cs \S n slvvvg^ "W President White Library, CORNELL University. eS2505 .B24 "1873"""^ ""'"^ °"^.£^aK,,.?.yrname?:. their sources and olin 3 1924 029 805 813 The original of tliis bool< is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029805813 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES THEIR Source!* anti Sisniftcationis. BY CHARLES WAREING BARDSLEY, M.A. ' Good name in man and woman, dear my lord, Is the immediate jewel of their souls." IL0ntr0n: CHATTO AND WINDUS, PUBLISHERS. (SUCCESSORS TO JOHN CAMDEN HOTTEN.) tA i r&,.fe- LONDON : SAVILL, EDWARDS AND CO., PRINTERS, CHANDOS STREET, COVENT GARDEN. TO MY FA THER. T HA VE loved thee all my life, but nei'er so much as now when thou art laid aside from .work. Without thee this book, a small offshoot from a toil of many years, had not been written. Thou hast lent to it a father's caidioji, a mother' s pride, a brother's hope, a sister's interest. From the frame of thine intellect I know no man who could offer a better criticism of the many faidts it contains than thou. None will offer a worse. Thou wilt say it is perfect ! Yes, thou wilt be false to thine intelligence to be true to thine affection. Kind old father I PREFACE. AS prefaces are very little read, I will make this as brief as possible. It is strange how little has been written upon the sources and significations of our English surnames. Of books of Peerage, of Baronet- age, and of Landed Gentry, thanks to Sir Bernard Burke, Mr. Walford, and others, we are not without a. sufficiency ; but of books purporting to treat of the ordinary surnames that greet our eye as we scan our shop-fronts, or look down a list of contributions, or glance over the " hatches, matches, and despatches " of our newspapers —of these there are but few. Indeed, putting aside Mr. Lower's able and laborious researches, we may say none. Tracts, pamphlets, short treatises, articles in magazines, have at various times appeared, but thfey have been necessarily con- fined and limited in their treatment of the subject.* And yet what can be more natural than that we * Proofs of the ignorance of authors and authoresses in regard to surnames might be cited to any extent. The novel of " Aurora Floyd " is a case in point. When we read the account there given of the ancestry of the heroine, her Scotch descent, &c., and then remember that Floyd is but a corruption (through the difficulty of pronunciation) of the Welsh Lloyd, we may well be pardoned a smile. Walter Scott would never have so committed himself. VI PREFACE. should desire to know something relating to the origin of our surname, when it arose, who first got it, and how ? Of the feebleness of my own attempt to solve all this I am conscious that I need not to be reminded. Still, I think the ordinary reader will find in a perusal of this book some slight increase of infor- mation, and if not this, that he has whiled away, not unpleasantly, some of his less busy hours. During the last seven years I have devoted the whole of my spare time to the preparation of a " Dictionary of English Surnames." But about two years ago it struck me that perhaps a smaller work dealing with the subject in a less formal and more familiar style might not be unacceptable to many, as a kind of rudimentary treatise. In the course of my labours I have come to be under obligations to several writers, and several Societies. To long-departed men, whose works do follow after them, I must give a passing allusion. Camden was the first to draw attention to this subject, and though he wrote little, and that little not of the most correct kind, still he has afforded the groundwork for all future students. Verstegan, who came next with his " Restitution of Decayed Intelligence," wrote quaintly, amusingly, and incorrectly; and, with respect to surnames, his definitions rather teach what they do not, than what they do mean. Passing over several archaeological papers, and with a wide gap in regard to time, we come to Mr. Lower's studies. He was the first to give a real compendium of English nomenclature. PREFACE. vii Of his earlier efforts I will say nothing, for the " Patronymica Britannica " is that upon which his fame must rest. The fault of that work is that the author has confined his researches all but entirely to the Hundred Rolls. These Rolls are undoubtedly the best for such reference ; but there are many others, as my index will show, which not merely con- tain a large mass of examples, not to be met with there, but which by varieties of spelling in the case of such names as they share in common with the other, afford comparisons, the use of which would have made him certain where he has only guessed, and would have enabled him also to avoid many false conclusions.* This I would say with all respect as one who has benefited very considerably by Mr. Lower's labours. Others I must thank more briefly, though none the less heartily. To Mr. Halliwell I am under deep obligation, for to his " Dictionary of Archaisms " I have gone freely by way of quotation. To Mr. Way's notes to his valuable edition of the " Promptorium Parvulorum " I am also indebted for much interesting information regarding mediaeval life and its surroundings. Miss Muloch's " History of Christian Names " contains a large store of help to students of this kind of lore, and of this I have * I find I have taken two quotations from an early work of Mr. Lower's without acknowledging them. They will be found in pp. 12 and 13. Other instances could have been set in their place, but they were more compact, and to the point. If the reader would like other examples, he will find them abounding in the ballads recorded in D'Urfey's " Pills to Purge Melancholy." VUl PREP'ACE. availed myself in several instances. In conclusion, I have to acknowledge much valuable aid received from the publications of the Surtees Society, the Early English Text Society, the Camden Society, and the Cheetham Society. It is in the rooms belonging to the latter that I have had the opportunity of consulting most of the records and archives, a list of which prefaces my index, as well as other books of a more incidentally helpful character, and I cannot allow this opportunity to pass without tendering my hearty thanks to Thomas Jones, Esq., B.A., F.S.A., for his courtesy in permitting me access to all parts of the library, and to Mr. Richard Hanby, the under- librarian, for his constant attention and readiness to supply me with whatever books I required. Finally, I must apologize to many friends and acquaintances to whom this book has been long promised, for the delay which has occurred in its publication. As most of them are aware, this has been unavoidable. A serious and protracted illness, which, culminating at the commencement of last year, forced me to take a twelvemonths' holiday from professional work, has prevented me also from giving to my study that steady and continued appli- cation which otherwise I might have done. It may have been that that illness was hastened on by a too close attention thereto. Nevertheless, my book, if it has been a cause, has also been a cure. By working more quietly since, I have come to be under deep obligations to it. I have often looked upon it as a con- PREFACE. valescent might, upon the nurse who has tended him. It has stood firmly by me under many depressing influences, and in sending it forth at a time of renewed strength and freshened vigour, I thankfully feel that the fact of my so doing is in part the work of this my first effort in antiquarian research. Manchester, November, 1873. Note. — The ctipital letters that are sometimes appended to early surnames, recorded in the text, refer to the registers whence they have been extracted, a list of which is given in the Preface to the Index. I would beg my readers to use the Index freely as they peruse the different chaptei-s. When the letters ' H. R.' occur, the " Hundred Rolls" are referred to. It would be well also to take an early opportunity of reading the Preface to the Index. CONTENTS. PAGE Introductory Chapter i CHAPTER I. Patronymic Surnames 9 CHAPTER II. Local Surnames 82 CHAPTER III. Surnames of Office 143 CHAPTER IV. Surnames of Occupation (Country) . . . .207 CHAPTER V. Surnames of Occupation (Town) . . . .277 Appendix to Chapters IV. and V 370 CHAPTER VI. Nicknames 377 Preface to Index 457 Index of Instances 463 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. TO review the sources of a people's nomenclature is to review that people's history. When we remember that there is nothing without a name, and that every name that is named, whether it be of man, or man's work, or man's heritage of earth, came not by chance, or accident so-called, but was given out of some nation's spoken language to denote some characteristic that language expressed, we can readily imagine how important is the drift of each — what a record must each contain. We cannot but see that could we only grasp their true meaning, could we but take away the doubtful crust in which they are often- times imbedded, then should we be speaking out of the very mouth of history itself For names are en- during — generations come and go ; and passing on with each, they become all but everlasting. Nomenclature, in fact, is a well in which as the fresh water is flowing perennially through, there is left a sediment that clings to the bottom. This silty deposit may accumu- late — nay, it may threaten to choke it up, still the well is there. It but requires to be exhumed, and we shall behold it in all its simple proportions once more. B OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. And thus it is with names. They betoken life and matter that is ever coming and going, ever under- going change and decay. But through it all they abide. The accretions of passing years may fasten upon them — the varied accidents of lapsing time may attach to them — they may become all but undistin- guishable, but only let us get rid of that which cleaves to them, and we lay bare in all its naked simplicity the character and the lineaments of a long gone era. Look for instance at our place-names. Apart from their various corruptions they are as they were first en- titled. So far as the nomenclature of our country itself is concerned, England is at this present day as rude, as untutored, and as heathen as at the moment those Nor- wegian and Germanic hordes grounded their keels upon our shores, for all our place-names, saving where the Celt still lingers, are their bequest, and bear upon them the impress of their life and its surroundings. These are they which tell us such strange truths — how far they had made progress as yet in the arts of life, what were the habits they practised, what was the religion they believed in. And as with place-names, so with our own. As records of past history they are equally truthful, equally suggestive. One important dif- ference, however, there is— Place-names, as I have just hinted, once given are all but imperishable. Mountains, valleys, and streams still, as a rule, retain the names first given them. Personal names, those simple indi- vidual names which we find in use throughout all pre-Norman history, were but for the life of him to whom they were attached. They died with him, nor passed on saving accidentally. Nor were those second designations, those which we call surnames as being INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. ' superadded to Christian names,' at first of any lasting character. It was not till the eleventh, twelfth, thir- teenth, or even fourteenth centuries that they became hereditary — that is, in any true sense sta- tionary. Before, however, we enter into the history of the^e and with regard to England that is the purpose of this book, it will be well to take a brief survey of the actual state of human nomenclature in preceding times. Surnames, we must remeniber, were the sim- ple result of necessity when population, hitherto iso- lated and small, became so increased as to necessitate further particularity than the merely personal one could supply. One name, therefore, was all that was needed in early times, and one name, as a general rule, is all that we find. The Bible is, of course, our first record of these — 'Adam,' 'Eve,' 'Joseph,' 'Barak,' ' David,' ' Isaiah,' all were simple, single, and expres- sive titles, given in most cases from some circum- stances attending their creation or birth. When the Israelites were crowded together in the wilderness they were at once involved in difficulties of 'identifi- cation. We cannot imagine to ourselves how such a population as that of Manchester or Birmingham could possibly get on with but single appellations. Of course I do not put this by way of real comparison, for with the Jewish clan or family system this diffi- culty must have been materially overcome. Still it is no wonder that in the later books of Moses we should find them falling back upon this patronymic as a means of identifying the individual. Thus, such ex- pressions as ' Joshua the son of Nun,' or ' Caleb the son of Jephunah,' or ' Jair the son of Manasseh,' are B 2 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. not unfrequently to be met with. Later on, this necessity was caused by a further circumstance. Cer- tain of these single names became popular over others. 'John,' 'Simon,' and 'Judas,' were such. A further distinction, therefore, was necessary. This gave rise to sobriquets of a more diverse character. We find the patronymic still in use, as in ' Simon Barjonas,' that is, ' Simon the son of Jonas ;' but in addition to this, we have also the local element introduced, as in ' Simon of Cyrene,' and the descriptive in ' Simon the Zealot.' Thus, again, we have ' Judas Iscariot,' what- ever that may mean, for commentators are divided upon the subject; 'Judas Barsabas,' and 'Judas of Galilee.' In the meantime the heathen but polished nations of Greece and Rome had been adopting simi- lar means, though the latter was decidedly the first in method. Among the former, such double names as ' Dionysius the Tyrant,' ' Diogenes the Cynic,"Socrates the son of Sophronicus,' or ' Hecataeus of Miletus," show the same custom, and the same need. To the Roman, however, belongs, as I have said, the earliest system of nomenclature, a system, perhaps, more careful and precise than any which has followed after. The purely Roman citizen had a threefold name. The first denoted the ' prmiomenl and answered to our personal or baptismal name. The second was what we may term the clan-name ; and the third, the cognomen, corresponded with our present surname. Thus, we have such treble appellations as 'Marcus Tullius Cicero,' or ' Aulus Licinius Archeas.' If a manumitted slave had the citizenship conferred upon him, his single name became his cognomen, and the others preceded it, one generally being the name of * INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. S him who was the emancipator. Thus was it of ' Licinius,' in the last mentioned instance. With the overthrow of the Western Empire, however, this sys- tem was lost, and the barbarians who settled upon its ruins brought back the simple appellative once more. Arminius, their chief hero, was content with that simple title. Alaric, the brave King of the Goths, is only so known. Caractacus and Vortigern, to come nearer home, represented but the same custom. But we are not without traces of those descriptive epithets which had obtained among the earlier com- munities of the East. The Venerable Bede, speaking of two missionaries, both of whom bore the name of ' Hewald,' says, " pro diverssl capellorum specie unus Niger Hewald, alter Albus diceretur," that is, in modern parlance, the colour of their hair being different, they came to be called 'Hewald Black,' and ' Hewald White.' Another Saxon, distinguished for his some- what huge proportions, and bearing the name of ' Ethelred,' was known as ' Mucel,' or ' Great,' a word still lingering in the Scottish mickle. We may class him, therefore, with our after ' le Grands,' as we find them inscribed in the Norman rolls, the pro- genitors of our ' Grants,' and ' Grands,' or our ' Biggs,' as Saxon as himself Thus again, our later ' Fairfaxes,' ' Lightfoots,' ' Heavisides,' and ' Slows,' are but here- ditary nicknames like to the earlier ' Harfagres,' ' Harefoots,' ' Ironsides,' and ' Unreadys,' which died out, so far as their immediate possessors went, with the ' Harolds,' and ' Edmunds,' and ' Ethelreds,' upon whom they were severally foisted. They were but expressions of popular feeling to individual persons OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. by means of which that individuality was increased, and as with every other instance I have mentioned hitherto, passed away with the lives of their owners. No descendant succeeded to the title. The son, in due course of time, got a sobriquet of his own, by which he was familiarly known, but that, too, was but personal and temporary. It was no more hereditary than had been his father's before him, and even so far as himself was concerned might be again changed according to the humour or caprice of his neighbours and acquaintances. And this went on for several more centuries, only as population increased, these sobriquets became but more and more common. In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, however, a change took place. By a silent and unpremeditated movement over the whole of the more populated and civilized European societies, nomenclature began to assume a solid lasting basis. It was the result, in fact, of an insensibly growing necessity. Population was on the increase, commerce was spreading, and society was fast becoming corporate. With all this arose difficulties of individualization. It was impossible,: without some further distinction, to maintain a current identity. Hence what had been but an occasional and irregular custom, becam? a fixed and general practice — the distinguishing sobriquet, not, as I say, of premeditation, but by a silent compact, became part and parcel of a man's property, and passed on with his other possessions to his direct descendants. This sobriquet had come to be of various kinds. It might be the designation of the property owned, as in the case of the Norman barons and their feudatory INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. settlements, or it might be some local peculiarity that marked the abode. It might be the designation of the craft the owner followed. It might be the title of the rank or office he held. It might be a patronymic — a name acquired from the personal or Christian name of his father or mother. It might be some charac- teristic, mental or physical, complimentary or the re- verse. Any of these it might be, it mattered not which ; but when once it became attached to the possessor and gave him a fixed identity, it clung to him for his life, and eventually passed on to his offspring. Then it was that at length local and personal names came somewhat upon the same level ; and as the former, some centuries before, had stereotyped the life of our various Celtic and Sclavonic and Teutonic settle- ments, so now these latter fossilized the character of the era in which they arose ; and here we have them, with all the antiquity of their birth upon them, breathing of times and customs and fashions and things that are now wholly passed from our eyes, or are so completely changed as to bear but the faintest resemblance to that which they have been. To analyse some of these names, for all were impossible, is the purpose of the following chapters. I trust that ere I have finished my task, I shall have been able to throw some little light, at least, on the life and habits of our early English forefathers. The reader will have observed that I have just incidentally alluded to five different classes of names. For the sake of further distinction I will place them formally, and under more concise headings : — OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. 1. Baptismal or personal names. 2. Local surnames. 3. Official surnames. 4. Occupative surnames. 5. Sobriquet surnames, or Nicknames. I need scarcely add that under one of these five divisions will every surname in all the countries of Europe be found. CHAPTER I. PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. IT is impossible to say how important an influence have merely personal names exercised upon our nomenclature. The most familiar surnames we can meet with, saving that of ' Smith,' are to be found in this list. For frequency we have no names to be com- pared with ' Jones,' or ' Williamson,' or ' Thompson,' or ' Richardson.' How they came into being is easily manifest. Nothing could be more natural than that children should often pass current in the community in which they lived as the sons of ' Thomas,' or ' William,' or ' Richard,' or ' John ;' and that these several relationships should be found in our directories as distinct sobriquets, only shows that there was a particular generation in these families in which this title became permanent, and passed on to future descendants as an hereditary surname.* The interest that attaches to these patronymics is great — for it is by them we can best discover what names were in vogue at this period, and what not, and of those which * The following extract will show how patronymic surnames changed at first with each successive generation. ' ' Dispensation for Richard Jonson, son of John Richardson, of Fishlake, and Evott daug : of Robert Palmer, who have married, although related in the fourth degree. Issued from Rome by Francis, Cardinal of St. Susanna, 30th March, 13th Boniface IX. (1402)." Test. Ebor. vol. iii. p. 318. lO OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. were, by their relative frequency, in a measure, what were the most popular. Certainly the change is most extraordinary when we compare the past with the present. Some, once so popular that they scarce gave identity to the bearer, are now all but obsolete, while numerous appellations at present generally current were then utterly unknown. There are surnames familiar to our ears, whose root as a Christian name is now passed out of knowledge ; while, on the other hand, many a Christian name now daily upon our lips, has no surname formed from it to tell of any lengthened existence. The fact is, that while our surnames, putting immigration aside, have been long at a stand- still, we have ever been and are still adding to our stock of baptismal names. Each new national crisis, each fresh achievement of our arms, each new princely bride imported from abroad — these events are being commemorated daily at the font. This is but the continuance of a custom, and one very natural, which has ever existed. Turn where we will in English history during the last eight hundred years, and we shall find the popular sympathies seeking an outlet in baptism. Did a prince of the blood royal meet with a hapless and cruel fate. His memory was at once embalmed in the names of the children born imme- diately afterwards, saving when a mother's supersti- tious fears came in to prevent it. Did some national hero arise who upheld and asserted the people's rights against a grinding and hateful tyranny. His name is speedily to be found inscribed on every hearth. The reverse is of equal significance. It is by the fact of a name, which must have been of familiar import, finding few to represent it, we can trace PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. II a people's dislikes and a nation's prejudices. A name once in favour, as a rule, however, kept its place. The cause to which it owed its rise had long passed into the shade of forgotten things, but the name, if it had but attained a certain hold, seems easily to have kept it, till indeed such a con- vulsion occurred as revolutionized men and things and their names together. There have been two such revolutionary crises in English nomenclature, the Conquest and the Refor- mation, the second culminating in the Puritan Com- monwealth. Other crises have stamped themselves in indelible lines upon our registers, but the indenture, if as strongly impressed, was far less general, and in the main merely enlarged rather than changed our stock of national names. Thus was it with the Crusades. A few of the names it introduced have been popular ever since. Many, at first received favourably, died out, if not with, at least soon after, the subsidence of the spirit to which they owed their rise. Some of these came from the Eastern Church, of whose existence at all the Crusader seems to have suddenly reminded us. Some were Biblical, associated in Bible narrative with the very soil the Templars trod. Some, again, were borrowed from Continental comrades in arms, names which had caught the fancy of those who introduced them, or were connected with friendly rivalries and pledged friendships. This era, being concurrent with the establishment of surnames, has left its mark upon our nomenclature ; but it was no revolution. The period in which these names began to assume an hereditary character varies so greatly that it is 12 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. impossible to make any definite statement. As a familiar custom I should say it arose in the twelfth century. But there are places, both in Lancashire and Yorkshire, where, as in Wales, men are wont to be styled to this very day by a complete string of patronymics. To hear a man called ' Bill's o'Jack's,' ' o'Dick's,' ' o'Harry's,' ' o'Tom's,' is by no means a rare incident. A hit at this formerly common Welsh prac- tice is given in ' Sir John Oldcastle,' a play printed in 1600, in which ran the following conversation : — " Judge : What bail ? What sureties .' " Davy : Her cozen ap Rice, ap Evan, ap Morice, ap Morgan, ap Llewellyn, ap Madoc, ap Meredith, ap Griffin, ap Davis, ap Owen, ap Shinkin Jones. "Judge : Two of the most sufficient are enow. " Sheriff: And 't please your Lordship, these are all but one." This ' ap,' the Welsh equivalent of our English ' son,' when it has come before a name beginning with a vowel, has in many instances become incorporated with it. Thus ' Ap-Hugh ' has given us ' Pugh,' Ap- Rice,' just mentioned, ' Price,' or as ' Reece,' 'Preece ;' •Ap-Owen,' ' Bowen ;' 'Ap-Evan,' ' Bevan ;' 'Ap- Robert,' ' Probert ;' Ap-Roger,' ' Prodger ;' ' Ap- Richard,' ' Pritchard ;' ' Ap-Humphrey,' ' Pumphrey ;' or ' Ap-Howell,' ' Powell.'* ' Prosser' has generally been thought a corruption of ' proser,' one who was garrulously inclined, but this is a mistake, it is simply * ' Howel' or ' Hoel' was at one time a favourite Welsh baptismal name. Wt. have a ' Howel le Waleys, ' that is, ' Howel the Welshman, ' or, as we should now say, ' Howell Wallace,' mentioned in the Parliamentary writs of 13 1 3. As I shall show by-and-by our ' Powells' may in some cases, at least, be of more English origin. PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 1 3 ' Ap-Rosser.' The Norman patronymic was formed similarly as the Welsh, by a prefix, that of ' fitz,' the modern French ' fils.' Surnames of this class were at first common. Thus we find such names as ' Fitz- Gibbon,' ' Fitz-Gerald,' ' Fitz-Patrick,' ' Fitz-Waryn,' 'Fitz-Rauf,' 'Fitz-Payn,' ' Fitz-Richard,' or ' Fitz- Neele.' But, though this obtained for awhile among some of the nobler families of our country, it has made in general no sensible impression upon our sur- names. The Saxon added ' son' as a desinence, as ' Williamson,' that is ' William's son,' or ' Bolderson,' that is ' Baldwin's son,' or merely the apostrophe, as ' Williams', or ' Richards'. This class has been won- derfully enlarged by the custom then in vogue, as now, of reducing every baptismal name to some curt and familiar monosyllable. It agreed with the rough- and-ready humour of the Anglo-Norman character so to do. How common this was we may see from Gower's description of the insurrection of Wat Tyler. ' Watte' vocat, cui ' Thoma' venit, neque ' Symme' retardat, Batque ' Gibbe' simul, ' Hykke' venire subent : • CoUe' furit, quem ' Bobbe' juvat nocumenta parantes, Cum quibus, ad damnum ' Wille' coire volat — ' Grigge' rapit, dum ' Davie' strepit, comes est quibus ' Hobbe,' ' Larkin' et in medio non minor esse putat : ' Hudde' ferit, quem ' Judde' terit, dum ' Tibbe' juvatur 'Jacke' domosque viros vellit, en ense necat — Or let Piers Plowman speak. ' Glutton' having been seduced to the alehouse door we are told — Then goeth ' Glutton' in and grete other after, ' Cesse' the souteresse sat on the bench : ' Watte' the wamer and his wife bothe : ' Tymme' the tynkere and twayne of his prentices. ' Hikke' the hackney man and ' Hugh' the nedlere ' Clarice' of Cokkeslane, and the clerke of the churche ; ' Dawe' the dykere, and a dozen othere. 14 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. In these two quotations we see at once the clue to the extraordinary number of patronymics our direc- tories contain of these short and curtailed forms. Thus ' Dawe,' from ' David,' gives us ' Dawson,' or ' Dawes ;' ' Hikke ' from ' Isaac,' ' Hickson,' or ' Hicks;' 'Watte,' from 'Walter,' 'Watson,' or 'Watts.' Nor was this all. A large addition was made to this category by the introduction of a further ele- ment. This arose from the nursery practice of giving pet names. Much as this is done now, it would seem to have been still more common then. In either period the method has been the same, that of turning the name into a diminutive. Our very word ' pet' itself is but the diminutive ' petite,' or ' little one.' The fashion adopted, however, was different. We are fond of using ' ie,' or ' ley.' Thus with us 'John' becomes ' Johnnie,' ' Edward' ' Teddie,' ' Charles' ' Charley.' In early days the three chief diminutives in use were those of ' kin,' ' cock,' and the termination ' ot,' or ' et,' these latter being of Norman origin. ' Kin,' the old Saxon ' kin,' child, or offspring, and introduced most probably, so far as the immediate practice was concerned, by the Flemings, we still preserve in such words as ' manikin,' ' pipkin,' ' lambkin,' or ' doitkin.' This is especially familiar as a nominal adjunct. Thus we find in an old poem, entitled, ' A litul soth Sermun/ the following — Nor those prade yongemen That loveth ' Malekyn,' And those prude maydenes That loveth ' Janekyn ;' At chirche and at chepynge When they togadere come They runneth togaderes And speaketh of deme love. PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. IS Masses and Matins Ne kepeth they nouht For ' Wilekyn' and ' Watekyn' Be in their thouht. Our nursery literature has secured in its ' cockrobins,' ' cockboats,' and ' cockhorses' the immortality of the second. One other must be added, ' ing,' or I ling,' as in ' farthing' a little fourth, ' duckling,' ' darling,' or ' foundling,' softened in our nomenclature into ' in' and ' lin,' but this is so comparatively rare as to make but a trivial difference. Thus from ' Simon' we get ' Simpkins' and ' Simcox ;' from ' Geoffrey,' 'Jeffkins' and 'Jeffcocks ;' from ' William,' ' Wilkins,' ' Wilcox,' and ' Willot,' or ' Willett ;' from ' Mary,' ' Mariott ;' from ' Elias,' ' Elliott ;' from ' Emma' or ' Emme,' ' Emmett' or ' Emmott ;' from ' Ralph,' ' Rawlins' and ' Rawlings.' Instances will offer themselves as we advance. I have already said that the Norman invasion com- pletely revolutionized our system of personal names. Certainly it is in this the antagonism between Norman and Saxon is especially manifest. Occasionally, in looking over the records of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, we may light upon a 'Godwin,' or'Guthlac,' or ' Goddard,' but they are of the most exceptional occurrence. Were the local part of these entries foreign, explanation would be unneeded. But while the personal element is foreign, the local denotes settlement from the upcountry. Look at the London population of this period from such records as we possess. There is scarcely a hamlet, however small, that does not contribute to swell the sum of the metropolitan 1 6 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. mass, and while 'London' itself is of comparatively great rarity in our nomenclature, an insignificant village like, say Debenham, in Suffolk, will have its score of representatives — so great was the flow, so small the ebb. It is this large accession from the interior which is the stronghold of Saxon nomenclation. It is this removal from one village to another, and from one town to another, which has originated that distich quoted by old Vestigan — In ' ford,' in 'ham,' in 'ley,' in 'ton,' The most of English surnames run. And yet, strange as it may seem, it is very doubtful whether for a lengthened period, at least, the owners of these names were of Saxon origin. The position of the Saxon peasantry forbade that they should be in any but a small degree accessory to this increase. The very villenage they lived under, the very man- ner in which they were attached to the glebe, rendered any such roving tendencies as these impossible. These country adventurers, then, whose names I have instanced, were of no Saxon stock, but the sons of the humbler dependents of those Normans who had ob- tained landed settlements, or of Norman traders who had travelled up the country, fixing their habitation wheresoever the wants of an increasing people seemed to give them an opportunity of gaining a livelihood. The children of such, driven out of these smaller com- munities by the fact that there was no further opening for them, poor as the villeins amongst whom they dwelt, but different in that they were free, would naturally resort to the metropolis, and other large cen- tres of industry. Not a few, however, would belong to the free Saxons, who, much against their will no doubt, PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. \^ but for the sake of gain, would pass in the commu- nity to which they had joined themselves by a name belonging to the more powerful and mercantile party. In the same way, too, some not small proportion of these names would belong to those Saxon serfs who, having escaped their bondage, would on reaching the towns change their names to elude detection. These, of course, would be got from the Roman category. But be all this as it may, the fact remains that throughout all the records and rolls of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, we find, with but the rarest ex- ceptions, all our personal names to be Norman. The Saxon seems to have become wholly extinct. There might have been a war of extermination against them. In an unbroken succession we meet with such names as 'John' and 'Richard,' 'Robert' and 'Henry,' 'Thomas' and 'Ralph,' 'Geoffrey' and 'Jordan,' 'Stephen' and 'Martin,' ' Joscelyn' and ' Almaric,' ' Benedict' and ' Laurence,' ' Reginald ' and ' Gilbert,' 'Roger' and 'Walter,' 'Eustace' and 'Baldwin,' < Francis ' and ' Maurice,' ' Theobald ' and ' Cecil,' — no 'Edward,' no ' Edmund,' no ' Harold' even, saving in very isolated cases. It is the same with female names. While ' Isabel' and 'Matilda,' 'Mirabilla' and 'Avelina,' ' Amabilla' and ' Idonia,' ' Sibilla' and ' Ida,' ' Letitia' and 'Agnes,' 'Petronilla' or 'Parnel' and 'Lucy,' 'Alicia' and 'Avice,' 'Alianora,'* or 'Anora' and 'Dowsabell,' 'Clarice' and 'Muriel,' 'Agatha' and * ' Alianora' is found also in the diminutive forms of ' Alinot' or ' Aliot.' In accordance with the same fashion ' Emelia' is recorded as ' Emelot, ' or from ' Amelia' ' Amelot. ' ' Alianora' enjoyed a further variety in ' Lina ' and ' Linot,' the latter no doubt the parent of our 'Liimets.' C 1 8 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. 'Rosamund; 'Felicia' and ' Adelina,' 'Julia' and 'Blanche,' 'Isolda'and 'Amelia' or ' Emilia,' 'Beatrix' and ' Euphemia,' ' Annabel' and ' Theophania,' ' Con- stance' and 'Joanna' abound ; ' Etheldreda,' or ' Edith,' or ' Godiva,' all of the rarest occurrence, are the only names which may breathe to us of purely Saxon times. In the case of several, however, a special effort was made later on, when the policy of allaying the jealous feelings of the popular class was resorted to. For a considerable time the royal and chief baronial families had in their pride sought names for their children from the Norman category merely. After the lapse of a century, however, finding the Saxon spirit still chafed and uneasy under a foreign thrall, several names of a popular character were introduced into the royal nursery. Thus was it with ' Edward ' and ' Edmund.' The former of these appellations was represented by Edward I., the latter by his brother Edmund, Earl of Lancaster. Previously to this, however, an attempt had been made to restore the British ' Arthur ' in that nephew of Coeur de Lion who so miserably perished by his uncle's means, and thereby gave Lackland a securer hold upon the English throne, if not upon the affections of the country. The sad and gloomy mys- tery which surrounded the disappearance of this boy-prince seems to have inspired mothers with a superstitious awe of the name, for we do not find, as in the case of ' Edward ' or ' Edmund,' its royal restoration having the effect of making it general. On the contrary, as an effort in its favour, it seems to have signally failed. Of all our early historic names I find fewest relics of this. Mr. Lower has been induced to confound 'Atkins' and 'Atkinson' with it ; but there can PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 1 9 be little doubt, I imagine, that these are but sharper forms of 'Adkins' and 'Adkinson,' which, with our many ' Addisons,' ' Adcocks,' and ' Adamsons,' are all the offspring less of our primaeval than of some mediaeval ' Adam.' A steady average of ' Adams' is to be found in every early roll, though it has lost much of its hold in more modern days. No effort seems to have been made in behalf of ' Alfred ;' but it, too, may be met with in isolated cases. Latinized as 'Aluredus,' it figures in Domesday, and though it flourished on through mediaeval times, it can barely be said to live now in one or two instances where, in its own unal- tered form, it is found as a surname.* As a Christian name, however, fashion has again brought it into favour. Rejected with horror by the fanatical spirit of Puritan times, it has once more, together with ' Ed- ward ' and ' Arthur,' got a firm place in English esteem. The three occupy from the twenty-third to the twenty-fifth place of frequency, according to the latest calculations. With regard to the advance made by 'Arthur,' the reason is plain. While the memories that cluster round the name of the Iron Duke live, ' Arthur' can never die. Indeed, there are as many ' Arthur- Weliesleys' now, as there were simple 'Ar- thurs' before the battle of Waterloo. Nor does Domesday say much more for the leaders of the * I find that this last sentence requires somewhat qualifying. It is highly probable that our 'Aldred,' as undoubtedly our ' Allureds' represent in the present day the old 'Alfred.' 'Alured' was unques- tionably the usual registered form, and when we put beside this such other entries as ' Ric Aired,' ' Hugh Aldred,' or 'Aldred fil Roger,' I think the presumption is that 'Alured' and 'Aldred' are but one. ' Alderson ' I imagine to be but ' Aldredson.' C 2 20 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. Danish banditti. 'Harold,' which we might have thought would never have been allowed to sink into obscurity, has barely escaped this in our rare ' Harolds' and ' Harrolds.' ' Canute,' in our ' Knotts,' is not much varied, in pronunciation at least, from the ' Cnut ' of Domesday ; and to those acquainted with ornithology, it will be remembered the name is simi- larly preserved in that bird which is said to have derived its title from its being the favourite food of Canute the Great. As Drayton has it in very prosy verse — The 'Knot' that called was ' Canutus,' bird of old, Of that Great King of Danes, his name that still doth hold. Nor must we forget ' Swain.' We find in the Survey the wife of ' Edward filius Suani ' figuring among the tenants-in-chief of Essex. This of course is but our present ' Swainson' or ' Swanson,' and when we add all the ' Swains,' ' Swayns,' and ' Swaynes' of our directories, we shall see that this name has a tolerably assured position in the nineteenth century. ' Godwin,' the name which the stout old earl of Danish blood has given to our Goodwin Sands, seems to have established itself firmly when the Survey was made. The primary root 'god' or 'good,' which stood in all Teuton languages as the title of divinity, was familiarized as the chief component in several other names, such, for instance, as ' Godebold' now ' Godbold ;' ' Godard' now spelt ' Goddard ;' ' Coder' or ' Godyer,' now ' Goodier' and ' Goodyear ;' ' Godescall,'* that is, God's servant, is now found as * One John Godescalde was in 1298 forbidden to dwell in Oxford owing to some riot between town and gown. (Mun. Acad Oxon p. 67.) PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 21 ' Godshall,' although as ' Gottschalk ' it has long been an immigrant from Germany. ' Goodrich ' or ' God- rich,' an appellation which belonged to an early Saxon abbot, who was exalted into the ranks of the saints as ' St. Goderic,' is also a denizen of our existing regis- ters. ' Guthlac,' not without descendants too, though less easily recognisable in our ' Goodlakes' and ' Good- lucks,' and ' Geoffrey' or ' Godfrey,' whom I shall have occasion to mention again, belong to the same category. The last of this class I may mention is the old ' Godeberd' or ' Godbert.' There seems to have been an intention to caricature this sobriquet from the first. As simple ' Godeberd' it is found in such a name as ' Roger Godeberd,' met with in the London Tower records. Somewhat more corrupted we come across a 'John Gotebedde' in the Hundred Rolls of the thirteenth century, and much about the same time a ' Robert Gotobedd ' lived in Winchelsea. In this latter form, I need not say, it has now a somewhat flourishing existence in our midst. Still, despite its long antiquity, when I recall the pretty ' Godbert' from which it arose, I would, were I one of them, go to bed as such some night for the last time, nor get up again till I could dress, if not my person, at least my personality in its real and more antique habiliment. Our ' Ormes' and ' Ormesons' represent the appella- tion which has so surely imbedded itself into our EngHsh local nomenclature in our ' Ormsbys,' ' Orms- kirks,' ' Ormerods,' and ' Ormes Heads.' This was a term intimately connected, of course, with the paganism of early days. 'Os' as a root word implicative of deity has made for itself a firm place in our ' Osberts,' ' Oswins,' ' Oswalds,' ' Osbornes,' and ' Osmunds.' 22 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. Miss Muloch, in her interesting book on Christian names, mentions a person of the name of ' Ansketil ' as located in Winchester in 1 148, and declares it to be but another form of ' Os-cetyl.' This then is but another compound of the same. In the Hundred Rolls later on it is written ' Anketius' and ' Anketel,' as, for instance, ' Anketel Malore.' It seems even to have become a surname, for in the " Inquisitiones" of Edward III. we alight upon a 'John Anketell.' It is quite possible our ' Arkells' are but corruptions of this, as are our ' Thurkells ' and ' Thurkills ' un- doubtedly of ' Thurketyl.' Talking of this latter, we find that the abbots of Croyland in 941, 992, and 1052 were 'Turketyl,' 'Osketyl,' and 'Wulfketyl' respectively. In the York registers, too, we discover a ' Grinketel,'* possibly the original of our ' Crinkles.' Rare as some of these may be, the simple ' Kettle' is firmly established among us. Closely connected as it was with the mythology of Northern Europe, as the above compounds show, it is still a great Norwegian name. In Domesday it occurs as ' Chetill,' in the Hundred Rolls as ' Ketel' or ' Ketyl,' as in such a name as ' Ketel le Mercer.' It may be that in some few cases this surname is derived from an iron- monger's sign, but this is the more probable, and cer- tainly the more pleasing origin. ' Sibbald,' occurring I believe at least once in Domesday, is still so spelt, and has given birth to ' Sibbes ' and ' Sibson,' unless they owe their existence to the more classic ' Sybilla,' * Matthew Paris, under date 1047, says of the bishopric of Selsey— " Defuncto Grinketel, Selesiensi pontifice, Hecca regis capellanus successit. " PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 23 a name anything but unfamiliar to the ears of the period. If from the former, they will be constructed exactly after the fashion of ' Tibbs,' from Theobald. ' Serle,' found in such names as 'Serle Morice' (H.R.), or ' Serle Gotokirke' (do.) still abides in our ' Searles' and ' Series ;'* ' Siward' or ' Syward' in our ' Sea- wards,' ' Sewards,' and ' Sawards ;' ' Sigbiorn' in our ' Sibornes' and ' Seabornes,' and ' Segar' or ' Sigar' in our ' Segars,' ' Sahers,' ' Sayers,' and ' Saers.' The famous old Earl of Winchester, as Mr. Lower reminds us, was ' Saher de Quincy.' Probably, too, if not connected with ' Sarah' or ' Sarra,' as it is generally found, it is to this latter sobriquet our ' Searsons' and ' Sarsons' must be referred. Our ' Seamans,' though apparently occupative, are not so in reality. As a Christian name the term is found in such a de- signation as ' Seman de Champagne' or ' Semannus Clerk.' Our ' Harveys' or ' Harvies' are the de- scendants of some old Norman ' Harve,' found later on in the Hundred Rolls in ' Harveus le Clerc,' and still used as a Christian name, as the present Fishop of CarHsle, can testify. The popular notion that ' Howard' is nothing but ' Hogward' is not borne out by facts. We find no trace whatever of its gradual reduction into such a corrupt form. As we shall have occasion to show hereafter, it is our ' Hoggarts' who thus maintain the honours of our swine-tending fore- fathers. There can be little doubt, indeed, that ' Howard' is but another form of Harvard' or ' Here- ward.' That it had become early so pronounced and * In the Parliamentary writs we find entered a ' Hugh Serelson,' and a 'Ric. Serelson.' It is possible they are paitronymics formed from ' Cyril,' but ' Searle' is the more probable parent. 24 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. spelt, we can prove by an entry occurring in the " Test. Eboracensia," where one ' John Fitz-howard' is registered. Our ' Harmans' represent the mediaeval ' Herman,' as our ' Harmers' do ' Hermer.' As baptismal names, both are now quite obsolete. Our ' Goochs' are but the ' Guches' of the Hundred Rolls, such names as 'Roger Guch,' or 'John hi: Guche' being occasionally found therein. Of names specially introduced at the Conquest, or that received an impulse by that event, few were more popular than that of ' Warin,' or ' Guarin,' or ' Guerin,' the latter the form at present generally found in France. It is the sobriquet that is incorporated in our ancient ' Mannerings,' or ' Main-warings,' a family that came from the ' mesnil,' or ' manor,' of ' Warin,' in a day when that was a familiar Christian name in Norman households. A few generations later on we find firmly established among ourselves such names as ' Warin Chapman,' or ' Warinus Ceroid,' or 'Guarinus Banastre,' in the baptismal, and 'Warinus Fitz-Warin ' or 'John Warison' in the patronymic form, holding a steady place in our mediaeval records. Two of the characters in " Piers Plowman," as those who have read it will remember, bear this as their more personal sobriquet — And again — One Waryn Wisdom And Witty his fere Followed him faste. Then wente Wisdom And sire Waryn the Witty And warnede Wrong. In the Hundred Rolls, we find the diminutive oc- curring in the case of ' Robert Warinot,' and doubtless PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 25 our ' Warnetts' are his present representatives. Our ' Wareings,' ' Warings,' ' Warisons,' ' Wasons,' and ' Fitz-Warins,' often written ' Fitz- Warrens,' not to mention the majority of our 'Warrens,' are other of the descendants of this famous old name that still survive. ' Mauger' never attained much popularity with us, though it long flourished in Normandy. Still our ' Maugers' and ' Majors' can testify to the fact of its introduction. It even threatened to descend in a more patronymic form, for I find a ' Maugason' in the Parliamentary Rolls of the fourteenth century. ' Miles' must also be set down as of purely Norman introduc- tion. As 'Milo' it is represented in Domesday Book. Like all other personal names from the same source, we find it speedily recorded, in a diminutive form, as ' Millot.' The patronymics are ' Mills,' ' Miles,' ' Millson,' and ' Mileson,'* all of which are still existing in our midst. 'Gerard' is now little used at the font ; but a few centuries ago it was a familiar agnomen. The higher Norman families seem to have been much attached to it. Such names as ' Garret Widdrington,' or ' Jarrarde Hall,' or ' Jarat Nycholson,' found among our Yorkshire entries, serve to show how far the spirit of verbal corruption can advance, and our many ' Garretts,' ' Jarretts,' 'Jarratts,' and 'Jerards' as surnames will probably testify the same to all ages. ' Hamo,' or ' Hamon,' is equally firmly imbedded in our existing nomenclature. Like the other it has ceased to be a Christian name ; but in our ' Hamons,' ' Haymons,' ' Aymons,' and * A ' Richard Mileson' entered C. C. Coll. Cam. in 1659. (Master's Hist. C. C. Coll.) 26 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. ' Fitz-Aymons/ it is still made familiar to us. And, besides these, it is to this also we must refer our 'Hamlyns,' relics of the old 'HamaHn,' our 'Ham- monds,' and our ' Hampsons.' In its simple form of ' Hamo,' it is constantly met with in the Hundred Rolls. ' Emery,' though not utterly forgotten as a personal name, may be said to live on only in our surnames. It was once no unimportant sobriquet. ' Americ,' ' Almeric,' ' Almaric,' ' Emeric,' or ' Eimeric,' seem to have been its original spellings in England^ and thus, at least, it is more likely to remind us that it is the same name to which, in the Italian form of ' Amerigo,' we now owe the title of that vast expanse of western territory which is so indissolubly connected with English industry and English interests. Curter forms than these were found in ' Aylmar,' ' Ailmar,' ' Almar,' ' Aymar,' and ' Amar.' The surnames it has bequeathed to us are not few. It has had the free run of the vowels in our ' Amorys,' ' Emerys,' and ' Imarys,' and in a more patronymic form we may still oftentimes meet with it in our ' Emersons, 'Embersons,' and ' Imesons.' Our ' Thoralds' are but descendants of the 'Torald' or ' Turold,' which, though it may have existed previously, was virtually introduced at the Conquest. ' Alberic,' or ' Albrec,' as we find it occasionally written, soon became a fixed inhabitant of our Rolls as ' Aubrey,'* while ' Wale- rand,' found in such a designation as ' Walerand Berchamstead,' has a hale existence in our 'Walronds,' or ' Walrands.' The Domesday ' Agilward,' later on * We, find the pet addendum in such an entry as 'Walter Auberkin.' (Hund. Rolls.) PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 27 written ' Alard' and 'Aylward,' is by no means obsolete in the latter dress ; while ' Aldrech,' once merely a Christian name, is now, like many of the above, found only surnominally. ' Arnold,' I find generally spelt ' Ernald,' or ' Ernaldus,' and 'Humphrey,' as sometimes still ' Humfrey.' The former has bequeathed us, among others, our ' Arnisons' and ' Arnetts.'* Our ' Guyatts' and 'Wyatts' are but the 'Guyot,' or 'Wyot,' or ' Wyott,' of mediaeval times, the diminutive of ' Guy,' or 'Guion,' a name that figured among the earliest heroes of romance. ' Albred,' probably but another form of the lately revived 'Albert,' is now found as ' Allbright,' and the German ' Albrecht' ' Ansell' and 'Ancell,' as relics of 'Anselm,' are much more com- mon than many suspect, for the Archbishop of that name was popular with the lower classes, and a popu- lar archbishop would bias our baptismal nomenclature much in those days, as we shall see in a special in- stance shortly. ' Ingram ' represents the old ' Ingel- ram,' or ' Engelram,' or ' Iggelram,' or ' Ingeram,' for all these forms may be met with ; and ' Ebrardus' later on, registered as ' Eborard,' still abides hale and hearty in our ' Everards' and ' Everys.' The latter, however, can scarcely be said yet to be quite extinct as a baptismal name. A favourite name in early days was ' Payn,' or 'Pagan.' The softer form is given us in the " Man of Lawes Tale " — The constable and dame Hermegild his wife Were payenes, and that country everywhere. We all know the history of the word, how that, while * The ParHamentary writs give us a 'Matthew Amyet,' the only instance of the diminutive I have been able to discover. 28 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. the Gospel had made advance in the cities, but not yet penetrated into the country, the dwellers in the latter became looked upon with a something of con- tempt, as idolaters, so that so far as this word was con- cerned, ' countryman ' and ' false-worshipper' became synonymous terms. In fact, 'pagan' embraced the two meanings that ' peasant' and ' pagan' now sepa- rately convey, though the root of both is the same. The Normans, it would appear, must have so styled some of themselves who had refused baptism after that their chieftain Rollo had become a convert ; and hence when William came over, the name was intro- duced into England by several of his followers. In Domesday Book we find among his tenants-in-chief the names of ' Ralph Paganel' and ' Edmund filius Pagani ' — i.e., ' Fitz-Pagan ' or ' Paine.' The name became more popular as time went on, and it is no ex- aggeration to say that at one period — viz., at the close of the Norman dynasty — it had threatened to become one of the most familiar appellatives in England. This will account for the frequency with which we meet it now in the several forms of ' Pagan,' ' Payne,' ' Payn,' ' Pain,' ' Paine,' and ' Pynson.' Thus, while in our dictionaries ' pagan' still represents a .state of heathenism, in our directories it has long ago been converted to the purposes of Christianity and become at the baptismal font a Christian name.* Thus we may fitly oppose it to our ' Christians,' ' Christies,' and ' Christisons.' Our ' Kitsons ' are, of course, the * It is a curious instance of fitness in the possession of a surname that the greatest of English infidels a generation or two ago should have borne the name of ' Tom Payne.' PATRONYMIC SURNAMES, 29 offspring of ' Christopher.' St. Christopher's Isle in the West Indies is now familiarly St. Kitts. It was of the indignity offered to Christopher Marlowe's genius in calling him so generally by this brief sobriquet that Heywood spoke when he said — Marlowe, renowned for his rare art and wit, Could ne'er attain beyond the name of Kit.* There is a personal name now wholly forgotten, I think, which once occupied a by no means inferior place in the favour of our forefathers, that of Ivo or Ive. The Normans had probably got it long ere the Conquest from the northern lands whence they were sprung, for though we owe its popularity in mediaeval times to them, still it had held a precarious existence in England centuries previously through Danish raids. St. Ives of Huntingdonshire seems evidently to be a blood relation. Such names as 'Yvo de Taillbois' (121 1), mentioned in Bishop Pudsey's Survey of the Durham See, ' Ivo Hamersley' (1488) or ' Ivo le Mercer,' ' Iveta Milsent,' or 'Ivetta Matilde,' occurring in the Hundred Rolls, seem to show us how familiar was this appellation among both sexes. t Nor are its descendants inclined to let its memory die. We have the simple ' Ive' and ' Ives ;' we have the more pa- tronymic ' Iverson/ 'Ivison,' 'Iveson,' and ' Ison/ and * Heywood also has it in one of his epigrams — Nothyng is lighter than a feather, Kytte, Yes, Climme : what light thing is that ? thy light wytte. —'Walter fil Kitte.' (Household Exp. Bishop Swinfield, p. 170, Cam. Soc.) + ' Ivo de Usegate' was bailiff of York in 1271. A few years after- wards we find the Church of Askam Richard, situate ^lose to the same city, given by William de Archis and Ivetta his wife to the Nunnery of 30 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. the pet ' Ivetts ' and ' Ivatts,' the latter possibly femi- nine in origin. Nor must we forget ' Drogo' or ' Drew,'* a name that occurs in several cases in Domes- day. An illegitimate son of Charlemagne was so styled, and, doubtless, it was made more or less familiar among the followers of the Conqueror. Later on, at any rate, it was firmly established, as such names as ' Druco Bretun' or ' Drogo Malerbe,' testify. The last instance is further recorded as ' Drewett,' which as a surname, alike with ' Drew,' still survives. Talking of Charlemagne and his family we must not forget his nephew Roland, who fell in his peerless might at Roncesvalles. It has been said that Taillefer, the Norman minstrel, well nigh won the battle of Hastings himself by the martial and inspiritihg manner in which he sang the song of Roland. Walter Scott thus translates the Norman national chronicle that details this — Taillefer, who sang both well and loud, Came mounted on a courser proud. Monkton. Several hundreds of years after this, there was laid in the churchyard of St. Martins, Micklegate, one Alicia Iveson. The tomb- stone, which is dated 1729, has this epitaph engraved upon it — Wit joined to beauty, and with virtue crowned. Makes women lovely — all in her were found. Thus in the records of the same one city, that of York, we have in- stances not merely of the male and female baptismal use of this name, but also of its hereditary use as a surname. * As a proof that Andrew and Drew were distinct baptismal names, we may cite a fact recorded in Mr. Riley's "Memorials of London." It is there recorded that in the year 1400, Drew Barentyn, a well-known goldsmith at that time, and twice Lord-Mayor, came before the City Council to ask that he might have his name ' Drew ' set before his surname in the list of those who possessed the freedom of the city the scribe ha /ing entered it as 'Andrew,' pp. 5i;4 — q. PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 3 1 Before the Duke the minstrel sprung, ~ And loud of Charles and Roland sung, Of Oliver and champions mo, Who died at fatal Roncevaux. 