guiana. 
 
 — clammUta. Cuba. 1838. 
 
 — Humblo'tii. Comoro Islands. 1885. G. O. 
 
 1886, xxiii. p. 726. 
 
 — lute' seem. Yellow. La Guayra. 18B9. 
 
 — Phttloeno'pm. Bluish-white, rosy, orange. 
 
 Madagascar. 1869. 
 
 — planifo'lia. 10. May. W. Ind. 1800. Andr. 
 
 Eep. t. 638. 
 
 — Pmnpo'rM. Mexico. 
 
 Vapourer Moth. Org'yia. 
 Variegated Laurel. Au'cuba. 
 
 Vasco'a. (After Vasco de Gamfib, 
 who in 1497 travelled to the Cape of 
 Good Hope, where this genus grows. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminosw J Tribe, GeiiistecB. ) 
 See Rafnia. 
 
 V. a/mplexicau'lis. See Rafnia wmplexlcaulis. 
 — perfolia'ta. See Rafnia perfoliata, 
 
 Vasconce'Ua. See Carica. 
 
 Vegetable Manures. See Greeit 
 Manures, Ashes, and Manures. 
 
 Vegetable Marrow. Cwmi'rbita 
 
 ovi'fera. 
 
 Vei'tchia. (In honour of Mr. Veitch, 
 the well-known proprietor of the Chelsea, 
 nurseries. Nat. ord., Coniferoe.) 
 
 Hardy evergreen. See PiNUS. 
 V.japo'nica. Japan. This is some monstrous 
 state of Ficea Alcockiana. 
 
 The following species bearing the name of 
 Veitchia are Palms : 
 F. Canterburifa'na. See Hedyscepe Canter- 
 
 — Joha'nnis. Polynesia. 1868. Syn., Kentia 
 
 Johannis. 
 
 — Sto'rchii. 40. 3?iji. Syns., ^enJiaeZe^ctJis and 
 
 K. Storckii. 
 
 Ve'Ua. Cress Rocket. (From velar, 
 the Celtic name of cress. Nat. ord., 
 Cruciferee; Tribe, Brassicece.) 
 
 Half-hardy evergreen. Cuttings of young- 
 shoots in sand, under a hand-light, in a shady 
 place, in summer ; a dry, airy, warm situation, 
 such as in raised rock-work. North of London, 
 in exposed, damp places, it will require a littl& 
 protection in winter. 
 
 V.vseu'do-cy'tisus. 3. Yellow. April. Spain. 
 1769. B. E. t. 293. 
 
 Velle'ia. (Named aitex Major Velley,. 
 who studied sea-weeds. Nat. ord., 
 Goodenoviem. Syn., Euthales.) 
 
 Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from 
 Australia. Division; sandy loam and peat. 
 Winter temp., 35° to 45°. 
 
 V. lanceola'ta. 1841. A synonym of Goodenia- 
 jiliformis. 
 
 — lyra'ta. J. April. 1819. B. B. t. 651. 
 
 — maerophy'Ua. 3-4. May. 1839. Syn., Muthdles- 
 
 maerophylla, B. R. 1841, t. 3. 
 —.parado'xa. J. July. 1824. B. E. t. 971. 
 
 — spathula'ta. J. April. 1826^ 
 
 — trinelrms. 1. July. 1803. Syns., EvifhaUi 
 
 trinervis and Goodenia tenella, Andr. 
 t. 466. 
 
 Vello'zia. (Named after a Spanish 
 botanist. Nat. ord., LUiacex; Tribe, 
 Velloziece. Allied to Barbacenia. ) 
 
 The Vellozias are perennials, from two to ten 
 feet high, having trunks as large as a man's 
 body, branching, and having tufts of leaves on 
 the top like the Yucca. Greenhouse herbaceous. 
 Division of the plant in spring ; sandy loam and 
 fibry peat. Winter temp., 40° to 60° ; summer, 
 60° to 80°. 
 
 Y. ca'ndida. White. Brazil. 1865. B. M. 
 t. 8614. 
 
 — e'legans. White, turning green. Natal or 
 
 Madagascar. 1866. B. M. t. 5803. Syns.,, 
 V. Tatioti and Taliotia elegans. 
 
VEL 
 
 .[ 1006 ] 
 
 VER 
 
 Vretinefrvie. 12. Blue. Natal. 1877. Syn., 
 Zerophyta retinerviis, Gfl. t. 903. 
 
 — squa/ma'ta. OraMe-red. Summer. Organ 
 
 Mountains, Brazil. 1841. Syn., Barba- 
 cenia squamata^ B, M. t. 4136. 
 
 — Talbo'ti. See V. elegans. 
 
 Velthei'mia. (Named after F. A. 
 Veltheim, a German botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Liliacece ; Tribe, Scillece. Allied 
 to Urginea. ) 
 
 Greenhouse bulbs, from South Africa, with 
 flesh-coloured flowers. Offsets from the bulbs ; 
 rich, sandy loam. Winter temp., 36° to 46°. 
 r. glau'ca. 2. March. 1781. B. M. 1. 1091. 
 
 rubesce^nti-purpu'rea. 1. Bed, purple. 
 
 July. 1834. B. M. t. 3466. 
 
 — mterme'dia. IJ. April. 1800. 
 
 — specio'sa and Uva'na are synonyms of Kni- 
 
 phofia Uvaria. 
 
 — viridifo'lia. 2. August. 1768. Syn., Aletris 
 
 capensis, B. M. t. 601. 
 
 Veni'dium. (Berivation not stated, 
 Nat. ord.. Composite.) 
 
 V, caUndnila'cmm is a half-hardy perennial, 
 the others are hardy annuals. For culture, see 
 Arctotis. 
 
 v. calendula' cmm. i-1. Ray yellow; disk nearly 
 black. Summer. South Africa. 
 
 — fu'gax. IJ. Raybright orange ; disk blackish. 
 
 South Africa. 1887. This is sometimes 
 confused in gardens with V. calendula- 
 ceum, 
 
 — hirsultum. 1. . Ray bright orange ; disk 
 
 blackish. South Africa. 1887. Syn., 7. 
 speciosum. 
 
 Ventena'tia minor is a synonym of 
 Stylidium lineare. 
 
 Ventila'go. (From ventilo, to be 
 exposed to the wind. Nat. ord., Bham- 
 nem.) 
 
 Stove climbing shrub. For culture, see Beb- 
 
 CHEMIA. 
 
 V. madraspata'na. Green. .Tune. India. 1822, 
 
 Ventilation. See Greenhouse. 
 
 Venus' Fly-trap. Dionw'a musci'- 
 ptda. 
 
 Venus' Hair. Adia'ntum capi'Uus 
 Ve'neris. 
 
 Venus' Looking-glass. Specu- 
 la'ria spe'culwm. 
 
 Venus' Navelwort. Omphalo'des. 
 Venus' Sixmach. Bhu's coti'nns. 
 Ve'pris. (From vepres, a thorn-bush. 
 Nat. ord., Butacem.) See Toddalia. 
 
 V. lanceola'ta. See Toddalia lanceolata. 
 
 Vera'trum. (From vere, truly, and 
 ater, black ; colour of the roots. Nat. 
 ord., Liliacece; Tribe, Veratrece.) 
 
 The plants in this genus are all poisonous. 
 Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds and divi- 
 sioils in spring ; deep, rich loam. 
 V. a'lbum. 6. White. July. Europe. 1543. 
 Bed. Lil. t. 447. 
 
 V. a'lhvm, Lobelia'num, Whit*. June. South 
 Europe. 1818. Syn., V. Lobelianum. 
 
 m'ride. 6. Green. July. North America. 
 
 1742. Syns., V. viride and Helmiias 
 viridis, B. M. 1. 1096. 
 
 — angusti/o'lvum. A synonym of Stena/nthiii/m 
 
 angustifolium. 
 —fri'gidvim. A synonym of Stenanthiumfrigi- 
 dum. 
 
 — Lobelia'num. See V. albwm, var. Lobelianum. 
 
 — Maa'ckii. 2. Dark purple. Summer. Eastern 
 
 Siberia. 1883. Gfl. 1. 1070. 
 
 — nigrum. 3. Dark purple. June. Siberia. 
 
 1S96. B. M. t. 963. 
 
 — parvijlo'rum. 2. Green. June. Carolina. 
 
 1809. Syn., Melanthiumbracteolare. 
 
 — Sabadi'lla. A synonym of Xerophyllum Saba- 
 
 dilla. 
 
 — m'ride. See V. album, var. viride. 
 
 Verba'scum. Mullein. (From bar- 
 bascum, bearded ; the bearded stamens. 
 Nat. ord., Scrophulariacece ; Tribe, Ver- 
 bascew.y 
 
 All yellow-flowered where not otherwise men- 
 tioned. All freely by seeds ; perennials also by 
 division of the roots in spring. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 V. cethio'picwm. May. Mount Sinai. 1825. 
 
 — alopecu'rus. 3. July. France. 1820. 
 
 — austri'acwm. 5. July. Austria. 1818. 
 
 — betonicoefo'li/wm. 2. July. Armenia. 1825. 
 
 — chrystirium. June. Palestine. 1827. 
 
 — coUilnum. 3. July. Germany. 1820. 
 
 — cu'preum. 3. Brown. July. Caucasus. 
 
 1798. B. M. 1. 1226. 
 —faseUrula'tum. May. Mount Sinai. 1826. 
 — ferrugtneum. Andr. Rep. t. 162. See V. 
 
 phoeniceum. 
 
 — hyoeeiri/fo'lium. June. Levant. 1829. 
 
 — lana'tum. 3. July. Italy. 1825. 
 
 — nVgrmn. 2. July. England. 
 
 — onentiiU. 2. July. Caucasus. 1821. 
 
 — ovalifo'linm. 1. Tauria. 1804. B. M. 1. 1037. 
 
 — phceni'ceum. 3. Purple. July. South Europe. 
 
 1796. B. M. t. ,885. Syn., F. ferrugi- 
 
 ica'twm. July. Greece. 1816. Slbth. FI. 
 Gr. t. 226. 
 
 — spino'swm. 1. Purple. July. Crete. 18-24. 
 
 Evergreen. 
 
 — thapsoi'des. July. Portugal. 1819. 
 
 — tri'ste. 2. Yellow, red. July. South Europe. 
 
 1688. 
 
 — undula'tum. 3. July. South Europe. 1819. 
 
 HARDY BIENNIALS. 
 
 V. awricula'tum. June. Levant. 1826. Sibth, 
 Fl. Gr. t. 225. 
 
 — ba/nna'ticum. July. Hungary. 1820. 
 bipinnati'Jidum. June. Tauria. 1813. B. 
 
 M. 1. 1777. 
 
 — Boerhaa'mi. 2. July. South Europe. 1731. 
 
 Annual. 
 candidi'ssim/um. 4. May. Naples. 1823. 
 ceratophy'llum. June. Levant. 1829. 
 Chai'xii. 3. July. Prance. 1821. 
 
 — cuspida'tum. 4. May. Vienna. 1817. 
 densifio'rum. January. Italy. 1825. 
 formofeum. 2. July. Russia. 1818. B. B. 
 
 t. 568. 
 gla'brum. 2. July. Europe. 1805. 
 
 — gnaphaioi'dea. 2. July. Caucasus. 1826. 
 
 — gosgypi'num. 4. July. Caucasus. 1820. 
 
 — grandifio'rum. 4. July. Europe. 1820. 
 
 — hcem&rrhoida'le. 2. ■ White, purple. July. 
 
 Madeira. 1777. Greenhouse. 
 
 — i'ndieum. July. Nepanl. 
 
 — leptosta'chyum. S. July. South France. 
 
 1825. 
 longifo'lium. S. July. Naples. 1824. 
 lychni'tie. 3. July. Britain. 
 
VER 
 
 [1007] 
 
 VEK 
 
 V.lyra'tum. i. June. Spain. 1819. 
 
 — macra'nthum. 3. July. Portugal. 1820. 
 
 — maja'le. 3. July. Montpelier. 1817. 
 
 — numspessiUa'num. June. South France. 1824. 
 
 — mtmta'num. 3. July. France. 1819. 
 
 — Myco'ni. B. M. t. 236. &ea Rammeiia pyre- 
 
 naica. 
 
 — ni'veum. 3. May. Naples. 1823. 
 
 — oly'mpicum. 5. Summer. Levant. 1883. 
 
 Gfl. 1. 1078. 
 
 — ova'tum. 8. July. Spain. 1824. 
 
 — pinnati'fldum. 1. July. Archipelago. 1788. 
 
 Greenhouse. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 228. 
 
 — pulveniie'ntum. 3. July. England. 
 
 — pyramida'tum. 3. July. Caucasus. 1804. 
 
 SMTt. Fl. Gard. t. 31. 
 
 — repa'ndum. 3. July. Europe. 1813. 
 
 — rotundifo'lium. 4. July. Italy. 1823. 
 
 — rubigino'sum. 4. Yellow, red. July. Hungary. 
 
 1817. 
 . — rugulo's-um. June. South Europe. 1820. 
 
 — siima'tum. 2. July. South Europe. 1670. 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 227. 
 
 — apeeta'bile. 2. Yellow, purple. July. Tauria. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — Steve'nii. 5. July. Siberia. 1821. 
 
 — tavJri&wm, 2. Yellow, purple. August. 
 
 Tauria. 1839. B. M. t. 3799. 
 
 — tha'psus. 6. July. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 
 
 3, t. 937. Aaron's Rod. 
 el(mga'twm. July. Europe. 1813. 
 
 — vertsiflo'rum. 3. Purple. July. Bohemia. 1823. 
 
 — virga'tum. 6. August. Britain. 
 
 Verbe'na. Vervain. (From the 
 Celtic Ferfain. Nat. ord., Verhenaceoe.) 
 
 Annuals and biennials, by seed in a slight hot- 
 bed in March, or in the open air in April ; peren- 
 nials, by division, layers, and cuttings ; tender 
 kinds, chiefly by cuttings, unless when seed is 
 employed to obtain new varieties. These varie- 
 ties are struck generally in spring and autumn for 
 l>looming in pots, but chiefly for decorating the 
 flower-garden beds. A rich, sandy loam suits 
 them best. The points of the shoots in spring 
 strike best in a little peat. In autumn they can 
 scarcely be kept too cool. The smallest piece 
 will form a better plant than a larger piece. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS. 
 
 T. (Mta. 5. Rosy. August. Monte Video. 
 1828. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 41. 
 
 — amoe'na. 1. Pinkish-purple. July. Mexico. 
 
 Paxt. Mag. vii., p. 3. 
 
 — Arrania'na. ij. Purple. August. 1836. 
 
 — barba'ta. 1. Pink. August. Mexico. 1826. 
 
 — chanuedrifo'lia. 1. Scarlet. August. Buenos 
 
 Ayres. 1827. B. M. t. 3333. Syn., V. 
 
 — diffu'm. S. Blue. July. N. America. 1818. 
 
 — glwndulo'ia. 2. Pale. July. 1832. 
 
 — inei'm. 2. Bed. August. Panama. 1836. 
 
 B. M. t. 3628. 
 
 — Meli'ndres. B. R. 1. 1184. See V. chamcedri- 
 
 folia. 
 
 — muta'bilis. Andr. Rep. t. 635. See Stachytar- 
 
 pfieta Tnutabilis. 
 
 — pulchdlla. 1. Purple. July. Buenos Ayres. 
 
 1827. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 296. 
 
 — ra'dieans. i. Lilac. July. Chili. 1832. 
 
 — mlphu'rea. 1. Sulphur. July. Chili. 1832. 
 
 B. R. t. 1748. 
 
 — teiKTioi'des. 2. Purplish. July. Monte 
 
 Video. 1837. B. M. t. 3694. 
 
 — triphy'lla. B. M. t. 367. See Lippia eitrio- 
 
 d&ra. 
 
 — Tweedia'na. 1. Scarlet. August. Brazil. 
 
 1834. B. M. t. 3641. 
 
 — veno'sa. 2i. Rosy. July. Buenos Ayres. 
 
 1830. B. M. t. 3127. 
 HARDY ANNUAM AND BIENNIALS. 
 
 V. AubUtia. 1. Purple. August. N. America. 
 1774. Biennial. B. M. t. 308. 
 
 Y. breuiteo'm. 1. Pink. July. Mexico. 1820. 
 Biennial. B. M. t. 2910. 
 
 — cane'scens. J. Blue. July. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 — e'legans. J. Blue. July. Mexico. 1826. 
 
 Biennial. 
 
 — lasiosta'chys. 2. Purple. July. California. 
 
 1826. Biennial. 
 
 — Htora'lis. 3. Grey. July. S. America. 
 
 1832. 
 
 — multi'fida. Blue. July. Peru. 1818. 
 
 — pinnati'fida. 4. Purple. July. N. America. 
 
 1810. Biennial. 
 
 — tri'Jida. 1. Purple. August. Mexico. 1818. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 V. Auble'tia Drummo'ndii. 1^. Lilac. July. 
 Texas. B. R. 1. 1925. 
 
 — Xtrummo'ndi. See V. Lamberti, var. rosea. 
 
 — eHnoi'des. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 347. See 
 
 V. muUiJida. 
 
 — Lambe'rti. ij. Purple. July. S. America. 
 
 B. M. t. 2200. 
 
 ro'sea. IJ. Pink. July. Carolina. Swt. 
 
 Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 363. 
 
 — multi'fida a'lba. White. May. Chili. 1839. 
 Sabi'ni. J. Purplish. July. Chili. 
 
 1834. 
 
 — ojficina'le veno'sa. Bluish. August. Oxford. 
 
 1837. 
 
 — polysta'chya. 4. Bed. July. Mexico. 1820. 
 
 — pulche'lla coro'lla-a'lbida. 1. Whitish. July. 
 
 1834: 
 
 — rug&sa. 2. Violet. July. Buenos Ayres. 
 
 1833. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 318. 
 
 — sca'bra. 4. Red. July. Mexico. 1825. 
 
 — soro'ria. 2. Purple. July. Kepaul. 1824. 
 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 202. 
 
 Verbena, Lemon, or Sweet- 
 scented. Li'ppia citrio'dora. 
 
 Verbesi'na. (Altered from Verbena. 
 Nat. ord. , Compositce ; Tribe, Selian- 
 thoidecB. ) 
 
 Stove or greenhouse, yellow-flowered, herba- 
 ceous perennials, from Mexico. Seeds and divi- 
 sions of tlie root ; rich, sandy loam. 
 V. ala'ta. B. M. 1. 1716. See V. ocddentalis. 
 
 — atriplicifo'lia. 3. July. 1823. Now linown 
 
 as MOKTANOA ARBORESCENS. 
 
 — croea'ta. 2. Summer. 1812. Syns., Platy- 
 
 pteris crocata and Monta^ioa crocata. B. 
 M. 1. 1627. Stove. 
 
 — eneelioi'des. 2. August. 1785. Syn., Xime- 
 
 7i£8ia eruielioides. 
 
 — helia'hthoi'des. 3. South America. 1825. 
 
 Syn., AcHnoTneris helianthoides. 
 
 — ocddtentaHis. 3. July. South America. 1803. 
 
 Syns., V. oceidentalia and AiMnomeris 
 alata. 
 
 — pinnati'fida. S. August. 1826. Jacq. H. 
 
 Schoenb. t. 306. 
 
 — salicifa'lia. 2. July. 1825. 
 
 — sati'va. B. M. 1. 1017. See Veslingia saliva. 
 
 — virgi'niea. 2. White. August. North 
 
 America. 1812. Hardy. 
 
 Vere'ia. (Derivation doubtful. Nat. 
 ord., Crassulaeem.) See Kalanchoe, 
 where it has been erroneously spelt 
 Vareia. 
 
 V. acutifio'ra. Andr. Rep. t. 660. See KaXwn- 
 choe acutifiora. 
 
 — erena'ta. Andr. Rep. t. 21. See Kala/nchoe 
 
 crenata. 
 
 Verge-cutter. A tool -with a semi- 
 circular blade fixed on a long handle for 
 cutting the edges of turf around flower- 
 beds, or walks. 
 
VER 
 
 [ 1008] 
 
 VER 
 
 Vernal Grass, Sweet-scented. 
 
 Anthoxa'nthum odora'twm. 
 
 Vemo'nia. (Named after W. Ver- 
 non, a botanical traveller. Nat. ord., 
 Compositce; Tribe, Vernoniacece.) 
 
 All purple-flowered where not otherwise men- 
 tioned. Hardy, by seeds and divisions ; tender, 
 by seeds, divisions, and cuttings under a hand- 
 light ; rich, sandy loam ; stove treatment. 
 
 STOVK EVERGREENS, ETC. 
 
 Y. acutifo'lia. 4. December. S. America. B. 
 
 M. t. 3062. 
 —anthelmi'ntica. Lilac. August. B. Indies. 
 
 1770. Biennial. Syn., Asomicida anthel- 
 
 mintwa. 
 
 — ariore^scetis. 5. November. Jamaica. 1733. 
 
 — a'spera. White. June. E. Indies. 1823. 
 
 — axillcejlo'ra. 1^. Lilac. September. Bahia. 
 
 B. R. t. 146i. 
 
 — Calvoa'na. 8-12. White and purple. Ja- 
 
 nuary. Cameroon Mountains. 1862. 
 B. M. t. 5698. 
 
 — centrijlo'ra. See V. scorpiodes. 
 
 — cine^rea. July. B. Indies. Biennial. 
 
 — Jiextio'm. 1^. September. Brazil. 1823. B. 
 
 M. t. 2477. 
 
 — fmtm'sa. 4. October. W. Indies. 1818. 
 
 — Hnea'ris. 1. October. S. America. 1825. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 — oAarati! ssima. 4. October. Caraccas. 1817. 
 
 — pinifo'lia. 2. Summer. South Africa. 1863. 
 
 Syn., VebWa pinifolia. B. M. t. 6412. 
 Greenhouse perennial. 
 
 — scorpioi'des. 1. Lilac-rose. Brazil. 1826. 
 
 Syn., F. centrifiora. 
 
 — seri'cea. 5. December. Brazil. 1825. B. E.. 
 
 t. 622. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 V. alti'ssima. 12. October. Ohio. 1820. 
 
 — a7igu8tifo'lia. 4. September. N. America. 
 
 1817. 
 
 — glau'ca. 4. July. N. America. 1710. 
 
 — ■noveborace'nids. 6. August. N. America. 
 
 1710. 
 
 — oligophi/Ua. September. N. America. 1710. 
 
 — pandura'ta. 4. October. 1825. 
 
 — proBa'lta. 8. October. N. America. 1732. 
 
 — sodbe'rrvma. 4. October. N. America. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — serratuloi'des. September. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 — te'res'. July. Nepaul. 1821. 
 
 Vero'nica. Speedwell. (The mean- 
 ing is doubtful. Nat. ord., Scrophu- 
 lariacew ; Tribe, Digitalece.) 
 > All blue-flowered where not otherwise named. 
 Annuals, seeds in March and April ; perennials, 
 chiefly by division in spring ; good garden-soil ; 
 shrubby, cuttings in spring or summer under a 
 bell-glass ; peat and loam. Winter temp, for 
 greenhouse kinds, 38° to 45°. 
 
 GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS, ETC. 
 
 F. And&rso'nii. 3. Purple. September. A 
 garden hybrid. PI: Ser. t. 658. There is 
 a variegated form. 
 
 — Colensdi. New Zealand. 
 
 — cfreHiGa. \. May. Crete. 1819. 
 
 — deev^sa'ta. 1. JTuly. Falkland Isles. 1776. 
 
 Evergreen. B. M. t. 242. 
 
 — Derwe/nticB. 3. Pale blue or white. June. 
 
 Australia. 1802. Syn. V. laMata. B. 
 M. 1. 1660 and t. 3461. 
 
 — dianthifo'lia. h May. N. Holland. 1823. 
 
 — di'stemg. 1. April. N. Holland. 1826. 
 
 — eUi'ptica. White. May. New Zealand. 
 
 ,1852. 
 —fomw'sa. 8. White. April. VanDiemen'.s 
 Land. 1836. Evergreen. B. M. 
 t 4612 
 
 F. gra'cilis. 1. May. N. S. Wales. 1820. 
 
 — Mutkea'na. Lilac. New Zealand. 1866. B. 
 
 M. t. 6484. 
 
 — laUa'ta. B. M. t. 1660 and t. 3461. See F. 
 
 — Lindleya'na. White. September. New 
 
 Zealand. 1843. Evergreen. Paxt. Mag. 
 xii., p. 247. 
 
 — ni'vea. White. May. Van Diemen's Land.. 
 
 1840. Evergreen. Ic. PL t. 640. 
 
 — pmiAjklrd. 1. May. New Zealand. 1822. 
 
 Evergreen. 
 
 angustifo'lid. Lilac. New Zealand. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — perfoUa'ta. 1. August. N. S. Wales. 1815. 
 
 B. B. t. 1930. 
 
 — pM)&'ia. 1. June. N. Holland. 1820. 
 
 — salieifo'lia. 3. White. July. New Zea- 
 
 land. 1843. Evergreen. B. E. 1846,. 
 t. 5. 
 
 — speeio'sa. 2. Van Diemen's Land. 1836. 
 
 Evergreen. B. M. t. 4076. 
 
 — ■ imperia/lis. Purple-red. New Zealand.. 
 
 1877. 
 
 — »yri'aea. ^. Blue. June. Syria. 1857. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 F. ceratoca'rpa. March. Caucasus. 1886. 
 
 — dildAfma. All seasons. Naples. 1827. 
 
 — polita. i. March. Britain. 
 
 HARDY AQUATICS. 
 
 F. anagalloi'des. Calabria. 1836. 
 
 — caroUnia'na. 1. June. Carolina. 1821. 
 
 — pannula'ria. 1. Red. July. Austria,. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — Bcutella'ta. 2. Flesh. May. Britain. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS, ETC. 
 
 F. abrotanifo'lia. 2. August. Siberia, 1830. 
 
 — acutijlo'ra. 1. Red. May. France. 1821. 
 
 — AlHo'nU, i- May. South Europe. 1740.. 
 
 Evergreen. 
 
 — alpi'na. J. May. Europe. Eng. Bot. ed. 3,. 
 
 t. 980. 
 
 hetero^hy'tta. J. May. Europe. 
 
 integrifo'lia. \. May. Silesia. 1814. 
 
 obtusifo'Ua. \. July. Scotland. 
 
 pu'Tnila. \. August. Piedmont. 1819.. 
 
 rotundifo'lia. \. May. Europe. 1816. 
 
 Wormshio'tdii. A large-leaved variety.. 
 
 1819. B. M. t. 2975. 
 
 — aphy'Ua. J. May. Italy. 1776. 
 
 — argu'ta. 3. July. South Europe. 1812. 
 
 — Armstro'ngi. 1-3. White. New Zealand.. 
 
 1888. 
 T- austra'lis. IJ. August. South Europe; 
 1812. 
 
 — austri'aoa. 1. July. Austria. 1748. 
 
 — azM'rea. 3. May. 1821. 
 
 — BaumgartelniA. May. Transylvania. 1826. 
 
 — iellidioi'des. J. May. Switzerland. 1775. 
 
 — iraohyph'iflla. July. 1822. 
 
 — brevifo'Ua. 1. May. 1822. 
 
 — cii}'no'sula. White ; anthers reddish-yelloWi 
 
 Summer. New Zealand. See also F.- 
 
 - eauca'sica. 1. Pale red. June. Caucasus^ 
 
 1816. B. C. 1. 1369. 
 latif&Ua. i. Pale red. June. 
 
 1820. 
 - chamc^drys. i. 
 
 ed. 3, t. 98f 
 
 : lamufo'lia. 
 
 - variega'ta. 
 
 June. Britain. Eng. Bot.. 
 
 August. 1826. 
 }. August. 
 Clu'sii. f. August. Hungary. 1822. 
 
 - compUca'ta. 2. September. Europe. 1812.. 
 
 - crassifo'lia. 2J. Violet. May. Europe'. 
 
 1822. 
 
 - crmula'ta. IJ. August. South Europe.. 
 
 1814. 
 
 - erini'ta. 1. July. Hungary. 1822. 
 
 - cri'gpa. 2. June. 
 
 - eupresaoi'des. i-4. Violet. New Zealand. 
 
VER 
 
 [1009] 
 
 VER 
 
 V. ffupressai'des varia'bilig. New Zealand. G. C, 
 1888, ill. I). 20, figs. 6 and 7. Syn., V. 
 scUicomioides. 
 
 — deiytCTnbent. White. New Zealand. 1888. 
 
 — dentcita. 1. May. Europe. 1818. 
 
 — depauperalta. J. June. Hungary. 1823. 
 
 — dioimaeftiUa. Lilac. July. Van Diemen's 
 
 Land. 1835. 
 
 — ela'tior. 7. August. South Europe. 1808. 
 
 — eHegans. 2. Pink. May. South France. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — eocalta'ta. i. June. Siberia. 1816. 
 
 — JUifa/rmis. J. May. Levant. 1780. 
 —folw/sa. 3. August. HunEiry. 180B. 
 —frutiiyulo'sa. J. Flesh. July. Scotland. 
 
 Evergreen. 
 
 — gentianifo'lia. IJ. May. Levant. 1748. 
 
 — gentwnoi'des. 2. Violet. June. Levant. 
 
 1748. B. M. 1. 1002. 
 
 — gla'bra. i. August. South Europe. 1804. 
 a'lba. i. white. August. 
 
 — Qodefroya'na. 3. White. New Zealand. 
 
 1888. 
 
 — gra'ndis. 1}. White. August. Siberia. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — Hecto'ri. i-2. Pink, white. New Zealand. 
 
 188S. 
 
 — hy'brida. 1. June. England. 
 
 — iTica'na. 2. May. Russia. 1759. 
 
 — inci'Sffi. 2. July. Siberia. 1739. B. C. 
 
 1. 1397. 
 
 — Jaajui'm. 1. May. Austria. 1748. 
 
 — lacinia'ta. 2. July. Siberia. 1780. 
 
 — latifo'lia. 1. White, blue. May. Austria. 
 
 1748. Swt. PI. Gard. t. 23. 
 
 — leuea'ntha. 2. White. July. Siberia. 1817. 
 
 — linaricef&lia. August. Siberia. 1822. 
 
 — loganioi'des. i. WMte, pink. New Zealand. 
 
 1888. 
 
 — langibractea'ta. 1. May. 1817. 
 latifo'lia. IJ. July. 1818. 
 
 — langiflo'ra. 1. Lilac. June. 1824. 
 
 — longi/o'lia. 3. August. South Europe. 
 
 1731. 
 
 abbrevia'ta. May. 1823. 
 
 a'lba. 3. White. August. 
 
 imcama'ta. 3. Flesh. August. 
 
 lati/o'lia. June. Crimea. 1821. 
 
 subse!ssUis. 2-4. Blue. July. Japan. 
 
 1878. 
 
 — LyaHlii. J. White. May. New Zealand. 
 
 1880. B. M. t. 6466. 
 
 — ma/ri'tima. 2. August. Sweden. 1570. 
 variega'ta. IJ. July. 
 
 — meldia. 3. August. Germany. 1804. 
 
 — melanc(/lioa. 1. June. 1820. 
 
 — Tneliesafo'lia. 1. May. 1826. 
 
 — menthcefo'lia. 1. August. Austria. 1823. 
 
 — Mey^ri. July. Dahuria. 1837. 
 
 — iftchau'xii. 1. July. 1834. 
 
 — miera'ntha. IJ. White. May. Portugal. 
 
 1810. 
 
 — mierophy'Ua. J. June. Hungary. 1822. 
 
 — MtUleria'na. 1. June. Syria. 1825. 
 
 — multi'Ma. ' J. June. Siberia. 1748. B. M. 
 
 1. 1679. „ „ „_, 
 
 — negle'cta. H. July. Siberia. 1797. Swt. 
 
 Fl. Gard. t. 55. 
 
 — ni'tens. 2. July. Europe. 1817. 
 
 — ■ — —falca'ta. June. 1820. 
 
 — ni'tida. 2. July. Europe. 1817. 
 
 — nwmmula'ria. J. June. Pyrenees. 1820. 
 
 — offieina'lii. J. June. Britain. Eng. Bot. 
 
 ed. 3, tt. 984-985. 
 
 — oreM'dea. 1. August. Europe. 1819. B. 
 
 M. t. 2210. - o T, ,> 
 
 — orienta'lie. J. July. Levant. 1748. B. O. 
 
 t. 419. 
 —pa'Oida. 1. May. Tauna. 1821. 
 —panimla'ta. IJ. June. Eussia. 1797. 
 —pectma'ta. 1. May. Italy. 1819. 
 — pediuneuia'ris. 1. March. Caucasus. 1826. 
 
 V.persieifo'lia. 2. August. 1823. 
 
 — petrol a. 1. May. Caucasus. 1821. 
 
 — pildsa. \\. July. Bohemia. 1819. 
 
 — pmguifdlia. White. June. New Zealand. 
 
 1870. Syn., V. camosula of B. M. t. 6147 
 and t. 6587. 
 — pvnna'ta. 1. May. Siberia. 1776. 
 
 — pin-nati'Jida, 1. June, 1817. 
 
 — plica'ta. 2. June. Bohemia. 1817. 
 
 — polysta'chya. 2. July. 1817. 
 
 — Po'rus. i. September. Pyrenees. 1822. 
 
 — prcea'lta. 4. August. 1817. 
 
 — prcdcox. J. June. South Europe. 1775. 
 
 — prostra'ta. 1. May. Germany. 1774. B. 
 
 M. t. 3683. 
 satureioe/o'lia. 1. July. South Europe. 
 
 — refpens. White. September. Europe. 1829. 
 
 — ruthefnica. 2. April. Russia. 1821. 
 
 — salicomioi'des. See V. eupressoideSt var. 
 
 vanabilis. 
 
 — mxa'tilis. i. June. Scotland. Eng. Bot. 
 
 ed. 3, t. 981. 
 
 — Schmi'dtii. 1. June. Bohemia. 1820. 
 
 — serpyllifo'lia. i. May. Britain. 
 
 humifu'ea. J. May. Europe. 
 
 Tiegldeta. J. May. Britain. 
 
 quat&ma'ta. \. May. Europe, 
 
 t&n(llla. i. May. Europe. 
 
 — seti'gera. i. May. Scotland. 
 
 — sibi'riea. 3. July. Dahuria. 1779. 
 
 — spiea'ta. 1. August. England. 
 
 — spu'ria. 2. August. Siberia. 1731. 
 
 — Stephania'na. 1. June. Persia. 1821. 
 
 — stoloni'fera. June. 
 
 — tau'rica. i. June. Siberia. 1820. B. C. 
 
 t. 911. 
 
 — tene'Ua. i. May. France. . 1820. 
 
 — tenwifo'lia. J. June. Pyrenees. 1821. 
 
 — Teijieriwm. 2. July. Germany. 1696. B. 
 
 C. t. 425. 
 
 — ticine'nsis. August. Ticin. 1819. 
 
 — Toumefo'rtii. J. May. France. 1824. 
 
 — Trave'r&ii. 2J. White. Summer. New 
 
 Zealand. 1873. B. M. t. 6390. 
 
 — trichoca'rpa. J. June. Levant. 1821. 
 
 — villo'sa. 1 J. August. South Europe. 1824. 
 
 — mrgi'niea. 5. White. July. Virginia. 
 
 1714. 
 
 mcama'td. 5. Flesh. July. Virginia. 
 
 1714. 
 
 — Wormskw'ldii. See T. alpima, var. Warm- 
 
 skioldii. 
 
 Versailles Laurel. Pru'nm 
 Lauroce'rastis lati/o'lia. 
 
 Verschaflfe'ltia. (Named in honour 
 of M. A. Verschaffelt, who introduced 
 the first known species. Nat. ord., 
 Palmce; Tribe, Arecece. Syn., Begdia.) 
 
 Stove palm. For cultivation, see Phcenix. 
 V. melanochc^tes. 12-25. Seychelles. 1871. 
 
 — sple'ndida. 80. Seychelles. 1864. Syns., 
 
 Eegelia magnifiaa, B. majestiea, and M. 
 princeps. 
 
 Vertieo'rdia. (Derivationnotgiven. 
 Nat. Old., Myrtacece; Tribe, Cnamce- 
 lauciecB. ) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from Australia. Out- 
 tings of young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, 
 in April or May ; fibry loam and sandy peat. ' 
 Winter temp., 38° to 45°. 
 V. acerdsa. Yellow. April. 1842. 
 
 — Bro'vmii. 1. White. April. 1826. 
 
 — dermfia'ra. White. June. 
 
 — Fontane'di. 1. White. April. 1826. 
 
 — helia'wtha. Yellow. May. 
 
 — irm'gnis. Pink. April. 1839. 
 
 3T 
 
VER 
 
 [ 1010 ] 
 
 VIB 
 
 . Golden-yellow. W. Australia. 
 Syn., Chrysorrhoe nitens. B. M. 
 
 Syn., 
 
 y. ni'tens. 
 
 1862, 
 t. 62 
 
 — penni'gera. Lilac. April. 1841. 
 
 — eerra'ta. Yellow. May. 1841. 
 
 Chrysorrhoe serrata. 
 
 — seti'gera. Lilac. May. 
 
 Vervain. Verbe'na. 
 
 Vervain, Bastard. Stachytar- 
 phe'ta. 
 
 Vervain Sage. Sa'lvia Verbena'ca. 
 
 Vesica'ria. (From vesica, a bladder, 
 or blister ; inflated seed-pods. Nat. 
 ord., Cruciferce; Tiihe, Alyssinece. Al- 
 lied to Aubrietia. ) 
 
 All yellow-flowered. Seeds, division, and cut- 
 tings of the young shoots under a hand-light; 
 common soil. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 V. gra'eilis. June. lexzs. 1834. B. M. 
 t. 3633. 
 
 — gramdifio'ra. July. Texas. 1835. B. M. 
 
 t. 3464. 
 
 — sinua'ta. A synonym of Alysswm sinuatum. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 F. a'rctica. J. August. N. Amer. 1828. B. 
 M. t. 2882. 
 
 — areno'sa. J. August. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 — ere'tica, A synonym of Alyssum eretwwm. 
 
 — Ludovicia'na. June. Louisiana. 1826. 
 
 Herbaceous. 
 
 — retimda'ta. 1. May. South Europe. 1700. 
 
 Herbaceous. 
 
 — utricula'ta. 1. May. Levant. 1730. 
 
 Vesli'ngia. (After John Vesling, 
 1598-1649, Professor of Botany at Padua. 
 Nat. ord., Compositce; Tribe, Edian- 
 thoidecB. ) 
 
 Stove, annual herb. 
 V. sati'va. 6. Yellow. August. Tropical 
 Africa. 1806. Syns., &uizotia oleifera 
 and Verbesina saliva. B. M. t. 1017. 
 
 Vespu'ccia, (After Amerigo Ves- 
 pucci, 1451-1512. Nat. ord., Alismacece.) 
 iio-w referred to Hydrocleis. 
 
 Stove, aquatic herb. 
 V. Humbo'ldtii. Yellow. May. Tropical 
 America. This is now known as HYDRO- 
 CLEIS COMMERSONI. 
 
 Ve'stia. (Named after Or. Vest, a 
 German. Nat. ord., /Sotoreaceos; Tribe, 
 Cestrinece. Allied to Oestrum. ) 
 
 Greenhouse deciduous shrub. Cuttings of 
 half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; 
 peat and loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. 
 V. lyeiai'dei. 3. Yellow. June. Chili. 1816. 
 B. M. t. 2412 ; B. E. t. 299. 
 
 Vetch. Vi'cia. 
 
 Vetch, Bastard or Bladder. 
 
 JPha'ca. 
 
 Vetch, Bitter. O'rohis. 
 Vetch, Chickling. La'thyrus saW- 
 
 Vetch, Crown. Coroni'Ua. 
 Vetch, Liquorice. Astra'galus 
 glycyphy'llos. 
 
 Vetch, Medick. Onobry'cMs. 
 Vetch, Milk. Astra'galus. 
 
 Vibo'rgia. (Named after .E. Viborg, 
 a Danish botanist. Nat. ord., Legumi- 
 noscB ; Tribe, Genistece. Allied to Aspa- 
 lanthus.) 
 
 Greenhouse yellow-iiowered evergreens, from 
 South Africa. Cuttings of young shoots in sandy 
 soil, under a glass, in May; sandy loam and 
 fibry peat. Winter temp., 40° to 50°. 
 F. obc&i'da'ta. 2. July. 
 
 — seri'cea. 3. July. 1810. 
 
 Vibu'mum. (From vieo, to tie; 
 use of flexible shoots. Nat. ord., Capri- 
 foliacece ; Tribe, Sambucece.) 
 
 White-flowered, unless otherwise mentioned. 
 Seeds, which shoidd lie a season in the rot-heap 
 before sowing ; by layers ; and freely, especially 
 the evergreens, by cuttings in autumn, in sandy 
 soil, in a shady border, where they may remain 
 two years. The tender kinds like a little peat or 
 leaf-mould, and greenhouse or stove treatment. 
 
 GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS. 
 
 F. rMmdgynum. Java. 
 
 — rugo'sum. 4. May. Canaries. 1796. B. M. 
 
 t. 2082. 
 
 — suspe'Tisum. White, yellow. February. 1853. 
 — ttinoi'des. 4. S. Amer. 1820. Stove. 
 
 — tomento'sum. 6. Japan. 
 
 — vUlo'sum. 6. Jamaica. 1824. 
 
 HARDY EVERGREENS. 
 
 F. Aviafiiki. Japan. 1841. 
 
 — cassinoi'des. 3. June. N. Amer. 1761. 
 
 — Icemga'tum. 10. May. N. Amer. 1724. 
 
 — MuUa'ha Himalayas. 
 
 — pygmm'a \\, Himalayas. 1841. 
 
 — sine'iise. China. 1841. 
 
 — Ti'niM. 5. July. South Europe. 1695. B. 
 
 M. t. 38. Laurus-Tinus. 
 
 hi'rtum. 5. July. South Europe. 
 
 lu'cidum. 10. August. Algiers. 
 
 lu'cidum va/riega'tUTn. 10. August. 
 
 stri'ctwm. 6. August. South Europe. 
 
 stri'ctum variega/tum. 6. August. 
 
 South Europe. 
 virga'tum. 6. August. Italy. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS. 
 
 V. acerifo'liiwi. 4. June. N. Amer. 1736 
 Wats. Dendr. t. 118. 
 
 — cotinifo'lium. 10. June. Himalaya, 1830. 
 
 B. B. t. 1650. 
 
 — dahu'ricu/m. 2. June. Dahuria. 1786. 
 
 — denta'tum. 5. June. N. Amer. 1763. Wats. 
 
 Dendr. t. 26. 
 
 — dilata'tum. 10. White. June. Japan. 
 
 1846. Syn., F. pKcatum, var. dilttttttwm. 
 
 — edu'le. 12. May. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 — Lanta'na. 10. May. Britain. ' 
 
 fo'liis-variega'tis. 10. May. 
 
 grtmdif&lvwm. 10. June. 
 
 — lantaruyi'des. 5. June. N. Amer. B. C. 
 
 1. 1670. 
 
 — lenta'go. 8. July. Spain. 1761. 
 
 subpeduTieula'tUTti. A variety with short 
 
 flower-stalks. 1889. 
 
 — macroceiphalum. 20. China. 1844. B. E. 
 
 1847, t. 43. 
 
 Ketelee^ri,. This is supposed to be the 
 
 wild type. 1863. 
 
 — mo'lU. 6. May. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 — ni'tidum. 2. June. N. Amer. 1768. 
 
 — nu'dum. 8. June. N. Amer. 1752. B. M. 
 
 t. 2281. 
 agiumui'tum, 6. July. N. Amer. 1822. 
 
 — obmatum. 2. April. N, Amer. 1812. B. 
 
 C. 1. 1476. 
 
VIC 
 
 [ 1011 ] 
 
 VIC 
 
 V. olova'tum punieifo'liuni. 2. May. N.Amer. 
 1812. 
 
 — odoraWssimum. 2. May. China. 1818. B. 
 
 B. 1. 156. 
 
 — (ypulwe. 10. July. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 
 
 3, t. 639. 
 
 '— f&liis-variega'tis. June. 
 
 na'nuTn. A. 
 
 ste^rile. July. 
 
 — orienta'le. 6-8. White. Caucasus. 1868. 
 = tomento'swm. White. Japan. 1868. 
 
 •- Oxyco'ccus. 12. June. N. Amer. B. C. 
 t. 1123. 
 
 mo'Uis. 10. July. N. Amer. 1841. 
 
 submtegri^o'Uum. 10. July. Columbia. 
 
 — pauaflo'rum. Eastern United States. Gard. 
 
 and For. iii. p. 4, fig. 1. 
 ^ plica' turn. 10. May. China. 1846. B. R. 
 
 1847, t. 61. 
 <— pruni'folium. 8. May. N. Amer. 1731. 
 
 Watg. Dendr. t. 23. 
 
 — pube'scms. 3. June. N. Amer. 1736. 
 
 — pyri/o'lmm. 6. June. N. Amer. 1812. 
 
 Wats. Dendr. t. 22. f 
 
 — Sandanke'wa. 6. White. Japan. 1876. 
 
 — Siebo'ldii. Japan. 
 
 — stella'tum. North America. 1889. 
 
 — Vette'ri. A garden hybrid between V. Len- 
 
 tago and Y. nudum. 1889. 
 
 Vi'cia. Vetch. (From vincio, to 
 bind ; referring to the tendrils clasping. 
 Nat. ord., LeguminoscB; Tribe, ViciecB. 
 Syns., Ervum and Faha. ) 
 
 Purple-flowered climbers, unless otherwise 
 mentioned. Annuals, seeds ; perennials, seeds 
 ajid divisions ; good garden-sou. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 T. a'tro-pmrpu'rea. 3. June. Algiers. 1816. 
 B. B. t. 871. 
 
 — IMnnis. 2. August. Siberia. 1763. 
 
 — ealcara'ta. 2. Bed, blue. July. Barbary. 
 
 1790. 
 
 — Fa'ba. 3. White. July. Egypt. Syn., 
 
 Faba vulgaris. Broad Bean. 
 equina. 3. Purple. July. 
 
 — gla'hra. 2. July. Switzerland. 1819. 
 
 — grandifio'ra. 1. Yellow. July. South 
 
 Europe. 1818. 
 
 — Mrsu'ta. IJ. yellow. July. Siberia. 1819. 
 
 — hj/irida. IJ. Yellow. July. England. 
 
 Jacq. Vind. 1. 146. 
 
 — longifo'lia. 2. Cream. July. Syria. 1818. 
 
 — narbone^nsis. 3. July. France. 1590. 
 
 — Nissolia'na. 3. July. Levant. 1773. 
 
 — Nusqui'nez. IJ. July. Europe. 1818. 
 
 — pcmTio'nica. IJ. White. June. Hungary. 
 
 1636. 
 — peregri'na. IJ. July. South Europe. 1779. 
 
 — psm'do-cra'eca. 2. Yellow. June. South 
 
 Europe. 1820. 
 — punetafta. July. Switzerland, 1819. 
 
 — sati'va. 3. May. Britain. 
 
 — serratifo'lia. 3. June. Hungary. 1723. 
 
 — stria'ta. li. July. Tauria. 1723. 
 
 — ayri'aca. 2. June. Syria. 1816. 
 
 — Thou'ini. 2. June. Europe. 1800. 
 
 — trichooa'lyx. White. June. Sardinia. 1836. 
 
 — trifio'ra. 2. July. Italy. 1820. 
 
 — vUlo'ea. 3. June. Germany. 1816. 
 
 HARDY HERBACEOUS. 
 
 F. abbrevia'ta. 2. Pale blue. June. Caucasus. 
 1818. 
 
 — alti'smtm. 3. Pale blue. August. Barbary. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — america'na. 3. White. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1800. 
 
 — amalna. 2. June. Siberia. 1818. 
 
 — arge^ntea. 1. Pink. June. Pyrenees. 1827. 
 
 B. M. t. 2946. 
 
 F. Mthj/niea. July. Britain. Jacq. Vind. 
 t. 147. 
 
 — Bivo'nii. Bose. July. Sicily. 1828. 
 
 — cape'nsis. 1. July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1802. 
 
 — carolvnia'na. 2. White. June. Carolina. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — cassu'biea. 3. Light blue. July. ' Germany. 
 
 1711. 
 
 — era'eea. 2. July. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 
 t. 385. 
 
 flo'ribus-a'lbis. 2. White. July. 
 
 flo'ribus-ru'bris. 2. Red. July. 
 
 — Dermeaia'na. Blue, changing to fawn. Azores. 
 
 B. M. t. 6967. 
 
 — denta'ta. 4. July. Siberia. 1819. 
 
 — dumeto'rum. 3. July. France. 1762. 
 
 — Gera'rdi. 2. July. South Europe. 1810. 
 
 — lomga'ta. IJ. Pale yellow. May. England. 
 
 — onobryehioi'des. 1. June. South Europe. 
 
 1759. B. M. t. 2206. 
 
 — oroboi'des^ 2. Blue. June. Siberia. 1768. 
 
 Syn., Orohus lathyroides. B. M. t. 2098. 
 — pdlu'cida. 1. July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 1773. Greenhouse. 
 
 — pere^rmis. 3. June. South Europe. 
 
 — pisifo'rmie. 2. Cream. July. Austria. 
 
 1739. 
 ~ polypki/Ua. 2. July. Algiers. 1816. Sibth. 
 Fl. Gr. t. 699. 
 
 — pyrena'ica. 1. May. Pyrenees. 1818. 
 
 — si'cula. Purple. May. 1827. Syna., Orobus 
 
 atro-purpureus, B. B. t. 1763, and 0. 
 Fischeri. 
 
 — tenuifo'lia. H. July. Germany. 1799. B. 
 
 M. t. 2141. 
 
 — variega'ta. 3. June. Caucasus. 1816. 
 
 GREENHOUSE SHRUB. 
 
 F. galegifo'lia, Andr. Bep. t. 319. A synonym 
 of Swainsonia galegifolia. 
 
 Vi'cia Fa'ba, or Broad Bean. There 
 are many varieties of this vegetable ; 
 but we shall only name those which are 
 clearly distinct and valuable. 
 
 Early Mazagan. — This is from two to 
 four feet high, and has seeds rather 
 larger than horse-beans. Sow in spring, 
 and the beans wiU be fit for table in 
 about ten weeks. There are many 
 varieties. 
 
 Long-Pod. — Sandwich, or Lisbon, has 
 various names attached to these. Seeds 
 whitish, about an inch long, and half 
 that in width, flat. Very productive; 
 good for main summer-crops. Sown in 
 spring, about twelve weeks elapse before 
 the beans are fit for table. Three to five 
 feet high. 
 
 Johnson's Wonderful. — This is a long- 
 pod, but even more productive ; and we 
 consider it the best of all the varieties. 
 Pods very numerous ; many with six or 
 even eight beans in them, and bearing a 
 succession of pods ; seeds rather more 
 broad in proportion to length. 
 
 Dutch Long -Pod has seeds still broader 
 in proportion to length. 
 
 Green Long - Pod. — Nonpareil,, or 
 Genoa, differs chiefly from other long- 
 pods by its seeds being green. 
 
 Toher has white, broad, oval seeds. 
 Height, five feet. Sown in spring, its 
 
VIC 
 
 [ 1012 ] 
 
 VIC 
 
 beans are ready in twelve weeks ; rather 
 coarse-flavoured. 
 
 Windsor. — Seeds whitish, flat, circu- 
 lar, an inch in diameter; only two or 
 three in a'pod. Produces a succession 
 of pods. Four feet high. Many other 
 names prefixed. 
 
 Green Windsor differs chiefly from the 
 preceding in the colour of its seed. 
 
