CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY The Library of EMIL KUICHLING, C. E. The Gift of Sarah L. Kuichling 1919 Cornell University Library TD 42.S2F95 Sanitary improvements for the City and P 3 1924 004 988 154 The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004988154 SANITARY IMPROVEMENTS FOR THE CITY AND PORT OF Santos, Brazil- Document No. i : Descriptive Memoir. Document No. 2 : Plans (Under separate cover) Document No. 3 : Specifications. Document No. 4 : Estimates of Cost. Document No. 5 : Sundry Appendices. prepared by E. A. FUERTES, Engineer under contract with the Government of Sao Paulo. RUDOLPH HERING, J. H. FUERTES, Consulting Engineers . NEW York. 1894. TABLE OF CONTENTS IvBTTER OF TRANSMITTAI.. REPORT. PAGE. 1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS, . . ■ i II. SANITATION vs. DISEASE, 9 III. TOPOGRAPHY, 20 IV. GEOLOGY 23 V. CLIMATE, . . . 25 VI. POPULATION, 29 VII. SANITARY CONDITION OF THE CITY, 31 VIII. QUARANTINE, 35 1. Buildings for Disinfection, ... . 4° 2. Buildings for Detained Persons, . ■ • • 4^ 3. Hospitals for Quarantinable and other Diseases, 46 4. Kitchens, Dining Halls and Laundries, .... . . . . • 47 5. Vault and Crematory 47 6. Residences of Quarantine Officers, 47 7. Buildings for Fuel, Repairs and Stores, . ... 47 8. Wharf for Disinfection, • 48 9. Wharf for Unloading Ballast 48 10. Launch and Tug-boat, 48 IX. HABITATIONS, ... . 5° X. WATER SUPPLY, . . 59 1. Quantity of Water and Pressure Required, . . 62 2. Present and Future Sources, 63 3. Supply Mains to the City 65 4. Tank Reservoir, ' 66 5. Distribution System, .... . . 68 6. Valves, Blow-offs and Hydrants, 7° 7. Order of Enlarging the System, . . 72 XL SEWERAGE, . . 74 1. Disposal of Sewage, . . 82 2. General System of Collection 84 3. General Sewerage Districts, 85 4. Alignments, . 88 5. Size and Shape of Sewers, . ... . ... . . 89 6. Depth and Slope of Sewers, . . 93 7. Overflows, Inverted Siphon, and Crossings, .... . . . . 95 8. Junctions and House Connections, . . ... . ... 98 9. Manholes, .... ... . . . . 99 10. Flush Tanks, 100 11. Ventilation of Sewers, . . . . loi 12. Public Closets, .... 102 13. Sewage Pumping Station and Outfall Sewer, . , . . 103 ii CONTENTS. 14. House Sewerage, . . ... 106 XII. DRAINAGE, . . 112 1. Drainage Districts and Outfalls, 117 2. Alignment of Drains, .... 120 3. Slope and Shape of Drains, ... ... .... 120 4. Size of Drains, . •. . . . . .... 122 5. Inlets and Manholes, . ... ... 125 6. Flushing Appliances, . ?...-... 126 XIII. GARBAGE, . . . 128 Regulations for House Occupants, 134 XIV. STREET PAVING AND CLEANING . 135 1. Present Pavements, . . . 135 2. Stone Block Pavement, . . . 139 3. Sheet Asphalt Pavement, . 140 4. Brick Pavement, . 141 5. Macadam and Gravel Pavements, . 141 6. Cleaning and Street Maintenance 143 ' SPECIFICATIONS. MEANING AND INTENT OF THE SPECIFICATIONS, LEGAL FORMS. . 1 A. Contract, .... i B. Form of Surety Bond, . . 9 C. Declaration of Bondsmen, . . ... . . 10 GENERAL TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS, Excavation .... .... i Cement, Lime, Sand and Mortar, 3 Concrete, . . . ... .... ... 4 Brick Masonry, . . . . 4 Stone Masonry, . . . 5 Timber and Piling, .... . . 7 Iron Work, etc . . 8 Miscellaneous Clauses, 8 SPECIAL TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS, A. QUARANTINE STATION, . i A. Buildings in General, . . . i B. Disinfection Buildings, 2 C. Buildings for Detained Persons, . . . 3 D. Hospitals, ... . 3 E. Kitchens, .... 3 F. Vault for Receiving the Dead 4 G. Chapel and Crematory 4 H. Residences for Quarantine Oificers, 4 I. Buildings for Storing Fuel, . . 4 J. Shop for Repairs, ... 4 K. Buildings for Stores, . . 5 CONTENTS. Ill L. Wharfs, . . . M. Grounds, . . B. HABITATIONS, BUILDING REGULATIONS, Proposed Building Regulations, . C. WATER WORKS, Work and Materials, . . . Cast Iron Pipe and Special Castings, Valves and Hydrants, ... Pipe Laying, . ... Tank Reservoir, . . B. SEWERAGE, Excavation and Back Filling, Mortar, ... Brick, Masonry, . ... Concrete, Pipe Sewers, . . Timber Foundations and Timber, . . . Manholes, . . . Flush Tanks, . ... Over-flows, Siphon, . . Iron Work, .... Connections with Sewers, . Shone System, Ejectors, Air Pipes, etc., Pumping Station, . E. DRAINAGE, . . .... Excavation and Back Filling Mortar, . . Brick, .... Masonry, .... Pipe and Tile Drains, . ... Timber Foundations and Timber, . . Catch Basins Manholes, ... Flush Tanks and Gates, ..... Iron Work, ... ... F. REMOVAL OF GARBAGE, ASHES AND DEAD ANIMALS, G. PAVING, . . ... Preparation of Road Bed, . . Curbing, . Stone, Cement Mortar for Concrete, . . . Concrete Foundations, . . Stone Paving, Macadam or Gravel Roads, General Stipulations, ... H. STREET CLEANING, . . . . I. STREET SPRINKLING, 5 5 I I I I 2 5 7 lo 9 9 lo II I 2 4 4 5 6 7 IV CONTENTS. FORMvS OP PROPOSALS. Instruction to Bidders Relative to Proposals, Proposal for the Construction of Sewers, . . ESTIMATES OF COST. For Proposed Quarantine Station, For Water Supply Extensions and Improvements,- For Sewerage, For Drainage, . . . . ... For Garbage Disposal Plant, For Street Paving, .... Summary, and Miscellaneous Estimates of Cost, . 3 4 5 7 9 9 10 APPENDICES. APPENDIX I. Table Showing the Tonnage of Coasting and Foreign Vessels, . . Death Rate, . . ..... Rain Pall Statistics, . . . Wind Tables, . APPENDIX II. QUARANTINE, . ... I. Canada, . . . . II. New York III. Charleston and New Orleans, IV. Mexico, ... 9 9 10 APPENDIX III. WATER ANALYSES, . Present Supply at Intake, . . . ... Rio Branco, . ... Hydrants in Santos, . . ... Rio Cubatao, , River of the Waterfall, . ... APPENDIX IV. Reduction Tables from English to Metric Measures, . AFPENDIX V. LIST OP APPENDED LITERATURE, Comprising Sundry Reports, Specifications, Legal and Miscellaneous Forms, Re- lating to Municipal Works in Various Cities of the U. S. A II 12 13 13 13 13 13 15 INDEX TO PLATES. CONTAINED IN DOCUMENT NO. 2, FOR THE SANITARY IMPROVEMENT OF SANTOS. FRONTISPIECE, General Map showing City and Harbor of Santos, the Contours and Topo- graphical Features. PLATE I. QUARANTINE. Sketch map showing coast line, etc., from Santos to Uha Sao Sebastian, with approximate Location for the Boarding Station at Santos Bay, and the Quarantine Station near Villa Bella on the Ilha Sao Sebastian. Sketch plan showing the general arrangement for buildings, wharves, etc., for the Quarantine Station at the Ilha Sao Sebastian. Location and rela- tive sizes shown for Disinfection Building, Bath Houses, General and In- fectious Hospitals, Crematory and Vault. Officers' Residences, Resi- dences for detained passengers, first and second class. Storehouses, Dining Rooms, Kitchens and Laundries. Floor Plan of Disinfection Building showing arrangement of machinery, etc. Elevation of Disinfection Building. Section and elevation showing details of Steam Disinfector for clothing, etc. Section and elevation showing details of Sulphur Furnac'^. Interior views of Charleston Station. PLATE II. HABITATIONS AND STREET PAVEMENTS. Floor plan of city houses arranged so as to admit light and air into all rooms with a convenient arrangement of bath room and water closets for family and servants. Sectional elevation of the same house taken through the bath room and the kitchen, showing the proper manner of connecting the house waste pipe with the soil pipe to the sewer, and ventilation of traps and soil pipes. Sectional elevation of two story house, showing bath tub, wash stand, and water closet in second story, and sink and water closet in first story, with proper connections and ventilation pipes ; also roof water down spouts leading to the drain. Four sketches showing right and wrong way to lay sewer or drain pipes. Sectional elevation and plan of gutter across a sidewalk for the roof water from down spouts. Section of street, paved with granite blocks. Section of macadamized street. Section showing paving between the rails of street car tracks. Sketch of a device to limit the amount of rain water entering sewers from down spouts. PLATE III. WATER SUPPLY. Map showing the distribution system in city, with the location and sizes of pipes, and location of valves, hydrants, blow-ofiFs and tank reservoir. PLATE IV. WATER SUPPLY. Map showing the distribution system for the southern portion of city and the Barra, with valves, blow-offs and hydrants. ii INDEX TO PLATES. PLATE V. WATER SUPPLY. Sketch, map showing the location of the present pipes and reservoirs, with streams, etc. , and indications of the probable future source of supply. Profile of the present supply mains from the Santos Tank Reservoir to the Serra, showing the relative elevations of the sources and delivery. Detail drawings of iire hydrant in box. Details of cover for fire hydrant box. Section showing the manner of housing gate valves on main, and details of cover with lock. Sectional elevation of valve. Sections, elevation and plan of the iron tank reservoir. PLATE VI. SEWERAGE. Map showing the location of the sewers in the city, with locations of man- holes, flush tanks, overflows, flush gates, flush vailves and pumping station. PLATE VII. SEWERAGE. Map showing the Shone system of sewers for the Barra district, with man- holes, flush tanks, air pipes, force mains and ejector stations, and outfall for the entire sewerage system of Santos ; also showing the contours of the river bottom. PLATE VIII. SEWERAGE. Profiles of sewers in the city. PLATE IX. SEWERAGE. Profiles of sewers in the city and part of Villa Mathias. PLATE X. SEWERAGE. Profiles of sewers in the Villa Mathias and Barra districts. PLATE.XI. SEWERAGE. Plan, elevatioa and sections of the pumping station. Details of the overflow at the pumping station. PLATE XII. SEWERAGE. Profile of the outfall at Outeirinhos. Plan, elevation and section of the manhole at the junction of the brick sewef with the Shone system. Outfall sewer, and steel outfall pipes, with relief overflow. Section and plan of the manhole at Outierinhos on the steel pipe, with hand holes for inspection and cleaning. Plan and section of the lower end of the steel pipes, showing sheet piling, concrete, rip-rap, etc. PLATE XIII. SEWERAGE. Plan and section of a Shone ejector station, showing ejectors in duplicate with air pipe connections, etc. PLATE XIV. SEWERAGE. Details of the inverted siphon ; interceptor passing under a drain on Rua Jos6 Ricardo. Sectional elevation of a siphon, four sections and plan of manholes, details of valves, gates, etc. PLATE XV. SEWERAGE. . Plan of Manhole bottom on straight pipe. Plan of 90° bend in manhole. Plan of junction of two sewers in manhole. Plan of junction of three sewers in manhole. Plan of junction of sewers at corner of Ruas Braz Cubas and Rangel Pestana, INDEX TO PLATES. iii Junction of private sewer with pipe sewers. Junction of private sewer with brick sewers. Junction of private sewer with deep brick sewers. Junction of high and low level sewer. PLATE XVI. SEWERAGE. Typical section of circular and elliptical brick sewers. Sectional elevation of shallow manhole with special top and cover, showing steps and bucket. Typical foundation for manholes in firm and soft ground. Typical foundation tor brick and pipe sewers in firm and soft ground. Details of manhole with overflow from sewer into drain, vnth valve for flush- ing sewer with tide water from drain, and flap valve on overflow from sew- er to drain. Plan of the junction of the Villa Mathias interceptor with the main intercep- tor near the pumping station, with plan and two sections of the manhole. PLATE XVII. SEWERAGE. Section and plan of manhole on sewer, showing small hand flush gate for flushing. Type of hand flush gate for sewers. Type of large screw stop gate for sewers. Type of flap valve on overflow from sewer into drain. Plans and sections of manhole covers and tops for deep and shallow man- holes, with details of lock, dirt bucket and unlocking hook for cover ; de- tails of manhole steps. PLATE XVIII. SEWERAGE. Section and plan of the Miller automatic flush tank. Section and plan of the Rhoads- Williams automatic flush tank. Section of yard gulley for slop water. Plan, elevation and section of a Pavillion Public Closet. Plan, elevation and two sections of a Wall Public Closet. PLATE XIX. DRAINAGE. Map showing the location of drains in the city, with locations of manholes, street inlets, single and double flush gates, catch basins, flush chambers, etc. ; also rectification of course of Ribeirao Seixas. PLATE XX. DRAINAGE. Map showing the surface drains of the Barra district ; locations of relief overflows, gates, etc. PLATE XXI. DRAINAGE. Profiles of drains in the city. PLATE XXII. DRAINAGE. Junction of drains at corner of Rua Sao Bento and Rua Marquez do Herval. Details, sections and plans. Details, section and plan of a single flush gate on 4-foot drain at the corner of Rua do Rosario and Rua Braz Cubas. Details of lead joints for flush gates. PLATE XXIII. DRAINAGE. Details of double flush gate at the corner of Rua Eduardo Fereira and Rua General Camara. PLATE XXIV. DRAINAGE. Plan and section of crossing of sewer and drain at comer of Ruas Sao An- tonio and Travessa S§.o Leopoldo. Details of catch basin and flush chamber for head of drains. iv INDEX TO PLATES. PLATE XXV. DRAINAGE. Junction of street water inlets at the corner of Rua Sao Francisco and Rua Conselheiro Nebias with details of manholes and junction of drains. Typical section and foundations of parabolic, elliptical and circular drains, and details of street water inlets. PLATE XXVI. DRAINAGE. Details of overflow weirs, weir dams, flush gates, etc., and typical sections for surface ditches for the Barra drainage. Sketch showing the possible manner offlushing the main ditch with sea water by wave action. PLATE XXVII. GARBAGE DISPOSAL PLANT. Details of the Garbage cremator, receptacles, dumping wagons, etc. Sketch plan showing the location of the cremator at the pumping station. PLATE XXVIII. CADASTRAL MAP. Map showing the houses, street car lines, and other kinds of pavements in the city. PLATE XXIX. CADASTRAL MAP. Map showing the houses, street car lines, etc., at the Barra. PLATE XXX. MISCELLANEOUS CURVES. Rain fall curves. Tidal curves, Shipping curves, and Death rate curves. ERRATA. NoTK. — It seems proper to explain the reason for the large number of errata in the first part of this Report. The contract required the delivery of all the work^ undertaken at a specified date ; but after it was signed, certain necessary data were not forwarded to us until two months after they were expected. This considerable shrinkage of our working time forced us to hurry the press-work beyond the capacity of the printer's supply of type, until the government of Sao Paulo kindly extended the contract time. Since then, proper attention could be given to the reading of proof before distributing type required for making up new forms. Only the important errors of the first half of the report are given in the errata. In the second half only four corrections have been found necessary. Page I— 8th liae from the bottom ; after " citizen," insert : for this property. Page 3 — 13th line from the bottom ; for sewerage, read : sewage. Page 6 — 15th line from the bottom ; for $145, read : $154. Page 7 — ^5th line from the bottom ; for at, read : average. Page 12 — istline from the top; after conspicuous, insert: in 1892, Page 17— 4th line from the bottom ; before patients, insert : of. Page 27 — gth line from the top ; for are, read : is. Page 40— 15th line from the bottom ; for certaina rticles, read : certain articles. Page 42— 15th line from the top ; for applyings team, read : applying steam. Page 43— 3d line from the top ; for quantity, read : supply. Page 43— nth line from the top ; after inches insert : (o."^io). Page 43 — 14th line from the top ; for is, read : are. Page 44 — 2d. marginal note ; clorides, read : chlorides. Page 44 — 13th line from the bottom; transpose "inch" to after the word "eighth" ;■ and the figures "(o.'"76)" -to after the word "inches." Page 48— 3d line from the bottom ; for any, read : a hot, Page 50— 8th line from the top ; for intetests, read: inter- ests. Page 50 — 7th line from the bottom ; for de, read : do. Page 52 — First marginal note ; for drainage, read : sewer- age. Page 52 — r4th line from the bottom ; for propogation, read : propagation. Page 52 — 6th line from the bottom ; for Conseleiro, read : Conselheiro do. Page 54— ist line ; after the word "mud," insert : "flats." Page 54— 15th line from the top ; for subjeet, read : subject. Page 55^i7th line from the bottom ; omit the second word in this line. Page s6— 14th line from the bottom ; for even a larger, read : a large. Page 56— 20th line from the bottom ; after eight, insert : cubic. Page 57— 3d line from the bottom ; for fifth, read : filth. Page 63 — 16th line from the bottom ; for provision, read : provisions. Page 71 — 8th line from the bottom ; for no, read : do. Page 80 — 2d and 5th lines from the top ; for inch, read : inches. Page 93 — 2d marginal note ; after points, insert : to. Page 97 — 5th line from the bottom ; for retain the original, read : secure the proper. Page io5^i3th line from the top ; after capacity, insert : per second. Page III— 8th line from the top ; for salt, read : silt. Page III — 8th line from the top; after inches, insert: (ioc"i.). Page 1 15 — 14th line from the bottom; for (fineas), read: (fincas). Page 118 — 12th line from the top ; before foot, insert ; The. Page 121 — 14th line from the bottom; for them, read: the drains. Page 135 — last line ; for betwten, read : between. Page 145— 2d marginal note from the bottom . for road, read : roads. t,EGAL Form, A. Page I — gth line from the top ; before own, insert : or their. Page 3. — ist line ; after every, add : one. General Technical Specifications. Page 9 — 23d line from the bottom ; for flushing, read : ffooding. Special Technical Specifications. Page I — last line ; for egruirements, read ; requirements. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. To HIS EXCELI/ENCY, THE PRESIDENT OF THE STATE OF SlO PAUI.O, Sir .' 1 have the honor to transmit herewith the results of the studies upon the complex problem of improving the sanitary condition of the city and harbor of Santos, which is the important port of entry of your rich state. i was entrusted with this mission by the operations of a contract en- tered into by, and with the government of Sao Paulo, as the result of cer- tain cablegrams exchanged between the palace of the government and my office. During my recent visit to Brazil, these negotiations were subse- quently ratified at Sao ?aulo by the President and other dignitaries of the government, in view of the telegraphic and other correspondence on the subject since the second day of May, 1892. Since I was iinable to bring back with me certain data necessary for the Completion of the work, I have to thank the authorities of Sao Paulo for their kind consent in extending the time of the delivery under this con- tract, by a number of days equal to the time elapsed between August 2d and the date when I received the missing data. The data obtained for the elaboration of the studies were collected by two eflfi-cient commissions of Brazilian engineers co-operating with my representative in the person of Mr. John B. Hill, whom I sent to Brazil for the purpose of obtaining answers to questions bearing upon the project, in ac- cordance with written instructions furnished to him. The project demanded a large amount of field work of a topographic and hydrographic nature, and the collection of a very varied amount of statistics and whatever else might be found in print or otherwise, in or out of the archives of the gov- ernment, bearing upon the locality or our purposes, no matter how direct or remote this bearing might be. This resulted in the collection of a vast variety of pamphlets, maps, reports, opinions, books and newspapers, in ii LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. addition to the special field and other work prepared by your government engineers, and the reports made and other work done in accordance with the instructions given to Mr. Hill. During the time these operations were under way I was kept informed of their progress, and engaged in their study in Europe ; and such plans as were at the time necessary, were in course of preparation at my office in New York. Since the work undertaken comprehends several profeseional specialties, I have consulted with eminent engineers in various countries, and visited several similar works in England, France, Switzerland and Italy. Also in the preparation of the work itself I have been fortunate enough to enjoy the uninterrupted counsel and aid of my associates, Mr. Rudolph Hering and Mr. James H. Fuertes ; the former one of the most distinguished sanitarians of whom I have any knowledge, and the latter an active engineer and contractor of much experience in various directions. About the end of November, 1892, nearly all the data had been classified and partly elaborated by the arrangement and study of the en- tire amount of literature collected upon the subject, and the designing of such works as, lander the knowledge then obtained, would fulfill the best sanitary conditions of the city and port of Santos. In the month of June following, a voluminous report and several plans were prepared ; but it was deemed" prudent and necessary that I should personally inspect the ground, to make whatever alterations such an examination would be like- ly to indicate. The results of all the studies, investigations and designs made and em- bodied herewith, are believed to be sufficient to place the city of Santos in a perfectly safe sanitary condition, capable of freeing your people from the scourges of epidemics and of reducing your great and unnecessary death rate to the unavoidable normal value which it can obtain with the aid of scientific municipal care and foresight. I do not desire to be understood as claiming that my labors and those of my associates, or the building of any sanitary works will, per se, free your city from scourges ; nor that we desire to avoid our just responsibility by any reservations whatever in reference to the nature or conditions of these designs. We know that they are suitable for the purposes intended and LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. iii besides, We desire to state here that the amount of pains we have taken to give your government the best work possible, has been urged upon us, not merely by a sense of duty, but we have worked faithfully with a pe- culiar interest and sympathy toward our younger sister republic ; and this has tempered the severity of our labors with no little pleasure, in the hope of contributing to the improvement of perhaps the most important element of your prosperity as a great state of the Brazilian Commonwealth. But it must be remembered, always, that the necessity of keeping the entire sanitary appliances, structures and equipment herein designed, in working order and proper state of cleanliness and repair, is an exacting duty which cannot be neglected without incurring heavy responsibilities. The various elements of your sanitary requirements, in addition to a proper harbor police are : the regulations of quarantine, habitations, water supply, sewers, drainage, removal of garbage, and street cleaning and sprinkling. All these improvements are related to each other, being in some cases interdependent ; if any one of them is neglected it is likely to inflict more or less injury to the other sanitary devices; and in all cases, any such neglect will injure the public health. Whenever large bodies of men congregate, sanitary works become in- dispensable ; but if neglected, the expected protective works become a death dealing power fed at the expense of precious lives ; and also, the expense incurred in the endeavor to save them, will be a useless waste of resources if it fails to afford your citizens the immunity that they cannot obtain without heavy pecuniary sacrifices. It is therefore indispensable to organize a special corps of expert ad- ministrators, engineers and other ofiicers capable of measuring the import of their responsibility in this matter, and of maintaining every detail of the sanitary administration of the city in perfect order and in the highest possible degree of efficiency. For this purpose we send a very large amount of information in this regard made up of the laws and regulations enacted by our northern cities. These documents are properly listed and numbered in the Appendix and it is hoped may be found useful auxiliaries in the preparation of such regulations as may be adaptable to the climate and conditions of your people. iv LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. We forbear from formulating what the duties of these several commis- sions may be, for no doubt, you will easily correlate them to your existing methods of municipal government. We may be permitted however to advise that they be non-partisan as to politics ; and in view of their functions, they should be composed of a sufficient number of engi- neers, jurists, physicians and business men, so that they may control the various administrative and technical requirements of the case with the common sense, legal tact and scientific efficiency indispensable for the suc' cessful operation of all the powers entrusted to them. It seems desirable that we should offer advice as to the order in which the works may be prosecuted to insure their best efficiency, in the case that all the improvements cannot be undertaken at once. We feel con- strained to advise that the injurious policy of granting franchises to pri- vate individuals should not be practiced by yotir government. These franchises are rarely administered in the interests of the country ; but on the contrary, for private gain, at any cost. Improvements of the nature of those required at Santos should be under your own control. Honest and experienced Contractors can be found, who are willing to give a fair equivalent for the prices of their bids ; and neither adventurers, amateur contractors, or any other than responsible and experienced builders should be employed by you. The Quarantine Station is the first and supreme necessity to be fulfilled. All other precautions will be of no avail if infection can be reinforced by new importations. It is not indispensable, however, that the entire ex- pense called for by our estimates and plans be undertaken at the outset. The wharfs may be shortened or they may be built in a more provisional manner ; some of the buildings may be dispensed with for the present, others built only in part ; and the expenses of grading, planting and ornament- ing the grounds, may be postponed to such a time when it may be conven- ient to incur them. The disinfecting apparatus and plant, hospitals, officers' quarters and habitations for the detention of passengers, pure water and sewerage, must be provided for at the outset. Possibly with wise economy $100,000 may be sufficient for present needs. Whenever some of the requisite city works shall have been safely per- LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. fected, the Quarantine Station should then be improved by the completion of the partly built structures and further extension of its usefulness, both for the credit of the state and complete security of its inhabitants. Another question of the utmost importance within the city, is the effect- ive oversight of the habitations. The Quarantine Station affords only ex- ternal protection ; but the subject of paramount importance is the cleanli- ness of the houses in which the people live. A proper organization, with suitable officers, should be charged with the duty of carrying out the recommendations contained in this report under the heads of " Habita- tions " in Chap. IX and in the " Technical Specifications B." In reference to the relations between the habitations and the sewers, it cannot be too often recommended, repeated and insisted upon, that their efficiency will depend upon the nature of the care given them. The bu- reau to be created for the administration of the sewers must b^ provided with all the tools and other appliances for their systematic inspection and cleaning and for their maintenance and repairs. The people must be obliged to keep all their house fixtures, sinks, all traps, connec- tions and other appliances, in good order ; the city plumbers must be kept under efficient control, so that poor workmanship can be excluded and the bureau kept informed of the nature of the work done in the buildings. The special police in charge of the water, sewers and drains, must go systematically over their beats, to inspect and report upon the condi- tions of the sewers and drains of their districts in accordance with specific instructions, so as to report their condition, breaks, abuses by private in- dividuals and also keep all public conveniences scrupulously clean. All persons at the Quarantine Station and in the hospitals must be encouraged to bathe frequently unless especially excused by the physicians in charge, and public free baths must be made attractive, convenient and comfortable, and so located that the poorer classes, who need them most, may find them accessible, neat and pleasant. The improvement of the habitations is so subject to eventualities and affects so many legal and other questions, with which we cannot possibly become acquainted, that we are unable to furnish estimates for the improve- ment of the habitations. Possibly $200,000 may be needed to condemn vi LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. property, and destroy certain houses for the purposes of procuring ven. tilation and drainage of the back yards. In some cases houses may require to be raised ; in others, rebuilt or strengthened, and the soil under them must be improved by the removal of dangerous material, or by concreting. Altogether the question is made up of items that cannot be foreseen ; and since such improvement must be made gradually and it may take three or four years before the evils demanding your attention may be corrected, it is advised that an appropriation should be made for the purpose, and spent as circumstances may warrant, where it may be necessary, under the wise -advice of your Engineer. A similar recommendation can be made in reference to the swamps traversed by the railroad at the foot of the mountains. With a clean city and proper sanitary regulations, these swamps will iiot affect the public health inj y.riously . Also, it will be many years before the population will extend towards the mountains, since every inducement for the growth of the city must necessarily tend towards the sea. Yet, when this matter may be reached, the only remedy is such a canalization as will cut up the flat area into subdivisions whose several channels will lead the waters to the sea. Then it will be easy to change the character of the vegetation by planting grass and such other crops as may be desirable. There seems however to be no need of taking up this question at present. The question of drains in the city will also demand immediate atten- tion ; but provided that any improvement in this direction be under- taken as indicated in the plans as to location, construction and elevation, only the main city drains need be attacked at once, leaving the others and the details of the Barra drainage to the discretion of your Engineer, who will attend to the co -relation of the various parts of the drainage system so as to afford immediate relief to the places needing it. It must be said, however, that the necessary draining of the Barra can be easily done ; and this will open a large tract of most valuable land, that will stimulate the growth of the town in the right direction and bring into the market a desirable tract of tax bearing property at largely en- hanced values. Your water supply must be increased by the laying at once of the LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. vii large main recommended, in order to improve the present head of water which is now impaired by the restricted size of the present main, and in- judicious tapping and connections. We may be permitted to add, that in addition to a pure water supply, it is of great importance that the laws against making and exposing for sale articles of food, in any manner adulterated, or with false names for the purpose of imitating genuine products, should be strictly enforced ; the articles seized by the authorities, and immediately destroyed; and the offenders adequately and swiftly punished. The present estimates exceed those originally made, on account of more accurate information as to prices, gathered during my recent visit to Brazil, modifications of the plan which that visit justified, and of a more detailed study of the questions involved : in fact, nearly all the sew- erage systems had to be designed over again. In closing, this letter of transmittal I desire to record my apprecia- tion of the courtesies extended to myself and to my representative in Brazil, in a personal, professional, and ofl&cial way, by so many public men of Brazil. And first our thanks are due to the Illmo. Exmo. Sr. Dr. Ber- nardino de Campos, M. D. President of the State, for the uniform kind- ness and hospitable welcome accorded to me. I feel under special obliga- tions to His Excellency Dr. Jose Alves de Cerqueira Cezar, the Acting President of the State during the earlier period of this undertaking ; to the M. D. Secretary of the Interior, Dr. Cezario da Motta, whose patriot- ism and devotion to the education of Brazilians deserves much praise and all success ; to the Secretar}/ of Agriculture, Dr. Jorge Tibiri5a ; to Dr. J. Alvares de Rubiao Junior, the worthy Secretary of the Treasury; to Dr. A. F. Paula Souza, the Minister of Public Works, Communications and Industries ; to the Chief of the Sanitary Commission of Sao Paulo, the Engineer, Dr. Joao Pedreira Ferraz, whose courtesies and attainments have rendered us signal services while the necessary data was^ being col- lected through his ofiBce ; also for similar favors to Dr. Julio da Cunha, the Chief of the Santos Sanitary Commission. To my friend and colleague, Dr. Orville A. Derby, the Chief of the Geological and Geographical Commission, I wish to give thanks publicly viii LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. for constant hospitality, unfailing kindness and many services of mucli value to tlie State and to us during the progress of this work. I have to recognize the courteous assistance given us by Dr. Joseph Holt of New Orleans, Dr. Horlbeck of Charleston and Dr. Jenkins of New York, who are the prominent Health OflS.cers of the ports having the best quarantine plants in these United States. The usefulness of the information and the suggestions made by them are hereby acknowledged to their credit with pleasure. It would be quite inexpedient to mention the names of the Engineers and Municipal Authorities to whom we are indebted for the several hundreds of documents kindly furnished by them bearing upon municipal public works, and sent to you in a separate box credited to the respective donors. It is to be regretted that the time in which to prepare this report had proved too short in so far as the exigencies of printing and translating are concerned. In spite of our earnest effort we have not succeeded in finding an engineer able to translate the entire report into the Portuguese language. Its main part has been translated by Mr. Fernando da Silveira, a Brazilian, and a student in civil engineering at Cornell University ; and whilst I am unable to appreciate the literary merit and accuracy of the translation, it is just and proper that he should be given full credit for his effort in this difi&cult task. Finally, I may be permitted to recommend that tracings be made of the plans sent, putting upon them the proper translation of the titles, so as to preserve the originals for the standards with which to compare all subse- quent drawings, and thus preserve them from unnecessary injury, for the purposes of reference. Trusting that it may be possible for your government to commence at once the operations detailed in this report, and holding myself in readi- ness to further aid you with any advice on this subject in my power, I re- main. Very Respectfully Your Obedient Servant, E. A. FUERTES, Civil Engineer, CORNELL UNIVERSITY, February 14th, 1894. I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. It has been believed that the degVee of civilization of a people could be determined by the beauty of form and degree of finish of the vessels into standard of civii- which merchandise is packed for the purposes of trade. This lemma, which was universally believed, is now only partially true. The exact index of the civilization of a nation is measured to-day by its ability to diminish the death rate : and the criterion is justifiable, because this re- sult can only be obtained by the concurrent effects produced by the intel- lectual, industrial, commercial and aesthetic development of the people. Whenever the first and last of these causes are wanting, it will be found upon reflection, that, either the people are in the " barbarous state of nature " or, if civilized, they are ruled by forms of government which may produce aristocratic and plebian social ranks ; but which do not foster the thrift of that middle class, or bourgeoisie, upon which the stability and order of modern society alone can rest. Wars have diminished in number, cruelty and duration, in proportion to the social strength of the yeomanry. The problem thus thrust upon the care of the statesman, legislator, and philanthropist, is to develop the prosperity of this middle "mfddiVda^sts." class who bears the burden of taxation with more cheerful intelligence than any other citizens, is a conservative anchor against disorder, and since the days of the French revolution, has shaped the progress of the most advanced nations. Among the multiplicity of duties which a wise people must fulfill in order to secure national strength in every sense, the care of the physical health of the race is not second to the duty of providing for its intellec- tual growth. On the contrary, robustness, sobriety and good health must exist in the average, or type man of any race, before his intellectual fac- — 2 — ulties can be developed to the full extent of his opportunities. It must Functions of pub- lic health, be also borne in mind that health is not only the capital of the journey- man ; but it is eminently so in the case of the leaders of human thought ; for it is upon the physical ability to perform labor that depends, not only the quantity, but mainly, the quality of intellectual effort. A community rendered sickly by the prevalent presence of disease will therefore lack the brawn and muscle to carry out material improvements, and its pros- perity will be checked by losses of human life, the inability to work of those who may live, and the increase of ignorance and pauperism with their inevitable train of crime and immorality. It is a mistake to believe that sanitary science is a new progressive sci- ence, or that its progress has been always upward. It is indeed so closely allied to, and dependent upon, the problems of human government, that Sanitary science like the humau racc itself it has had and will have its ups and downs for may degenerate again. a long time to come, even though the secular progress tends towards higher planes. Yet the importance of sanitary improvement is so great, that its capacity for progress must not be permitted to be stunted ; and this must be accomplished, not only by the intelligent appliances of more exact scientific theories to professional practice, but also by such an edu- cation of the forces of government, that this growth may be made inde- pendent of the neglect so often induced by political convulsions. In all the nations of Europe there are still monuments for sanitary pur- Cases of degen- poses, crcctcd by Roman and Saracen before the Christian era, which for era ion. bolducss of Conception, intelligence in design, and magnitude and work- manship, have been hardly equalled by the builders of this century ; whilst, the sanitary provisions of many European cities are at this day inferior to what obtained before the wars which ended the domination of the Romans, and crippled the growth of sanitary science. Later on, un- enlightened asceticism again contributed to the decay of public and per- sonal cleanliness ; until, in the 14th century, plague and pest followed the neglect of pub- each other, devastating the population of about two hundred thousand European towns. Possibly, forty millions of persons died during the several epidemics of the " Black Death" in the middle of the 14th cen- tury, though Hecker, in 1831, places this loss of life at the lower figure — 3 — of twenty-five millions, based on the erroneous supposition that the total population of Europe was only one hundred millions at the time of the Death." plague. After this experience, in which perhaps one out of every five persons were swept out of existence in Europe, sanitary science continued dormant for nearly five centuries. It can be said that during this long maximum of sanitary decay humanity abandoned all instinct of self-help- fulness and placed all its dependence against scourges in the practices of witchcraft, superstitious incantations, diabolism, or the invocation of saints and supernatural aids. We owe the last revival of sanitary science to the English, who, after the great London fire in 1666, were the first among modern nations to Last revival of apply to their city, in a fairly efi&cient way, the fundamental maxim of ^^"* ^^ science, sanitation, viz : " The instant removal of putrescible matter from the dwell- ings, and the construction of sewers for the collection of house refuse." Many of the present sanitary laws of all nations have received their first impulse from the English legislation, which has been constantly improv- ing in eflSciency. As late as seventy years ago, it was a criminal offense to throw foecal matter into the London sewers ; this and other putrescible substances being collected into cess-pools. In 1847 the first law was enacted making com- . Modem sanita- ^ _ ' ° tion dates from pulsory the delivery of the entire house drainage into sewers, it having '847. been found that the cess-pool method of sewerage disposal had contami- nated all the neighboring springs and wells. It may be said that the history of modern sanitation dates from the passage of the English law of 1847. There will be found among the reports and documents transmitted here- with, a considerable amount of information upon the operations of sanita- 1 1 r 1 1 1 /TM r 1 1 r Inherent require- ry commissions and permanent boards 01 health. The careful study of ments of sanitary boards. these documents, comprehending a large field, under different state laws, climates, and commercial interests, will show that the underlying princi- ple of the success of these boards rests with their organization. The lessons taught by the reports referred to above is, that whilst the rights of individual states or communities must be given full and fair play, the overshadowing collective rights of an entire country, as affecting its — 4 — ^, health tone, must be paramount to all other considerations inconsistent The national health not to be with the welfare of the national health. If cfovernments must regfulate, iendangered by _ o i state rights. as they always do, the commercial transactions with reference to exports and imports, their agency to prevent the importation of disease must be certainly granted and respected ; for the seeds of death can be distributed along the internal ways of communication of a country with lesser possi- bilities of control than any kind of legitimate or contraband merchandise. And this may give rise to national calamities quite as wasteful and expen- sive as wars and financial panics, as will be shown further on. Boards of health ^^ ^^ ^°^ these reasons that especial stress is given to this recommenda- dent' of 'poHticai ^^°^ ^'^^ ^^^ enaction of pnrdent state and federal legislation, in order that control. j.]^g workings of sanitary commissions may be made as impartial, neutral, and independent of the arena of political dissensions as it may be possible to make them. The economic problems of government make desirable and necessary the strife of differences of opinion ; but in the protection of the public health, there is nothing of a speculative nature in so far as administrative methods are concerned. Personal honesty in the employees, and scientific competence of the facultative staff, can be made most effective when inde- pendent of the " propaganda influences of political appointees." A calm and impartial view of this field, in Europe and in these United Effects of poli- _ - . „ . - . „ . tics on boards of States, provcs that nearly every case of inemciency or of insufficient pro- gress in this direction can be traced to that demoralization which gives rise to neglect, perfunctory work, and lack of ambition in the beneficiaries of party patronage. Justification of Before entering more fully into the technical details of our special menfe^ improve- pj-Q-j-j^gj^ under contract, it seems desirable, in order to strengthen not only the justification of your government for the outlay of required money for these improvements, but to make plain the transcendental value of the con- templated works, that we should give a bird's eye view of the actual import of sanitation to your community. This can be best done, first, by endeavoring to ascribe a money value to the losses sustained by the countries which do not, provide for the safety which sanitary works under proper conditions guarantee. Secondly, by a comparison of these losses — 5— ■ witli the cost of the works which prevent them, when proper attention is ^ 7 J- JT Ratio of death to paid to the hygienic laws by the inhabitants. Thirdly, by showing statisti- total cases of sick- ness. cally and by diagrams the rate of diminution of the number of deaths wherever proper sanitation has been tried. Dr. Playfair has ascertained from the study of epidemics, that in the average, for every death from preventable diseases there are twenty-eight cases of sickness. The econ- Economic value omic value of an agricultural laborer is, according to Dr. Farr, $1231 at the age of twenty-five ; or, this is the value of his future wages after de- ducting the expenses of his own support. In other words, each laborer creates this amount of wealth for the community in which he lives. This estimate applies to the lower rate of wages of the English laborer and is probably about seventy per cent, lower than what the Santos laborer con- tributes to the State of Sao Paulo ; but we shall suppose his contribution to be no larger than that of the lowly paid English farm hand. From data obtained during the past epidemics at Santos, in a popula- tion of twenty-seven thousand souls the death rate per thousand of popu- 1891. lation was, in 1891 Yellow fever, 36 deaths per thousand. Smallpox, I " Other diseases, 55 " " " Total, 92 deaths per thousand. This astonishing mortality was followed by a more severe attack of ■Q^^^•^ ^^^^ j„ yellow fever during the following year; and in 1892 there were the follow- ^^^^' ing deaths : Yellow fever, 124 deaths per thousand. Smallpox, 17 Other diseases, 64 Total, 205 deaths per thousand. This death rate is appalling ; and though during six months it rivaled the plague of the "Black Death," yet it does not include the persons who — 6 — became contaminated at Santos and died elsewhere ; nor the death fro the contamination spread over the interior of the state, which in sor places, as at Campinas, we are informed was more virulent than at Santc „, ., . There is no reason to suppose that this dreadful mortality may not 1 Ine epidemics ^ ^ j j may break out repeated : in fact, unless proper measures be taken at once, it is probat that suitable conditions will again develop the dreaded scourge ; for i epidemic virulent character indicates that the locality is propitious to gi it a permanent abode. Let us now compute the cost of this epidemic to the city of Santo by^hTepidemk'Lf ^^*^ ^^^*' ^^^ ^^ suppose that the death-rate per thousand of popul ' ^^' tion can be reduced from two hundred and five to, say, twenty deaths pi thousand inbabitans each j^ear. Proper safeguards might still redm this mortality but for the sake of illustration the number twenty is ei ployed as a round number. Granting that the average expectation of life, as used by actuaries insurance companies, is thirty-three years, we find that during the eig] life. years that each person is expected to live after his twenty-fifth year age, the loss sustained by the commonwealth for each unnecessary deal is $145 per year. This, it will be granted, is under, estimated ; for, if is true that death respects no age, and the fever may kill people withoi the expectation of eight additional years of life, we suppose in the abo^ computation that persons below twenty-five years of age produce i wealth ; and that all the deaths occur after twenty-five years of age — 7 — 27,000X^^^X5 24,975 lives saved. Six-tenths of this number will be adults and among them one-tenth will be crippled or infirm ; or, there will be 24,975 X -6, 14,985 adults and Adults saved. 14,985—1,498-5, 13,486.5 adults saved from death in the full vigor of life ; therefore the money vigorous adults saved is measured by the values, as follows : ^^^^^' 13,486.5 workmen saved at $154 per year . . . $2,076,921 (*) 24,975 funerals saved at $20 each 499,500 (t) 24,975 X 5 cases of recovery from sickness at $5 each 624,375 24,975 medical attendance of fatal cases at $10. 249,750. T,. ^ . - Cost of Santos' Money saved m hve years, $3,450,546. epidemic. One-fifth of this sum represents the yearly interest on $1^,802,1^0 at ■^ -f J -r o, , o Capitalized value five per cent interest, and is the probable value of the capital destroyed ofepidemicofiSga. by the epidemic of 1892. This enormous capitalized value is what the government could afford to spend in order to prevent a repetition of the losses inflicted upon one single city during the epidemic of last year. Since the above figures cannot be accurate, in as much as the data assumed are under-estimated, it is now pertinent to ask : will the govern- da^^onTdses ^^^ ment hesitate to spend two or three millions of dollars to prevent the re- currence of the pest that in a single year destroyed more than thirteen and three-fourth millions of dollars of capital ? And also, is this the only loss sustained ? (*) Ordinary funerals in the United States range between I30 and ^40 per funeral ; and in Eng- land at five pounds sterling. (t) Dr. Farr estimates twenty-eight cases of sickness for every preventable death. Other authori- ties make this number twenty-five. We have assumed five cases of illness per death, and desire to call attention to the fact that the number of immigrants reaching or passing through Santos is com- paratively large. It is impossible indeed to estimate the forced waste of resources and Additional extra- ordinary expenses. Sacrifices imposed upon a community demoralized by the fright produced by such a pest ; but it is easy to understand that the aggregate of the extraordinary expenditures and losses in business, under these circum- stances, must be enormous, and should be added to the above cost of the epidemic. Transcendental In the above wc havc eudcavored to put a sordid money price upon hu- value of losses by _ _ epidemics. man life, which the savage and the cultured man alike consider priceless. We must bear in mind that such a scourge bears most heavily upon the bread winners, and their dependents in the lower classes, whose orphaned families are thrown upon public charity and deprived of the care of nat- ural protectors who are the best social agents to foster their comfort, edu- cation and thrift. We have not taken into account the sorrows of widows and orphans and friends ; the breaking up of families ; nor the miseries and sufferings entailed by the remorseless scythe of death. These losses Losses that are o j j priceless. have no price — no money can ever replace them. There is still another grievous source of loss that cannot be measured wherever such a death rate prevails, and the act of living is converted into a struggle with the poison which pollutes the air and food ; the physical, mental and moral other incom- ^^i^^gy of the population must depreciate, and give rise to anxieties on mensurable losses. ^^ ^^^ q£ ^^ government that are also incommensurable with money values. II. SANITATION VS. DISEASE. We shall now pass to investigating tlie effects of sanitation on various diseases. Latham and Denton quote the reports of Mr. Simon from which the following table has been made up : Name of Pi,acb. Banbury Bristol Cardiff, ... . Cheltenham, . Croydon Dover, E;iy, Leicester, . . . Macclesfield, . Merthyr, .... Newport (M), Rugby Salisbury, . . . Warwick, . . . Worthing, . . . Population. 10,000 32,954 30,229 23,108 7.847 68,056 27-475 52,778 24,756 7,818 9,030 10,570 Death Rate before Im- provements, per mile. 23 4 33 2 23 7 ■ 22 6 23 9 26 4 29 8 33 2 31 8 19 I 27 5 22 7 Saving of Life in per cent. 12.5 32 22. 7 14 4-5 20 18 32 2-5 20.0 7-5 Percentage of Reduction of total deaths. Typhoid Fever. 48 40 63 36 56 48 48 60 36 10 75 52 Phthisis. 41 22 17 26 17 20 47 32 31 II 32 43 49 19 36 Statistics. British cities. Combining all the varied conditions of these cities, the computations of Mr. Chadwick, in his report to the "Local Government Board," show that Life saving in in twelve of these cities with a joint population of 304,859 inhabitants, an absolute saving of lives was obtained amounting to sixteen per cent. ; forty-seven per cent., or nearly one-half of the deaths from typhoid fever were avoided, and the number of deaths from phthisis were reduced 29.91 per cent., or nearly one-third. Also, between the years from 1 871 to 1880, 250,000 were saved from death in England and Wales by sanitary im- lO — provement. Assuming, on the authority of Dr. Farr, twenty-eight cases of recovery for every unnecessary death, it might have been possible to save seven million of persons from sick beds by sanitary influences which had not been in operation during the previous decade. From the above it is impossible to fail to note that the decrease in the death rate, and par- ticularly the percentage of lives saved from death by typhoid fever and phthisis, are most gratifying. Typhoid fever '^^^ possiblc relations between typhoid fever and sewers are given and sewers. graphically in the report of the Sanitary Convention of April, 1893, at Michigan, as taken from the records of 313 cities without sewers, and 39 cities having sewerage systems. The heavy lines which follow represent, and their lengths are propor- tional to, the number of deaths from typhoid fevers at places with and without sewers. ^^^^^■■■■■^^^^^^■■■■ii^^^^^ ] Average mortality in cities without sewers. WK^^^m \ Mortality of sewered cities. But sewers, however, are sometimes worse than no sewers ; and it is Sewers not al- _ _ ways beneficial. not impossible that the virulence of the last epidemic of yellow fever at Santos, may have been aided in some degree by the defects of its sewer management. The most complete statistical information concerning the possible efifects of sewers on the death rate, is furnished by the city of Munich. Sewers and en- ^^^ death from enteric fevers in that city, per hundred thousand of tenc fevers at Mu- -^ ' ^ "**• population, were as follows : 242 deaths when sanitation was neglected, from 1854-59 168 " " cess pools were cemented, " 1860-65 133 " " partial sewerage built, " 1866-73 87 " " more general sewerage built, ... " 1874-76 17 " " sewerage construction continued, . . " 1881-84 A clear idea is given of the meaning of this reduction by the following diagram : II I Death rate in 1854. Without sewers. Death rate in i860. Cess pools cemented; Death rate in 1866. Sewers begun. Death rate in 1874. Sewers continuedi Death rate in i88i. Sewers continued. A similar eflfect followed the introduction of sewers at Frankfort. From eighty-seven deaths per hundred thousand living in 1854-59 when there Frankfort, were no sewers, only twenty-four deaths occurred from 1875-1880 after the sewerage was improved. This gain in the death rate is graphically shown thus : Relative number of deaths before sewers were constructed. ■■i^H Relative number of deaths after sewers were constructed. The city of Dantzic offers the means of exhibiting the relative effects of both sewers and water supplies upon the death rate ; though it must be said that the following is offered only to point out the universality of the law of death reduction by sanitary measures, rather than as an at- tempt to ascribe definite values to each. The number of deaths from enteric troubles at Dantzic per hundred sewers and en- .1 IT- teric fevers at thousand living were : Dantzic. 108 deaths when there were no sewers in 1865-69 90 deaths after sewers and water were partially introduced 1871-75 18 deaths when water and sewer works were completed . . 1876-80 or, J Effects of no sanitation. f Effect of partial sanitation. Effect of water supply and sewers when completed. — 12 — The city of Hambursf, whicli became so conspicuous dutine the out- Sewers of Ham- IIP,,, burg. break of cholera, shows that, if as above, the existence of sewers is in- dispensable to diminish the death rate, the purity of the water supply is even of greater consequence ; and that the full benefits of sanitation can- not be reached without the concurrence and efficiency of both of these agencies. Thus the death rate per hundred thousand of population of Hamburg was, from enteric fevers alone, 400 per hundred thousand in the unsewered portions, 320 " " " with partly sewered districts, 268 " " '* with a complete sewered system, or expressing the above graphically we have, f Death rate of portions unsewered. f Death rate of portions partly sewered. f Death rate when sewers were completed. ■ It will be seen that Hamburg has not been able to reap the full benefits purefwatef in^ "^' of i^s Sanitary outlays, on account of the important failure of a sufficiently Hamburg. -pnre water supply, which left the city open to the incursions of cholera, by its pollution from the excreta of choleraic patients. The following pertinent data is taken from a paper presented to the Michigan Sanitary Convention by George E). Willitts upon the "Achieve- ments of Sanitation Measured by Vital Statistics." The city of London is generally chosen on account of the length and accuracy of its records. Statistics of The following diagram gives the deaths from consumption per thousand phthisis. ^^ population during the years given at the end of each line, the lines themselves being proportional to the number of deaths. — 13 — 10.2I deaths in 1629-35. 12.55 deaths in i666-' 79- 9-05 deaths in 1728-57. II. 21 deaths in 1771-80 7.86 deaths in 1 801- 10. 5 .67 deaths in 1831-40. 3.23 deaths . , in 1841-50. 2.86 deaths in 1851-60. 2.54 deaths in 1861-70 2.51 deaths in 1871-80. 2.07 deaths • in 1881-88 1.75 deaths ' in 1888. This diagram is instructive ; for it proves that even the dreaded phthi- sis can be diminished by sanitary influences, though it is well known phthisis reduced to-day that this disease is not hereditary, and is contracted only by inocu- ences."' ^^ lation. (*) Yet the more vigorous health of a protected community enables it to combat the inroads of other diseases ; for even to this day phthisical persons are not isolated, as they should be, and the chances of inoculation are so great that this disease has the first rank among the greatest de- stroyers of human life. (*) We are aware that a party exists which tenaciously clings to the theory of pre-destinated phthisis ; but its votaries are challenged to prove it, by producing a single case of hereditary phthisis in the entire human race. — 14 — The effect of vaccination in smallpox can be easily seen by tbe follow- Vaccination. ing diagram, whicb gives the annual death rate from smallpox at London per thousand of population, during the dates given at the right of the heavy lines whose lengths represent the comparative number of deaths. (4.17 deaths from 1660-79. (4.26 deaths from 1728-57. 1 5.02 deaths . . . , ' " ■ . from 1771-80. Vaccination ia- f 2.04 deaths . . . (vaccination was introduced) . . from 1 801-10. f 0.83 deaths from 1831-35. I 0.40 deaths .... from 1840-54. f 0.24 deaths from 1855-59. ( 0.28 deaths from 1860-64. . f 0.28 deaths .... from 1865-69. The effect of vac- f 0.66 deaths f Discovery of the fact that vaccination | from 1870-74. cination lapses. ( ^^^^^ [ lapses, and re-vaccination instituted, j ' '^' f 0.29 deaths from 1875-79. 1 0.24 deaths ... from 1880-84. I 0.09 deaths ... ' from 1885-88. The advantage of compulsory vaccination is shown in the following Advantage of re- diagram. The names of the several cities are given, with two heavy lines vaccination. ° under the name of each city. The long lines are proportional to the — 15 — number of deaths before vaccination and the shorter ones show by their length the decrease in the number of deaths after vaccination : f Silesia (Austria) before vaccination, 5.8 deaths. (. ^" after vaccination 0.26 " r Moravia (Austria) before vaccination, 5.4 deaths. C "^ after vaccination, 0.26 " Berlin before vaccination, 3.4 deaths. ™ after vaccination 0.18 " r Copenhagen before vaccination, 3.10 deaths. (_ ^* after vaccination, ... 0.29 " r Westphalia before vaccination, 2.66 deaths. (. ■ after vaccination, o. 11 " r Bohemia before vaccination, 2 20 deaths. (_ 1^ after vaccination 0.22 " ( Sweden before vaccination 2.10 deaths. M after vaccination, 0.16 " Salisburg (Austria) before vaccination, 2.0 deaths. ^tmm after vaccination, 0.42 " The last two sets of diagrams establish beyond a reasonable doubt that Vaccination di- one of the most repulsive of all plagties can be diminished in mortality from smallpox, by vaccination. The benefits of isolation are still more striking and will be presently shown for the purpose of making clear the necessity of quarantine which is in these cases the all-important safeguard against contagion. During the outbreaks of diphtheria in Michigan in 1890, (*) the places Effetcs of isolat- in which isolation and disinfection were neglected produced a large num- Inf cases oTdiph- ber of cases with a large proportion of deaths : nearly one-fifth of all pa- pox"^ ^° ^^^ (*) Proceedings of a Sanitary Convention at Stanton, Michigan, April, 1893. \ 16 Etjidemic dis- feases averaged in the order of their mortality. SUiallpox can be eliminated from the list of epidem- ics. Sanitary statis- tics in southern climates. Dr. Maunsell's statistics. tients died. But wherever protection was offered by disinfection and isolation, only about one-eighth as many cases occurred, with about one- thirtieth of the deaths that might have been expected, if sanitary precau- tions had been neglected. Similar results were obtained with scarlet fever. Smallpox, which was once a most dreaded and prolific source of death, is now so much under control that it has passed from the first to the eighth rank of epidemics. Phthisis, diphtheria, typhoid, yellow and scarlet fevers, whooping cough and measles, given here in the order of their mor- tality, surpass smallpox in the number of victims. It is clearly evident that smallpox can be stamped out completely by the temporary construction of lazarettos, strict police systems, and com- pulsory vaccination of the entire population. Sanitary statistics from southern latitudes are not available to us ; but since the principles of sanitation are physiologically general, there seems to be no necessity for adducing the proofs of their applicability to Santos ; yet for the sake of completeness we append the following authoritative statetiient, taken from a pamphlet issued during the present year by the "Jamaica Columbian Exposition" Commissioners at Chicago, under the direction of I,ieut.