'Roland' was a favourite name among the higher Anglo-Norman nobility for centuries, and with our ' Rolands,' ' Rowlands,' and ' Rowlandsons,' bids fair to maintain its hold upon our surnames, if not the bap- tismal list. ' Oliver,' and more rarely ' Oliverson,' are still with us also. While speaking of the chiefest of the Romance heroes, it may be as well to mention 'Rinaldo,' or 'Renaud,' whose characteristics have been perpetuated to all time under the title of ' Reynard the Fox,' and by the fact of that animal having be^ come familiarly known to us under this self-same sobriquet. We will hope our ' Reynolds,' ' Renards,' ' Reynards,' ' Reynardsons,' and ' Rennisons,' not to mention our ' Rankins,' descendants of the old ' Reyn- kyn,' will cherish the good, while avoiding the more unscrupulous qualities which have given prominence to the title. Another hero, of a much earlier date, Alexander the Great, has left his mark also in our registers. His was a story very familiar to our me- diaeval forefathers, as it had been written both in rhyme and prose by several authors. Chaucer tones down the name into the softer 'Alysaundre,'or 'Alisan- dre,' and this was, no doubt, the popular pronuncia- tion of the time, except that it was usually abbreviated into ' Sander,' or ' Saunder.' Thus, in " Cocke Lorells Bote," it is said — Here is Saunder Sadeler, of Frog-street Comer, With Jdyan Joly at sign of the Bokeler. Besides these two forms of the surname, we have ' Sandercock,' and the more patronymic ' Sanderson,' or ' Saunderson.' 32 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. We may here briefly refer to a class of patronymics which, although small from the first, took its place, as if insensibly, among our hereditary surnames. It is a class of occupative, or professional names, with the filial desinence attached. There is nothing wonderful in the fact of the existence of such. The wonder is, that there are not more of them. It must have been all but as natural to style a man as the son of ' the Clerk,' as the son of ' Harry,' in a small community, where the father had, in his professional capacity, established himself as of some local importance. Hence, we cannot be surprised to find ' Clerkson' in our registers. It is thus the ' sergeant' has bequeathed us our ' Sergeantsons ;' the ' kemp,' or soldier, our ' Kempsons ;' the ' cook,' our ' Cooksons,' or ' Filius Coci,' as the Hundred Rolls have it; the 'smith,' our ' Smithsons ;' the ' steward,' our ' Stewardsons ;' the ' grieve,' z>., 'reeve,' our ' Grievesons ;' the 'miller,' our ' Millersons ;' and the ' shepherd,' our ' Shepherdsons.' Of other instances, now obsolete, we had ' Masterson,' ' Hyneson,'* ' Hopperson,' ' Scolardson,' and ' Priest- son.' Nor were the Normans without traces of this practice, although in their case, all the examples I have met with, have ceased to exist amongst us. ' Fitz-Clerk' but corresponds with one of the above ; while the warden of the woods gave us ' Fitz-Parker,' and that of the college, ' Fitz-Provost.' Thus, those who yet possess names of this class may congratulate themselves upon belonging to a small but compact * I see, however, from the Clerical Directory that ' Hindson' is still in existence. A 'Nicholas Hopperson' is found in an old college register for 1582. (Hist. C. C. Coll. Cam.) PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 33 body, that has ever flourished amid our more general nomenclature. There is another group of names, too, which we may conveniently refer to here, that derived from the names of certain days and seasons. I dare not say that all I shall mention are absolutely sprung from one and the same custom. Some, I doubt not, were bestowed upon their owners from various accidental circum- stances of homely and individual interest. Neigh- bours would readily affix a nickname of this class upon one who had by some creditable or mean action made a particular season remarkable in his personal history. But these, I presume, will be exceptional, for there is no manner of doubt that it was a practice, and by no means a rare one, to baptize a child by the name of the day on which it was born, especially if it were a holiday. We know now how often it happens that the Church Calendar furnishes names for those born upon the Saints' days — how many ' Johns ' and 'Jameses' and 'Matthews' owe their appellations to the fact that they came into the world upon the day marked, ecclesiastically, for the commemoration of those particular Apostles. This is still but a common and national custom. In early days, however, it was carried to an extreme extent. Days of a simply local interest — days for fairs and wakes — days that were celebrated in the civil calendar — days that were the boundaries of the different seasons — all were familiarly pressed into the service of name-giving. These, springing up in a day when they were no sooner made part of the personal than they became candidates for our hereditary nomenclature, have in many cases come down to us. Thus, the time when D 34 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. the yule log blazed and crackled on the hearth given us ' Christmas,' or ' Noel,' or ' Yule,' or ' I winter.' This last seems to have been an ordii term for this day, for we find it in colloquial us this time. In Robert of Gloucester's " Life of Wil the Conqueror," he speaks of its being his intenti to Midwinter at Gloucester, To Witesontid at "Westminster, to Ester at Wincester. 'Pentecost' was as familiar a term in the com mouth as ' Whitsuntide,' and thus we find both oc ring in the manner mentioned. ' Wytesunday' is, ] ever, now obsolete, ' Pentecost' still lives.* ' Pa for ' Easter,' was among the priesthood the wor general use ; old writers always speak of ' Pask« that solemn season. Thus, ' Pask,' ' Pash,' ' Pasc and ' Pascal,'! are firmly set in our directories indeed, they are on the Continent also. It is the £ with ' Lammas,' ' Sumption,' and ' Middlemas ;' is, ' Assumption' and ' Michaelmas.' Each as it c round imprinted its name at the baptismal fontupoi ancestors of all those who still bear these several 1 in our midst. It would be an anachronism, there * A servant of King Henry III. was called by the simple anc name of 'Pentecostes.' (Inquisit. 13 Ed. I. No. 13.) t In the old published orders for the sheriff's annual riding city of York, occurs this rule amongst others : — " Also, we command that no manner of men walk in the city, the suburbs by night, without Torch before him, i.e. from Foi Michaelmas after ten of the clock, and from Michaelmas to . after nine of the clock." These rules are thus prefaced, sheriffs, by the custom of the city, do ride to several parts thereoi year, betwixt Michaelmas and Midwinter, that is Yoole." {" Hii Ant. York," vol. ii. p. 54). — Lancashire Easter-eggs are still Pace-eggs. — The harder ' Paske' is found in Wicklyffe's Vers Matt. xxvi. I — " Whaune Jhesus hadde endid alle these wordis h( to his disciplis, ye weten that after tweyu days, Paske schal be m PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 35 to suppose Mr. Robinson Crusoe to have been the first who introduced this system, as even ' Friday' itself, to say nothing of ' Munday,' or ' Monday,' and ' Satur- day,' and ' Tuesday,' were all surnames long anterior to that notable personage's existence. Nor, as I have said, are the less solemn feast days disregarded. ' Loveday' is one such proof. In olden times there was often a day fixed for the arrangement of diffe- rences, in which, if possible, old sores were to be healed up, and old standing accounts settled. This day, called a ' Loveday,' is frequently alluded to. That very inconsistent friar in Piers Plowman's Vision could, it is said — hold lovedays, And hear a reves rekenyng. The latter part of the quotation suggests to us the origin of ' Termday,' which I find as existing in the twelfth century, and probably given in the humorous spirit of that day. Nor are these all, ' Plouday' was the first Monday after Twelfth Night, and the day on which the farmer began his ploughing. It was a great rural hohday at one time, and the ploughmen as a rule got gloriously drunk. Similarly, we have ' Hocker- day,' ' Hockday,' and perhaps the still more corrupted ' Hobday,' the old English expression for a 'high-day.' The second Tuesday after Easter was especially so termed, and kept in early times as such, as commemo- rative of the driving out of the Danes in the days of Ethelred. This was a likely name to be given on such a high day in the domestic annals as that on which the first-born came into the world. Happy parents would readily seize upon this at a time when the word and its meaning were alike familiar. Our D 2 36 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. ' Hallidays' or *' HoUidays' throw us back to the Church festivals, those times of merriment and joUity which have helped to such a degree to dissociate from our minds the real meaning of the word (that is, a day set apart for holy service in commemoration of some religious event), that we have now been com- pelled by a varied spelling to make the distinction between a ' holyday' and a ' holiday.' Thus strongly marked upon our nomenclature is this once favourite, but now well nigh obsolete custom. But let us turn to some of the names which hold a prominent position even to the present day — names many of which are daily in our mouths, names which have held their place against all counter influences from the moment which first brought them into the public favour. ' Robert' is one such. It is early made conspicuous in the eldest son of the Bastard King who, through his miserable fate, became such an object of common pity that, though of the hated stock, his sobriquet became acceptable among the Saxons themselves. From that time its fortunes were made, even had not the bold archer of Sherwood Forest risen to the fore, and caused 'Hob' to be the title of every other young peasant you might meet 'twixt London and York. A curious instance of the popu- larity of the latter is found in the fact that a trades- man living in 1388 in Winchelsea is recorded under the name of ' Thomas Robynhod.' The diminutive ' Robynet' is obsolete, but of other forms that still thrive among us are 'Roberts,' 'Robarts,' 'Robertson,' 'Robins,' 'Robinson,' 'Robi- son,' and 'Robson.' From its shortened 'Dob,' are 'Dobbs,' ' Dobson,' 'Dobbins/ 'Dobinson,' and PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 37 ' Dobison.'* From its equally familiar ' Hob ' are ' Hobbs,' ' Hobson,' ' Hobbins/ ' Hopkins,' and ' Hop- kinson.' From the Welsh, too, we get as contractions of ' Ap-robert' and ' Ap-robin,' ' Probert' and ' Probyn.' Thus ' Robert' is not left without remembrance. It is the same with Walter. With a start of twenty-eight in Domesday Survey, 'Walter' could not but enjoy a good share of popular attention. In one of its nick- names, that of ' Water,'t we are reminded of Suffolk's death in Shakspeare's Henry VI., where the murderer says — ; My name is Walter Whitmore. How now ! Why start's! thou ? What, doth death affright ! Suffolk. Thy name affrights me, in whose sound is death. A cunning man did calculate my birth, And told me — that by water I should die. University men will remember a play of another kind upon its other form of ' Wat,' in the poems of C. S. C, whose power of rhyming, at least, I have never seen surpassed, even by Ingoldsby himself. He thus begins one of his happiest efforts — Ere the mom the east has crimsoned, When the stars are twinkling there, (As they did in Watts's Hymns, and Made him wonder what they were. ) This, too, it will be seen, as well as ' Water,' still abides with us in its own, or an extended guise, for our 'Watts' and ' Waters,' ' Watsons' and ' Watersons,' ' Watkins' * We find the diminutive of this form in the name of 'John Dobynette,' who is mentioned in an inventory of goods, 1463. (Mun. Acad. Oxon.) + "The account of Wattare Taylor and Wyllyam Partrynge, beynge churchewardens, in the xxxii. yere of the rayne of Kyng Henry the eighth. A.D. 1541." (Ludlow: Churchwardens' Accounts, p. 6, Cam. Soc.) 38 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. and 'Watkinsons' would muster strongly if in con- clave assembled. Our ' Waltrots/ though not so nu- merous, are but the ancient ' Walterot.' As a Christian name, Walter stands low now-a-days, nor has Theobald fared better — rather worse. As ' Tib- bald,' or ' Tibbe' or ' Tebbe,' it was once familiar enough. We find it as ' Tebbe' in the Hundred Rolls, while in the Latin lines I have already quoted it is written ' Tibbe.' Among other surnames that speak for its faded popularity are' Tibbes,' 'Tebbes,' and 'Tubbs/ ' Theobald' and 'Tibbald,' 'Tibbie' and ' Tipple,' 'Tip- kins' and ' Tippins,' and ' Tipson,' and our endlessly varied ' Tibbats,' ' Tibbets,' 'Tibbits,' 'Tebbatts,' ' Teb- botts,' and ' Tebbutts.' Indeed, the name has simply run riot among the vowels. ' Tib' and ' Tom,* strangely enough, seem to have at one time represented the sexes in cats, but perhaps 'Tib' in this case is but the femi- nine ' Tibbotta.' It is more than probable, too, that our present ' Tabby' is but a corruption of this. Talking of cats, however, we are reminded that their nomen- clature did not end here. ' Grimalkin,' which is but a reversal of such a name as ' Maud Grey' or ' Mary Grey,' as the case may be, is not yet quite obsolete. ' Gib' I think is, but for centuries it has been a favourite sobriquet of the feline species.* In several * In the " Romaunt of the Rose," it is said — For right no more than Gibbe our cat, That awaiteth mice and rattes to killen, Ne entend I but to beguilen. In Peele's " Edward I.," too, the Novice says to the Friar— Now, Master, as I am true wag, I will be neither late, nor lag, But go and come with gossips cheer, Ere Gib our cat can lick her ear. PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 39 of our earliest writers it is found in familiar use, and in the Bard of Avon's day, it was not forgotten. Falstaff complains of being as melancholy as a ' gib- cat ' — that is, an old worn-out cat. Hamlet also says — For who that's but a queen, fair, sober, wise. Would from a paddock, from a bat, a gib. Such dear concemings hide? (iii. 4.) ' To play the gib' was a proverbial phrase for light and wanton behaviour. Thus ' Gilbert' has been forced into a somewhat unpleasant notoriety in feline nomenclature. But he was popular enough, too, among the human kind. In that part of the "Townley Mysteries" which represents the Nativity, one of the shepherds is supposed to hail one of his friends, who is passing by. He addresses him thus — How, Gyb, good mome, wheder goys thou ? The surnames formed from Gilbert, too, prove his popu- larity. Besides ' Gilbert' himself, we have ' Gibbs,' ' Gib- bins,' ' Gibbons,' ' Gibson,' ' Gibbonson,' and ' Gipps,' to say nothing of that famous citizen of credit and renown, ' John Gilpin,' who has immortalized at least his set- ting of this good old-fashioned name. ' Giles,' the patron saint of the huntsman, is but a corruption of 'Egidius,' which in our rolls we find often recorded in its full dress. It was not, however, a common name, and, with the exception of the simple 'Giles,' has not impressed itself upon our nomenclature. About our 'Lamberts' there is no difficulty, a fair sprinkling being found in every early record. This, too, had to succumb to the prevaihng fashion, and thus it is we may still meet with such names as 'Lampson' and ' Lampkin.' The latter would seem, perhaps, to be but a sobriquet 40 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. given on account of the Moses-like disposition of its first possessor, but such is not the case. A ' Lambe- kyn filius Eli' occurs in the records of the Tower of London, and I have also met with it elsewhere in a baptismal form. Our ' Tiddemans' have given me some trouble. That the name was originally a personal one is evident. ' Tydeman le Swarte' and ' Tiddeman Bokere'* both occur in the fourteenth century. My own conclusion is that it is the Dutch ' Tyddemar,' or ' Tidmer' and its connexion in the first case seems to confirm this. ' Bateman,' like the last, looks more like an occupative surname, but it too un- doubtedly sprang in the first instance from the font. ' Swetman' or ' Sweetman' and ' Coleman' belong to the same category. But to return — we have three familiar Norman names in ' Roger,' ' Ralph,' and ' Hugh.' From the first we get such titles as ' Rogers,' ' Rodgers,' and 'Rogerson;' and from 'Hodge,' its nickname, 'Hodge,' ' Hodgkins,' ' Hotchkins,' ' Hoskins,' ' Hodgkinson,' ' Hodgson,' and ' Hodson,' and through the Welsh, 'Prodger.' From 'Ralph' or 'Radulph,' of whom there were thirty-eight in Domesday, we have received our'Ralfs,' 'Rawes,' 'Rawsons,' 'Rawlins,' 'Rawlings,' 'Rawlinsons,' 'Rollins,' 'RoUinsons,' ' Rawkins," Rap- kins,' and ' Rapsons.' This, from occupying a place in the foremost rank of early favourites, has become well nigh obsolete. Were it not for the Welsh we might almost have said the same of Hugh. The spellings of this latter name were various. With * In "Pepys's Diary" we find a distinguished naval officer of the Restoration described as 'Admiral Sir Thomas Teddiman.' I be- lieve this form still exists, but the older ' Tiddyman' is the most general. PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 4I Norman writers it is ' Hugues,' with Chaucer it is ' Hue,' and with Heywood later on, it is ' Hewe.' These several differences are well marked in the pa- tronymics formed from them. Among the more general we may mention ' Huggins,' ' Hutchins,' ' Hutchinson,' ' Hugginson, ' Howlett,' ' Hullett,' 'Hewlett,' 'Huet,' 'Hewet,' ' Hewetson,' ' Howitt,' 'Howson,' 'Hughes,' and ' Hewson.' All these various forms bespeak a familiarity which is, now of course utterly wanting, so far as our Christian nomen- clature is concerned.* ' Pugh' is the patronymic peculiar to the Welsh principality. The Angevine dynasty gave a new impulse to some already popular names, and may be said in reality to have introduced, although not altogether unknown, several new ones. The two which owe the security of their establishment to it are ' Geoffrey' and ' Fulke.' The grandfather, the father, a brother, and a son of Henry H. were ' Geoffrey ;' and still earlier than this, ' Geoffrey Grisegonelle,' ' Geoffrey Martel,' and 'Geof- frey Barbu,' had each in turn set their mark upon the same. Apart from these influences, too, the stories brought home by the Crusaders of the prowess of Godfrey, the conqueror of Jerusalem, must have had * It is impossible for me to give the reader an adequate conception of the popularity of this name four, or even three hundred years ago, as compared with the present. It is one more instance that marks the great change the Cromwellian period effected upon our nomenclature. As a Pagan agnomen it was loathed by the Puritan mouth, and it has never recovered itself since. ' Hew,' as the list of surnames I have given shows, vras the popular mode of spelling the name. Thus we have such entries as the following : — " Item, payde to Hew Watson, for a bawdrike to the first belle, xd." (1546.) (Churchwardens' Accounts at Ludlow, Camden Soc. ) " Item, for markynge of Hew Davis pew. xiid." (1552.) (do.) 42 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. their wonted effect in a day of such martial renown. Such surnames as 'Jeffries,' 'Jefferson,' 'Jeffs,' 'Jeff- cock,' ' Jeffkins,' ' Jephson,' and ' Jepson,' still record the share it had obtained in English esteem. ' Fulke,' or ' Pulque,' though there had been six so early as Domesday Book, when it came backed as it was by the fact of having given title to five Angevine rulers, got an inevitable place. Few Christian names were so common as this in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. But it was an ungainly one, difficult to pronounce, and difficult to form into a patronymic. Thus, ' Faxson' and ' Fawson' are the only longer forms I can find as at present existing, while the variously spelt ' Fulkes,' ' Foulkes,' ' Fakes,' ' Faux,' ' Fawkes,' ' Faulks,' ' Fowkes,' ' Folkes,' ' Foakes,' and doubtless sometimes ' Fox,' serve to show how hard it was to hand it down in its original integrity. As an English historic name it has given us two mis- creants ; the hateful favourite of John, outlawed by Henry III., and the still more sanguinary villain of James I.'s day, in whose dishonour we still pile up the blazing logs in the gloomy nights of November. Talking of Godfrey and the East, however, reminds us of Richard and Coeur de Lion. Though already firmly established, for Richard was in the Norman ducal genealogy before William came over the water, still it was reserved for the Angevine monarch, as he had made it the terror of the Paynim, so to make it the pride of the English heart. Richard I. is an instance of a man's many despicable qualities being forgotten in the dazzling brilliance of daring deeds. He was an ungrateful son, an unkind brother, a faith- less husband ; but he was the idol of his time, and to PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 43 him a large mass of English people of to-day owe their nominal existence. From the name proper we get ' Richards' and ' Richardson,' ' Ricks' and ' Rix,' ' Rickson' and ' Rixon,' or ' Ritson,' ' Rickards ' and ' Ricketts.' From the curter 'Dick' or ' Diccon,' we de- rive 'Dicks' or 'Dix,' 'Dickson' or 'Dixon,' ' Dickens' or ' Diccons,' and ' Dickenson' or ' Dicconson.' From ' Hitchin,' once nearly as familiar as ' Dick,' we get ' Hitchins,' 'Hitchinson,' 'Hitchcock,' and 'Hitchcox.' Like many another name the number of ' Richards' now is out of all proportion less than these surnames would ascribe to it some centuries ago. The reason of this we shall speak more particularly about by-and- by. ' Henry,' again, or more properly speaking, ' Harry,' owes much to the Plantagenets, for but three are to be found in Domesday. With its long line of monarchs, albeit, it represented a curious mixture of good, bad, and indifferent qualities, that dynasty could not but stamp itself decisively on our registers. Thus, we have still plenty of 'Henrys,' 'Harrises,' 'Harrisons,' ' Hallets,' ' Halkets,' ' Hawkinses,' and ' Hawkinsons' ; to say nothing of the Welsh ' Parrys' and ' Penrys.'* ' Harriot' and ' Harriet,' too, as representative of the old diminutive ' Haryette,' still maintain their posi- tion. 'Baldwin' had already appeared at the Conquest, for an aunt of William's had married Baldwin, Earl of Flanders, and he himself was espoused to Matilda, daughter of the fifth ' Baldwin,' of that Earldom. No doubt the Flemings brought in fresh accessions, and * In the " Athense Oxonienses" the account of Martin Marprelate, begins "John Penry, or Ap Henry, that is, the son of Henry, better known by the name of Martin Marprelate, or Marpriest, &c." (Edit. 1813, vol. i. p. 591.) 44 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. when we add to this the fact of its being by no means an unpopular Angevine name, we can readily see why ' Balderson,' ' Balcock,' ' Bodkin,' and the simple ' Baldwin,' have maintained a quiet but steady posi- tion in the English lists ever since. Thus, the Plan- tagenets are not without memorials, even in the nineteenth century. ' Tonkin ' and ' Tonson ' remind us of ' Anthony,' a name previous to the Reformation popular as that possessed by the great ascetic of the fourth century. A curious phrase got connected with St. Anthony — that of ' Tantony-pig.' It seems that monks attached to monasteries dedicated to St. Anthony, had the privi- lege of allowing their swine to feed in the streets. These habitually following those who were wont to offer greens to them, gave rise to the expression — "To follow like a Tantony-pig." Thus, in " The good wyfe wold a pylgremage," it is said — When I am out of the towne, Look that thou be wyse, And run thou not from hous to hous Like a nantyny gryce. The connexion between St. Antony and swine, which gave the good monks this benefit, seems, in spite of many wild guesses, to have arisen from the mere fact of his dwelling so long in the woodlands. As Barnabe , Googe has it — The bristled hogges doth Antonie Preserve and cherish well, Who in his lifetime always did In woodes and forestes dwell.* * Fuller, in his " Book of Worthies," writes — " St. Anthony is uni- versally known for the patron of hogs, having a pig for his page in all pictures, though for what reason is unknown, except, because being a PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 45 It must have been this connexion which made ' Tony' the common sobriquet for a simpleton, or a country clown. It lived in this sense till Dryden's day, and certainly had become such so early as the thirteenth century, if we may judge by the occurrence of such names as ' Ida le Tony,' or ' Roger le Tony,' found in the Rolls of that period. If, however, St. Anthony was thus doomed to be an example, how great may be the drawbacks to worldly distinction ; ' St. Cuth- bert,' who, in the odour of sanctity, dwelt at Lindis- farne, may even be more pitied, for owing to the familiarity of his name in -every rustic household of Northumbria and Durham, he became as ' Cuddie,' a sobriquet for the donkey, and is thus known and associated to the present moment. Our ' Cuthberts,' 'Cuthbertsons,' and 'Cutbeards,' however, need trouble themselves little, I' imagine, on the question of their connexion with the animal to whom we usually ascribe the honours in regard to obstinacy and stubbornness. Our ' Cuddies,' perhaps, are not quite so free from sus- picion.* The great race for popularity since Domesday re- cord has ever been that between 'William' and 'John.' In the age immediately following the Conquest ' Wil- liam' decidedly held the supremacy. This is naturally accounted for by its royal associations. There was, in- deed, a ' John' in the same line of descent as the hermit, and having a well or hole digged in the earth, and having his general repast on roots, he and hogs did in some sort enter-common both in their diet and lodging." * I suspect our ' Cobbetts,' too, owe their origin to this name. A ' Nicholas Cowbeytson' occurs in a Yorkshire register of the fourteenth century. (Fabric Rolls of York Minster. Surt. Soc.) From 'Cow- beyt' to ' Cobbett' is but a natural, I might say, an inevitable change. 46 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. Bastard from Richard I. of Normandy, but the name seems to have been forgotten, or passed by unheeded, till it was revived again five generations later in 'John Lackland.' ' William ' enjoyed better auspices. It was the name of the founder of the new monarchy. It was the name of his immediate successor. What- ever the character of these two kings, such a conjunc- tion could not but have its weight upon the especially Norman element in the kingdom. We find in Domes- day that while there are 68 'Williams,' 48 'Roberts,' and 28 ' Walters,' there are only 10 ' Johns.' A century later than this, ' William' must have still claimed pre- cedence among the nobility at least, as is proved by a statement of Robert Montensis. He says, that at a festival held in the court of Henry II., in 1173, Sir William St. John and Sir William Fitz-hamon, espe- cial officers, had commanded that none but those of the name of ' William ' should dine in the Great Chamber with them, and were, therefore, accompanied by one hundred and twenty ' Williams,' all knights. By the time of Edward I. this disproportion had be- come less marked. In a list of names connected with the county of Wiltshire in that reign, we find out of a total of 588 decipherable names (for the record is somewhat damaged), 92 ' Williams ' to 88 ' Johns,' while 'Richard' is credited with 55; 'Robert,' 48; 'Roger,' 23; and ' GeoiTrey,' 'Ralph,' and 'Peter,' each 16 names. This denotes clearly that a con- siderable change had taken place in the popular estimation of these two appellations. Within a cen- tury after this, however, 'John' had evidently gained the supremacy. In 1347, we find that out of 133 Common Councilmen for London town first convened. PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 47 35 were 'Johns,' the next highest being 17 under the head of ' WilUam ;' 15 under 'Thomas;' which now, for obvious reasons we will mention hereafter, had suddenly sprung into notoriety — lO under ' Richard ;' 9 under ' Henry ;' 8 under ' Robert,' and so on; ending with one each for ' Laurence,' ' Reynald,' ' Andrew,' ' Alan,' ' Giles,' ' Gilbert,' and ' Peter.' A still greater disproportion is found forty years later; for in 1385, the Guild of St. George, at Norwich, out of a total of 376 names, possessed 128 'Johns' to 47 ' Williams,' and 41 'Thomases.'* From this period, despite the hatred that was felt for Lackland, 'John' kept the precedence it had won, and to this circumstance the nation owes the sobriquet it now generally receives, that of ' John Bull.' Long ago, however, under the offensive title of ' Jean Gotdani,' we had become known as a people given to strange and unpleasant oaths. It is interest- ing to trace the way in which ' WiUiam' has again re- covered itself in later days. Throughout the Middle Ages it occupied a sturdy second place, fearless of any rival beyond the one that had supplanted it. Its dark hour was the Puritan Commonwealth. As a Pagan name it was rejected with horror and disdain. From the day of the Protestant settlement and William's ac- cession, however, it again looked up from the cold shade into which it had fallen, and now once more stands easily, as eight centuries ago, at the head of our baptismal registers. 'John,' on the other hand. * This rivalry seems to have made its mark upon the popular super- stitions of our forefathers, for to this day the ignis fatuus of our marshy districts is called either ' Will-a-Wisp,' or ' Jack-a-Lanthom.' It at least reminds us that there was a day when every country clown was either 'Jack' or 'Will.' 48 OUR ENGLISH SITRNAMES. though it had the advantage of being in no way hateful to the Puritan conscience, has, from one reason or another, gone down in the world, and now has again resumed its early place as second. The surnames that have descended to us from ' William' and 'John' are well nigh numberless— far too many for enumeration here. To begin with the former, however, we find that the simple ' Williams' and ' Williamson ' occupy whole pages of our direc- tories. Besides these we have from the carter ' Will,' 'Wills,' 'WiUis,' and 'Wilson;' from the diminutive ' Guillemot' or ' Gwillot,' as it is often spelt in olden records, 'Gillot,' 'Gillott,' and ' Gillett ;' or from ' Williamot,'* the more English form of the [same, 'Willmot,' 'Wilmot,' ' Willot,' 'Willett,' and 'Willert' In conjunction with the pet addenda, we get ' Wilks,' 'Wilkins,' and 'Wilkinson,' and 'Wilcox,' 'Wilcocson,' and 'Wilcockson.' Lastly, we have representatives of the more corrupt forms in such names as ' Weeks,' ' Wickins,' ' Wickenson,' and ' Bill ' and ' Bilson.' Mr. Lower, who does not quote any authority for the state- ment, alleges that there was an old provincial nickname for ' William ' — viz., ' Till ;' whence ' Tilson,' ' Tillot,' ' Tillotson,' and ' Tilly.' That these are sprung from ' Till' is evident, but there can be no reasonable doubt that this is but the still existing curtailment of ' Matilda,' which as the most familiar female name of that day, would originate many a family so entitled. ' Tyllott Thompson' is a name occurring in York in 1414, * A certain John Willimote, a tavemer, was sworn before the Chan- cellor of Oxford University to sell good beer, 1434. (Mun. Acad. Oxon p. 505). 'WilliamettaCantatrix.' (Rot. Lit. Clausarum). PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 49 Thus it is to the Conqueror's wife, and not himself, these latter owe their rise. It is not the first time a wife's property has thus been rudely wrenched from her for her husband's benefit. The surnames from 'John' are as multifarious as is possible in the case of a monosyllable, ingenuity in the contraction thereof being thus manifestly limited. As 'John ' simple it is very rare ; but this has been well atoned for by ' Jones,' which, adding 'John' again as a prsenomen, would be (as has been well said by the Registrar-General) in Wales a perpetual incognito, and being proclaimed at the cross of a market town would indicate no one in particular. Certainly, ' John Jones,' in the Principa- lity, is but a living contradiction to the purposes for which names and surnames came into existence. Be- sides this, however, we have ' Johnson ' and ' Jonson,' 'Johncock' and 'Jenkins,' 'Jennings' and 'Jenkinson,' ' Jackson ' and ' Jenks ;' which latter, however, now bids fair, under the patronage of " Ginx's Baby," to be found for the future in a new and more quaint dress than it has hitherto worn. Besides several of the above, it is to the Welsh, also, we owe our ' Ivens,' ' Evans,' and ' Bevans ' {i.e. ap-Evan), which are but sprung from the same name. The Flemings, too, have not suffered their form of it to die out for lack of support ; for it is with the settlement of ' Hans,' a mere abbreviation of ' Johannes,' we are to date the rise of our familiar ' Hansons,' ' Hankins,' ' Hankin- sons,' and ' Hancocks,' or ' Handcocks.' Nor is this all. ' John ' enjoyed the peculiar prerogative of being able to attach to itself adjectives of a flattering, or at least harmless nature, and issuing forth and becoming accepted by the world therewith. Thus — though we so OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES, shall have to notice it again — from the praiseworthy effort to distinguish the many ' Johns ' each com- munity possessed, we have still in our midst such names as ' Prujean ' and ' Grosjean,' ' Micklejohn ' and ' Littlejohn,' ' Properjohn ' and ' Brownjohn,' and last, but not least, the estimable ' Bonjohn.' Do we need to go on to prove 'Jack's' popularity, or rather universality ? Every stranger was ' Jack ' till he was found to be somebody else ; so that " every man Jack of them " has been a kind of general lay-bap- tism for ages. Every young supernumerary, whose position and age gave the licence, was in the eye of his superiors simply ' Jack.' As one instrument after another, however, was brought into use, by which manual service was rendered unnecessary and 'Jack' unneeded, instead of superannuating him he was quietly thrust into the new and inanimate office, and what with ' boot-jacks ' and ' black-jacks,' 'jack-towels ' and ' smoke-jacks,' 'jacks' for this and 'jacks' for that, no wonder people have begun to speak unkindly of him as "Jack-of all-trades and master of none." Still, with this uncomplimentary tone, there was a smack of praise. A notion, at any rate, got abroad that ' Jack ' must be a knowing, clever, sharp-witted sort of fellow, one who kept his eyes open. So we got into the way of associating him with the more lively of the birds, beasts, and fishes ; such, for instance, as the 'jackdaw,' the 'jack-an-apes,' and the 'jack-pike.' But " familiarity," as our copybooks long ago informed us, "breeds contempt ;" and so was it with 'Jack'— he became a mark for ridicule. Even in Chaucer's day 'jack-fool' or 'jack-pudding ' was the synonym for a buffoon, and 'jackass' for a dolt; and here PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. SI it but nationalizes the ' zany,' a corruption of the Italian ' Giovanni,' or ' merry-John,' corresponding to our ' merry-Andrew.' * Jack of Dover ' also existed at the same period as a cant term for a clever knave, and that it still lived in the seventeenth century is clear from Taylor's rhyme, where he says — Nor Jacke of Dover, that grand jury Jacke, Nor Jack-sauce, the worst knave amongst the pack. But of the Jacke of Jackes, great Jack-a-Lent, To write his worthy acts is my intent. * Altogether, we may claim for ' John ' a prominent, if not distinguished, position in the annals of English nomenclature. Nor must we forget ' Joan,' until Tudor days the general form of the present ' Jane.' Then " some of the better and nicer sort," as Camden saith, " misliking the former, turned it into ' Jane ;' " and in testimony of this he adds that ' Jane ' is never found in older records. This is strictly true. There can be little doubt that when the two queens of Henry VIII. gave distinction to the name it became a courtly fashion to give it a different form from that borne by the multitude, and thus ' Jane ' arose. Thus ' Joan ' was left, as Miss Yonge says, "to the cottage and the kitchen ;" and there, indeed, it lingered on for a long * ' Sir John' ( ' sir' being the simple old-fashioned title of respect, as in ' sir knight, ' ' sir king, ' &c. ) was the famiUar expression for a priest. Bishop Bale speaks of them as "babbling Sir Johns." Bradford, too, writing on the Mass, asks, "Who then, I say, will excuse these mass-gospellers' consciences? Will the Queen's highness? She shaU then have more to do for herself than, without hearty and speedy repentance, she can ever be able to answer, though Peter, Paul, Mary, James, John, the Pope and all his prelates, take her part, with all the singing 'Sir Johns' that ever were, are, and shaU be."—" Bishop Bradford's Works." Park. Soc, p. 391. E 2 52 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. period.* Of many another could Shakspeare have sung — Then nightly sings the staring owl, To-who. To-whit, to-who, a merry note. While greasy Joan doth keel the pot. Previously to this, anyway, both queens and princesses had been content with ' Joan.' I doubt not, with re- gard to several of the surnames above-mentioned, ' John ' must, if the truth be told, share the honours of origination with ' Joan ;' nor do I think ' Jennison' peculiar to the latter. What with ' John ' and ' Jean ' for the masculine, and ' Joan ' and ' Jenny ' for the feminine, I do not see how the two could possibly escape confusion. 'Jones' and 'Joanes,' and 'Jane ' and 'Jayne,' to say nothing of 'Jennings,' seem as like hereditary from the one as the other. But it may be asked how ' John ' thus became so popular at the period when, as I have shown, it took its first place in public favour ? There can be no doubt that it owes much to its religious aspect. It was the name not merely of the beloved disciple, but * Thus Thomas Hale, a Puritan, writing in 1660 against May Games, has some verses in which the Maypole is represented as saying — I have a mighty retinue, The scum of all the raskall crew Of fidlers, pedlers, jayle scaped slaves, Of tinkers, turncoats, tospot knaves, Of theeves and scape-thrifts many a one, With bouncing Besse and jolly Jone. The same change has passed over the fortunes of 'Betsy' and 'Betty.' I need scarcely remind the reader what aristocratic sobriquets were these but a few , generations ago. Now they are entirely confined to the lower classes, ' Bessie' being the representative of their former honours. PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 53 of the Baptist. New and close associations with the latter were just coming into being. We must re- member this was the time of the Crusades. It was the custom of all pilgrims who visited the Holy Land to bring back a bottle of water from the Jordan for baptismal purposes. A leathern bottle was an in- separable adjunct to the palmer's dress. We all remember Walter Scott's description — His sandals were with travel tore, Staff, budget, bottle, scrip he wore : The faded palm-branch in his hand Showed pilgrim from the Holy Land. Early scenes with regard to the river in which the Baptist especially figured would thus be vividly brought to their notice, and in the ceremony of baptism at home nothing could be more natural than to give to the infant the name of the baptizer of the Holy Child Jesus. This is strongly confirmed by the fact of the name taking precedence at this very period. It was thus ' Jordan ' itself as a surname has arisen. I need not remind students of early records how common is 'Jordan' as a Christian name, such cognomens as ' Jordan de Abingdon ' or ' Jordan le Clerc ' being of the most familiar occurrence. The baptismal soon became surnominal, and now 'Jordan ' and ' Jordeson,' and probably 'Judson,' are still to be met with to remind us of this peculiar and interesting epoch.* We have a remarkable confirmation of what I am * Dean Stanley seems to have the impression that this custom was confined to the pilgrims of Italy and Spain. In his ' ' Sinai and Palestine," page 333, he says : " The name of the river has in Italy and Spain, by a natural association, been turned into a common Chris- tian name for children at the hour of baptism, which served to connect 54 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. asserting in the fact of the Baptist's other name of ' Elias ' springing into a sudden notoriety at this time. If ' John ' became thus so popular, it was inevitable ' Elias ' should be the same ; and so it was. Indeed, there was a time when it bid fair to be one of the most familiar sobriquets in England. For it was not merely the second Elias and the Jordan that had this effect. As the armies lay before Acre, remembrance of Elijah and the prophet of Carmel must have oft recurred to their minds. Out of many forms to be found in every early roll those of 'Ellis,' 'Elys,' 'Elice,' ' Ellice,' ' Elyas,' ' Helyas,' and the diminutive ' Ehot' or ' Elliot,' seem to have been the most familiar. Num- berless are the surnames sprung from it. It is thus we get our ' Ellises' and ' Ellices,' our 'Ellsons' and 'Elli- sons,' our ' Elkins' and ' Elkinsons,' our ' Elcocks' and ' Ellcocks,'and our 'Ellicots,'* 'Elliots,' and 'Elliotsons.' In the north 'Alls' seems to have gained the supremacy. Thus it is we have our many ' Allisons ' or ' Alisons,'! them with it." Judging by existing traces merely, I doubt whether the practice was quite so familiar in those countries as our own. * Ellicot seems to be a sort of feminine from Elisota. " Item do et lego Elisotie domicellte mese 40s." (Will of William de Aldeburgh, 1391. Test. Ebor. vol. i. p. 151.) "Item, lego ElisotK, uxori Ricardi Bustard unam vaccam et los." (Will of Patrick de Barton, 1391. Test. Ebor. vol. i. p. 155.) + We cannot but believe, however, that in many instances these two are but the offspring of ' Alice,' at this period one of the most popular of female names. Nor must we forget that Alison was itself used as a personal name, being in all probability but another and more familiar form of the above. We are all acquainted with the ' Alison' of the ' ' Canterbury Tales " — This Alison answered : Who is there That knocketh so ? I warrant him a thefe. We meet with it again in an old Yorkshire will: "Item, to Symkyn, and Watkyn and Alison Meek, servandes of John of Bolton, to ilk one PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 55 'AUkins,' or 'Alkins,' ' Allcocks,' or 'Alcocks,' and ' Allots.' ' Alecot,' as a synonym with ' Elicot,' I do not find to be at present existing, but as a Christian name it occurs at the same period with the above. ' Fitz-ellis,' as the more aristocratic Norman form, is not yet, I believe, extinct. Thus the prophet at Carmel, and the forerunner at the Jordan have made their mark upon our English nomenclature. While speaking of New Testament heroes we may mention Peter. When we consider how important has been the position claimed for him it is remarkable that in an age, when so far as England was concerned, this respect was more fully exacted than any other, his name should be so rarely found, rarely when we reflect what an influence the ecclesiastics of the day themselves must have had in the choice of the bap- tismal name, and what an interest they had in making it popular. It is to them doubtless, we must refer the fact of its having made any mark at all, for 'Peter' was odious to English ears. It reminded them of a tax which was the one of all least liked, as they saw none of its fruits. It is to country records we must look for the ' Peters ' of the time. The freer towns would none of it. Among the rude peasantry ecclesiastic of yaim (them) 26s. 8d." (Test. Ebor. vol. ii. p. 21. Surtees Soc.) This name is found in our more formal registers in such an entry as 'Alison Gelyot.' (Pari. Rolls.) With regard to ' Alis' and ' Elis, ' and ' Alison' and ' Elison' recorded in the text, I may remind the reader that A and E were all but convertible letters with the Normans. One of their favourite female names, that of 'Aveline,' is found equally often as 'Eveline,' and in the form of ' Evelyn' it came down to the distinguished writer of the seventeenth century. 'Arnold' and ' Ernold,' 'Americ' and 'Emeric,'and 'Amelia' and ' Emilie' are but other instances m point. S6 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. control was wellnigh absolute ; in the boroughs it was proportionately less. I have already quoted an instance of 133 London names where Peter is discovered but once to 35 Johns. In the Norwich Guild already mentioned, the proportion, or rather disproportion is the same. To 128 Johns, 47 Williams, 41 Thomases, 33 Roberts, and 21 Richards there are but 4 Peters. On the other hand in Wiltshire out of 588 names, we find 16 Peters to 92 Johns. This wide difference of ratio I find to be fully borne out in all other groups of early names. Thanks then to the ecclesiastics it did exist, and its relics at any rate are numerous enough. It is hence we get the shorter ' Parr,' ' Peirs,' 'Pierce,' 'Pears,' 'Pearse,' and ' Peers.' It is hence with the patronymic added we get our ' Parsons,' ' Pearsons,' ' Piersons,' and the fuller ' Peterson.' It is hence once more with the pet desinences attached we get our ' Perrets,' ' Perretts,' ' Parrots' and ' Parrets,'* our ' Peterkins,' 'Perkins' 'Parkins' and 'Parkinsons,' besides our ' Perks ' and ' Perkes ' innumerable. The feminine ' Petronilla' was a name in familiar use at this time. St. Petronilla, once much besought as a help against fevers, would no doubt add to its popularity. Barnyby Googe says — The quartane ague and the rest Doth Pernel take away, And John preserves his worshippers From prison every day. In the above stanza we are supplied with the common sobriquet taken from this name. As ' Pernel ' or * Prince Edward used to call the favourite Piers Gaveston by the familiar title of 'Perot.' (See "Notes and Queries," vii., 280, and Lower on ' Perrot.') PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 5/ ' Parnel,' it held a high place among the poorer classes. From an ill-repute, however, that attached to it in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, it is now all but extinct as a Christian name, and it is only among our surnames that it is to be met with. It is curious how associations of this kind destroy the chances of popularity among names. ' Peter ' was forced into 'familiarity. ' Pernel ' lost caste through its becoming a cant term for women of a certain character. 'Magdalen' is another case in point The Bible narra- tive describes her briefly as a penitent sinner. Legend adding to this, portrayed her beauty, her golden tresses, her rich drapery. Art added touches of its own in the shape of dishevelled hair and swelled eyes, but all to make this centre scene of penitence the more marked. This, and the early asylums for penitents, of which she became the forced patroness, prevented her name being used as a Christian name at this time — I have never, at least, found an instance. But as a proof how early it had become a term for what I may call mental inebriety, a connexion which of course it owes to the portrayals alluded to above, I may instance the name of Thomas le Maddelyn, found in the twelfth century (H. R.) and an evident nickname given to one of a sickly sentimental character. Our present ' Maudlins ' and ' Maudlings ' may be de- scended from one so entitled, or locally from some place dedicated to the saint. Among other female names, ' Constance ' bid fair to become very popular. A daughter of William the Conquerer, a daughter of Stephen, and a daughter-in- law of Henry II. were all so called. Chaucer in his " Man of Lawes Tale " calls his heroine by this title— 58 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. But Hermegild loved Custance as her life, And Custance hath so long sojourned there In orisons, with many a bitter tear, Til Jesu hath converted, through his grace. Dame Hermegild. This must have been its favourite form in the common mouth, for we find it recorded in such names as ' Cus- tance Muscel,' or ' Custance Clerk,' or Robert fil Custe,' with tolerable frequency. The diminutive ' Cussot ' is also to be met with. I need hardly say that in our ' Custances,' ' Custersons,' and ' Custs/ not to say some of our ' Cousens' as corruptions of ' Cust- son,' the remembrance of this once familiar name still survives. Of late years the name proper has again become popular. ' Beatrice ' was another name of no mean position at this time. It is to her we owe our ' Betons,' ' Beatons,' ' Beatties/ and ' Beatsons.' ' Beaton,' framed after the same fashion as ' Marion,' seems to have been the usual pet form of it, and thus accounts for the presence of that word among our surnames. When poor 'Glutton' (in Piers Plowman's Vision) is bent on going to be shriven, it is ' Beton the Brewster,' who bidding him good-morrow, tempts him with her pepper and spices into the alehouse where his good intentions are quickly prevented amid the gay company there assembled. ' Emma ' too as a Norman name has left its mark. By a pure accident, however, as Miss Yonge points out, it had got a place previous to the Conquest among the Saxons, through the fact of the daughter of Richard I. of Normandy marrying first Ethelred, surnumed the Unready, and then Canute the Great. Thus, though it has not unfre- quently been claimed as of Saxon origin, it is not so in reality. The general spelling is ' Emme,' and the PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 59 pet ' Emmot ' is found in such a name as ' Emmot Garland ' (H. R.). This at once guides us into the source of our ' Emmots,' ' Emmetts,'* ' Emmes,' ' Emsons,' ' Empsons,' and ' Emmotsons.'t Almost as equal a favourite as 'Emma' was 'Cecilia.' This was a name introduced at the Conquest in the person of Cecile, a daughter of William I., and it soon found itself a favourite among high and low as ' Cicely,' or still shorter as ' Cis ' or ' Sis,' although the latter seems to have been the more general form. Piers Plowman, however, preserves the more correct initial. I have already quoted him when he speaks so familiarly of Cesse the souteresse. Heywood in the sixteenth century, on the other hand, writes it ' Sys.' Our ' Sissons,' ' Sysons,' and ' Sisselsons,'+ are of course but the offspring of this pretty appellative, while one more instance of the popular diminutive may be met with in such a name as ' John Sissotson' found in the " Testamenta Ebora- * This name seems to have been very popular in Yorkshire. The instances given in the index are taken from papers relating to that county. Thus, again^ we find it occurring in the marriage dispensations and licences of the period : " Dispensation from Selow for Richard de Akerode and Emmotte de Greenwood to marry, they being related in the fourth degree. Issued from Rome by Jordan bishop of Alba, Apr. 27th, 3rd Eugenius IV." (1433). — (Test. Ebor. vol. iii. p. 317); "Li- cence to the Vicar of Bradford to marry Roger Prestwick and Emmote Crossley. Banns thrice in one day." (1466.) — Do., p. 338. + We must not forget that at first a certain strangeness must have been apparent in terming a woman by such a contradictory sobriquet as ' Alice Johnson ' or ' Parnel Slxnson.' I have only met with one instance where the feminine desinence was attempted. In a will of the fourteenth century one 'Alicia Thomdoghter' occurs. (Test. Ebor.) X "Item, I gyffe to Sicille Metcalfe my syster's doughter, 20s." — " Richmondshire Wills," p. 128. 6o OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. censia," or ' Bella Cesselot' in the Hundred Rolls. Our ' Dowses,' ' Dowsetts/ ' Dossons,' and ' Dowsons' represent the once not uncommon ' Douce ' or ' Duce,' or ' Dulce,' more correctly ' Dulcia.' Thus in the " Yorkshire Knights Fees " occurs ' John filius 'Dousse.' The later ' Dulcibella ' became in the same way popularized into ' Dowsabel' There is a certain quaint prettiness about 'Hilary,' 'Lettice,' and 'Joyce,' three acceptable cognomens in medizeval times. The Normans liked their women to be, however modest, none the less lighthearted, gay, and spirited, and in the synonyms of ' mirth,' ' gladness,' and ' sportive- ness,' they would delight in affixing on their newly born children that which they hoped would be in the future but the index of the real character. ' Hillary ' when not local is therefore but the fuller ' Hilaria.' 'Joyce,' sometimes the result of the mere nickname, is nothing more than ' Jocosa,' and ' Lettice,' ' Letts,' and ' Letson ' are sufficiently numerous to preserve the memory of ' Laetitia.' ' Letson' is met in the four- teenth century as ' Fitz-Lettice.' 'Theophania' was anything but unpopular, but its length made it unavoidable but that it should be mutilated, or at least put in an abbreviated or nickname form, and thus it is has arisen our ' Tiffany,' whence of course the surname of to-day. Thierry in his history of the " Conquest of England " quotes an old writer, who has preserved the following lines of a decidedly doggrel character — William de Cognisby Came out of Brittany With his wife Tiffany, And his maid Manfras, And his dogge Hardigras. PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 6 1 ' Julian,' the abbreviated form of ' Juliana,' as a Nor- man introduced name became very popular, and its after history was a very curious one. Such appellations as ' Gillian Cook,' or ' Gilian of the Mill,' found in the Hundred Rolls, or that of the well known ' Dame Julyan Berners,' whose work on household management I shall have occasion to quote by-and-by, only represent in fuller forms the ' Gill' or 'Jill ' who is so renowned in our nursery literature as having met with such a dire disaster in the dutiful endeavour " to fetch a pail of water " from the hill side. I have already mentioned " Cocke Lorell's Bote " where allusion is made to Jelyan Joly at signe of the Bokeler. The shorter and curter form is given us in Heywood's Epigrams, where the following marital dialogue occurs — I am care-full to see thee carelesse, Jyll : I am wofuU to see thee wytlesse, Wyll : I am anguisht to see thee an ape, Jyll : I am angry to see thee an asse, Wyll : I am dumpyshe to see thee play the drabbe, Jyll : I am knappyshe to see thee plaie the knave, Wyll. But ' Gill ' at some time or other got into evil odour, and this brought the name into all but absolute disuse. As a term for a wanton flirt, or inconstant girl, it was familiarly used till the eighteenth century. It would seem as if the poet I have just quoted were referring to this characteristic when he writes — All shall be well, Jacke shall have GiU : Nay, nay. Gill is vi^edded to Wyll ; or where in another place he says; — How may I have thee, Gill, when I wish for thee ? Wish not for me. Jack, but when thou mayest have me.* * One can scarce forbear a smile to find, in the "Townley Mysteries," Noah's wife, being pressed by her husband to enter the ark, replying — 62 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. The diminutive ' Gilot ' is used in the same way. In an old metrical sermon it is said — Robin will Gilot Leden to the nale, And sitten there togedres, And tellen their tale. This at once reminds us of the origin of our 'Jilt,' which is nothing more than a relic of the name for inconstancy the sobriquet had obtained. In our ' Gills,' ' Gilsons,' and many of our ' Gillots,' a further remembrance is likely to remain for all time. Such names as these, however, offer no kind of comparison with that of ' Margaret.' This is the only rival that ' Matilda ' had to fear, and had the misfortunes of Margaret of Anjou occurred two, or even one century earlier, it would easily have taken precedence, so far as our surnames are concerned. Apart from its being found in several royal lines, it had the advan- tage of undoubted prettiness both in sound and sense. Every one, too, knew its meaning, for ' Margarite' and ' pearl ' then and until the seventeenth century even, were interchangeable terms. Every early writer so uses it. ' Casting pearls before swine ' is with Wick- liffe ' margaritis.'* The pet names too were pretty, Sir, for Jak nor for Gille Wille I turne my face Tille I have on this hille Spun a space upon^my rok (distafi). * So, also, in another place the same translator says: " The kyng- dom of hevenes is lyk to a marchaunt that seekith gode margarites, but whanne he hath founde one precious margarite, he wente and solde alle thingis that he hadde and boughte it." — Matt. xiii. 45, 46, Foxe too, in his "Book of Martyrs," quotes Isidorus to the effect that John the Apostle " turned certain pieces of wood into gold, and stones by the seaside into margarites." — Vol. i. p. 28, edit. 1844. PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 63 important in a day when the full name was rarely if ever used. The Norman-French ' Margot ' seems to have been quite as familiar as ' Marjorie.' Thus the homely ' magpie' was at first styled the ' maggoty' or ' magot-pie.' Many will remember that Macbeth so uses it — Blood will have blood : Stones have been known to move, and trees to speak, Angurs and understood relations have By magot-pies and choughs and rooks brought forth The secretest man of blood. — ii. 7. 'Madge-owlet,' too, from its occasional use by writers of this later period, seems to prove that the still more homely owl of the barn owed an appellation to Dame Marjorie. Her issue, as we should expect, is large. We have 'Maggs,' ' Maggots,' and 'Magotson ;' 'Mar- gots,' 'Margetts,' and 'Margetson;' 'Margison,' 'Mar- gerison,' ' Meggs,' and ' Megson.' It will be surprising to many that we cannot place ' Mary' in the first place among female names, as it is now among those of either sex, but such was far from the case. Edward I.'s daughter ' Marie' seems to have been the first instance we possess of its use among the higher families of the realm ; and doubtless its presence at this time must be referred, as in so many other cases we have mentioned, to the Crusades. Mariolatry, we must remember, was not yet an article of Romish belief Indeed, the name is still of the rarest for generations after this. Maid Marion, the mistress of Robin Hood, seems to have made that diminutive popular, and either from the acted plays in which she is frequently afterwards figured, or the Httle ornamental image of the Virgin worn by 'women, is come our ' Marionette.' The one only form in which it can be said to occur in our English records 64 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. is that of ' Mariot,' such names as ' Mariota Goscelyn' or ' Mariota Giffard,' or ' Mariota Gosebeck,' being found as a very occasional registry. Thus our ' Ma- riotts' and ' Maryatts' are explained. With regard to another batch of names said to have sprung from this, I find a difficulty sets in. We have the clear state- ment of the author of the " Promptorium Parvulorum," that 'Malkyne' in his day was the sobriquet of Matilda, that is, ' Mawdkin.' On the other hand, I find Halli- well has a single quotation from a manuscript in vi^hich Maid Marion is styled Malkyn, also.