 The Bed -Seeded, White -Blossomed, 
 Red-Blossomed, and some others, have 
 no merits equal to the preceding. The 
 Fan, not being more than one foot high, 
 is useful, in small gardens, to grow 
 among other crops; but it is not pro- 
 ductive, and its beans come all at once. 
 
 Other sorts are : — Monarch Long-Pod, 
 Marshall's Early Prolific, Taylor's Wind- 
 sor Leviathan, Seville Giant Long-Pod, 
 Beck's Dwarf Green Gem, Green Xong- 
 Pod, Mammoth Long-Pod. These are 
 all distinct and first-class varieties. 
 
 Soil and Situation, — The soil should 
 vary with the season. For the winter- 
 standing and early crops, a moderately 
 rich and dry soil is best adapted to them, 
 since, if too moist, the seed is apt to 
 decay ; whilst a cool-bottomed, more 
 tenacious soil is best for the spring and 
 summer sowings. The situation cannot 
 be too unshaded ; but a protection from 
 violent winds is very beneficial. 
 
 Times and Modes of Sowing. — For the 
 first production, in the following year, a 
 lar^e sowing of Long-pods maybe made 
 during the middle of November ; and 
 sowings may be continued to be made, 
 from the beginning of January to the 
 end of June, once every two or three 
 weeks. Not later than the 1st of July a 
 last sowing may be made. The Early 
 Mazagan is best for the earliest and 
 latest plantings, to produce the same 
 year, when two to three inches high 
 ridges should be drawn up on either 
 side of the rows, which will facilitate 
 covering during frosty weather. Bracken 
 or other light litter will answer for a 
 covering. 
 
 Solving for Transplantation. — If the 
 season has been lost for sowing at proper 
 time, in the natural soil, for the early 
 crops, or ground could not be spared or 
 made ready, then sow for transplanting, 
 either in small pots, turf -sods, or gentle 
 hotbed, and of such extent as can be 
 covered with a frame. If frames and 
 hand-glasses are deficient, matting or 
 litter, kept from injuring the plants by 
 means of hooping, etc., is sometimes 
 employed. Care must be taken that the 
 beans are not weakened by a deficiency 
 of air and light ; to guard against, it the 
 lights should be taken entirely off every 
 
 day that excessive wet or cold does not 
 forbid their removal. The usual time 
 for removing them into the open ground, 
 in a south border, is February, in mUd 
 and open weather. 
 
 Sovnmg to remain. — When sown to 
 remain, the seed may be inserted in 
 double rows, in drills, drawn by the hoe, 
 from two and a half to three feet apart, 
 from double row to double row, the 
 double rows four inches apart, and two 
 deep. Previous to sowing, in summer, 
 if dry weather, the seed should be soaked 
 for two or three hours in water ; or, if 
 sown in drills, these should be well 
 watered immediately before the inser- 
 tion. 
 
 When advanced to a height of three 
 to four inches, earth up as recommended 
 for the early crops. This should be often 
 repeated. As soon as the various crops 
 come into full blossom, two or three 
 inches length of each stem is broken 
 ofi'. This, oy preventing its increase in 
 height, causes more sap to be afforded 
 to the blossom, consequently causing it 
 to advance with more rapidity, and to 
 set more abundantly. 
 
 For Seed. — None of the podsoughttobe 
 gathered for the table from those plants 
 intended for seed, the after-production 
 never being so fine, and the plants raised 
 from them are always deficient in vigour. 
 They are fit for harvesting when the leaves 
 have become blackish, which occurs at 
 the end oi August, or early in Septem- 
 ber. The pods may be gathered from 
 the stems when ripe enough, and spread 
 out thin, upon a dry, airy, boarded floor, 
 to dry. Those only should be preserved 
 that are fine and perfect. They are best^ 
 stored in the pods until required. Seed- 
 beans will sometimes vegetate after 
 being kept for eight or ten years, but 
 are seldom good for anything when more 
 than two years old. 
 
 Insects. — See Aphis/os^os- 
 
 Victo'ria. (Named after Her Ma- 
 jesty Queen Victoria. Nat. ord., Nym- 
 phceacecB ; Tribe, Nymphcece. Alliance 
 near Euryale and Nymphsea. ) 
 
 Stove herbaceou.? aquatic. Generally by seeds, 
 sown in strong peat, and planted out in a reser- 
 voir of heated water aa soon as germinated. 
 From the size of the leaves, the tank must be 
 twenty-five feet in diameter ; and if the water is 
 moved, or is being constantly furnished with a 
 fresh supply, the plants will thrive all the 
 better. 
 
 7. re'gia. Rosy-white. Autumn. Eiver Amazon. 
 1836. B. M. tt. 4276-8. A description 
 of this plant, accompanied by magnifi- 
 cent plates, was put)lislied by Sir 
 
 William Hooker. 
 
 Victorian Hazel 
 
 ape'tala. 
 
 Pomade'rris 
 
VIE 
 
 [ 1013 ] 
 
 VIN 
 
 Vieusseu'xia. (Named after M. 
 Vieusseux, a Swiss botanist. Nat. 
 ©rd., Iridem; Tribe, Morweoe.) See 
 IVIorsea. 
 
 Bulbs, from South Africa, requiring the same 
 treatment as IxiAS. 
 
 F. Bellendefni. See Marcea truyuevis, var 
 Bellendeni. 
 
 — glaueofpsis. See Morcea edulis, var. glcmcopsis. 
 
 — iridioi'des. Red. Lil. t. 340. A synonym of 
 
 Morcea Candolleana. 
 
 — lu'rida. See Morcea luHda. 
 
 — spira'tis. See Morcea wnguicularis. 
 
 — te'nvi^. See Morcea tenuis. 
 
 — tricu'spis. See Morcea trieuspis. 
 
 — tripetaloi'des. See Morcea tripetala. 
 
 -.— wiwuicula'ris. See Morcea unguicularis. 
 . — villo'sa. See Morcea viUosa. 
 
 Vi'gna. (Named after D. Vigni, a 
 commentator on Theophrastus. Nat. 
 •ord., LeguminoscB ; Tribe, Phaseolece. 
 Allied to Dolichos. ) 
 
 Hardy, or half-hardy, yellow-flowered, climb- 
 ing annuals. Seeds in a slight hotbed in March, 
 and afterwards planted out in the beginning of 
 May, or sown in the end of April in sandy, light 
 soil. 
 
 V. BurcheHlii. Purple. Summer. South Africa. 
 1816. Syn., Otoptera Burchellii. Green- 
 house. 
 
 — Ca'tjang. Yellow or red. July. East Indies. 
 
 1776. Syns., Dolichos sesquipedalis, D. 
 sinensis, B. IVI. t. 2232, D. tranquebarieus 
 and D. unguieuXatus, 
 
 — gla'lra. Yellow. July. Southern United 
 
 States. 1685. Syn., Dolichos luteolus. 
 Jacq. Vind. t. 90. 
 
 Viguie'ra. (Named after L. G. A. 
 Viguier, a French botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Compositce ; Tribe, Helianthoidecs. Al- 
 lied to the Sunflower. ) 
 
 Stove, yellow-flowered, herbaceous perennials. 
 Divisions in spring, and cuttings of young shoots 
 as fresh growth commences, in sandy soil, in a 
 hotbed, m March ; sandy peat and fibry loam. 
 Winter temp., 50° to 65° ; summer, 60° to 75°. 
 V. denta'ta. 3. July. Mexico. 1826. 
 
 — helianthoi'des. S. July. Cuba. 1825. 
 
 ■■~ linea'ris. 2. Yellow. September. Mexico. 
 
 1823. Syn., Helianthw linearis. B. E. 
 
 t. 623. Half-hardy. 
 —prostra'ta. July. N. Amer. 1800. Hardy. 
 
 — ri'gida. G. C. 1881, xvi. p. 396. See fleM- 
 
 anthus rigidMS. 
 
 Villami'Uia. (Derivation uncertain. 
 Nat. ord., Fhytolaceacece ; Tribe, Bivi- 
 nem.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. For culture, see Eitina. 
 T. octa'ndra. 2. White. May. West Indies. 
 1762. Syn., iJmnaoctondra. 
 
 Villano'va. (After T. M. Villanova, 
 1757-1802, Professor of Botany at Va- 
 lencia. Nat. ord., Compositce; Tribe, 
 JSelenioidecB. Allied to Palaf oxia. ) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds in the open border in 
 April. 
 
 r.chrysmthemoi'des. 1 to 2. Yellow. 
 Colorado. September. 1878. 
 
 Villare'sia. (In honour of M. Vil- 
 larez, a Spaniard. Nat. ord., Olacinm; 
 Tribe, IcacinecB. ) 
 
 Stove shrub. For cultivation, see Monetu. 
 Y. mmerona'ta. White. September. Chili. 
 
 Villa'rsia. (Named after VUlwrs, a 
 French botanist. Nat. ord., Gentianece; 
 Tribe, Menyanthem.) 
 
 Yellow-flowered, -where not otherwise stated. 
 Divisions and seeds in spring. Most of them 
 must be treated as aquatics, either planted in 
 pans or tubs, or potted and set in large saucers, 
 and coaxed with stove or greenhouse treatment. 
 The hardiest like the protection of the latter, 
 though they may stand frequently in the open 
 air. 
 
 HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 
 Y. Cri'sta-ga'lli, See Menyanthes Crista-galli. 
 
 — geminata. June. Australia. 1828. A 
 
 synonym of Limnanthemwmgewdnatvjm, 
 
 — sarmentd siwm. 1. June. Australia. 1806. 
 
 ^ytx.y JArivrw/nthemwwj sarmeintostjm, B. 
 M. t. 1328. 
 
 — Si'rmii. July. Nepaul. 1792. 
 
 HERBACEOUS AQUATICS. 
 
 Y. ca/pita'ta. i. W. Australia. 1879. 
 ' ;. B. M. t. 6420. 
 
 Bog 
 
 plant. 
 
 — childnsis. 1. June. Chili. 1832. B. C. 
 
 1. 1994. 
 
 — corda'ta. See Lvrnnanthemum nymphcBoides. 
 
 — i'ndica. See Lirrmanthemum nyTnphceoides. 
 
 — lacuno'sa. 2. White. June. N. America. 
 
 1812. A synonym of Limnajnthermum 
 lacunosum. 
 
 — nymphcBoi'des. See I/i/nvnantheTmim nymphoB- 
 
 oides. 
 
 — ova'ta. June. South Africa. 1786. Syns., 
 
 Menycmthes ovata, B. M. 1. 1909, and ilf. 
 eapensis. 
 
 — pamassifo'lia. 2. August. New S. Wales. 
 
 1825. Syns., Menyanthes exaltata. 
 B. M. 1. 1029, and M. excelsa. 
 
 — renifo'rmis. 1. July. Australia. 1820. 
 
 B. B. 1. 1633. 
 
 Vilmori'nia. (Named after M. 
 Vilmorin, a celebrated French nursery- 
 man. Nat. ord., Leg^t/minoscB ; Tribe, 
 GalegecB.) 
 
 Stove evergreen. Seeds, soaked in warm 
 water, and sown in a hotbed in spring ; also 
 cuttings of half -ripened shoots in sand, under a 
 bell-glass, in April, and in bottom-heat ; sandy 
 peat and fibry loam. Winter temp., 66° to 60° ; 
 summer, 60° to 86°. 
 
 Y. multifio'ra. 6. Purple. Domingo. 1826. 
 Syn., Clitoria myltifima. 
 
 Vimina'ria, Kush Broom. (From 
 vimen, a twig; the twiggy, leafless 
 branches. Nat. ord., Leguminosoe ; 
 Tribe, PodalyriecB. Allied to Daviesia.) 
 
 Greenhouse, yeUow-flowered evergreens, from 
 Australia. Cuttings of haif-ripenea shoots in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, in April ; also by seeds 
 in a gentle hotbed; loam aad peat. Winter 
 temp., 40° to 46°. 
 
 Y. demuda'ta. 3. August. 1780. B. M. 
 t. 1190. 
 
 — lateriflo'ra. 3. July. 1824. 
 
 Vi'nca. Periwinkle. (From vincu- 
 lum, a band; the tough, long shoots. 
 Nat. ord., ApocynacecE ; Tribe, Plume- 
 riem.) 
 
 Evergreens, Divisionof the plant in spring, or 
 cuttings of the shoots in a shady border, in spring 
 or autumn ; these make beautiful green' carpet- 
 ing under trees, where scarcely anything else 
 
VIN 
 
 [ 1014 ] 
 
 VIO 
 
 would grow, and flourish in almost any soil. 
 Some require the stove. 
 V.JumtijUira. See F. m«Bia. 
 
 — Aerda'ceos. IJ. Purple. June. Hungary. 
 
 1816. B. M. t. 2002. 
 
 — mo'jor. 2. Purple. August. England. 
 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 905. 
 eleganti'ssima. Leaves blotched with 
 
 creamy-white. 
 varUga'ta. 2. Blue. July. England. 
 
 — Tue'dia. 1. Blue. August. Mediterranean 
 
 region. Syn., V. acutiflora. 
 ~ mi'nar. 1. Blue. August. Britain. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3. t. 906. 
 ^ ocella'ta. 1. White, red. June. E. lud. 
 
 Stove. 
 —puei'Ua. i. Blue. August. Tranquebar. 
 
 1778. Stove annual. 
 
 — ro'sea. 1. Rose-coloured. May. E. Ind. 
 
 1776. Stove. B. M. t. 248. 
 
 a'lba. 1. White. June. E. Ind. 
 
 Stove. 
 
 — variega'ta. Blue. April. 
 
 Vinceto'xicum. (From vincere, to 
 conquer, and toxicon, poison ; supposed 
 to be an antidote. Nat. ord., Asctepia- 
 
 Hardy perennials. For culture, see Cynan- 
 
 CHUM. 
 
 Y. acu'tum. White. July. South Europe. 
 1596. Twiner. 
 
 —fusca'tum. 3. Yellow. July. South Eu- 
 rope. 1817. Syn^ CyncmchuTn Tninus. 
 
 — ja/po'mcwm. White. Summer. Japan. 
 
 — rmldium. 3. White. May. Eastern Eu- 
 
 rope. 
 
 — nigrum. 3. Brown. July. South Europe. 
 
 1696. Syn., Cynanchum nigrum. B. M. 
 t. 2390. 
 
 — officinale. 3. White. May. Europe. 1696. 
 
 Syn., Cynanchum Vinceioxicum. 
 
 — pU&sum. White. July. South Africa. 
 
 1726. Syn., Cynanch%mi pilosum. B. E. 
 t. 111. Greenhouse. 
 
 — purpura' scens. Dull purple. Japan. 1860. 
 
 Vine. Vi'tis vini'fera. See Grape 
 Vine. 
 Vine Bower, CWmatis vitice'lla. 
 Vine Leek. A'lUumampelo'prasum. 
 Vine Maple. A'cer circina'tum. 
 
 Viola. The Violet. (The Latin 
 name. Nat. ord., Violacece; Tribe, 
 Violece, ) 
 
 Blue-flowered, where not otherwise mentioned. 
 By seeds, divisions, and cuttings under a bell- 
 glass or hand-light ; mostly in rich, light soil, 
 with a portion of peat. 
 
 GREENHOUSE PERENNIALS. 
 
 Y. arbore'scens. IJ. May. Spain. 1779. 
 
 — betonicce/o'lia. J. August. Australia. 1820. 
 
 — ccBBpU&m. J. Violet, March. Nepaul. 
 
 1826. 
 
 — decu'mbeni. J. June. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1819. 
 
 — hedera'cea. J. July. N. Holland. 1823. 
 
 B. C. t. 1133. Syn., Hrpetion hedera- 
 ceuTn. 
 
 — hu'miiis. i. White. May. Mexico. 1824. 
 ^ palmc^nsis. 1. Purple. May. South Eu- 
 rope. 1836. Kn. and West. t. 86. 
 
 — pedwncula'ta. i. Yellow. May. California. 
 
 1856. B. M. t. 6004. 
 '—pygnu^a. i. August. Peru. 1822. 
 
 — renifo'rmis. J. July. N. Holland, 1823. 
 
 HARDY PERENNIALS. 
 
 Y. affi'niit April. N. Amer. 1802. 
 
 — aueghwrulnm. J. May. N. Amer. 1824. 
 
 — almlna. J. Purple. June. Austria. 182S. 
 
 — dttaliea. }. Dark purple. May. Siberia. 
 
 1808. B. M. 1. 1776. 
 
 purpu'rea. J. Purple. May. Siberia. 
 
 1810. 
 
 — ambi'gua. i. May. Hungary. 1823. 
 
 — amairWj. J. Purple. June. Scotland. 
 
 — anrwlria. June. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3, 
 
 1. 174 bis. 
 
 — ata/rifdlia. J. May. N. Amer. 1820. 
 
 — a'spera. \. Pale yellow. May. Nepaul. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — attemua'ta. J. White. July. N. Amer, 
 
 1769. 
 
 — bamna'tica. J. Yellow, purple. August. 
 
 Germany. 1820. Annual. 
 
 — bi' color, i. White. May. N. Amer. 1818. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 — biflo'ra. J. Yellow. June. Alps, Europe. 
 
 1762. B. M. t. 2089. 
 
 — bla'nda. i. White. May. N. America. 
 
 1803. 
 
 — calcara'ta. }. May. Switzerland. 1752. 
 
 alUfio'ra. White. Gfl. 1. 1028. 
 
 Ealldri. Violet. 
 
 — cam^stris. J. Purple. April. Tauria. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — canade!nsis. J. White. May. N. Amer. 
 
 1783. Swt. F .Gard. ser. 2, t. 62. 
 
 di'seolor. i. Blue, white. June. N. 
 
 Amer. 1783. 
 
 — cani'na. J. May. Britain. Dog Violet. 
 
 — ceni'sia. |. June Mount Cenis. 1759. 
 
 — elandesti'na. J. JBrown. April. Pennsyl- 
 
 vania. 1800. 
 
 — colli'na. J. May. Poland. 1822. 
 
 — co'ncolor. 1. Green. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1788. Linn. Trans, vi. t. 28. 
 
 — comu'ta. J. May. Pyrenees. 1776. B. M. 
 
 t. 791. 
 
 — cucuUa'ta. J. May. N. Amer. 1762. B. M. 
 
 1. 1795. 
 — variega'ta. Violet, white. 1880. 
 
 — dactylai'des. J. May. Siberia. 1820. 
 
 — de'bUis. i. April. N. Amer. 1820. 'B. C. 
 
 1. 1378. 
 
 — declina'ta. J. June. Pannonia. 1818. 
 
 — digita'ta. i. June. Virginia. 
 
 — digfie'cta. Violet. Altsiia. 
 
 — ertiargina'ta. May. N. Amer. 
 
 — epipse'la. \. Yellow. Livonia. 1822. 
 
 — erioea'rpa. J. Yellow. June. N. Amer, 
 
 1823. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 102. 
 
 — ilabellifo'lia. i. June. N. Amer. 1823. 
 
 B. C. t. 777. 
 — jlavim'mis. J. Yellow, blue. June. Britain. 
 
 — gldbe'lla. Yellow. March. California. 1884. 
 
 — gloM'ca. J. May. Poland. 1822. 
 
 — Gmelinia'na. J. May. .Siberia. 1820. 
 
 — gra'cilis. i. Purple. June. Greece. 1817. 
 
 Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 222. 
 
 — grandiflo'ra. J. Yellow. July. Switzer- 
 
 land. 
 
 — hasta'ta. J. Yellow. May. Carolina. 1823. 
 
 — Mrsu'ta. J. May. Bohemia. 1820. 
 
 — hi'rta. i. Greyish. May. England. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3 1. 172. 
 
 — japo'nica. i. May. Japan. 1818. 
 
 — Kitaibelia'nd. Yellow. April. Switzerland. 
 
 1824. Annual. 
 
 — Kroke:ri. J. Pale red. May. Siberia. 
 
 1820. 
 
 — la'ctea. i. Crimson. May. England. Eng. 
 
 Bot. ed. 3 1. 176. 
 
 — lanceola'ta, J. White. June. N. Amet. 
 
 1769. B. C. t. 211. 
 
 — Langsdo'rfii. \. June. Siberia. 1823. 
 
 — litora'lis. June. Baltic. 
 
 — lu'tea. J. Yellow. June. Britain. 
 
VIO 
 
 [ 1015 ] 
 
 July. Germany. 1732. 
 May. Alps. 1683. B. M. 
 
 1819. 
 
 V. mira'bilis. J. 
 
 — monta'na. 1, 
 
 1. 1595. 
 stri'cta. Cream. May. England. 
 
 — Munbya'na. J. Violet. Spring. 
 lu'tea. Yellow. 
 
 — negle'cta. J. May. Crimea. 1817. 
 
 — nummularifo'lia. li. May. South France. 
 1820. 
 
 J. Yellow. May. 
 
 — Nutta'Uii. 
 
 1812. 
 
 — obli'qua. i. 
 
 1762. 
 
 — ochrolev/ea. 
 
 1800. 
 >— oceu'lta. i. 
 
 — odora'ta. J. 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 Yellow, blue. May. N. Amer. 
 
 i. Cream. May. N. Amer. 
 
 Veiny. June. 1832. Annual. 
 Purple. June. Britain. Eng. 
 Bot. ed. 3, 1. 171. Sweet Violet. 
 
 a'lba. J. White. April. Britain. 
 
 pa'ttida pUna. Pale lavender. Double- 
 flowered. Neapolitan violet. 
 
 — ore'dMs. J. Purple. June. Taurla. 1818. 
 
 — (ma'ta. \. May. N. Amer. 1783. 
 
 — palma'ris. J. Yellow. June. Nepaul. 1824. 
 
 — palma'ta. J. May. N. Amer. 1752. B. M. 
 
 t. S36. 
 
 variega'ta. J. Purple, white. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 
 
 — paivJstris. J. May. Britain. Eng. Bot. 
 
 ed. 3, 1. 170. 
 vermsylva'nica, J. June. N. Amer. 
 
 — papiliona'cea. J. May. N. Amer. 1800. 
 • Potri'mt. June. Siberia. 1822. 
 
 — peda'ta. i. May. N. Amer. 1769. B. M. 
 
 t. 89. 
 
 fldbella'ta. J. May. Georgia. 
 
 ranuriGidifo'lia. J. Whitish. June. 
 
 N. Amer. 1818. 
 
 — pedati'flda. J. June. N. Amer. 1826. 
 
 — pennsylva'nica. Yellow. June. 1772. 
 
 — perstdf&Ua. 1. Cream. June. Germany. 
 
 1817. 
 — pinna' ta. J. Violet. June. South Europe. 
 1752. 
 
 — proenu/rsa. }. Yellow. May. Columbia. 
 
 1828. B. E. 1. 1254. 
 
 — primultBfo'Ma. J. June. Carolina. 1783. 
 
 — prostra^ta. J. Cream. June. Teneriffe. 
 
 1824. 
 
 — pube^scens. J. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 
 
 1772. Swt. n. Gard. t. 223. 
 
 — pu'mila. J. Miy. France. 1818. 
 
 ericet&rum. May. Germany. 1826. 
 
 -lane^fi/Ua. May. Germany. 
 
 — pyrena'iea. J. May. Pyrenees. 1817. 
 
 — pyrolcBfo'lia. J. Yellow. January. Pata- 
 
 gonia. 1851. Fl. Ser. t. 665. 
 
 — radi'cans. \. June. Carolina. 1823. 
 
 — rothomagefnsis. J. July. Frsuioe. 1781. 
 
 B.M. t.l498. 
 
 — rotimdif<^lia. i. Pale yellow. May. N. 
 
 Amer. 1800. 
 -Bu'ppii. J. May. Italy. 1822. B. C. 
 t. 686. 
 
 — sagitta'ta. f White, blue. July. N. Amer. 
 
 1775. B. C. 1. 1471. 
 
 — ta/rmemto'aa. i. June. Caucasus. 1824. 
 
 — Schmidtia'na. J. May. Austria. 1821. 
 
 — Selki'rkii. i. June. N. Amer. 1822. 
 . Striped. June. N. Amer. 1772. 
 
 June. Ukraine. 1823. Swt. Fl. 
 ser. 2, 1. 126. 
 
 J. Yellow. Germany. 1805. 
 Lilac. March. Britain. 
 ,. J. May. Hungary. 1826. . . 
 tri'coloi: i. Yellow, purple. August. Britain. 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3, t. 178. Heartsease; 
 
 arvelnks. J. Yellow, purple. June. 
 
 Britain. ,,. . 
 eiegam. \. Veiny. Summer. Altai. 
 
 1832. 
 
 — stria' ta. 
 
 — siM'vii. i 
 
 Gard 
 
 — fttdeHica. 
 
 — sylva'tiea. 
 
 V. tri'eolor hi'rta. 
 
 — triparti'ta. J. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — uliginofea. 
 
 1823. 
 
 — vmibro'sa, 
 
 — unifio'ra. 
 
 — valde^ria. 
 
 1759. 
 
 — variega'ta. 
 1817. 
 
 VIO 
 
 June. Pannonia, 
 Yellow. June. 
 
 1820, 
 N. Amer, 
 
 i. Purple, April, Carinthia. 
 
 Lilac, purple, Russia. 1873. 
 J. YeUow. June. Siberia. 1774. 
 i. Purple. May. Mount Cenis. 
 
 J. Pale violet. May. Dahuria. 
 Gfl. t. 20. 
 VillarBia'na. \. June. Vallesia. 
 - Zo'ysii. i. Yellow. August. Carinthia. 
 
 Violet Porcing.— To obtain JVea- 
 poUtan Violets in winter, select a warm, 
 sheltered corner ; cast out trenches a 
 foot deep and five feet wide into the 
 alleys, and make a turf wall all round 
 to tne desired height, for holding about 
 fifteen or eighteen inches of leaves, rub- 
 bish-heap refuse, or any fermenting ma- 
 terials likely to afford a little bottom- 
 heat, upon which place about eight or 
 nine inches of rich, open soil. The 
 width regulate by any lights to be 
 spared for a time, or thatched hurdles, 
 or other protectors. Take the plants, 
 up from the store plantation carefully," 
 with balls of earth to their roots, and 
 plant from ten to twelve inches apart 
 each way, first clearing them of any 
 side-shoots or suckers ; afterwards keep 
 clear of dead leaves, etc., well surface- 
 stir, and never allow to get dry. No 
 lights or protection are to be placed 
 over them until frosty nights set in, or 
 very heavy rains ; then, at all times, 
 tilt on both sides, with abundance of 
 air, if the weather is not too severe, 
 By such treatment the foliage is always 
 large, thick, and of a beautiful dark 
 green, the flowers abundant and large. 
 No side-runners are to be allowed to run 
 until April, at which time they are to 
 be encouraged to grow ; and open, sandy, 
 rich soil sifted amongst them, and kept 
 well watered, to encourage them to root 
 freely, A partially-shaded piece of good 
 ground is then to be chosen m the month 
 of May, and the Violets then forked up, 
 old and young altogether, and the best 
 of the young plants selected and planted 
 out afoot apart each way singly. They 
 are to be kept well surface-stirred all the 
 summer, and by October they will be fine 
 plants to take up as above described. 
 
 Russian Violets— Single White, Double 
 White, Double Blue, and other hardy 
 varieties — grow in a similar way, with, 
 regai'd to planting out the young runners 
 and summer treatment, and they are 
 also to be carefully taken up in Octo- 
 ber ; some placed in turf -pits, with gentle 
 bottom-heat, and some without bottom- 
 heat, and a quantity planted on sloping 
 banks. By this simple contrivance 
 
VIO 
 
 [ 1016 1 
 
 VIS 
 
 abundance of luxuriant flowers are kept 
 in succeasion from September till May. 
 Every variety is kept clear from side- 
 shoots or runners all the summer. All 
 the varieties are particularly fond of 
 charred articles mixed with the soil. 
 
 Violet. Vi'ola. 
 
 Violet, Adder's. Goodye'ra pube'- 
 scens. 
 
 Violet, Bog. Pingui'cula. 
 
 Violet, Cape. loni'dium cape'nse. 
 
 Violet, Com. Specula'ria hy'brida. 
 
 Violet, Dame's. 
 
 rta'lis. 
 
 Se'speris matro- 
 
 Violet, Dog. Vi'ola cani'na. 
 
 Violet, Dog's Tooth. Erythro'- 
 nium de'ns-ca'nis. 
 
 Violet, False. Ru'bus Daliba'rdi. 
 
 Violet, Foreign. Schwdgge'ra. 
 
 Violet, Fringed. Thysano'tus. 
 
 Violet FlUlgi. Md'dium depau'- 
 perans and ^. Wolce. Violets are often 
 attacked by a Fungus which appears in 
 yellow patches on their leaves. This is 
 the ^. Violce, and if these patches are 
 magnified they will be found to be com- 
 posed of minute cups (cluster-cups) filled 
 with spores. ^. depauperans is much 
 less common, and differs in having the 
 cluster-cups solitary, and not collected 
 in patches as in .r®. Violce. Both species 
 greatly injure the Violet plants, .by de- 
 stroying their leaves and dwarfing their 
 growth. The Fungus should be de- 
 stroyed by burning the infected plants 
 on its first appearance, to prevent its 
 spreading. 
 
 Violet, Mercury's. Campa'mda 
 Me'dium. 
 
 Violet, Spurless. Vi'olahedera'eea. 
 
 Violet, Tongue. Schwdgge'ra. 
 
 Violet, Water. Hotto'niapalu'stris. 
 
 Viper Gourd. Trichosa'nthes an- 
 gui'na. 
 
 Viper's Bugloss. E'cMum. 
 
 Viper's Grass. Scorzone'ra his- 
 pa'niea. 
 
 Vire'ya. (After Jul. Jos. Virey, 
 1775-1846, a Pharmacist in Paris. Nat. 
 ord., EricaceCB ; Tribe, Bhodorece.) A 
 synonym of Rhododendron. 
 
 v. retidsa. AssnonymotMhododendronretumm. 
 Virgi'lia. (Named after Virgil, the 
 Roman poet. Nat. ord., Lequminosm ; 
 Tribe, Sophorem. Allied to Sophora.) 
 
 Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from 
 South Africa, where not otherwise specified. 
 Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a 
 glass, in April ; sandy loam and flbry peat. V. 
 lu'tea is generally propagated by layers in spring 
 and autumn. 
 V. au'rea. 6. July. Abyssinia. 1777. 
 
 — capen'sis. 2. Purple, white. July. 1767. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1690. 
 
 — helioi'des. A synonym of Qaillardiapulchella. 
 
 (Nat. ord., ComposiT/E.) 
 
 — intnt'm. 8. July. 1790. B. M. t. 2617. 
 
 Syn., Calpurnut intrusa. 
 
 — lu'tea. See Cladrastis tinctoria. 
 
 — robinioi'des. 8. August. 1818. Syn., Cat- 
 
 . vumia robinioidee. 
 
 — sylvatiea. 4. August. 1816. Syn., Calpur- 
 
 nia eylvatica. 
 
 Virginian Cowslip. Merte'nsia 
 virgi'nica, 
 
 Virginian Creeper. Ampelo'psis 
 
 guinquefo'lia. 
 
 Virginian Date Palm. Diospy'ros 
 
 virginia'na. 
 
 Virginian Poke. Phytola'cca de- 
 ca'ndra. 
 
 Virginian Silk. Periplo'ca grce'ea. 
 
 Virginian Stock. Malco'mia 
 mari'tima. 
 
 Virgin's Bower. Cle'matis. 
 
 Viro'la. (From the Guianese name. 
 Nat. ord. , Myristicacew. ) A synonym of 
 Myristica. 
 
 V. seKfera. A synonym of Myristica sebifera. 
 
 Visea'ria. Rock Lychnis. (From 
 viscus, bird-lime ; the glutinous steins. 
 Nat. ord., Caryophyllacece ; Tribe, Sile- 
 ne(B. ) See Lychnis. 
 
 Seeds in open border, in April ; or in a shel- 
 tered dry place in September; perennials by 
 seeds and divisions ; dry garden-soil. 
 V. a'lba. See Lychnis neglecta. 
 
 — albifi&ra. A form of Lychnis Visca/na. 
 
 — alpi'na. See Lychnis atpina. 
 
 — ccc'li-ro'sa. See Lychnis cceli-rosa. 
 
 — helvdiica. See Lychnis helvetica. 
 
 — negle'cta. See Lychnis neglecta. 
 
 — oculd'ta. B. E. 1843, t. 63. A synonym of 
 
 Lychnis aspera. 
 
 — tmlga'ris. See Lychnis Viscaria. 
 
 Vi'scum. Mistletoe. (From viscus, 
 bird-lime ; the berries contain a viscid 
 matter like bird-lime. Nat. ord.. Lor- 
 anthacecE ; Tribe, Viscece.) 
 
 The Mistletoe thrives best on the thorn and 
 the apple. The seed, in early spring, should be 
 squeezed from the berries into crannies of the 
 bark underneath a branch, or slits be made on 
 purpose in the bark. 
 
 V. a'lbum. 2. Green. May. England. Bng. 
 Bot. ed. 3, t. 635. 
 
 . Vi'smia. (Named after M. Visum, a 
 Lisbon merchant. Nat. ord., Hyperi- 
 cinece; Tribe, Vismiem.) 
 
 Stove, yellow-flowered evergreens. Cuttings 
 of flrmish side-shoots in sand, in May, under a 
 bell-glass, and placed in bottom-heat; sandy 
 
VIS 
 
 [ 1017 ] 
 
 VIT 
 
 peat, flbry loam, and a little rough charcoal, 
 winter temp., 60° to 65° ; summer, 60° to 86°. 
 V. iraxUiefrms. 8. August. Brazil. 1824. 
 
 — gla'ira. 10. Red. July. S. Amer. 1824. 
 
 B. C. t. 1762. 
 
 — guiane!rmt. 8. August. Guiana. 1824. 
 
 — sessUifo'lia. May. Guiana. 1826. 
 
 Vi'snea. (Said to be after a Lisbon 
 merchant named Visne. Nat. ord., 
 Temstromiacece. ) 
 > Greenhouse, evergreen tree. 
 V. mocane'ra. Whitish. March. Canary Islands. 
 1816. Ic. PI. t. 263. 
 
 Vi'tex. Chaste-tree. (From vieo, 
 to bind ; the flexible branches. Nat. 
 ord., Verbenacea ; Tribe, Viticece.) 
 
 Purple - flowered, except where otherwise 
 stated. The hardy by cuttings under a hand- 
 glass, in a shady border, in Autumn, or in a 
 sheltered place without the hand-glass. The 
 others require greenhouse and stove treatment, 
 and are easily propagated by cuttings under a 
 bell-glass ; the stove species in a little bottom- 
 heat ; sandy loam and a little peat. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS. 
 
 V. a'gnus-ea'stus. 6. White, blue. Sicily. 1670. 
 
 Sibth. m. Gr. t. 609. 
 atifo'lia. 6. Wliite, blue. September. 
 
 SicUy. 1570. 
 
 SIOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 V. ala'ta. 10. September. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — cUti'saima. 8. Ceylon. 1810. Wight, Ic. 
 
 1. 1466. 
 
 — arWrea. 30. 
 
 — U'color. See V. Negundo. 
 
 — bignamoi'deg. Blue. Caraccas. 1826. 
 
 — cwpita'ta. Blue. June. Trinidad. 1822. 
 
 — Donict'na. Sierra Leone. 1824. 
 
 — giga'ntea. Guayaquil. 1826. 
 
 — heterophy'lla. Blue. B. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — Uicifo'lia. Summer. West Indies. 
 
 — -mGi'sa. See V. Negundo, var. ivictsa. 
 
 — latif&lia. Blue. July. E. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — leuco'xglon. 4. Ceylon. 1798. Wight, Ic. 
 
 t. 1467. 
 
 — liinde^ni. Lilac, red. May. Columbia. 1872. 
 
 B. M. t. 6230. 
 
 — Ifegu'ndo. 4. India. 1812. Syn., V. bicolmr. 
 inei'sa. i. August. China, 1758. Syn., 
 
 V. Negundo of B. M. t. 364. 
 
 — ma'ta. i. July. China. 1796. 
 
 — saU'gna. Blue. July. E. Ind. 1823. 
 
 — triflo'ra. 6. Cayenne. 1819. 
 
 — trifo'lia. 4. E. Ind. 1759. 
 
 variega'ta. Violet-purple ; leaves white- 
 edged. Polynesia. 1876. 
 
 — unibro'sa. 30. Jamaica, 1823, 
 
 Vi'tis. The Vine. (From the Celtic 
 swyd, pronounced vid, best of trees. 
 Nat. ord., Ampelidece.) 
 
 Greenhouse or hardy deciduous climbers, all 
 but one green-flowered. Few are worth growing 
 except mni'/era and its varieties ; the other 
 species are viewed chiefly in this country as 
 botanical curiosities. All are propagated by 
 cuttings and buds of the ripe wood, layers, and 
 by grafting and inarching. Soil for all, a rich, 
 open loam. See Grape Vine. 
 
 Many of the species enumerated below are 
 cultivated under tlie names of Cissus and AM- 
 PELOPSIS, which are synonyms of ViTis. 
 V. aeumina'ta. Eastern Asia. 1890. 
 
 — cestiva'iie. 20. May. North America. 1666. 
 
 American Summer Grape. 
 
 — a'lbo-ni'tens. Brazil. 1871. Syn., Ciasus albo- 
 
 nitens. Stove. 
 
 V. a/mazo'nica. Leaves silver-veined, red beneath. 
 Amazon. 1866. Syn., Cissus ajnazonica. 
 Stove, 
 
 — cmta'rctioa. July. - Australia. 1790. Syn,, 
 
 Cieeua antarctica. B. M. t. 2488. 
 
 — Baine'sii. Green. W. Tropical Africa. 1864. 
 
 B. M. t. 6472. 
 
 — Berlwndidri. Texas. 1888. 
 
 — blalnda. May, North America. 
 
 — cape'rws. South Africa. 1887. Rev. Hort. 
 
 1887, p. 372. 
 
 — capriola'ta. Temperate Himalayas. 
 
 — chontale^nsie. Scarlet. Nicaragua. 1869. 
 
 Syn,, Cissus ehontalerms. 
 
 — Hrrh&sa. Green, S. Africa. 1866. 
 
 — Cogiie^tice. Japan, 1890. 
 
 — cordifo'Ua. 12. May. North America. 1806. 
 
 V. riparia, B, M. t. 2429, is a form of 
 this. 
 
 — Davidia'na. China. 1868. Syns., dssue 
 
 JDavidiana, C.platcmifolia,sind C. rubri- 
 caulis. 
 
 — disse^cta. See A^npelopsis aconitifoUa. 
 
 — Endre'sii. Leaves velvety green, with pur- 
 
 plish veins. Costa Rica. 1875, 
 —fiexmsa. Himalayas. 1841. Syn., V.pa/rvi- 
 folia. 
 
 — gongyl&des. See V. pterophffra. 
 
 — heterophi^lla, 10. Blue. Japan. 1820. 
 humulifo'lia. 2-6, Green. Japan; 
 
 , China. 1868. B. M. t. 6682. 
 
 — hypoglau'cd. Yellow, Victoria. 1866. 
 
 — vndivi'sa. Eastern North America.' 1888. 
 — japo'tiica. Green. Japan. 1875. Syns., 
 
 Cissus japonica. 
 crassifo'lia. Leaves bright green above, 
 
 cobwebby beneath. 
 marnwra'ta. Leaves blotched with 
 
 yeUow. 1875. 
 —javale'nsis. Scarlet. Nicaragua. 1869. Syn., 
 
 Cissus javalensis. 
 
 — LabrVrSca. 12. June. North America. 1666. 
 
 Jacq. H. Schoenb, t. 426. Syn., V. 
 
 — lana'ta. Green. May. Himalayas, 1824. 
 
 — IAnde!ni. Leaves green, with white mottlings. 
 
 Columbia. 1870. Syn,, Cissus lAndeni, 
 
 — ma'cropus. Green. W. Tropical Africa. 1864. 
 
 B. M. t, 6479. 
 
 — rmdti'Ma gra'eilis. China. 1891. 
 
 — parvifo'lia. See V. flexuosa. 
 —plamiccm'lis. Green. Sikkim. 1849. B. M. 
 
 t, 6686. 
 
 — ptero'phara. Autumn, Brazil, B, M, t. 6803. 
 
 Syn., V. gongylodes. G. C. 1883, xix. 
 p. 62. Stove. 
 
 — quadramgvla'ris. Summer. India and 
 
 Malaya. 
 
 — renifo'rmismila'eea. China. Rev. Hort. 1888, 
 
 p. 636, fig. 132. 
 
 — ripa'ria. See V. cordifolia. 
 
 — Rmumelti. China. Rev, Hort, 1888, p, 536, 
 
 fig, 131, 
 obtusifo'lia. Leaves cordate, almost 
 
 entire, furnished with white tomentum 
 
 beneath. China. 1891. 
 sero'tina. A late fruiting form. China. 
 
 1891. 
 
 — rvltUams. Eastern Asia. Rev. Hort. 1890, 
 
 p. 444. 
 
 — sempervCrffns. See V. striatal 
 
 — stria'ta. Greenish. SouthBrazilandUragnay. 
 
 1881. Syns,, F. sempermrens, Cissus 
 striata, and Ampelopsis sempervirens. 
 Biardy evergreen climber. 
 
 — Thunbdrgii. See Y. Labrusca. 
 
 — trieuspida'ta. See Ampelopsis tricwspidata. 
 
 — veluti'nus. Red. Malay Islands. 1869. 
 
 — mni'/era. Green. June. South of the Caspian 
 
 Sea. Bent, et Tr, t, 66, 
 
 amurelnsis. Leaves woolly on both sides 
 
 when young. Gfl. t. 339. 
 
VIT 
 
 [ 1018 ] 
 
 VRI 
 
 V. vini'fera ajmfo'lia. 20. June. 1648. Syn., 
 V. lacvnioBa. 
 
 — vitigi'nea. Green. E. Indies. 1772. 
 
 — vulpi'na. May. North America. Jacq. H. 
 
 Schoenb. t. 426. Bullace ; Muacadine. 
 
 Vittade'nia. (From vitta, a riband, 
 and aden, a gland. Nat. ord. , Compo- 
 siicej Tribe, Asteroidete.) See Eri- 
 geron. 
 
 V. trilo'ba. See Erigeron rrmcronatus. 
 
 Vitta'ria, (From vitfa, a riband; 
 shape of fronds. Nat. ord., FUices ; 
 Syn., Tceniopsis.) 
 
 Stove, brown-spored ferns, witli grass-like 
 fronds. See Fekns. 
 v. angustifo'lm. Malacca. 
 
 — elonga/ta. S. America. 
 
 — ensifo'rmis. May. Brazil. 
 
 — qramvmSo'lia. 1. July. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 — Vmeo^ta. 2. August. S. America. 1793. 
 
 Syn., Tceniopsis lineata, 
 
 — revolu'ta. June. Nepaul. Syn,, Tceniopsis 
 
 revoluta. 
 
 — seolopendri'na. 1^. New Guinea. Syn., 
 
 Toeniopsis seolopendrina. 
 
 — zosterasfc/lia. S. America. 
 
 Vivia'nia. (Named after Dr. 
 Viviani, a Swiss botanist. " Nat. ord. , 
 GeraniaeecB ; Tribe, Vivianece.) 
 
 GreenliousSj Chilian evergreens. Cuttings of 
 young shoots m sand, under a bell-glass, in May ; 
 sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 45° to 
 60° ; summer, 60° to 70 . 
 V. grandiflo'ra. 2. Red. July. 1832. 
 
 — mmifdlia. 2. Bed. July. 1832. 
 
 — panAftlra. 2. White. July. 1832. 
 
 Voandzei'a. (Said to be from its 
 Malagasy name, Voandzon. Nat. ord., 
 LegummostB.) 
 
 Creeping, stove herb, which forces its seed- 
 pods into the earth to ripen. For culture, see 
 Arachis. 
 
 V. subterra'nea. J. Pale yellow. July. Tropical 
 Africa, etc. 1823. Bombarra Ground 
 Nut ; Underground Bean. 
 
 Vochy'sia. (From Vochy, the Guia- 
 nese name of V. guianensis. Nat. ord. , 
 Vochysiacece. Syns. Vochisia and 
 Vochy a. ) 
 
 Stove shrubs or trees. Compost of loam and 
 peat. Cuttings. 
 
 F. guiaiie'nsii. 12. Yellow. August. Guiana. 
 1822. 
 
 — tomento'sa. 26. Yellow. August. Guiana. 
 
 1826. 
 
 Volkame'ria. (After Joh. Chris- 
 topher Volkamer, a botanist of Niirn- 
 berg, died 1720. Nat. ord., Verhenacece; 
 Tribe, Viticece.) See Clerodendron. 
 
 T. aculea'ta. See Clerodendron aculeatum. 
 
 — angustifo'lia. Andr. Eep. t. 664. See Clero- 
 
 dend/ron heterophyllum. 
 
 — hv/idfo'lia. See Clerodendrfm inerme. 
 — fra'grans. See Clerodendron fragrans. 
 
 — ine'rinis. See Clerodendron inerme. 
 —japo'miea. A synonym of Clerodendron fra- 
 
 grans. 
 
 — Kcerrvpfdri. See Clerodendron squamafum. 
 
 Voua'pa. (From the Guianese name. 
 Nat. ord. Leguminosm.) 
 
 Stove, evergreen tree. Sandy loam and a little 
 peat. Cuttings. 
 
 V. Wfo'lia. 10. Violet. May. South America. 
 1823. This is now known as Macrolo- 
 
 BIUM BIFOLIUM. 
 
 Vo'jrra. (Guianese name. Nat. 
 ord., Gentianeai.) 
 
 Stove, herbaceous perennials. Seeds and di- 
 visions in spring ; sandy loam, with decayed 
 vegetable mould, or a little peat. Winter temp., 
 60° to 66° ; summer, 60° to 80°. 
 T. ceerullea. Blue. June. Trinidad. 1824. 
 — ro'sea. Red. July. Guiana. 1822. 
 
 " ' Ira. Yellow. June. W. Ind. 1824. 
 
 Vrie'sia. (Named after Dr. de 
 Vriese, a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., 
 BromeliacecB ; Tribe, TUlandsiece. ) See 
 Tillandsia. 
 
 Many of the plants enumerated below have 
 originated as garden hybrids, and have not 
 received names under Tillandsia. 
 F. Albilrti. A hybrid between Tillandsia incur- 
 
 vata and Vriesia Ktrrreniana. Rev. 
 
 Hort. 1889, p. 300. 
 
 — a'nceps. See Tillandsia anceps. 
 
 — Barillefti. See Tillandsia Barilleti. 
 
 — Billbefrgice. See Tillandsia BilWergicB. 
 
 — brachysta'chys. See Tillandsia carinata. 
 
 — ccespito'sa. See Tillandsia Schlechtendahlii. 
 
 — cardina'lis. Hybrid between Tillandsia bror 
 
 chystachys and T. Krameri. 
 
 — carina'ta. See Tillandsia carinata. 
 
 — chrysosta'chys. See Tillandsia chrysostachys. 
 
 — coralli'na. See Tillandsia corallvna. 
 
 — crotalo'phora. See Tillandsia Barilleti. 
 
 — Duvalia'na. See Tillandsia DuvaliaiM. 
 
 — Falkenbe'rgii. See Tillandsia heliconioides. 
 — fenestra'lis. See Tillandsia fenestralis. 
 
 — fvllgida. A hybrid between Tillandsia Du- 
 valiana and T. incurvata. 
 
 — giga'ntea. See TUlandsia regina. 
 
 — gladioliJU/ra. See TiUandeia gladioliJUtra. 
 
 — glaiicophy'lla. B. M. t. 4416. See Tillandsia 
 
 glaucophylla. 
 
 — Glazifyffia'na. See TUlandsia regina. 
 
 — gra'cUis. See Tillandsia gracilis. 
 
 — Gramsia'na. A hybrid between Tillandsia 
 
 psittoAnnay var. M&rrenia/na and T. Bar - 
 rilleti. 1890. 
 
 — gutta'ta. See Tillandsia guttata. 
 
 — heliconioi'des. See Tillandsia heliconioides. 
 
 — hierogly'phica. See Tillandsia hieroglyphica. 
 
 — incvrva'ta. See Tillandsia incurvata. 
 
 — imperia'lis. A form of Tillandsia regina. 
 
 — insi'gnit. A hybrid between TUlandsia Ba- 
 
 rilleti and T. splendens. 
 
 — Jo'n^hei. See TUlandsia Jonghei. 
 
 — Kittelia'na. Gfl. 1890, p. 326. A hybrid be- 
 
 tween Tillandsia Barilleti and T. Saun' 
 dersii. 
 
 — leodie'nse. A hybrid between Tillandsia 
 
 psittacinaj var. Morreniana^ and T. 
 Barilleti. 
 
 — JJmdelni. See TUlandsia lAndeni. 
 
 — Magnisia'na. Gfl. 1889, p. 343. A hybrid 
 
 between Tillandsia Barilleti and T. 
 fenestralis. 
 
 — Ma'rue. Rev. Hort. 1889, p. 300. A hybrid 
 
 between Tillandsia Barilleti and T. 
 carinata (Vriesia brachystachys). 
 
 — Horre/no-Barilletia'na. 111. Hort. 1889, p. 103, 
 
 t. 91. A hybrid between TUlandsia 
 Banlleti and T. psittacina, var. Uorre- 
 nia/na. 
 
 — pardba'ica. See TUlandsia parabaiea. 
 
 — FhUi'ppo-Cobu'rgi. See TUlandsia PhUippO" 
 
 Coburgi. 
 
 — Platzma'nni. See Tillandsia Platzmanni. 
 
VUL 
 
 [ 1019 ] 
 
 WAL 
 
 7. psittad'na. B. R. 1843, 1. 10. See TiUandgia 
 psittacina. 
 
 '^S?,*"'"'''"'- \see TillandHa caHnata. 
 
 cdTina ta. ) 
 
 Trv-fantia na. See Tillandsia mcurvata, 
 
 — pulvenUe'tita liTiea'ta. Brazil. Bev. Hort. 
 
 1888, p. 89, fig. 20. 
 
 — reticula'ta. See TUlandsia reticulata. 
 
 — retrojle'xa. See Tillandsia psittaciTiOrScalaris. 
 
 — Bodrigasia'iia. See Tillandsia Rodrigadana. 
 
 — sanguinole'nta. See Tillandsia sangmnolenta. 
 
 — Saundefrsii. See Tillandsia Saundersii. 
 
 — scala'ris. See TillaTidsia scalaris. 
 
 — sple'ndens. See Tillandsia splendens. 
 tefsella'ta. See Tillandsia tessellata. 
 
 — tri'colar. See Tillandsia trieolor. 
 
 — versaMnsis. 111. Hort. 1889, p. 73, t. 87. A 
 
 hybrid between Tillandsia IDuvaliana 
 and T. carinata. 
 
 — mmina'lis. j. g Tiucmdsia viminalis. 
 
 — mndiflo ra. S 
 
 — Warmi'ngii. See Tillandsia Warmingii. 
 Wawra'nea. See TiUandsia Wavrra/nea. 
 
 — Weyringeria'na. Gfl. 1890, p. 7. A hybrid 
 
 between Tillandsia BariUeti and T. 
 scalaris. 
 
 — Wittmachialna. See Tillandsia BariUeti. 
 
 — mphosta'chys. See Tillandsia xiphostachys. 
 
 Vulnera'ria. (From minus, a 
 wound. Nat. ord., LeguminosoB ; Tribe, 
 Lotem. ) A synonym of Anthyllis. 
 V. rubriflo'ra. A synonym of Anthyllis vulne- 
 raria, var. rulyrijiora. 
 
 w. 
 
 Wachendo'rfla. (Named after E. 
 J. Waehendorf, a Dutch botanist. Nat. 
 ord., HamodoracevB ; Tribe JEtihcemo- 
 dorece.) 
 