-Col. The Hon. L. J. Ward, G. M. C. and which may be taken as further relative proof of the influence of sanitation under any climatic conditions. " Beginning at 1817, about the time when a first attempt was made to compile sta- stistics of disease, and to classify under various heads, the causes of non-efficiency among soldiers, Dr. Maunsell, in a statistical summary, shows, amongst others, the following remarkable figures ; Years. Admission to Hospital. Fatal Cases. 1817-1836 1838-1847 1848-1859. 1860-1869 1812.55 1526.66 II41.69 994.76 121. 3 63.07 32.70 21.25 " During the first of the above four periods- the soldiers were over-crowded in the enervating heat of the plains ; sanitation was almost unknown, ventilation was un- — 17 — aided ; water was collected from the roofs of the barracks whence it drained into tanks, Neglect of sani- it was never filtered, and was too deficient in quantity to admit of ordinary cleanliness. ^^°^ ^* Jamaica, And the other accompaniments of barrack-life were of the same type. ' ' During the second period the strength of the military force stationed at Jamaica Condition of was much reduced ; hence there was more barrack -room accomodation, and a conse- habitations on quent decrease in mortality. ' ' ^"^'*^ ^* ^^'^^"'^■ " The .reduction in the years 1848 to 1859 may be largely accounted for by the re- -o^ ^ f ■ moval, first started in 1842, of the European troops to New Castle, four thousand feet proved barrack lo- above the unhealthy station and encampments on the plains." cation at Jamaica. " The improvement in the decade i860 to 1869, would possibly have been more marked but for an outbreak of fever in 1867. This is a convenient place in which to pause briefly in our statistics ; because one result of the 1867 epidemic wha a war office commission, the giving effect to the recommendations of which has almost revolutionized the repu- tation of Jamaica as ah unhealthy military station. The commission olainly showed „ ^^t**""^? not in- ., ^., , ,,...,. ., , *,. fluential m yellow that in the zone where yellow fever is epidemic, an entire dependence on elevation, as fever. an absolute and certain safeguard, was utterly insufficient, if it were affiicted by a neg- lect of every reasonable precaution which should be taken in every climate." The above table is reduced to a diagram by making tbe length of the heavy lines which follow, proportional to the number of deaths in the years printed over each line. The deaths at Jamaica, yellow fever included were : West Indian sta- tistics in graphical form. J In 1817 to 1836, 121 deaths. {- 838 to 1847, 63 deaths. 848 to 1859, 33 deaths. { i860 to 1869, 29 deaths. Since it would be inconvenient to represent graphically the total num- ber patients for the above years, the same, and even a better idea, may be formed of the value of these sanitary reforms, by making the following diagram represent the percentage of deaths to the total number of patients in the years marked upon each heavy line below, thus : — 18 — I 1817 to I 836, 6 per cent. f 1838 to 1844, 4 per cent, f 1848 to 1859, 27 per cent. { i860 to 1869, 2.1 per cent. sanitation made '^^^ above shows for the tropics a double gain ; because sanitary regu- mfiE?1n^jamaica^ lations uot only reduced the absolute number of fatal cases, but also tbe type of disease seems to have become more benign ; since the percent- age of illness to total population, is diminished as well as the percentage of the number of deaths corresponding to the diminished number of cases of sickness. Condition of " The above quoted figures show that half a century ago three soldiers out of four ™° ^ g^j.g"^-^'^^'' stationed in Jamaica, were twice a year in the hospital, and that twelve per cent, died every year. Other statistics which need not be tabulated here show that more than deaths to total ^ve sixths of these fatal cases were caused by fevers, and that on an average every deaths in Jamaica, soldier had twenty-three days of sickness during each year, each attack lasting on an Average number average thirteen and a half days. We now turn to the military figures of the next two of days lost by ill- j , j n j ness in Jamaica. decades, and we find : Deaths from tropical fevers stamped out by sanitation in Jamaica. Ybars. Average an- nual deaths. Ratio of deaths per 1,000 admissions to hospital. 1870-1879 .... 1880-1889 ... 5- 4- 13-77 11.36 " In the last named of these years, 1889, the deaths from all cases were eight pei thousand, and from fevers, nil." " Statistics such as these can have but one meaning, which is, that when proper sanitary precautions are taken and due care is paid to personal hygiene, whether among military men or among civilians, the climate of Jamaica is as healthy as that of any part of the world." This last remark can be applied to Santos with equal propriety. — 19 — In order to present to the mind a simple and logical solution of the problem of the sanitation of a community, it is necessary to know that disease generally makes its inroads on the human system either through Dutyofthesani- the lungs or through the stomach ; therefore it is evident that the most t*"^"- important requisites for a healthful place are, pure air, and pure food and drink. Kngineering science can improve the condition of a city and preserve it in a healthful condition by the construction of such works, and by the imposition of such regulations, as may make possible the fulfillment of the above necessary conditions. Therefore in order to protect and im- prove the sanitary condition of any place the following works and regula- tions are necessary : Means to prevent the importation of contagious diseases from other works and regu- . - . - ... lations necessary to in lected localities. insure public health. Proper construction of habitations with reference to ventilation, and the removal of noxious matter. Works for supplying an abundant quantity of wholesome water. Works for carrying off all liquid wastes, and for removing rain water, and drying the sub-soil. Thorough and periodic cleaning of house yards, streets, abattoirs and all public places, and a prompt rempval of all refuse matter from the in- habited parts of the city to the safest possible place and distance. Before discussing these subjects, however, it may be well to make some general statements regarding the topography of the city, the climate, the population and its present sanitary condition. III. TOPOGRAPHY. Geographical co- ordinates. Topography. Harbor a tidal stream. Bxte%t and area of Santos. Soil of Santos. Fresh and salt marshes. Character of vege- tation. The city of Santos is situated on the coast of the Atlantic ocean, three hundred miles south and west of Rio de Janeiro, in latitude 23° 56' south, and longitude ah. 33 m. 19. i s. west of Greenwich ; or 2h. 34 m. 52.9 s. east of Washington. This makes Santos about six miles nearer to the capi- tal than indicated by the map of de Carvalho, of 1887. Topographically, the city proper is situated on an island, about three miles inland from the seacoast, and on the south bank of a tidal stream, which surrounds the island, and joins the sea some four miles below the city. This tidal stream forms the harbor which is the outlet for the State of Sao Paulo and adjacent states. The island on which the city is situated is mainly a large, flat, irregularly shaped plain, about three and one-half miles wide from north to south, and about seven miles long from east to west. It has an area of from fifteen to twenty square miles ; and is crossed transversely, in a direction varying slightly from northeast and southwest, by a range of gneiss and granite hills much broken in outline and contour, and varying in height from two hundred to five hundred feet. The hills rise abruptly, and in the vicinity of the city are quite precipi- tous. The flat portion of the island is nearly a level plain. The soil is generally of a sandy nature which, owing to its lack of slope, is partly covered by marshes. The swamps near the hills are generally saturated with fresh water, while along the tidal streams the swamps are generally overflowed by salt water. This plain has an average elevation of about six feet above high tide, excepting a small portion in the vicinity of Sao Vicente, which is from fifteen to twenty feet above high tide. The vege- tation in the swamps and also on the hill tops and sides, is a tangled mass — 2-1 — of semi-tropical plants. The trees generally are not very large, but are intertwined and covered by tropical vines and a rank . growth of under- structive timber, brush, which prevent in a large measure the sunlight from reaching the ground. There is no timber in this vicinity suitable for building purposes. During the wet season, and principally in the months of January, Feb- ruary and March, these flat lands are converted into a vast swamp. The %°<:hs of floods, rain waters would probably drain away quickly, if it were not for the fact that the heavy surf which runs continually on the beach at the south side of the island, throws up the sand into the mouths of the natural land and effect of drainage channels and effectually seals them, so that the water in them line, is held back at an elevation slightly above that of high tide. The whole southern side of the island is exposed directly to the :gxposureof Atlantic Ocean, or Bay of Santos. This outer bay, lying south of the «°"t^^™ ^^'^^■ city; is surrounded or sheltered by ridges of hills on the east and west sides, varying in height from two to nine hundred feet ; the entrance to , Exposure of ' -^ " " ' harbor entrance. the harbor itself is exposed to the winds blowing from the southwest. The tidal stream which forms the entrance, is narrowed by the island and width of chan- mainland to a channel about three hundred meters in width. After pass- nei at entrance of harbor. ing this narrow channel the width varies from one thousand to four hundred meters. Opposite the city proper, on the north side, the harbor is about seven hundred meters wide. On the western side of the island tered harbor. is a narrow tortuous tidal stream which connects the harbor proper with the outer bay or waters of the Atlantic. Where this narrow stream leaves the harbor above the city, there is a broadening of the water which forms Natural storage a large basin several square miles in extent, which stores the tidal waters ^^ during their rise, so that at ebb tide a large quantity of water passes the city through the harbor on its way to the ocean, and by its scouring action . . Equilibrium be- tends to maintain the depth of the entrance channel. tween tides and The ocean shore for many miles above and below Santos has similar physical characteristics, the main features of which are, a range of hills parallel to the coast at distances ranging from ten to fifteen miles, and varying in height from two to three thousand feet. Between this range of hills and the ocean the ground is generally flat, with the exception of a few lower ridges, and is intersected by tidal streams fed by mountain Coast range. 22 Abundance of coast swamps. iiow tide and land surface. Sao Paulo Rail- way terminus. Old S. Vicente port filled up. Watershed of Santos River. brooks which run up to the foot of the ridges. The flat lands are mostly vast mangrove swamps. It will thus be seen that the city of Santos is virtually surrounded by salt water swamps, not at all times covered with water, but during the dry sea- son alternately submerged and exposed with the rise and fall of the tides. When the tide is low they present a surface of black sticky mud, thickly grown up with mangrove bushes. The first section of the Sao Paulo railway, lying between the city and the station at Cubatao, is built through this mangrove swamp region. Many years ago, the port is said to have been near Sao Vicente, just west of the hill near the mouth of the river. The bay, however, is now very shallow and only canoes are able to cross it. Opposite the north- eastern end of the city is a narrow channel called Bertiogo, generally two hundred to six hundred feet wide (in a few places - much wider) " and ten to fifteen feet deep, running east to the ocean, thus forming an island on the east of Santos. The total drainage area of the river at Santos is about two hundred and fifty or three hundred square miles. IV. GEOLOGY.(-0 The highlands in and about Santos consist essentially of denuded spurs and outlyers of the Serra do Mar, and like it belong to a very ancient coast range, geological formation composed of crystalline rocks and mica schist, gneiss and granite. The lowlands surrounding these, the spurs and outlyers, consist of recent alluvial and diluvial deposits, including sea-beach deposits almost ^°^ ^^°'^®- exclusively sand and clay washed from the hills, and marshy deposits fresh and salt, composed almost exclusively of mud highly charged with organic matter. For the purpose of the present study the highlands of Santos are prin- Relation of high cipally interesting from their relation to the drainage, and as a source of ^° ® ° ramage. material for construction. The soil of these highlands, which are the only ones that need to be considered here, consist of a high ridge of mas- sive granitoid gneiss cut by large dykes of granite. The steep slopes are in part rocky, especially on the side toward the city, which is an almost continuous stone quarry. They are in places covered with a thick coat- ing of decomposed material clothed with forest. Though the drainage area defined by this ridge is comparatively small, it becomes an important factor in the sanitary condition of Santos, on Highlands and account of the rapidity with which the heavy down-pour of the tropical rains floods the streets of the town. The loose coating of soil and the decomposed material covering a great part of the ridge also furnish an immense amount of detritus which is washed into the town and adjacent lowlands with every shower. During the season of prolonged heavy rains landslides are frequent. The numerous and extensive quarries in this ridge furnish excellent building stone, largely employed in the construction of the paving of the Building stone, city of Santos, Sao Paulo, and several other of the interior cities. Quarry (*) Notes on the Geology of Santos were kindly furnished by Dr. O. A. Derby. — 24 — blocks can be obtained of any size, producing a free working stone which is suitable for both ashlar and rubble masonry. The extensive works of the Santos docks are exclusively constructed of this rock, which is also perfectly adapted for all the stone-work contem- plated in these plans. The decomposed material covering the rock of the ridge has also been extensively employed by the dock company for "filling", and is excel- lent for this purpose. Composition of The drainage, necessarily difficult in such a low-lyine tract, is further the soil of Santos. ,. *="'_ f _ .. impaired by rapid alterations both horizontally and vertically in the character of the soil, which differs in its permeability and consequent san- itary condition, according as it may be composed of sea-sand, washings from Nature of soil as the soil, or marshy soil deposits. The material of these three classes are anrfovmdatkms!^^ found mixed in the greatest confusion in such a way as to produce sur- face and subterranean water-pockets demanding both surface and sub-soil drainage. These rapid alterations in the character of the material also introduce an important factor in reference to the construction of founda- tions, which must in each case be determined by explorations of the character of the ground met with. So far as can be judged from the excavations made for the present sewer system, and from the excavations made for us, the underlying rock • is not likely to be met with excepting near the outfall of the Outerinhos ; so that but little blasting is to be anticipated. Wme, sand, and Hxtensive Hme-stoue kilns yielding a very good product exist near the locality ; also sand of excellent quality is abundant, and brick-clay is found at many localities, although the bricks employed in this part of Brazil are rather larger than usual, and their quality is not very good on account of defective burning. streets filled in. The eastern part of the city of Santos has been filled in to the depth of about six feet. All the present sewers of this portion of the city, with Clay at Villa the exception of the main sewer, are laid in this filled-in material A dark Mathias. ^^^^ ^-^^y ^g^g found iu two streets of the Villa Mathias which is similar to the clay used by the contractors for making the. sewer pipe joints. This clay was found within eighteen inches of the surface, and extended below the sewer pipes. V. CLIMATE. The climate of Santos is what should be expected from its location on the extreme southern edge of the tropical zone. Frost never makes seasons and tem- its appearance. The temperature in the summer remains high for sev- P^""^'""^^- eral months, and even at mid-day, in winter, a difference of temperature of 40 degrees between sunshine and shade is not at all uncommon. The rain storms partake of the peculiarities of a tropical climate, inasmuch as there is a wet and dry season, and that the rain fall at times is very ^^^° ^^^^ season, intense, the heaviest falls being in January, February, March and April, which are also the warmest months. The sanitary commission of the State of Sao Paulo has kept a partial record of meteorological data. In the appendix will be found rain fall Rain fall statis- tables, compiled from data kept by the Sao Paulo Ry. Co. The first table gives the monthly fall in inches [*] at the top of the Serra, at its foot and at Santos, from the year 1870 to the present time; It will be seen that the rain fall is greater at the top of the Serra than at its foot, and also that it is greater at the latter place than in the city of Santos. The approximate mean annual rain fall for twenty-two years, (1870 to 1892), Mean annual at the three stations, is as follows : ""^'^ ^''"■ Alto da Serra 145. i inches. =(3.'"686) Raiz da Serra 117.1 " =(2.°974) Santos 91-9 " =(2."'335) The wet months range from the begining of October to the end of April. The monthly maximum at the top of the Serra reached 43. 4 inches^ (i." 102) ^et months, in the month of February, 1872 ; at the foot of the Serra, it reached 35^ [*] The metrical equivalents of measure are given in brackets after the English units. ma. — 26 — Rain fall maxi- inches:=(o.'"902) , in the month of March, 1892 ; and at Santos it reached 24.1 inches=(o™6i2), in March, 1881. During the dry season the rain fall seldom exceeds ioinches=(o."254) Rain fall minima, per month, and the minimum has been recorded as low as o.i of an inch= (o."oo2) in the month of April 1866 at Santos, and 0.3 of an inch=(o."oo7) in June 1883 at the foot of the Serra. There is also a table appended giving the number of rainy days per Rain fall fre- anuum, from which we gather that the annual average number of rainy quency. dajs during the eleven years, from 1873 to 1883 inclusive, was 172.2 days. The greatest number of rainy days in any one month was twenty-seven ; namely, in January, 1880 ; and the least number of rainy days was four ; namely, in July, 1879. The last column of this table gives the average rain fall per month for the same period of eleven years, from which we gather that the greatest average monthly rain fall occurs in January, and the least in July. A third table gives the results of rain fall observations made by the Record of exces- g^o Paulo Ry . Co. at the top of the Serra, in which only excessive rain sive rainfalls. j r i j falls are given, namely those exceeding three inches =^ (o."o76) in twelve hours. From this table it will be seen that several times during every year there are very heavy downpours. The heaviest rain recorded is on February i6th, 1880, amounting to eleven inches =(o.™279) in one night. On January 6th, 1880, there fell 9.9 inches =■ (o."249) during one night. On February 16, 1881, 9.1 inches ^ (o.™23i) fell during the day, and on January 26, 1883, nine inches = (o."228) fell during the night. Between 1873 and 1886, there were seven storms exceeding eight inches = (o.™203) in twelve hours and twelve storms exceeding five inches = (o."i27) in twelve hours. The fourth table contains a list of severe storms which occurred in the city of Rio de Janeiro since 1889, records of which were kept by " The City of Rio de Janeiro Improvements Co." from automatic rain gauges which had been placed in different parts of the city. It is to be regretted that these observations do not extend over a longer period, since the in- formation they could then furnish would be of value in the construction of drains for the disposal of the rain water. — 27— The prevailing winds in the vicinity of Santos vary with the seasons, prevailing winds In the appendix will be found a tabular statement of the prevailing direc- tions of the wind during the different months, and the authority from which this information was obtained is noted therein. This statement shows that during the months from March to September, the winds gen- erally come from the southeast or southwest, varying sometimes to west. From September to March, i. e , during the remainder of the year, the winds generally blow from the northeast. The effect of these winds upon Effect of wind _ _ upon currents. the currents in the Atlantic ocean, opposite the port of Santos, are quite marked, as may also be seen from the table above mentioned. Southerly « winds generally give the currents a northerly and easterly trend, while northerly winds reverse the direction to south and west ; but they are hot very perceptible nearer than three miles from the points Manduba and Taipu. The currents from the river and in the bay of Santos tend to carry floating matter out to sea, but the river current is not felt more than Reach of the nv- .- f^. - _ . . ...,,. er currents into the two miles out. These tacts are oi importance m connection with the dis- Atlantic, posal of garbage, which subject will be discussed in its proper place. The practical conclusions to be drawn from the above statement about the direction of the wind, are : that when the winds are from a northerly direction, namely, in the warm months from September to March, the gar- sion^or garbage^"' bage could be taken out and safely dropped into the sea south and west '^P°*^ ■ of the entrance to the bay of Santos ; and when the winds blow from a southerly direction, namely in the cool months from March to September, it could be safely discharged at a point above the eastern entrance to the harbor. In this way the garbage and floating matter will be carried by the currents away from the harbor, so that winds and tide and currents will not wash them upon the beach in the harbor of Santos. There is Prevailing winds also another practical conclusion to be drawn from the prevailing winds and hospitals. in regard to the location of hospitals for yellow fever and smallpox, it be- ing desirable to locate these buildings in such positions as will make them least liable to spread disease by the agency of the winds. By a reference to the respective diagrams in the appendix, it will be seen that during the months when yellow fever was at its height, as a yellow fever corres- general thing, the mortality from smallpox was at a minimum. This P°"niox"""'"'' "^ --58 — indicates that great caution should be exercised in the location of these Location yellow hospitals, and that the two diseases should be kept apart and in separate fever hospitals. -"^ ' r r s: places. Since yellow fever is most virulent in the hot months, when the winds blow mostly from a northerly direction, the hospita:l for yellow fever patients should be placed south of the city; while smallpox prevailing Location of during the cooler months, when the wind blows from a southerly and smallpox hospitals. it . ,, . ^ ^ . ,-, . ^ ^ . westerly direction, the hospital designed for the reception of such patients should be placed north and east of the city.' VI. POPULATION. The available statistics from whicli tlie present population and tiid - growtli of the city has been-^stimated are rather meagre. . In the year 1881, from the report of W. Milnor Roberts, the population Estimates upon ■' ' ^ 1 r r _ population. is given at 10,000 people. In 1884,' according to Messrs. Redondo and - Fomm's report on the condition of Santos, the population was • estimated • at 11,500. In 1889 the population was about 16,200 in the city proper, without counting the 4,000 inhabitants who reside along the Barra and at the village of Sao Vicente. All told, the population was then estimated' • . 11 -i-v T-v Estimated pres- at 20,000 inhabitants. From -the inquiries made by Mr. J. E. Hill, C.E;, «nt population. in 1893, the population seems to be at present about 27,000^ As the im- ■ pression prevails aniong the people; that the Barra is more healthful as a sidered heaitHer. place of residence than the city, many houses have been built in that loca- - tion and along the roads leading thereto. S§» Vicente^ the population of which is not included in the above last-named estimate, is also growing very rapidly, and many of the citizens and merchants of Santos reside ^ J r J J J ... Constituent ele- there. The poorer classes are of various nationalities, the Italian pre- '"^."'^softii^popu- dominating; the next in order of numbers are, respectively, Spanish, Portuguese and Germans. The question of immigration is germain to this subject ; but our infor- mation on this point is so meagre that we can only call attention to the ... 1/-V 111 11 Information on necessity of watchfulness m this regard. Generally, the male element immigration meagre. predominates in immigration, and partakes more or less of the character of adventure. It is made up of the surplus population of other countries, and the persons who migrate are generally uneducated ; they are neither clean in person nor in morals, and are unacquainted with the customs and laws of Brazil ; and yet, the doors of the country are open to them with — 30 — the intention of making them, or their descendants, citizens . of your Re- public. This question is, indeed, as momentous to Brazil as it has been, and is, to the United States of North America ; but it would be beyond the scope of this report to enter into the politico-economic aspects of this problem of population, the sanitary import of which is the only phase of the subject we have to deal with. The immigrants are needed for the development of your agriculture and the industries which foster your material prosperity. They arrive at your port after many days of seclusion in the crowded and unventilated steer- age of vessels, and it must be borne in mind that the nauseating concom- itants of sea-sickness and neglect of personal cleanliness are, in them- selves, promoters of disease. It is evident, therefore, that provision should be made, upon the arrival of this class of vessels, to provide for the airing of the wearing apparel of immigrants, and furnish them abundantly with bathing facilities and convenient and healthful quarters and food, so that upon leaving the ship or immigrant quarters, the authorities shall have reasonable assurance that the circulation of this class of laborers through the interior of the country is entirely safe. The requirements of the immigration laws as to the quarters offered to immigrants by the vessels carrying them need be scrupulously enforced, and, better still, improved upon, if possible. VII. SANITARY CONDITION OF THE CITY. The city of Santos, although unfavorably located is not in itself an un- healthful. place. It has only been so in the last ten or twelve years when . Santos not in- yellow fever and smallpox have found a lodgment therein, and have of herentiy un- late prevailed to an alarming extent. This will be seen by reference to the statistics which show that in the years 1884, 1888 and 1890 no yellow fever deaths were recorded. In 1889, however, there were recorded .507 deaths and in 1891 there were 973 fatal cases. During six months of the Alarming growtii year 1892 there were 1676 deaths from yellow fever; which for a popula- ° ^^ ° tion of 27,000 inhabitants would indicate a death rate, from this one disease alone, of nearly 124 per thousand per annum. In 1888 there were 255 cases of smallpox reported; in 1889 only seven deaths were reported, Aiarminggrowth which number increased in the year 1892 to 232 deaths in six months, of smallpox. This is equivalent to a death rate of seventeen per thousand from small- pox alone. The great mortality from these two diseases is explained, primarily, by Principal causes their importation ; but also by the existence of conditions in the city which ^^ health of are favorable to their propagation. Some of the local engineers have attributed the cause of the great epi- Variety of opin- demic of 1889 to the impregnation of the soil by foul matter before the ions on this sub- . . . ject. sewers were built. Others have attributed it to the operations of the com- pany who are building the quays, stating that the dredging of the bottom of the river, and the removal of the mud in scows to the basin in the har- bor west of the city, was probably the cause of the recent outbreak. In the year 1881, W. Milnor Roberts, in a report on the condition of w. m. Roberts Santos, made mention of some of the natural disiadvantages of the port couditionToftiie from a sanitary point of view, occasioned by the deep deposits of black mud ^° — 32 on the shore at present. Burials in wet ground. in the harbor along the water front. On the eastern side of the city Sewage ferments ^^^^ ^^^ ^^ Uncovered by the falling of the tide for a distance of a hun- dred meters or more in some places. The navigable channel is beyond this area of mud and the current does not remove it by scouring. At the present time the sewage is discharged at low tide upon this putrid surface, close to the pumping station near the cemetery. At times the sewage spreads out over it and presents a repugnant sight, accompanied by the stench of the bacterial culture which is thus provided for the effective propagation of disease. We here desire to call attention to some of the cemeteries of .the city, where corpses are buried in the water of the soil, which is within a short distance of the surface. This burial practice is most dangerous and should be discontinued, by resorting to cremation, if suitable dry places cannot be found for burying the dead. The ground becomes impregnated with soakage from the contaminating dead bodies, and, by new influxes of rain water, the polluted washings are spread. Then, the changes of level of the ground water cause the exhalation of vapors loaded with miasma and- infection. The city of Santos is partly built upon a low, flat and marshy ground, and without sufficient drainage to keep the soil dry, and free from the accumulation of the foul matter, which is carried down into it from the surface by the rain water and the leakage of imperfect sewers. In the cities which have statistical data concerning yellow fever, it is found that persons are especially liable to be attacked in those low and moist localities, the soil of which is impregnated with animal and vege- table refuse. Virchow and Soyka state that moisture of the ground is favorable to the virulence of the disease. The propagation of the vellow fever is greatly aided by the overcrowd- Overcrowding of .,,."., the harbor. ing of the harboi With shipping, because the wharf and custom house ac- commodations have been insufficient for dealing with more than ten or twelve vessels at a time, when sometimes from 150 to 200 are said to re- quire attention. The result is that scores of large ships have had to lie for months undischarged, and serving as incubators for the disease. This state of afiairs promises, however, to be remedied in the near fu- Subsoil of Santos. Humidity and yellow fever. — 33 — ture, as the docks whicli are now being constructed along the harbor front, when equipped with proper facilities for the loading and unloading of ves- sels, together with the erection of commodious and well arranged ware- houses, will greatly facilitate the handling of freights and relieve to a large extent the present over crowding. These docks which we had the pleasure of examining through the courtesy of the able engineers in charge of the Adequacy of the ° '^ -^ ° ° quay under con- works, now under way, will prove of great benefit to the shipping, and struction. will reflect credit upon the foresight of the government, and the ability of the engineers of the country. The construction is superior in every particular *and well adapted to the needs of the port. Inasmuch as the malignant diseases prevalent in Santos are not a neces- sary result of the climate, nor of the geology nor general location of the santos can be per- city, it is possible to obviate the immediate causes of the epidemics which °^^°^° ^ '^ have produced such disastrous effects, and therefore to permanently im- prove the healthfulness of the city. It is necessary for this purpose however to adopt radical measures. Radical meas- ures necessary. The most important measure to prevent the continuous fresh importation of the pestilence, is an efficient quarantine service against all vessels com- ing from infected ports. In connection with a rigid quarantine, there . should be a thorough disinfection of vessels, of their cargoes, and of per- tine, sonal effects ; such as is practiced, for instance, in the city of New Orleans) U. S , where, since improved methods have been introduced, not a single case of yellow fever has appeared in the Mississippi Valley, notwitl\stahd- ing the fact that a large number of cases are brought to the very doors of the city every season by infected vessels. Next in importance-is the improvement of the sanitary condition of the city itself The present defects in this respect, and the suggested im- city improve- proveraents, which fall within the sphere of sanitary engineering, will now ^^^^ needed, be discussed at length For the purposes of this case, and in order to ob- tain results of a practical value, we may conveniently group the salient points to be considered under the following headings, in the order of their importance to Santos : Quarantine. — Requirements and arrangements for a station. — 34 — Habitations. — Theif construction and ventilation ; the receptacles for sewage ; the back yards of houses. Water Supply. — Its sources, quality, and distribution to the points of delivery for public and domestic purposes. Sewerage. — The removal of all waste liquids, and of all solid refuse that can be Removed by suspension in running water, from their origin in the buildings to the places of final disposal. Drainage.— ^\& removal of all rainwater from the central parts of the city, arid of all ground water down to a proper depth below the buildings, so as to obtain a dry pure soil under the dwellings. Garbage Removal. — The collection of -all solid organic refuse matter, particularly kitchen waste, that cannot be carried away in sewers, and the delivery of the same at points where this matter can be properly dis- posed of. Street Paving and Cleaning. — The construction and maintenance of good and clean roads, sidewalks and public places within the city. VIII. QUARANTINE. One of the most essential improvements to be made towards bettering Quarantine must the sanitary condition of the city of Santos, is the establishment of a thor- ''^ ^^"^"'' ough and strict system of quarantine against all vessels entering the port. Sanitarians now generally recognize the importance of an efficient quar- antine service, whenever largfe centers of population are exposed to infec- opinion among ° _ ^ _ _ _ Sanitarians. tion brought by sea from foreign countries where pestilence prevails. Since the establishment of quarantine service, by which imported cases of infection may be isolated and ships with their contents purified, there has been a marked decrease of certain contagious diseases. The more uni- what quarantine versal practice of quarantine may, in time, extinguish contagious ailments ^YiTm acccom- from the face of the earth, as. efficiently as we can, already, prevent them p ^^ ^ • from spreading over those countries in which great care is given to this subject. Although a large number of cholera and yellow fever patients have been brought to New York harbor, they did not pass beyond the quarantine station, and therefore did not spread the disease in the city. Similar vigilance has prevented the entrance of yellow fever at other ports where the cases were intercepted at quarantine. Brunswick, Georgia, on the other hand, was infected during the past summer of 1893 by yellow fever, on account of the lack of suitable precautions when a case appeared in the harbor. The means at our disposal to prevent an invasion and propagation of invasion of dis- infections diseases are : isolation and disinfection. Special hospitals are considered more and more indispensable for the „ r r J. Special hospitals_ purpose of isolating contagious cases, and their efficiency is now uni- versally acknowledged. At quarantine stations the contaminated vessels, and also those that are 36 Reason for de- te;ition at quaran- tine. Object of disin- fection. Danger in soiled clothing. Sulphurous acid. Bichloride of mercury and hypo- chlorides. Heat. Pre-requisites of health officer's visit. Definite classifi- cation of vessels for quarantine purposes. suspected, are confined to a certain locality for a definite time, but not longer than necessary to discover the nature of the diseases afflicting the passengers or that may develop under observation. The obj ect of disinfection is to completely destroy the germs of diseases by physical or chemical means. We are now able to recognize some of the microbes which cause certain diseases, and we likewise know how much time is required to produce the same diseases after infection. We know further that soiled clothes and similar articles are liable to hold the germs of disease, and that they readily find lodgment in curtains, carpets, and the furniture of rooms. We know that sulphur dioxide will destroy some of these microbes, that a proper application of bichloride of mercury and the hypochlorides ' will destroy all of them ; and finally that heat from 220° to 240° F. (110° to 120^ C.) destroys all microbes, if this heat is applied under pressure of at least ten pounds per square inch, (o.'^^yo per sq. cm.) which will cause the heat to reach the interior of textile and other fabrics having a poor conductivity of heat. Before subjecting the vessels to quarantine it is of the greatest import- ance to ascertain if the port from which the vessel sailed is infected, if the drinking water is contaminated or suspected of being so, and if the vessel is in a good hygienic condition. These and the following points should be ascertained by proper inspection, and by a bill of health pre- pared by the physician of the vessel. The result of the examination into the condition of any vessel should furnish definite answers to the follow- ing questions : Is the vessel infected ? Should the vessel be suspected ? Can the vessel be declared indemne ? The quarantinable diseases are : Yellow fever, cholera, typhus, small- pox, leprosy, and, in addition, any other infectious disease that may be declared quarantinable by local health authorities. An infected vessel Is one which has a case of quarantinable disease on board when arriving in port. Is one upon which a case of quarantinable disease has existed A suspected vessel I on board within .seven days of arrival, even though none ex- ists when reaching the port. — 37 — r Is one whicli has left an infected port within seven days of its A suspected / -' ^-rrival, or has communicated during the voyage with an infect- I ed vessel or port within less than seven days of arrival, accord- ing to the judgment of the health officer. r Is one which comes from a healthy port without any case of quar- An indemne vessel \ antinable illness ; or, if coming from an infected port, has had (. no such illness within seven days of arrival. Every vessel declared indemne is given pratique and may enter port. Disposal of ■ Every vessel declared suspected or infected is sent to quarantine for ob- tion. servation or disinfection. The disinfection is to be carried out in such a manner, and in such parts of, or in the entire vessel, and extend to the baggage, cargo, passen- gers and crew, as may be determined by the quarantine ofBcer. After compliance with these requirements, the vessel may be given free pratique at once and proceed to enter port, unless, in the judgment of the quaran- tine ofi&cer, a further detention of the vessel or passengers is advisable for observation. And in this case the detention shoitld not be longfer than for ^. , , ° Disposal of E a period of seven days, reckoned since the day of leaving the infected port, P^^ted or iufeo or of communicating with an infected port or vessel ; provided, however, that in the case of infectious illness among the passengers or crew, the persons so affected shall be detained in the proper hospitals at quarantine, until recovery shall have taken place, and disinfection of the baggage and other personal effects has been properly performed. By means of the intelligent and reasonable treatment above described. Reasonable q •' ° ' antme regulatu it is possible to reduce to a minimum the annoyance undergone by travel- do not inflict h lers, and the restriction imposed upon commerce by the old quarantine practices. In fact, the old restrictions upon commerce were formerly so great, that in many ports quarantine was introduced only with reluctance. Modern methods have entirely changed these conditions, and quarantine has been deprived of its horrors and hardships. A most important consideration iii the establishment of a quarantine station is the appointment of a discreet and able quarantine physcian to take charge of this responsible ofSce. Considering how easily the lives of many persons may be jeopardized and commerce injured by the rulings ^^s^ quaiific ° tion of quarant of one man, it becomes apparent that the selection of an officer of incor- officers necessai -38- Quarantine peri- od is usually the time required for disinfection. Dual office of quarantine. Object of disin- fecting station. Equipment of observation station, Disinfecting agents.* Choice of disin- fectants in refer- ence to the nature of the articles to be treated. ruptible probity and intellectual capacity, and one who is profoundly im- pressed with the weigh tiness of his responsibility, is the sine qua non con- dition of success. There are but few positions in a state government which so imperatively demand that they be filled by men of high honor and integrity. The period for quarantine detention cannot be definitely fixed in all cases ; but must be determined by local experience and by the efi&ciency of the quarantine plant. Ordinarily the time is no lohger than necessary to disinfect the ship. A vessel that has been disinfected is, either clean or not clean. If clean, further detention is useless and oppressive. A quarantine station should be utilized for two purposes : as a place for observation as well as for disinfection. When a vessel is s^uspected of carrying infection, it should be detained a certain length of time, and the passengers observed until the suspected disease has either appeared or until danger is no longer feared. The station for disinfection is to be used for destroying the infectious matter contained in the vessel, in its cargo, and in the wearing apparel of the passengers and crew. A station for observation, should be provided only with the conveniences necessary for the residences of the officers and others who may inhabit the station, or be detained in it. It is necessary, however, to expatiate at greater length upon the station where the ships and their contents are disinfected. As already remarked, the agents which are now recognized as being most powerful and, at the same time practicable for the effective destruction of infectious diseases, are : a high degree of heat, a solution of bichloride of mercury, the hypo. chlorides of lime and soda, and the fumes of sulphur dioxide. Steam heat was first put into practical operation as a disinfectant on a large scale, at the quarantine station in New Orleans, by Dr. Joseph Holt in 1884, and has been very effectively employed ever since. It is most effective in destroying the infection in clothing, bedding, and similar arti- cles, which can be taken from the vessel and placed into a chamber where the heat is supplied. As some, articles, however, would be destroyed or injured by this process, other means must also be employed. Bichloride — 39 — of mercury and the hypochlorides of lime and soda are used where the sur- faces can be washed with them, and sulphur dioxide where the hold, berths, and rooms can be filled with this gas. Still other disinfectants are useful and effective in special cases. We are not able at present to designate an exact location for a quaran- tine station. There seems to be no convenient position for one in the probable site of neighborhood of the city. So far as we can judge, a favorable place may station!^"*' *"^ be found in the strait's back of the Island, de Sao Sebastiao, near Villa Bella, where a good harbor is said to exist and where the station would be sufl&ciently removed from any center of population. The distance of this place from Santos makes it necessary, however, to have a Boarding Sta- tion at the mouth of the Santos river, where the quarantine officer can board and inspect vessels, and either give them pratique, that is, a certifi- cate permitting them to land passengers and crew, or send them to the quarantine station for observation and disinfection. Vessels coming from the north or east could be inspected at once at the Island de Sao Sebas- tiao and thus save loss of time in returning there from the Boarding Sta- tion at Santos. In the appendix will be found excerpts from some of the best Quaran- Reference tp quarantine codes, tine Codes, methods of Disinfection and Regulations, as practiced in some etc. North American cities. The accompanying plans on Plate I show the manner in which the Sta- Bquipment of tion, be it at the Island de Sao Sebastiao, or elsewhere, may be arranged, the quarantine as ' . ' ^ J & to buildings. It should contain : Buildings for disinfection. Buildings for housing detained persons. Hospitals for quarantinable and other diseases. Kitchens, dining halls and laundries. Vault and crematory for care and disposal of the dead. Residences of quarantine officers and assistants. Sheds for fuel,, stores and repairs. Wharf for disinfecting vessels. Wharf for unloading ballast. Launch and tug boat for boarding and assisting vessels. — 40 Isolation of the The System followed in the design of the quarantine station, is to dis- fected^partl'^Df '''''' Connect and keep apart the buildings and grounds used for the disinfec- quarantine ground, tj^jj ^f persous and articles; and after disinfection, these are transferred to other grounds and quarters which do not communicate with the infected portions of the ground, hospitals, or buildings containing persons or arti- cles not fully disinfected. Some of these buildings and their contents are described more fully below. _ Equipment of disinfecting build- ing. Reference to plan of disinfect- ing building. Special disinfect- ing and drying rooms.. Description of disinfecting ap- paratus. I. J3UILDINGS FOR DISINFECTION. They should be provided with : Disinfecting chambers and drying rooms. A cylinder for receiving clothing, bedding, etc. Apparatus for mixing the mercuric solution and hyppchlorides. A furnace for generating sulphur fumes. Engines and boilers for the generation of steam for power and disin- fecting purposes. The plan of the main building furnished herewith shows the manner in which the apparatus may be arranged. Provision should also be made for rooms in which certaina rticles that can not be otherwise disinfected are given special attention, and also for rooms in which articles that have been washed can be hung up and thor- oughly dried The cylinder for steam heat disinfection is about thirty feet (9." 14) long and eight feet (2.'"44) in diameter, which is large enough to receive cloth- ing, bedding, etc., from an average steamer. It is made of steel plate one-fourth of an inch (■o.™oo63) thick with longitudinal seams doubly riv- eted. The heads may be semi-circular or flat and stiffened with ribs and secured by bolts. The cylinder is covered with hair felting and canvas to prevent radiation. The interior of the cylinder is lined with a series of loops made of one and one-half inch (o.^osS) piping, in which any desired steam pressure may be carried. An overhead track is suspended from the cylinder running along its whole length, and is connected with an outside track, with which it can be joined, and which is likewise sus- — 41 — pended from the top of the bttilding, so that the floor space is kept free and without obstruction. A truck, about thirty feet (io.'"oo) long and made in sections, rolls- upon this track, and contains racks upon which bedding, clothing, etc., are suspended. Above the racks a canvas is stretched to prevent any dripping of condensed steam upon the clothing, and beneath them a galvanized wire netting is fastened to catch any fall- ing articles. A double manifold is laid along the bottom of the cylinder, consisting of two pipes four inches (o."lo) in diameter, extending the whole length of the chamber, connecting at the center, and passing through the bottom of the cylinder with a Tee pipe. On the sides of this manifold are circular openings, connecting with one and one-half inch (o."o38) pipe coils which line the inside of the cylinder, as mentioned above. At one side of the manifold there are pipes for drawing off the condensed steam. At the other side there is a perforated steam pipe, en- tering the cylinder at the center and passing towards both ends of the same, to be used for emitting moist heat. Steam is admitted through the Tee pipe at the center, passes into one half of the manifold, thence into one end of the coils, thence around the coils to the other end of the cylin- der, thus establishing a complete cir.culation. A drain pipe is provided in the bottom of the cylinder near the center, also two safety valves set at ten pounds (©.""^y per cm^) , and steam gauges and thermometers. The process of disinfection is as follows : Before rolling the rack into Manner of disin- the cylinder, the clothing, bedding, etc., are hung or laid as loosely as pos- ^"^ "'^ ^^ ^'^ ^^' sible upon the movable racks. Steam is' in the mean time turned on at about sixty to seventy-five pounds pressure (four or five atmospheres) , and should be left in the coils for about fifteen minutes, during which time it expands and drives a large part of the air out of the cylinder. The racks are then drawn into the cylinder by a rope and pulley, the movable track removed and the head of the cylinder closed and bolted. When the temperature in the cylinder reaches i8o° to 190° F. (82° to 88° C.) the live steam is turned into the perforated pipe at the bottom until the pres- sure in the cylinder reaches ten pounds (©."^^y per sq. cm.). After the temperature has risen to about 230° (110° C.) the steam is turned off and blown out of the cylinder. The application of live steam to clothing. — 42 — mattresses, pillows, etc., causes them to be permeated by it. A small quantity of air, however, remains confined in the centers of some of such articles ; but, being heated, this air expands and escapes when the steam is drawn off. In order to accomplish a better penetration, the live steam is turned on a second time until the high temperature (104° to 115" C.) reaches every portion of the goods. This can be ascertained by max- imum thermometers, inserted in such places as pillows, foldings in dresses, etc., where heat penetrates with?ome difficulty. The steam is then blown off a second time, the pressure on the coils being retained however, so as to maintain the high temperature for a short time. It requires twenty to thirty minutes to disinfect one charge of the cylinder thoroughly. Fin- ally, the bolts of the farther head are loosened and the rack is run out of the cylinder into the other part of the building for the removal of the dis- infected articles. Instead of applyings team pressure twice, it is sometimes preferred to add to the apparatus a, vacuum pump, after the cylinder is closed for the purpose of exhausting the air, at a vacuum of about seven to eight pounds (one-half atmosphere) per square inch. Steam is then turned on and al- lowed to reach a pressure of seven to eight pounds (one-half atmosphere) per square inch above that of the external pressure. It is believed that this method drives the heat into clothing and similar articles more effectively ^ than by a double application of steam pressure without previous exhaustion. Experience has shown that ordinary goods are not in the least injured by bone and 'leather the Steam, and are brought out perfectly dry. Leather rubber, and whale- heat, bone goods cannot be disinfected in this manner, as they are injured by the steam heat. In order to apply the mercury solution a wrought iron tank ten feet Mercury solution (about 3."o) iu diameter and nine feet (about 3.^0) high and covered, is placed upon a tower at one end of the building about thirty-five feet (io."67) high, which gives a sufficient elevation to furnish the necessary pressure. Upon this tank a large sized barrel is secured with a spiggot at the bottom, and a pipe leading into the tank. This tank is supplied with water by means of a pump in the building. A two inch (o.°'o5i) pipe leads from the tank to the head of the wharf where suitable con- — 43 — nections are made for coupling a hose. The solution of bichloride of mercury is placed into the barrel on the top of the tank. A certain quan- tity is then discharged into the tank which contains the necessary quantity of water for dilution. A one inch (o."o25) four-ply rubber hose and noz- zles, are attached to the pipe connections at the wharf, and the streams taken aboard to play upon the vessel. The iron tank in which the solution is prepared is painted with three coats of red lead and two of parafine paint, in order to protect it from cor- rosion. The top of the tank is securely closed with a cover to prevent access of light to the solution. For the application by spraying, a heavy block tin rose four inches across the face is preferred. It should be heavily coated inside and out with red lead and finished with asphalt varnish to prevent corrosion. The processes of disinfecting by means of bichloride of mercury is as follows : All available surfaces of the vessel excepting the cargo, but in- fe^fne process^'"' eluding the hold, ballast, saloons, forecastle, decks, etc., should be wetted by the bichloride which is made soluble by an equal weight of muriate of ammonia, in the proportion of from one part bichloride in 500 to 2,000 parts of water, according to necessity. One application by means of a hose with a fine spray or by means of large watering pots is sufiicient. The solution is applied to the sides of the vessel and to such articles that cannot be disinfected in the steam chamber. Instead of wetting the goods with a stream of the solution from the hose, they can also be painted with it, if this is considered preferable. The quantity of solution Amount of disin- 1 r -1 ^ • c J. ^■l I /■ fectant, and time required for a single vessel varies Irom 1500 to 3,000 gallons, ( 1 1356 required for disin- litres) and the time required for disinfection is from thirty minutes to two ^"^ '"^ ^ * '^' hours, according to circumstances. The cargo should never be wetted with the bichloride solution. The bichloride of mercury pre-eminently stands above all chemicals as Action of W- a germicide. All organisms are destroyed and albuminoids are devitalized guJ.""^^ "'^ ™^'" by it. It is sufl&cient to accomplish its work when applied in a solution so weak that it can hardly be recognized except by chemical reagents. It has no color or smell, it does not poison the air with its vapors and adheres in an innocuous form to the surfaces upon which it is applied. — 44 — '^I'i.'^^^if- t^™"-j Some articles, particularly woolens, when treated by the solution some- aged by mchlonde ) r j i j of mercury. times become spotted, and colors are liable to run when wetted by it, but the texture or fiber is itself not injured in any way. The bichloride of mercury coagulates organic matter ; and therefore it will not penetrate to a great distance into the interior of substances : its greatest efficiency is best realized when applied to infected surfaces. Uses of hypo- Wherever the effects of bleaching are not objectionable, the hypochlo- c on es in icate . j^^gg ^^^ very cheap and effective disinfectants ; since they act upon and destroy organic matter brought in contact with them. The hypochloride of lime is used and applied as a solution in water, and the hypochloride of soda is now successfully obtained by the application of an electric cur- rent to sea water. Fumigation : After the completion ,of the disinfection with bichloride of mercury or when applied. with hypochlorides below the decks, fumigation is then resorted to by sulphur dioxide. The cargo need not be disturbed except where desirable. The fumigating apparatus to be placed in the building consists of a Description of fumigating appara- sulphur furuace composed of two cast iron pans three feet (about i™o) tus. wide, five feet (about i."5o) long and four inches (o.°io) deep. The pans are covered at a height of about twenty inches (o "50) with an iron plate from the center of which a pipe leads to a reservoir or cooling chamber made of one-eighth (o."'oo3i8) inch iron, thirty inches in diameter (o.'"76) and five feet (i.™5o) high. At the top of this reservoir a second pipe leads to an exhaust fan, which discharges into a twelve inch (o.™304) gal- vanized iron main pipe, extending to the head of the wharf and along its front, where suitable connections can be made with it, to reach the hold of the vessel. The pans rest on a brick foundation which forms a small furnace, where a fire is made to ignite the sulphur. The smoke from this fire passes under the bottom of the pan to the smoke stack. Suitable connection having been made from the twelve inch (o.™304) main pipe along the wharf to the hold of the vessel, by means of asbestos twilled cloth hose, thus providing for the movements of the tide, a small fire is made under the pans of the sulphur furnace, sufficient to ignite the sulphur. Then about one hundred pounds (45 kilos) of roll sulphur are — 45 — thrown on each pan. The fan is started, thus drawing the fumes from the pans through the reservoir, where they are partly cooled, and then through the fan, which finally forces the sulphur fumes through the twelve inch (o.°'304) pipe into the vessel. As the sulphur dioxide is heavier than air, it will sink to the bottom and drive out the air in the hold. When it is entirely expelled the hatchways are closed and every opening is battened, the valves are shut and the sulphur fumes are allowed to act for a period of eight to twenty-four hours. It is customary to estimate about three pounds (i.'^^36) of roll sulphur for disinfecting looo cubic feet (30 cubic meters) of space in the hold of the vessel. The fumes should contain about eighteen per cent, of sul- phur dioxide. The quantity of commercial roll sulphur used for a vessel varies from two hundred to seven hundred pounds, or ninety to three hundred and fifteen kilograms. It is evident that the sulphur dioxide will displace all the dangerous atmosphere in the ship and with one that is intensely germicidal. Its ga^fn*^*^ °^ '^"""' use in practice has proven to be quite compatible with the preceding treat- ment of bichloride of mercury. No chemical reaction has been observed in this method of treatment which would impair the virtue of either dis- infectant. The sulphur fumieation instantly destroys all vegetable mould „ . . . ^ ° ■' -i o Fumigation iii- and all vermin in the ship. It is known that only a few substances, and Jy^'es very few ar- in a few instances, the sulphur fumigation is likely to injure any part of the cargo. There has recently been placed upon the market a liquid containing condensed sulphur dioxide, which is a more convenient though more ex- Liquid sulpbur- pensive form for the application of the gas. It is sold m cans, and is ap- ous acid, plied by simply making a hole in the can through which the gas escapes. There are conditions under which the sulphur fumes cannot be effectively applied and where the use of this form of the dioxide offers special ad- vantages. It is necessary to so locate the apparatus in the disinfection building that the infected materials occupy one end of it, while the disinfected ar- the^di'stiTfecSiig"'^ tides are transferred and kept at the other end, with a partition separating ''"'^'^'"S- the two. -46- Bath house fur- ^ laree bath house is provided and arransfed so that the passensrers and niture and arrange- ° ^ ° r a "^"'^- crew can enter at one end, before bathing, and leave at the other after a thorough cleansing. In the meantime their clothing is subjected to dis- infection by steam or otherwise ; and until its return the passengers are provided with towels, wraps, etc., which are kept for the purpose at the station. Extra uses for The engine and boilers contained in the building should furnish power bofiers.'^"^ ^^^^^^ for the apparatus, steam for disinfecting, and if preferred, also for the kitchens, laundry, hospital buildings and lighting. 2. BUILDINGS FOR DETAINED PERSONS. location and re- These buildiugs should be so located that they are not exposed to the enger™dweilings^^ wiud comiug from the hospitals, and should be provided with all necessary comforts. Some should be large, containing dormitories for perhaps twelve persons each, others should be small with rooms for only one single or double bed, to allow for a classification of passengers if desirable. All the buildings used as dwellings should also be generously provided with bath rooms, water closets, and proper drainage, ventilation, light, and all the furniture and fittings suited to their purposes on the quarantine grounds. 