* All modern writers, saving Mr. Lower, who has come to no deci- sion at all, have comfortably put it down to this latter. I have no hesitation whatever myself in deciding dif- ferently ; or at least in qualifying their conclusion. * Since writing the above, I find several notices in Brand's " Popular Antiquities " which, while corroborating the view I have taken, shed a clearer light as to Maid Marian's other sobriquet of ' Malkin. ' In his allusion to the Morris dances, he quotes Beaumont and Fletcher as saying — Put on the shape of order and humanity, Or you must marry Malkin, the May-lady. Thus far, then, adding this to Mr. Halliwell's quotation, we find that Maid Marian for several centuries was also 'Malkin.' But we must remember that it was during this very period that Robin Hood and his mistress were popularly believed to be Robert, Earl of Huntingdon, and Matilda, daughter of Lord Fitzwalter. That the May queen, therefore, should be occasionally styled 'Malkin 'will appear natural enough if we accept the view of the origin of that name as recorded in the text. But it may be asked, how did she get the sobriquet of ' Marian ? ' Perhaps Mr. Sleevens's quotation from an old play, " The Downfall of Rob. Earl of Huntingdon," dated 1401, may help us — Next 'tis agreed (if thereto shee agree) That fair Matilda henceforth change her name ; And, while it is the chance of Robin Hoode To live in Sherewodde a poor outlaw's life. She by Maid Marian's name be only called. PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 65 There can be scarcely any doubt, I think, that Malkin was originally the pet name of Matilda ; then, as that favourite name gradually sunk in estimation, and Mary proportionately advanced, but this much later on, it was transferred. Thus, if I am correct, our ' Makinsous ' and ' Makins,'* our ' Meakins' and ' Meekins,' and our ' Mawsons' will be sprung from Maud, rather than Mary. In confirmation of this, I may quote 'Malkin,' the early cant term for a ' slut,' a word as old as Chaucer himself, and one that Mary could not have possibly acquired in his day, as barely familiar. ' Mawdkin' or ' Malkin,' on the other hand, would be the ordinary term for every household drudge. It is only those who have carefully studied early registers who can realize the difference of position ' Matilda' and ' Mary' relatively occupy at such a period as this. There were six ' Matildas' of royal lineage between William I. and Henry II. alone. It greets one at every turn ; the present popularity of the latter is entirely the growth of a later and more superstitious age.f Speaking of Mary we must not forget Eliza- beth, known generations ere Queen Bess made it so popular, as Isabella. It was in this form it came into England with that princess of Angouleme who married John Lackland. But it was not a favou- * It has been thought by some that our ' Makins ' and ' Makinsons' are from Matthew, and not in any way connected with feminine nomen- clature ; but such an entry as ' Maykina Parmunter,' and the mention of her effects, in the Parliamentary Rolls, will set this doubt, I should imagine, at rest. t The preceding paragraphs will sufficiently answer, I doubt not, the questions of correspondents in "Notes and Queries," as to whether we have any surnames derived from female baptismal names. F 66 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. rite — pretty as it was, its connexion with our most despicable monarch spoiled all chance of popularity, and while on the Continent it gained friends on every hand, it was only with the higher nobility of our own land it got any place worth speaking of. Still it has left its mark. As Elizabeth,* at a later stage became ' Libby,' so Isabel was fondled into ' Ibby,' and as a diminutive ' Ibbot.' Thus in one of our rolls we meet with such a name as ' Robert ill : Ibots,' which is nothing more than our present ' Ibbotson,' or ' Ibbetson,' and besides these, ' Ibbots ' and ' Ibbetts' are by no means unfamiliar. Another pet form still common amongst us, that of ' Bell,' left its mark in ' Bellot,' ' Bellet,' and ' Bellson,' all of which are still to be found in our directories. An earlier Scripture name than this, nay, the earliest of all, ' Eve,' was a decided favourite. The Hundred Rolls give us an ' Adam fil : Eve.' ' Eveson' as the patro- nymic, and 'Evetts' or 'Evitts' as the diminutives, are firmly set in our midst. f ' Eve ' itself as a Christian name is all but entirely out of fashion. * Elizabeth came into use too late to leave any mark upon our sur- names. I have not come across, to the best of my remembrance, a single instance in any record earlier than the fifteenth century. ' Bess,' or ' Bessie' was the first pet name formed from it, and this very proba- bly began to grow into favour about the time of Elizabeth Woodville's marriage. With the proud imperious Queen Bess, however, came in every conceivable variety that could be played upon the name, ' Betsey,' or ' Betsy,' ' Betty,' ' Eliza,' ' Lizzie,' and ' Libbie' being the favourites. The first 'Bessie' I find is that of ' Bessye Tripps,' 1558; the first ' Betty' being that of 'Bettye Sheile,'l58o, both being inaNewcastlewill. Betty for two centuries was, perhaps, the form most in favour in aristo- cratic circles. How fickle is fashion ! It is entirely tabooed there in the nineteenth. + An interesting proof of this is found in a York will, dated 1391, TTnnrlf' hv nnp William dp TCvrlcbv TTp Kprmpoflic artir-T^c tn <(T7,.™ PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 6/ Before proceeding further, a word or two about female patronymics. Many have not hesitated to affirm them to be wholly of illegitimate descent. We cannot doubt but that in many instances this has been the case. Nevertheless, there is much to be said for an opposite view. In the first place, many so-called patronymics of this class are not such in reality. ' Anson ' is not, ' Poison ' is not, ' Nelson ' is not, at least ' Neil,' as the abbreviated form of ' Nigel,' has as much claim as ' Eleanor,' and was quite as common. But even when the name is unquestionably feminine, as in ' MoUison,' or ' Margerison,' or ' Marryott,' or ' Annotson,' or ' Emmett,' even here illegitimacy is anything but established as a matter of fact. Nothing could be more natural than for a boy or girl to be passed amid the community as his mother's rather than his father's child, in a family where the former was notoriously, and in an emphatic sense, the better half — • in a family where the husband was content to sit in the chimney nook, and let the bustling Margery, in accordance with her temperament, take, whether in or out of doors, the lead in all that concerned the domestic relationship. What more likely, in such a case as this, than that the offspring should be known fami- liarly among the neighbours as hers rather than his .'' And so, I doubt not, a large mass of them have arisen. uxori Johannes Parvying," and to " Willielmo de Rowlay," and then at the close he speaks of them as the aforementioned " Evotam et dictum WiUielmum Rowlay." "Test. Ebor.," vol. i. p. 145-6 (Surt. Soc). An old London record, dated 1379, contains amongst other names those of ' Custance Busshe' and ' Evota de Durham. ' The owner would be familiarly known among her acquaintances as 'Evotte' or 'Evette.' (" Memorials of London," p. 435.) F 2 68 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. We have incidentally mentioned a few Bible names. We shall find a certain characteristic appertaining to these. It is only those personages who prominently figured in the Scripture narrative who made any mark upon our nomenclature. The others, I doubt not, were unknown. It is even uncertain whether the clergy themselves had any but the faintest knowledge of the Bible. Indeed, such names even as were in use bear no testimony to the fact that they were given as the direct result of familiarity with the sacred pages. If from the New Testament, they were names that figured in the calendar as saints and martyrs, names to whom shrines and chapels had been dedi- cated. If from the Old, they were just those like 'Adam,' or 'Isaac,' or 'Joseph,' or 'Samson,' or ' Daniel,' or ' Absolom,' whose stories told in the monkish performances or miracle-plays were thus forced into the acquaintance of the popular mind. In a word, there is not a trace of anything beyond a mere superficial knowledge of the very outlines of the sacred narrative. Thus was it with ' Adam,' already mentioned. Thus was it with ' Isaac' His story could not but be attractive as represented by the monks, and to this fact it is, no doubt, we owe the fre- quency with which we meet with it in mediaeval times. ITiave already quoted Layland, where he speaks of — Hikke the hackney-man And Hugh the nedlere — an abbreviation more generally known and spelt as ' Ike' now. From him, then, have arisen our ' Isaacs' and ' Isaacsons,' our ' Hicks' and ' Hicksons,' oijr ' Higgs' and ' Higsons,' our ' Higgins' and ' Higgin- sons.' ' David,' with its ' Davies,' its ' Davidsons,' its PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 69 ' Dawes' and ' Dawsons,' its ' Dawkes' and ' Dawkins,' or ' Dawkinsons,' its ' Dayes,' ' Daysons,' and 'Dakins' (when not ' Dakeyn'), would be equally sure of remem- brance ; though, doubtless, as the patron saint of the Principality, and as a favourite among Scottish kings, it owes much to these outer chances. Here, too, we are reminded of Piers Plowman, with his — Dawe the dykere And a dozen othere. This nickname seems to have had a long reign in the popular mouth, for we find, towards the close of the sixteenth century, Heywood writing the following epigram — To a justice a juggler did complaine, Of one that dispraised his legerdemain : — What's thy name ? sayd the justice : Dauson, sayd hee : Is thy father alive ? Nay, dead, sir, pardee : Then thou shalt no more be Dau's son, a clere case, Thou art Daw thyself now in thy father's place. The story of Daniel would of course be common. This has . bequeathed us itself at least in propria persona, and ' Dancock.' I say, at least, for with re- gard to our 'Dans,' 'Dance.s,' 'Danses,' and 'Dansons,' I am in some perplexity. We muSt remember that ' Dan,' like ' Dame,' figured prominently in early days as a simple title of respect. They were but the ' Don' and ' Donna' which in one form or another still exist in Italy, France, and Spain. ' Dame,'* from domina. * Our word ' damsel ' is, of course, the diminutive of this. It occurs as a surname in the Hundred RoUs, one ' Simon Damesell ' being entered therein. Other diminutives are found in the ' Damets ' and ' Damiots' of this time, while our ' Domitts,' as descendants of such a person as ' Henry Domet ' (H. R.), would seem to belong to a similar category. 70 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. meant 'mistress.' 'Don,' from Dominus,' meant 'mas- ter.' To rank and age the two terms were equally applied. A ' dame's school ' still preserves this con- nexion of ideas. " As with the mistress so with the maid," is in early Bibles "As with the dame so with the maid." Thus there seems to be little doubt that our ' Dames' and ' Damsons' are so sprung. Why then should not ' Dans' and ' Danse' and ' Danson' be the masculine form ? Chaucer, in his Canterbury Tales, represents the host as asking the Monk — But, by my trothe, I cannot tell your name : Whether shall I call you my lord Dan John, Or Dan Thomas, or elles Dan Albon ? Thus he speaks also of ' Dan Constantine,' and jest- ingly of the ass as ' Dan BurnelL' Thus, Lord Sur- rey in one of his poems speaks of ' Dan Homer ;' Spenser of ' Dan Geoffrey ;' Thomson of ' Dan Abra- ham.' The best way will be, as in many another case, to divide the honours between the two ; and leaving it thus undecided, I pass on. Nor is the New Testament without its instances. ' Peter ' and 'John ' we have already noticed. ' Simon,' as connected with the former, has left us, irrespective of itself pure and simple, ' Sims,' ' Simpson,' ' Simp- kins,' 'Simpkinson,' ' Simcocks,' 'Simcox,' 'Simmons,' ' Simonds,' and ' Simmonds.' ' Philip,' as another of the apostles of Jesus, was also popular, and became the parent of numerous forms. Besides ' Philips,' we have settled in our midst ' Philipson,' 'Phelps,' ' Philps,' ' Phipps,' ' Phipson,' Philcox,' and ' Philpott,' so that we are not likely soon to be quit of him. He is now, however, altogether out of fashion as a Christian name. ' Phillpots,' I need scarcely say, is simply a corruption PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 7 1 of the diminutive ' Philipot,' found as ' Phylypotte' in the " Inquisitiones ; " but endeavours to deduce his origin as well in spelling as in sound from the charac- teristics displayed by the renowned Toby Philipot are not wanting, for I see him figuring in the "London Directory " as ' Fillpot.'* Archbishop Trench quotes from one of Careless's letters to Philpot the following passage, which serves to show that three hundred years ago at least the name had been played upon in similar fashion : " Oh, good Master Philpot (he says) which art a principal pot indeed, filled with much precious liquor — oh, pot most happy ! of the High Potter ordained to honour." Some years ago, when a Philpott was appointed to the episcopal chair of Worcester, Dr. Philpotts being yet at Exeter, the following lines got abroad — " A good appointment ? " " No, it's not," Said old beer-drinking Peter Watts ; " At Worcester one but hears ' Phil-pott ;' At generous Exeter, ' Phil-potts.' " The humble-minded Matthew seems ever to have been a favourite, and has left tokens of the fact. We may still meet with 'Mathews' and 'Mathewsons,' 'Mat- tinsons' and ' Mattisons,' 'Matsons' and 'Matts.' Nor was Bartholomew unknown. ' Bartle ' and ' Bartlett,'t * Thus, again, in an old song upon the battle of Halidon Hill, it is said of the defeated soldiers — On Filip Valas fast cri they, There for to dwell and him avaunce. (Pol. Poems, vol. i. p. 60). t A well known Durham family of the name of ' Burletson ' existed till the close of the eighteenth century in that county, and I am not sure that it does not still survive there. This, I doubt not, is but a corrup- tion of ' Bartelotson ' or ' Bartleson.' (Vide Surtees' "History of Durham," vol. i. p. 106.) 72 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. (found as 'Bertelot,') 'Batte' and 'Batty,' were its col- loquial forms, and these are still common as surnames. Other relics abide with us in our ' Bates,' ' Batsons,' ' Batcocks,' ' Badcocks,' ' Batkins,' and ' Badkins.' The author of Piers Plowman speaks of " Bad Bette, the bocher (butcher)," and elsewhere also of " Bette, the bedel," which remind us, therefore, that our ' Bet- sons,' and 'Bedsons,' and 'Bettys' owe their origin to the same name.* They could not have been the offspring of any old 'Ladye Betty,' as Mr. Lower seems to ima- gine, since that name, as I have shown, did not exist in England at this time, nor in fact can it be said to have been known till rendered fashionable by Elizabeth Woodville, the bride of Edward IV. What an influence a single individual may wield over our personal nomen- clature may be thus seen, when we remember the enor- mous preponderance of this latter name during the two centuries that followed the reign of the imperious but " good- Queen Bess," and the glorious scattering of the Spanish Armada. This, too, escaping the withering influences of the Puritan era, continued through all, and now holds the fourth place in English esteem. But to return to the Apostles. Most of the above received, doubtless, an increased impulse with the Crusades. ' Thomas,' however, had an additional claim to popularity. In his numerous progeny we may read again the story of the feud that arose between the haughty archbishop and Henry II. — a feud that terminated so fatally for the former, and made him so venerated that his shrine became a spot * Another nickname of ' Bartholomew ' seems to have been ' Tholy' or 'Toly.' Thus we meet with such entries as 'Tholy Oldcorn' or ' Robert Toly.' Our ' Tollys ' and ' Tolsons ' will be thus explained. PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 73 hallowed for centuries by the pilgrimages of shrine worshippers. The surnames whose origin we must undoubtedly attribute, in the majority of cases, to the notoriety given to the sobriquet possessed by this murdered prelate are many. The patronymic is clearly marked in our ' Thomasons,' ' Thomsons,' and ' Thompsons.' The favoured Norman diminutive is equally assured of perpetuation in our ' Thomasetts,' ' Thomsetts,' and ' Tompsetts ;' the Saxon being as fully popularized in our ' Thompkins,' ' Tompkins,' ' Tomkins,' and ' Tomkinsons.' The softer termination is also firmly settled in our ' Thomlins,' ' Tomlins,' and ' Tomlinsons.' More abbreviated patronymics are to be met with also in our ' Thomms,' ' Thoms,' and ' Toms.' With so many representatives in the list of rational beings, we need not be surprised to find the lower order of creation under obligations to this title. It was with the death of St. Thomas of Canterbury, and the consequent popularity of his name, arose so many sobriquets of which the said name became a component part. The cat became a ' tom-cat,' a simple-natured man a ' tom-coney,' a silly fellow a ' tom-noddy ' or ' tom-fool,' a romping girl a ' tom-boy,' and a wren a ' tom-tit.' ' James,' although it has ever been with us a somewhat rare sobriquet, may be found in Domesday Book. To him, of course, we owe our 'Jamesons' and the Scottish ' Jamieson.' Thus the apostles were early and well represented in EngHsh nomenclature. Few New Testament names were more common than ' Nicholas,' and few have left more proofs of the same. This had two mediaeval abbreviations, ' Nicol ' and ' Nick.' From the one we have derived our ' Nicholls ' and ' Nicholsons ;' from 74 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. the Other our ' Nixs,' ' Nicks,' ' Nixons,' ' Nicksons, and ' Nickersons.' The traces of ' Barnabas ' still live in our ' Barnabys,' and those of ' Paul ' in our ' Pol- sons,' ' Pawsons,' ' Powlsons,' and more correct ' Paul- sons.' In one of these, at least, we are reminded of the old pronunciation of this name.- Piers Plowman styles it ' Powel,' and even so late as 1562 we find Hey wood writing the following epigram — Rob Peter and pay Poule, thou sayst I do ; But thou robst and poulst Peter and Poule, too. This at once explains the origin of our more diminutive ' Pauletts,' ' Pouletts,' and ' Pollitts.'* As gospel writers Mark and Luke were sure to be more or less familiar. In the former we see the source not merely of our ' Marks,' and the Latinized ' Marcus,' but of ' Marcock' and ' Markin' and ' Marson ;' in the latter those of ' Luckins,' ' Luckock,' ' Lucock' or ' Locock,' and ' Luckett.' The proto-martyr Stephen has left many memorials in our nomenclature of the popularity which his story obtained among the English peasantry. The name proper is found in such entries as ' Esteven Walays,' or 'Jordan fil : Stephen,' and their descendants now figure amongst us as ' Stephens,' ' Stevens,' ' Stephen- son,' and ' Stevenson.' More curtailed forms are met with in ' Steenson,' and ' Stinson,' and the more cor- rupted ' Stimson ' and ' Stimpson.' The Norman diminutive was of course ' Stevenet' or ' Stevenot,' and this still remains with us in our ' Stennets ' and ' Stennetts.' Angelic names appear in ' Michael,' * Capgrave, in his "Chronicles," under date 1394, says: ""In this time the Lolardis set up scrowis at Westminster and at Poules." PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 75 with its ' Michaelsons,' ' Mitchells,' and ' Mitchelsons,' while our ' Gabbs,' ' Gabriels,' and former ' Gabbots' and ' Gabcocks,' testify to the popularity of the celestial messenger to Zechariah. But let us somewhat more closely analyse these names. As I have said before, from the most casual survey one thing is evident, they represent the Church's Calendar rather than the Church's Bible. They are the extract of sacred legends rather than of Holy Writ. There is not a single name to betray any internal acquaintance with the Scriptures. Nor could there well be. An English Bible was unknown, and had there been one to consult, the reading powers of the nation were too limited for it to have been much used. Many of the clergy themselves could not read. Thus the Bible, so far as extends beyond the leading incidents it contains, was a. sealed book. This had its effect upon our nomenclature. We cannot find a single trace of acquaintance with its rarer histories. What a wide change in this respect did Wicklyffe and the Reformation effect ! With an English Bible in their hand, with the clearing away of the mists of ignorance and superstition, with the destruction of all forces that could obstruct the spread of knowledge, all was altered. The Bible, posted up in every church, might be read of alt— and all who could probably did read it. This at once had its effect upon our nomen- clature. In the " Calendar to Pleadings" of Elizabeth's reign, we find already a wonderful change had taken place. A new tide had set in. Names, familiar enough to those ordinarily conversant with the Scriptures, but unknown in the centuries previous, came forth from their hiding-places. Names associated with the ^6 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. more obscure books, and with personages less directly confronting us in our study of the Word, begin now to be inscribed upon our registers. The fact was the Bible was now the people's book— in the people's hands, on the people's tongues, and its effects were manifest. Still as yet the change generally was not great. These new names did not clash or jar in any way with the old nomenclature. There was a greater variety, that was all. Both the romance and the sacred names went together, and in the same family might be seen John and Ralph, Isaac and Robert, and Reuben and Richard. But a spirit of disaffec- tion was at work, that which culminated in the Puritan commonwealth. We all know how this great change cjime about. It is neither our intention nor need we to enter into it here. Sufficient for our purpose that it came. This revolution marvellously affected our nomenclature. The Puritan heard with pious horror the mention of such a name as ' William' or ' Roland' or ' Edward.' It was pollution to utter them — they must be obliterated, crushed out, and for a time they were. The Bible, and the Bible only could furnish designations for the godly. " Cromwell," says Cleveland, " hath beat up his drums clean through the Old Testament — you may know the genealogy of our Saviour by the names of his regiment. The muster master hath no other list than the first chapter of St. Matthew." The Old Testament, however, seems to have been most in favour.'* The practice of choosing * Lord Macaulay has noticed this. Speaking of the Old Testament, and in respect of the Puritans, he says — " In such a history it was not difficult for fierce and gloomy spirits to find much that might be dis- PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. JJ such designations borrowed therefrom as ' Enoch,' 'Hiram,' 'Seth,' 'Phineas,' 'Eh,"Obadiah,' 'Job," Joel,' 'Hezekiah,' 'Habbakuk,' 'Caleb,' 'Zeruiah,' 'Joshua,' ' Hephzibah/ or ' Zerubbabel/ has left its mark to this very day, especially in our more retired country districts. Self-abasement showed itself, at least ex- ternally, in the choice of names of bad repute. ' Cains,' ' Absoloms,' 'Abners/ ' Delilahs' 'Dinahs,' 'Tamars,' ' Korahs,' ' Abirams,' and ' Sapphiras,'* abounded. Nor was this all. Of all excesses those of a religious character are proverbially most intemperate in their course. Abstract qualities, prominent words of Scrip- ture, nay, even short and familiar sentences culled from its pages, or parodied, were tacked on to represent the Christian name. Camden mentions, as existing in his own day, such appellations as 'Free-gift,' 'Reforma- tion,' 'Earth,' 'Dust,' 'Ashes,' 'Delivery,' 'More- fruit,' ' Tribulation,' ' The-Lord-is-near,' ' More-trial,' ' Discipline,' ' Joy-again,' ' From-above' — names which, he says, " have lately been given by some to their children, with no evil meaning, but upon some singular torted to suit their wishes. The extreme Puritans, therefore, began to feel for the Old Testament a preference which, perhaps, they did not distinctly avow even to themselves ; but which showed itself in all their sentiments and habits. They paid to the Hebrew language a respect which they refused to that tongue in which the discourses of Jesus and the epistles of Paul have come down to us. They baptized their chil- dren by the names, not of Christian saints, but of Hebrew patriarchs and warriors."— ("Hist. Eng." Ch. i.) * Archbishop Leighton, son of a much persecuted Presbyterian -minister, had for his brother and sister Elisha and Sapphira respec- lively. The first Enoch I can find is in the case of one 'Enoch Hodgson,' whose name is found in a record dated 1666.— (Depositories of York Castle. CLV.) 78 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. and precise conceit * ' Praise-God-Barebones' is but another specimen of this extraordinary spirit. The brother of this latter could boast a still longer sobriquet. He had chosen for himself, it is said, the title, ' If-Christ-had-not-died-for-you-you-had-been- damned-Barebones,' but his acquaintances becoming wearied of its length, retained only the last word, and as ' Damned-Barebones' left him a sobriquet more curt than pleasant. The following is a list of a jury said to have been enclosed in the county of Sussex at this time, and selected of course from the number of the Saints — Accepted Trevor of Norsham. Redeemed Compton of Battle. Faint-not Hewit of Heathfield. Make-peace Heaton of Hare. God-reward Smait of Fivehurst. Stand-fast-on-high Stringer of Crowhurst. Earth Adams of Waketon. Called Lower of the same. Kill-sin Pimple of Witham. * Some of these names, however, are found in Elizabeth's reign, showing that the printing and placing of the English Bible in the hands of the common people had led to a free use of Scripture sobriquets, and even into eccentricities of the above mentioned kind, earlier than is generally supposed. For instance, the " Proceedings in Chancery" give us such names as 'Ezechie Newbold,' 'Dyna Bocher,' 'Ezekiel Guppye,' 'Esdras Botwright,' 'Judith Botswane,' ' Isachar Brookes,' 'Gamaliel Capell,' 'Emanuel Cole,' 'Abigaill Cordell,' 'Reuben Crane,' 'Philo- logus Forth,' 'Arclielaus Giffbrd,' 'Gideon Hancock,' ' Abacucke Harman,' ' Melchizedeck Payn,' 'Prudence Howell,' 'Virtue Hunt' ' Temperance Dowlande,' ' Charitie Bowes,' or 'Lamentation Chapman.' All these are found recorded previously to the death of Elizabeth. The following is the inscription upon a celebrated missionary to Vineyard Island : "The Rev. Experience Mayhew, A.M., was bom Feb. Sth, 1673, and died of an apoplexy, Nov. 9th, 1758." He was bom, as we see, soon after this spirit had set in. (Extracted from the "Pulpit," No. 246, December 6, 1827). PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 79 Return Spelman of Watling. Be-faithful Joiner of Bulling. Fly-debate Roberts of the same. Fight-the-good-fight-of-faith White of Emer. More-fmit Fowler of East Hadly. Hope-for Bending of the same. Graceful Herding of Lewes. Weep-not Billing of the same. Meek Brewer of Oakeham. Whether this be a true return or otherwise, it never- theless may serve to recal the extraordinary and rabid phase that passed over the human heart at this period. There can be no doubt that such names as the above do but express the sense of the times. Certainly the impress left upon our nomenclature so far as the baptismal element is concerned is most remarkable. It is from this date we must note the declension of such a familiar name as ' Humphrey' or ' Ralph' or ' Joscelyn,' and of the romance names generally. From this date we perceive the use of some of our present most familiar, and till then well nigh unknown baptismal names. With the restoration of Charles II. much of the more rhapsodic features of this curious spirit died out, but it is more than probable it was fed elsewhere. The rigorous persecution of the Nonconformists which marked and blotted his reign, the persecuting spirit which drove hundreds to seek beyond the seas that asylum for religious liberty which was denied them at home, could have none other effect than to make these settlers cling the more tenaciously to the new scheme of doctrine and practice, for which they had sacrificed so much. Thus the feeUng which had led them at home to allow the Written Word to be the only source from which to select names for their 8o OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. children, or to make substitutions for their own, was not likely to be suppressed in the backwoods. Their very- life and its surroundings there but harmonized with the primitive histories of those whose names they had chosen. A kind of affinity seemed to be established between them. This spirit was fanned by the very- paucity of population, and the difficulty of keeping up any connexion with the outer world. They were shut up within themselves, and thus the Bible became to them, not so much a record of the past, as that through which ran the chronicle of the present. It was a living thread interwoven into their very lives. Their history was inscribed in its pages, their piety was fed by its doctrines. Its impress lay upon all, its influence pervaded all. All this has left its mark upon Anglo-American nomenclature — nay, to such a degree do these influences still exist, that though derived from the same sources, the Arnerican system and our own can scarce be viewed otherwise than as separate and distinct. Rare, indeed, are the early romance and the Teutonic names in those tracts where the descendants of the primitive settlers are found. All are derived from the Scriptures, or are of that fancy character, a love of which arose with their Puritan forefathers. Appellations such as 'Seth,' or 'Abel,' or 'Lot,' or 'Jonas,' or 'Aza,' or 'Jabez,' or 'Abijah,' or 'Phineas,' or ' Priscilla,' or ' Epaphroditus,' abound on every hand. Sobriquets like ' Faith,' and ' Hope,' and 'Charity,' and ' Patience,' and ' Prudence,' and ' Grace,' and ' Mercy,' have become literally as household words, and names yet more uncouth and strange may be heard every day, sounding oddly indeed to English ears. There PATRONYMIC SURNAMES. 8 1 would seem to have been a revulsion of feeling, even from such of the Biblical names as had lived in the earlier centuries of our history, as if the connexion of ' Peter,' and ' John,' and ' James,' and ' Thomas,' with others of more pagan origin had made them unworthy of further use ; certain it is, that these are in no way so familiar with them as with us. Such are the strange humours that pass over the hearts of men and communities. Such are the changes that the nomenclature of peoples, as well as of places and things, undergo through the more extraordinary convulsions which sometimes seize the body corporate of society. Truly it is a strange story this that our surnames tell us. "What's in a name.?" in the light of all this, seems indeed but a pleasantry, meant to denote how full, how teeming with the story of our lives is each — as so they are. G CHAPTER IL LOCAL SURNAMES. IN well nigh every country where personal nomen- clature has assumed a sure and settled basis, that is, where a second or surname has become an hereditary possession in the family, we shall find that that portion of it which is of local origin bears by far the largest proportion to the whole. We could well proceed, therefore, to this class apart from any other motive, but when we further reflect that it is this local class which in the first instance became hereditary, we at once perceive an additional claim upon our attention. I need scarcely say at the outset that, as with all countries so with England, prefixes of various kinds were at first freely used to declare more particularly whence the nominee was sprung. Thus, if he were come from some town or city he would be 'William of York,' or ' John of Bolton,' this enclitic being fami- liarly pronounced ' a,' as ' William a York,' or ' John a Bolton.' For instance, it is said in an old poem.anent Robin Hood — It had been better of William a Trent To have been abed with sorrowe ; where it simply means ' William of Trent.' This, of course, is met in France by ' de,' as it was also on English soil during early Norman times. If, on the LOCAL SURNAMES. 83 other hand, the situation only of the abode gave the personality of the nominee, the connecting link was varied according to the humour or caprice of the speaker, or the relative aspect of the site itself. Thus, if we take up the old Hundred Rolls we shall find such entries as ' John Above-brook,' or ' Adelina Above-town,' or 'Thomas Behind-water,' or 'John Beneath-the-town.' Or take a more extended in- stance, such as ' Lane.' We find it attached to the personal name in such fashions as the following — Cecilia in the Lane. Emma a la Lane. John de la Lane. John de Lane. Mariota en le Lane. Philippa ate Lane. Thomas super Lane. ' Brook,' again, by the variety of the prefixes which I find employed, may well be cited as a further example. We have such entries as these — ■' Alice de la Broke. Andreas ate Broke. Peter ad le Broke. Matilda ad Broke. Reginald del Broke. Richard apud Broke. Sarra de Broke. Reginald bihunde Broke. These are extracts of more or less formal entries, but they serve at least to show how it was at first a mere matter of course to put in the enclitics that associated the personal or Christian name with that which we call the surname. Glancing over the instances just quoted, we see that of these definitive terms some are purely Norman, some equally purely Latin, a few are an admixture of Norman and Latin, a common thing G 2 84 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. in a day when the latter was the language of inden- ture, and the rest are Saxon, ' ate' being the chief one. This ' atte' was ' at the,' answering to the Norman ' de la,' ' del,' or ' du,' and was familiarly contracted by our forefathers into the other forms of 'ate' and 'att ;' or for the sake of euphony, when a vowel preceded the name proper, extended to ' atten.' In our larger and more formal Rolls these seldom occur owing to their being inscribed all but invariably in the Norman-French or Latin style I have instanced above, but in the smaller abbey records, and those of a more private interest, these Saxon prefixes are common. In the writers of the period they are familiarly used. Thus, in the " Coventry Mysteries," mention is made of — Thom Tynker, and Betrys Belle, Peyrs Potter, and Watt at the Well ;* while Piers Plowman represents Covetousness as saying — For some tyme I served Syrame az'fe-Style And was his prentice. It may not be known to all my readers, probably not even to all those most immediately concerned, that this ' atte ' or ' att ' has fared with us in a manner similar to that of the Norman ' du ' and ' de la.' It has occasionally been incorporated with the sobriquet * One of the best puns extant is put to the credit of the Duke of Buckingham by Walter Scott, in his "Peveril of the Peak." A Mrs. Cresswell, who had borne anything but a creditable character, be- queathed lo/. for a funeral sermon, in which nothing ill-natured was to be said of her. The Duke wrote the following brief but pointed dis- course : " All I shall say of her is this, she was born well, she married •well, she lived well, and she died well; for she was born at 'Shad- well,' married to 'Cress-well,' lived at ' Clerken-well, ' and died in 'Bride- well.'" LOCAL SURNAMES. 85 of locality, and thus become a recognised part of the surname itself. Take the two names from the two poems I have but just quoted, ' Watt at the Well ' and ' Symme atte Style.' Now we have at this pre- sent day but simple 'Styles' to represent this latter, while in respect of the former we have not merely ' Wells,' but ' Attwell ' or ' Atwell.' These examples are not solitary ones. Thus, such a name as ' John atte Wood,' or ' Gilbert atte Wode,' has bequeathed us not merely the familiar ' Wood,' but ' Attwood ' and ' Atwood ' also. ' William atte Lea,' that is, the pasture, can boast a large posterity of ' Leighs,' ' Leghs,' and ' Lees ;' but he is well nigh as commonly represented by our ' Atlays ' and ' Attlees.' And not to become tedious in illustrations, ' atte-Borough ' is now ' Attenborough ' or ' Atterbury;' ' atte-Ridge ' has become ' Attridge,' ' atte- Field ' ' Atfield ;' while such other designations as 'atte-Town,' 'atte-Hill,' ' atte- Worth,' ' atte-Tree,' or ' atte-Cliffe,' are in this nineteenth century of ours registered frequently as mere 'Atton,' 'Athill,' ' Atworth,' 'Attree,' and 'At- cliffe.' Sometimes, however, this prefix dropped down into the simple ' a.' The notorious Finder of Wake- field was ' George a Green ' according to the ballads regarding Robin Hood. ' Thomas a Becket,' literally, I doubt not, ' Thomas atte Becket'— that is, the stream- let — is but another instance from more general history. The name is found in a more Norman dress in the Hundred Rolls, where one ' Wydo del Beck't' is set down. In the same way 'atte-Gate' became the jewelled ' Agate,' and ' atte-More ' ' Amore ' and the sentimental 'Amor.' I have said that where the name proper — i.e. the word of locality — began with a vowel 86 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. the letter 'n' was added to 'atte' for purposes of euphony. It is interesting to note how this euphonic ' n ' has still survived when all else of the prefix has lapsed. Thus by a kind of prosthesis our familiar ' Noakes ' or ' Nokes ' stands for ' Atten-Oaks/ that is, 'At the Oaks.' "Piers Plowman," in another edition from that I have already quoted, makes Covetousness to say — For sum tyme I served Simme atte-Noke, And was his plight prentys. His profit to look. ' Nash ' is but put for ' atten-Ash,' or as some of our rolls record it, ' atte-Nash ; ' ' Nalder ' for ' atten- Alder,' ' Nelmes ' for ' atten-Elms,' ' Nail ' for ' atten- Hall,' while ' Oven ' and ' Orchard ' in the olden regis- ters are found as ' atte-Novene ' and ' atte-Norchard ' respectively. That this practice, in a day of an unsettled orthography, was common, is easily judged by the traces that may be detected in our ordinary vocabulary of a similar habit. In the period we are considering ' ale ' was the vulgar term for an ' ale- house.' We still talk of the ' ale-stake ;' that is, the public-house sign. Thus ' atten-ale ' got corrupted into ' nale.' Chaucer, with many other writers, so uses it. In the " Freres Tale " we are told how the Sompnour Maken him gret festes at the nale. An old poem, too, says — Robin will Gilot Leden to the nale And sitten there togedres And tellen their tale. LOCAL SURNAMES. 8/ Thus our forefathers used to talk alike of ' an ouch,' or 'a nouch,' for a jewel or setting of gold. Gowerhas it — When thou hast taken any thjmge Of love's gifte, or nouche, or rynge. Even now, I need scarcely remind my readers, we talk of a ' newt,' which is nothing but a contraction of ' an ewt ' or ' eft,' and it is still a question whether ' nedder,' provincially used for ' an adder,' was not originally contracted in a similar manner. ' Nale ' or ' Nail,' thus locally derived, still lives in our direc- tories as a surname.* While ' atte ' has been unquestionably the one chief prefix to these more familiar local terms, it is not the sole one that has left its mark. Our ' Bywaters ' and ' Bywoods ' are but the descendants of such mediaeval folk as ' Elias Bi-the-water,' or 'Edward By-the-wode,' and our 'Byfords,' 'Bytheseas,' and ' Bygates,' or ' Byatts,' are equally clearly the offspring of some early ancestor who dwelt beside some streamlet, shallow, or marine greensward, or woodland hatchway. In this pursuit after individuality, however, this was not the only method adopted. Another class of names arose from the somewhat contrary practice of appending to the place-word a termination equally significative of residence. This suffix was of two kinds, one ending in ' er', the other in ' man.' Thus if the rustic householder dwelt in the meadows he became known -among his acquaintance as ' Robert the Fielder,' or 'Filder;' if under the greenwood * A will, dated 1553, among other bequests mentions, " Also to my nawnt Bygott an old angell of golde." The old angel, I need not say, refers to the coin, not the aunt. (Richmondshire Wills, p. 76.) 88 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. shade ' Woodyer,' or ' Woodyear/ or ' Woodman'— relics of the old ' le Wodere ' and ' le Wodeman ;' if by the precincts of the sanctuary, 'Churcher' or ' Churchman ' in the south of England, or 'Kirker' or ' Kirkman' in the north ; if by some priory, ' Templer' or ' Templeman ;' if by the village cross, ' Grosser,' or ' Grossman,' or ' Croucher,' or ' Grouch- man ;' if by the bridge, ' Bridger' or 'Bridgman;' if by the brook, ' Brooker,' or ' Brookman, or ' Becker,' or ' Beckman ;' if by the well, the immortal ' Weller,' or ' Welman,' or ' Crossweller,' if, as was often the case, it lay beneath the roadside crucifix ; if by some particular tree, ' Beecher,' once written ' Le Beechar,' or 'Asher,' or ' Hollier,' or ' HoUeyman,' or ' Oker,' and so on. A certain number of names of the class we are now dwelling upon have arisen from a somewhat peculiar colloquial use of the term ' end ' in vogue with our Saxon forefathers. The method of its employment is still common in Lancashire and Yorkshire. The poorer classes still speak of a neighbour as dwelling " at the street end," they never by any chance use the fuller phrase " the end of the street." Ghaucer uses it as a familiar mode of expression. The Friar in the preface to his story, says slightingly — A Sompnour is a renner up and doun With mandments for fomicatioun, And is beaten at every tounes ende. In the " Persones Prologue," too, the same poet says — Therewith the moons exaltation In mene Libra, alway gan ascende As we were entring at the thorpes ende. How colloquial it must have been in his day we may judge from the following list of names I have been LOCAL SURNAMES. 89 enabled to pick up from various records, and which I could have enlarged had I so chosen — John ate Bruge-ende. Walter atte Townshende. John de Poundesende. Margaret ate Laneande. Wilham atte Streteshend. John atte Burende. Adam de Wodeshende. Martin de Clyveshende. John de la Wykhend. William de Overende. John de Dichende. Thomas atte Greavesende. Besides these we have such a Latinized form for ' Townsend,' or ' Townshend,' as ' Ad finem villae,' or 'End' itself without further particularity, in such a sobriquet as ' William atte-N ende.' The several points of the compass, too, are marked in ' Northende,' ' East- ende,' and ' Westende,' the latter having become ste- reotyped in the fashionable mouth as the quarter in which the more opulent portion of the town reside, whether its aspect be toward the setting sun, or the re- verse — but an exaggeration of this kind is a mere trifle where fashion is concerned. But these Saxon compounded names, numerous as they are, are but few in comparison with the simple locative itself, without prefix, without desinence. ' Geoffrey atte Style,' ' Roger atte Lane,' ' Walter atte Water,' 'Thomas atte Brooke ;' or in the more Norman fashion of many of our rolls ' John de la Ford,' ' Ro- bert del Holme,' ' Richard de la Field,' ' Alice de la Strete : ' all these might linger for awhile, but in the end, as we might foresee, as well in the mouths of men as later on in the pages of our registers, they became simple 90 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. ' Geoffrey Styles' and ' Roger Lane,' ' Walter Waters' and 'Thomas Brookes,' 'John Ford' and 'Robert Holmes,' ' Alice Street' and ' Richard Field.' Here, then, is an endless source of surnames to our hands. Here is the spring from which has issued those local sobriquets which preponderate so largely over those of every other class. To analyse all these were impossi- ble, and the task of selection is Httle less difficult. But we may give the preference to such leading pro- vincialisms as are embodied in our personal nomencla- ture, or to such terms as by their existence there betoken that, though not now, yet they did then oc- cupy a place in the vocabulary of every-day converse. For it is wonderful how numberless are the local words, now obsolete saving for our registers, which were used in ordinary talk not more than five hundred years ago. Thatmany of them have been thusrescued from oblivion by our hereditary nomenclature is due no doubt to the fact that the period of the formation of the latter is that also during which our tongue was settling down into that composite form of Saxon and Norman in which we now have it, and which in spite of losses in consequence, in spite of here and there a noble word crushed out, has given our English language its pliancy and suppleness, its strengths and shades. We have mentioned ' de la Woode ' and ' Atte- woode.' ' De la Hirst ' is exactly similar — its com- pounds equally numerous. The pasture beside it is ' Hursley ' — if filberts abound it is ' Hazlehurst,' if ashes, ' Ashurst,' if lindens or linds, ' Lyndhurst,' if elms, ' Elmhurst.' If hawks frequented it we find it styled ' Hawkhurst,' if badgers or brocks, ' Brockle- hurst,' if deer, ' Dewhurst' (spelt Duerhurst, 1375). LOCAL SURNAMES. 9 1 The ' holt ' was less in size, being merely a coppice or small thicket. Chaucer speaks of " holtes and hayes." ' De la Holt ' is of frequent occurrence in our early rolls. Our ' Cockshots ' are but the ' cocksholt,' the liquid letter being elided as in 'Aldershot,' ' Oakshot,' and ' Bagshot,' or badgers' holt. A ' shaw' or ' schaw' was a small woody shade or covert. An old manu- script says — In somer when the shawes be sheyne, And leves be large and long. It is fulle mery in feyre fareste To here the foulys song. As a shelter for. game and the wilder animals, it is found in such compounds as ' Bagshaw,' the badger being evidently common ; ' Hindshaw,' ' Cockshaw,' ' Henshaw,' and ' Earnshaw.' The occurrence of such names as 'Shallcross' and 'Shawcross,' 'Henshall' and ' Henshaw,' and ' Kersall ' and ' Kershaw,' would lead us to imagine that this word too has been somewhat corrupted. Other descriptive compounds are found in ' Bradshaw,' or ' Langshaw,' or ' Openshaw.' As for ' Shaw' simple, every county in England has it locally, and every directory surnominally. Such a name as 'Richard de la Frith' or 'George ate Frith' carries us at once to the woodland copses that underlay our steeper mountain-sides — they represented the wider and more wooded valleys in fact. We find the term lingering locally in such a name as ' Chapel-en-le-frith' in the Peak of Derbyshire. The usual alliterative expression of early days was 'by frith and fell' We have it varied in an old poem of the fourteenth century. The duke of Braband first of all Swore, for thing that might befall, 92 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. That he should both day and night Help Sir Edward in his right, In town, in field, in frith and fen. Our 'Friths' are by no means in danger of obsole- tism, to judge by our directories— and they are a pleasant memorial of a term which was once in familiar use as expressive of some of the most pictu- resque portions of English scenery. Such a name as ' De la Dene' or 'Atte Den,' of frequent occurrence for- merly, and as ' Dean' or ' Den' equally familiar now, is worthy of particularity. A den was a sunken and wooded vale, where cattle might find alike covert and pasture. Thus it is that we are accustomed to speak of a den in connexion with animal life, in such phrases as a ' den of lions ' or a ' den of thieves.' See how early this notion sprang. We have a remembrance of the brock in ' Brogden,' the wolf in ' Wolfenden,' the fox in 'Foxden,' the ram in 'Ramsden,' the hare in 'Har- den,' and the deer in ' Dearden,'* ' Buckden ' or ' Bugden,' ' Rayden ' and ' Roden,' or ' Rowden.' The more domesticated animals abide with us in ' Hors- den,' ' Oxenden,' and ' Cowden,' ' Borden,' and ' Sug- den,' or ' Sowden ; ' ' Swinden,' ' Eversden,' and * Our 'Deardens,' however, may be in some cases but a corruption of the old ' Derneden ' — that is, the secret or secluded den. The Hundred Rolls give us, for instance, a ' Ralph de Derneden.' This word "dern" was then in the most familiar use. Thus, in "Cursor Mundi," mention is made of "a mountain dern." Chaucer speaks of " deme love," and Piers Plowman of " deme usurie." Our ' Durnfords ' but represent such an early entry as ' Robert de Demeford ;' and of names now obsolete, we might instance ' Demehus,' found also in the same roll as the above. Our ' Dernes ' simple probably originated in the reticent and cautious disposition of their first ancestor. We may take this opportunity of noticing that ' Dibdin ' is but ' Deepden.' One of our older rolls has a ' Randolph de Depeden.' LOCAL SURNAMES. 93 ' Ogden,' at first written ' de Hogdene.' With regard especially to this latter class it is that our ' Court of Dens ' arose, which till late years settled all disputes relative to forest pannage. The dweller therein, en- gaged probably in the tendance of such cattle as I have mentioned last, was the ' Denyer ' or ' Denman,' both surnames still living in our midst. While the den was given up mainly to swine, the lee afforded shelter to air manner of domestic livestock, not to mention, however, some few of the wilder quarry. The equine species has given to us ' Horsley,' the bovine ' Cowley,' ' Kinley,' and ' Oxlee ' or 'Oxley ;' the deer, 'Hartley,' 'Rowley,' 'Buckley,' and 'Hindley;' the hare, 'Har- ley,' and even the sheep, though generally driven to the scantier pastures of the rocks and steeps, has left us in ' Shipley ' a trace of its footprint in the deeper and more sheltered glades. Characteristic of the trees which enclosed it, we get 'Ashley,' 'Elmsley,' 'Oakley,' ' Lindley,' or 'Berkeley.' Of the name simple we have endless forms ; those of ' Lee,' ' Legh,' ' Lea,' ' Lees,' ' Laye,' and ' Leigh' being the most familiar. In the old rolls their ancestors figure in an equal variety of dresses, for we may at once light upon such names as ' Emma de la Leye,' or ' Richard de la Legh,' or ' Robert de la Lee,' or 'William de la Lea,' or ' Petronilla de la Le.' Our ' Atlays ' and ' Atlees,' as I have already said, are but the more Saxon ' Atte Lee.' In some of these surnames we can trace the early cuttings amongst the thickly wooded districts where the larger wealds were situated. Our ' Royds ' or ' Rodds,' or ' Rodes,' all hail from some spot ridded oi waste wood. Compounds may be found in our 94 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. ' Holroyds,' that is, the holly-clearing, and ' Acroyds,' that is, the oak-clearing, the term 'acorn,' that is, 'oak- corn,' and such local names as ' Acton' or ' Acland,' reminding us of this the older spelling; 'Ormerod,' again, is but Ormes-clearing — Orme being, as we have already shown, a common Saxon personal name. Our ' Greaves ' and ' Graves ' and ' Groves,' descendants of the ' de la Groves ' and ' Atte Grover ' of early rolls, not to mention the more personal 'Grover' and ' Graver/ convey the same idea. A ' Greave ' was a woodland avenue, graved or cut out of the forest. Fairfax speaks of the — Wind in holts and shady greaves. 'Tis true we only ' grave' in stone now, but it was not always so. Thus in the " Legend of Good Women " mention is made of — A little herber that I have That benched was on turves fresh ygrave. We still call the last resting-place of the dead in our churchyards a grave, though dug from the soil. I have already mentioned ' de la Graveshend ' occurring as a surname. Our ' Hargreaves ' hail from the grove where the hares are plentiful ; our ' Con- greaves ' representing the same in the coney. Our ' Greeves ' we shall have occasion in another chapter to show belong to another and more occupative class of surnames. Our ' Thwaites,' too, belong to this cate- gory. Locally the term is confined to Cumberland and the north, where the Norwegians left it. It is exactly equivalent to 'field,' a felled place, or woodland clearing. The compounds formed from it are too numerous to wade through. Amongst others, how- LOCAL SURNAMES. 95 ever, we have, as denotive of the substances ridded, ' Thornthwaite,' ' Limethwaite,' and ' Hawthorn- thwaite ;' of peculiarity in position or shape, ' Bra- thwaite' (broad), and ' Micklethwaite ;' of contents, ' Thistlethwaite,' ' Cornthwaite,' and ' Crossthwaite.' The very dress of the majority of these compounds testifies to the northern origin of the root-word. Our ' Slade ' represents the ' de la Slades ' of the Hundred Rolls. A slade was a small strip of green plain within a woodland. One of the num- berless rhymes concerning Robin Hood says — It had been better of William a Trent To have been abed with sorrowe, Than to be that day in the greenwood slade To meet with Little John's arrowe. Its nature is still more characterized in ' Grenslade,' (that is the Greenslade), 'Morslade,' some bleak moorland oasis, ' Wytslade ' or ' White-slade,' and ' Sladen,' that is, the woodland hollow. As a local term there is little difference betwixt it and ' launde,' only the latter has no suspicion of indenture about it. A launde was a pretty and rich piece of grassy sward in the heart of a forest, what we should now call an open wood, in fact. Thus it is we term the space in our gardens within the surrounding shrubberies lawns. Chaucer says of Theseus on hunting bent — To the launde he rideth him ful right There was the hart wpnt to have his flight. In the "Morte Arthur," too, we are told of hunting — At the hartes in these hye laundes. This is the source of more surnames than we might imagine. Hence are sprung our ' Launds,' ' Lands,' 96 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. ' Lowndes,' ' Landers,' in many cases, and our obsolete ' Landmans.' The forms, as at first met with, are equally varied. We have ' atte-Lond,' ' de la Laund,' and ' de la Lande,' while the origin of our ' Lunds ' shows itself in ' de la Lund.' ' De la Holme ' still flourishes in our ' Holmes,' while the more personal form is found in our ' Holmers ' and ' Hol- mans.' An holm was a flat meadow-land lying within the windings of some valley stream. Our ' Platts,' found in such an entry as ' Robert del Plat,' are similarly sprung, but in the ' plat ' there was less thought of general surroundings. As an adjective it was in common use formerly. For instance, in the " Romaunt of the Rose," when the God of Love had shot his arrow, it is said — When I was hurte thus in stound I fell down plat unto the ground. Our ' Knowles,' ' Knowlers,' and ' Knowlmans,' carry us to the gently rising slopes in the woods, grassy and free of timber, the old form of the first being ' de la Cnolle ' or ' atte Knolle.' Our ' Lynches,' once written ' de Linches,' I should surmise are but a dress of the still familiar link across our northern border — the flat-land running by the river and sea coast, while our ' Kays ' (when not the old British ' Kay ') represent the more artificial ' quay,' reminding us of the knitting together of beam and stone. It is but the same word as we apply to locks, the idea of both being that of securing or fastening. Though it is to the more open plains and woodlands we must look for the majority of our place-names, nevertheless looking up our steeps and into the fis- sures of the hills, we may see that every feature in the LOCAL SURNAMES. 97 landscape has its memorial in our nomenclature. ' De la Hill ' needs no remark. ' De la Helle ' and ' atte Helle,' are somewhat less pleasant to look upon, but they are only another form of the same. ' Ue la HuUe ' again, is but a third setting of the same. Gower says — Upon the hulles hyhe Of Othrin and Olympe also, And eke of three hulles mo She fond and gadreth herbes sweet. 'Mountain' is the 'de la Montaigne' of the twelfth century, but of course of Norman introduction. This sobriquet reminds u^ of the story told of a cer- tain Dr. Mountain, chaplain to Charles H., who, when the king asked him if he could recommend him a suit- able man for a vacant bishopric, is reported to have answered — " Sire, if you had but the faith of a grain of mustard seed, the matter could be settled at once." " How .''" inquired the astonished monarch. " Why, my liege, you could then say unto this mountain (smiting his own breast) ' be thou removed to that see^ and it should be done."* Our ' Cloughs,' represent the narrow fissures betwixt the hills. From the same root we owe our ' Clives,' (the 'de la Clive' of the Hun- dred Rolls), ' Cliffes,' ' Cleves,' and ' Clowes,' not to mention our endless ' Cliffords,' ' Clevelands,' ' Tunni- cliffes,' ' Sutcliffes,' ' Nethercliffes,"Topliffs,' ' Ratcliffes,' or ' Redcliffes,' ' Faircloughs,' and ' Stonecloughs.' * Quite as good a story, and one less objectionable, is told of a Scottish Member of Parliament called Dunlop, who, at a large dinner party, having asserted that no one could make a pun upon his name, met with the instant reply from one of his guests, "Oh, yes, I can. X^p off the last syllable, and it is done." H 98 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. Any prominence of rock or earth was a ' cop, or ' cope,' from the Saxon ' cop,' a head. Chaucer talks of the 'cop of the nose.' In Wicklyffe's version of Luke iv. 29, it says, " And thei risen up and droven him out with- outen the cytee, and ledden him to the coppe of the hill on which their cytee was bilded to cast him down." We still talk of a coping-stone. Hence, from its local use, we have derived our ' Copes' and ' Copps,' ' Copleys' and ' Copelands,' and ' Copestakes.' From ' cob,' which is but another form of the same word we get our ' Cobbs,' ' Cobhams,' ' Cobwells,'' Cobdens' and ' Cob- leys.' Thus, to consult the Parliamentary Writs alone, we find such entries as ' Robert de Cobbe,' ' Reginald de Cobeham,' ' John de Cobwell,' or ' Godfrey de Copp- den.' As a cant term for a rich or prominent man ' cob' is found in many of our later writers, and ' cobby' more early implied a headstrong nature. Another term in use for a local prominence was ' ness,' or ' naze' — ' Roger atte Ness' occurs in the thirteenth cen- tury ; and ' Longness' and ' Thickness, and ' Redness' are but compounds, unless as is quite possible they be from the same root in its more personal relationship to the human face, the word nose being familiarly so pro- nounced at this time. Our 'Downs' and ' Dunns,'when not sprung from ' le Dun,' are but descendants of the old ' de la Dune,' of the hilly slopes ; our ' Combs' and ' Combes' representing the ' de la Cumbe,' of the ridgy hollows, or " cup-shaped depressions " of the higher hillsides, as Mr. Taylor happily expresses it. It is thus we get our terms 'honeycomb,' 'cockscomb,' 'hair- comb,' &c. Few terms have connected themselves so much as this with the local nomenclature of our land and few have made themselves so conspicuous in our LOCAL SURNAMES. 