 ' Greenhouse, South African bulbs; yellow- 
 flowered, except where otherwise mentioned, 
 and requiring the same treatment as the larger 
 Ixias. They Dloom in April. 
 W. brevi/o'lia. 1. Purple. 1795. B.M.t.ll66. 
 
 — Breynia'na. 1. 1825. 
 
 — grami'n^a, 1. 
 
 — Hibbdrtii. 2. 1823. 
 
 — hirm'ta. IJ. Violet. 1687. B. M. t. 614. 
 
 Syn., W. villosa. 
 
 — panicula'ta, 2. 1700. B. M. t. 616 and 
 
 t. 2610. 
 
 — tmu/lla. 1. 1816. _ „ „ ^ ,„„ 
 
 — thyrsiflo'ra. 2. May. 1769. B. M. 1. 1060. 
 
 — villc/sa. Andr. Kep. t. 398. See W. hirsuta. 
 
 Wafer Ash. Pte'Ua trifolm'ta. 
 
 Wahlenbe'rgia. (Named after Dr. 
 Wahlenherg, author of " Flora Lappo- 
 uica." Nat. ord., Campanulacem.) 
 
 AH are blue-flowered, except when otherwise 
 mentioned. Seeds under a glass in the beginning 
 of April, and planted out in the end of May ; 
 division of perennials, and cuttings of the young 
 shoots in the beginning of summer, under a 
 hand-light ;, sandy peat and loam, and a cool, 
 moist situation. 
 
 GRKENHOUSF. ANNUALS, ETC. 
 
 W. a'lbo-margina'ta . Ic. PI. t. 818. See W. 
 
 — ffltpiJia^" May. N. Holland. 1824. Bien- 
 
 — ce'TOu™.'^ Blue, white. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1804. Biennial. 
 
 W. dehi'scens. White. June. Bengal. 1818. 
 
 — gra'dlis. April. N. S. Wales. 1794. Bien- 
 
 nial. 
 
 — litora'lis. April. Van Diemen's Land. 1820. 
 
 BienBial. 
 
 — Bo'ylei. A synonym of Codonopis ovata. 
 
 — saxi'cola. J-J. Pale lilac. June. New Zea- 
 
 land. B. M. t. 6613. Syns., W. albo- 
 marginata and W. vincceflora. Peren- 
 nial. New Zealand Bluebell. 
 ~ tubefrosa. ^-2. White, rose. Juan Fernandez. 
 1874. B. M. t. 6166. 
 
 — undvZa'ta. Violet-blue. South Africa. B. M. 
 
 t. 7174. 
 
 — vine(ejU>'ra. See W. saxicola. 
 
 HARDY PERENNIALS. 
 
 W. arva'tica. May. Spain. 1825. 
 
 — capilla'cea. White. May. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1822. 
 
 — grandijlo'ra. A synonym of Platycodon gran- 
 
 — Kitaibe'lii. Violet. June. Hungary. 1823. 
 
 — re'pens. J. White. July. 1830. 
 
 — tenuifo'lia, \. Violet-blue. August. Dal- 
 
 matia. 1879. Syns., Edraianthus tenui- 
 folius and E. caudatus. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 W. cape'nsis. July. 1819. Syn., W. elongata. 
 
 — diffv!sa. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1787. 
 
 — diversifo'lia. July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — elonga'ta. See W. capensis. 
 
 — fle'xilis. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1836. 
 
 — hispi'dvZa. Blue, white. June. Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 1816. 
 
 — linea'ris. White. July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1822. 
 
 — lobelioi'des. Pale red. July. Madeira. 
 
 1777. Syn., W. pendula. 
 
 — nutabu'nda. White. July. Calabria. 1830. 
 
 — pe'ndula. See W. lobelioides. 
 
 — procu'mben£. July. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1824. 
 
 Waile'sia. (In honour of G. Wailes, 
 Esq., a great cultivator of orchids. Nat. 
 ord., Orchidew ; Tribe, Vandece-Cymhi- 
 diece.) Now united with Dipodium. 
 
 Stove epiphytal orchid. See Orchids. 
 W. pi'cta. 1. Yellow, crimson. Java. 1849. 
 Now known as DIPODIUM PICTUM. 
 
 — puncta'ta. 1-2. Red, purple. Australia. 
 
 1822. Now known as DIPODIUM PUNC- 
 
 TATUM. 
 
 — ro'sea. A synonym of Dipodium pictwm. 
 
 Wai'tzia. (In honour of M. Waitz. 
 Nat. ord., Compositce. Syn., Moma.) 
 
 Annuals of the Everlasting type. For cultiva- 
 tion, see MoRNA. 
 W. acumina'ta. See W. corymbosa. 
 
 — aulrea. 1-2. Golden-yellow. Summer. Aus- 
 
 tralia. 1836. Syn., Mama nitida, B. B. 
 1. 1941. 
 
 — corymbo'sa. White, yellow. Swan River. 
 
 1864. B. M. t. 6443. Syn., W. acuminata. 
 
 — grandijlo'ra. Yellow. W. Australia. 1864. 
 
 One of the finest. 
 
 — niJvea. IJ. White or pink. Summer. Aus- 
 
 tralia. 1836. Syn., Morna nivea, B. B. 
 1838, t. 9. 
 
 — Steetzia'na. Yellow. Swan Biver. 1861. 
 
 Syn., W. tenella, B. M. t. 6342. 
 
 — tmeflla. See W. Steetziana. 
 
 Wake Robin. A'rum irmcula'tv/m. 
 and Tri'llium grandiflo'rum. 
 
 Waldstei'nia. (Named after F. 
 von Waldstein, a German botanist. 
 
WAL 
 
 [ 1020 ] 
 
 WAL 
 
 Nat. ord. , Bosacece ; Tribe, Potentillece, 
 Sya., Comaropsis. Allied to Geura.) 
 
 Hardy herbaiceous perennials. For culture, 
 see Geum. 
 
 W. Donia'na. 1. Yellow. May. N. America. 
 1800. Syni, Corrmropeis Daniana. 
 
 — fragrarioi'des. 1. White. May. N. America,. 
 
 1803. Syns., Camtiropsis fragrarwides 
 and DaUbarda fragrarioides. B. M. 
 1. 1667. 
 
 — geoi'des. f. Yellow. June. Hungary. 1804. 
 
 B. M. t. 2695. 
 
 — trifo'lia. i. Yellow. April. Eastern Europe. 
 
 Walke'ra. (Named after Dr. B. 
 Walker, founder of the Cambridge Bo- 
 tanic Garden. Nat. ord., Ochnaeece ; 
 Tribe, OchnecB.) 
 
 Stove, yellow-flowered evergreens. Cuttings 
 of half-ripened shoots, or firm side-shoots, in 
 sand, under a bell-glass, in the beginning of 
 April ; sandy loam and peat. Winter temp., 60° 
 to 60° ; summer, 60° to 86°. 
 W. integrifo'lia. 12. Guiana. 
 
 — serra'ta. 12. Guiana. 1824. 
 
 Walking Leaf. Scolop^ndrium 
 rhizophy'lhim. 
 
 Walks. See Concrete and 
 Gravel Walks. 
 Wall-cress. A'rabis. 
 Wall Pern. Polypo'dium vulga're. 
 Wallflower. Cheira'nthus. 
 
 Walli'chia. (In honour of Dr. Wal- 
 Uch, once curator of the Calcutta Botanic 
 Garden. Nat. ord., Palmce ; Tribe, 
 ArececB. ) 
 
 Moist stove palms, requiring a light, weU- 
 drained loam. Increased by suckers, which 
 must be separated gradually, so as to induce 
 them to root before being finally taken from the 
 parent. 
 
 W. caryotoi'des. Yellowish-white. July. India. 
 1825. 
 
 — dert«iJlo'raf. Sikkim. Himalaya. B. M. t. 4684. 
 
 This is the same as W. oblongifolia. 
 
 Walli'sia. See Tillandsia. 
 
 Wall Pennywort. CotyWdm 
 Urtibi'licws. 
 
 Wall Pepper. Se'dum a'cre. 
 
 Wall Rue. Asple'nium Bu'ta-mu- 
 
 they should not ripen fruit equally well. 
 He forms the wall hollow, nine inches in 
 breadth, by placing the bricks edgewise, 
 so as to form two facings ; they are laid 
 in good mortar, and the joints carefully 
 finished. They are placed alternately 
 with theirfaces and ends to the outsides, so 
 that every second brick is a tie, and in 
 each succeeding course a brick with its 
 end outwards is placed on the centre 
 of one laid lengthwise on either side. 
 The top of the wall must be covered with 
 a coping of stone or bricks projecting 
 eight inches. It is strengthened aX 
 every twenty feet by piers of fourteen- 
 inch work, built in tne same manner, 
 with bricks laid on edge. 
 
 In every instance a wall should never 
 be lower than eight feet. The thickness 
 usually varies with the height of the 
 wall, being nine inches if it is not higher 
 than eight feet; thirteen and a naif 
 inches, if above eight and under fourteen 
 feet; and eighteen inches, from fourteen 
 up to twenty feet. 
 
 Inclined or Sloping Walls have been 
 recommended, but have always failed in 
 practice. It is quite true that they re- 
 ceive the sun's rays at a favourable 
 angle, but they retain wet, and become 
 so much colder by radiation at night 
 than perpendicular walls, that they are 
 found to be unfavourable to the ripening 
 of fniit. 
 
 The Flued-wall or Hot-wall is gene- 
 rally built entirely of brick, though, 
 where stone is abundant and more eco- 
 nomical, the back or north side may be 
 of that material. A flued-wall may be 
 termed a hollow wall, in which the 
 vacuity is thrown into compartments 
 aaa a, to facilitate the circulation of 
 smoke and heat from the base or surface 
 of the ground, to within one or two feet 
 of the coping. Such walls are generally 
 arranged with hooks inserted under the 
 coping, to admit of fastening some 
 
 Walls are usually built in panels, 
 from fifteen to thirty feet in length, one 
 brick thick, with pillars at these specified 
 distances, for the sake of adding to their 
 strength, and the foundation a brick and 
 a half thick. The plan of Mr. Silver- 
 lock, of Chichester, is worthy of adop- 
 tion, since, if well constructed, it is 
 equally durable, and saves one-third of 
 the expense. Walls so constructed are 
 stated to become dry after rain much 
 more rapidly than a solid wall of the 
 same or any other thickness, and there 
 appears not a shadow of a reason why 
 
 description of protecting covers, and 
 sometimes for temporary glass frames. 
 A length of forty feet, and from ten to 
 
WAL 
 
 [ 1021 ] 
 
 WAT 
 
 fifteen high, may be heated by one fire, 
 the furnace of which, b, being placed 
 one or two feet below the surface of the 
 ground, the first course, or flue, c, will 
 commence one foot above it, and be two 
 feet six inches or three feet high, and 
 the second, third, and fourth courses, d, 
 e, f, narrower as they ascend. The 
 thickness of that side of the flue next the 
 south or preferable side should, for the 
 first course, be four inches, or brick and 
 bed ; and, for the other courses, it were 
 desirable to have bricks cast in a smaller 
 mould ; say for the second course thi-ee, 
 for the third two and three quarters, and 
 for the fourth two and a half inches in 
 breadth. This will give an opportunity 
 of bevelling the wall, and the bricks 
 being all of the same thickness, though 
 of different widths, the external appear- 
 ance win be everywhere the same. — 
 Enc. Gard. 
 
 Walnut. Ju'glcms re'gia. 
 
 Walue'wa. (After P. A. Walejew. 
 Nat ord., Orchidece ; Tribe, Vandece- 
 OncidecB.) 
 
 Stove orchid. For culture, see Gomeza. 
 W. puUMlla. Yellow, purple. Brazil. 1892. 
 
 Wardian Case. See Glass 
 Case. 
 
 Wa'rrea. (Named after F. Warre, 
 a botanical collector. Nat. ord., Orchi- 
 dece ; Tribe, Vandece-Cryptopodiece. Al- 
 lied to Grobya.) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown in baskets. See Or- 
 chids. 
 
 W. bidenta'ta. Purple, white. September. Ca- 
 raccas. 1843. 
 
 — ca'ndida. Purple, white. Febniary. Bahia. 
 
 1850. 
 
 — eya'nea. B. E. 1845, t. 28. See Aganwia 
 
 cyanea. 
 
 — digita'ta. Brazil. 1856. 
 
 — dtseolor. See Zygopetalmn discolor. 
 
 — margina'ta. 1 ggg Zygopetaium marginaXum. 
 
 — rub^scens. Bed. April. Brazil. 1838. 
 
 — tricolor. 2. Yellow, purple. August. Brazil. 
 
 1843. Syn., Mamllaria, Warreana. B. C. 
 t- 1884. , ._, ^ 
 
 stapelioi'des. Flower barred with brown. 
 
 Columbia. 1873. 
 
 — Wailesia'na. Cream colour. Brazil. 
 
 Warszewi'czia. (After a Kussian 
 botanist named Warszewicz. Nat. ord., 
 Bubiacece; Tribe, Cinchonece.) 
 
 Stove evergreen tree. For culture, see Ma- 
 
 CROCNEMUM. 
 
 W. cocci'nea. Bed. Trinidad. Syn., Macro- 
 cnetitum eocdnewm. 
 
 Warscewicze'lla. (Diminutive of 
 Warscewiczia. Nat. ord., Orchidece; 
 Tribe, VandecB-Cyrtopodiece.) A syno- 
 nym of Zygopetalum. 
 
 W. aroma!tioa. See Zygopetahm aromatiewm. 
 pi' eta. See Zygopetalum pictum. 
 
 W. Wendla'ndi discolor. Warn. Orch. Alb. 1. 126. 
 See Tiygopetalum Wendlandi, var. dis- 
 color. 
 
 Washingto'nia. . (After George 
 Washington, the American statesman. 
 Nat. ordt., Palmcej Tribe, Coryphec^e.) 
 
 Tall greenhouse palms. For culture, see Cha- 
 
 M^ROPS. 
 
 W.fili/era. 30. California. Syns., BroAea/Ka- 
 mentosa, Pritchardia JUamentosa and P, 
 flifera. 
 
 — gigalntea. A synonym of Sequoia gigantea. 
 
 (Nat. ord., Coniferoe.) 
 
 — robu'sta. 7. Calrfornia. 1883. Eev. Hort. 
 
 1886, p. 403, fig. 73. 
 
 Water. The best for the gardener's 
 purpose is rain water, preserved in tanks 
 sunk in the earth, and rendered tight 
 either by puddling, or bricks covered 
 with cement. To Keep these tanks re- 
 plenished, gutters should run round the 
 eaves of every structure in the garden, 
 and communicate with them. Every 
 hundred cubic inches of rain water con- 
 tains more than four cubic inches of 
 air, of which more than half is carbonic 
 acid gas, and the remainder nitrogen 
 and oxygen, in the proportion of sixty- 
 two of the former to thirty-eight of the 
 last named. 
 
 That obtained from ponds or springs 
 frequently contains matters offensive or 
 deleterious to plants. That known as 
 hard water, containing an excess of salts 
 of lime or magnesia, is invariably preju- 
 dicial, and pond water is scarcely less so. 
 If it be stagnant, and loaded with vege- 
 table extract, it is even worse than hard 
 spring water ; for it then contains car- 
 buretted hydrogen, and other matters 
 noxious to vegetables. These last-named 
 waters, if obliged to be employed to 
 tender plants, should have a pint of the 
 ammoniacal water of the gas-works, 
 mixed thoroughly with every sixty 
 gallons, an hour Of two before they 
 are used. 
 
 Water-cress. (Nastu'rtium offici- 
 na'le.) Varieties. — Small Brown-leaved, 
 hardiest ; Large Brown-leaved, best for 
 deep water; Green-leaved, easiest culti- 
 vated. 
 
 Planting in Water. — The trenches in 
 which they are grown are so prepared, 
 that, as nearly as possible, a regular 
 depth of three or four inches can be kept 
 up. These trenches are three yards 
 broad, and eighty-seven yards long, and 
 whenever one is to be planted the bottom, 
 is made quite firm and. slightly sloping, 
 so that the water which flows in at one 
 end may run out at the other. If the 
 bottom of the trench is not sufficiently 
 moist, a small body of water is allowed 
 to enter to soften it. The cresses are 
 
WAT 
 
 [1022] 
 
 WAT 
 
 then divided into small sets or cuttings, 
 with roots attached to them ; and these 
 are placed at the distance of three or four 
 inches from each other. At the end of 
 five or six days a slight dressing of well- 
 decomposed cow-dung is spread over all 
 the plants, and this is pressed down by 
 means of a heavy board, to which a long 
 handle is obliquely fixed. The water is 
 then raised to the depth of two or three 
 inches, and never higher. Each trench 
 is thus replanted annually, and furnishes 
 twelve crops during the season. In the 
 summer the cresses are gathered every 
 fifteen or twenty days, but less frequently 
 during winter ; care is taken tliat at 
 each gathering at least a third part of the 
 bed is left untouched, so that neither 
 the roots may be exhausted, nor the 
 succeeding gathering delayed. After 
 every cutting, a little decayed cow-dung, 
 in the proportion of two large barrow- 
 fulls to each trench, is spread over the 
 naked plants, and this is beaten down 
 by means of the rammer above men- 
 tioned. After the water-cresses have 
 been thus treated for a twelvemonth, 
 the manure forms a tolerably thick layer 
 at the bottom of the trench, and tends 
 to raise its level. To restore it to its 
 original level, all the refuse should be 
 thrown out upon the borders which 
 separate the trenches from each other. 
 These borders maybe planted with arti- 
 chokes, cabbages, or cauliflowers. 
 
 Planting in Borders. — This must be 
 done in September, and in a moi«t, 
 shady border. Plant slips, and the only 
 cultivation necessary is to dig the earth 
 fine, to draw a slight trench with a hoe, 
 to fill this with water until it becomes a 
 mud, to cover it about an inch deep with 
 drift sand, and then to stick in the slips 
 about six inches apart, watering them 
 until established. The sand keeps the 
 plants clean. They will be ready for 
 gathering from in a very few weeks, and 
 the shoots should be invariably cut, and 
 not picked. They are not so mild- 
 flavoured as those grown in water, but 
 then they are free from aquatic insects, 
 etc. 
 
 Waterfall. See Cascade. 
 
 Watering Engine. See Engine. 
 
 Watering Pots. These should have 
 roses pierced with very fine holes ; the 
 diameter of those usually used is too 
 large. Long-spouted watering pots are 
 required for watering plants in pots upon 
 shelves. French watering pots nave zig- 
 zag bends in the spout, to break from 
 the plant the force of the water. Shelf 
 watering pots are small and flat-bodied, 
 
 for giving water to plants overhead, 
 and near the glass in greenhouses or 
 stoves. 
 
 The accompanying engraving is of a 
 watering pot designed by Mr. G., 
 Thompson, who states that its superi- 
 ority consists in the roses being so formed 
 as to give the water thrown from them 
 the nearest resemblance to a gentle 
 shower of rain, which renders it pecu- 
 liarly suitable for watering seedlings or 
 other tender plants. As the brass joints 
 which connect the roses to the spout are 
 made water-tight, there is no danger of 
 its returning outside, to the annoyance. 
 
 of the person using it ; a is the spout to 
 which the roses are screwed ; 6, the box 
 to contain either spout out of use ; c and 
 d, the holes in which the joints are 
 placed ; e, a large rose, for watering 
 flower-beds ; /, a smaller rose, for water- 
 ing plants in pots. 
 
 Watering Pot, High-level. This 
 instrument has been designed for water- 
 ing plants on high shelves, 
 or at the back of a bench 
 or border, and rendering it 
 unnecessary to remove the 
 front rows of pots or to 
 step upon the border. It 
 consists (as shown in the 
 annexed figure) of an ordi- 
 nary watering - pot sus- 
 pended between metal 
 prongs attached to a long 
 handle, somewhat resem- 
 bling a pitchfork. On the 
 front of this handle are 
 screwed two rings, through 
 which a cord attached to 
 the spout of the pot is 
 passed. The pot is so ba- 
 lanced as to remain verti- 
 cal until by pulling the 
 cord it can be tilted to the 
 angle required to allow 
 the water to pass out of the spout, 
 can be used with or without a rose. 
 
 Water Aloe. Stratio'tes aloi'des. 
 
 Water Anemone. Banu'nculus 
 aqua'i 
 
 
 It 
 
WAT 
 
 [ 1023 ] 
 
 WEB 
 
 Water Archer. Scigitta'ria sagitti- 
 fo'lia. 
 
 Water Ash, Carolina. Fra'xinus 
 platyca'rpa. 
 
 Water Avens. Ge'tim riva'le. 
 
 Water Balsam. Tyto'nia na'tans. 
 
 Water Bean. Nelu'mhium. 
 
 Water Betony. So'ophula'ria 
 aqva'tica. 
 
 Water Caltrops. Tra'pa na'tans. 
 
 Water Cress. Nastu'rtium offiei- 
 Tta'le. 
 
 Water Elder. Vibu'mum O'pulus. 
 
 Water Flag- I'ris pseu'do-a'coms. 
 
 Water Gladiole. Bu'tomxis umbel- 
 latus. 
 
 Water Leaf. Passiflo'ra lauH- 
 fo'lia. 
 
 Water Lentils. Le'mna. 
 
 Water Lettuce. Pi'stia stratio'tes. 
 
 Water Lily. Ny'mphcea. 
 
 Water Lily, New Zealand. 
 
 Sanu'nculv^ Lya'llii. 
 
 Water Melon. Ci'tmllus imlga'ris. 
 Water Milfoil. MyHophy'llum. 
 Water Oak. Que' reus aqua'tica. 
 
 Water Parsnip. Si'um. 
 
 Water Plants. See Aquarium. 
 
 Water Reed. Aru'ndo. 
 
 Water Soldier. Stratio'tes aloi'des. 
 
 Water Spike. Potamoge'ton. 
 
 Water Thyme. Elo'dea. 
 
 Water Vine. Tetra'cera potato' ria. 
 
 Water Violet. Hotto'niapalu'stris. 
 
 Water White Oak. Que'rcus 
 lyra'ta. 
 
 Watso'nia. (Named after W. Wat- 
 son, a London apothecary. Nat. ord., 
 Jridece; Tribe, Ixiece. Allied to Gla- 
 diolus.) 
 
 Bulbs, from South Africa, except where other- 
 
 •wlse mentioned. For culture, see Gladiolus. 
 
 W. (Uetroi'des. IJ. Scarlet. June. 1774. B. M. 
 
 t. 633. Syns., W. tubulosa, Antholym tu- 
 
 bulosa and Gladiolus tubulo»us. 
 
 variega'ta. IJ. Variegated. June. 1774. 
 
 — angu'sta. ' }. Scarlet. June. 1823. Syns., W. 
 
 fulgida, W.iridifolia, ya,T. fulgms, B. M. 
 t. 600, Antholyza fulgens, Andr. Rep. 
 1. 192, and Gladiolus JUeriana, var. Jacq. 
 Ic. t. 231. ^ „ „ 
 
 — l>remfo'lia. 1. Pink. May. 1774. B. M. 
 
 t. 601. Syn., Antholyza spicata. Andr. 
 Rep. t. 36. 
 
 — eampanula'ta. Probably a form of Isaa co- 
 
 lumellans. 
 
 W. cocH'nea. 1. Bright crimson. Syn., W. 
 Meriana, var. B. M. 1. 1194. 
 
 — compa'cta. See W. plantaginea. 
 
 — cylindriea. 1. Pale red. Madagascar? 1871. 
 
 — densiflo'ra. 2. Rose. Natal. 1878. B. M. 
 
 t. 6400. 
 •^jUtulo'sa. i-1. Red. Syns., Gladiolus fistulo- 
 
 sus, Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 6, Itcia cepacea, 
 
 I. ftstulosa, B. M. t. 623 and Micranthus 
 
 fistulosus. 
 —fu'lgida. See W. angusta. 
 
 — hu'milis. 1. Crimson. June. 1754. B. M. 
 
 t. 63 and 1. 1193. Syn., Gladiolus lacca- 
 tus, Jacq. Ic. t.~232. 
 
 — iridifo'lia. See W. Meriafia, var. iridi/olia. 
 
 — lacca'ta. A synonym of W. humilis. 
 
 — Lilia'go. See Anmerieura Liliago. 
 
 -^ Luduji'gii. See W. Meriana, var. roseo-alba. 
 
 — margina'ta. 4-5. Bright rose. July. B. M. 
 
 t. 608. Syn., Gladiolus marginatus. 
 
 Tni'nor. A small flowered variety. B. M. 
 
 t. 1638. 
 
 — Meria'na. 2-3. Bright rose. May. 1760. 
 
 Syns., Antholyza Meriana, B. M. t. 418, 
 and Gladiolus MeHanus. Bed. Lil. 1. 11, 
 
 iridifo'lia. 2J. Flesh-coloured. May. 
 
 1796. Syns., W. iridifolia and Gladiolus 
 iridifolius, Jacq. Ic. t. 234. There is a 
 form O'Brieni. G. C. 1889, vl. p. 334. 
 
 ro'seo-a'lba. 1. Pink, white. July. Syns., 
 
 W. Ludungii, W. roseo-alba, B. M. t. 637, 
 and Gladiolus roseo-albus. 
 
 i'nea. i-1. Pink. June. 1774. B. M. 
 tr663. Syns., W. cormpaeta. B. C. t. 1677, 
 Ixia plwntaginea, Gladiolus plantagi- 
 neus, Micranthits plantagineus, and Pn<t- 
 lartgium spicatum. 
 
 pimcta'ta. ^-1. Dark red or violet. 
 
 June. 1800. Syns., W. rubens, and 
 Gladiolus spicatus. 
 
 — racemo'sa. Probably a form of layla columel- 
 
 laris. 
 
 — retu'sa. Rose-red. Syn., Ixia polystachya, 
 
 B. M. t. 629. 
 
 — revolu'ta. A synonym of Gladiolus Watsonius. 
 
 — ro'sea. 4-6. Bright rose-red. July. 1803. 
 
 Syns., Gladiolus iridifolius, var. Jacq. 
 Ic. t. 236, and G. pyramidatus, Andr. 
 E«p. t. 33B. 
 
 — r&seo-a'lba. See. W. Meriana, var. roseo-alba. 
 
 — ru'bens. See W. puiictata. 
 
 — spiea'ta. 1. Pink. May. 1791. Syn., Mi- 
 
 cranthus cepaceus. 
 
 — strietifio'ra. 1-lJ. Rose-red. June. 1810. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1416. 
 
 — tubuXo'sa. See W. aletroides. 
 
 Wattle. Aca'cia and Cithare'xylum. 
 
 Wax Dammar. Podoca'rpns nerii- 
 fo'lia. 
 
 Wax Flower. So'ya. 
 
 Wax Flower, Clustered. Steph- 
 ana' tisfloribu'nda. 
 
 Wax Myrtle. My'riea ceri'fera. 
 
 Wax Palm. Copemi'cia ceri'fera- 
 
 Wax Plant. Ceri'nthe ma'jor. 
 
 Wax Tree. Vi'smia guiane'nsis. 
 
 "Way Bread. Planta'go. 
 
 Wayfaring Tree. Vibu'mum Lan- 
 ta'na. 
 
 We'bbia. (In honour of Mr. P. B. 
 Webb. Nat. ord.. Composite; Tribe, 
 Vernoniacew.) 
 
WEB 
 
 [1024] 
 
 WEL 
 
 Half-hardy sub-shrub. For cultivation, see 
 Vernonia. 
 W.pirfif&lia. Purple. Natal. 1863. 
 
 W e ' b e r a. (After George 
 Weber, 1752-1828, Professor of Botany 
 at Kiel. Nat. ord., Bubiacece.) 
 
 A small stove tree. For culture, see Van- 
 
 OUERIA. 
 
 W. carymbdsa,. White. Summer. India. B. E. 
 1. 119. 
 
 Wede'lia. (After George Wolfgang 
 Wedel, 1645-1721, a professor at Jena. 
 Kat. ord., Compositce.) 
 
 Greenhouse or half-hardy perennials. Seeds 
 or cuttings. 
 W. au'rea. See Zexmenia aurea. 
 
 — Ufio'ra. YeUow. July. E. Indies. 1818. 
 
 Syn., WoUa&Umia'bifim'ai. Annual. 
 
 — MipiAa. ij. Yellow. June. Mexico. 1819. 
 
 B. M. t. 643. Syn., Zesmi&nia tessana. 
 
 — radio' sa. 2. Yellow. June. Brazil. 1820. 
 
 B. R. t. 610. Sub-shrub. 
 
 Weed-wind or With-wind. Cm- 
 
 volvulus arve'nsis. 
 
 Weeping Arbor-vitse. Thu'ya 
 orienta'lis, var. pe'ndula. 
 
 Weeping Ash. Fra'xinus exoe'l- 
 sior, var. pe^ndula. 
 
 Weeping Beech. Fa'gus sylva'- 
 tica, var. pe'ndula. 
 
 Weeping Cherry. Ce'rasm sem- 
 
 perflo'rens. 
 
 Weeping Elm. U'lmus gla'bra 
 var. pe'ndula and U'lmus montalina 
 var. pe'indula. 
 
 Weeping Mountain Ash. Fii'rus 
 Aucupa'ria, var. pelindida. 
 
 Weeping Oak. Que'rcus peduncu- 
 la'ta, var. pe'indula. 
 
 Weeping Poplar. Po'pulus gran- 
 (Udentata var. pe'ndula, and Po'pulus 
 Tre'mula var. pe'ndula. 
 
 Weeping Red Cedar. Juni'- 
 perus vvrginia'na, var. pdndula. 
 
 Weeping Willow. Sa'lim bahy- 
 lo'nica. 
 
 Weevil. See Anthono'mus. 
 
 Weige'la. (Named after O. E. 
 Weigel, a botanical writer. Nat. ord., 
 Caprifoliacem.) A synonym of Dier- 
 viila. 
 
 Hardy deciduous shrubs. Cuttings in spring 
 and autumn, under a hand-light, or even in a 
 protected border. It forces as easily as a Lilac. 
 sandy loam and a little leaf-mould. 
 W. rnna'bilis. Fl. Ser. t. 85B. See Siermlla 
 hortensis. 
 
 — rdsea. B. M t. 4396. See Bieftiina, rosea, 
 monstro'sa. A synonym ot Diermllaroeea, 
 
 Tar. monstrosa. 
 
 Weinma'nnia. (Named after y, 
 W. Wemmann, a German botanist. , 
 Nat. ord., Saxifragece ; Tribe, Cuno- 
 niem.) 
 
 White-flowered, evergreen shrubs. Cuttings 
 of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell- 
 glass, in April. The stove ones m bottom-heat, 
 the others in a close, cool pit or frame ; sandy 
 loam and leaf -mould, with a little old, dried cow- 
 dung. 
 
 STOVE. 
 
 W. elK'ptica. 4. May. S. America. 1824. 
 
 — gla'bra. 6. May. Jamaica. 1815. 
 
 — hi'rta. 6. May. Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 — ova'ta. 6. May. Peru. 1824. 
 
 GREENHOUSE. 
 
 W. aiistra'Us. Australia. 1836. 
 
 — ■panicvXa'ta. Australia. 1831. 
 
 — pv^ scene. 1847. 
 
 — trichospe/rma. Chiloe. 
 
 — triifolialta. June. South Africa. 1820. Syn., . 
 
 Platylophus tri/olmtus, 
 
 — veno'sa. Kn. and West. t. 66. A synonym of 
 
 Aerophyllum verMswm. 
 
 We'lfia. (Named in honour of the 
 royal family (Guelph) of Hanover. Nat. 
 ord., Palmce ; Tribe, Arecece. Allied 
 to Geonoma.) 
 
 Stove palm. Seeds. Rich loam and leaf- 
 mould, mixed with a little old cow - dung. 
 Summer temp., 66° to 85° ; winter, 60° to 70°. 
 W. re^gia. Amazons.. 1869. 
 
 Wellingto'nia. (In honour of the 
 great Duke of Wellington. Nat. ord., 
 ConifercB ; Tribe, Taxodiece.) See Se- 
 quoia. 
 
 This isthe loftiest of known trees. Specimens ' 
 are known with trunks 300 feet high, and 20 feet^ 
 in diameter. It is an evergreen, and perfectly 
 hardy. 
 W. giga'ntea. See Sequoia gigantea. 
 
 — pyramida'tacompacta. Kev. Hort. 1891, p.. 
 
 166. A garden variety of Sequoia sem- 
 permve/ns. 
 
 Welsh Nut. Ju'glans re'gia, the 
 Walnut. 
 
 Welsh Onion. See Ciboul. 
 
 Welsh Poppy. Mecono'psis ca'm- 
 brica. 
 
 Welwi'tsehia. (Named in honour 
 of Dr. Fredarw Welmtsch, a talented 
 botanical traveller. Nat. ord. , Gnetacece, ) 
 
 This truly remarkable plant is one of the won- 
 ders of the Vegetable Kingdom. It is a native 
 of the elevated plateau near Cape Negro, in.' 
 Western Tropical Africa, and of Damara Land r 
 and only grows in dry arid places where rain, 
 hardly ever falls. It forms a short obconic 
 trunk about two feet long, the greater part of 
 which is buried in the earth, only rising above 
 the soil a few Inches. From the base of the 
 trunk, roots run down very deep into the earth. 
 The top is flat and rough, and somewhat two- 
 lobed ; in old plants it is often three to four feet 
 in diameter. From a deep groove at the margin 
 of each lobe proceed the two leaves— the only 
 ones the plants ever has, and are the cotyledons- 
 or seed leaves. The leaves are six to eight feet 
 long, or longer ; they spread out on each side of 
 the plant upon the ground, and in old plants are 
 split up from apex to base into nbbon-like 
 pieces. From the edge of the top of the trunk, 
 
WEN 
 
 [ 1025 ] 
 
 WHI 
 
 just within the leaves, arise the forked stems 
 which bear the cones ; these are produced in 
 plenty, and their bright crimson-scarlet colour 
 adds to the very remarkable appearance of the 
 plant. Although it was first made known in 
 Europe by Dr. Welwitsch, it appears to have 
 been first discovered by Mr. C. J. Anderson, an 
 eminent African traveller. This wonderful plant 
 has been introduced into the Boyal Gardens, 
 Kew, but we do not know if it yet exists in any 
 other establishment. It will probably prove 
 very difiBcult to cultivate, on account of the im- 
 possibilit;^ of imitating the natural conditions 
 under which it flourishes. It appears that the 
 most probable method of succeeding with it 
 would be to inclose a space within brick walls to 
 a height of about three feet from the earth ; this 
 should be filled up to a height of about sixteen 
 or eighteen inches vrith a very light porous soil, 
 such as a mixture of light sandy loam and 
 broken bricks, in the proportion of two parts of 
 the former to one of the Iktter. Above this the 
 space should be filled in with sand and brick 
 rubbish mixed vrith a little sandy loam— abouta 
 tenth part of the latter, just to help to bind it. 
 If planted in this way the long descending roots 
 would penetrate into the lower soil, and derive 
 sufficient nourishment and water from it, as the 
 water would ascend into the lower stratum from 
 the earth by capillary attraction, whilst the 
 upper stratum, bemg dry, will prevent the plant 
 'from rotting. It should be fully exposed to the 
 sun, and no water given it, though at evening a 
 slight syringing over the leaves and crown would 
 probably be beneficial, as this would in some 
 way approach the dews to which it is subjected 
 in its native country. The temperature should 
 not be allowed to get below 50°. 
 
 W. mira'bilis. Damara Land. 1863 and 1878. 
 Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 1-14 ; B. M. 
 tt. 5368-9. 
 
 Wendla'ndia. (Named after J. C. 
 Wendland, curator of the Botanic Gar- 
 den, Hanover. Nat. ord., Bubiacece ; 
 Tribe, Cinchone(e. Allied to Hindsia.) 
 
 Stove, white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of 
 the points of young shoots, or small young side- 
 shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in May; 
 sandy loam, fibry peat, and a little charcoal. 
 Winter temp., 45° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°. 
 W.panicula'ta. July. Malay. 1820. 
 
 — populifo'lia. See Coceulus carolinv^. 
 
 — tincto'ria. July. India. 1815. 
 
 Weme'ria. (Named after A. G. 
 Werner, the celebrated mineralogist. 
 Nat. ord., Compositw ; Tribe, Sene- 
 cionidece. Allied to Doronicum. ) 
 
 Half-hardy herbaceous. Division of the plant 
 in spring ; sandy loam, well-drained ; requires a 
 cool greenhouse or a cold pit in winter, or may 
 be treated as an aljjine plant, protected from 
 severe frost and wet in winter. 
 W. ri'gida. J. February. Quito. 1828. 
 
 Western Yew. Ta'xus bremfo'lia. 
 
 West Indian Cockspur. Piso'- 
 nia aculea'ta. 
 
 West Indian Mugwort. Par- 
 the'nium Eystero'phorus. 
 
 Westri'ngia. (Named after J. P. 
 Westring, physician to the King of 
 Sweden. Nat. ord., Labiatce. Allied 
 to Prostranthera.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreens, from Australia. Cut- 
 tines of half-ripened shoots in May, in sand, 
 under a bell or hand-glass ; san4y loam and 
 leaf-mould. Winter temp., 35° to 45°. 
 W. cmgustifo'lia. See W. rigida. 
 
 — dne'rea. See W, rigida. 
 
 — Dampie'ri. White. September. 1803. B. M. 
 
 t. 3308. ' 
 
 — eremi'eola. 3. Pale blue. June. 1823. B. 
 
 M. t. 3438. Syn., W. longifolia of B. E. 
 1. 1481. 
 
 — longi/o'lia. Lilac. Summer. 1878. See also 
 
 W. eremicola. 
 
 — ri'gida. 3. White. 1823. W. angustifoUa 
 
 and W. cinerea (B. M. t. 3307) are fonns 
 of this. "^ 
 
 — rosmwnnifo'rmis. Pale blue. July. 1791. 
 
 Syn., W. roSTnarinacea, Andr. Rep. 
 t. 214. 
 
 — rubicefo'lia. 3. Blue. June. 1820. 
 
 — triphy'Ua. Blue. September. 1823. 
 
 West Wind, Flower of the. 
 
 Zephyra'nthes. 
 
 Weymouth Fine. Pi'nus Stro'bus. 
 
 Whangee Cane. The stem of 
 Phyllostafchys ni'gra. 
 Wheat. Tri'ticum mdga're. 
 
 Wheat, Buck. Fagopy'rum escu- 
 le'ntum. 
 
 Wheat, Guinea or Turkey. 
 
 Ze'a Ma'ys. 
 
 Whin. U'lex. 
 
 Whin-berry. Vacci'nium Myr- 
 ti'llus. 
 Whin, Petty. Genista a'nglica. 
 
 White Alder. Weinma'nnia trifo- 
 lia'ta. 
 
 White Arum Lily. Richa'rdia 
 africa'na. 
 
 White Ash. Fra'xinus america'na. 
 
 White Basswood, American. 
 
 Tilia heterophy'lla. 
 
 White Beam Tree. Py'rus A'ria. 
 
 White Bladder Flower. Physi- 
 a'nthus a'lbens. 
 
 White Bothen. Chrysa'nthemvm 
 Leuca'nthemv/m. 
 
 White Bottle. SUe'ne infla'ta. 
 
 White Butterwood. TricWlm 
 spondioi'des. 
 
 White Camassia. Cama'ssfa e'scu- 
 lenta, var. Leichtli'nii. 
 
 White Cedar. Chamasey'paris, 
 Thu'ya gigantea, and T. occidenta lis. 
 
 White Cypress. Taxo'dium di'- 
 
 White Elm. U'lmus america'na. 
 Whitehea'dia. (-After the Bev. 
 Henry Whitehead, who discovered this 
 
 3u 
 
WHI 
 ord., Liliacece; 
 
 t 1026 ] 
 Tribe, 
 
 WIL 
 
 plant. Nat. 
 
 Veratrece.) 
 Greenhouse bulb. Bich soil. Offsets. 
 
 W. b^fo'lia, IJ. Pale green. April. South 
 Africa. 1792. Syns., Euoomis bi/olia, 
 B. M. 1. 180, and Melanthiwm masBonioe- 
 folivm. 
 
 White-heart Hickory. Cary'a 
 tomento'sa. 
 
 White Hellebore. Vera'trum. 
 
 White Lime. Ti'lia arge'ntea. 
 
 White Pine. Pi'nusfldxilis. 
 
 ' White Potherb. Valeriane'lla 
 olito'ria. 
 
 White Root. Polygona'tum nvulti- 
 fio'rwm. 
 
 White Thorn. Cratc^gus Oxy- 
 aea'nthi. 
 
 White Tree. MelaUu'ca Uitcade'n- 
 dron. 
 White Vine. CU'matis Vita'lba. 
 
 White Wood. Liriode'ndron tidi- 
 pi'fera and Ti'lia america'na. 
 
 Whitfie'ldia. (Named after T. 
 Whitfield, a botanical collector of Afri- 
 can plants. Nat. ord., Acanthacece. 
 Allied to Barleria. ) 
 
 For culture, see Bahleria. 
 
 W. lateri'tia. 
 Leone. 
 
 Lilac, red. December. Sierra 
 1841. B. M. t. 4155. 
 
 Whitla'via. (In honour of F. Whit- 
 low, Esq. , an Irish botanist. Nat. ord. , 
 Sydrophyllacece. ) See Phacelia. 
 
 Hardy annual. 
 V. gramMfidra. B. M. t. 4813. See Phacelia 
 Whitlama. 
 
 Whitle'ya. (After Mr. Whitley, 
 once a nurseryman at Fulham. Nat. 
 ord., Solanacece; Tribe, Hyoscyamece.) 
 See Scopolia. 
 
 W. stramonifo'lia. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 125. See 
 Scopolia lurida. 
 
 Whitlow Grass. Dra'ba and Paro- 
 ny'chia. 
 
 WhittenTree. Vibu'mumO'puliis. 
 
 Whitwort. Pyre'thrum Parthe'- 
 nivim. 
 
 Whortleberry. Vacd'num Myr- 
 ti'llws. 
 
 Widdringto'nia. (Inhonourof Cap- 
 tain Widdrington. Nat. ord., Coniferce.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. 
 W. cuirresBoi'des. 10. Cape of Good Hope. 
 —jwniperoi'des. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 Widow Wail. Cneo'rwm. 
 
 Wiga'ndia. (Named after J. 
 Wigand, Bishop of Fomerania. Nat. 
 
 otA., HydrophyllacecB. Allied to Hydro- 
 lea.) 
 
 stove herbaceous. Seeds in a hotbed in spring ; 
 and by cuttings of the young shoots, taken off 
 with a heel, after the plant has broken afresh 
 after pruning ; sandy loam and fibry peat, with 
 charcoal nodules. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; 
 summer, 60° to 85°. 
 W. caracasa'na. See W. maerophylla. 
 
 — Kvlnthii. Blue. April. Mexico. 1837. 
 
 — macrophi/lla. 10. Lilac. April. Caraccas. 
 
 1836. Syn., W. couraemana, B. R. t. 1966. 
 
 — u'rens. 6. Violet-blue. Summer. Mexico? 
 
 1830. 
 
 — Vigie'ri. 6. Lilac. Autumn. Mexico 2 
 
 1868. 
 
 Wig Tree. Bhu's Co'tirms. 
 
 Wikstroe'mia. (After J. E. Wiks- 
 trom, 1780-1856, a Swedish botanist. 
 Nat. ord., Thymelaeece.) 
 
 Greenhouse deciduous shrub. For culture, see 
 
 THYMELjEA. 
 
 W. AlbelHi. 2. Golden-yeUow. Bokhara. 1887. 
 Syn., Stellera Alberti. GS. 1. 1262. 
 
 Wild Apple. Py'rus Ma'lus. 
 
 Wild Bergamot. Mona'rda fis- 
 tulo'sa. 
 
 Wild Clary. Sa'lvia Verbena'ca. 
 
 Wild Clove. Pim^nta a'cris. 
 
 Wild Date. Phte'nix sylve'stris. 
 
 Wild Hyacinth. Sd'lla nu'tans. 
 
 Wild Irishman. Disca'ria, Tou- 
 matou. 
 
 Wild Olive. Ole'a europce'a and 
 
 Wild Snowball. Ceano'thus ameri- 
 ea'nus. 
 
 Wild Water Lemon. Passifio'ra 
 foe'tida. 
 
 Wild William. Ly'chnis Flos- 
 cu'culi. 
 
 Willdeno'wia. (After C. L. Will- 
 denow, 1765-1812, Professor of Botany 
 at Berlin. Nat. ord., Eestiacece.) 
 
 Greenhouse rush-like perennial herb. Loam, 
 peat, and sand. Divisions. 
 W. te'res. 3. Brownish. South Africa. 1790. 
 See also Restio subverticillatus. 
 
 Willeme'tia, (In honour of p. li. 
 Willemet, a botanical author of the 
 eighteenth century. Nat. ord., Bham- 
 nece.) 
 
 Greenhouse shrub. Compost of loam and 
 peat. Cuttings in sand under a bell-glass. 
 W. (tfrica'na. 12. White. May. South Africa. 
 Syn,, Noltia afrieoMa. 
 
 Willow. Sa'lix. 
 
 Willow, American Water. 
 
 Bia'nthera america'na. 
 
 Willow, French or Persian. 
 
 EpUo'bium angustifo'Uum. 
 
WIL 
 
 [1027] 
 
 WIS 
 
 Willow Grass. Poli/gonumamphi'- 
 mum. 
 
 Willow Herb. EpiWhium. 
 
 WiUpw, Kilmarnock Weeping. 
 
 jSfls lix Capre'a, var. pe'ndula. 
 
 Willow, Weeping. 
 
 lo'nica. 
 
 Sa'lix hahy- 
 
 Willughbe'ia. (Named after F. 
 Willughby, a pupii of Ray. Nat. ord., 
 Apocynacece. Allied to AJlamanda. ) 
 
 Stove evergreen. For culture, see Alla- 
 
 MANDA. 
 
 W. e'dulis. 10. Pale pink. July. India. 
 
 1818. 
 
 Wind Flower. Gentia'na pneu- 
 mona'nthe and Anemo'ne. 
 
 Window-bearing Orchid. Oryp- 
 tophm'a'nthus. 
 
 Ascle'pias iubero'sa. 
 Sceme'ria hy'brida. 
 Vaeci'nium Myr- 
 
 Wind-root. 
 
 Wind Rose. 
 
 . Wine-berry, 
 
 ti'llus. 
 
 Wine Palm. Caryo'ta u'rens and 
 Phos'nix sylve'stris. 
 
 Wi'ntera. (After Capt. W. Winter. 
 Nat. ord., Magnoliacece ; Tribe, Win- 
 ierece. ) See Drimys. 
 
 W. aroma'tica. See Drimys Winteri. 
 — granate'nsis. See Drimys granatensis. 
 
 Winter Aconite. Era'nthis hye- 
 
 ^ma'Us. 
 
 Winter Berry. I'lex. 
 
 Winter Bloom. Hamamellis vir- 
 gi'nica. 
 
 Winter Cherry. Phy'salis Alke- 
 
 Jce'ngi. 
 
 Winter Clover. Miche'lla re'pens. 
 
 Winter Cress. Barbare'a. 
 
 Winter Daffodil. Stembe'rgia 
 lu'tea. 
 
 Winter Garden. A term used to 
 
 denote a large glass structure, in which 
 sufficient heat is maintained to exclude 
 frost during winter. It is usually of 
 sufficient size to allow of the interior 
 being laid out in paths, and beds in 
 which to plant such showy evergreens as 
 Camellias, Himalayan Rhododendrons, 
 Bamboos, Palms, Tree-ferns, Araucarias, 
 and numerous other plants from tempe- 
 rate regions. The pillars may be fes- 
 tooned with tea-roses and other climbing 
 plants, and hardy bulbs may be liberally 
 planted amongst the shrubs. When well 
 done, such a garden should be a source 
 of interest throughout the year, and a 
 welcome rendezvous during the winter. 
 
 Winter-green. Pyro'la. 
 
 Winter-green, Aromatic or 
 Creeping. Gaulthe'ria procu'mbens. 
 
 Winter-green, 
 
 Trienta'lis. 
 
 Chickweed. 
 
 Winter Hawthorn. Apmoge'Um 
 dista'chyon. 
 
 Winter Moth. See Cheima- 
 tobia. 
 
 Winter Sweet. Ori'ganum herae- 
 leo'ticum. 
 
 Winter Wolf's Bane. Era'nthis 
 hyema'lis. 
 
 Wire -Worms are the larvae of 
 various species of Elater, Click Beetle, 
 or Skip-Jack. To remove the wire- 
 worm from a soil, no mode is known but 
 frequently digging it and picking them 
 out, as their yellow colour renders them 
 easily detected. To prevent their attack 
 upon a crop, mix a little spirit of tar, or 
 a larger quantity of gas-lime, with the 
 soil. It has been stated that growing 
 white mustard drives them away, and it 
 is certainly worth the trial. To entrap 
 them, and tempt them away from a crop 
 they have attacked, bury potatoes in the 
 soil near the crop ; and if each potato 
 has a stick thrust through it, this serves 
 as a handle by which it may be taken 
 up, and the wire- worms which have pene- 
 trated it be destroyed. To decoy them 
 from beds of Anemone, Ranunculus, 
 etc., it is said to be a successful plan to 
 grow round the beds an edging of daisies, 
 for the roots of which they nave a decided 
 preference. 
 
 Wista'ria. (Named after C. Wistar, 
 an American professor. Nat. ord., Le- 
 guminosce. ) 
 
 Hardy deciduous, purplish-flowered climbers. 
 Seeds vrtien obtainable ; cuttings of the strong 
 roots ; by cuttings of the young shoots, getting 
 firm, under a hand-light, in sandy soil, but more 
 generally by layers of long-ripened young shoots, 
 as then almost every bud will form a plant. 
 Sandy loam and peat. 
 
 W. braehyho'trys. 6. Violet-purple. April. 
 Japan. Fl. Ser. t. 880. 
 
 — cMne'nsis. See IT. sinensis. 
 
 — Consequa'na. 15. Blue. June. China. 
 
 1818. Paxt. Mag. vii. p. 127. 
 — flarHm'nda. May. Japan. 
 
 — frute'seens. 10. July. N. Amer. 1724. 
 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 104. Syn., 
 Glycine fruteicew, B. M. t. 2103, and 
 Thyrsanthus frutescens. 
 —japo'nica. White. July. Japan. 
 
 — muUiju'ga. Lilac, purple. Japan. 1874. 
 
 Fl. Ser. t. 2002. 
 
 — sinensis. 20. Purplish. May and August. 
 
 Ohina. 1816. Syns., W. chiiiensis, B. 
 B. t, 660, Glycine chinensis, B. M. t. 2083, 
 and G. sinensis, B. E. t. 660. 
 a'lba. 20. White. April. China. 1846. 
 
WIS 
 
 [ 1028 ] 
 
 WOO 
 
 W. sine'mis fio're-pUno. A double - flowered 
 variety. 1882. 
 
 maarobo'trys. White, bluish-purple. 
 
 Japan. 1870. 
 
 varwga'ta. Leaves with silvery variega- 
 tion. 1886. 
 
 Wista'ria, Tuberous - rooted. 
 
 A'pios tuhero'sa. 
 
 Witch Elm. U'lmus monta'na. 
 .Witches' Thimble. SUe'mmari'- 
 tima. 
 Witch Hazel. Hamame'lis. 
 
 Witheri'ngia. (Named after Dr. 
 Withering, a Kitish botanist. Nat.ord., 
 Solanacece. Allied to Capsicum.) 
 
 Greenhouse herbs and evergreens. Peren- 
 nials, by seed, and divisions of the plant and 
 tubers ; evergreens, by cuttings in sand, under 
 a bell-glass ; rich, sandy loam. Winter temp., 
 38° to iS°. 
 