3. HOSPITALS FOR QUARANTINABLE AND OTHER DISEASES. Location and re- Suitable buildings to be used as hospitals should be erected at one end ho^tais"*^ °^ of the station, and if found practicable, at quite a distance from the build- ings where the detained persons are held. They should be located, in any case, so that the winds prevailing during the hot season blow from the hospitals away from the other part of the station. There should be at least two separate hospitals ; one for quarantinable diseases, and one for other ailments among passengers or crew who require detention. The first one should be so arranged, that the patients suffering from the same disease can be kept together and not be exposed to those confined from other infectious maladies. The hospitals should be provided with an office for the medical staff and with storerooms. — 47 — 4. KITCHENS, DINING HALLS AND LAUNDRIES. There should be at least two kitchens, two dining- rooms and two laun- ^ . , ' - ° Kitchens, refee-' dries at the station. One set should be arranged for passengers and crew ^°^^^ a" ■ Upon Plate XI will be found drawings showing the manner in which this overflow should be constructed. After leaving the manhole on the sewers, the overflow takes a direct course to the Ribeirao Seixas,. terminating at the bank of the same in a masonry wall. The outlet through this wall is covered by a flap valve, to prevent the water -of the river from flowing back into the sewer during the season of freshets. . As will be seen upon the plan of the engine house, provision is made for three outlet pipes from the gate chamber into the pump well, with a valve at the gate chamber, on each pipe. It has been thought advisable to recommend at present the purchase of only the two pumps mentioned before ; for probably several years must elapse before the full capacity of the plant will be required. When this time arrives a third pump can be added to the equipment now proposed. The discharge pipes from the two pumps, as they leave the pump well, unite in one twenty-four inch (o,™6i) steel, force main, through which the sewage is forced by the pumps to a distance of about 900 feet (ays.^oo) reaching the south side of Rua do Hospital d'Isolamento, where it termi- nates in the end of the main brick outfall sewer, and finally discharges by gravity at the Outeirinhos. Check valves should be placed in the discharge pipe from each pump, — 105 — lu order to prevent the sewage from beine forced back into one pnmp when Check valves on , '^ ° ^ ^ discharge main. the other is in operation. The brick outfall sewer is circular in section and three feet (o."9i4) in diameter. Its alignment is shown upon Plate VII. No house connections sewer, are to be made with this outfall sewer, and it will receive no augmenta- tion of flow until it reaches the river bank, where the outfall of the Shone system of sewers comes in. The installation of two pumps is provided to meet the contingency that one of them may become disabled or require repairs ; then the other can be operated independently, without causing inconvenience or retardation of the flow of sewage through the main sewers. The air compressing machinery will consist of two duplex crank and Description of fly-wheel air compressors, each of 300 cubic feet (8.^50) free air capacity, ^^^ compressors, coupled together, and delivering the compressed air into a receiver from which it is distributed through an eight inch (20."™) cast iron main to the various ejector stations. The air receiver should be provided with a safety valve, pressure gauge, and drip cock, and with a hand hole for inspection and cleaning purposes. The steam for the operation of the pumps and air compressors is generated in a battery of two boilers of seventy-five horse power each, with the necessary feed pump, safety valves, water gate, Steam gauges, blow-off cocks, etc. The exhaust steam from the air com- utilization of pressors and engines can be utilized to aid the ventilation of the gate chamber, as shown on the plan, by allowing it to escape upwards into a ventilating shaft leading from the gate chamber to above the roof of the building. If the garbage crematory is located adjacent to the pumping station, it may be possible to utilize the heat from the combustion of the garbagfe utilization of ■' ^ _ to & heat from the gar- to generate steam for use at the pumping station. This can be done by bage crematory, allowing the heat from the crematory to pass through the flues of the boilers before escaping 'through the smoke stack. On Plate XII are shown the details of the main outfall for all the feewers. The brick sewer and the force main from the Shone pneumatic junction of the ejectors unite in a manhole at the bank of the river. From this manhole the°cily^sewerage. the sewage flows through two steel pipes, each eighteen inches (o.'"46) in io6 — Gates for con- trolling the flow of sewage. diameter, whicli finally discharge out in the main channel of the river at a point twelve feet (3."'66) below low tide. An overflow fitted with flap valves is provided, for the manhole at the bank, and from which the steel pipes commence. Hand gates are also provided, so that the sewage can be forced to flow to either one or both of the pipes, as may be desired for flushing or other purposes. On the Manhole on the line of the Steel pipes, where they cross the extreme point of the Outeirin- steel pipes. r- r i j r hos, a manhole is placed as shown upon the plans on Plate XII, intended for the purpose of allowing the inspection or cleaning of the pipes when- ever required. These pipes are provided with flanged hand hole covers, bolted to them, giving access to valves which prevent 'the sewage from rising and falling in the manhole with the ebb and flow of tides, which would be very objectionable, inasmuch as the interior of the manhole would soon become coated with grease and filth. The steel outfall pipes from this last named manhole are laid side by side in a trench, and covered first with gravel and then with two or three feet (o."'6, to 0.^9) of rip-rap, the discharge end being bedded in concrete and surrounded by rip-rap, as will be seen by reference to the details shown on Plate XII. Tide valves. Description of outfall end. ant feature of sanitation. 14. HOUSE SEWERAGE. • The full benefit of a sewerage system, can be obtained only when that portion of it, which extends into the houses, and up to the various waste receptacles, is properly designed and constructed. In fact, so far as the House sewerage propagation of disease is concerned, the latter is even more important than is the most import- . • i • the public portion of the system, since it brings all the existing dangers much nearer to the individual, and faulty construction or design might cause foul air to permeate every part of the confined space in which he lives. The design and construction of the house sewerage in the United States of North America is in the hands of the property owners ; but the municipal control of the same, where it is assumed at all, is limited to the general approval of the work, based on regulations which are adopted by the particular city. This procedure is of great advantage to the community and its adoption is rapidly extending to all important cities of the country. Municipal con- trol of sanitation. Reference to sani- ' — 107 -^ • We call see nothing to prevent similar safe-guards from being pro vided in order to protect the dwellings of Santos ; but, beyond general ^^f^{^^^^^J recommendations, we do not desire to assume the responsibility of formu. ^^°ricandties. lating them. The various documents we send herewith, contain the legis- lation resulting from the experience of North American cities, and it seems proper that any adaptation or inodification of these regulations should be made by your Municipal authorities. It may be well however to say, that the municipality must in the end feel and accept the re- sponsibility of the important question of supply of water, and removal of putrescible wastes ; and hence it must assume their control. The water supply must be neither polluted nor wasted. To this end '^f -^ -^ Protection of the regulations to protect the water sheds and streams from which the sup- water supply, ply is derived must be enforced. No one, unless duly licensed, should tap the main, alter existing house fixtures or interfere in any manner with the drainage dr sewerage of dwellings. These persons should be bonded in a considerable sum, as a guaranty of Plumbers should ^ '^ -^ be licensed and good faith, and not be permitted to practice until by regular apprenticeship bonded, they have become experts in the trade of " plumbing," and are capable of following intelligently the regulations of the municipality. The plumbers should be compelled to report at regular monthly intervals on blank forms provided for the purpose by the municipality, whether they have or have hot made repairs, connected new work or enlarged old or existing fixtures. They should describe the work done, so that the proper authorities may be in a position to regulate the details of the water and sewerage administra- tion, control dangers, correct abuses, and collect proper information for the regulation of taxes and the revenue from these sources. The essential requirements for the construction and management of a properly sewered dwelling house, are given below, subject to amend- ment by your municipal authorities. They are also indicated on Plate II. The materials and workmanship must be first-class. This requisite is 1 . . ., . , Plumbing ma- iextremely important, inasmuch as sewer gases can escape into the rooms, terfais and work- and, unlike leaking water and gas-pipes, without being noticed until the fevil effects have produced serious damage. The connection with the sewer must be made carefully, so as to prevent — io8 — tion?rnd*^°''?fi'^ ^ leakage of tiie sewage into the soil. It should be rtiade under the supei"^ ^^^^- vision of an officer of the mUnicipalit}^, who should certify to the connec- tion having been properly made. Outside of a house the sewer can be connecting pipes, of glazed vitrified pipe carefully jointed with hydraulic cement; but inside the walls of the house none but metallic pipes with properly caulked or soldered joints must be used. Glazed vitrified pipes and or iron pipes for Cement joiuts wheu used as drains cannot be made air-tight and should be excluded from all interior work under any circumstances, as well as from Cement rubber Cellars, or tinder floors or within masonry walls. m^tics'mak™^ ^^ Each receptacle for foul or waste-water, such as water closets, wash a joints. stands, sinks, bathtubs, etc., must be separately trapped, and as near as possible to the receptacle or fixture itself, in order to prevent the inter- Separate traps for each fixture. veution of any great length of fouled pipe between the outlet of the re" ceptacles and the traps. . The bad odor of such pipes would poison the air of the rooms. A perfect circulation of air must be made possible throughout all the house pipes!"*'"" ™ pip^s, but this must be done immediately in front of the sewer side of the traps. Such a method of ventilation is necessary. First : To cleanse the various pipes by the oxydizing eifect of a current of air, which, in so far as the slimy interior coating is concerned, is Benefit of ventilation. much more effectual in its results than water flushing; because this latter • does not always remove this coating from the pipes. Second: To prevent the forcing of the traps in the fixtures, by blowing out or breaking the water seal in them and thus establish an undisturbed equilibrium of the atmospheric pressure in the pipes on both sides of the trap under all circumstances of their use. All the trap vents must be , connected to an independent vertical pipe. This circulation reauires both Requirements for '■ ^ ■'■ air circulation. ^LU inlet and an outlet for the air, and is obtained in the following manner; "No vertical soil or waste-pipes should have a trap. They should be laid as directly as possible, without unnecessary bends and turns, and The so called should extend without diminution of size to some distance above the roof "soil pipes ' not to be trapped. They should be left open, without cowl, hood, or any other cover." If the system of control exercised over the house sewerage is good then it is best to provide no trap on the private sewer leading from the — log — house to the public sewer. In this manner, the air from the sewer in the Public sewers ventilated through Street will pass freely through the pipes of every house up to and beyond house soil pipes. the roof, and a better circulation of air and cleaning is given the house pipes than can be obtained in any other way. Where the private sewer- iage cannot be properly controlled, this method is not deemed desirable, , Exclusive ven ti- <-> J^ J^ J ! ' lation of soil pipes. and it is then necessary to place a main trap upon the house sewer and to build a " fresh air inlet," on the house side of the trap. This inlet is usually placed on the street and at least fifteen feet from a window. In climates where there is little difference of temperature between the air in the house and the air out of doors, the ventilation obtained by the fregh air inlets, is sufficiently active. Yet under some atmospheric conditions and when closets are being flushed, the current of air is sometimes re- versed and foul air will escape at the fresh air inlet. But on account of . Down draughts -■^ in soil pipes. the comparative cleanliness of well ventilated pipes, such an escape is not deemed objectionable. After due consideration, and in view of the circumstances of Santos, Municipal con- we are of the opinion that it would be best to have a thorough municipal an°d afso'to'venti^- ' control of the design and construction of the house sewerage, and that sewers^through the the public sewers should be ventilated through the house pipes for the °"^^®- benefit both of the latter and the former. To guard against the usual siphonage of traps at the fixtures, when a large piston like quantity of water is suddenly passed through them, or all traps, down a main pipe adjoining them, they must each be separately ventilated. Under certain conditions so called " Anti-Siphonage Traps" and also other kinds such as are in the market, may be used with safety. A decision tionT/'^* t^ nt™'°^" regarding the applicability of such appliances should be given in each ^'^^P®' case by an expert. It is generally safer to use the ordinary bent traps and to ventilate each one by a special pipe starting at the highest point of the trap and extending beyond the roof, either separately, or leading vent pipes."^ ° into a soil pipe or waste pipe above the entrance of the highest fixture connection. The vents from several pipes may be joined into one. They must always have a continuous slope to avoid collecting water by con- densation. No trap vent pipe should be used as a waste or a soil pipe. Sewer or drain Vent pipes are required for ventilation alone and neither they nor soil fixtures should be used for no other pipes must be used as rain water conductors^ or vice versa, as their proper purpose. — no- No water, food, water pipe, or food receptacle, should be allowed to drip, connect or com- municate with any drain or sewer fixture. Sewer pipes must be accessible. Water supply of water closets. G*ease traps. Open plumbing work. Ventilation of closet bowls. action would be interfered with and even completely reversed during a heavy rain storm. No waste from any refrigerator or drip pan below a fixture must be connected with a sewer. Such waste pipes should be carried down independently and discharged out doors or into an open sink so as to make it impossible for them to ever receive air from the sewer. The pipes within the dwelling must be placed so as to be available or readily accessible at any time. In the cellar they should be run along the wall if there is one and painted white so as to readily show leakage. If there are no cellars, there should either be a passage way in which they are laid, or else the floor should be arranged so that these pipes can be inspected from above. In the upper stories, they should be either fully exposed to view or run in vertical boxes set in the walls or in the corner of the rooms, the lid or cover being fastened with screws. No pipes or fixtures should be built into the walls in such a manner that they cannot be accessible. Water closets should be supplied from special tanks or cisterns placed immediately over them. They should not be flushed directly from the water pipes, because conditions may occur when the air from the closet would be sucked back into the pipe, and in that manner, contaminate the water supply of the house. Where considerable washing of dishes is done, grease traps should be placed under the kitchen sinks so as to prevent the closing up of the waste pipes by the congelation of grease. No casing should be built around the lower parts of bathtubs, water' closets or sinks, as such casings would form chambers or spaces where foul air might collect. When these are kept open they are not necessarily unsightly if well set and neatly arranged, and their surroundings are then more likely to be kept as clean as the rest of the room. The best method of ventilating the apartment containing the water closet is to establish a draft from the ring above the bowl of the closet, from which a vent pipe should lead out of doors independent of the sewer pipes. To ventilate a water closet chamber through an open window or by a pipe starting at the ceiling, or from any other place than at the bowl of the closet, will cause the foul air to pass through the room and it may be inhaled be- fore escaping. — r- III Even if the closets are placed iu a separate compartment outside of the building, these facts will hold good, and in view of the convenience of having closets within the house and the absolute certainty of being able to avoid conditions dangerous to health, it is not necessary to incur the expense of building an external room. Yard alleys, a design for which is shown on Plate XVIII, may be connected with the sewer system. But care should be taken not to admit when yard dram- •' age can be con- water from unpaved territory bringing salt and sand with it. nected to sewers. The private or main sewer from a dwelling house, should have a size of hot less tl^an four inches (lo"") nor more than six inches (15'""). It House sewers, size, grade, direc- should be laid to a true g-rade of not less than two per cent, and it should tion and connec- tion. be as straight as possible. All changes of direction should be made with curved pipes and all connections with " Y " branches and eighth bends. No curves 'should be made by means of straight pipes with angles at the joints. All soil pipes should be four inches in diameter. All vertical waste pipes acting as ventilators should be two and one-half inches (6. ""4) in diameter. They should all be of iron, and have a thickness of not less size of ventilat- than one-eighth inch (3 milimetres), and they should be thoroughly coated ing pipes, with asphalt, applied hot. Roughness in small ventilating pipes destroys their usefulness more than is generally realized. The best manner of connecting iron pipes is by screw joints, or joints caulked with oakum and lead, so as to be perfectly impermeable to gas. Joints of venti- Joints of iron pipes with lead pipes should be made with a brass sleeve lating pipes, caulked into the hub of the iron pipe, with lead, and attached to the lead pipe by a wiped joint. Hydraulic cement and other inferior joints must not be permitted inside of a house under any circumstances. Overflow pipes from fixtures must always be connected on the inlet ^ . . ■■^ •'^ -^ Position of over- side of their respective traps. ^o^ relatively to ^ ^ traps. No person should be allowed to lay house sewer pipes or do any part of the plumbing or setting of fixtures inside of a house, who is not properly licensed and bonded, thoroughly acquainted with the above regulations, engaged in the practice of plumbing, and who can be legally held to do his work properly and in accordance with the best and established practice, and municipal regulations. XII. DRAINAGE Another essential element that must be made to cooperate with the' measures heretofore described, to insure the healthfulness of the city, is Drainage the _ _ hand maid of a thorough drainage of the soil. Santos receives heavy rainfalls during* a large portion of the year, and in some months, there are few days on which rain does not fall, as will be seen from the tables in the appendix. Very heavy rains are frequent, and therefore, accumulate suddenly rain^ii*^ °^ ^^^^^ large quantities of water upon the surface of the city, for the rapid re- moval of which artificial channels of sufi&cient capacity should be pro- vided. The necessity for this becomes greater, since the city is paved, and covered with buildings thus confining the rain flow, which in the absence of proper drainage facilities, accumulates in the low parts of the city and floods the streets and yards. , The flatness of the territory and the slight permeability of the paved surfaces permits only a slow natural drainage. The ground upon which the city is located is therefore always damp, and often wet ; and on this ac- Santos is in part artificially damp, count, the building of house cellars has been found impracticable. The absence of a proper surface cleaning and of effective sewage removal, have therefore caused the soil water to become foul, and the efiluvia rising from the same are quite dangerous to health. The general character of the existing drains is wretched. Some are Description of Open ditchcs, othcrs are built either of stone laid up dry, or of brick drSns° . ^ ^^^ joined with a mud made of clay and sand. None of them have a proper slope or alignment and have been described as " forming a veritable zig-- zag which follows the configuration of the ground." The junctions between them and the pipes for house drainage are generally improperly made, most of them being laid at right angles to the drains, and entering — 113 — them at their bottoms. At some of these junctions the drains are com- pletely stopped up ; for being without foundations, and in soft ground, they settle and break, and becoming choked, dam up the sewage which is then forced to the surface and left to evaporate or seep slowly into the ground. Being insufficient in size and grade these old drains are incapable of disposing of their contents during heavy rains, and cause the flooding of' the neighboring lands, which in some localities becomes a source of great danger. The drain which passes down Travessa Sao Antonio under the old Grand Hotel is perhaps one of the worst in this respect. At the inter- section of Rua Sao Antonio and Travessa Sao Antonio, the surface of waist deep during the streets is from one metre to a metre and a half lower than all the street corners a block away and adjacent to this point. The conse- quence is that when an extremely heavy rain storm occurs, the drain is unable to carry off the water which accumulates at this point, and it rises in the streets until it is high enough to run over on the streets Sao An- tonio and Jose Ricardo. But when this happens the water depth at the intersection of Rua Sao Antonio and Travessa Sao Antonio is waist deep. The flooding of this district has been so frequent that several of the mer- chants, who do business in the buildings in that neighborhood, have been Damminethe obliged as we are informed, to build masonry dams across the front of ^°°^^ °° P"'vate o ' -' account. their stores and ware houses to keep the water from flooding them. The back water from this district extends for nearly a block on Rua Vinte Cinco de Mar§o, nearly the same distance on each side from the corner of Rua Sao Antonio, and southward, along Travessa Sao Antonio, flooding- the streets on the sides of the Praca dos Andrades. Floods also , , ° ^ other flooded obtain, though not so intense, at Ruas Sao Leopoldo, Visconde de Ver- districts. gueiro and Sao Antonio, near their intersections with Rua Sao Bento. They are also felt on Ruas do General Camara, do Rosario and Amador Bueno near their intersections with Rua Dous de Dezembro. When these floods occur, business on the above streets is almost sus- pended. Credible testimony establishes the fact that yellow fever was concentration of of the most virulent and fatal character during the last epidemic, in the the aTafnTont^""^ above districts, and especially along the drain running down the Travessa Sao Antonio, where very few cases of recovery were recorded. The soil Borings and — 114 — along the drains, and at their mouths, is very foul, giving off stenches of sulphureted hydrogen of indescribable pungency. This soil corrodes iron pipes readily, and they soon become destroyed and require frequent renewal. A number of test holes or borings were made in different localities of the city down to a level which was in some cases lower than extreme low ground water. tide in the harbor. Daily observations were taken of the depth of water standing in these holes. The observations extend over a period of about four months, from the middle of July to the middle of October. Sometimes observations were taken twice a day ; at other times but once, and not always at the same places, nor did they extend to all of the holes at the same time. The general results obtained are about as follows : The water was generally found at a depth of from one to two metres, ground w^'terM°aii ^^ ^^^ holes were driven deeper, the water level lowered, but after reach- when It does not -^g ^ certain level, it fluctuated but little in the period of nearly three months, except when there was rain. The height of the ground water surface with reference to the datum Variable height plane is variable. In some cases it stood as hig-h as two metres above of ground water ^ ° surface at diflferent high tide, and in Others as low as three metres below. Some of the points. , ° ' holes remained dry for a period of thirty days at a considerable distance below low tide. The level of the ground water did not fluctuate with the tife ground \vater tides, either synchronously, or in any time period traceable to their fluctu- uldepeM^it o°f'the ^tious. Occasionally, a rise of ground water was noticed after heavy rains, *"^^^' amounting sometimes to as much as one metre ; but it was soon followed by a rapid fall. The water in all the holes was fresh, indicating that tide All borings yield water does uot penetrate the soil under the city to any considerable dis- fresh water. ^ ^ j tance. The holes also indicated that the city is built upon a bed of very compact, fine and silty sand, which packs so closely when wet, as to hold water like clay ; and that the bed of packed sand has a very uneven sur- Subsoii filled face Under the city, forming pockets and ridges. Examinations further with pockets and . ^ ^ ridges. show that the natural formation of the ground is such that certain locali- ties are always apt to be wet, notably in the neighborhood of Rua Sao Car- mo, Travessa Vinte Quatro de Maio, Pra9a dos Andrades and Rua Sao Bento- These conclusions are reached from data obtained during the drier — 115 — months of the year. In the wet months, the water level would be much The observations ' were made m the nearer the surface of the ground, and dry basements could not be obtained <^''y season, under the buildings. The only practical method for remedying the unsanitary condition of the city in this respect, is to lower the level of the ground water by tapping the water in these undergound pockets and giving it a free channel for its speedy subsoil water, discharge into the harbor. This drainage should be as deep as practicable so as to permanently sink the water level to a safe depth below the sur- face. The soil will then be thoroughly aerated by the fresh air which follows the water as it percolates through the interstices of the soil into these channels, and the ground will be purified in a comparatively short time. It is therefore necessary to build a system of main drains extending over the wet areas, at a low level, and of sufficient capacity, to rapidly Drain systems, carry off" all the rain water falling upon the respective natural drainage areas. It will also be necessary to construct a system of small permeable drain tiles, laid from one to two metres below the surface, and below all present and projected cellars that must be drained. These drain tiles should be laid on a sufficient slope and branch off from the main drains into the wet areas, and should be laid as the population extends and the properties (fineas) demand it. The portions of the city which most urgently need drainage are the fol- lowinP" ■ Special districts " ' needing drainage. The neighborhood of the old drain which enters the harbor through the grounds of the gas works, extending back to the hills. The depression parallel to Sao Bento street. The neighborhood of the drain running into the harbor through Tra- vessa Vinte Quatro de Maio. The depression parallel to Rua Dous de Dezembro, the present drains of which enter the harbor opposite the church of Sao Carmo ; and also other areas which are more or less defined by natural drainage channels. All the water which now flows down the brooks, should be received into ^ , Freshet waters these drains by properly constructed entrance works. No sewage of any ^P-'^ °ff. ^^^ utiiiza- description, either from closets, baths or kitchens, should be allowed to courses. — ii6 — find its way into them, because they discharge at the wharves in front of the city, and because, for economical reasons, some of them should for some time yet, be left as open drains. After these drains are all built, it will be found that the heavy rains store the purifying prevalent in Santos will prove a benefit to public health by purifying the function of rains ., . i r m ■ i i i • 111 upon the soil. soil, instead 01 contributing as they have done, m no small degree, to in- tensify the terrible plagues which have lately visited the city. All the present stone and brick drains in the depressions above described, all iU-constructed should be Completely removed, together with all the small sewer pipes and ditches running into them from yards, cesspools and privies. Their capacity also is insufiicient in nearly every case, to act as drains for the. territory supplying them with surface water, and during every storm, the foul matter contained in them, is either forced back into the soil, or over- flows the ground, spreading over wider areas the dangerously polluted water, instead of removing it. Not only the streams which pass through the city from the nioun- The overflow _ "^ ^ ° ■' from fountains fed tain should be taken into the drains, but also the waste or overflow from to the drains. the fountains, since this water is clean, and, if allowed to run into the sewers, it would have to be lifted by the pumps instead of discharging by gravity like the rainwater. It is doubtful if this overflow could be utilized Rectification of - .... the Ribeirao lOr flushing purpoSeS. ' The Ribierao Seixas, which has a tortuous course and spreads its waters, at times much polluted, over the flats near its mouth, should be given care- ful consideration in the future. Its entire length, from the valley north of Jabaquara, should be corrected by straightening the alignment and pro- viding a channel of sufficient cross-section and of proper inclination to prevent erosion. On Plate XX a proposed alignment has been indicated. Should, however, property interests make it advisable to alter the align- ment, this can be done under the advice of an engineer without detriment to the drainage system. Fresh and salt There are extensive marshes near the city which are likewise a menace marshes. ^^ j^g j^ealth, as the winds may carry their dangerous effluvia over it. It is, however, only the /res/i water, and not the sa/l water marshes, that are dangerous in this respect, for the former are those which are apt to — 117 — produce malarial complaints. Eventually all the fresh water swamps in the neighborhood should therefore be thoroughly drained. It is not necessary to attack this problem at present, and probably not Desiccation of for a number of years, when the more important unsanitary features of ^°^ '^°'^®- the city shall have been corrected. Canalization is the infallible remedy that will desiccate the low lands, by concentrating the water in a series of small channels leading to larger ones, and finally into trunks that will conduct the water to the sea. This work, owing to the changeable nature of the soil, often requires tentative methods, which must be determined as the work proceeds, and it seems to us a useless loss of time to outline a definite plan which the next heavy rainfall might set at naught. For this reason, only the salient points of the canalization are indicated by us, leaving the numberless details likely to arise, to the care of the engineer charged with the work. Efforts should be made in any event to change the character of the vegetation of the swamps, and to convert them into salt water marshes wherever this may be possible and the value of the land may warrant it. After the mention, of the above general considerations we will now speak more specifically about the works to be recommended for draining the city of Santos. I. DRAINAGE DISTRICTS AND OUTFALI.S. The city has been divided into a number of districts which substantially xhe drainage dis- correspond to natural drainage areas, the water of which either flov/s now, t" the^to cf'^ra^h'^ or can be concentrated along certain lines, where covered or open drains can be built to carry the drainage to the harbor by the shortest possible routes. The most westerly drain has a diameter of six feet six inches (i.'^gSi), size and location ._ A °^ western district. and discharges into the harbor at the foot of Rua de bao Bento. Another drain discharges at the foot of Rua Jose Ricardo ; its diameter at the out- fall being six feet (i.^Sso). These two drains provide for the removal of the storm water reaching Iwo of the most important depressions in the city, as is shown on Plate XIX. Two other small drains twenty-four inches (o."6i) in diameter take the flow from a small area. At the foot — ii8 — of the Travessa Sao Carmo another large drain discharges into the harbor, with a diameter at the outfall of five feet nine inches (i.™753), draining the areas shown in Plate XIX. A system of small drains discharges through an outfall three feet (o.™9i) in diameter at the foot of Rua de Braz Cubas. Then follow three small drains, with diameters of eighteen, twenty-four and thirty inches (o.™46, o.™6i and o."76), respectively. , . . Referring to Plate XIX it will be seen that the largest drain of the Large drains for ° ° the city district. built-up portion of the city is six feet six inches (i.'^gS) in diameter, and discharges at the foot of Rua Edwardo Fereira. After a short drain at the foot of Rua de Dr. Cochrane two feet (o.'"6i) in diameter, the last large drain of this system is at foot of Rua Aguiar. de Andrade, with a diameter of four feet six inches ( 1.^3 7). The location of the gates for flushing the drains, as well as the places gates. where provision has been made to flush the sewers with tide or drain water are also shown on Plate XIX. Drainage of Villa '^■'^^ principal drainage works of Villa Mathias, will consist of the rec- ^ ^^' tification of the present course of the Ribeirao Seixas as is indicated upon Plate XX. It may not be necessary to build any covered drains in this district for some time. The surface water can follow the street gutters to the present water course, and thence continue to the harbor. It may be desirable before long, to pave the bottom of some of the open drains, to pre- vent both erosion and objectionable deposits ; and eventually, when popu- lation becomes dense in this region, it may be necessary to cover the drains. Drainage of the '^^^ largest drainage system is located at the Barra district ; and inas- Barra district. much as it is uot objectionable to have open drains through this territory we do not advise the use of masonry at any points other than at the out- falls, overflows, and wherever flushing is desirable. The important function of these drains is to lower the subsoil water serv"d'by^dr^nage. over the entire area, and the quick removal of the rain water ; but on ac- count of the action of the waves, the drainage cannot be delivered at the beach, and the outfalls from this district have been placed upon the shores of the harbor, as detailed upon Plate XX. For economic reasons, it is necessary to have a drain parallel to the — 119 — beach, in the rear of the buildings, to intercept and collect the water of ordi- The main drain, nary rains, and carry it to the harbor. To provide against heavy rain- falls however, overflows have been placed at points shown on Plate XX, which will enable the surplus water to escape at the beach, and thus to materially diminish the size of the main drain. During dry weather there will be but a slight flow in this drain, and it may be necessary to establish some means of flushing, in order to pre- vent any stagnation of the water, and objectionable sanitary conditions. It is best to give the drain such a depth as to allow it to be filled with sea water, which alone will much improve its condition. Gates at the out- fall will enable it to be flushed at low tide, and thus prevent the accumu- lation of stagnant water. If these expedients do not sufl&ce to maintain the main drain in a satisfactory state, then still other means must be resorted to. Such an ex- pedient for securing a steady although slight flow of salt water through the drain, is the building of a dike across the beach to low water mark, U'car the upper end of the main drain. This dike should have a channel along its entire length and a weir with an apron at its ocean end, so ad- justed that every incoming wave will roll up the apron and throw some water over the weir into the channel. The repeated additions of salt water will thus cause a flow in this channel back to the main drain, and thence a slight flow in the latter to the outfall. A sketch of the arrangement is shown on Plate XXVI. Should this dike be found undesirable, then a centrifugal pump may be placed near the head of the main drain, and be employed to throw water into it from a well, to be dug near the beach and supplied with salt water by infiltration. The power station necessary to operate the pump might also be used for supplying electricity to illuminate the buildings and roads of the Barra. The branch drains delivering into the main drain will ordinarily carry Branch drains to be kept clear and but a slight amount of water, if any, but they may run entirely full in working order, during rain storms. Their sizes have been computed from the data re- ferred to fuither on. It will be necessary, however, to keep them free from vegetation as much as possible, so that their available cross section may not be materially impaired. 12(3 — Order of proced- ure in building drains. Effect of drain- age on the Barra district. poUuted water °^ ^^^ *^^ existing tretiches and tortuous water courses in the Barra whicli courses. jjq^ receive the drainage of the district, should be filled up, and the sur- face made clean and pure, as soon as the new ditches which are to take their place have been constructed. It will not be necessary to dig all the ditches at once, but only those which will intercept the large amount of rain water pouring down from the mountains, and those which are to take the place of the present foul and objectionable water courses in the Barra. The main drain with its overflows and flushing gate, must be built at once from its upper end to its outfall into the harbor. Drawings of necessary details will be found on Plate XXVI. With the above improvements in the drainage of the Barra district, large areas of land will be made dry at all seasons of the year ; and becoming healthy and attractive, the land will be greatly enhanced in value by drawing seaward the population of the city. 2. ALIGNMENT OF DRAINS. The alignment of the drains in the city should be made according to the same general principles governing that of the sewers, and changes of direc- tion should be made with great care, in order to prevent eddies and deposits and losses of head, as well as to avoid giving to the water surface a greater height than would be otherwise necessary. Where the drains are large enough to be entered by a man, all the turns should be made with a large radius, if possible, greater than six metres. Junctions with the drains should also be made as carefully as with the sewerage system, since the drains carry street washings which might ob- struct the flow and even give rise to foul odors. The connections with the drains from the inlets should be made at an angle of forty-five degrees with the direction of their flow, so as to prevent the obstruction of the current ; but drain tiles carrying the clean water of the soil under buildings, parks, etc., may enter at right angles. 3. SLOPE AND SHAPE OF DRAINS Considerable care must be given to the construction of the drains. Effect of align- ment on drains. Junctions of drains. Street connec- tions with drains. — 121 — They should have regular gradients or slopes, to prevent deposits, and a Regular slopes smooth interior surface to prevent the adherence of foul matter. f^'=e®- In making the design for any drainage system it is of the highest im- portance to discriminate between the hydraulic gradient and the slope of the bottom of the drain. The former must be considered so as to insure a free discharge during very heavy rainfalls ; the latter to secure as much velocity as possible during small rains, so as to prevent the deposit of sand or other suspended matter. The accompanying profiles, and also the detail drawings, show sudden drops in the slopes where drains join, in order to prevent backwater and secure a free flow during storms. The drop must correspond to the additional quantity of water which enters at the junction. The least possible slope that has been given to the paved drains is such Minimum slope as to cause a minimum velocity of eighteen inches (o.™46) per second, taterfn draini When the drains are not paved, as in the ditches recommended for the Barra district, it is desirable to have a velocity that will neither scour the bottom nor permit the formation of deposits. The material of the drains in the district mentioned is generally sandy clay and loam, and it has therefore been assumed that the ditch would be eroded by a bottom veloc- ity of over six inches (is™) per second, or a mean velocity of 0.66 feet Limiting values -' \ v^ / J. I J Qf jijg velocity of (20""'), taking into account the depth of flow contemplated in them. <^'^^'" '^^'^''■ Where the material is coarse sand, the bottom will not begin to erode until the velocity exceeds twelve inches (30''™) per second, corresponding to a mean velocity of about 1.4 feet (42"™) per second. To euard against the effects of fluctuation in the velocity, which will ° <=> ^ -' ' Bottom protec- vary with the intensity of the rains, it will be necessary to protect the t*°°- bottom of the ditches, in some cases, by a covering of gravel. But these questions are details that can only be settled by a particular knowledge of the ground, as the elements of each special case are developed during construction. The best form to be assigned to the drains depends on the profile of the ground, the depth of the drain, the quantity of water to be moved, and the nature of the material of the drain. If in masonry, the circular section is of course the cheapest ; but where the depth of the drain must be small — 122 — and it is undesirable to have a great change of height in the water level, as would happen with egg-shaped sections, the drains must be made wide and shallow. This shape is not objectionable in drains, as it would be in sewers; nevertheless, it is preferable to have some sort of a channel in the bottom of the drains, in order to concentrate therein the ordinary flow expected under the usual conditions of the brooks feeding them. Shape of drains 'pjj^g forms of consttuctiou which have been decided upon for the vari- of ciifiFerent sizes. ^ ous drains are as follows : Drains up to two feet (o."6i) in diameter are made of vitrified pipe ; above two feet (o.'"6i) in diameter, they are of brick or stone. When their sections range between two feet (o.™6i) and three feet (o.'"9i5) in width, their forms will be elliptical ; and the dimen- sions marked on the profiles of this work,- correspond to the minor axes of the ellipses. Drains between three feet (o."9i5) and four feet three inches (i."'295), will be given a circular section; and between four feet six inches (i."37), and six feet six inches (i.^pS) they are to have flat bottoms and parabolic arching, as shown by the drawings on Plate XXV. This sec- tion has been adopted because it is both economical and strong, and keeps the surface of the water in the drain at a desirable minimum height. The construction will be evident from the drawings. The sec- tion is slightly larger than that of a circle having the same height. ^ . . , The parabolic shape of the large drains makes it safe to use two rings Drains with par- j. j. o o abojjc section. gf brick-work where three might be required for a circular section. The triangular bottom is designed to insure a more constant hydraulic mean depth at the times of minimum flow. Nearly all of the present drains have neither foundations, nor protec- imperfect con- tiou agaiust crosiou. Therefore, the changing currents throw them out of drains.°° ° P*"^^^" shape by causing the bottom to erode in places and to accumulate deposits in others. The stagnation of water carrying organic refuse from the streets and yards, will cause obstructions and back water to putrify about the city houses. 4. SIZE OF DRAINS. Whenever permanent structures are erected for drains, it is necessary Ascribing dimen- sions to drains. to cousider carefully the question of their proper sizes. They must be able to carry the extraordinary downpours of excessive rains which, in — -123 — a few minutes, will find their way to the drains. The practice of employ- ing the daily rainfall maxima for the assignment of dimensions to drains and sewers, has been generally abandoned by engineers on account of failures, caused by ignorance as to how much water actually can fall up- on a given area in very short intervals of time. The rainfall observations which are at our disposal, and will be found printed in the appendix, have enabled us to come to a fairly satisfactory conclusion regarding the greatest rainfall to be expected in Santos. We have also referred to this question on pages 25. and 26 of this report. We desire to add, however, that it would be of great value to the city to institute, as soon as practicable, an automatic registration of the greatest intensity of rainfalls for the purpose of veri- fying our assumptions or improving upon them in the future. Instru- ments for automatic rainfall registration are now being extensively used in the United States of America and in Kurope. From all the data which we have obtained, and from our experience in Diagrams for computing the de. the United States of America, it has been assumed that the maximum Hvery of drains. amount of rain water which will reach the drains, from the built up part of the city, will correspond to that which is shown by the diagram on Plate XXX. This curve assumes that for very small areas, three cubic feet (84.95 litres) flow from one acre (0.405 hectare), in each second of time, or about 209.75 litres per hectare per second ; and the ratio of flow per acre diminishes as the area increases, in accordance with the form of the curve. From the diagram on Plate XXX the following table has been pre- pared : Flow from flat built up areas. — 124 — DELIVERY OF FLAT BUILT UP AREAS, IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND PER ACRE, AND THEIR EQUIVALENT IN METRIC MEASURE. Arbas. Amount of water per sec. running off Acres. Hectares. Cubic Feet. Litres. 25 50 100 200. 300 500 , 10.12 20.23 40.47 80.93 121. 41 202.34 55 100 180 320 430 625 1557 2832 5097 9061 12175 17697 The amount of rainfall reaching the drains in flat suburban territory- will not be as great per hectare, because a large proportion of the water will soak away into the soil and not run off over the surface. In the ab- sence of local data, we have prepared another diagram on Plate XXX, adapting it as much as possible to the conditions of Santos, from which the following values are deduced : DELIVERY OF FLAT SUBURBAN TERRITORY IN CUBIC FEET PER ACRE PER SECOND, AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS IN METRIC MEASURE. Flow from flat suburban areas. Areas. Amount of rain water per second running off. Acres. Hectares. Cubic Feet. Litres. 10 50 100 200 300 500 700 1000 4-05 20.23 40.47 80.93 121. 41 202.34 283.27 404.67 4 14 24 38 50 71 90 116 "3 396 680 1076 1416 2004 2548 3285 — 125 — 5. INLETS AND MANHOLES. Inlets should be built at certain points along the street gutters, where Drain inlets, it may be deemed best for the purpose of allowing street water to enter the drains. Their openings or inlets should be made large enough to admit the flow of the heaviest rainfall, and they should be provided with a grating so as to exclude improper matter from reaching the interior of the drains. The drawings in Plate XXV contain all necessary details for the construction of these inlets. They should be placed at proper distances apart, in order to prevent the accumulation of large quantities of water in the gutters. Their location is shown upon Plate XIX ; but suitable modifications may be made by a competent engineer if special local considerations should make a change desirable. The inlets should have no traps, ventilation being desirable, and be- No traps at the .. ^ . . .,,., inlets of drains. cause no foul air is expected to rise Irom the drains because they are not polluted by house sewage, which must not be allowed to enter them under any circumstances whatsoever. Wherever the velocity of the water in the drains is three feet or more velocity limiting the use of catch per second, it is not recommended that catch basins be built under the in- basins in drains, lets. They are at best accumulators of foul water from the street surface, and therefore should be avoided if possible. The heavy rainfalls will be sufficient to cleanse the drains of any silt deposits, if they are graded with the proper slopes, and the curves are designed so as to prevent irregu- larity in the flow of the water. At the upper end of the drains, and wherever streets are not paved, and basins^*^'°" ° '^^ *^ ' a large amount of silt or gravel is carried along by the torrents of water coming down the mountains, it is necessary to have catch basins, in order to prevent this material from entering the drains and settling along their length. These catch basins may be merely pockets built along the gut- ters or water ways. They can be left open at the top and should be read- ily cleaned out after every storm. The pipe connections between the inlets or catch basins and the drains, sizes of pipes for -, 1 ■ 1 1--1 11- 1,., catch basins, and should be made straight and joined to the dram at an angle of at least conditions of their /- 1 • .1 r n\-i • n ■, connection. forty-five degrees, as m the case ot sewers, i he size of the connect- — 126 — ing pipes should range from twelve inches (o."3o) to fifteen inches (o.'"38), according to the extent of the area to be drained. Drain manholes, Manholes shoiild be built at every junction of the drains and wherever location and ap- - , . . . ,^ 111 ■ 1 ^ purtenauces. uecessary lor cleaning or inspecting them. Tney snould be provided with steps giving access to their interior, and have ventilating covers and dirt pans as used in the sewerage system. The manhole covers should have the word " Desague" cast upon their surface. The flushing of drains is necessary. Flushing with brook water. Flushing from the water mains. Salt water flush- ing. 6. FLUSHING APPUANCES. Inasmuch as the slope of the drains is not very great, it will be neces- sary to adopt some means of flushing, them, in order to prevent the accu- mulation of deposits and packed silt, which after a time become difl&cult to remove by flushing and require more expensive methods. It is expected that the rainfall will accomplish the needed cleaning during the wet season ; but during the dry months it will be advisable to use artificial flushing to keep the drains free from deposit. This can be accomplished by the water from the brooks, or from the city water mains, in flush basins or tanks. In the former case the tanks should be built as large as practicable, and as large as may be justified by the natural dry weather flow of the respective brooks. The water can be discharged suddenly into the drains, either automatically, as described in the case of the sewers, or the same effect can be produced by opening a hand valve provided for the pur- pose. In the second case, the water is furnished from the hydrants of the water supply and allowed to run down through the gutters into the inlets and fill up the drains after the previous closing of their flushing gates. The sudden opening of the gates will at once liberate the stored water, and as it rushes down the drain will carry the deposited silt with it, in suspension. It is possible to flush the lower portions of the drains also with tide water. !Por this purpose the lower gates are closed at high tide, thus keeping the drain filled with water until the time of low tide, when by opening the same gates, the confined water will descend with a velocity — 127 — that may remove the silt. If one flushing is insufficient the process can be daily repeated until all the deposits are removed. The gates which are used for storing the flushing water in the drains are Flushing gates, their operation and shown on Plate XXII and XXIII. The former shows a smgle gate, construction, and the latter a double gate designed for drains over four feet in width. The single gates are closed by hand and held tight by means of the brace hook shown in the drawing. When the drain is to be flushed the hook is pulled up and the gate flies open. In order to have it close tightly, the joints are made of lead poured or pounded into the grooves of the frame. The construction of the gates and the appliances for opening and closing them are clearly shown in the drawings. The location of the flushing gates in the system itself is shown upon Location of flush- Plates XIX and XX. '"^^"''" XIII. GARBAGE. Definition of garbage. Infrequent re- moval of garbage. Garbage breeds many diseases. The biology of micro-organisms is being carefully studied. Putrefaction is a suitable nidus for infection. The accumula- tion of garbage threatens the pub- lic health. Garbage we understand to comprise all the organic refuse from houses and yards which cannot be removed by water carriage in sewers. It con- sists mainly of the waste from kitchens, and dust and rubbish from the rooms and yards. At present this refuse matter is frequently piled up in heaps in the back yards, and, if removed at all, it is taken away only after long inter- vals of time. These heaps of garbage, lying under the rays of a hot tropical sun, are fruitful disease breeders, because they furnish the proper conditions for the rapid growth and development of many, if not all, of the disease germs that may find lodgment therein. The processes, according to which the development of the dangerous pathogenic germs takes place, and also the peculiar elements of danger, are now better understood than formerly. We need not fear the mere de- composition of the organic matter, in which bacterial life is found, but rather the development of certain species of bacteria which, if they enter living bodies, may produce disease in them. The presence of bacteria of putrefaction implies the possible existence of other micro-organisms which are dangerous to the human body and which also find a favorable nidus in dead organic matter. Accumulations of garbage, under the conditions described, pollute both the air and the soil, are a constant menace to public health and should therefore be prevented. In well-developed and improved modern cities it is customary to remove garbage at frequent intervals and before any putrefaction can take place. Where the Ribeirao Seixas discharges into the harbor, it has been the — 129 — practice, possibly for a number of years, to dump garbage and street unsanitary con- sweepings from the city, as well as the refuse from a tannery in the vicin- beMo Seixas. ity. The consequence is a large accumulation of filthy matter at a point where, some day, city improvements may extend. Although its removal from the densely populated districts has undoubtedly been an advantage, yet the accumulation so near the city and on territory which the city will occupy is objectionable, and this practice should be abandoned at once. It was supposed that in time the garbage would be decomposed a long time is and converted into its inorganic compounds. But this takes place only un- complete resoiu- der peculiar conditions and always requires a long time. Not very long ago to°its°mfnera1i^com- garbage accumulations were found in the outskirts of Rome which have ^°"" existed several centuries at least, and which were still undecomposed and very foul. In view of the above facts, we recommend the daily collection of gar- bage from the city, and its final disposal as will presently be described, collected daily. In the semi-tropical climate of Santos decomposition of dead organic matter is likely to begin within twenty-four hours, and a nuisance would be caused if the collection is made at less frequent intervals, partic- ularly from hotels, restaurants, and other places, where large quantities of waste matter are apt to accumulate. It is advised in many cities to separate the ashes from kitchen refuse and dust of the house so that their disposal may be better accomplished, as be^eparated°from ashes alone can be most economically used for filling low lands and for roads. ^^^® ™ Santos. The conditions prevailing in the city of Santos are not such as to make this separation necessary. In fact, we would recommend that all refuse of whatsoever kind, which cannot be removed by the sewers, be treated as garbage and collected and removed together and at the same time. Even street sweepings can be disposed of with the garbage, as they are also like- to belnciuded in ly to harbor germs of .disease deposited- from the air surrounding the habitations. The garbage should be deposited in special receptacles at every house, and collected in wagons on behalf of the municipality and removed to a cies^and'w?gons^' proper and safe place of disposal, which, as will presently be stated, can bt"^ provrM™"^ either be the ocean or a crematory. — I30 Description of garbage recep- tacles. Garbage casks to be exposed at stat- ed periods and places and kept clean. Wagons to be washed daily. Two methods of final disposal of garbage. At every building there should be a tight receptacle in which the gar- bage is daily placed and where it can await removal by the city authori- ties. These receptacles should be water tight casks, pails or buckets. It is best to make them of galvanized iron and provide them with suitable handles ; and if preferred also with a hinged cover. They should be of prop- er size to suit the amount of garbage likely to be delivered from each build- ing. At regular fixed hours of the day they should be placed at certain points easily accessible to the men who remove the garbage in the wagons. The receptacles should be kept clean by the house occupants, so as not to become offensive. On Plate XXVII is a sketch showing the manner in which these casks can be made. Wagons should pass through the streets of the city daily, at fixed hours, and collect the garbage fram these receptacles. They should be made thoroughly water tight and the top should be closed with hinged covers. After every discharge of the load at the dumping ground, they should be thoroughly washed and cleansed, so as to prevent ofifensiveness when passing through the streets of the city." They are best constructed of iron and on Plate XXVII a wagon, such as is used in American cities, is shown. It is simple and strong. The body is made of steel and with- out tail boards so that the load can be easily dumped. The position of the wagon is shown both when loaded and when dumped. The bottom is made of one piece of steel so as to give a smooth surface and a clean dis- charge of the contents. The final disposal of the garbage can be accomplished in the city of Santos in either of two ways, the selection of which we must leave to your authorities. They are both sufl&ciently effective and about of equal sanitary value. First : DUMPING INTO THE OCEAN. Dumping into the ocean. If it is preferred to dump the garbage into the ocean, it will be nec- essary to construct a wharf, upon which the wagons may bring the garbage and discharge it into scows, prepared for the specific object of being towed outside the harbor and there discharging the garbage into ocean currents. On page 27, when speaking of the ocean currents, certain practical con- — 131 — elusions were drawn with reference to the possible disposition of the city's garbage. These conclusions were, that from September to March, when the winds blow from a northerly direction, the garbage may be safely '^'"'^ ^o be consid- dropped into the sea south and west of the entrance to the Bay of Santos ! but from March to September, when the winds blow from a southerly di- rection, it may safely be discharged at a point above the eastern entrance to the harbor. By paying attention to these opportunities, the currents will carry all floating matter away from the harbor and not allow it to be washed upon the beaches near the city. Some of the matter dumped by the scows will drop to the bottom of the sea, some will float on the surface and the rest will be suspended in the water. Experience has shown that nearly all that which floats or is suspended will soon be eaten up by fish and other aquatic animals. Although a more simple scow than that which we recommend may be it is cheaper in the end to use tised, yet if new scows must be purchased, we do not consider that it will properly designed . . scows than to im- be economy for the city to procure any less good than the best which are provise ineffective ones. now elsewhere used for the purpose. An economical and efficient dump- ing scow is employed in several of the North American cities on the At" x^ ■ .