99 directories. The writer I have just mentioned quotes a Cumberland poet, who says — There's Cumwhitton, Cumwhinton, Cumranton, Cumrangan, Cumrew, and Cumcatch, And mony mair Cums i' the County, But nin wi' Cumdivock can match. Of those compounds which have become surnames we cannot possibly recite all, but among the more common are 'Thorncombe' and ' Broadcombe,' ' Newcombe' and 'Morcombe,' 'Lipscombe' and 'Woolcombe,' 'Withe- combe' and ' Buddicom' and ' Slocombe.' We have already mentioned ' Amore.' The simple ' More,' or ' Moore,' is very famihar ; ' atte Mor,' or ' de la More,' being the older forms. This has ever been a favourite name for punning rhymes. In the " Book of Days," several plays of this kind have been preserved. When Dr. Manners Sutton* succeded Dr. Pvloore in the Archiepiscopal chair of Canterbury, the following lines were written — * Talking of ' Manners,' however, we may add one on the celebrated Marquis of Granby — What conquest now will Britain boast, Or where display her banners ? Alas ! in Granby she has lost True courage and good Manners. Puns of this nature may be met with frequently in books of the last century. Some complimentary verses to Dr. Gill, on account of a sup- posed victory in a public controversy, in 1727, in support of immersion at baptism, have a play of this kind at one part — ' Stennet,' at first, his furious foe did meet, Cleanly compelled him to a swift retreat ; Next powerful ' Gale,' by mighty blast made fall The Church's Dagon, the gigantic ' Wall.' (Gill's Works, edit. 1839). H 2 lOO OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. What say you ? — the archbishop's dead ? A loss indeed ! Oh, on his head May Heaven its blessings pour ! But if, with such a heart and mind, In Manners we his equal find, Why should we wish for More ? When Sir Thomas More was Chancellor, it is said, his great attention to his duties caused all litigation to come to an end in the Court of Chancery. The fol- lowing epigram bearing upon this fact was written — When More some years had Chancellor been. No more suits did remain ; The same shall never more be seen Till More be there again. Our 'Heaths' explain themselves, but our ' Heths/ though the same, and from the first found as ' atte Heth,' are not so transparent. Some might be tempted to set them down in a more Israelitish category as descendants of the " children of Heth," but such is not the case. Somewhat similar to ' Cope,' mentioned above, was ' Knop' or ' Knap' — a summit. Any pro- tuberance, whatever it might be, was with our old writers a ' Knop.'* Rose-buds and buttons alike, with Chaucer, are ' Knops' — Among the knops I chose one So fair, that of the remnant none Ne praise I halfe so wel as it. North in his Plutarch says, "And both these rivers turning in one, carrying a swift streame, doe make the knappe of the said hill very strong of its situation to * Our Authorized Version has it, in Exodus xxv. 33 : " Three bowls made Uke unto almonds, with a knop and flower in one branch." Here a bud is evidently intended. I need scarcely say that ' knob ' is but the modem form of this word. LOCAL SURNAMES. lOI lodge a camp upon." To our hilltops then, it is we owe our ' Knaps,' ' Knappers,' ' Knapmans,' ' Knopps,' and ' Knopes.' Our ' Howes ' represent the smaller hills, while still less prominent would be the abodes of our early ' Lawes,' and ' Lowes,' or ' de la Lawe,' and ' de la Lowe,' as they are found in the Hundred Rolls. Our 'Shores' need no explanation, but our ' Overs ' are less known. An old poem, quoted by Mr. Halliwell, says — She come out of Sexlonde, And rived here at Dovere, That stondes upon the sees overe. It seems to have been used generally to denote the flat lands that lay about the seacoast, or rivers gene- rally — what we should call in Scotland the links. I have already mentioned our ' Overends' as similar to our ' Townsends ;' ' Overman' doubtless is but the more personal form of the same. Coming gradually to more definite traces of human habitation, we may mention some of our tree names. Of several, such as ' Nash,' and ' Nalder,' and ' Nokes' we have already spoken. Such a name as ' Henry atte Beche,' or ' Walter de la Lind,' or ' Richard atte Ok,' now found as simple 'Beech,' and ' Lind,' and ' Oake,' reminds us that we are not without further obligations to the treen world. Settling by or under the shade of some gigantic elm or oak, a sobriquet of this kind would be perfectly natural. As our ' Lynd- hursts' and ' Lindleys' prove ' lind' was once familiarly used for our now fuller ' linden.' Piers Plowman says — Blisse of the briddes Broughte me aslepe, And under a lynde Upon a launde Leaned I. I02 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. Were the Malvern dreamer describing poetically the birth and the origin of the future Swedish nightingale who four hundred years afterwards was to entrance the world with her song, he could not have been more happy in his expression. Our ' Ashes ' and ' Birches,' once ' de la Byrche,' need little remark, but ' Birks,' the harder form of the latter, is not so familiar, though it is still preserved in such names as ' Bir- kenhead,' or ' Birkenshaw,' or ' Berkeley.' A small group of trees would be equally perspicuous. Thus have arisen our ' Twelvetrees,' and ' Fiveashes,' and ' Snooks,' a mere corruption of the Kentish ' Seven- oaks.' Mr. Lower mentions ' Quatrefages,' that is, ' four beeches,' as a corresponding instance in French nomenclature. A common object in the country lane, or by path would be the gate, or hatch that ran across the road to confine the deer. The old provincialism for this was ' yate.' We are told of Griselda in the "Clerkes tale " that— With glad chere to the yate she is gone To grete the markisesse ; and Piers Plowman says our Lord came in through Bothe dore and yates To Peter and to these apostles. * Our ' Yates,' written once ' Atte Yate,' by their numbers can bear testimony to the familiarity with * In the "Townley Mysteries," Jacob, in his vision, is represented as saying — And now is here none othere gate But Godes howse and hevens yate. LOCAL SURNAMES. IO3 which this expression was once used. ' Byatt ' I have just shown to be the same as ' Bygate,' and ' Wood- yat ' is but equivalent to ' Woodgate.' Other com- pounds are found in the old registers. In the ' Placitorum ' of the thirteenth century for instance, we light upon a ' Christiana atte Chircheyate,' and a ' John atte Foldyate,' while in the Hundred Rolls of the same period we find a ' Walter atte Lideyate, now familiarly known to us as ' Lidgate.' Our ' Hatchs,' once enrolled as ' de la Hache,' like our before mentioned ' Hatchers,' and ' Hatchmans ' re- presented the simple bar that ran athwart the wood- land pathway. We still call the upper-deck with its crossbars the hatches, and a weir is yet with the country folk a hatch. Chaucer speaks of — Lurking in hemes and in lanes blinde. Any nook or corner of land was with our forefathers a ' hearne," and as ' en le Heme ' or ' atte Hume ' the surname is frequently found in the thirteenth century.* ' De la Corner ' is, of course, but a synonymous term. A passage betwixt two houses, or a narrow defile between two hillsides, was a ' gore,' akin, we may safely say, to ' gorge.' Our ' Gores ' as descendants of the old ' de la Gore ' are thus explained. ' De la Goreway,' which once existed, is now, I believe, obso- lete. One of the most fertile roots of nomenclature * I believe this word is not yet extinct in our North-country vocabu- lary. A Yorkshire inventory of goods, of 1540 or thereabouts, con- cludes by stating what monies had been discovered in comers and out of the way places in the house — "In hemes, xiiij. iiiia?. ; item, x sylver spones, xxiiLr. iiiL/." (Richmondshire Wills, p. 41). 104 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. was the simple roadside ' cross ' or ' crouch,' the lattef old EngHsh form still lingering in our ' crutched ' or ' crouched Friars.' Langland describes a pilgrim as having " many a crouche on his cloke ;" i.e. manf a mark of the cross embroidered thereon. A dweller by one of these wayside crucifixes would easily get the sobriquet therefrom, and thus we find 'atte Crouch ' to be of early occurrence. Our ' Crouch- mans ' and ' Crouchers ' I have already mentioned. A ' Richard Crocheman ' is found in the " Hundred Rolls," and a 'William Croucheman' in another entry of the same period. As for the simpler ' Cross,' once written ' atte Cross,' it is to be met with everywhere. ' Crosier ' and ' Crozier ' I shall, in my next chapter, show to be official rather than local ; so we may pass them by for the present. The more Saxon ' Rood ' or ' Rudd ' is not without its representatives. ' Mar- gery atte Rudde ' is found in the " Placitorum," and oirr ' Rudders ' and ' Ruddimans,' I doubt not, stand for the more directly personal form. Talking of crosses, we may mention, in passing, our ' Bellhouses,' not unfrequently found as ' atte Belhus ' or ' de la Belhuse.' The founder of this name dwelt in the small domicile attached to the monastic pile, and, no doubt, had for his care the striking of the innumerable calls to the supply of either the bodily or spiritual wants of those within. Our ' Bellows,' I believe, are but a modification of this. The last syllable has undergone a similar change in several other instances. Thus the form ' del Hellus ' was but ' Hill-house,' ' Woodus ' is but the old ' de la Wodehouse,' ' Stannus ' but ' Stanehouse ' or 'Stonehouse,' 'Malthus' but 'Malt- house,' and ' Bacchus ' is found originally as ' del LOCAL SURNAMES. I05 Bakehouse.'* The old ' Atte Grene,' a name famih'ar enough without the prefix, may be set beside our ' Plastows,' rehcs of the ' Atte Pleistowe ' or ' de la Pleystowe' of the period we are considering. The ' play-stowe ' (that is, ' playground ') seems to have been the general term in olden days for the open piece of greensward near the centre of the village where the may-pole stood, and where all the sports, at holiday times, and wake tides were carried on. Our ' Meads ' or ' Meddes ' hail from the ' meadow,' or ' mead.' ' Ate Med ' is the early form. A ' croft' was an enclosed field for pasture. Besides ' Croft ' it has given us ' Meadowcroft,' ' Ryecroft,' ' Bancroft ' (that is, bean-croft), ' Berecroft ' (that is, barley-croft), and ' Haycraft ' (that is, hedged-croft) . It seems, however, to have been freely used, also, in the sense of garth or yard, the enclosure in which, or by which, the house stood. Thus, in the " Townley Mysteries," Satan is represented as calling to the depraved and vile, and saying — Come to my crofte alle ye. With the humour of the period, which was ever largely intermingled in even the most sacred themes, one of the characters, acting as a demon, replies — Souls come so thyk now late unto hell As ever * Thus, also, is it with ' Duffus.' We find it in the Hundred Rolls set down in the same form as 'de Duffus' or 'del Duffus,' the more literal dress being met with in the London city archives in the name of 'Thomas Dufhous.' (,Vide Riley's "Memorials of London," p. 555). ' Dove-house ' is the root. I06 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. Our porter at hell-gate Is holden so strait, Up early and downe late, He rests never. There is little distinction to be drawn between ' garth ' and ' yard ' in the North of England, and in reality- there ought to be none. Such names, however, as ' Nicholas de Apelyerd,' or ' Robert del Apelgarth,' or ' Richard atte Orcheyerd,' the descendants of whom are still in our midst, bespeak a former familiarity of usage which we cannot find now. We have just men- tioned ' Haycraft' This reminds us of our ' Hayes.' Chaucer, in his " Troilus," says — But right so as these holtes and these hayes, That han in winter dead been and dry, Revesten them in grene when that May is, When every lusty beast listeth to pley. A ' hay ' was nothing but a ' hedge.' In the Hundred Rolls we find such names occurring as ' Margery de la Haye ' or ' Roger de la Hagh,' or in a compounded form ' Richard de la Woodhaye.' Of the simple root the forms most common now are ' Hay,' ' Hayes,' ' Haighs,' ' Haynes,' and ' Hawes.' The composite forms are endless. ' Roundhay ' explains itself. ' Lyndsay ' I find spelt at this period as ' Lyndshay,' so that it is not the islet whereon the lind or linden grows, but the hedge of these shrubs. Besides these we have ' Haywood ' or ' Heywood,' ' Hayland ' and ' Hayley.' From the form ' hawe,' mentioned above, we have our ' Hawleys,' ' Haworths,' and ' Hawtons,' or ' Haughtons,' and probably the longest name in the directory, that of ' Featherstonehaugh.' We still talk of the kaw-thorn, and haw-haw. Chaucer uses the term for a farmyard, or garth. LOCAL SURNAMES. 10/ And eke there was a polkat in his hawe That, as he sayd, his capons had yslawe. This at one explains such a name as ' Peter in le Hawe ' found in the Hundred Rolls. But Chaucer has a prettier use of it than this, a use still abiding in our ' Churchays,' relics of the mediaeval ' de Chirche- hay.' He speaks twice of the ' Churchhawe,' or grave-yard. How pretty it is, almost as pretty as its Saxon synonym ' Godsacre,' only that is more endeared to us, inasmuch as since the acre always denoted the sowed land (Latin 'ager' ) so it whispers to us hopefully of the great harvest-tide to come when the seed thus sown in corruption shall be raised an incorruptible body. Our ' Goodacres ' are doubtless thus derived — and with such names as ' Acreman ' or 'Akerman,' 'Oldacre' or 'Oddiker,' ' Longacre ' and ' Whittaker/ (or ' Whytacre' or 'Witacre,' as I find it in the thirteenth century,) help to remind us how in early days an acre denoted less a fixed measure of land than soil itself that lay under the plough. But this by the way. I have just mentioned ' Hayworth.' A name like ' William de la Worth ' (H.R.) represen- ted our ' Worths ' in the thirteenth century. Properly speaking any sufficiently warded place — it had come to denote a small farmstead at the time the surname arose. ' Charlesworth ' is the ' churls worth,' the familiar metamorphosis of this name being indentical with that of the astronomic ' Charleswain,' and with such place-names as ' Charle-wood,' ' Charlton,' 'Carlton' and 'Charley.' Our various ' Unsworths,' ' Ainsworths,' ' Whitworths,' ' Langworthys,' ' Ken- worthys,' ' Wortleys,' and others of this class are familiar to us all. Surnames like ' Roger de la I08 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. Grange,' or 'Geoffrey de la Grange,' or 'John le Granger,'* remind us that ' grange ' also was com- monly used at this time for a farmstead, it being in reality nothing more than our 'granary.' Piers Plowman portrays the Good Samaritan thus — His woundes he -wa^ed, Enbawmed hym, aad bound his tead, And ledde hym forth on ' Lyard' To "lex Christi," a graunge Wei sixe mile or sevene Beside the newe market. Our ' Barnes ' I need not say are of similar origin. The Celtic ' booth,' a frail tenement of ' boughs,' whose temporary character our Biblical account of the Israelitish wanderings so well helps to preserve, has given birth to our ' Booths ' and ' Boothmans,' once written ' de la Bothe ' and ' Botheman.' They may possibly have kept the stall at the fair or market. Comparisons we know are ever odious, but set beside the more Saxon ' Steads ' and ' Steadmans ' the former inevitably suffer. The very names of these latter betray to us the well nigh best characteristics of the race whence they are sprung. To be steady and sted{&.?X. are its best and most inherent qualities — qualities, which, added to the dash and spirit of the Norman, have given the position England to day occu- pies among the nations of the world. Our ' Bowers' and ' Bowermans,' when not occupied in the bowyer's or bower's craft, represent the earlier ' de la Bore ' or * " His tenants, the graingers, are tyed to come themselves and winde the woll, they have a fatte weather and a fatte lambe killed, and a dinner provided for their paines." (Henry Best's " Fanning Book " (1641), p. 97). LOCAL SURNAMES. IO9 ' atte Bore/ and have taken their origin from the old ' bower ' the rustics' abode. It is the same word whence has sprung our bucolic 'boor.' An old English term for a house or mansion, was ' bold,' that which was built. The old ' De la Bolde,' therefore, will in many cases be the origination of our ' Bolds.' Our ' Halls ' explain themselves, but the older form of ' Hale,' (once ' atte Hale ' or ' de la Hale ' ) is not so easily traceable. ' De la Sale,' sometimes also found as ' de la Saule,' was the Norman synonym of the same. Soon they sembled in sale, Both kynge and cardenale, says an old writer. ' Sale ' and ' Saul ' are still extant. Names still more curious than these are those taken, not from the residence itself, but from particular rooms in such residence. They are doubtless the result of the feudal system, which with its formal list of house officers and attendants required the presence of at least one in each separate chamber. Hence the Norman introduced parlour, that is the speaking, or reception room, gave us ' Henry del Parlour,' or ' Ric ate Parlour ;' the kitchen, ' Geoffrey • atte Kitchen,' or ' Richard del Kechen,' or the pantry ' John de la Panctrie,' or ' Henry de la Panctrie.' But I shall have occasion to speak more fully of this by-and-by, so I will say no more here. There is a pretty word which has been restored from an undeserved oblivion within the last few years by Mr. Tennyson, in his " Brook, " as an idyll perhaps the distinctly finest thing of its kind in the Enghsh language. The word referred to is ' thorpe,' a village, pronounced 'throp' or 'trop' by our forefathers. Thus in the " Clerks Tale " we are told — no OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. Nought far fro this palace honorable, There stood a thorpe of sight delitable, In which the poor folk of that village Haddeu their bestes and their harborage ; while in the ' Assembly of Fowls ' mention is prettily- made of The tame niddocke and the coward kite, The cock, that horiloge is of thropes lite. This diversity is well exemplified in our nomenclature. Thus the term in its simple form is found in such entries as 'Adam de Thorpe,' or ' Simon de Throp,' or ' Ralph de Trop,' all of which are to be met with in the one same register ; while compounded with other words, we are all familiar with such surnames as ' Gawthorpe,' or ' Winthrop,' or ' Hartrop ' or ' Cal- throp,' or ' Westropp.' Our ' Thrupps,' too, we must not forget as but another corrupted form of the same root. There are two words whose sense has become so enlarged and whose importance among English local terms has become so great, that we cannot but give them a place by themselves. They are those of 'town,' and 'borough.' Such registered names as ' William de la Towne,' or ' Ralph de la Tune ' now found as ' Town ' and ' Tune ' represent the former in its primeval sense. The term is still used in Scot- land, as it was used here some generations ago, to denote a farm and all its surrounding enclosures. In Wicklyffe's Bible, where we read ''and went their ways, one to his farm, another to his merchandize," it is " one into his toun." In the story of the Prodigal Son, too, it is similarly employed — " And he wente and drough him to one of the cyteseynes of that cuntre, and he LOCAL SURNAMES. Ill sente him into his toun to feed swyn." Let me quote Chaucer also to the same effect — Whan 1 out of the door came I fast about me beheld, Then saw I but a large field, As farre as ever I might see, Witliout toune, house, or tree. It is thus a name I have already mentioned, ' de la Townshende,' the parent of our ' Townsends,' ' Townshends,' and ' Townends,' has arisen. Another entry, that of ' Robert Withouten-town ' has, as we might have expected, left no issue. Such names as ' Adam de la Bury,' or ' Walter atte Bure/ or ' John atte Bur-ende ' (the latter now extinct, I fear,) open out to us a still larger mass of existing nomenclature. The manorial residence is still in many parts of England with the country folk, the ' bury.' To this or ' borough ' we owe our ' Burys,' ' Boroughs,' ' Borrows,' ' Buroughs,' ' Burkes,' ' Broughs,' ' Burghs,' and even 'Bugges,' so that though Hood has inquired — If a party had a voice. What mortal would be a Bugg by choice ? — still the possessors of that not exactly euphonious cognomen can reflect with pride upon not merely a long pedigree, but lofty relationships. Another form of the same word, familiar, too, to early registers, was ' de la Bere,' and to this we owe our ' Berrys,' ' Berri- mans,' ' Beers,' and ' Beares.' It is wonderful how the strict meaning of 'shelter,' is preserved in all the terms founded upon its root ' beorgan,' to hide. Is it a repository to guard the ashes of the dead ? — it is a barrow, the act of sepulture itself being the burial. Is it a refuge for the conies .?— it is a burrow, or beare. 112 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. as in ' Coneybeare.' * Is it a raised mound for the security of man ? — it is a ' bury,' ' borough,' ' brough,' or ' burgh.' How altered now the meaning of these two words ' borough ' and ' town.' Once but the abiding place of a scattered family or two, they are now the centres of teeming populations. Of these, while some are still extending their tether, others have passed the middle age of their strength and vigour, and from the accidents of physical and industrial life, are but surely succumbing to that dotage which, as in man so in man's works, seems to be but premonitory of their final decay. How true is it that the fashion of this world passeth away. Even now this ever rest- less spirit of change is going on. We ourselves can scarce tell the spot upon which we were born. We need not wait for death to find that our place very soon knoweth us no more, and when we talk of treading in the footprints of the generations that have gone before, it would seem as though it were but to blind ourselves to the sober and unwelcome truth that we are rather treading upon the debris of the changing years. * The coney, or rabbit, has made its mark upon our local nomencla- ture. An old form of the word was ' coning ' or ' conig. ' Thus Piers Plowman says — The while he caccheth conynges, He coveiteth naught youre caroyne, But feedeth hym all with venyson. Relics of this are found in such an entry as 'Nicholas Conyng' or 'Peter Conyng,' though now met with as 'Coney.' More local regis- trations, such as 'Thomas de Conyton,' ' Johnde Conington,' 'John de Conyngsby,' or 'Walter de Cunnyngby,' are still familiarized to us in ' Conington ' and ' Coningsby.' The North English form was ' Cuning, ' whence the ' de Cunnyngby ' above instanced, and our modem ' Cun- ninghams. ' LOCAL SURNAMES. II3 But there is another class of surnames we may fitly introduce here, which I doubt not forms no small proportion in the aggregate mass of our nomenclature — that of sign-names. We in a cultivated age like that of the present fail, as we must, to realize the effect of these latter upon the current life of our fore- fathers. We now pass up and down a street, and, apart from the aid of numbered doors and larger win- dows, and a more peculiar frontage, above the door we may see the name of the proprietor and the character of his occupation in letters so large that it is literally a fact that he who runs may read them. But all this is of gradual and slowly developed growth. The day we are considering knew nothing of these. It was a time when the clergy themselves in many cases were unable to read, when such education as a child of twelve years is now a dunce not to know, would have given then for the possession of like attainments the sobriquet of ' le Gierke' or ' le Beauclerk.' And if this was the case with the learned, what would it be with the lower grades and classes of society ? We may, therefore, well inquire what would be the use of gilded characters such as we now-a-days may see, de- tailing the name of the shopkeeper and the fashion his stores .? None at all. They could not read them. Thus we find in their stead the practice prevailing of putting up signs and symbols to denote the character of the shop, or to mark the individuality of the owner. In an age of escutcheons, and all the insignia of heraldry, this was but natural. All manner of in- struments, all styles of dress, all kinds of ensigns rudely carved, or painted, that a rough or quaint fancy could suggest were placed in a conspicuous I 114 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. position by the hatch, or over the doorway, to catch if it were possible the eye of the wayfarer. Even the name itself when it was capable of being so played upon was turned into a symbol readable to the popu- lar mind. Nor was it deemed necessary that the device should speak directly of the trade. Apart from implements and utensils. Nature herself was exhausted to supply sufficiently attractive signs, and what with mermaids and griffins, unicorns and cen- taurs, and other winged monsters, we see that they did not stop here — the supernatural also had to be pressed into this service. The animal kingdom was, however, specially popular — the hostelries peculiarly engrossing this class from the fact that they so often had emblazoned the recognizances of the family with which they stood immediately connected. Thus we still have ' Red Lions' and 'White Lions,' ' Blue Boars' and ' Boars' Heads,' ' White Bears' and ' Roebucks,' and ' Bulls' Heads.' Relics of the more special emblems remain in the barber's pole, to the end of which a bowl was once generally attached, to show he was a surgeon also— the pawnbroker's three balls, the goldbeater's mallet, or the shoemaker's last. Of the more fanciful we have a capital idea given us in the lines from Pasquin's " Nightcap," written so late as 1612 — First their is maister Peter at the Bell, A linen-draper, and a wealthy man ; Then maister Thomas that doth stockings sell ; And George the Grocer at the Frying-pan ; And maister Timothie the woollen-draper ; And maister Salamon the leather-scraper ; And maister Frank the goldsmith at the Rose, And maister Philip with the fiery nose ; And maister Miles the mercer at the Harrow ; LOCAL SURNAMES. I15 And maister Mike the silkman at the Plow ; And maister Nicke the Salter at the Sparrow ; And maister Dicke the vintner at the Cow ; And Harry haberdasher at the Home ; And Oliver the dyer at the Thome ; And Bemard, barber-surgeon at the Fiddle ; And Moses, merchant-tailor at the Needle." More than three hundred years previous to this we find such names figuring in our registers as 'John de la Rose,' ' John atte Belle,' ' Roger Home,' and ' Nicholas Sparewe,' while ' Cow' is met by its Norman equivalent in the instance of ' Richard de la Vache.' Of the rest, too, contained in the above lines, all are found in our existing nomenclature with the exception of ' Fryingpan.' Still more recently, the " British Apollo" contained the following — I'm amused at the signs As I pass through the town. To see the odd mixture — A 'Magpie and Crown,' The ' Whale and the Crow, ' The ' Razor and Hen, ' The 'Leg and Seven Stars,' The ' Scissors and Pen,' The 'Axe and the Bottle,' The ' Tun and the Lute,' The 'Eagle and Child,' The ' Shovel and Boot.' A word or two about these double signs before we pass on, as I cannot but think much ingenious non- sense has been written thereon. There can be no difficulty in accounting for these strange combinations, some of which still exist. A partnership in business would be readily understood by the conjoining of two * Vide Lower's " Surnames." I 2 Il6 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. hitherto separate signs. An apprentice, who on the death of his masterhad succeeded to his business, would gladly retain the previous well-established badge, and simply show the change of hands by adding thereto his own. I cannot but think that such ingenious derivations as ' God encompasseth us' for the ' Goat and Compasses,' or the ' Satyr and Bacchanals' for the ' Devil and Bag-o'-nails,' or the ' Boulogne Mouth' for the ' Bull and Mouth,' are altogether unnecessary. A clever and imaginative mind could soon produce similar happy plays upon the conjunctions contained in the above lines, and yet the originations I have sug- gested for them all, I think my readers will admit to be most natural. There is no more peculiarity about these then about the ordinary combinations of names we are accustomed to see in the streets every day of our lives, denoting partnership. Thus the only diffe- rence is that what we now read as 'Smith and Wright,' in an age when reading was less universal was, say, ' Magpie and Crown.' Partnerships, or business transactions, often bring peculiar conjunctions of names. So early as 1284, I find a 'Nicholas Bacun' acknowledging a bond to a certain ' Hugh Motun,' i.e. Mutton. (Riley's " London," p. 23.) I have my- self come across such combinations as ' Shepherd and Calvert,' — i.e. ' Calve-herd,' or ' Sparrow and Nightin- gale,' or ' Latimer and Ridley.' During the early portion of my residence at Oxford the two Bible-clerkships connected with my college were in the hands of two gentlemen named ' Robinson' and ' Crusoe.' They lived on the same staircase, and their names being (as is customary) emblazoned above the door, the coin- more remarkable. ' Catchem' and LOCAL SURNAMES. 11/ ' Cheetham' is said to have been the title of a lawyer's firm, but I will not vouch for the accuracy of the statement A story, too, goes that ' Penn, Quill, and Driver' once figured over a scrivener's office, but this is still more hypothetical. But to return. We may see from what we have stated and quoted, that up to a comparatively recent period the written name seems to have been anything but customary even in the metropolis. Any one who will look into a book printed up to the seventeenth century will. see on the titlepage the fact stated that it was published or sold at the sign of the 'Stork' or ' Crown,' or ' Peacock' or ' Crane,' as the case might be. How much we owe to this fashion I need scarcely say. The Hundred Rolls contain not merely a ' Henry le Hatter,' but a ' Thomas del Hat ;' not only an ' Adam le Lorimer,' but a ' Margery de Styrop.' It is to some dealer in earthenware we owe our existing ' Potts,' some worker in metals our ' Hammers,' some carpenter our ' Coffins,' once syno- nymous with ' Coffer,' some osierbinder our ' Basketts,' some shoemaker our ' Lasts,' some cheesemonger our ' Cheeses,' some plowright our ' Plows,' some silver- smith our ' Spoons' and ' Silverspoons,' and some cooper our ' Tubbs' and ' Cades,' our ' Barrills' and ' Punshons,' and so on with endless others. It was perfectly natural that all these should become sur- names, that the same practice which led to men being called in the less populous country by such names as ' Ralph atte Townsend,' or ' William atte Stile,' or ' Henry atte Hatch,' or 'Thomas atte Nash,' should in the more closely inhabited city cause men to be distinguished as ' Hugh atte Cokke/ or ' Walter Il8 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. de Whitehorse,' or 'John atte Gote' or 'dela Gote,'or 'Richard de la Vache,' or 'Thomas atte Ram,' or ' WiUiam atte Roebuck,' or ' Gilbert de la Hegle,' or ' John de la Roe,' or ' Reginald de la Wonte' (weasel). Our only surprise would be were otherwise the case. Nevertheless, as we shall see in another chapter, many of these animal-names at least have arisen in another manner also. And now we come to what we may term the second branch of local surnames, that branch which throws a light upon the migratory habits and roving tenden- cies of our forefathers. So far we have touched upon names implying a fixed residence in a fixed locality. We may now notice that class which by their very formation throw our minds upon that which precedes settlement in a particular spot, viz., removal — that which speaks to us of immigration. Such a name in our mediaeval rolls as ' Peter le Newe,' or ' Gilbert le Newcomen,' or ' Walter le Neweman,' declares to us at once its origin. The owner has left his native vil- lage to push his interests and get a livelihood else- where, and upon his entrance as a stranger into some distant community alone and friendless, nothing could be more natural than to distinguish him from the familiar ' Peters,' ' Gilberts,' and ' Walters' around than by styling him as Peter, or Gilbert, or Walter the ' New' or ' Newman.' This it is which is the origin of our ' Stranges,' descendants as they are of such mediaeval folk as 'Roger le Estrange,' or ' Roger le Straunge.' There was ' Roger the Cooper,' and ' Roger the Cheesemonger' round the corner close to the market cross, and 'Roger atte Ram,' so, of course, this newcomer as distinguished from them was ' Roger LOCAL SURNAMES. 1 19 the Straunge ' or ' Strange,' and once so known, the more familiar he became, the more ' Strange ' he became, though this may seem somewhat of a paradox. Thus, too, have risen our ' Strangers ' and ' Strangemans.' These, however, are the general terms. To quote a name like ' Robert de Eastham' or ' William de Sutton,' is as it were to take up the plug from a never ceasing fountain. We are thrown upon a list of sobriquets to which there is no tether. Take up a subscription paper, look over a list of speakers at a farmers' dinner, scan the names of the clergy at a ministerial conference, all will possess a fair average of this class of surnames, early wanderers from one village to another, Saxons fresh escaped from freedom seeking a livelihood in a new district, Norman trades- men or retainers pushing forward for fresh positions and fresh gains in fresh fields. It is through the fre- quency of these has arisen the old couplet quoted by Verstigan — In ' Ford,' in ' Ham,' in 'Ley,' in 'Ton,' The most of English surnames run. There is probably no village nor hamlet in England which has not subscribed in this manner to the sum total of our nomenclature. It is this which is so tell- tale of the present, for while a small rural spot hke, say ' Debenham,' in Suffolk, or ' Ashford,' in Derbyshire, will have its score of representatives, a solitary ' Richard de Lyverpole,' or ' Guido de Mancestre,' or ' John de Burmyngham ' will be all we can find to represent such large centres of popu- lation as Manchester, or Liverpool, or Birmingham. Mushroom-like they sprang up but yesterday, while for centuries these insignificant hamlets have pur- 120 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. sued the even tenor of their way, somewhat disturbed it may have been from their equanimity four or five centuries agone, by the announcement that Ralph or Miles was about to leave them, and who by thus becoming ' Ralph de Debenham ' or ' Miles de Ashford,' have given to the world to the end of time the story of their early departure. In the same class with the village names of England must we set our county surnames. These are of course but an insignificant number set by their brethren, still we must not pass them by with- out a word. In the present day if we were to speak of a man in connexion with his county we should say he was a Derbyshire or a Lancashire man, as the case might be. That they did this five or six hundred years ago is evidenced by the existence of these very names in our midst. Thus we can point in our records to such designations as 'John Hamshire,' or ' Adam de Kent,^ or ' Richard de Wiltshire,' or ' Geoffrey de Cornwayle.' Still this was not the only form of county nomenclature. The Normans I suspect it was who introduced another. We have still 'Kentish' and ' Devonish ' and ' Cornish' to represent the ' William le Kentish's,' or ' John le Devoneis's,' or ' Margery le Cornyshe's,' of their early rolls ; and our ' Cornwallis's,' also yet preserve such fuller forms as ' Thomas le Corn- waleys,' or ' Philip le Cornwaleys.' We may here mention our ' Cockins,' ' Cockaignes,' and ' Cockaynes,' instances of which are early found. An old poem begins — Fur in sea, bi west Spayne, Is a lond ihote Cockaigne. LOCAL SURNAMES. 121 There seems to be a general agreement among those who have studied the subject that our ' cockney' was originally a denizen of this fabled region, and then was afterwards, from a notion of London being the seat of luxury and effeminacy, transferred to that city. A ' William Cockayne ' is found in the ' Placitorum ' of Richard I.'s reign, while the Hundred Rolls are yet more precise in a ' Richarde de Cockayne.' Speak- ing of London, however, we must not forget our ' Londonish's.' They are but relics of such mediaeval entries as ' Ralph le Lundreys,' or ' William Lo«don- issh,' either of whom we should now term ' Londoner,' one who had come from the metropolis and settled somewhere in the country. Chaucer in one of his prose works spells it ' Londenoys,' which is somewhat nearer the modern form. ' London,' once simple ' de London,' needs no remark. A passing from one part of the British Empire to another has been a prolific source of nomenclature- Thus we find such names as ' Henry de Irlaund,' ' Adam de Irland,' ' John le Irreys,' or ' Thomas le Ireis,' in the ordinary dress of ' Ireland ' and ' Irish,' to be by no means obsolete in the present day. ' Roger le Escot' or 'Maurice le Scot' represents, I need scarcely say, a surname that is all but intermin- able, the Caledonian having ever been celebrated for his roving as well as canny propensities. It is to our bre- thren over the Border, too, we owe the more special form of ' Inglis,' known better in the south as ' English.' The Hundred Rolls furnish us with such names as 'Walter le Engleis,' or ' Robert le Engleys,' or 'Walter Ingeleys.' Laurence Minot has the modern form. De- scribing Edward III.'s entrance into Brabant, he says : 122 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. The Inglis men were armed wele, Both in yren and in stele. The representatives of our native born Welshmen are well nigh as numerous as those across the Scottish line, and the early spellings we light upon are equally varied—' le Galeys,'* ' le Waleys,' ' le Waleis,' and ' le Walsshe ' being, however, the commonest. In these, of course, we at once discern the progenitors of our ' Welshs ' and ' Wallaces.' ' Walshman ' is also found as ' Walseman.' ' Langlois' seems to be firmly established in our present midst as an importation from France. It was evidently returned to us all but contemporaneously with its rise there, for as ' L'An- gleys' or 'Lengleyse,' it is found on English soil in the thirteenth century. It is quite possible that our ' Langleys' are in some instances but a corruption of this name. Thus the different quarters of the British Empire are well personified so far as our directories are concerned. We have not quite done with the home country, however. Our modern ' Norris's ' are of a somewhat comprehensive nature. In the first place there can be little doubt they have become confounded by lapse of time with the once not unfamiliar ' la Noryce,' or nurse. Apart from this, too, the term ' le Noreys ' was ever applied in early times to the Norwegians, and to this sense mainly it is that we owe the rise of the name. And yet it has another origin. It was used * One of Edward III.'s regulations concerning the sale and purchase of wool speaks of "merchandises en Engleterre, Gales, ou Irlande ;" and further on more personally of * ' merchantz Engleis, Galeis, ou Irreis." (" Stat, of Realm," vol. i. p. 334.) ' Henry le Galeys,' that is, as we should say now, ' Henry Welsh,' was Mayor of London in 1298. LOCAL SURNAMES. 1 23 in the mere sense of ' northern,' one from the north country. Thus in the Hundred Rolls we meet with the two names of Thomas le Noreys ' and ' Geoffrey le Northern,' and there is no reason why these should not both have had the same rise. A proof in favour of this view lies in the fact that we have their counter- parts in such entries as ' Thomas le Surreys ' and 'Thomas le Southern,' the latter now found in the other forms of ' Sothern' and 'Sotheran.' Nor are the other points of the compass wanting. A ' Richard le Westrys ' and a ' Richard le Estrys ' both occur in the registers of the thirteenth century, but neither, I believe, now exists. ' North ' found as ' de North ' needs no explanation, and the same can be said for our ' Souths,' ' Easts,' and ' Wests.' The distance from Dover to Calais is not great; but were it otherwise, we should still feel bound in our notice of names of foreign introduction first of all to mention Normandy. For not merely has this country supplied us with many of our best family names, but it enjoys the distinction of having been the first to establish an hereditary surname. This it did in the case of the barons and their feudary settlements. The close of the eleventh century we may safely say saw as. yet but one class of sobriquets, which, together with their other property, fathers were in the habit of handing down to their sons. This class was local, and was attached only to those followers of the Conqueror who had been presented by their leader with landed estates in the country they had but recently subdued. As a rule each of these feudaries took as his surname the place whence he had set forth in his Norman home. Thus arose so many of 124 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. our sobriquets of which " Burke's Peerage " is the best directory, and of which therefore I have Httle to say here. Thus arose the ' de Mortimers' (the prefix was retained for many generations by all), the 'de Colevilles,' the ' de Corbets,' the ' de Ferrers,' the ' de Beauchamps,' the ' de Courcys,' the ' de Lucys,' and the ' de Granvilles.' Thus have sprung our ' Har- courts,' our ' Tankervilles,' our ' Nevilles,' our ' Basker- villes,' our ' Lascelles,' our ' Beaumonts,' our ' Villiers,' our ' Mohuns,' and our ' Percys.' Apropos of Gran- ville, a story is told of a former Lord Lyttelton contesting with the head of that family priority of family, and clenching his argument by asserting his to be necessarily the most ancient, inasmuch as the little-town must have existed before the grande-ville. A similar dispute is said to have occurred at Venice between the families ' Ponti ' and ' Canali' — the one asserting that the ' Bridges ' were above the ' Canals,' the other that the ' Canals' were in existence before the ' Bridges,' So hot waxed the quarrel that the Senate was compelled to remind the disputants that it had power alike to stop up Canals, and pull down Bridges if they became over troublesome. But to return : the number of these Norman names was great. The muster-roll of William's army comprised but an item of the foreign incomers. As the tide of after immigration set in, there was no town however insigni- ficant in Normandy, or in the duchies of Anjou and Maine, which was not soon represented in the nomen- clature of the land. From giving even a partial list of these I must refrain, however tempted, but see what the chapelries alone did for us. St. Denys gave us our ' Sidneys/ St. Clair, or Clare, our ' Sinclairs,' vilely LOCAL SURNAMES. 1 25 corrupted at times into ' Sinkler;' St. Paul, our ' Sem- ples,' ' Samples,' ' Sempills ;' ' Simpoles,' and some- times ' Simples ;' St. Lowe, or Loe, our ' Sallows ;' St. Amand, our ' Sandemans ' and ' Samands ;' St. Lis, our ' Senlis' and ' Senleys ;' St. Saviour, our ' Sissivers ;' St. Maur, our ' Seymours ;' St. Barbe, our ' Symbarbes ;' St. Hillary, our ' Sillerys ;' St. Pierre, our 'Sempers' and 'Simpers ;' St. Austin, our ' Sustins/ St. Omer, our ' Somers ;' St. Leger, our ' Sellingers,' once more literally enrolled as ' Steleger,' and so on with our less corrupted 'St. Johns', 'St. Georges', and others. I do not say, however, that all these were later comers. Some of them must undoubtedly be set among the earlier comrades in arms of the Conqueror. Indeed it is impossible in every case to separate the warlike from the peaceful invasion. Looking back from this distant period, and with but scanty and imperfect memorials for gui- dance it cannot but be so. With respect to another class of these Norman names, however, we are more certain. Their very formation seems to imply beyond a doubt that they had a settlement as surnames in their own arrondisse- ments before their arrival on English soil. We may, therefore, with tolerable certainty set them down as later comers. The distinguishing marks of these are the prefixes ' de la,' or ' del,' or ' du' attached to them. Thus from some local peculiarity with respect to their early homes would arise such names as ' Delamere,' ' Dupont,' ' Delisle,' ' Delarue,' ' Dubois,' ' Ducatel,' ' Defontaine,' ' Decroix,' or ' Deville' or ' Deyville.' This latter is now found also in the somewhat unpleasant form of 'Devil' They say 126 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. the devil is the source of every evil. Whether this extends beyond the moral world may be open to doubt, but our 'Evils,' ' Evills,' and ' Eyvilles,' from the fact of their once being written with the prefix ' de,' seem to favour the suspicion of there being a somewhat dangerous relationship between them.* These names, though commonly met with in mediaeval records, are, nevertheless, I say, not to be put down as coeval with the Conquest, but as after-introduc- tions when England was securely won: There befel Norman names of this class, however, what I have shown still more commonly to have befallen those of a similar, but more Saxon, category. If these pre- fixes ' de la,' ' del,' and ' du' are sometimes found re- tained they are as often conspicuous by their absence. Thus while at an early date after the Conquest we find the Saxon ' Atwood' met by the Norman * In two different rolls we come across such cognomens as ' Osbert Diabolus ' and ' Roger le Diable. ' These are very likely but relics of early jesting upon the local forms mentioned in the text. A ' Thomas de Devyle ' occurs in the Parliamentary Rolls, while in the Writs of the same we find a ' John de Evylle. ' The former instance, again, may be but a sarcastic reduplication of the prefix. Dean Milman, quoting the author of " Anglia Judaica," tells the following story, which shows how early this name had been so played upon. "A certain Jew travelling towards Shrewsbury in company with Richard Peche, archdeacon of Malpas in Cheshire, and a reverend dean whose name was ' Deville, ' was told amongst other things, by the former, that his 'jurisdiction was so large as to reach from a place called 111 Street all along till they came to Malpas, and took in a wide circumference of country,' To which the infidel, being more vritty than wise, immediately replied, ' Say you so, sir ? God grant me then a good deliverance ! For it seems I am riding in a country where Sin (Pech^) is the archdeacon, and the Devil himself the dean ; where the entrance into the archdeaconry is in 111 Street, and the going from it Bad Steps (Malpas).'" — "History of Jews," vol. iii. p. 232. LOCAL SURNAMES. 12/ ' Dubois,' it is equally true that they had already to battle with simple ' Wood' and ' Boys' or ' Boyce.' Thus it was we find so early the Saxon ' Beech' faced by the Norman ' Fail/ or ' Fayle,' Ash' by ' Freen,' 'Frean,' or ' Freyne,' ' Hasell' by ' Coudray,' 'Alder' by ' Aunay,' and, let us say, for want of a ' Walnut,' ' Nut' by ' Noyes.' In the same way our ' Halls' or ' Hales' were matched by ' Meynell' (mesnil), ' Hill' by ' Montaigne,' now also ' Mountain,' ' Mead' or ' Medd,' or ' Field' by ' Prall' or ' Prail,' relics of the old ' prayell,' a little meadow. I have just set ' Wood' by our ' Boys' and ' Boyces.' To these we must add our 'Busks,' 'Bushes,' 'Busses,' allfrom 'bois' or 'bosc' The ' taillis,' or underwood, too, gives us ' TalHs,' and the union of both in ' Taillebois' or ' Talboys,' as we now have it, combines the names of two of our best church musicians — ' Tallis' and ' Boyce.' This comparison of early introduced Norman with names of a Saxon local character we might carry on to any extent, but this must suffice — illustrations and not categories are all we can pretend to attempt. But these were not our only foreign introduced names. Coeval with the arrival of these later Norman designations a remarkable peculiarity began to make itself apparent in the vast number of names that poured in from various and more distant parts of the Continent. That they came for purposes of trade, and to settle down into positions that the Saxons them- selves should have occupied is undoubted. The lethargy of the Saxon population at this period would be extraordinary, if it wfere not so easily to be accounted for. There was no heart in the nation. The Saxons had become a conquered people, and, 128 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. although the spirit of Hereward the Wake was quenched, there had come that settled sullen humour which, finding no outlet for active enmity, fed in spirit upon itself, and increased with the pam- pering. To punish open disaffection is easy ; to eradicate by the stern arm of power such a feehng as this is impossible. Time alone can do it, and that but slowly. More than a century after this we find Robin Hood the idol of popular sympathy ; no na- tional hero has ever eclipsed him, and yet putting sen- timent aside he was naught but a robber, an outlawed knave. He was but a vent for the still lingering cur- rent of a people's feelings. It was but the Saxon and Norman over again. We can easily imagine, then, if the spirit of the people was so lethargic as this, at how low an ebb would be the commercial enterprise of this period. No country was there whose resources for self-aggrandize- ment were greater than our own — none which had more disregarded them up to the reign of the third Edward. Till then she was the mere mine from which other countries might draw forth riches, the carcase for the eagles of many nations to feed upon. Saving the exportation of wool in its raw unmanufactured state, she did nothing for her national prosperity. The Dutch cured the fish they them- selves caught on our coasts, and the looms of Flan- ders and Brabant manufactured the weft and warp we sent them, into the cloth we wore. If our kings and barons were clad in scarlet and purple, little had England actively to do with that ; her share in such superior tints was nought, save the production of the dye, for in conjunction with the Eastern indigo, it LOCAL SURNAMES. 1 29 was our woad the Netherlands used. That other nations were advancing, and that ours was not, is a statement, commercially speaking, I need not enlarge upon ; it is a mere matter of history which no one disputes. Not, however, that there was no trade. Far from it. Long before Edward III. had established a surer basis of order and industry, London had become a mart of no small continental importance. This out- lying city, as with other towns of growing industry abroad, had come under the beneficial influences of the Crusades. So far as the redemption of the Holy City was concerned, that strong, but noble, madness which had set Christendom ablaze was a failure. But it effected much in another way. From the first moment when on the waters of the Levant were as- sembled a host as diverse in nation as they were one in purpose ; when in their high-decked galleons and oar-banked pinnaces, men met each other face to face of whose national existence they had been previously all but unaware — one result, at least, was sure to follow — an intercommunion of nations was inevitable, and in the wake of this, other and not less beneficial consequences. Healthy comparisons were drawn ; jealousies were allayed, navigation was improved, better ships were built, harbours, hitherto avoided as dangerous, were rendered safe, and new havens were discovered. This influence was felt everywhere. It reached so far as England — London felt it. But it was a minor influence — minor in comparison with our wonderful appliances — minor in comparison with the commercial spirit developing such Repubhcs as Genoa and Venice, or the Easterling countries that K I30 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. border the Baltic and German Seas— a minor influ- ence too, especially because the Saxons had so little share in it. So far as they were concerned this in- ternationality was all one-sided. Denizens of all lands visited our shores, but their visits were unreturned. What an infinitesimal part of our continental sur- names in the present day are traceable to English sources. On the other hand, there was no town how- ever small, no hamlet however insignificant, in Nor- mandy, in the Duchies of Anjou and Maine, or pro- tected by the cities of the Hanseatic League, that is un- represented in the nomenclature of our land. Nay, it was this very lack of reciprocity of commerce that held out such inducements to the dwellers in other lands to visit our shores. It was to step into possession of those very advantages we slighted they came : we became but a colony of foreign artisans. Truly our metropolis in those early days of her industry was a motley community. Numerous names of foreign lo- cality have died out in the lapse of centuries between ; a large proportion have become so Anglicized that we cannot detect their continental birth, but there is still a formidable array left in our midst, whose lineage is manifest, and whose nationality is not to be doubted. We dare not enumerate them all. Let us, however, take a short tour over Europe and the East. We will begin with Normandy, and advance westerly, and then southerly. The provinces that border upon Normandy and Bretagne, especially to the south and eastwards, large or small, have, as we should expect, supplied us with many names. We have besides ' Norman,' which like ' le Northern ' is of doubtful locality, 'Bret,' 'Brett,' 'Britt,' 'Britten,' 'Briton,' LOCAL SURNAMES. 131 and ' Brittain,' from ' Bretagne,' and represented in our olden rolls by such men as ' Hamo le Bret,' or ' Roger le Breton,' or ' Thomas le Brit,' or ' Ivo le Briton.' Our ' Angers ' are not necessarily so iras- cible as they look, for they are but corruptions, as are ' Angwin,' and 'Aungier' of the 'Angevine of Anjou.' Like our ' Maines' and ' Maynes ' from the neighbour- ing duchy, they would be likely visitors to our shores from the intimate relationship which for awhile en- dured between the two countries through royal alliances. Our ' Arters ' and ' Artis ;' once registered ' de Artoys,' came from ' Artois ; ' our ' Gaskins,' and more correct ' Gascoignes,' from ' Gascony' and our ' Burgons' and ' Burgoynes' from Burgundy.* To Champagne it is we are indebted for our ' Champneys' and ' Champness's,' descendants as they are from such old incomers as ' Robert le Champeneis,' or ' Roger le Chaumpeneys,' while the more strictly local form appears in our ' Champagnes,' not to say some of our ' Champions ' and ' Campions.'t Speaking of Champagne, it is curious that next in topographical * Hall, in his "Chronicles," speaks of the "Duke of Burgoyne, (f. xxiiii. ) + ' Champaigne,' of course, means simply /&/«-/a«r^, and is found locally in various parts of Western Europe. I have included ' Cham- pion' vrith the others because, though sometimes a combative sobriquet, it is as often found to be the mediasval form of the local term, ' Cham- pian ' and ' Champain ' being other modes of spelling the same to be met with at this period. Thus we find such double entries as ' Katerina le Champion' and 'Roger de Champion.' Our present Authorized Version uses the word twice, as in Deut. xi. 30 — "Are they not on the other side Jordan, by the way where the sun goeth down, in the land of the Canaanites, which dwell in the champaign over against Gilgal, beside the plains of Moreh ?" In the various translations of this pas- sage almost all the above modes of spelling have been used. K 2 132 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. order come our ' Port-wines,' sprung from the Poicte- vine of Poictou. So early as the thirteenth century, this name had become corrupted into ' Potewyne,' a ' Pretiosa Potewyne' occurring in the Hundred Rolls of that period. More correct representatives are found in such entries as ' Henry le Poytevin,' and ' Peter le Pettevin.' Pickardy has given us our ' Pickards' and ' Pycards.' Provence our ' Provinces,' and Lorraine our ' Loraynes,' Lorraines,' and ' Lorings,' ' Peter le Loring ' and ' John le Loring ' are instances of the latter form. More general terms for the countrymen of these various provinces are found in such registered names as 'Gilbert le Fraunceis,' or ' Henry le Franceis,' or ' Peter le Frensh,' or ' Gyllaume Freynsman.' I have mentioned 'Norman' — one of the commonest of early sobriquets is ' le Bigod ' and ' le Bigot.' Well nigh every record has its ' Roger le Bygod,' or its ' William le Bygot,' or ' Hugh le Bigot,' or ' Alina le Bigod.' Amid the varying opinions of so many high authorities, I dare not speak in anywise with confidence, but, judging from these very entries which are found at an early period, I cannot but think Dean Trench and Mr. Wedgwood wrong in their conjecture that the word arose from the 'beguines,' — i.e., the Franciscans. With Mr. Taylor* I am firmly convinced it is ethnic, and that as such it was familiarly applied to the Normans I am equally satisfied. In proof of its national character, Mr. Taylor quotes a passage from the romance of Gerard of Roussillon — Bigot, e Provencal, e Rouergues, E Bascle, e Gasco, e Bordales. Vide "Words and Places," p. 436. LOCAL SURNAMES. I 33 The popular story ascribes its origin to the fondness for oaths so peculiar to the Anglo-Norman character, and in this particular instance to the exclamation 'by-God.'