 W. erassifo'lia. 2. Yellow. June. Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1706. Evergreen. 
 
 June. Peru. 
 
 1822. 
 Chili. 
 
 — nwnia'Tia. 1. White. 
 
 B. M. t. 2768. 
 
 — purpu'rea. i. Pale purple. July. 
 
 1829. Tuberous. B. C. 1. 1892. 
 
 — stramonif(/lia. 3. Yellow. June. Mexico. 
 
 1823. Evergreen. 
 
 Withe Rod, American. Vibti'r- 
 num nu'dum. 
 
 Withy. Sa'Kxfra'gilisi 
 Witloof. A variety of Cieho'rium 
 I'ntyhus. 
 
 Witse'nia. (Named after M. Witsen, 
 a Dutch patron of botanjr. Nat. ord., 
 IridecB ; Tiihe, Sisyrinchiece.) 
 
 Greenhouse, purplish-flowered shrubs, from 
 South Africa. Seeds in a slight hotbed in 
 April ; divisions of the plant then, or taking off 
 the sucker-like offsets ; sandy peat and a uttle 
 flbry loam, with a little rough charcoal, and 
 well-drained. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. 
 W. corymWsa. h June. 1803. B. M. t. 896. 
 
 — mau'ra. i. December. 1790. B. E. t. 6. 
 
 — parti' ta. April. 1822. This is now known as 
 
 Klattia partita. 
 
 — rarm'ea. 1. April. 1819. 
 
 Woad, Dyer's. Isa'tis tincto'ria. 
 
 Woad, Waxen. Geni'sta tincto'ria. 
 
 Woad, Wild. Be'seda Lute'ola. 
 
 Wolf Berry. Symphorica'rpits occi- 
 denta'lis. 
 
 Mesembrya'nthemum 
 
 Wolf Chop. 
 
 lupi'nwm. 
 
 Wolfs Bane. Aconi'tum. 
 
 Wolf's Bane, Winter. 
 
 hyema'lis. 
 
 Wolfs Claw. 
 
 twm. 
 
 Wolfs Milk. Eupho'rhia. 
 
 Wolkenstei'nia Theophra'sta. See 
 Gomphia Theophrasta. 
 
 Era'nthis 
 
 Lycopo'diimi clava'- 
 
 WoUasto'nia. (Named after Dr. 
 Wollaston, an eminent chemist. Nat. 
 ot&., CompositoB.) See Wedelia. 
 
 An annual. Seeds in a hotbed in March or 
 April ; plants pricked out, and afterwards 
 bloomed in the greenhouse or plant-stove ; sandy 
 loam and peat. 
 W. Inflo'ra. See Wedelia Wflora. 
 
 Woman's-cap Orchid. Thelymi'- 
 tra. 
 Wood Ashes. See Ashes. 
 Woodbine. Loni'cera Periclyme'- 
 
 nnm. 
 
 Woodbine, American. Ampe- 
 lo'psis quinguefo'lia. 
 
 Wood Pe3!Tl. Polypo'diwm imlga're. 
 
 Woodfo'rdia. (After J. Woodford, 
 an Edinburgh botanist. Nat. ord., Ly- 
 tkrariece. ) 
 
 Stove shrub. Compost of sandy loam and 
 peat. Seeds ; cuttings. 
 
 W. floriWrida, 1-4. Scarlet. May. India. 
 Syns., W. tomentosa^ Grislea trnnentosa^ 
 B. M. t. 1906, and I/ythrumfrutieosumr 
 Andr. Eep. t. 467. 
 
 Wood Lice. See Oniscus. 
 
 Wood Lily. Fyro'la tni'nor and 
 Trillium. 
 
 Wood Nut. Co'rylus Avella'na. 
 
 Wood Laurel. Da'phne Laure'ola. 
 
 Woodruff or Woodrowel. As- 
 
 pe'rula. 
 
 Wqo'dsia. (Named after J. Woods, 
 a British botanist. Nat. ord., Filices.) 
 
 Hardy, brown-spored feme, except mo'Uis and 
 pube'scene, which require the stove. See FERNS. 
 W. cauca'siea, September. Caucasus. 
 
 — alabiUla. September, N. Amer. 1827. 
 yperho'rea. J. July. Scotland. Eng. Bot; 
 
 ed. 3, 1. 1863. 
 
 — ilve'Tms. i. June. Britain. Eng. Bot. ed. 3,, 
 
 t. 1862. 
 
 — mo'llis. July. Brazil. 
 
 — obtu'sa. J. June. N. Amer; 1836i 
 
 — Perrinia'na. June. N. Amer. 
 
 — polystichoi'des. China. 1863. 
 Vei'tchii. i-1. Japan. 1861. 
 
 — pube'scens. June. Brazil. 1826. 
 
 — scopuK'rm. Rocky Mountains. 1882. 
 
 — vesti'ta. June. N. Amer. 1816. 
 
 Wood Sorrel. Oxa'lis Aeetose'lla. 
 
 Wood Tongue Fern. Drymo- 
 glo'ssum. 
 
 Wood Violet. Vi'ola sylva'tica. 
 
 Woodwa'rdia. (Named after T. J. 
 WoodiJoard, a British botanist. Nat. 
 ord., Filices.) 
 
 Hardy brown-spored ferns. W. radi'cans re- 
 quires shelter in winter. See Ferns: 
 W. angusti/o'lia. 1. August. N. Amer. 1812. 
 Syn., Lorinaeria areolata. 
 
 — Haria'ndii. l-lj. Hong Kong. 
 — jaj>o'nica. September. Japan. 
 
 — orienta'lia. Cnina. 1858. 
 
woo [ 1029 ] 
 
 W. radi'cans. li. July. Madeira. 1779. 
 
 crista'ta. 1878. 
 
 ~->thelypteroi'des. September. N. Amer. 
 -^virgi'nica. 1. August. N. Amer. 1724. 
 
 Wood Waxen. Geni'sta tincto'ria. 
 
 Woody Nightshade. Sola'num 
 
 Dulcama'ra. 
 
 Woollen. Verba'scum. 
 
 See Animal 
 
 XAN 
 
 Woollen Bags. 
 Matters. 
 
 Woolly Aphis. See American 
 BUght. 
 
 Working is a gardener's term for the 
 practice of grafting. " To work " upon 
 a stock is to graft upon it. 
 
 Wo'rmia. (Named after O. War- 
 unms, a Danish naturalist. Nat. ord., 
 DUleniacem. AlEed to Dillenia. ) 
 
 Stove evergreens. For culture, see Dillenia. 
 W. Burii'dgei. Yellow. Borneo. 1879. B. M. 
 t. 6531. 
 
 — dffnta'ta. See W. triquetra. 
 
 — trique'tra. 20. White. May. Ceylon. 1818. 
 
 Syn., W. dentata. 
 
 Wormwood. Artemi'sia. 
 
 Wounds. See Extravasated 
 Sap. 
 
 Woundwort. Anthy'lUs vulne- 
 ra'ria. 
 
 Wreathe-wort, Purple. O'rchis 
 ma'scula. 
 
 Wri'ghtia. (Named after iV. Wriffht, 
 of Jamaica. Nat. ord., Apocynacece. 
 Allied to Alstonia.) 
 
 Stove evergreen shrubs, or trees, with white 
 flowers, and from the East Indies, except 
 where otherwise described. For culture, see 
 
 ALSTONLi. 
 
 W. angustifo'lia. 8. September. S. Amer. 
 1752. 
 
 — antidysente'rica. See W. zeylanica. 
 
 — cocei'nea. 12. Scarlet. July. 1822. B. M. 
 
 t. 2696. 
 
 — du'Ua. Orange. June. 1813. Syn., CaTne- 
 
 rwria dvMa, B. M. 1. 1646. 
 
 — pubdicem. i. Green, yellow. March. N. 
 
 Holland. 1829. B. C. 1. 1929. 
 
 — tirusto'ria. 16. 1812. B. B. t. 933. 
 
 — zeyla'nica. 10. 1778. Syn., W. antidysen- 
 
 trica. 
 Wulfe'nia. (Named after i^.irM?/«M, 
 a botanical author. Nat. ord., Scrophu- 
 lariacece. ) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous. Seeds and divisions in 
 spring ; light, rich soil, and a dry, elevated place 
 in winter, or kept from damp in a dry, cool pit. 
 W. Amherstia'mt. I Lilac. July. Chinese 
 Tartary. 1846. , „ . »v 
 
 — carinthi'aea. IJ. Blue. July. Carinthia. 
 
 1817. B. M. t. 2500. 
 
 — Notonia'na. See Klugia Notoniana. 
 
 Wu'lffia. (Named after J. C. WuW, 
 author of " Flora Borussica." Nat. ord., 
 Composite. Allied to Kudbeckia.) 
 
 Stove perennial herb. Cuttings of young 
 shoots in sandy soil, in spring or summer ; sandy 
 loam and leaf -mould. Winter temp., 45" to 58° ; 
 summer, 60° to 80°. 
 W. maculalta. Yellow. June. Brazil. 1822. 
 
 B. B. t. 662. Syn., Oymnolmnia nuum- 
 
 latv/m. 
 
 Wu'rmbea. (Named after F. V. 
 Wurmbe, a Dutch naturalist. Nat. ord., 
 Liliaoece; Tribe, Anguillariem. Allied - 
 to Androcymbium.) 
 
 Half-hardy or greenhouse bulbs, from South 
 Africa, and all but one white-flowered. For cul- 
 ture, see Melanthium. The three last are some- 
 times regarded as varieties of W. campanulata. 
 W. campamula'ta. J. June. Syn., Melanthium 
 mofnopetaZv/m, B. M. t. 129i. 
 
 — longiflo'ra. f. May. 1788. 
 
 — pu'mila. i. May. 1800. 
 
 — pwrpu'rea. 1. Purple. May. 1788. Syn., 
 
 Melanthium spicatum^ B. M. t. 694. 
 
 Wyeh Elm. U'lmus monta'na. 
 
 Wye'thia. (After N. B. Wyeth, the 
 discoverer of this genus. Nat. ord., 
 Com/positcB.) 
 
 Hardy perennial herbs. For culture, see He- 
 
 LIAHTHUS. 
 
 W. angustifo'lia. J-2. Yellow. Autumn. Eocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 Wymot. AWuB'a. 
 
 X. 
 
 Xanthi'sma. (From arara*Aisma, yel- 
 lowness ; on account of its yeUow flowers. 
 Nat. ord., Compositce ; Tribe, Asteroi- 
 decB. Allied to Haplopappus.) 
 
 Hardy annual. Seeds in the open border in 
 April. 
 
 X. texa'num. 1-3. Yellow. Texas. 1877. B. 
 M. t. 6276. 
 
 Xanthoce'phalum. (From xan- 
 thos, yellow, and cephale, a head ; the 
 flower-heads are yellow. Nat. ord., 
 Compositce; Tnbe, Asteroidece.) 
 
 X. centauroi'des is a greenhouse sub-shrub, 
 which maybe increased by cuttings ; X. gynmo- 
 spermai'des a hardy annual by seeds. 
 X. centauroi'des. IJ. Yellow. Summer. Mexico. 
 
 1826. Syn., Orindelia coronopifolia. 
 — qymnospemwi'des. 2-4. Orange-yellow. Sep- 
 tember. New Mexico. 1859. Syn., 
 Gutierrezia gymnospermoides, B. M. 
 t. 6165. 
 
 Xantho'ceras. (From xatithos, yel- 
 low, and keras, a horn ; alluding to the 
 yellow horn-like glands or nectaries be- 
 tween the petals. Nat. ord., Sapirida- 
 cecB.) 
 
 A small hardy tree. It is difficult to propa- 
 gate in any other way than from seeds, but root- 
 cuttings sometimes succeed. Light garden-soil. 
 X. sorbifo'lia. White, purple. China. 1870. 
 
 Xanthochy^mus. (From xanthos, 
 yellow, and chymos, juice ; the plants 
 
XAN 
 
 [ 1030 ] 
 
 XEE 
 
 having abundant yellow juice. Nat. 
 ord., Guttiferm; Tribe, Gardniew.) 
 
 Stove evergreen trees. For cultivation, see 
 Gabcinia. 
 
 X. du'lds. 20. Creamy-white. February. Mo- 
 lucca Islands. 1820. B. M. t. 3088. 
 
 — ovalifo'liuB. B. Indies. Gamboge erroneously 
 
 was supposed to be obtained from its 
 sap. Syn., Qarcinia ovalifolia. 
 — picto'rius. 40. White. B. Indies. Syn., 
 Garcinia Xanthochymus. 
 
 Xanthorhi'z a. Yellow Boot. (From 
 seanthos, yellow, and rhiza, a root. Nat. 
 ord., Ranunculacece.) 
 
 Hardy evergreen shrub. Suckers ; sandy loam 
 and peat ; does best in a moist situation. 
 X. a'piifo'lia. 3. Purple, green. February. N. 
 America. 1766. B. M. 1. 1736. 
 
 Xanthorrhse'a. Grass-tree. (From 
 axmthos, yellow, and rheo, to flow ; yel- 
 low juice. Nat. ord., Juncew; Tribe, 
 Xerotece. ) 
 
 Greenhouse, white-flowered plants, from Aus- 
 tralia. For culture, see Aphyllanthes. 
 X. wustra'lis. 3. 1824. Evergreen. 
 — hractea'ta. 2. 1810. Herbaceous. 
 
 — ha'stilit. i. 1803. Evergreen. B. M. t. 4722. 
 
 Syn., X. reginosa. 
 
 — hu'-mUis. See X. Pumilio, 
 
 — me^dia. 2. 1803. Evergreen. 
 
 — mi'nor. 2. 1804. Herbaceous. 
 
 — Prei'seii. 1-8. Greenish-yellow. B. M. 
 
 t. 6033. 
 
 — Pumi'lio. 2. 1826. Syn., X. humilis. 
 
 — quadraTigula'ta. Greenish. S. Australia. 
 
 1874. 
 
 — resino'sa. SeeX.hastilis. 
 
 Xantho'sia. (Fromxanthos, yellow ; 
 the plants having a yellow down. Nat. 
 ord., Umbelliferw.) 
 
 Greenhouse shrubs. For cultivation, see Tra- 
 
 CHTMENE. 
 
 X. pilo'sa. 1-2. White. S. B. Australia. Syns., 
 X. hirsuta and X. montana. Trans. 
 Linn. Soc. x., t. 22. 
 
 '—rotundif&lia. IJ. White. June. W. Aus- 
 tralia. 1836. B. M. t. 3682. 
 
 Xantho'soma. (From xanthos, yel- 
 low, and soma, a body; the edible 
 roots. Nat. otA. Aroidece ; Tribe, Colo- 
 casiecE. Allied to Caladium.) 
 
 Stove plants. For culture, see Caladium. 
 X. auricula' turn. Spathe green, white ; spadix 
 
 white. Tropical America. 1869. 
 ■—Banlle'ti. 3. Brazil. Bev. Hort. 1882, p. 
 269, fig. 68. 
 
 — helophyfllum. Yellow. Tropical America. 
 
 — helleborijfo'livmi, 14-2. Spathe and spadix 
 
 whitish. Tropical America. 1793. 
 Syna., AcantiasheUeharif alius and jlr«m 
 heUebortfolium. 
 
 — Jacqui' m. Yellow. May. S. America. 
 
 1816. Evergreen. 
 
 — Linddni. l-lj. Spathe brownish-green out- 
 
 side, white within. Columbia. 1871. 
 Syn., PhyllotoBniwrn lAndeni. 
 
 magni'ficum. A robust variety.' Syn., 
 
 Phyllotoemwm Lindeni, var. magni- 
 
 — macula'ta. Syn., Alocaeia albo-violacea. 
 
 — Maxmiilia'ni. 5. Purple -violet, whitish, 
 
 green. Brazil. 1860. 
 
 — miraiile. Spathe pale yellow. Tropical S. 
 
 America. 1874. 
 
 X. plu'vyilKa. See Aloeasia cuprea. 
 
 — robu'stv/m. Yellow. Mexico. 
 
 — sagittcefo'lia. White. May. W. Indies.. 
 
 1710. Herbaceous. 
 
 — mola'ceum. White, yellow ; leaf -stalks. 
 
 purple. Tropical America. 1864. 
 
 — WalKsii. Leaves green, with whitish veins. 
 
 Antioquia. 1869. 
 
 Xantho'xylum. See Zanthoxy- 
 lum. 
 
 Xera'nthemum. (From xeros, dry,, 
 and anthos, a flower ; everlasting flower. 
 Nat. oM., Compositce; Tribe, Inuloi- 
 dece.) 
 
 The flowers, after being dried, may be dyed of 
 any colour. Hardy annuals. Seeds in the open 
 border in April. 
 
 X. a'nnuum. 3. Purple. July. South Eu- 
 rope. 1670. 
 
 — cime'scens. B. M. t. 420. See Helipterum 
 
 caneeeens, 
 
 — ere^ctum. White. June. Persia. 1836. 
 —fu'lgidum. B. M.'t. 414. See Helichrysum 
 
 fulgidum. 
 
 — herha'ceum. Andr. Eep. t. 487. See Belt- 
 
 chrymm squamosum, 
 
 — inape'rtum. 2. Purple. July. South Eu- 
 
 rope. 1620. 
 
 — longipapp&Bum. White. June. Persia. 1836, 
 
 — orienta'le. See Chardinia xeranthemoides. 
 
 — rigi'dum. Andr. Eep. t. 387. See Helichry- 
 
 sum striatum,. 
 
 — sesamoi'des. B. M. t. 426, and var. sulphu- 
 
 reum, B. M. t. 763, are synonyms of 
 Helipterum sesamoides. 
 
 Xerone'ma. (From xeros, dry, and 
 nema, a, thread ; because the filanients- 
 of the stamens dry up and persist. Nat. 
 ord. , Liliacece; Tribe, Asphodelew. Allied 
 to Anthericum.) 
 
 A beautiful stove herbacous perennial, with, 
 the foliage and habit of an iris. Seeds, and 
 divisions of the rootstock. Bich, sandy loam 
 and leaf -mould. Summer temp., 60" to 80° ;, 
 winter, 66° to 65°. 
 
 X. Moo'rei. IJ. Crimson. New Caledonia.. 
 1878. G. C. 1878, x. p. 17. 
 
 Xerophy'llum. (From xeros, dry,, 
 and phyllon, a leaf ; dry, grassy leaves. 
 Nat. ord., Liliacece; Tribe, Nartheciece. 
 Allied to Helonias. ) 
 
 White-flowered, herbaceous perennials, from 
 North America. Seeds and division of the plant 
 in spring. A rather moist, peaty border suits 
 them best. X. Sabadi'lla requires a stove. 
 X. asphodeloi'des. 1. May. 1765. Syns., X. 
 
 aetifoliwm, B. E. t. 1613, and Helonias- 
 
 asphodeliodes, B. M. t. 748. 
 
 — grami'neum,. See Stenanthivm angustifolium, , 
 
 var. gra/mineum. 
 
 — Sabadi'lla. 3. Vera Cruz. 1830. 
 
 — tefnax. IJ. May. 1811. Syn., Helonias 
 
 tenax. 
 
 Xerophy'ta. (From xeros, dry, and 
 phyton, a plant ; dry plant. Nat. ord., 
 AmarylliaeoB ; Tribe, VelloziecB.) See- 
 Vellozia. 
 
 stove perennial. Seeds; suckers. Sandy- 
 loam, mixed with a little brick-rubbish. Car& 
 must be taken not to overwater the plants.. 
 Summer temp., 65° to 85° ; winter, 60° to 70'. 
 X. retvndrvis. See Velloxia retinervis. 
 
XER 
 
 [ 1031 ] 
 
 XYL 
 
 Xero'tes. (From xerotes, dryness ; 
 the nature of these plants. Nat. ord., 
 Jwncacece; Tnhe, Xerote(B.) 
 
 Greenhouse, perennial herbs. Blch, light 
 sail. Divisions. 
 
 X. langi/o'lia. 3. Greenish-white. June. 
 Australia. 1798. B. E. 1838, t. 3. 
 Australian Tussock Grass. 
 
 — ri'gida. 1. Greenish-white. June. Aus- 
 
 tralia. 1791. B. C. t. 798. 
 
 Ximene'sia. (Named after J. 
 Ximenes, a Spanish apothecary. Nat. 
 ord., Com/positm; Tiihe, HelianthotdeiE.) 
 Yellow-flowered, Mexican plants. Annuals, 
 by seeds in the open border in April ; perennials, 
 also, by division of the plant in spring, and these, 
 in general, will want the protection of a dry, cool 
 pit in winter. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 X. Cavanille'sii. A synonym of Echinacea 
 
 heterophylla. 
 —fos'tida. 2|. August. 1824. A synonym of 
 Encelia fuetida. 
 
 — Iteterophv'lla. 2. July. 1827. A synonym 
 
 of miGelia heterophylla. 
 
 HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. 
 
 X. corda'ta. 3. September. 1828. A synonym 
 of Encelia cordata. 
 
 — enceloi'dei. See Verbesina encelioides. 
 
 Xime'nia. (Namedafteri?". Ximenes, 
 a Spanish naturalist. Nat. ord., Olaca- 
 cecB.) 
 
 Stove or greenhouse shrubs or trees. Cuttings 
 of half-iipened shoots in sand, under a glass, 
 in May, and in bottom-heat ; sandy, flbry peat, 
 and lumpy loam. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; 
 summer, 60" to 85°. 
 X. america'na. 15. Yellowish. Tropics. 1759. 
 
 — ine'rmis. 40. White. Jamaica. 1810. 
 
 — lanceola'ta. YeUow. April. China. 1820. 
 
 — oUongifo'lia. Green. June. Australia. 
 
 1823. 
 
 Xiphi'dium. (Froma;«^Ao«,asword; 
 sword-like leaves. Nat. ord., Eoemo- 
 doracem ; Tribe, Hmmodoreoe. Allied to 
 Waehendorfia.) 
 
 Stove, West Indian, herbaceous perennials. 
 Divisions of the plant as fresh growth com- 
 mences ; rich, fibry loam and flbry peat, ajid a 
 small portion of charcoal and sand. Winter 
 temp., 50° to 58° ; summer, 60° to 85°. 
 X. floriiu'ndvm. 1. White. S. America. 
 1846. 
 
 a'lbum. 1J-. White. 1787. 
 
 cceru'lewm. IJ. Blue. 1793. 
 
 — giga'nteum. White. October. 1845. 
 
 Xi'phion. (From xiphion, a corn- 
 flag. Nat. ord., Iridece ; Trihe, Mo- 
 rceece. ) 
 
 These are the Irises with bulbous rootstocks. 
 For cultivation, see iRis. A full account of this 
 genus is given by Professor M. Foster in the 
 Journal of the Eoyal Horticultural Society, 
 1893. 
 
 X.flitdlium. 2. Violet, yellow. Spain and 
 Morocco. 1869. B. M. t. 6928. 
 
 — hi'gtrio. i. Purple, yellow. Mount Lebanon. 
 
 1873. B. M. t. 6033. , ,, . 
 
 —ju'nceum. H. YeUow. July. Algeria. 
 1869. Syn., Irisjmwea. B. M. t. 6890. 
 
 — MolpakowsMa'na. i. Violet-purple, lilac, 
 
 yellow. Spring. Turkestan. 1878. B. 
 M t. 6489. BTa., Irie KolpaleowslHana. 
 
 X. plamfo'Uvm. }. Lilac, yellow. Algeria. 
 Syn., IrU alata. 
 
 — relieuUta. \. Violet-purple, yellow. Asia 
 
 Minor. Syn., Irie reticulata. B. M. 
 t. 6577. See G. C. 1886, xxiii., p. 507. 
 
 — Sisyri'nchium. Blue-purple, yellow. S. Eu- 
 
 rope. Syn., Iris Si^/rinchimn. 
 
 — tingita'num. 2. Violet - purple, yellow. 
 
 Morocco. 1872. Syn., Ms tingitana. 
 B. M. t- 6776. 
 
 — vulga're. 1-2. Violet-purple. June. Spain. 
 
 Syn., Iris Xiphiwm. B. M. t. 656. 
 
 Xipho'pteris. Sword Fem. (From 
 xyphos, a sword, aaApteris, a fem. Nat. 
 ord.., Filicest) Now united with Poly- 
 podium. 
 
 stove, brown-spored ferns. See Ferns. 
 X. heterophy'lla. J. . June. N. Holland 
 1824. 
 
 — myoBwoi'des. June. W. Indies. 1824. 
 
 — serrula'ta. J. June. W. Indies. 1823. 
 
 Xylo'bium. (From xylon, wood, 
 and bios, life ; plants growing on wood. 
 Nat. ord., Orchidem ; Tribe, Vandece- 
 MaxillariecB. ) 
 
 Stove, epiphytal orchids. For culture, see 
 Maxillabia. 
 
 X. CoUe'yi. Reddish-brown with purple spots. 
 Trinidad. Syn., Maaillaria Colleyi. 
 
 — conca'vum, J. Pale yellow. June. Guate- 
 
 mala. 1844. Syn., Maxillaria coneava. 
 
 — corruga'tum. Pale brownish-purple ; lip pale 
 
 yellow with purple veins. Venezuela. 
 1844. Syn., Maxillaria comtgata. 
 
 — de'color. 1. Sulphur, white. Jamaica. Syn., 
 
 Maxillaria decolor. B. M. t. 3981. 
 
 — elonga'tum. 1. Pale yellow ; lip purplish. 
 
 brown. Central America. 1847. Syn., 
 Maxilla/ria elongata. 
 
 — fovea! turn, 1. Pale straw-colour. Demerara. 
 
 "1839. Syn., Maxillaria foveata. 
 
 — ieontogl&ssum. 1-3. Yellow with red spots. 
 
 March. New Grenada. B. M. t. 7086. 
 Syn., Maxillaria leontoglossa. 
 
 — paUidimrum. 1. Pale sulphur, whitish. 
 
 Venezuela. 1826. MaxUlaria pallidi- 
 fiora. B. M. t. 2806. 
 
 — sgua'lens. 1. Flesh-colour, with purple 
 
 stripes ; lip dark purple. Brazil. 1828. 
 Syn., Maxillaria squalens. B. M. 
 t. 2955. 
 
 Xylome'lum. (From xylon, wood, 
 and inelon, an apple ; in allusion to the 
 woody frtit. Nat. ord.jPr-oieaceoB.) 
 
 Greenhouse shrub. Allied to Lambertia, to 
 which refer for cultivation. 
 X. pyrifo'rme. New S. Wales. 1869. 
 
 Xylophy'lla. (From xylon, wood, 
 and phyllon, a leaf ; texture of the 
 leaves. Nat. ord. , Euphorbiacece ; Tribe, 
 Phyllanthew. ) See Phyllanthus. 
 
 Stove, yellow -and -red -flowered evergreens, 
 from Jamaica, unless otherwise mentioned. For 
 culture, see Phyllanthus. 
 X. a/ngvMifo'Ua. See Phyllanthus angmti- 
 folius. 
 
 — elonga'ta. B. C. t. 1091. See PhylloMthus 
 
 a/ngustifolius. 
 
 — falea'ta. B. E. t. 373. See Phyllanthus 
 
 falcatus. 
 
 — latifo'lia. B. M. t. 1021. See Phyllanthus 
 
 — numtdiva. B. M. t. 2662. See Phyllanthus 
 angustifolius. 
 
XYL 
 
 [ 1032 ] 
 
 YEW 
 
 See Phyllcmthua obovatus. 
 See PhyUamthus s^iecwsus. 
 
 X. obova'ta. 
 
 — speeio'sa. 
 
 Xylo'pia. (From xylon, wood, and 
 pieron, bitter ; the wood and fruit of X. 
 
 fla'bra&re called Bitterwood in the West 
 ndies. Nat. ord., Anonacece.) 
 Stove trees or shrubs. Cuttings of flrin, stubby 
 side-shoots one year old, with most of the leaves 
 adhering, in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy 
 loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 50" to 55° ; 
 summer, 60° to 85°. 
 X.frute'scens. 4. Guiana. 1823. 
 
 — gla'bra, 40. Jamaica. 1820. 
 
 — murica'ta. 4. W. Indies. 1779. 
 
 Xy'ris. (A name used by Dioscorides 
 for Iris fostidissima. Nat. ord., Xy- 
 rideoB. ) 
 
 Stove, grass-like perennial. Light rich soil. 
 Divisions. 
 
 X. alti'ssima. B. C. t. 1900. A synonym of 
 Bobartia spathacea. 
 
 — opercula'ta. 1. Whitish ; bracts black. 
 
 June. Australia. 1804. B. M. 1. 1168. 
 
 Xysmalo'bmm. (From xysma, a 
 fragment, and lobos, a division ; the 
 corona is finely divided. Nat. ord., 
 Asclepiadaceee. ) 
 
 Warm greenhouse perennial herb, requiring 
 the same treatment as Gomphocarpus. 
 .ST. padifo'lmm. 3. Purplish-green, yellowish. 
 South Africa. 1867. Syn., Gompho- 
 carpus padi/olius. Eef. Bot. t. 264. 
 
 Yacca-wood Tree. Podoca'rpus 
 Purdiea'na. 
 
 Yam. Diosco'rea. 
 
 Yang-mae Tree. My'rica Na'gi. 
 
 Yarrow. Achi'Uea. 
 
 Yarrow, Soldier's. Stratio'tes 
 aloi'des. 
 
 Yate, or Yeit Tree. Eucal/ptus 
 comu'ta. 
 
 Yellow Archangel. La'mium Ga- 
 leo'bdolon. 
 
 Yellowby. Chrysa'nthemum sege'- 
 tum. 
 
 Yellow Cress. Barbare'a prm'cox. 
 
 Yellow Elder. Teco'ma sta'ns. 
 
 Yellow Everlasting Flower. 
 
 Helichry'sum, arena'rium. 
 
 Yellow Garden Hawk Weed, 
 
 To'lpis barba'ta. 
 
 Yellow Iris. I'ris Pseu'do-a' corns. 
 
 Yellow Larkspur. Tropm'olum. 
 
 Yellow Battle. Bhina'nthus Oris- 
 ta-ga'lU. 
 
 Barbare'a vutga'- 
 
 Yellow Rocket. 
 
 ris. 
 
 Yellow Star Flower. Siembe'rgia 
 lu'tea. 
 
 Yellow Star of Bethlehem. Ga'- 
 gea lu'tea. 
 
 Yellow Sultan. Centau'rea sua- 
 ve'olens. 
 
 Yellow Water Lily. Nu'phar lu'- 
 tev/m. 
 
 Yellow Water Lily Fly. Lispe 
 tentacula'ta. This insect is about a 
 quarter of an inch lonff,and half an inch 
 across the wings. Its body is black, 
 covered with ashy down on the back, 
 the head is gilded, the wings grey, and 
 
 the abdomen has three whitish triangular 
 spots. It deposits its eggs on the petals 
 of Nuphar luteum. These eggs, which 
 are united into bundles, often as many 
 as 100 to a bundle, are oblong, and when 
 highly-magnified exhibit a finely reticu- 
 lated surface. 
 
 Yellow Weed, Dyer's. Re'seda 
 Lute'ola. 
 
 Yellow Wood. Cladra'stis tincto'- 
 ria, Ochro'sia borbo'nica and Podoca'r- 
 pus. 
 
 Yellow Wort. Blachsto'nia perfo- 
 lia'ta (Syn., Chlo'ra perfolia'ta.) 
 
 Yew. Ta'xus. 
 
 Yew, Chinese. Podoca'rpus chi- 
 ne'nsis. 
 
 Yew, Clustered-flowered. Ce- 
 phalota'xus. 
 
 Yew-Gall and Yew-bud Mite. 
 
 At the termination of the shoots of Yew- 
 trees are often to be found rather large 
 galls, resembling in general appearance 
 miniature artichokes (Fig. 1) ; they are 
 formed of a large number of densely 
 packed imbricating leaves, and are 
 caused by the attacks of the larva of a 
 small two-winged fly, named Cecidomy'ia 
 
YEW 
 
 [ 1033 ] 
 
 YUC 
 
 ta xi. The fly, which does not ajroear 
 until June, is about one-sixth of an 
 inch long, and about one-third of an 
 inch in expanse ; the thorax, antennae, 
 and legs are ochreous, the abdomen is 
 orange -yellow, and the wings pale 
 greyish. It deposits its eggs in June in 
 
 the young growing buds. The larvae, 
 when hatched, eat into the centre of the 
 bud, causing an arrest of its growth, and 
 gradually it develops into a gall instead 
 of forming a leafy snoot. Inside the gall 
 the yellowish larva passes the winter, 
 changing to the pupa stage in April or 
 May of the following spring. The chry- 
 salis at first is pale, but gradually be- 
 comes of a deep brown with age. In 
 June the chrysalis pushes through the 
 top of the gall, and the perfect fly 
 emerges. 
 
 The buds of the Yew-tree are also 
 attacked and their growth disturbed by 
 a minute mite, shown at Fig. 2, greatly 
 magnified. We have not seen this mite 
 ourselves, but have borrowed our account 
 and figure of it from the "Gardeners' 
 Chronicle," 1875, iii. p. 659, where it is 
 stated to be causing considerable damage 
 to the hedges of Yew-trees at South 
 Kensington " byinjuringthe buds, many 
 of whiwi were going black and decay- 
 ing." 
 
 It is described under the name of 
 Tetra'nyehus taxi; it is "fleshy, milk- 
 white, and translucent, and it has no 
 eyes." The specimens examined had 
 but four legs, and were thought to be 
 " the young of a six-legged, or possibly 
 an eight-legaed species." The taU is 
 iumisned with two minute bristles. 
 
 Where , Yew-trees are attacked so 
 severely as to injure their growth to any 
 great extent, either by the Cecidomyia 
 or the Tetranychus, the only remedy is 
 to hand-pick the galls and the mite-in- 
 fested buds, and destroy them by buru- 
 ing. In the case of the galls they should 
 be picked and destroyed in the month 
 of March or AprU whilst the insect is 
 still in a larval state. In the case of the 
 
 mite-infested buds we should recommend 
 that they be destroyed as soon as de- 
 tected. 
 
 Yu'cea. Adam's Needle. (Name 
 of the plant in Peru. Nat. ord., Lili- 
 aoecB ; Tribe, Dracosnem.) 
 
 All whitish-flowered evergreens. Sometimes 
 by seeds, sowb immediately they are ripe in a 
 slight hotbed ; generally by suckers, but also, at 
 times, from young shoots that branch from the 
 stems ; deep, dry, sandy loam is their favourite 
 soil ; a few require the assistance of a stove or 
 greenhouse, butmost of them stand the open airin 
 England. Y. aloifo'lia is, perhaps, the tenderest 
 of all the hardy ones. They nourish near the 
 sea-shore. We may add, that they seem quite 
 at home on a knoll, or on rook-work. 
 
 HARDY. 
 
 Y. aewmma'ta. 6. August. 1800. Swt. Fl. 
 Gard. t. 195. 
 
 — acutifo'lia. 5. White, brown. 1869. 
 
 — aletrifo'rmis. 2. Cape of Good Hope. 1823. 
 
 Greenhouse. 
 
 — aloifo'lia. 2. August. S. Amer. 1696. B. 
 
 M. 1. 1700. 
 
 . pe^ndula. 12. August. 
 
 variega'ta. 2. August. 
 
 — angustifo'lia. 2. July. Missouri. 1811. B. 
 
 M. t. 2236. 
 
 — arcua'ta. 1. July. 1817. 
 
 — a/rgospa'tha. White. 1869. 
 
 — tacca'ta. White. New Mexico. 1873. 
 
 — Boerhaa'vii. 1870. 
 
 — canalicvZa'ta, 4. Mexico. 
 
 — circina'ta. 1870. 
 
 — coTwa'va. IJ. August. 1816. 
 
 — conspi'cua. 3. 1818. Greenhouse. 
 
 — cmistri'cta. 10. Wliite. Mexico. 1862. Syn., 
 
 Y. albo-spica. 
 
 — comu'ta. Leaves broad, red-edged. 1862. 
 
 — crenula'ta. 1818. 
 
 — De Smetia'na. 1868. 
 
 — draco'nis. 8. August. S, Amer. 1732. 
 
 Greenhouse. B. E. 1. 1894. 
 
 — Ehrenbe'rgii. Mexico. 1861. 
 
 — ela'ta. 7-10. Mexico. Gard. and For. 1889, 
 
 ii. p. 668, fig. 146. 
 
 — ensifo'lia. White. Mexico. 1870. 
 
 — emi'ffua. White, green. &. United States. 
 
 1873. 
 
 — Maimento'm. 2. September. Virginia. 1675. 
 
 B. E. t. 900. 
 grand,ifio'ra. White. S. United States. 
 
 1873. Sjas.,Y.jilamentosa,y3xs. major 
 
 and Ttiaxvma. 
 
 va/nega'ta. 2. September. 
 
 —fiMfera. 16. White. Mexico. 1876. 
 —jla'ccida. 2. 1816. B. B. t. 1896. 
 
 — Mxilw. 4. White. Mexico, 1859. 
 
 fcOca'ta. White. 1879. 
 
 no'bais. 1879. 
 
 . g&mieyWndrica. 1870. 
 
 —fragilifo'lia. 1870. 
 
 — fwni'fera. Mexico. 1866. 
 
 — qiga'ntea. 4-6. White. 1859. 
 
 — glau'ca. White. S. United States. 1814. 
 
 B. M. t. 2662. 
 
 — glauce'scens. 2. July. N. Amer. 1819. 
 
 Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 63. 
 
 — glorio'sa. 4. July. America. 1696. B. M. 
 
 1. 1260. 
 
 fo'Viis-variega'tis. July. 
 
 me'dio-strm'ta. Leaves with a central 
 
 whitish-green stripe. 1880. 
 
 There are, besides the above, the fol- 
 lowing varieties of this species :—pii- 
 ca'ta, glauce^seenSf no'bUis^ pwrmjldra^ 
 mi'myr, mo'Uis, tristis, pnwno'&a^ and 
 EUaco'inhei. 
 
 — gra'dlis. July. Mexico. 1829. 
 
ZAC 
 
 [ 1034 ] 
 
 ZAM 
 
 Y. grmnmifo'lia. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 — guatemale/nm. 6-8. White. Mexico. 1873. 
 
 — IcBtevi'rens. Mexico. 1888. 
 
 — Imea'tOrlu'tea. Mexico. 1863. Half-hardy. 
 
 — longifo'lia. Mexico. 1880. 
 
 — macroea'rpa. i. Arizona. 1881. 
 
 — oUi'qua. i. 1808. 
 ma'jor. i. 1808. 
 
 — orehioi'des. IJ. White. 1861. 
 
 ma'jor. White. United States. 1876. 
 
 Syn., F. antwerpensU. 
 
 — pa'tens. 1870. 
 
 — Peaco'ckii. Mexico ? 1879. 
 
 — pericvZo'ga. 1870. 
 
 — pUcaimio^o'lia. Mexico. 1838. 
 
 — pube'rula. August. Swt. Fl. Gard. t. 261. 
 
 — rec^roa. See Y. recurwfolia. 
 
 — reaunifo'lia. White, red. S. United States. 
 
 1794. Salia. Parad. t. 31. Syns., Y. 
 recurva, Y. penAuta, and Y. japonica. 
 
 — ru'fo-ei'neta. li. July. 1816. Stove.' 
 
 — rupi'eola. 3. White, greenish. Texas. 1860. 
 
 Syn., Y. luteseene. 
 
 — scabrifo'Ka. 1870. 
 
 — serratifdlia. Mexico. 1888. 
 
 — serrula'ta. 10. Carolina. 1808. 
 
 — mecta'bilis. Mirador. 1861. 
 
 — Sta/kesii. Leaves variegated. 1862. 
 
 — atri'cta. 1. July. Carolina. 1817. B. M. 
 
 t. 2222. 
 
 — supefrba, 10. August. B. R. 1. 1690. 
 
 — tenuifo'lia. 1. Malta. 1817. 
 
 — tortula'ta. White, red. S. United States. 
 
 1873. 
 
 — Treculea'na. 20. White. Texas. 1868. 
 
 — Whi'pplei. 4-12. White. California. 1876. 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zaci'ntha. (From Zacinthits, the 
 ancient name of Zante, where this plant 
 was first discovered. Nat. ord., Com- 
 positCB. ) 
 
 Hardy annual herb. Seeds sown in the open 
 border in April. 
 
 Z. verrueo'sa. i-1. Yellow. Summer. Mediter- 
 ranean region. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 820. 
 
 Zala'cca. (From the Malayan name. 
 Nat. ord., Palmm; Tribe, Lepido- 
 caryece.) 
 
 Stemless stove palms. For cultivation, see 
 Cycas. 
 Z. Blwmea'na. See Z. edtUis. 
 
 — e^diUis. Malay Archipelago. 1847. Syns., 
 
 Z. Blvmea/na and Catanms Zalaeca. 
 
 — ni'tida. West Africa. 1884. 
 
 — Wagnefri. India. 1870. 
 
 — TVaUichia'na. Malay Archipelago. 1847. 
 
 Zaluzia'nskya. (Named after Dr. 
 Adam Zaluziansky, a botanist of the 
 seventeenth century. Nat. ord., Scro- 
 phulariacece.) 
 
 Half-hardy annuals except Z. lychni'dea, which 
 is a greenhouse sub-shrub. Seeds sown in a 
 warm frame in March or April, or cuttings in 
 autumn. Sandy loam and peat. Winter temp, 
 not below 46°. 
 Z. capefnsia. i-l- Whitish. Spring. South Africa. 
 
 — eelaginoi'des. i. Yellow, white. May. Cape 
 
 of Good Hope. 1864. 
 
 — lychni'dea. i-l. Pale yellow. Summer. 
 
 South Africa. 1776. Syns., Erinus 
 lychnidea, B. M. t. 2604, and jfyeterinia 
 lychnidea. 
 
 Za'mia. (From zaima, loss ; the 
 barren appearance of the male flowers. 
 Nat. ord., Cycadacem.) 
 
 A race of plants intermediate in habit between 
 Ferns and Palms. Those not otherwise specified, 
 are from South Africa, and wiU succeed in a 
 greenhouse ; but all do best in a stove. Suckers ; 
 rich, loamy soil. Winter temp., 45° to 65°; 
 summer, 60° to 80°. 
 Z. amphi^o'lia. Columbia. 1878. 
 
 — amgvstifo'Ua. 2. West Indies. Jacq. Ic. 
 
 t. 636. 
 
 — ca'ffra. A synonym of EncephalaHos caffer. 
 
 — caloco'Tna. See Microcycas calocoma. 
 
 — Chi'gua. 4. Darien. 1847. Syns., Z. Lind- 
 
 leyi and Z. princeps. 
 
 — cycaMfo'lia. 3. 1775. 
 
 — cyca'dis. A synonym of Encephalartos 
 
 — de'bilis. 1. July. West Indies. 1777. B. 
 
 C. 1. 166. 
 
 — Fische'ri. 3. Central America, 1849. G. C. 
 
 1883; xix. p. 213. 
 
 — Frase'ri. See Maeroza/ima, Fraseri. 
 —Jurfura'cea. 3. July. West Indies. 1691. 
 
 B. M. 1. 1969. 
 
 — Ghelli'nckii. See Encephtdartos GheUinckii. 
 
 — ho'rrida. ' See Eneephala/rtos horridus. 
 
 — integrifo'lia. 2. July. West Indies. 1768. 
 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 685 ; B. M. 1. 1851. 
 
 — Ki'ckxii. Cuba. 
 
 — lamugin&ea. A synonym of Encephalartos 
 
 lanuginosus. 
 
 — latifo'lia. 6. 
 
 — Leib&ldii. Mexico. 1843. 
 
 — lAnde/ni. 8. Ecuador. 1876. 
 
 — Li'ndleyi. See Z. Chigua. 
 
 — Loddige'm. Mexico. 1844. 
 
 — Imtgifdlia. A synonym of Encephalartos 
 
 longifolius. 
 
 — meldia. B. M. 1. 1838. See Z. pwmUa. 
 
 — monta'na. 4. Columbia. 1873. 
 
 — nmrica'ta. Venezuela. 1849. 
 
 — obli'gua. 6. Columbia. 1878. G. C. 1882, 
 
 xvii. p. 460. 
 -^ Otto'nie. Cuba. 
 — pi' eta. Mexico. 
 
 — praxi'na. Honduras. 1881. 
 
 — pri'ncem. See Z. Chigua. 
 — pruni'fera. 14. 
 
 — pu'mila. IJ. West Indies. 1812. B. M. 
 
 t. 2006. Syn., Z. media. Jacg. H. 
 
 Schoenb. tt. 397-8. 
 — pu'ngerts. A synonym of Encephalartos 
 
 pungens. 
 —pygmala. 1. May. West Indies. B. M. 
 
 1. 1741. 
 
 — repa'nda. 6. 
 
 — Roe'zlii. Columbia. 1873. 
 
 — Siebo'ldi angustifo'Ua. Cuba. 1878. 
 
 — Slmrndri. 6. Veraguas. 1861. B. M. 
 
 t. 6242. 
 
 — spino'sa. 6. 
 
 — spira'lis. A synonym of Encephalartos spira- 
 
 lis. 
 
 — tenuifo'lia. See Uaerozamia Fraseri. 
 
 — tdnuis. 1. Bahamas. 
 
 — tmOdnflnsis. Tonkin. 1886. HI. Hort. 
 
 t. 547. 
 
 — triiJente'ta. A synonym of Finmphalartos 
 
 tridentatus. 
 
 — villo'sus. See Encephalartos villosus. 
 
 — Walli'sii. Columbia. 1876. 
 
 Zamiocu'lcas. (A name com- 
 pounded of Zamia, and Culcas, aD 
 Arabic name for Colocasia ; in allusion 
 to its being an Aroid with Zamia-like 
 leaves. Nat. ord., Aroidecs ; Tribe, 
 Zamiocuhasiece. Syn., Gonaiopvs.) 
 
ZAN 
 
 [ 1035 ] 
 
 ZEN 
 
 Stove herbaceous evergreens. Bematkable 
 among Arcids for having pinnate leaves. Divi- 
 sions of the plant at the root ; young plants may 
 also be obtamed from the leaflets after they have 
 disarticulated from the rachis, as follows :— 
 Place some leaflets upon some soil, which must 
 be kept damp ; in a few days the basal ends of 
 the leaflets commence to swell, and each forms 
 after a short time a small tuber. The tuber with 
 the leaf attached may then be planted in a small 
 pot, but should only just be covered with earth ; 
 roots and leaf-buds quickly form, and soon a 
 young plant is established. Sandy loam and 
 leaf-mould, mixed with bits of broken charcoal. 
 3Ioist atmosphere. Summer temp., 66° to 85" ; 
 winter, 60° to 70". 
 Z. Boivi'nU. S. Spathe greenish-yellow, brown ; 
 
 rbdix greenish-yellow. Zanzibar. 187S. 
 M. t. 6026. Syn., Gonatopus Boimnii. 
 — Loddigefsii. IJ. Spathe green. Zanzibar. 
 1828. B. M. t. 6986. Syn., Caladium 
 
 Zauo'uia. (After James Zanoni, 
 once superintendent of the Botanic Gar- 
 den at Bologna. Nat. ord., Cucurhita- 
 cece.) See AlsOBOitra. 
 
 Z sarcophy'lla. See Alsomitra mreophylla. 
 
 Zantho'xylum. Tootliache-tree. 
 (From xanthos, yellow, and xylon, wood. 
 Nat. ord., Riitacece ; Tribe, Zanthoxy- 
 lece. Syn., Xanthoxylum.) 
 
 Nearly all white-flowered; cuttings in sand, 
 under a bell-glass, in May ; the stove species in 
 heat; the hardy species by seed, pieces of the 
 roots, and cuttings of the ripened shoots in sandy 
 soil, under a hand-light ; sandy loam suits any 
 of them. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS. 
 
 Z. ala'tum. Spring. Hardy. Half evergreen. , 
 — fraxi'neum. 15. March. N. Amer. 1769. 
 
 — mite. 10. Yellowish. March. N. Amer. 
 
 1818. 
 
 — triea'rpum. 6. July. N. Amer. 1806. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS. 
 
 Z. afi'ne. Mexico. 1826. 
 
 — Budru'nga. 60. March. B. Ind. 1826. 
 
 — cla'va-He'rculis. 50. W. Ind. 1739. 
 
 — hermaphrodi'tum. 50. Guiana. 1823. 
 
 — heterophj/Umn. Bourbon. 1823. 
 
 — mglandyo'Uvm. W. Ind. 1822. 
 
 — nitaum. 6. China. 1823. B. M. t. 2568. 
 
 — pmna'tum. May. Norfolk Island. 1829. 
 
 Syns., Blaclcbumia, pinnata and Ptelea 
 pinnata. 
 —piperiltum. 6. September. Japan. 1773. 
 Greenhouse. 
 
 — ptero'ta. August. Jamaica. 1768. 
 
 — sapindoi'des. Jamaica. 
 
 — spino'sum. 6. Jamaica. 1824. 
 
 — trago'des. 6. St. Domingo. 1769. 
 ^triphj/Utm,. i. Penang. 1820. 
 
 Zapa'nia. (After Pa«? Ant. Zappa, 
 once curator of the Gardens at Pavia. 
 Nat. ord., Verhenacece.) See Lippia. 
 Z nodiflo'ra. See Lippia nodijUrra. 
 
 Zauschne'ria. (Named after 3f. 
 Zauschner, a German. Nat. ord., Ona- 
 graceas. Allied to Epilobium.) 
 
 A hardy plant, vrith the habit of a Fuchsia. 
 Division of the plant in spring ; cuttmgs of the 
 shoots in spring, summer, and: autumn, unSer a 
 hand-light. It is a good pot and beddmg-plajit ; 
 for the latter purpose, as the flowers are apt to 
 drop too much, mix it with Cvlphea stngiUosa; 
 rich, light soil. 
 
 Z. calif o'mica. 3. Bright scarlet. June. Santa 
 Cruz. ■ 1847. 
 latifo'lia. A small form with broader- 
 leaves. B. M. t. 4493. 
 
 Ze'a. Maize, or Indian Corn. (Fromj 
 zao, to live; a food-plant. Nat. ord.,. 
 Graminem ; Tribe, Maydece. ) 
 
 Annuals. Seeds in a slight hotbed in early 
 spring, and the seedlings planted out into good- 
 soil. The heads, when half-grown and green, 
 make an excellent vegetable when boiled. Most 
 of the following are garden varieties of Z. Mays. 
 Z. Cura'gua. 1. June. Chili. 1824. 
 
 — giga'ntea f&liis-variega'ta. Leaves variegated 
 
 with silver, white, and green. 
 
 — graci'Uima variega'ta. Garden variety. Gfl.. 
 
 1886, p. 640. 
 — japo'nica a'lbo-vitta'ta. Japanese, white- 
 banded variety. Japan. 1867. 
 
 — Ua'ys. 3. June. America? 1562. Bent. 
 
 and Tr. t. 296. Syn., Z. alba. Indian 
 corn ; Maize ; Mealies. There is a varie- 
 gated form. 
 
 — tunica'tafo'liiS'Variega'tis. A garden variety 
 
 with variegated leaves. Wien. Gartz.. 
 1891, p. 457. 
 
 Zebra Plant. Calathe'a zebri'na. 
 
 Zebra Wood. My'rtus fra'grans- 
 and Guetta'rda specio'sa. 
 
 Zebri'na. (Because the leaves are 
 striped after the manner of a Zebra. 
 Nat. ord. , Commelinacew ; Tribe, Tra- 
 descantiecB. Allied to Tradescantia. ) 
 
 Stove or greenhouse herbaceous perennial, of 
 creeping habit, with handsome white-striped 
 leaves, purple beneath. It makes a good basket 
 plant, and is also useful for covering the earth 
 of very large pots or tubs, or as an edging in 
 suitable places. Ea.sily increased by cuttings, 
 which root very quickly. Rich light soil. Sum- 
 mer temp., 66° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 65°. 
 Z.pelndula. Purple. Summer. Mexico. 1849.. 
 