• " J. ./ Description of lantic coast. It consists of t\yo strong half hulls or pontoons, secured to- ^'^o'^^- gether at each end and also in the middle, by heavy bridges hinged to their outside shell. The storage compartment is " V " shaped with the point at the bottom ; the fastenings at the three bridges or connections just mentioned are operated from one center wheel, and as soon as these fastenings are released, the load forces the pontoons apart and escapes at the bottom. Hereupon the emptied pontoons automatically close again and are ready for a new load. The pontoons move through an arc of about one-half of a quadrant. Second. CREMATION. If dumping into the ocean is, for economical reasons, not adopted by the municipal authorities, then a disposal by cremation is the only alterna- garba^^*^*"" °^ tive which we can recommend to you There are at the present time sev- eral furnaces in use both in England and the United States of North Ameri- ca which destroy garbage in a perfectly effectual and sanitary manner. 132 — The Fryer fur- nace. Garbage may supply its own fuel. The Fryer furnace, as used in England, has proved efficient and is de- scribed and illustrated among the pamphlets which accompany these docu- ments. The wagons are drawn up an inclined plane to the top of the fur- nace and there dump their contents, which are shoveled into the furnace when desired. While doing so, certain objects, which may have a special value, such as iron, may be picked out. There is a slight benefit in not separating ashes and other rubbish from organic matter, as the former fre- quently contain enough unburnt coal to supply some heat for burning. In fact, in the city of Southampton, England, no fuel whatever is added to the furnace, the dried organic matter and unburnt coal being sufiicient * to supply the fuel for consuming the garbage, and to produce sufficient utilization of the ^^^^ to generate steam. If the constitution of the Santos garbage is sim- makfng steam.""^ il^^) the heat might generate enough steam to partly operate the sewage pumping works. In the Fryer furnace the garbage is fed into large chutes and the waste gases led away through a chamber from which they pass either directly into the chimney or under a boiler where steam is generated. As the gratings are inclined, the garbage moves down as fast as it is burned and is converted into ashes which drop through the gratings. These furnaces have been made large enough to dispose of one hundred tons of garbage a day, each grate taking from two to five tons per day of twenty-four • hours. The En^le furnace, as used in the United States, is illustrated on Plate XXVII. The principle upon which it operates is as follows : The furnace is so constructed that the garbage or refuse to be burned is dumped on grate bars situated between two fires, with dampers so arranged, that the heat from the fire at one end of the furnace can be thrown over or under the refuse, the fumes and gases passing over the fire at the other end of the furnace, by means of which they are all destroyed and burned before escaping through the smoke stack. It is made in various sizes and is constructed in the following man- ner : The furnace is built of brick masonry lined with heavy blocks of fire brick, wedged and bonded together. The fire bars, upon which the refuse is dumped, extend between the two fire boxes, and are The Engle fur- nace. Method of con- struction. 133 — Draught. Furnace doors. placed about half way up the height of the furnace. The grate bars in i^i^ boxes, the fire boxes are placed at such a height that the heat from the first fur- nace can be made to pass over or under the grate bars upon which the refuse is dumped. The grate bars of the second fire box are placed lower so that the entire draught will pass through a second flue beneath the whole furnace, directly to the chimney. The fire bars upon which the garbage is dumped are made of fire brick and are dove-tailed together. The gar- bage is dumped upon the fire bars through circular holes in the top of the furnace. In the drawing shown upon Plate XXVII, two of these holes are twenty-four inches (6i centimeters), and the third is thirty-four inches (86 cm.) in diameter. These holes are covered by circular blocks of fire brick to which an iron handle is attached, by means of which they can be drawn away from the holes. The furnace is provided with doors for stoking the fires, turning over the garbage upon the fire bars, removing ashes and other refuse, and prop- er means for allowing the entrance of air to assist in the consumption of the garbage and gases. The brick work is thoroughly bonded and tied together by proper braces and tie rods. The manner of charging the furnace is as follows : the loaded wagons or carts are driven up an inclined road way and dumped directly upon a "^^ ^^^ furnace, platform sloping down to the top of the furnace. The covers of the dump holes are then drawn back and the garbage falls directly upon the fire bars. The fires are then controlled by means of the dampers, in such manner as to most expeditiously and satisfactorily consume the garbage. During the burning, it is frequently turned over with iron pokers. These furnaces will consume all classes of refuse. It may be found that the garbage and refuse of Santos will contain sufficient fuel to burn readily with, very little expense on the part of the city for fuel. It may also be found advisable to add a steam boiler to the garbage furnace, by means of which the heat from the combustion may be made to pass through the flues of the boiler to generate steam for the steam by garbage pumping station. This can be arranged as shown on Plate XXVII. """ng. A sketch is sfiven upon the same Plate, showing a convenient arrangfe- * -^ . . Reference to tbe ment of the grounds where the sewage pumping station and garbage ere- location of the matory may be located. Man n er of charg- tion. — 134 — Chemical reduc- There are also in use in the United States of North America, works for the reduction of garbage, where instead of burning the same, it is treated by chemicals, in such a manner that the grease is extracted therefrom, and the remaining dry organic matter is converted into poudrette/ We do not believe, however, that the process of reduction would be econom- ical in the city of Santos, as the value of the grease and poudrette would not pay a fair interest on the cost of the works. REGULATIONS FOR HOUSE OCCUPANTS. As it will be necessary to give the house occupants some instructions regarding proper receptacles • for the garbage, and for the placing of them at suitable points from which they can be taken and emptied bj?^ the collector, the following rules and regulations are appended. Printed copies should be furnished to every householder and the occupant should post them in the kitchen. Rules and Regulations Pertaining to the Collection of Garbage and Ashes, for the use of House Occupants. Owners or occupants of each house are required to provide a water-tight receptacle for the reception of garbage and wastes, which may either be a box, pail or barrel. It shall be of suificient size to receive, the daily amount of kitchen waste, sweepings, ashes, cut grass, waste paper and all other combustible waste matter which daily ac- cumulates on the premises. It shall be made of a material which is strong and light, preferably of galvanized iron, and provided with handles so that it can be lifted by one man, and it shall be subject to approval by the Municipal Department. These receptacles shall be placed by the residents in a position on the premises easily accessible to the collector. After being emptied by the collector they must be thorough- ly cleaned, and when leaking or in other ways defective, they must be renewed. Dish water and other matter containing water must not be deposited in the garbage receptacle. The collectors can refuse to collect the same if this provision is not observed. All dead animals must be reported to the proper Municipal Department, giving the exact location of the same. Any complaints regarding the collection or inattention on the part of the collector must be reported to the Department at once. The garbage will be collected daily between the hours of and XIV. STREET PAVING AND CLEANING. I. PRESENT PAVEMENTS Nearly all the streets of tiie populated part of tlie city of Santos are length of paved paved, aggregating about 19,000 lineal metres, as will be seen from Plate XXVIII, where the streets which are paved and the kind of pavement which is laid upon each, are indicated. The streets colored brown are Designation of paved with old cobble stones of irregular sizes, and their surface is ors. generally in very poor condition ; those colored green are fairly well paved with granite blocks ; and those colored yellow had their pavements constructed quite recently, in the months of July and August, 1893. In all, about 8000 lineal metres have old cobble stones, about 9000 lineal , Classified ' ' ^ lengths of streets. metres have old granite blocks and about 2000 lineal metres have new granite blocks. The granite block pavements are generally in a fair con- dition for trafi&c, whilst most the cobble stone pavements are so rough and streets^'*^'"" °^*^^ uneven in surface that traffic is much impeded and cleaning is very diffi- cult All pavements are underlaid by a few inches of sand. The streets vary much in width, ranging from about 5 metres in the older portions to 24 metres in the newer portions of the city. On nearly Cross-profiie of streets. all the streets too much crown is given for the requirements of city thoroughfares. It is not uncommon to find pavements about 8 metres wide having a crown of about two-tenths of a metre at the center. The form of the cross section usually employed is a flat circular arch dropping Defects of metal- iiiEr. suddenly to form the gutters, particularly where street car tracks are laid. Where two or more such car lines run parallel in a street, it is also the custom to slightly crown the pavement betwten the rails and between — 136 Defective gut- ters. Present curbs. General descrip- tion of various pavements. Definition of the word "pave- ment." Foundation of pavements. Relation of pave- ments to traffic. Various pave- ment surfaces. each set of tracks^ thus forming a surface from which it is not possible for the water to run off properly. The gutters at the sides of the road are formed by paving stones laid up to the edge of the sidewalk against the curb. In some places they have an even surface and grade and in others not ; in the latter case it is diflE- cult to keep them clean. Sometimes a curb is set along the edge of the sidewalk ; yet the more general practice is to use, as a substitute therefor, very heavy granite flagging for the sidewalks, and to let the paving stones abut directly against it and low enough to form a gutter. Most of the street corners have rounded curbs with a radius of one metre or more. After having described the existing pavements and their imperfections, we will now describe such pavements as we believe to be best suited for the conditions prevailing in Santos. There are several kinds of pavements which may be used in your city, namely, stone-block, asphalt, vitrified brick, macadam and gravel. Before describing the construction of these several kinds of pavements some remarks of a general nature should be made concerning them. A pavement consists of a wearing surface and of its foundation. The latter is the permanent part of the pavement and gives it stability by a substantial and unyielding support ; the former is that part which is ex- posed to the traffic and should be made suitable to its needs and be re- newed from time to time as it wears away. The foundation is formed of different material for different' pavements. It is generally made of concrete or beton in the case of asphalt, stone and brick pavements, and of broken stone for a macadam pavement ; gravel roads may have no separate foundation other than sand or the gravel itself. A pavement should have a wearing surface which is suitable for the traffic to which it is exposed ; therefore this may vary as the traffic varies. A hard and tough surface is necessary for a heavy traffic and is furnished either by stone blocks or rock asphalt ; a less hard and more easily disturbed surface, such as is furnished by rolled macadam and gravel, will answer for light or suburban traffic. The order of value with — 137 — respect to their durability is therefore : stone, asphalt, brick, macadam su^fo^es^as\*o°aurL and gravel. . ^''ity- Another requirement is smoothness of surface, by which the power ^g ^^ smooth- necessary for traction is much reduced and by which the pavement is °^®®' rendered noiseless and more agreeable for driving. The order of value of the pavements in this respect is asphalt, brick, macadam and stone. Still another desirable object is impermeability, which, however, depends ^^^^ .^ ermea- greatly upon the foundation and character of joints ; otherwise the order ^iiity. of preference is asphalt, brick, stone, macadam and gravel. It is an error to suppose that a pavement should be permeable. It is best not to have it so, because a better pavement can be made if it is practically water- Road metaling should be water tight ; and with a good drainage system, no need exists for ventilating tight, the ground through the pavement, as has been suggested. The surface of the roadway should be so shaped as to allow the water Road surface to flow off quickly into the gutters. It should not be sloped excessively so as to cause the vehicle to be much inclined when occupying one side of the roadway, and to allow the water running off to cause ruts on ma- cadamized or gravel roads. A good stone block pavement should have a ,.1...., .... r ■ ■ Transverse pro- cross-section which is obtained by an inclination oi i m 30 to i m 40, files. joined at the crown by a curve of about 18 or 20 metres radius. This form of cross-section allows water readily to drain off to the gutters and is not too steep on the sides for convenience of wagon trafi&c. Both macadam a.nd gravel roads should have a slightly greater inclination, but hot greater than I in 20. Where car tracks are laid in a street, the space between the rails and be- paving between tween the tracks should be so paved as to preserve the true shape of the general cross-section, in order that the rain water may readily run off from all portions of the street, instead of standing in pools between the rails. The least width of metaled surface on macadam or gravel roads, in such adIl^fzed°s^trlSs' parts of the city as are likely to get much travel, should be 20 feet. Upon Plate II will be found typical cross-sections for granite block Drawings of typ- pavements and for gravel roads, showing not only the shape, but also the construction of the same. The present prevailing custom in Santos is to do without curb stones. -138- infkTsanufs!""^^" ^^^^^ P^^^^ being taken by large projecting sidewalk stones. We see no objection to this system and in some respects it has advantages over the curb stones, as generally used in European and American cities. If curb stones are to be used in Santos they should be neatly dressed on the dadon^of curbs"""" ^°P ^^^ fsLce, and should have a depth of at least thirty centimetres below the gutter surface, and should rest upon a solid foundation to prevent future settlements due to a softening of the ground below the gutters. Forms of gutters. On streets paved with granite blocks the gutters merely consist of the natural depression at the side of the road, due to the crowning of the pavement and the elevation of the sidewalk or curb. On macadamized and gravel roads the gutters should be especially depressed, and either be paved with stone blocks to prevent scouring, or, if this is not deemed necessary, a curb should be set along each side of the gravel pavement to prevent its spreading, and ditches should be dug some distance out- side of each curb to be used as gutters. Gutters in level Ou Streets with flat grades the gutter should have a sufi&cient slope for the flow of the water, even if the sidewalk or top of the curb stones is level. In such a case, the gutter may start only eight or ten centimetres below the curb stone at the summit and be depressed to thirty or thirty- five centimetres at the inlet to the drain. Road founda- ^^^ roadways should have a substantial and unyielding bed so that the ' ^'•"^- paveuient may preserve the form of its surface. In most cases the natural soil will be sufficient to make the road bed. But if the material is found too Pre arin road ^°-^^ ^° ^^ Compacted by a roller, then gravel should be laid on until the foundations. roller cau be properly worked. If the soil should be loose sand, then it will be well to lay on a layer of loam or other suitable material, about two centimetres deep to act as a binding material. Mannerofdr in ^^ ^^ very important that the roadbed should be kept dry. This is done the road bed. jj^ .^g^ ground by providing means for the water to drain away. In clay and loamy ground, drains should therefore be laid on each side of the road and discharge into the nearest main drain, ditch or water course. In porous ground no drains are necessary. After the excavation has been made for the roadbed, it should be — 139 — trimmed up carefully and smoothly and then compacted by a heavy roller compacting the so that it constitutes a safe support for the foundation of the pavement. ground. The roller must be of such a pattern that it may be gradually loaded so as to make it weigh, at pleasure, from 3000 to 15,000 kilograms per lineal metre of roller length. After these general remarks we may now refer more particularly to the weigiit of roller, different kinds of pavement. 2. STONE BLOCK PAVEMENT. Form of blocks. This pavement consists of blocks of stone carefully dressed to a rec- tangular form and set upon a foundation which varies according to cir- cumstances. Where the traffic is neither heavy nor frequent a gravel foundation will answer ; otherwise broken stone or concrete should be Foundation, used To prepare for the foundation all earth should be removed to the proper depth and the bed carefully graded to the shape of the roadway earth foundation^, and rolled as above mentioned. In case the foundation is to be gravel, then this material is spread out ' '' ' " as one layer and rolled with a heavy roller, care being taken that the Gravel founda- tion. upper 5 centimetres are free from stones larger than those which would pass through a ring 7 centimetres in diameter. The depth of this gravel foundation may vary from 15 to 30 centimetres, according to the character of the roadbed. When broken stone is used for a foundation the material is spread Broken stone out in a layer of from 15 to 20 centimetres in thickness. It should con- sist of stones free from dirt and of a size to pass through a ring 7 cen- timetres in diameter. The stones should be thoroughly rolled with a heavy roller until fairly well compacted. Screenings should then be spread over the surface, thoroughly watered, and again rolled until a firm unyielding surface is obtained. When concrete is used, the surface should be shaped and rolled to ob- Concrete founda- . tion of uniform tain an even and regular surface. It is necessary to take special care m depth, thus preparing the support of the concrete, because otherwise the concrete may have an irregular thickness, which either wastes the material or may impair its strength. The concrete foundation — 140 — Thickness of sliould be 1 5 Centimetres thick. It sliould be made as elsewhere described foundation. in the general specifications, and its surface should be carefully shaped to the adopted cross section of the road, and rammed until water appears at the surface. It should be allowed to set at least 24 hours, before the block pavement is placed thereon. Whether the foundation is eravel, broken stone, or concrete, a layer of Uses of sand in o i ; > ./ foundation. saud should be spread out over it about 2 centimetres thick, to serve as a cushion for the blocks. The blocks are set upon this layer in parallel rows Paving of across the street and carefully rammed. At all street intersections the rows street intersections. -^ of blocks should be laid diagonally in such a manner as to give horses the surest foothold. This will be secured by laying them so as to form four triangles meeting at the centre of the street intersection, with the joints at 45 degrees to the axes of the street. The joints are filled to Size of gravel for withiu 3 centimetres of the top with screened gravel which has passed filling in joints. through a 7 millimetre mesh. This gravel is heated just before using, and after it has been swept into the ioints with a stiff broom, paving pitch Poiiriilg pitch in .... > x o 1 joints. that has been melted is run in until the joints are filled. Size of paving The size of the blocks which has been found by experience to be °'^ ^' most satisfactory as regards wearing qualities and ease of handling, is from 7 to II centimetres wide by i8 to 20 centimetres deep and 20 to 30 centimetres long. Stones of a greater width do not give as good a foothold to horses and therefore should not be used. Care should be taken Accuracy of form to have the stoues dressed accurately, so that the surface of the pavement will be smooth and so that the joints will not exceed 2 centimetres in width. 3. SHEET ASPHAI.T PAVEMENT. The pavement which to-day most nearly approaches an ideal pavement, asphaitpavements. is that formed of a layer of mineral asphalt laid upon a concrete founda- tion. This pavement gives the least resistance to trafiic, it is noiseless and can be most easily cleaned. Yet it is costly, and under certain con- ditions slippery. Another disadvantage is the fact that it cannot be used on heavy grades, and in warm climates it is apt to be worn into ruts by heavily loaded wagons,- particularly on narrow streets where the wheels take the same tracks, and also where street car tracks still more confine — 141 — the roadway. When the surface is not kept clean and wet mud is allowed ^eak points of to remain upon it, the pavement deteriorates. For these reasons we do ^^^ not recommend this pavement for the present streets of the city of Santos. It may, however, answer in the future on some of the streets which may lead to the Barra and which are to serve light travel. 4. BRICK PAVEMENT. Within the last few years brick pavements have been used to a con- Advantages of ^ brick pavement. siderable extent. They are made of bricks having a great degree of hard- ness and toughness. The advantage of this pavement is that its surface is smooth and sufficiently hard for light travel. We are not aware that there exists the proper kind of clay in the neighborhood of Santos from which these paving bricks may be made. But the existence of a rich clay in the neighborhood may make such an industry possible, and we therefore call attention to this kind of pavement. The bed must be prepared in the same manner as for other pavements, and requires to be carefully graded and rolled. Upon it a layer of road bed for brick sand is spread 2 to 3 centimetres in thickness. Next, a layer of hard burned common bricks is laid flat upon the sand, and rammed with wooden rammers weighing about 15 kilograms each. Then another layer of sand is spread, likewise 2 centimetres in thickness. Upon this finally the pav- ing bricks are laid on edge across the street in parallel rows with broken joints. Great care must be taken in selecting the bricks and in setting them to an even surface, otherwise the edges will chip. The bricks should be vitrified, and must be tough without being brittle. The upper layer of bricks is rammed with a wooden rammer weighing about 40 kilograms. In order to prevent a chipping of the bricks the blow is given upon a heavy plank, resting upon the pavement. Finally the j oints Grouting brick are filled with Portland cement grout mixed with not more than enough water to make it run easily, or poured with asphaltic cement. 5 MACADAM AND GRAVEI. PAVEMENTS. In these pavements the foundation rriay consist of large stones (Tel- Foundation ford), small stones (macadam) or gravel. In all cases the bed should be properly prepared to receive the material. 142 Macadam foun dation. Gravel roads. Size of stones. tioTi^^'^"'^'' founda- j-^ ^ Telford foundation the stones should be of large size, weighing from 5 to lo kilograms, and set closely together by hand with the largest flat surface down. The spaces should then be filled with wedge-shaped bits, pointing downward and packed solidly and evened up with smaller stone. The foundation is finally compacted and made solid by ramming or rolling, so that its thickness will range from 15 to 20 centimetres. In a macadam foundation a layer of broken stone of a uniform size that would pass through a 7 centimetre ring, is spread out evenly and thoroughly rolled four or five times. This layer may be from 8 to 15 centimetres thick according to circumstances. In a gravel road either gravel or crushed rock, or similar material hav- ing stones not exceeding 10 centimetres in their greatest diameter, is spread out in a layer from 15 to 20 centimetres thick and thoroughly watered and rolled to form a compact mass. The wearing surface of the macadam and gravel roads may be formed of either broken stone or gravel, which has a high degree of hardness and toughness. The size of the stones should be such as to allow them to pass through a 6 centimetre ring. Angular stones will make a more compact road than round ones. Their average diameter when used for the surfacing should never exceed that of the foundation course. The depth of the material of the covering surface should be from 5 to 10 cen- timetres according to its being respectively composed of fine or coarse material. As the centre of the road is traveled more than the sides, it should have a greater thickness of wearing surface, of from 3 to 5 centi- metres, according to the depth of the metaling and intensity of traflBc. finishing^coursris The surfacc should again be thoroughly rolled by suitable rollers, to the shape of the prescribed cross-section. When about half completed, fine Finishing course, gravel, SEud or Screenings, with no stones larger than 5 millimetres in diameter, should be evenly spread upon the surface not more than 20 millimetres in depth. When the fine material contains no loam or other binding material, such should be added, and thoroughly mixed with it, preferably by means of watering. This surface layer should not be added at once, but in several applications while rolling is continued, so that the inter-spaces become thoroughly filled. Concurrently with the Thickening at the crown. — 143 — rolling the surface should be well- watered to facilitate the compacting and both rolling and watering should continue until the dust, sand and smaller stones are worked into the spaces and the stones are firmly bound together and form a hard and smooth wearing surface. Macadam and gravel roads should never be compacted simply by passing Road consoiida- * ^ r J J r to ^^^^ ^^ ^,g effected teams and general traffic. The wear and tear upon horses and vehicles is by rollers, not by . . . . traflSc. great while passing over loose stones, the surface is apt to wear into ruts and always becomes quite uneven. Rolling with suitable rollers is the only proper method to compact the surface. Fine gravel more than 3 centimetres in depth does not make a good ^^^^1^%^^ „£ road, if the travel is occasionally heavy, because the small stones crush '^°^'^- and spread, and the surface wears into ruts, which makes it uneven and muddy. Gravel roads are not to be recommended for those streets upon which a where to build great amount of hauling is to be done. Therefore they should be confined to ^^""^ the suburbs. Their first cost is small, and for this reason they are pre- ferred for such territory. But if properly maintained they often cost as Gravel roads are cheaper than ma- much as macadam roads which are better. As there is an abundance of cadam. gravel of good quality in the neighborhood of Santos, we however recom- mend the use of this material for the construction of gravel roads in the suburbs of the city. When well built and drained they give good satis- faction as to wear and also fulfill hygienic conditions. In the city proper it will be advisable to change the grade of certain Required clia.iififcs of street streets, since to do this will be cheaper than to lower the entire system of grades, sewers a large fraction of a metre. It. will also be necessary to change the grade of street intersections at different points in the city, as indi- cated upon Plate XIX, in order to properly conduct the surface water of the streets to the inlets leading to the drains. This will be cheaper and more satisfactory than to extend the system of drains, which as outlined in these improvements is quite extensive. 6. CI.KANING AND STREET MAINTENANCE. It remains now to point out the salient facts regarding the maintenance of streets. Little need be said about repairs except that it is economical pairing streets.' Economy of re- ■144 — Frequent exam- ination of surface. Importance of clean streets. Street cleaning a simple matter. Sweeping ma- chines. Hand sweeping in narrow streets. Efficient clean- ing dependent on organization. Permanent labor- ers become effi- cient. City districts for cleaning. Duties of clean- ing force. to keep the pavements in good order by at once repairing small defects or irregularities as they become apparent, rather than neglect them until they are large. This operation is amply repaid, particularly with the brick, macadam and gravel roads, which should be continually looked over and slight defects remedied. It is then done quicker and at less cost than after holes have been worn and extensive replacements of material are necessary. The better and smoother the pavements are, the less is the cost of keeping them clean. To have clean streets is a very important sanitary requirement in a city where, there is much traffic and where the dust can be blown into the air to pollute it and thus endanger the health of the inhabitants. Even in northern and colder cities, it is beginning to be recognized that the absence of proper street cleaning is a cause for the distribution of infectious disease. The warmer climate of Santos must increase this danger materially. The technical details of street cleaning are comparatively simple and require no extensive knowledge of engineering or other science. There are in use to-day various sweeping machines, which in large cities greatly facilitate and economize the work. In the narrow streets of Santos, how- ever, we believe that the present system, namely that of hand labor, is the more effective and economical one for the city to practice. Outside of this conclusion we consider the problem of street cleaning to be one mainly of organization and judicious employment of bodies of laboring men who are familiar with their duties. The best experience with reference to organization points to the advisability of employing per- manently a sufficient number of men and carts to do all the routine work, and of employing extra men temporarily in cases of emergency. The permanent force of men, from year to year becomes more efficient and able to do its work economically. The city, if desired, might be divided into two or three districts, with a foreman placed in charge of each, and made responsible for the condition of the streets in his district. This will excite competition and with an efficient general officer may ac- complish excellent results. The permanent force should be employed to sweep the streets and to heap the sweepings in small piles along the gut- — 145 — ters to await removal by the cart men. The collection and removal, how- Contract for -^ ' collection and re- ever, can be done more economically in large cities by contract, the carts povai of sweep- being required to follow the cleaners without delay. The present practice is to do all the sweeping, collecting and removing Present practice by contract. As the results appear to have been satisfactory, there seems factory, to be no justification at the present time in recommending a change in ... Intelligent super- this system. In all cases, however, there must be an intelligent organi- vision and compe- tent labor are in- zation of competent persons to take charge of the cleaning of the streets, dispeiisabie. In order to lay the dust it is a matter of much sanitary importance to sprinkling a have the streets damp when the sweeping is done. Unless there has been ^^■^^^^''y necessity, a recent rain, the streets should therefore receive a sprinkling of water immediately before sweeping. The maintenance of a moist surface on streets having considerable Advantages of a travel and which are liable to create much dust, is likewise important, moist street sur- as the winds may carry the dust into the buildings, and not only cause injury to merchandise and household goods, but scatter disease germs about the city. The practice of having open urinals at the sidewalks must be dis- ^ . , , ^ o 1 open urinals and continued; until this nuisance is abated, the street gutters should be £°"i g""ers to be ' ) £> flushed until they daily flushed from the hydrants of the city's water supply to prevent a ^'^^ properly im- continuance of the foulness in the gutters. Experience has indicated that in order to preserve the proper sanitary Condition of the street surfaces, the pavements in the most frequented cleaning, streets should be cleaned every day, the early morning hours when the traffic is lightest being the best time. The pavements in the most popu- lated residence districts should be cleaned as often as necessary during each week. Macadam and gravel roads need frequent sprinkling in popu- cleaning and re- lated districts ; but the cleaning should be done in connection with re- pairing their more easily disturbed surfaces. They should be examined for repairs and cleaning at least once a week. The best disposition of the street sweepings depends upon their con- Disposal of stituent parts. If they are almost wholly manure then they have a cer- sweepings, tain value for neighboring farms. But if this is not the case then the only proper disposition is to remove and destroy them in the same manner as — 146 — Street sweepings garbage, as described elsewhere in this report. Owing to the large filling. amount of organic matter contained in the street sweepings they should not be used for filling in low grounds upon which buildings may eventually be located, as they will cause an unsanitary condition in the soil. Requirements of The carts which are used to remove the street sweepings are best made cleaning. i^ the Same manner and according to the same pattern as those recom- mended for the removal of garbage, unless the, sweepings can be sold. In that case the carts should have a tight fitting cover, so as to prevent the wind from blowing the dust into' the air. If disposed of in the same manner as the garbage, then the sweepings and garbage may be collected in the same carts and at the same time. SPECIFICATIONS. MEANING AND INTENT OF THE SPECIFICATIONS. The object of the following specifications is to place the Government in possession of such facts and safeguards related to the nature of the work to be undertaken, as may give a comprehensive view of the entire question under consideration, and enable it to meet the eventualities that are sure to arise both in the field and at the office of the Engineer as the work progresses, and modifications or changes of methods become imperative. We have also endeavored to establish such relations between the parties to any con- tract as in the light of experience may lead to efficient methods of construction and proper co-ordination of the rights of the persons concerned, so as to avoid litigations or misunderstandings. The work of making the compilation which follows, has been difficult, both as to the choice of matter, and as to its classification. No pains have been spared to make it u.seful ; yet it must be said that the specifications are not to be interpreted or used with- out the discrimination which a competent Engineer must give them to make them effective in the cases to which they may be applied. Even when applicable, occa- sions will arise that may demand their modification to suit newly discovered or unex- pected conditions. It may be found even, that the materials and mode of construction of some kinds of work may demand opposite treatment under certain conditions. Thus, for example, the general specifications state that grouting is not advisable ; and yet, its use is specially prescribed in other specifications. In order to avoid repetition and to facilitate their use, the specifications have been sub- divided into four groups, from which the Engineer may choose what in his judgment may be necessary for covering the objects of any required partial contract. Full mar- ginal notes are furnished to expedite this choice. The first group contains such legal clauses as usually define the powers, restric- tions, or relations of the contracting parties. Our lack of acquaintance with Brazilian legislation in these matters forces us to disclaim any desire to substitute our legal forms for others that may be usual and proper in Brazil. We offer them as suggestive, for the sake of completeness, or as a body of references that may be modified or omitted altogether by the substitution of suitable Brazilian forms. The second group contains only specifications of a general technical nature, which are likely to be common to many of the various contracts into which the entire scheme of sanitation may be subdivided. It is probable that some portions of these specifica- tions will be used in all of the contracts that may be let ; and other portions may be utilized to edit the specifications of a few of them only, being either unnecessary, in- 2 MEANING AND INTENT OF THE SPECIFICATIONS. applicable or contradictory in some cases. Yet, the Engineer will have no difficulty in making the proper selection, modifications, or additions that may be required. The third group of specifications aims to provide, specifically, for the concrete re- quirements of each one of the component parts of the scheme of sanitation. Thus, Quarantine, Habitations, Water Supply, Sewerage, Drainage, Garbage Disposal, Street Paving, Street Cleaning, and Street Sprinkling, are each treated separately, and as fully as seemed to us necessary to insure good workmanship and efficiency for their respective purposes. Finally, the usual forms of proposals are appended hoping that they may be found useful or suggestive. LEGAL FORMS. A. CONTRACT. ArticIvES of Agreement. This agreement, made and entered into this day of i8 , by contracting and between as party of the first part, and a firm parties. composed of contracting parties, as party of the second part, WITNESSETH : That the said party of the second part, for and in consideration of the promises, covenants and agreements of the said party of the first part hereinafter jjjgj,^"^'^^ agree- made and contained, for heirs, administrators and assigns, hereby covenants, promises and agrees, to and with the said party of the first part that the said party of the second part, shall and will furni.sh at his own cost and expen.se, all the materials and do all the work, of whatever kind nece,ssary, to construct and complete in a good, substantial and workmanlike manner, and ready for use, all the work to be done under this contract, a detailed list and exhibit of which is to be found at the end of this agreement. The said party of the second part further agrees that all labor, materials and methods shall be in strict accordance with the specifications bound herewith and made part hereof, a copy of which, together with the plans, are on file in the office of for the , as well as in accordance with such plans explanatory of said specifi- cations as may from time to time be made by the Engineer. Wherever the word Engineer is used herein," it shall be and is mutually understood to j. r- •,• ^ .. refer to and to his properly authorized agents, limited by the word Engineer, particular duties entrusted to them. Wherever the word Contractor is used herein, it shall be and is mutually understood Definition of the to refer to the party or parties contracting to perform the work to be done under this word Contractor. contract, or the legal representative of such party or parties. The said party of the second part further covenant and agree that said work shall be ^^ ^ .,'. ,^ r , ■ ^ Date of com- commenced withm days from the date of this agreement. The work shall be mencemeut and constantly and vigorously prosecuted, and shall be fully completed in conformity with completion of the specifications, the written and verbal orders and directions of the Engineer and to his entire satisfaction, on or before the day of , i8 . The work embraced in these specifications shall be commenced at the different times , . , , . , Lommencement to be named m the contract, and carried on regularly and uninterruptedly thereafter, of work, rate of unless the Engineer shall otherwise specially direct, and with such a force as to insure P^'og^^ss, etc. its entire completion within the time named in the contract. As the time of beginning. A.—CONTRACT. Penalty for de- lay. Contract may be cancelled, etc. Bond saving the city harmless. The Engineer may proceed with the work at the Contractor's cost in certain contingen- cies. Expenses charged to Con- tractor. rate of progres.s and time of completion, are es.sential conditions of the contract to he made hereunder, and if the Contractor shall fail to complete the work by the time or times specified, the sum of per day for each and every day thereafter until such completion, shall be deducted as liquidated damages, from the moneys payable under this contract, the Contractor waiving hereby any right that for any reason may exist in any law bearing on the nature of this penalty. And if the Contractor shall assign this contract, or abandon the work, or shall neglect or refuse to comply with the instructions of the Engineer relative thereto, or shall fail in any manner to comply with the specifications or stipulations herein contained, the party of the first part shall have the right to annul and cancel his contract, and to re-let the work or any part thereof ; and such annulment shall not entitle the Contractor to any claim for damages or for loss of anticipated profits on account thereof, nor shall it affect the right of the party of the first part to recover damages from the Contractor which may arise from such failure. The Contractor further agrees that he will execute a bond in such sum and with such securities as shall be approved by the party of the first part, for the faithful performance of this contract. The Contractor hereby further agrees that so much of the money due to him, under and by virtue of this agreement, as shall be considered necessary by the Engineer, may be retained by the party of the first part until all suits for claims or damages shall have been settled and evidence to that efiect satisfactorily furnished. The Contractor hereby further agrees, that if in the opinion of the Engineer, the .sev- eral works or any portion thereof are not being done in accordance with the terms, all and several, of this contract, or are not proceeding at a rate which will in.sure the com- pletion of the several parts thereof, and of the whole of the same, in the same manner and with such materials, and in such quantities and at such dates, as are here expres.sed in this contract and specification, then it shall be lawful for the Engineer to proceed forthwith, and cau.se to be executed, all said works .so improperly performed. For this purpose he shall supply new materials for tho.se which are of improper quality, or use such plant, tools or materials as may be found on the works, and employ such additional men as he may deem necessary, by 'day work' or otherwise, to properly carry forward the work. If after three days' notice in writing to the Contractor, the said Contractor shall fail or refuse to replace such faulty work or materials, or to supply such additional labor or materials as above mentioned, the party of the first part shall have the right to forcibly expel the Contractor and proceed to complete the said works at the sole charge and ex- pense of the said Contractor, without prejudice to the rights of the party of the first part to recover damages from the Contractor for breach of this contract. The right of the party of the first part to take possession of the work shall include its right to take pos.seSsion of the entire plant of the Contractor. The Contractor shall not remove any portion of the plant after receiving the three days' notice. And it is agreed that all cost and expenses of said labor and materials shall be charged to the Contractor, and deducted from such moneys as may be then due or may after- wards become due to him under and by virtue of his contract. In case such expense is less than the sum which would have been payable under his contract, if the same had been completed by the Contractor, then the said Contractor shall be entitled to receive the difference ; and in case said expen,se is greater, then the said Contractor shall pay the amount of the excess. A.— CONTRACT. 3 Kach and every of the terms, conditions and stipulations of the specifications and Advertisement proposal bound herewith, shall be and are hereby made a part of this agreement as proposal part of though the same were specifically written herein. this agreement. It is hereby mutually agreed that the drawings, plans, profiles and specifications on . file in the office of the Engineer, and all plans which may be made by the Engineer of specifications and ' an explanatory character subsequent to the date of this contract, relating to the work directions of the herein contemplated as showing more particularly the details of the work to be done, UnCTparts of con- are, and are to be held to be, controlling parts of this contract. tract. The Contractor hereby agrees that the Engineer shall decide as to the meaning and _ . ^ . . , ° Engmeertoin- intent of any portion of the foregoing specification, or of the plans, where the same may terpret the specifi- be found ob,scure or be in dispute ; and he shall have the right to correct any errors or cations, plans, etc. omissions therein, when such corrections are necessary to tiie proper fulfillment of the intention of said specification or plans ; the action of such correction to date from the time that the Engineer gives due notice thereof. The party of the The risfht is especially reserved to the party of the first part at any time to order the ?''^' P^""*^ ""^7 . ■ • r ■ r •, iiri i. T ■ increasc or dinnn- omis.sion of any portion of the work or materials called for l)y the plans, specifications ish or alter the and proposals, or to order any addition thereto, the price for such work being deducted work, or paid according to the quantity actually omitted or added, as the ca.se may be, and at , ""ce to be paid the price or prices stipulated for such work in the contract ; and the party of the first above, part may al.so make any alterations whatsoever in the nature of the work or materials Written agree- called for therein, provided that the orders to make the changes be in writing, and the ^ijaiiges amount of compensation to be added to, or to be deducted from the contract price for Engineer to set- such addition, omission or alteration, shall be determined by a written agreement be- tie prices in the tween the Contractor and the party of the first part, before said alterations, omissions or ment. additions are made ; and in case they shall fail to agree upon the amount to be so added Changesas above or deducted, then the amount shall be determined bv the Engineer, whose decision in do not annul or , ' , ,_,,,.,. ,' , . _ . , , violate this con- writing shall be accepted as final and binding upon both parties. It is expressly agreed tract, or give rise and understood that such alteration, omi,ssion or addition shall not in any way violate to claims for dam- or annul any contract that may be made under these specifications ; and the Contractor p , 1^ hereby agrees not to claim or bring suit for damages, whether by the loss of profits or mentioned in the otherwise on account of not being allowed to do said work or furnish said materials, estimates, to be . . , , . paid by Engineer's The Contractor shall also do such extra work in connection with his contract as the esiimate. party of the first part may especially direct. No extras of any kind will be allowed. All extra work unless ordered in writing by the Engineer, and the price agreed upon in advance ; and '""f* ^^ ^eviously all claims for extra labor or materials, or for any other matter or things for which the ing and a price Contractor may consider himself entitled to extra remuneration, must be made in writ- agreed upon, m- - • , 1 , . eluding labor, ma- ing before the extra labor and materials are lurnished, or at the time the damages oc- terials, etc. curred or the cause for the claim arose ; and no claim will be considered which has not Claims of any been so presented to the Engineer. Such claims must be presented as soon as the cause ed'before^the'^work for them appears, and before the final scceptance of the work. is accepted. The Contractor further agrees to give his personal attention to the fulfillment of this Contractor re- contract, and that he will not sub-let, assign or transfer it, by attorney or otherwise, or sub- q^^'^d to give his ., , ,-,,,. - ., , personal attention let any part of the work except only tor the delivery ot materials, to any other person, or to the work. jn any way to abridge the terms of this contract and the specification, without the con- Contract not to .sent of the party of the first part in writing endorsed hereon ; and further agrees that be assigned or sub- this contract shall be utterly void if a:ny person employed in any official capacity by the sent. A.— CONTRACT. Assignment. Contractor not released from re- sponsibility by sub- con tractors. Penalties for fail- ure of sub-contrac- tor to perform work, etc. Work may be stopped on lo days notice. On complaint work may be ex- amined into. Cost of the ex- aminations. Materials piled up compactly. Rights reserved to construct sewers or other works in the streets. Work may be suspended without extra compensa- tion to the contrac- tor. Expense of re- movingcondemned material, charged to contractor in the case of his neg- lect, etc. Failure to con- demn inferior work or material is no proof of their ac- ceptance. party of the first part is, or becomes, directly or indirectly interested therein. He .shall not assign by power of attorney or otherwise any of the moneys payable under this contract. No sub-contract shall under any circumstances relieve the Contractor of his liabilities and obligations under his contract ; should any sub-contractor fail to perform the work undertaken by him in a satisfactory manner, and should this provision be violated, the party of the first part may at their option end and terminate such contract. On ten day's notice, the work under this contract may, without cost or claims against the party of the first part, be suspended by them, for want of funds or for other sub- stantial cause. When on complaint and proper evidence of any resident tax payer, the work is being done contrary to contract, or the work or material used is imperfect or different from what was stipulated to be furnished or done, the party of the first part shall examine into the complaint, and may appoint two or more competent persons to examine and report on said work ; after such examination or after considering the report of said persons, the party of the first part shall make such order in the premises as shall be just and reasonable, and what the public interests demand ; such decision shall be binding on all parties, and the cost of the same shall be borne by tlie Contractor if such com- plaint is decided to be well founded. When the party of the first part shall order the work to be resumed, the Contractor shall complete the same upon the terms and con- ditions of this contract. Upon receipt by the Contractor of the order for the suspension of the work, all tlie materials shall be piled up compactly, so as not to impede the travel on the sidewalk or carriageway, or the use of the fire plugs, gas, and water stops, and all surplus material and rubbish shall be removed immediately from the street. The right to lay any water, gas or other mains or conduits, and to construct any sew- ers, sewer connections, catch-basins, culverts, to adjust any manhole, to reset or renew any frame or heads for sewer manholes or water, gas or other stop cocks or pipes in said streets, and to grant penni.ssion for house connections with sewer, gas, or water pipes or other conduits, and to grant permission to remove all car tracks, ties, stringers, etc., to enter upon and construct a new line of car tracks together with all appurtenances, at any time prior to the commencement of the work on the line of the same, is expressly reserved by the party of the first part, who al.so reserve the right to suspend the work under this contract or any part thereof at any time during the carrying out of the same, for the purpo.ses above stated, without extra compensation to the Contractor for such suspension, other than extending the time for the completion as much as it may have been delayed by said su.spension. The Contractor shall not interfere with or place impediments in the way of any per- son or persons properly authorized by the party of the first part who may be engaged in the prosecution of the above .specified work. In case the Contractor shall neglect or refuse to remove or replace any rejected work or material, after a written notice, within the time designated by the Engineer, such work or material .shall be removed or replaced by the Engineer at the Contractor's ex- pense. Failure or neglect on the part of the Engineer or any of his authorized agents to con- demn or reject bad or inferior work or materials, .shall not be construed to imply an ac- ceptance of such work or materials if it becomes evident at any time prior to the final acceptance of the work and release of the Contractor by the party of the first part • A.~CONTRACT. 5 neither shall it be construed as barring the party of the first part, at any subsequent time, from the recovery of damages or of such a sura of money as may be needed to build anew all portions of the work in which fraud was practiced or improper material hidden, whenever found. This contract shall include any and all work that may be necessary to connect the connecrw^wo°rk work done with the adjoining work in a reasonable manner, as may be determined by with adjoining the Engineer. ""^o"^^- Any work or material not herein specified and necessary to fully complete the im- Contractor to ful- provements in a workmanlike manner and to protect them, which may be fairly implied, fill, or supply all or which the Engineer shall judge is necessary and properly so implied, shall be done by ^-^ater^U^^ml- the Contractor without ex4ra charge. neuvres. The Contractor will be held responsible for any damage done to the water, gas, sewer, Contractor re- and other conduits in addition to the penalty prescribed by law, which may be occasioned sponsible for dam- through the operations of himself or any of his employees. During the progress of the work the Contractor shall keep free and unobstructed any railway along the line of improvement, keeping all .stones, wagons, materials, and all k truct^d fo*^ r°il- obstructions whatever, away from the track of such railway, so that cars may be run way traffic, along the same, and said railway used in its customary manner, without hindrance. The Contractor shall not be entitled to any claims for damages for any hindrance or No claims for delay from any cause whatever in the progress of the work, or any portion thereof, but damages on ac- . 1 , . 1 . , ■ 1 ^ 1 a . J r^ , count of delay, said hmdrance may entitle said Contractor to such an extension ol time tor completing the contract, as may be determined by the Engineer, provided, he shall have given no- tice in writing, of the cause of the detention. The Contractor agrees that he will sustain all losses or damages arising from the ac- Contractor to tion of the elements, the nature of the work to be done under the specifications, or from sustain all losses or any unforeseen obstructions or incumbrances on the line of the work, which may be en- ^''^^S^^- countered in the pro.secution of the same. The Contractor must not violate any of the City Ordinances and must obtain from the fiie Contractor proper authorities all permits for using water and interrupting in part the use of streets and City Ordi- or places ; and in every case he will be held re.sponsible for any damages due to careless- "^°'^^®' ness of himself, or his workmen from whatever cause, and must not exceed the privi- leges granted in said permits or under the specifications for each case under his contract. The said party of the second part shall save and hold harmless the said party of the Party of first first part from any and all damages, cost and expense of every kind, character and na- part indemnified, ture whatsoever, accruing upon or about said works, or in con.sequence of the same being done or constructed, for the payment of which the said party of the first part may become liable whether the same is occasioned by the negligence of the said party of the second part or otherwi.se. All fees for any patented invention, article, or arrangements that may be used upon or in any manner connected with the construction, erection or maintenance of the work, ^^^® ^°^ ^P? or any part thereof embraced in these specifications, shall be included in the price men- etc., to be included tioned in the contract, and the Contractor shall protect and hold harmless the party of ^" contract prices, the first part against any and all demands for such fees or claims, and before the final payment or settlement is made on account of the contract, the Contractor must furnish acceptable proof of a proper and satisfactory release from all such claims. The Contractor further agrees that he will furni,sh the City with satisfactory evidence A.— CONTRACT. Proof of free- dom from claims. Repairs, and re- tention of money for the same. Engineer's meas- urements final and conclusive. Payments con- ditional. Approximate monthly estimates. Monthly pay- ments. Only when the work progresses. Partial pay- ments. Payments by sections as com- pleted. that all persons who have done work or furnished materials under this agreement, and are entitled to a lien therefor under any law of the State of Sao Paulo, have been fully paid or are no longer entitled to such lien ; and in case such evidence be not furnished as aforesaid, such amount as the Engineer may consider necessary to meet the lawful claims of the persons aforesaid, shall be deducted from the moneys due the Contractor under this agreement, and shall not be allowed until the liabilities aforesaid may be fully discharged, and the evidence thereof furnished. The Contractor hereby further agrees to make all the needed repairs on the line of the work during a period of months alter its final completion ; and hereby fur- ther agrees that the party of the first part, is authorized to retain out of the moneys payable, or to become payable, to him, under this agreement, -the sum of five per cent, on the amount of the contract, and to expend the same, or so much thereof as may be required, in making the aforesaid repairs to the satisfaction of the Engineer, if within three days after the delivery or mailing of a notice in writing to the Contractor, or his agent or attorney, he or they shall neglect to make the aforesaid needed repairs; and hereby further agrees to be respon.sible for any accident that may occur on account of the defective condition of the work. It shall be understood and agreed by the parties hereto, that the measurements shall be taken after the completion of the work, and the estimate of the Engineer shall be final and conclusive evidence of the amount of work performed by the Contractor under and by virtue of this agreement, and shall be taken as the full measure of compensation to be received by- the Contractor. The aforesaid estimates shall be based upon the con- tract prices for the furnishing of all the different materials and labor, and the perform- ance of all the work mentioned in this specification and agreement, and when there may be any ambiguity therein, the Engineer's instructions shall be considered explanatory, and shall be of binding force. The Contractor hereby further agrees that he shall not be entitled to demand or re- ceive payment except in the manner set forth in this agreement ; and further agrees, that the payment of the final amount due under this contract, and payment of the bill ren- dered for work done and materials furnished in accordance with any alterations of the same, shall release the party of the first part from any and all claims or liabilities on account of work performed and materials furnished under said contract, or any alteration thereof. It is mutually agreed by the parties to this contract, that on or before the of each month, approximate estimates of the work done and accepted shall be made by the En- gineer, and eighty per cent, of the value thereof be certified by the said Engineer, who shall transmit the same to the party of the first part for payment. But it is expre.ssly understood that such estimates shall be made only when the work progresses in accord- ance with the provisions of this contract and specification. Partial payments will be made for completed work to the value of not less than reis at one time. Payments will be made section by section as each one may be completed by the Con- tractor, to the amount of eighty per cent, of the contract price, on the estimate of the Engineer. It is further mutually agreed, that whenever this contract, in the opinion of the En- gineer, shall be completely performed on the part of the Contractor, the Engineer shall A.— CONTRACT. 7 proceed with all reasonable diligence to measure up the work, and shall make out the Engineer to final estimates for the same and shall certify the same. The party of the first part will mate^on cotnple- then, excepting for the cause herein specified, pay to the Contractor, within days tion. after the execution of said certificate the balance which shall be found to be due, except- ing therefrom such sum or sums as may be lawfully retained under any of the provisions of this contract : Provided that nothing herein contained shall be construed to affect the right hereby reserved, to reject the whole or any portion of the aforesaid work, should j^ates"^"^^"^ ^'''**' the said certificate be found or known to be inconsistent with the terms of this agree- ment, or otherwise improperly given. It is hereby expressly understood that the party of the first part shall not be precluded No preclusion or or estopped by any estimate, return or certificate made or given by the Engineer or other aiiy^sdmate or officer of the party of the first part, from at any time ascertaining and showing the true certificate, and correct amount and character of the work which shall have been done, and mate- rials which shall have been furnished by the Contractor or any other person under this agreement. It is hereby understood and agreed by and between the parties to this contract, that Estimates ap- the prices and amounts to be paid under said contract shall be computed from the quan- proximate only, titles of work and materials which shall be furnished and done, as the final measurements of the work shall determine ; the monthly estimates presented being but approximate ; and that no claims growing out of misconception of the quantities or kinds of work, or of any errors in the approximate statements of them, in the monthly estimates, are to be made, or be allowed or considered valid. The Contractor shall keep and maintain in good order and condition, \Here fill in the description of the works which are covered by the guarantee. 