* My own impression is that the origin of the word has yet to be found. With regard to surnames, however, I may say that we have at this day ' Bigots ' in our directories as well as in everything else, and it is highly probable that our Bagots are but a corruption of the same. Turning westward, such names as ' Michael de Spaigne,' or ' Arnold de Espaigne,' tell us at once who were the forefathers of our ' Spains' and ' Espins ;' while 'John le Moor' suggests to us at least the possi- bility that English heathlands did not enjoy the entire monoply in the production of this familiar cognomen. The intensive ' Blackamoor,' a mere compound of ' black ' and ' moor,' seems to have early existed. A ' Beatrice Blackamour' and a 'William Blackamore' oc- cur in a London register of 1417 — (Riley's "London," p. 647). Nor is Italy void of examples. The sturdy old republic of Genoa has supplied us with ' Janeway ' and ' Jannaway,' 'Genese' and 'Jayne' or ' Jeane.' Chaucer alludes to the Genoese coin the ' jane.' An old poem, too, speaking of Brabant as a general mart says — Englysshe and Frensh, Lumbardes, Januayes, Cathalones, theder they take their wayes. * Camden says: "When Rollo had Normandy made over to him by Carolus Stultus, with his daughter Gisia, he would not submit to kiss Charles' foot. And when his friends urged him by all means to kiss the king's foot, in gratitude for so great a favour, he made answer in the English tongue, ' Ne se, by God ' — that is, ' Not so, by God '— upon which the king and his courtiers deriding him, and corruptly repeating his answer, called him ' Bigod,' from whence the Norman are to this day termed ' Bigodi.' " 134 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. The " Libel on English Policy" has the word in a similar dress. Tjje Janueys comyne in sondre wyses, Into this londe wyth dyverse merchaundysses, In grete karrekes arrayde wythouten lack, Wyth clothes of golde, silke, and pepijr black. Hall, in his Chronicles, speaking of the Duke of Clarence ravaging the French coast in Henry IV. 's reign, says, " in his retoumyng he encountred with two greate Carickes of Jeane laden with ryche niar- chandise." (f xxiv.) Its old rival upon the Adriatic still vies with it in 'Veness,' once enrolled as 'de Venise.' Rome has given us our early ' Reginald le Romayns' and 'John le Romayns,' whose descendants now write their names in the all but unaltered form of ' Romaine,'* and to Lombardy and the Jews we owe Lombard Street, and our ' Lombards,' ' Lumbards,' ' Lubbards,' and perhaps ' Lubbers ' — not to mention our ' Luckes,' ' Luckies,' a progenitor of whom I find inscribed in the Hundred Rolls as ' Luke of Lucca.' Advancing eastwards a ' Martin le Hunne ' looks strangely as if sprung from a Hungarian source. Whatever doubt, however, there may be on this point, there can be none on 'William le Turc.'t whose name is no solitary one in the records of the thirteenth and fourteenth cen- turies, and whose descendants are by no means extinct in the nineteenth. ' Peter le Russe' would seem at first * Wicklyffe, in his preface to St. Paul's Epistle to the 'Romayns,' quotes St. Jerome, and adds, "This saith Jerom in his prologe on this pistle to Romaynes." t ' Turk,' we must not forget, was a general term for anyone of the Mahomedan faith. It still lingers in that sense in the "Jews, Turks, Infidels, and Heretics " of our Book of Common Prayer. LOCAL SURNAMES. 135 sight to be of Russian origin, especially with such a Christian name to the fore as the one above, but it is far more probably one more form of the endless cor- ruptions of ' le Rous,' a sobriquet of complexion so ex- tremely familiar to all who have spent any time over mediaeval registers. I have already mentioned ' le Norrys ' as connected with our ' Norris.' ' Dennis,' I doubt not, in some cases is equally representative of the former ' le Daneys.' Entries like ' William le Norris,' or ' Walter le Norreis,' or ' Roger le Daneis,' or ' Joel le Deneys,' are of constant occurrence. These, added to the others, may be mentioned as bringing before our eyes the broadest limits of European immi- gration, and with scarcely an exception they are found among the EngHsh surnames of to-day. But we must not forget the Dutch — a term that once embraced all the German race.* ' Dutchman,' though I have found no instance in early rolls, is I see a denizen of our present directories, while ' Dutch- woman,' found in the fourteenth century, is extinct. Our ' Pruces' are but the old ' le Pruce,' or Prussian, as we should now term them. The word is met with in an old political song, and, as it contains a list of articles, the introduction of which into England from Flanders made the two countries so closely connected, I will quote it fully — Now beer and bacon bene fro Pruse i-brought Into fflaundres, as loved and fere i-soughte : * Thus we find Bishop Coverdale, in his "Prologue to the New Testament," written 1535, saying, " And to help me herein I have had sundry translations, not only in Latin, but also of the Dutch inter- preters, whom, because of their singular gifts and special diligence in the Bible, I have been the more glad to follow." {Park. See. p. 12). Here he is manifestly speaking of the German reformers. 136 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. Osmonde, coppre, bowstaffes, stile and wex, Peltre-ware, and grey, pych, tar, borde, and flex, And Coleyne threde, fustiane, and canvase, Corde, bokeram, of old tyme thus it wase. But the fflemmynges among these things dere, Incomen loven beste bacon and beer. ' Fleming,' as our registers prove was seemingly the popular term for all the Low Countrymen, bands of whom were specially invited over by two of our kings to spread their industry in our own land. Numbers of them came in, however, as simple wool-merchants, to transmit the raw material into Holland. As the old " Libel on English Policy" says — But ye Fleminges, if ye be not wrothe, The grete substance of your cloth, at the fuUe, Ye wot ye made it of youre English wolle. But Flanders was not the only division represented. Our ' Brabazons ' once written ' le Braban9on,' to- gether with our ' Brabants,' ' Brabaners,' and ' Bra- bans,' issued, of course, from the duchy of that name ; while our ' Hanways ' and ' Hannants ' hailed from Hainault, the latter of the two representing the usual early English pronunciation of the place-word. The old enrolled forms are ' de Hanoia ' and ' de Henau.' It is very likely, therefore, that our ' Hannahs ' are similarly derived. The poem I have just quoted, after mentioning the products of ' Bra- ban,' ' Selaunde,' and ' Henaulde,' proceeds to say. But they of Holonde at Caleyse buy our felles And our woUes, that Englyshe men them selles. This, and such an entry as 'Thurstan de Holland,' give us at once a clue, if clue were needed, to the source whence have issued our ' Hollands.' ' Holand- .man,' which once existed, is, I believe, now extinct. LOCAL SURNAMES. 137 The well nigh commonest sobriquet, however, for these enterprising peoples was 'Easterling,' and it is to their honest integrity as merchants we owe the fact of their name in the form of ' Sterling ' being so fa- miliar. In contrast to the country-made money their coin obtained the name of " Easterling," or as we now term it " Sterling " money — so many pounds sterling being the ordinary phrase for good and true coin. We have even come to apply the term generally in such phrases as sterling worth, sterling honesty, or sterling character. The more inland traders were styled ' Almaines,' or merchants ' d'Almaine,'* terms common enough in our earlier archives, as ' le Ale- man,' or ' de Almania,' or ' le Alemaund,' and thus have sprung our ' Alemans,' ' Almaines,' and ' All- mans,' and through the French, probably, our ' Lalli- mands,' ' D'Almaines,' ' Dalmaines,' and more per- verted ' Dalmans ' and ' Dollmans.' Thus to these enterprising and honest traders we owe a surname which from the odious forms it has assumed shows that their names, at least, were corruptible if not their credit. I ought to have mentioned, though I have no record to quote in proof of my assertion, that our ' Hansards ' are, I have no doubt, descendants of such Hanse merchants in our country as were, members of the Hanseatic League. The founder of the Hansards, * An Act passed in 1464 speaks of tonnage upon wines brought into England "byeny Marchaunt Alien, as well by the Marchauntes of Hance and of Almayn, as of eny other Marchauntes AUen." (Rot. Pari. Ed. IV.) Bishop Coverdale's exposition of the 22nd Psalm is entitled, " A very excellent and swete exposition upon the two and twentye Psalme of David, called in Latyn, ' Dominus regit me, et nihil.' Translated out of hye Alraayne in to Englyslie by Myles Coverdale, 1537." 138 OUR ENGLISH SXTRNAMES. the publishers of the Parliamentary debates, came from Norwich in the middle of the last century, and I need scarcely say that that city was the chief head- quarters of the Flemish weaving interest at the date we are considering. Leaving Europe for a moment, a name of peculiar interest is that of ' Sarson,' or 'Sarasin,' a sobriquet undoubtedly sprung from the Crusades in the East, and found contemporaneously, or immediately after- wards, in England as ' Sarrasin,' ' Sarrazein,' ' Sarra- cen,' and in the Latinized form of ' Sarracenus.' The maternal grandfather of Thomas a Becket was a pure-blooded Saracen, settled in England. The " Saracen's Head," I need not remind the reader, has been a popular inn sign in our land from the days of Coeur de Lion and Godfrey. It would seem as if they were sufficient objects of public curiosity to be exhibited. In the " Issues of the Exchequer," of Henry VI. 's reign is the following : — " To a certain Dutchman, bringing with him a Sarescen to the Kingdom of England, in money paid him in part payment of 5 marks which the Lord the King com- manded to be paid him, to have of his gift." Speaking of the Saracens, however, we are led to say a word or two about the Jews, the greatest money-makers, the greatest merchants, the greatest people, in a commer- cial point of view at least, the world has known. No amount of obloquy, no extent of cruel odium and persecution could break the spirit of the old Israelitish trader. Driven out of one city, he fled to another. Rifled of his savings in one land, he soon found an asylum in another, till a fresh revolution there also caused either the king or the people to vent their pasr LOCAL SURNAMES. 1 39 sions and refill their coffers at the expense of the despised Jew. ' Jury ' would seem to be a corrupted surname taken from the land which our Bible has made so familiar to us. It certainly is derived from this term, but not the Jewry of Palestine. It was that part of any large town which in the early and Middle Ages was set apart for these people, districts where, if they choose to face contumely and despite, they could live and worship together. Every consi- derable town inEngland and the continent had its Jewish quarters. London with its 'Jewry,' is no exceptional case. Winchester, York, Norwich, all our early centres of commerce, had the same. Johan Kaye, in his account of the siege of Rhodes says : " All the strete called the Jure by the walles was full of their blood and caren (carrion)." Our ' Jurys'* are not, however, necessarily Jews, as it is but a local name from residence in such quarters, and doubtless at one time or another during the period of surname establishment, Christians may have had habitation there. ' Jew,' ok the other hand, as representing such former entries as 'Roger le Jew ' or ' Mirabilla Judaeus ' is undoubtedly of purely Israelitish descent. But these are not all. Our early records teem with such names as ' Roger le Convers,' or ' Stephen le Con- vers,'t deserters from the Jewish faith. We cannot be * This surname is found uncorrupted so late as 1626. A 'John Jewry' is set down in C. C. Coll. register for that date. ( Vide "Hist. C. C. Coll.") + We must not forget, however, that the term ' convert ' was appHed to such as were lay members of a monastery. They were also working brethren, and thus were distinguished from the ' monachi, ' or monks, who were wholly confined to religious offices and meditation. Thus, in the " Life of Hugh of Lincoln," it is' said, " Omnes interea Hugonem I40 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. surprised at many of the less steady adherents of the ancient creed changing their religious status, when we reflect upon the cruel impositions made upon them at various times* I suspect our ' Conyers ' have swal- lowed up the representatives of this name. Even in the day of its rise we find it set down in one record as ' le Conners.' So much for general and national names. To pretend to give any category of the town-names that have issued from these wide-spread localities were, of course, impossible. Such sobriquets as ' Argent,' from Argentan ; ' Charters' and ' Charteris ' from Chartres ; ' Bullen,' ' BoUen,' or ' Boleyn ' from Boulogne.t with ' Bulness ' as representative of ' le Boloneis ' ; ' Lan- dels' from Landelles, 'Death' or 'D'Aeth' from Aeth in Flanders, 'Twopenny' from Tupigny in the same pro- vince, 'Gant' and 'Gent' from Ghent, once 'de Gaunt;' 'Legge' from Liege (in some cases, at least); 'Lubbock,' once written 'deLubyck,' and 'de Lubek ' from Lubeck in Saxony ; 'Geneve ' once 'de Geneve,' and ' Antioch,' once ' de Antiochia,' are but instances taken hap- hazard from a list which to extend would occupy all my remaining space. Many of these are connected with particular trades, or branches of trades, for which in their day they had obtained a European celebrity. loquebantur sive prior, sive monachus, sive conversus, gratiam attol- lebat coUatam Hugoni." (P. 46. See, also, Glossary to same.) * Edward I. went so far as to give the Dominican Friars, at their particular request, power to constrain the Jews to listen to their preaching, and even proceeded to waive his claim for seven years to more than a moiety of the goods of the converts, the other half being given to maintain the poor in the Hospital for Converts." (" Anglia Judaica," P- 231). t Hall, in his " Chronicles," spells it ' Bullein.' (F. xxiii.) LOCAL SURNAMES. 14! If the peculiar manufactures of such places at home as ' Kendall ' and ' Lindsey ' and ' Wolsey ' have left in our own nomenclature the marks of their early re- nown, we should also expect such foreign cities as were more especially united to us by the ties of in- dustry to leave a mark thereof upon our registers. Such names as 'Ralph de Arras,' or 'Robert de Arraz,' a sobriquet not yet extinct in our midst, carry us to Arras in Artois, celebrated for its tapestried hang- ings.* Rennes in Brittany has given birth to our ' Raines ' and ' Rains.'t Chaucer talks of pillows made of " cloth of raines." Elsewhere, too, he makes mention of ' hornpipes of Cornewaile,' reminding us that in all probability some of our ' Cornwalls ' hail from Cornouaile in the same province. Romance in Burgundy, celebrated for its wine, has left a memory of that fact in our ' Rumneys ' and ' Rummeys.' Some of my readers will remember that in the ' Squyr of low degree ' the king, amongst other pleasures by which to soothe away his daughter's melancholy, pro- mises her. Ye shall have Rumney. Our ' Challens ' are but lingering memorials of the now decayed woollen manufactures of Chalons, of which we shall have more to say anon ; and not to mention others, our ' Roans ' (always so spelt and pronounced in olden times), our ' Anvers,' once ' de * So late as the year 1562 we find, in an old inventory, mention made of " One bade coveringe of ariesviforke, 8s." (" Richmondshire Wills," p. 161.) t The " Gildhallse Munimenta" mention among other goods "raer- cerie, canevas, conins-panes, fustiane, chalons, draps du Reynes, et draps de soye." (P. 231.) 142 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. Anvers,' our ' CuUings,' ' Cullens,'* ' CoUinges,' and ' Lyons,' are but relics of former trades for which the several towns of Rouen, and Antwerp, and Cologne, and Lyons, were notorious. The rights of citizenship, and all other advantages seem early to have been ac- corded them. In the thirteenth century we find Robert of Catalonia and Walter Turk acting as sheriffs, and much about the same time a ' Pycard ' was Mayor of London. I must stop here. We have surveyed compara- tively speaking but a few of our local surnames. From the little I have been able to advance, however, it will be clear, I think, that with regard to the general subject of nomenclature these additional so- briquets had become a necessity. The population of England, less than two millions at the period of the Conquest, was rapidly increasing, and, which, is of far more importance so far as surnames are concerned, increasing corporately. Population was becoming every day less evenly diffused. Communities were fast being formed, and as circumstances but more and more induced men to herd themselves together, so did the necessity spring up for each to have a more fixed and determinate title than his merely personal or baptismal one, by which he might be more cur- rently known among his fellows. * Foxe, in his " Martyrology, " speaks of the "bishop of Mentz, of Cullen, and of Wormes." — Vol. i. p. 269, ed. 1844. CHAPTER in, SURNAMES OP* OFFICE. A CLASSof surnames which occupies nomeanplace in our lists is that which has been bequeathed to Us by the dignitaries and officers of mediaeval times. Of these sobriquets, While some hold but a precarious existence, a goodly number are firmly established in our midst. On the othef hand, as with each other class of our surnames, many that once figured in every register of the period, are now extinct. Of these latter not a few have lapsed through the decay of the very systems which brought them into being. While the feudal constitution remained encircled as it was with a complete scheme of service, while the ecclesias- tic system of Church government reigned supreme and without a rival, there were numberless offices which in after days fell into desuetude with the principle that held them together. Still in the great majority of cases the names of these have remained to remind us of their former heyday glory, and to give us an insight into the reality of those now decayed customs to which they owed their rise. We must be careful, however, at the outset to remark that a certain number of these names ought strictly speaking to be set down in our chapter upon sobriquets. They are either vestiges of the many outdoor pageantries and mock ceremonies so popular 144 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. in that day, or of the numberless nicknames our fore- fathers loved to affix one upon the other, and in which practice all, high and low alike, joined. For instance, no one could suspect such a sobriquet as ' Alan le Pope,' or ' Hugh le Pape,' the source of one of our commonest and most familiar names, to be derived from the possessor of that loftiest of ecclesiastic offices. It could be but a nickname, and was doubt- less given to some unlucky individual whose over- weening and pretentious bearing had brought upon him the affix. So again would it be with such a title as ' Robert le Keser,' that is, Caesar, corresponding to the French ' L'empriere' and the obsolete Norman ' le Emperer.' This is a word of frequent occurrence in our earlier poets. Piers Plowman says of our Lord, there was No man so worthie To be kaiser or king Of the kyngdom of Juda. Again, he finely says — Death cam dryvynge after, And al to duste passed Kynges and knyghtes, Kaysers and popes, Lered and lewed. * This surname, too, is now all but equally common with the other, being met with in the several shapes of ' Caesar,' ' Cayser,' ' Cayzer,' ' Kaiser/ and ' Keyser.' * In one of our old mediasval " mysteries," representing the Nativity, one of the Magi says — Certain Ballaam speakys of this thyng. That of Jacob a star shall spryng, That shall overcom kasar and kyng. — " Townley Mysteries." SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 145 The name of ' Julius Caesar,' as that of one of our most esteemed professional cricketers, has only just disappeared from the annals of that noble game. The posterity of such enrolled burgesses as ' William le Kyng ' or ' Thomas le Kyng ' still flourish and abound in our midst. An imperious temperament would thus readily meet with good-humoured censure. ' Matilda le Quen ' or ' Simon Quene' has not quite failed of issue ; but had it been otherwise, it could not have been matter for any astonishment, as the sobriquet was doubtless anything but a complimen- tary affix. We must remember that, somewhat curiously, the old ' quen,' or as the Scotch still term it, ' quean,' at once represents the highest rank to which a woman can reach and the lowest depth to which she can fall. So would it be once more with our endless ' le Princes,' ' le Comtes ' or ' Counts,' ' le Viscuntes,' the heads of provincial government. There is no reason, however, why our ' le Dukes,' or ' le Dues,' as they are more generally found, should not be what they represent, or rather then represented. A ' duke ' was of course anything but what we now understand by the term, being then, as it more lite- rally signifies, a leader, or chieftain, or head. It is thus used in Scripture. Piers, to quote him again, says of Justice — A-drad was he nevere Neither of due ne of deeth. Elsewhere, too, he describes "Rex Gloriae" as address- ing Lucifer upon the brink of Hades, and saying — Dukes of this dymme place, Anoon undo these yates, That Crist may come in, The kynges sone of hevene. L 146 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. It is in this same category we must set, I doubt not, such old registrations as ' Robert le Baron' or 'Walter le Baron,' 'John le Lorde ' or 'Walter le Loverd,' and ' Walter le Theyn ' or ' Nicholas le Then,' names now found as ' Baron,' ' Lord,' and ' Thain,' ' Thaine,' or ' Thane.' F.ven in the case of names of a more eccle- siastic character, we shall have to apply the same remark. We have still in our midst descendants of the ' le Cardinals ' and ' le Bishops ' of the thirteenth century, and there can be little doubt that these were, in the majority of cases, but nicknames given to par- ticular individuals by way of ridiculing certain charac- teristics which seemed to tend in the direction the name suggested. As I have already hinted, however, there is another and equally probable origin for many of the names I have mentioned. Pageantries and mock ceremonies were at this time at the very height of their popu- larity. The Romish Church fed this desire. Thus, for instance, take Epiphany. In wellnigh every parish the visit of the Magi, always accounted to have been royal personages, was regularly celebrated. Though the manner varied in different places, the custom was more or less the same. There was a great feast, and one of the company was always elected king, the rest being, according to the lots they drew, either ministers of state or maids of honour. Thus Herrick says — For sports, for pageantrie, and playes. Thou hast thy eves and holidayes ; Thy wakes, thy quintels, here thou hast, Thy Maypoles, too, with garlandes graced : Thy mummeries, thy twelfe-tide kings And queens, thy Christmas revellings.* * In the Hundred Rolls we find a ' Will Litleking.' This sobriquet would readily attach to one such feast-appointed monarch whose dimi- SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 147 I need scarcely say that as popular nicknames these titles would be sure to cling to the persons upon whom they had fallen, and that they should even pass on to their descendants is no more unnatural than in the case of a hundred other sobriquets we shall have occasion to recount. Of the rest, however, and as I have said, maybe in some of the cases I have mentioned, the surname was but truly indicative of the office or dignity held. The Saxon has suffered here. And yet to some this may seem somewhat strange when we remember how little change really took place in the institutions of the Kingdom by the Conquest. The Normans, and Saxons, after all, were but propagations from the same original stock, and, however distant the period of their separation, however affected by difference of clime and association, still their customs bore a suffi- cient affinity to make coalescence by no means a difficult task. William was not given to great changes. He was vindictive, but not destructive. His most cruel acts were retributive, done by way of reprisal after sudden disaffection. If a conqueror must establish his power, deeds of this kind are inevi- table. And even these are exaggerated. The story of the depopulation of the New Forest, it is now pretty generally agreed, is impossible — its present condition forbids of any such act to have been practi- cable — and the notion frequently conveyed in our smaller books of English history, that the curfew was nutive stature would but impart additional merriment to the occasion. ' Roger Wyteking' (' Testa de Neville ') would owe his nom-de-plume to the dress he wore. It is to such an institution as this,, again, we must ascribe the ■ origin of such names as ' Reginald Kyngessone, ' and perchance 'Richard Kyngesman, ' both found in the Hundred Rolls also. 148 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. a badge and token of servitude is simply absurd, the fact being that the same custom prevailed over the whole of Western Europe, as a mere precaution against fire at a time when our towns were mainly con- structed of wood. A crushed people will always mis- interpret such ordinances. Prejudice of this kind is perfectly pardonable. William then, I say, was not inclined to uproot Saxon institutions. The national council still remained. The ancient tribunals with their various motes, the whole system of law, which guided the administration of justice, all was well nigh as it had been heretofore. But the language which was the medium of all this was generally changed. The old laws were indeed used, but in a translated form — old officerships still existed, but in a new dialect — the old policy was mainly upheld, but new terms of police were introduced. It was not till Edward III.'s reign that pleadings in the various courts were again carried on in the English tongue,— it was not till Henry VI. 's reign the proceedings in Parliament were re- corded in the people's dialect— not till Richard III.'s day its statutes and ordinances ceased to be indited in Norman-French. This at once shows the difficulty of any officership, however Saxon, retaining its origi- nal title. The office was maintained but the name was changed. This was the more certain to ensue, so far as the Church was concerned, from the fact that for a considerable period all ecclesiastic vacancies were filled up from abroad. Bishops and abbots were removed on pretexts of one sort or another, and their places supplied from the Conqueror's chaplains. The monasteries were hived with Normans, the clergy generally were of foreign descent. It was the same, SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 149 or nearly the same with regard to civil government. The lesser courts of judicature were ruled by- foreigners, and the foreign tongue. The Barons, as they retired into the provinces, and to the estates allot- ted them, naturally bore with them a Norman retinue. All their surroundings became quickly the same. Thus the French language was used, not merely in their common conversation — that of course ; but so far as their power, undoubtedly large, existed, in the provincial courts also. TheNorman ' Judge'though it is firmly established in our courts of law, has not made any very great impress upon our nomenclature. ' Justice ' a relic of 'William ' or ' Eva le Justice '* is more commonly met with. Our ' Corners ' when not descendants of the local ' de la Corners' of the thirteenth century, are but corruptions of many a 'John le Coroner," or 'Henry le Corouner' of the same period. It is even found in one register in the abbreviated form of ' le Cornere.' Thus we see that so early as this, our forefathers discerned in the death of a subject a matter that concerned not merely the well being of the crown, but that of which the crown as the true parent of a nation's interests was to take cognizance. More directly opposed to the Norman * The Ordinary was any ecclesiastic judge, the bishop himself, or his deputy. Thus, in a statute of Edward III., dated 1341, it is said— " Item, it is accorded and assented that the king and his heirs shall have the conisance of the usurers dead, and that the Ordinaries of Holy Church — les Ordinares de Seinte Esglise — have the conisance of usurers in life, as to them appertaineth, to make compulsion by the censures of Holy Church for the sin," &c. (" Stat. Realm," vol. i. p. 296). We still call the gaol chaplain the ordinary who conducts the condemned prisoner to the scaffold and reads the appointed service. The Parlia- mentary Writs give us a 'John Ordeiner' and a ' Stephen Ordinar.' I50 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. ' Judge ' and ' Justice,' and in the end displaced by them, were our Saxon ' Demer 'and ' Dempster,' (the older forms being 'le Demere' and 'le Demester,') they who pronounced the doom. An old English Psalter thus translates Psalm cxlviii. 1 1 : Kinges of earth, and alle folk living, Princes and all demers of land. An antique poem, too, has it in its other form in the following couplet — Ayoth was then demester Of Israel foure score yeer. We still employ the term ' doom ' for judgment. Chaucer speaks familiarly of one of the Canterbury company as a " Serjeant of the Lawe." It is, in the majority of cases, to the term ' sergeant ' as used in this capacity we owe our much varied ' Sargants,' ' Sargeants,' ' Sargeaunts,' ' Sargents,' ' Sergents,' ' Sergeants,' ' Sarjants,' and ' Sarjeants.' The same poet says of him — Justice he was full often in assize, By patent and by pleine commission. ' Alured le Pledur,' or 'Henry le Pleidour,' and 'Peter le Escuzer,' all obsolete as surnames, need little or no explanation. Speaking of assizes, we are reminded of our ' Sisers ' and ' Sizers,' representatives of the old ' Assizer' — he who was commissioned to hold the court. Piers Plowman frequently mentions him — To marien this mayde Were many men assembled, As of knyghtes, and of clerkes, And other commune people, As sisours, and somenours, Sherreves, and baillifs. We are here reminded of ' Hugh le Somenur,' or SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 151 'Henry le Sumenour,' now spelt 'Sumner,' the sheriff's messenger, he by whom the dehnquent was brought up to the court. He was the modern apparitor in fact. In the " Coventry Mysteries " it is said — Sim Somnor, in haste wend thou thi way, Byd Joseph, and his wy£F by name. At the coorte to apper this day, Him to purge of her defame. A ' Godwin Bedellus' occurs so early as Domes- day record, and as ' Roger le Bedel,' or ' Martin le Bedel,' the name is by no means rare somewhat later on. He was, whether in the forest or any other court, the servitor, he who executed pro- cesses or attended to proclamations. The modern forms of the name comprise among others, ' Beadell," ' Beadle,' ' Beaddall,' and ' Biddle.' Such names as ' Richard le Gayeler ' or ' Ada le Gaoler ' are very commonly met with in our mediaeval rolls. The term itself is of Norman origin, reminding us that, however menial the duty, the Saxon could not be entrusted with such an office as this. We cannot, however, speak of the gaoler and his confreres without refer- ring to a curious sobriquet of this period, a sobriquet to which we owe- in the present day our ' Catchpoles' and ' Catchpooles.' The catchpole was a kind of under-bailiff or petty sergeant who distrained for debt, or otherwise did the more unpleasant part of his superior's work, and was so called from his habit of seizing his luckless victim by the hair, or poll, as was the familiar term then. So general was this nickname, that we find it occupying an all but official place. It is Latinized in our records into 'cachepollus,' a word unknown to Cicero, I am afraid. In the 152 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. " Plowman's Vision," we are told of the two thieves crucified with the Saviour that — A cachepol cam forth And cracked both their legges. Another name for the catchpole was that of ' Cacherel' or ' Cacher,' both of which forms occur at this same period as surnames. An old political song says, murmuringly — Nedes I must spend that I spared of yore Ageyn this cacherele cometh. This sobriquet also abides with us still.* 'Le Cacher,' I fear, has been obsolete for centuries.f Of such as were accountable for duties in the public streets, we may mention first our ' Cryers,' registered at the time we are speaking of as ' Philip le Criour,' or ' Wat le Creyer.' He, like the still existing ' Bell- man,' performed a fixed round, announcing in full and sententious tones the mandates of bench and council, whenever it was necessary to advertise to the public such news as concerned their common * An old sermon, written in the fourteenth century, upon Matt. xxiv. 43, speaks of those whom we should now term as the ' ' devil and his ' angels" as the " Devil and his kachereles." + We have the surname of ' Outlawe ' or ' Outlaghe ' figuring in several rolls, and that of ' Felon ' or ' le Felun ' in at least one. These would be both unpleasant names to bear, perhaps more so then than now. A 'felon ' was one who had, by court adjudicature, and for some specific crime, forfeited all his property, lands, or goods. An ' outlaw' was one who had been cited to judgment for some misdemeanour, and by refusing to make an appearance had put himself out of the protection of the law. Thus, Robin Hood was an outlaw. This name, strange to say, lingered on till within the last two hundred years, a ' Thomas Outlaw ' being found in a college register for 1674. ( Vide "Hist. C. C. Coll. Cam.") In 1661, too, ' Ralph Outlaw' was rector of Necton in Norfolk. ("Hist. Norf." vi. 55.) SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 153 wellbeing. Our policeman may be modern in his name and in his attire, but as the guardian of the peace, by night as well as by day, he is but the descendant of a long line of servants who have in turn fulfilled this important public trust. His early title was borne by ' Ralph le Weyte,' or ' Robert le Wayte,' or ' Hugh le Geyt,' or 'Robert le Gait.' All these forms are of the commonest occurrence in our olden registries. By night he carried a trump, with which to sound the watches or give the alarm, and thus it was he acquired also the name of ' Trumper,' such forms as 'Adam le Trompour ' or 'William le Trompour' being frequently met with at this time. To the former title for this official duty it is we owe the fact of our still terming any company of night serenaders 'waits,' and especially those bands of strolling minstrels who keep up the good old custom of watchmg in Christmas morn. A good old custom, I say, even though it may cost us a few pence and rouse us somewhat rudely, maybe, from our slumbers. ' Wait,' 'Wafte,' ' Wayt,' and ' Whaite,' with ' le Geyt,' are the forms that still exist among us. ' Trumper,' too, has its place equally assured in our nomenclature. Such names as we have just dwelt upon, however, remind us of other municipal authorities, higher in position than these, to whom, indeed, these were but servitors. Asobriquet like 'Richard le Burgess' or 'John le Burges' reminds us of the freemen of the borough towns, while 'le Mayor,' or 'Mayer,' or 'Maire,' or 'Mair,' or ' Meyre,'* or •' Mire,' for all these different spellings # ki " And to meyris or presidentis and to kyngis ye shall be led for me in witnessyng to them."— Matt. x. i8 (Wicklyffe). In a Petition 154 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. are. found, is equally suggestive of the chief magis- tracy of such. Piers, to quote him once more, speaks of— The maistres, Meires, and Jugges, That have the welthe of this world. The feminine form of this sobriquet appears in the early but obsolete ' Margaret la Miresse.' Speaking of mayors, some lines written some years ago on the proposed elevation of a certain Alderman Wood as Lord Mayor are not withcrat humour, nor out of place, perhaps, here — In choice of Mayors 'twill be confest, Our citizens are prone to jest : Of late a gentle ' Flower ' they tried — November came and checked its pride. A ' Hunter ' next, on palfrey grey, Proudly pranced hi6 year away. The next, good order's foes to scare. Placed ' Birch ' upon the civic chair. Alas, this year, 'tis understood, They mean to make a mayor of ' Wood 1 ' As a fellow to 'Meir' we may cite ' Provost, or ' Pre- vost,' or 'Provis,' a term still-used of the mayoralty in Scotland. ' Councellor ' and ' Councilman,' are still familiar terms in our midst. ' Clavenger,' ' Claver,' and ' Cleaver ' we will mention last as filling up a list of civic offices, entirely, so far as the language is con- cerned, the property -of the dominant power. A 'Robert Clavynger ' occurs in the Parliamentary Rolls. Its root is ' claviger ' the ' key-bearer,' one whose <©ifice it was at this time to protect the deposits, to Parliament, dated 1461, the following varieties of spelling occur within the space of thirty lines — 'Maier,' 'Mayer,' 'Mayre,' and 'Maire.' (Rot. Pari. Ed. IV.) SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 155 whether of money or parchments, belonging to the civic authorities. The more common term was that of 'Clavier,' such entries as ' Henry le Claver,' or ' John le Clavour,' or ' John le Clavier/* being of familiar occurrence at this time. Thms in a treaty agreed upon between the Mayor, sheriffs, and commonalty of Nor- wich in 1414, it was declared that " the mayor and twenty-four (of the council) shall choose a common clerk, a coroner, two clavers, and eight constables, and the sixty common council shall choose a common speaker, one coroner, two clav.ers, and eight constables." (Hist. Norf , Blomefield.) In a day when there were no patent safes we can readily understand the impor- tance of appointing men whose one care it was to guard the chests wherdn were stored up the various parchments, monies, and seals belonging to the civic council. This comprises our list of Norman civil officers. One name, and one only, of this class is Saxon, that of 'Alderman,' but strangely enough I have found it occaring as a surname in only one single instance, and even "in that case it seems to have become obsolete with its first possessor. Turning from municipal to ecclesiastical affairs, we find the Church ©f mediaeval times surrounded with memorials. Some of these I have already hinted at as being mere sobriquets ; none the less, however, do we owe them to the existing institutions. ' Archevesque' can be only thus viewed. While this has long vanished from our directories, the descendants of 'John le Bissup,' or ' Robert le Biscop,' are firmly established * I suspect the difference between the ' claviger ' and the ' clavier ' lay in that the former bore the key, and perhaps even the mace, in all the many public processions and pageants of the day. IS6 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. therein. The more Norman ' Robert le Vecke ' and 'Nicholas le Vesk' still live also in our 'Vicks' and Vecks.' It was only the other day I saw 'Archdeacon' over ahatter's shop — and that it is no corruption of some other word, we may cite the early ' Thomas le Arce- dekne' as a proof. Whether 'Archpriest/ a sobriquet occurring at the same date, was but another designation of the same, or performed more episcopal functions, I cannot say. The name, however, is obsolete in every sense. The old vicar has bequeathed us our ' Vicars,' ' Vicarys,' and ' Vickermans.' Chaucer says in the " Persons Prologue" — Sire preest, quod he, art thou a vicary ? Or art thou a Person ?. say soth by thy fay. Our 'Parsons,' as Mr. Lower thinks, are but a form of ' Piers' son,' that is, ' Peters" son.' It is, however, quite possible for them to be what they more nearly resemble ; indeed, I find the name occuring as such in the case of ' Walter le Persone,' found in the Parlia- mentary Rolls. Well would it be if we could say of each village cure now, what our great early poet said of one he pictured forth — A good man there was of religioun, That was a poure Persone of a town, But riche he was of holy thought and werk. He was also a lerned man, a clerk. That Cristes gospel trewely wolde preche. Our ' Priests' and 'Priestmans' answer for themselves. 'Thomas le Prestre' and 'Peter le Prest,' I do not doubt myself, were but other changes rung upon the same, but I shall have occasion hereafter to propose, at least, a ditferent origin for the latter. The lower ministerial ofSce is suggested to us in ' Philip le Dekene ' and SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 1 57 ' Thomas le Deken,' but we must be careful not to confound them with ' Deakin,' which is often but another form of ' Dakin,' that is ' Dawkin,' or ' little David.' Our ' Chaplains,' or ' Chaplins,' once written more fully as ' le Chapeleine,' represent less one who officiated in any public sanctuary, than him who was attached to some private oratory belonging to one of the higher nobility. Our ' Chanters ' or ' Canters ' still maintain the dignity of the old precen- tors who led the collegiate or cathedral choir — but the once existing ' le Chanster,' strictly speaking the feminine of the other, is now obsolete. In our ' Chancellors ' we may recognise the ancient ' John le Chanceler,' or ' Geoffry le Chaunceler,' he to whose care was committed the chapter books, scrolls, records, and what other literature belonged to the establishment with which he stood connected. ' Clerk ' as connected with the Church has come down in the world, for as ' clericus,' or 'clergyman,' it once belonged entirely to the ordained ministry.* The introduction of lay-clerks, appointed to lead the responses of the congregation has, however, connected them all but wholy with this later office. Nor have our ' Secretans,' or ' Sextons," or ' Saxtons ' preserved their early dignity. The sacristan was he who had charge of the- church-edifice, especially the robes, and vestments, and such things as appertained to the * A curious, not to say cumbrous, surname is met with in the Parlia- mentary Writs — that of ' Holywaterclerk'— a certain ' Hugh Haliwater- clerk ' being set down as dwelling at Lincoln. Doubtless he was con- nected with the cathedral body of that city. The name, I need not say, is obsolete; and the Reformation has removed the office denoted. A ' Walter le Churcheclerk ' is found in the same record. 158 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. actual service. The present usually accepted meaning of the term, that understood by our great humorist poet when he said — He went and told the sexton, And the sexton tolled the bell, is quite of later growth. In our 'Colets' and 'Collets' we are reminded of the colet, or acolyte, who waited upon the priest and assisted in carrying the bread and wine, in lighting the candles, and performing all subordinary duties. Our 'Bennets' when not belong- ing to the class of baptismal names (as a corruption of ' Benedict'), once performed the functions of exorcists, and by the imposition of hands and the aspersion of holy water expelled evil spirits from those said to be thus possessed. Last of this group we may mention our ' Croziers ' and ' Crosiers,' they who at this time bore the pastoral staff. Mediaeval forms of these are met with in ' Simon le Croyzer,' or ' Mabel la Croiser.' I doubt not he was a kind of chaplain to his superior, whose official staff it was his duty to bear. In the Book of Common Prayer of the 2nd year of Edward VI. it is directed : " Whensoever the bishop shall celebrate the holy communion, or execute any other public office, he shall have upon him, besides his rochet, an alb and cope, or vestment, and also his pas- toral staff in his hand, or else borne by his chaplain." When we turn our eyes for a moment to the old monastic institutions, we see that they, too, are far from being without their relics. In them we have more distinctly the echo of a departed time. Many of my readers will be familiar with the distinction recorded in such names as 'Alexander le Seculer ' and 'Walter le Religieuse,' or 'man of religion' as Chaucer would have termed the latter. To be • SURNAMES OF OFFICE., 1 59 ' religious ' in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries was to be one of a monastic order, bound by vows. Thus our great mediaeval poet says in his Romance — Religious folk ben full covert, Secular folke ben more apert, But nathelesse, I will not blame Religious folke, ne them diffame In what habite that ever they go : Religion humble, and true also, Will I not blame, ne despise. The ' religieuse ' has apparently stuck to his vows, for I have never found the term in an hereditary form, while ' Secular ' as descended from such enrolled folk as ' Walter le Secular,' or ' Joan, uxor Nicholas le Secular,' still exists. I am afraid, however, the Sec- ularist of that time could and would have told us a different tale. Of these bound orders too, Vhile the general term, as I say, does not now exist surnomi- nally, all the more particular titles, which it embraced do. As we catch the cadence of their names a shadow falls athwart our memories, and in its wake a crowd of dim and unsubstantial figures passes before us. Once more we behold the fiery ' Abbot ' and the portly ' Prior ' or ' Pryor.' We see afresh the ' Friar,' or ' Freere,' or 'Frere,' so 'pleasant of absolution,' and ' easy of penance.' Again our eye falls mistily upon the ' Canon,' or ' Cannon,' with his well trimmed beard, and capped brow, and the ' Moyne ' (now ' Munn ') or ' Monk,' all closely shaved and cloaked, and cowled, that knew his way to the cellar better than to the chapel, who loved the song more than the chaunt. And now in quick succession flit by us a train of personages all beshrouded in garbs of multi- tudinous and quaint aspect, in cloaks and hoods, and tippets, and girdles, and white and dark apparel. l6o OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. There is the wiippled, grey-eyed 'Nunn' (Alice la Nonne, H.R.), and the Dorturer, represented in olden registers by such a name as ' Robert le Dorturer,' he who looked to the arrangements of the dortour, or dormitory — His death saw I by revelation Sayde this frere, at home in our dortour. * The word still existed in the sixteenth century, as is evidenced by Heywood's use of it. He says — The tongue is assigned of wordes to be sorter : The mouth is assigned to be the tongue's dorter : The teeth are assigned to be the tongue's porter : But wisdom is 'signed to tye the tongue shorter. The figure is somewhat forced, but it has its beauty. The ' Fermerer,' now found as ' Fermor ' and 'Firmer' was he who superintended the infirmary. Only a few lines further on in the earlier of the two poems from which I last quoted, we find Chaucer making mention of— Our sexton, and our fermerere, That have been trewe freres fifty year. The " Tale of a Monk," too, begins — A black munk of an abbaye Was enfermer of alle I herd say — He was halden an hali man Imange his felaus. The fermery was the hospital or ' spital ' attached to each religious house, and was under the immediate control of the above mentioned ofiicer. It is with him therefore, we may fitly ally ' Robert le Almoner,' or 'Michael le Aumoner,' a name still abiding with us, and * In the "Monastical Church of Durham," written in 1593, we are told of the ' Cellarer' that "the chambre where he dyd lye was in the dorter." (P. 83.) SURNAMES OF OFFICE. l6l representative of him who dispensed the alms to the lazars and the poor. It is in allusion to this his office that Robert Brunne in one of his tales says — Seynt Jone, the aumenere* Saith Pers, was an okerere And was very coveytous And a niggard and avarus. Of the same officer in more lordly society the " Boke of Curtasye " thus speaks — The Aumonere a rod schalle have inhonde, An office for almes, I understonde ; Alle the broken mete he kepys in wait To dele to pore men at the gate. Many of those who were supported at this time and in this manner were lepers. We can take up no record, large or small, of the period without coming across a ' Nicholas' or ' Walter le Leper.' Leprosy was intro- duced into Western Europe with the return of the Crusaders. To such a degree had it spread in Eng- land, that in 1346 Edward IIL was compelled to issue a royal mandate enjoining those " smitten with the blemish of leprosy " to " betake themselves to places in the country, solitary, and notably distant" from the dwellings of men. Such a distinctive designation as this would readily cling to a man, even after he had been cured of the disorder,t and no wonder that in * Our ' Amners ' are but a corruption of this same name. The word had become early so corrupted. — ' ' For in tymes paste kynges have geven theyr bysshoprycks to theyr councellers, chaplaynes ... or to suche which have taken paynes in theyr householde, as amners, and deans of the chappell, " &c. ( " A Supplycacion to our moste Soveraigne Lorde Kjmge Heniy the Eyght," p. 34.) t It was thus in the case of Simon the Leper of Bethany. The fact of there being a feast in his house shows that he had been cured of his disorder. None the less, however, did the surname cling to him, M l62 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. our 'Lepers' and ' Leppers,' the name still remains as but one more memorial of that noble madness, which set Christendom ablaze some six centuries ago. A term used synonymously at this time with leper is found in such an entry as ' Richard le Masele,' that is ' Measle.' Wicklyfife has the word in the case of Naaman, and also of the Samaritan leper.* Lang- land speaks of those who are afflicted with various ailments, and adds that they, if they Take these myschiefs meeklike. As mesels, and others, Han as pleyn pardon As the plowman hymselve. Capgrave, too, to quote but one more instance, speaking of Deodatus, a Pope of the seventh century, says "He kissed a mysel and sodeynly the mysel was whole." Strange to say this name also is not extinct. Our 'Badmans' are not so bad as they might seem. They, and our ' Bidmans,' are doubtless but corrupted forms of the old ' bedeman,' or ' headman,' he who professionally invoked Heaven in behalf of his patron. It is hence we get our word ' bead,' our forefathers having been accustomed to score off the number of ' aves and paternosters they said by means of these small balls strung on a thread. This practice, I need not say, is still familiar to the Romish Church. But we have not yet done with the traces of these more distant practices. The various religious wan- derers or solitary recluses, though belonging to a * Go ye and tell agen to Jon those things that ye have herd and seen. Blind men seen, crokide goen, mesels ben maad clene, defe men heren," &c. (Matt, xi., Wicklyffe.) SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 1 63 system long faded from our English life, find a perpetual epitaph in the directories of to-day. Thus we have still our ' Pilgrims, ' or ' Pelerins, ' as the Normans termed the'm. We may meet with ' Palmers ' any day in the streets of our large towns, names dis- tinctly relating the manner in which their owners have derived their title. The pilgrim may have but visited the shrine of St. Thomas of Canterbury ; the latter, as his sobriquet proves, had, forlorn and weary, battled against all difficulties, and trod the path that led to the Holy Sepulchre — The faded palm-branch in his hand Showed pilgrim from the Holy Land. The 'Pardoner,' with his pouch choked to the full with saleable indulgences, had but come from Rome. He was an itinerant retailer of ecclesiastic forgive- nesses, and was as much a quack as those who still impose upon the creduHty of the bucolic mind by selling cheap medicines. As Chaucer says of him — With feigned flattering and japes, He made the parson and the peple his apes. ' Le Hermit' I have failed to find as at present existing, though 'Hermitage' or ' Armitage,' as local names expressive of his abode, are by no means unfamiliar. Our 'Anchors' and 'Ankers,' however, still live to commemorate the old ancre, or anchorite ; he who, as his sobriquet implied, was wont to separate himself from the world's vain pleasures, and dwell in seclusion and sohtude. In the " Romance of the Rose" it is said — Sometime I am religious, Now like an anker in an house. M 2 164 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. Piers in his " Vision," too, speaks of — Ancres and heremites That holden them in their celles. ' Hugh le Eremite' or ' Silvester le Hermite' are early forms of the one, while in the other case we find the aspirate added in ' John le Haneker.' The modern dress of this latter, however, presents the usual early and more correct spelling.* What a vision is pre- sented for our notice in these various sobriquets. It is the vision of a day that has faded, a day with many gleams of redeeming light, but a day of igno- rance and lethargy ; a day which, after all, thank God, was but the precursor of the brighter day of the Reformation, when the Church, true to herself, and true to her destiny, threw off the shackles and the fetters that bound her, and began a work which her greatest foes have been compelled to admit she carried through amid opposition of the deadliest and most crushing kind. Before passing on to a survey of our feudal aristo- cracy, I may mention our ' Latimers,' or ' le Latymer,' as I find it recorded in early lists. A latinier, or latimer, was literally a speaker or writer of Latin, that language being then the vehicle of all record or transcript. Latin, indeed, for centuries was the common ground on which all European ecclesiastics met. Thus it became looked upon as the language of interpretation. The term I am speaking of, however. * Capgrave, under date 1293, says : " In the xxii. yere was Celestius the Fifte, Pope, take fro' his hous, for he was a ankir." This Celestius at once passed a law that a Pope might resign, and instantly gave it up, returning to his old life again. SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 165 seems to have become general at an early stage. An old lyric says — Lyare was mi latymer, Sloth and sleep mi bedyner. Sir John Maundeville, describing an eastern route, says (I am quoting iVIr. Lower) — " And men alleweys fynden Latyneres to go with them in the contrees and ferthere beyonde in to tyme that men conne the language." Teachers of the Latin tongue itself were not wanting. ' Le Scholemayster' existed so early as the twelfth century to show that there were those who professed to initiate our English youth in the rudi- ments of that which was a polite and liberal education in the eyes of that period. Such sobriquets as ' le Gramayre,' or ' Gramary,' or " Grammer,' represented the same avocation, being nothing more than the old Norman ' Gramaire,' or ' Grammarian' as we should now call him, only we now apply the term to a philologist rather than a professional teacher. As 'Grammar' the surname is far from being obsolete in our midst. A 'Nicholas le Lessoner' is met with in the Hundred Rolls. He was evidently but a school- master also. The verb " to lesson," i.e. to teach, is still in use in various parts of the country, and we find even Shakspeare using it. Clarence says to his murderer — Bid Gloster think of this, and he will weep ; to which the murderer replies — Ay, millstones ; as he lessoned us to Weep. (Richard III., act i., so. iii.) In looking over the pages of our early Anglo- Norman history we are at once struck by the fact of l66 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. the absence of any middle class ; that important branch of our community which in after and more civilised ages has done so much for English liberty and English strength. The whole genius of the feudal constitution was opposed to this. There was indeed a graduating scale of feudal tenure which bound together and connected each community ; but there was of equal surety in the chain of these inde- pendent links of society a certain ring where all alliance ceased save that of service, and which separated each provincial society into two widely- sundered classes. On the one side were the baron and his nearer feudatories and retainers ; and below this, on the other, came under one common standard the villein, the peasant, and the boor, looked upon by their superiors with contemptuous indifference, and barely endured as necessary to the administration of their luxury and pleasure. We have already mentioned many of those who gave the baron sup- , port. Of other his vassals we may cite ' le Vavasour,' or 'Valvasor,' a kind of middle-class landowner. The lower orders of chivalry have left us in our many ' Knights' and ' Bachelors ' a plentiful token of former importance. Our ' Squiers', or 'Squires,' carry us, as does the now meaningless Esquire, to the time when the sons of those ' Knights ' bore, as the name implies, their shields. By the time of Henry VI., however, it had become adopted by the heirs of the higher gentry, and now it is used indiscriminately enough. Those who are so surnamed may comfort themselves at any rate with the reflection that they are lineally descended from those who bore the name when it was an honourable and distinctive title. SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 1 6/ ' Armiger,' the form in which the word was oftentimes recorded in our Latin rolls, still survives, though barely, in our 'Armingers,' this corrupted form being in perfect harmony with all similar instances, as we shall see almost immediately. One of our mediaeval rhymes speaks of — Ten thousand knights stout and fers, Withouten hobelers and squyers. These hobelers are far from being uninteresting. When we talk of riding a hobby, we little think what a history is concealed beneath the term. A hobiler* in the days we are speaking of, was one who held by tenure of maintaining a hobbie — a kind of small horse, then familiarly so known. A song on the times, written in the fourteenth century, and complaining of the manner in which the upper classes plundered the poor, says — And those hoblurs, namelich, That husband benimeth eri of ground, Men ne should them bury in none chirch, But cast them out as a hound. Later on, by its fictitious representation in the Morris dances of the May-day sports, the hobby came to denote the mere dummy, and now as such affords much scope for equestrian skill in the Rotten Row of * An ordinance of Edward III. declares that " men of arms, hoblers, and archers (gentz darmes, hobelers et archers) chosen to go in the king's service out of England, shall be at the king's wages from the day that they depart out of the counties where they w^re chosen, till their return." ("Stat. Realm," vol. i. p. 301.) Of the hobby itself, too, we have mention. Thus a list of the royal stud at Eltham, in the seven- teenth year of Henry VIII., includes "coursers, 30 ; young horses, 8 ; barbary horses, 4 ; stallions, 8 ; hobbyes and geldings, 12." (" Collec- tion of Ordinances," p. 200.) l68 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. our nurseries. What tricks time plays with these words, to be sure, and what a connexion for our ' Hoblers ' and ' Hobblers ' to meditate upon. Our 'Bannermans' are Scotch, but they represent an office, whether in England or the North, whose importance it would be hard to estimate at this period. Nor are we without traces in our nomenclature of its existence in more southern districts. Our not unfa- miliar 'Pennigers' and 'Pennigars' are but the former official petinag'er, he who bore the ensign or standard of his lord. They figure even in more general and festive pageants. In the York Procession we find walking alone and between the different craftsmen the ' Pennagers.' Probably they bore the ensigns of that then important corporate city. I have but recently referred to ' Robert Clavynger ' (H) and the probability of his having carried the club or mace or key of his superiors in office. All or wellnigh all the above names find themselves well represented in the registers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Our eye falls at once on an ' Andrew le Gramary,' a ' Richard le Gramayre/ a ' Thomas le Skolmayster,' a ' Warin le Latimer,' a ' William le Latiner,' a 'Jordan le Vavasur,' a ' Simon le Knyt,' a ' Gilbert le Bacholer,' a ' Walter le Squier,' or a ' Nicholas Armiger.' A curious relic of the military tactics of mediaeval times is presented to our notice in our ' Reuters,' ' Ritters,' and ' Rutters.' The old English forms are found in such entries as 'Thomas le Renter/ or 'Ranulph le Ruter.' The root of the term is pro- bably the German ritter, or rider, a name given at this period to certain mercenary soldiers oftentimes hired SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 169 by our English sovereigns out of Brabant and the surrounding country. Thus we find William of New- burgh, under the date 1173, saying that Henry II. " stipendarias Bribantionum copias, quas Rutas vocant, accersivit." (Lib. ii. cap. 27.) Trivet, relating the same fact says (p. 73), " Conduxit Brabanzones et Rutarios."