 Syns., Cyanotis vittata, Tradescantia 
 
 tricolor, and T. zebrina. 
 
 Zehne'ria. (In memory of Joseph- 
 Ze/iner, a German artist. Nat. ord.> 
 CucurbitaeecB.) 
 
 Greenhouse climbers. For cultivation, see 
 Sechium. 
 Z. hasta'ta. Leaves silvery-veined. Japan. 1866. 
 
 — sca'bra. Yellowish. South Africa. Syn.,. 
 
 ifelothria punctata. 
 
 — sua'vis. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 Zelko'va. (Probably from the native- 
 name. Nat. ord., UrticacecB ; Tribe,, 
 UlmecB.) 
 
 Hardy deciduous trees. 
 Z. acumina'ta. Green. April. Caucasus. Syns.,. 
 Plamera acuminata and jP. ja^onica. 
 
 — crena'ta. 12. Greenish. April. North' 
 
 America. 1760. Syn., Planera Richard 
 and Xiimus nemoralis. 
 
 Zeno'bia. (A queen of Palmyra. 
 Nat. ord., Ericaeece. Allied to Andro- 
 meda.) 
 
 Hardy shrub, almost evergreen. Seeds and. 
 layers. Sandy loam and peat. 
 Z. specio'sa. 2. White. Summer. N. America^ 
 1800. Syns., Andromeda casHncefoHa,B.. 
 M. t. 970, and A. speciosa. 
 
ZEP 
 
 [ 1036 ] 
 
 ZIN 
 
 *Z. pulveruWnta, Leaves glaucous above, silvery 
 beneath. Syns., Andrormda dealbata, 
 B. E. t. 1010, and A. vulverulenta, B. 
 M. t. 667. 
 
 Zephyra'nthes. (From zephyr, the 
 
 -.west wind, and anthos, a flower. Nat. 
 
 ord., Amaryllidem ; Tribe, Amarylhm. 
 
 Allied to Habranthus. ) 
 Half-hardy bulbs, with only one flower on a 
 
 .stalk. For culture, see Habranthus. 
 
 -Z, ATiderso'ni. i. Bright yellow inside, coppery- 
 red outside. June. Montevideo. 1829. 
 Syns., Atnaryllis Andersoni and Habran- 
 thus Andersoni. B. R. 1. 1345. 
 
 — Atamalsco. J. White. May. North America. 
 
 1629. Syn., Amaryllis Atamasco. B. 
 M. t. 239. 
 
 — au'rea. 1. Brigh^jellow. December. Pern. 
 
 Syn., Pyrolirum aureum. 
 ■ — ca'ndida, i. White. September. Peru. 
 1822. B. M. t. 2607. Syn., Amaryllis 
 camdida. B. B. t. 724. 
 
 — carirui'ta. ^. Pink. May. Mexico. 1824. 
 
 Syn., Z. grandifiora. B. R. t. 902. 
 
 — citri'na. i- Bright yellow. Tropical America. 
 
 1881. B. M. t. 6605. 
 
 — c&ncolor. 1. Lemon-yellow. Mexico. Syn., 
 
 Habranthus concolor. B. R. 1845, t. 54. 
 
 — Drummo'ndii. A synonym of Cooperia pedu/n- 
 
 culata. 
 
 — fla'va. 1. Pale golden-yellow. May. Peru. 
 
 1833. Syns., Pyrolirion avreum, var. 
 fauce Icevi, B. R. 1. 1724, and P. Jlavum. 
 
 — flave'scens. See Z. m^sochloa. 
 
 — gracilifo'lia. i. Pale purplish-pink. Sep- 
 
 tember. Maldonado. 1823. Syn., 
 Habranthus graeilifoHus. B. M. t. 2464. 
 
 — Lindleya'na. i-1. Bright red. June. Mexico. 
 
 — macrosi'phon, ^-1. Bright red. May. 
 
 Mexico. 1881. 
 
 — mesochlo'a. 1. White, green. June. Buenos 
 
 Ayres. 1825. Syn., Z. flavescens. 
 
 — pusi'Ua. See Haylockia pusilla. B. R. 1. 1371. 
 
 — robu'sta. i. Rose red. July. Buenos 
 
 Ayres. 1838. Syn., Hajyranthus ro- 
 bustus. Swt. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 14. 
 
 — ro'sea. *. Red. May. Havannah. 1823. 
 
 B. R. t. 821. 
 ^ se'ssilis. Ref. Bot. t. 212. See Z. verecunda. 
 — Spofforthia'na. B. R. t. 1746. A hybrid 
 
 between Z. tvMspatha and Z. carinata. 
 
 — stria'ta. See Z. verecunda. 
 
 — texa'na. ^. Yellow inside, coppery outside. 
 
 Texas. Syn., Habra/nthits Atidersoni, 
 var. texmms. B. M. t. 3596. 
 
 — Trea'tice. i-1. White. April. Florida. 1883. 
 
 — tubispa'tha. J. White. May. Venezuela, 
 
 etc. Syn., Amaryllis tubispatha. B. 
 M. 1. 1686. 
 
 — verecu'nda. J. Pale red. April. Mexico. 
 
 1824. Syns., Z. sessilis, Z. striata, B. M. 
 t. 2593, Amaryllis striatula and A. vere- 
 cunda. 
 
 — versicolor, i. White, flushed with red and 
 
 green outside. January. Maldonado. 
 1824. Syn., Habranthus versicolor. B. 
 M. t. 2486. 
 
 Zeuxi'ne. (From zeuxis, a joining ; 
 the petals cohere with upper sepal. Nat. 
 ord., OrchidecE ; Tribe, Neottiece-Spiran- 
 thece.) 
 
 Stove terrestrial orchid. For culture, see 
 
 Ancectochilus. 
 
 -Z. re'gia. \. White, green. Leaves dark green 
 with a whitish or lilac stripe down the 
 centre. Borneo. Syns., AnxctocMlus 
 lineatus, A. striatum, Haplochilusregium, 
 and Monochilus regium. 
 
 Zexme'nia. (An anagram of Xi- 
 menesia. Nat. ord., Compositoe.) 
 
 Z. au'rea is a half-hardy subshrub, which may 
 
 be propagated by cuttings. Z. ova'ta is a hardy 
 
 annual. ^ 
 
 Z. wu'rea. 1}. Golden-yellow. September. 
 
 Mexico. 1829. Syns., Verbesina aurea 
 
 and Wedelia aurea. B. M. t. 3384. 
 
 — ova'ta. 2. Deep orange-yellow. Autumn, 
 
 Mexico. 1828. Syn., Tithonia ovata. 
 B. M. t. 3901. 
 
 — texa'na. A synonym of Wedelia hispida. 
 
 Zi'chya. (Named after Countess 
 Zichy, a German patroness of botany. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminosm ; Tribe, Phaseo- 
 le(B.) A synonym of Kennedya. 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen twiners from Australia. 
 Z. angustifo'lia. See Kennedya coccinea. 
 
 — cocei'nea. Maund, Bot. 1. 120. See Kennedya 
 
 cocdnea. 
 
 — glabra'ta. B. M. t. 3956. See Kennedya gla- 
 
 brata. 
 
 — heterophy'Ua. A form of Kennedya cocdnea. 
 
 — inophy'lla. A form of Kennedya cocdnea. 
 
 — Mo'lly. A form of Kennedya cocdnea. 
 
 — parnm/sa. Paxt. Mag. viii. p. 147. A synonym 
 
 of Kennedya cocdnea. 
 
 — seri'cea. See Kennedya sericea. 
 
 — tricolor. B. R. 1836, t. 52. See Kennedya 
 
 cocdnea. 
 
 — vUlo'sa. B. E. 1842, t. 68. See Kennedya 
 
 cocdnea. 
 
 Zie'ria. (Named after M. Zier, a 
 Polish botanist. Nat. ord., Rutacem. 
 Allied to Boronia.) 
 
 Greenhouse, white-flowered evergreens, from 
 Australia. For culture, see BOKONIA. 
 Z. arborefsoens. B. M. t. 1395. See Z. Smithii, 
 var. moffrwhylla. 
 
 — hirsu'ta. See z. pilosa. 
 
 — Icemga'ta. 3. June. 1822. Paxt. Mag. Ix. 
 
 p. 77. Syn., Z. revoluta. 
 
 — lOMceola'ta. See Z. Smithii. 
 
 — maerophy'lla. B. M. t. 4461. See Z. Smithii, 
 
 var. macrophylla. 
 
 — microphy'lla. 3. June. 1822. 
 
 — obcorda'ta. i. June. 1824. 
 
 — octa'ndra. B. Green. 1826. 
 
 — paudflo'ra. SeeZ.pilosa. 
 
 — pilo'sa. i. June. 1822. Linn. Trans, x. 
 
 1. 17. Syn., Z. paiuyifiora. 
 
 — revolu'ta, June. 1824. 
 
 — Smithii. i. 1808. Syn., Z. laneeolata, B.C. 
 
 t. 878. 
 
 macrophy'lla. A large variety, sometimes 
 
 forming a small tree. 1806. Syns., Z. 
 arbarescens, B. M. 1. 1395, and Z. macro- 
 phylla, B. M. t. 4451. 
 
 Zi'ngiber. Ginger. (From the 
 Indian name. Nat. ord., SeitaininecB ; 
 Tribe, Zingibereoe.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennials, from the East 
 Indies ; yellow-flowered, where not otherwise 
 mentioned; division of the roots ; fibry peat and 
 sandy loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45° ; summer, 
 60° to 90°. See GINGER. 
 Z. Ama'ricaiw. 3. Penang. 1846. 
 
 — brevifo'liwm. Yellow. Philippines. 1886. 
 
 — capiia'tum. 4. February. 1825. 
 
 — Cassumm'nar. 2. February. 1807. B. M. 
 
 t. 1426. Syn., Z. purpureum. 
 
 — chrysa'nthu/m. 8. July. 1821. 
 
 — Cliffo'rdioB. White. Guinea. Andr. Rep. 
 
 t. 666. 
 
 — colora'tum. 3. Cream-coloured. N. W. Borneo. 
 
 1879. 
 
ZIN 
 
 [ 1037 ] 
 
 ZOR 
 
 Z. Da'rceyi. 3. Leaves bright green, edged and 
 striped with creamy-white. Botanic 
 Garden, Sydney. 1890. 
 
 — ela'tum. 6. July. 1820. 
 
 — ligula'tum. 2. Pink. June. 1823. 
 
 — Mio'ga. 2. Pink. May. Japan. 1796. 
 
 Greenhouse. 
 
 — offldTM'le. 2. Red. July. 1606. 
 
 — pandwa'tum. 5. Pink. June. 1812. 
 
 — jParishii. 3. Yellowish, with purple veins. 
 
 July. Moulmein. 1872. B. M. t. 6019. 
 
 — pwrpu'reum. See Z. Cassumunar. 
 
 — ro'aeum. 2. Rose, yellow. August. 1822. 
 
 — ru'bens. 6. Bed. Octoher. 1822. 
 
 — squarrc/swm. 2. Pink. August. 1822. 
 
 — Zeru'mbet. i. August. 1690. B. M. t. 2000. 
 
 Zi'nnia. (Named after J. G. Zinn, 
 a Geriuan professor of botany. Nat. 
 ord. , Compositm ; Tribe, Helianthoidem. ) 
 
 Mexican annuals. Seeds in April in a hotbed ; 
 seedlings hardened off, and then transferred to 
 the flower-garden, in good, rich, loamy soil. I{ 
 sown earlier, they are apt to be drawn and 
 attacked by insects^ We nave had them fine by 
 sowing under a hand-light, without bottom-heat, 
 in the middle of April, and throwing a mat over 
 the glass at night. 
 Z. a/ngwstifo'lia. 2. Scarlet. July. 1824. 
 
 — avlrea. Orange. 1862. 
 
 — ellegans. 2. Scarlet. July. 1796. JacQ. Ic. 
 
 t. 689. 
 cocalnea. 2. Scarlet. August. 1829. 
 
 Syn., Z. violacea var. coccmea. B. R. 
 
 1. 1294. 
 
 Darmi'ni. A garden hybrid. 
 
 fio're 'pltlno. A double-flowered variety. 
 
 1861. 
 viola'eea. Purplish-violet. Syns., Z. 
 
 elegans of B. M. t. 527, and Z. molOfCea, 
 
 Andr. Rep. t. 66. 
 
 — Haagea'iia. 1-1^. Golden or orange-yellow. 
 
 Summer. Central America ? 1862. 
 
 — hy'irida. 2. June. 1818. 
 
 — linea'ris. IJ. Deep orange. Gfl. 1887, p. 667, 
 
 fig. 171. 
 
 — nmMflo'ra. 2. Scarlet. August. 1770. B. 
 
 M. 1. 149. 
 
 — pa/utAllo'ra. 2. Yellow. July. Peru. 1753. 
 
 — remlu'ta. 2. Scarlet. July. 1817. 
 
 — Unuifio'ra. 2. Scarlet. July. 1799. Jacq. 
 
 Ic. t. 590. 
 
 — vertlcillttlta. 2. Scarlet. July. 1789. 
 
 — viola'eea. See Z. elegams. 
 
 cocc^nea. See Z, elegans var. coccinea. 
 
 Ziza'nia. (From Zizanion, the 
 Greek name for some wild grain ; it is 
 translated "tares" in the New Testa- 
 ment. Nat. ord., GraminecB.) 
 
 Hardy grass of little horticultural value. 
 Z aqua'tica. A tall aquatic grass with a large 
 
 panicle. The grain is used by the 
 
 Indians of N. W. America as food. N. 
 
 W.America. 1886. Canadian or Indian 
 
 Rice ; Water Oats. 
 
 Zizi'phora. (Prom zizi, of the 
 Indians, and pAoreo, to bear. Nat. ord., 
 Labiatm. Allied to Monarda. ) 
 
 Bed-flowered, where not otherwise mentioned. 
 Annuals, by seed in April ; perennials, by seeds, 
 divisions, and cuttings; dry, sandy loam, in 
 elevated places, such as rock- works ; the peren- 
 nials require a little protection in vnnter. 
 
 HALF-HAEDT EVERGREENS. 
 Z. aeinoi'des. i. July. Siberia. 1786. De- 
 ciduous. „.. . ,om 
 
 — clinopodioi'des. i. Pink. June. Siberia. 1821. 
 
 Z. clinopodioi'des canie'scena. July. 1803. 
 
 mf!dia. i. July. Caucasus. 1822.. 
 
 Syn., Z. eerphyllacea. B. M. t. 906. 
 
 — dasya'nfha. J. Jmy. Siberia. 1803. Syn., 
 
 Z. Pouschkini. B. M. 1. 1093. 
 
 — Pou'scKkini. See Z. dasyantha. 
 
 — serpylla'cea. See Z. clinopodioides, var.v 
 
 media. 
 
 ANNUALS. 
 
 Z. capita'ta. J. July. Syria. 1762. 
 
 — hispa'nica. J. June. Spain. 1759. 
 
 — tau'rvia. \, Red, purple. August. Tauiia. 
 
 1816. 
 
 — tenvlior. J. Purplish. June. Levant. 1762. 
 
 Zi'zyphUS. (The Egyptian name of 
 Z. Lo'tus. Nat. ord., Rhamnacem ; 
 Tribe, ZizyphecB.) 
 
 Greenish-yellow-flowered, where not otherwise- 
 mentioned. Cuttings of the roots, suckers, and 
 cuttings of ripened shoots under a handy-light or- 
 bell-glass, according as the species are hardy or- 
 tender ; deep, dry loam for the hardy, peat and. 
 sandy loam for the tender. 
 
 HARDY DECIDUOUS, ETC. 
 
 Z.fiexim'sa. 6. Nepaul. 1820. 
 
 — incu'rva. 5. Nepaul. 1823. 
 
 — Ju'juba. 40. April. N. Africa and India.. 
 
 1759. Jujube Tree. Greenhouse Tree. 
 
 — Lo'tus. 2-4. S. Europe and N. Africa. 1731. 
 
 African or JubuDe Lotus. Half-hardy. 
 
 — spi'na-Chri'sti. 6. August. Egypt. Christ's. 
 
 Thorn. 
 ine'rmis. 6. August. 
 
 — vulga'ris. 10. August. S. Europe. 1640. 
 
 STOVE EVERGREENS, ETC. 
 
 Z. Caracu'Ua. B. Ind. 1820. 
 
 — longifo'lia. India. 1837. 
 
 — melastonwi'des. 6. N. Holland. 1824. 
 
 — mucrona'ta. 30. South Africa. 1810. Green- 
 
 house. 
 
 — Nape'ea. 16. Ceylon. 1816. 
 
 — ni'tida. 6. June. China. 1822. 
 
 — 8pi'7ia Chri'sti trine'rvia. E. Ind. 1821. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 
 Z, myrtoi'des. See Condalia microphylla. 
 
 — Paliu'rus. B. M. t. 1893. See Paliurus- 
 
 aauleatus. 
 
 Zomica'rpa. (From eoma, a kind 
 of skirt, and karpos, fruit ; referring to 
 the pericarp of the fruit, which, when 
 ripe, bursts at the bottom and remains 
 covering the seeds like a skirt. Nat. 
 ord., Aroidece; Tribe, Zomiocarpece.) 
 
 Stove tuberous-rooted perennials. For culti- 
 vation, see Staurostigma. 
 Z. Pytho'nium. 1. Glaucous-violet, green. 
 Brazil. 1860. 
 
 — Riedelia'na. 1. Green. Brazil. 1860. 
 
 — Steigeria'na. 1. Blackish-purple. Brazil. 
 
 1860. 
 
 Zomicarpe'Ua. (Diminutive of 
 Zomiearpa. sHai,. ord., Aroidece; Tribe, 
 Zomiocarpete.) 
 
 Stove aroid. 
 Z. maeula'ta. Leaves dark green, spotted witli- 
 pale green. Spathe dull olive green. 
 Kew Grenada. 1881. 
 
 Zo'mia. (Named of J. Zorn, a 
 German botanist. Nat. ord., Legwmi- 
 noscB ; Tribe, Hedysarece. ) 
 
 Annuals, seeds in a hotbed, and the plants: 
 afterwards bloomed in the greenhouse ; peren- 
 
zos 
 
 [ 1038 ] 
 
 ZYG 
 
 nials, also, by seeds, and dividing the plants in 
 -spring, and requiring to be kept from frost, 
 and rather dry in winter; rich, light, flbry 
 loam. 
 
 Z. angustffo'lia. 1. Purple. July. India. 
 1733. Annual. 
 
 — capdnsis. J. Yellow. July. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope. 1824. Greenhouse perennial. 
 
 — e'legmus. See JHcerma elegans. 
 
 — puiche^lla. SeeDesmodmmpulcheUvjm. 
 
 — tetraphi/Ua. i. Yellow. July, parolina. 
 
 1824. Greenhouse perennial. Syns., 
 Anonytnos bracteata, Myriadenvs tetra- 
 vhyUus and Omithopits tetraphyUus. 
 
 Zostero'stylis. (From zoster, a 
 u-ibbon, and stylos, a column. Nat. ord., 
 ■Orchidew ; Tribe, Neottiece-Diuridece. ) 
 Stove orchid. For cultivation, see ORCHIDS. 
 Z. arachnitis. Green, purple. Ceylon. 1863. 
 Syn., Cryptostylis araehnacea. 
 
 Zucca'gnia. (Aiter A. Zuccagni, 
 -once Director of the Botanic Gardens at 
 Florence. Nat. ord., Liliacece; Tribe, 
 .ScilleCB.) A synonym of Dipcadi. 
 
 Z. m'ridis. A synonym of Dipcadi viridit. 
 
 Zygade'nus. (From zymuo, tojoin, 
 and aSen, a gland ; double glands on 
 the perianth. Nat. ord., LUiaceoe ; 
 Tribe, VeratrecB. AUied to Veratrum.) 
 Hardy, North American, herbaceous peren- 
 nials. Seeds, and division of the plant in spring ; 
 . a moist, shady peat-border. 
 Z. bractea'tus. U. Cream. May. 1811. Syn., 
 Helonia3 bracteata. B. M. 1. 1703. 
 
 — cammuta'ttis. 1. Cream. June. 1811. Syn., 
 
 Hdonias glaberrima. B. M. 1. 1680. 
 
 — e'legans. 1. White. May. 1828. 
 
 — Fremo'nti. 1. Creamy. California. 1871. 
 
 — glabe'rrimus. 1. Cream. June. 1811. 
 
 — hy'bridus. See Melartthium hybridum. 
 
 — matwieus. 2. Brown. June. 1811. 
 
 — Nutta'Ui. J-1. White. June. Texas and 
 
 California. Gfl. 1. 1121, flg. 2. 
 
 — virgi'nicus. See Melanihium virginitywm. 
 
 ZygOCOlax. (From Zygopetalum 
 and Colax, between which genera this is 
 , a hybrid. Nat. ord., OrcMdew.) 
 
 For culture, see Zygopetalum. 
 Z.Yei'tchii. 1. Greenish-yellow, blotched pur- 
 plish-brown ; lip pale yellow with violet- 
 purple stripes. A hybrid between Colax 
 jiMosus ana Zygopetalum erinitum. See 
 G. C. 1887, i. p. 765. 
 
 Zygope'talum. (From zygos, a 
 yoke, 3,Tm petalon, a petal ; the union of 
 the bases of the petals and sepals. Nat. 
 ord., Orchidex; Tribe, Vandex-Cyrtopo- 
 diece. ) 
 
 Stove orchids, grown in pots. See Ouchids. 
 Z. africa'num. B. M. t. 3812. A synonym of 
 Odontoglos8it/m bictonianse. 
 
 — aroma'tiewm. White, blue. Chiriqui. 1867. 
 
 Syn., Wa/rsceiimzella aromatica. 
 
 — Backhousia'num. Purplish-violet, cream, sul- 
 
 phur. Ecuador. 1887. Syn., Pescatorea 
 Bacikhousdwna. 
 
 — Bemmui'ntii. Creamy- white, purplish- violet, 
 
 yellow. Brazil. 1850. Syns., Bate- 
 mannia Becnimontii and Galeottia Beau- 
 montii. 
 
 Z. be'llum. Pale violet, yellowish, brown. 
 Columbia, 1878. Syn., Pescatorea 
 bella. 
 
 — brachype'talum. Brown, green, bluish- violet. 
 
 October. Brazil. 1844. 
 
 stenope^talum. Brownish-purple, green, 
 
 violet, white. 1888. Gfl. t. 1277. 
 
 — Bu'rkei. Green, brown ; lip white, crimson. 
 
 Guiana. 1883. Warn. Orch. Alb. 
 1. 142. 
 
 — ca'ndidum. }. White, rosy- and bluish- 
 
 purple. Bahia. Syns., Hv/ntleya can- 
 diday Warrea Candida and Warsceiinc- 
 zella ca/ndida. 
 
 — cerinum. 1. Pale straw-colour, yellow. 
 
 Chiriqui. 1861. Fl. Ser. 1. 1816. Syns., 
 Muntteya cerina, B. M. t. 5598, and Pes- 
 catorea cerina. 
 
 — citri'num. Deep yellow, crimson. Late 
 
 summer. Brazil: 1838. Syns., Maml- 
 la/ria dtrina and Promenoea eitrina. 
 
 — Cla'yi. Deep purplish-brown, green, violet- 
 
 purple. 1876. A hybrid between Z. 
 erinitum and Z. ma/xillare. Flor. Mag. 
 new ser. t. 267. 
 
 — coehlea're. White, blue. West Indies. B. 
 
 M. t. 3585. 
 
 — caeUete. Pale blue, mauve, yellowish. June. 
 
 Columbia. 1878. Syn., BoUea ceelestis, 
 B. M. t. 6458. Greenhouse. 
 
 — Crepeau'seii. Dark red, yellow ; lip white, 
 
 violet. BrazU. 1887. 
 
 — crini'to-maxUla're. A garden hydrid. Gar- 
 
 den, xxxviii, p. 43. 
 
 — crini'tum. Green, brown ; lip white, yellow. 
 
 November. Brazil. 1829. B. C.t.l687. 
 Syns., Z. Uackayi var. erinitum, B. M. 
 t. 3402, and Z. stenochilum. B. C. 
 1. 1923. 
 coeru'lm,m. Veined with bright blue. , 
 
 — Da/ya'num. White, green, violet. Columbia. 
 
 1873. Syn., Pescatorea Daywna. 
 
 candi'dulum. White, purplish. Co- 
 lumbia. 1875. Syn., Pescatorea Dayama, 
 var. candidvXa. 
 
 rhoda'emm. Sepals and petals with pur- 
 
 ?lish-rose tips. September. 1874. Syn., 
 *escatorea Dayana, var. rhodacra. 
 
 sple'ndens. White, chocolate-purple. 
 
 Columbia. 1875. 
 
 — discolor. Straw-colour, purple, yellow. Cen- 
 
 tral America. Syns., Warrea discolor, 
 B. M. t. 4830, and Warscemczella dis- 
 color. 
 
 — Dormamnia'num. White, pale sulphur. Co- 
 
 lumbia? 1881. Syn., Pescatorea Dor- 
 marmiana. 
 
 — euglo'ssum. Lilac. Ecuador. 1877. Syn., 
 
 Pescatorea euglossa. 
 
 — expa'nswm. Green, brown. Ecuador? 1878. 
 — JiTubria'tum. i. Whit«, purple. Syn., Pes- 
 catorea fimbriata. Gfl. 1. 1008. 
 
 — forcipa'tum. Whitish-ochre, brick-red, purple. 
 1883. 
 
 — Gairia'num. Violet, black-purple, rose. 1879. 
 
 Syn., Pescatorea Gairuma. 
 
 — Gautie'ri. Green, brown, white, purple. 
 
 Brazil. 1868. 
 
 — gdmma. White. Columbia. 1874. Syn., 
 
 Eefersteinia gemma. 
 
 — Oibe^zice. White, violet. Lind. 1. 181. 
 
 — grami'neum. Yellow, brown. November. 
 
 Popayan. 1844. Syn.,Kefersteiniagra- 
 minea. B. M. t. 5046. 
 
 — hemixa'nthwm. White ; lip yellow. New 
 
 Grenada. Syn., Bollea heTUixantha. 
 
 — interme'dium. Green, blue, purple. Novem- 
 
 ber. Brazil. 1844. 
 
 — Jorisia'nwm. Venezuela. 1800. Lind. t. 237. 
 
 — Elaboch&rum. White, chocolate, yellow. 
 
 Tropical America. 1879. Syn., Pesca- 
 torea Klabochorum. 
 
ZYG 
 
 [ 1039 ] 
 
 ZYG 
 
 Z. Klabocho'rum burforde^nsie. Flower darker. 
 
 1879. 
 ornati'ssinmm. A variety tipped with 
 
 deep maure-purple. 1884. 
 
 — la'cteum. White. Chiriqui. 1872. Syn., 
 
 Kefersteinia lactea. 
 
 — Lali'mUi. Bright light violet, yellow. Co- 
 
 lumbia. 1874. Syn., BoUea Latindei. 
 B. M. t. 6331. 
 
 — lamello'suTn. 1. White, yellow, brown. 
 
 August. Columbia. 1876. Syn., Pes- 
 catorea Iwmellosa. B. M. t. 6240. 
 
 — Irnninaltum. Light yellow ; lip white ; 
 
 column yellowish with green spots. 1886. 
 
 — Lawrencealnwm, White, yellow, violet. 1878. 
 
 Syn., BoUea Lawrenceana. 
 
 — Lehma'nni. 1. White, reddish- and mauve- 
 
 purple. Ecuador. Syn., Peseatorea 
 Lehmanni. Warn. Orch. Alb, t. 67. 
 
 — lentigino'sum. Green, purple. July. Brazil. 
 
 1843. Syn., Pr&menxa leniimnosa. 
 
 — leopardi'num. Greenish-yellow, orown ; Up 
 
 purplish-mauve, ochre. Garden hybrid. 
 1886. 
 
 — Idnde'nia. Pale rose, white. Venezuela. 
 
 Lind. t. 276. 
 
 — lu'eidum. Light brown, purple, bright green, 
 
 orange, lilac, white. British Guiana. 
 1889. 
 
 — Macka'yi. Yellowish-green, brownish-purple, 
 
 white, blue. Brazil. 182B. B. M. t. 2748. 
 
 Syn., Bulophia Mackaitma. B. B. 
 
 1433. Greenhouse. 
 
 crini'tum. See Z. crinitwm, 
 
 interme'dium. A variety with paler 
 
 coloured flowers. 
 
 — marginal turn. White, crimson. Columbia. 
 
 Syns., Warrea quadrata and W. margi- 
 nata. 
 
 — maxllla're. Green, chocolate, bluish-purple. 
 
 September. S. America. 1829. B. M. 
 t. 3686. Greenhouse. ' 
 
 — Melea'gris. Pale yellow, purplish - brown, 
 
 white. June. Brazil. Syns., Bate- 
 mannia MeUagris and Hwntleya Uelea- 
 gris. B. E. 1839, t. 14. 
 alMdo-fu'lvum. Tawny, white, rose, yel- 
 lowish-green. Brazil. 1868. Syn., 
 Hvmtleya albido-fulva. 
 
 — micro'pterum. White, crimson, purple. Syn., 
 
 Prmnenaea microptera. 
 
 — Uurrya'nmn. Greenish, white, purple, yellow. 
 
 Organ Mountains. 1837. B. M. t. 3674. 
 
 — mystaei'nvm. YeUowish-green, white, purple. 
 
 Columbia. 1881. Syn., Keferstemia 
 jnyetaeina. 
 
 — oUusa'tum. Green, brown, violet. 
 
 — pa'llens. Pale mauve, greenish-yellow, ochre, 
 
 brownish-purple. 1881. Syn., BoUea 
 paUens. 
 
 — Pati'nii. Blue, yellow. Columbia. 1874. 
 
 Syn., Botlea Patinii. 
 
 — pentachro'mum. Green, dark brown ; lu) 
 
 white, mauve. Hybrid between Z. 
 MackayiSi,ndZ.7naxUlare. 1885. Green- 
 house. . 
 
 — vi'ctum. Straw - colour, yellowish - white, 
 
 purple, greenish. 1883. Syn., Warsce- 
 wiczella picta. .... t, ., 
 
 Bivie'rii. Green, brown, white, mac. Brazil. 
 
 1873 
 
 — Ro^zlii. ' White, violet. Ecuador. 1874. 
 
 Svn., Peseatorea Roezlii. 
 
 — Solliss'o'ni. Pale yeUow, whitish. Autumn. 
 
 Brazil. 1838. Syns., Maoallana Rottis- 
 soni, B. R. 1838, t. 40, and Promeniea 
 RoUissoni. , . , , 
 
 _ rostra- turn. Whitish, green, browTush-purple. 
 September. Guiana. 1827. B. m. 
 t 2819 Syn., Zygosepalum rostratum. 
 
 — Ruckeka'num. White, purple, green, yellow. 
 
 1886. 
 
 Z. Russelia'rmm. Purplish-rose. Tropical Ame- 
 rica. 1878. Syn., Peseatorea Musseliami. 
 
 — Sanderia'nvm. Green, brovra, bluish-purple. 
 
 1883. Gfl. t. 1287. 
 
 — sa/nguimoWntum. Pale straw-colour or 
 
 greenish, blood-red, dark purple. Carac- 
 cas. Syn., Kefersteinia sanguimolenta. 
 
 — Sede'ni. Purplish-brown, green, bluish-purple. 
 
 Hybrid between Z. Mackayi and Z. 
 maxillare. 1874. 
 
 — stapelioi'des. Greenish-yellow, dark purple. 
 
 Summer. Brazil. 1843. Syna., Maodl- 
 laria stapelioides, B. M. t. 3877, and 
 Prormnma stapelioides. There are two 
 varieties — nigra and rubra. 
 
 — stenoehVlum. See Z. eitrinum. 
 
 — tricolor. A synonym of Aga/nisia tricolor. 
 
 — trivlmphajtis. White.blue-black. NewGrenada. 
 
 Syn., Peseatorea triumphans. 
 
 — Vei^tchii. See Zygocolax Veitchii. 
 
 — mla'ta. Cream, purple. New Grenada. 1866. 
 
 Syn., Warscewiczella velata. 
 
 — veluti'num. See Z. intermedvum. 
 
 — mola'ceum. Rich violet, greenish- yellow, 
 
 white. British Guiana. 1835. Syns., 
 BoUea violacea, HuntleyasessUiflora, and 
 H. violacea. 
 
 — Wailesia'mmt,. White or cream, violet. 
 
 Autumn. Brazil. Syns., Warrea Waile- 
 giana and Warscewiczella Wailesiana. 
 Fragrant. 
 
 — Walli'sii. White, purple. Centra) America. 
 
 1869. Syns., Peseatorea Wallisii, Fl. Ser. 
 1. 1828, and Batemannia Wallisii. 
 
 ma'jor. A variety with flowers exceeding 
 
 five inches in diameter. Costa Rica. 
 1888. 
 
 — Wendla'ndii. 'White, violet-purple. August. 
 
 Costa Rica. Gfl. 1. 1267. Syn., Warsce- 
 wiczella Wendlamdii. 
 
 di'scolor. Yellowislvgreen, white, violet. 
 
 Costa Rica. Syn., Warscewiczella Wend- 
 landii, var. discolor. Warn. Orch. Alb. 
 t. 126. 
 
 — WMtei. Creamy- white, yellow. NewGrenada. 
 
 1890. 
 
 — amthi'nwm. Yellow. Brazil. 1843. Syns., 
 
 Maxillaria xa/nthina and Promenaea 
 
 xanthina. 
 Zygophy'llttm. Bean-caper. (From 
 zyg'os, a yoke, stuiphyllon, a leaf ; leaves 
 in pairs. Nat. ord., Zygophyllacece.) 
 
 Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, and 
 from South Africa, where not otherwise men- 
 tioned. Annual, seeds in a hotbed in spring, and 
 then the plants hardened off, and placed m the 
 open border. Perennials, by cuttings of half- 
 ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in 
 heat ; sandy peat and flbry loam, with a little 
 charcoal and freestone. 
 Z. a'lbwm. 2. White. October. Canaries. 
 
 1779. Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 371. 
 
 — atriplicoi'des. America. 1837. Hardy her- 
 
 bSiCSOUs. 
 
 — cocci'neum. 3. Scarlet. Egypt. 1823. 
 
 — cordifo'lium. 6. October. 1774. 
 
 — fae'tidum. 4. June. 1790. 
 
 — insua've. i. July. 1790. B. M. t. 372. 
 
 — mamla'twm. 4. October. 1782. 
 
 — ma'jor. 4. July. Syria. 1696. Hardy her- 
 
 baceous. 
 
 — mierophy'llum. J. July. 1816. 
 
 — Mm-gsa'iM. 3. August. 1732. 
 — prostra'tum. i- July. 1810. 
 
 — sessilifo'lium. 3. July. 1713. B. M, 
 
 t. 2184. 
 
 — simplex, i. July. St.Jago. 1825. Annual. 
 
 — spathvla'twm. June. Cape Verd Islands. 
 
 1824. Stove herbaceous. 
 
 — spinel sum. 1. July. 1837. 
 
ZYG 
 
 [1040] 
 
 ZYG 
 
 Zygose'palum. (From zygos, a 
 yoke, and sepalon, a sepal ; the sepals 
 are united. Nat. ord., Orchidea; Tnbe, 
 VandecB-GyrtcypodievB.) See Zygope- 
 talum. 
 
 Z. rostra'tum. See Zygopetalum rostratuTn. 
 
 ZygOSta'teS. (From zygos, a yoke, 
 and statos, standing ; in allusion to the 
 
 two processes which stand out horizon- 
 tally from the base of the column, and 
 together somewhat resemble a yoke. 
 Nat. ord., Orchidias; Tribe, Vandece- 
 OncidiecE. ) 
 
 Stove epiphyte. Should be grown upon blocks. 
 See Orchids. 
 
 Z. Greenia'na. White, green. Brazil. 1869. 
 — luna'ta. frazil. 1837. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 ABU 
 
 Abu'tilon. 
 
 A. mo'Ue. 10-20. Pinkish-orange. Peru. Syn., 
 
 Sida moUie. B. M. t. 27S9. 
 — pi'ctum. Yellow veined with red. Uruguay. 
 
 Sra., Sida picta. B. M. t. 3840. 
 
 Aca'mpe. 
 
 A. madagascarie'nsis. White ; lip rose-purple. 
 ^"-' 1891. 
 
 Acantholi'mon. 
 
 A. androsa'ceum. J. Bed. July. Southern 
 Europe. 1813. Syn., Statice echinus. 
 Sibth. m. Gr. t. 300. 
 
 A'cer. 
 
 A, palma'twm Ao'Ki. A garden variety with 
 variegated leaves. 1892. Gfl. t. 1363. 
 
 — Trantvettdri erythroca'Tpwm. A variety vrith 
 
 red fruit. Caucasus. 1892. 
 
 Acera'nthus. (From acer, hard or 
 sharp, and anthos, flower. Nat. ord., 
 BerberidecB.) 
 
 Hardy herbaceous perennial. For culture, see 
 Epimedium. 
 
 A. diphj/niig. |. Red. May. Japan. 1830. 
 Syn,, Epimedium diphyllum. B. M. 
 t. 3448. 
 
 Achi'menes. 
 
 A. Sehee'rii. J. Purple. August. Mexico. 
 1860. Syn., Scheeria mexieana. There 
 is a variety with light blue flowers. 
 
 A'chras. (From achras, a kind of 
 wild pear. Nat. ord., Sapotacece.) 
 
 A stove evergreen tree with milky juice. 
 Cuttings. 
 
 A. Sap&ta. 60. Whitish. May. West Indies. 
 1731. B. M. tt. 811-312. Syn., Sapota 
 Achras. 
 
 Acio'tis. 
 
 A.fra'gilis. }. White. June. Trinidad. 1822. 
 Syn., Spermerafragilis. 
 
 — palvdo'sa. j. Rose. June. Brazil. 1826. 
 
 Syn., Spennerapaludosa. 
 
 — pendulifo'lia. }. Rose. March. Guiana. 
 
 1826. Syn., Spennera pendulifolia. 
 
 Aconi'tum. 
 
 A. MscMri. Blue. N. E. Asia and N. America. 
 1890. B. M. t. 7130. Syn., A. califomi- 
 cum. 
 
 Actse'a. 
 
 A. pahna'ta. A synonym of Trautvetteria 
 patmata. 
 
 Actine'Ua. 
 
 A. lana'ta is a synonj[tti of Eriophyllum cceipito- 
 smti, not Erwapermmn eeeipitoium, as 
 stated on page 13. 
 
 — scapdsa. 1. Yellow. Texas. 
 
 Ada. 
 
 A. Lehma'nni. Orange ; lip white, yellow. 
 Columbia. 1891. 
 
 Adeno'sma. (From aden, a gland, 
 and osme, smell ; the plants are fur- 
 nished with glands exhaling a mint-like 
 odour. Nat. ord., Scrophulariacece. 
 Syn., Pterostigma.) 
 
 Stove herbaceous perennial. Cuttings. Sandy 
 peat. 
 A. grandifxSrum. 3. Yiolet. Hongkong. 1846. 
 
 Syn., Pterostigma grandifimcm. B. R. 
 
 1846, 1. 16. 
 
 Adia'ntum. 
 
 A. elega/nti'ssi/mwrn. A sport from A. cuneatum. 
 G. C. 1892, xii. p. 249. Stove. 
 
 — Lamiertia'num. A variety o£ A. cuneatum. 
 
 1890. 
 
 — maerophy'llimialbostria'tum. Erondsstreaked 
 
 with creamy-white. 1892. 
 
 — ma/niea'tmm. A seedling. 1890. Gard. xxxviii. 
 
 p. 94. 
 
 .^'chmea. 
 
 jS. Fursten'bet'gii. A synonym of Streptocalyx 
 Furstenbergii. 
 
 — tUlamdsioi'des. A synonym of Portea tilland- 
 
 sioides. 
 
 Aera'nthus. 
 
 A. brachycefntron. 1. Pale yellow. Comoro 
 Islands? 1890. 
 
 Ae'rides. 
 
 A. oAwustia'nwn. Rose. Philippine Islands. 
 1890. Lind. t. 210. 
 
 — Janso'ni. A natural hybrid between A, odora- 
 
 twm and A. expansum. Burmah. G. C. 
 1890, viii. p. 66.' 
 
 — Lawrifncece Amesia'na. A richly-coloured 
 
 variety. 1891. 
 
 — macu^'sum. A synonym of Saccoldbium 
 
 spedoswm. 
 
 — Savagea'num. White, crimson-purple. 1891. 
 
 — sumn'ssvmwmhla'ndum. An unspotted variety. 
 
 1891. 
 
 .ffischyno'mene. 
 
 A, arista'ta. A synonym of Pictetia aristata. 
 
 iEi'sctllllS. Pavia is sometimes 
 united with this genus, from which, it 
 
 3x 
 
A6A 
 
 [ 1042 ] 
 
 AND 
 
 difiFers in having smooth, not spiny, 
 fruits. 
 Agape'tes. 
 
 A. Tnacra'ntha. White, yellow, red. December. 
 Moulmein. 1849. Syn., Thibaudia mac- 
 rmUha. B. M. t. 4666. 
 
 — Ma'nnii. Flowers inconspicuous. Rhasia. 
 
 1892. . 
 
 — pulche^rrima. Red, green. May. India. 
 
 1845. Syn., Thibaudia pulcherrima, B. 
 M. t. 4303. 
 
 — variega'ta. Scarlet. Khasia. 1837. Syn., 
 
 Thiba/iidia variegata. 
 
 Agari'sta. 
 
 A. nerwfo'lia. 3. Crimson. June. Brazil. 
 1861. Syns., Androfmeda Tiervi^olia and 
 Leucothoe nerOfolia^ B. M. t. 4693. 
 
 — pu'lchra. 2. Greenish - white, Caraccas. 
 
 Syn., Leucothoe pVflchra. B. M. t. 4314. 
 
 A'gave. 
 
 A. FramoH'ni. 40. Green, yellow. 1892. G. C 
 1892, xii. p. 179, fig. 31. 
 
 Agera'timi. 
 
 A. latifo'lium. A synonym of Piqu&ria latifolia 
 
 Aglaone'ma. 
 
 A, costa'tum. Leaves green, spotted and veined 
 with white. Spathe green. Perak. 1892. 
 
 Ago'nis. (From agon, a gathering ; 
 there are numerous seeds. Nat. ord., 
 Myrtacem.) 
 
 Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, or small trees. 
 A.flexuo'm. 40. White. Summer. West 
 Australia. 
 
 — margma'ta. White. Summer. West Australia. 
 
 1827. Syn., Farina stricta. B. C. 
 1. 1219. 
 
 Aizo'on. 
 
 A. ccmarie'nse. Andr. Rep. t. 201. A synonym 
 of Sesuvvwm Portulacastrwm. 
 
 Albe'rta. (In honour of Albertus 
 Magnus, a philosopher and theologian of 
 the thirteenth century. Nat. ord., 
 BubiaeecE. ) 
 
 Ornamental greenhouse or stove shrub. 
 A. -ma'gTia. Red. Fruit red, winged. Natal. 
 1891. 
 
 Albu'ca. 
 
 A. Bucham^ni. Yellow. Nyassa-land. 1892. 
 
 Alka'ima. (From the Arabic name, 
 alhanna. HaAi. ord.., Boraginece ; Tribe, 
 Borq,gem. ) 
 
 Hardy herbs. For culture, seeLiTHOSPERMUM. 
 A. orienta'lis. 2. Yellow. June. Levant. 
 1713. Syn., Lithospermum orientale, 
 B. M. t. 616. 
 
 — tmcto'ria. IJ. Blue. July. South Europe. 
 
 1596. Syn., Lithospermum tinctorium, 
 Andr. Rep. t. 676. 
 
 AUama'nda. 
 
 A. WiUia'msii. An erect variety of .4 cathartica. 
 Journ. of Hort. 1891, xxiii. fig. 14. 
 
 AUople'ctus. 
 
 A. Ly'nchei. Stem purplish. Yellow ; calyx 
 reddish. New Grenada ? 1892. B. M. 
 t. 7271. 
 
 — tigri'na. The correct name for the plant 
 
 described on p. 469 as Heintsia tigrirui. 
 
 Aloca'sia. 
 
 A. eonapi'ctia. A hybrid between A. odora and 
 A. Putzeysii. 1891. 
 
 — Du'sHi. Leaves olive -green veined with 
 
 brownish-red. 1892. 
 
 — MmlifontaMe/nsis. A hybrid between A. 
 
 Lowii and A, Swnderiana. 1891. 
 
 — Rodri^asia'na. A hybrid between .4. Thibauti 
 
 and A. Regvnai. 1891. 
 
 Aloe. 
 
 A. awranti'aca. Yellow, tinged with red. South 
 Africa. 1892. 
 
 Alo'na. 
 
 A. rostra'ta. A synonym of Oeteoearpat rostra- 
 tus. 
 
 Alo'phia. (From a, not, and lophos, 
 a crest. Nat. ord., Iridece ; Tribe, Mo- 
 rmice. ) A synonym of Herbertia. 
 
 A. Drurmno'ndii. See Serb&rtia Drummon- 
 diana. 
 
 Altema'nthera. 
 
 A. flave^scens. 1. White. July. S. America. 
 1824. Syn., Iresinejlavescens. 
 
 Aly'ssum. 
 
 A. cane'scens. White. April. Siberia. 1828. 
 Syns., Ptilotrichum canescens and P. 
 elongatum. 
 
 — podo'liffam. \. Yellow. June. Podalia. 
 
 1821. Syn,, Schivereckia podoliea, B. C. 
 1. 1720. 
 
 Amara'lia. 
 
 A. bignoniceflo'ra. 3. White, red. June. Sierra 
 Leone. 1842. Syns., Gardenia Sher- 
 boumice, B. M. t. 4044, and Sherbowmia 
 
 Ama'ryllis. 
 
 A. citri'na. A synonym of Sternbergia colchici- 
 Jlora. 
 
 — lu'tea. A synonym of Sternbergia lutea. 
 
 Amorphopha'Uus. 
 
 A. Lacou'rii. A synonym of Pseudodracontium 
 Lacourii. 
 
 — zeyla'nieus. A synonym of Synantherias syl- 
 
 vaticai B. M. t. 7190. 
 
 Ampelovi'tis. 
 
 A. interme'diu. A vine with the stem and leaf- 
 stalks covered with stout bristles. 1891. 
 
 — Bonume/ti. Leaves lobed. Grapes black. 
 
 China? 1892. 
 
 Ampho'dus. 
 
 A. ova'ius. B. E. 1. 1101. A synonym of Keiu 
 nedya ruWainda. 
 
 Anaca'mpseros. 
 
 A. Telephia' strum. J, Reddish. July. South 
 Africa. 1818. Syn., Talinum Anaeamp- 
 seros. 
 
 Andro'meda. 
 
 A. nerii/o'lia. See Agarista neriifoUa. 
 
 — speeio'sd. B. C. t. 651. A synonym of ZenoUa 
 
 speciosa, not of Pieris speoiosa, as stated 
 on p. 41. 
 
 Androsa'ce. 
 
 A. alba'na. Pinkish. April and July. E. Cau- 
 casus. 1892. 
 
 — cauca'sica. Bright pink. Summer. Caucasus. 
 
 1892. 
 
 — cyli'ndrica. Pure white. 1890. 
 
ANE 
 
 [1043] 
 
 APR 
 
 Anemo'ne. 
 
 ^. ca:fra. \\. White. S. Africa. 1890. Green- 
 house. 
 
 — thalietroVdxs. B. M. t. 866. A synonym of 
 
 Thalictrwin anemmKndes. 
 
 Angrse'cum. 
 
 A.fra'grans. White. Bourbon and Mauritius. 
 
 1891. B. M. t. 7161. The dried leaves 
 are used as tea in Bourbon. 
 
 — Obrienia'num. Greenish-white. G. C. 1892, 
 
 xi. p. 816. 
 
 Angulo'a. 
 
 A. uniflc/ra Treyera'ni. Base of lip with nu- 
 merous rosy bars. Andes. 1892. Lind. 
 t. 310. 
 
 Ano'da. 
 
 A. puni'cea. Bed. Mexico ? Syn., Sida peri- 
 ptera, B. M. t. 1644. 
 
 Anse'Uia. 
 
 A . hu'm-ilis. Lemon-yellow, marked with choco- 
 late. Zambesi. 1891. 
 
 pallida. A variety with the ground- 
 colour milk-white. 1891. 
 
 Anthe'phora. 
 
 A. dlegans. A synonym of Tripsaoum herma- 
 phroditum. 
 
 Anthu'rium. 
 
 A. Andrea'nwmWa/mhekea'num. Spathes white. 
 
 1892. lU. Hort. new ser. 1 163. 
 
 — ayigusta'tum. J. May. Trinidad. 1823. 
 
 Syn., Pathos cmgustata. 
 
 — ebu'meum. Hybrid between A. Andreanwm 
 
 and A. cmatum. 1891. 
 
 — Greyalnuyn. Hybrid between A. oma^wm 
 
 and A. Andreanum. 1892. 
 
 — Lawre'ncUe. Garden hybrid. 1892. 
 
 — Paradi'soe. Hybrid between A. Andreamwm 
 
 and A. omatum. 1891. 
 
 — RidolJUi'nwm. Spathe white ; spadix pink. 
 
 1821. 
 
 — rotundispafthvm.. Hybrid between A. An- 
 
 dreanum and A. Lindeni. 1891. HI. 
 Hort. new ser. 1. 119. 
 
 — rubrine'rmum. 2. South America. 1820. 
 
 Syn., Pathos rubrinervia. 
 
 Aphela'ndra. 
 
 A. Blanchetia'na. Leaves deep green, with 
 silvery veins. Brazil. 1888. B. M. 
 t. 7179. Syn., A. amcena. 
 
 — Hydrame'stus. 2. Yellow. May. Mexico. 
 
 1842. Syns., Hydromestus maculatus 
 and Strobilorachis glabra. 
 
 — longisca'pa. A synonym of Thyrsaeanthus 
 
 Lenmireanus. 
 
 — tetra'gona irnperia'lis. Scarlet. Central 
 
 America. 1891. Gfl. 1. 1354. 
 
 Aphlo'ia. 
 
 A. mauritia'na. 4. Yellow. July. Mauritius. 
 1823. Syn., Ludia heterophylla. 
 
 Apodoli'rion. (Nat. ord., Amaryl- 
 lidem. ) 
 
 A. lanceola'tum. 8. White. July. S. Africa. 
 1794. Syn., Gethyllis lancealata. 
 
 Appendi'cula. (Nat. ord., OrcM- 
 dew.) 
 
 A. Peyeria'na. White. Sumatra. G. C. 1891, 
 X. p. 669. 
 
 Apricot. Armeni'aea vulga'ris. 
 
 Varieties. —1 . Early Masculine. —End 
 of July. The best of the very early 
 
 Apricots. Fruit rather small, round, 
 and of a yellowish colour, tinted with 
 red on one side. 
 
 2. Large Early, or Pricoce. — Kipens 
 next in order. An oblong fruit of a 
 palish-orange colour, with a very agree- 
 able juice. 
 
 3. Blenheim, or Shipley's. — One of the 
 most useful Apricots in the kingdom ; 
 for, although inferior in flavour to the 
 Moorpark, it is a much greater bearer, 
 and a sure ripener. An oval fruit, 
 middle-sized, and of a palish lemon 
 colour. This kind is allied to the Moor- 
 park possibly a seedling from it. 
 