1 Description of ^ ' I- J ^ i J works covered by for the period of years from and after the completion and acceptance of the guarantee, same, and shall also propose in his bid an agreement to keep the in repair for an additional term of years and to turn over to the party of the first part at the end of this additional term in good order and condition. This keeping and „ . , , ■ .,,-,, ■ ., • r 1 • 1 1 -11?, To include mamtenance shall include repairs, the necessity or which may be occasioned by faulty repairs. material or workmanship, or any other cause whatever ; provided, however, that when a pavement has been removed for the purpose of laying or repairing any gas, water, sewer or other pipe or conduits by parties acting under permits issued by the party of the first part, the Contractor when required to do so, shall make such repairs at a price not to exceed the original price, plus per cent. The party of the first part, for the purpose of securing the performance of the keeping and maintenance of in good order and condition, on the completion of the entire work, will require the Con- tractor to execute a good and sufficient bond in an amount of per cent, of the contract, and with approved sureties for faithful performance of this contract. If the Contractor shall not within days after notice from the Engineer or other proper officer, proceed to make such repairs as are herein agreed to be made, the Engineer may immediately cause the repairs to be made, and charge the cost thereof to the Contractor, executel^ond*" with per cent, added ; which additional charge of per cent, when made as aforesaid, it is hereby agreed shall be considered as liquidated damages for such neg- lect of the Contractor. The party of the first part, for and in consideration of the fulfillment of this contract, according to its terms, by the party of the second part, hereby agrees to pay, or cause 8 A.— CONTRACT. to be paid, to the said party of the second part, the following prices in full for furnishing all materials and labor required under this contract, to wit : \Here insert a detailed list of the prices for the various kind of works contemplated in this contract. '^ In Witness Whereof, the parties to this contract have hereunto set their hands, the day and year first above written. The party of the first part, by The party of the second part I Signed in the presence of LEGAL FORMS. FORM OF SURETY BOND. Know all Men by these Presents, That we are held and firmly bound unto (The proper authorities.) in the penal sum of lawful money of the United States of Brazil, to be paid to the said (The proper authorities-) its successors and assigns, for which payment well and truly to be made, we bind ourselves, our heirs, executors and administrators, jointly and severally, firmly by these presents. Sealed with our seals, and dated the day of A. D. one thousand eight hundred and Whereas, The said. ha entered into a contract with (The proper authorities.) bearing date the day of A. D. one thousand eight hundred and and annexed hereto. Now the condition of this obligation is such, that if the said shall well and truly keep and perform all the terms and conditions of the said contract on part to be kept and performed, and indemnify and save harmless the said (The proper authorities.) and all of their officers, as therein stipulated, then this obligation shall be of no effect ; otherwise it shall remain in full force and virtue. [SealJ [Seal] [SealJ [Seal] Signed and sealed in \ the presence of ) LEGAL FORMS. c. DECLARATION OF BONDSMEN. The undersigned, each for himself, doth declare and afiSrm that he is a resident as respectively stated above, and is worth the sum of reis over and above all his debts and liabilities, and property by law exempt from execution. Signed, Witness : GENERAL TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS. The entire work shall be done under and in accordance with the directions of the The Engineer can Engineer, or some person authorized by him, limited by the particular duties thus en- fj^^^^^^^t Umited trusted to him. The work shall be commenced and carried on at such points, and in to particular duty, such order of precedence, and at such times and seasons, as may from time to time be Order of work, directed by the Engineer. The dimensions and location of all parts of the work shall be in accordance with the specifications, drawings and plans. All slopes and alignments shall be as required by the drawings and plans or as staked out by the Engineer. The plans referred to are not necessarily those submitted before letting the contracts. There will be need, in many cases, to prepare detailed plans carefully adjusted to the features of the ground or conditions of the case, and the plans referred to in the specifi- cations shall include such subsequent plans. All necessary lines and levels will be given by the Engineer, and the Contractor shall xhe Engineer provide at his own expense such forms, templets, stakes, spikes, nails and other will give lines and levels fastenings and such assistance as may be required by the Engineer in giving the same. „ ' , , All line and level marks must be preserved by the Contractor. If he, in a willful or preserve stakes, re- careless manner removes, or causes or allows the removal of any marks, without ?° , . ^"" guides for his work, the consent of the Engineer, the expense of replacing them will be charged to the Con- tractor, and the amount deducted from the sum due on his final settlement. All work, during its progress and on its completion, shall conform truly to the lines and levels given by the Engineer, and shall be done in accordance with the plans and to requirements with these specifications, and with the directions herein authorized, and to the satisfaction and to be satisfac- of the Engineer ; but subject to certain changes and modifications caused by an increase ^°^^ ° e "g - or decrease in the estimated quantities, or by errors or omissions in these specifications, (of which the Engineer shall decide as to the meaning or intention), or by changes in location, forms, dimensions, grades, alignments or materials, or by reason of extra work done or extra material furnished in compliance with the written order of the Engineer. Excavation. The Contractor shall grub and clear the surface over trenches and other excavations Orubbine and within the designated width of such excavations, in open fields, woods, swamps and clearing, city streets, without compensation ; he must not remove or appropriate to other uses any material which in the opinion of the Engineer may be utilized in the work. In all cases where the grubbing and clearing is of such extent or difficulty, that in the opinion of the Engineer the excessive cost entitles the Contractor to extra compensation, a price must be agreed upon for each case in the bids upon which the contract is awarded. Dry excavations are those in which, though the ground may be more or less wet, the Dry excavation, process of excavation does not require .special precautions with sheet piling, or power pumps. They shall be executed where called for in the plans, of the proper depths, and of such widths as may give room for the operations to be performed within them. GENERAL TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS. Materials for embankments. Classification of excavations. Excavations without price. Excavation for foundations. Wet excavations. Pick and shovel excavations. Excavation by blasting. Loose rock exca- vation. No blasting near water mains, etc. Excavations in mixed material. Rock trenches. Drill holes. Uses of rock ex- cavated. No rock filling. Rock excavation outside the line. Excavations to obtain materials for building embankments must be made at such places as the Engineer r^av direct, and such embankments will be paid for by measure^- ment of the excavation made to obtain the material for their construction. All excavatio-.is will be classified as earth, loose rock or compact rock. No price will be paid for excavations when the excavation is included in the contract price for any work, or in the trenches when, as in the case of sewers, water pipes, drainSj etc., the bid is made for the running metre of such work, finished and completed. Where there is not a price asked for the work per running metre, then excavations will be paid for by the cubic metre. Excavations for timber or concrete foundations must be made to the exact grades, and the bottom surfaces compacted and made solid to prevent unequal settlement of the ground. They should extend not over 20 centimetres beyond the footings or outer edges of the work, unless a greater space be ordered by the. Engineer. In wet excavations the Contractor shall provide at his own cost all piles, sheeting, props and other timber, hand or power pumps, and any required appliances, to keep the trenches and pits safe and suitable for their purposes, and as dry as necessary, and com- pleted as far in advance of the work as the Engineer may require. All excavations that can be made with pick and shovel will be classified as earth ex- cavations ; when, in the opinion of the Engineer, blasting is necessary and can be made effective, such excavations will be classified as compact rock. When blasting, cannot be made effective by reason of seams, or disintegration of the rock, the excavation will be classified as loose rock. * Within 2 metres of any water main or pipe sewer, or for other good reasons, rock shall not be taken out by blasting, but shall be drilled, wedged or otherwise safely removed, and will be paid for as compact rock. Whenever different kinds of material are found in the, same excavation the Engineer's measurements of their volume will be the basis of price allowances for each kind. When rock is to be excavated, it shall be fully taken out 12 metres in advance of the work of laying or building, and the trench filled up to grade with such clean earth or gravel as may be approved by the Engineer. Any surplus material as prescribed under the head of incumbrances is to be removed. The direction, boring and charging of the drill holes will be controlled by the Engi- neer. The rock removed by blasting may be used for rip rap or other purposes, with the consent of the Engineer ; but no additional price will be paid for the use of the stone or its transportation. If the Engineer should consider that it is advantageous to use the rock thus removed as rip rap at the outfall, only the price of rip rap will be paid and no price will be paid for it as excavation. If, on the contrary, the rock material excavated. is unsuitable for use, in the opinion of the Engineer, the Contractor shall remove it without extra compensation and shall not use it as filling in any trench occupied by pipes, under any circumstances, nor in any other place in the work, without the permission of the Engineer. No rock excavation outside the lines given by the Engineer will be estimated, or al- lowed, unless specifically mentioned ; and then payment will be made upon the volume of the useful material excavated, without allowances for uncovering the rock, or blast- ing weather worn material. GENERAL TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS. 3 All embankments shall be formed by layers not exceeding 20 centimetres in depth, in- Embankment. Chning inwards or away from the slopes, and carried around horizontally and wetted and rolled when required by the Engineer. The Contractor shall provide for all extra filling in trenches at his own expense, ex- cepting only where, in the opinion of the Engineer, the deficiency is such as to entitle the Extra filling. Contractor to compensation for procuring the extra materials required. In the above case, the Contractor shall be paid only for the volume of useful excava- vation measured at the place where it is made, and not for the volume measured in em- Pnce of excessive , , filling, bankment. Any material excavated in trenches and declared by the Engineer to be unsuitable Material suitable for refilling or back filling, shall be removed from the work by the Contractor without foi^filli"g- extra compensation, as in the case of incumbrances. Any useful or surplus material excavated from the trenches, for which the Contractor Material to be is paid by the running metre of completed sewer or pipe laying, shall not be paid for paid for only once, again whenever used for filling in any other part of the work. Whenever embankments need protection by stone pitching, it shall be laid by hand, using stone of such dimensions, and bonded in such manner as the Engineer may di- Stone pitcinng. rect, either dry or grouted. Grout or thin mortar will not be tolerated in the works, ex- cepting in the especial cases in which the Engineer may order its use. When in the Grouting to be opinion of the Engineer the slope of any embankment lined with stone pitch requires avoided, grouting, the stone shall be in no case less than 25 centimetres in depth, laid as above described, and thoroughly grouted as follows : After mixing dry one part of cement and two parts of sand, enough water is added to cause the grout, constantly stirred, to flow through the interstices of the stone pitching. The grout is contained in a box of about i)^ cubic metres in volume, which is provided with a suitable gate. Commencing at the bottom of the slope, th^ liquid is allowed to flow through the gate, upon the pitching. The box is then moved horizontally until the first strip of grouting is com- pleted around the bottom. The operation is repeated, grouting each successive higher strip, until the entire mass is completely filled with grout. Cement, Eime, Sand and Mortar. The Contractor shall provide a sufficient number of barrels of Portland or other ap- Quantity of proved cement, to be stored at his expense under cover, and suitable conditions to pre- cement in storage, vent its deterioration. All cement shall be ground so fine that only 10 per cent, of residue will remain on a ^^™eut tmeness. sieve having 246 holes to the square centimetre. Briquettes made of neat, slow setting Portland cement, should bear a tensile strain of Cement tests. 6 kilograms per square centimetre at the end of twenty- four hours, and 28 kilograms per square centimetre at the end of .seven days. Quick setting Portland cement should bear a tensile strain of 9 kilograms per square centimetre at the end of twenty-four hours and a minimum of 24 kilograms per square centimetre at the end of seven days. Before the Engineer will accept any cement, samples shall be taken from every tenth Sampling barrel, or in anv manner that he may indicate, and the cement fulfilling the above t, ' < ^ ',,'., 11,^ T^ • , Removal of re- tests .shall be conveniently stored by the Contractor. Rejected cements shall not be jected cement. used, but must be immediately removed from the works. Common fat lime shall be of such quality as the Engineer may approve. ^^^ lime. GENERAL TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS. Sand. Screening and washing sand. Only clean water to be used. Proportions of cement mortar. Cement mortar not to be retem- pered. Lime mortar. Proportions of lime mortar. All .sand for mortar shall be furnished by the Contractor and shall be clean, sharp, of suitable size, free from loam, dirt, vegetable matter and rubbish, and subject to inspec tion and rejection by the Engineer ; and when, in his opinion, it requires screening or washing, the same shall be done by the Contractor at his own expense. All water used in mixing mortars and concretes shall be fresh and clean, free from earth, dirt, sewage or other foreign substance. Cement mortar shall be made by thoroughly mixing in a dry state one part of cement and either two or three parts of suitable sand as the Engineer may direct, with just enough water to reduce the mixture to a proper con.sistency. ..The water shall be added all at one time and no more mortar shall be made than can be used in the works before it commences to set. Cement mortars shall not be retempered, L,iiTie mortar shall be employed in such places as the Engineer may direct) or where called for by the plans and specifications. No lime mortar will be allowed in walls be- low a plane situated one metre above the ground or street grade. lyime mortar shall be made of one part of well burned, properly slaked lime and three to five parts of good, sharp, clean sand, as the Engineer may require. After having been mixed to the proper consistency, it shall be allowed, before being used in the work, to stand such length of time as the Engineer may direct. Concrete. Composition of concrete. Manner of using the concrete. Concrete must not be walked over. All concrete used in the works shall consist of one part of cement, and two parts of sand mixed dry ; and after adding water as above, the whole shall be thoroughly incorporated with from four to six parts of broken stone as the Engineer may direct. The stone shall be of a suitable quality and shall be broken so that it may pass through a ring 5 centimetres in diameter. It shall be free from mud, loam, or any other objectionable matter, and it shall be wetted before mixing it with the mortar. These proportions may be slightly varied with the written consent of the Engineer, when circumstances may make such variation necessary in view of the nature of the materials. The concrete shall be thoroughly turned and worked over until the stones are completely covered with mortar and all places between the stones completely filled. It shall be deposited in place immediately after it is made, and in layers from 12 to 25 centimetres in thickness, as the Engineer may direct, and thoroughly rammed with a 15 to 25 kilogram rammer until the concrete is thoroughly compacted and the water brought to the surface. No more water shall be employed than is needed for coating every grain of sand and every stone with cement. After the ma.sonry is in place, and as soon as it assumes a jelly-like motion upon pounding it, the mass shall not be disturbed, and walking or wheeling over it shall be prohibited. Brick Masonry. ■> The excavations for all foundations shall be made to such depths as may be necessary, Foundations. and all timber platforms, pile foundations, or concrete cradles shall be made in accordance with the drawings and specifications provided for each case. In all cases the Contractor shall take such precautions with the foundations as the Engineer may direct. The bricks employed in the works shall be of the best quality, well tempered. Quality of brick, hard burned entirely through, and of the dimensions approved by the Engineer. They shall be culled, and all imperfect bricks removed from the works. No soft, cracked or GENERAL TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS. crooked brick will be allowed in the works, and bats or pieces of brick will be allowed only in such places as may be necessary for wedging, with the consent of the Engineer. In all brick work the bricks must be pressed in place, to make the joint of the beds, ends and sides, at one operation. The mortar joints shall be as thin as possible and as directed by the Engineer. All bricks shall be thoroughly wetted before being laid. The external walls or sides of all arches, foundation pr arch walls, shall be plastered with cement mortar to make them impervious to water. All internal joints of arches and sewers shall be raked in and thoroughly smoothed with mortar, so as to obtain per- fectly smooth and even surfaces throughout the whole length of the sewers. Where the bricks come in connection with anchors or stops, each one shall be brought in direct contact with them, so that the bricks will be in the best condition to re" sist the strains expected of them. All brick work courses shall be kept level, bonded and laid to lines, either plumb or to the batter required in the drawings. In all brick work in walls or exposed faces, the bricks shall be selected of uniform col- or. All face joints shall be true and neatly struck. The upper edge of all outside joints shall be within the edge of the face of the brick above. All brick work in walls shall be bonded with a course of headers every fifth course, or as often as may be prescribed on the drawings or directed by the Engineer. No toothing of the brick work shall be done without the consent of the Engineer. Arches shall be turned over window and door openings behind stone lintels. The Contractor shall scrape off all mortar from the face of the work and clean it down with brushes or acid whenever necessary. Pushed joints. Bricks to be wetted. Plastering arches. Smooth interior surfaces of sewer. Anchors. Brick walls. Bond. Window and door arches. Cleaning brick work. Stone Masonry. Rubble masonry will be classified either as dry rubble, or rubble laid in mortar. When laid in mortar it shall be of well selected stone of proper sizes, having good bed Rubble masonry, surfaces laid horizontally in full mortar joints, and properly pinned and wedged with spawls. All stones shall be roughly squared with a hammer, and no space between stones in any wall shall have more than 300 square cm. of area, filled with spawls or chips. All stones must be laid on their quarry beds, and after being hammered in position all joints must be thoroughly flushed with mortar. Dry rubble shall consist of stones of sufficient dimensions, laid carefully _by hand and thoroughly wedged and bonded, so that no stone may rock or move in its place. The stones for all rubble work need not be larger than 40 to 60 cubic decimetres and no stone of less than 15 cubic decimetres shall be used, excepting for wedging larger stones in place. About 20 per cent, of the entire mass of masonry .shall consist of rubble masonry, headers or bond stones. The headers of walls 60 centimetres in thickness shall extend through two-thirds of the thickness of the wall. The mortar employed in ordinary walls, brick parapets and chimneys above the roof- line may be the cement mortar above described, or it may be composed of 2 parts of Ordinary mortar common lime, one-half part of Portland cement and 3 parts of sand, or entirely of lime fo"^ walls, etc. mortar, as the Engineer may direct. First-class masonry or Ashlar masonry shall consist of quarry faced stone, laid in cement mortar, in horizontal courses between 25 and 75 centimetres in depth with parallel Pirst-class Dry rubble. Size of stone in Bond of rubble. beds and vertical joints. The stretchers shall be not less than 75 nor more than 180 masonry work. GENERAL TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS. Chisel drafts. Headers and stretchers. Stone backing of walls. Thickness of foundation courses. Second-class masonry work. Thickness of joints. Percentage of headers. Third- class masonry work. Masonry of covered drains. Parapets. Retaining wallSi Slope walls. , centimetres in length, and not less than 45 centimetres in width, hor less in width than i>^ times the depth. Headers shall not be less than one metre nor more than ij^ metres in length, where the thickness of the wall will admit of these dimensions, and not less than 45 centimetres wide nor less in width than the depth of the course. The stones shall be laid on their quarry beds, well dressed, parallel and true to the proper lines and made as large as can be obtained from the block. They shall be cut before being laid in the work, and the stone shall not be hammered off after it has been set in place. No joint shall exceed one centimetre in tliicknes.s. Corners and batter lines shall have a neat chisel draft 4 centimetres broad on each face. Scabbled faced work shall be in regular courses, and shall have no projections greater than 6 centimetres beyond the draft lines of the joints. All stone masonry shall consist of headers and stretchers, alternating as often as the Engineer may direct, and every header shall be laid over a stretcher of the underlying course, with laps of not less than 30 centimetres. The backing of first-class masonry shall be of good sized and shaped stones, breaking joints and bonding thoroughly in every direction, leaving no spaces larger than 15 cen- timetres which shall be thoroughly filled with cement into which spawls shall be properly hammered and wedged. Foundation courses shall be not less than 30 centimetres thick, nor less than one square metre on their beds. Second-class masonry shall consist of broken range rubble of good quality laid in horizontal beds with vertical joints on the face, with no stones less than 20 centimetres thick, well bonded and brought up to a horizontal bed or string course at' such distances apart as the Engineer may order. No mortar joint shall exceed 2 centimetres in thick- ness. All corners and batter lines shall have a 4 centimetre chisel draft on each face. Twenty-five per cent of the stones of the face shall be headers uniformally distributed through the wall. The tops of walls, gates, weirs, and whatever ordered by the Engi- neer, shall be made of first-class ma,sonry. Third-class masonry shall consist of good substantial rubble work laid in cement mor- tar. The stones shall be perfectly sound and large enough to make a good strong bond. Foundation .stones shall be not less than 25 centimetres thick nor have less than one square metre of surface. The entire structure shall be firmly and solidly bound and carefully laid. Covered drains shall be neatly built with sqtiare .shaped stones of a size and quality satisfactory to the Engineer, laid entirely in cement mortar. Wherever parapets or wing walls are required, they shall be made and stepped in accordance with the draw- ings, with selected stones of the full width of the wing and not less than 25 centimetres thick. Parapets shall be finished wherever they may be found, with the coping course of full width and with such projection as may be directed. No coping stone shall be less than 15 centimetres thick. Retaining walls shall be classified as second or third-class masonry, and may be laid either in cement or dry, as may be determined in each particular case. Slope walls shall be of such thickness as directed by the Engineer, with headers reach- ing across the entire thickness of the wall, laid with close joints and with such founda- tion and weep holes as the Engineer may direct. Wherever required, the face of embankments and foot slopes shall be protected from GENERAL TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS. 7 the action of the water by a facing of rip-rap stones or by a retaining wall, as may be Rip-rap. directed. The rip-rap shall be laid by hand by competent workmen, and shall be of such thickness and slope and si^e of undressed stone, as the Engineer may direct. In „ , , , , , , . ^ . . • Stone blocks, places exposed to the action of the waves, stone blocks of not less than 1.7 cubic metres in volume shall be deposited from scows, to form a sufficiently strong and broad base upon which to found masonry extending above water. Masonry finish All masonry, either in brick or stone, unless otherwise directed, shall be neatly bedded Masonry to re- in cement mortar and finely pointed and properly tooled. No masonry of any kind main uncovered till shall be covered until it has been inspected, measured and accepted by the Engineer. wspec e All masonry shall be built according to the plans and instructions furnished by the Measurements Engineer, and will be estimated and paid for by the cubic metre, computed only by its ^" J' J' t, . fgr damages. or that 01 his agents, employees or workmen. Necessary conveniences, properly secluded from public observation, shall be con- Necessary con- structed wherever needed for the use of the laborers on the work. vemences. The quantities mentioned in this specification and contract are understood to be only . . . approximate and may be increased or decreased by the Engineer at any time before the approximate and final completion of the contract ; but whether they are increased or decreased, onlv the ™^y be increased quantities actually delivered and accepted will be paid for ; and further, such increase or decrease shall not in any maimer affect the contract prices, nor shall it in any way afibrd cause to the Contractor for any claim for damages. The paved gutters and street intersections, where broken into, shall be repaved, and paving to be the work shall be done in accordance with the specification used by the City for that done, kind of work, and to the satisfaction of the Engineer. All work of every description, whether of casting, forging or fitting, is to be the be.st Quality of work, of its kind ; and anything not particularly specified, is to be understood to be done and finished in the best manner, and as is usual in first-class work of the several kinds. No extra or customary measurements of any kind will be allowed in measuring the Only actual work under these specifications, but only the actual lengths, areas, solid contents, ^^^jj^ ^j^g -^asKs of weights or number, shall be considered ; and the length shall be measured on the center payments, line of the work, whether straight or curved. Approval of En- The acceptance of work and material will not be final and conclusive until its comple- | prerequisite for tion, and the Engineer's certificate is approved by the proper authorities. acceptance of the work. SPECIAL TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS. QUARANTINE STATION. The grounds, wharves, buildings and appliances constituting the quarantine station for the city of Santos shall be located at ^. , , _, , , r, . , ,, . r ^ ■ ■ ■ . -. •!■ r • Of What the wotk The work at the Station shall consist of the erection ol certain buildings for various to be done consists. purposes, of furnishing them with machinery and apparatus suitable for their respective requirements, as specified below, of wharves and suitable apparatus for loading and reload- ing ballast, of tracks to facilitate the conveyance of materials, of piping to convey dis- infectants to the vessels, and of the building of roads, grading and finishing the grounds in accordance with the accompanying plans. Work d The work shall be done in accordance with the general specifications, as elsewhere cording to general enumerated, regarding the excavation, masonry of all kinds, timber and metal work, specifications, and with whatever may be embodied therein. In addition thereto the work at the Quarantine Station shall be done in conformity with the more detailed specifications as given below. A. Buildings in General. The excavations for all buildings, their foundation walls and cellars, shall be made at Dimensions of such points and of such lengths, widths and depths as will enable the walls and cellars to be built in accordance with the accompanying plans and in a thoroughly first class manner. The foundations and walls of all buildings shall be formed of stone or other specified call's"" ^ '°° material and shall be of the dimensions required by the plan.s. They shall be built in a thoroughly substantial manner with due reference to strength and durability. The ex- External walls, ternalsidesof the walls shall present a regular, neat and finished appearance to the eye, and the interior sides shall have such arrangements as may be indicated, to secure an air dampness in walls space or other means of preventing dampness in the rooms ; and the foundation walls, if so directed, shall have a continuous layer of cement or asphalt to prevent moisture from rising up into the wall. There shall be spaces left in the walls for all doors, windows, and other necessary openings, and they shall be carefully edged with cut stone, or other specified material, to the dimensions marked on the plans and as otherwise may be re- quired. After the walls are up, the various buildings shall be roofed in accordance with the de- Roofs, tail drawings and specifications to be furnished in each particular case. The buildings shall be floored with such materials and in such manner as directed. , ^l°°''Si wash- D03.rQS f to Proper wash or base-boards, with their appropriate mouldings shall be set and firmly fixed in place. The Contractor shall construct where shown on the plans the necessary room and A.— QUARANTINE STATION. Room and hall partitions. Stairways. Doors and win- dows. Plastering walls and ceilings. Painting or oil- ing. Plumbing. Piping. Water pipes and receptacles. Sewer connec- tion. Illumination. Heating. hall partitions with door openings left where shown, finished in accordance with the detail drawings. Substantial stairways will be constructed where indicated, with all necessary- hand-rails and balusters, and finished as shown on the detail drawings. The Contractor will provide and set in place all doors and windows with all necessary locks, hinges, weights, sash-cord, pulleys, stops, frames, mouldings, jambs and thres" holds. Such walls and ceilings as indicated shall be plastered in accordance with the specifi- cations. All wood and iron work of the buildings shall be thoroughly painted as directed in the specifications in each case. The buildings which shall be used as residences, and others that contain kitch^ ens and bath rooms, shall be provided with the necessary means of supplying water of good quality into the respective apartments, through metallic tubes of such diameters and strength as may be required for their respective purposes. Where specially deemed necessary there shall be a double set of supply pipes ; one of which shall contain hot water, heated either by contact with steam pipes or by other means, as may be indicated upon the working drawings for the building. Hot water pipes shall be protected, as may be directed, by a non-conducting material in order to guard against the loss of heat while being conveyed to the faucets from which the water is to be taken. Wherever such water has been introduced into a building to be used for any purpose whatever, there shall be a proper permanent receptacle fixed to receive the waste. This may be either a wash bowl, sink, bath tub, water closet or other arrangement. Kvery such receptacle shall have a pipe leading therefrom to the sewer. These pipes shall be of proper diameters and provided with traps and otherwise arranged as specified on page io6, etc. , in the accompanying report. In case that it shall be decided to illuminate the various buildings and grounds by gas or electricity, proper specifications for the .same will be furnished by the Engineer, and the Contractor shall provide the necessary appliances in accordance with the same, under special contract. The heating of the various buildings will be made the subjects of separate con- tracts, to be carried out under specifications to be furnished for the same. The heating may be either by steam, hot water, or other approved methods. The use of open fire places with suitable wire gauze protectors or screens is recommended for living rooms. .B. Disinfection Buildings. Apparatus for disinfection. The special requirements of the disinfection buildings, such as the apparatus for dis- infecting with steam, with certain liquids, and with sulphur fumes, are stated on page 40, etc. of the accompanying report. The respective apparatus are to be designed with reference to the probable number of articles requiring disinfection and the probable ton- nage of the vessels which must be subjected to treatment. They should further be designed to do their work in a thoroughly satisfactory manner and be made of suitable and durable materials, finished so as to be protected as much as possible from wear and tear and from the effects of the atmosphere and other external influences. The pipes necessary to conduct the .steam into the disinfecting cylinder, the liquids and fumes into special room.s of the buildings, or into the holds of vessels, shall be of suitable sizes and A.— QUARANTINE STATION. 3 materials to insure permanency and effectiveness, and they shall be provided with all necessary junctions, connections, valves, stops, flexible hose attachments and other ap- purtenances, in order to make the application of disinfectants convenient as well as thorough. The contractors bidding for furnishing and erecting the boilers, engines and machinery for this station shall submit their own plans and specifications for the same, which shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer. The bath house is to be divided into two sections, one each for male and female per- gath house, sons. Each section is again to be divided into a sufficient number of compartments for one or two individuals, which shall be of such sizes as to make it possible to obtain Baths for men ^ and women. a convenient and thorough ablution. They shall be provided with hot and cold water, some having bath tubs, others a stone floor, upon which the person may be bathed in a standing or sitting position, including showers and douche piping. Suitable wash basins and hose attachments shall be provided, as directed, and proper arrangements for the complete and rapid removal of all used water. The necessary steam engines and boilers are to be supplied to furnish steam for the _ . , , Engines and disinfection building, for the bath house, and if required, also for the kitchens, laundry boilers, and hospital buildings. In the disinfection building, the steam shall be furnished for the disinfecting cylinder's, and the mixing of chemicals and their conveyance from one point to another. In the other buildings it shall be used for heating, for supplying hot water and Steam for cooking, drying, etc. If required, steanl shall also be furnished to drive dy- namos for electric lighting of the station. C. Buildings for Detained PersoIsts. There should be suitable buildings erected at a proper place, as designated on the plans. Infected passen- for housing passengers who are detained several days at the station. They should have _ ' ;(. ^i s dormitories of such sizes as are specified, and be provided with hall-ways, bath rooms no kitchens in and water closets. There should be no kitchens nor dining rooms in these buildings, dormitories. They shall be lighted, ventilated, supplied with Water, and sewered as indicated on the drawings. D. Hospitals. Two hospitals shall be built at such locations and of such sizes and arrangement of Division into compartments as shall be de.signated upon the plans. Wards and smaller rooms are to wards, be provided for patients, for offices, store rooms, bath rooms, water closets and whatever other compartments are necessary for conveniently administering to the wants of the sick. They shall be provided with watef, heat and sewers, and shall be lighted as shown upon the plans. E. Kitchens. Kitchens shall be fitted up in the buildings designated on the plans. They shall be of Kitchens in spe- the necessary size and have proper arrangements for preparing and cooking the food for ^^^ ^^ *''^^' the inhabitants of the station. If required, the cooking will be done by steam supplied from the boilers of the disinfecting building. All suitable stoves and other cooking ap- paratus which may be specified, shall be permanently built into the building. All necessary water, both hot and cold, shall be furnished through suitable piping and fix- ^'t h t h tures provided for the same. All waste water shall be received in proper receptacles sewered, suitably trapped, and carried to a sewer. A.— QUARANTINE STATION. Receiving vault. Dead room. Autopsy room. F. Vault for Receiving the Dead. A building of the dimensions and form as shown on the plans, shall be erected in a suitable locality for receiving the dead from the hospitals. In addition to a room which shall be of a sufficient size to enable several bodies to be temporarily preserved at one time, there shall be a room for an office and one for post mortem examinations. The building shall be supplied with water and suitable fixtures for the purpose, and also have a proper connection with a sewer leading therefrom. G. Chapel and Crematory. Crematory build- ing. Conditions for burning gases. Quarantine chapel. A building is to be provided at such a point as may be specified, for the purpose of in- cinerating the dead. The apparatus shall be so arranged that the cremation shall be efficient and complete. Provision is to be made for allowing the gases arising from the burning body to be passed through a fire so as to have their noxious qualities completely destroyed. In addition to the furnace there shall be an ante-room in front of the same and a fire room in the rear of the building. A chapel in which to hold religious and memorial services may be built on the grounds, provided it is not used by persons afflicted with contagious diseases, or occupied by cprpses, under any circumstances, or entered by living persons whose clothing and bodies have not been disinfected. Officers' ters. quar- Sauitary provi- sions of residences. H. Residences for Quarantine Officers. Where designated upon the plan, residences shall be erected for the officers of the Station. They shall be of the dimensions, and have the interior arrangements indi- cated upon the plans. They shall each be supplied with water and sewer facilities and have the necessary fixtures appertaining to both. They shall each have a bath room and water closets with proper connections. There shall also, if so specified, be a private kitchen in each building, suital)ly arranged with a cooking stove, hot and cold water and a sink for washing purposes. Condition of building for storing fuel. Explosive and dangerous mate- rials. I. Building for Storing Fuel. A building shall be erected for the reception and storage of the fuel to be u-sed in the boilers and elsewhere on the station. It shall have the dimensions and location as shown upon the plan. Tracks for unloading coal are to be located on one side of the building and suitable doors arranged on the same side for allowing the coal to be dis- charged into the building, as shown upon the plan. Dangerous inflammable material, or explosives, should be stored in a separate and con- veniently distant building, properly located, and in charge of suitable persons. J. Shop for Repairs. Provision for Adjoining the disinfection building, there shall be a shop, to be used for repairing ma- tools, chinery, or other metal and woodwork that may be required for the maintenance of the station. The shop shall be provided with the ordinary machine tools and shafting and connected with the steam engine in- the disinfecting buildings, as may further be specified. A.— QUARANTINE STATION. 5 K. Building for Stores. There shall be a building erected at a point designated upon the plan, for the purpose Condition and of receiving and storing various articles, goods, chemicals and other materials that may arrangement of be required at the station. The building shall have various compartments to separate the different classes of goods and be provided with an oflBce where they can be dispensed. L. Wharves. There shall be a wharf built sufficiently long and sufSciently far into deep water, as Disinfecting may be required, to allow the largest vessels likely to arrive at the port of Santos to be wharf. moored for the purpo.ses of being disinfected. The wharf shall be built of such dimen- ygggeis "^ sions and elevations and with such appurtenances as are shown upon the plans. The face .shall be built of stone and form a wall of sufficient strength and durability. On the . Location of dis- surface of the wharf, pipes shall be laid connecting with the sulphur furnace, which shall valves, carry the sulphur fumes to the edge of the wharf as shown upon the plan. Suitable valves shall be arranged thereon to allow the fumes to be conveyed to any part of the wharf. The pipes and valves shall be of such material as will resist the destroying ac- tion of the sulphur fumes. There shall also be a pipe connected with the tanks supply- ing either a solution of mercuric chloride or the bi-chiorides of lime or soda. This pipe shall likewise be laid to the front of the wharf in such a manner that the liquids can be drawn at any point along the wharf They shall also be provided with all the necessary valves and connections and be made of such material as will resist the corroding in- fluence of the liquids. The space back of the face wall shall be filled with suitable ma- terial allowing of drainage and be brought up to a level surface. A wharf for unloading and reloading ballast of infected vessels should be built at a unloading convenient point. It shall, like the disinfecting wharf, be extended to sufficiently deep wharf. water and be of such length as shown upon the plan, to allow the largest vessels entering Santos harbor to be moored. It shall be built with a stone wall sufficiently heavy to ylo^n built. sustain not only the ground behind it, but also the additional weight of balla.st and other heavy matter. A track shall be laid along the entire length of the wharf and sufficient- . ,,, r Rails, ly near to the front so that a derrick or crane can be moved thereon from one place to Xravelline der- another, to be used for the purpose of unloading and reloading ballast and other heavy rick. material. Parallel to this track there shall be another track as shown upon the plan, and sufficiently near to enable the derrick to discharge the ballast or other material into cars and"ar^.^"^ running upon the track. These tracks shall extend to whatever point or points may be suitable for storing the ballast. M. Grounds. The entire grounds of the station shall be graded and levelled so as to make intercourse ^ .. ., upon the same convenient and rapid. Roads and paths shall be located as shown upon quarantine the plan, so as to facilitate connection from one building to another. The intermediate g''°^" ators, or any place where provisions are stored. The outlets of all fixtures, excepting water closets, must be protected against clogging by a fixed strainer. The end to be secured by the house plumbing is to pfovide a suflSciently large, open, direct, clean pipe, called the soil pipe, into which smaller pipes discharge their contents. These smaller pipes called waste pipes are to be as short and direct as possible, having the mouths, or ends farthest from the large pipe, completely stopped by a gas tight trap. This trap is to allow water, sewage, or slops, etc., to pass only in the direction of the large pipe, and prevent foul air from passing in the opposite direction. The portion of the waste pipes lying between the soil pipe and the traps, shall be ven- tilated by a vent pipe placed at the summit of the trap on the soil pipe side of it, and leading to the ventilating pipe. All pipes shall be sound and not liable to corrosion. The joints shall be tight, the fix- tures firmly supported, and the entire pipe system in plain view, or at least placed in a casing easily opened for inspection. The water closets shall be simple, without mov- able parts, levers, valves or machinery, and kept scrupulously clean, SPECIAL TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS. WATER WORKS. Work and Materials. 1. The work to be done under these specifications consists of the following : — Excava- ting and refilling trenches : Taking up and replacing street pavements or other surfaces which have been disturbed : Carting, loading, unloading and distributing all pipes, casting, valves, hydrants or other material required in the work : I^aying or taking up pipes, .special castings, valves, hydrants or other appurtenances : Cutting pipes, making joints, making all required connections, preparing foundations and bailing or pumping water from trenches : Repairing damages to gas pipes, sewers, drains or other conduits : Constructing the masonry, ironwork, etc., required in the tank reservoir : Cleaning the streets, roads and other places of all rubbish or refuse caused by the above work : Fur- nishing cast iron pipe, special castings, hydrants, valves, air cocks, etc. : Furnishing lead and gasket for joints, fuel for melting lead, clay and rope for bands, blocks and wedges for supporting pipe, wrought iron straps and blocking for securing caps, reducers and other parts liable to draw : Furnishing and setting boxes or chambers for valves, air cocks, blow-ofis and hydrants and furnishing and fitting the iron frames and covers thereto : Furnishing all borrowed earth for refilling trenches : Furnishing all the ma- terials for the tank reservoir, including stone, brick, cement, tiles, sheet iron or steel, cast iron, wrought iron for gates, stairs and roof, lumber, brass railing, bolts, bars, locks, hinges, drain pipe, etc. 2. The mains are to be located upon the following streets, roads or oiher places : \Here insert a list of the streets upoji which new pipes are to be laid, streets in which old mains are to be taken up, etc., etc., with as much detail as desired.^ The mains indicated in the above list shall be laid in such order as may be directed by the Engineer. It is not guaranteed that all the mains on the above list will be re- quired to be laid and the right is reserved to substitute the names of other streets or places for those on the list, or to substitute one size for another to any extent that may be deemed de.sirable by the Engineer. 3. The following are the approximate quantities of the work to be done : \^Here insert a list showing the number of tons of each size of pipe and castings required, the number of valves, hydrants, etc., etc., with as much detail as desired.^ 4. The tank reservoir shall be erected on the site selected by the Engineer. [Here insert description of site.} Work to be done. Material to be furnished. Location of mains. Order of laying. Substitution of other streets or other sizes for those on the list. Approximate quantities. Location of the tank reservoir. C— WATER WORKS. Cast Iron Pipe and Speciai, Castings. Kind of pipe. Distinguishing marks. Form of hub and spigot. Diameter and form. How cast. Thickness of shell. Defects. Castings rejected. Patterns and al- terations. Spigots and sock- ets to conform to templets. Thickness of lead in joint. Quality of metal. Test bars. 5. The straight pipe shall be of the kind known as "Hub and Spigot;" each pipe shall be 3".66 in length from the bottom of the hub to the end of the spigot. 6. Each pipe and special casting shall have cast on its exterior surface the letters in raised block or Roman letters, and also the initials of the maker, the year and serial numbers showing the order of casting. Each size of pipe and kind of special casting .shall have its own serial numbers. The letters shall be at least 4 cm. high and 0.3 cm. in relief. 7. The form and dimensions of the hub and spigot ends, and of the curves, branches, and all other special castings, including all varieties of branches, reducers, caps, sleeves, elbows, covers, or other castings shall be of the form and dimensions marked, on and shown by the drawings. 8. The internal diameters of all pipes and special castings shall be in all cases fully equal to the specified nominal diameter. The pipes .shall be truly cylindrical, of full di- ameter, straight in the axis of straight pipes, and true to the required curvature of the axis of curved pipes, and having their inner and outer surfaces concentric. 9. All straight pipe shall be cast vertically in dry sand moulds or flasks, hub end down. No pipe or casting shall be uncovered while showing color of heat, nor be taken from the mould until it is well cooled down. 10. The shell shall be as nearly as possible, of uniform thickness of metal, smooth and sound, without cold shuts, himps, swells, scales, blisters, sand holes or other imperfec- tions. No plugging or filling will be permitted. 11. The Engineer may reject, without proving, any casting which is not in conformity with the specifications or drawings. 12. The Contractor shall furnish all patterns and sljall make such alterations in them as may be necessary or required, at his own cost and expense. No allowance will be made for making or altering patterns. 13. In all pipes and special castings great care shall be taken to have the sockets of the required size to receive the spigots, with proper allowance for joint space, and in order to accomplish this, the outside diameter of ihe spigot end and the inside diameter of the hub end of each size of pipe and special casting shall conform to templets. 14. All pipes of from 35 to 46 cm. in diameter shall be formed so as. to receive a thick- ness of lead in the joint of not less than 9}^ mm. nor more than 11 mm. ; and all pipes of 30 cm. or less in diameter, shall have a lead joint of not less than 8 mm. nor more than 9^ mm. in thickness all around. Pipes and special castings which are defective in joint room will not be accepted. 15. The metal shall be of the best quality for the purpose, made from what is com- mercially known as "Neutral" pig iron, smelted in the cupola or air furnace, without the admixture of cinder-iron or other inferior metals, and shall be of such nature as will produce strong, tough castings of even grain, free from uncombined carbon, and such as will satisfactorily bear drilling and cutting by hand. The quality of the iron must be approved by the Engineer. 16. Whenever required by the Engineer, test bars of such size and form as he may di- rect shall be cast from the melts from which the pipes and special castings are to be poured. C— WATER WORKS. 17. The Contractor shall make tests of such character and number as may be required by the Engineer to satisfy himself as to the quality of the iron being used and that its tensile strength does not fall below 1400 kgms. per sq. cm. The Contractor shall furnish proper tools, and all necessary labor to make the tests, in the presence of the En- gineer, and to his entire satisfaction. 18. If any test should show that an inferior quality of iron is being used, then all cast- ings made from the same melts as the test bars showing such inferior quality shall be rejected. 19. Every pipe and casting will be carefully inspected under the direction of the En- gineer, and subjected to light blows all over its surface from the blunt and rounded point of a steel pick or hammer weighing one kilogram. If no sand holes, air-bubbles or other imperfections are discovered, the castings shall be coated and after the coating has hard- ened shall be tested by a hydrostatic pressure of not less than 20 kgms. per sq. cm. While under this pressure the castings shall be subjected to smart blows all over their exterior surfaces, with the face of a hammer weighing 1.4 kgms. attached to a handle 40 cm. long. Branches, curved pipes and any other castings, if required, shall be subjected to the same tests as the straight pipe. Any pipe or casting which fails or shows any defect, or through which water spouts, oozes or sweats will be rejected. 20. All pipes or other castings having holes plugged with lead, putty, rust or other preparation will be rejected ; and the Contractor will be held responsible for all expenses and damages arising from such stuffing if the pipes or castings have been laid before such defects are discovered. 21. Every pipe and casting shall be thoroughly cleaned both inside and outside, from all earth, sand and dust, by means of wire and other brushes, without the use of acids or other liquids. No lumps or rough places shall be left in the barrels or sockets, or on the outer surface of the spigot ends. They shall be entirely free from rust and shall have been thoroughly tested with the hammer or steel pick before being dipped. 22. Every pipe and casting shall be thoroughly coated, both inside and outside with coal tar pitch varnish, according to an approved process. The coating shall be done immediately after the cleaning and preliminary inspection, before any rust forms and before the hydrostatic test is applied. The pitch shall be made from coal-tar, dis- tilled until the naphtha has been entirely removed and the material deodorized. It shall then be mixed with from five to six per cent, of linseed oil, carefully heated to 150° C. , which temperature must be maintained throughout the operation of dipping. Each casting .shall be heated and then immersed in the hot mixture, and shall remain therein long enough to attain the same temperature as the mixture itself, when it shall be slowly removed and placed on skids to drip and allow the coat to harden. The coating shall be tough and tenacious', and of such temper as to set hard within one hour, without brittleness or tendency to scale off. Pitch which becomes brittle when cold will not answer for this use. It must be of the proper quality and approved by the Engineer. The mixture will thicken and deteriorate after a few castings have been dipped, and will require fresh material to be frequently added, and occasionally an entire emptying of the vessel and recharging with a fresh mixture. 23. The standard dimensions and weights of straight pipes are those given in the fol- lowing table : Tests. Inferior iron to be rejected. Inspection. Steel pick. Hydrostatic test. Special castings tested. Plugging. Cleaning. Coating. Varnish. Method. Table of dimen- sions and weights. C— WATER WORKS. Interior diameter of pipe. Thickness of shell. Thickness of lead joint. standard weight of pipe to lay s-^.ee (12 ft.) Permitted deviation in weight. Proof pressure. Centimetres. Millimetres. Centimetres. Kilograms. Per cent. Kgms. per square cm. ID 12 15 20 23 25 30 35 40 46 9 II II II II 13 14 14 15 22 0.79100.94 ( ( 1 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 1 ( 0.94 to I. II ( ( 96 134 163 218 2.';4 302 408 507 603 694 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . 4 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Deviation from standard weight. Weighing. Appointment of inspector. Everything open to inspection. Facilities for inspection. Final inspection. Final rejection. 24. No pipes will be accepted which are of less weight than the permitted percentage below the specified standard weight, and no exce.ss of weight more than the permitted percentage above the standard will be paid for, excepting such pipes as are specially or- dered. 25. The castings will be weighed after the coating is on and after proof. The weight shall be distinctly marked on the casting with white paint. The Contractor shall pro' vide at the foundry properly sealed scales and weights and shall weigh the castings at his own cost under the supervision of the Kngineer. 26. The Contractor shall notify the Engineer at lea.st week prior to the coni- mencement of manufacture in order that an inspector may be appointed to supervise the work. 27. The forms, sizes, patterns, moulds and flasks ; the moulding, casting, cleaning, testing ; coating, proving, weighing and shipment ; the iron and all other materials, shall at all times and in any stage of preparation or manufacture and delivery, be sub- ject to examination, inspection and rejection by the Engineer, or by his assistants or ih' spectors authorized to act under him ; and they shall be at liberty at all times to enter the foundry or shops where the work is being done, and shall be given every facility by the Contractor to make all necessary examination and inspection. 28. At the foundry all castings shall be placed in such position as may be required for convenience in inspecting, and the Contractor shall re-handle or remove them should it become necessary for that purpose, at his own cost and expense. 29. The final inspection of the pipe and castings will be made after they have beep delivered on the ground in position to be laid. No approval of any casting by the Engi- neer, his assistants or inspectors will prevent its rejection for any defects which may be discovered at any time before the final test. 30. All defective pipes and castings which may have passed inspection at the foundry, or which may have been broken or injured in transportation from the foundry to the point of delivery will be rejected when discovered, and the Contractor shall forthwith, at his own expense, remove such rejected pipe or casting. C— WATER WORKS. 5 31. The Contractor shall deliver the pipes and castings in Santos, at the Barra, in Points of Villa Macuco or at other points in the vicinity, distributing the same along the streets, ^ ^^^" roads, etc., where directed, or he may be required to deliver a certain quantity of both pipes and castings at some central point in Santos, in accordance with the instructions of the Engineer. 32. The Contractor shall deliver the pipes and castings at or within the times or dates Dates of herein mentioned, viz. : delivery. The pipe from cm. to cm. in diameter at the rate of kgms per month, the pipe from cm. to cm. in diameter at the rate of kgms per month, the special castings of all or specific kinds at the rate of kgms per month. Valves and Hydrants. 33. The approximate number of each size of valves and of each kind of hydrants re- , im te quired will be found in paragraph 2 of these specifications. The quantities there quantities, given may be increased or decreased to tlie extent of per cent, or one size of valve or kind of hydrant substituted for another to such extent as may be determined by the Engineer. .34. The iron castings in valves and hydrants shall be made from the same quality of Quality of iron, iron as that specified in paragraph 15, for cast iron pipe and special castings. 35. The castings shall be smooth and .sound, without cold shuts, lumps, swells, scales, perfect castings, blisters, sand holes or other imperfections. No plugging or filling will be permitted. 36. Tests of the strength of the metal in the castings for valves and hydrants shall Tests of strength be made in conformity with those for pipe and special castings, detailed in paragraphs 16, °f metal, etc. 17 and 18. 37. The castings for valves and hydrants shall be subjected to such inspection and inspection and tests as are specified for pipes and special tastings in paragraph 19, except that the hy- tests. draulic tests shall be applied after the valves or hydrants have been assembled. 38. The valves shall be tested in the following manner : First. — Heads shall be se- special tests of cured at each end of the casting, the valvfe opened, and a pressure of 20 kgms. per sq.cm. valves, applied. Second. — Each face joint of the valve shall be tested by, closing the valve, leaving one end of the casting open, and applying a pressure of 20 kgms. per sq. cm. to the other ; the valve shall then be reversed and the other face of the valve tested in the same manner. 39. The hydratits shall be tested in the following manner : First. — The valve shall special tests of be closed and the portion of the hydrant below the valve submitted to a pressure of 20 liydrants. kgms. per sq. c. m. Second. — The nozzles shall be capped, the valve opened, and a pressure of 20 kgms. per sq. cm. applied. The valves and hydrants during both tests shall be struck with the proving hammer while under pressure in the same manner as prescribed for pipe and castings in paragraph 19. Any valve or hydrant which shows any defects will be rejected ; but if the defect is not in the casting but in the main valve, flange, joint, stuffing box or other of the working parts, the valve or -hydrant, after being repaired, shall be submitted for test a second time, before its acceptance. 