* We have just mentioned our ' Bachelors,' and this reminds us of our ' Childs,' and of the days of chivalry. The term ' child ' was a distinctly honourable title in the olden times. It was- borne by the sons of all the higher nobility, if by the eldest son, then in right of his title to his father's honours and possessions ; if more generally by others, then until by some deed of prow- ess they, had been raised to the ranks of knighthood. In either case 'child ' was the term in use during this probationary state. Thus- Byron in his ' Childe Harold' has but revived the 'Childe Waters,' 'Childe Rolands,' and 'Childe Thopas's,' of earlier times. We owe many existing, and several obsolete surnames to this custom. Our ' Childs ' are but descendants of such a sobriquet as ' Ralph le Child ; ' our ' Eyres ' of such an entry as ' William le Eyre ; ' some of our ' Barnes ' may be but the offspring of such a person- age as ' Thomas le Barne ' (now ' bairn,' that is, the born one) ; while ' Stephen le Enfant ' represents an appellation that is now obsolete in England. I need scarcely add that this last, in the form of Infante, and Infanta, still bears the same meaning in the royal * In the "Life of Hugh of Lincoln " mention is made of ' Marcha- deus princeps Rutariorum ' (p. 264.) See the glossary, however, from which I have derived much of the above. I70 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. families of Spain, that Child did in our own land in more chivalric days. The details of early feudal life are wonderfully depicted by our nomenclature. Owing to the bound- less and forced ceremony, which arose out of the prevailing spirit of feudal pride, our official memo- rials are wellnigh overwhelming. Feudal tenure itself became associated with office, and none seemed too servile for acceptance. As has been said of Charle- magne's court, so might it be said of those of others — " they were crowded with officei'S of everj"^ rank, some of the most eminent of whom exercised functions about the royal person which would have been thought fit only for slaves in the palace of Augustus, or Antonine :" — " to carry his banner, or his lance, to lead his array, to be his marshall, or constable, or sewer, or carver, to do in fact such services, trivial or otherwise, as his lord might have done himself, in proper person, had it so pleased him — this was the position coveted by youths of birth and distinction at such a period as this." Many of these officerships, or the bare titles, still linger round the court of our sovereign. The higher feiidatories, of course, followed the example thus set them by their suzerain, and the lesser barons these, and thus household officers sprung up on every side. See how this has left its mark upon our sur- names. ' John le Conestable,' I need not say, is still well represented. In the " Man of Lawes Tale," the poet says — The constable of the castel doun is fare To see this wreck. With him we may ally our not unfamiliar 'Castle- mans,' ' Castelans ' and ' Chatelains,' representatives SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 171 of the old ' John le Chastilioun,' or ' Joscelin le Cas- telan,' or ' Ralph le Chatelaine.' The poet whom I have just quoted says elsewhere — Now am I king, now chastelaine. Doubtless this latter was but a synonym of the con- stable, and his duties as governor but the same. Of decidedly lower position, but not dissimilar in charac- ter, we have also ' Wybert le Portere,' or ' Portarius,' as he is Latinized in our rolls. An old book of etiquette says — When then comes to a lordis gate The porter thou shalle fynde therate. He at the postern would as carefully look against hostile, as our former ' Peter le Ussher,' or ' Alan le Usser,' within would agaitist informal approach. The Saxon form however, was evidently not wanting, for we have still ' Doorward' and ' Doorman' in our direc- tories, not to mention their corrupted, ' Durwards,' immortalized by Walter Scott, and ' Dormans ' and ' Domans.' The term ' doorward ' is found in many of our early writers. Thus in an old metrical account of the bringing of Christ before Caiaphas, it is said of John when he returned to fetch in Peter — He bid the dureward Let in his fere. Our ' Chamberlaynes' and ' Chambers,' relics of the old ' de la Chambre,' had access to their lords' inner privacy, and from their intimacy with his monetary affairs occupied a position at times similar to that of our more collegiate bursar. We have only to look at mediaeval costume, its grandeur, its colours, and its varied array, to understand how necessary there 172 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. should be a special officer to superintend his lord's wardrobe. Our 'Wardrops' are but the former 'de la Wardrobe,' or ' de la Garderoba,' while ' le Ward- rober,' or ' le Garderober,' has bequeathed us our ' Wardropers.' Thus the " Book of Curtasye " says — The usshere schalle bydde the wardropere Make redy for alle, night before they fere. Equally important as an attendant was the ' Barbour.' He especially was on fomiliaj' terms with his master — when was he not ? I need scarcely say that among his other duties that of acting as surgeon in the household was none of the lightest. Still his ton- sorial capacity was his first one; No one then thought of shaving himself, least of all the baron. Even so late as the sixteenth century a writer defending the use of the beard against Andrew Boorde employs this argument — But, syre, I praye yon; if you tell can, Declare tcv me, when God made man (I meane by our forefather Adam), Whether that he had a berde then : And if he had, who did hym shave. Since that a barber he could not have ? I have no doubt it is here we must set our ' Simisters,' relics, as they probably are, of such a name as ' John Somayster, ' or ' William Summister. ' The sum- master seems from its orthography to have represented one who acted as a clerk or comptroller, something akin to the chamberlain or breviter, whom I shall mention almost immediately ; one, in fact, who cast up and certified accounts. Holinshed used the word as if in his day it were of familiar import. Dwelling upon a certain event he says — " Over this if the historian be SURNAMES OF OFFICE. 173 long, he is accompted a trifler ; if he be short, he is taken for a summister." * In such days as those, what with the number of personal retainers and the excess of hospitality ex- pected of the feudal chief, the culinary department occupied far from an insignificant position in regard to the general accessories of the baronial establish- ment. Our ' Cooks,' or ' Cokes,' relics of the old ' le Coke,' even then ruled supreme over that most abso- lute of all monarchies, the kitchen ; our ' Kitchinmans' (now found also as ' Kitchingham '), ' Kitcheners,' and 'Kitchens,' or ' de la Kitchens,' as they were once written, reminding us who it was that aided them to turn the spit, or handle the posnet. Our ' Pottingers ' represent the once common ' le Potager,' or soup-maker. Potage was the ordinary term for soup, thickened well with vegetables and meat.f We are well aware of the ingredients of the dish which * The more correct form is found in the name of ' William Sum- master,' who is met with in an old Oxford record as having deposited, in 1462, a caution for " Sykyll- Halle," of which he was principal. {Fiiie Mun. Acad. Oxon.) t A strange and yet most natural change gradually crept over this word. There can be no doubt that the original ' potager' or ' potinger' had his place in the baronial household as the superintendent of the mess-making department. From his knowledge of herbs thus acquired he evidently came to be looked upon in a medicinal capacity. Thus the term came to be used synonymously with 'apothecary.' In the " ArchEeologia " (vol. xxii) we find it recorded that one of the horses connected with the household of James V. of Scotland was called ' le Pottinger' — "uno equo pharmacopile, vulgo le Pottinger." In an old university record, dated 1439, I find, too, a certain ' Ralph Prestbury ' mentioned as sworn to keep the peace towards " Thomam Halle, poty- gare, alias chirurgicum." (Mun. Acad. Oxon. p. 523.) Probably, however, it was the lowly herbalist, rather than the professional drug- gist, who acquired the sobriquet. 174 OUR ENGLISH SURNAMES. our Bible translators have still bequeathed to us as ' a mess of potage.' In its present corrupted form of ' porridge' this notion of a mess rather than of a soup is still preserved. Another interesting servitorship of this class has wellnigh escaped our notice — that of the hastiler ; he who turned the haste or spit. In the Close Rolls we find a 'Thurstan le Hastier' recorded, and in the Parliamentary Writs such names as 'Henry Hastiler ' and ' William Hastiler. ' In the will of Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Essex, among other household servants, such as potager, ferour, barber, ewer is mentioned ' William de Barton, hastiler.' I need not remind Lancashire people that a haister, or haster, is still the term used for the tin screen employed for roasting purposes. The memorials of this interesting servitorship still linger on in our ' Hastlers,' ' Haslers,' and ' Haselers.' If, however, the supervision of the roasting and basting required an attendant, none the less was it so with the washing- up department. How familiarly does such a term as ' scullery' fall from our lips, and how little do many of us know of its history. An escuelle* was a por- ringer or dish, and a scullery ^-aLS, the place where such vessels were stored after being washed. Hence a ' squiller ' or ' squyler' was he who looked to this; our modern ' scullion,' in fact, which is but a corrupted * Amongst other gifts from the City of London to the Black Prince OH his return to London from Gascoigne, in 1 371, were " i,% esqueles, and 24 saltcellars, weighing by goldsmiths' weight, 76/. 5^." (Riley's " London," p. 350.) " The 11 messes to the children of the Kechyn, Squillery, and Pastrey, with Porters, Scowerers, and Turnbroches, every mess at 23/. i6j. 94. Illustrative Documents. Wt. Priory of Finchdale. W 8. Fabric Rolls of York Minister, i I" W Q. Wills and Inventones. J Hexham Priory. W 10. Corpus Christi Guild. W 11. 462 ALPHABETICAL LETTERS REFERRED TO. Memorials of London (Riley). X. Proceedings and Ordinances : Privy Council. Y. Calendar of Proceedings in Chancery (Elizabeth). Z. Rotuli Normanniae in Turn Londinensi. BB. Documents Illustrative of English History. DD. Index to " Originalia et Memoranda." EE. History of Norfolk (Bromefield). FF. History of Durham (Surtees). .S5. Calendar to Pleadings (Elizabeth). ZZ. INDEX OF INSTANCES. AARON. Aaron le Blund, T. Aron Judde, A. Abalotta {v. Abelot). Abalotta de la Forde, A. A'Becket {v. Beckett), 85 Abbe, 159. Radulfle Abbe, C. Abbott, 159. Juliana Abbot, A. Ric. Abbot, M. Abel. Abel le Orfeure, T. Thomas Abel, A. Abelot (v. Abel). William Abelot, M. Abalotta de la Forde, A . Abigail, 78. Abigail Cofdell, N. Abner, 77. Above-brook, 83. John Abovebrok, A. Above-town, 83. Adelina Abovetoun, A. William Abovetoun, M. Absolom, 77. Absolon in le Dyohe, A. Absolon fil. Simon, C. Acatour, 176. Bernard le Acatour, M. John le Acatour, M. Achatour, 176. Jocius le Achatur, A. Henry le Achator, H. Acherman (i/. Acreman), 107, 222. Alex. Acherman, A. Acland, 94. John Acklande, Z. Acreman, 107,222. Rogerle Acreman, ^. Acroyd, 94. Henry Aykeroid, Z. Ric. de Akerode, W 2. Acton, 94. Reinerde Acton, il/. Enge- lard de Actone, A . Adam, 3, 19. Adam fil. Warin, M. Adam le Flecher, T. Adams, 19. Juliana Adams, A. Richard Addames, ZZ. Adamson, 19. Hugh fil, Adam, A. Hoel fil. Adam , A . Adcock, 119. William Adcock, W <). Adcocks,j Stephen Adcock, Z. Addison, 19. Gibert fil. Ad£e, C. Thomas Adesone, R. Adela {v. Adelina) . Adela uxor Roberti , C. Adelina, 18. Adelina le Heyr, y!. Henry fil. Adelyne, A. Adieu, 454. William Adieu, M. Adkins, 19. Adekin le Fuller, A. William Adekyns, EE. Adkinson, 19. Agate, 85. Richard Atte-gate, A. Leonard Agate, Z. Agatha, 17. Agatha le Kareter, A. Agatha de Dene, B. Agnes, 17. Thomas fil. Agneta, J. Agnes le Brune, A. Aguiler, 302. Thomas le Aguiler, M. William le Aguiler, Q. Lucas le Aguler, A. Aikman {^. Acreman), 222. Ainsworth, 107. Margaret Aynes- worthe, Z. Akerman (v. Acreman), 107, 222. Peter le Akerman, A. John le Akur- man, B. Alabaster, 190. Richard le Alblaster, B. Henry le Alblaster, M. Reginald le Arbelestre, A. Alan. Alan fil. Warin, M. Alan le Chapelein, L. Alanson. Brien fil. Alan, C. William Alynson, W 2. Thomas AUason, Z. 464 INDEX OF INSTANCES. Alard, 27. Alard le Fleminge, B. Alard le Burser, H. Robert Alard, M. Alaric. Robert Alrych, A. Agnes Al- rich, A. Albert, 27. Alcock, 55. John Alcoc, A. John Al- kok, H. Alder, 127. Alderman, 155. Robert le Alderman, A. Benjamin Aldermannus, A. Alderson, 19, n. John fil. Aldrech, C, Christopher Alderson, W 8. Aldershot. Robert de Alreshawe, M. Aldred, ig n. Aldred fil. Roger, J. Aldred Andre, A. Aldrech, 1 27, WiUiam Alrich, A. John Aldrich, j Alrich, M. Alecot [v. Alicot), 55. Alefounder, 349, n. William Alefounder, FF. Aleman, 137. Custance de Alemania, A. William Alemannus, C. John le Ale- man, Wj. Alexander. William Alexandre, M. Alexander fil. Seman, y. Aleyn (v. Allen). Aleyn Forman, H. Aleyn, M. Alfred, 19. Alured fil. Ivo, J. Alfred Dionysius Langsomer, A Alianora, 17. Alianora Bushe, EE, Alicia Alianor, I?, Alice, 1 17. Nicholas fil. Alicia, A. Alicia, 3 Richard fil. Alice, R. Alicot, 55. Alecot fil. Almar, C. Wil- liam Alicot, A. Alinot, J 17. Wilham Ahnot, A. Alnot Alinet.J Red,vi. Havisia Alinet, ^. Aliot, 17. Robert Allot, A. Walter Aliot, A. Alison (i), 54. Ric. fil. Alise, A. Gose- lin fil. Alice, A. (2), 54. Alisceon de Tuxforth, W z. Alison Gelyot, ff. Alkins, 55. John Alkyn, M. Allbright, 27. Aylbreda de Cheny, A . Aylhricht le Turner, A. Albred de la Haye, J. Allcock, 55. William AUcocke, ZZ. John AUcock, ZZ. Allen. Thomas fil. Alani, M. Will. fil. Alani, S. Allinson [v. Alanson). William Aleyn- sonne, BB. George Alonsonne, ZZ. Allison {v. Alison), 54. AUkins (v. Alkins), 55. Allman [v. Aleman), 137. Allott, 55. Alote le Messer, A. Alot Chapman, FF. Thomas fil. Alote, M. Allured [v. Alfred), 19, n. Alured Ape, A. William Alured, M. Almaine (v. Aleman), 137. Almaric, 1 17, 26, Almaric Breton, M. Almeric, J Almaricus le Botiller, B. Almoner, 160. Robert le Almoner, H. Alured {v. Alfred), 19, n. Alwright, 239. Amabilla, 17. Amabilla le Blund, B. Amabil fil. Emme, y. Amand (v. Samand), 125. Aymer de St. Amand, M. Ambler. Thomas le Amblur, A. Wil- liam Ambler, W 9. Ame, 436. Ameha {v. Emilia), 17, n. 18, 56, n. Amelot, 17, n. Nic. Amelot, A. Ric. fil. Amelot, A. Americ, 26, 55, n. Americus Balis- tarius, E. Americ Wylson, PF3. Amery (k. Emery), 26. Hugh Amery, .ff. Amiable, 414. Edward Amiable, Z. Joan Amiable, Z. Amice. 17. Geofl^. fil. Amice, S. Amice le Noble, A. Robert fil. Amicie, M. Amiger {v. Armiger), 167. Robert Amiger, Z. Amiot [v. Amy). Amiot de Pontefracto, DD. Amner (v. Almoner), 161, n. ' [ 85. Agnes atte-More, B. Amary, 26. Rob. Amary, A. Roger Ammary, A. Amy {v. Amelia). Thomas Amye, BB. Amy le Strange, FF. INDEX OF INSTANCES. 465 Ancell, 27. William Auncell, M. Anchor, 163. Sarra Ancorita, A. Anderson, 70. Alice fil. Andre, A. Colyn Andr«sonne, BB. John An- drewson, ZZ. Andrew, 170. Emma Andreu, yi(. An- Andrews, J dreas le Orfeure, L. Angel-Dei, 454. Henry Angel-Dei, A. Anger, I3r. Isabella Anger, ff. Hugh de Angiers, ^. Angwin, 131. Geoifrey le Aungevyn, L. Maurice le Anjevin, A. Simon le Angevin, B. Anker {v. Anchor), 163. Anketell, 22. Anketil le Mercer, A. Peter fil. Anketill, C. AnketiU fil. Thomas, /T. Annabel, 18. Anabilla de Harpham, W 2. Peter fil. Annabel, .W. I ni. Alianora), 17, 67. John Annot, 1 Annotson, FF. William Annotson, / . , j,rr ( Annotyson, FF. Anora (k. Ahanora), 17. Annora Vidua, A. Annora le Aencurt, K. I 27. William Ansel, A. An- Ansell, I 5gjj„ jg Hamburgh, A . John Anselm, ^ gj Anselmi, S. Anser, 359. Ansketil (v. Asketil), 22. Anson, 67. Elisha Annyson, FF. Richard Anyson, FF. Anthony {v. Antony). Antioch, 140. Nicholas Antioch, M. Robert de Antiochia, £. Antony. John fil. Antony, A. Antony Stihnan, ff. Anvers, 141. Richard de Anvers, A. Thomas de Anveis, J?. Ape, 446. John le Ape, A. Alured Ape, A. Applegarth, 106. Robert del Apelgargh, A. Geoffrey de Appelgarth, ^. Appleyard, 106, 224. Nicholas deApel- yerd, A. Thomas Appleyeard, ZZ. Arblast ( ^9°- J"*"" '® Arblaster, A. A vi / < Reginald le Arblaster, B. Arblaster, ) ,,.,,,, ^ ~ ( Umc le Arbelastre, y. Armer, Armerer Archbishop, 155, 450. Hugh Archi- episcopus, C. Archdeacon, 156. Thomas le Ars- dekene, A. Adam Ercedekne, A. Archer, 190. William le Archer, B. Pagan le Archier, E. Archevesk, 155. Hugo le Archevesk, C. William le Arceveske, £. Archpriest, r56. Roger le Archeprest, J. Argent, 140. Reginald de Argente, A. John de Argenteyn, X. Arkell, 22. Simon fil. Arkill, E. Wil- liam Arkell, VV 2. Arkwright, 240. Hugh Arkewright, ZZ. Lawrence Arkewrighte, ZZ. Arme, 385. 187. Gwydo le Armerer, A. Simon le Armurer, G. Adam le Armerer, Af. Arraiger, 167. Thomas Armiger, C. Nicholas Armiger, E. Arminger (v. Armiger), r67. Jeffry Ar- minger, Z. Armitage, 163. John Harmaytayge, W 3. Gregory Armitage, Z. Armstrang, 385. Adam le Armstrang, G. Wilham le Armestrang, G. Armstrong [v. Armstrang), 385. Guy le Armerecte, A. Amison, 27. Amald, 27, 55, ». Walter fil. Amald,^. Amald atte Brok, A . Amet, 27. Hugh Amyet, M. Milisent Amet, A. Arnold {v. Emald), 27, 55, n. Arnoldus Bassett, F. Arnold Lym, ff. Arnold Lupus, ff. Amott (z/. Amett), 27. Amulph. Arnulph Dogmaw, A. Amul- fus de Derham, C. Arras, 141. Ralph de Arras, A. Robert de Arraz, JV. Arrowsmith, 191, 242. Wilham Arowe- smythe, ZZ. John Arowsmyth, F. Arsmith {v. Arrowsmith), 242. Richard Arsmith, Z. Arter, 131. Robert de Artoys, If. H H 466 INDEX OF INSTANCES. Arthur, i8, 19. William fil. Arthuri, A. Harthurus Bosewyll, W 2. Ash (v. Ashe), 127. Ashbumer, 226. Peter Ashbumer, ZZ. Thomas Ashbumer, ZZ. Ashe, 127. Pag-anel del Ash, M. Roger atte Ashe, FF. Asher, 88. Ashes, 77, 102. Ashford, 119. Walter de Ashford, M. Roger Ashford Z. Ashley, 93. John de Ashelegh, K. Oliva de Esseligh, E. Ashman, 88. Walter Ascheman, A. Thom. Asheman, B. Ashurst, 90. Adam de Ashurst, M. John Ashurst, X. Asketil. Jordan Asketil, A. William Asketil, Q. Assman, 246. Richard Asseman, A. Roger Asman, A. Astrier, 204. WiUiam le Astrier, E. Astringer (v. Astrier), 204. Atcliffe, 85. Atfield, 85. TJnota Ate-felde, /i. John Atefelde, A. Athill, 85. Bateman Ate-hil, A. Gre- gory Attehill, FF. Atkins, 18. William Atkyns, F. Thomas Atkyns, H. Atkinson, iS. Hugh Atkynson, F. Raufe Atkinson, Z. Atlay, I 85, 93. Lawrence Atlee, Z. Atlee, J Hugh Atlee, Z. Attenborough, \ 85. Walter Atteburg, A . Atterbury, j John Atte-bury, M. Atton, 85. WiUiam Atton, B. Attridge, 85. Jacob Atteriche, yi. Attree, 85. Attwell, ■) 85. Agnes Atte-well, B. Wil. Atwell, ]■ Atte Welle, M. John At- Welle, M. Atwood, 85. Richard Ate-wode, A. Adam Atte-wood, C. Atworth, 85. Auberkin (v. Aubrey), 26, n. Walter Auberkin, A. Austin, Aubrey, 26. Albericus Balister, C. Al- bricus le Child, T. Audrey {v. Awdrey), 262. Aumeric {v. Almaric), 17, 26. Robert fil. Aumeric, C. Aumoner (v. Almoner), 106. Michael le Aumoner, B. Walter le Aumoner, M. Adam le Aumener, G, Aunay, 127, Aunger, 131. Charles de Angers, R. John de Aungiers, M. Aunsermaker, 359. Thomas le Aunsere- malter, X, Aurifaber. Adam le Aurifaber, M.. Andrew Aurifaber, J?. Austen, I Awsteyne Mayne, Z. < Astin de Bennington, A, ( Wilekin fil. Austin, C. Avelina, ( ^7. SS. «• Avelina Batayl, Avehne, j ^^- ^5"^° Eveline, A. t Avelina le Gros, y. Avener, 184. Walter le Avenur, A. William le Avenare, G. Ralph le Avener, M. Aventure, 434. WiUiam Aventur, A. Andrew Aventur, A. Avery (k. Every), 27. Avery le Batur, /i. Avere de Dayce, A. Avice, 17. Avice le Haubergere, H. Avicia de Breaute, E. Hawisia le Gros, 7. Avison (v. Avice), 17. Richard fil. Avice, A. William Avison, ZZ. Awdrey ( ^^^- Etheldreda Plote, A. Awdry ' ) Audrey Bendish, FF. ( Awdrie Butts, Z. Aylmar, 26. Aylmar ChUd, A. Elyas fil. Ailmar, C. Pleysaunt Aylmair, H. Aylward, 27. Simon fil. Aylwardi, R. Alan Alward , A . Ranulph Aluard, M. Aylwin. Richard Alwine, A. Thomas Ailwyne, M. Aymon, 25. "DACCHUS, 104. Edmund atte Bakhus, M. Henry del Bakehouse, M. Thomas Bacchus, ZZ. INDEX OF INSTANCES. 467 Bacheldor {v. Bachelor), 166. Bachelor, 166. Jordan le Bacheler, L. Gilbert le Bacholer, £. Backster, 322. Giliana le Bacstere, A. Geoffrey le Bakestere, M. Bacon, 116, 444. John le Bacun, T. Roger Bacon, 7?. Badcock, 72. Roger Badecok, M. Richard Badcok, If. Badger, 255. Nicholas Badger, ZZ. Thomas Badgger, ZZ. Badkins [v. Batldns), 72. Badman, 162. Bagger [v. Badger), 255. Thomas le Baggere, A. Bagot {v. Bigot). Margery la Bagode, JC. Harvey Bagod, E. Bagshaw, 91. Nicholas Bagshawe, Z. Humphrey Bagshawe, ZZ. Bagshot, 91. Bagster (v. Baxter), 322. . .^' 196. Seman le Baylif, ^. Henry „ ',.• [ le BaiUie, M. John le BaiUif. BaiUie, \ f> Baillif, ' Baird, 270. Baker, 322. Robert le Baker, B. Wal- ter le Bakare, M. [359. Rauf le Balancer, M. ^ John Balauncer, G. Radulf ' ( le Balauncer, JV. Balcock, 44 Bald, 402. Custance Balde, ^. Richard Bald, A. Balderson, 44. Ric. fil. Baldewin, A. John fil. Baldewini, J?. Baldwin, 17, 43. Baudewin de Bitton, A. Baldwin Boton, C. Ball {v. Bald), 402. Roesia Balle, ^. BalUnger {v. BuUinger), 322 Balmer, 225 -Balster, 190 Bancroft, log Banker, 369. John le Bancker, M: Bannerman, 168. Barbar [v. Barber), 341. Richard le Barbar, A. Balancer, Balauncer, Barberess, 341. Matilda la Barbaresse, A. Isabel le Barbaresse, A. Barber, 172, 341. Bela le Barber, A. Luke le Barber, M. Barbitonsor, 341. Thomas le Barbitonsor, y. William le Barbitonsor, If. Barbour, 341. Richard le Barbour, M. Robert le Barbour, M. Bardsley. William de Bardesley, Jf. Robert de Bardesle, A. Barefoot, 38S. Norman Barefoot, A. Roger Barefoot, Z. Barge, 365, Gerard de la Barge, C. Barker, 290. William le Barcur, A. Osbert le Barker, M. Robert Barca- rius, A. Barkmaker, 290. Edmund Barkmaker, ZZ^ Barleybread, 325. Toser BarUbred, M. Barleycorn, 325. Barnabas, 74. Barnaby, 74. Barnabe le Teyl, A. Burnabye Brooke, Z. Barnacle, 446. Barne, 169. William le Barne, A. Thomas le Barne, T. Barnes, 108. Warin de la Barne, A. Baron, 146. Robert le Baron, A. Wal- ter le Baron, M. Barren, 117, 351. JohnBaryl, y4. Ralph Barel, A. Barreller, 351. Stephen le Bariller, £. Barter. Hugh le Bartur, A. Bartholomew, 71. John Bartylmewe, ZZ. Lawrence fil. Bartholemew, A. Bartle, 71. John fil. Bertol, A. Bartel Frobisher, Wg. Bartly Bradforth, Wg. Bartlett, 71. Bartelot Govi, A. Thomas Bartholot, A. Edward Barth- lette, FF. Baskerville, 124. Sibilla de Baskerville, M. Isolda Baskerville, E. Baskett, 117. Bass, 382. Ahce la Basse, A. Robert le Bas, BB. Bastard, 378. Peter le Bastard, S. Robert le Bastard, F. Nicholas le Bastard, A. H H 2 468 INDEX OF INSTANCES. Batcock, 72. Robert Batecoc, ^ . John Batekoc, M. Bateman, 4c. BatemanGille, ^. Bate- man Taye, A. Batemanson, 40. Thomas Batemanson, F. Geoffrey Batmanson, W o^. Bater, 286, Avery le Batour, ^ . Adam le Bafur, A. William le Batur, B. Bates, 72. Bate Bugge, A. Bate le Tackman, A. Bate fil. Robert, A. Batkins, 72. Batekyn le Clerk, A. Batekin Lahan, A. Batson, 72. John Bateson, F. Gilbert Batessone, M. Batt, 439. Geoffrey le Batt, B. Walter le Bat G. Batty, 72. William fil. Battay, W 5. Ralph Baty, K. Baucock, 420. Baud, 422. WiUiam le Baud, B. Wauter le Baud, M. Bawcock, 420, Bawson, 443. Baxter, 322, 338. Ellas le Baxtere, M. Barth. le Bakesture, B. Andrew le Bakester, G. Bay, 39S. Walter le Bay, A. Robert le Bey, B. Bayard, 395. Thebald le Bayard, A. Thomas Bayard, A. Bayley (v. Bailey), 197. Beaddall, -\ Beadell, )- [v. Bedell), 151. Beadle, J Beaman {y. Beeman), 224. Beanover [v. Over), Richard Beanover, B. Bear, 442. Richard le Bere, A. Law- rence le Bere, M. Bearbait, 266. Thomas Barebat, A. Alex. Barebat, A. Bearbaste, 266. Geoffrey Barebast, A. John Barbast, A. Beard, 399. Peter Wi-the-berd, D. Hugo cum-Barba, A . Beare, iii. Bearman, 266. Ralph Bareman, ^4. Bearward, 266. Michael le Bereward, A. Beater, 286. John le Betere, A. Beaton (v. Eeton), 58. Beatrice, ) 18, 58. Beatrix Cokayn, B. Beatrix, \ Beatrice de Knol, y. Beatson, 58. Walter fil. Betricie, A. Richard fil. Beatrice, R. Beattie, 58. Beau. Richard le Beau, M. Beauchamp, 124, 434. William de Beauchamp, K. Isolda de Bello- Campo, F.. Beauclerke, 378. Beaufils, 434. Henry Beaufitz, M. Hugh Beaufiz, A. Beauflour, 391. Thomas Beauflour, M. Jacobus Beauflour, G. Beaufrere, 435. Roger Beaufrere, M. Walter Beaufrere, M. Beaumont, 124. Alice de Beaumont, M. Robert de Beaumond, M. Beaupere, 435. Beauvileyn, 434. William Beauvilayn, R. William Belvilein, E. Beauvoir, 443. Roger de Belvoir, M. Beaver, 443. John le Bever, G. Ino. le Bevere, N. Beck, 88. William en le Bee, A. William atte Beck, M. Becker, 88 Beckett (i), 85. Wydo del Beck't, R. (2), Becket fil. Emeric, .ff. Beckman, 88. Bedell, 151. Reginald le Bedel, B. Roger le Bedel, M. Bedson (i;. Betson), 72. Bee, Nicholas le Be, J. Cuthbert Bee, H^9. Beech, loi, 127. Eufemia de la Beche, B. Robert de la Beche, K. Beecher, 88. Henry le Beechur, A. Beechman, 88. Beef, 444. Robert le Bef, A. Richard le Boef, A. John le Beuf, M. Beeman, 224. Beerbrewer, 336. Lawrence Berbrewer, FF. Beere, in. Thomas de la Beere, B. INDEX OF INSTANCES. 469 Behind-the-brook, 83. Reginald Be- hundebroke, A. Behind-the-water, 83. Thomas Behunde- wattre, A. Belham, 392. William Belhom, A. William Belhomme, M. Bell (i), 391. Peter le Bel, y4. Walter le Bel, G. Robert le Bel, B. (2), 66. Richard fil. Bell, A. Bele le Telawe, A. Beyll Horsle, Wg. (3), 115, 391, n. John atte Belle, K Richard atte Bell, M. John atte Belle, X. Bellejambe, 387. Peter Belljambe, A. Richard Beljaumbe, M. Bellet, 66. Robert Belet, A. Belet le Pestour, /f. Bellewether, 418, n. John Bellewether, M. Bellhouse, 104. Thomas de la Belhous, A. Walter atte Belhous, M. Bellman, 152, 256. John Belman, ZZ. Christopher Bellman, ZZ. Bellot {v. Bellet), 66. Adam Belot, A. Bellows iv. Bellhouse), 104. John Bel- hows, W 2. Isabel Bellows, IV 2. Bellson, 66. John Bellesone, M. Ann Bellson, W g. Belteste, 384. John Beleteste, A. Belzeter, 358. Robert le Belzetere, B. WiUiam le Belzetere, B. Beman (v. Beeman), 224. Benbow, 409. Roger Benbow, F. Wil- liam Bendebow, X. Bencher, 369. Roger le Bencher, A, Bendbow (v. Benbow), 409. Beneath-the-town, 83. Alyra Benethe- ton, A. Roger Benethenton, A. Benedict [v. Bennet), 17. Benison. Barnaby Benyson, Z. Simon Benyson, F. Benn. Eborard Benne, A. Benne fil. Ive, M. Bennet, 1581 Reginald fil. Beneyt, A. Benet Lorkyn, N. Bennetson. Roger Bennetson, F. Wil- liam Benetson, ff. Benson. Ann Bensone, Wg. Bercher, 233. Thomas le Bercher. F. Dorken le Bercher, A. Berecroft, 105. William Barecrofte, ZZ. Berger {v. Bercher), 233. Berkley, 93, 102. Robert de Berchelay, £. Maurice de Berkelay, ^. Herman, 266. Alan Berman, M. Wil- liam Herman, A. Bernard. William fil. Bernard, A. Bernard Coronator, A . Berner, 200. Reginald le Birner, A. Richard le Berner, F. Hemers, 200. John de Berners, B. Matilda de Berners, F. Berriman, in. John Buryman, F. Jane Berryman, Z. Berry, in. Alex, de Bery, B. Nicholas de la Bere, B. Bertie. Alexander fil. Herte, A. Herward (y. Bearward) . Bessie, 52, n. Best, 410,447. Richard leHeste,^. Henry le Beste, X. Edith Beest, Z. Bethell, 12. Evan ap Ithell, Z. Jevan ap Ithell, Z. Beton, 58. Betin de Friscobald, O. Betson, 72. William Beteson, W 2. Thomas Betisson, FP. Hetsy, 52, M. Betts, 72. Margery Bettes, W 2. Thomas Betts, Z. Betty, 52, n. 72. Bevan, 12, 49. Eygnenn ap Yevan, B. Howel ap Evan, M. Bidder, 274, n. Ernald le Bider, y. Biddle {v. Bedell), 151. Bidman, 162. Bigg, 5, 380, 403. Agatha Bigge, A. Elias Bigge, A. ^132, 454. Roger le Hygod, A. Bigod, J Alina le Bigod, y. William Bigot, [ le Bygot, A. John le Bygot, 470 INDEX OF INSTANCES. Bill, 48, 407. Billiter (v. Belzetere), 35S. Margaret Billyetter, FF. Edmund Belletere, FF. Billman, 187. Bills, 48. Billsmith, 242. Bilson, 48. Henry Bilson, Z. Edmund Bilsone, FF. Birch, 102. Hugh de la Byrche, A. John atte Birche, M. Bird, 447. John le Biid, A. David le Brid, A. Birkenshaw, 102. William Burching- shawe, Z, Robert Beckinshaw, Z. Birks, 102. Bartholomew Birks, FF. Birmingham, iig. John de Burmyng- ham, M. William de Bermingham, A. Bishop, 146, 155. John le Bissup, A. Robert le Biscop, C. Bithewater (v. By water). Black, 396. Ederick le Blacke, A. Stephen le Blak, G Blackamoor, 133. Beatrix Blakamour, X. Richard Blackamore, FF. Blackbeard, 399. Richard Blacberd, A. Blackbird, 439. Priscilla Blackbird, V. p. 439, n. Blackdam, 428. Joan Blackdam, FP. Blacker, 288. Roger le Blackere, M. Geoff, le Blakere, M. Blackester, 288. William le Bleckestere, A. Richard le Blekstere, Af. Robert Blaxter, Z. Blackeye, 384. Roger Niger-oculus, L. Blackhead, 384. William Blackhead, V. p. 384, n. John Blackhead, FF. Blackinthemouth, 378. William Black- inthemouth, X. Blacklock, 397, 403. Peter Blacklocke, A. Dame Blaikelocke, W 9. Blackman, 396. Elias le Blakeman, B. Henry Blacman, A. Blacksmith, 242. Nicholas the Black- smith, FF. John Blacksmythe ZZ. Bladesmith, 243. John Bladesmyth, 55. John Bladsmith, FF. Blake, 396. Seman le Blake, A. Warin le Blake, R. Blakeman (v. Blackman), 396. Blamester. Robert le Blaimester, A. Blanche, 18, 396. Warin Blanche, A. Blanche Chalons, B! Blanchet, 393, 396. Blanchfront, Philip Blanchfront, FF. Amabil Blancfront(j/.Fines, Richard I.) Blanchmains. Robert Blanchmains, FF. Blanchpain, 325, 435. Roger Blancpain, A. Edmund Blankpayn, D. Blank, 396. RioUe le Blanc, C. John le Blank, M. Blanket, 393, 396. Robert Blanket, B. John Blanket, X. Blaxter [v. Blackester), 288. Blind, 390. Ralph le Blinde, A. Wil- ham le Blynd, J. Bliss, 452. John Blisse, A. Bhsswench, 418, «. Alicia Blisse- wenche, A. Blocker, 297. Deodatus le Blokkere, A. Richard le Blockhewere, E. Blond, 396. Reginald le Blond, A. Gilbert Blond, FF. Blondel, 396. Amicia Blondelle, FF. Olive Blondell, FF. Blood, 455. William Blood, X. Tho- mas Blood, FF. Bloodletter, 340. Thomas Blodletere, A. William Bloodletter, X. Blount, 396. David le Blound, B. Hugh le Blount, M. Blower, 200. Mabil le Blouer, A. Robert le Blowere, T. Blowhorn (i;. Hornblow), 200. Gilbert Blouhorn, A. Blubber, 415. WilUam le Blubere, A. Nicholas Bluber, A. Blue, 397. Walter le Bleu, E. Blund, 396. Herbert le Blund, A. Ama- bella le Blund, B. Blundell, 396. Jordan Blundel, N. Petronilla Blundel, T. Blunt, 396. Ahcia le Blunt, B. Sibil le Blunt, G. INDEX OF INSTANCES. 471 Blythe, 410, 418. Antony Blythe, Z. Richard Blythe, Z. Blythman, 410. William Blythman, W 3. Jasper Blithman, Z. Boar, 445. Richard le Bor, A . Robert k Bor, E. Boarder, 216. Boardman, 2r6. Hugh Boardman, ZZ. Peter Boordman, ZZ. Boatman, 365, Peter Boatman, FF. Jacob Boatman, FF. Boatswain, 365. Richard le Botsweyn, M. Edward Botswine, Z. Boitwright {v. Botwright), 23S. Bodkin, 44, 455. Robert Bodekin, A. Andrew Bawdkyn, W g. Body, 455. William Body, A. Robert Body, FF. Boffill{z<. Beaufils), 434. Bold, 109. William le Bold, M. Robert le Bolde, F. ^oldenon {v. Balderson), 13. Boleyn. \ 140. Simon de Boleyn, FF. BoUen, J John de Boloyne, A. Bolhnger, 322. Richard le BoUinger, a. Boloneis, 140. Stacius le Boloneis, A. Bolter, 237. JohnleBoltere, A. Geoffrey le Boltere, A. Bon, 414. John le Bon, O. Duran le Bon, M. Bonamy, 420. WiUiam Bonamy, A. Bonaventure, 434. John Bonaventure, If. Giot Bonaventure, y. Bonchivaler, 434. John Bonchivaler, B. WiUiam Bonchevaler, JC. Bonclerk, 434. Emma Bonclerk, If. John Boneclerk, H. Boncount, 435. Guido Boncunte, O. Boncristien, 435. Andrew Boncristien, 0. Boncompagnon, 434. Bond, 218, 380. Ivo le Bonde, A. Robert le Bond, B. Richard le Bonde, M. Bone {v. Bon), 414. Thom. le Bone, A Richard le Bone, If. Bonecors, 434. Manellus Bonecors, £. Bonenfant, 434. Nicholas Bonenfaunt,' M. John Bonefaunt, A. Bones, 455. Bonfils, 434. Bonham, i 434, William Bouhome, A . Bonhomne, j Agnes Bonhomme, A. Bonjohn, 50, 431. Durand le Bonjohan, A. John Bon-Jon, X. Bonner, 414. William le Bonere, A. Alice le Bonere, A. Bonnivant, 434. John Bonnyvaunt, Z. John Bonyfant, Z. Bonqueynt, 434. Andrew le Bonqueynt, 7- Bonserjeant, 434. John Bonserjeant, A. Richard Bonsergaunt, G. Bonsquier, 434. William Bonsquier, A. Bontemps, 414. Thomas Bontemps, FF. Bonvalet, 434. John Bonvalet, J. Richard Bonvallet, A. Bonyfant [v. Bonenfant), 434. Bookbinder, 360. John Bokbyndere, X. Dionisia le Bokebyndere, X. Robert Bukebynder, W 9. Boon {v. Bon), 414. Ahce le Bonne, A. William Boon, B. Boor, Robert le Boor, B. Robert le Boor, G. Booth, 108. Nicholas de la Bothe, A. Odo de la Booth, FF. Boothman, 108. Roger Bothman, A. Henry Bootheman, ZZ. Borden, 92. John de Borden, C. Mathew de Borden, F. Border (v. Boarder), 216. Bordman {v. Boardman), 216. Ralph Bordman, ZZ. James Bordman, FF. Borehunt, 200. Henry Borehunte, D. Borroughs, in. Borrows, in. Bosher, 226. Botcher (v. Butcher), 332. Elias le Bocher, M. John le Bocher, M. Boteler {v. Butler), 177. Ralph le Bote ler, B. Walter le Boteler, M. Botiler [v. Butler), 117. Teobald le Botiler, A. Richer le Botiller, A. 472 INDEX OF INSTANCES. Botwright, 238. John Botewright, FF. Bartholomew Botwright, Z. Boulter [v. Bolter), 237. Bourdon [v. Burdon), 408. Boutflower (i-. Beauflour), 39:. Margaret Butflower, FF. William Beauflour, B. Bowcher, 331. John Bowcher, ZZ. William Bowcher, ZZ. Bowen, 12. Griffin ap Oweyn. R. Jane Abowen, Z. Bower, 108, rpi. Richard atteBowre, M. Bowerman, 108. William Bourman, F. Bowler, 345. John le Bolur, ^. Robert le Boiler, M. Adam le Bolour, M. Bowmaker, igr. Robert Boumaker, W I. John Bowmaykere, W 3. Bowman, 190. Robert Bowman, Z. John Bowman, ZZ. Bowsher, 331. Katerin Bowghshere, F. George Beawsher. F. Bowyer, 191. William le Boghyere, A. Adam le Boghiere, M. WiUiam le Bowyer, H, Boyce (v. Boys), 127. Boyer [v. Bowyer), 191. Geoffryle Boyer, T. Adam le Boiere, E. Boys, 127. Ralph del Boyes, A. Henry du Boys, M. Braban, 136. Saher de Braban, E. Arnald de Braban, M. Brabaner (v. Braban), 136. Isabel Bra- baner, ZZ. Robert Brabaner, ZZ. Brabant (^. Braban), 136. Margaret Brabant, Z. John Brabant, ZZ. Brabazon, 136. Roger le Brabanzon, AI. Reginald le Brebanzon, H. Roger le Brabason, H. Bracegirdle, 308. Justinian Bracegir- dle, Z. Bracegirdler {v. Bregirdler), 308. Bracer, 337. Robert le Bracer, A. Wil- ham le Bracur, T. Reginald Brac- ciator, A. Braceress, 337. Clarice le Braceresse, A . Letitia Braciatrix, A. Emma la Bra- ceresse, T. Bradshaw, 91. Brailer, 308. Roger le Braeler, A; Stephen le Brayeler, X. Braithwaite, 95. Roger de Bratwayt, J. Branson [v. Brianson). John fil. Briani, A. Edward Bransonne, Z. Brasher (j/. Brazier), 348. Brass, 385. Simon Braz, A. John Brass, M. Brazdifer, 385. Walter Brasdefer, E. Simon Brazdefer, B. Michael Bras- defer, BB. Brazier, 348. Robert le Brazur, G. Wil- liam le Brasour, N. Breadmongster, Sara la Bredemonges- tere, X. Breadwright, 239. Breakspeare, 409. Bregirdler, 308. John le BregerdeleiE, X. Brelson (v. Burletson). Henry Brel- son, Z. Brett, 130. Hamo le Brett, A. Milole Bret, M. Bretter (v. Breviter), 182. William Bret- ter, ZZ. Breviter, 182. Peter le Brevetour, M. Ely le Breveter, O. Richard Brevy- ter, Z. Brewer, 336. Walter le Browere, B, William le Brewere, J. Brewery, 336. John de la Bruere, A. Walter de la Bruario, M. Brewster, 336. Emma le Breustere, A. Brianson (r), Giles de Brianzon, M. William de Brianzon, DD. (2), Thomas fil. Brian, A. William fil. Brian, A. Brice. Brice fil. William, A. Bricius le Daneys, R. Brice Persona, A. Bridge-end, 89. John ate Bruge-ende, A. Stephen atte Brigende, B. William atte Brigende, M. Bridgeman {v. Bridgman), 88, 246. Bridger, 88, 246. John Bridger, Z. Bridgman, 88, 246. Jasper Bridgeman, Z. Giles Bridgman, FF. Briggs. Roger del Brigge, M. Sarra atte Brigge, B. INDEX OF INSTANCES. 473 Eriton, 130. Wygan le Breturi, A. Robert le Breton, B. Ivo le Breton, E. Britt, 130. Thomas le Brit, B. Wydo leBrit, A. Brittain {v. Briton), 131. Britten {v. Briton), 130. Britton (v. Briton), 130. Broad, 381. John le Brode, B. Richard le Brod, M. Broadcomb, 98, Robert de Brudecombe, M. Broadgirdle, 428. William Brodgirdel, A. Broadhead, 384. Walter Brodheved, ^. Edmund Broadheade, ZZ. Broadpenny, 426. William Brodepeny, M. Brock (i), 443. Walter le Broc, T. Henry le Brok, A. (2) (v. Brook), go. Edeline de Broc, £. EUas del Broc, T. Brocklehuist, 90. Brockman, 202. John Brockeman, H. Robert le Borckman, A. Brogden, 92. AMce Brockden, ZZ. James Brocden, FP. Brogger, 369. Broiderer, 306. John Braudrer, O. Broker, 369. Robert the Brochere, B. Thomas le Brokur, M. Simon le Brokour, G. (83, go. Alice de la Broke, A. „ ' • Ada ate Brok, B. Laurence Brooke, . . t^ a ' \ del Broc, A. Brooker, 88. Brookman, 88. John Brokeman, C. Brother, 437. William le Brother, A. Wymond Brother, M. Brotherson, 436. Brough, III. Brown, 395. Wymarc Brown, A. Simon le Brown, M. John le Broune, G. Brownbill, 407, 431, n. Brownjohn, 50, 431. Brownking, 433. Simon Brun-King, E. Brownknave,433. Richard Brownknave, Z. Brownman, 395. Richard Broneman, A. Brownsmith, 242. Thomas Browne- smythe, ZZ, Hester Brownsmith, FF. Brownson. Roger fil Broun, ^. Brownswain, 433. John Brounsweyn, P. Bruges. Saher de Bruges, E. Oliva de Bruges, E. Brun, 395. Hugh le Brun, B. Nigel le Brun, C. Brune, 395. Alicia le Brune, B. Robert le Brune, M. Bninell, 395. Brunellus Carpenter, E. Brunman, 395. Henry Brunman, A. Robert Brunman, O, Brunne, 395. William le Brunne, G. Bruselance, 409. Robert Bruselance, A. Buck, 443. Walter le Buk, C. Roger le Buck, M. Buckden, 92. Sarra de Bokeden, A. Richard Buckden, Q. Buckler, 243. John le Bockeler, A. Richard Bokeler, Z. Bucklermaker, 243. Mathew Buckler- maker {Ludlow. Cam. Soc.) Buckley, g3. Michael de Bokele, A. William de Bucley, 5S. Buckman, igg. Alan Bokeman, A. Buckmaster, 199. William Buckmaster, F. Thomas Buckmaster, Z. Buckskin. PeterBuckeskyn, 5. Nicholas Buxskyn, M. Bucksmith, 243. John le Bokelsmyth, X. Buddicom, 99. Buffler (v. Boutflower), 391. James Beauflur, X. Bugden [v. Buckden), 92. William de Bugenden, A. Bugge, III, 444. Bate Bugge, A. Baldewin Bug, B. Bulfinch, 439. Edward Bolfynch, X. Bull, 444. Alice le Bule, A. William le Bule, B. Bullard, 267. BuUen (v. Boleyn), 140. William Bullen, FF. Robert Buleyn, Z. Bullhead, 449. Richard Boleheved, A. John Boleheved, M. Bullinger, 322. Richard le Bulenger, E. BuUivant {v. Bonenfant), 434. Robert Ballyfaunt, Z. 474 INDEX OF INSTANCES. Bullock, 444. Godwin Bulloc, A. Edmund BuUok, B. Bulman, 233. William Bulman, D. Walter Bulleman, FF. Bulness, 140. Stacius le Boloneis, A. Bulter (z/. Bolter), 237, Bunker, 414. John le Boncer, B. William Bonquer, O. Bunn (z/. Bonn), 414. Rocelinle Bun, A. Bunyan [v. Bonjohn), 431. Bunyon (z'. Bonjohn), 431. Burder, 202. Thomas Burder, F. Burdett-Coutts, 450. Burdon, 408. Richard Burdun, E. Maria Burdun, R. Burelman, 393. John Burelman, X. Burend, 89. John atte Bur-ende, R. Burgess. John le Burges, ^. Richard le Burgeis, E. - Burgh, III. Walter atte Bergh, B. William atte Burgh, R. Burghman. William Burgman, B. Burgon, '(isi. John Burgoyne, A. Burgoyne, j Thomas Burgoyn, B. Burguillun, 425. GeoiT. le BurgiUon, T. Robert le Burgulion, M. Burke, in. Hubert de Burk, A. John de Burk, A. Burle, 390. Henry le Burle, A . Burletson (z*. Rartlett), 71, n. William Burletson, 55. Bryan Burletson, 55, Biirman [v. Burghman). Isabel Bureman, A. John Burman, B. Burnell, 395. Pagan Bumel, J. Bur- nellus Carpenter, E. Burnett, 392, 404. Thomas Burnet, Z. Burrell, 299, 393. Roger Burell, J. Robert Burell, R. Burroughs, iii. Robert de la Berwe, i?. Henry Burroughe, Z. Burser, 307, 354. Adam le Burser, E. Alard Ife Burser, H. Bury, III. Geof&ey de la Bure, A. John atte Bury, M. Bush [v. Busk), 127. Busher, 226. Reginald le Buscher, J. John le Busscher, M. Busk, 127. Hamo de Bosco, A. 'John ad Bosc, A. Buss, 127. Alicia Busse, A. Bustler, 428. Thomas le Busteler, FF. Robert le Bustler, T. But, 33s. Roger le But, E. John le But, J. Butcher, 331. Michael le Bucher, T. Butler, 177, 353. Robert le Butiler, A. William le Butiller, B. Hugh le Buteillier, E. John le Butteller, M. Butmonger, 335. Hugh Butmonger, A. Butrekyde, 255, Robert Butrekyde, A Butt, 193, 335- Butter, 335. William le Butor, P. Butterman, 327. Wilham Buttyrman, P. George Butman, Z. Buttoner 302. Henry le Botoner, A. Richard le Botyner, H. Lawrence le Botaner, N. Buzzard, 438. Eustace Busard, y^ . Peter Busard, A. Byatt \v. Bygate). Byford, 87. Abalotta de la Forde, A. Stephen de la Forde, A . Bygate, 87, 103. Phihp de la Gate, A. Walter de la Gate, A. Bythesea, 87. Roger Bythesea, Z, Pagan de la Mare, A. Bytheway, 87. Richard Bytheway, Z. Bythewood, 87. Edward Bythewode, /i . William Bythewood, M. Bywater, 87. Elyas Bithewater, A. Robert Bithewater, M. Bywood (z'. Bythewood), 87. r^ACHEMAILLE, 426. ^-^ Cacherell, 152. Grig le Cacherel, A . Adam le Cacherel, M. Cade, 117, 351. Margery Cade, A, Walter Cade, A. Cadman, 351. Walter Kademan, A. Robert Cademan, J. Ctesar (z/. Kaiser), 144, Susan Caesar, Z. Caffin, 402. Richard Chaufin, A. INDEX OF INSTANCES. 475 Calverd, Calvert, Cain, 77. Caird, 256. Caitiff. Richard Caytyf, DD. Caleb, 77. Calf, 444. Nicholas Calfe, A. Richard Calf, M. Calisher, 349. Elena Calicer, B. Callender, 440. Caller, 296. Ehas le Callere, M. Robert le Callere, N. Robert le Callerere, N. Callow, 401. Richard Calewe, M. Richard le Calue, FF. Caiman, 296. Calthrop, ) no. Wilham de Calthorpe, Caltrop, J ^t. Ralph de Kalthorp, E. Calve (k. Calf), 444. Henry le Calve, M. Idonia le Calwe, T. 229. Henry Calvehird, M. John le Calvehird, H. Waiin le Calvehird, W 4. Calvesmawe, 383, 449. Robert Calves- maghe, M. Cam, 389. William le Cam, y4. William le Cam, R. Camden, 389. John de Campeden, A. Maurice de Campeden, FF. Cameron, 389. Camiser, 303. Bartholomew le Camisur, X. Camoys, 389. John le Camoys, A. Campbell, 389. Thomas Cambell, Z. Campion (i), 264. Walter le Campion, A. John le Campion, T. (2). 131- Camuse (z'. Camoys), 389. Candeler (z'. Candler), 343. Candleman, 343. Adam Candeleman, M. Candlemaker, 343. John le Candle- makere, M. Candler, 343. Mathew le Candeler, A. John le Candeler, E. Cane, 159. Hugh de Caen, C. Richard de Cane, H. Cannon, 159. John le Cannon, A. Richard Cannon, Z. Canon, 159. William le Cannon, A. Thomas le Canun, E. Cant (z/. Quaint), 417. Canter [v. Chanter), 157. Canute, 20. Canvaser, 279, 317. Henry le Canevacer, M. Richard le Canvacer, M. Caperon, 405. Alicia Caperun, A. Thomas Chaperoun, J. Capet, 404. Capmaker, 297, 353. Thomas Capmaker, H. Capman, 297. John Capman, M. James Kapman, Z. Capon. Robert le Capon, BB. Agnes Capun, A. Capper, 297. Symon le Cappiere, A. Thomas le Capiere, A. Carder, 280. Peter Carder, Z. John Carder, Z. Cardinal, 146. Walter Cardinall, P. William Cardynall, Z. Cardmaker, 28t. Robert Cardemaker, H. Careless, 417. Roger Carles, H. Antony Careless, Z. Carlton, 107. Geoffrey de Carlton, A. Audley Carleton, Z. Carman, 248. Henry Carman, A. Ma- tilda Carman, A, Camifex, 333. HughCarnifex, ^. Henry Carnifex, M. Carpenter, 213. Amice le Charpenter, T. Stephen le Charpenter, B. Robert le Carpenter, M. Carter, 248. Magge le Carter, A. Wil- liam le Caretter, E. Robert le Carecter, A. Robert le Karetter, A. Cartman, 249. Cartwright, 238, 249. Robert le Cart- wright, B. Thomas Cartwright, Z. Carver, 179. Adamle Karver, .^. Richard le Kerver, A. easier, 239, 32B. Michael le Casiere, M. Benedict le Casiere, M. Cassell. John de Castell, A. William de Castell, A. 476 INDEX OF INSTANCES. Castelan, Castleman, '170. Jocelin le Castlelyn, R. John le Chastilioun, R. Thomas leChastelain, M. WiUiam Castleman. Z. Catcher, 152. Adam le Cacher, A. Richard le Catchere, A. Catcherel, 152. Nicholas le Cacherel, A. Lucas Cacherellus, A. Catchhare. Hugh Cachehare, M. Catchman, 152. Edmund Catchman, ZZ. Catchpeny, 426. Nicholas Kachepeny, A. Catchpole, -j 151. Hugh le Cachepol, M. Catchpoll, I Geoffrey le Cachepol, A. Catchpool, J Michael Catchpoole, Z. Cater, '\ 176. Henry le Catour, A. Caterer, > John le Catur, J. Nicholas Cator, J le Catour, B. Cats-nose, 390, 449. Agnes Kattesnese, A. Catt, 443. Adam le Kat, C. Milo le Chat, E. Elyasle Cat, A. Cayser, "1 144, 328. Samson le Cayser, A. Cayzer, J Thomas le Cayser, A. Cecil, 17. Richard til Cecille, ^. Thomas Cicell, Z. Cecilia, 59. Cecilia in the Lane, A. Cecila la Grase, T. Ceinter, 308. Girard le Ceinter, C. Robert le Ceynter, M. Cellarer, 160, n. Richard le Celarer, O. John Cellerer, D. Centlivre, 456, n. Grace Centlivre, Joseph Centlivre, v. p. 456, n. Centurer, 308, Nicholas le Ceynturer, A . Richard le Ceynturer, A . Cesselot {v. Sisselot), 60. Bella Cesse- lot, A. Ahcia fil. Sesselot, A. Chaffinch, 439. ' Chalk {v. Schalk), 177. Chalker, 221. Thomas le Chalker, A. Challen, 141. Rodger de Chaluns, A. Piers de Chalouns, M. Challender, 440. Challenor (v. Chaloner), 315. Challice, ^ Challis, i 35°- (315. Jordan le Chaluner, T. John le Chaloner, B. Peter le Chaloner, M. Nicholas le Chalouner, A. I 171. Walter le Cham- berleyne, A. Simon le Chamberlain, M. Henry le Chaumber- leyne, B. Chambers, 171. Henry de la Chanibre, A. William de la Chaumbre, B. Champagne, 131. Robert de Chaum- paigne, M. Champion (i), 264. Katerina le Cham- pion, A. William le Chaumpion, A. (2), 131. Roger de Cham- pion B. I 131. RobertleChampeneis, ■E. Roger le Chaum- peneys, A. Stephen le Champenays, L. Chancellor, 157. Thomas le Chancele M. Geoffrey le Chaunceler, R. Chandler, 343. Jordan le Chaundler, C. Roger le Chaundeler, B. Changer, 369. Henry le Chaunger, M. Adam Chaunger, ER. Chanster, 157. Stephen le Chanster, J. Williametta Cantatrix, E. Chanter, 157. Christiana le Chaunter,, A. WiUiam le Chantour, Af. Chapell. Henry atte Chapelle, M. Hugh de la Chapele, A. Chapeller, 297. Robert le Chapeler, A. Edmund le Chapeler, M. Chaperon, 405. Almeric Chaperon, O. Chaplain, | 157. Reginald le Chapelein, Chaphn, J y. Hamo le Chapeleyn, r. Chapman, 257. Geoffrey le Chapman, M. Alard le Chapman, T. Charer, 248. John le Charer, O. Richard le Charrer, M. John le Charrer, A. INDEX OF INSTANCES. 477 Charioteer, 248. John Charioteer, W2. Thomas Charietter, Z. Charity, 78. John Charite, A. Charitie Bowes, V. p. 78, n. Charlesworth, 107. Charlewood, 107. Isabell Charlewood. Z. John Charlewood, Z. Charley, 107. Philip de Charleye, M. John Charley, ZZ. Charlton, 107. Thomas de Charlton, M. Henry de Charewelton, A, Charman, 249. ohn Charman, FF. Chamer, 234. Tnomas le Charner, A. Charter, 248. William le Charreter, G. Andrew le Chareter, M. John le Charter, M. Charteris, "» 140, Ralph de Chartres, M. Charters, j Alan de Chartres, M, Chartman (v. Cartman). John Chart- man, FP. Chaser, 195. Simon le Chasur, A. Chatelain [v. Castelan), 170. Ralph le Chatelaine, A. Chaucer, 312. Gerard le Chaucer, H. Mary le Chaucer, N. Ralph le Chau- cer, E. Robert le Chaucer, M. Chauntecler, Roger Chauntecler, B. Ag- nes Chauntler, Z. Cheek, 383. John Cheeke, Z. Cheese, 117. Nicholas Chese, T. John Chese, X. Cheese-and-bread, 428. Geoffrey Cheese- and-brede, H^s. Cheesemaker, 327. Robert le Chese- maker, A. Cheeseman, 327. John le Cheseman, A. Edward Cheseman, H. Cheesemonger, 328. Adam le Chis- monger, H. Alan le Chesmongere, L. Cheesewright, 239, 327. John Chese- wright, Z. Cheever, 445. Henry le Chivere, M. Jordan Chevre, C, Cheke {v. Cheek), 383. Chen (v. Ken), 443. Reginald le Chen, M. William le Chien, B. Chepman, 257. Walter le Chepeman, M. John le Chepman, B. Chesswright {v. Cheesewright), 239, 327. William Cheswright, Z. CheXX\e(v. Kettle), 22. ChetelFrieday.i^i?. Chevalier, 434. Walter le Chevaler, A. Roger le Chevaler, A. Chevestrer, 369. Adam le Chevestrer, A. Chietsmith, 244, n. John Chietsmyth, X. Child ('^9' 433- Milisent le Child, ^. Childe I 'W^"^'" Is Child, M. Roger ' ( le Childe, A. Chin, 383. John Chyne, A. Chippendale, 257. Chit, 391. John le Chit, R. Chitterling. Richard Chiterling, A. Chitty, 391. Agnes Chittye, Z. John Chittie, Z. Choice-Pickrell, 450. Christian, 28, 435. Christian Forman, Wz. Brice Cristian, A. Christiana, 28. Joan Cristina, A. Christie (v. Christian), 28. Christison, 28. John fil. Christian, A, Robert fil. Christine, M. Cristmas, 34. Simon Christemasse, A. Richard Cristemasse, M. Christmas-Day, 450. Christoferson, 29. Richard Christo- ferson, ZZ. Christopher, 29. John Cristophre, M. William Cristofer Z. Chubb, 446. John Chubbe, Z. Isabell Chubb, Z. Church, 88. Robert atte Chyrche, A. Alicia atte Chirche, B. Churchay, 107. WiUiam atte Churche- haye, A. Robert atte Churchey, W. Churchclerk, 157, n. Walter le Churche- clerk, M. Churcher, 88. Richard Churcher, Z. Churchdoor. Reginald atte Churche- door, M. Churchgate, 103. Robert atte Chirch- yate, M. Churchman, 88. Ouse le Churcheman, A. Simon le Cherchman, M, 478 INDEX OF INSTANCES. Churchstile. John atte Churchestighele, M. Churner [v. Charner), 234. Robert Chirner, W g. Cicely [v. Cecilia), 59. Cicely Harbord, Z. Cirgier, 343. William le Cirgier, X. Cirographer, 362. William le Ciro- grapher, A. Isaac Cyrographer, E. Cissor, 299. Walter Cyssor, A. Hugh Cissor, M. Clare [v. Sinclair), 124. Clarice, 17. Alanfil. Clarice, A. Claricia Crowe, A. Clark, I Clarke, ;("■'=''='"'')■ 412- Claver, i';4. Henry le Claver, E. Agnes le Claver, FF. Jolin le Clavier, BB. ^ ' > i=;4, Robert Clavynger, H. Clavmger, J Clay. Alice in le Clay, A. Thomas de la Cley, A . Clayer, 221. Simon le Clayere, A. Cleangrise (v. Cleanhog), 448. Roger Clenegrise, A. Cleanhand. John Clenhond, X. Cleanhog, 448. William Clenehog, A. Cleaver (v. Claver), 154. John Cleaver, FF. Clement, \ Ralph fil. Clemence, A. Clements, I Eustace fil. Clement, /i. Clementson, j Roger Clempson, Z. Clemson, ) Joyce Clemson, Z. Clerk, 1157,434. Beatrix le Clerc, ^. Clerke, J iMilo le Clerk, A. Clerkson, 32, Geoffrey fil. Clerici, A. WiUiam Clerkessone, Af. Clerkwright, 357. Robert Clerkwright, 5. Cleve, 97. Henry de la Clyve, A. Thomas de Cleve, FF. Cleveland, 97. Clever (v. Cleaver), 154. William le Clever, FF. Cliffe, 97. Thomas del Clif. A. Henry de Clyf, M. Clifford, 97. Robert de Clyiford, M. Roger de Clyfford, E. Cliffshend, 89. John de Cleveshend, E. Martin de Clyveshend, A, Clive, 97. Humfrey de la Clive, A. Wilham atte Clyve, M. Clockmaker, 357. Thomas Clokmaker, F. Clothier, 286. Clough,97. Roger Clough, W. Richard Cloughe, Z. Clouter, 311. John le Clutere, N. Stephen le Clutere, N. Cloutman (v. Clouter), 311. Clowes, 97. John Clowes, Z. Thomas Clowes, Z. Coachman. John Coacheman, Z. Cobb, 98. Robert de Cobbe, M. Milisent Cobbe, A. Cobbett, 45, n. Cobbler, 310. Robert le Cobeler, A. Edward Cobler, H. Cobden, 98. ■ Godfrey de Coppden, M. John Copedenne, A. Cobham, 98. Reginald de Cobeham, M. John de Cobbeham, A. Cobley, 98. Cobwell, 98. John de Cobwell, M. Cock (i), 117. Peter atte Cok, B. WiUiam atte Cok, G. (2), 439. John le Koc, A. Katerina le Cok, B. - Cockaigne, ) 120. Alan de Cokayne, A. Cockayne, i Richard de Cokayne, A. Cocker, 267, 365, Simon le Cockere, A. William le Kokere, A. John le Coker, M. Cockerel], 439. Giot Cokerel, M. Jac. Quoquerell,^ C. Cockeyn (z*. Cockaigne), 120. Cockin (v. Cockaigne), r2o. Richard Cokyn, H. Cockman, 267, 365. Maud Cockman, FF. Robert Cokeman, M. Cockney, 121. John Cokeney, B. Cocksbrain, 429, 449. William Cockes- brayne, A. Cockshead. Adam Cocksheved, M. Antony Cockshead, Z. INDEX OF INSTANCES. 479 Coffer, Cofferer, Cockshaw (v. Cockshot), 91. Cockshot, 91. Alan Coclishott, F. Jolin Coclcsliott, Z. Cockson [v. Cookson). Edward Cockson, Z. John Cockson. EE. Codde, 446. Thomas Codde, FF. Joan Codde,'FF. Codiner [v. Cordwaner). Codling, 446. Alan Codling, FF. Simon Codlyng, FF. Codner [v. Cordwaner), 310. Cceurdebeef, 449. Thomas Cordebeofe, A . John Queerdebcef, B. 117, 183, 353. Godfrey le Coffrer, A . Ralph le Cof- frer, H. John le Coffrer, M. Coffin, 117, 353. Richard Coffyn, H. Ellas Coffyn, J. Cogger, 364. Hamond le Cogger, O. Henry Cogger, P. Cogman, 364. Benjamin Cogman, FF. Coifer, 295. Emma la Coyfere, A. Ralph le Coifier, E. Dionysia la Coy- fere, A. Coke{t'. Cook), 173, 323. Roger le Coke, M. Alexander Coke, A . Cokesmyth, 244. Coleman, 40. Editha Coleman, A. Cole- man le Hen, A . Colet, 158. Nicholas Colyt, M. Colfox, 448. Thomas Colfox, Z. Richard Colvox, A. Colinson. William fil. Colin, A. Colin le Balistar, E. Collet (v. Colet), 158. CoUier, Robert le Cohere, A. John le CoUier, C. CoUinge [v. Culling), 142. Collins (v. Collinson). Colinns de Baren- tyn, E. CoUinson (v. Colinson). John Collyn- son, Z. CoUopp, 293, n. John CoUop, A. Mabil Collope, A. Colswain, 433. Stephen Colesweyne, A. Richard Colsweyn, T. Comb Combe, Colt, Roger le Colt, A. William le Colt, A. Coltman, 229. John Coltman, H. Geof- frey Coltman, M. Colville, 124. William de ColviUe, M. Fehp de Colville, A. Colyer {v. Collier). Henry le Colyer, A. 18. EHas deComb, A. William atte Combe, M. Nicholas atte Combe, M. Comber, 280. John le Comber, A, Walter le Comber, E. Commander, William le Comandur, A, William Commander, Z. Conder, 335. Coney, 112, 443. Henry Cony, D. John Conay, A. Coneybeare, 112. Congreave, 94, Robert de Conesgrave, A, William Congrove, H. Coning, 112. Nicholas Conyng, H. Peter Conyng. P. Coningsby, 112. John de Conyngsby, P. Walter de Cunnyngby, A. n ■ i (112. John de Conyngton, Comngton, \ . ■>„. ., n r. ■ . < A. Thomas de Cony- Connmgton, ) , ^ '^ ( ton, A. Conqueror. William Conqueror, A. Robert Conqueraunt, A. Constable, 170. John le Conestable, B. Robert le Conestable, G. Constance, 18, $j. William fil. Con- stance, A. Convert, 139, Dyonis le Convers, A. Stephen le Convers, B. Nicholas le Conners, B. Conyers (v. Convert), r40. Cook, ) 173. Emma Coca, A. Roger Cooke, \ le Cook, M. Joan le Cook, FF. Cookman, 323. William Cokeman, J. John Cookman, Wg. Cookson, 32, 323. Robert fil. Coci, A. John Cokesson, FF. Cooper, 345, 350. Richard le Cupare, A. John le Cuper, M. Cope, 98. Robert Cope, A. Adam Cope, M. 48o INDEX OF INSTANCES. Copeland, 98. William de Copelaunde, E. Joan Copland, Z. Copeman, 257. Laurence, Copiman, A. Hugh Cowpman, K. Copestake, gS. William Copestake, Z. Copley, 98. Avery Copley, Z, Christo- pher Copley, Z. Copp (i). John le Coppe, A. Thomas le Coppe, A. (2), 98. John de la Coppe, PP. Richard de la Coppe, PP. Copped, 312. Hugh le Coppede, A. John le Copede, M. Copperbeard, 399. Robert Coperberd, N. Corbet, 124. Nicholas Corbet, M. FeUcia Corbet, A. Corder, 355. Adam le Corder, A. Peter le Corder, A. I 310. Durant le Cord- Cordiner, j waner, M. Roger le Cordwaner, ) Cordewaner, C. Ger- ^ vaise le Cordewaner, N. Corfe, 402. John Chauf, A. Geoffrey le Cauf, E. Coroner, 149. John le Coroner, M. Henry le Corouner, A . Corner (i), 149. John le Corner, A. Walter le Comur, K. (2), 103. William de la Comere, A . Robert Atte Cornere, M. Cornmonger. Ralph le Commonger, T. Henry le Commongere, M. Cornish, 120. William Cornish, D. Margery Cornish, H. Cornthwaite, 95. Cornwall, 120, 141. Geoffrey de Corn- wayle, B. Wauter de Cornwaille, M. Comwallis, 120. Thomas le Cornwaleys, A . Philip le Cornwaleys, L. Walter le Cornewaleys, X. Corsdebeef, 449. Thomas Cors-de-Bcef, A. Thomas Cor-de-beofe, B. Galiena Cordebeof, J. _ ( 247, 310. Ralph le Coreviser, . ' < A. William le Corviser, B. ' ( Durand le Corveser, M. Corsier, 311. Cesser (k. Corser), 247. Cotman (i), 215. Richard Coteman, A. William Coteman, A. (2). Thomas fil. Cotman, A. John fil. Cotman, A. Cotter, 215. William le Cotier, A. Simon le Cotere, PP. Cotterel, ■)2i6. WiUiam Coterel, M. Cottrell, j Joice Cotterill, Z. Cotwife. Beatrix Cotewife, A. Coucher, 318. John le Cochere, A. William Coucher, W 2. Couchman, 318. Richard Couchman, Z. William Cowcheman, EE. Coudray, 127. William de Coudraye, M. Peter de Coudray, R. Coulman, 297. Launcelot Coulman, Z. Coultart, \ Coulthard, V 229. John Colthirde, W John le Cosyn, G. Thomas Couzen, ) le Cozun, E. Cover, 351. Richard le Cuver, 0. Walter le Cuver, E. Michael le Cuver, A. Coverer, 3Sr. Robert le Coverour, A. Adam le Covreur, M. Covetous. Gilbert le Covetiose, M. Cow (i), 444. Thomas le Cu, A. Ralph le Cou, M. (2), 115. Thomas del Cou, M, INDEX OF INSTANCES. 