 4. Hemskirke. — Another of the Moor- 
 park section ; somewhat earlier. This 
 also ripens safer than the Moorpark, 
 which is a weighty consideration with 
 Northern horticulturists. A roundish 
 fruit, somewhat flattened at the crown ; 
 colour, orange and red. 
 
 5. Breda. — A well-known preserving 
 fruit, and most eligible for growing as 
 an ordinary standard in our southern 
 counties, or on any trellis device. Called 
 "Brussels" by some. A small fruit, 
 generally of a cramped or angled appear- 
 ance ; of an orange colour, and rich 
 flavoured. 
 
 6. Boyal. — A good fruit, of very rich 
 flavour, ripening just a little before the 
 Moorpark. Of a large size, oval, and of 
 an orange complexion. 
 
 7. Moorpark. — The first Apricot in the 
 kingdom, taken altogether, a full-sized 
 roundish fruit, ripening about the middle 
 of the season ; flavour first rate. No 
 garden of any pretensions is complete 
 without a Moorpark or two. 
 
 These are all that are tmly essential 
 to the amateur or the cottager. For the 
 amateur who, in a small garden, has 
 room for three only, and those distinct 
 kinds, we recommend Nos. 3, 5, and 7. 
 If four, then take Nos. 1, 3, 5, 7. If 
 five, then Nos. 1, 3, 5, 6, 7. For cot- 
 tagers, we say Nos., 3 and 7. Above all, 
 we would recommend the "Shipley's" 
 to the cottager, as being a hardier and 
 larger tree, and a much surer bearer. 
 Besides the above, there are the Black, 
 the large ea,r\y Mttsch-Musch, very sweet, 
 of the Breda section; the Orange, fitter 
 for preserving than dessert, a good 
 bearer ; the Roman, another good bearer ; 
 the Turkey, a useful late variety ; the 
 Haisha, a Syrian kind, delicious, and 
 possessing a sweet kernel. 
 
 Choice of Trees. — Those who have to 
 select, whether from stock of their o\ra, 
 or from the nursery, should first see that 
 the junction between the stock and the 
 scion is complete, and thoroughly healed. 
 
APR 
 
 [1044] 
 
 APR 
 
 If any gum or other exudation appear 
 on any stem, by all means reject the tree 
 as to present use. 
 
 Two or three years' trained trees are 
 the most eligible, and such should pos- 
 sess at least two branches on either side, 
 and a central one if possible. Care 
 should be taken to select those in which 
 the side- branches are of about equal 
 thickness. 
 
 Propagation is best done by budding. 
 Some choose the Apricot stock, or those 
 from the kernels ; others prefer the plum 
 stock ; the latter, however, has been 
 much complained of in late years. Our 
 nurserymen have what is called a " com- 
 moner" stock, which appears to be a 
 sort of wild plum, and which, in general, 
 answers pretty well. 
 
 For dwarfs, bud at eight inches from 
 the soD; for half standards, at three 
 feet ; and for standards, at five feet. 
 
 Period of Planting. — Those who wish 
 to gain time may plant successfully in 
 the first or second week of October : any 
 time, however, from that period until 
 the early part of March will do. 
 
 SoU. — A good, sound, and rather unc- 
 tuous loam is best, using a little ordinary 
 vegetable matter, but no manure, unless 
 on the surface. See Mulching. Do 
 not make the soil deeper than eighteen 
 inches. See article Stations. 
 
 Aspect. — A south aspect is best in the 
 northern parts of the kingdom; but 
 the east and west frequenuy produce 
 superior fruit in the southern counties, 
 where very warm aspects are apt to pro- 
 duce mealy fruit in not seasons. Stan- 
 dards can only be grown in our southern 
 districts, where they are sometimes very 
 
 Prolific and high-flavoured. As stan- 
 ards, they are several years in coming 
 into bearing. 
 
 Training. — The branches should be on 
 an average from six to eight inches apart, 
 
 and kept as horizontal as possible. The 
 following is a very good form ; but the 
 ordinary fan-training is very well 
 
 adapted, if care be taken to pinch over- 
 luxuriant shoots in time. 
 
 Pruning must be regulated by the 
 knowledge that, with the exception of 
 such as the Moorpark, many varieties- 
 bear chiefly on the shoots of the previous 
 year ; the Moorpark mostly on spurs two' 
 and three years old. 
 
 Summer Pruning. — Take off all fore- 
 right shoots, and others that are irregu- 
 lar and misplaced, reserving those that 
 are not too vigorous, and that will train 
 in well for next year's bearing. If done 
 early in May, the finger and thumb will 
 supersede the necessity for the knife. 
 Continue to nail the snoots to the waU, 
 as necessary, during the summer, tying- 
 down or nailing in all short-jointed, 
 weak-looking sprays, Over vigorous, 
 shoots may be stopped early in June, 
 and be thus induced to put forth more- 
 fertile laterals. 
 
 Winter Pruning had best be done as 
 soon as the leaves have fallen, though it 
 may be carried on till the buds begin to- 
 swell in March. Cut out any naked- 
 looking shoots not more than four or five 
 years old, avoiding amputation in the- 
 larger limbs, and get their places re- 
 occupied by younger and better manches. 
 Keep a leading shoot at the end of each 
 branch. Vigorous shoots of the last year 
 shorten, as far as the points seem ill- 
 ripened, weaker shoots about one third. 
 This promotes the production of laterals- 
 for next year's fruitmg, and gives a fuller 
 supply of sap to the blossom-buds. Cut 
 off gross, fore-right spurs ; but lateral 
 spurs may be retained, as they some- 
 times produce blossom-buds, as they 
 nearly always do in the Moorpark. Let, 
 also, all decaying or imperfect points be- 
 pruned off. 
 
 Espaliers are to be formed as those on 
 walls; standards only requiring dead, 
 crowded, or chafing branches to be re- 
 moved. 
 
 When an Apricot gets diseased it is- 
 much more profitable to replace it by a* 
 younger tree than to attempt its renova- 
 tion. 
 
 Gathering should not take place before 
 the fruit is dead ripe, or it will be 
 mealy. 
 
 Thinning should commence as soon a? 
 the fruit is large enough for tarts, in 
 May, or early in June ; no fruit being 
 left nearer finally than about five inches 
 to another. The thinning may be done, 
 however, twice. 
 
 Insects. — Wasps and flies are best kept 
 ofi' by a net, at least a foot from the wall. 
 See Earwig, Psedisia, and Aphis. 
 
 Mildew is often the most formidable- 
 
APT 
 
 [ 1045 j 
 
 AST 
 
 assailant of the Apricot, as it usually 
 ■arises from excess of moisture to the 
 root. Draining the border, and mixing 
 lime with the soil, has, in such cases, 
 been found efficacious as a preventive ; 
 and, at the same time, sulphur, as a 
 -weU-known and powerful antagonist of 
 the mildew, may be carefully dusted 
 •over the tree. 
 
 Protection of Blossom.— We know of 
 no fruit that more requires or deserves 
 the fostering care of the gardener than 
 -this. Blossoming, as it frequently does, 
 at the end of February or beginning of 
 March, it must expect to be rocked by 
 not only the "rude, imperious gale," 
 but, what is much more, to be subjected 
 •occasionally to a temperature of some 
 -ten or fifteen degrees of frost. We have 
 always found it the best policy to protect 
 carefully, using a rather thick covering, 
 and taking care to remove it on every 
 possible occasion. Nothing can be better 
 than a stout canvas. Some, however, 
 Tise bunting; some, ordinary garden- 
 mats ; and not a few, the fronds of 
 iems, spruce-branches, and even -wisps 
 of straw. 
 
 General maxims of culture. — First of 
 all, a sound, loamy soil, -with very little 
 manure, is most suitable. It is well, 
 nevertheless, in order to gain time, to 
 use a little generous soil, to start the 
 plant into free growth ; secondly, to 
 persist in summer stopping, in order to 
 equalize growths ; and wiirdly, after 
 •careful summer training, to remove all 
 superfluous sprays which shade the em- 
 bryo fruit buds in the end of August. 
 In addition to this, top - dressings in 
 May, and the application of liquid 
 manure, when the fruit commences the 
 last swelling, -will be found useful ad- 
 juncts of high culture. Apricot branches, 
 especially the Moorpark, are apt to de- 
 cay of a sudden, without apparent rea- 
 sons. By persisting in the tying-down 
 system, "however, a succession is ever 
 ready for any gap. 
 
 Apto'simum. 
 
 A. deprefssum. B. E. t. 1882. A synonym of 
 Ohlendorffia proewmbens. 
 
 Aqnile'gia. 
 
 A. tramisUva'niea. A synonym of A. gUmdulosa. 
 
 A'rabis. 
 
 A. nudicim'lis. 
 caidis. 
 
 A synonym of Parrya nvM- 
 
 Araehna'nthe. (From arachne, a 
 ■spider, and anthos, flower ; supposed re- 
 semblance of the flower. Nat. ord., Or- 
 <!MdecB ; Tribe, Vandem-Sarcanthece.) 
 
 Stove orchids, reqjiiring the same culture as 
 Tanda. 
 
 cinnamon ; lip white, 
 Malaya. 1888. Syn., 
 
 India. 
 
 A. be'lla. Pale ochre, 
 purplish-brown. 
 mmeralda bella. 
 
 — Cafhoa'rtii. Yellow, red, white. 
 
 1864. Syn., Vamda Cathcartii. 
 
 — Cla'rkei. Telloy, red. September. B. Hima- 
 
 layas. B. M. t. 7077. Syns., Smeralda 
 Clarkei and rtmda Clarhei. 
 
 — Lo'wii. Yellow, brown. February. Borneo. 
 
 1846. Syns., Benanthera Lovni and 
 Vanda Lowii. 
 
 , Bhodmia' na. A dwarf, brighter coloured 
 
 variety. Borneo. 1891. 
 
 — moschi'fera. Creamy -white or yellowish. 
 
 Java. Syns., Epidenctrwm Fh>s-aeri«, 
 Sencmthera mrachnites and E. Floa-ams. 
 
 Ara'lia. 
 
 A. arbo'rea. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 61. See Den- 
 dropanax arboreus. 
 
 — platanifo'lia. See Oreopanax platamfoUvm,. 
 
 Archontophce'nix. 
 
 A. Alexa'ndrce. 70. Australia. 1870. Syn., 
 Ptychosperma AlexamOrce, H. Ser. 
 1. 1916. 
 
 Arctoca'lyx. 
 
 A. Mndlicheria'nus. Fl. Ser. t. 646. A synonym 
 of Solenophora Endlicherkma. 
 
 Are'ca. 
 
 A. no'bilis. A synonym of Nephrosperma Yam, 
 Houtteana. 
 
 — seychella'rum. A synonym of Steiiemania 
 
 seychellarum. 
 
 Argyrei'a. 
 
 A. UHcefo'lia. -White. June. B. Indies. 1812. 
 Syn., Rivea tilioefolia. 
 
 Arisse'ma. 
 
 A. ennemhy'llvm. Yellow. Arabia. 1891. 
 Gfl. 1891, p. 578, flg. 103. This is pro- 
 bably the same as A. fiavum. 
 
 Aristolo'chia. 
 
 purple. 
 
 G. C. 
 
 1-lJ. Yellow. Armenia. 
 
 A synonym of Mairia 
 
 A. clypea'ta. Creamy-yellow, 
 1892, xi. p. 435, fig. 61. 
 
 — gi'goi Sturteva'ntii. A variety with very large 
 
 flowers. 1891. 
 
 Ame'bia. 
 
 A. Tnacrothj/rsa. 
 1891. 
 
 A'mica. 
 
 A. crena'ta. B. C. t. 901. 
 crenata. 
 
 A'rum. 
 
 A. crini'tum. See Helicodieeros arimtui. 
 
 — Dracu'Ticvlus. See DracuncuVw vutgaris. 
 
 — sylva'tiewm. A synonym of Syntmtlwrias 
 
 sylvatiea. 
 
 — syri'acum. Blackish-purple, green. Syria. 
 
 . 1891. 
 A. divarica'tum, orixe^nse, and trUoba'twm aie 
 now included in Typhonium, which see. 
 
 A'sarum. 
 
 A. cavidi'gerwm. Leaves green; petioles green 
 and brown. S. Giina. 1890. B. M. 
 t. 7126. 
 
 Asti'lbe. 
 
 A. chinelnsit. Hose. September. China. 1892. 
 
 Astrolo'ma. 
 
 A. Ivngffio'rwm, Bed. April.. A^stralia. Syn., 
 Stewmthera eUiata,. , 
 
ASY 
 
 [ 1046 ] 
 
 BOM 
 
 Asysta'sia. 
 
 A, idlla. White, with red lines. May. Natal. 
 1869. Syn., Mackaya tella. 
 
 — quate'ma. White. May. Siena Leone. 
 
 1845. Syn., Henfreya scandens. 
 
 — Thyrsaea'ntha. 2. White, purple. April. 
 
 Bbotan. 1857. Syn., ThyrsaearAhus 
 indieM, B. M. t. 6062. 
 
 — va'ria. 1. Mauve, brown. Zululand. 1892. 
 
 Ata'ccia. 
 
 A. crista'ta, A synonym of Tacca cristata. 
 
 Atrapha'xis. 
 
 A. buxifdlius. H. White. July. Siberia. 
 
 1800. Syns., Polygonwm crispulum and 
 
 Tra^opyrum buixifolium. 
 —frute/sccTis. 2. Fink. July. Siberia. 1778. 
 
 Syn., ^ragopyrum Itmceolatvjm. 
 
 A'triplex. 
 
 A. nwm/mvZa'ria. 10. Silvery -white. Australia. 
 1890. 
 
 B. 
 Bahi'a. 
 
 B. lana'ta. i-1. Yellow. May. N. America. 
 B. R. 1. 1167. Syn., Eriophyllum ccespi- 
 toswm. 
 
 — oppoiitifo'lia. 1. Yellow. Syn., Eriophyllum 
 
 oppositifoUum. 
 
 Bake'ria of Seemann. (Nat. ord., 
 Araliaceos. ) A synonym of Plerandra. 
 
 B. vitie'jms. A synonym of Plerandra vitiensis. 
 
 Balsami'ta. 
 
 B. vulga'ris. A synonym of Tanacetum Balsa- 
 mita. 
 
 Barbace'nia. 
 
 B. squama'ta. B. M. t. 4136. A synonym of 
 Vellozia squamata. 
 
 Barringto'nia. 
 
 B. ind'gnis. Yellow, red. Java. 1861. Syn., 
 Stravadium insigne. 
 
 Basella. 
 
 B. tubero'sa. A synonym of Ullucus tuberosus. 
 
 Ba'tschia. 
 
 B. longijio'ra. See Pentalophus longifiorus. 
 
 Baiihi'nia. 
 
 B. Salpi'ni. Crimson. Transvaal. 1891. Ic. 
 PI. 1. 1994. 
 
 Beaufo'rtia. 
 
 B, spa'rsa. B. M. t. 7231. 
 
 Bego'nia. 
 
 B. bi! color. Bright rose. Mexico. 1891. 
 
 — cirmabari'na albomtta'ta. Petals striped with 
 
 white. 1892. 
 
 — defcora. Pink. Perak. 1892. 
 
 — JDiwha'rtrei. Hybrid between B. eehinosepala 
 
 and S, Scharjiana. 
 
 — gloMCoiphy'Ua. Brazil. B. M. t. 7219. 
 
 — piclaiMnsis. Hybrid between B. Scharfflana 
 
 and B. metallica. 1891. 
 
 — ro'ieo^mulii/lo'm. A variety of B. aetnper- 
 
 florens. 1892. 
 
 Belemea'nda. 
 
 B. ehvndntie. 2. Yellow, red. June. China. 
 1769. Syns., Ixia chineneie and Par- 
 danthuB chineneie. 
 
 Bigelo'via. (After Dr. Jacob Bige- 
 low, an American botanist. Nat. ord., 
 Compositce. ) 
 
 B. Howa'rdii. Yellow. Syn.,Lino8yri8Howardii. 
 — n/uda'ta. 1-2. Yellow. Septembei:. New- 
 Jersey. 
 — panicula'ta. Yellow. California. 
 
 Bigno'nia. 
 
 B. buccinato'ria. Crimson, yellow. July. French 
 Guiana. Syns., B. cherere of B. R. 
 t. 1301, and Pithecoctenium buccinato- 
 
 Billbe'rgia. 
 
 p. 821. 
 
 See also Quesnelia^ 
 
 B. interme'dia. Hybrid between B. mttans and 
 B. vittata. 1891. 
 
 — leodi^nsis. Hybrid between B. vittata and 
 
 B. nutans. 1891. 
 
 — Wittmackia'na. Hybrid between B. vittata 
 
 and B. amoena. 1891. 
 
 Blanfo'rdia. 
 
 B. corda'ta. Andr. Rep. t. 343. See Galax 
 aphylla. 
 
 Bloome'ria. 
 
 B. au'rea. 1. Yellow. July. California. 1869. 
 Syn., Nothoscordum aureum. 
 
 Boma'rea. (Derivation not ex- 
 plained. Nat. ord., Amari/lHclecE / 
 Tribe, Alstromeriem.) 
 
 Half-hardy twiners with handsome flowers. 
 For culture see Alstromeria. 
 B. acutiifo'lia. 9. Red, yellow. September.- 
 Mexico. Syn., Mstromeria acutyfotia. 
 
 Ehrenbergia'na. Red, yellow, bro\\Ti.. 
 
 Spring. Mexico. 1879. B. M. t. 6444. 
 
 puneta'ta. See B. multiAora. 
 
 bogottlmie. Crimson, black, green. Co- 
 lumbia. 1872. 
 
 — Bred&meyera'na. See B. multijlora. 
 
 — Caldasia'Tia. Orange-yellow, with crimson 
 
 spots. Andes of Peru. 1863. Syn., 
 Alstrimi&ria Caldasii. B. M. t. 6442. 
 
 — Carde'ri. Rose, purple-brown. November. 
 
 Columbia. 1876. Flor. Mag. new ser. 
 t. 239. 
 
 — chvntalfinsie. See B. edalis, var. chontalcTisie. 
 
 — confe/rta. See B. patacocensis. 
 
 — densifo'ra. See B. tomentosa. 
 
 — e'duas. 6. Pink, green, claret-brown. July.. 
 
 Tropical America. 1820. Syns., Alstrd- 
 meria edulis^ Andr. Rep. t. 649, and A. 
 Saleilla, B. M. 1. 1613. 
 
 — chontale'neie. Rose, yellow, brown.. 
 
 August. Nicaragua. 1871. Syn., B. 
 chontalensiSf B. M^ t. 5927. 
 
 ova'ta. Red, green. Chili. 1824. Syns., 
 
 B. hirtella, S. ovata, and Alstromeria 
 ovata, B. M. t. 2846. 
 
 — frt^ndea. Reddish-brown, bright yellow. New" 
 Grenada. 1882. 
 
 — hirtellla. See B. edvXis, var. ovata. 
 
 — FaUreye'ri. Reddish-brown, bright yellow 
 
 with claret-brown spots. New Grenada. 
 1883. 
 
 — multiMo'ra. Orange, brown. September. 
 
 New Grenada. 1829. Syns., B. Brede- 
 meyeriama, Fl. Ser. t. 2316, and B. acuti- 
 foliaf var. puTictata. 
 
 — oliga'ntha. Reddish, yellow, claret. Peru. 
 
 1877. 
 — ' ova'ta. See B. edulis, var. oiiata. 
 
 — patacoce^mis. Bright red, yellow. October. 
 
 Andes of Ecuador and New Grenada,. 
 1882. B. M. t. 6692. Syn., B. conferta,. 
 
 — pudibUf'nda. Pink. N. S. Wales. 1866. 
 
BOT 
 
 [ 1047 ] 
 
 CAL 
 
 A. ro'sea. Pale red, greenish-yellow. Andes of 
 
 S. America. SyD., B. simplex. B. M. 
 t. 3863. 
 
 — Salsi'lla. Mauve-purple. June. Chili. Syns., 
 
 Alstromeria SalsUla of Linnsens and A. 
 oculata, B. C. 1. 1851. A. Salsilla of B. M 
 1. 1613 IS B. edulis. 
 
 — Shuttlew&rthii. Reddish, yellow, green, red- 
 
 dish-brown. Andes of New Grenada. 
 1882. 
 
 — si'mplex. See B. rosea. 
 
 — soro'ria. Rose spotted with carmine, green 
 
 spotted with brown. S. America. 1892. 
 111. Hort. new ser. 1. 145. 
 
 — tomento'sa. Yellow, red. Andes of S. Amer. 
 
 1866. Syn., B- densiflora, B. M. t. 5631. 
 
 — vitelli'na. Bright yellow. New Grenada. 
 
 1882. 
 
 — Willia'msice. Pink, white, spotted with dark 
 
 purple, greenish. New Grenada. 1882. 
 
 Bottinse'a. 
 
 B. thysanotoi'dfs. 1. White. March. Chili. 
 
 1829. B. M. t. 3084. Syn., Antherieum 
 plumoswn. 
 
 Boucero'sia. 
 
 B. incama'ta. 1. Flesh-colour. June. South 
 Africa. 1793. Syn., Piaranthus incar- 
 ncUus. 
 
 — mamTnilla'ris. Brown, June. South Africa. 
 
 1774. Syn., Puiranthus mammillaris. 
 
 Bourre'ria. 
 
 B. divarUa'ta. 15. Havana. 1820. Syn., Ehretia 
 divaricata. 
 
 — la'xa. White. Madagascar. Syn., Ehretia 
 
 laxa. Jacq. H. Schoenb. t. 41. 
 
 Boutelo'ua. 
 
 B. racemo'sa. }. August. S. Europe. 1768. Syn., 
 Atheropogon aplvmdes. 
 
 Brachycarpse'a, 
 
 B. va'rians. 6. Purple. July. 
 Q., Poh 
 
 1713. Syn., 
 
 South Africa. 
 'olygala bracteolata. 
 
 Brachychi'ton. 
 
 B. Bidwi'Uii is a synonym of StercuUa Bidwillii. 
 
 — diversifo'lium is a synonym of StercuUa diver- 
 
 sifolia. 
 
 Brachylse'na. 
 
 B. elli'ptica. 8. Purple. South Africa. 1816. 
 Syn., TarchonanthTis ellipticus. 
 
 — nerHfo'lia. Yellow. August. South Africa. 
 
 1752. Syn., T<mrehonanthus dentatus. 
 
 Brachylo'ma. 
 
 B. eUia'tum. 3. White. June. Australia. 1826. 
 Syn., lAssanthe cilia,ta, 
 
 — daphnoi'des. 3. White. June. Australia. 
 
 1818. Syns., Lissanthe daphnoides, B. C. 
 t. 466, and L. stellata. 
 
 Brachyscy'pha. 
 
 B. undula'ta. J. White. February. South 
 Africa. 1790. S^i^a., Lachenalia pusiUa, 
 Jacq. Ic. t. 685, Massonia scdbra and M. 
 wndulata. 
 
 Braehyste'phium. 
 
 B. Imeanthermi'des. i. White. July. Australia. 
 1823. Syn., Pyrethrum diversifolvmn. 
 B. R. 1. 1025. 
 
 Brassa'vola. 
 
 B. Vigbya'na is now known as Lielia Digbyana. 
 
 — glau'ca is now known as Lixlia glauea. 
 
 Bra'ssica. Sina'pis is now a syno- 
 nym of this genus. 
 
 Bra'ya. 
 
 B.pwrpmra'aeens. i. Purplish. May. Melville 
 Island. 1827. Syn., PlatypetaJum pur- 
 purascens. 
 
 Bro'wnea. 
 
 B. Crawfo'rdii. A hybrid between B. grandiceps 
 and B. macrophylla. 
 
 — er^cta and pri/nceps are synonyms of Talisia 
 
 princep^. 
 
 Buekle'ya. (Nat. ord., Santalacem.) 
 B. distichophy'lla. 10. Greenish. North Amer. 
 1890. Gard. and For. iii. p. 237, fig. 37. 
 
 Buddle'ia. 
 
 B. Colvi'Uei. Rose. Himalayas. G. C. 1892, xii, 
 p. 186, fig. 32. 
 
 Bulbophjrllum. 
 
 B. a'nceps. Yellowish, purple, white. Borneo. 
 1892. Lind. t. 351. 
 
 — eomo'sv/m. White. Burmah. 1822. 
 
 — dentiimlii'tuTn. Yellowish. Sierra Leone. 
 
 1891. 
 
 — e/legans. Rosy-purple. Ceylon. 1892. 
 —fa'llax. |. Dark purple. Assam. 1889. 
 
 — infla'tum. Greenish-yellow. Sierra Leone. 
 
 1891. 
 
 — lemniscatoi'des. Purple, green. Java. 1890. 
 
 — nigripe'talum. Yellowish, purplish-black. 
 
 West Tropical Africa. 1891. 
 
 — Obrienia'num. Yellow vrith dark reddish- 
 
 purple spots. Himalayas. 1892. 
 
 — suavi'ssimum. Pale yellow. Upper Burmah. 
 
 c. 
 Ca'eabus. 
 
 C. prostra'tv^. Blue. Peru. Syn., Physalis 
 prostrata, Andr. Rep. t. 76. 
 
 Cacci'nia. (After Signer Caccini, 
 an Italian. Nat. ord., CoTuvpositw.) 
 C. glau'ca. Blue. Persia. 1883. 
 
 Ca'ctus. 
 
 C. myriosti'gma is now referred to Astrophytum 
 myriostigma. 
 
 Calade'nia. Syn., Leptoceras. 
 C.fimbria'ta. Yellow. May. West Australia. 
 Syns., Leptoceras flmbriata and L. pecti- 
 nata. 
 
 — Menziefsii. Yellow. May. West Australia. 
 
 Syn., Leptoceras ohlonga. 
 
 Cala'dium. 
 
 C. ada/manti!num. Leaves dark green, veined 
 and dotted with white. Peru. 1891. 
 m. Hort. new ser. t. 132. 
 
 — medioraMa'tum. Leaves dark green ; midrib 
 
 and its two chief branches silvery -white. 
 Columbia. 1891. 111. Hort. new ser. 
 1. 128. 
 
 — sagittaltvmj. Leaves dark peen, midrib 
 
 feathered with red. Brazil. 1891. 111. 
 Hort. new ser. 1. 138. 
 
 Calampe'lis. 
 
 C. sca'bra ro'sea is a variety of Eceremocarpus 
 scaber with orsuige-red flowers. 1891. 
 
 Calandri'uia. 
 
 C. polya'ndra. Purple. August. Australia. 
 1863. Syn., Taiinum polyandrum. B. M, 
 t. 4833. 
 
CAL 
 
 [ 1048 ] 
 
 CER 
 
 Cala'nthe. 
 
 C. Eyerma'nii. A hybrid between C. vestita and 
 C. Veitohii. 1891. 
 
 — Icibro'sa. Yellowish-brown, puiple. Moul- 
 
 mein. 1879. Syn., Xiimatodes labroea. 
 
 — MyUsii. White; Up white, tinged with 
 
 lemon in the throat. A hybrid. 1890. 
 Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 402. 
 
 — Sa/nieria'na. 2. Lilac ; lip darker. E. Tropi- 
 
 cal Africa. 1892. 
 
 — vesti'ta Foumie'rii. A small-flowered Tariety. 
 
 Borneo. 1892. 
 
 — vi'ridi-fu'sca. A synonym of Tainia latifolia. 
 
 Ca'Ua. 
 
 C. Pentla'ndi. See Eiohardia Pentlandi. 
 
 Qalliste'xnon. 
 
 C. macrosta'chyum. A synonym of Eunzea 
 Baxteri. 
 
 Calocho'rtus. 
 
 C. amae'nns. Deep rosy-pink or purple. July. 
 1892. 
 
 — Kmme^dyi. Bright scarlet, black. July. Cali- 
 
 fornia. 1892. B. M. t. 7264. 
 
 Calosa'nthes. 
 
 C. i'ndica. The correct name of this is Oroxylum 
 iibdicum. 
 
 Calotha'mnus. 
 
 C. smigui'neus. Red. May. Swan Eiver. Syn., 
 Canotha/mnvs erioearpus. 
 
 Calpu'mia. 
 
 C. robinioi'dei. S. Africa. Syn., RoMnia ca- 
 pensis. 
 
 Calyco'pteris. 
 
 C.fioribu'nda. 6. Yellow, green. India. 1815. 
 Syn., Qetoniafloriiwnda. 
 
 — nu'tatis. 6. India. 1816. Syn,, Getonia nu- 
 
 tans. 
 
 Calydo'rea. 
 
 C. ipeeio'sa. 1. Blue. June. Chili. 1836. 
 Syn., Sisyrinchium speeuawm. B. M. 
 t. 3544. 
 
 Campa'uea. 
 
 C. Bwmbo'ldtii. 3. Green, purple. Central 
 America. 1863. Syn., Bhytidophylhim 
 Sumboldtii. 
 
 — Oerste'dii. 2. Green, purple. Central Amer. 
 
 1852. Syn., SJkytidophyllum Oerstedii. 
 
 Campa'nula. 
 
 C exd'sa. July. Switzerland. 1891. 
 
 — IMie'jms. 3. Blue. China. 1846. Syn., 
 
 Platycodon smense. Lem. Jard. Fl. 
 t. 260. 
 
 — Spe'eulum. See Prismatocarpm Speculum. 
 
 — Wanndri. See Sym^hyandra Wanneri. 
 
 Cansco'ra. Syn., Pladera. 
 C. Pari'ehii. 2. White. Moulmein. 1864. B. M. 
 t. 5429. 
 
 Oaragua'ta. 
 
 C. Belea'na. 2. White. Rev. Hort. 1891, p. 114, 
 flg. 27. 
 
 Carallu'ma. 
 
 C.emnpcmulalta. Brownish -purple. Ceylon. 
 1892. B. M. t. 7274. 
 
 Ca'rex. 
 
 C. gra'eilie. Japan, India and Australia. 1892, 
 
 Carludo'vica. 
 
 C. mierope^tala. Pale yellow. Costa Rica. 1892 
 B. M. t. 7263. 
 
 Catakidoza'mia. 
 
 C. Madea'yi. A synonym of Maerozamia Permt- 
 skiana. 
 
 Catase'tum. 
 
 C. Leichtenstei'nii. Green, brown. 1892. i 
 
 Ca'ttleya. 
 
 0. Alexa'ndroe. Dull brown ; lip rosy-purple. 
 Brazil. 1892. 
 
 — Ame!swe. Garden hybrid. 1891. 
 
 — emuxfna. Garden hybrid. Orch. 1891, p. 273. 
 
 — mi'rea Statt&rialna. Syn., C. Statterutna, 
 
 1892. 
 
 — BataWnii. Eosy-purple, whitish, deep rose. 
 
 Brazil. 1892. 
 
 — Blese'nsis. Garden hybrid. 1892. 
 
 — Burierrya'na. Garden hybrid. 1892. 
 
 — eri'spa delieati'ssima. White, mauve-purple. 
 
 S. Brazil. 1891. Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 424. 
 
 — Qaskellia'na speclo'sa. White, rose-purple. 
 
 1891. 
 
 — grandyi<^ra,. A synonym of Sophronitis gran- 
 
 diflora. 
 
 — Mardiya'ruxi Gardenia'na. Rose, yellow, ma- 
 
 genta-purple. 1892. liind. t. 363. 
 Lavemnd'Mit. Eosy-purple. 1891. 
 
 — interrof^dia punctati's^ma. Pale rose, deep 
 
 purple. S. Brazil. 1891. Rchb. ser. 2, 
 t. 24. 
 
 — labia'ta mwrmora'ta. A mottled variety, 
 
 known in some gardens as C. Wmneri. 
 1892. 
 Sandelrix. Whitish, deep crimson. 1892. 
 
 — leueoglo'ssa. Garden hybrid. 1892. 
 
 — L(mrya'na. A supposed hybrid. 1891. 
 
 — Minada. Garden nybrid. 1892. 
 
 — Mo'sbUb delcora. A form with lip yellowish 
 
 veined with magenta-purple. La Guayra. 
 ■ 1891. Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 421. 
 
 — Owenia'na. Creamy-white, crimson, gold. 
 
 1892. 
 
 — Parthe!nia. Garden hybrid. 1891. Lind. 
 
 t. 276. 
 
 — Phi'lo and var. albifio'ra. Garden hybrids. 
 
 1892. 
 
 — pri'ncepa. A variety of C Scfto/ieMicma. 1892. 
 
 — Schrdderia'na Leyswoode^nsia. White, orange. 
 
 1892. 
 
 — speciosi'ssima Sandena'na. Pure white. 1892. 
 
 — Statteria'na. See C. aurea, var. Statteriana. 
 
 — Feda'sti. Garden hybrid. Orch. 1891, p. 48. 
 
 — VicMricH^egi'na. Beddish ; lip white, crim- 
 
 son. Brazil. 1892. 
 
 — Warocquea'na amethy'stina. Eosy-purple, 
 
 orange, maroon. 1891. Lind. I. 268. 
 
 Cautle'ya. 
 
 C. apica'ta. 1. Purple. June. NepauL 1820. 
 Syn., Boscoea spicata. 
 
 Geano'thus. 
 
 C. la'niger. See Pomaderria lanigera. 
 
 Cela'strus. 
 
 C. pyraca'nthua is a, synonym of Putterlushia 
 pyracantha. 
 
 Centrose'ma. 
 pylus. 
 
 Cera'stinm. 
 
 C. deca'lvcma. White. 
 
 See Siphocam- 
 
 June. Cervia. 1892. 
 
 Ceratosti'gma. 
 
 C. plvmbagmoi'dea. 2. Blue. July, China. 
 1846. Syn,, PluMiago Larpentce. 
 
CER 
 
 [ 1049 ] 
 
 CRO 
 
 Ce'rbera. 
 
 C imclMla'ta. See Ochrosia borbcmica. 
 
 Ce'reus. 
 
 C. Sargentia'nus. 16. Pink. Lower California. 
 1891. 
 
 Chsetothylax. 
 
 C eustachya'na. Bed, yellow:. Summer. W. 
 Indies. Syn., Jufitida evstachiarM. B. 
 M. t. 2076. 
 
 Chamsedo'rea. 
 
 C. sloloni'fera. S. Yellow. S. Mexico. 1892. 
 B. M. t. 7265. 
 
 Chamseli'liiun. Seloniaslutea&nd. 
 H. pumila are now included in this 
 genus. 
 
 Chamse'rops. 
 
 C. hj/strix. See JRJiaphidophyllum hyitrix. 
 
 — Martia'na. See Traehycarpus khasyanus. 
 
 Cheira'nthera. 
 
 C. parviflo'ra. Purple. W. Australia. 1892. 
 B. M. t. 7261. 
 
 Cheiro'stylis. 
 
 C. mamwra'ta is a synonym of Dossinia marmo- 
 rata. 
 
 Chionodo'xa. 
 
 A hybrid has been raised between C. Lucilioe 
 and Sdlla Infotia. 
 
 C. Imei'luB AWni. Blue, white, pink. March. 
 Mount Taurus. 1892. 
 
 Chiri'ta. i 
 
 C. depr^ssa. Purple. China. 1892. B. M. 
 t. 7213. 
 
 Chiro'nia. 
 
 C. angustifo'lia, C. decusea'ta, and C fruU'acms 
 are synonyms of Orphiumfrutescens. 
 
 CMorophytum. 
 
 C. nepale/nse. Syn., PhaUmgium nepalense. B, 
 R. t. 998. 
 
 Cimici'fuga. 
 
 C. palma'ta is a synonym of Trautvetteria pal- 
 ■mata, 
 
 Cirrhope'talum. 
 
 0. Ameeia'num. Rosy-purple, yellow. Dutch 
 Indies. 1892. Lind. t. 314. 
 
 — Colletia'num. Dark purple, yellow. Upper 
 
 Bnrmah. 1891. B. M. t. 7198. 
 
 — eUga'ntulvm. Pale, maroon-purple. Madras. 
 
 1891. 
 
 — WmMandialnum. Purple. British Burmah. 
 
 1891. 
 
 Ci'ssus. 
 
 C. parphyrophy'Uus is a synonym of Piper par- 
 phyrophyllu*. 
 
 Ci'trus. 
 
 C. TmaifdVa is a synonym of Severinia Imxi/olia. 
 
 Cle'matis. 
 
 C. brevicavda'ta. China. 1888. Syn., C. Pieroti. 
 
 Clia'nthus. 
 
 C. ca'meus is a synonym of Streblarrhiza tpe- 
 ciasa, 
 
 Cliveu'charis, 
 
 €. pu'lchra. A hybrid between Clima mvmata, 
 a,ai Eucharis grandiflora. 1891. 
 
 Cochlio'da. 
 
 0. Ncezlia'na. Andes. 1891. Lfhd. t. 268. Syn., 
 OdoTitoglossiVm, Nc&zlia/mim. 
 
 — aangui'nea. Deep rose. Ecuador. 1867. 
 
 Sjrn., Mesospinidmm sanguineum. 
 
 — mica'mca. Lake, rose. Peru. 1872. Syn., 
 
 Mesospinidmm mttcamcum., 
 
 Co'cos. 
 
 C. Norma'ribyi. See Ptychosperma Normanbyi. 
 
 — Pym^rtii. A seedling form of C. Weddeliana. 
 
 G. C. 1891, xi. p. 683. 
 
 Ccelo'gyne. 
 
 C. cu'prea. G. C. 1892, xi. p. 619. 
 
 — Mwholitaialna. White, brown. Macassar. 1891. 
 
 Co'lohicum. 
 
 C. Bommulldri. Purplish. May. Orient. 1892. 
 
 — Decai'snei. Rosy-purple. Lebanon. 1892. 
 
 Co'leus. 
 
 C. Pemi'gii. Blue. Abyssinia. 1892. 
 
 Colorado Beetle. Doryo'pkorade- 
 cemKnea'ta. 
 
 Colu'tea. 
 
 C. mela/noea'lyx. Yellow ; calyx covered with 
 dark hairs. Asia Minor. 1892. 
 
 Corallobo'trys. 
 
 C. acmniTuita. i. Red. Khasla. Syn., Epi- 
 gyniwm acuminatum. B. M. t. 5010. 
 
 Corya'nthes. 
 
 C. leueoeo'rys. Greenish-yellow, brownish- 
 purple, white. Peru. 1891. Lind. t. 293. 
 
 — maeroco'rys. Yellowish-white, purple. Peru. 
 
 1802. Lind. t. 342. 
 
 Co'smos. 
 
 C. speeta'bilis. Garden hybrid. Rev. Hort. 1892, 
 p. 372, figs. 114, 115. 
 
 Co'stus. 
 
 C Engleria'nus. White, yellow. Tropical Africa. 
 1892. Syn., C unifoliits. 
 
 — I/ucamima'wus. Purple, yellow. Cameroons. 
 
 1892. Gfl. t. 1379. 
 
 Cra'ssiila. 
 
 C. Sckwemfu'rthii. White. Abyssinia. 1892. 
 
 Craterosti'gma. 
 
 C. pu'milum. Lilac, purple, white. India. 1871. 
 Syn., Tarema wuriculcefolia. Flor. Mag. 
 t. S34. 
 
 Cri'num. 
 
 C. abyssi'nieum. White. Abyssinia. 1892. Gfl. 
 
 1892, p. 412, fig. 89. 
 — firmifo'Hum. White? Madagascaw 1892. 
 — jemefnse. White. Arabia. 1892. 
 
 — Jioozenia'nuTn. White ; ^laments red. Ja- 
 
 maica. 1891. 
 
 — yueaefdlvwm. White. Abyssinia. 1892. 
 
 Croeo'sma. 
 
 C. avirea. 2. Orange. July. S. Africa. 1846. 
 Syn., Tritoma amea. B. M. t. 4335. 
 
 Cro'cus. 
 
 C. UMrus Leichtli'nii. White or pale purple. 
 Mardin. 1891. 
 
 — BUlio'tii. Rich purple. February. Stauros. 
 
 1892. 
 
 — hyema'Ks Fo/mi. White, yellow; anthers 
 
 black. January. 1892. 
 
 — ma/rgarita'eew. Pale blue, striped with violet 
 
 outside. B. B. 1847, 1. 16. 
 
CBO 
 
 [ 1050 ] 
 
 DEN 
 
 Crotala'ria. 
 
 C. angustifo/lia. See Leleckia serieea. 
 
 — pulche'Ua. See Lebeebia cytieoides. 
 
 Cryptarrhe'na. (Nat. ord., Or- 
 chidece ; Tribe, Vandece-Onddiece.) 
 C. Ivma'ta. Greenish ; lip yellow. B. E. 1. 153. 
 
 Cryptoca'rpus. 
 
 C. globc/sus. Variegated. June. Cuba. 1830. 
 Syn., Salpianthus purpwrascens. 
 
 Cryptophora'nthus. 
 
 C. atropwrpu'reus. J. Dark purple. Jamaica. 
 1838. Syns., MasdevaXlia fenestrata, B. 
 M. t. 4164, and PleurothaMis atropurpu- 
 reus. 
 
 Cudra'nia. 
 
 C. trilo'ia. China. 1872. Syn., Maclura tricus- 
 pidata. 
 
 Curculi'go. 
 
 C. mratrifo'lia. 2. Yellow. June. S. Africa. 
 1778. Syn., Hypoxis veratHfoUa. 
 
 Cu'reuma. 
 
 C Bakeria'na. Orange. New Guinea. 1892. 
 
 Cnspa'ria. 
 
 C. wndMla'ta. White. Brazil. 1892. 
 
 Cy'clamen. 
 
 C. aljn'num. Purplish-red. Asia Minor. 1892. 
 
 — tavlriemn. Pure white. Taurus. 1892. 
 
 Cyclogy'ne. 
 
 C. eane'scens is a synonym of Swainionia cane- 
 scens. 
 
 Cyeno'ohes. 
 
 C. peruvia'nwm. Green, purplish-brown, white. 
 Peru. 1891. Lind. t. 301. 
 
 — Rossia'num, Male yellowish-green ; female 
 
 bright green. 1891. 
 
 Cyli'sta. 
 
 C. albiflo'ra is a synonym of lihynchosia cyano- 
 spermat var. tiWiJtora. 
 
 Cymbi'diixm. 
 
 C. Humblo'tU. Green, black. Madagascar. 
 1892. 
 
 — Mutto'ni. See Gra/mmangis Huttoni. 
 
 — Lowia'num vi'ride. Greenish-yellow. 1892. 
 
 — pulche^rrimum. White, crimson. N. India. 
 
 1891. 
 
 — Wimiia'mmi. Garden hybrid. 1892. 
 
 ' Cyna'nchum. 
 
 C. nvUnv^. See ViTicetoxwwmfusoatum. 
 
 C3rpripe'dium. 
 
 C. ea^fo'rnimm. Dull yellow ; lip white, spotted 
 
 May. California. 
 
 with pale brown, 
 1891. B. M. t. 7188. 
 
 — ChrnnbeHawMmim,. 2. Eosy-purple, white. 
 
 New Guinea. 1892. G. C. 1892, xi. 234, 
 flg. 34. 
 
 exce'Berw. A variety with pale dorsal 
 
 sepal. 1892. 
 
 — «'!mZ. A variety of C. insigne. G. C. 1892. 
 
 x^. p. 522, fig. 77. 
 
 Iinsehootia'rfmn. A variety with narrower 
 
 perianth segments. Siam. 1892. 
 
 — Godifro'yi lu'tewm. Yellow, pale rosy-lilac. 
 
 1891. 
 
 — insi'gne langiae'palwm. An unspotted variety. 
 
 1891. 
 The following hybrids were described during 
 1891-92 : Aira'tbm, Albertia'mum, Aloi'des, ama- 
 
 bile, jBaeo'nis, Bro'wni, Brya'ni, JBry'saii Ce'res, 
 Gkrygo' comes, CUopaftra, Conimgiafnimi, CoW" 
 leya'nwm, Dai'sym, Desboisia'num, Tiesbossche- 
 ria'mum, defcorum, Edi'thm, Mngelha'rdtce, Slry'- 
 loohus, fe'stwm, gigas, Be^da, la'nthe, java'nieo- 
 spiceria'TmTn, JohTisonia'nwm, Ju'no, La/wreb^U 
 lum, Le'da, maarocMlmn, Macfcurla'nei, Nio'be 
 var. swpe!rbvm, (yrpheus, Pa'llas, Pe'reeus, south, 
 gate'nsis, Smnbu'mei, Telefmachus, Ti'tyus, Von 
 Molia'num, Wame/ro-supefrbiens, Youngm'num 
 var. siupefrbum. 
 
 Cyrta'nthera. 
 
 C. eatalpcBfo'lia. See Jacobinia aurea. 
 
 — chrysostdphana. See Jacobinia ehrysoste- 
 
 pha-na. 
 
 Cyrta'nthus. 
 
 C. Galpi'ni. Bright red. August. Transvaal. 
 1892. ' 
 
 — parviflo'rus. Bright scarlet. January. 1891. 
 
 Cyrto'mium. 
 
 C. faloa'tum pe'ndulum. A narrow variety of 
 pendulous habit. 1892. 
 
 Cyrtospe'rma. 
 
 Cfe'rox. Greenish-white. Borneo. 1892. 111. 
 Hort. new ser. 1. 153. 
 
 Cy'tisus. 
 
 C./ra'grams. Syn., Spartivm nuUgenum. 
 
 — schipkf^nsis. 1. White. Balkan Mountains. 
 
 1892. 
 
 D. 
 Dataoe'cia. 
 
 D. canta'brica calycula'ta. Eed or white. Garden 
 variety. 1891. 
 
 Dauiaso'nium. 
 
 D. i'ndicwm. A synonym of Ottelia indiea. 
 
 Da'phne. 
 
 D. glomera'ta. Lilac-purple. Caucasus. 1891. 
 
 Daphno'psis. 
 
 D. cordifo'lia. J. Blue. April. 1846. Syn.," 
 Nordmwmnia cordifolia. 
 
 Dendro'bium. 
 
 B. ba/rba'tulo-chWrops. A supposed natural 
 hybrid. 1892. 
 
 — bigi'bbum aiboma/rgina'tum. Flowers edged 
 
 with white. 1892. Lind. t. 317. 
 
 — chrysoce'phalum. Golden-yellow. 1892. 
 
 — Dalhoimsa'num ht/teum. Straw -yellow. 
 
 India. 1891. 
 
 — densiJU/rum clava'tum. White, yellow. Shan 
 
 States. 1892. 
 
 — Lemlrmm. White, rose, green. New Guinea. 
 
 1891. 
 
 — ni'vemn. See G. C. 1891, ix. p. 104. 
 
 — Olrienia'nwm. YeUowish-green. Philippine 
 
 Islands. 1892. 
 
 — Phalceno'psis Rothsckildia'na. Snowy-white, 
 
 pink. 1892. 
 
 — mmcta'tum. See Lipodiwm punctatum. 
 
 — Wardia'rmm a'Jtmm. Whitej orange-yellow. 
 
 India. 1892. Warn. Orch. Alb. t. 450. 
 The following are garden hybrids described 
 during 1892 : Adrt^sla^irfardielnse, du'tce, euo's- 
 mum leuno'pUrwm, Eury'clea, Ne'stor, Ro'lfete, 
 stria'tum, and Wardia'iw-jap&nicmn. 
 
 Dendrochi'lum. 
 
 D. eueumeri'num. See PlatycUnis cueurMri- 
 
DEN 
 
 [ 1051 ] 
 
 EUP 
 
 Dendrospa'rtium. 
 
 D. (Bthne'nse. 3. Yellow. July. Sicily. 1816. 
 Syn., Genista cethneme. 
 
 Dia'nthus. 
 
 D. Brivatefnsu. Hybrid between D. superbus 
 and D. barbatits. 1892. 
 
 - eallizo'mi^. Eosy-purple, darker in the centre, 
 'una. Transyli 
 t. 7223. 
 
 June. Transylvania, 
 - Fre'ynii. Purple. May. 
 
 B. 
 
 1892. 
 
 M. 
 
 Dichse'a. 
 
 D. glau'ca. Green, purple. June. Mexico. 
 1837. Syn., Epidendrum glauoum. 
 
 Dichorisa'ndra. 
 
 Z>. angustifv'lia. Ecuador. 1892. 111. Hort. 
 new ser. 1. 158. 
 
 — musa'ica giga'ntea. A robust variety. 1892. 
 
 Didymoca'rpus. 
 
 J), lacuno'sa. Violet-blue. Penang. 1892. B. 
 M. t. 7236. 
 
 Dieffenba'chia. 
 
 D. melea'gris. Ecuador. 1892. 111. Hort. new 
 ser. t. 1B9. 
 
 — 076m. Peru. 1892. 111. Hort. new ser. 
 
 1. 148. 
 
 — pietura'ta. Venezuela. 1892. 111. Hort. new 
 
 ser. 1. 162. 
 
 Diera'ma. ( From dieramos, a funnel; 
 
 in allusion to the shape of the flowers. 
 
 Nat. ord., Iridece ; Tribe, Ixiece.) 
 
 D. pdndula. 1. Dark or pale pink. June. 
 
 South Africa. 1825. Syn., Sparaxis 
 
 pendula. B. E. 1. 1360. 
 
 — pulehe'rrima. 5. Blood - purple. Cape 
 
 Colony. Syn., Sparaxis pulcherrima. 
 B. M. t. 5655. 
 
 Digitalis. 
 
 D. cilia'ta. Summer. Caucasus. 1892. 
 
 Dio'sma. 
 
 D. Wendla'ndi. White. S. Africa. 1892. 
 
 Dipca'di. 
 
 I), vi'ridis. Syn., Zuccagnia mridis. 
 
 Di'pidax. 
 
 D. eilia'ta. i. Pale yellow. June. S. Africa. 
 1810. Syn., Melanthium ciKatum. M. 
 secundum is a white-ilowered form. 
 
 Dipo'dium. 
 
 V.pietum. 1. Yellow, crimson. Java. 1849. 
 Syn., Wailesia pieta. 
 
 — puneta'tum. 1-2. Bed, purple. Australia. 
 
 1822. Syns., Dendrobium punctatum 
 and Wailesia punctata. 
 
 Di'sa. 
 
 D. Coope'ri. Bosy - carmine, lip yellow. S. 
 Africa. 1892. B. M. t. 7266. 
 
 — ineama'ta. Orange-red. Madagascar. 1892. 
 
 B. M. t. 7243. 
 
 Di'sportim. 
 
 B. lamagino'sum is a synonym of Streptopus 
 lomuginosus. 
 
 Disso'tis. 
 
 D. vitto'sa. 3. White. July. 
 Syn., Pleroma vUlosa. 
 
 Dolichandro'ne. 
 
 D.Bheddii. 16. Cream. B.Indies. 1749. Syns., 
 Spathodea longiflora and 5. Bheedn. 
 
 Dracae'na. 
 
 D. Coulli'ngii. A hybrid. 1892. 
 — Sanderia'na. Leaves green striped with 
 white. 1892. 
 
 E. 
 
 Echeve'ria. 
 
 E. Fuli'ni. A seedling form. 1892. 
 
 Echidno'psis. 
 
 E. Dammannia'na. Brown. Abyssinia. 1892. - 
 
 Echina'cea. 
 
 E. aTigvstifo'lia is a synonym of Euibeckia 
 pallida. 
 
 Eleutheri'ne. 
 
 E. plica' ta. i-1. White. Tropical America. Syns., 
 MoroBa plicata^ M. palraiSolia, Marica 
 plicata, B. M. t. 665, and Sisyrinchium 
 palmifolium. 
 
 Emmena'nthe. (Nat. ord.,flyrfTO- 
 
 phyllaeece. ) 
 
 E. penduliflo'ra. 2. Yellowish. July. Cali- - 
 fornia. 1892. 
 
 See also Pallasia ancr 
 
 Ence'lia. 
 Ximensia. 
 
 Epide'ndrum. 
 
 jr. QodseMa'nvm. Brown, white, rosy-purple. 
 Brazil. 1892. Syn., E. Capartianum^. 
 Lind. t. 333. 
 