40. Paragraph 20, relating to filling or plugging shall also apply to the castings for Plugging, valves and hydrants. 6 C— WATER WORKS. Cleaning. ^i. Paragraph 21, relating to cleaning, shall also apply to the castings for valves a:nd hydrants. Coating and 42. All the Cast iron parts of valves and hydrants shall be coated with coal tar pitch, paintmg. varnished according to an approved process, as described in paragraph 22, or such modification of the same as may be specified by the Engineer. The parts of the post hy- drants above the ground level shall receive, in addition, three coats of paint composed of white lead and boiled oil, of such color as may be specified by the Engineer. Care shall be taken not to allow any paint to attach to the brass work, which must be left bright. Patterns. 43. Paragraph 12, referring to patterns for special castings shall also apply to all pat- terns for valves and hydrants. Inspector. 44- Paragraph 26, as to the appointment of an inspector, shall also apply for valves Materials and and hydrants, processes of manu- 45. Paragraphs 27 and 28, relating to materials, plant, processes of manufacture and J ' . facilities for inspection, etc., shall also apply as to the inspection of valves and hydrants. Imperfect valves 4^- -^'^^ imperfect valve or hydrant found at the time of delivery, or after delivery, and and hydrants to be any part of the work or materials not in accordance with these specifications, shall be '^^■'^'^ ^ ■ rejected, and paragraph 30, relating to pipes and castings, shall also apply, in the same manner, to valves and hydrants. Marks on 47. Each valve and hydrant shall have cast on its exterior surface the letters castings. jj, raised block or Roman letters, and also the initials of the maker, and the year. The letters shall be at least 4 cm. high and 0.3 cm. in relief. Wrought iron. 48. The wrought iron shall be of the best quality, of a brand approved by the Engi- Coating wrong nger, and capable of bearing an ultimate tensile strain of 2,800 kgms. per sq. cm. The wrought iron work when completed shall be heated and coated in the same manner as the cast iron. 49. The brass shall be composed of new metals of the best quality, and the castings shall be perfectly solid, and free from all flaws and defects. The brass for the valves, screws, nuts, and collars shall be composed of eight parts of copper and one part of tin ; and that for the valve facings shall be six parts of copper and one part of tin, or • such other mixtures as may be specified by the Engineer. Flanges and 5°- '^^^^ flanges of the castings shall be truly faced in the lathe or planer and the joints. joint made with india rubber, sheet lead or pure lead cement as may be directed by the Engineer. „ ., 51. The guides of the valves shall be closely fitted, so that the facings may be pro- tected from injury by trembling of the valves, but particularly so that the screws may not be strained aside in any direction while opening and closing the valves. Care shall also be taken that the castings are fitted together so that the centre lines of the two halves and that of the spindle and valve may all correspond exactly. Brass facings. 52. The brass facings of the valve discs *nd seats shall be put in with a dovetail, and the metal well hardened by hammering. The facings shall be turned and ground to a uniform taper or wedge, and carefully fitted, so that both faces of the valves may bear in all parts and be perfectly water-tight against pressure from either direction. When the valves or discs are screwed down so as to shut perfectly, the circumferences of the faces shall correspond or come opposite to each other at all parts. Spindles and 53- '^^^ spindles and .screws of all valves shall be of solid brass, with square threads screws. working slightly loo.se in the nuts, and be fitted in the stufi&ng boxes with a lateral play C— WATER WORKS. 7 of about 0.08 cm. and a vertical play of about 0.04 cm. The tops of the spindles shall have square cast iron heads or wrench caps of uniform size for all valves. 54. The glands and stuffing boxes of valves and hydrants shall be bored and fitted about 0.08 cm. loose, and be packed with the best hemp packing well greased with tal- " °^ low. The stuffing box on all valves must be a separate piece from the dome and fastened to it by bolts. 55. All bolts shall have square or oval necks, deep hexagonal nuts, with full well fit- ^^^^ . ting threads of standard sizes and forms, and strong washers. .56. The nozzles and nozzle covers of the post hydrants shall have deep, (;!ean threads, Nozzles of post accurately fitted to a gauge. The covers of the nozzles shall be attached to the body of hydrants, etc. the hydrant by a chain 0.64 cm. in diameter fastened to loose rings let into grooves turned in the covers. The faces of the faucets around the nozzles and the faces of the covers of the nozzles shall be turned or planed. The nozzles shall be run in with lead, which shair be properly set up and trimmed when cold. They, as well as their faucets, shall have projections to hold the lead and secure them firmly in place. 57. All corresponding parts of each size of stop valves and of each kind of hydrants interchanging shall be exact duplicates of each other ; made to gauges, so as to allow of complete inter- parts, change in cases of repairs. The grinding of the valves to their seats is to be the only ex- ception to this rule. All valves and hydrants shall open by turning to the right. ';8. The valves and hydrants shall be fitted up complete and ready for use. , Valves and ATA, T^ • 1 ,, 1 , ,. . , ., ^ , , hydrants to be 59. The Enguieer shall have power to vary the dunensions or details of the valves or complete. hydrants from those specified and shown on the plans or by samples ; and any difference Alterations, of cost caused thereby is to be estimated by him and added to, or subtracted from, the contract prices. 60. The valves and hydrants shall be delivered in Santos, at the Barra, in Villa Ma- Where to be cuco, or at such other points in the vicinity as may be designated by the Engineer. Pipe; L,aying. 61. The approximate quantity of each size of pipe to be laid, and the number of hy- Approximate drants and valves to be set, will be found in paragraph 3 of these specifications, while quantities, paragraph 2 gives the location of the various parts of the work. 62. The trenches shall be excavated on the streets or other places indicated by the En- . Trenches ; gineer and to the depths and grades given by him. The trenches shall be excavated on- sjons. ly so far in advance of the pipe laying as permitted by him. The depth generally shall be from the street grade or surface to the top of the pipe. The bottom width of trench shall be 0.60 metre greater than the inside diameter of the pipe to be laid. The top width shall not be more than 0.30 metre wider than the bottom width, and no part of the trench shall have a less width than the bottom. Any width greater than specified above will not be paid for. 63. If any part of the bottom be found unsound, the Contractor shall remove as much Bottom of as may be required and fill the same with suitable material, for which extra work ^^ -^aAcsoiM will be paid such amount as may be estimated by the Engineer. The bottom of the trench shall be made to conform to the grades given by the Engineer ; and the Contractor shall excavate such joint holes as may be required without extra charge. 64. The material excavated shall be deposited between the trench and that side of the Deposit. 8 C— WATER WOJ^KS. street on which the pipe is to be laid, and none shall be placed within 0.61 metre of the edge of the trench. The sidewalks shall not be closed, but an opening for foot passen- gers, of such width.as may be required, shall be maintained by the Contractor. No excava- tion shall be deposited between the trench and the centre of the street without the per- mission of the Engineer, but the streets shall be kept clear on this side for the delivery of pipes, etc., and for public traffic. Slides. 65. Nothing extra will be allowed on account of slides ; but when there is any risk, the Contractor shall shore his trench, and the cost of such shoring and its removal, etc., shall be covered by the prices mentioned in his proposal. The Contractor shall be re- sponsible for all damage to the streets or adjoining property caused by slides, and he shall, therefore, fill the trench immediately after the pipe is laid, whenever .so directed by Trench to be free ^^^ Engineer. The Contractor shall keep the trench free from water while the pipes are of water. being laid and the joints completed, and also during the filling in. In any case where the Contractor may be permitted to place earth on both sides of his trench, he shall level off the top so that the pipes may be deposited thereon until laid, and he shall secure them in this position until laid, without extra charge. Delivery of 66. The Contractor shall deliver the pipes on the streets as near to the trench as is con- Fngrand^other^^^" venient, and so as to impede trafi&c as little as possible. He shall also deliver all special material. Castings, valves, hydrants, lead, gasket and other materials required in connection with this work at the points where the same are needed. He shall do all the loading, carting and unloading, and shall be responsible for their safety until they are placed in position. or casting^ etc^^ ^7" ''^'^ P'P^s, special castings, valves, or hydrants shall be laid or used which are known or may be found to be defective, or which have been injured in handling. Notice shall be given to the Engineer or Inspector of any such injured or defective castings, etc., and they shall be set aside and marked as such. If any defective pipe, valve, hydrant, or casting shall be found to have been laid, it shall be removed and a good one put in its place by the Contractor. Grades and lines, 68. The pipes when laid in the trenches shall conform to the required grades, indicated by the stakes which will be set up as the work progresses ; and on curves and angles the • required pipes for such curvature or angle shall be used. All valves, hydrants, branches and connections shall be set or laid at the required points and in such manner as the Engineer may direct. Omissions. 69. Any omission of valves, hydrants, or branches, which are shown on the working plan, shall be made good by the Contractor ; and it shall be his duty to find out what are required on each street before commencing work. Stays, etc. 70. All caps, etc., which are liable to draw shall be .securely stayed to the satis- faction of the Engineer. 71. The spigots of the pipes, at the time when the joints are being made, shall be so adjusted in the sockets as to give a uniform space all around them : and if any pipe does not allow of sufficient .space, it shall be replaced by one of proper dimensions. The space between the pipe and the hub shall be packed with clean, sound hemp packing yarn, free from tar, far enough to leave the proper space for lead. The joints of all pipes from 10 to 25 cm. in diameter shall be at least 4.7 cm. in depth ; in pipes from 30 to 46 cm. in diameter the joints shall be from 5 to 5.4 cm. in depth. The thickness of the joints shall be the same as mentioned in paragraph 14. Lead and gasket. 72. The best soft pig lead of a brand approved by the Engineer, shall be used by the etc. Joints. C— WATER WORKS. 9 Contractor. The gasket shall be good hemp packing. Both lead and gasket shall be supplied by the Contractor, and his prices shall cover the cost of these materials. 73. All pipes and other castings shall be carefully swept and cleaned, and all joints Cleaning pipes before the lead is run into them shall be wiped, so as to render them clean and dry. and wiping joints. All open ends shall be plugged or otherwise closed at night when work ceases. 74. All joints shall be run full at one pouring, and the melting pot shall always be T>mjijin„ ^^^ within 10 metres of the joint about to be made. The joints shall be carefully caulked caulking joints, with proper tools by competent mechanics, and shall be done in such a manner as .shall secure a tight joint without overstraining the iron in the socket. The lead, after being driven, shall be flush with the edge of the bell. 75. Whenever the pipes require cutting, the same shall be done by the Contractor Cutting pipes, under the direction of the Engineer without extra charge. ^*''^' 76. The Contractor shall supply all blocking and wedges and lay the pipe on the Blocking and same in all places where required to do so by the Engineer. wedges. 77. Branches, curved pipe, and other special castings, shall be laid and set where di- special castings rected by the Engineer, and will be estimated and paid for according to the length they set where required, lay, except that branches will be estimated from the centre of the main pipe each way. 78. Valves and hydrants shall be set ai such places as directed by the Engineer. No Valves and extra payment will be made for setting valves, but they will be paid for in the work ac- ^^yj^ed. cording to the length they lay. No extra payment will be made for setting hydrants but measurement from the back of the hydrant to the centre of the main will be allowed for, at the same price per metre as the main pipe of the same diameter. 79. Chambers constructed as shown on the drawings shall be built around each valve Chambers and flush hydrant. In certain cases, where directed by the Engineer, chambers may be ^^^^^^ built of brick or stone, to contain two or more valves, and in such cases the Engineer will give the Contractor drawings of the same, and the Contractor will be paid the actual cost Chambers of the labor and materials, plus per cent. Wherever practicable the chambers drained, containing the hydrants or valves shall be drained into the nearest drain. 80. The Contractor shall make connections between the old iron pipes and the new pipes connections wherever such may be required by the Engineer during the progress of the work. No -^ith old pipes, extra payment will be allowed for this work, but measurement will be given from the outer end of the sleeve placed on the old pipe. 81. The Contractor shall make good, at his own expense, all defective joints, and defective joints, shall pay all damages arising from such defective joints for the space of one year from the date of the charging of the main, and the contract shall not be deemed finished until the expiration of one year from the date on which the last main was charged. 82. The Contractor shall furnish the Engineer with a daily statement showing the num- Material, ber of pipes, castings, valves, hydrants, etc., used, also the number of joints of each size made and the quantity of lead and gasket used. 83. After the pipes have been laid and the joints completed and permission to fill in Filling in layers, has been given, the most suitable material shall be selected and used until a height of ramming, etc. 0.3 metre over the top of the pipe has been reached; this shall be laid on in 15 cm. layers and carefully and thoroughly rammed under and around the pipe, so as to render the whole filling solid and compact. The balance of the trench shall then be filled in and the material well settled and tamped, and where there is a deficiency of good earth the Contractor shall supply the same at his own expense. The Contractor shall not lO C— WATER WORKS. Plank and tim- bers removed. Space to be paved, etc. New materials. cast any stones into the trench after the pipe is laid, until the latter is covered by at least 0.3 metre. 84. All plank and timber used during the progress of the work to support the sides of the trench shall be removed as the filling proceeds, 85. Not only the space occupied by the trench shall be repaved, but also all that pave- ment, curbing and flagging, which may be displaced in consequence of the trench hav- ing been dug, shall be taken up and relaid, in conformity with the line of the established grade of the street. In case any new materials are required in repaving or replacing the pavements, curbing, gutters or flagging of the streets the Contractor shall furnish at his own expense all such new material which shall conform in all respects to that re- quirea for new work of a similar character. Tank Reservoir. Description and dimensions. Preparation of site. Concrete. Masonry. 86. The tank shall be 7.62 metres in diameter and 15.85 metres high, made of sheet steel well braced vertically and horizontally. It shall rest upon a pedestal of masonry, 9.14 metres high, which shall consist of four heavy pillars carrying a groined archway. The roof of the tank shall consist of iron and tile. Ventilation beneath the roof shall be secured by means of louvres. Access to the top of the tank shall be gained by means of a winding staircase on the outside and a balcony. The capacity of the tank is 184,000 gallc)ns or 696,500 litres. The present 25 cm. main and the proposed 46 cm. main en- ter the tank near the bottom. The overflow pipe, drain pipe, and other details are shown on the drawings. The pipes are enclosed in the shaft of one of the pillars and a wind- ing stairway rises within another to the top of the pedestal. 87. The site upon which the tank reservoir is to be erected will be designated by the Engineer in charge, who will also give all necessary stakes and grades as they are needed. The Contractor shall prepare the site for the masonry in accordance with the stakes to be given. He shall remove all trees and underbrush and thoroughly grub out all stumps and roots, and excavate all earth or other material, to the surface of the underlying rock. After the rock has been reached, its surface shall be carefully prepared to receive the foundation of the pedestal by leveling it down either to a uniform surface or in steps as may be directed, removing all disintegrated or loose rock so as to give a surface of homoge- neous solid rock. All earth and broken rock thus excavated shall be used to fill up the trenches around the masonry ; the surplus material shall be carefully leveled ofi" in terraces or as may be directed by the Engineer, giving it on completion a finished and workmanlike appearance. 88. If it is found necessary a concrete foundation shall be put in. The concrete shall be deposited in layers of 15 cm. thickness and thoroughly rammed as laid. After this concrete has been brought to the height directed by the Engineer the rubble masonry substructure shall be commenced. 89. All footings for the masonry foundation for the pedestal shall be of granite laid in cement mortar up to the surface of the ground. The pedestal upon which the tank shall rest will be of the design shown upon Plate V. , the general features of which are as fol- lows : — The pedestal is intersected by cylindrical arches at right angles to its face, thus forming four piers connected by a groined arch. These arches and piers support the masonry upon which the bottom of the tank will rest. The four piers will have formed C— WATER WORKS. ii in each a hollow shaft in order to economize in masonry. In one of these shafts a stair- way will be built, by means of which the top of the pier may be reached. In another pier will be housed the supply, overflow and drain pipes, with their valves and appurte- nances. The shafts in the other piers may be used for storage of tools and other appara- tus. The masonry for the pedestal shall all be laid in cement mortar, with the face joints pointed with Portland cement mortar. The faces of all angles of the piers, between their pedestals and the main cornice or coping, shall be faced with dimension stone, rock faced, with chisel draft around the exposed edges. The voussoirs and groin stones shall be cut to exact size and shaped from templets or patterns which will be furnished. The ogee belt course of cut stone extending around the pedestal of each pier, the mouldings un- der the cornice and the cap stones of the top of the pedestal which support the tank shall all be cut to accurate form and dressed to a smooth surface. All other masonry shall be rock faced broken range work with the exception of the pedestals for the piers, which shall be laid in regular coursed rock faced work. All the masonry in the foundation for the tank shall be of granite quarried at Santos. The stone shall be sound, free from seams or cracks and of uniform color ; no stone shall have a less thickness exposed to view than 25 cm. The stone composing the mass shall be thoroughly bonded and bed- ded in mortar, and the courses shall be grouted as the work is carried up. The work shall be properly bonded by headers and stretchers, so as to make the mass as substan- tial and strong as possible. After the arches are turned between the piers, small piers -^ \. ^ r shall be built up to the level of the underside of the I beams supporting the floor of the erection, tank. The.se piers are to be so spaced and located as to afford substantial support to the I beams and yet give sufficient room between them to permit the floor plates to be riveted together and the necessary connections to be made. After the iron work of the floor has been completed, ma,sonry shall be filled in between these small piers, thoroughly packed and grouted so that when the same is completed, the bottom of the tank will be per- fectly .supported at all points. The remaining work shall then be completed in accord- ance with the designs and directions. The coping of the pier shall be plastered with cement mortar to render it water tight. Steps shall be formed of stone, a single stone for each step, extending from the top of the pedestal to the height necessary to make a landing for the iron spiral staitway which ascends to the top of the tank. Entrance shall be made to the shafts in the four piers through arched doorways formed in the masonry. The finished masonry shall be carried to such height that the bottom of the tank is twenty metres above mean tide. 90. Provision shall be made within one of the piers for such straps or brackets as Brackets in hol- may be needed to support the supply and overflow pipes, and these shall be set in posi- low piers. tion as the masonry is built. 91. The bidders for the iron work of this tank reservoir, will be required to submit their own detail plans and specifications for the same, following the design on plate V, Detail plans and in its general features as to dimensions and methods of construction, and the specifications as to materials and detail. All designs submitted shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer. 92. The floor and shell of the tank reservoir shall be made of homogeneous boiler plate g(.ggj ^^^ -^^^ steel, having a tensile strength of 4070 to 4220 kilograms per square centimetre, with an elongation of 23 per cent, and a reduction of area of 50 per cent. The angle irons, I beams, stiffeners, braces and other details may be of wrought iron. 12 C— WATER WORKS. Construction. Planing and caulking. Rivets. Top edge of tank and roof. Stairway and balcony. Handrail. Manhole. Connecting pipes, etc. 93. All the seams in the bottom of the tank and the horizontal seams of the shell shall be double riveted. The vertical seams maj' be single riveted. The connections of the sides or shell of the tank with the bottom is to be made by means of a heavy angle iron double riveted to both shell and floor. All the joints shall be caulked on both sides and made water tight. 94. The caulking edges of all plates shall be planed at the shop ; all rivets shall be driven hot and all seams shall be neatly finished. 95. All rivets shall be of the best quality, of standard sizes, and shall be placed and spaced with due reference to the thickness of the plates in which they are to be used and the strains to which they are to be subjected. The rivets in double riveted joints shall be placed alternately with each other, or 'staggered,' and all rivet holes shall be accu- rately spaced and carefully formed by clean punching, so that the rivets can be put in during erection without resorting to drifting. 96. The upper edge of the top course shall be punched as for a single riveted lap, and a ring of angle iron 7.5 cm. by 7.5 cm. by 0.95 cm. shall be riveted around the top, out- side, and the joints thereof spliced with six rivets at each joint. The I beam stiflFeners shall be riveted vertically to the inside of the shell of the tank, from the bottom to the top, and shall be spaced as shown on Plate V. These stiffeners shall extend above the top of the shell and carry a system of framing upon their extremities, consisting of beams and braces designed to hold them in place, so as to prevent the distortion of the circular form of the shell. Upon this framing the roofing of the tank shall be constructed of iron, as shown upon the drawings. The roof shall be sheeted with matched lumber, upon which the tile roof covering shall be constructed as shown upon the drawings. The hips shall be covered with special hip tiles and the whole finished at the top with an ornamental cop- per finial. Between the posts which support the roof above the tank, louvres made of wood shall be built to allow of ventilation. The Contractor shall put up all the neces- sary brackets, cornices and other proper moldings, as shown upon the drawings. 97. A spiral stairway shall be built around the tank reaching from the top of the pedestal to the balcony which surrounds the top of the tank. The stairway 'shall be supported by iron brackets, of ornamental design, riveted to the shell of the tank. The carriers, treads and risers of the steps shall be of iron. A handrail shall be placed on the outside edge of the stairway, extending from the bottom of the stairs to the top, and also around the outer edge of the balcony, surrounding the top of the tower. This stairway and handrail must be most substantially and strongly constructed. A railing shall also be constructed around the top of the well hole into which the stairs descend through the pier. The handrail shall be of polished brass tubing 4 cm. in diameter. Handrail posts shall be of cast iron. 98. A manhole having a clear opening of not less than 46 cm. by 60 cm., shall be provided and set at some suitable place in the lower course. It shall be fitted with a proper cover and fastenings. 99. The Contractor shall make all connections of the 46 cm. and the 25 cm. supply mains for the tank, supplying all necessary piping, elbows, flanges, valves and other appurtenances necessary to carry each through and under the pier and 2 metres beyond the outside line of the foundations. He shall also build in the tank reservoir an over- flow pipe of the dimensions shown upon the drawings, and a drain pipe leading from the bottom of the tank into the overflow pipe, with the proper valves. The overflow C— WATER WORKS. 13 pipe shall be carried by the Contractor, full size, from the tank reservoir to the nearest rain water drain. 100. The Contractor shall furnish and put in place the necessary door frames and wooden doors closing the openings into the shafts in the piers of the pedestal. The frames shall be substantially made and firmly fixed in the masonry. The doors shall be provi- ded with strong locks with duplicate keys and shall be hung on heavy butt hinges. loi. He shall also provide and put in place four ornamental wrought iron gates, pro- vided with bolts, lock and keys, closing the arches between the piers as shown upon Plate V. 102. All the iron work, before erection, shall receive one good coat of lead paint ground in pure linseed oil. The inside of the tank shall be painted with three coats of the best asphalt paint. After erection the exterior shall be given two good coats of lead paint, finish- ing in such colors as may be desired by the Engineer. After covering all knots with shellac the wood work shall be primed with lead paint, and the nail holes puttied. After the priming is dry, the wood work shall be given three coats of lead paint, finishing in such colors as the Engineer may direct. 103. After the tank reservoir is erected and all work, etc., upon the same completed, the Contractor shall remove all scaiFolding and superfluous material from the site, clean up the premises, level off the surface of the grounds and cover the same with a suf- ficient depth of soil to support a good lawn. The grounds shall be laid out with a drive- way to the reservoir, with paths and garden beds, seeded with lawn grasses, raked and rolled and tastefully planted with trees, shrubs, etc. 104. Proposals' shall state a price for the tank reservoir complete including all materials of whatever description, and all labor in connection with the same, in compliance with the drawings, the specifications and the instructions of the Engineer. Doors. Gates. Painting. Cleaning up, etc. Price. SPECIAL TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS. D. SEWERAGE. The work to be done under these specifications includes the construction of work to be done sewers and all structures and work appertaining thereto. The Contractor shall make all the required excavation in whatever material met Specifying what with on the streets, or other places mentioned in the list, for constructing the sewers, work the Contrac- manholes, flush tanks, siphon, overflows, pipe lines, house connections, the pumping ^^^^. materials he station, the Shone system, the pumps, air compressors, air pipes, ejectors, etc., and all shall furnish, etc., other appertaining structures required to complete the work in accordance with the ^ *^' plans and specifications, or for the faithful execution of the work : do all carting, load- ing, unloading and distributing of brick, stone, sand, cement, pipes, iron work, lumber or other material or tools, etc., required in the work ; do all ditching, pumping, bailing and draining ; all sheeting and shoring ; all fencing, lighting and watching ; make all provisions nece.ssary to maintain public travel and to protect buildings, fences, culverts, sewers, drains, waterpipes, gaspipes and other structures, and repair all damage done to such structures ; con.struct all foundations, all brick work, masonry and timber work ; set in place all iron work ; backfill all trenches, and fill over and alongside the sewers to lines and elevations shown on plans and sections ; re-surface or re-pave all streets ; remove old sewers wherever required and fill up trenches with good material ; clean the hubs and sockets and inside of all sound pipe taken up, in order that they may be used again ; clear away all rubbish and .surplus material. He .shall furnish all brick, .stone, gravel, sand, cement, terra cotta pipe, branches, bends, stoppers, gates, valves, screws, flush tanks, cast and wrought iron work, piles, sheeting and other lumber, and all other materials of every description, except as may be specially provided ; all ejectors and cast and wrought iron pipe of all sizes, together with all lead, gaskets or bolts for joints for the same ; all brick, stone, sand, cement, tiles, lumber, iron work and all other ma- terials required in connection with the pumping station and the Shone system ; all tools, implements, and labor required to build and put in complete working order each speci- fied section of .sewer or other work and its appurtenances ; the whole to be done in ac- cordance with the agreement and specification herein set forth, and the Engineers re- quirements and directions under them. The sewers are to be located upon the following streets, roads or other places. Location of \Here insert detailed list of streets and other places to be provided with sewers or other ^^^^'^^• appurtenances. J The sewers indicated in the above list shall be con.structed in such order as may be Order of con- directed by the Engineer. It is not guaranteed that all the sewers in the above list will ^tructing. be required to be constructed, and the right is reserved to substitute the names of other Substitution of , p , , ,. , . . , , other streets or streets or places tor those on the list, or to substitute one size for another to any extent other sizes for those that may be deemed desirable by the municipal authorities. °" ^^^ 'i^t. Sewer grade. 2 D.— SEWERAGE. Approximate The following are the approximate quantities of the work to be done : [Here insert a list showing the length of each size of brick and pipe sewers, the number of manholes, flush tanks, and other appurtenances, cubic metres of masonry, etc. , etc. , with as much detail as desired^ Excavation and Backfilling. Character of The character of the material in which the sewer or other structure is to be built tained by contrac- "''^■''t be ascertained by the Contractor by means of borings, test-pits, or in any other tor. manner he may choose. The grade referred to in these specifications is as follows : Where a timber founda- tion is used, it is the under side of the ribs or sills. Where concrete or rubble masonry side walls are used without a platform, it is 23 cm. below the under side of the brick in- vert of the sewer. Where no platform or side walls are used, it is the under side of the brick invert of the sewer. „ . ^ . All surfacing material covering the location of the trench or appurtenances of the Care of surfacing , . , -. . , , ., r 1 n 1 1 material. work, including pavements, paving, gravel, macadam, sou, turf, etc., shall be removed for a suitable distance in advance of the deep trench, and kept separate, as may be directed, to be again u.sed in re-paving or re-surfacing the street, road, or ground. Wherever the surfaces are unpaved, either in public highways or on private lands, the iron frames of the covers of manholes, ventilators, and other appertaining structures that reach the surface, shall be surrounded with a ring of cobblestone paving, extending at least 0.6 metre from the edge of the iron frame. Earth excavation ^\^& excavation of the trenches and pits in which the 'sewer and its appurtenances above grade. are to be constructed, shall be made to the lines and grades given by the Engineer, from time to time, and in all ca.ses in such manner and to such widths as will give ample room for building the structures they are to contain, and for pumping and draining, and for removing any material which the Engineer may deem to be unsuitable for the Width of trench, foundation. Where the sewer is to be built in compressible material, the width of the etc., in compressi- ble material. trench shall be sufficient to leave as much clear space between the masonry and the sheeting as the Engineer may direct. Foundations on Where the nature of the ground will permit, the trench shall be trimmed to the ex- act form and depth required for the reception of the invert, lyength of open 1*he length of trench to be opened, or area of surface to be disturbed at any one trench. ' time, shall be determined by the Engineer. Bxtra width or In case it is necessary to excavate to an extra width, or depth below grade, to secure ^P' " good foundations, it shall be done as directed ; the sides of the excavation shall be sup- How paid for. ported by sheeting and shoring, or in other proper and safe manner, at the expense of the Contractor, who will be allowed reis per cubic metre for the material removed. Excavations not If the trench bottom be excavated below grade, except by order of the Engineer, ordered. jj. ghall be refilled to grade in such manner as may be directed, at the Contractor's expense. Rock or stone. In case rock or stone, measuring one-half cubic metre or more, is encountered, and which, in the opinion of the Engineer, requires blasting for its removal, it shall be taken out to the lines and grades defined by the Engineer, and as directed, for which payment will be made at the rate of reis per cubic metre for the amount earth. D.— SEWERAGE. 3 removed within such lines. Precautions against accident from blasting and explosives Precautions, shall be satisfactory to the Kngineer. Materials found on the work, suitable for any special use, shall be reserved for Materials that purpose. In all cases where a new sewer is to be constructed on a street already reserved, provided with a sewer, the old sewer shall be dug up, and the material of which it and all its appurtenances is constructed, entirely taken out and disposed of, as directed by the Engineer. The Contractor .shall maintain the excavations in good order during construction. Maintaining ex- so as not to hinder or injure the mason-work in any manner ; all slides or caves shall be cavations. repaired at his co.st. He shall do all draining, bailing, or pumping necessary to keep the trendies and other excavations free from water. Trenches and other excavations shall be backfilled with the best of the excavated ma- . Backfilling tenal, and in such manner, from time to time, as the Engineer may direct. The material trenches. shall be spread in layers, not to exceed 15 cm. in thickness, which shall be well watered and thoroughly rammed ; or when, in the opinion of the Engineer, it is of proper character for compacting by puddling, and where an abundance of water can be obtained, it may be thrown into the trench and allowed to settle into place through a suitable depth of water. The backfilling about the sewer and other masonry shall be done with especial care ; it must be brought up evenly on both sides of the .sewer to the top of the arch, so that no unbalanced pressure can be thrown upon the masonry ; and no mud or other material of that character shall be used at such points unless permission is given by the Engineer. Where the .sewer is built with side walls, the filling behind them shall not be commenced until the brick invert is laid. During the progress of the work, all water from the sewer trench, culverts, drains, Disposal of waste brooks, gutters, etc., shall be conveyed in pipes or sluiceways, to a suitable point of dis- water, charge, and the work shall be so conducted as not to disturb the masonry, which shall be braced, if .so required by the Engineer. Where required, drainage may be effected by a drain pipe laid below the sewer. The pipe shall be carefully bedded, and the joints so tight as to prevent gravel and sand from passing through them ; if necessary, they shall be caulked with neat cement ; and the back-filling shall be solidly made, as directed. Excavations below grade, when ordered by the Engineer, shall be backfilled with Gravel or con- gravel, spread in thin layers, thoroughly wetted and rammed ; or, if directed by the Engi- neer, the filling shall be made of cement concrete or masonry. Where a timber foundation is u.sed, the backfilling, up to the springing-line of the Backfilling sewer, shall be made with .selected material, satisfactory to the Engineer, and spread in dat^on isused °""" thin layers thoroughly wetted and rammed. As the trenches are backfilled, the sheeting and bracing shall be removed in such a manner as to prevent the caving in of the sides of the cut. While the sheeting planks ing. are being withdrawn, the voids left by them shall be carefully filled by ramming with tools specially adapted to the purpose, or by watering or otherwise, as may be directed. When, however, the Engineer is of the opinion that the sheeting or bracing cannot be removed without injury to the work, he will order it left in place, and the Con- tractor will be paid for the lumber at the rate of reis per cubic metre. The surface over the line of the .sewer shall be brought to the elevations and sec- tions shown on the plan, and any additional material required over and above the surplus embankment ^^^^"^ from the sewer trench, shall be excavated to the lines shown on the plan, from ground Variations. How used. 4 D.— SEWERAGE. near the line of the sewer,- and will be paid for by the cubic metre, measured in the place excavated, at the price named in the proposal. Work left unfin- When, for any reason, the work is left unfinished, the Engineer may order all ished. the trenches and excavations to be filled up by the Contractor, and left unobstructed and with their surfaces in a safe and satisfactory condition. Mortar. All mortar shall be made of such Portland cement, as shall be specified by the Mortar, how pre- Engineer, and clean, coarse, sharp sand, free from all foreign matter and satisfactory to the Engineer. These ingredients shall be thoroughly mixed dry, and, unless other- wise directed by the Engineer, in the following proportions by measure : One part of Proportions. cement to two parts of sand, and a moderate quantity of water is to he afterward added to produce a paste of proper consistency, the whole to be well worked with hoes or other tools. When, by order of the Engineer, the above proportions are varied, he will make what is in his judgment a fair compensation for such change. The mortar shall be freshly mixed for the work in hand, in proper boxes, and used before it begins to take the first set. Brick. The bricks .shall be of the best quality and burnt hard entirely through, regular Quality of bricks. ^^^ uniform in size and shape, and they shall be of a compact texture. Bricks which, after being thoroughly dried and immersed in water for twenty-four hours, absorb in volume more than sixteen per cent, of water will be rejected. Fifteen per cent, of the bricks may be of second quality, not more than one-third of which may be of black ends. To insure their proper quality, they will be subject to such inspection and tests as may be determined by the Engineer. Bricks used in all arch rings and inverts shall be of the first and best quality. _ ... u • 1^ The bricks shall be culled before laying at the expense of the Contractor, who shall furnish capable men for that purpose. All bricks of an improper quality, and all Bats. bats except as hereinafter provided, shall be laid aside. The hardest and most regu- Brick for invert ^^'^^^ shaped bricks shall be used on the invert of the .sewer. Hard-burned bricks, less perfect than those required for the sewer, and a small proportion of bats, all satisfac- For outer rings. '^"T to the Engineer, may be used on the outer rings of the sewers and manholes. Masonry. All brick masonry shall be laid with bricks and mortar of the quality .specified in the preceding clauses and shall be of the best character. The bricks in the sewers shall be laid to a line, with their beds in the lines of the jjjg ^" radii of the curves of the sewer cross-section, well bonded, and with as clo.se joints Bricks wet and C'^^* exceeding 6 mm. for face-work) as may be from time to time directed. The bricks joints flushed full, shall be thoroughly wet just before laying, and all joints flushed full with mortar and struck flush on the face of the work. The whole interior face of the rubble or concrete backing, against which the Pi £ts t cri n £f brick lining of the invert rests, shall be thoroughly plastered, with hydraulic cement mortar, of the kind to be used in building the invert of the sewer, before the lining is laid. D.— SEWERAGE. 5 The extrados of the upper brick arch, from springing-line to springing-line, shall be plastered with a coating of hydraulic cement 6 mm. thick. The surfaces of the ma- sonry shall be plastered with a thin coat of hydraulic cement mortar wherever required, q <.■ i h d The cost of all plastering shall be included in the price for the kind of masonry to which it is applied. „ ... „ , , , , , , ■ • r , Smooth interior Great care must be taken to leave a smooth and regular interior suriace, by scrap- surfaces. ing off all projecting mortar, within three days after the center has been removed, and by neatly pointing the joints where required. Skilled masons None but the most skilled masons shall be employed on the invert of the sewer. °° inverts. Strong centers and satisfactory moulds, templets and forms, shall be provided and centers and tem- maintained in good condition by the Contractor. They shall, before using, be carefully plets provided, cleaned. The centers shall not be removed until the backfilling is raised 0.6 metre above the top of the arch, unless otherwise directed. At least 50 metres of straight Fifty metres of centering for the upper arch shall be used on each working division. These centers ^^^^^ ^"^ shall be .so made that the rear ones may be removed and carried forward under those in place and set up again as fast as the archwork of the sewer is built and set. Side entrances, siphon, overflows, bellmouths, gate-chambers, manholes, flush manholes etc. ' tanks, connections for lateral sewers, etc., shall be constructed at such points as may be designated, and according to plans and directions given. Pipe connections shall also be built into the walls of the sewer wherever required, and properly plugged by stoppers when so directed. No water against No water shall be allowed to stand on or flow against the fresh brickwork until it fresh brickwork, has had such time to set as may be prescribed by the Engineer. it fi ' ti d fe All unfinished work must be "racked back," and when new work is joined to it, to be racked back its surfaces must be scraped and thoroughly cleaned, and well moistened. ^""^ cleaned. No work shall be done on masonry during such days as, in the opinion of the work in inclem- Engineer, good work cannot be obtained, and all such days will not be counted as ent weather, working days, when reckoning the contract time for completing the work. All unfinished ma.sonry shall be properly protected during inclement weather from sonrv^*^'""" °^^ injury by water, etc. The dimension or cut stone, wherever required, shall be furnished by the Con- o t t tractor and shall be laid in cement mortar as directed by the Engineer. Rubble stone masonry shall be used for the side walls of the sewer, when the Engi- neer may direct, and for any other parts of the work which he may at any time desig- Rubble, nate. It shall be composed of good, sound granite or ledge stone, of suitable size and shape for the work, and laid solid in cement mortar. All the stones shall be laid com- pactly on their natural beds, and he well bonded together by the proper use of headers ; the whole shall be done in a substantial and workmanlike manner. All the stones shall be wet when laid in mortar, if required. After the work is completed, the sewer and other structures shall be carefully cleaned and left in good condition, ready for use. The word "masonry" shall be understood to mean and include brick or stone Definif f masonry or concrete in place ; also, the terms "concrete " and "concrete masonry " are terms, understood to mean one and the same thing. All masonry, except as otherwise specified, will be estimated according to the plans furnished, or directions given from time to time by the Engineer, and will be paid Measurement of i-,,1- •. o> f masonry, for bv the cubic metre, 111 place. Concrete. 6 D.— SEWERAGE. Concrete. Concrete will be used on such portions of the work as the Engineer may direct, and it shall be composed of clean, screened gravel, or of approved broken stone having no dimension greater than 5 cm., mixed with mortar of the quality before described. The volume of the gravel or stones shall be determined by the Engineer and shall be such that the void spaces shall be fully filled by the mortar. The mixing shall be done in suitable boxes, in a manner satisfactory to the Engineer ; and after the materials are wet the concrete shall be deposited rapidly in layers, until it is all in place. Each layer shall be thoroughly rammed until the water flushes to the surface. The concrete shall be allowed to set properly before any work is laid upon it, and no walking over or work- ing upon it will be allowed while it is setting, relsofcementkept. -^^ account shall be kept of the number of barrels of cement used for concrete. Pipe Sewers. The terra cotta pipes shall be of the best quality, made of first class materials, erra cotta pipes, thoroughly and perfectly iburned, of homogeneous texture, without cracks or imperfec- tions and well salt glazed over their outer and inner surfaces. They shall have socket Thickness. joints, and shall have a thickness of one-twelfth of the diameter of the pipe. Diameter. The diameters shall be as specified, and the circle true, not varying more than one cm. at any place. The pipes shall be straight, and shall not vary more than 1.3 Straightness. ^^^ -^^ ^ \^n^t\^ of one metre. All pipes before being lowered into the trench shall be fitted together dry on the fore being laid. ^' surface and matched, so that when joined in the trench they may form a true and smooth line of tubes. All pipes shall be laid true to the lines and grades given by the Engineer ; the intr ^•i'lc'^ ends or shoulders of each pipe shall abut against the other, in such a manner that there IQg pipes. shall be no unevenness of any kind along the bottom half of the sewer on the inside. The Engineer, when deemed necessary, will place stakes or points opposite each other fuide stakes or qjj gach side of the trench and upon the same level every five metres and parallel with the grade of the sewer. . All pipe lines connecting with the sewer shall be laid on a firm bed, with well of pipe. ^ °^^ filled mortar joints, struck flush and smooth on the inside, and thoroughly cleaned out as the work progresses ; the mortar shall be in the proportions of one part hydraulic cement to two parts sand. The space between the pipe and socket or collar shall be as uniform as possible. The joint. the joint carefully wiped and pointed inside and out, and all mortar that may be left iniside thoroughly cleaned out, and the pipe left clean and smooth throughout. The interior of the pipe shall be carefully freed of all dirt, cement, and superflu- Interior of the ous material of every description, as the work proceeds, for which purpose a disc mould pipe made clean, qj. g^^b filling the entire bore of the pipe, and attached to a rod sufi&ciently long to pass two joints from the end of the pipe last laid, shall be continuously worked through. J. . d t '^^^ lines, grades and directions given by the Engineer must be strictly observed. The requirements under the heads of excavation, backfilling, timber-work, etc., shall, as far as practicable, include this work. D.— SEWERAGE. 7 On all pipe sewers or drain connections paid for by lineal measurement, no extra No extra allow- allowance will be made for necessary bends and branches. branches. ^^" ^ °^ The mouth of the pipe shall be carefully protected, and the excavations, in all cases, shall be fully completed at least six metres in advance of the laying of the pipe. Mouth of pipe In all cases the mouth of the pipe shall be provided with a board or other stopper, care- fully fitted to the pipe to prevent all earth or other substance from entering. The,se branches shall be closed with approved vitrified stoneware covers, wherever they are Branches closed, not at once connected with the hou.se sewers. Where changes of direction or connections with other sewers are required, they ^^^^ angeso irec- shall be made by means of junction manholes. Timber Foundations and Timber. The Contractor shall, when required, construct a timber foundation for the .sewer Timber founda- and its appurtenances, in accordance with the Engineer's plans and directions. If a '°"' platform is used it shall consist of 15X20 cm. sills, laid longitudinally, and a flooring of Platform. 7^ cm. plank .spiked to each sill with suitable spikes. If a cradle is used it .shall con- sist of ribs laid transversely, and a lining of boards secured to each rib with suitable '^^ ^' nails. The lumber used in foundation work shall be good, sound, Straight-grained free from all shakes, loose knots and other defects which may impair its Quality of lum- strength or durability. Where a timber foundation is u.sed, the Contractor must exercise '^' great care to prevent any washing away of the material under it, and where drain pipe as specified in paragraph 15, is not used, the pumps must be shifted frequently to avoid damage from undermining. Wherever the Engineer may deem it necessary, the timber platform shall be sup- piling to support ported on piles, arranged as he shall determine. The piles shall be straight, sound foundation, sticks of free from all bark, not less than 25 cm. in diameter where cut off to receive the cap, and of sufl&cient length to admit of their being thoroughly driven, to the .satisfaction of the Engineer. The piles shall be cut oif at the grade given by the En- gineer, and the top of each pile shall be left level and in the same plane with the tops of other piles which are to support the same cap. The caps shall be pinned to the piles with 15 cm. wrought iron bolts. The spaces between the piles, and between pile caps or sills, shall be backfilled Filling around with suitable material to the height of the under side of the timber platform. P''®® ^""^ ®^'^^- The precise nature of the foundation to be used at any point cannot be determined , Nature of foun- in advance, but will be decided upon by the Engineer as the work proceeds. The Contractor shall furnish and put in place such sheet-plank, bracing, or other Bracing, work as may be required to support the sides of the excavation and to prevent any movement which could in any way injure the masonry, diminish the width necessary for proper drainage, or otherwise injure or delay the work. Manholes. The Contractor shall construct manholes at such points in the line of the main titi, ^ Wnereconstruct- sewer as designated on the plans. He shall do all necessary excavating and backfilling ed. for the same. The walls of each manhole shall be two bricks in thickness, and shall rest on a Walls, founda- oundation as shown on the plans, and shall be built up from the grade line of the '°°' ^ *^' 8 D.—SEWERAGE. Head and cover. Steps. Inverts in holes. sewer to a plane either i8 or 25 cm. below the surface of the street, according to the plans. The walls after being brought up to the proper height, shall be capped with a circular cast iron head and perforated cover of the pattern shown on the drawings. Wrought iron .steps of the form and dimensions prescribed in the drawings shall be firmly built into the inside face of the manhole, to assist in ascending and descending. Where brick inverts occur, they shall be composed of one course of bricks laid on their edge, and with their greatest length laid parallel with the line of the sewer, alternate courses being laid so as to break joints with each other, and on radial lines from the proper center. If the bottom of the trench is not excavated to exactly conform to the outside surface of the invert, a foundation of either hydraulic cement concrete, or hydraulic cement, of the proper form, shall be carefully prepared, upon which the invert shall be constructed. In manholes on pipe sewers the inverts shall be Inverts in man- of the same diameter as the main sewer, and formed as shown in the drawings ; the}' ers. ^^' shall be of concrete, truly formed with proper curves and tongues and carefully smoothed. _ ^ ,. ^ . After the invert has been formed, planks shall be laid down, to protect it from injury Protection of in- , . , ... > r j j vert while completing the remaining portion of the manhole. Flush Tanks. Location. The Contractor shall construct flush tanks at the points designated, or indicated Excavation, etc. on the drawings. He shall do all necessary excavation and backfilling for the same. Foundation. Walls. Gates, etc. Patented flush tanks. The foundations shall be of concrete as shown in the drawings. The walls .shall be constructed of brick or stone as decided by the Engineer, and shall be finished in the same workmanlike manner as prescribed for the manholes and other structures. The Contractor shall provide and .set all "gates, flap valves, pipes, chains, rings, hooks, etc., in accordance with the drawings. The faces and seats of all valves oper- ated by hand shall be of iron, and the bearings shall be of babbitt or other soft metal. In cases where patented or other flush tanks are required they shall be provided and set by the Contractor in accordance with the drawings and the instructions of the Engineer. Overflows. Overflows built. Excavation, etc. Outlet pipes. Flap valves. Overflows shall be built by the Contractor at the points and of the dimensions indicated on the plans, or where directed by the Engineer, and in accordance with the drawings. The Contractor shall do all necessary excavation and backfilling for the same. The invert of the overflow pipe or conduit shall be set at the elevation and slope indicated on the drawings or as directed by the Engineer. Each overflow shall be provided with the requisite flap and gate valves for trap- ping the air and for flushing, and all other necessary fittings according to the drawings. Siphon. Location phon. of Excavation, etc. j The Contractor shall construct the siphon on the main sewer at the point where it passes under the drain on Rua Jose Ricardo, in accordance with the drawings and the instructions of the Engineer. He shall do all necessary excavation and backfilling for the same. D.— SEWERAGE. 9 The foundation shall be of concrete as shown in the drawings. The chambers at Foundation, the ends of the siphon shall be constructed of brick or stone as decided by the Engineer, chambers and shall be finished in the same workmanlike manner as prescribed for the manholes and other structures. The Contractor shall provide and set all gates, flap valves, pipes, etc., in accord- Gates, etc. ance with the drawings. Ironwork. All cast iron shall be tough and have an ultimate tenisile strength of 1400 kgms. Quality of cast per sq. cm., with a light gray fracture. All castings shall be free from cracks, cold iron, shuts, blow holes, or other imperfections, straight, true to pattern, and have a workman- like finish. They shall be thoroughly cleaned, coated with coal-tar varnish of approved composition, and shall be of the weight, shape and dimensions shown on the drawings. All castings or other ironwork, including valves, flush gates, stop gates, etc., shown Ironwork to be on the plans, and such as may otherwise be required, shall be furnished by the Contractor! by the Contractor, and shall by him be built into the masonry wherever, and in the manner directed. Connections with Sewers. All sewers, house drains, manholes, etc., on the line of the work, whether of brick or Connections pipe, shall be either built, repaired, connected or reconnected, as directed by the Kngineer, '^^"^ '^^ work pro- as the work progresses, and the Contractor will be paid therefor the actual cost of all labor and materials furnished plus per cent. The work shall be done carefully and in a perfect manner ; the bricks at the adjoining edge shall be shaped smoothly to the proper curves, set .securely, and with a thorough bond. Connections .shall be made with other .sewers by means of junction manholes, if directed by the Engineer, and the cross- sections of said connections shall be made in accordance with the standard sections. When ordered, slants and bull's-eyes formed by a ring of brick work or cut stones, gygg'^etc " ^" shall be built into the sewer at a given elevation, shape and slope. A length of vitrified drain pipe or connecting block of approved quality, or Y , branches for branch not more than 15 cm. in internal diameter for house connections, shall be built into the .sewer opposite each house or lot having . metres frontage ; in wider lots, they shall be placed at regular intervals, not exceeding metres on each side, and at such other places as may be shown on the drawings or directed by the Engineer, without extra charge. Connections of larger diameter shall also be made , where nece.ssary or where directed by the Engineer. They shall be built into the walls of the sewer, terminating at an angle of 45 degrees, when so ordered, with and in the Pipe for connec- direction of the flow of the current, and at the given elevation and .slope. They shall *^°'^® properly set. also be set .so that their inner ends will not project within the inner surface of the sewer, and the bricks in the sewer shall be fitted closely and securely around them. The ends of the pipes shall be trimmed to the required angle before being delivered on the work. In special cases, two or more 15 cm. pipes for house connections may be used for one building, but only on written permission from the Engineer. The right to connect any .sewer or drain with the sewer, before its completion, is expressly reserved by the city, and it is fully understood and hereby agreed that no extra allowance will be claimed therefor if such connection is made. ' lO D.— SEWERAGE. Ends of pipe capped, etc. The ends of all sewers, pipes, bull's-eyes, spurs and house connections, when not immediately used, shall be securely closed with brick masonry, or approved terra-cotta covers, cemented in, without extra charge. Shone Systbm, Ejectors, Air Pipes, Etc. Systems in Barra district and in Vil- la Macuco. Ejector station walls, roof and floor. EiHaust air. Entrance. Ejector station. Connections se- curely made. Cast iron force main. Secure joints. Ejector in Villa Macuco and con- nections. Compressed air, how delivered. Air pipes, joints, etc. In the Barra district of the city of Santos, including Villa Macuco, the sewage will be collected in pipe sewers whicli shall be built according to the foregoing specifica- tions for pipe sewers, and discharged from them by gravity to the ejector stations shown upon the drawings. The masonry of the ejector stations shall be so built as to be perfectly water tight. The interior walls and roofs shall be lined with white glazed tiles, and the floor of the same shall be of concrete brought to a uniform surface, draining to a sump hole in one end, from which any water that may gather therein can be removed. The pipe for the exhaust air from the ejectors shall be discharged upward into the manhole outside of the ejector station as shown upon the plans, to aid the ventilation of the same. A suitable entrance to the ejector station from the street shall be provided, with proper steps built into the wall to assist in a.scending and descending. The contractor shall furnish all materials of the proper sizes, capacities and dimensions, and labor and ap- pliances, for the complete installation of the system as outlined herein and as shown upon the maps and drawings. The ejector stations shall be built of masonry of the proper dimensions, and each shall be furnished with two Shone hydro-pneumatic ejectors. The ejectors shall be so coupled together that in case of a failure in either one to discharge the sewage, the other will come into action. The sewage will be collected from the gravitation sewers in a manhole at the end of the station. In the bottom of this manhole a cast iron grat- ing will be placed through which the sewage shall be screened to prevent large objects from entering the ejector. All the connections of the mains and air pipes shall be made in the best manner to prevent leakage. Each ejector station with its machinery and appliances shall fulfill satisfactorily such te.sts as the Engineer may direct, before its acceptance. The sewage after being forced out of the ejector will enter by means of proper head works into the upper end of the gravitation sewer leading to the next ejector sta- tion. In the ejector at the corner of Rua Conselheiro Nebias and Rua Nova, the sewage will be forced directly to the outfall through a 12-inch (30.5 cm.) cast iron force rnain. This force main shall be laid with flanged joints securely bolted to- gether with proper gaskets, to render the joints absolutely water tight. The ejector in Villa Macuco will deliver its sewage through a 6-inch (15 cm.) cast iron force main to the 12-inch (30.5 cm.) main above described, making proper junction with the same by means of a special casting. All the work shall be done in the most thorough and work- manlike maimer. The compressed air for the operation of the ejectors will be delivered at the sta- tions through cast or wrought iron pipes, laid one metre below the surface and varying in diameter from 8 inches (20.3 cm.) to 2 inches (5.1 cm.) as marked upon the drawings. The cast iron pipe shall have leaded and caulked joints, and the wrought iron pipe shall be laid with screwed joints. D.