481 Coward, 228. William le Kuherde, A. John le Couherde, B. Adam le Cow- hirde, M. Cowden, 92. Thomas Cowden, J'F. Nathaniel Cowden, /''K Cowler, 297. Richard le Couhelere, M. Cowley, 93. Alexander de Couleye, A, Roger de Couele, A. Cowman, 233. Cowbeytson, 45. Nicholas Cowbeytson, Wg. Cowper {v. Couper), 345, 350. Cowpman, 34s, 351- Richard Cowpe- man, A. Coxon [v. Cockson). Coyking, 433. John Coyking, M. Crabb, 446. Crackshield, 409, n. Thomas Crakyshield. Cramp (v. Crump), 389. WilUam Cramp, Z. Crane, 439. Hugh le Crane, G. Wil- liam le Crane, £. Crask, 382, n. Walter le Crask, FF. Crass, 382. Richard le Cras, A. John le Cras, M. Stephen Crassus, y. Crimp (v. Crump), 389. Cripling, 390. William Cryphng, A. Crisp, 400. Robert le Crespe, /4. Regi- nald le Crispe, y. Crocker, 348. Simon le Crockere, A. Stephen le Crockere, M. Croft, 1 105. Roger de Croftes, A. Crofts, ) Agnes de Croftis, A. Croiser, 158. Simon le Croiser, M. Wil- liam Croiser, ff. Croker, 348. Robert Croker, F. John le Croker, M. Crook, 389, 408. Roger le Cruk, M. John Cruke, A. Crookback, 378. Crookbone, 389. Henry Crokebane, A. Geoffrey Crokebayn, W 4. Crooke (v. Crook), 389. Vincent Crooke, Z. Crookhom. John Crokehom, B. Robert Crokehorn, T. Crosier {v. Crozier), 158. Wilham Croy- ser, G. Cross 1 ^'^°' J°''° ^"^ Cross, M. Roger P ' < del Cros, R. Jordan ad ( Crucem, A. Crosser, 88. Crossman, 88. Julyan Crosman, Z. Emme Crossman, Z. Crossthwaite, 95. Henry de Cros- thweyte, M. John de Crostwyt, J?. CrossweUer (v. Cressweller), 88. Crotch, J 104. John atte Cruche, A. Crouch, ) Matilda atte Crouche, B. Croucher, 88, 104. John le Crocher, A'. John Crowcher, FF. Crouchman, 83, 104. Richard Croche- man, A. William Croucheman, B. Crow, 439. Claricia Crowe, A. Robert Crowe, M. Crowder, 270. Richard le Cruder, A. Thomas le Crouder, Wz. Crowfoot, 449. William Crowfoot, FF. Henry Crowfoot, FF. Crowther {v. Crowder), 270. Crozier, T58. Simon le Croyzer, M. Mabel le Croyser, G. Cruel. Warin Cruel, A. Cruikshank, 380, 387. Crump, 389. Richard le Crumppe, A. Hugh le Crumpe, T. Cryer, 152. Phihp le Criour, £. Wat le Creyer, G. Edward le Creiour, N. Cuckold. Thomas le Cuckold, A. Cuckoo, 439. Stephen Cuckoo, FF. William Cuckow, FF. Cuddle (v. Cuthbert), 45. ( 142. John de Coloigne, FF. '°' \ William de Culinge, A . Alan Culling, I Culling, A. Culver, 440. Cuner, 360. Ada le Cuner, A. Henry Ctmator, A, Cunerer, 360. Sampson leCunerer, .4. Cunning, 112, n., 415. Cunningham, 112, n. Cuppage, 180. I I 482 INDEX OF INSTANCES. Cupper, 345. William le Cuppere, G. Thomas le Cupper, M, Cure. John le Cure, A. Anne Cure, 2. Curl, 400. Marcus Curie, Z. William Curie, Z. Curling [v. Querdelyun), 448, n. Currier, 290. Curt, 382. Thomas le Curt, R. Wil- liam le Curt, L. Curtman. Adam Curtman, A. Curtbrand, 404. Reginald Curtbrant, B. Curteis, 410, 414. Wallcelin le Curteis, C. Richard le Curteis, E, Curtepy, 404. Richard Curtepie, A. William Cortepy, A. Curthose, 404. Robert Curthose, A. Curtis, 410, 414. Osbert le Curteys, A. Walter le Curteys, y. Curtmantel, 404. Curtvalor, 429. Richard Curtevalur, A. Curtwallet, 404. Martin Curtwallet, A. Cusson (. Custson). Matilda hi. Cusse, A. Osbert Cuson, A. Cussot, 58. Cussot CoUing, ^ . Cust, 58. Custe Newman, A. Robert fil. Cust, A. Custance, 58. Custance la Braceresse, A. Heniy fil. Custance, W6. Rey- ner Custance, A. Custerson, j 58. William Custson, W 8. Custson, J Henry fil. Custance, ./i. Cutbeard, 45. Thomas Cutbert, H. John Cutbert, A. Cute, 412. Nicholas le Cute, A. Bene- dict le Cuyt, A. Cuteswain, 433. John Cutsweyn, A. Cuthbert, 45. Cuthbert Capun, R. Cuthbert Ricerson, W 3. Cuthbertson, 45. William Cuthbertson, Wii. Cutler, 346. Walter le Cotiler, A. Peter le Coteler, M. Jordan le Cotiler, A'". Cyderer, 224. D AETH {v. Death), 140. Daffe, 390. Lefeke Daffe, A. {v. Aleman), 137. Custance de Alemania, A. Daft, 390. William Daft, A. Daliins, 69, 157. Dale, Sibill de Dale, B. Thomas de la Dale, M. Dallman, D'Almaine, Dalmaine, Dalman, 137. John Dalman, FF. Wil- liam Dalman, FF, Dame, 69, 70, 455. Henry Dame, A. Alexander Dame, M. Damegod, 455. Peter Damegod, M- John Domegode, O. Damesell, 69, n. Simon Damesell, A. Lawrence Damysell, W 2. Dameson, 70. John Dameson, Z. Damet, 69, n. Dametta, A. Dametta fil. Morell, DD. Henry Damett, S. Damiot, 69, w. Hugh Damiot, A. Damietta Avenel, FF, Alice Dam- yett, Z. Damned-Barebones, 78. Damsel [v. Damesell). Dance {v. Dans), 69. Dancer, 267. Herveus le Danser, A. Henry Dawnser, Z. Daticock, 69. John Dancock, G. Dandelyan, 448. William Daundelyun, B. Daniel, 69. Daniel fil. John, E. Richard Danyel, M. Dankin (v. Daniel). Gunnilda Dane- kin, K. Dans, 69. John Danse, Z. Danse, 69. Danser [v. Dancer), 267. Danson, 69. Christopher Danson, Z. John Danson, 2. Dapifer, 177. Henry Dapifer, A. Sewall Dapifer, J. Dason (v. Davison). Dauber, 214. Roger le Daubere, ^4. iSil- vester Daubere, H. David, 3, 68. David Faber, A. Gilbert David, A. Davidson, 68. Robert fil. David, A. Thomas Davydson, M. INDEX OF INSTANCES. 483 Dawe, Dawes, Davies, 68. Davey ap Davidson, Z. Gerves Daves, W 9. Davison, 68. James Davyson, W 9. Thomas Davyson, FF. Davitt (ii. David), 368. Robert fil. Davit, A. Isabel uxor Davit, .(4 . Dawber (w. Dauber), 214. 14, 69. Daw le Pestour, H. Dawe le Falconer, DD. Love- kin Dawes, A. Dawkes, 69. Charles Dawkes, FF. Dawkins, 69. John Dawkyns, F. Henry Dawkins, Z. Dawkinson, 69. Dawson, 14, 69. Richard fil. Dawe, A . Raffe Dawson, Z. Day, 1 235. Cecilia le Day, J. Stephen Daye, J le Dagh, T. Thomas le Day, M. Dayes, 69. Dayman, 235. Dayson {z/. Davison), 69. Daystar. Robert Daysterre, A. Deacon, 157. Senxa le Dekene, A. Philip le Dekene, M. Deakin, 157. Dean (j), 156. RogerleDene, ^. John le Dene, FF. (2), 92. "William de la Dene, A. Adam atte Dene, M. Dearden, 92. Ralph de Demeden, A. Dearlove, 419. William Derelove, F. Richard Derelove, ZZ. Dearman {^. Deerraan), 199. Death, 140, 445. John Deth. M. Hugh de Dethe, A. Debenham, 16, 119. John de Debenham, A. Giles de Debenham, FF. Debonaire, 414. PhiUp le Debeneyre, A. Decroix, 125. Deer, 443. Robert le Dere, A. LawTence le Deer, M. Deerman, 199. John Dereman, A. Wil- liam Dereman, A. Defontaine, 125. Delamere, 125. Reginald de la Mere, A. Grigore de la Mere, A. Delarue, 125. Delila, 77. Delislc, 125. Delivery, 77. Deman, 235. Roger Deyman, Z. Demer. 150. Simon le Demer, B. Dempster, 150. Christopher Dempster, Q. Den, 92. Henry de Denn, M. William ate Denne, M. Denis (^. Dennis). Denison \p. Dennison). Denman, 93. Ralph Denmane, ZZ. Dennis (i). Denneyse Fowler, Z. Denes Lister, W 9. Richard Dionys, M. (2), 135. Roger le Daneis, A. Joel le Deneys, A. Brice le Daneis, 7l/. Dennison (i). Michael fil. Dionysise, A. Dionis fil. Dionis, M. (2). Walter Denizen, A. Dent-de-fer, 3S3. Robert Dent-de-fer, E. Denyer, 93. Departedieu, 454. John Departe-dieu, FF. Derbyshire,- 120. Henry Derbyshyre, ZZ. Thomas Derbyshire, ZZ. Derne, 92, n. Dernhouse, 92, n. Thomas Demehuse, /4. Derwentwater, 429. Plenry de Derwent- water, M. Thomas de Derwent- water, L. Despencer, ) 175. Thurstan le Despencer, Despenser, i A. Edward leDespenser, B. Devil, ■) 125. JohnDeyvyle,^. Thomas Deville, J de Deyvyle, T. Devonish, 120. John le Deveneis, E. Isabel le Deveneis, A. Nichol le De- veneys, M. Dewhurst, 90. Prior de Derhurste, A. Grace Dewhirste, ZZ. Deye [v. Day), 235. Hugh le Deye, G. Cecily le Deye, FF, Deyville, 125. Goscelin de Eyville, M. John de Eyville, M. Diable, 126, n. Osbert Diabolus, C. Roger le Diable, J. Dibden, 92. Randolph de Depeden, A. II 2 484 INDEX OF INSTANCES. Diccons, I 43. John Dyconson, H. An- Dicconson, j thonyeDickonsoBne, Wg- Dick, 43. Agatha Dick, FF. John Dik, FF. Dickens, 43. William Dicons, FF. Richard Dikkins, FF. Dickenson (v. Dicconson), 43. Robert Dickenson, ZZ. William Dykjmson, ZZ. Dicker, 220. Symon le Diker, A. Geoffrey le Dykere, A. Dickerson, 43. Henry Dickerson, FF. Dickman, 220. Walter Dikeman, A. Agnes Dykman, B. Dicks, 43. William Dikkys, FF. Thomas Dykys, FF. Dickson, 43. Ralph Dikson, F. Nicholas Dykson, W 2. Dieu-te-ayde, 454. John Dieu-te-ayde, M. Diggs {^. Dicks), 43. Annes Digges Z. Digginson (z". Dickenson), 43. John Digginson, Z. Agnes, Digison, Z. Dinah, 77. Dyna Bocher, 78, n. Dionysia. Dionysia la Coyfere, A. Michael fil Dionisie, A. Discipline, 77. Disher, 349. John le Discher, O. Robert le Dishere, X. Disheress, 349. Margaret la Disheresse, A. Disser, Dissour, Dister, 2S2. Robert le Dighestere, G. Walter le Dighestere, G. Thomas Dyster, B. Ditchend, 89. John de Dichende, R. Dives, 427. Elyas le Diveys, A. Dix (z/. Dicks), 43. William Dixe, Z. Thomas Dickes, FF. Dixon \^. Dickson), 43. Bayll Dixson, 14^9. Agnes Dixson, Z. Dobbins, 36. Toby Dobbin, FF. John Dobbins, Z. Dobbs, 36. Roger Dobbs, M. Richard Dobbys, EE. Dobinett. John Dobynette, v, p. 37, n. 274. Roger le Disser, A. Dobinson, ) 36. Miles Dobsonne, Dobison, \ ZZ. Richard Dobyson, Dobson, ) W 2. Dodman, 264. Peter Dodeman, A. John Dodman, FF. Dodson (v. Davidson). John Daudson, M. Adam Doddson, ZZ. Doe, 443., John le Doe, A. William le Do, A. Dog. Nicholas Dogge, A. Dogmow, 383,449. William Dogmow.yi. Arnulph Dogmow, A. Dollman, 137. Ales Dolman, Z. Mathew Dolman, EE. Dolphin, 446. John Dolfin, Z. William Dolfin, A. Doman (z/. Doorman), 171. Domitt, 69, n. Henry Domet, A. Doolittle, 452. Doorman, 171. Nicholas Doreman, 0. Doorward, 171. Geoffrey le Doreward, A . Elias Dorewarde, B. Isabel Dore- warde, H. Dorman {^. Doorman), 171. Dorturer, 160. Robert le Dorturer, B. WilUam le Dorturer, DD. Dosier, 319. Robert le Dosier, A, Richard le Dosyere, A. Dosser {^. Dosier), 319. Gilbert le Dosser, A. John Dawsor, EE. Dosson, 60. Doubleman, 345. Doubler, 345. Hans Doubler, O. John Doblere, X. Douce \^. Dowse), 60. Doughty, 413. John Doughty, FF. Thomas Doughtye, ZZ. Dove, 439. Richard le Duv, M. Nicho- las le Duv,' M. Dowkin (v. Dowse). Richard Dowkin, F. Downe, 98. John de la Doune, B, Nicholas atte Doune, M. Downyhead, 397. John Downyhead, M. Dowsabell, 17, 60. Dowsabell Cobbe, FF. Dowzable Mill, Z. Dussabell Caplyn, Z. Thomas Duszabell, M. INDEX OF INSTANCES. 485 Dowse, 60. DuceMercatrix, ^. Douce de Moster, A. WiUiam Douce, M. Dowsett {■v. Dowse), 60. Dowson, 60. John fil Dousse, W 5. John Dowsson, Z. Stephen Dowson, F. Dragon, 428. William le Dragon, A . Drake, 439. Adam le Drake, 5. Martin le Drake, E. Draper, 286. Roger le Draper, A. Henry le Drapier, M. Drawespe, 408. Thomas Drawespe, A. William Drauspe, A. Drawsword, 40S. Henry Draweswerd, A. Maurice Draugheswerd, M. Drayner, 220. Ehzabeth Draner, Z. Thomas Draner, Z. Dresser, 224. Raphe Dresser, Z. Drew, 30. William fil. Drogo, A. Dru Barentyn, //. Drewe Drewery, Z. Drewett, 30. Druett Maierbe, A. Druetta de Pratello, A. Drinkwater, 429. JohnDcinkewater, .<4. Richard Drynkewatere, M. Driver, 249. John le Drivere, M. Richard le Drivere, M. Driveress, 249. Alice le Driveress, A. Drunkard, 429. Maurice Druncard, A. Drybread, 429. John Drybred, A. Dubber, 313. Jordan le Dubbere, B. Stephen le Dubbere, M. Payen le Dubbour, JV. Dubois, 125. JohnDu Boys, A. Ducatel, 125. Duce (v. Dowse), 60. Duce Vidua, A. Agnes fil Duce, A. Ducedame, 429, Roger Ducedame, A. Duceparole, 428. Henry Duceparole, T, Duck, 439. Roger le Due, £. Adam le Duk, Af. William le Duck, T. Duckrell, 439. Dudder, 264. Dudderman -i 264. Simon Dudeman, D. Duderman, > Ralph Deudeman, M. Dudman, J Obbe Dudeman, £. Duffus, 105. Thomas Dufhous, X. John del Duffus, A. Duke, 145. Nicholas Duke, yl. Thomas Duke, 3. Dulcia {v. Duce), 60. Robert fil. Dulcie. A. Dulcia le Drapere, G. Dulcia fil. William, £. Dulcibella {v. Dowsabell), 60. Dull. Alicia le Dul, ^. Dumbard, 390. Robert Dumbard, A, Dun (i), 98. Gilbert atte Dune, A. Henry de la Dun, if. (2)1 395' Henry le Dun, A. WiUiam le Dun, B. Dunman, 395. William Dunman, A- John Dunman, A. Dunn(w. Dun), 395. William le Dunne,^. Dupont, 125. Durand, | Henryfil.Durant, .<4.Durandle Durant, J Bonjohan,^. IvoDuraunt,^. Duredent, 383. Walter Duredent, B. Durnford, 92. Robert de Derneford, A .• Durward, 171. John Durward, B. Dust, 77. Dutchman, 135. Dutchwoman, 135. Katherine Dutch- woman, X. Dyer, 282. John le Deyere, A . Geoffrey le Deghere, G. Nicholas le Deighere, M. Dyson [v. Davidson). William Dysone, M. Dyster [v. Dister), 282. rpAGLE (i), 118. Gilbert de la Hegle, ^ A. {2). Custance le Egle, A. Eame {v. Eme), 436. Earl, 145. Roger le Erl, A. John Erie, B. Eamshaw, gi. Earth, 77. East, 123. Robert de la Este, A. Chris- topher Easte, Z. Eastend, 89. Emma ate Estende, A. Adam in Estend, A . Easterling, 137. Eastern, 123. Thomas Esterne, A. Eavestaff, 409. 486 INDEX OF INSTANCES. Eborard, 27. Geoffrey fil. Eborard, A. Eborard le Ken, A. Edeline. Robert fil. Edeline, A. Ede- Una del Brok, IT. Edelota. Edelota Darby, A. Ydelot Binytheton, I^. Edith, 18. John fil. Edithe, A. Editha uxor Edwardi, C. Edmond, > iS. Edinon le Ussher, M. Edmonds, J Walter Edmonds, Z. Edmondson, 18. Robert Edmondson, Z. Edmund, 75, 17, 18. Robert Eadmund, Edmunds, ) A. Edmund BuUok, Z. Edmundson, 18. John fil. Eadmundi, A. Alexander fil. Eadmund, A. Edred. John Edred, A. Thomas Edrede, A. Edward, 1 17, 18, 19. Roger Eadward, Edwardes, J A . Robert Edward, Af. Edwardson, 18. Emma fil. Edward, A. Eimeric, 26. Elcock, 54. Francis Elcock, Q, Roger Hellecok, A. Elder, 381. Eleanor (v. Alianora). Eleanor Lovet, H. Hugh fil. Elyenore, A. Elner Martin, Z. Elias, 54. 54. Elyot ad Cap :Ville, A. Eliottus de Balliol, £. Richard Eliot, A/. Elizabeth, 66, n. Elizabeth Draner, Z. Elcock, 64. John Elcock, ZZ. Henry Elcocke, ZZ. Elkins, ■) 54, Elekyn, N. Robert El- Elkinson, j kyn, X. EUcock [v. Elcock), 54. Ellen (v. Eleanor) . David fil. Elene, A . Elene le Fleming, y. Ellice, 54. Duce Elice, A. Ellice Cow- per, Z. EUce Apprice, Z. ElUcot, 54. EUsote, A. Elisota Domi- cella, W2. Elisot Bustard, W2. Elhot {v. Eliot), 15, 54. Richard fitz Elote, Af. Henry Elyot, A. Elliotson, 54. Robert Elyotson, F. Eliot, EUott, Ellis, 54. Elis le Fitz-Hugh, Af. Elis de Albrighton, Af. Nicholas EUys, F. Ellison, 54. Henry fil. EUs, A. John Ellison, F. Elias fil. Elye, Af. EUson, 54. Roger fil. Elie, A. William Elson, JI. Elmer. Richard Eilmar, A. Wilham Elmer, Af. Elmhurst, 90. Ehnsley, 93. Albred de Elmsleie, A. Elwyn. Elwyn le Hey ward, A. Wil- liam Elwin, A. Emberson [v. Emerson), 26. Eme, 436. Nicholas Eme, A. Emelia, 17, n., 18, 55, ». Emelia la Prys, M. Emelot, 17, n. Emelot, y. Elena Eme- lot, A. Emeric, 26, 55, n. Emeric de Bezill, A. Emericus de Sacy, B. Emericus de Bosco, C. ' Emerson, 26. John fil. Emerici, Af. WiUiam Emeryson, W 8. Richard Emerson, W 2. Emery, 26. Emerius Monetarius, C. William Emery, D. Emlott [v. Emelot), 17, n. Emma, 58. Emma mater Andreas, C. Emma la Gradere, A. Emma uxor Saer, y. Emme, ( ^S, 59- Walter Em, A. Emmes, W""=^™ E"™=' ^- ^^- { mund Emmes, FF. Emmet \ ^5' 59- Emmetta Catton, X. Emmett, ] '^™'"" Flessour, W 9. ( Emmet Chapman, W g. Emmot {v. Emmott), 15, 59. Emmotson, 59. Emmott, 59. Emmota Plummer, W 2. Emmota Fysscher, W 2. Emmot Kneyt, A. Emperor, 144. Richard le Emperor, G. Empson, 59. Richard Empson, H. John Emmeson, FF. Emson, 59. Elyas fil. Emme, A. John E my son, F. INDEX OF INSTANCES. 487 Enfant, 169. John le Enfaunt, A. Walter le Enfaunt, H. John le En- fant, E. Engineer, 194. William le Engynur, A . Richard le Enginur, B. Ernulf le Enginnur, E. English, 121. Walter le Engleis, A. Richard le Engleys, B. John le Eng- lisshe, M. Envious, 410. Haroo le Enveyse, A. William le Enveise, C. Eremite (v. Hermit), 164. Hugh le Ermite, E. Ernald [v. Arnold), 27, 55, n, Emaldus de Baiona, C. Ernaldus Carnifex, C. Peter Ernald, R. Escot [v. Scott), t2i. Roger le Escot, A . Adam le Escot, ff. Escriveyn [v. Scriven), 362. Robert le Escriveyn, E. William le Escrevyn, G. Eskirmesur [v. Skrimshire), 185. Henry le Eskirmessur, A, Peter le Eskur- mesur, E. John le Eskirmesour, K. Espaigne (v. Spain), 133. Arnold de Espaigne, H. John de Ispania, A. Espicer {v. Spicer), 329, Alan le Especer, A. Milo le Espicer, N. Richard le Espicer, B. Espigumell (v. Spigumell), 183. Nicho- las Espigurnel, A . Edmund le Espi- gumel, L. Espin (v. Espaigne), 133. Esquier [v. Squier), 166. Thomas le Esquier, E. Gilbert le Esquier, jf. Esquiler (v. Squiller), 174. William le Esquiler, ff. Robert le Escuyller, E. Estrange (v. Strange), 118. Roger le Estrange, A. John le Estrange, S. Estraunge (v. Straunge), iiS. Roger le Estraunge, H. John le Estraunge, J. Estrys, 123. Moyne le Estrys, A. Richard le Estreys, T. Etheldreda {v. Audry), 18. Etheldreda Castell, FE. Etheldred or Audrey Clerc, EF. Ethelred, 5, 18. Euphemia, 18. Eufemia de Grey, K. Eufemia de Heslarton, W 9. Eustace, 17. Herveus fil. Eustace, A. Evans, "J 12, 49. Howell ap Yevan, H,' Evanson, j David ap Evan, Z. Eve, 3, 66. Eva Textrix, A. Eva la Warre, J. Eva fil Dolphini, J. Evelyn, ) 55, «. Evelina Coynterel, /4 . Eveline, J George Evelynge, Z. Everard, 27. Fulco fil. Everardi, R. Everard Gallicus, E. Geoffrey fil. Everard, A. Everardson {v, Evorard). Nicholas Eve- rardsonne, BB. Peter Everadsonne, BB. Eversden, 92. John de Eversdene, A. Luke de Everesden, DD. Eversholt, 92. Richard de Eversholt, M, John de Everesholt, R. Every, 27. John Every, H. William Everye, Z. Eves [v. Eveson), 66. Evesk (v. Vesk) ,156. Henry le Eveske, E. Elyas le Eveske, T. Eveson, 66. John fil. Eve, M. Cecilia fil. Evae, T. Richard fil. Eve, A. Evett, 66. Evota de Durham, X. Evota de Stanley, W 2. William Evote, X. „" ' 1 126. Peter de Evyille, M. Evilchild, 433. Alan Evilchild, A . Evitt [v. Evett), 66. Evott (v. Evett), 67, n. Ewe (i), 445. Leticia le Eue, M. Nicholas le Ewe, FF. (2), 118. Jordan del Ewe, A. Ev/er, 180. Brian le Ewer, E. Richard le Ewere, ff. William le Ewer, T. Ewery, 180. Adam de Euere, A. Roger de Euere, M. Excuser, 150. Peter le Es-cuzer, ff. Experience. Experience Mayhew, v. p. 78, K. Eyre, 169. William le Eyr, B. Simon le Heir, A. Robert le Eir, Af. 488 INDEX OF INSTANCES. Eyville, 126. Nicholas de Eyvil, A, John de Eyvill, R. Ezekiel, 78, n. Ezekiel Guppye. •pABER. Silvester Faber,^. Nicholas ■*- Faber, H. Fail, 127. Gilbert Fayel, E. Matilda Faiel, E. Fair, 421. Richard le Fayre, ^. Marcus le Faire, C. Fairbrother, 435. Fairchild, 435. Robert Fayrchild, A. Godfrey Fairchilde, C. Fairclough, 97. William Fairclough, Z. Hugh Faierclugh, Z. Fairfax, 5, 399. Thomas Fayrfax, M. Guy Fairefa,x, H. Fairhair, 398. Geoffrey Fairher, N. Edward Fayreheire, Z. Fairhead, 384. William Fairheved, A. Richard Faireheved, H. Fairman (i), 264. John Fayennan, A. Richard Fayrman, A. (2)1264, «. Fairman Alberd, Af. Fairesire, 434. Henry Fairesire, X. Fairson, 434. Richard Fairsone, M. Fairweather, 418. John Fayrweder, A. Hugh Fairweder, A. Faith, 452. Faithful, 410. Fakes, 42. Fakes de Breante, E. Falcon, 438. William le Falcon, M. Falconar, \ 204. Guido le Falconare, A . Falconer, Geoffrey le Falconer, M. Falkener, William le Falkoner, M. Falkner, j Antony Falkner, Z. Fallow, 396. RogerleFalewe, ^. Alicia la Falour (?), A. Fallowman, 396. William Faleman (?), A. False. Agnes le Faleise, J. Fanner, 237. Walter le Fannere, X. Simon le Fannere, X. Fanne, 237. William atte Fanne, S. Margery Fanne, Z. Farebrother, 435. Farewell, 455. Thomas Farewel, A. Richard Farewell, A. Farmer, 233. William le Farmere, A. Robert le Fermere, A. Farrier (v. Farrier), 243. Sibilla le Feryere, A. Farthing, 456. Geoffrey Ferthing, A. William Ferthing, M. Father, 437. Arnold le Fader, A. Robert le Fader, Ji. Fatherless, 436. John Faderless, M. Ralph Faderles, 5S, Fatman, 381. Richard Fatraan, FF. Fatt, 381. WiUiam le Fatte, M. [v. Falconer), 204. Bernard le Fauconer, M. John le Faukener, A. Henry le Faucuner, E. Faulkes (v. Fawkes), 42. Edmund Falkes, H. Faulkner [v. Falconer), 204. Faultless, 410. Faux (v. Fawkes), 42. Nel Faukes, A. John Faux, H, Favell, 395. Hugh Fauvel, M. John Fauvel, M. Fawkes, 42. Faukes le Buteller, A. Faukesius de Breant, A. Fauke de Glamorgan, E. Fawson, Faxson> Fayle [v. Fail), 127. Fearon [v. Feron), 244. Featherbeard, 399. John Fetherberde, H. Featherstonehaugh, 106. Feelgood. William Felegod, A. Fehcia, 18. Felicya Pudforth, ^. Felicia de Quoye, A . Fellmonger, 290. Fellowe, , 433. Bele le Felawe, A. Fellowes, f Robert le Felawe, A. Felon, 152, n. Henry le Felun, A. Fenn. Roger del Fen, A. Thomas atte Fenne, B. Fenner, 200. Richard le Fenere, H. Ralph le Fenere, Ji. ■ 42. INDEX OF INSTANCES. 489 Fenreve, 197. Adam Fenreve, A. Fermer [v. Farmer), 160, 233. Robert le Fermere, A. Matilda la Fermer, G. Fermerie, 210. Idonia de la Fermerie, B. John le Fermeryi H. Fermor [v. Fermer), i6o. Feron, 244. Alan le Feron, A. Mar- gery la Feron, B. Ferrers, 124. Wydo de Ferreris, FF. Elizabeth de Ferreris, FF. Ferrier, 243. Osbert le Ferrur, A. Peter le Ferrour, G. Colin le Ferur ^. Ferriman, 246. Peter Feryman, Z. Richard Ferryman, Z. Ferron (v. Feron), 244. Roger le Ferun, A. • Fesant (v. Pheasant), 439. Feure, 244. Reginald le Feure, B. Thomas le Feure, M. . Feuterer {v. Fewter), 200. 244. Richard le Fevere, A. Fever, _ John le Fever, Af. Torald Fevre, le Fevre, y. Achard le Fevre, ' ^ T. Fewster [v. Fuster), 250. Ralph Few- ster, 5S. Fewter, 200. Walter le Feuterer, A. Geoffrey le Wewterer, A. John le Vautrer, A. Godfrey le Futur, A. Fidler, 268. Robert Fyffudlere, X. John Fydler, ZZ. Ruelard Vidulator, DD. Field, 90, 127. Linota ate Feld, A. Thomas atte Felde, Af. Fielder, 87. Alice Feylder, ZZ. Rich- ard Feilder, Wg. Fighter, 265. Richard le Fytur, A. Filder {v. Fielder), 87. Fillpot, 71. John Filpot, F. Roger Fylpot, FF. Fillip, 71. Walter Felip, A. Jon fiz Felyp, DD. Finch, 439. Thomas Finch, A. James Fynch, ff. Fincher, 202. Robert le Fincher, B. Finger, 385. Matilda Finger, If. Firebrace, 386. Robert Ferbras, M. Firminger {v. Furminger), 239, 328. Andrew Firminger, Z. John Far- mynger, Z. Fish, 236, 447. John le Fysche, Q. Richard Fishe, FF. Fisher, 235, 334. Thomas le Fishere, B. Henry le Fissere, y. Margaret le Fischere,\/4. Fisherman, 235. Antony Fisheman, FF. Andrew Fishman, FF. Fishmonger, 334 William Fyshmonger, F. Fiske, 236, 447. William Fyske, Q.- Catherine Fiske, FF. Fisker, 236. Robert le Fys-cer, A. Law- rence Fisker, F. Fitch, 443. William Fitche, A. William Fitch, FF. Fitchett, 443. John Fichet, M. William Fychet, ff. Fitchew, 443. Fitz-amice. Robert Fitz-amice, M. Fitz-bennet [v. Bennet). John le Fitz- beneit, ff. Alan Fitz-bennet, FF. Fitz-clerk, 32. Alexandei' Fitz-clerk, ff. Fitz-ellis, 55. Robert Fitz-elis, M. Wil- liam Fitz-elias, M. Fitz-garret (v. Garret). Edward Fitz- garret, FF. Agnes Fitz-garret, FF. Fitz-gerald, 13. Gerard Fitz-gerald, M. Thomas Fitz-gerot, //. Fitz-gibbon, 13. Fitz-hamond {v. Hammond). John Fitz-hamond D. Sibil Fitz-hamon, FF. Fitz-herbert {v. Herbert). William Fitz-herbert, Z. Thomas Fitz-her- bert, BE. Fitz-howard, 24. John Fitz-howard, W2. Fitz-james (v. James). John Fitz-james, Z. James Fitz-james, ££. Fitz-lettice, 60. Roger Fitz-lettice, If. John Fitz-lettice, M. Fitz-neel, 13. Robert Fitz-neel, B. Thomas Fitz-neel, M. Fitz-parker, 32. Thomas Fitz-parkere, N. 490 INDEX OF INSTANCES. Fitz-patrick, 13. Thomas Fitz-patrick, M. Fitz-payn, 13, 28. Ela le Fitz-payn, H. Elis le Fitz-payn, M. Fitz-peers (v. Peers). Lucia Fitz-peers, B. Aveline Fitz-piers, FF. Fitz-provost, 32. Simon Fitz-provost, H, Fitz-rauf, 13. John Fitz-raiif, B. Rich- ard Fitz-ralph, M. Fitz-richard, r3, John Fitz-richard, B. Rauf le Fitz-richard, M. Fitz-simon (z/. Simon). Edward le Fitz-simon, B. Robert Fitz-simon, M. Fitz-water {v. Walter). William le Fitz-water, A. Humfrey Fitz- wauter, B. Fitz-warin, 13, 24, 25. Ino Fitz-waryn, B, Fulco Fitz-warren, C. Fitz-wilUam [v. William). Jarvis Fitz- william, Z. Roger Fitz-william, FF. Five-ashes, 102. Fivepeny, 456. John Fivepeni, A. Flanner {^. Flaoner). John Flanner, FF. John Flanner, v. p. 326. Flaoner, 325. William le Flaoner, A. William le Flaoner, B. Roger le Flaoner, X. Flawner (w. Flaoner), 325. John Flaw- ner, X. Flaxenhead, 397. Richard Flaxenne- hed, A. Flaxman, 287. William Flexman, A. Ralph le Flexman, R. Flaxwife, 287. Christina le Flexwyf, X. Fleming, 136, 278. Ascelyn le Flemyng, A. Alard le Fleminge, B. Baldwin le Fleming, M. Jordan le Flemynge, 7- Fleihmonger, 332. WiUiam le Fles- mongere, A. Eudo le Fleshmongere, M. William Fleshemongere, F. Flesher, 332. John Fleshewer, H. Robert Flessher, W 2. WilUam Flesschewer, W 2. Fletcher, 191, 192. Henry le Fletcher, A. Robert le Fleccher, E. Adam le Fletcher, G. Flexman (z/. Flaxman), 287. Flinthard, 426. Jacob Flinthard, A. Richard Flinthard, H. Florence, 134. John de Florence, R. Flouredieu, 454. John Flouredieu, FF. Flower, 192. John le Floer, ^. Nicho- las le Flouer, J. Reginald le Flower, B. Fluter, 272. N icholas le Floutere, B. Fly, 445. Magge File, A. Oda File, A. Foakes iv. Fulkes), 42. Foke Odell, H. Ralph Foke, A. Foldyate, 103. John atte Foldyate, J. Foliot, 420. Jordan Foliot, A. Richard FoUot, B. Foljambe, 387. Thomas Folejamb, A. Richard Foljamb, M. Folkes [v. Fulkes), 42. Follenfant, 420. Hugh Folenfaunt, A. FoUet, ■» 420. Margery la Folyet, M. FoUit, j Jordan Folyot, A. Fool, 181. Peter le Folle, yi . Alexander le Fbl, C. Johannes Stultus, DD. Foolhardy, 410, 420. Walter Fulhardy, X. Foote, 387. Thomas Fot, A. Matilda Fot, A. Forager. William le Forager, B. Forcer, 356. Nicholas le Forcer, A. Henry le Forcer, B. John le Forcer, ■ M. Ford, 90. Peter ate Ford, M. Nicho- las de la Forde, A. 195. Gilbert le Forester, A. Richard le Forester, M. Ivo le Forester, J. Forster (z/. Forester), 195. William le Forster, A. Henry le Forster, M. Fort, 3S2. John le Fort, E. William le Fort, M. Fortescue, 407. Isabella Fortescue, B, John Fortescu, H. Foster {v. Forester), 195. Walter le Foster, J. Forester, Forrester INDEX OF INSTANCES. 491 Founder, 348. William le Fonder, A. John le Funder, E. Fourpeny, 456. Thomas Fom'peni, Wg. Foulkes {v. Fulkes), 42. Fowlke Grevill, Z. Fowk'es [v. Fulkes), 42. Fowkede Cou- drey, A. Fowke Crompton, Z. Fowl, 434. Walter le Fowel, A. Nicholas le Fogheie, M. Fowler, 202, Warin le Fowlur, A. William le Fougheler. D, John le Fogheler, M. Fox, 443. Henry le Fox, A. Walter le Fox, M. Foxden, 92. Francis, 17, 132. Richard le Fraunceys, A . Gilbert le Franceys, B. Henry le Franceis, C. Francom [v. Frankham), 217. Francomb [v. Frankham), 2r7. William Francombe, Z. Frank, 217. Walter le Frank, A. Fulco le Frank, E. Frankham, 217. Robert Frankhome, G. Reginald le Fraunchome, A. Hugh Fraunch-humme, A. Franklin, 217. Geoffrey le Fraunkelyn, A . John le Fraunkelyn, B. Miles le Franklein, M. Frean [v. Freen), 127. Freborn [v. Freeborn), 217. Free, 217, 380. Walter le Free, A. Freebond, 218 n. Robert Frebond, A. Freeborn, 217. Richard Frebern, A. Agnes Frebern, A. Freegift, 77. Freeman, 217, 380, Johnle Freman, A. Martin le Freman, A. Freen, 127. Fulk de la Freigne, G. Stephen ad Fren, A. Freer, j 159,437. Geoffrey le Frere, .^. Freere, j Syward le Frere, A. Freke, 412. William le Frek, M. Henry Freke, A. Freman (i/. Freeman), 217, 380. Fremantel, 405. Richard de Fremantell, M. Hugh de Frigido-Mantello, E. French, 132. Simon le Frensch, A. Eborard le Frenshe, G. Richard le Frensh, M. French-baker, 322. Richard Frensh- baker, D. Frenchman, 132. Gyllame Freynsman, Frere {v. Freer), 159, 437. John le Frere, A . Henry le Frere, B. Freshfish, 293, »., 456. John Freshfisch, H. Robert Freshfissh, X. Freshherring, 456. Margaret Fresshe- haryng, X. Frewife, 217. Agnes Frewife, A. Frewoman, 217. Matilda Frewoman, A. Freyne (z/. Freen), 2r7. Robert le Freyne, A. Friar (v. Frere), 159. Frick, 412. Ralph Frike, A. Friday, 35. Simon Fridey, A. Thomas Fryday, B. Henry Friday, M. Friend, 410. Hugh le Frend, A, Wil- liam le Frend, R. Frith, 91. Richard de la Frith, A. John atte Frithe, FF. Frobisher {v. Furbisher), 187. Peter Frobysher, Z. Antony Frobiser, ZZ. Frog, 437. John Frog, A. Fromabove, 77. Front-de-beuf, 449. Ralph Front-de- bceuf, M. Fruiter, 331. Ralph le Frueter, A. Peter le Fruter, E. Hugh le Fruter, N. Fruitmonger, 331. John le Fruemonger, M. Fry, 217. Walter le Frie, A . Roger le Frye, A". Thomas le Frye, T. Fryer (v. Frere), 159, 437. [42. Fulk Paifrer, M. Fulke Fulke, . Paynel, A . Fulke le Taver- Fulkes, ner, B. Fulco Fitz-warin, ^ B. 492 INDEX OF INSTANCES. Fuller, 283. Grigge le Fulur, A . Walter le FuUere, N. Mathew le FuUere, M. Fullilove, 419. Ralph FuU-of-love, PP. Roger Full-of-love, PP. Fulman [v. Fuller), 283. Furber, 187. John le Furbur, E. Alan le Fourbour, G. Furbisher [v. Frobisher), 187. Thomas le Furbisur, M. Edmund Furbyssher, ZZ. Furminger, 328. William le Formager, A. Ely le Furmager, O. Wilkin le Furmager, O. Furner, 322. William le Furner, A. Walter le Fernier, A. Furrier, 304. Richard Furryour, W ■i- Fuster, 250. Ralph le Fuster, M. Robert Fuster, P. Futter (z'. Fewter), 200. Fulcher le Fewtrer, PP. Simon le Futur, A. /^ ABBER, 424. Stephen le Gabbere, ^-"^ A. Gerard le Gabur, ^. Gabbot, 75. Anable Gabbot, A . Gabbs, 75. Gabcock, 75. William Gabecoky, A. Gabriel, 75. John Gabriel, M. Gabriel Carye, Z. Gadling, 424. Gager, 366. William le Gageour, G. Gaicote, 406. William Gaicote, A. Gaillard (z/. Gayliard), 4r8. Gaite, 153. Robert le Gait, M. Galer [v. Gayler), 151. Galeys, 122. Thomas le Galeis, E. Henry le Galeys, R. Gallant. Thomas Galaunt, A. Helen Gallant, PP. Gallard (v. Gayliard), 418. William Gallard, A. Gait, 445. Gilbert Gait, A. Gamaliel, 78, n. Gamaliel Capell. Gamson, 405. Robert Gamson, Z. William Gamson, Z. Gander, 439. Roger Gandre, A. Tho- mas Gandre, X. Gaut (i) (i/. Gaunt). Warinle Gant, A. le Gant, A. (2), 140. Gilbert de Gant, J. Reginald de Gante, E. Ganter (z*. Gaunter), 309, Gantlett [v. Gauntlett), 406. Gardiner, 223. Amabilla la Gardiner, .^. Thomas le Gardener, M. Gardner {^. Gardiner), 223. William le Gardner, J. Raffe Gardner, Z. Garlick, 225. Robert Garlec, A. Sara Garlek, PP. Garlickmonger, 225. John Garleke- mongere, B. Henry le Garleke- mongere, M. Thomas le Garlyk- monger, M. Garrett {v. Gerald), 25. Garrett Fitz- garrett, Z. Garrett Hawkinson, Z. Garrettson (k. Gerald), 25. John Garred- sone, Z. Gascoigne, 131. Jacob Gascoigne, B, Philip le Gascoyne, T. Gaskin (v. Gascoigne), 131. Wilham Gascon, B. Robert Gaskyn, P. Gate (i), 230. Adam le Gayt, B. Robert le Gait, M. (2), ro2. Richard atte Gate, M. William atte Gate, M. Gateschale, 178. John Gateschale, W i. Percevall Gatescalle, ZZ. Gatesden, 231. William de Gatesden, M. John de Gatesden, PP. Gathard (i/. Gaytherd), 230. Gatherer, 226. Roger le Gaderer, A. Gattard (z*. Gaytherd), Gaytherd 230. Ganger, 366. Alexander le Gauger, N. Henry le Gaugeour, N. Alan Gauger, M. Gaunt (i), 140. Simon de Gaunt, M. Maurice de Gaunt, C. (2), 381. Thomas le Gaunt, A. Juliana le Gaunt, A. Gaunter, 309. John le Gaunter, N. Stephen le Gaunter, M. Geoffrey le Ganter, A. Gauntlett, 406. Henry Gauntelett, Z, Roger Gauntlet, Z. INDEX OF INSTANCES. 493 Gawthorpe, no. Gay, 419, 418. Robert le Gay, A. William le Gay, J?. Gayler, 151. Richard le Gayeler, A. John le Gaoler, B. Gayliard, ) 418. Sabina Gaylard, H. Gaylord, \ Nicholas Gaylard, T. Gayt {v. Gate), 230. Adam le Gayt, B. Gaytherd, 230. Roland Gateard, iV 9. Robert Gatherd, W 9. Gedling, 424. Geldard, \ 230. John Gildderd, W 11. Geldart, ) John Geldert, IV 2. Genese, 133. Geneve, 140. Nicholas de Geneve, 0. Walter de Jeneve, H. Gent (v. Gant, 2), 140. Alicia Gent, A. Judseus Gent, B. Gentilcorps, 435. William Gentilcorps, M. Richard Gentylcors, X. Gentilhomme {v. Gentleman), 414. Thomas Gentilhomme, ff. Gentle, 410, 414. Robert le Gentill, A. WiUiam le Gentil, M. Gentleman, 414. Robert Gentilman, V. Nicholas Gentilman, A. Geoffrey (v. Godfrey), 15, 21, 41- Geof- frey Gerard, A. Geoffrey de Gren- ville, A. Gerard, 25. Gerald, 25. Warinfil. Gerold, A. Mar- garet fil. Geraldi, y. Gerish, 421. William le Geriss, A. John le Gerisse, A. Gerrish {v. Gerish), 421. Umfrey le *Gerische, A. Gervase. WilHam fil. Gervasii, A, Gervase fil. Hamo, C. Geyt, 153. Hugh le Geyt, A. Robert le Geyte, Af. Gibb, ) 38, 39. Adam Gibbe, M. Gibbs, ( Robert Gybbys, FF. Gibbins, 39. John Gybbyn, Z. John Gybbyns, ZZ. . Gibbons, 39. John Giboun, M. Robert Gybbon, II. Gibbonson, 39. John Gibbonson, F. Gibelot, 425. Dera Gibelot, A. John Gibbelote, W 2. GibsoHj 39. Thomas Gibson, F. Cicell Gibson, W g. Giddyhead, 410, 428. William Gidy- heued, X. Giggler. Robert le Gigelere, A. Gigur, 271. Walter le Gigur, A. Alex- ander le Gigur, T. Bigelot le Gigur, DD. Gilbert, 17, 39. Warin fil. Gilbert, DD. Gilbert de Gaunt, T. Gilbertson, 39. William fil. Gilbert, A. Henry fil. Gilbert, M. Gilcock {v. Gill), 61. Cecilia Gilkoc, A. Gildensleeve,404. Roger Gyldenesleve,.^^. Gilder, 214. Ralph le Gilder, X. Giles, 39. Gile Deacon, A. Jordan fil. Egidius, A. Gill, 61. Richard fil. Gille, A. Gille HuUe, A. 62. Guillot le Balister, £. Gilot le Heauberger, X. Gil- lot Carrel, BB. Gwillottus Clerk, C. Gilpin, 39. Gilbert Gilpyn, H. Gilson, 62. Robert fil. Gyle, A. Thp- mas Gylson, F. Giltspur, 409. Agnes Giltspur, FF. Jeffery Giltspur, FF. Ginger, 428. Godfrey Gingivre, M. Agnes Gyngyvere, X. Ginn, 194; Alexander Gin, A. Ginner, 194. Hugh le Ginnur, A. Wil- liam le Ginnur, A. John Ginour, M. Gipps, 39. Girdler, 307. Adam le Gurdlere, Bret, /i. Hamo le Bard, ^. Hamons, ) Hamo til. Ricardi, M. Hamper, 344. Geoffrey le Hanaper, A. John Hanaper, A. Hampermaker, 344. William Hamper- maker, H. Hampshire, 120. John Hamshire, A. Hampson, 26. Nicholas fil. Hamon, J. Hamo fil. Hamonis, C. Alice Ham- mundson, W2. WiUiam Hamneson, ZZ. Hamsher (v. Hampshire), 120. Hancock [v. Handcock), 49. Hand, 385. Richard Hand, A. Thomas Hande, A. Handcock, 49. Hanecok Birun, A. John Hancock, 0. Handshaker, 428. William Honde- shakere, M. Handsomebody, 435. Hanker, 164. John le Haneker, A. William Hanekare, A. Hankins, 49. Haneken de Fine, E. Hanekynjoscelyn, A^. HankynMayn- waryng, H. Hankinson, 49. Garrett Hankinson, Z. Randolph Hankynson, ZZ. Hannah [v. Hannay), 136. Hannant, 136. Hannay, 156. John de Henau, C. William Hannay, H. Hans, 49. Hans Bemer, 0. Hans Doubler, O. Hansard, 137. Hanson, 49. Roger Hanson, F. Richard Hanson, W z. Hanway (z/. Hannay), 136. Harber, 252. William le Herbeiour, B. WiUiam le Herber, E. Richard le Hareber, N. Harbinger, 184. Harbour {z*. Harber), 252. Harcourt, 124. Saer de Harecurt, A. Alicia de Harecurt, K. Harden, 92. Richard de Harden, B. William de Harden, C. Hardfish. Richard Hardfysshe, FF. John Hardyfish, FF. Hardhead, 348, 397. Robert Hardheved, A. Simon Hardheved, T. Harding. Robert fil. Harding, E. Maurice fil. Harding, E. Hardman, 410, n. John Hardyman, V. p. 410, n. Hardy, 410. Thomas Hardi, A. Richard Hardy, M. Hare, 443. GeoiTrey le Hare, B. John le Hare, M. Harebrown, 398. William Harebrown, FF. Harefoot, 5, 388. Harengot, 446. . Stephen Harengot, DD. Harfagre, 5. Hargreaves, 94. John de Haregrave, A. John de Hargreve, C. K K 498 INDEX OF INSTANCES. Harriet, Harriot, Harleg, 93. Roger de Harlege, A. Richard de Harleg, A. Harlot. John Harlot, K. John le Harlet, A. Harman {v. Herman), 24. Cecilia Here- man, A. Herman de Francia, C. Harmanson i^. Harman), 24. Walter Hermanson, O. John Urmynson, M^ii. Harmer [v. Hermer), 24. Robert fil. Hermer, C. Hopkins Harmar, Z. Harold, 5, 17, 20. Gilbert fil. Harold, J. Harold fil. Roberti, J. Harper, \ 270. Ralph le Harpur, A. Harpour, > Gilbert le Harpour, B. Harpur, J Hugh le Harper, M. (43. Heriot Heringflet, FF. Thomas Haryette, G. Wil- liam Haryott, F. Harris, 43. John Harryes, H. Ezekias Harrys, FF. Harrison, 43. Henricus fil. Henry, C. George Herrison, W 9. Reginald Herryesson, FF. Harrold {v. Harold), 5, 20. James Harrold, FF. Hart, 443. Hobart le Hart, FF. Richard le Hert, M. Hartley, 93. Richard de Hertleye, A. Robert Harteley, Z. Hartman, 199. Hartop, 1 no. John Hartop, FF. Hartrop, J Elizabeth Hartopp, FF. Harvard, 23. 23. Eustace fil. Hervei, A. Herveus le Gos, A. William fil. Hervei, E. Haseler (v. Hastiler), 174. Hasell, 127. Oliver de Hassell, A, William de Hasele, A. Hasler {v. Hastiler). Haster (v. Hastier), 174. Philip le Haster, A. John Haster, W g. Hastiler, i 174, Turstan le Hastiler, E. Hastier, J William Hastiler, M. Hatch, 103, 117. Richard de la Hache, A. Philip atte Hache, M. Hatcher, 103. Harvey, Harvie, Hatchman, 103. Roger Hatchman, Z. Hatechrist. William Hatecrist, K. Hatewrong, 453. Henry Hatewrong, B. Hatmaker, 297. William Hatmaker, H. Hatt, 117. Thomas del Hat, A, John atte Hatte, R. Hatter, 117, 297. Henry le Hatter, A. Robert le Hattare, M. Hauberger, 187. Gilbert le Hauberger, B. John le Haubergeour, C. Wil- liam le Haubergere, N. Haughton, 106. John de Houghtone, X. Thomas Haughton, Z. Haverpenny, 428. William Haverpenny, FF. Haward (v. Hay ward), 198. William Haward, M. Piers le Hawarde, H. Hawes, 106. Peter in le Hawe, A. John de la Hawe, A. Hawk, 438. Hawker, 255. John le Haucker, A. Simon le Hauckere, B. John le Hau- kere, M. Hawkhurst, 90. Hawkins, 43. Haukin de Hauvill, R. Haukyn Mayne, H. Haukyn Ferers, O. Hawkinson, 43. Hawkstone, 439, n. Roger de Haukes- tane, A. Hawley, 106. John Hauley, Z. Haworth, 106. Hawthornthwaite, 95. Hawton [v. Haughton), 106. Hugh de Hawtone, ^. Henry Hawton, Z. Hay, io6. Anna de la Hay, B. John de la Hay, M. Haycraft, 105. Hugh de la Heycroft, A . WiUiam a la Heycrofte, A . 106. Stephen de la Haye, A. Cecilia de la Haye, B. Wil" liam atte Haye, y. Hayland, 106. Thomas de Heyelonde, A. Richard de Haulaund, E. Heyley, 106, Eborard de Heyle, A., Gavin de Haule, £. Haye, Hayes, INDEX OF INSTANCES. 499 Hayman, 198. Peter Hayman, F. Ralph le Hayman, Z. Haymon (z/. Hamon), 25. Haymonger. Walter le Heymongere, G. Hayward, 198. Adam le Hayward, A. Richard le Hayward, B. Nicholas le Hayward, M. Haywood, 106. William de Haywode, M. Isabell Heywode, A . Hazlehurst, 90. William de Haselhurst, R. Head (i), 384. William Heved, M. (2), 384. Thomas del Heved, A. Heard (i;. Herd), 228. William Hearde, Z. Heame (r), 103. Thomas ate Hume, A . Henry en le Hume, A . (2), 439. Henry le Heme, A. Heath, 100. William atte Hethe, B. Nicholas atte Hethe, M. Heaviside, 5. Heavy, 381. Hedge (&. Hedges). Hedger, 220. Hedges. Geoffrey atte Hegge, M. John atte Hegge, M. Hedgraan, 221. AlanHagheman, ^. Hefferman, 233. Heir [v. Eyre), 169. Richard le Heir, M. Helder, 317. Christiana le Heldere, A. Hell, 97. Roger de la Helle, A. Alex- ander atte Helle, H. Hellier, 211. Robert le Helliere, A. Thomas Hellier, Z. Hellman, 2ir. WilUam Heleman, A. Hellus, 104. Nicholas del Hellus, A. Hellyer (7/. Hellier), 211. JohnHellyer, Z. Helman (i/. Hellman), 2ri. Henchman, 180. Henry Henchman, Z. Joseph Henchman, FF. Hendiman, 414- William Hendiman, A. William Hendeman, M. Hendy, 414. Thomas le Hendy, FF. John le Hendy, FF. Henman {y. Henchman), 180. John Henman, FF. William Henman, FF. Henn, 439. Coleman le Henn, A. Thomas le Hen, A . Henriot [v. Henry), 43. Alicia Henriot, W'2.. Robert Henriot, Wz. Henry, 43. Henry fil. Isolda, T. Henry fil. Justina, T. Henryson, 43. William Henryesson, G. Catherine Henryson, W 2.. Henshall, ) 91. Joseph Henshaw, FF. Henshaw, ( William Hanshaw, H. Hensman [v. Henchman)', 180. Henty {v. J^endy), 414- Herald, ) 183. Main le Heralt, B. Heraud, J Roger Herald, FF. Herberer [v. Harber), 252. Roger le Herberer, O. Herberger, 184, 252. Herbert le Her- berjur, E. Herbert. Herebert le Franceis, E. Gilbert Hereberd, A. Herd, 228. John le Hirde, A. Roger le Herde, M. Alice le Herde, H. Herdler, 221. Gilbert le Herdlere, A. Herdman, 228. William le Herdeman, B. Martin Herdman, A. Herdson, 32. Henry Herdson, FF. James Hirdson, ZZ,. Hereward, 23. Emma Hereward, A. Howel ap Herewarde, M. Herman, 24, Herman de Alemannia, G. Alan Herman, M. Hermer, 24. Hermit, 163. Gerard Heremite, A. Silvester le Hermite, B. Hermitage [v. Armitage), 163. ' Heron, 439. Robert Heyron, A. Wil- liam Heron, B. Herring, 446. Robert Heryng, A. Reymund Heryng, M. Herringer, 335. Thomas le Haringer, E. Richard le Harenger, A. Herringbreeder, 335. Symon Haryng- bredere, A. Heth, 100. Matilda atte-Heth,^. John del Heth, J. K K 2 Soo INDEX OF INSTANCES. Hewe (v. Hugh), 41. Hew Heryson, -pjp. Hewe Hare, Z. Hewer, 226. Walter le Howere, A. Ralph le Heuer, B. Benedict le Huwere, A. Hewet, 41. Robert Hughet, M. John Hewette, H. Hewetson, 41. Wilham Heuetson, WS. Elizabeth Hewetson, Z. Hewlett, 41. Walter Hughelot, A. William Hughlot, A''. John Huelot, A. Hewson, 41. Jordan fil. Hugh, A. John Hewisson, Z. flej'ward, 198. Elwin le Heyward, A. Henry le Heyward, B. William le Heyward, M. Hicks, 14, 68. Geoffrey fil. Hicke, A. Baptist Hickes, Z. Thomas Hix, Z. ;-Iickson. 14, 63. John Hixson, F. William Hikson, IV 3. Richard Hyxson, W^. Iliggins, 68. John Hyggyns, F. Edward Hyggons, F. William Higons, If. jKgginson, 68. Thomas Hyggenson, Wg. Robert Higynson, ZZ. Iliggs, 68. George Higges, F. Thomas Higges, Z. ^ligh, 381. Robert le Heye,yi. Robert le Hey, M. [ligson, 68. Peter Higson, Z. jlill, 127. Geoffrey del Hil, A. John at Hil, M. llillary, 60. Hillary Constabularius, A. Illaria Purcel, T. HiUaria la Waleyse, A. lliUier {v. Hellier), 211. jlillyer (v. Hellier), 211. ilind, 218, 433. Francis Hind, Z. John Hynd, ZZ. :Iinde, 218, 433. Mildred Hynde, Z. Lawrence Hynde, ZZ. .-lindley, 93. Hugh Hyndeley, ZZ. John Hyndley, ZZ. Hindman, 199. Richard Hindman, Z. Hindshaw, 91. Hindson, 32, «. Hine, 218, 433. Stephen le Hine, M. John le Hyne, A. Hinxman {v. Henchman), 180. William Hinxman, Z. Joseph Hinxman, Z. Hirst, 90. Simon de la Hirst, A. John de Herst, £. Hitchcock. 43. Higecok de Trent, X. Hichecok Bedell, A. William Hychcok, IV^. Hitchcox, 43. Hitchins, 43. William Hychyns, F. Hitchinson, 43. David Henchenesson, FF. Hithereve (John le Huthereve, N.), 197. Hoarder. Richard le Hordere, y4. Adam le Horder, II. John le Hordere, Hoare {v. Hore), 395. Adam le Hore, A. Hob {v. Hobbs), 36. Hobbins, 37. Hobbyn, FF. Hobbler, 168. Hobbs, 37. Obbe Dudeman, F. Hobbe fil. Ralph, DV. Hobbe the Were- wede, C. Hobday, 35. Richard Hobday, Z, Hobkins {v. Hopkins), 37. Nicholas Hobekyn, A. Roger Hobekyn, A. Hobjohn, 431. John Hobjbhn, Z, Hobler, 168. Hobson, 37. William Hobson, F, Thomas Hobbessone, H. Hockday, | John Hockeday, Z. Hockerday, )•'-••' Hodder, 254. Godewyn le Hodere, N. John le Hottere, X. Hodges (z/. Roger), 40. William Hodgys, F. Robert Hodge, II. Hodgkins {v. Roger), 40. John Hoge- kyn, a. Charles Hodgskines, Z. Hodgkinson {v. Roger), 40. John Hod- deskynson, ZZ. Robert Hodgekynson, F. ({v. Roger) , 40. John Hogge- son, F. Richard Hodgges- sone, II. Evan Hodson, ZZ. INDEX OF INSTANCES. SOI Hoel (v. Howell), 12. Hoel fil. Philip, C. Isabel Hoel, ZZ. Hogg (i), 114. Richard del Hog, M. (2), 445. Alice le Hog, A. Philip le Hog, A. Hoggart, 23, 229. Nicholas Hogherde, F. Margaret Hoggard, F. Hogman. John Hogeman, A. Hogsflesh, 428, 448. Margery Hogges- flesh, Z. William Hoggesflesh, Z. Hointer, 225, 342. Michel le Hointer, A. Holder, 317. Robert le Holdere, A. Holland, 136. Thurstan de Holland, A/. John de Holland, H. HoUandman, 136. Wilham Holand- man, W 8. Holleyman, 88. William Holyman, A. Richard Hollyman, Z. HoUiday, 36. Leonard HoUidaie, Z. Ralph Holiday, FF, Hollier, 88. William Holyer, FF. Holman, 96. Digorie Holman, Z. Holme, 90, 96. Joscelyn de Holme, A. Robert del Holm, Jf. Holmer, 96. Holmes [v. Holme), 90, 96. Holt, 91. Henry de la Holte, A. Ralph atte Holt, M. William del Holt, A. Holtman [v. Holt), 91. John Holtman, ff. Thomas Holtman, FF. I Holroyd, 93. Holy-peter, 432. WilUam Halupetir, A . Holy-water-clerk. Hugh HaUwatere- clerk, M. Homer, 188. Manekyn le Heaumere, Jf. Honeyman, 224. Osbert Honiman, A. Gilbert Honyman, D. Hooker. William le Hoker, M. John Hoker, X. Hooper, 351. Alexander le Hopere, A. Andrew le Hopere, M. Hope. Roger de la Hope, A. David atte Hope, O. Hopkins, 37. Henry ap Hopkyn, B. Hqpkyn ap Rees, C. Hopkinson, 37. Henry Hopkynson, ZZ, Richard Hopkinson, Z. Hopper, 267. Richard le Hoppar, A. Geoffrey le Hoppere, JiT. Adam le. Hoppere, y. Hopperson, 32. Nicholas Hopperson, V. p. 32, n, Hore, 395. Richard le Hore, A. Petei le Hore, B. Thomas le Hore, M. Horn, IIS, 350i 4°^. Roger Horn, A. Richard Horn, 7?. Hornblow (v. Blowhorn), 200, 226. Horner, 350. Matilda le Hornere, A. John le Horner, B. Richard le Horner, M. Horsden, 92. William de Horsden, A. Wilham de Horsenden, Q, Horsley, 93. Beyll Horsle, Wg. Roger de Horssele, £>D. Horsman, 246. Agnes le Horsman, A. John Horsman, //. Horsemonger, 247. Leo le Horse- mongere, A. Hose, 404. Hosier, 313. Philip le Hosier', M... Lawrence Hosyer, If. Hoskyns {v. Hodgkins). Thomas Hos- kyns, JI. Elizabeth Hoskyns, Z. Host. Roger le Hoste, C. John le Host, A. Hostricier. Geoffrey le Hostriciere, £. Hotchkins, \{v. Hodgkinson). John Hotchkinson, f Hotchekynson, ZZ. Hound {v. Hund), 443. Hound-dealer. John Houndealler, F. Howard, 23. John Fitz-howard, IV 2. William Howard, A. Howe (i), loi. Leticia atte Howe, Af. John de la How, FF. (2), Ralph le Howe, Af. William le Howe, M. Howell {v. Powell), 12. Howel le Waleys, M. EMzabeth ap Howell, B. Howel ap David, M. Howett {v. Hewett), 41. Howlett {v. Hewlett), 41. John Howlett, F. Humfrcy Howlett, Z. 502 INDEX OF INSTANCES. Howson, 41. Carolus Howson, F. Simon Howissone, FF. Hozier [v. Hosier), 313. Hucker, 255. William le Huckere, M. Huckster, 255. Peter le Huckster, M. Hudd. Hudde de Knaresborough, E. Hudde Garcio de Stabulo, DD. Hudson {v. Hudd). Richard Huddeson, H. John Hudeson, W2. Huet {v. Hewett), 41. Huet de Badone, E. Joan Huet, Wz. Huggins, 41. William fil. Hugonis, A. John Hugonys, FF. Hugginson, 41. Nicholas fil. Hugonis, A. William Huggyuson, ZZ. Hugh, 40. Edde fil. Hugh, A. Hugh le Chepman, T. Hughes, 41. Richard Hewys, F, Richard Hewes, Z. Hughson, 41. John Hughson, Z. Richard Hughesson, FF. Hull, 97. Nicholas atte Hulle, B. Jordan dela Hulle, y. Hullett [v. Hewlett), 41. William Houghlot, O. Roger fil. Hulot, W%. Humble, 411. Richard Humble, Z. 12, 27. Richard Umfrey, „ , \ A. Humfridus de Bas Humphrey, singbourn, C. Hund, 443. Gilbert le Hund, A. Wil- liam le Hund, B. Hundredpound [v. Centlivre), 456, Wil- liam Hundredpound, FF. Hungry. William Hungry, R. Hunnard, 191, 231. Helyas le Hun- derd, A. Hunne, 134. William le Hunne, A. Martin le Hunne, A. Hunt, 200. Nicholas le Hunte, A. John le Hunt, B. Gilbert le Hunt, M. Hunter, 200. Henry le Huntere, A. Thomas le Hunter, M. Huntsman, 200. Walter Hunteman, A. Joan Hunteman, C. Hurd (v. Herd), 228. Robert le Hyrde, A. Hurdman (v. Herdman), 228. Mawde Hurdman, A. Hurer [v. Hurrer), 298. Alan le Hurer. Hurlbat, 409. Robert Hurlebat, X. Matilda Hurlebatt, V. John Hurle- batt, Z. Hurlstone, 409, n. Hurrer (v. Hurer), 298. Geoifrey le Hurwere, A, Hursley, 90. William de Hurslee, A. Huist, 90. William de la Hurst, B. John atte Hurst, M. Husband, 432. Robert le Hosebonde, A. Walter le Husebonde, A. Huskisson, 41. John Hocheskynson, F. Hutchins, 41. William Huchyn, F. Alan Huchyns, ff. Hutchinson, 41. Thomas Hochinson, F. Christopher Huchynson, P. Hutchreve, 326. Robert le Huchereve, N. Hyde. Leticia de la Hyde, A. Adam atte Hyde, M. Hyldsmith. WiUiam Hyldsmyth, A. Hyne, 218. John le Hyne, A. William le Hyne, J. Hyneson, 32. Ellen Hyneson, W 9. Thomas Hynson, Z. Hythe, 197. Walter de la Hythe, A. Eustace de la Hythe, A. Hythereve, 197. John le Huthereve, O. T BBETSON {v. Ibbotson), 66. ^ Ibbet {v. Ibbot), 66. Ibbot, 66. Ibbota fil. Adx, W 2. Walter Ibbot, A. Ibbotson, 66. Robert fil. Ibotas, B. Alice Ebotson, W 2. Icemonger, 347. Isabel le Isemongere, G. Richard Ismongere, M. Agnes la Ismongere, X. INDEX OF INSTANCES. 503 Ida, 17. Ida Salter, W 2. Ida Carle, A. Ida de Bello Campo, A. Iddison {v. Ida). Emma fil. Ido, W 5. Thomas Idessone, S. Idonia, 17. Joan fil. Idonea, T. Idonea le Engleys, y. Ilbert. Ilbert le Cementer, 55. Ilbert de Hereford, DV. Imary, 26. Eymerus de Melinges, M. Eimericus de Chaworth, E. Aimaric Gedge, M. Imbert. Imbertus de Salinis, B. Isem- bert Burrellus, C. Henry Isemberd, A. Imeson, 26. Imper, 222. Adam le Imper, M. Imray (v. Imary), 26. Inglis, 121. William Inglish, B. Roger Ingleys, M. Walter Ingeleys, A. Ingram, 27. Ingeram de Betoyne, A. Engeram Betencurt, E. Ingram Germayn, M. Inman, 252. Toby Inman, Wg. Henry Inman, Z. Ireland, 121. Adam de Irlond, ff. Henry de Irlaund, M. Iremonger, 347. John le Irmongere, A. Daniel le Irmongere, M. William le Irremongere, M. Irish, 121. Adam le Ireis, B. Henry le Ireys, M. John le Irreys, ff. Irishman, 121. Edward Irishman, EF. Ironfoot, 386. Peter Yrenefot, A. Ironmonger (v. Iremonger), 347. Ironpurse, 426. Jordan Irenepurs, A. Robert Irenpurse, A. Ironsides, 5, 386. Margery Ironside, Wg. Gilbert Ironside, 55. Irwin. Augustus fil. Envin, A. Isaac, 14, 68. John Ysac, A. Samuel fil. Ysaac, DD. Ysaac de Norwich, 7- Isaacson, 68. Geoffrey fil. Isaac, y. William fil. Isaac, T. Isabel, 17, 66. Isabel de Arcy, A. William Isabelles, EE. Ismay. Isemay Egleberd, A. Roger fil. Ysmay, A. Isamaya Hibernica, DD. Isolda, 18. Isolda Longespe, A. Richard fil. Isolda, A. Isolda fil. Hugh, E. ■ Ison (v. Iveson), 29. Ivatts {v. Ivetts), 30. Ive, 29. Ive Hook, A. Ivo fil. Warin, M. William fil. Ive, A. Ivens, 49. Peter fil. Ivone, A, John Ivyn, H. Iverson (v. Iveson), 29. Ives, 29. Thomas fil. Ivonis, E. Aimerie fil. Yvo, C. Iveson, 29. William Iveson, W 2. Walter fil. Ive, A. Ivetts, 30. John fil. Ivette, A. Thomas. fil Ivettas, E. Ivetta de Inglethorpe, EF. Ivison {v. Iveson), 29. Ivo (v. Ive), 29. Ivoiy-Malet, 450, «. JACKANAPES, 446. John Jacka- •^ napes, M. Jack. Jacke le Warner, A. Catherine Jak, Wz. Jackman, 187. Bennett Jackman, Z. AnneJackman, EF. Jacks 49. Agnes Jakkes, A. Jakes, Amadur, A. Jackson, 49. Robert fil. Jake, A. Ed- mund Jacson, E. Thomas Jaxsonn, H^9. Jacobs. Jordan Jacob, A. Agnes Jacob, If. Jacobson. Robert fil. Jacob, A. Thomas fil. Jacob, M. Jakeman (v. Jackman), 187. John Jakeman, E. Jake, 49. Jake Heriet, A. Robert fil. Jake, A. Jakes {v. Jacks), 49. Robert Jacques, M. Jakys Breton, Wz. Jambe, 387. Hugh Jambe, A. Tho- mas Jaumbe, M. S04 INDEX OF INSTANCES. James, 73. James le Queynt, H. John Jamys, H. Christiana James, A. Jameson, 1 73. Thomas Jamson, H. Jamieson, J Ralph Jamson, ZZ. Jane (i), 51- Jane Jay, FF. Jane Swete, H, (2). 133- . Janet. John Janet, H. Janekin Jonet, H. Janeway, 133. Benedict de Janua. E. Peter dejiieigny, E. Jankin. Johnjanekyn, B. Janekin Jonet, H. Jannaway (i). Janeway), 133. Janson. Roger Janneson, FF. Peter Janson, FF. Jarman, 348. Robert Jarman, ZZ. Jarrard, ] (w. Gerard), 25. JarrardGore, Jarratt, ■ Z. Jarrett Dashwood, FF. Jarrett, J Jarat Nycholson, W 9. Jarvis [v. Gervase). Ellen Jarvyes, Z. Jay, 439. John le Jay, M. Walter le Jay, B. JeTe,'}'"->°^''5^-'33- Jeffcocks, 15, 42. John Jeffcocke, Z. Jeiferson, 42. Warin Fitz-Geffrey, M. Geoffrey Jeffreson, F. Peter Geffrey- son, ZZ. Jeffkins, 15, 42. Jeffries, 42. John Geffereys, H. Richard Jefferaye, Z. Jeff, I 42. Nicholas Jeff, Z. Johnjeffes, Jeffs, j ZZ. Jenkins, 49. Jenkyn le Messer, H. Jevan ap Jeynkyns, F. Jenkinson, 49. Katerine Jankynson, F. Gilbert Jenkynson, H. Jenks, 49. Rowland J enks, F. Thomas Jenks, Z. Jenner, 194. William le Genour, M. Henry Jenner, Z. Jennings, 49, 52. Janyn Godard, H. Thomas Jennyns, F. Jennison, 49, 52. Alan fil. Jene, A. John Jenanson, H. John Jenyson, F. Jephson, 42. Thomas Jephson, FF. Jepson, 42. Richard Jepson, Wz. John Jepson, Z. Jerard (i/. Jarrard), 25. Jerard Watson, W Limebeer, j Limer, 214. John le Limer, A. Limethwaite, 95. Limewright, 214, 239. Hugh le Lim- wryte, A. Limmer, 362. Limner, 362. Ralph Illuminator, A. Thomas Liminer, A. Godfrey le Lomynotir, T. William le Lomrer, B. Lina, 17, n. Lyna le Archer, A. Lind, loi. Henry de la Lynde, B. Robert ate Lynde, M. Lindley, 93, loi. Lindraper, 287. Wymund le Lynge- draper, A. William le Lyndraper, G. Elias le Lyndraper, M. Lindsey, 141. Liner, 287. Gilbert le Lyner, A. Michael le I.,inere, A. Linnet, 17, n. Linofa, 17, n. Linota ate Feld, A. Linota Vidua, A. Lion, 442. Lipscombe, 99. Lister, 282. Nicholas le Lystere, G. Andrew le Litster, M. Hugh le Litster, R. Little, 380, 403. William le Letle, A. Robert le Litele, M. Littlebond. William Lutebonde, A. Litdeboy. John Littleboye, Z. Litdecope. John Litelcope, A. Littlehair, 402. John Lytlehare, FF. Simon Lytehare, M. Littlejohn, 50, 431. Richard fil. Parvi- Johannis, A. Littleking, 146, n, 433. WilUam Litel- king, .^. Littlepage, 180, 433, Littleproud, 411, n. John Littleproud, FF. Reginald Littleprowe, FF. Littler, 381. Richard Lytteler, Z. Littlesire, 434. Hugh Litilsir, WB. Littleskill, 429. Thomas LitilskiU, P. INDEX OF INSTANCES. 509 Littleson, 434. Ralph Littulsone, R. Littleswain, 433. Philip Litsweyn, A. Liverpool, 119. Richard de Lyverpole, M. Locke, 400. Nicol Locke, A. Locker (z/. Lockyer), 243, n. Locksmith, 243. John Loksmith, W 2! Robert Locsmyth, A. William Lok- smyth, M. Lockyer, 243, n. Henry le Lokier, A. John Lokare, A, Locock, 74. Loder, 365, 366, n. Emma le Lodere, A. Agnes le Lodere, A. Lombard, 134. Richard Lomberd, A. Jacob le Lumbard, E. London, 121. Robert de London, A. Walter de London, M. Thomas de London, jF, Londonish, 121. William Londonissh, M. Ralph le Lundreys, T. Richard Londoneys, A. Long, 381, 385 Hamo le Long, A. Walter le Long, C. Gilbert le Longe, M. Longacre, 107. Roger de Langacre, M. Longespe, 407. Isolda Longespe, A. Thomas Longespe, M. Emelina Longespee, J. Longfellow, 433. Thomas Longfellow, V. p. 433, n. Peter Langfellay, Wti. Longman, 380-382. Thomas Longman, O. WilUam Longman, FF. Longness, 98. Longshank, 387. Longstaff, 409. WiUiam Longstaf, A. William Longstaff, FF. Longwright, 432. John Longus-faber, M. Looker, 243, ». Lord, 146. Walter le Loverd, A. John le Lorde, B. Robert le Lord, C. Lordan, 423. Lorayne (v. Lorraine), 132. Lorel, 423. Lorimer, 117, 249. Alan le Lorymer, T. Nicholas le Lorimer, C. Thomas le L.orimer, M, Loring, 132. Peter le Loring, ^4. John le Loreng, A. Uux Lotharing, S. Lorn. Imbert le Lome, E. Lorraine [v, Loring), 132. Lorrimer [v. Lorimer), 117, 249. Losewit. Henry Losewyt, L. Louse, 444. Nicholas le Lus, J. Love, 419, 442, 452. Robert le Love, A. Mabil I^ove, y. Lovechild. John Lovechild, A. Lovecock, 419. Roger Lovecock, B. Philip Lovecok, D, Loveday, 35. Alexander Loveday, A. Ralph Loveday, M. Lovegold, 426. John Lovegold, FF. Lovejoy, 452. Thomas Lovejoy, Z. Lovekin (i), 419. Lovekyn Piscator, A. Lovekyn Stukepenne, A. {2), 419. John Lovekyn, D. Richard Lovekyn, M. Lovelance, 409. Simon Lovelaimce,. T. Lovelock, 342, 392. Thomas Lovelok, A. Loveloker, 342. Walter le Loveloker, A. Lowe (i), 381. Brian le Lo, A. Robert le Low, M. (2), loi. Hugh de la Lowe, A. Robert atte Lowe, M. Lowndes, 96. John de la Lound, R. Beatrice atte Lound, FF. Lubbard, 1 , . v j\ Lubber, j <"• Lombard), 134. Lubbock, 140. Robert de Lubyck, A. Hildebrand de Lubek, J. Lucca. Luke of Lucca, O. Lucke, 134. John de Luke, M. Luckett, 74. Luckie, 134. Luckins, 74. Jane Luckin, FF, Robert Lukyn, Z. Luckock, ) Z^* Lucock, i Richard Luccock, Z. 5IO INDEX OF INSTANCES. Lucy (i), 17. Richard fil. Lucia, y. William fil. Lucise, T. (2), 124. Geoffrey de Lucy, A. Robert de Lucy, G. Luke, 74. Luke Morel, M. Walter Luke, I/. Lukett [v. Luckett), 74. Lumbard, 134. Michael le Lumbard, //. Jacobina la Lumbard, X. Lumner {v. Limner), 362, n. Edmund Lumner, ZZ. Henry Lominour, FF. Lund, 96. Richard de la Lund, A. WiUiam de la Lund, Ji". Lupe, 442, Robert le Lupe, B. Robert le Lup, L. Lurdan, 423. Lusk, 423. Lusty, 381. Luter, 270. German le Lutrere, T. Johnle Leuter, J?. Lyard, 395. Henry Lyard, A. William Liard, M. Walter Lyhert, II. Lyndholt, loi. Robert de Lindholt, A. Lyndhurst, 90, loi. Henry de Lind- hurst, E. Henry de Lindeherst, A'. Lyridsay, 106. Robert de Lindesay, A. William de Lindesia, £. I^yon, 442. Lyons, 142. Herveus de I^yons, C. Richard de Lyouns, M. Lyte, 382. Wilham le Lyt, M. Gon- nilda le Lyth, A. Lyteman, 382. Richard Liteman, A. John Lytman, Z. TV/TABBS {v. Mabson). Giles Mabbes, •'■'•*• FF. Mary Mabbs, FF. Mabil (k. Amabilla). Amabilla de Tyne- dale, 55. Richard Mable, M. Mabson {v. Mabil). Thomas Mabson, 55. Macer, 344. John le Macher, A. Mackarel, 293, n. 446. Richard Maka- rel, A. Ralph Makerell, II. Macklehose, 404. Mad, 390. Jordan le Madde, H. Maddelyn, 57. Thomas le Maddelyn, A. Maderer, 283. Laurence Maderer, II. Maderman, 283. John Maderman, M. Madswain, 433. Alan Madsweyn, A. Magdalen, 57. Maggot, 63. Magota del Hil, W 2. Magot Catell, IV 2. Maggot Fin, /i. Richard Maggote, A. Maggs, 63. Magge Flie, A. Henry fil. Mag, A. Robert Magges, M. Magotson [v. Magot), 63. Main, 1 „, ,, . !-i3i, 386. Maine, / ^ ' ^ Mainstrong, 386. Thomas Maynstrong, A. Mainwaring {v. Mannering), 24, 298. Mair, ) , ,«■ 1 ,, . ' i h. Mire), 153. Maire, 3 Major, 2, 25. William le Magere, A. Makeblisse, 453. Julian Makeblisse, A. William Makeblisse, A. Makefere, 421. Hugh Makefare, At Wilham Makefair, N. Makepeace, 410, 453. Joan Makepeace, 410, n. Makin, 65. Henry Maykin, A. May- kina Parmunter, H. Makinson, 65. John Makinson, Z. Wil- liam Malkinson, FF. Malebraunch,386. Roger Malebraunche, A. Matilda Malebraunch, 5. Malemeyne, 386. Nicholas Malemayne, B. John Malemeyne, F. Malenfant, 434. Robert Malenfant, T,, John Malefaunt, ZZ. Malkin, 64. John Malekyn, O. William Malkyn, M. Mallard, 439. Malregard, 429. William Malregard, 7", Geoffrey Malreward, y. Malster, 337. John Malster, B. Aleyn le Maltestere, H. Malter, 337. Malthus, 104. 1 Maltmaker, 337. Hugh le Maltmakere, A. INDEX OF INSTANCES. 