 — Mantinialnum. Pale green, dotted with 
 
 nurplish-brown. 111. Hort. new ser. 
 1. 150. 
 
 — Ortgie^sii. Bed, white, purple. 1892. 
 
 — Watsonia'num. Brazil. 1892. 
 
 Era'nthemum. 
 
 E. cocci'neum. See Thyrsaeanthus Lemairea- 
 nus. 
 Eremo'phila. StenochUits (which 
 see) is now united with this genus. 
 
 Eremospa'rtum. 
 
 E. aphy'llum. Syns., Genista aphylla and Spar- 
 tnim aphyllum. 
 
 E'ria. 
 
 E. Lauchea'na. 
 
 Green, purple 
 — vesti'ta. White, reddish-brown. 
 
 1892. 
 1892. 
 
 Brazil. 1820. 
 
 Eritri'chium. 
 
 E. nothofu'lvum. White. California. 1892. 
 
 Esmeralda. See Arachnanthe.. 
 Eu'charis. 
 
 E. Clibra'ni. See Urceocharis Clibrani. 
 
 Eu'comis. 
 
 E. l^fo'lia. See Whiteheadia bifolia. 
 
 Eulophiella. 
 
 E. Elizabe'thce. White ; lip yeUow. 1892. Mnd. 
 t. 325. 
 
 Eulo'phia. 
 
 E. Macke'nii. Pink, white. Natal. 1892. 
 
 Eupato'rium. 
 
 E. sca'ndens. Jacq. Ic. t. 
 scandems. 
 
 169. See MUrania- 
 
EUP 
 
 [ 1052 ] 
 
 HAL 
 
 Supho'rbia. Syn., Poinsettia. 
 E. cmialicula'ta, B. C. t. 727, and E, ca/rina'tcC', 
 B. R. t. 837 are synonymsof PeAilanthus 
 tithymaloides. 
 
 Eu'ryops. 
 
 E. pectina'tvs. 2. Yellow. May. S. Africa. 
 
 1731. Syn., Othonna pectinata. B. M. 
 
 t. 306. 
 — virgi'Tieus. 3. Yellow. October. South 
 
 Africa. 1821. Syns., Othonna Jlabetti- 
 
 folia, B. C. t. 728, aiid 0. mrginea. 
 
 Euta'xia. 
 
 E. microphy'lla. 2. Yellow. May. Australia. 
 1803. Syn., Selerotha/mnus microphyl- 
 
 Eute'rpe. 
 
 E. Tnonta'na. A synonym of Prestcea montana. 
 
 Evo'dia. 
 
 ■ E./raasinifo'lia. 2. WMtish. April. Cochin 
 China. 1822. Syn., Tetradiwm tricho- 
 
 Pa'gus. 
 
 -F. sylva'ticafo'liis stria'tie. Leaves with golden 
 stripes parallel with the nerves. Hessia. 
 1892. 
 
 Zla'tia. Leaves golden-tinted. Servia. 
 
 1892. 
 
 Fi'cus. 
 
 jF. Sycomo'rus. 30. Egypt. Syn., Sycomorus 
 
 antiquorum. 
 — vanega'ta. i. South Africa. 1816. Syn., 
 
 SyconwruB caperisis. 
 
 Fra'xinus. 
 
 -F. raiboca'rpa. Central Asia. Wien. Gartz. 
 1892, p. HI, flg. 36. 
 
 G. 
 Gala'ctia, 
 
 <G. JU^o'rmie. 3. Purple. July. &. America. 
 1820. Syn., Sweetia Mifontm. 
 
 — Ungifd/lia. i. Purple. S. America. 1818. 
 
 Syn., Sweetia longifolia. 
 
 — termjfo'lia. 6. Puiyle. St. Domingo. 1824. 
 
 Syn., Sweetia lignosa. 
 
 Gale'ga. 
 
 'O. du'bia. Jacq. Ic. t. 676. See Leitertia dif- 
 Jvi»a. 
 
 Garci'nia. See also Xantho- 
 chymus. 
 
 Garde'nia. 
 
 <i. Ba'ndia. B. M. t. 1841. See Randia am- 
 leata. 
 
 Gaylussa'cia. 
 
 iff. trachgcera. 1. White. May. N. America. 
 Syn., Vaccimium iuonfolium. B. M. 
 t. 928. 
 
 Geissorhi'za. 
 
 iff. roelie^nsis. Violet - purple. Cape Colony. 
 
 Syn., Ixia rochensii. B. M. t. 598. 
 spitha'mcea. A more robust variety. 
 
 Gentia'na. 
 
 (6. orega'na. 1-2. Blue. September. North 
 America. 1892. 
 
 G. viaiso'aa. B. M. t. 2186. See Ixanthus vis- 
 cosus. 
 
 Ge'snera. 
 
 ff. ama'Mlis. B. M. t. 6086. See Naegelia nml- 
 tiflora. 
 
 Ge'um, See also Sieversia. 
 Gi'lia. 
 
 6. dioho'toma. H- Pink. California. 1838. 
 Syn., lAtumthuii dichotmrnn. 
 
 Gladi'olus. 
 
 6. armeni'acMS. Deep purple. July. Armenia. 
 1892. 
 
 — oppositifl&rm. 6. White, purple. October. 
 
 S. Africa, not Madagascar as previously 
 believed. Be-introduced 1892. 
 
 — secu'riger. B. M. t. 383. See Tritonia. 
 
 Glo'bba. 
 
 ff. purpu'rea. Andr. Rep. t. 616. See Jfontmn 
 ealtaioria. 
 
 Glyci'ne, 
 
 ff. chine'ngis and ff. sine'neis are synonyms of 
 
 Wista/ria siiwnsis. 
 — M'spida. 3. Violet. July. B. Indies. 
 
 1790. Syns., Dolichos Soja and Soja 
 
 hisprida. 
 
 Goode'nia. 
 
 S.fllifa'rmig. Yellow. Australia. 1841. Syn., 
 Velleia lanceolata. 
 
 Grinde'lia, 
 
 ff. coronopifo'lia. See Xanthocephalum cen- 
 tamroides. 
 
 Guatte'ria. 
 
 ff. cerasoi'des and ff. subero'sa. See Potyalthia 
 cerasoides and P. suberosa. 
 
 Guizo'tia. 
 
 ff. oMfera. Syn., Veslingia tativa. 
 
 Gutierre'zia. 
 
 ff. gymrwspermm'des. See Xanthocephalvm 
 gymTwspermoides. 
 
 Gyiraiolo'mia. 
 
 ff. maeula'ta. See Wulfia maculata. 
 
 Gynopleu'ra. 
 
 ff. linearifo'lia. IJ. Purple, blue. September. 
 Chili. 1831. Syns., MalesherUa caro- 
 Tiata, M. fasdculata, and if. Ivneari- 
 folia, B. M. t. 3362. 
 
 Gynu'ra. 
 
 ff. sarmento'ea. Orange. Malaya. 1892. B. 
 M. t. 7244. 
 
 Gypso'phila. 
 
 ff. Baddea'na. Pale pink. Persia. 1892. Gfl. 
 1. 1366, figs. 6-8. 
 
 H. 
 
 Habena'ria 
 
 fl. longioalcara'ta. White, 
 of India.' 
 
 Hale'sia. 
 
 H. tetra'ptera Meeha'ni. A seedling variety 
 
 Western Ohauts 
 
 1892. B. M. t. 7228. 
 
HEB 
 
 [ 1053 ] 
 
 KUN 
 
 Heberde'nia. 
 
 H. exce'Ua. 20. Bed. July. Madeira. 1784. 
 Syus., Ardisia excelsa and ityrsine He- 
 berdenia, 
 
 He'ctea. 
 
 H. EllemeeHi. See BhodosUushys Mlemeeti. 
 — pUcavmimfo'lia. See Ehodo%ta<sliya pit- 
 eainmefolia* 
 
 Helichiy'sum. Syn., Swammer- 
 damia. 
 
 Helico'nia. 
 
 H. speeta'bilis. Leaves green above, dull purple 
 beneath ; midnb red. Tropical Asia. 
 1892. Dl. Hort. new ser. 1. 166. 
 
 Heli'pterum. Syn., Bhodanthe. 
 H. Mangle'sii. Syn., Bhodanthe Manglesii. 
 
 Helo'nias. 
 
 H. gra/mi'nea is a synonym of Stenanthiimi an- 
 gustifolium, var. gra/mvmwn. 
 
 — virgi'nica is a synonym of MeUmthium virgi- 
 nicus. 
 
 He'speris. 
 
 H. arahidiflo'ra. See Parry a aroMdiflara, 
 
 Heterophra'gma. 
 
 H. adenmhy'Uum. B. Indies. 1822. Syn., 
 Spathodea adenophylla. 
 
 He'vea. Syn., Siphonia, which see. 
 
 Hology'ne. See Lasthenia. 
 
 Homogy'ne. 
 
 B. alpi'na. J. Lilac, purple. April. 171U. 
 Syn., Tussilago alpina. 
 
 Hue'mia. 
 
 H. Penni'gii. J. Blackish-purple. Abyssinia. 
 1892. Syn., B. macrocarpa. 
 
 Hyaei'nthus. 
 
 H, botryoi'des. See Muscari botryoides. 
 
 — cojrw'siis. See Mitscari comosum. 
 
 — racemo'sus. See Muscari racemosum. 
 
 Hydnophy'tum. 
 
 B. ForbelHi. White. New Guinea. 1892. B. 
 M. t. 7218. 
 
 Hy'droeleis. 
 
 B. Cormmrso'm. IJ. Yellow. May. Brazil. 
 1831. Syn., Limnochairie Bumboldtii. 
 B. B. 1. 1640. 
 
 Hyospa'the. 
 
 B. puWgera. See Prestcea pubigera. 
 
 Hypochse'ris. See also Seriola. 
 
 lUawarraPine. Podoea'rpusspinu- 
 lo'sa. 
 Impa'tiens. 
 
 I lUeholi'tzi. White, rose. New Guinea. 
 1892. 
 
 loni'dium. Syn., SoUa. 
 
 IpomCE'a. Syn., SMnneria. 
 I. Bronso'ni. Cuba. 1892. 
 -lirdfo'lia. YeUow. May. E. Indies. 1827. 
 Syn., Skinneria ecespitosa. 
 
 I'ris. 
 
 I. asia'tiea. Gard. 1892, xli., p. 121. 
 
 — mado'nna. Lilac-blue. Arabia. 1892. Ever- 
 
 green. 
 
 — ma/rleai'deis purpu'rea. Purple. Syria. 
 
 1892. 
 
 — nepaMnsi^ Leitha. Blue. Summer. Upper 
 
 Burmah. 1892. Fragrant. 
 — pa'ra^nd. Hybrid between/, iberiea and 1. 
 pmradoxa. May. 1892. 
 
 Ischuosi'phon. 
 
 I. Parke'ri. 2. Yellow. July. Grenada. 1823. 
 Syn., Phrynium Parkeri. 
 
 Isolo'ma. Syn., Sciadocalyx. 
 I, ignora'tum. Yellow, scarlet. Central Amer. 
 Syn., Kcehleria ignorata. 
 
 — rupe'stre. Bed. Nicaragua. 1871. Syn., 
 
 Rtxhleria rupe&tris. 
 
 — Wairezem'ezU. Syn., Soiadoealyx Warszewie- 
 
 zli, which see. 
 
 I'xia. 
 
 I, bi'color. A synonym of Synnotia bicolor. 
 
 Ixioli'rion. 
 
 I. nmera'nfhnm. Deep blue, purple. 1892. 
 
 — Sinteni'si. Blue. 1892. 
 
 Ixo'ra. 
 
 I.f^rrea. 20. Pink. W.Indies. 1793. Syn.,. 
 Siderodendron triforum. 
 
 — salnw'nea. Salmon, buff. 1892. Garden. 
 
 variety. 
 
 J. 
 
 Jankse'a. 
 
 J. Heldreichii. A synonym of Ramondia ser- 
 bica. 
 
 Jo'hnia. See Salacia. 
 Juri'nea. 
 
 J. linearifo'lia. 2. Purple. July. Siberia.. 
 1816. Syns., Serratula multifiora and 
 5. linearifolia. 
 
 — mo'Uis. 2. Purple. July. Transylvania. 
 
 1818. Syn., Serratviatranssylvaniea. 
 
 — PoUichii. 2. Bed. July. Siberia. 1778. 
 Syn., Serratula cyaMoides, 
 
 Jnsti'cia. 
 
 J. lHa'eina. See Tkyrsacanthus callistachyus. 
 
 — Imtgiraeemo'sa. See Tkyrsacanthus Lemairea- 
 
 K. 
 Kalancho'e. 
 
 K. marmara'ta. White. Abyssinia. 1892. B. 
 M. t. 7333. 
 
 Ke'ntia. 
 
 E. Maearthu'rue. See Ptyehospcrma Macarthu- 
 rite. 
 
 Kla'ttia. 
 
 E. partita. 1-2. Bright blue. April. Cape 
 Colony. 1822. Syn., Witsenia partita. 
 
 Knipho'fia. 
 
 E. Nelso'ni. 2. Orange-scarlet. Orange Free 
 
 State. 1892. 
 — pOMdfio'ra. Pale yellow. March to July. 
 
 Natal. 1892. B. M. t. 7269. 
 
 Ku'nzea. 
 
 K. seri'cea. Bose. May. Swan Kiver. Syn.,. 
 Salisia pulchella. 
 
LAB 
 L. 
 
 [ 1054 ] 
 
 MAR 
 
 Labi'sia, 
 
 L.smara'gdina. Fink. Borneo. 1892. 111. Hort. 
 new ser. 1. 160. 
 
 Lee'lia. 
 
 i. a'nceps ama'bilis. White, yellow, purple. 
 
 1889. 
 Owenia'na. A richly coloured variety. 
 
 1892. 
 Schrcede'r<B. Pale rose, brown, yellow, 
 
 purple. 1887. 
 
 Ste'Ua. White, yellow, carmine. 1887. 
 
 viirgvna'lis. White, pale sulphur-yellow. 
 
 1887. 
 
 — autunma'liii a'lba. Pure white. 1889. 
 xanthotriypis. Rosy -purple, yellow. 
 
 Mexico. 1887. 
 
 — cri'spa Canwelee'rticB. Lip greenish -yellow at 
 
 the base. Brazil. 1891. HI. Hort. new 
 ser. 1. 121. 
 
 — delle'nsis. A garden hybrid. 1889. 
 
 — Digbya'na-M</8iice. A fine hybrid between 
 
 L. JDigbyana and Cattleya Mossioe. G. 
 C. 1889, V. pp. 668 and 742. 
 
 — e'legams exoelUng. Rosy, white. 1892. 
 
 — Gottoia'na. Eose, purple, maroon. 1891. 
 
 — gTa'ndis tenebro'ga. Coppery-bronze, purple, 
 
 white. Brazil. 1891. Bchb. ser. 2, 
 t. 33. 
 
 — irrara'ta Oaskellia'na. Pale lilac, purple, 
 
 lilac. 1887. 
 
 — Lato'na. Garden hybrid. 1892. 
 
 — lila'cina. Pale lilac, white, purple. 1887. 
 
 — Owenia'na. Garden hybrid. 1892. 
 
 — fnelsta/ns a'lba. Ivory-white, crimson. 1889. 
 
 — pu'miXa Ourlea'na. Purple with darker 
 
 streaks. 1886. 
 
 — purpura'ta Handleya'na. Dark coloured 
 
 variety. 1892. 
 
 Lowia'na. Rose, mauve-purple, yellow. 
 
 1887. 
 
 — rube'scens a'lba. White, yellow. 1887. 
 ro'sea. Syn., L. peduncularis. B. R. 
 
 1845, t. 69. 
 
 — supe'rbiens Quesnelia'na. Rosy-mauve, ma- 
 
 genta-purple, yellow. Mexico and 
 Guatemala. 1889. Warn. Orch. Alb. 
 t. 383. 
 
 — Vvsto'ria,. A garden hybrid. 1889. 
 
 Lae'lio-Ca'ttleya. 
 
 The following hybrids have been raised, in 
 siddition to those mentioned on p. 540 : Aurora, 
 Cassiope, elegans var. Cookiana, Ingramii, Mar- 
 a-iottia/na, Phce'be and Ste'Ua. 
 
 Lagena'ria. 
 
 L. mgma'lis. Fruit waxy white. G. C. 1892, 
 xi. p 85, flg. 16. 
 
 La'mium. 
 
 2/. Orva'le. B. M. 1. 172. See Orvala lamioides. 
 
 Lando'lphia. 
 
 Z.Jlo'rida. White. Tropical Africa. 1887. B. 
 M. t. 6963. 
 
 Lapeyrou'sia, This name now 
 supersedes Peyrousia, which see. 
 L. grcmdifio'ra. 1. Bright red, yellow, crimson. 
 S. E. Tropical Africa. 1887. Syn., 
 Arwmatheca grandiflora. 
 
 Lasiogro'stis. 
 
 L, Calamagro'stis is a synonym of Stipa Laiia- 
 grostis. 
 
 Lasiope'talum. 
 
 i. querd/olium. See Thomasia quereifolia. 
 
 Lasi'opus, 
 
 L. aonohoi'des. See Taraxacum montamum. 
 
 Lasiosi'phon. 
 
 L. anthylloi'des. Yellow. S. Africa. 1889. 
 
 Lastrse'a. 
 
 L. Jenma'ni. Jamaica. Syn., Nephroimm 
 Jemnani. 
 
 — le'pida. G. C. 1886, xxvi. p. 681. 
 
 Lataoe. 
 
 L. YoVcma'rmi. White. Andes of Santa Rosa. 
 1889. Gfl. 1. 1302, flg. 1. 
 
 Lau'rus. 
 
 L. Sa'ssafras. See Sassafras offleinale. 
 
 Lepa'chys, See Budbeckia. 
 Lepto'tes. 
 
 L. bgcolor bre'vis. A variety of Tetramicra 
 Ucotoryrith a white lip. 1892. 
 
 Lilium. 
 
 L. primuWnum. Pale yellow, greenish. Upper 
 Burmah. 1892. B. M. t. 7227. 
 
 — sulphu'reum. Yellow, tinged with crimson 
 
 outside. B. M. t. 7269. Sjrns., i. ocftro- 
 leucum and L. Wallichianumt var. 
 superbum. 
 
 Limna'nthemmn. See also Me- 
 nyanthes and Villarsia. 
 
 Limnophy'ton. 
 
 L. obtusifo'liwm. 2. White. ' July. China. 
 1804. Syn., Sagittaria obtusyfolia. 
 
 Lisso'chilus. 
 
 L, Gns'fei. Green, brown, yellow. 1892. 
 
 Loni'cera. 
 
 L. syringa'ntha. Pale pink. N. China. 1392. 
 
 Ly'chnis. 
 
 L. a'spera. Syn., Viscaria ocvlata, 
 
 Lycopo'dium. 
 
 L. Moorea'num. Brazil. 1892. 
 
 M. 
 Macdonaldia, See Thelymitra. 
 Macfayde'nia. 
 
 M. corymbo'sa. 6. Yellow. Trinidad. 1824. 
 Syn., Spathodea corymibosa. 
 
 Macrade'nia. 
 
 M. tnu'tica. See Trkhopilia mutica. 
 
 Macrolo'bium. Syn., Vouapa. 
 Maia'nthemmn. 
 
 M. ConvaMa'ria. i. White. June. N. America. 
 1812. Syn., STnilacina ca/nadensts. 
 
 Ma'mmea. 
 
 iif. africa'na is a synonym of Ochrocarpus aJHca- 
 nus. 
 
 Mapa'nia, Syn., Pandrniophyllitm. 
 Mara'nta. 
 
 M. chimiorace'nsis. 111. Hort. 1870, t. 6. 
 — SoMderia'na. G. C. 1892, xi. p. 731. 
 
 Ma'rica. 
 
 M. ocddmta'lis. Yellow. Peru. 1892. 
 
MAS 
 
 [ 1055 ] 
 
 CENO 
 
 Masdeva'llia, 
 
 -If. Harrya'na Qrave'siee. Pure white. 1892. 
 
 The follow hybrids were raised in 1892 : Cas- 
 siope, falcata, MeVitice and Shuttryana. 
 
 Maxillaria, See also Xylobium. 
 
 if. de'nsa. B. E. t. 1804. See Omithidivm, 
 densum. 
 
 Mecono'psis. 
 
 M. diphy'Ua and M. petiola'ta are synonyms of 
 Stylophorum diphyllum. 
 
 Me'ntha. 
 
 M. puncta'ta. See Preslia cervina. 
 
 Merte'nsia, 
 
 Jf. pulmonarioi'des. IJ. Blue. April. N. 
 America. 1799. Syn., Puhnonaria 
 virginica. B.M. 1. 160. 
 
 Mi'crodon. 
 
 JH. cyli'ndriea. }. Purple. August. S. Africa. 
 1807. Sja., Selago polygcUoides. 
 
 — lu'cida. IJ. Purple. June. S. Africa. 1812. 
 
 Syn., Selago braeteata. 
 
 — ova/ta. 1. Dark purple. August. S. Africa. 
 
 1774. Syns., Selago ovata, B. M. 1. 186, 
 and jS. spicata. 
 
 Microme'ria. 
 
 Jf. nervo'sa. 1. Purple. Ionian Islands. 1820. 
 Syn., Satureia nervosa. 
 
 Micro'stylis. 
 
 M. Sco'ttii. J. Green, purple. Malaya. 1892. 
 B. M. t. 7268. 
 
 Milto'nia. 
 
 M. Clowe' sii giga'ntea. Garden variety. 1892. 
 
 Mimo'sa. 
 
 Jf . guiane'nm. See StrypTmodendron guianeme. 
 
 — Spegazilnii. Stamens pale violet. Argentina. 
 
 1892. 
 
 Mirbe'lia. 
 
 Jf . Baxte'ri is a synonym of OxyTMum scan- 
 deTis. 
 
 Moni'zia. 
 
 U. e'dulis. A synonym of Thapsia edulis. 
 
 Monodo'ra. 
 
 Jf. grandifio'ra. B. M. t. 7260. 
 
 Montano'a. 
 
 Jf. arbwe'scens. 3. Yellow. July. Mexico. 
 1823. Syn., Yerbesina atriplicifolia. 
 
 Morse'a. 
 
 Jf. Candollea'na. Syn., Vieusseusnia iHdioides. 
 Red. Lil. t. 340. 
 
 Mormo'des. 
 
 Jf. buccina'tor aurantia'eum. Orange, yellow. 
 Peru. 1892. 111. Hort. new ser. 1. 144. 
 
 Mormoly'ce. 
 
 Jf. lineola'ta. Yellow, green. Mexico. 1839. 
 Syn., TrigonidAum ringens. 
 
 Morono'bea. Syn., Symphonia. 
 Mu'sa. 
 
 Jf. Marti'ni. Bright rose. Teneriffe. Eev. 
 Hort. Belg. 1892, p. 102, fig. 12. 
 
 Myrica'ria. 
 
 Jf. davu'rica. Syn., Tamarix ddvurioa 
 
 — germa'mea. Syn., Tamarix germaniea. 
 
 Myrsi'ne. 
 
 Jf. Urti'llei. Syn., Suttonia australie. 
 
 My'rtus. 
 
 Jf. tomento'sa. See Ehodomyrtus tomentosa. 
 
 N. 
 Nau'clea. 
 
 N. eoaduna'ta. See Sareooephalm cordalus. 
 
 — Oa'nMr. 10. Pale red. E. Indies. 1825. 
 
 Syn., Urusana, Oambir. 
 
 — seesUifru'ctue. 10. Pale red. E. Indies. 
 
 1829. Syn., Uncaria sessilifructus. ■■ . 
 
 Neme'sia. 
 
 N. stmm&sa. 1-2. Very variable in colour, 
 white, ochre, pale yellow, orange, scarlet, 
 carmine, or rosy-purple. August. South 
 Africa. 1892. B. M. t. 7272. Hardy 
 annual. 
 
 Neo'ttia, See also Spiranthes. 
 Nephrole'pis. 
 
 N. davallwi'des mu'lticeps. A crested variety. 
 1892. 
 
 Nicotia'na, 
 
 If. tomento'sa. B. M. t. 7262. This name super- 
 sedes JS. colossea. 
 
 Nola'na. 
 
 jr. rostra'ta. A synonym of Osteocarpus rostra- 
 tus. 
 
 Nothosco'rdum. 
 
 jr. au'reum. A synonym of Bloomeria aurea. 
 
 Nymphse'a. 
 
 N. Laydeke'ri ro'sea. Rosy -pink. A hybrid? 
 
 1892. 
 
 o. 
 O'cimum. 
 
 O. viaco'suin. IJ. Blue. August. E. Indies. 
 1826. Syn., Pleotranthus viscosus. 
 
 Odontoglo'ssum, 
 
 0. AndersimitCnnmipulch.elrrvm/ti'm. Pale yellow, 
 blotched with brownish-red. 1892. 
 
 — eri: spurn nobi'lius. White, brownish-red. 
 
 1892. 
 
 Re'x. Eosy, chestnut. 1892. 
 
 Sande'roe. A variety with numerous 
 
 spots. 1892. 
 xantko'tes. White, with yellow spots. 
 
 Columbia. 1892. 
 
 — Owenia'num. White, yellow, brown. Colum- 
 
 bia. 1892. 
 
 — Pescato'rei Lmde'nice. Each sepal and petal 
 
 bears one large purple blotch. 1892, 
 Lind. t. 329. 
 
 — platyehei'lum. Creamy-white, pink, purple 
 
 Central America? G. C. 1892, xi. p. 687. 
 fig. 84. 
 
 — triu'mphans au'reum. 
 
 lumbia. 1892. 
 t. 460. 
 
 — Wilclcea'num noH'lior. 
 
 variety. 1892. 
 
 (Eno'thera. 
 
 CE.denta'ta. 1. Yellow. August. Russia. 1836. 
 Syns., Sphcerostigma hir^tum and S. 
 Chammsofiiis. 
 
 — mirmtiflo'ra. 1. Yellow. August. Russia. 
 _^_^^ 1837. Syn., Sphcerostigma mmutijlcmm. 
 
 Yellow, orange. Co- 
 Warn. Orch. Alb 
 
 A pale coloured 
 
ONC [ 1056 ] 
 
 Onci'dium. 
 
 O. Bnderiq.'n'um. A supposed natural hybrid, 
 
 ~ ■), fig. 94. 
 
 8. Brazil. 
 
 G. C. 1892, xi. pp. 635 and 660, fig. 94. 
 • Gravesia'rmm. Yellow, brown. ~ ~ 
 
 1892. 
 
 — Bolfea'num. ' Yellow, brown. Columbia. 
 
 1892. 
 
 — Saintlegeria'nmm. li. Yellow, bright purple. 
 
 S.Brazil. 1892 
 
 Onobry'chis. 
 
 O. laco'nica. Bright pink. Summer. Servia. 
 1892. 
 
 Opora'nthus. 
 
 O. lu'tea. A sjrnonym of Stemhergia lutea. 
 
 O'rchis. 
 
 O. Mco'rrds. See Satyrium cumjlatum. 
 
 Oreoda'phne. 
 
 O. califo'miea. A synonym of Umbellularia 
 cali/omiea. 
 
 Oreopa'nax. 
 
 0. Sanderia'num. Greenish. Guatemala. 1892. 
 
 O'robus. 
 
 O. lathyroi'des. A synonym of Vicia oroboides. 
 
 Orthoca'rpus. 
 
 O. eria'nthus ro'seus. 1. Cream to purple. 
 .Tune. N. America. Syn., Triphy&aria 
 versicolor. 
 
 Otte'lia. 
 
 O. alismoi'des. White. July. B. Ind-es. 1806. 
 Syn., Straiioies almnoides. 
 
 Oxype'talum. 
 
 O. ceeru'leum. 3. Blue. July. Tucumania. 
 1836. . Tweedia ccerulea and T. 
 
 versicolor. B. M. t. 3630. 
 
 — solanoi'des. Pink. July. Brazil. 1838. 
 
 Syns., Tweedia fioribunda, T. pubescens 
 and T. rosea. 
 
 Palicou'rea. 
 
 p. spica'ta. Syn., Psyckotria Hneata. 
 
 Fa'ndanus. 
 
 p. Dyeria'nus. A variegated form of P. Icevis. 
 1892. 
 
 — paci'ficus. Paciflc Islands. 1892. 
 
 Pasi'thea. 
 
 p. cceru'lea. B. M. t. 7249. 
 
 Passeri'na. 
 
 p. hirsu'ta is a synonym of ThymelcBa kirsuta. 
 
 — Stelle'ri is a synonym of Stell&ra chwrncejasnu. 
 
 Pelargo'nimn. Syn,, Seymouria. 
 P. Ttiultibractea'tum. White. Abyssinia. 1892. 
 
 Pele'xia. 
 
 p. Travasso'sii. 1. White. Brazil. 1892. 
 
 — Wendla/ndialna. 2. Greenish-brown, white. 
 
 1892., 
 
 Penta'petes. 
 
 p. suberifo'lia. A synonym of Pterospermum 
 
 POT 
 Peperp'mia. 
 
 p. meta'llicd. Leaves dark green, veined with 
 paJe green and red. Peru. 1892. 111. 
 Hort. new ser. 1. 167. , 
 
 Periste'ria. 
 
 p. lAnMrd. Pale and dark purple. 1892. Lind. 
 
 Pentroge'ton. A synonym of Cras- 
 sula. 
 
 Peme'ttya. 
 
 p. phillyretB/o'lia. 1. White. Peru. 1812. 
 Syn., Arbutm phiUyrece/olia. 
 
 Peti'tia. 
 
 p. olei'na. 2. Green, white. May. Mexico. 
 1840. Syn., Scleroon oleimmi,. 
 
 Phai'us. 
 
 p. hy'bridus. A hybrid between P. grcmdifoliiuf 
 and P. Wallichii. 
 
 — Sanderia'nus. Probably a hybrid. 1892. 
 
 Phalseno'psis. 
 
 p. Amphitrite and P. Artemis are garden, 
 hybrids. 1892. 
 
 — SchUleria'na purpu'rea. Dark rosy-purple, 
 
 1892. 
 
 Phylloca'ctus. 
 
 p. Fra'mli. A garden hybrid. 1892. Gfl. 
 1. 1370, flg. 1. 
 
 — Po'rmrwri JEschei. A garden hybrid. 1892. 
 
 Gfl. 1. 1370, flg. 2. 
 
 Phyllocla'dus. Syn., Thalamia. 
 Piara'nthus. 
 
 p. pili'ferus. A synonym of Trichocaulon pili- 
 ferum. 
 
 Pilea. 
 
 p. vnvolucra'ta. Green. October. St. Vincent, 
 W. Indies. 1823. Syn., Urtica imiolu- 
 crata. B. M. t. 2481. 
 
 — reti^ula'ta. Red, yellow. August. Jamaica. 
 
 1793. Syn., ' Urtica reticulata. B. M. 
 t, 2667. 
 
 Pina'nga. See also Seaforthia. 
 
 Pleurotha'llis. 
 
 p. teretifo'lia. Brown. Brazil. 1892. 
 
 Podaohae'nimn. 
 
 p. amdi'num. White, yellow. Columbia. 1892. 
 Eev. Hort. 1892, p. 414, flgs. 125-6. 
 
 Podaly'ria. 
 
 p. cape'nsis. See Virgilia capensis. 
 
 — lupinoi'des. See Theimwpsis lanceolate. 
 
 Podoca'rpus. 
 
 p. pectvna'tus. Leaves silvery. New Caledonia* 
 1892. 
 
 Polemo'nium. 
 
 p. cceru'lewm campanula' turn. Bright lilac-blue. 
 April. N. Europe. 1892, 
 
 Poly'gonum. 
 
 p. orienta'le variega'tum. A garden variety with 
 variegated leaves. Kev. Hort., 1892, 
 p. 37, flg. 8. 
 
 Pote'ritun. Syn., Sanguisorha. 
 
 Po'thos. 
 
 p. eannatfo'lium. B. M. t. 603. See SpaiM- 
 phyllum canno'foliwm,. 
 
PRI 
 
 [1057 
 R. 
 
 SOB 
 
 P. 
 
 Pri'mtda. 
 
 '. finina'rchica. Dark lilac. Summer. Lapland. 
 1892. 
 
 Prismatoca'rpus. 
 
 '. paniaaa'tus. See Roella pedunculata. 
 
 Prosa'rtes. 
 
 '. lanugino'sui. IJ. Yellow, green. June. N. 
 America. 1812. Syns., Streptopvs lanu- 
 gmosm and UmXarla lanugimosa. B. 
 M. 1. 1490. 
 
 Pro'tea. 
 
 imirica'ta, Andr. Rep. t. 617, is a synonym of 
 Sorocephalus irnbricatiLS, not of Leuca- 
 dendron buxifoliiim as stated on p. 801. 
 
 Pru'nus. 
 
 '.pra/cox. A garden seedling. Eev. Hort. 
 1892,p. 488, figs. 142-3. 
 
 - Salze'ri. Fruit yeflowish-white. Carinthia. 
 
 1892. 
 
 Pte'ris. 
 
 '. crista'ta. G. C. 1892, xii. p. 249. 
 
 - Segi'TKB. G. C. 1892, xii. p. 249. 
 
 - tre'mula variega'ta. G. C!l892, xii. p. 249. 
 
 Ptyehora'phis. 
 
 '. augu'sta. 10. Nicobar Islands. G. C. 1892, 
 xii. p. 397, fig. 63. 
 
 Pultense'a. 
 
 '. euchi'la. 2. Yellow. May. N. S. Wales. 
 1824. Syn., Spadostyles SUieri. 
 
 Q. 
 Que'rcus. 
 
 Q. maeedo'niaa. G. C. 1892, xii. p. 669. 
 — Sehochia'na. A hybrid between Q, Phellos 
 and Q. palustris. 
 
 R. 
 Ranu'nculus. 
 
 S. ca/rva'fhicus. 1. Golden-yellow. May. B. 
 Hungary. 1892. B. M. t. 7266. 
 
 Rhi'psalis. 
 
 R. amlea'ta. Whitish. Argentina. 1892. Kev. 
 Hort. 1892, p. 428. 
 
 — a'nceps. Yellowish-white. Brazil. 1892. Syn., 
 
 Lepiwiium anceps. 
 
 — capUlifo'rmis. White. Brazil. 1892. 
 
 — clava'ta. White. Brazil. 1892. 
 
 — comor^nsis. Greenish- white. Comoro Islands. 
 
 1892. 
 
 — dissi'milie setulo'sa. Brazil. 1892. Syn., M. 
 
 — gibMrula. White. Brazil. 1892 
 
 — gmwca'rpa. White. Brazil. 1892. Syn., 
 
 R. pterocarpa. 
 
 — madagasearie/mis. Greenish. Madagascar. 
 
 1892. 
 
 — salicarnioi'des bambusoi'des. Orange or red- 
 
 dish. Brazil. 1892. 
 
 — marezia'na. Diego Suarez. 1892. 
 
 — tetra'gona. A dwarf species. 1892. 
 
 — tucwnumdnm. White, rosy. Argentina. 
 
 1892 
 
 — virga'ta. ' 'mate. Brazil. 1892. 
 
 — Warrmngia'na. White. Brazil. Gil. 189^, 
 
 p. 8, flgs. 5-7. 
 
 — sanziba'rica. Zanzibar. 1892. 
 
 Rhodode'ndron. 
 
 R. Luaco'mbei. Garden hybrid. 
 1892, xi. p. 780. 
 
 1880. G. C. 
 
 racenw'swm. Rose, white. Yunnan. 1892. 
 Gard. xlii. p. 320, t. 878. 
 
 Eicha'rdia. 
 
 R, aura'ta. Spathes yellow. 1892. 
 
 — Pentld'ndi. Spathes rich yellow. S. Africa. 
 
 1892. Syn.; Calla Pentlandi. 
 
 Robi'nia. 
 
 R. Tteo-meTica'na luxu'rians. June and August. 
 Colorada and Southern Rocky Moun- 
 tains. 1892. 
 
 Rodrigue'zia. 
 
 R. Liiide'ni. A synonym of R. pubesce,ns. 
 
 Ro'sa. 
 
 iJ. glutino'sa yarmale'nsis. 2J. Pale red. Moun- 
 tains near Smyrna. 1892. 
 
 Ru'bus. 
 
 E. ceelsms turkesta'nica. Turkestan. Gfl. 1892, 
 p. 106, fig. 26. 
 
 — Miltspim'ghi. A bramble destitute of spines. 
 
 N. America. 1892. 
 
 — xanthoca'rpus. 1. White ; fruit yellow. N. 
 
 China. 1892. Syn., R. Potcmini. 
 
 S. 
 
 Sa'pimu. 
 
 S. sebi'fervm. 10. Yellow. China. 1703. Syn., 
 StiUingia sebifera, 
 
 Sarcochi'lus. 
 
 5. Berkele^yi, Syn., Thrincspermtum Berkeleyi. 
 
 — bomee'nsis. Yellowish. Borneo. 1892. 111. 
 
 Hort. new ser. 1. 161. 
 
 — Sillemia'nmn, Syn., Thrixspermv/m SilleTnia- 
 
 num. 
 
 Saxi'fraga. 
 
 S. Macnabia'na. A garden hybrid. G. C. 1893, 
 xiv. p. 299. 
 
 Scabio'sa. 
 
 S. Comvonia'na. |. Pale yellow. May. Ab- 
 chasia. 1892. 
 
 Schizoco'don. 
 
 S. soldcmelloi'des. J. Deep rose to bluish white. 
 April. Japan. 1892. 
 
 Sci'Ua. 
 
 S. biparti'ta. Blue. Winter. Morocco. 1892. 
 
 Sempervi'vum. 
 
 S. Thomeye'ri, A garden hybrid. 1892. 
 
 Sene'eio. 
 
 5. Galpi'ni. 1. Bright orange. Transvaal. 
 ■ 1892. B. M. t. 7239. 
 
 — sagittifo'Kus. 10. White, yellow. Uruguay. 
 
 Eev. Hort. 1892, p. 63, flg.s. 16-17. 
 
 Smilaci'na. Syn., Tovaria. 
 S. olera'cea. 4. White. Sikkim. 1877. Syn., 
 Tmmria oUraeea. 
 
 Smi'lax. 
 
 5. mrgyirea. Leaves spotted with white. Bolivia. 
 1892. 111. Hort. new ser. 1. 162. 
 
 Sobole'wskya. 
 
 5. clava'ta. White. May. Armenia. 1892. 
 
 Sobra'lia. 
 
 S. Beyeria'na. li. White, rosy-pink ; lip rosy- 
 lilac, white. 1892. 
 
 — lAica^ia'na. White, Klac ; lip rosy-lilac, 
 
 yellow. 1892. 
 
 3y 
 
SOL 
 
 [ 1058 ] 
 
 ZYG 
 
 Sola'num. 
 
 S. corona! turn. 3. Leaves dark green ; prickles 
 violet and grey. 1892. 
 
 — dublommma'tum. Blue ; fruit white. Abys- 
 
 sinia. Wien. Gart. 1S72, p. 472, fig. 79. 
 
 Sophroca'ttleya. 
 
 S. Vei'tchii. Garden hybrid between Lcelio- 
 CatOeya elegant and Sophronitis grandi- 
 flora. 1892. 
 
 Spathoglo'ttis. 
 
 S. Viella'rdii ru'bra. A dark-coloured variety. 
 Journ. of Hort. 1892, xxv. p. 529, fig. 70. 
 
 Sphsero'gyne. 
 
 S. latifo'lia. See Tococa lati/olia. 
 
 Stanho'pea. 
 
 5. Molia'na. Yellowish, white, purple. Peru. 
 1892. Lind. t. 331. 
 
 Sta'tice. Syn., Taxanthema. 
 
 Stauro'psis. 
 
 5'. Warocguea'tia. Yellow, reddish-brown ; lip 
 white with rosy spots. New Guinea. 
 1892. Lind. t. 319. 
 
 Stena'ndrium, 
 
 S. BeekmarMnnm. Garden hybrid. 1892. Dl. 
 Hort. new ser. 1. 166. 
 
 Stereospe'rmum. 
 
 -S*. chelonm'des. Syn., BigTwnia chelonoides. 
 
 — hyposti'ctum. 20. Yellow. E. Indies. 1828. 
 
 Syn., Bignonia ammna, 
 
 — serra'tulum. E. Indies. 1832. Syn., Bigno- 
 
 nia serratula. 
 
 — suave'olens. 30. ' White. E. Indies. 1829. 
 
 Syn., Bigntmia suberosa. 
 
 — ieyloca'rpum. White. W. Indies. 1820. Syn., 
 
 Tecoma xylocarpa. 
 
 Synandrospa'dix. 
 
 ,j. vermito'xi^us. 1. Greyish-green, fiesh-colour. 
 Tucuman. 1892. B. M. t. 7242. 
 
 Tacso'nia. 
 
 T. 
 
 T. Smythia'na. A hybrid or seedling. G. C. 
 1892, xii. pp. 442 and 794, fig. 109. 
 
 Tali'ntmi. 
 
 r. ro'seum. Bose. Abyssinia. 1892. 
 
 Tchihatche'wia. 
 
 T. isati'dea. Bright rosy-pink. May. Armenia. 
 1892. 
 
 Thali'ctrum. 
 
 T. rhyncoea'rpum. 3. Summer. Transvaal. 
 1892. 
 
 Thunbe'rgia. 
 
 T. grandifio'ra a'lba. Pure white. 1892. 
 
 Tilla'ndsia. 
 
 T. Massangea'na. Leaves barred with bronze. 
 1892. 
 
 — Moe'mii. Leaves yellowish-green, barred with 
 
 pale green. 1892. 
 
 Tradesca'ntia. 
 
 T. de'cora. Leaves olive green, with a band of 
 silvery grey. Brazil. 1892. 
 
 — Regi'nce. Leaves whitish-green, marked with 
 
 dark green and purple. Peru. 1892. 
 111. Hort. new ser. 1. 147. 
 
 T. supdrba. Leaves dark green, striped with 
 white, purple beneath. Peru. 1892. 
 111. Hort. new ser. 1. 156. 
 
 Trichode'sma. 
 
 T. physalm'des. Pure white ; calyx purple. S. 
 Africa. G. C. 1892, xi. p. 363, fig. 51. 
 
 Trichopilia. 
 
 T. bre'vis. Yellow, reddish-brown, white. Peru. 
 1892. 111. Hort. new ser. t. 332. 
 
 Tu'lipa. 
 
 T. Billietia'na. Lemon-yellow, tinged with red. 
 May. Upper Savoy. B. M. t. 7263. 
 
 u. 
 Urope'taliiin. 
 
 U. Becazzea'num. i. Green. Abyssinia. Gfi. 
 1892, p. 611, fig. 127. 
 
 Utricula'ria. 
 
 U. Humbo'ldtii. J. Pale lavender. British 
 
 Guiana. 1892. 
 — long^fo'lia. Mauve. British Guiana. 1892. 
 
 Vaiida. 
 
 V. Arbuthnotia'na. Golden-yellow, striped with 
 purple. Malabar. 1892. 
 
 — feVefl aflba. Pure white. 1892. 
 
 — vitelli'na. Egg-yellow. 1802. 
 
 Vemo'nia. 
 
 v. podo'coma. 3. Hose purple. S. Africa. 1892. 
 B. M. t. 7266. 
 
 Vero'nica. 
 
 V. monti'cola. Blue. 
 1892. 
 
 Summer. Abyssinia. 
 
 Vi'ola. 
 
 V. declina'ta. i. Bright purple, with a yellow 
 eye. May. Transylvania. 1892. 
 
 Vrie'sia. 
 
 V.obli'qua. Gardenhybrid. 1892. Gfl. t.l3e9. 
 
 — tesseta'ta Sanderia'na. A variety with the 
 leaves more distinctly zoned and mar- 
 bled. 1892. 
 
 w. 
 Warseewiczella. 
 
 W. Idnde'ni. See Zygopetalum lAndeni. 
 
 Yu'cca. 
 
 F. Eanbu'ryi. 
 
 Y. 
 
 White. N. America. 1892. 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zelko'va. 
 
 Z. japo'nica Versoha'ffelti. G. C. 1892, xii. p. 669. 
 
 Zygope'talum, 
 
 Z. gra/mmi^o'liv/m. Green, purple. 1892. Lind. 
 t. 346. 
 
 — UwsocM'lum. Garden hybrid. 1892. 
 
 — Linddni. White ; lip veined with rosy-purple. 
 
 1892. Lind. t. 337. Syn., Warseewiczella 
 lAmdeni. 
 
LIST OF WORDS, 
 
 WITH THEIE MEANINGS, MOST FEBQUENTLY USED AS SPECIFIC NAMES. 
 
 N-B. — Words used chiefly as prefixes or suffixes are marked thus :—oxi/-, 
 -anthus. _ Adjectives ending in -lis have -a and -wm as the feminine and neuter 
 termmations respectively; those ending iq -is take -is and -e. Only the mascu- 
 j J • . '"^ ^*^® been given below, unless the other genders contain differences 
 -additional to those just mentioned, e.a., acer, campester, etc. Substantives used 
 as specific names are rarely given in this list. Words derived from the names of 
 persons or places, which are generally self-explanatory, are omitted, except in a 
 \^\T cases. 
 
 ABB 
 
 ■ahhrevia'tvs, shortened. 
 aborti'vus, abortive. 
 ahru'ptus, torn off, abrupt. 
 Mbscissus, cut off. 
 ■acanthifo'lms, prickly-leaved. 
 aeau'lis, stemless. 
 acce'dens, approaching. 
 -a'cer, -eris, -ere, sharp, pungent. 
 ace'rhus, sour. 
 
 cuyro'dadon, branched at the top. 
 aaulea'tus, furnished with prickles. 
 acitmina'ttis, sharply pointed. 
 acu'.tus, pointed. In combination acuti-. 
 adm.vra'hUis, wonderful, astonishing. 
 adna'seens, growing to or upon. 
 euirm'tus, united to. 
 adpre^ssus, pressed on. 
 ■ adsce'ndens, ascending. 
 adspe'rsus, bestrewed. 
 adsu'rgens, rising up. 
 adulterinus, adulterous, not genuine. 
 adumbra'tus, counterfeit. 
 adu'ncus, curved inwards. 
 a'dvena, a stranger. ' 
 
 a^qer, -ra, -rum, sick, unwell. 
 cenrmlus, rivalling, vying with. 
 aqua'lis, equal. 
 
 wquinoctialis, relating to the equinox. 
 astiva'lisA jgiating to summer. 
 wsUvus, j ° 
 
 ce'stuans, hot, in ^eat commotion. 
 afflnis, neighboming, related. 
 aggrega'tus, joined with. 
 agni'nus, relating to a lamb. 
 agre'stis, field, rustic. 
 ala'tus, winged. 
 .albe'llus, whitish. 
 
 AMP 
 
 albescens, becoming white. 
 
 a'lhiccms, white. 
 
 albicau'lis, white-stemmed. 
 
 a'lbidus, whitish. 
 
 albiflo'rus, white-flowered. 
 
 cdbispi'rms, white-spined. 
 
 albive'nius, white-veined. 
 
 alboci'nctus, surrounded with white. 
 
 albosti'pes, white-stalked. 
 
 a'lbus, white. 
 
 alcicolmis, elk's-horn. 
 
 a'lgidus, cold. 
 
 alie'nus, not related. 
 
 allia'ceus, garlic-like. 
 
 allf^Mllus, with leaves of another 
 kind. 
 
 aloi'des, aloe-like. 
 
 alpe'stris, mountain. 
 
 atpi'nus, alpine. 
 
 alte'mans, alternating. 
 
 alti'ssimus, highest. 
 
 ama'bilis, amiable, lovable. 
 
 amaricau'lis, bitter stemmed, 
 
 ama'rus, bitter in taste. 
 
 ambi'gwus, of doubtful nature. 
 
 amethysti'mis, amethyst-coloured. 
 
 amethystoglo'ssa, with an amethyst- 
 coloured tongue (or lip). 
 
 amce'mis, pleasant, delightful. 
 
 amo'rpha, shapeless. 
 
 amphi'bium, amphibious, living under 
 two conditions. 
 
 amphoraltus, pitcher-like. 
 
 amplexicau'lis, sheathing the stem. 
 
 am/plexifo'lius, with sheathing leaves. 
 
 a'mplns, large, spacious. 
 
 ampnlla'ceus, bottle-shaped. 
 
ANA [ 1060 ] 
 
 anaca'ntha, without spines. 
 a'nceps, two-headed. 
 ancula'ris, relating to a maidservant. 
 anfrchetwt' sus, hending. 
 angui'neus, peitaining to a snake. 
 
 anguWsus, full of corners. 
 angusta'tws, narrow. 
 angustiflo'ms, with narrow flowers. 
 angitstifo'lius, narrow-lea^edi 
 angvstUo'hus, with narrow lohes. 
 angu'stior, narrower. 
 angusti' si^mus, very narrow. 
 angvfstiia, narrow. 
 anru/sus, long-lived. 
 anno'tinus, a year old. 
 
 r:E:}f--^l^ed with ring.. 
 
 a'nnuus, annual. 
 
 -anthus or -anthos, -flowered, e.g., 
 
 braehyanthus, short-flowered. 
 anU'eus, forward, in front. 
 anti'qmis, ancient. 
 ape'rius, uncovered, exposed. 
 ape'taia, without petals. 
 a/phi/llus, without leaves. 
 apicula'tus, furnished with a point. 
 apo'da, without a foot. 
 appendicvla'iits, bearing an appendage. 
 applarmltus, flattened out. 
 appUca'tus, applied to, lying near. 
 appre'ssus. See adpressus. 
 cSptera, wingless. 
 
 UUUlW t/ittliOy J 
 
 a queus, Watery. 
 
 aguili'nus, relating to an eagle, eagle- 
 like. 
 arachni'tis, oobwebhy. 
 arachnoi'des, spider-like. 
 
 BRY 
 
 ; in water. 
 
 arbo'reus, ') tree-like. 
 
 arcua'tus, bow-shaped. 
 
 a'rdens, fiery. 
 
 areno'sus, sandy. 
 
 areola'tus, furnished with small open 
 
 spaces. ' 
 
 argu'tus, acute, shai-p. 
 a'ridus, dry. 
 arista'tus, furnished with a point (from 
 
 aristu, the point of an ear of corn), 
 arma'tus, armed. 
 
 armUla'ris, 1 adorned with an armilla 
 armUla'tiis,} or collar. 
 aroma'tkus, aromatic. 
 arre'ctus, steep. 
 articula'tus, jointed. 
 arundina'ceus, reed-like. 
 arve'nsis, pertaining to a corn-field, 
 a'sper, -era, -ermn, rough. 
 aspera'tus, roughish. 
 aspe'rrim/us, very rough. 
 aspe'rsus, scattered, bestrewed. 
 
 asplenifo'lius, with leaves resembling aa. 
 
 Asplenium. 
 assi'milis, similar. 
 assw'rgens, standing or rising up. 
 a'ter, -tra -trum, black. 
 atra'tus, clothed in black. 
 atro; black-. 
 attemm'tus, attenuate. 
 augu'stus, majestic. 
 awlicus, princely. 
 awranti'aons, orange-coloured, 
 
 aureus, / e"^"°"- 
 
 awn'cmivm, golden-haired. 
 
 auri'tus, long-eared. 
 
 austra'lis, southern. 
 
 autwmna'lis, autumnal. 
 
 avema'ceus, oaten. 
 
 avicula'ris, pertaining to a small bird. 
 
 axilla'ris, axillary. 
 
 axUUflo'rus, with the flowers axillary. 
 
 azu'reus, azure-blue. 
 
 B. 
 
 hacca'tus, berried. Originally meaning: 
 
 set with pearls. 
 hacci' fonts, bearing berries. 
 hacuti'forws, bearing small twigs. 
 ha'dius, chestnut-coloured. 
 