— SEWERAGE. ii Manholes and flush tanks shall be built as shown upon the plans or as directed by Manholes, flush- the Bngineer, and in coaformity with the specifications for the other parts of the system, t^-'i'^s, etc. The party or parties submitting bids for the construction of the Shone hydro-pneu- matic system for the Barra district and Villa Macuco, will be required to submit detail Detailed plans plans and specifications for the same, which will be subject to the approval of the Engineer. ^^^ specifications. Pumping Station. The site for the pumping station shall be cleared of all timber and underbrush, and Preparation of site. Excavation. all roots and stumps shall be grubbed out. The excavations for the foundations, the pump well and the gate chamber, shall be of such dimensions and carried down to such depths as are indicated upon the drawings. Where there is quicksand or wet ground in the excavation, the sides shall be well sup- ported by sheet piling or shoring driven down as the excavation proceeds. After the trenches and pits have been excavated to the proper depth, the foundations for the building and wells shall be commenced. The masonry foundations shall be made of ,.,. , ,,,, i-iii Masonry founda- stone masonry, laid in cement mortar; large heavy stones shall be used m the bottom tions. course, and each course shall be well grouted as it is laid. The interior and exterior walls of the pump well and gate chamber shall be plastered with cement mortar neatly troweled to a smooth surface. The gate chamber shall be Gate chamber, brought up to the level of the floor of the building, in the same manner as the ordinary manholes on the .sewers, to a diameter of 55 cm. at the top. On the top of this an ordinary manhole frame and cover shall be placed. Small shafts formed of 20 cm. Shafts for valve sewer pipes shall be built from the interior of the gate chamber to the level of the floor stems, vertically over the stem of each gate valve in the chamber. These shafts shall be covered with cast iron covers and frames lying flush with the floor of the building. The walls of the building shall be laid up with masonry having a granite outside Walls of building facing, backed up with brick work and leaving proper air spaces between the two, to pre- !°- t b ki"^^ vent moisture from percolating through the walls. A layer of tarred paper or sheet lead shall be laid on top of the foundation, a little above the ground, upon which to build the main walls of the building, in order to pre- Prevention of vent absorption of the ground moisture into the walls. The walls of the building and moisture in walls, the partition walls shall be laid up in lime mortar, to which a small amount of cement has been added. The outside walls shall be neatly tuck pointed with red cement mor- p . ,. tar and finished with a hard surface. The vou.ssoirs over the large doors shall be cut to a pattern and the .sofiit neatly dressed to an even surface and the faces rock-faced, with chiseled draft around the edges of each stone. The main cornice around the building, p^^ stone with the dentil course, shall all be dressed to an even surface as shown upon the draw- ings. All other exterior stone work shall be rock-faced and laid in random courses. The masonry around the window and door openings .shall be finished to a line, neatly dressed and well pointed up, with arches turned on proper centers in the backing over all openings. The lintels and sills for all windows and doors, shall be of cut stone as shown on the drawings. The interior walls of the engine room shall be plastered with a rough coat of plaster- ing properly .screeded and brought to an even surface, and neatly finished up around the windows and doors. Iron steps shall be firmly built into the masonry in the pump well and gate chamber to assist in ascending and descending. 12 D.—SEWERAGE. Floors. Roof. Ventilators. Doors and win- dows. Illumination. Wainscoting. Painting. Required capaci- ty of pumping ma- chinery. Machinery to be furnished in dupli- cate. The floor of the engine room shall be of brick, laid herring-bone fashion in mortar, with all joints well filled. The floors of the gate chamber and pump well shall be of con- crete of the'thickness directed by the Engineer, and shall be so laid and compacted as to be water tight. The floor of the boiler room shall be paved with brick or stone. The carpenter shall construct all proper forms and centers required in the mason work. The plates on the tops of the walls shall be well bedded in mortar. The trusses shall be formed of sound seasoned timber, free from loose knots and wind shakes or any other defects liable to impair its strength or durability. The trusses and all rafters of the roof shall be surfaced on all exposed sides. The edges of the main trass members shall be neatly chamfered. Sheeting boards shall be securely nailed to the rafters upon which the tiles are to be laid. The tiles shall be straight, uniform in length, well glazed and laid with the proper lap, in cement mortar. The hips of the roofs shall be covered with special tiles and finished with proper finials, as shown on the detail plans. All the work .shall be done in a first-class manner in order to prevent leak- age. The proper flashings .shall be built wherever necessary ; they shall be carried well up under the tiling and be securely nailed. Over the engine room and the boiler room, ventilators shall be built with movable louvres, and shall be finished up, as to detail, as shown upon the plans, with proper drip caps, partitions, stops and sills and all the nec- essary mouldings. All the nece.ssary doors and windows shall be furnished and put in where shown up- on the plans. The sliding sash shall be hung with cast iron weights, and hemp sash cord running over 5 centimetre sash pulleys. Doors shall be hung with heavy wrought iron hinges of artistic design, and shall have proper locks, hooks, sliding bolts and fastenings. Provisions shall be made by the Contractor to either pipe the building for gas or cbii- struct necessary appliances for lighting, as may be directed by the Engineer. The plumbing of the building shall be done in accordance with the specifications for plumb- ing, and on the plans to be outlined by the Engineer. The inside walls of the engine room shall be wainscoted with double beaded ceiling to a height of i^ metres above the floor, neatly finished at the top with proper wainscot cap and moulding, and with suitable base board at the bottom. An interior cornice shall be built around the walls under the trusses. After puttying up all the nail holes, the interior wood work, including the wainscot, window and door frames, trusses and all exposed wood work of the engine room, shall be finished in hard oil. The exterior wood work shall be cleaned down, all nail holes puttied, knots covered. with a good coat of strong shellac, and the whole primed with a coat of white lead paint ground in pure linseed oil. After the priming is dry, the wood work shall then receive three coats of white lead paint, ground in linseed oil and finished in such colors as the Engineer may direct. The machinery to be furnished for the pumping station to sufiice for pre.sent needs, shall be capable of continuously lifting 340 litres of sewage per second through a height of 8.85 metres, and the air compressing machinery shall be capable of supplying 17 cubic metres of free air per minute. A battery of boilers of sufiicient capacity to easily and satisfactorily furnish the steam for the operation of the pumping machinery and air compres,sors shall be supplied and set in place. The engines, boilers, pumps and air compressors shall be furnished in duplicate ; the work specified above being for the maximum combined efiect of all machinery. D.— SEWERAGE. 13 The pumps, which are to be located in the pump well, shall be of the horizontal cen- Required duty of trifugal type ; the engines actuating them shall be connected directly to the shaft from ^^^^°^ the pump without belting or gearing. The duty required of the pumping machinery shall be 154,000 kilogrammetres per kilogram of coal consumed in the boiler furnaces, ^ .., - ,..,,., ^ . , , 1 . Test of machm- witti steam pressure hmited to 7 kilograms per square centimetre, and no deductions or ery. allowances of any kind will be made. A suitable test of the machinery will be made by the Engineer in charge at a time to be agreed upon between him and the Contractor. Contractor to re- _ _ ° * & f place machinery, if It the machinery does not satisfactorily fulfill the prescribed tests, it shall be replaced by not satisfactory. the Contractor, and at his expense. The air compressors shall be of the duplex crank and fly wheel type. There shall be furnished also an air receiver, to which the compressors shall be connected by proper piping. The receiver shall be fitted with safety valve, pressure gauge, drip cocks, hand holes, etc. All the connecting rods, piston rods, cranks, etc., shall be of mild steel or the best Materials of con- quality of forged iron. All bearings shall be of brass or babbitt metal, carefully ^t^^t'O" ^"d fit- and truly finished and so constructed as to admit of taking up the wear of the parts. The proper lubricators, oil cups, etc., of approved pattern, shall be supplied for all the moving parts. Valve stems, piston rods, etc., shall be furnished with the best metallic packing. The main steam pipes connecting the boilers with the machinery shall be of wrought Steam pipes, iron with flanged joints having proper gaskets and bolted together through the flanges. The steam cylinders and other parts of the engines containing steam, shall be covered jacketing and with felt or other non-conductor of heat and lagged substantially and neatly with hard l^ggi'^g- polished wood or with irot). The main steam pipes from the boilers to the engines shall be covered with felt or other non-conductor of heat. The Contractor shall provide and put in place the best quality of sight-feed lubri- Lubricators, cators for oiling the cylinders of the engines and air compressors, with the necessary °^^i" P^pes, etc. piping, drip cocks, drain pipes, etc. The material to be pumped with this machinery will consist of the sewage of the City of Santos and Villa Mathias, and the sewage of the Barra District ; the latter will pumpe^dby° he ma- be pumped by the Shone hydro-pneumatic ejectors which will he operated by compressed chinery. air supplied from this pumping station. The Contractor shall furnish and ptit in place the duplicate boilers as above men- steam boilers, tioned. They shall be cylindrical, tubular steel boilers, with sufficient grate and heat- ing surface to supply the necessary steam at the required pressure. The plates for the construction' of the boiler shall be the best quality of homogeneous boiler plate steel, Materials of con- having a tensile strength of 40 to 42 kilograms per square millimetre showing an elonga- tion of 25 per cent, and a reduction of area of 50 per cent. All the seams shall be double-riveted throughout ; the holes shall be carefully and accurately drilled, as the use of drift pins to make the holes meet will not be allowed. The seams shall be caulked on both sides where practical. le ; not more than one circular and no horizontal seams , f"^^ J° ^ '"T shall be exposed direct to the fire. Each boiler shall be erected so as to work independ- other, ently and be capable of carrying 7 kilogrammes of steam per square centimetre. Each boiler shall be tested by hydraulic test to 13 kilogrammes per square centimetre before ^^ ®' erection. The boilers shall be supplied with the necessary feed pumps, and the Contractor shall Feedpumps and make all the steam connections of the proper sizes ; and shall supply and put in place fittings. 14 D.—SEWERAGE. Smoke stack. Supply pipes to pumps. Discharge pipes Position of pumps in the well Boiler setting. Foundation for machinery. Guarantee. Painting of ma- chinery. all the necessary water, drip and drain pipes. He shall also furnish and put in place all the necessary special joints and connections, valves, safety valves, stand pipes, glass water gauges, pressure gauges, blow-off valves, drip cocks, check valves, hangers, lubri- cators, oil cups, and all other necessary appurtenances of the boilers and machinery, all of which shall be of approved type and of sufficient capacity. The Contractor shall furnish and put in place the main .smoke stack, which shall be of wrought iron or steel of sufficient diameter and height to furnish the necessary draft, as well as proper and sufficient connecting pipes from the boilers. He shall also furnish and put in place the exhaust pipes from the steam and air compressing machinery, which shall be arranged in such manner that the exhaust air shall aid in the ventilation of the pump well and gate chamber. The Contractor shall furnish and put in place the supply pipes from the gate chamber to the pump well, with the necessary gate valves and appurtenances to control the flow of the sewage to the pumps. He .shall also furnish and put in place, to the outside of the building, the discharge pipes from the pumps and the air compressors ; he shall place in the discharge pipe from each pump a check valve of sufficient size of opening not to obstruct the flow of sewage from the pumps when in operation. The discharge pipes from the two pumps shall be united, before leaving the pump well, by a special casting which will connect them both to the end of the 6i cm. force main. The Contractor shall so place the two pumps in the well, that a third connection can be made between them for a larger pump which may be necessary for future require- ments. The supply pipe for this third pump with its appurtenances shall be furnished and put in place by the Contractor. The Contractor shall also furnish and erect, com- plete, the stop gate over the end of the main, brick sewer, where it enters the gate chamber. The boilers shall be set in brick masonry and shall be so suspended as to be capable of expansion and contraction under the action of the fire, without displacing the masonry in which they are built. The interior of the fire box above the grates and the lining of the smoke chamber under the boilers shall be lined with the best quality of fire bricks laid in fire clay. The other masonar}' around the boilers shall be of sound hard burned brick laid in lime mortar, to which a small amount of cement has been f dded. The masonry shall be constructed with the proper air spaces and necessary braces, bind- ing rods, etc., and in the most substantial and workmanlike manner. All the machinery and boilers shall be independent of the walls of the building. The proper foundations for all the machinery shall be furnished and set in place by the Contractor. The foundations shall be built of brick and of sufficient depth and weight to prevent jarring and oscillation of the machinery when running at its greatest speed. The machinery shall be bolted to the foundations with proper anchor bolts. The foundations shall be laid in cement mortar, and each course shall be thoroughly grouted before the next is laid, in order to make the mass monolithic. The foundations shall each be capped with granite laid in cement mortar, and brought to a uniform and level surface. The Contractor .shall give a guarantee for a period of one year, against all accidents to the machinery or plant which may arise through faulty materials or con.stfuction. After erection, all the machinery shall receive two coats of lead paint, ground in lin- seed oil, finishing with such colors as the Engineer may direct. The boilers shall re- ceive one coat of red lead paint before erection ; and after all connections have been made, they shall be given one good coat of black varnish. The exposed air pipes, drip pipes. D.— SEWERAGE. 15 etc., shall be given one good coat of black varnish ; the brass work and surfaced metal work shall be polished bright and left in first-class condition at the completion of the work. All the work to be done under these .specifications and all the materials to be fur- Quality of mate- nished shall be the best of their respective kinds. "als to be used. Bidders shall furnish their own plans and specifications for all the machinery required Bidders to sub- under these -general specifications. ™'^ p1^"5 ^"'^ f^ specifications. The right is reserved to make such changes or modifications of the details of the de- signs as may be desirable to improve the eificiency of the machinery. The actual cost of such changes as may be made, shall be either added to or deducted from the contract gjgjj price, as the ca,se may be, at the prevailing rates, at the time, for labor and materials. The Contractor shall include in. the price bid for this work, all patent fees, royalties pateut fees and damages resulting from infringements on patents, and shall furnish a satisfactory royalties, etc. release or guarantee against any and all claims for damages which may arise from suits for infringements. SPECIAL TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS. E. DRAINAGE. The work to be done under these specifications comprises the construction of drains, Extent of the both closed and open, and all structures and work appertaining thereto. '^"'^^ ^° ^^ '^°°^- The Contractor shall make all the required excavation in whatever material is met Contractor to do with along the lines where drains, .inlets, catchbasins, manholes, sewer and pipe cross- what may be re- ings, flush gates and tanks, outfalls, ditches, dams, road crossings and all other struc- the'^contmct."^ tures which appertain to the work, are to be built as required by the plans and specifica- tions and for the faithful execution of the work. The Contractor shall do all cartage, loading, unloading and distributing of brick, stone, sand, cement, pipes, iron work, As to labor and lumber or other material or tools, etc., which are required in the work ; he shall do all kinjg. ditching, pumping, bailing and draining ; all sheeting and shoring ; all fencing, lighting and watching ; make all provisions necessary to maintain public travel and to protect buildings, fences, culverts, sewers, drains, water pipes, gas pipes, and other structures, and repair all damage done to such structures ; he shall construct all foundations, all . ^^ '° construe- , . , , , . , , . , ... 1 , , ^,, ,1 ■ , tion, auxiliary and brick work, ma.^onry and timber work ; set in place all iron work ; backfill all trenches, other structures and fill over and alongside of the drains up to the lines and elevations .shown upon the and work. plans and drawings ; he shall re-surface and re-pave all streets ; remove old sewers and drains wherever encountered, to such distances from the new drain as may insure its ^g ^^ replacing safety ; fill up all trenches with good material ; clear away all rubbish and surplus ma- removal of materi- terial and clean the hubs and sockets of all sound pipe that may have been taken out of andTncumbrmi^ces the trench. He .shall furnish all, brick, stone, gravel, sand, cement, terra cotta pipe, and further supply branches, bends, stoppers, gates, valves, iron work, tiles, sheeting and other lumber and , materials, tools, all other materials required, except as may be specially provided. He shall further fur^ nish all tools, implements and labor required to build and to put into complete working order each specified section of the drain and its appurtenances. The entire work shall g^ specified and°di^ be done in accordance with the agreement and specifications herein set forth and with rected by the En- the E^ngineer's requirements and directions under them. gmeer. The drains are to be located upon the following streets, roads or other places. Location of the \^Here insert detail list of streets and other places to be provided with drains and their appurtenances .\ The drains indicated in the above list shall be constructed in such order as may be directed by the Engineer. It is not guaranteed that all the drains in the above list will changed "omitted be required, and the right is reserved to substitute the names of other streets or places or substituted by for those on the list, or to substitute one size for another to any extent that may be ^"^ ^^"^ ' deemed desirable by the Municipal Authorities. The following are the approximate quantities of the work to be done. \_Here insert a list showing the lengths of each size of brick and pipe for earth drains, quantities the number of manholes and other appurtenances, cubic metres of masonry, etc., etc., with as much detail as desired.^ E.— DRAINAGE. Excavation and Backfilling. Contractor to de- termine the nature of the excavation. Classification of grade references. Extent and dis- posal of trench and surface excava- tions. Protection of manhole covers. Trench grades and alignments. Trenches in soft soil. Trimming of trenches for the invert. Engineer to pre- scribe length of trench openings. Atlowauces for price of extra widths. Unauthorized ex- tra excavations not to be paid for. Allowances for price of rock exca- vation requiring blasting in trenches. Precautions against damages by blasting. As to material found that may be used in the work. 1'he character of the material in which the drain or other structure is to be built must be ascertained by the Contractor by means of borings, test pits, or in any other manner he may choose. The grade referred to in the.se specifications is as follows : Where a timber founda^ tion is used, it is the under side of the ribs or sills. Where concrete or rubble masonry is used without a timber foundation, it is 23 cm. below the under side of the invert of drain. All surfacing material which covers the line of the proposed drain or its appurte- nances, including pavements, gravel, turf, etc., shall be removed for a suitable distance in advance of the excavation and kept in separate piles as may be directed, to be again used in repaying or resurfacing the street, road or gwDund. Wherever the surfaces are unpaved, either in public highways or on private lands, the iron frames of the covers of manholes, ventilators, and other appertaining structures that reach the surface, shall be surrounded with a ring of cobble-stone or other approved paving, extending at least 60 cm. from the edge of the iron frame. The excavation of the trenches and pits in which the drain and its appurtenances are to be constructed, shall be made to the lines and grades given by the Engineer from time to time, and in all cases it shall be made in such a manner and to such widths as will give ample room for building the structures which they are to contain, and for pumping and draining, and for removing any material which the Engineer may deem to be unsuitable for the foundation. Where the drain is to be built in compre.ssible mate- rial, the width of the trench shall be sufiicient to leave as much clear space between the masonry and the sheeting as the Engineer may direct. Where the nature of the ground will permit, the trench shall be trimmed to the exact form and depth required for the reception of the invert. The length of the trench to be opened or the area of surface to be disturbed at any one time, shall be determined by the Engineer. In ca.se it is necessary to excavate to an extra width or extra depth below grade, it shall be done as directed, at the expense of the Contractor, who will be allowed reis per cubic metre for the material removed. If the trench bottom shall be excavated below grade without the order of the Engi- neer, it .shall be refilled up to grade in such a manner as may be directed by the Engineer at the Contractor's expense. In case rock or stone, measuring one-half cubic metre or more, is encountered, and which in the opinion of the Engineer requires blasting for its removal, it shall be taken out to the lines and grades defined by the Engineer and as directed, for which payment will be made at the rate of reis per cubic metre for the amount removed within such lines. Precautions against accident from blasting and explosives .shall be satisfac- tory to the Engineer, though in any case the Contractor alone must assume theresponsi- bility for any damage that may result thereby. Materials found in the excavation suitable for any special use in the work shall be reserved for that purpose. The Contractor shall maintain the excavations in good order during the construction, .so as not to hinder or injure the mason work in any manner ; all slides or caves shall be E.— DRAINAGE. 3 fepaired at his cost. He shall do all draining, bailing or pumping, necessary to keep The Contractot the trenches and other excavations free from water. *^°.1''°^!';* Ws work without interfering Trenches and other excavations, shall be backfilled with the best of the excavated .nrith others. material and in such a manner from time to time, as the Engineer may direct. The material shall be spread in layers, not to exceed 15 cm. in thickness, which shall be well , ufiiil^^"* ""^ watered and thoroughly rammed ; or when, in the opinion of the Engineer, it is of proper character for compacting by puddling, and where an abundance of water can be obtained, it may be thrown into the trench and allowed to settle into place through a special care in suitable depth of water. The backfilling about the drain and other masonry, shall be backfilling. done with especial care ; it must be brought up evenly on both sides of the drain to the top of the arch, so that no unbalanced pressure can be thrown upon the masonry ; and no mud or similar soft material shall be used at such points unless specially allowed by ^j-ain inverts. the Engineer. When the drain is built with side walls the filling behind them shall not be commenced until the brick invert is laid. During the progress of the work, all the water from the trench, brooks, gutters, etc., Removal ofwater , ,, , ... , . ., , , • , .1 . ,, . .■ p during construc- snall be conveyed in pipes or otherwi.se to a suitable point so that the construction 01 ^jq^, masonry shall not be disturbed in any way. Where required, drainage may be effected by a drain pipe laid below the sewer. The Draining under pipe shall be carefully bedded, and the joints so tight as to prevent gravel and sand from sewers, passing through them ; if necessary, they shall be caulked with oakum ; and the backfilling shall be solidly made, as directed. Excavations below grade, when ordered by the Engineer, shall be backfilled with as to the materi- gravel, spread in thin layers, thoroughly wetted and rammed ; or, if directed by the ^ ^"'^ manner of _ • ., ,-,,• • , ,< , 1 r refilling below Engineer, the tilling shall be made of cement concrete or masonry. grade. Where a timber foundation is used the backfilling up to the springing line of the Backfilling when drain shall be made with selected material, satisfactory to the Engineer, and spread in the foundations are thin layers thoroughly wetted and rammed. ° "" ^^' As the trenches are backfilled, the sheeting and bracing shall be removed in such a manner as to prevent the caving of the sides of 'the excavations. While the sheeting pile cavities, planks are being withdrawn, the voids left by them shall be carefully filled by ramming with tools specially adapted to the purpose, or by watering or otherwise, as may be directed. When, however, the Engineer is of the opinion that the sheeting or bracing Allowance in cannot be removed without injury to the work, he will order it left in place, and the built in. Contractor will be paid for the lumber at the rate of reis per cubic metre. Where the drains are to consist of an open trench, the dimensions of the same, as „ . given upon the plans and the drawings, shall be c irefuUy adhered to. The bottom open drains, shall be evenly graded to the required depth, slope and width. If the character of the ground is .such that the natural .soil will not form a satisfactory bottom, then the exca- vation shall be continued with the written authorization of the Engineer, to a depth be- low grade, as indicated upon the plan and drawings, and then filled up to grade with a t^e price of extra proper material to be approved by the Engineer, Payment will be made for the exca- trench excavations vation below grade and for the refilling, in accordance with the terms previously deter- authoHzed"^ '^ ^'^ mined or specified in the contract. The sides of the ditches shall have such a slope as designated on the drawings, and as to slopes sur- shall be carefully trimmed to line and surface and made even. All roots, stumps and faces, roots and stones shall be removed from the bottom and sides of the ditches. ps n 1 c es. E.— DRAINAGE. Surfacing the drains and allow- ance for extra ex- cavation. Disposal of old drains. Precautions with the undermining of timber founda- tions. The .surface over the line of the drain shall be brought to the elevations and section.^ shown on the plan, and any additional material required over and above the surphis from the trench, shall be excavated from land near t'.ie line of the work, and will be paid for bj' the cubic metre, measured in the place excavated, at the price named in the pro- posal. When, for any reason, the work is left unfinished, the Engineer may order all the trenches and excavations to be filled up by the Contractor, and left unobstructed and with their surfaces in a safe and satisfactory condition. In all cases where a new drain is to be constructed on a street already provided with a drain, the old drain shall be dug up, and the material of which it and all its appurte- nances is constructed, entirely taken out and disposed of, as directed by the Engineer. Where a timber foundation is used, the Contractor mu,st exercise great care to prevent any washing away of the material under it, and where drain pipe is not used, the pumps must be shifted frequently to avoid damage from undermining. Mortar. Cement mortar. ^jj mortar shall be made of such Portland or other cement, as shall be specified by the Engineer, and clean, coarse, sharp sand, free from all foreign matter and satisfactory to the Engineer. These ingredients shall be thoroughly mixed dry, and unless other- wise directed by the Engineer, in the following proportions by mea.sure : One part of cement to two parts of sand, and a moderate quantity of water afterward added to pro- duce a paste of proper consistency ; the whole to be well worked" with hoes or other tools. When, by order of the Engineer, the above proportions are varied, he will make what in his judgment is a fair compensation for such change. The mortar shall be freshly mixed for the work in hand in proper boxes, and used before it begins to take the first set. • Brick. Quality of bricks. Kinds of brick to be accepted and where used. The bricks shall be of the best quality and burnt hard entirely through, regular and uniform in size and shape, and they shall be of a compact texture. Bricks which, after being thoroughly dried and immersed in water for twenty-four hours, absorb in volume more than sixteen per cent, of water, will be rejected. Fifteen per cent, of the bricks may be of second quality, not more than one-third of which may have black ends. To insure their proper quality, they will be subject to such inspection and tests as may be determined by the Engineer. Bricks u.sed in all arch rings must be of the first and best quality. The bricks sha:ll be culled before laying, at the expense of the Contractor, who shall furnish capable men for that purpose. All bricks of an improper quality, and all 'bats' except as hereinafter provided, shall be laid aside. The hardest and most regular shaped bricks shall be used on the invert of the drain. Hard-burned bricks, less perfect than those required for the drain, and a small proportion of ' bats,' all satisfactory to the Engineer, may be used on the outer rings of the drain and manholes. E.— DRAINAGE. 5 Masonry. All brick masonry shall be laid with bricks and mortar of the quality specified in the pt, * f preceding clauses and shall be of the best character. masonry. The bricks in the drain shall be laid to a line, with their beds in the lines of the radii of the curves of the drain cross-section, well bonded, and with as close joints (not ex- ^j.^j"g ayingm ceeding 6 mm. for face-work) as may be from time to time directed. The bricks shall be thoroughly wet jast before laying, and all joints flushed full with mortar and .struck fl-ush on the face of the work. The whole interior face of the rubble or concrete backing, against which the brick plastering the lining of the invert rests, shall be thoroughly plastered with hydraulic cement mortar, ribWe 'work of of the kind to be used in building the invert, before the lining is laid. The extrados of arches, the upper brick arch, from springing-line to springing-line, shall be plastered with a coating of hydraulic cement 6 mm. thick. The surfaces of the masonry shall be pla.s- tered with a thin coat of hydraulic cement mortar wherever required. The co.st of all plastering shall be included in the price for the kind of masonry to j^^j price to be which it is applied. paid for plastering. Great care shall be taken to leave a smooth and regular interior surface by scraping off all projecting mortar within three days after the center has been removed, and by interior surfaces. neatly pointing the joints whefe required. None but the most skilled masons shall be employed on the invert of the drain. Only qualified ■ r , ' 1 /- • , 1 masons to be em- Strong centers and satisfactory moulds, templets and forms, shall be provided and ployed. maintained in good condition by the Contractor. They shall, before using, be carefully cleaned. The centers shall not be removed until the backfilling is raised "^o cm. Placing and ° ^ changing the above the top of the arch, unless otherwise directed. At least lo metres of straight centers. centering for the upper arch shall be used on each working division. These centers shall be .so made that the rear ones may be removed and carried forward under those in place and set up again as fast as the archwork of the drain is built. Bellmouths, gatechanibers, manholes, flush tanks, connections for lateral drains, etc.. As to the location shall be constructed at such points as may be designated, and according to plans and of detailed struc- .... tures. directions given. Pipe connections shall also be built into the walls of the drain wherever required, and properly plugged by stoppers when so directed. No water shall be allowed to stand on or flow against the fresh brickwork or masonry No water to stand until it has had such time to set as may be prescribed by the Engineer. ^"^ "^""^ "^^"^ fresh ^ 'i ■• ° masonry. All unfinished work shall be "racked back," and when new work is joined to it, its joining of ma- surfaces .shall be scraped and thoroughly cleaned, and well moistened. sonry. All unfinished masonry shall be properly protected during inclement weather from . . , • ^ i- i- J i- & Protection of ma- mjury by water, etc. sonry. The dimension or cut stone, wherever required, shall be furnished by the Contractor Contractor to fur- and shall be laid in cement mortar as directed by the Engineer. nish cut stone. Rubble stone masonrv shall, when the Engineer may direct, be used for the side walls „ , . , ^ " , r. ..... , . , . Requirements of of the dram, and for any other parts ot th6 work which he may at any time designate, rubble masonry. It shall be compo.sed of good, sound granite or other stone, of suitable size and shape for the work, and laid solidly in cement mortar. All the stones shall be laid compactly together on their natural beds, and be well bonded together by the proper use of E.— DRAINAGE. Meaning of the word "masonry." Estimates and payments for ma- sonry. Requirements of concrete. Cement account to be kept. . Quality of drain pipes. Pipes to be true in shape. Co be fitted be- fore laid. Manner of laying pipes. Joints to be wiped. headers, the whole to be done in a substantial and workmanlike manner. All the stones shall be wet when laid in mortar, if required. The word "masonry" shall be understood to mean and include brick or stone ma- sonry or concrete in place ; also, the terms ' ' concrete ' ' and ' ' concrete masonry ' ' are understood to mean one and the same thing. All masonry, except as otherwise specified, will be estimated according to the plans furnished, or directions given from time to time by the Engineer, and will be paid for by the cubic metre in place. Concrete will be used on such portions of the work as the Engineer may direct, and it shall be composed of clean, screened gravelj or of approved broken stone having no dimension greater than 5 cm., mixed with mortar of the quality before described. The volume of the gravel or stones will be determined by the Engineer and shall be such that the void spaces shall be fully filled by the mortar. The mixing shall be done in suitable boxes, in a manner satisfactory to the Engineer ; and after the materials are wet the concrete shall be spread rapidly in layers, until it is all in place. Each layer shall be thoroughly rammed until the water flushes to the surface. The concrete shall be allowed to set properly before any work is laid upon it, and no walking over or work-' ing upon it will be allowed while it is setting. An account shall be kept of the number of barrels of cement used for concrete. Pipe and TitE Drains^ The terra cotta pipes .shall be of the best quality, made of first-class materials, thoroughly and perfectly burned, of homgeneous texture, without cracks or imperfect tions and well salt glazed over their entire outer and inner surfaces. They shall have socket joints, and shall have a thickness of one-twelfth of the diameter of the pipe. The diameters shall be as specified, and the circle true, not varying more than one cm. at any place. The pipes shall be straight, and shall not vary more than 13 mm. in a length of one metre. All pipes before being lowered into the trench shall be fitted together dry on the sur- face and matched, so that when joined in the trench they may form a true and smooth line of tubes. All pipes shall be laid true to the lines and grades given by the Engineer ; the ends or shoulders of each pipe shall abut against the next, in such a manner that there shall be no unevenness of any kind along the bottom half of the drain on the inside. The Engineer, when deemed necessary, will place stakes or points opposite each other on each side of the trench and upon the same level, every five metres, and parallel with the grade of the drain. All pipe lines connecting with the drain shall be laid on a firm bed, with well filled mortar joints struck flush and smooth on the in,side, and thoroughly cleaned out as the work progresses ; the mortar shall be in the proportions of one part hydraulic cement to two parts sand. The space between the pipe and socket or collar shall be as uniform as possible, the joint carefully wiped and pointed inside and out, and all mortar that may be left inside thoroughly cleaned out, and the pipe left clean and smooth throughout. The interior of the pipe shall be carefully freed from all dirt, cement, and superflu- E.— DRAINAGE. 7 ous material of every description, as the work proceeds, for which purpose a disc mould Pipe to be or swab filling the entire bore of the pipe, and attached to a rod sufficiently long to pass "^ ^^^^ ^ two joints from the end of the pipe last laid, shall be continuously worked through. The lines, grades and directions given by the Engineer must be strictly observed. The requirements under the heads of excavation, backfilling, timber-work, etc., shall, as far as practicable, include this work. On all pipe drain connections paid for by lineal measurement, no extra allowance will No allowance for be made for necessary bends and branches. bends, etc. The mouth of the pipe shall be carefully protected, and the excavations, in all cases, shall be fully completed at least six metres in advance of the laying of the pipe. Stoppers. In all cases the mouth of the pipe shall be provided with a board or other stopper, care- fully fitted to the pipe to prevent all earth or other substance from entering. These branches shall be closed with approved vitrified stone-ware covers, in all cases where they are not at once connected. Where changes of direction or connections with other drains are required, they shall junction man- be made by means of suitable junctions in manholes. holes. Where required the Contractor shall lay unglazed and permeable drain tiles at such jj^^j^ ji^^^ depths as may be necessary to under-drain wet areas either on public or private lands. The drain tiles shall be of the diameter specified and shall be laid on a true and sufiicient slope to allow the water to run in the same, and to discharge into the main Manner of laying drain at such elevations as may be specified. They shall be joined by means of suitable collars which shall be carefully adjusted to prevent sand or other material from entering Gravel to be filled the drain. Gravel or other coarse material shall be filled around the ioints in sufiicient f™""'^ 'i^'f j? tiles ■' to prevent fine ma- quantity to protect them from becoming filled up with fine material. The ends of the terial entering. tiles shall likewise be suitably protected. Payments will be made for the drain tiles laid complete, per lineal metre, either upon Payments for tile schedule prices bid for the same, or as agreed upon between the Engineer and Contractor grade. grade, and where there are depres.sions or sunken trenches, or injury caused by rains, the refilling shall be properly made without extra expense to the City. The ground must in no Case be plowed below a plane 7 cm. above sub-grade. The lower 7 cm. Sub-grade sur- .shall be taken out with pick and shovel. face to be dry. The surface of the earth subgrade must be fairly dry to receive the pavement. Grading will be paid for only as excavation and at the rate of so much per cubic metre. The price per cubic metre shall include all the necessary trimming and shaping, grading, refilling and tamping all necessary excavations, depressions and trenches, rolling the Prerequisite of roadbed and maintaining the same in a proper condition until paved. The graded road-bed before roadbed must be fully completed not le.ss than one block in advance of the placing of pavinffmeansall any paving material upon the same ; paving foundations, whether of sand, ballast, large tbat may be re- storles or concrete, shall be considered as a part of the pavement. All excavation for l'^'"'^" "■°™ ^'^"- borrowing or refilling, done in depositing surplus material, shall be properly shaped and top surface of fin- surfaced ished pavement. All .surplus earth debris shall be removed, on the completion of the paving, block Removal of all , , , surplus material, by block. The Contractor will not be allowed to appropriate to his use any new or old materi- Appropriation of old or other mate- rial, grading of cross-streets, etc. Depth of ground surface below street grade. Repair of street rollers. 2 G.—PA VING. al, in the existing streets, which has not been paid for by him* He shall do all the neces- sary grading on the cross streets and sidewalks contiguous to the pavement, as required by the engineer, at the contract price. Grading for the i8 to 20 cm. block paving, on 15 cm. concrete base, shall be 40 cni; below the surface of the proposed pavement. Grading for macadam or gravel paving shall be from 40 to 50 cm. below the sur- face of the proposed pavement, as authorized by the Engineer. The rollers shall be kept in repair by the Contractor, as well as all tools and appli^ ances. Curbing. Dimensions of curb stones. Uniformity of sizes, quality and dressing. Curb joints. Bush-hammered tops. Manner of set- ting curbs. No extra price allowed for exca- vating, setting or iillii%, in laying the curb. Measurements of curb laid. No allowance for curves, or resetting defective work. Curb formed by edge of sidewalk. Dressing of face and joints. Foundation wall. All Stone curbs shall be of good quality, cut in regular form, not less than 65 cm. in depth, the bottom parallel to and having an area about equal to the top, and not less than 122 cm. in length. The curb shall be thoroughly sound and subject to the approval of the Engineer. It shall be of selected and approved hard granite, not more than 20 cm. nor less than 10 cm. thick. The thickness and depth of all curb-stones used on any one street shall be the same throughout, and entirely free from seams, fractures, checks or pockets. No wedge-shaped, warped or otherwise defective stone will be allowed. The ends shall be dressed smooth, so as to make close joints through the full thickness of the stone, for a distance of not less than cm. down from the- top. All- joints shall be made close-fitting, and in good workmanlike manner. The top shall be of uniform thickness, and both the top and face shall be dressed smooth and neatly bush- hammered. The curb shall be set with plumb face, the plane of the top making with it an angle to be varied as the Engineer may direct, and true to line and grade. The curbs shall be set on not less than 10 cm. of sand on the bottom, and backed up with not less than lY^ cm. in width of sand, to within 10 cm. of the top of the curb. All back filling shall be thoroughly tamped so that there will be no displacement of the curb. All the nece.ssary excavation and filling for setting the curbs shall be done by the Contractor without extra compensation. Curbs cut to a radius of i metre shall be set at the corners of the curbline inter.sectioiis where directed by the Engineer. All curbs will be meas- ured by the metre along their outer and upper edge ; no extra allowance will be made for circular work. All curbing now set on the street, that may be accepted by the En- gineer, but which is not in line or to grade must be reset to proper position and recut when necessary to conform to the.se specifications, and a price therefor previously agreed upon. In such locations where, in the opinion of the Engineer, it is not advisable to use a curb as .specified above, and when the flagstones forming the sidewalks are of sufiicient thick- ness, the following construction may be re.sorted to : The edge of the sidewalk shall be used to form the curb and shall be dressed to the proper line as given by the Engineer. The street edge of the stones shall be dressed vertically to a depth of eight centimetres below the surface of the proposed pavement when finished. The face forming the curb, and the top edges, shall be bush-hammered and dressed as specified above for curbing. Under the street edge of the sidewalk, a masonry wall, 30 cm. in thickness, laid in cement mortar, shall be built, extending down to a depth of 66 cm. below the top of the sidewalk, the outside edge of which shall be flush with the edge of the sidewalk. The G.— PAVING. 3 Space behind the wall shall be solidly filled with sand, well packed and rammed, and the flagstones forming the sidewalk shall be bedded on the top of the wall in cement mortar. The quality of stone, the joints and rounded street corners for sidewalk curbs, shall be governed by the preceding clauses. Stone. The blocks will be carefully inspected upon- delivery, by the Engineer or his assist- Inspection of ants, and all blocks which do not conform to the specifications, in size or quality of samples, °f ^; , ^ .- , ,,,%-> , ■ >«, Contractor to must be removed at once from the work by the Contractor, at his own expense. The furnish certain Contractor shall furnish at his own expense such laborers as may be deemed necessary assistants athis ex- to assist the Engineer, or his assistants, in inspecting and culling the blocks. The Contractor will be required to use throughout the work materials as good in Standards for , , , . . . . materials in the every respect as the samples accompanying his proposal. work. Cement Mortar for Concrete. The mortar shall be prepared from cement and sand, as elsewhere specified, in the pro- portion of one part cement to three parts of sand by measurement. The sand and cement . Manner of mak- shall be thoroughly mixed dry, in proper watertight boxes, after which a sufficient ment mortar? quantity of water shall be added to produce a paste of proper consistency, and the whole thoroughly worked with hoes or other tools. The mortar must always be mixed fresh before being used, and once set shall not be re-mixed. The mortar must be kept free from dirt, grease, and all foreign substances, and neither drenched nor re-tempered. Concrete Foundations. Concrete shall be made as follows : One part of cement, of a quality as elsewhere speci- fied, and three parts of clean, coarse sand, free from dirt, shall be thoroughly mixed dry, and then made into a mortar with the least possible amount of water ; five parts of crushed sizes of material for or broken, hard stone, uniform in size and broken to pass at the greatest dimension concrete, through a ring 6.5 cm. in diameter, screened and thoroughly cleansed from dust, dirt and soft rock, drenched with water, but containing no loose water in the heap, shall then be immediately incorporated with the mortar. Each batch of concrete shall be thoroughly mixed, and the mixing shall be continued on the mixing board until each stone is completely coated with mortar. It shall then be quickly spread, and at once thoroughly compacted by ramming until water appears on the surface. The whole putting concrete operation of mixing and laying each batch shall be performed as expeditiously as in place, possible, with the use of a sufficient number of skilled men. The upper surface shall be made exactly parallel with and 23 to 26 cm. below the surface of the pavement to be laid, finished to a uniformly even surface, free from indentations or projections. It Protection of shall be protected from the action of the sun or wind until set. The concrete shall be '^°"'^'^^*^^- sprinkled nightly in dry weather until the pavement is placed upon the same. Concrete serving as a ba.se for stone paving shall be covered with 5 cm. of clean sharp sand, concrete °^^""^ ° When in place, all traffic, working or passing over the same, or the placing of any ma- terial upon it, except to temporarily protect the same, for at least forty-eight hours or Precaution as to such additional time as may be required shall be absolutely prohibited. Any precautions traffic over con- which the Eii'^ineer may deem necessary to prevent damage or injury shall be taken by 4 G.—PA VI NG. Concrete adjoin- the Contractor at his own expense. The concrete shall extend close up to and around all ing existing struc- . .,. ..... , , ^ . tures. openings, projections or irregularities in such a manner as the Engineer may direct; Stone Paving. Cross-slopes of pavements. Depth and con- ditions of the sand bedding. Dimensions of stone blocks. Thickness of joints. Quality of stone blocks. Physical charac- ter of the blocks. Planner of laying the blocks. Filling in the joints of blocks. Bringing the blocks to a true surface. Sunken stones to be relaid. Surface and joint finishing. The stone paving shall have a slope from the center toward the curbs of i in 36. The centre shall be formed of an arc having a radius of 18 metres, a pattern for which will be furnished by the Engineer. The bedding for stone paving blocks shall consist of clean, sharp sand ; the sand when .surfaced and ready to receive the paving blocks shall be from 5 to 8 cm. in depth, of a uniform surface and parallel to the paving surface. No loam or silt sand will be allowed. Stone blocks shall be of a durable and uniform quality selected for this purpose ; they shall be not less than 20 cm. nor more than 30 cm. in length ; not less than 9 cm. nor more than 11. 5 cm. in width and in depth not less than 18 cm. nor more than 20 cm. All blocks shall be sufficiently dressed to present rectangular faces, with straig'ht edges on the top, bottom and sides, for a depth of 10 cm. All blocks whose faces vary more than I cm. from a rectangular shape in the upper part will be rejected. The sides and ends of the blocks shall be so dressed that they will make close fitting joints, the end joints not more than i cm. wide and the side joints not more than 1.5 cm. wide ; the top and bottom faces parallel, and any block which has projections or knobs larger than i cm. will be rejected. Stone blocks shall be hard, uniform in grain and texture, without free lamination or stratification. Stone that will take a smooth polish under trafiic, or stone that is soft or weather-worn, will not be accepted. Granite shall be of the best quality. It is expressly understood that granite wearing roughly and therefore affording better foothold for horses will be considered preferable to the hardest. The blocks shall be of uniform color, of an established character, and subject to the most rigid te.9ts and inspection both at the quarry and on the street or alley where used. The blocks shall be set'on the bed prepared for them, at such angles to the line of the street, as may be directed by the Engineer ; the ends of the blocks shall be .set in actual contact. The side joints shall be not less than 0.6 cm. nor more than 1.5 cm. wide. The blocks shall be laid in uniform courses transversely across the street, each course as far as practicable shall be of uniform depth and width, and shall be so laid in alternate courses that all longitudinal joints shall be broken by a lap of at least 5 cm. As soon as the blocks are set the spaces between them shall be completely filled with clean screened dry gravel or crushed rock, of approved quality, entirely free from rubbish or debris. The blocks shall then be rammed with rammers having a weight of about 27 kgms. The bottom of the rammers shall not exceed in size that of the smallest paving blocks. Each block shall be brought to a firm unyielding bed, and the surface of the pavement to the proper grade. All blocks which may be sunk below grade, or other general depressions, shall be taken up and relaid so as to bring them to the proper surface. When the block between two streets shall have been laid, the joints shall be swept full and kept filled with gravel or crushed rock until the filling and pouring has been done. No horses or vehicles of any kind will be allowed on the pavement before it is properly rammed. G.—PA VING. 5 No pavement sliall have its joints filled with tar, «sphalt, or other mastic, until the sur- .Filling the joints face has been inspected and approved by the Engineer. Coal tar pitch distilled at 165° C. '"'^''^ '^^''• to a consistency of No. 5 or No. 6, as designated at the factory, shall be poured at a heat of 165° C. into jll the interstices and at all joints until they are full. The amount of such Quantity of tar. pitch shall be not less than 12 litres per square metre of pavement. The pavement shall be immediately covered to a depth of .2.5 cm. with clean, dry, screened, fine gravel. The gravel and pavement shall be dry at the time of pouring, and the gravel heated Distance between when necessary to prevent the chilling of the pitch. The filling and pouring shall pavemfntflning be completed each day to within 5 metres of the end of the paving, and the top and tarring, dressing to within 15 metres of the end of the paving. No pouring shall be done in the absence of the Engineer or his authorized agent. Macadam or Gravel Roads. The top of the finished road when fully and completely compacted .shall have a Cross-slopes ol slope from the centre toward each gutter of i in 30. Macadam metal- The gutters .shall be one metre wide and 30 cm. deep. They shall be pave4 with blocks of hard, sound, durable stone, of a quality equal to that used in the stone pave- Size and material ments when directed by the Engineer. The street shall first be excavated to a depth below the finished surface, as will be gradebeneath given by the Engineer. After the excavation has been completed, the foundation .stones finished surface. shall be carefully set by hand to a firm and even bed, and wedged and hammered into . Laying founda- place. The stones for a Telford foundation shall be hard, sound and durable. They shall be from 20 to 30 cm. in depth, with regular and even faces, sides and ends, in or- stones. der to properly join and wedge, each stone weighing from 5 to 10 kilograms. The stone for macadam shall be hard, sound and durable, broken to a size of 7 cm. Laying the first „, . , ,, , , ,. ., , , , ^ . , ^ , . , coat of metaling. This stone shall be evenly distributed to a depth of centimetres on the foundation and thoroughly rolled four or five times. The wearing surface shall consist of a covering, from 5 to 10 cm. in thickness, of hard of metaling fine stone, gravel or .screenings, broken to pass through a 4 cm. ring, evenly spread, kept wet and thoroughly rolled and re-rolled until the Engineer is satisfied that the mass is ^^g^^ ^j ^"^taufg- sufiiciently compacted. The material shall be clean and of sufficiently uniform size. It shall be free from dirt or other objectionable admixtures, and in all respects satisfactory to the Engineer. When the rolling of the surface metaling is about half completed, fine gravel, sand or screenings, with no stone larger than 5 millimetres in diameter, shall be evenlj' spread upon the, surface not more than 20 millimetres in depth. When the fine material contains no loam or other binding material, such should be added and thorough- ly mixed with the same, in the manner directed by the Engineer. This surface layer should not be added at once, but in several applications, while rolling is continued, .so that the interstices become thoroughly filled. General Stimulations. The Contractor shall remove all material and rubbish from the streets as the work progresses, and not leave tools, material or work in such a place or manner as to inconven- . Removal of all ■ ■ ■, . ■ ■ ., -1,,, r ,-, ,.■ ^ , incumbrances by lence residents or citizens more than is absolutely necessary ior the completion of the the Contractor. work, and shall comply promptly with the requirements of the Engineer in removing material and tools, and in opening new work or completing and cleaning up unfinished work; and it is further expressly understood and specified that the entire work, and G.- PAVING. Work to be un- dertaken in the or- der prescribed by the Engineer. Contractor to use diligence and avoid interference with use of streets. Taking up exist- ing pavements. Contractor to provide suflBcient materials in ad- Materials in- spected and reject- ted material re- moved. Passageways preserved ; also access to hydrants, etc. Contractor per- mitted to com- mence work after fulfilling certain conditions. Space allowed Contractor in which to work. Private and pub- lic work to be brought to grade and position. Contractor to pay for fittings to his work. Partial estimates all portions of the same, shall be dane in a thorough and workmanlike manner by com- petent persons, and to the entire satisfaction of the Engineer and the Municipal Authori- ties. The work herein contemplated shall be commenced at such point or points and prosecuted in.such manner and with such force as the Engineer may direct ; it being expressly understood that the work is to be prosecuted in .sections of not less than the space between any two intersecting streets, or as the Engineer may for each case direct, and that the provisions relative to the construction, as well as the hauling, removal and piling of the materials, shall apply to the work on each of the sections along the whole line of the work. The Contractor, having entered upon a section, shall execute and com- plete the same with as little delay as possible, and interfere as little as possible with the u.se of the street ; occupying a block not more than days in grading, and days for paving the same. That portion' of the street not actually occupied by the Contractor shall be open to public travel, if in the opinion of the Engineer, it will in nowise in- terfere with the progress and quality of the work. In case any street is paved, but it is desired to repave the same under these specifica- tions, the Contractor shall remove and take up the existing paving stones, sorting and piling up such as the Engineer will permit to be used again in the new pavement, and re- moving and hauling away the condemned stones to such place as the Engineer may direct. Prior to the preparation of the road bed for any kind of paving, the Contractor shall, before disturbing or making alteration in the present roadbed, haul upon the line of work a sufficient quantity of material for the paving of at least the space between any two intersecting streets. The materials thus brought upon the ground will be care' fully and thoroughly inspected before being u.sed ; and all rejected material shall be immediately removed by the Contractor from the line of the work. The Contractor will be required to pile such material as may have been approved, neatly at such points as directed, and not within one metre of any fire .hydrant, nor within 30 cm. of any water or gas stop, and in such manner as will preserve a sufficient passage way along the side walk, and also permit free access from the roadway to each house on the line of the street. After the inspection has been made, and all the rejected materials have been removed, and the accepted materials distributed in the manner aforesaid, and not until each of these conditions shall have been fulfilled, will the Contractor be permitted to proceed with the preparation of the road bed for the new pavement. The Contractor will be entitled to all the space between the outside rails of the railroad track and the curb, on one side of the street, but not on both sides at the same time, between such points as may be indicated by the Engineer. Where there are no street railways, the Contractor may, at the option of the Engineer, occupy the full width of the roadbed under such conditions as may be indicated by the Engineer. All openings in the pavements appertaining to water, gas, steam, or other conduits, sewers, drains and railways, will be brought to grade by their respective companies. But all labor and material necessary to connect and fit the new pavements to said openings, and in general everything necessary to render the work fully complete and ready to use, shall be furnished and done by or at the expense of the Contractor and is hereby de- clared merged in the price stipulated therefor in the proposal. Estimates for partial payments will be made for not less than one-half block of G.—PA VING. 7 completed work at one time ; estimates for grading will be for only 60 per cent, of the final quantity, and for curbing for only 80 per cent, of the final measurement, until the pavement is complettd on each block to the satisfaction of the Engineer. Payments will be made block by block as each one may be completed by the Con- . tractor, to the amount of 90 per cent, of the contract price, on the estimate of the En- jjie„t;s. gineer. On the completion of the work, and on the Engineer's certificate that it has been payments, done in accordance with the contract, payments will be made in cash for ; and on acceptance by the party of the first part, they will pay all balances due the Con- tractor, in the manner as above provided. SPECIAL TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS. H. STREET CLEANING. mi ■ ^ . ■ 1 r i.1 r\-i Description and i he work to be done consists of cleaning the stone and other pavements oi the L-ity classification of the of Santos, in the manner prescribed herein, from curb to curb, as specified in the an- work. nexed schedule or as may otherwise be determined. The following streets, within the given limits, shall each be cleaned six times a week. \Here insert list of streets^ The following streets, within the given limits, shall each be cleaned three times a week. {Here insert list of streets. J The following streets, within the given limits, shall each be cleaned once a week. [ffere insert list of streets. \ The pavements shall be cleaned in the following manner : — The streets may be swept or scraped either by horse machines or hand work. When . Manner of clean- directed by the Engineer, the cleanings are to be placed in the gutters on each side, and collected at once into heaps and then removed in wagons or carts. Each stone-paved street shall first be sprinkled by a watering-cart, in order to lay ^ Sprinkling be- '^ . . fore sweeping, the dust. When the condition of the streets will not permit the use of sweeping machines or scrapers, manual labor shall be employed for the work, and when such machines or labor cannot be used to advantage, or when he shall deem it necessary, the Engineer may Water for clean- order the use of water in flushing the streets for the purpose of cleaning. '"S streets. Sufficient water must be used to prevent the raising of dust in sweeping, but care must Object of sprink- be taken not to make the carriageway so wet that sweepers cannot remove the dirt. The ^°^' Contractor must see that no sweepings are thrown into the drains, and shall remove from sweepings to be the mouths or openings of the inlets, any material lying thereat ; and if sweepings are kept out of drains thrown upon the side or cross walks, they must be removed by the Contractor. ^ sewers. The day cleaning must be done between the hours of and and the Times of clean- night cleaning between the hours of and and the sweepings must be ing- removed from the streets within two hours from the time of sweeping. Should the work of sweeping or removing the sweepings be necessarily delayed or suspended, the time lost may be allowed in addition to the hours stated in the preceding 7^^^ allowance c < J r o when sweeping is paragraph ; but the Engineer shall be sole judge as to the necessity of such delay or necessarily post- suspension, and his decision thereon shall be final. poned. The sweepings shall not be the property of the Contractor. The City will provide Sweepings are a place of deposit for the sweepings or scrapings, if it is not possible to remove them city property — are to the harbor or to a crematory; but they shall not be placed on a public street, fi°]^',^° '^^ "^^^"^ ^^""^ avenue, place or alley, or used for filling lots; and nothing in this contract shall be held to give the Contractor the right to violate any of the ordinances of the city. 2 H. —STREET CLEANING. Definition of The sweepings must include every thinar in the nature of mud, fefUsfej ashes; etc'jj sweepings. ... i, r j ^i. • which may be found upon the carriageways. Cleaning must The work of cleaning shall be thorough, and shall include the removal of mud and be thorough. (jj^j. fj.Qj^ depressions or holes in the street surface caused by defective pavement or otherwise, and the character and thoroughness of the work ■.shall at all times be sub- ject to the approval of the Engineer. The wagons or carts used by the Contractor for the removal of the street sweepings, Specification for ^^W be strong and tight in all parts so as to prevent the contents from dropping 'on' the streets, and shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer. All wagons and carts used for the purpose shall have on each side the name of the Contractor conspicuously painted or shown ; also the number of the wagon or cart. Orders served on Whenever the Contractor is not present on the work, orders may be given by the Contractor's agents City Authorities to the assistant or foreman, who may have immediate charge, and shall by him be received and strictly obeyed. „, .^ ^ If the machine or machines intended to be used are patented, the Contractor must The city not re- ^ sponsible for patent exhibit proof of his right to use them in the city of Santos, and will also be obliged to royalties or in- execute a bond of indemnity, holding the City harmless from any suit for infringement fringements. ^ ,., .-^',.* ^ ^ of patent which may arise under his contract. Contractor to pay The Contractor must provide the water for the sprinkling and flushing of streets at for water. his own expense. Contractor's The Contractor must make a daily report to the Engineer of the amount of work daily report of his done the previous day, giving names of Streets, lineal and square metres cleaned, etc. Each bidder must submit with his bid detailed drawings and descriptions, or models ment to be us^"W '^ preferred, of the machines he proposes to use. If such machines are not considered Contractor. satisfactory the bid may be rejected. Conditions for All payments under this contract shall be made upon the certificate of the En- payment, gineer, that the work has been actually performed. SPECIAL TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS. I. STREET SPRINKLING. All the streets mentioned in the following list shall be thoroughly sprinkled with Limits of the water during the season of 189 , throughout the limits mentioned, and over the entire ^^ " gsea surface of the roadway between the curbs or the gutter lines : — [Here should be given a complete list of all the streets for which sprinkling is to be pro- vided under this contract and specification.^ The season for sprinkling shall extend from the date of the contract, to the day of following. The water in all cases shall be freely, yet judiciously used, and in such quantities Objects of street as may be necessary to keep the entire surface of the roadway thoroughly moistened throughout each entire week day and on Sundays, so that the dust will be completely laid and prevented from flying. That portion of the roadway occupied by the cross-walks, shall be sprinkled just enough not to inconvenience pedestrians, every forenoon and after- noon. In order that the water may be evenly and thoroughly applied to the street surface, m t^iodicanv'and^ and that the greatest benefit therefrom may be secured to the traveling public, and per- with efficient ap- sons doing business on the street, the Contractor will be required to use the sprinkler P^'''^t"s- regularly and continually throughout each day, except during storms of rain, and for such a period of time thereafter as may cause the street surface to remain in a sufficiently moist condition. In delivering water on any portion of the street surface, it shall be applied with both the amount of care and judgment ; the requisite amount being used to effectually lay the dust, but in water. no case in such quantities as to make the roadway unnecessarily muddy. Kacli sprinkler used shall be constructed in such a manner that when filled with Sprmklers must ', , , , 1 • ■ , r -n not waste water, water and the valves closed, no dripping or waste therefrom will occur. The Contractor will be required to furnish all labor, materials and equipments of t\ ia f c all kinds that may be necessary to be used in performing the proposed work with the re- tractor, quired efficiency. The attention of the Contractor is called especially to the fact, that the work must be performed punctually and in a manner satisfactory to the Engineer ; and notice is hereby given, that a full and complete compliance with all the requirements of the specifications and contract will be insisted upon, and in case of default the Engineer will promptly exercise the authority given him under the.se specifications and contract. The above mentioned work shall be Derformed under the direction and supervision ^ ^ , _^ . , . ' , , ,. , . J:- V v^ii Supervision of of the Engineer, or some person authorized by law to direct and superintend the same, work. with the following reservations : 2 I.— STREET SPRINKLING. Payments pro- First. — To suspend sprinkling on any portion of the street during the progress of a done°when re- '^'^'^^^'^ improvement or other work, whereby the street will be obstructed for any length strict'ed by the au- of time ; the Contractor to be paid only for that portion of the street sprinkled, and in thonties. proportion to the cost of sprinkling the whole street. have the* ri°ht to^ Second. — To regulate the style of all .sprinklers used, and to direct such changes to be require modifica- made in them at the expense of the Contractor, as may, in the opinion of the Engineer, ment" '^ ^ ^I^^P" seem necessary for the proper performance of the work. Number of Third — To cause as many sprinklers to be run by the Contractor, and at his expense, sprinkler's carts ^g may be considered sufiBcient to keep the roadway well sprinkled in a given time, required. FORMS OF PROPOSALS. INSTRUCTIONS TO BIDDERS RELATIVE TO PROPOSALS. Proposals must be made in full conformity to all the specifications. Proposals should be addressed to and endorsed ' ' Proposals for in the City of Santos". In all bids made by a firm, the individual names of each member must be written out, and must be signed in full, giving the christian names ; but the signers may, if they choose, describe themselves in addition as doing business under a given name and style as a firm, or as a company. Proposals under different names will not be received from one firm or association. The place of residence of every bidder must be given after his signature, which must be written in full and with all necessary detail for identification and record. Any person signing a proposal as the agent of another or of others, must file legal evi- dence of his authority to do so, and at the same time give his residence as above. No proposal will be accepted from any person or firm who is in arrears to the city of Santos, or the upon debtor contract, or who is in default as surety,- or otherwise, upon any obligation to the city or the party of the first part, who has failed in previous contracts to comply with the requirements of the specifications or fulfilled his previous contracts, and who offers no proof that his sureties will accept the obligations of the contract if awarded to him or them. Each bidder will be required to deposit with the to the credit of the [proper authorities,] a certified check of deposit for an amount called for by the Engineer, equal to about lo per cent, of the proposed contract, and in no case to be less than milreis, as a guarantee that he will enter into a contract if awarded to him, according to the terms of his bid, within days after the certification of the award. All prices must be written in words, as well as expre.ssed in figures. Alterations by erasures or interlineations must be explained or noted in the proposal over the signature of the bidder before the award is made, and mentioned in the award. The successful bidder will be required to give bond for per cent, of the total con- tract price. A failure to comply with any of the above instructions will be considered sufficient ground for rejecting any bid ; but the right is reserved to waive such defects upon their rectification before the award, if the [proper authorities,] so desire, and proof of good faith be offered and accepted. The [proper authorities, J reserve the right to reject any or all bids, or parts of bids, which may not be advantageous to the city. 2 FORMS OF PROPOSALS. Note : The following is offered, not because it includes all units of work, but as an example of the manner in which the forms of proposal may be compiled whenever it may be necessary to prepare those for any particular kind of work. PROPOSAL FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF SEWERS. The undersigned hereby proposes to do all the work and furnish all the materials necessary for complete and ready for use and in accordance with the accompanying specifications and stipulations, at the following rates : For all excavation and back-filling above sewer grade, in trenches for double ring brick sewers of the following dimensions, where a timber foundation is used, the under- mentioned sums, respectively, per lineal metre of trench : o "915 diameter [ o.-°863 X o."9i5 [ 0.-787 X o."9i5 [ o.-ese X o."9i5 [ o."66o X o.-gis [ For all excavation and back-filling above sewer grade, in trenches for double ring brick sewers of the following dimensions, where timber foundations are not used, the undermentioned sums, respectively, per lineal metre of trench : 0.-915 diameter [ o."°863 X o.-giS C 0.-787 X o.-giS [ 0.-686 X 0.-915 [ 0.-660 X 0.-915 [ For all earth excavation and back-filling above grade, in trenches for pipe sewers of the following diameters, the undermentioned sums, respectively, per lineal metre of trench : 61 cm. diam. 51 cm. diam. 41 cm. diam. 38 cm. diam. 31 cm. diam. 25 cm. diam. 20 cm. diam. For all earth excavation of extra depth, or below grade, made by order of the Engineer, except for drain pipe underneath the sewer, the sum of [ ] per cubic metre. FORMS OF PROPOSALS. 3 For excavating rock or boulders of one-half cubic metre or more in volume, the sum of [ ] per cubic metre, measured in excavation only. For earth excavation in dry ground, where a price is not paid per lineal metre of trench and when the cost of excavation is not included in the price bid for any work required, the sum of [ ] per cubic metre. For earth excavation in wet ground, when a price is not paid per lineal metre of trench and when the cost of excavation is not included in the price bid for any work required, the sum of [ ] per cubic metre. For all gravel backfilling below grade, in excavations made by order of the Engineer, the sum of [ J per cubic metre, measured in place. For all lumber in foundations in place, including spikes, nail,4, -etc., the sum of [ j per mea!3ured in place only. For all concrete in place in foundations of sewers, man-holes, or other appurte- nances, including the cost of all stone, gravel, sand, cement and other material, the sum of [ ] per cubic metre. For all brick or stone masonry in sewers, exclusive of that in manholes, flush- tanks, over-flows or other appurtenances, laid in cement mortar, including the cost of all brick, stone, cement, and other material, the sum of [ J per cubic metre. For laying, bedding, cementing the joints, etc., of pipe sewers of the following diameters, including the cost of all pipe, sand, cement and other materials, the un- dermentioned sums, respectively, per lineal metre : 61 cm. diam [ ] 51 cm. diam. . [ ] 41 cm. diam [ ] 38 cm. diam [ J 31 cm. diam [ ] 25 cm. diam [ ] 20 cm. diam [ ] For all lumber used for sheeting and shoring, but left in place by order of the Engineer, the sum of [ ] per For building manholes complete, as shown in the drawings, including all exca- vation and backfllling for the same, concrete foundations where required, and the cost of all brick, stone, cement, iron and other materials, the sum of [ ] each. 4 FORMS OF PROPOSALS. For building flush tanks complete, including all excavation and backfilling for the same, concrete foundations where required, and the cost of all brick, stone, cement, iron, apparatus and other materials, the sum of [ ] each. For furnishing and setting in place, with manholes, chambers and all proper appurte- nances as per drawings, each i6 inch (41 cm.) flush gate, complete, the sum of C ] For building the siphon complete, including all excavation and backfilling for the same, and the cost of all chambers, manholes, brick, stone, cement, iron and other materials, the sum of [ ] For building each 12 inch (30 cm.) overflow with manholes, chambers, flap valves, gates, etc., as per drawings, complete, per lineal metre [ ] For building each 24 inch (61 cm.) overflow with manholes, chambers, flap valves, gates, etc., as per drawings, complete, per lineal metre [ ] For building 36 inch (o.^gis) overflow at pumping station, with outfall into Ribeirao Seixas, complete as per drawings, per lineal metre [ ] For 24 inch (61 cm.) cast iron force main from pumping station to outfall sewer, with flanged joints bolted together with corrugated copper gaskets, the top to be laid 50 cm. below the surface of the ground, and including the proper connections with the machinery at the pumping station and the brick outfall sewer, complete as per plans, per lineal metre [ ] The steel outfall sewer at the Outeirinhos, with hand holes, rip-rap, concrete, valves manhole^, overflow and all appurtenances complete as per plans, the sum of [ ] For all extra work done and extra materials furnished by written order of the Engineer, not contemplated by this contract, the actual cost of the work and materials, as determined by the Engineer, plus per cent, of the actual cost. Number of working days from date of commencement required to complete the work days. Signed, ESTIMATES. ESTIMATES OF COST OF THE SANITARY IMPROVEMENTS OF THE CITY AND PORT OF SANTOS, BRAZIL. QUARANTINE STATION AT II^HA SlO SEBASTllO. * Disinfection Wharf ; length 76 metres, concrete base 7.3 metres deep, ex- tending to within 30 cm. of low tide, topped with a masonry wall 3.35 metres high, with cut stone face and cap ; top of wharf 1.2 metres above high tide ; wharf backed up with earth, $ 40,000.00 * Ballast wharf ; length 152 metres ; details of construction the same as for the disinfection wharf, 80,000.00 Disinfection building, of .stone 6,000.00 Machinery for disinfection, including all apparatus, piping, engines, boil- ers and equipment 15,000.00 Bath house, with tubs, stalls, partitions and equipment, 4,000.00 Ten residences for detained saloon passengers, at $1,200.00 12,000.00 Large residence building for detained steerage passengers, 15,000.00 Hospital for general diseases, 9,000.00 Hospital for infectious diseases, 14,000.00 Kitchen for hospitals, with its apparatus, 1,800.00 Dining rooms and kitchen for detained passengers, 6,500.00 Morgue, with post-mortem room, office and vault 2,000.00 Crematory for the incineration of the dead 2,500.00 Residences for officers of the station, three buildings 6,500.00 Buildings for stores and provisions 1,000.00 i,aunch and tug-boat, 10,000.00 t Water supply, \ t Sewerage, I 25,000.00 t Grading of roads, lawns, etc. , J BOARDING STATION AT SANTOS, NfiAR THE LOWER FORT. Residences for officers, 3,000.00 lyaunch 2,000.00 Wharf, • 5,000.00 J Total $260,300.00 * The items of cost of wharf- walls may be considerably decreased by shortening them, if desired, and also by choosing a suitable location where the difficulties of construction will be reduced to a minimum. t The items of cost of water supply, sewerage and grading can not be determined with accuracy until the exact location for the station is decided upon, and may be either considerably more or less than the cost given. X No realty has been included in this estimate. 4 ESTIMATES. WATER SUPPI^Y EXTENSION AND IMPROVEMENT. SANTOS AND VIIvLA MATHIAS. Excavation and refilling trenches for pipe laying in Santos, including the supply main from the Serra ; 14,690 cu. metres, at 52 cents % 7,638.80 Repaying trenches, 7,725.00 Taking up and cleaning pipe to be relaid, i ,000.00 New pipe to be furnished, ranging from 10 cm. to 46 cm. in diameter, 4,550 tons, at $40.00, 182,000.00 Pipe laying, including labor, hauling, lead, coke, clay, blocking for all pipes, 48, 736.40 Gate valves, from 10 cm. to 46 cm. opening, 5, 108.00 Hydrants 8,990.00 Tank Reservoir— Excavation, refilling, and grading, % 1,000.00 Masonry 18,400.00 Iron work of tank, 15, 756.00 Roofing, exclusive of trussing and sheeting, included above, 1 00.00 Painting, 500.00 Spiral stairway, iron gates, doors and valves, 1,750.00 37,506.00 $298,704.20 Contingencies and superintendence, 15%) 44,805.63 $343,509-83 BARE A DISTRICT. Excavation, 4,676 cu. metres, at 52 cents, $ 2,431.52 New pipe to furnish, from 10 cm. to 30 cm. diameter, 318 tons, at $40.00, 12,720.00 Pipe laying, including all labor and materials, 3,966.00 Hydrants, with valves and connections, 11,615.00 Valves, from 10 cm. to 30 cm. opening, 1,078.00 Three blow-ofis, pipe, valves, etc., complete, 300.00 $ 32,110.52 Contingencies and superintendence, 15%, 4,816.58 $ 36,927.10 VILLA MACUCO. Excavation and refilling trenches, 2,838 cu. metres, at 52 cents $ 1,475.76 New pipe to furnish, ranging from 10 cm. to 15 cm. diameter, 197 tons at $40-00. 7,880.00 Pipe laying, including all labor and materials 2,460.00 Valves, 10 cm. and 15 cm. opening 360.00 Hydrants, with valves and connections 2 100.00 $ 14,275-76 ESTIMATES. 5 Amount brought forward $ 14,275.76 Contingencies and superintendence, 15%, 2,141.36 % 16,417.12 NOTS.— In the foregoing estimates for water mains, excavation has been calculated at 52 cents per cu. metre ; cast iron pipe at J^o.oo per ton. The cost of laying includes hauling, lowering into trenches, lead, yarn, clay. Coke, etc., blocking and making the joints and connections. SEWBRS F'OR SANTOS AND VILLA MATHIAS. 21,762 linear metres of 20 cm. pipe sewers complete, ranging from 1.2 to 5.1 metres deep, $ 73.579-32 1,636 linear metres of 25 cm. pipe sewers complete, ranging from 2.1 to 4.6 metres deep, 10,115.85 2,200 linear metres of 30 cm. pipe sewers complete, ranging from 1.2 to 4.3 metres deep, 13,547.71 t,4io linear metres of 41 cm. pipe sewers complete, ranging from 2.1 to 4.9 metres deep, 19,845.55 407 linear metres of 51 cm. pipe sewers complete, ranging from 5.1 to 5.8 metres deep 4.939-55 338 linear metres of 61 cm. pipe sewers complete, ranging from 3.7 to 4.6 metres deep 7,822.24 615 linear meters of 66X91 cm. elliptical brick sewer, with concrete base, on timber foundation 29,373.00 158 linear meters of 69X91 cm. elliptical brick sewer, with concrete base, on timber foundation 7,906.64 117 linear metres of 79X91 cm. elliptical brick sewer, with concrete base, on timber foundation, 6,887.68 S26 linear metres of 86X91 cm. elliptical brick sewer, with concrete base, on timber foundation, 13,954.40 2,055 linear metres of 91 cm. circular brick sewer, 427 metres of which is on concrete base, with timber foundation, 70,504.82 346 manholes, with covers, frames, buckets, .steps, concrete bottoms, with tongues, etc. , 22,648.00 119 flush tanks, masonry, apparatus, etc., complete, with water connec- tion, at $200.00, 23,800.00 Siphon on interceptor at Rua Jose Ricardo, with valves, overflow, buckets, etc. , complete, 2,000. 00 275 linear metres of cast iron force main, from pumping station to outfall sewer, with all connections complete 4.342. 15 Steel outfall pipes at the Outeirinhos, including pipe and laying, $6,938.00 270 cu. metres gravel filling 700.00 460 cu. metres riprap 1,200.00 Concrete at outfall, 650.00 Gates, valves, coimections, etc., 500.00 9,988.00 $321,254.91 6 ESTIMATES. Amount brought forward, ; , $321,254.91 91 cm. overflow at pumping station ; 80 linear metres complete, $3,148.80 Bulkhead and retaining walls, 400.00 Flap gate and screen, 250.00 — 3-798.80 Two 30 cm. overflows into drains, complete, with flap valves, flush gates, etc., 525-00 61 cm. overflow into drain at Rua do General Camara, complete, with flap valves, flush gates, etc 440.00 Five 41 cm. flush gates complete, in place, 275.00 Pumping Station : Building, of stone, complete, $8,200 00 Pump well, excavation, concrete, masonry, etc., 1,250.00 Foundations for machinery, complete 1,000.00 Boilers, and setting 5,000.00 Steam fittings, complete, 1,200.00 Pumping machinery erected 4,000.00 Valve and gate chamber, with valves, screens and appur- tenances, 1,600.00 Smoke stack, raising, etc., complete, 600.00 Connections of pumps, 500.00 Grading, sodding and finishing grounds, 3,000.00 $ 26,350.00 5,000 house connections, from sewer to curb lines, 75,000.00 $427,643.71 Contingencies and superintendence, 15%, 64, 146.56 $491,790.27 SEWEKS FOR THE BARRA DISTRICT. 7,220 linear metres of 20 cm. pipe sewers, complete, $ 14,390.40 1,500 " " 25 cm. " " 6,888.00 2,280 " " 30 cm. " " 13,819.00 138 manholes, with covers, buckets, steps, and concrete bottoms, with tongues, etc. , 9,970.00 Fight flush tanks complete, with apparatus, masonry, water connection, etc., at $200.00, 1,600.00 Eleven ejector stations complete, at $1,200.00, 13,200.00 Twenty-two ejectors, erected complete, 36,000.00 Air compressors erected, 5,500.00 Fittings and connections 350.00 1,325 linear metres of 30 cm. cast iron force main, laid, 6,519.00 2,060 " " 5 cm. air main, laid, 2,027.10 2,275 " " 6.3 cm. " " 2,611.70 $112,875.20 ESTIMATES. 7 Amount brought forward, .. . 650 linear metres of 7.6 cm. 800 " " 8.8 cm. 690 " " 13 cm. 765 "' •' 15 cm. 1,670 " " 20 cm. Contingencies and superintendence, 15 %, . Contingencies and superintendence, 15%, $112,275.20 892. CO 1,180.80 1, 357-80 1,756.30 4,930.20 1122,992.30 18,448.84 $141,441.14 SEWERS EOR VILLA MACUCO. 2,880 linear metres of 20 cm. pipe sewers complete Thirty-four manholes, with covers, buckets, steps, etc., Four flush tanks complete, with masonry, apparatus, and connection with water mains, at $200.00, ■. One ejector station complete, Two ejectors erected complete, 675 linear metres of 6.3 cm. air main, laid, 300 linear metres of 20 cm. cast iron force main, 9,729.38 2,210.00 800.00 1,250.00 2,400.00 774.90 885.60 $ 18,049.88 2,707.48 $ 20,757.36 Note. — lu the foregoing estimates for sewers, all pipe and brick sewers over 2.75 metres below the surface have been laid in concrete ; brick sewers on concrete base rest on timber foundations. The prices given include all labor, materials, bailing, draining, shoring of trenches, and other necessary work, and have been based upon the following units : Excavation in trenches up to 1.8 metres deep, 52 cents percu. metre, increasing then with the depth to f 1.95 per cu. metre for trenches 5.2 metres deep, in which quick-sand and mud may be encoun- tered. Masonry in sewers has been calculated at I19.50 per cu. metre; concrete at $10.50 per cu. metre, in place ; pipe laying, from 10 to 26 cents per linear metre. Drains in Santos. too linear metres of 30 cm. pipe drain, laid complete, . 226 252 1-977 758 236 789 260 228 854 38 cm. 46 cm. 61 cm. 71X91 cm. elliptical brick drain, . 76X91 cm. 91 cm. circular brick drain, 99 cm. " " 1^07 " " i°'.i4 " " 463.90 1,481.80 2,108.59 23.755-80 23,862.30 8,611.70 27,281.66 6,354-oo 10,798.06 38,262.65 $142,980.46 8 ESTIMATES. Amount brought forward, $142,980.46 316 linear metres of i". 22 circular brick drain, 14,536.00 162 " " i'°.3o " " 7,614.00 149 " " i". 37 parabolic brick drain, with concrete base on tim- ber foundation, complete, 5>549-52 90 linear metres of i°'.45 parabolic brick drain, with concrete base on tim- ber foundation, complete, 4,832.50 180 linear metres of i'°.52 parabolic brick drain, with concrete base on tim- ber foundation, complete 14,453.50 158 linear metres of i'°.57 parabolic brick drain, with concrete base on tim- ber foundation, complete, 9,031 .40 208 linear metres of i"'.6o parabolic brick drain, with concrete base on tim- ber foundation, complete, 13, 150.00 no linear metres of i°'.68 parabolic brick drain, with concrete base on tim- ber foundation, complete ; 7>374- 72 122 linear metres of i".75 parabolic brick drain, with concrete base on tim- ber foundation, complete 8,669.40 501 linear metres of i°'.83 parabolic brick drain, with concrete base on tim- ber foundation, complete, 37, 133.60 588 linear metres of i°'.98 parabolic brick drain, with concrete base on tim- ber foundation, complete, 47,606.88 Forming gutters across 24 street intersections, 2,400.00 150 manholes, with covers, buckets, steps, etc., complete 9,750.00 Eight catch-basins and flush chambers, complete, 4,000.00 162 street inlets for surface water, with grating, pipes, etc., complete, .... 16,200.00 Eleven flush gates for drains, from 91 cm. to i°'.98 in diameter, complete and erected, 1,790.00 Chambers for flush gates, complete, 4,350.00 Five special junctions of brick drains, including cut-stone tongues, mason- ry, concrete, etc 2, 100.00 104 junctions of pipe drains with brick drains, including all labor and materials 8,640.00 Outfalls for 12 drains through Caies 6,000.00 3,161.98 Contingencies and superintendence, 15%, 55,224.30 $423,386.28 NoTB. — In the foregoing estimates for drains, all pipe or brick drains over nine feet below the sur- face of the ground, are laid in concrete, or on a concrete base, resting upon timber foundation. The prices for excavation, masonry, concrete, etc., are the same as for sewers. ESTIMATES. 9 DRAINS — BARRA DISTRICT. Excavation for surface ditches, 120,461 cu. metres, at 39 cents, % 46,979.79 21.2 hectares of clearing and grubbing, at $248.00 per hectare, 5,257.60 Graveling, compacting and surfacing ditches 10,000.00 416 cu. metres masonry in wier dams, at $19.50, 8, 112. 00 393 " " " overflow dams, at $19.50, 5,889.00 1,230 cu. metres excavation for overflows, at 39 cents 479- 7° 1,000 cu. metres riprap, at $6.50 6,500.00 Gates for flushing, paving, piling, etc. , at outfall ditch at harbor 5,000.00 Land appropriated, 10,000.00 For flushing devices, 50,000.00 $148,218.09 Contingencies and superintendence, 15% 22,232.71 $170,450.80 Canalization of swamps west of the City of Santos $100,000.00 GARBAGE DISPOSAL PLANT. Garbage cremator, .... $ 10,000.00 Building and inclined roadway, . . 3,000.00 Carts, tools, horses, and equipment, 4,000.00 $ 17,000.00 STREET PAVING. 34,000 sq. meters of old cobblestone pavement to be taken up and repaved with granite blocks on concrete foundation, at $4.75 per sq. metre, . $161,500.00 31,700 sq. metres of old Belgian blocks to be taken up and relaid on con- crete foundation, at $4.10, 129,970.00 41,700 sq. metres of old cobblestone pavement to be taken up and repaved with granite blocks on broken stone foundation, at $3.60 per sq. metre, 150,120.00 $441,590-00 Contingencies and superintendence, 15% 66,238.50 $507,828.50 lo ESTIMATES. SUMMARY OF ESTIMATES OF COST OF SANITARY IMPROVEMENTS OF SANTOS, BRAZIt- Quarantine station, complete, % 260,300.0a Water supply system, complete 396,854.05 Sewerage system, complete, 653>998.77 Drainage system, complete, 593i837'08 Canalization of swamps west of City of Santos, 100,000.00 Garbage disposal plant 17,000.00 Street paving, 507,828.50 $2,529,818.40 MISCEIvI/ANEOUS ESTIMATES OF COST OF AUXILIARY WORKS AND IMPROVEMENTS. Construction and equipment of new yellow fever hospital at Santos $80,000.00 Construction and equipment of new small pox hospital at Santos 50,000.00 Construction and equipment of new emigrant station at Santos 100,000,00 Estimated cost of plumbing and house drainage for a one-story house, as shown on Plate II, 287.50 Estimated cost of plumbing and house drainage for a two-story house, as shown on Plate II, 340.00 Estimate of cost of one public urinal and closet, as shown on Plate XVIII, 500.00 The raising of buildings, concreting cellars, filling up of low inhabited grounds, draining of wet areas in interior of city blocks, and open- ing new alleys for access to rear of buildings, will probably require a number of years, and can progress only after careful study of each particular locality ; it is, therefore, impossible to place an estimated cost upon the work at the present time ; but an appropriation should be made for, say, $200,000.00 APPENDIX. APPENDIX I. *rABLE SHOWING THE TONNAGE OF COASTING AND FOREIGN VES- SELS ENTERED AT THE CUSTOM HOUSE AT SANTOS, BRAZIL, FOR THE YEARS FROM 1878 TO 1891, INCLUSIVE, AND FOR A PART OF THE YEAR 1892. Year. Coasting Vessels. Tons. Foreign Vessels. Tons. Totals. Tons. 1878 8130 . . . 8130 1879 5610 . . . 5610 1880 « 6030 246000 252030 1881 5520 353000 358520 1882 4770 384000 388770 1883 7890 425000 432890 1884 8040 437000 445040 1885 9150 422000 431150 1886 1 1 040 432000 443040 1887 1 1400 681000 692400 1888 lOIIO 541000 551110 1889 8910 554000 562910 1890 10020 584000 594020 1891 13830 794000 807830 1892 part of- 15840 540000 555840 The above information was obtained from tbe Custom House, Santos, on August 25th, 1892, by Mr. J. E. Hill, C.E., and Dr. Brandt de Carvalho. Death Rate. The diagrams referred to on pages 27 and 30 of the report, showing the deaths used by yellow fever, smallpox and the total deaths by all diseases will be found I Plate XXX. 4 APPENDIX I. Rain Fai.i. Statistics. The table mentioned on page 25 of the report as recording the monthly rain*- fall at the top and at the foot of the Serra and at Santos, from 1870 to the present time, was unfortunately lost from the steamer while en route from Brazil to New York. There are copies of this table in the office of the Sao Paulo Railway Co. at Santos, and also in the Sao Paulo and Santos offices of the Commissao de Saneamento de Sao Paulo, where they may be consulted. TABLE, COMPILED FROM OBSERVATIONS MADE BY THE SAO PAULO RAILWAY CO., SHOWING THE NUMBER OF RAINY DAYS DURING EACH MONTH AT THE ALTO DA SERRA, FROM 1873 TO 1883, INCLUSIVE ; ALSO THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF RAINY DAYS FOR EACH MONTH DURING ELEVEN YEARS, AND THE AVERAGE MONTHLY RAINFALL IN INCHES AND CENTIMETRES. • Number of Average Rainfall in 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 Rainy Days, II years' Average. Inches. Centi- metres. Jan. 17 ' 1 18 ' 21 9 15 19 19 27 15 26 16 18.4 18.3 46.48 Feb. 1 , 14 18 19 18 23 13 16 23 19 23 20 18.7 17.7 44.96 Mar. 26 19' 20 15 16' 15 14 16 1 22 15 15 17-5 16.0 40.64 Apr. 14 18 15 8 15 ' 13 13 16 8 16 14 13.6 14.1 35-81 May 15 14 8 15 13 16 9 8 8 9 12 II. 6 7.0 17.78 June 9 13 12 14 8 16 7 5 12 14 9 10.8 8.2 20.83 July 14 15 8 5 5 9 4 9 9 ID 8 8.7 6.5 16.51 Aug. 9 7 10 12 12 II 5 5 8 9 13 9.2 7-9 20.07 Sept. 12 13 13 14 8 15 14 20 12 17 18 14.2 8.9 22.61 Oct. 18 20 17 19 17 20 II 13 13 II 18 16. 1 10.3 26.16 Nov. 16 10 16 20 18 13 II 17 16 8 18 14.8 II-3 28.70 Dec. 18 22 17 21 16 16 20 20 20 15 20 18.6 16.3 41.40 Totals 182 187 176 170 166 176 143 179 162 173 181 172.2 142-5 361.95 APPENDIX I. 5 TABLE OP RAINFALLS EXCEEDING 3 INCHES (7.62 cm.) IN TWELVE HOURS ; FROM OBSERVATIONS MADE BY THE SAO PAULO RAILWAY COMPANY, AT THE ALTO DA SERRA, FROM 1873 TO 1886, INCLUSIVE. Date. Depth. During Day or Night. Date. DEPTH. During Day or Night. Inches. Centi- metres. Inches. Centi- metres. March I, 1873 4-5 11-43 night April 8, 1881 3 4 8.64 night Dec. 18, 4.0 10.16 night 1 April 18, 3 5 8.89 day Dec. 19. 3-3 8.38 day j April 30, 4 5 11-43 day- Jan. 15. 1874 3.7 9-65 night "1 Nov. 21, 4 5 11-43 day Jan. 16, 3-3 8.38 day ) Dec. 20, 3 3 8.38 night April 5, 8.4 21.34 night 1 March 21, 1882 4 I 10.41 night April 6, 8.5 21-59 day April 8, 3 5 8.89 night Aug. 18, 3-3 8.38 night Oct. 25. 3 I 7.87 day Feb. I, 1875 3-2 8.13 day Nov. 15. 3 7 9,40 night 1 ; Dec. 12, 3-5 8.89 night Nov. 16, 3 8 9-65 day ) Dec 20, 8-5 21.59 night 1 Jan. 26, 1883 9 22.86 night 1 Dec. 21, 4-7 11.94 day ) Jan. 27. 4 6 11.68 day ) Oct. 5, 1876 3-5 8.89 day March 13. 4 '9 12.45 night Oct. 12, 3-9 9.91 night Feb. 26, 1884 4 9 12.45 night Dec. 25. 4.0 10.16 day March II, 3 I 7-87 day Jan. 5. 1877 4 4 II. 18 night May I,. 4 7 11.94 day Jan. 26, 1878 3 I 7.87 day Aug. 27. 7 17.78 night Nov. 3. 3'i 7.87 night Nov. 25, 3 7.62 night Jan. 2, 1879 5-1 12.95 day Dec. II, 3 I 7.87 day Jan. 6, 1S80 9,9 25-15 night Dec. 18, 4 2 10.67 night , Feb. 16, II. 27.94 night Sept. 23, 1885 4 8 12.19 day March 27. 5-4 13.72 night Feb. 17, 1886 4 9 12-45 night June I, 3-2 8.13 night April 12, 4 6 11.68 night] Jan. 15, 1881 3-4 8.64 night April 13, 3 I 7.87 day j Feb. 16, 9.1 23.11 day Dec. 30, 7 2 18.29 night March 29. 7.2 18.29 day 6 . APPENDIX I. RAINFALL TABLE COMPILED FROM DIAGRAMS TAKEN FROM AUTOMATIC RECORD- ING RAIN GAUGES AT RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL, BY THE RIO DE JANEIRO CITY IMPROVEMENTS CO., LIMITED. o 1 bOiu S| Datb. Heaviest Rainfali,. Total Storm. Dura- tion. H. M. Amount. Rate per Hr. Dura- tion. H. M. Amount. Inches. Centi- metres. Inches. Centi- metres. Inches. Centi- metres. A. No. 5 Apr. II, 1889 I 30 2.32 5-89 1-55 3-94 2 30 2.48 6.30 B. No. I Mar. 9, 1890 30 1.22 3.10 2.44 6.20 3 00 2.48 6.30 C. No. I Mar. 30, 1890 I 20 3-54 8.99 2.66 6.75 4 00 4.90 12.45 D. * Jan. 24, 1892 15 .72 1.83 2.88 7-31 15 .72 1.83 E. * Jan. 27, 1892 12 . .68 1.72 340 8.64 I 00 •70 1.78 F. No. I Jan. 24, 1892 I 30 2-54 6.45 1.70 4-32 6 GO 392 9.96 G. No. I Jan. 27, 1892 I 00 1.60 4.06 1.60 4.06 6 GG i.8g 4-57 H. No. I Jan. 27, 1892 15? 1.50 3.81 6.00 15.24 15? 1.50 3-81 I. No. I Feb. 25, 1892 I 00 1.50 3-81 1.50 3-81 2 30 1. 90 4,81 J- No. I Mar. I, 1892 40 1.24 3-15 1.86 4.72 4 30 1.50 3-81 K. No. 5 Mar. I, 1892 2 GO 2.66 6.75 1-33 3-38 6 GG 2.92 7.42 L. No. 5 May 7, 1892 15? 1.30 3-30 5.20 13.21 2 GG 3-50 8.89 M. No. 5 May 17, 1892 15 0.70 1.78 2.80 7.11 4 30 1.80 4-57 N. No. 4 Dec. 23-24, '92 40 1.20 3-05 1.80 4.57 II 00 3.6G 9.14 NOTES. A. — After the first hour the storm was constant and stopped suddenly. *D. — Observation taken at office of Rio de Janeiro City Improvements Co. *E. — Observation taken at office of Rio de Janeiro City Improvements Co. G. — Ivight rain at the end of this storm ; preceded six hours earlier by H. Li. — About 31 hours after this storm it rained almost continuously for 7^ days ; to^ tal fall, 3.1 inches (7.87 cm.) From 2 A. M., May 23d, to 4 A. m., May 26th, 1892, it rained almost continuously ; total fall, 2.9 inches (7.37 cm.) APPENDIX I. TABULAR STATEMENT SHOWING THE DIRECTION OF THE PREVAILING WINDS AT SANTOS, BRAZIL, DURING EACH MONTH OF THE YEAR, ACCORDING TO THE UNDERMENTIONED AUTHORITIES. Months. Direction according to Dr. Saboia. Direction according to Captain of Str. Arminda. Direction according to Cap- tain of Str. Esperanza. Jan. S. E. to N. E. N. E. N. E. Feb. S. E. to N. E. N. E. N. E. March S. E. to N. E. N. E. S. E. to E. S. E. April S. to W. s. w. S. E. to E. S. E. May S. to W. S. W. S. W. June S. to W. S. W. S. W. July S. to W. s. w. S. W. Aug. S. to W. s. w. Variable N. E. to S. W. Sept. S. E. to N. E. s. w. Variable N. E. to S. W. Oct. S. E. to N. E. N. E. N. E. Nov. S. E. to N. E. N. E. N. E. Dec. S. E. to N. E. N. E. N. E. TABLE SHOWING THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT WINDS ON OCEAN CUR- RENTS OFF SANTOS, BRAZIL, AS GIVEN BY THE CAPTAIN OF THE STR. ESPERANZA. Direction of Wind. Resulting Currents. S. W. or S. E. E. N. E. N. or N. E. W. S. W. N. E. S. s. W. E. S. E. N. The currents are not noticed much nearer than three miles east of the points Mandu- ba and Taipu. The river current in Santos Bay is not felt for more than two miles from the Barra. APPENDIX II. QUARANTINE. The following excerpts and abstracts pertain to Quarantine Codes, Methods of Disin- fection and Regulations, as practiced in several North American Cities. I. Canada. The methods of disinfection as practiced in the ports of the St. I^awrence River, are as follows : (a) Exposure to steam for thirty minutes at a temperature of iOO° to 115° C. (b) Articles which would be destroyed by steam are thoroughly wetted with a bi- chloride of mercury solution of one part to one thousand of water, by means of a brush, by drenching or by immersion. (c) Where sulphur dioxide is used it is made by burning not less than three pounds (i.''*4) of roll sulphur per thousand cubic feet (28 cubic metres) of space, or if Used in liquid form it is in the same proportion. The period of exposure is not less than six hours. The disinfection of iron vessels shall be as follows ; as may be required : After mechanical cleansing, the hold, the steerage and the apartments of the crew are thoroughly washed with an acid solution of bichloride of mercury, (bichloride of mer- cury one part, hydrochloric acid two parts, water eight hundred parts,) applied to all surfaces by means of a hose. If danger is apprehended from the poisonous effects of the mercury deposited on the surfaces, they can be subsequently washed down with clean water. As the decorative work in cabins, etc., may be injured by the mercuric chloride, other methods of disinfection may be used therein as determined by the quarantine officer. The disinfection of wooden vessels shall be as follows ; as may be required : (a) Fumigation by sulphur dioxide and the use of liquid sulphur dioxide ; the period of exposure to be not less than twenty-four hours. (b) Washing with acid solution of mercuric chloride (1:800), of all cabins and other apartments. In all classes of vessels the bilges are to be first flushed with sea or river watef , pumped out, and then treated with a solution of mercuric chloride in ample quantity and allowed to remain in long contact. APPENDIX II. 9 II. New York. The quarantine station at New York City is probably one of the largest and most com- plete in the world. It consists mainly of two islands in the harbor ; one of which is used a.-5 a station for disinfection and detention, and the other for the hospitals. The methods of disinfection employed are substantially the same as those used in the other cities mentioned, viz., steam, at a temperature above boiling point, and wetting with a solution of bichloride of mercury or hypochlorides of lime and soda, and fumigating with sulphur dioxide. The officers live on the main land at what is called the Board- ing Station from which the vessels are examined. Among the series of printed documents which accompany this report will be found the report of the Health Officer of the Port of New York for the year 1892, in which a full description of the arrangement of the station and of the management of the same are given. III. Chari^eston, S. C. and New Orleans, I^a. The following quarantine code has been successfully used for. a number of years in the city of Charleston, South Carolina, and substantially also in New Orleans, I^ouisiana. I. All vessels from infected or su.spected ports, arriving with plague, cholera, small pox, yellow or typhus fever on board, or having had the same during the voyage, must be directed by the pilot to proceed to the Quarantine Station. II. Any vessel arriving at the port and bearing the certificate of the Quarantine Ofii- cer, must be brought to anchor at the Quarantine Station, and there remain until re- leased by the order of the Board of Health. III. Vessels from any foreign port direct, or via American ports, with or without sickness on board, will, during the entire year, be compelled to anchor or remain at the Quarantine Station until released by written permit of the Quarantine Officer. IV. All vessels arriving at the port with sickne.ss on board, or having had sickness during the voyage, or at the port of departure, will, at all .seasons of the year, no mat- ter from what port, either American or foreign, anchor at the Quarantine Station, and there remain until released by order of the Board of Health. V. .VeiBsels from infected or suspected ports, will, during the entire year, be required to discharge any and all ballast at the Quarantine Station, or such other place as may be designated by the Health authorities, to have bilges and limbers cleaned and sweetened, and be subjected to at least one fumigation, and such other disinfection as may be necessary, and be detained at least five days. VI. Vessels arriving with or without cargoes from su.spected or infected ports, via American or foreign ports, shall be subjected to such fumigation as the Quarantine Officer may deem necessary ; said procedure to be charged for according to methods used. VII. Pilots must in each case, before boarding, make inquiry as to the sanitary con- dition of the vessel ; in no case must they board, if the vessel has had on board, any of the diseases enumerated in Section I, or has had the same during the voyage ; in such cases they must direct the vessel to the Quarantine Station. The following charges are made under the statutes of the respective states : lO APPENDIX II. Inspection Fees. Charleston. New Orleans. Schooner Brig Bark Ship or Steamer . $ 8.00 8.00 10.00 15.00 $ 5-00 7-50 12.00 15.00 DisiNEECTioN Fees. Schooner, Bark or Brig under 500 tons do do over 500 tons Ship or Steamer under 1000 tons do do over 1000 tons 50.00 60.00 75.00 100.00 17-50 60.00 70.00 130.00 IV. Mexico. The following regulations form the gist of the Sanitary Ordinances of the Republic of Mexico : Reports are made regarding the condition of the passengers and crew and the state of the vessel. If it is seen from these reports that no person on board is suffering from disease, nor has had any, nor comes from an infected port ; and if the ve.ssel and cargo are not infected, the vessel is considered indemne and granted free entry. If the vessel is infected, and has persons on board afflicted with contagious illness, or who have been so afflicted during the preceding seven days, these persons must be removed and absolutely isolated. The passengers who are in good health will be kept under observation, on board the vessel, for five days. Meanwhile, the personal effects and cargo, believed to be infected, as well as the ves,sel, or that part which has'been contaminated, must be disinfected. If the ve,ssel is suspected, and has no case of sickness, and has had none for .seven days, but had cases previous to that time, or when leaving the sailing port, the sus- pected clothing, etc., must be disinfected, and also, the entire vessel, or such part of it as may require it. The pas.sengers in good health are -allowed to go ashore, provided they give information as to where they are going, and agree to inform the local authori- ties, should they become ill during the next succeeding five days. If the vessel is indemne, that is to say, if it has no sickness on board, nor has had any, yet comes from an infected port, the officer of the Board of Health has the privi- lege, after a rigorous examination, of recommending the di.sinfection of the vessel, a fresh water supply, an observation of the passengers and the granting or denying to the passengers or crew, of permission to go ashore. In ca.se of decided danger from infection, the ship, crew and passengers are kept at quarantine for observation, for five days after the processes of disinfection have been carried out. APPENDIX III. CHEMICAI, ANALYSIS OF A SAMPLE OF WATER FROM THE SOURCE OF THE PRESENT SUPPLY, TAKEN NEAR THE INTAKE OF THE TEN-INCH PIPE. ' Translation.'' The water which was given me on November 26, in a straw covered decanter, and Corked witli paper, containing a quantity of 8.275 litres appeared to me clear. Its taste is not unnatural ; its color pure, leaving an insignificant sediment, without clots, having a neutral reaction, a specific gravity of 1. 001 and a temperature of 26.25 de- grees C. This temperature arises naturally from the transportation of the .spring water to the city, from the pouring from one vessel to another, all carried on in the greater or less warmth of the last few days, and from the heat of the reservoirs. It cannot then be considered as being in its normal state. The investigations relative to organic matters have been made according to the per- manganate of potassium method, and the result shows that loo ccm. of water contain enough organic matter to combine with 0.023 ™gr. of oxygen, or in making the calcu- lation by the conventional formula by means of oxalic acid we arrive at a result of 3.717 mgr. of organic matter per litre. The limits established for good water are five to eight parts of organic matter per litre. In consideration of this limit, the water in question is far above this. In a quantity of 500 ccm. of water, condensed to 25 ccm., it has not been possible to discover any trace either of ammonia, nitric acid or nitrous acid. The absence of these three substances indicates that there is absolutely no product of fermentation in the water. One litre of this water contains 0.027 grammes of chlorate of potassium. It is beyond doubt that a good water may contain a maximum of 0.5 gr. of chlorate of potassium per litre ; but a greater accumulation of this substance per litre of water renders it suspicious, as many waters absorb fcecal matter in great quantity. This con- tingency, however, does not apply to the water in question, which is due to the small quantity of chlorate of pota.ssium found therein. The water examined contains a total hardness, i. e., a quantity of selenite, as follows : Nine graiive (German), or 11.25 grains (English) or 16. 11 grains (French). The per- manent hardness of the same is : 8 grains (German), 10 grains (English), or 14.32 grains (French). The maximum hardness of good water being limited to 18 grains (German), it results that this water is perfectly adapted for cooking, washing, and every other use. There is no trace of metallic solutions, such as lead, copper, zinc or iron. In the microscopic examination of the little sediment, are discovered some cellular forms, but without the least organic character whence it may be inferred that they are composed of little bits torn from plants or trees and carried away by the water, but there is not the slightest 12 APPENDIX III. trace of predjudicial micro-organisms. Consequently in taking any stand solely on the hygienic aspect of the question without discussing other indications, I can affirm that the water in question is suitable for all uses. Santos, Dec. ist, '85. (Signed) DR. W. HAVEI.BURG. CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF WATER FROM THE RIO BRANCO, FROM A HYDRANT IN SANTOS, FROM THE RIO CUBATAO, AND FROM THE "RIVER OF THE WATERFALL." THE QUANTITIES ARE GIVEN IN PARTS PER 100,000. No. of Sample. Sample taken from Taste. Hardness. RESIDUUM. Chlo- rine. Free Am- monia. Albumi- noid Am- monia. i I i % Tem- porary. Perma- nent. Before. After. Ignition. I 2 3 4 Rio Branco. Hydrant in Santos. Rio Cubatao. "River of the Waterfall." Insipid. Flat. Insipid. Salubri- ous. 0.280 0.250 0.450 0.275 0.I3S O.I17 0.150 0.107 7.96 5-74 6.18 592 4-54 4.78 4-32 3.66 0.79 0.42 0.37 0.40 .00095 .0001 .0076 .0006 .0066 .0033 .0051 .0038 •05 •05 •075 ■075 Traces (Signed) DR. F. W. DAFERT. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF A SAMPLE OF WATER FROM THE " RIVER OF THE WATERFALL"; TAKEN HALF A MILE BELOW THE WATERFALL, AND FURNISHED BY THE SANITARY COMMISSION OF SlO PAULO. Analysis of a sample of water sent to the Polytechnic School by Colonel Russelj marked No. i. This water has a disagreeable saline taste and presents a yellow coloi' resembling urine. By ebulition, it leaves a considerable deposit of dark colored matter. The residue on evaporation is abundant and black. This residue, perfectly dried, weighsi 0.2996 grains. After calcination, it weighed 0.133 grains, which gives as the weight of the organic matter 0.1666 grains. The residue in question was obtained from eleveU litres of water, whence it is inferred that it contains a residue of 0.0273 grains per litres of which 0.015 grains is organic matter. It does not contain sulphuric acid nor ironj nor alkaline carbonates. The presence of nitric, hydrochloric, and phosphoric acid was proved. The analysis of this water has not been carried farther, as the above cited characteristics, principally the great quantity of organic matter it contains, suffices to render it improper for drinking water. Rio de Janeiro, June 23, '81. rSi n d^ ALVARO J. DE OLIVEIRA, ^ ^"^ ^ ALVARO RODVALLO, Marcondes Dos Reis. Then follows the attestation of the notary as to above signatures, dated June 27, '81. APPENDIX IV. METRIC CONVERSION TABLE. tn the following table are grouped those units which are likely to be employed in the Calculations in this report. The values given are based upon the following : 1 metre = 39.37079 inches. I U. S. gallon = 231. cubic inches. I Imperial gallon (British) ^ 277.274 cubic inches. I cubic centimetre of water := i gram. Length. I inch = 2.53995 centimetres. i foot = 0.304794 metre. I yard ^ 0.914384 metre. I mile = 1609.3123 metres. = 1. 6093 1 23 kilometres. I centimetre = 0.393709 inch. t metre = 3.280899 feet. = 1.093633 yard. Area. I square inch r . . 1 . . ^ 6.451368 square centimetres. i square foot .... 1 = 0.0928997 square metre. I square yard = 0.836097 square metre. I acre i = 0.404671 hectare. I square centimeti-e = 0.1550059 square inch. t .square metre = 1. 196033 square yards. I hectare = 2.471 143 acres. Volume. I cubic inch = 16.38618 cubic centimetres. I cubic foot = 28.315313 litres. = 7.48052 U. S. gallons. = 6.23210 Imperial gallons (British). 1 cubic yard = 0.764514 cubic metre. t U. S. gallon = 3.7852079 litres. ^= 0.8331 1 1 Imperial gallons (British). I Imperial gallon (British) . . . . = 4.543461 litres. = 1.20032 U. S. gallons. I cubic centimetre = 0.0610270 cubic inch. 14 APPENDIX IV. I litre = 61.027042 cubic inches. = 0.0353166 cubic foot. = 0.2641863 U. S. gallons. = 0.2200966 Imperial gallons (British). I cubic metre = 35.316585 cubic feet. =: 264.1863 U. S. gallons. I cubic metre = 220.0966 British Imperial gallons. = 1.308022 cubic yards. Weight of Watbr. cubic inch weighs cubic foot " U. S. gallon " Imperial gallon (British) .... " cubic centimetre " litre " cubic metre " pound measures I kilogram measures 252.88 grains. 62.425 pounds. 28.3153 kilograms. 3.7852079 kilograms. 4.5435 kilograms. 15-4323 grains. I. grain. 2.204672 pounds. 2204.672 pounds. 27.681414 cubic inches. 0.016019 cubic foot. 0.119833 U. S. gallon. 0.099834 Imperial gallon (British). 0.45359 litre. 61.027042 cubic inches. 0.0353166 cubic foot. 0.2641863 U. S. gallon. 0.2200966 Imperial gallon (British). I . litre. Velocity. I foot per second = 0.681818 mile per hour. I mile per hour = 1.466666 feet per second. ^ 0.447032 metre per second. I metre per second = 2.236977 miles per hour. Discharge. 1 cubic foot per second = 28.315313 litres per second. I U. S. gallon per second ^ 3.7852079 litres per second. I Imperial gallon (British) per second = 4.543461 litres per second. 1 litre per second = 00353166 cubic foot per second. 1 cubic metre per second ^ 35-316585 cubic feet per second. Pressure. I pound per square inch .... 1 kilogram per square centimetre A. column of water 1 metre high 0.070308 kilogram per sq. centimetre. 14.2235 pounds per square inch, o. I kilogram per sq. centimetre. 1.422 pounds per square inch. APPENDIX V. LIST OF REPORTS, REGULATIONS AND BY-LAWS, BEARING ON MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION. Note.— The capital letter before each subdivision corresponds to similar headings in the body of the report. The arable numbers before each subject, in the list, referes to the corresponding numbers pasted upon each document sent herewith. The docu- ments relating to the same subject have the arable numbers printed upon tickets of the same color, as follows : A. Quarantine, . . B. Habitations, . C. Water Supply, D. Sewerage, . . , F. Garbage, . . G. Street Paving, H. Street Cleaning, . Miscellaneous Reports Form of Proposals, . Sundry Legal Forms, Municipal Regulations Yellow . . Light Red . Light Blue . Brown . . . Orange . . . Olive . . . Purple . . Light Green Dark Blue . Dark Red . , Dark Green . A. Quarantine. . from No. i to 3 inclusive. 4 " 45 ' 46 " 125 ' 126 " 151 ' 152 " 154 ' 155 " 217 ' 218 " 219 ' 220 "237 ' 238 ' 239 ' 240 1. Principles and Practice of Maritime Sanitation, by Joseph Holt, M. D., New Or- leans, La. 2. Maritime Sanitation at Charleston, S. C. 3. Report of Health Officer Dr. W. T. Jenkins, of the Port of New Y(?rk, 1893. B. Habitations. Specifications. 4. Painting and calcimining Rooms of Supreme court 9- 10. II. 12. 13- 14. New York City. Alterations of and Additions to Court Building ; New York City. Repairing, Painting and Restoring Building Damaged by Fire ; New York City. Alterations of and Improvements to Building ; New York City. Repairs and Improvements to Buildings on Chambers Street, New York City. Repairing City Hall ; New York City. Repairing and Painting Free Floating Baths ; New York City. Laying a Concrete Floor in a Basement ; New York City. Building Two Hydraulic Pas.senger Elevators ; New York City. Erection of New Gansevoort Market ; New York City. Furnishing Janitors' Supplies for Public Buildings ; New York City. 1 6 APPENDIX V. 15. Furnishing Ice ; New York City. 16. Plumbing and Drainage of Buildings. Trade Pubi^ications. 17. Plumbing, Brasswork, Cast-Iron and Earthenware Goods; Young & Martin, Stratford, I^ondon, E. . 18. Lavatories, Bath and Laundry Tubs The Henry Huber Co., New York City. 19. Pneumatic Water Closets, The Henry Huber Co., New York City. 20. Cottage Water Closets ; J. Du'ckett & Son, Ltd., Burnley-Lancashire. 21. Sanitary Specialties, Catalogues Nos. 11, 12, 13, 22, 23, 24, 26 and 27 ; Fred Adee & Co., New York City. 22. Price List of House Drainage Fittings ; Durham House Drainage Co., New York City. 23. System of Screw- Joint Iron Hou.se Drainage ; Durham House Drainage Co., New York City. 24. House Drainage in the United States, by C. W. Durham ; Durham House Drainage Co., New York City. 25. Specifications of the Durham System of House Drainage (2 sheets); Durham House Drainage Co., New York City. 26. Price List of Sanitary Fixtures ; Henry Doulton & Co. , Lambeth, London, S. E. 27. Catalogue of Sanitary Specialties ; The Myer-Sniffen Co., Ltd., New York City. 28. Catalogue of Sanitary Fixtures ; The J. L- Mott Iron Works, New York City. Rules, etc.. Governing Plumbing and Drain Laying. 29. Rules and Regulations Relating to Licensed Drain Layers and the Laying of Private Drains ; Providence, R. I. 30. Rules, Regulations and Ordinances Governing the Introduction, Use and the Laying of Private Drains in Connection with the Public Sewers ; Milwaukee, Wis. 31. Ordinances, Rules and Regulations for the Government of Plumbers and Drain Layers ; St. Louis, Mo. 32. Rules and Regulations Governing House Drainage, Ventilation and Cesspools ; Philadelphia, Pa. 33. Rules and Regulations Governing Plumbers and Plumbing ; Syracuse, N. Y. 34. Examining and Supervising Board of Plumbers ; Buffalo, N. Y. 35. Board of Health Registration of Plumbers ; Buffalo, N. Y. 36. Ordinaflces of the Board of Health ; Rochester, N. Y. 37. Registration of Plumbers ; New York City. 38. Laws and Ordinances Relating to Tenement and Lodging Houses ; New York City. 39. New Building Ordinance ; Chicago, 111. 40. Laws Relating to Building ; Milwaukee, Wis. 41. Building Ordinance of St. Louis, Mo. 42. Annual Report of the Inspector of Buildings, 1892 ; Baltimore, Md. 43. Ordinance Relating to the Inspection and Construction of Buildings ; Baltimore, Md. 44. Building Inspector's Hand Book ; Baltimore, Md. 45. Building Inspector's Hand Book ; Philadelphia, Pa. APPENDIX V. 17 C. Water Supply. Specifications. 46. Two Brick Engine Houses for the Portable Hoisting Plants of the New Croton Aqueduct ; New York City. 47. Building an Earth and Masonry Dam for the Water Works of New York City. 48. Building Section — of the New Croton Aqueduct ; New York City. 49. Furnishing Cast Iron Water Pipes, Branch Pipes and Special Castings ; New York City. 50. Boiler House, Chimney Stack and Work Shop ; Cleveland, Ohio. 51. Water Works Land Tuiinel ; Cleveland, Ohio. 52. Tunnel Under the Cuyahoga River, and Shaft ; Cleveland, Ohio. 53. Lake Tunnel and Shafts ; Cleveland, Ohio. 54. Timber and Lumber for Water Works Protection Crib ; Cleveland, Ohio. 55. High Service Reservoir ; Cleveland, Ohio. 56. Steam Boilers for West Side Pumping Station ; Cleveland, Ohio. 57. Steel Pipe and Flexible Joints ; Water Works of Syracuse, N. Y. 58. Rebuilding Stone Dam at Skaneateles, N. Y. ; Water Works of Syracuse, N. Y. 59. Laying a Thirty Inch Cast Iron Conduit Pipe ; Water Works of Syracuse, N. Y. 60. Laying Water Pipe in the City of Syracuse, N. Y. 61. Stop Valves for Main Conduit; Water Works of Syracuse, N. Y. 62. Furnishing Fire Plugs for the Water Works of St. Louis, Mo. 63. Laying Water Pipes ; St. Louis, Mo. 64. Cast Iron Coated Water Pipes ; Water Works of St. Louis, Mo. 65. Stop Valves ; Water Works of.St. Louis. Mo. 66. Gates, Valves and Iron Work of the Screen Chamber, Wet Well and Engine Pits at the Chain of Rocks, St. Louis, Mo. 67. Iron Work and Gates of the Inlet Tower at the Chain of Rocks, St. Louis, Mo. 68. Two Settling Ba,sins at the Chain of Rocks, St. Louis, Mo. 69. Inshore Tunnel, Engine Pits and Appurtenances at the Chain of Rocks, St. •- Louis, Mo. 70. Iron Work and Gates of Basins 3, 4, 5, and 6, St. Louis, Mo. 71. Cast Iron Coated Special Castings ; Water Works of St. Louis, Mo. 72. Low Service Conduit, Section A ; Water Works of St. Louis, Mo. 73. Low Service Conduit, Section E ; Water Works of St. Louis, Mo. 74. Low Service Conduit, Section F; Water Works of St. Louis, Mo. 75. Low Service Conduit, Section H ; Water Works of St. Louis, Mo. 76. Pumping Engines at the Chain of Rocks, St. Louis, Mo. 77. Horizontal Water Tube Steam Boilers with Down Draft Smokless Furnaces for the Chain of Rocks Pumping Station, St. Louis, Mo. 78. "Belpaire" Fire Box Down Draft Steam Boilers ; Water Works of St. Louis, Mo. 79. Engine House at the Chain of Rocks ; Water Works of St. Louis, Mo. 80. Boiler House at the Chain of Rocks ; Water Works of St. Louis, Mo. 81. Coal House and Machine Shop at the Chain of Rocks; Water Works of St. Louis, Mo. 82. Gate Houses of Settling Basins at the Chain of Rocks; Water Works of St. Louis, Mo. 83. Iron Work for Main and Sub-Floors in High Service Engine House at Bissell's Point ; Water Works of St. Louis, Mo. 1 8 APPENDIX V. 84. Pumping Engine and Boilers ; Milwaukee, Wis. 85. Laying a Thirty Inch and a Thirty-Six Inch Main ; Water Works of Milwau- kee, Wis. 86. Cast Iron Pipes and Special Castings ; Water Works of Milwaukee, Wis. 87. Construction of Section No. i of the New Water Works Intake for the City of Milwaukee, Wis. 88. Reservoir for the City of Philadelphia, Pa. 89. Pumping Engines ; Water Works of Philadelphia, Pa. 90. Proposed Works on the Water Works Wharf ; Toronto, Ontario. 91. Special Castings ; Water Works of Toronto, Ontario. 92. Cast and Wrought Iron Work ; Water Works of Toronto, Ontario. 93. Laying a Main Line of Water Pipe ; Providence, R. I. 94. Sockanosset Reservoir ; Providence, R. I. 95. Hope Reservoir ; Providence, R. I. 96. Guilford Reservoir ; Baltimore, Md. 97. Clifton Reservoir ; Baltimore, Md. 98. Storage Lake, Dam, Conduit and Reservoir ; Baltimore, Md. 99. Cast Iron Water Pipe and Special Castings ; Water Works of Buffalo, N. Y. Trade Pubi