 L"S&,}^^--^earing. 
 
 harha'tulus, with a small beard. 
 
 barha'tus, bearded. 
 
 hasila'ris, basal. 
 
 6eao?M'£B/b7iM«, with leaves likeaBegonia. 
 
 mllns, pretty. 
 
 htmdi'cius, praised. 
 
 herherifo'lius, with leaves like a Ber- 
 beris. 
 
 heta'cews. Beet-like. 
 
 hi-, two-. 
 
 biartieula'tus, two-jointed. 
 
 hi'color, two-coloured. 
 
 hiefnnis, of two years. 
 
 hipinna'tus, twice pJimate. 
 
 bipinnati'fidus, twice pinnatifid.. 
 
 bise'ctus, cut into two parts. 
 
 bituminolsus, pitchy. 
 
 bla'ndus, pleasant, flattering. 
 
 bo'nus, good. 
 
 borea'lis, northern. 
 
 botryoi'des, bearing bunches like grapes. 
 
 brachia'tus, provided with arms. 
 
 brachy-, short-, e.g., brachyphyllus, 
 short-leaved. 
 
 brachya'ndra, with short stamens. 
 
 bractea'tus, furnished with bracts. 
 
 bracteola'tus, furnished with bracteoles. 
 
 bre'vis, short, e.g., brevifolius, short- 
 leaved. 
 
 brillianti'ssimus, very or most brilliant. 
 
 bruma'lis, relating to the shortest day. 
 
 bryoi'des, moss-like. i 
 
BUB 
 
 [1061] 
 
 COM 
 
 Jmbuli'mis, relating to an ox. 
 
 hufo'nms, relating to a toad. 
 
 •bulbi'ferus, bearing bulbs. 
 
 ■bulbo'sus, furnished with a bulb, swollen. 
 
 bulla'tus, transitory. Most frequently 
 used in the sense of having the ap- 
 pearance of being covered with bubbles 
 {bulla, a bubble). 
 
 ■bullula'tits, covered with small bubbles. 
 
 hutyra'ceus, butter-yielding. 
 
 iyuasifo'lius, box-leaved. 
 
 byzanti'nus, Turkish. 
 
 C. 
 
 ■cceru'leiis, dark-blue. Also spelt cceru- 
 
 leus. 
 ccerulefscens, becoming dark-blue. 
 C(z'sms, bluish-grey. 
 'ccBspito'sus, tufted, turfy. 
 calcara'tus, spurred. 
 calo- (Greek, Aflsfo*), beautiful-. 
 calo'ooma, beautiful-haired. 
 caloglo'ssa, beautiful-tongued. 
 calome'lanos, beautiful black. 
 €alo'pterum, beautiful-winged. 
 ■calo thrix, beautiful-haired. 
 ■calve'scens, to become bald, or to grow 
 
 up thinly. 
 •calyci'mis, furnished with a calyx or 
 
 cup. 
 calycula'tus, furnished with a small 
 
 calyx. 
 jxb'rrwricus, Welsh, 
 
 campanula' tus, bell-shaped. 
 "%mpanulif "''""' i»"+^ 
 flowers. " 
 
 campanuliflo'rus, with bell-shaped 
 
 campester, -iris, -tre, relating to plains. 
 campy-, curved-. (Greek, kamjmlos.) 
 campyla'cantha, with curved spines. 
 canalicula'tus, channeled. 
 cancella'tus, latticed. 
 ^ndiBans, becoming white. 
 cancKdi'ssimm, very white and shining. 
 ca'ndidus, shining white. 
 cane'scens, hoary. 
 ■cani'nus, pertaining to dogs. 
 ea'nus, whitish-grey. 
 ■eape'nsis, cape, usually, when applied 
 
 to plants, referring to the Cape of 
 
 Good Hope. 
 4X^la'ceus,\ ^air-like, capiUary. 
 capularis, J j 
 
 capita'tiis, furnished with a head. 
 cwpitella'tus, furnished with a little 
 
 nead. , 
 
 capreola'tus, pertaming to a goat. 
 capsula'ris, furnished with a capsule. 
 cardina'lis, red (rarely used in botany 
 
 for jointed). 
 cdrdua'ceus, thistle-like. 
 ^Mrico'sus, sedOT. 
 carina'tus, keafed. 
 cari'ssimus, most esteemed. 
 
 ca'rneus, 1 ^ . flesh-coloured. 
 carnosus,) ■" 
 
 cartilagi'neus, homy. 
 ca'stus, spotless, chaste. 
 catha'rticus, purging. 
 eauda'tus, tailed. 
 
 rsr} '''^'^- 
 
 ca'ims, hollow. 
 
 cmti-, hundred-. (Latin, centwm,.') 
 
 cephal; a head. (Greek, kephale.) 
 
 cera'micus, pertaining to pottery. 
 
 ceroMfo'rrms, cherry-shaped. 
 
 ccri' ferns, wax-bearing. 
 
 cefmuus, inclined, nodding. 
 
 cervi'rms, pertaining to a stag. 
 
 cheil; lip-. (Greek, eheilos.) 
 
 cheir-, hand-. I (Greek, cheir.) 
 
 chior-, pale green. (Greek, chloros.) 
 
 chrys-, golden-. (Greek, chrusos.) 
 
 ciha'rius, relating to food. 
 
 cilia'ris, \ furnished with hairs like eye- 
 
 cilia'tus,) lashes. 
 
 ci'nctus, surrounded. 
 
 cine'reus, ashy. 
 
 cinndbari'nus, cinnabar, vermilion. 
 
 cinnamo'meus, cinnamon-Hke. 
 
 circina't'us, curled up like the head of a 
 
 crosier, 
 circum-, around. 
 dreumci'ssus, cut around. 
 cirrha'tus, or drrho'sus, furnished with 
 
 cirrhi or curls. 
 cirrhi'ferus, bearing cirrhi. 
 dtri'mis, yellow. 
 clandesti'nus, secret, concealed. 
 clari'ssimAxs, most brilliant. 
 clava'tus, club-shaped. 
 elypea'tus, shield-like. 
 coarcta'tus, confined. 
 cocei'neits, scarlet. 
 
 S^^SI-^l-l^-P^d, spiral. 
 
 ccele'stis, heavenly. 
 
 cosru'leus, dark-blue. Sometimes spelt 
 
 cceruleiis. 
 colK'rms, hUly. 
 colo'rans, colouring. 
 colora'tus, coloured. 
 colo'sseus, gigantic. 
 columella' r is, pillar-shaped. 
 columna'ris, columnar. 
 CO W, j ^^^ 
 coma tits, j ■' 
 corrvmu'nis, common, social. 
 commuta'tus, changed. 
 como'sus, hairy. 
 compa'ctus, compact. 
 eomplana'tus, flattened otit, levelled. 
 com/plc'xus, encompassed. 
 complica'tus, folded together. 
 compo'situs, compound. 
 com/pre' ssus, compressed. 
 co'mptus, adorned. 
 
CON 
 
 [ 1062 ] 
 
 DOL 
 
 conca'vus, concave. 
 
 conch-, shell-. (Latin, concha.) 
 
 conchifo'rmis, shell or horn-shaped. 
 
 conci'nmis, neat, elegant. 
 
 co'ncolor, similar in colour, of the same 
 
 colour. 
 condensa'tus, condensed. 
 confe'rtus, compressed, dense. 
 cmngc'slus, brought together, con- 
 
 eonglomera'tus, heaped together. 
 
 co'nicus, conical. 
 
 conso'lidits, thickened, consolidated. 
 
 conspi'cuus, visible, striking, con- 
 spicuous. 
 
 cmlstri'ctus, constricted. 
 
 contaminatus, defiled. 
 
 conti! guus, near. 
 
 contort-us, twisted. 
 
 contractus, contracted. 
 
 copio'sus, abundant. 
 
 corda'tus, heart-shaped. 
 
 cordifo'Uus, with heart-shaped leaves. 
 
 cornicula' tus, homed, shaped like the 
 new moon. 
 
 cornu'tus, homed. 
 
 coro'nans, crowning. 
 
 corona'tus, crowned. 
 
 ccyrrugaltus, wrinkled. 
 
 cortica'tus ot cortico'sus, furnished with 
 bark. 
 
 coru' scans, flashing, trembling. 
 
 corymbo'sus, corymb-like. 
 
 costa'tus, furnished with a midrib, 
 
 crassicau'lis, thick-stemmed. 
 
 crassifo'Uus, thick-leaved. 
 
 crassine'rvms, thick-nerved. 
 
 cra'ssus, thick. 
 
 crena'tus, scolloped, crenate. 
 
 crenula'tus, crenulate. 
 
 cre'pitans, crackling. 
 
 crini'tus, with stiff naii's. 
 
 cri'spus, curled. 
 
 eristaltus, crested. 
 
 wl^?' I saffron-yellow. 
 
 enmcia'tus, cross-shaped. 
 
 crtie'ntus, bloody. 
 
 crypt-, concealed-, secret-. (Greek, kriip- 
 
 tos.) 
 crystalli'nus, crystalline. 
 ciuxvla'tus, hooded. 
 cultra'tus, knife-shaped. 
 cunea'tus, wedge-shaped. 
 eu'preVfS, copper-coloured. 
 curtiis, short. 
 cur'ea'tus, curved. 
 cuspida'tus, furnished with a cusp or 
 
 point. 
 cya'ncm, dark blue. 
 cyanospf^rma, blue seeded. 
 cyli'ndricus, cylindrical. 
 cymbifo'rmis, boat-shaped. 
 cymo'sus, cyme-like. 
 
 dasy-, thick with hair, hairy. (Greeks 
 msus.) 
 
 dasya'ntha, hairy-flowered. 
 
 dasyca'rpvm,, hairy-fruited. 
 
 dasyphyll'm, hairy-leaved. 
 
 dealba'tus, white-washed. 
 
 de'bilis, weak. 
 
 deca'ndra, with ten stamens. 
 
 deci'duits, deciduous, falling down. 
 
 deci'piens, deceptive. 
 
 dedina'tus, bent aside. 
 
 decolo'rans, discoloured. 
 
 decompo' situs, decompound, much di- 
 vided. 
 
 dcco'rus, becoming. 
 
 deeu'mbens, lying down. 
 
 deeu'rrens, passing down quickly. In 
 botany generally used in the sense of 
 passing down and adhering to, e.g., 
 the decurrent leaves of Symphytum 
 officinale. 
 
 decussa'tus, intersecting. 
 
 deJUdens, vanishing, deficient. 
 
 defl'xus, fixed into. 
 
 defle'xTis, bent down. 
 
 defo'rmis, deformed, misshapen. 
 
 dehi'scens, splitting. 
 
 delica'tus, charming, tender. 
 
 demi'ssus, lowered, thrust down. 
 
 de'ns-ea'nis, dog's tooth. 
 
 de'nsus, thick, dense. 
 
 denta'tus, toothed. 
 
 denticula'tus, with small teeth. 
 
 denuda'tus, uncovered. 
 
 depaupera'tus, poor. 
 
 depe'ndens, hanging down. 
 
 depre'ssu^, pressed down. 
 
 desci'scens, withdrawing from. 
 
 deu'stus, burnt down. 
 
 diaea'ntha, with two spineS. 
 
 dia'ndra, with two stamens. 
 
 diapha'nus, translucent. 
 
 dim,o'tomus, twice forked. 
 
 didi' sticha, two ranked. 
 
 di'dywMS, twin. 
 
 diffo'rmis, deformed. 
 
 diffu'sus, spread about, diffuse. 
 
 dipita'tus, spread out like fingers 
 
 duata'tus, dilated. 
 
 dimidia'tus, halved, divided. 
 
 dimo'rphus, of two forms. 
 
 dioi'cus, dioecious. 
 
 di'scolor, particoloured. 
 
 dispar, -&ris, unequal. 
 
 disse'cttis, cut apart, dissected. 
 
 dissi'milis, unlike. 
 
 di'stichus, in two rows. 
 
 diu'mus, daily. 
 
 divarka'tus, stretched apart. , 
 
 dimersifo'lius, with leaves of different 
 kinds. 
 
 di'ves, rich, fruitful. 
 
 divi'sus, divided. 
 
 dolabrifo'rmis, hatchet-shaped. 
 
DOL 
 
 [1063] 
 
 GIG 
 
 dolo'sus, crafty. 
 
 dome'stieus, oelonging to the house, 
 
 do-mestic. 
 drupa'ceus, fruit, adrupe. (Latin, d/rupa, 
 
 an over-ripe olive. ) 
 drum' ferns, bearing drupes. 
 dryades, pertaining to woods. (Latin, 
 
 Vryas, a wood nymph, ) 
 du'hius, doubtful. 
 du'lcis, sweet. 
 dumo'sws, bushy, brambly. 
 du'plex, double. 
 durus, hard. 
 
 E. 
 
 e-, without-. 
 ebena'cexK, like ebony. 
 ehractea'tus, without bracts. 
 ehu'metis, like ivory. 
 echina'tus, spiny, prickly. 
 ecornu'tus, without horns. 
 edenta'tus, without teeth. 
 edu'lis, edible. 
 . da'sticus, elastic. 
 ela'tior, higher. 
 da'tus, high, elevated. 
 e'legans, elegant. 
 elWpticus, elliptical, oval. 
 elonga'tus, lengthened. 
 erne ticiis, emetic. 
 
 e'minens, prominent, distinguished. 
 ensifo'rmis, sword-shaped. 
 eque'ster, -iris, -tre, pertaining to horses, 
 
 equestrian. 
 ere'ctus, erect. 
 ero'sus, gnawed away. 
 erube'scens, becoming red. 
 erythro-, red-. (Greek, eruthros.) 
 erytkroca'rpus, red-fruited. 
 escul^ntus, edible. 
 etubero'sus, destitute of tubers. 
 eu-, well, beautiful, e.g., euglossa, with 
 
 a beautiful tongue. 
 exalta'tus, raised up, elevated. 
 exee'lsus, lofty, sublime. 
 exse'rtiis, stretched out, exserted. 
 exu'dans, overflowing, exuding. 
 exuvia'tus, peeling on. 
 
 F. 
 
 falca'His, scythe-shaped. 
 
 fallax, false, deceitful. 
 
 farino'stts, mealy, floury. 
 
 fascicula'ius, arranged m bundles. 
 
 fastigia'ttis, sharpened to a point. 
 
 fe'Ux, fertile, happy. ' 
 
 fenestra'lis, furnished with windows or 
 
 openings. 
 fe'rox, wud, fierce, 
 fe'rreus, like iron, hence hard. 
 ferrugi'neus, colour of iron rust. 
 fibro'sus, fibry. 
 Jicoi'deus, fig-like. 
 
 filamento'sm, furnished with filaments, 
 
 thready. 
 filicau'lis, with a thread-like stem. 
 JUici'nus, fern-like. 
 fiU'ferus, bearing threads. 
 fi'rmus, firm, strong, durable. 
 fi'ssiu, split, cloven. 
 flabdla'tus, fan-shaped. 
 jla'ecidus, weak, flabby. 
 flageUa'tus, whip-bearmg. 
 fla mmeus, flame-coloured, fiery red. 
 fla'viis, yeUow. 
 flefxUis, flexible. 
 flexu&sus, crooked. 
 Jlocco'sus, woolly. 
 flo're a'lbo, with white flower. 
 flo'reple'no, with double flower (literally, 
 
 witn full flower). 
 Jlo'ridus, flowery, flourishing. 
 -flo'rus, -flowered. 
 flu'itans, flowing. 
 fluvia'tilis, belonging to a river. 
 fc^tidns, foetid, stinking. 
 folio' sus, leafy. 
 -fo'lius, -leaved. 
 fonta'vMS, "111 • i 
 fontina'lis, / t>elongmg to a spring. 
 
 fovea' tits, furnished with small pits. 
 fra'gilis, fragile, easily broken. 
 fra'grans, fragrant. 
 fragranti' ssvmus, very fragrant. 
 fraxi'neus, pertaining to tlie Ash. 
 fri'gidus, cold, frosty. 
 frondo'sus, leafy. 
 fru'ctu a'lba, with white fruit. 
 frute'scens,, becoming bushy. 
 frutico'sus, bushy. 
 fuea'tns, painted, counterfeit. 
 fucifo'rmis, sea- weed like. 
 fu'gax, transitory. 
 
 fuligino'sus, sooty. 
 fu'lvus, tawny. 
 funa'lis, relating to a rope. 
 fune'bris, funereal. 
 fune'stus, deadly, destructive. 
 fungo'sus, spongy, fungoid. 
 furea'tvis, forked. 
 furfura'ceus, scurfy. 
 fu'sco-vi'ridis, dark green. 
 fu'scus, dark-coloured. 
 fusifo'rmis, spindle-shaped. 
 
 G. 
 
 ■gaster, -bellied, e.g., stenogaster, with a 
 
 narrow belly. 
 ge'lidMS, cold, icy. 
 gemina'tus, in pairs, twin. 
 gem/ma' tus, bearing buds. 
 genioula'tus,\dm\xA like a knee, knotty. 
 gUhbus, swollen, having humps. 
 giga'nteus, gigantic. 
 
GIG 
 
 [ 1064 ] 
 
 ISO 
 
 gi'gas, a giant. 
 
 glabe'lltis, rather smooth. 
 
 glaher, -bra, -hrv/m, smooth. Used in 
 
 the sense of being destitute of hairs. 
 glabe'rrirrms, very smooth. 
 glahriu' soulVfS, rather smooth. 
 
 glandulosus, glandular. 
 
 glauce'scens, becoming bluish-grey. 
 
 glau'cus, bluish-grey, glaucous. 
 
 globi'fenis, ball-bearing. 
 
 globo'siis, globular. 
 
 glomera'tus, heaped into a spherical mass. 
 
 glorio'sus, glorious. 
 
 glwma'ceics, husky. 
 
 gVutino'sus, sticky. 
 
 gongylo'des, rounded. 
 
 graiais | gig^der. 
 
 gracilentns, J 
 
 graci'llima, very slender. 
 
 grami'iMus, grasaj. 
 
 gra'ndi-, large-. 
 
 gra'ndis, large. 
 
 gmnvia'tus, \ ^j^r. 
 
 granulo sus, J ° 
 
 gratio'sus, favoured. 
 
 grati' ssimus, most favoured. 
 
 gra'tus, pleasant. 
 
 gra'veolens, strong-smelling, foetid. 
 
 grossila'bris, large-lipped. 
 
 gu'mmifer, \ g^n,.i,earing. 
 
 gutta'tus, speckled, spotted. 
 guttula'tus, with small spots. 
 gymn-, naked-. (Greek, gummas. ) 
 gyn-, female-. (Greek, gune, a woman.) 
 gy'rans, revolving. 
 
 H. 
 
 hvem-, blood-. (Greek, haima, blood.) 
 
 hama'tus, curved like a hook. 
 
 hasta'tus, armed as with spears. 
 
 hasti'lis, spear-shaped. 
 
 Tiedera'ceus, ivy-like. 
 
 helianthoi'des, resemblingthe sun-flower. 
 
 hemisphce'ricv^, hemispherical. 
 
 herbafcev^, herbaceous. 
 
 heteraca'ntha, having spines of different 
 sorts. 
 
 hetera'ndrum, having stamens of diffe- 
 rent sorts. 
 
 heteroca[rpum, having fruit of different 
 sorts. 
 
 hex-, six-. 
 
 Mans, gaping. 
 
 hAema'lis, wintery. 
 
 Mrci'nus, relating to a he-goat. 
 
 Mrsu'tulus, having short stiff hairs. 
 
 hirsu'tns, having stiff hairs. 
 
 hi'rtus, shaggy. 
 
 Mmdi' ssimus, densely covered with stiff 
 Hairs. . 
 
 histrio'mcus, relating to actors. 
 holo-, wholly-. (Greek, holos.) 
 Iwms-, resembling-. (Greek, komoios. ) 
 horizonta'Us, honaontal. 
 MrridMS, shaggy, bristly, frightful, 
 
 harsh. 
 horte'nsia, garden plants. 
 horte^nsis, relating to a garden. 
 hu'milis, little, humble. 
 hya'Knus, glassy, transparent. 
 hybema'lis, resting during winter. 
 hyemalis, wintery. 
 hyper-, over, above. (Greek, huper.) 
 hyperbo'reus, northern. 
 %po-, under, beneath. (Greek, hupo.) 
 hypoeraterifo'rmis, salver-shaped. 
 hy'strix, a porcupine. 
 
 I. 
 
 ia'nthina, violet. 
 
 icosa'ndra, having twenty stamens. 
 
 i'g'»ei«s,fiery,glowing(applied to colours). 
 
 iUu'stris, brilliant, renowned. 
 
 imbdrbis, beardless. 
 
 imbrica'tus, overlapping like tUes. 
 
 immiacula'tus, unspotted. 
 
 invme'rsus, immersed. 
 
 imperia'lis, powerful, imperial. 
 
 impWxus, interwoven. 
 
 imnpre'ssus, impressed, stamped. 
 
 inmgua'lis, unequal. 
 
 inape'rtus, closed. 
 
 ifMa'nus, grey. 
 
 incama'tus, flesh-colour. 
 
 inei'sus, divided, cut. 
 
 incUna'tus, bent, inclined. 
 
 mcompara'bilis, incomparable. 
 
 inec/mptus, rough, inelegant. 
 
 inconspi'cuus, inconspicuous. 
 
 inoiirva'tus, curved inwards. 
 
 indivi'sus, not divided. 
 
 in^rmis, unarmed. 
 
 infla'tus, swollen. 
 
 mfra'ctus, broken. 
 
 inodo'rris, without smell. 
 
 i'nguinans, contaminating. 
 
 insi'gnis, remarkable. 
 
 integer-, -gra, -grwm, entire. 
 
 intege'rri/mus, quite entire. 
 
 interruiptus, broken asunder, inter- 
 rupted. 
 
 interte'xtus, interwoven. 
 
 imtume! scens, swelling up. 
 
 irwi'sus, unseen, secret ; also hateful, 
 hostile. 
 
 involucra'tus, furnished with an in- 
 volucre. 
 
 involu'tus, roUed inwards. 
 
 iona'ntha, violet-flowered. 
 
 iride! scens, shining with varied colours. 
 
 irri'guus, well watered. 
 
 irrora'tus, moistened, bedewed. 
 
 iso-, equal-. (Greek, isos. ) 
 
JUB [ 1065 ] 
 
 juba'tus, crested, having a mane. 
 jucu'nchis, pleasing. 
 juga'tus, yoked together. 
 jugo'sus, mountainous. 
 Wnceus, rush-like. 
 iuve'nilis, youthful. 
 
 NEG 
 
 labia'tv^, lipped. 
 
 ■labro'sus, having a wide lip. 
 
 la'cerans, lacerating. 
 
 laemia'tvs, cut in a fringe-like manner. 
 
 la'crymans, weeping. 
 
 la'cteus, milky. 
 
 lacuno'sus, full of holes. 
 
 lacu'stris, pertaining to a lake or pool. 
 
 Icete-vi'rens, of a cheerful green colour. 
 
 ioBvi^'tiis, smooth, polished. 
 
 Ice'vis, on the left hand. See also levis. 
 
 lamMa'tus, divided into plates or la- 
 mellae. 
 
 lana'tus, woolly. 
 
 lanceola'tus, lanceolate, spear-shaped. 
 
 lanugino'sus, woolly, downy. 
 
 la'tus, lati; broad. 
 
 la'xus, laxi-, wide, loose. 
 
 leioca'rpus, smooth-fruited. 
 
 lenticvta'ris, lentil-shaped. 
 
 lentigino'sus, freckly. 
 
 le'ntvs, tough. 
 
 lepido'tus, covered with scales. 
 
 lepidus, pleasant, neat. 
 
 lepra' sus, scurfy. 
 
 lepto-, thin-. (Greek, lepfos.) 
 
 lewco-, white-, clear-. (Greek, leukos.) 
 
 le'vis, light, trifling. 
 
 IS vis, smooth, polished, often erroneously 
 written l(Ems. 
 
 ligno'sus, woody. 
 
 lua'cmus, lilac. 
 
 Ivmha'tus, bordered. 
 
 linea'ris, linear. 
 
 li'vidus, lead-colour, bluish-grey. 
 
 loha'tus, lobed. 
 
 lolia'ceus, relating to tares, weedy. 
 
 longcE^vus, aged. 
 
 Mngus, long. In combination, longi- or 
 longe-. 
 
 iwna'ris, relating to the moon, moon- 
 Uke. 
 
 lu'ridus, pale yellow, lurid, livid. 
 
 lute'scens, becoijiing yellow. 
 
 li/teris, yellow. 
 
 luxa'tus, dislocated. 
 
 hixu'rians, luxurious. 
 
 lyra'tus, shaped like a lyre. 
 
 M. 
 
 TnacUefntus, thin, lean. 
 
 TTMcr- (Greek, makros), long-. Often 
 used in botany in the sense of large, 
 e.g., macrantm, large-flowered. 
 
 magni'JPxMs, magnificent, distinguished. 
 maja'lis. May. 
 maje'sticus, dignified. 
 ma'jor, -ms, greater. 
 mcuifo'rmis, apple-shaped. 
 mMllei'ferws, hammer-hearing. 
 mammo'sws, having large breasts. 
 manica'tiis, having long sleeves. 
 Tnargarita' cells, pearly. 
 
 margiM, \ bordered. 
 marginatus,} ""^"■°*'="- 
 
 mari-tinius,] ™^™«- 
 
 rrMrrmyra'tus, like marble. 
 
 ma'sculus, male. 
 
 matrona'lis, matronly. 
 
 maxUla'ris, relating to the jaw. 
 
 ma'ximus, largest. 
 
 me'dins, middle. 
 
 medulla' vis, relating to marrow. 
 
 mega-, large-. (Greek, megas.) 
 
 mei'rax, a lad or lass. 
 
 melano; black-. (Greek, melas, m,elaina, 
 melan.) 
 
 m£,lio'sip,um, pleasant smelling. 
 
 m^'lleus, relating to honey. 
 
 mellio'smum,, smelling like honey. 
 
 membrana'ceus, membranous. 
 
 meta'Uicus, metallic. 
 
 mi'cans, glittering. 
 
 micro-, small-. (Greek, mikros.) 
 
 mUita'ris, military, soldier-like. 
 
 mi'nax, overhanging. 
 
 mi'nimws, smallest. 
 
 mi'nor, -us, less, smaller. 
 
 minuti'ssimus, very minute. 
 
 mira'bUis, wonderful. 
 
 mi'tis, mild, ripe. 
 
 mode'stus, moderate, unassuming. 
 
 mo'llis, soft, tender. 
 
 mon-, alone-, one-. (Greek, monos.) 
 
 monta'nus, mountain. 
 
 TTtonti'col'us, dwelling among the moun- 
 tains. 
 
 mucrona'tus, having a sharp point. 
 
 mu'ltus, much, many. In combination, 
 multi-. 
 
 muni'tas, secured, fortified. 
 
 murica'tus, conical, pointed. 
 
 muri'nus, relating to a mouse. 
 
 muscoi'des, moss-uke. 
 
 muta'bilis, changeable. 
 
 mu'ticus, curtailed. 
 
 myri-, numberless-, infinite-. (Greek, 
 murios. ) 
 
 N. 
 
 na'rms, dwarf. 
 napifo'rmis, turnip-shaped. 
 nasu'tus, having a large nose. 
 na'touns, swimming. 
 navicula'ris, boat-shaped. 
 nebido'sus, cloudy, foggy. 
 negle'ctus, disregarded. 
 
NEM 
 
 [1066] 
 
 PLI 
 
 nemora'lis, | j y ^ ^.^^ j^^^j^ 
 nemoro sus, j " ' ■' 
 
 nervo'sus, sinewy, full of nerves. 
 ni'ger, -gra, -gnmn, black. 
 ni'gricans, blackish. 
 
 :fe.} shining, brilliant. 
 
 nivo'stis, abounding in snow, snowy. 
 
 noda'tus, knotty. 
 
 nodijlo'rus, flowering at the nodes. 
 
 nodo'sus, knotty. 
 
 nota'tus, known, marked. 
 
 nubi'genus, produced from a cloud. 
 
 nuciTerus, bearing nuts. 
 
 nu'chts, naked. 
 
 ntemmularicefo'lia, having leaves shaped 
 
 like money. 
 nu'tans, nodding. 
 
 0. 
 
 ohco'nicus, ohconical, shape of a re- 
 versed cone. 
 
 obcorda'tus, shaped of a heart attached 
 by its apex. 
 
 ohe'sus, fat, corpulent. 
 
 obWquus, oblique, aslant. 
 
 oblongus, oblong. 
 
 obovatus, reversed ovate. 
 
 obscv!rus, obscure. 
 
 obsoldtus, worn out, decayed. 
 
 obtu'sus, obtuse. In composition, obtus- 
 or obtusi: 
 
 obvalla'ris, surrounded with a wall. 
 
 occidenta'lis, western. 
 
 ocella'tus, spotted as with small eyes. 
 
 ochrohu'eus, yellowish-white. 
 
 octa'ndra, having eight stamens. 
 
 ocula'tus, having eyes, spotted. 
 
 odora'tus, odorous, sweet-smelling. 
 
 odorati'ssimus, very sweet-smelling. 
 
 officina'lis, officinal, pertaining to a 
 shop. 
 
 -aides, -like. 
 
 o'lens, smelling (generally in the sense 
 of foetid). 
 
 o'ligo-, few- (Greek, oligos), e.g., oligo- 
 sperma, having few seeds. 
 
 oUto'rms, relating to culinary herbs. 
 
 oUva'ceus, relating to the olive. 
 
 onu'stus, filled, laden. 
 
 opa'cus, shaded, obscure, opaque. 
 
 opereula'tus, having a lid. 
 
 oppositifo'Uus, having opposite leaves. 
 
 orbicula'tm,) '^o^i'ded, orbicular. 
 
 orrm'tus, adorned, furnished. 
 
 ormlthopUfS, bird's-food. 
 
 orthr, straight-, erect-. (Greek, wthos.) 
 
 ostrea'tus, rough like an oyster-shell. 
 
 ova'lis, "1 , 
 
 ova'tiA,} °^*1- 
 
 om;/erus, | ^g i^earing. 
 oxy-, sharp-. (Greek, oaaia.) 
 
 P. 
 
 ^acAy-, thick-. (Greek, ^acAws.) 
 
 pa'llens, pale. 
 
 palle'scens, becoming pale. 
 
 pa'Wdus, pale. 
 
 paludcfsus, marshy. 
 
 palu'ster, -tris, -e, marshy, boggy. The" 
 masculine of this is frequently, though 
 erroneously, written pcUustris. 
 
 pandura'tus, fiddle-shaped. 
 
 pan^cula't^ls, bearing a tuft or panicle. 
 
 panno'sus, ragged, shrivelled. 
 
 papUlo'svts, bearing small nipples. 
 
 papyra'ceus, parchment-like, papery. 
 
 parado'xus, strange, unexpected. 
 
 parasi'ticus, parasitic. 
 
 pcurti'tus, divided. 
 
 pa'rvus, small. In combination, parvi-. 
 
 patella'ris, dish- or platter -shaped. 
 
 pauci-, few-. (Latin, paucus. ) 
 
 pavoni'nus, variegated in colour like a 
 peacock. 
 
 pectina'tus, comb-like. 
 
 pectora'lis, relating to the breast. 
 
 peda'tus, foot-like. 
 
 peduncula'tus, stalked. 
 
 pellu'cidus, pellucid. 
 
 pelta'tus. armed with shields, shield- 
 like. 
 
 pelvifo'rmis, basin-shaped. 
 
 pe'ndulus, hanging down, pendulous. 
 
 penicilla'tits, tufted like the hairs in a 
 brush. 
 
 penrd-, arranged like the parts of a 
 feather. (Latin, /)e»»a, a feather.) 
 
 penta-, five-. (Greek, pente. ) 
 
 pentago'nus, with five obtuse angles. 
 
 permsaus, pierced, struck through. 
 
 peregri'nws, foreign, strange. 
 
 perehgans, very pretty, neat. 
 
 pere'nnis, perennial. 
 
 perfo'liatuS, run through the leaves. 
 
 perpusi'llv^, very small. 
 
 petiola'ris, having leaf -stalks. 
 
 petrce'us, rocky. 
 
 phcB'um, dusky. 
 
 phyll; leaf-. (Greek, ^AmWoji.) 
 
 I^^f '} P^-*«^- 
 
 pilo'sus, hairy, pilose. 
 
 pinna' tus, feathered, pinnate. 
 
 pla'nus, flat. In combination, plant-. 
 
 platy-, 6a,t-. (Greek, jateiMS.) 
 
 plefnus, full, filled. 
 
 pleur-, side-, lateral-. (Greek, pleura, a 
 
 rib or side. ) 
 plica'tus, folded. 
 
PLU 
 
 [ 1067 ] 
 
 SEN 
 
 pluma'tuR, plume-like. 
 
 plu'mheus, leaden. 
 
 plumo'sus, feathered. 
 
 pod-, foot". (Greek, ^oiM, podos.) 
 
 poli'tus, polished, refined. 
 
 poly-, much- or many-. (Greek, polus. ) 
 
 pomi' ferns, apple-hearing. 
 
 po'rrigens, extending. 
 
 prm'eox, premature, precocious. 
 
 prcemo'rsus, hitten off. 
 
 prceni'tens, shining forth. 
 
 prve^stans, excellent. 
 
 pra'sinus, leek-green. 
 
 prate'nsis, growmg in a meadow. 
 
 precato'ritis, entreating, referring to 
 seeds used for making rosaries. See 
 under Abrus, p. 2. 
 
 pri'ncepa, chief. 
 
 proee'rus, tall, slender. 
 
 proeu'mhens, falling down. 
 
 procu'rrens, running forward. 
 
 profu'sws, extravagant, profuse. 
 
 propi'nguus, near, related. 
 
 prore'pens, creeping forth. 
 
 prostra'tus, prostrate. 
 
 protru'sus, thrust forth. 
 
 pru'riens, itching. 
 
 pseud; is\s&-. (Gxwsk, pseudes.) 
 
 psittaci'rms, parrot-like. 
 
 ptero; winged-. (Greek, pteron. ) 
 
 pu'bens, arrived at full growth, luxu- 
 riant. 
 
 pube'scens, pubescent, clothed with small 
 hairs. 
 
 pulcher, -chra, -chrum, beautiful, fair. 
 
 pulohe'rrimiis, very beautiful. 
 
 pullus, dark-coloured. 
 
 pulverule'nfus, dusty. 
 
 pulvina'tus, furnished with small 
 cushions. 
 
 pu'miliis, dwarf. 
 
 puncta'tus, punctured, pricked. 
 
 pu'nc/ens, pricking, stinging. 
 
 purpura'scens, becoming purple. 
 
 pwpnj^reus, purple. 
 
 pusi'llus, very small. 
 
 pustulo'sus, full of pimples. 
 
 pygmoe'us, dwarf. 
 
 pyxida'tus, made like a turned box. 
 
 Q. 
 
 qtiad/rangida'ris, having four angles. 
 quadra'tus, square. 
 quadri; four-. 
 quercifo'lius, oak-leaved. 
 , five-. 
 
 R. 
 
 racemo'sus, full of clusters, racemose. 
 radia'tus, radiating. 
 radi'cans, rooting. 
 ramo'sws, branched. 
 
 ramosi'ssimus, very much branched' 
 
 raitmdo'sus, full of little branches. 
 
 rectus, straight. 
 
 recu'rvus, recurved. 
 
 reflt'xus, reflexed, bent back. 
 
 regi'na, queen. 
 
 renw'tus, distant, remote. 
 
 renifo'rmis, kidney-shaped. 
 
 re/pens, sudden, unexpected.. 
 
 reptans, creeping. 
 
 reticula'tus, netted. 
 
 retroAe'xus, bent backwards.. 
 
 retwsus, thrust back. 
 
 revolu'tus, rolled back. 
 
 rhiz-, root-. (Greek, rhiza.) 
 
 rkod-, rosy-. (Greek, rhodeos.) 
 
 rhombifo'lms, rhomboid-leaved. 
 
 ri'gidus, rigid. 
 
 ri'ngens, gaping. 
 
 rvpa'rius, frequenting river banks.. 
 
 riva'lis, relatmg to a brook. 
 
 rohu'stiu, strong, robust. 
 
 rosa' cells, pertaining to roses. 
 
 ro'seus, rose-coloured. 
 
 rostra' tus, having a beak. 
 
 rotundifo'lms, round-leaved. 
 
 ru'her, -hra, -brum, red. 
 
 ru'dis, rough, rude. 
 
 rufdseens, becoming red. 
 
 ru'fas, ruddy. 
 
 rugo'sfm, wrinkled. 
 
 rusticus, rural, rustic. 
 
 ru'tilans, shining with ruddy gleam. 
 
 scuica'tus, 
 
 sagitta'tus, arrow-like. 
 scai'gans, made of willow-wood. 
 scdtato'rms, relating to dancing. 
 salviaifo'lius, having leaves like sage. 
 sa'netus, sacred. 
 sanguineus Ujooj 
 
 sangutnolentus, J ■' 
 
 sarmento'sus, full of twigs. 
 sati'ims, cultivated. 
 
 sca'ber, -bra, -brum, rough. 
 scala'ris, ladder-like. 
 sca'ndens, climbing. 
 scario'sus, chafiy. 
 sce'^tmm,^ a sceptre, wand. 
 sehiz-, split-. (Greek, schizo, to split.) 
 scilla'ris, squill-like. 
 sclera-, hard-. (Greek, skleros.) 
 scopuU'nus, pertaining to rocks or cliffs. 
 scu'lptum, carved. 
 scuta'tus, armed with a shield. 
 sebi'ferus, wax-bearing. 
 secu'ndus, following, second-rate, turned 
 on one side. 
 
 half-. 
 
 ;, old, senile. 
 
SET 
 
 [ 1068 ] 
 
 UVI 
 
 ^aeta'eeus, "j 
 
 seWgems, j-bristly. 
 
 setosus, J 
 
 signa'tus, marked. 
 
 simplex, simple. In combination, sim- 
 
 simulans, imitating. 
 
 sola'ris, relating to the sun, solar. 
 so'lidus, soM, compact. 
 solita'rms, solitary. 
 so'rdidMS, dirty. 
 spa'rsus, scattered. 
 sp&Aosi' ssvm/iis, most handsome. 
 specio'sus, beautiful, handsome. 
 specta'hilis, notable, remarkable. 
 spiue'ricus, spherical. 
 spica'tus, bearing spikes (as of corn). 
 spino'sus, spiny. 
 "■', spiral. I 
 
 S'^£,}Mliant, splendid. 
 
 splendMi' ssimMS, most brilliant. 
 spu'rius, false, bastard. 
 sqyuaHidus, rough, filthy. 
 
 Il'^wf^' I a.rmed with scales. 
 
 ■stella'tus, starry. 
 
 stdli'gerus, star-bearing. 
 
 ■steno-, narrow-. (Greek, stenos.) 
 
 steri'lis, barren, unfruitful. 
 
 stipitatiis, stalked.' 
 
 ■stoloni'fwns, bearing suckers or stolons. 
 
 strarnxneus, made of straw. 
 
 straTigvXa'tus, choked. 
 
 ^<rep<-, twisted-. (Greek, s^j-eptos.) 
 
 stna'tus, fluted, striate. 
 
 stri'ctus, drawn together, close. 
 
 striao'sus, lean, thm. 
 
 svMveolens, sweet-smelling. 
 
 Mm'ms, sweet, pleasant. 
 
 sub; suf; under-, somewhat- ; e.g., sub- 
 camosus, somewhat fleshy. 
 
 ■sub-ero'sits, somewhat corroded or 
 gnawed away. 
 
 ■smercfsits, corky. 
 
 subterra'neus, underground. 
 
 Mbula'tws, awl-shaped. 
 
 -sulea'tus, furrowed. 
 
 ■sulphu'reus, sulphureous, sulphur-co- 
 loured. 
 
 supe'rhus, proud, magnificent, superb. 
 
 srispe'nsiis, hanging, elevated. 
 
 sylve'siris!} Pertaining to woods. 
 
 tabula'ris, relating to boards, flat. 
 iwrdUflo'rus, slow- or tardy -flowering. 
 ti'etus, covered. 
 temul^ntvs, intoxicated. 
 tenehro'sus, dark, gloomy. 
 
 te'ner, -era, -erum, tender, delicate. 
 
 tentacula'tus, furnished with tentacles. 
 
 te'nuis, thin, weak. 
 
 t^res, rounded, cylindrical. 
 
 termina'lis, terminal. 
 
 tema'tus, arranged in threes. 
 
 terrdstris, terrestrial. 
 
 tessella'tus, tessellated. 
 
 tetra-, four- ; e.g., tetra'gynum, having 
 
 four pistils. 
 tetra'ndra, having four stamens. 
 therma'lis, pertaining to warm springs. 
 thrixspe!rmv/m, hairy-seeded. 
 ti^ri'nus, spotted like a tiger. 
 tmcto'rms, dyed, relating to dyeing. 
 tomento'sus, covered wifli matted hair, 
 
 tomentose. 
 to'rtUis, "j 
 tortuo'sus, J-twisted. 
 to'rtus, ) 
 toxica'rius, poisonous. 
 tre'mulus, quivering. 
 tri; three-. (Latin, tres, tria.) 
 trich; hair- ; e.g. , triehoclada, having 
 
 hair-like branches. 
 tri'color, of three colours. 
 trifolia'tus, having three leaflets, tri- 
 
 foliolate. 
 tri'stis, sorrowful, gloomy. 
 triu'mphans, triumphant, exultant. 
 trwia'lis, ordinary, trivial. 
 <ro'^iciM, pertaining to the tropics. 
 tubercula tus, bearing tubercles or small 
 
 tubers. 
 tubero'sus, bearing tubers. 
 tubMo'rtis, having tubular flowers. 
 turbina/tvs, conical, top-shaped. 
 tu'rgidus, swollen, turgid. 
 ty'picus, typical. 
 
 U. 
 
 uligino'ms, damp, marshy. 
 ulmifo'Uus, having leaves resembling 
 
 those of the elm. 
 umbella'tus, branched like the ribs of a 
 
 wmbona'tus, having protrusions like the 
 
 boss of a shield. 
 umbrouMli'ferns, shade-yielding. 
 uncina'tus, hooked, barbed. 
 undula'tus, wavy, undulating. 
 unguicvlatus, clawed. 
 uni; one- (Latin, urms) ; e.g., nniflorus, 
 
 having one flower. 
 
 r°S,} pitcher-shaped. 
 u'rems, burning, stinging. 
 wrsi'nus, relating to a bear. 
 ustula'tws, singeing. 
 u'tUis, useful, serviceable. 
 utili'asvnms, very useful. 
 utricvla'tus, bladdery. 
 uvii'ferus, grape bearing. 
 
VAC [ 1069 ] 
 
 vaci'llans, wavering, tottering. 
 
 va'gans, rambling. 
 
 vaginatus, sheattied. 
 
 validiis, strong, powerful. 
 
 varia'bilis, vanaole. 
 
 va'rians, changing. 
 
 varico'sus, having varicose veins. 
 
 va'rius, manifold, various. 
 
 vctsta'trix, a devastator. 
 
 ve'getus, vigorous. 
 
 vua'tus, covered. 
 
 velu'tinus, velvety. 
 
 venerm'sus, poisonous. 
 
 veno'sus, veined. 
 
 ventric(/sus, swollen like a belly. 
 
 venvlstus, charming, lovely. 
 
 verecu'ndv,s, bashful. 
 
 versa'tilis, turning about, versatile. 
 
 vema'lis,\ , . . . ,, 
 
 ve'rnus, J Pertaimng to the spring. . 
 
 versi'col<n; of various colours. 
 verticilla'ris, 1 j • u i 
 
 verticiUa'tuij arranged in whorls. 
 
 ve'rus, true. 
 
 wsperti'mis, pertaining to the evening. 
 
 vesti'tus, clothed. 
 
 vexUla'rius, standard-bearing. 
 
 vUlo'sus, shaggy. 
 
 vvmi'mMS, twig-Uke. 
 
 vino'sus, vinous, full of wine. 
 
 viola' Mus, violet-coloured. 
 
 viole'scens, becoming violet. 
 
 vi'rens, green. 
 
 vire'scens, becoming green. 
 
 ZYG 
 
 viga'tus, made of twigs. 
 
 virgiTwflisA pertaining to a virgin,, 
 
 vvrgi'ne.us, J maiden. 
 
 vi'ridis, green. 
 
 mridi'ssiiinus, very green. 
 
 mtelU'nus, yellow, like the yoke of am 
 
 egg. 
 vittatus, striped with ribbons or vittje. 
 vivi'parus, bom alive, viviparous. 
 volwbUis, twisting round. 
 vulga'ris, common, ordinary. 
 vulpi'nus, relating to a fox. 
 
 X. 
 
 S£"'}y«U°- (Greek, ««»«Ao..)) 
 a;2/Zo-, woody- ; e.g. , xylocarpum, woody- 
 fruited. (Greek, xulon, wood.) 
 
 Y. 
 
 yuomfo'lia, with leaves like the Yucca. 
 
 zantko; yellow- (Greek, xanthos); e.g. 
 
 zanthorhiza, with yellow roots. 
 zona'Hs, \ ^^^^^ 
 zonatus, J 
 zygo; united- ; e.g., zj/gophyllum,ha,ying: 
 
 united leaves. 
 
LIST OF WORKS QUOTED, 
 
 WITH THE ABBEETIA.TIONS BT WHICH THEY AKE DESIGNATED. 
 Works marked thus * are still in course of publication. 
 
 Ait. H. Kew. — Aiton, William. Hortus Kewensis, or a Catalogue of the 
 
 Plants cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew. 3 vols., 8vo. 
 
 London, 1789. Ed. 2, by W. T. Aiton. 5 vols. 1810-1813. 
 Andr. Heath.— Andrews, H. C. The Heathery. 4 vols., 8vo. London, 
 
 1804-18'12. 
 Ande. Rep. — Andrews, H. C. The Botanist's Repository. 10 vols., 4to, 
 
 664 coloured plates. London, 1797-1811. 
 B. C. — Loddiges, C. The Botanical Cabinet. 20 vols., 8vo, 2,000 coloured 
 
 plates. London, 1818-1833. 
 B. M.* — Curtis, C. The Botanical Magazine. 8vo. London, 1783, etc. Now 
 
 edited by Sir J. D. Hooker. 
 B. R. — Edwards, S. The Botanical Register. 33 vols., 8vo. London, 1815- 
 
 1847. Volumes 14 to 33 were edited by Dr. Lindley. 
 Bate. Orch. — Bateman, J. Orchidacese of Mexico and Guatemala. 1 vol., 
 
 folio. London, 1837-1843. 
 Bauer Ic. — Bauer, Franz. Delineations of exotick plants cultivated in the 
 
 Royal Garden at Kew. Published by W. T. Aiton. 1 vol., folio, 30 coloured 
 
 plates. London, 1791-1800. 
 Bedd. Fl. Syl.— Beddome, R. H. The Flora Sylvatica for Southern India. 
 
 2 vols., 4to. Madras, 1869-1873. 
 Belg. Hort. — La Belgique Horticole. 35 vols., 8vo. Liege, 1851-1885. 
 Bent, and TR.—Bentley, Robt., and Trimen, H. Medicinal Plants. 4 vols., 
 
 8vo. London, 1875-1880. 
 JiERL. Gart. Zeit. — Berlin Garten-Zeitung. Monatschrift fiir Gartner und 
 
 Gartenfreunde. 8vo. 1882-1886. 
 Brandts F. Flor.— Brandis, D. The Forest Flora of North West and Central 
 
 India. 1 vol., 8vo., and Atlas, 1 vol., 4to. London, 1874. 
 B0LL. Soc. Tosc.*— Bullettino della R. Society di Orticultura. 8vo. 1876, etc. 
 Eng. Bot. ed. 3.— Boswell Syme, J. T. English Botany, or Coloured Figures 
 
 of British Plants. Ed. 3, 12 vols., 8vo. London, 1863-1886. 
 Fl. Dan.— Florae Danicse. 18 vols., folio. Copenhagen, 1764-1874. 
 Fl. Gr.— See Sibth. Fl. Gr. 
 Flor. Mag.— The Floral Magazine, edited by T. Moore. 1st series, 10 vols., 8vo. 
 
 London, 1861-1871. 2nd series, 10 vols., 4to. London, 1872-1881. 
 Fl. and Pom.— The Florist and Pomologist. 8vo. London, 1868-1884. 
 Fl. Ser. — Flore des Serres et des Jardins de I'Europe. 8vo. Gand, 1845, etc. 
 Fl. Tasm.— Hooker, J. D. Flora Tasmanise. 2 vols. 4to, 200 coloured plates. 
 
 London, 1860. 
 G. and F.*— Garden and Forest. 4to. New York, 1888, etc. 
 Garden.*— The Garden. 4to. London, 1871, etc. 
 G. C* — The Gardener's Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette. 33 vols>, 4to. 
 
 London, 1841-1873. The Gardener's. Chronicle. Series 2, 26 vols., 4to. 
 
 London, 1874-1886. Series 3. 1887, etc. 
 Gen. Pl. — Bentham, G., and Hooker, Sir J. D. Genera Plantarum. 3 vols., 
 
 8vo. London, 1862-1883. 
 Gfl.*— Gartenflora. 8vo. Zurich, 1852, etc. 
 
 Hamb. Gart. — Hamburger Garten- und Blumenzeitung. 46 vols., 8vo. Ham- 
 burg, 1845-1890. 
 Harris. Cab.— Harrison, J. The Floricultural Cabinet and Florist's Magazine. 
 
 21 vols., 8vo. London, 1833-1853. 
 Harv. Thes. Cap.— Harvey, W. H. Thesaurus Capensis, or Illustrations of 
 
 the South African Flora. 2vols.,8vo. Dublin, 1859-1863. 
 Hook. Bot. Misc.— Hooker, Sir W. J. The Botanical Miscellany. 3 vols. 
 
 8vo., 112 plates. London, 1830-1833. 
 
LIST OF WORKS QUOTED. 1071 
 
 ■^°°o^>-^'^- Pi--— Hooker, Sir W. J. The Exotic Flora. 3 vols., large 8vo, 
 
 232 coloured plates. Edinburgh, 1823-1827. 
 Hook. Fil. Exot.— Hooker, Sir W. J. FUicea Exotic*. 1 vol., 4to, 100 
 
 coloured plates. London, 1859. 
 Hook Gard. Ferns.— Hooker, Sir W. J. Garden Ferns. 1 vol., 8vo., 64 
 
 coloured plates. London, 1862. 
 Hook. Ic. Fil.— Hooker, Sir W. J., and Greville, R. Icones Filicum. 2 vols., 
 
 tolio, 240 coloured plates. London, 1829-1831. 
 Hook. Sp. Fil.— Hooker, Sir W. J. Species Filicum. 5vols.,8vo. London, 
 
 1846-1864. ^ 
 
 HORT. Vanh.— Hortus Vanhoutteanus. 1 vol., 8vo. Gand, 1845. 
 Ic. PL.*— Hooker, Sir W. J. Icones Plantarum. 8vo. London, 1836, etc. 
 
 Now edited by Professor B. Oliver, F.R.S. 
 III. Hort.*— L'Hlustration Horticole. Series 1 to 4, 33 vols., 8vo. Gand, 
 
 1850-1886. Series 5, 4to. Gand, 1887, etc. 
 Jacq. Fk. Jacquin, N. J. Fragmenta Botanica. 1 vol., folio, 138 coloured 
 
 plates. Vienna, 1800-1809. 
 Jacq. H. Schoenb. — Jacquin, N. J. Plantarum rariorum horti Schoenbrun- 
 
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1072 LIST OF WOEKS QUOTED." 
 
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