511 Man, 433. Henry le Man, W. Richard le Man, B. Manchester, rrg. Guido de Mancestre, M. William de Mauncestre, A. Manciple, 176. Thomas Mancipill, r76, n. Mander, 35^. Mangevileyn, 434. Robert Mangevileyn, W-LO. Manikin, 383. Robert Manekin, A. Manekyn le Heaunier, H. Mann (v. Man), 433. Mannering, 24. Robert de Meynwaring, A. Warin de Menwarin, B. Mansel, 176, n. Sampson le Maunsel, A. John le Maunsel, M. Robert le Mansell, J. Mantel, 405. Robert Mantel, C. Walter Mantel, L. Manyword. John Maniword, M. Regi- nald Maniword, R. Marbiler (^^3- Geffrey le Merberer, B. fn ^ '\ John le Merbrer, X Wal- Marbrer, J ,,,,., ' \ ter la Marbiler, X. Marcer (». Mercer), 315. Marchant, 363. Henry le Marcant, A. Robert le Marchaunt, M. William le Marchant, B. Marcock, 74. Marcus, 74. Margaret, 62. Margaret fil. Olivas, T. Margaret le Grey, y, Margerison, 63. Henry fil. Margaret, A. Richard fil. Margaret, J. Margery, 63. John Margerie, A. Mar- gerie le Bercher, T. Majoria Comyn, W2. Margetson [v. Margerison), 63. Francis Margetson, FF. Thomas Margetson, FP. Margetts, 63. Margota Servant, W 2. Robert Margets, Z. Margison, 63. Richard fil. Marge, A. John fil. Marge, A. Maria,' 63. William fil. Marie, A. Maria le Chaucer, J. Ediva fil. Marias, T. Mariot (z». Marriott), 15, 64. Mark, 74. Markin, 74. Marks, 74. Marler, 221. Alice le Marlere, ^. John Marlere, B. Marner, ) 364. Henry le Mariner, H. Marriner, \ Roger le Mariner, A. Marriott, 15, 64. Mariota in le Lane, A. Walter fil. Mariot, A. Adam fil. Mariot, A. John fil. Mariotse, T. Marshall, 250. Gunnilda le Marescal, A. William le Marchal, B. John le Mareshall, B. Henry le Marshall, B. Marson, 74. Mart, 443. Marten, 443. Martin (i), 17. Martin le Freman, A. Richard fil. Martin, A. (2), 443. Mathew le Martun, E. Martyr, 443. John le Martre, G. Wil- liam le Martre, J. Maryatt(z/. Marriott), 64. JohnMaryott, F. Nichol Maryot, A. Maslin, 344. Mason (i), Roger fil. Maye, A. (2), 213. Osbert le Machun, A. Gotte le Mazoun, A. Adam le Mazon, M. Massacrer, 333. Laurence le Macecrer, E. Masser (v. Mazerer), 344. Massinger (i*. Messager), 182. Master, 433. Thomas le Maistre, M. Alan le Mayster, A . John le Mayster, B. Masterman. Richard Masterman, H. Thomas Masterman, Q. Masterson, 32. Roger le Maistressone, G. Dorothy Masterson, Z. Mathew, 7r. Oliver Matheu, M. Mathew le Vineter, L. Mathews, 71. Edward Mathewes, Z. Mathewson, 71. WiUiam fil. Mathew, A. Richard fil. MathEsi, C. 512 INDEX OF INSTANCES. Matilda, 17, 65. Juetta fil. Matilda, A. Sabina fil. Matilda, T. Matkin, 71. Richard Matkyn, ZZ, Jermayne Matkyn, ZZ. Matthew [v. Mathew), 71. Mattinson, 1 Mattison, > 71. Richard Mattyson, Z. Matson, ) Matt, ) 71. Andrew Matts, FF. Matts, ( Adam Matt, A. Maud, 65. Maud de Holland, H. John Maude, M. Maudlin, ) 57. Maudelyn David, Z. Maudling, J Robert Maudelyn, O. Maugason, 25. Hugh Maugason, H. William Maugesson, FF. Mauger, 25. Malger le Gierke, A. Thomas fil. Mauger, A. Mauger fil. EHe, M. Maunder, 353. John Mawndour, Wg. Maunsel (v. Mansel). Maurice, 17. Serl fil. Morice, A. Mauricius Capellanus, C. Mawson, 65. Simon fil. Matilda, y. WilUara Mawson, Z. Thomas Mawde- son, FF. May. Bateman le May, A. Robert le Mey; G. Ralph le May, M. Mayer, 153. James Mayer, Z. Mayhew {v. Mathew). Adam fil. Ma- heu, A. Mayeu de Basingbourne, M. Mayne, 131. Mayor [v. Mayer), 153. Mazeliner, 344. John le Mazelyner, M. WiUiam le Mazeliner, R. Mazerer, 344. Adam le Mazerer, A. John le Mazerere, N. William le Mazerer, X. Mead, 105, 127. Robert atte Mede, M. Richard ate Med, A. Meadow, 105. John Atte-medowe, FF. William Atte-medow, FF. Meadowcroft, 105. Nicholas de Medu- croft, R. Meagre (v. Megre), 381. Meagresauce. Peter Meagresause, R. Mealmonger {v. Oatmonger). John le Melmongere, M. Meakin, 65. Robert Meykin, C. John Meakin, Z. Measel, 1 162. Richard le Masle, L. Measle, ( Richard le Masele, T. Meatyard, 408. Medde, 105, 127. Ralph ate Med, A, Philip atte Medde, M. Meddler, 428. Nicholas !e Medlar, A, Medlicote, I 405. Thomas Modlycott, Medlicott, / Z. Meek, 380, 411. Robert le Mek, B. Robert le Meeke, Q. Meekin [v. Meakin), 6^. Meggs, 63. John fil. Megge, A. Henry Megges, Z. Megre, 381. John le Meaugre, 0. Hugh le Megre, M. Basilia le Megre, T. Megson, 63. Adam Meggessone, M. Roger Megson, Wg. Megucer, 291. John le Megucer, N. Richard le Megucer, N. Meir, 154. David le Meir, A. Henry le Mere, M. Mellon-Colley, 451. Mercer, 315. Ketel le Mercer, A. Henry le Mercer, B. Merchant (v. Marchant), 363. Mercy, 80. Meredeth, 418, n. Merriman, 418. William Meryman, F. John Meryman, X. Merry, 410, 418. William Merrye, Z. Roger Merrey, Z. Merrycock. Richard Merricocke, FF. Merrymouth, 263. John Merymouth, V. Richard Merymouth, X. Merryweather, 418. Andrew Muriweder, A. Henry Muriweder, O. Messager, 182. Roger le Messager, B. John le Messager, C. Messinger {v. Messager), 182. Meteyard, 408. INDEX OF INSTANCES. 513 Meynell, 127. Hugh de Meynill, T. Robert de Meynnill, A . Meyre {v. Meir), 153. Michael, 74. Gilbert Michel, ^. Michael lejovene, M, Michaelmas (v. Middlemas), 34. Michaelson, 75. Roger fil. Michael, A. Harvey fil, Michael, A. Micklejohn, 50, 431. Micklethwaite, 95. Middlemas, 34. Sherman Myglemas, z/. p. 34. Midwinter, 34. Gonnilda Midewynter, A. John Midwinter, If. Mildew, 428. Richard Myldew, v. p. 428, n. Miles, 25. MilT le Messer, A. Milo Basset, S. Wychard Miles, A. Mileson, 25. Alicia fil. Milo, A. Richard Mileson, -v. p. 25. Milicent. Joan fil. Milicente, ^. Mille- sent Cruche, A. Milker, 234. Thomas le Milkar, A. William le Melker, T. Milksop, 426. William Milksop, M. William Milkesop, y. Millard (v. Milward). Millend, 88, 89. Simon de la Milende, £. Miller {v. Milner), 236. John le Mel- lere. A/. Millerson, 32. Gilbert Millerson, W 3. Millot, 25. Roger Millot, ^. Thomas Mylett, Wg. Mills {v. Milnes), 25, 236. John del Mill, M. Roger atte Mille, A. Millson, 25. John fil. Mille, A. Edward Myleson, ZZ. Milman, 236. Milner, 236. Alan le Milner, G. Wil- liam le Melner, M. Emmot Mylner, Wg. Milnes, 236. John atte Melne, A. Thomas atte Milne, B. Millward, 236. Walter le Meleward, N. Robert le Milleward, ^. William le Milward, G. Minsmith, 243, 360. John le Mynsmuth, M. Minter, 360. Henry le Munetar, A. Ralph le Myneter, JV. Mirabilla, 17. Mirabella Wal, W 2. Belinafil. MirabiUs, DD. Mire {v. Meir), 153. John le Mire, y. Agnes le Myre, y. Miress, 154. Margaret la Miresse, E. Mirorer. Crispiana le Mirorer, ^. John le Mirorer, I/. Richard le Mirourer, X. Mitchell (v, Michael), 75. Mitchelson, 75. Thomas Mychelson, WS' Seth Meculson, ZZ. Mitchener, 325. Mohun, 124. John de Mohun, ff. Moigne, 159. William le Moigne, S. Ivo le Moyn, A. Molehunte, 202. William Molehunte, A. MoUison, 67. Hugh fil. Mary, A , Monday, 35. Symon Moneday, A. An- drew Monday, Z. Moneyer, 360. Haco le Muner, A. John le Muner, B. Gilbert le Muner, G. Moneymaker, 360. John Monemaker, W2. Moneyman, 360. Robert Moneyman. FF. Moneypeny, 426. Richard Monypeny, A. Thomas Monipeni, Wz. Alex- ander Moneypenny, FF. Monier. 360. Henry le Moneur, A. John leMonnier, A''. Hamo le Monner, T. Monk, 159. William le Moriek, A. Peter le Monek, M. John le Monck, G. Montaigne, 127. Peter de Monetania, JiT. Hamond de Monetania, FF. Moody, 415. Richard Mody, G. John Mody, Wg. r{i), 133. Robert le More, E. Moor, J John le Moor, R. Moore, 1 (2), 99. John atte Mor, A. [ Jordan de la Mor, A. L L 514 INDEX OF INSTANCES. Moorslade, 95. William dela Morslade, R. Moorward, 196. German le Morward, A. Henry le Morward, B. Morcombe, 99. More, 99. Adam del More, M, Oliva ate More, A. Morefruit, 77. Morell, 395, 403. Thomas Morel, A. Ralph Morell, J. Moretrial, 77. Morley. Milo de Morlee, A. Robert de Morlegh, M. Mortimer, 124. Roger de Mortimer, A . Hugh de Mortumare, A. Mountain (v. Montaigne), 97, 127. Mouse, 443. John le Mous, M. Richard Mowse, Z. Hugh le Mus, E. Mower, 220. Moyne (v. Moigne), 159. Mucklebone, 420. Henry Mucklebone, A. Mule, 444. Roger le Mul, y. Munday (v. Monday), 35. Edward Mun- day, FF. Munk, 159. Beatrix leMunk,^. Peter le Munk, FF. Munn, 159. Geoffrey le Moun, A. Thomas le Mun, A. Muriel, 17. Muriel ad Fontem, A. Adam fil. Muriel, T. Musard, 415. Malcolm le Musard, M. Muskett, 438. Robert Musket, A. John Musket, D. Mussele, 446. Nicholas le Musele, J. Mustarder, 329. Richard le Mustarder, A. Robert le Mustarder, H. Thomas le Mustarder, X. Mustardman, 329. Peter le Mustardman. A. Mustardmaker, 329. AUcia Mustard- maker, I^^2. Mute. Alan le Mute, A. Mutter, 390. John le Mutare, A. Mutton, n6, 444. Philip le Mutton, B. Robert Mount, T. \ "[NJAIL, 87. John Nail, Z. Thomas ■"■^ Naile, Z. Nailor (v. Naylor), 243. John Naler, F. Nalder, 86. John Nelder, H. Alice Attenalre, J. Nale (v. Nail), 87. Nail, 86. Napery, 180. Walter de la Naperye, Z. Napier, 180, John le Naper, A. Robert le Naper, O. John le Naper, C. Naples. Lewis of Naples, O. Napper, 180. Jordan le Nappere, A. Robert Napparius, E. Nash, 86. Sarra Atteneshe, B. Pagan atte Nash, B. Wilham atte Nasche M. Nasmyth, 243. James Nasmite, W g. Natkin (Nathaniel). Robert Natkyn, FF. Naylor, 243. John le Naylere, R. Ste- phen le Naylere, X. Neave (v. Neve), 436. Robert Neave, Z. Neck, 385. Henry Nekke, A. Needlemaker, 301. John Nedlemakyere, M. Needier, 301. Reginald le Nedlere, A. Richard le Nedlere, M. Needyman, 427, John le Nedyman, B. Neele, 67. Neel le Breth, E. Thomas Fitz-neele, M. Nell, 67. Nel Fawkes, A. John fil Nel, A. Nelmes, 86. Nelson, 67. John fil. Nel, A. William Neleson, H. Nend, 89. John atte Nende, .S. Nephew, 436. JohnNeveu, ^. Richard le Nevu, E. Ehas le Nevou, DD. Nethercliffe, 97. Neve, 436. Robert le Neve, M. Wal- ter le Neve, E. Reyner le Neve, A. Neville, 124. Orme de Neville, R. Wal- ter de Nevill, E. New, 118. Simon le Neue, ^. Richard le Newe, A. INDEX OF INSTANCES. SIS Newbond. Roger le Newbonde, A. Emma Newbonde, A. Newcombe, 99. Newcomen, 118. Gilbert le Neucomen, A. Robert le Neucomen, T, Newlove, 419. Newman, 118. Richard le Neuman, A. John le Neuman, M. Simon le Newe- man, E. Nicholas, 73. Nicholas le Chapeler, T. Nicholas le Hunte, A. Nicholls, 1 73. Henry fil. Nicholei, M. Nicholson, J John Niccolson, ZZ. Nickerson, 74. Nicks (v. Nix), 74. Nickson (z/. Nixon), 74, Nigel, 67. Simon fil. Nigel, A. Nigel fil. John, E. Nightingale, 439. Robert Nitingal, A. Thomas Nightegale, R. Ninepeuce, 456. John Ninepennies, Nix (v. Nicholas), 74. Richard Nix, FF. Joan Nykkes, FF. Nixon, 74. William fil. Nyck, M. An- drew Nyxson, W 9. Noakes (v. Nokes), 86. Noble, 410. Amice le Noble, A. Hugh le Noble, M. Noel, 34. Richard Noel, M. William Noel, B. Nokes [v. Oakes), 86. Richard Attenok, B. WnUam atte Noke, X. Richard atte Noke, P. Norchard (v. Orchard), 86. Robert atte Norcharde, M. Richard Atenorchard, A. Norfolk, 120. Thomas de Northfolch, M. Robert de Northfolk, A. Norman (i), 130. Ralph le Norman, E. Mathew le Norman, A. {2), Norman de Arcy, A. Roger fil. Norman, C. Norrice (v. Nurse), 122. William Norrice, Z. Norris, 122. Robert le Norys, B. Wil- liam le Noreis, E. Walter le Noreis, M. North, 123. William de Northe, H. Henry North, M. Northend, 89. Peter de Northende, A. William Northend, ZZ. Northern, 123. Geoffrey le Northern, A. Thomas le Northern, M. John Northeron, H. Northman, 123. William Northman, ^. Robert Northman, A. Notman (v,. Nott), 401. John Notman, Wtx. Nott, 401. Alice le Notte, A. Richard le Not, M. Henry le Not, J. Noyes, 127. Noven, 86. Thomas atte Novene, B. Nunn, 160. Alice le Nonne, A. Mar- garet Nunne, FF. Nurse, r22, 434. Maria le Noreyse, A. Thomas Nurse, B. Alicia le Noryce, B. Nutbrown. William Nutbrowne, Z. William Notbrone, Wii. Nutman, 226. WilUam Nuteman, A. Nutt, 127. Nuttard, 229. Richard le Netehird, M. Nutter, 226. Christopher Nutter, ZZ. /^AKE, lor. Thomas del Oke, A. ^-^ Richard atte Oke, B. Oakes, lor. Roger of the Okes, M. PhiUp del Okes, A. Oakholt, 91. WiUiam de Okholte, B. William de Okolt, ^. Oakley, 93. Walter de Oclee, ^. Simon de Akelegh, E. Oakover, loi. Roger de Okovere, M. Alice de Okeovere, y. Oakshot (v. Oakholt), 9r. Oakslade, 95. Michael de Ocslade, A. Oastler {v. Ostler), 251. Oatmonger {v. Mealmonger). Denis le Otemonger, X. Oddiker, 107. Odger. Alan fil. Oger, E. Roge fil. Oger, £. L L 2 Si6 INDEX OF INSTANCES. Offer, ) {v. Orfevre), 356. William le Offor, ) Orfeure, R. Richard Orfer, F. Ogden, 93. William de Hogdene, A. John Ogden, ZZ. Ointer, 225. Michael le Oynter, X. Oker, 88. Thomas Oker, B. Henry Oker, A. Old (v. Ould), 381. ' Oldacre, 107. Oldbeof, 449. William Oldbeof, B. Walter Oyldebeof, X. Oldgroom, 432. Henry Eldegrome, O. John Eldegrom, O. Oldman, 382. Walran Oldman, A. Richard Oldeman, M. Ohphant, 1 Olivam, j44i- Oliver, 31. Oliver Crane, A. Jordan Olyver, H, Oliverson, 31. Philip fil. Oliver, A. Simon fil. Oliver, A. Ollivant, 441. Olyfader, 454. Onehand, 390. William Onhand, B. John Onehand, D. Openshaw, 91. Samuel Openshawe, ZZ. Orbater, 356. Walter le Orbater, A. Orchard, 86, 106. John de la Orcharde, A. Richard atte Orcheyerd, G. Orcharder, 224. Ordeiner, 149, n. John le Ordeiner, M. Stephen Ordinar, M. Orfevre, 356. John le Orfevre, A. Roger le Orfevre, M, . Orfroiser, 305. John Orfroiser, ff. Organer, 272. Peter le Organer, M. Adam Orgener, 272, n. Orger, 272. Robert Orger, M. Matilda Oregare, A, Orloger, 357. Walter Orlogyr, S. Orme, 21, 94. William Orm, A. Ormus Archebragge, S. Ormerod, 21, 94. Peares Armerod, ZZ. Richard Ormerode, ZZ. Ormeson, 21. Alice fil. Orme, A. Adam fil. Orme, S. Ormesby, 21. Richard Ormesbye, Z. Henry Ormesby, Z. Orped, 413. Stephen le Horpede, A. William le Orpede, A. Orpedman, 413. Thomas Orpedeman, A. Peter Orpedeman, E. Orphanstrange, 436. John Orphan- strange, 436, n. Osbert, 21. Osbert de Bellebeck, R. Osbert le Ferrur, A. William fil. Osbert, C. Osborne, 21. Gerard fil. Osebeme, A. Osborne le Haukere, H. Os-ceytl, 22. Oscetyl, v. p. 22. Osgood, John Osegod, A. John Ose- gode, R. Osketyl (v. Oscetyl), 22. Osketyl, V. p. 22. Osier, 25r. Reginald le Osiler, T. Godfrey le Hoselur, A. Osmund, 21. Nicholas Osemund, A. Richard Osmund, M. Ostler (v. Osier), 25r. Ralph le Hostiler, A. Richard le Hosteler, M. William le Ostiller, J. Ostricer (v. Astrier), 204. Robert le Ostricer, A. Alan le Ostrizer, L. William le Ostricer, T. Oswald, 21. John Oswald, M. Oswin, 2T. Oswin Ogle, Wg. Otter, 443. Alan Otere, A. Edward Oter, A. Ould, 381. John le Olde, M. Outlaw, 152, n. John Outlagh, M. Richard Utlawe, A. Over, loi. Richard de Overe, A. Lucas de Overe, M. Overend, 89, loi. William deOverende A. Michael de Overende, A. Overman, loi. Owen, 12. Richard fil. Owen, A. Alan Owayn, A. Oxenden, 92. Alice de Oxenden, B. Ivo de Oxinden, M. Oxenherd, 229. Thomas Oxenhyrde, H^3. John Oxenhyrde, W ^. Oxherd, 229. Peter Oxhird, W a. INDEX OF INSTANCES. 517 Oxlee, 93. Oxley, 93. Oysiler, 204. Walter le Oyselur, T. William le Oysellur, E. Idonea le Oyselur, A. pACKER, 259, 279. Mathew le Pak- ■^ kere, D. Adam le Packer, M. William le Packere, J. Packman, 259. Agnes Pakeman, B. Robert Pakeman, T. Padman, 254. Padre, 437. Ralph le Padre, M, Pagan, 27. Pagan a la Legh, A . Pagan de la Hale, A. Roger fil. Pagan, A. Page, 180, 433. John le Page, M. Wil- liam le Page, BB. Paillard, 423. V. Pagan), 27. Robert fil. Pain, A. Pain del Ash, M. Ro- bert Pain, E. Painter, 214. William le Painter, M. Henry le Peintur, E. Palfrey, 246. Thomas Palfrei, A. Ri- chard Palefray, A. Palfreyer, 246. Gill Palfreur, A. Roger le Palefreyour, PK2. Palfreyman, 185, 246. John le Pal- freyman, M. Robert Palfreyman, A. Palfriman [v. Palfreyman), 185, 246, Clement Palfryman, FP. Pallard, 423. Pallet, 406. Palliser, 221. John Pallyser, W 9. Thomas Palysar, W^g. Pallister, 22r. William Pallyster, Wtj. John Palyster, H/g. Palmer, 163. Hervey le Palmer, A. Geoffrey le Palmere, B. John le Paumer, M. Pannier, 326. Simon le Pannier, FP. Jordan Pannare, A. Editha Panier, A. Pain, Paine, Panter, 1 176. Richard le Paneter, C. Panther, [ Robert le Panter, A. Geof- Pantler, ) frey le Paneter, G. Pantry, 109. John de la Paneterie, A. Henry de la Paneterie, M. Panyer, 326. Robert le Pannere, H. Amisius Panarius, A. Richard Panyere, H. Panyman, 327. Godfrey Panyman, H. Pape, 144. Hugh le Pape, J. William le Pape, T. Parchmyner, 361. John le Parchmyner, B. Hamo le Parchemener, L. Chris- tiana le Parchemyner, G. Geoffrey le Parcheminer, y. Pardew, 454. John Pardieu, H. Pardie [v. Pardew), 454. Pardoe ^. Pardew), 454. Pardoner, 163. Walter le Pardoner, M. Thomas Pardoner, O. Pardow (i;. Pardew), 454. Parent, 437. John Parent, A. William Parent, P. Parfay (k. Purefoy), 4r4. Geoffrey Par- fay, H. Eudo Parfey, A. Parfitt, 414. Robert Parfyte, B. Ro- bert Parfite, H. ( 214. William Pargeter, 2. Pargeter, 1 j^^^^^^ Pergiter, Z. EUza- Pargiter, | ^^^^ Pergetor, PP. Paris. John de Parys, B. Simon de Paris, M. Parker, rgs. Hamo le Parkere, B. Robert le Parkere, G. Adam le Parkere, M. Parke. Roger atte Parke, M. John del Pare, A. Parkes, 56. Edward Parkes, Z. John Parkes, Z. Parkin, 1 56. William Parkyns, H. Parkins, \ John Parkynne, PP. Parkinson, 56. Ann Parkinson, W g. Roger Parkinson, Z. Parkman, igs- Parlebien. Richard Parlebien, M. Hervey Parleben, A. Si8 INDEX OF INSTANCES. Parmenter, Parminter, Parlour, 109. Henry del Parlur, B. Richard ate Parlur, M. ' 299. Geoffrey le Parmun- ter, A. Saher le Par- men tier, H. Hamo le Parmenter, T. Parmiter, 299. William le Parmeter, M. Richard le Parmuter, A. Parnall f '^' ^ '^t™"'!'^)' ^7. 57- Pamel „ ' \ de la Le, A. Pamell Cot- Parnell, I „ \ ton, Z. Parr, 56. Parramore, 422. Roger Paramour, M. Henry Parramore, Z. Parrat. 56, 439. William Parrat, Z. Ralph Parratt, Z. Parrott, 56, 439. John Parrott, Z. Alice Parrott, Z. Parry, 43. Thomas ap-Harry, D. Hugh ap-Harrye, Z. Parson (i), 56. John Paressone, FF. (2), 156. William Persona, A. Walter le Persone, H. Partrick, 439. William Partricke, Z. Partridge, 439. Richard Partriche, A. Ancelm Partrich, M, Pascal, 34. Pascall Sloman, Z. Pascal the Physician, O. Paschal, 34. Paschal Balistarius, E. Paschal de Arnold, H. Paschal-Lamb, 450. Pascheson (v. Paschal). Antony Pasche- son, FF. Hugh fil. Pasche, A. Pash, 34. John Passhe, F. Hugh fil. Pasche, A. Pask (34- Alice Pascke, FF. Pas- Paske I '''""^ Mercator, C. John ' I Pask, A. Passavaiit, 183. Roger Passavant, E. William Passavaunt, H. Pastemaker, 323. Gregory le Paste- makere, X. John le Pastemakere, M. Paternoster, 301. William le Pater- noster, X. John Paternoster, A. Patience, 80. Patient, 410. John Paulett, H. Anne Pattenmaker, 311. James Patynmakere, 5. Paul, 74. Paulett, 74. Pawlett, Z. Paulson, 74. Pauper, 427. Mathew le Pauper, A. William le Pauper, A. Pavier, 239. Gerard le Pavier, E. Pawlett, 74. Isabel Pawlett, B. Amys Pawlet, H. Pawson, 74. Paxman, 259. Roger Paxman, FF. Pavn I ^7' P^y^" 's Doubbour, N. Payne, Paynett, Paynot, Payn le Fitz-waryn, M. EUs le Fitz-payn, M. [v. Payn), 27. John Paynett, Z. Henry Paynot, A. Emma Paynot, W 2. Paynter, 214. Roger le Peyntur, T. Walter le Peyntur, y. Pe {v. Peacock), 439. Richard le Pe, A. Peacock, 439. Henry Pecock, A. John Pekok, H. Peachman, 224. Daniel Peachman, FF. Pearce {v. Piers), 56. Robert Pearce, Z. Pearman, 224. Antony Pereman, Z. Pears (v. Piers), 56. Peares Armerod, ZZ. John Pears, Z. Pearse (v. Piers), 56. Pearse Clement, Z. Pearse Edgcombe, Z. Pearson, 56. Edward Pereson, F. John Peyrson, F. John Peresone, H. Peascod, 293, n. Godwin Pescodde, FF. Nicholas Pescodde, Z. Peate, 3S2. Pecheress, 236. Agnes la Pecheresse, A. Pecheur, 236. Walter le Pecheur, A. Peckbean, 427. William Peckebene, A. Peckbone, 427. Thomas Pikebone, f^'ii. Peckcheese, 427. Alice Peckechese, A. Pecksniff, 427. Peckweather, 427. Ralph Peckewether, A. INDEX OF INSTANCES. 519 Peddar, ) 254. Martin le Peddere, A. Pedder, J Hugh le Pedder, M. Pedifer, 386. Bernard Pedefer, G. Ful- bert Pedefer, X. William Pedefer, E. Pedlar, ) 254. William Pedeleure, M. Pedler, i Thomas le Pedeler, DD. Pedman, 254. William Pedman (Pipe Roll. Ric. I.). Peel, 402. Thomas le Pele, M. Hugh le Pele, T. Peers {v. Piers), 36. Richard Peers, F. Alice Peres, H. .Peerson [p. Pearson), 56. Thomas Peerson, F. Laurence Perysson, H. Peile {p. Peel), 402. Peirs (i/. Piers), 56. Peirson (a. Pearson), 56. WiUiam Peirson. Peiser (i/. Peyser), 366. Pelerin, 163. Simon Pellerin, A. Wil- liam le Pelerin, E. Pelkeshank, 387. Thomas Pelkeshanke, X. Pelliper, 304. Joan Pellipar, FF. Miles Pelllpare, A. Simon Pelliparius, A. Pelter, 304. Adam le Peleter, A. John le Peleter, G. Reyner le Peleter, M. Pender, 199. William le Pendere, //. Pennigar, I 168. Thomas le Penniger, Penniger, \ E. William lePennager,£. Penny, 456. Robert Peny, M. Richard Peny, H. Pennyfather, 378, 426. Robert Peni- fader, R, Richard Penifadir, A. Roger Penyfader, X. Penry {v. Parry), 43. John Ap-Henry, V. p. 43, n. Pentecost, 34. Pentecost de London, E. Pentecost Serviius, E. John Pentecost, A. Pepper, 329. John le Peper, H. Mar- tin Peper, A. Peppercorn. Geoffrey Peppercorn, A. Percy, 124. Henry de Percy, A. Wil- liam de Percy, A. Perfect (i/. Parfitt), 410. Perkes, Perks, Peftect-Sparrow, 450. (v. Perkins), 56. Edmund Perke, FF. Thomas Perkes, Z. Perkins, 56. Perkin Snode, Z. Perekin de Camera, E. Adam Perkyn, H. Perkinson, 56. Robert Perkynson, F. William Perkinson, W^. Perler, 300. Thomas le Perler, X. William Pirler, W2. Pernell {;u. Parnell), 56. Pernel Clere, A. Pernell Boulton, Z. Perot [v. Perrott), 56, n. Perrer, 224. Josceus le Perrer, E. WiUiam le Perier, E. Ferret, 56. Simon Peret, M. Thomas Perret, H. Perrinian, 224. William Peryman, A, Arthur Peryman, Z. Perrott, 56. Perot Gruer, H. Henry Perot, M. Pessoner, 334. William le Pessbner, A. Henry le Pessoner, C. Richard le Pessoner, M. Pessur, 236. Richard le Pe^sur, A. Hugh le Pesour, J. Godard le Pescher, T. Pestur, 322. Herman le Pestur, A. Walter le Pestur, B. Richard le Pes- tour, M. Peter, 55. Peter fil. Warin, M. Here- bertfil. Petri, T. Peterkin [v. Perkin), 56. Peterson, 56. Walter fil. Peter, A. Adam fil. Petri, C. Peticurteis. Walter Peticurteis, A. William Petitkorteys, A. Petifer [v. Pedifer), 386. WiUiam Pettl- fer, FF. Petitsire, 428. Warin Petitsire, K. Petronilla, 17, 56. Simon fil. Petronille, A. Nicholas fil. Petronelle, C. Petronil le Saucer, G. Pettifer (v. Pedifer), 386. Pettitt, 382. Hamo le Petit, A. Emma la Petite, T. Richard le Petit, C. S20 INDEX OF INSTANCES. Pettovine, 132. Peter le Pettovin, B. Robert le Peytevine, N. Petty, ) 382. Simon Pette, A. Hugh Pettye, / Pety, A. Petyclerk, 435. Richard Petyclerk, M. William Peticlerk, H. John Peticlerk, Petygard. Richard Petygard, FF. Petyson (v. Peterson.) William Petyson, FF. Pewter, ) Pewterer, \ 348. Henry Pewterer, ZZ. Pewtrer, ) Pheasant, 439. William Phesant, Z. James Phesaunte, ZZ. Phelps [v. Philps), 70. John Phelpes, Z. Philcox, 70. Philin {^°^ J°''" V'atXiV. M. SibiU Philio's ] ^^- f''''"PP'' ^- ^^'"P '*= ^ ' ( Grant, T. Philipson, 70. Thomas fil. Philip, M. Christofer Philipson, ZZ. Phillpot, [v. Philpot), 70. Philps {v. Philips), 70. John Philpe, Z. Philpot, 70. Thomas Phylypotte, B John Phihpot, N. John Philypot, H. Phipps, I 70. William Phippes, H. Phipson, i Thomas Phippes, Z. p. ( 132. Milo Pichard, M. Colin '"^f^ ' ^ ' le Picart, BB. Baldwin Pickard, / ni j ^ ( Pikard, A. Pickavant (k. Prikeavant), 400, n. Pickerell, 446. German Pikerel, H. Sabina Pikerel, A . Picot [v. Pigott), 390. Pidgeon, 439. Richard Pigun, A. Honore Pidgeon, Z. Pierce, $6. Pierse Lloyd, Z. Pierce Butler, Z. Piers, 56. Pierres de Belegrave, Af. Piers Emerik, //. Pierson, 56. John Pierson, F. Mathew Pierson, If. Pigg, 445. John Pyg, If. Walter Pigge, A. Jordan Pigman (Pipe I.). John Pegeman, Robert Pigman, 232. Roll. Ric. A. Pigott, 390. Peter Pykot, if. Pigot, A. Pigsflesh, 448. Reyner Piggesflesh, M. Pike, 407. Richard Pyke, M. Randal Pike, ZZ. Pikeman, 187. Thomas Pikeman, S. Giles Pykeman, JC. Pilate (v. Pilot). Pilcher, 304. Hugh le Pilecher, A. John Pilcher, G. Pilgrim, 163. John Pilegrim, A. Alice Pilgrim, Z. Pilot. Iveta Pilate, J. William Pilot, 5". Walter Pilat, A. Pimple, 390. Pinchpenny, 426. Pinchshoe, 428. Thomas Pinchshu, A. r,- , ( 199, John le Finder, £. Henry Pmdar, 1 , v, j «^ t u i ti- _. , < le Pynder, M. John le Pm- Pmder, I j ^ ( dere, T. Pinner, 280, 301. Andrew le Pynner, G. Walter le Pinner, X. Pinnick, 1 440, John Pynnok, G. Richard Pinnock, ) Pinnoc, A. Pinsemaille, 426. Pinson, 28. Elias fil. Pagani, M. Robert Pynson, If. Piper, 269. Robert le Pipere, M. Richard le Pipere, M. Arnald le Pyper, F. Pitkins, 45S. Pitt. Robert in the Pyt, M. Nicholas de la Putte, A. Plaister^ ) 214. John le Cementarius, B. Plaster, j Adam le Plastier, X. Plastow, 105. Robert atte Pleistowe, A. Nicolas de la Pleystowe, A . Plater, 188. Anna Playter, V. Walter Playter, A. Platfoot, 389. Margaret Platfoot, FF. Piatt (i), 96. Roger del Plat, y. (2), Roger le Plat, H. Player, 265. Arthur Player, Z. Playfair, 421. WiUiam Plaifare, Wg. INDEX OF INSTANCES. S2I Pleader, 150. Alured le Pledur, T. Henry le Pleidour, A. Plow, 117. John Plu, A. John Plough, FF. Plowday, 35. William Plouday, A. Plowman, 219, 222. John le Plouman, A. John le Ploghman, A. Plowright, 238. William le Plowritte, A. William le Ploughwryte, M. Catha- rine Ploughwright, W 2. Plumber. John le Plumber, O. Plumer, 295. Peter le Plomer, M. Eleyn Plomier, H. Mariot le Plumer, T. Plummer, 295. Simon le Plummer, O. Walter Plummer, Z. Plunket, 393. .- Pockred, 428. Thomas Pockred, ^. Pocock, 439. William Pocock, M. Geoffrey Pococ, A. Poer, 427. Amald le Poer, M. Walter le Poer, E. Nicholas le Poer, A. Poignant, 412. Gilbert Poygnant, J. Pointer, 306. John le Poyntour, B. Robert le Poyntour, T. Pointmaker, 306. William Poyntmakere, 5. PoUard, 401. Henry Pollard, M. Wil- liam Polard, A. Pollinger {v. Bollinger), 322. William PaUinger, Z. PoUitt (!■. Paulett), 74. James Polet, O. Poison, 67, 74. Pond. Sewal atte Ponde, M. Thomas atte Ponde, B. Pontiff. Richard Puntif, A. Poore, 427. Roger le Povere, A. Wil- ham le Poure, B. Robert le Poor, S. Poorfish, 448. John Pourfisshe, M. Pope, 144. Hugh le Pope, A. Alan le Pope, A. Popgay, 193, 440. Robert Popingeay, FF. Popkins (v. Hopkins). Hopkyn ap Pop- ' kin, Z. ) Poplett, 420. Poppett, 420. Porcher, 232. Emma la Porcher, A. Roger la Porcher, B. Gilbert le Porcher, H. Pork, 445. John Pork, M. Porkeller. Geoffrey le Porkuiller, E. Porker, 232. John le Porker, A. Thomas le Porkere, A. Port. Charles le Port, BB. Oliva le Port, BB. Porter, 171. Alan le Porteur, E. Albin le Portour, N. Wybert le Porteur, L. Portgreeve (v. Portreeve), 197. Portman. Christina Portman, B. Wil- liam Portman, H. Portreeve, 197. WiUiam le Portreve, A. Augustin le Portreve, A. Portwine, 132. Presiosa Potewyne, A. Henry le Poytevin, J. Peter le Pet- tevin, L, Potipher (v. Pedifer), 3S6. Potman, 349. Thomas Potman, FF. Henry Poteman, H. Potter, 349. Ranulph le Poter, A. Walter le Potere, N. Adam le Pot- ter, M. Potticary, 338. William Apotecarius, A. Pottinger, T73. Robert le Potager, G. Walter le Potager, M. John Potenger, F. Potts, 117. Poucher, 307, 354. Henry Poucher, B. Pouchmaker, 307, 354. William Pouche- maker, H. Agnes Pouchemaker, W z. Poulet, 74. Poulter (v. Pulter), 333. Pounder, 199. Richard le Pundere, T. William le Pondere, A. Poundsend, 89. John de Pound^send, D. Poupard, I ^^g_ Poupart, i Pourtrayer, 74. Richard le Pertriur, W 4- Geoffrey le Purtreour, X. 522 INDEX OF INSTANCES. Powell, 12, 74. Elizabeth Ap-Howell, B. John Ap-Howell, D. John Ap- powell, F. Power, 427. Thomas le Power, B. Wil- liam le Povere, H. Walter le Powere, M. Powlson, 74. GeofFray Poulson, Z. Alberte Powlson, Z. Poyntel, 357. John Poyntel, X. Roger Poyntel, X. Poynter (v. Pointer), 306. Thomas le Poyntour, M. Vasse le Poyntur, A. Poyser, 366. Josceus le Peisur, DD. Prail, 127. William de Prahell, E. Praise-God-barebones, 78. Prall [v. Prail), 127. Preacher. Thomas le Prechur, T. John le Precheur, A. Preece, 12. Hopkin ap Rees, C. Robert Frees, H. Prentice, | 339. William le Prentiz, G. Prentis, \ Nicholas Apprenticius, G. Prest, 156, 413. Peter le Prest, M. Walter le Prest, H. Prester, 156. Joseus Presbiter, B. Thomas le Prestre, A. Richard le Presture, FF. Prettiman, 392. William Prettiman, FF. Katharine Prettyman, Z. Pretty, 392. Edmond Prettie, Z. Thomas Prettye, Z. Prevost (v. Provost), 154. Prew, 413. William le Pnie, B. Price, 12. Philip ap Rys, C. Lodovicus Apprise, F. John Apryce, F. Prickadvance [v. Prikeavant), 400. Prickett, 443, Richard Priket, M. Prickherring. John Prikehering, A. Pricktoe, 428. Peter Pricktoe, M. Pride, 452. Richard Pride, T. Roger Pryde, R. Pridham, 422. WiUiam Prodhomme, R. Peter Prodhomme, A. Priest (i;. Prest), 156. Thomas Preest, A. Priestman, 156. Robert Prestman, A. George Prestman, Wg. Priestson, 32. William le Prestessone, G. Simon fil. Presbiter, A. Prikeavant, 400. William Prikeavant,.^. Simon Prickadvance {Lower's Die.) Primate. William Primate, FF. Primrose. Richard Primerose, FF. Robert Primerose, FF. Prince, 145. Elhce Prince, Z. Jeffrey Prynce, Z. Prior, 159. Roger le Priour, B. Richard le Prior, A. WiUiam le Priur, P.. Pritchard, 12. John Aprichard, F. Ivo Ap-Richard, G. Probert, 12, 37. Lloyd ap Robert, ZZ. Probyn, 37. William ap Robyn, H. Proctor. William le Procurator, R. John le Procuratour, D. Prodger, 12. Roger Aproger, ZZ. Proper] oh n, 50, 431. Prosser, 12. David ap-Rosser, F. Robert ap Rosser, H. John Approsser, Z. Proud, 411, 421. Hugh le Proud, A. Robert le Proude, DD. Proudfoot, 389, 411, 421. Robert Prude- fot, A. William Proudfot, H. Proudman, 380, 421. Proudlove, 421. Peter Proudlove, FF. George Proudelove, ZZ. Prout, 421. Thomas le Prate, A. John le Prute, H. Cristina le Prate, A. Proutpiere, 428. WilUam Proutepiere, M. Provence, ) Province, \ ^ Provis \jj. Provost), 154. Provost, 154. Geoffrey le Provost, H, Walter le Provost, J. Provostson, 32. Robert fil. Provost, T. Pruce, 135. Hugh le Pruz, M.- Wil- liam le Pruz, J. Prudame, 422. Prude, 422. Elias le Prude, A. Wil- Uam le Prade, T. Pruden, 422. Pradence, 78, 432. Richard Pradence, FF. Prudence Howell, 78, «. INDEX OF INSTANCES. 523 Pradhomme, 422, 434. John Prudhome, A. William Prodhomme, H. John Prudhome, M. Prujean, 50, 431. Pryor (i;. Prior), 159. Robert Pryer, ^. Pudding, 428. Peter Pudding, A- Henry Pudding, X. Pugh, 12. MoriceApew, H. ■p. I 280. Robert le Puigneur, C. Puim^"'^' ] William le Pugneor, C. ' I Robert le Puinnur, E. Pulter, 333. Osbert le Puleter, A. Adam le Poleter, M. Pumphrey, 12. Punch. Roger Punch, T. Robert Puuche, A. Punshon, 117. Purcell, 445. John Purcel, M. Roger Purcell, y. Purefoy, 414. Arthur Purejoy, FF. P^regold, 428. Margaret Puregold, FF. Purfey {v. Purefoy), 414. Purser, 307, 354. William Purser, D. Robert le Pursere, G. Puttinger (v. Pottinger). Robert Pew- tinger, Z. Puttock, 438. Richard Puttak, A. Letice Puttoc, A. Pyatt, 439. Pycard, 132. Henry Pykard, M. Roger Pycard, H. Pye, 439. WiUiam Pye, M. John le Pie, A. Pyebaker, 323. Andrew le Pyebakere. X. Pyet, ) Pyett, ( 439- Pylch, 405. Symon Pylche, A. Pyletok, 405. Thomas Pyletok, A. Pynson (v. Pinson), 28. QUAINT, 417. Margaret le Coynte, B. Richard le Queynte, B. Michael e Queynt, M. Quarrier, 213. Adam le Quarreur, M, Hugh le Quareur, A. Quarterman, 386. Guy Quatreman, B. Richard Catermayn, H. Thomas Quatermains, M, Quatrefages, 102. Queen, 145. Matilda le Quen, A. Simon Quene, A. Queenmay, 146. Warin le Quene-may, E. Querdelynn, 448. Ralph Querdelynn, T. William Querdelion, X. Quick, 412. Robert Quic, A. Richard Quicke, Z. Quickly, 412. Quickman, 412. Adam Quikeman, A. Thomas Quikman, M. Quilter, 316. Egidius le Quylter, y. Thomas le Queylter, T. Richard le Quilter, A. Quiltmaker, 316. JohnQuyltemaker, ^. "n AFF [v. Ralf), 40. Amice Raffe, A. ^^ Raffe Barton, Z. Raffman, 314. John Raffman, v. p. 314. Raffson (v. Raff), 40. Peter Raffson, ZZ. Ragg, 427. Ragged, ) 427. Robert le Ragidde, A. Raggett, J Thomas le Raggede, B. Ragman. Richard Ragman, A. Rain, 441. Robert le Rain, y, William le Rain, J. Raines, ) I4r. Richard de Rennes, R, Rains. ) William de Rainis, E. R If ( IS. 4°- Ralph le Gras, B. Ral h I Ralph fil- Ivo, T. John Ra- ' ( dulfus, A. Ram (i), 118. Thomas atte Ram, N. Hugh de Ram, A. (2), 443. Geoffrey le Ram, A. Joce- lin le Ram, T. Ramage, 412. William Ramage, B. Ramsden, 92. Geoffrey de Ramesden. A. Adam de Rammesdene, A. 524 INDEX OF INSTANCES. Ranger, 196. Francis Ranger, Z. Ro- bert Ranger, Z. Rankin, 31. Gilbert Renekyn, A. Richard Reynkyn, H. Raper {v. Roper), 355. William Raper, Rapkin, 40. Rapson, 40, John Rapson, Z. Rascal. 438, ??/ John Raskele, H. Henry Rascall, Z. Rash. Roger le Resh, FF. Ratcliffe, 97. Richard de Radeclive, R. William de Radeclive, A . Ratt, 443. Walter le Rat, J. Nicholas le Rat, A. Rattlebag, 428. John Rattilbagge, A. Raton, 443. Ralph Ratun, A. Raven, 439. John Raven, B. Alexander Raven, H. Rawes, 40. Roger Rawe, Z. Humfrey Rawe, Z. Rawkins, 40. Joane Rawkyns, Z. Wal- ter Rawkyns, Z. 1 15, 40. Raulyn de la Per- Rawlings, J merie, M. Raulina de Rawhns, 1 Briston, BF. Raulinus Bas- l sett. E. ( 40. Robert Rawlyngson ZZ. John Rawlynson F. Rawson, 40. John Ravvson, F. Dionysia Rawson, W 2. Ray, 443. Reginald le Raye, A. Philip le Rey, p.. Rayden, 92. Reade, 395. Roger le Rede, C. Adam le Rede, H. Reader, 210. William le Redere, X. Emma le Redere, A . Red, 395. William le Red, N. Isabel le Red, A. Redbeard, 399. Alexander Redbeard, 399, n. Redcliffe, 97. Thomas de Radcliff, H. Redhead, 397. John Redheved, A. William Redehead, H^2. Rawlingson, Rawlinson, Redherring, 448. William Redherring, M. Redking, 433. Richard Redeking, A. Walter Redeking, A. Redman, 395. Robert Redeman, A. John Redman, A. Redmayne, 395. Adam de Redmayne, H. Redness, 98, 390. John Redness, W<). Thomas Redness, W 2. Redsmith (v. Rodesmith), 242. Reece {i/. Rees), 12. Reed, 395. Hamo le Rede, A. Ama- billala Rede, A. Rees, 12. Hopkin ap Rees, C. Henry til. Reys, A. Rees ap Howel, M. Reeve, 197. John le Reve, M. Sager le Reve, H. Thomas le Reve, J. Reformation, 77. Reginald, 17. Roysia fil. Reginald, A. Reginald le Porter, J. Reid (z/. Reade), 395. Religious, 158. Walter le Religieuse, .5. Renard (z/. Reynard), 31. Renaud (i), 31. Adam fil. Reinaud, A, Renaud BaUstarius, C. (2), 443. John le Renaud, H. Rennison. 31. William Renyson, F. Renter, 168. Thomas le Renter, H, Ranulph le Ruter, J. Ac'amleRuter, E. Reynard (t/. Renaud, i), 31, 448. God- frey Reynaud, A. Reynardson, 31. William fil. Reynaud, A. Joseph Reynardson, Wii. Reyner. Reyner de Aula, A. Reyner le Blake, A. Reyner Custance, A. Reynold, ) 31. Robert Reynold, X. Reynolds, ) Emme Raynold, A. Rhymer, 273. Ribote, 424. William le Ribote, J". Rice (v. Price), 12, Hugh ap Rys, C. Richard, 42. Richard fil. IVlilo, T. Durand fil. Richard, A . 9, 43. John Richarde- Richards, | Sonne, ZZ. Thomas Richardson, ) Rycherdeson, F. Roger fil. Richard, A. INDEX OF INSTANCES. 525 Riche, 427. Swanus le Riche, A. Reimbal !e Riche, C. Gervase le Riche, H. Richson, 43. Thomas Richeson, Wg. Rickards, 43. Thomas fil. Ricard, A. Hugh Ricard, A. Ricketts, 43. Ricks, 1 43- Cuthbert Ricerson, W^. Rickson, J John Rycerson, IV3. Rider, 196. Roger le Rider, A . Stephen le Ridere, A. Ridler, 237. John Ridler, Z. William Rydler, Z. Righteous. John Rightwyse, /f. John Rightwys, X. Ritson (v. Rickson), 43. Ritter {v. Renter), 168. River-Jordan, 450. Rix (v. Ricks), 43. Rixon (v. Rickson), 43. Laurence Rixon, Z. Roan, 141. Robarts, 36. Thomas Robart, H. Roberds, 36. Walter Roberd, If. Wil- liam Roberd, A. Robert, 36. Robert fil. Ivo, T. Robert de Romeny, A. Robertot (v. Robert), 14, 15. WiUiam Robertot, A. [ 36. Bate fil. Robert, A. Wacius fil. Robert, G. Edmund Roberteson, N. Robin {v. Robins). Robinet, 36. Richard Robynet, If. Robinhood, 36, 431. Thomas Robyn- hod, V. p. 36. Robins, 36. William Robyn, X. Robin le Herberjur, E. Dera Robins, A. Robinson, 36. Roland Robynson, If. John Robbynson, Z. Robison, 36. John Robeson, Wg. Robkin (v. Robert), 14, 15. Adam Robekin, A. Robson, 36. Edward Robson, If. Thomas Robson, W 9. Rodd, 408. Rodds, 93. Francis Rods, Z. Roberts, Robertson, Roden, 92. William Rodden, Z. Rodes, 93. Ra£fe Rodes, Z. Godfrey Rodes, Z. Rodesmith. John Rodesmithe, D. 244, n. Rodgers, 40. Hugh Roggers, If. Roe (i), 443. Alicia le Ro, A. (2), 118. John de la Roe, O. Roebuck, 118. William atte Roebuck, M. Roefoot, 388. Roger, 17, 40. James fil. Roger, T. Roger le Riche, If. Rogercock [v. Roger), 14, 15. Stephen Rogekoc, A. Rogers, 40. William Rogers, A . Henry Rogers, A. Rogerson, 40. Richard Rogersonne, ZZ. Ranulffil. Roger, C. Roland (v. Rowland), 31. Rolond le Lene, A. John Roland, If. Rolfe (v. Ralph) . John Rolff, If. Sarra Rolf, A. Rollins {v. Rowlands), 31, 40. Rollinson {v. Rowlandson), 31, 40. Romaine, ) 134. John le Romayn, L. Roraayne, ) Reginald le Romayn, A. Romer. Christiana la Romere, A. Ste- phen Romer, ZZ. Rood, 104. William de la Rude. A. Richard de la Rude, If. Rook, 439. Geoffrey le Roke, A. WiUiam le Ruk, A. Roper, 355. Simeon le Roper, A. Robert le Ropere, fV. Rosamund, 18. Rosamunda, A. Rosser {v. Prosser), 13. Rosser iWorres, Z. Rose, 115. John de la Rose, 7". Nicho- las de la Rose, A. Roughead, 397. Robert Rogheved, I?. Josias Roughead, v. p. 397, n. Round, 381. Robert Rounde, Z. Roundhay, 106. Rous, 395. Jordan le Rous, B. Henry le Rous, N. Ivo de Rous, y. Rouse, 395. Juliana le Rouse, A, Alice KoTize,A. 526 INDEX OF INSTANCES. Rowland, Rowlands, Rowden, 92. William de Ruweden, A. Simon de Ruweden, A. Rowe, 443. William le Roo, A. Thomas le Roo, A. 31. Roulandus Bloet, C. Rowland Robynson, ff. Rowland fil. Roulandi, T. Rowlandson, 31. William RoUandson, F. Richard Rowlinson, W z. Robert Rowelyngsonne, ZZ. Rowley, 93. Geffery Rowley, Z. Hew Rowley, Z. Rowlson (v. Rowlandson). Francis Rowlson, Z. Royds, 93. Royal-King, 450. Roylance, 407, n. Rudd, 104. Margaret atte Rudde, J. Agnes Rudde, A. Rudder, 104. William Rudder, Z. Ruddick (v. Ruddock), 440. Ruddiman, 104. Ruddock, 440. Ralph Ruddoc, A. Rufhead (v. Roughead), 397. Rumbelow, 455. Stephen Rumbilowe, H. Rummelowe [v. Rumbelow), 4SS- Rummey Ip. Rumney), 141. Rummiley (v. Rumbelow), 455. Rumney, 141. Alan de Romeny, T. John de Romeneye, O. Robert de Romeny, R. Runchiman, 247. Runchman, 247. Runciman, 247. Runcy, 247. Lawrence Runcy, A. Thomas Runcy, A. Russe, 134. Martin le Rus, A. Wil- liam le Ruse, B. Hugh le Ruse, j^. Russell, 395, 403. Willecoccus Russel, A. Miriel Russel, A. Ruter, ) , „ , ,„ Rutter, I ("• R^"'^^)- ^fi«- Ryecroft, 105. Richard de Ricroft, R. Ryder, 196. Roger le Rydere, ^. Ralph le Ryder, J. Rylands, 407, n. CACKER, 279. John Sakkere, H. Adam le Sakkere, X. Sadd, 415. Robert Sad, H. William Sad, E. Sadler, 249. John le Sadeler, M. John Sadeler, H. Sage, 410. Jacob le Sage, C. Geoffrey le Sage, T. Saer {v. Saher) 23. Saer Batagle, A. John fil. Saeri, A. Saer Bude, A. Saher, 23. Saherus de Braban, E. Saher Clerk, C. Saher le King H. Sailor, 363. John le Saillur, A . Nicholas le Saler, A. Saint. William le Seynt, DD. Sale. 109. Alexander de la Sale, B. Katerina de la Sale, y. John de la Sale, T. Sallow, 125. Giles St. Lowe, H. Mar- garet St. Lowe, H. Salmon. Elizabeth Salmon, G. 446. Salter. Walter le Salter, A. John le Salter, M, 272, 329. Salmon. Hugh Saltman, M. 329. Salvage (v. Savage), 412. WilHam le Salvage, B. Geoffrey le Salvage, E. Samand, 125. Almaric de St. Amando, B. John de St. Amand, M. Sample {v. Semple), 125. Sandeman (v. Samand), 125. Sandercock, 31. Sanders (v. Saundei-s), 31. Sanders, Ewart, Wg. Roger Alisander, R. WiUiam Saudre, A. Sanderson, 31. Sanger, 273. Adam le Sangere, T. Sangster, 273. Willametta Cantatrix, E. Sapphira, 77. Sapphira Leighton, 77, w. Sarah, 23. Sarra Malet, A. Sarra le Cornmongere, T. William fil. Sarra, T. Sarasin, 138. Peter Sarracen, C. Henry Sarrasin, y. William Sarazein, C. Sargant, ■(v. Sarjant), 150. Sargeant, Sargeaunt, Sargent, INDEX OF INSTANCES. 527 Sauider, Saunders, Sauvage, Savage, I 150. John le Serjant, A. Sarjant, ) R^esia ia Serjaunte, J. SarjeaTit, ( Qocelin le Serjaunt, N. Sarra (v. Sarah), 23. Sarson (i), 23. Nicholas fil. Sarre, A. William fil. Sare, DD. (2), {v. Sarasin), 138. John Saresson, FF. Saturday, 3S- Saucer, 329. Robert le Sauser, H. Matilda le Sausere, B. Roger le Sau- ser, N. Saul, 109. Saundercock, 31. Edward Saundercock, (?■ ' {v. Sanders), 31. John Ali- saundre, M. John Saun- ders, ZZ. Saunderson, 31. Thomas fil. Saundre, A. George Saunderson, ZZ. ' 412. Adelmya le Sauvage, y. Henry le Sauvage, B. John le Savage, H. Savonier, 329. Agneta le Savoner, A. Adam le Savonier, E. Saward {v. Seward), 23. Sawkin [v. Saunder). John Sawkyn, ZZ. Sawtrer, 272. William le Sautreour, X. Sawyer. Geof&eyle Sawere, A. Walter le Sawyere, G. Henry le Saghier, M. Saxton {v. Sexton), 157. Say (i), 178. William le Saye, A. John le Say, M. (2), 178. Geoffrey de Say, Af. Hugh de Say, A. Sayer {v. Saher), 23, 360. Sayer Herberd, A. Sayer Lorimer, D. Agnes Sayer, N. Saykin [v. Sayer). Saykin Bude, A. Scarlett, 396, 404. Hugh Skarlet, V. Elizabeth Scarlet, ff. Scattergood, 452. Wimcote Schatregod, A. Thomas Skatergoode, F. Mathew Scatergude, Wz. Schalk, 177. Doctor Schalke, v. p. 177, n. Scharpe (v. Sharp), 412. Schoolmaster, 165. Thomas Skolmayster, B. Scissor, 299. William le Scissor, C. German Scissor, T. Sclater, 212. Adam le Sclattere, A. Roger Sclatiere, A. Scolardson, 32. John Scolardesson, Af. Scorchbeef, 449. Simon Schorchebef; A. Roger Scorchebof, A. Scot (v. Escot), 121. William le Scot, B. Walter le Scot, C. Maurice le Scot, y. Scratchhose, 404, 428. John Scrothose, M. Scrimminger, 186. Scrimshaw {v. Skrimshire), 186. Scriven, ( 3^1- William le Scrivayn, Scrivener, j ?■ J°'^" '^ Scriveyn, L. [ Clara le Scrivyn, A. Scuteler, 345. James le Scutelaire, H. Robert Scutellarius, £. Scutelmouth, 346, 428. Arnald Scutel- muth, A. Seaboume, 23. Alexander Sebem, A. Sealer {v. Seller), 250, n, 361. Sealey, 416. Nicholas Sely, M. Thomas Sely, i?. Seaman, 23. Seaman le Baylif, y. Seaman Carpenter, W . Seaman Cham- payne, B. Seamer [v. Seymour), 299. Searle (v. Serle), 23. William Serle, C. Searson, 23. Seaward (z/. Seward), 23. Secretain {v. Sexton), 157. ' Secular, 158. Alexander le Seculer, L. Nicholas le Secular, B. Walter le Seculer, A, Seeley, 416. William Sely, A. Segar, 23. Eudo fil. Sygar, C. Eudo fil. Seger, E. Seculer [v. Secular), 158. Seller, 250, 361. John le Seler, G. Warin le Seler, N. Hugh le Seler, O. 528 INDEX OF INSTANCES. Sellinger, 125. Roger de Seint-Leger, M. 254- Sellman, 1 ^^^^ Thomas Selman, B. Selman, J Selyman, 417. George Selyman, Z>. Ro- bert Selyman, H. Seman [v. Seaman), 23. Semper, 125. Agnes Seynpere, B. John Seyntpere, G. Robert de Seyntpere, M. Sempill,(z/. Semple), 125. Semple, 125. John de St. Paul, H. Robert de Seint Poul, M. Sempster, 299. Peter le Semestre, A. Elen Semster, W 2. Emma Semister, Wg. Senecal {v, Senechal), 177, Senechal, 177. Alexander le Seneschal, B. William le Seneschal, H. Ivo Seneschallus, T. Senior, 381. Michael le Seigneur, E. William le Seignour, M. Edmund Seignyowr, W 2. Senlez, I 125. Guy de Saintliz, M. Si- Senlis, \ mon de Seintliz, E. Serelson {v. Serlson), 23, «. Sergeantson, 32, Thomas Sergaauntson, H. Sergent Sergeant, Serle, 23. Serle Gotokirke, A. John fil. Serlo, A. Serl fil. Ade, A. Serlson, 23, n. Hugh Serlson, M. Richard Serelson, M. William Serle- son, W 2. Serrell {v. Serle and Serlson). Setter, 192. Clement le Settere, N. Alexander le Settere, X. Severe. John le Severe, A. Seward 23. Syward Godwin, J. Siward Oldcorn, L. Richard Seward, A. Sewer, 178. Robert le Suur, A. Henry le Suur, G. Nicholas le Suur, A. Sexton, 157. William Sexten, Z. Robert Sextin, Z. Richard Sekke- steyn, FF. Seymour, 125, 299. Elizabeth Seynt- maur, B. Henry de St. Maur, M. Vv. Serjant, 150. Shacklock, 398. Johannes Schaklok, Shailer, 388, n. Shakelance, 408. Henry Shakelaunce, A. Shakelock, 398. Hamo Shakeloc, A, Simon Shakelok, M. Shakeshaft, 408. Shakespeare, 408. William Shakespere, V. Shallcross, 91. Humfrey Shallcross, E. Shanks, 387. Stephen Schankes, ^ . Sharman [v. Sherman), 286. Sharp, 412. Thomas Scharp, //. Alex- ander Scharp, A. Sharparrow, 429. John Sharparrow, W z. William Sharparrow, W u. Shavenhead, A. Robert SheveEehod, A. Shaver. Jeffery Schavere, FF. Shaw, 91. John atte Schawe, .^T. Thomas de Shaghe, M. Shawcross (i/ Shallcross), 91. Shavler, 388, n. Shaylor, 388, n. Shearer, 286. Richard le Sherere, M. Reginald le Scherere, M. Shearman {v. Sherman), 286. John le Sheremon, M. Shearsmith, 243. Walter le Schere- smythe, M. Sheerwind, 388. Richard Sherevpynde, D. Henry Scherewind, A . Sheather, 188. Sheepshank, 387. Sheeter, 316, Hugh le Shetare, M. Roger le Schetere, M. Sheldrake, } 390, 439. John Sheldrake, Sheldrick, J D. Adam Sceyldrake, A. Shellard, 390. Shepherd, 229. Margaret le Shepherde, A. John le Shepherde, M. Jesse le Sephurde, A. Shepperdson, 32. Alice Shipperdson, Wg. William Shipperdson, 5.S. Sherman, 286. Robert le Sherman, M. William le Sherman, if. INDEX OF INSTANCES. 529 Sherriff. Thomas le Shirreve, B. Lena le Shireve, A. Shingler, 212. Shipgroom. John Shipgroom, G. Shipley, 93. Shipman, 363. William Shypman, B. Alexander Schipman, H. Shipper (i/. Skipper), 364. Shipward. John Shypward, D. John Shipward, H. Shipwright, 23S. Hugh le Schipwryte, A. Simon Shepewright, ZZ. ShirrifF (-y. Sherriflf). Roger le Shyreve, L. Nicholas Sherreve, L. Shoebeggar, 274, n. Simon le Shobeg- gere, A. Shoemaker, 310, n. Christopher Shoe- maker. Shoosmith, 243. Henry Shughsmythe, W. Shore, loi. Short, 381. Richard le Shorte, M. Richard Short, J. Shorter, 381. John Shorter, H. Shorthose, 404. Shortman, 380. Shoveller, Showier, Shreeve (x^. Sherriff). Shunchrist. William Shonecrist, A. Shuxsmith {z/. Sicklesmith), 243. Sibbald, 22. Sibbes {v. Sibson), 22. Sibilla (k. Sybilla), 17, 22. Sibome (s*. Seaboum), 23. Sibson, 22. Richard fil. Sibille, A. John Sybson, Wr). Sicklefoot, 389. Gilbert Sikelfot, M. Sicklesmith, 243. John Sykelsmith, B. Sidney, 124. Sillery, 125. Silly, 416. Benedict Sely, D. Sillyman, 417. George Selyman, D. John Seliman, A. Silverlock, 397. Richard Selverlok, M. Robert Sulverloc, M. Silverspoon, 117. 238. Simmonds, Simmons, Simmonson, Silvester. Silvestre le Enneyse, A. Thomas fil. Silvestre, A. Simbarb, 125. Thomas Seyntbarbe, B. Jordan de St. Barbe, M. Simcock, ) 15, 70. James Sympcock, Simcox, ) W(). Simister (k. Summister), 172. John Somayster, F, William Summaster, Z. Simkins (z/. Simpkins), 15, 70. Simms, 70. William Symmes, X. James Symmes, Z. ' 70. Ingilram fil. Simon, J. Robert Symondson, W 8. Marquis Symon- V desson, H. Simnel, 325. Simon, 4, 70. Simon fil. Peter, C. Simon le Gras, T. Simonet, 70. Simonettus Mercator, E. Simpler, 125. Simpkins, 15, 70. Robert Symkyn, F. Simkin Cock, FF. Ann Symkynes, Z. Simpkinson, 70. John Symkynson, Z. William Simpkinson, ZZ. Simple (i), 416. Henry le Simple, M. Jordan le Simple, A. ,. (2), 125- Simpole [v. Semple), rzs. Simpson, 70. William Sympson, F. Dorothy Sympson, Z. Sims (ii. Simms), 70. John Symes, Z. Thomas Symes, ZZ. Simson, 70. Simon fil. Sim, A. Hugh fil. Sim, A. Sinclair, 124. Robert de Sender, A. Thomas de Seint Clere, M. Sing-Song, 450. Sinkler (v. Sinclair), 124. Sire. Alexander le Sire, A . William le Syre, N. Sirlot [v. Serle). Matilda Sirlot, A. Mabil Sirlot, A. Siser, 150. Sisselot, 59. Alicia fil. Sisselot, A. Sisselson, 59. Richard Sisselson, H. M M S30 INDEX OF INSTANCES. Sissiver, 125. Hugh Sanzaver, A . Ralph Saunsavoir, M. Henry Syssiver, W 9. Sisson, 59. John Sisson, W 2. Henry Sysson, IV 9. Sissot, 59. Cissota West, W2. Sissotson, 59. John Sissotson, W2. Sisterson, 436. Jacob Systerson, IV 3. Sivewright, 238. Sivier, ) 237. Ralph le Siviere, A. Sivyer, ( Peter Syvyere, B. Sixpeny, 456. Thomas Sexpenne, G. Sixsmith {v. Sicklesmith), 243. Sizer, 150. Skilful. John Skilful, O. Geoffrey Scilful, A. Skiller (v. Squiller), 175. Skilman. John Skilman, M. Henry Skileman, A. Skinner. 290, 432. Richard le Skynnere, B. Hamo le Skynner, y. Robert le Skynnere, M. Skipper, 364. Robert Skepper, IVg. /{v. Eskirmisour), 185. Elizebetha Skrymsher Skrimshire, J B£. Alexander Schir- Skrymsher, missure, 55. William le Shyrmisur, A. Roger le Skirmisour, X. Slabber, 213. John le Sclabbere, M. Slade, 95. John atte Slade, M. Nicholas de la Slade, M. Sladen, 95. Slater, ) 212. Adam le Sclattere, A. Slatter, ( John Sclatter, II. Slaymakfer, 281. Slayman, 281. Henry Slayman, A. Slaywriglit {v. Slywright), 238, 281. Thomas Slawryght, W 11. Slee, 416. Isabell Slee, Wg. Richard Sle, A. Sleeper. Simon le Slepare, A. Sleiph, 416. Simon le Slegh, Af. Nigel le Sleygh, M. John le Siege, A. Slemman, 416. Davy Slemen, Z. Slick, 391. Slight, 381. Allan Sleight, Q. John Slyt, A. Slinger, 189. William Slynger, Z. Slocombe, 99. John Slocombe, jZ. Richard Slocombe, Z. Sloper, 304. Agatha le Slopere, A. Sly, 416. JohnSlye, II. Alexander Slye, O. Slyman, 416. Slywright, 238, 281. Margery Slywright, ZZ. Thomas Slywright, ZZ. Smale, 382. John le Smale, A. John le Smale, M. Smaleman, 382. Richard Smaleman, A. Stephen Smaleman. Z. Small, 381. Nicholas le Smalle, V. Robert le Small, A . Smallman, 382. Smallpage, 180, 433. Thomas Small- page, IV2. Smallwriter, 435. William Smalwritere, A. William le Smalewritere, I?, Smart [v. Sniert), 412. John Smart, M. William Smart, A. Smartknave, 433. Christiana Smart- knave, A. Smartwayt, 433. James Smartwayt, FF. Geoffrey Smartwayt, F. Robert Smart- wate, F. Smert, 412. Richard le Smert, M. Walter Smert, H. 9,242, 432. Philip le Smethe, Smijth, A. Henry Le Smeyt, A. Smith, ' Gilbert le Smyth, M. Wil- . Uam le Smyt, M. Smithman. John Smythman, F. Henry Smytman, H. Smithson, 32. Thomas Smythson, F. William le Smithssone. M. John fil. Fabri, F. Smocker, 1 Smoker, > 303. Smooker, ) Smythe {v. Smith), 9, 242, 432. Peter le Smyth, Af. William le Smyth, ^4. Snell, 412. William Snel, A. Walter Snel, X. Snooks, 102. William Sevenokes, ff, Soaper (v. Soper), 329. Sober. Thomas le Sober, M, INDEX OF INSTANCES. 531 Sockerman {v. Sockman), 216. Sockman, 216. Sokemannus de Castro, A. William Sokeman, A. Soraer, 125. William St. Omer, C. Thomas de St. Omer, M. Son, 433. Soper, 329. Julian le Soper, A. Aleyn le Sopere, X. Sot, 395, John le Sor, H. Philip le Sor, T. Sorrell, 395. Robert Sorel, y. Richard Sorel, M. Sot, 429. Robert le Sot, O. Thomas le Sot, T. Sotheran, ) Sothem, ) Sour. Gilbert le Sour, A. Sour-ale, 428. Thomas Sourale, A. Souter (v. Sowter), 309. Robert le Souter, M. David le Souter, Af. South, 123. Henry Suth, A. Southern, 123. Soward, 229. Sowden, 92. William de Soudon, M. Robert de Sowdene, A . Sowman, 232. Sowter, 309. Andrew le Soutere, Z>. Richard le Sutor, M. Spain (v. Espin), 133. William de Spaigne, B. Michael de Spane, A . Spaniard. John Spaynard, C. Sparewater, 429. Ralph Sparewater, 7- Spark {v. Sparrowhawk), 438. Nicholas Sparke, A. Hugh Spark, A. Sparling. Robert Sparling, ff. Wil- liam Sparling, X. Sparrow, 115, 439. Nicholas Sparewe, A. Walter Sparewe, B. Sparrowhawk, 438. Richard Sparhawke, FF. Olive Sparrehawke, Z. Speaklittle, 429. William Spekelitel, P. Speakman, Isolda Spekeman, A. Rich- ard Spekeman, A. Spear, 407. Ralph Sper, A. John Spere, A. Spearman, 187. Spearsmith, 242. Speller. Gerard le Speller, II. Spence, 176 Spencer, 175. John le Spencer, A^ Richard le Spencer, A. Spendlove, 419. John Spendlove, Pi Alicia Spendlove, A. Spenser (v. Spencer), 175. Henry Is Spenser, A. Roger le Spenser, A. Spicer, 329. Harry le Spicere, M. Saer le Spicer, JV. Amphelisa le Spicer, O. Spichfat, 428. Robert Spichfat, X. William Spichfat, Wxi. Spigurell, ) 1S3. Nicholas leSpigumell, Spigurnell, j A. Godfrey Spigurnel, O. Spillwine. Emma Spilleweyne, H. John Spillwyne, X . Spindler, 281. John Spyndelere, X. Thomas Spendeler, PP. Spinner, 287, 338. Spittal, ) Richard ate Spitele, M. Gil- Spittle, j bert de Hospitall, A. Spoon, 117. Spooner, 179, 347. Springald. JohnSpringald, ^. William Springald, P. Spurdance, 409. Margaret Spurdaunce, , V. Richard Spurdaunce, PP. Spurnhose, 405. John Sprenhose, A. Spurrier, 188, 249. Benedict le Sporier,! y. Nicholas le Sporiere, X. Squier (v. Squire), 166, 434. Walter le Squier, M. John le Squier, A. Squiller, 174, «. John le Squylier, I/. Geoffrey le Squeller, O. Squillery, 174, k. John de la Squillerye, /I. Squire {v. Esquire), 166, 434. Squirrell, 443. Thomas Squyrelle, N. Stabler, 234. Thomas le Stabeler, A. WiUiam le Stabler, P. Staff, 408. Stag, I 443. Dorothie Stagge, ZZ, Stagg, S John Stagge, ZZ. Stagman, 199. Robert Stagman. ff. M M 2 532 INDEX OF INSTANCES. Stainer, 214. William Steynour, H. Robert Stainer, M. Stallard, 263. Geoffrey Stallard, M. Staller, 263. John le Stallere, M. Elias Staller, A. Stallman, 263. Stalwart, 413. Henry Staleworth, A. John le Staleworthe, A. Stammer, 390. Stamper, 360. John Stamper, A. An- tony Stamper, ZZ. Stannus, 104. Robert de Stanehouse, A . Stapler, 279, ^tar, ) „ , „ „, [ 441. Robert Stare, A. Stare, \ ^^ Starker, 321. Ralph le Starker, A. Starkie, 411. Humfrey Starkey, H. Starkman, 321, 411. Geoffrey Starkman, T. William Starcman, A. Stead, 108. John Stede, A. Steadman, ) 108. John le Stedeman, M. Stedman, \ Simon leStedman, B. Steenson (z*. Stevenson), 74. Steer, 444. Roger le Ster, A . Simon le Ster, M. Steerman, 233. Thomas Sterman, M. William Sterman, M, Steleger (v. Sellinger), 125. Ranulph Steleger, H. Stennet, ) Stennett, ) ^'*' Stephen, 17, 74. Stephanie Bor, T. Stephens, ) 74. Jordan fil. Stephen, A. Stephenson. ( Simon fil, Stephen, A. Sterling, 137. John Sterlyng, M. Stertwayte, 433. William Stertwayte, FP. Stevens, 74. Robert Stevene, M. Esteven Walays, W 2. Stevenson, 74. Thomas Stevison, H^ 11. Joseph Stinson, H^n. Stewardson, 32. Rowland Stewardson ZZ. St. George, 125. Baldwin de Seyngeorge, A. Stickbeard, 400. Thomas Stikeberd, A . Stephen le Fox, L. Stoddard, Stoddart, Stireman (k. Steerman), 233. Stinson (j/, Stevenson), 74. Stimson, ) ip. Stephenson), 74. John Stimpson, \ Stimpson, FF. Stirhng (tf, Sterhng), 137. Stirrup, 117. Margery de Styrop, P. Roger de Stirap, A . St. John, 125. John de St. Johanne, M. St. Leger (z^. Sellinger), 125. Stoat, 443. Stobbart, 230. Thomas Stoberd, W '^. Janet Stobart, W^. 228. Cuthbert Stoddert, W<). Walter Stodhirde, M. Stone. John de la Stone, A. Richard Stone, Z. Stoneclough, 97. Stonehewer. Richard Stonhewer, Stonehouse {v. Stannus), 104. Stork, 439. Thomas Storck, A. Stothard, ) 228. Matilda Stotehard, A. Stotherd, ( William Stothard, A. Stott, 444. Peter Stot,^. Hugh Stote, A. Stout, 381. John Stout, .S5. Richard Stout, M. Strang [v. Strong), 385. John le §trang, E. Strange, 118. John le Strange, A. Fulk le Strange, M. Stranger, 119. Strangeman, 119. Ellen Strangman, Z. John Strangman, BE. Straunge, 118. Richard le Straunge, B. Amice le Straunge, M. Street, 90. Alice de la Strete, A. Wil- liam atte Strete, M. Streeter, 87, 88. John Streteer, p. Streetman, 87, 88. Streetshend, 89. John atte Stretesend, FF. Walter ate Stretende, ^. Strictman. John Strictman, A. Stringer, 191, 192, 355. George Stringer, ZZ. INDEX OF INSTANCES. 533 Stringfellow, 191, 192, 355. John Stringefellowe, Z. Thomas Streng- fellowe, ZZ. Strokehose, 404. Nicholas Strokehose, M. Strong, 381, 385. Joscehn le Strong, H. WilUam le Strong, T. Strongbow, 407. Ranulf Strongbowe, A. Simon Strongebowe, H. Stronger, 381. Henry le Stronger, M. Strongfellow, 381. Robert Strongfellowe, Z. Frances Strongfellowe, Z. Strongitharm (n. Armstrong), 385. Strongman, 382. Bridget Strongman, PP. Strut. John le Strut, A. Cecil Stmt, A. Stubbard, 230. William Stubbard, V. Augustin Stubbard, Z. Stunt, 412. Sturdy. Walter Sturdi, A. Henry Sturdy, PP. Sturgeon, 447. Nicholas Sturgeon, D. John Sturgeon, H. Stuttard (z/. Stoddait), 228, 390. John Stouthirde, M. Stutter, 390. Nicholas le Stotere, M. Styles, 85, go. Richard de la Style, A. William atte Style, B. John atte Stighele, M. Subtle, 416. Robert le Sotele, A. Salomon le Sotell, v. p. 416. Suckerman [p. Sockman), 216. WilUam Sucheman, A . Robert Suckerman, Z. Sucksmith (z/. Sucklesmith), 243. Bryan .Sukesmythe, ZZ. Sudgen [v. Sowden), 92, 445. John Sug- den, Z. Raynbroun Sugden, ZZ. Sugg, 445. John Sugge, A. Roger Sugge, A. Suitor {p. Sowter), 309. Summerswain, 433. Eve SummersweyU; PP. Sullen, 410. Andrew Sullen, B. Summister ^. Simister), 172. WilUam Sumaster, Z. William Summayster, B. Swain, Sumner, 151. Hugh le Somenur, A. Henry le Sumenour, B. Ralph le Somenur, T. Sumpter, 260. WilUam le Sumeter, A. Philip le Someter, M. Sumption, 34. Sumter [v. Sumpter), 260. WilUam le Somter, M. Surgeon, 339. William le Surgien, G. John le Chirurgien, M. Thomas le Surigien, T. Surreys, 123. Thomas le Surreys, J. Simon le Surreis, DD. AveUne le Surrys, PP. Sustin, 125. Sutcliffe, 97. Suter (z/. Souter), 309. WilUam le Sutere, A. Isabel la Sutare, A. WilUam le Suter, M. Sutton, 119. Henry de Sutton, M. Robert de Suttone, X. (i), 20, Sweyn CoUe, .ff. Swanud le Riche, A. (2), 218, 432. Geoffrey le Sweyn, V- A. Hugh le Sweyn, O. Swainson, 20. Adam fil. Suani, A. Adam fil. Swain, J. Swallow, 439. John Swalowe, H. Hele- visa Swalwe, A. Swan, 439. Henry le Swan, H. Simon le Swon, M. Swanherde, 229. WilUam le Swonherde, M. Swanson (z/. Swainson), 20. Agnes Swanson, ZZ. Swart, 396. John le Swarte, N. Tydy- man le Swarte, N. Swartbrant, 386. Swatman, 420. Swayn (z/. Swain), 20, 218. Swayne [v. Swain), 20, 218. Sweatman {v. Swetman), 420. Sweet, 410, 420. Swet le Bone, A. Adam Swet, A. Sweetcock, 420. Adam Swetcoc, A. Sweetlove, 419. Margery Swetelove, A. Peter Swetlove, A. 534 INDEX OF INSTANCES. Sweetman, 40, 420. Sweteman Textor, A. Avice Sueteman, A. Sweetmouth, 383. Robert Swetemouth, D. William Swetmouth, Q. Swetman [v. Sweetman). 40, 420. Swet- man fil. Edith, A. Swetman de Helig- ham, A. Swift, 388. Robert Swifte, H. Amice Swift, A. Swinden, 92. Swinnart, 226, 229. John Swynhird, Swire [v\ Swyer), 385. Sword, 407. Alice Swerde, A. Sworder, 188. John le Serdere, M. John Swerder, Z. Henry Swerder, H. Swyer, 385, n. Geoffrey le Swyer, A, William Swyer, W 2. Sybilla, 17. Sybilla fil. Geoffrey, A. Sibilla de Dale, B. Symbarbe \(u. Simbarbe), 125. Syson (z/. Sisson), 59. Richard fil. Cecilia, A. T^ABARD, 405. Tabberer, 269. John le Taburer, A. William le Tabourer, B. Taber (z/. Tabor), 269. Tabler, 357. Bartholomew le Tabler, M. Roger Tablour, M. Tableter, 357. Richard le Tableter, M. Bartholomew le Tableter, X. Tabor, 269. Edmond Tabour, V. Tabrer (v. Tabberer), 269. William le Taburer, A. Tailor, 287, 299. Roger le Tailour, M. Miles le Taillur, A. Tailoress, 299. Alicia la Tayleurese, A. Tait, 384. John Tate, H. George Taytte, W t). Talboys, 127. Walter Talebois, B. William Tallboys, H. Tallis, 127. Tamar, 77. . 438. John Tassel, FF. Tankerville, 124. Camberlane de Tan- kervile, A. Tanner, 290. Jordan le Tannur, A, Gilbert le Tanur, B. Loretta le Tan- nur, T. Tapiser, 318. Simon Tapser, H. Tapper, 337. Robert le Tappere, M. John le Tapper, A . Tapster, 337. Tasker, 237. Alexander Tasker, M. Benedict le Taskur, A. Tassel, Tassell, Tasseller, 286. Gilbert le Tasselere, H. Matilda la Tasselere, H. Tate [v. Tait), 384. Nicholas Tate, A. Tavemer, 252. Walter le Taverner, B. John le Tavemour, C. Thomas le Taverner, D, Tawyere, 291. John le Tawyere, R. Ralph le Tawyere, A . Tayler {v. Taylor), 299. Margery la Taillere, B. Taylor, 286, 299. Henry le Talyur, A. Roger le Tayllur, B. Richard le Taillour, H. Taylour, 299. Alan le Taylour, M. Adam le Taliour, H. Taylzer, 286. Edward Taylzer, Wg. Tebbatt, 38. Teobald le Botiler, A. Teobald Bussel, A. Tebbes, 38. Tebbe Molendinarius, A. Tebb fil. Wilham, y. Tebbott, I 3^- Tebald de Englesche- Tebbutt' 1 ^'^^' ■^' "^''^'^^'"'1 Tebaud, ' ( A. Roger Tebbott, Z. Teinter, 2S2. Warin le Teyntour, T. John le Teyntour, I/. Teinturer, 282. Robert le Teynturer, A. William le Teinturer, E. Teler, 288. John le Teler, B. Robert le Teler, y. Henry le Telere, M. Teleress, 288. Ida le Teleresse, T. Teller {v. Teler), 288. Telwright, ) Tellwright, j ^^' INDEX OF INSTANCES. 535 Temperance, 78, n. Temperance Dow- lande, v. p. 78, n, Templeman, 88. Ambrose le Temple- man, A. Robert Templeman, A. Templer, 88. William le Templer,'7. Adam le Templer, M. Tench, 446. John Tenche, A. William Tench, P. Tenter [v. Teinter), 282. Richard le Tenter, H. Philip le Tentier, H. Termday, 35. Margery Termeday, A. Tester, 360. Testimony. Ralph Testimonie, A. Adam Testimonie, A. Texter, 288. Otto le Texter, FF. John Tixtor, 288, «. Thacker, 210. Philip Thackere, Jf. Wilham Thecker, M. Thackeray, 210. Thackery, 2T0. Thackster, 210. Thomas Thackstere, H. John Thackster, FF. Thackwray, 210. Thain, 1 146. Nicholas le Then, T. Thaine, \ John le Theyn, A. Roger Thane, ) le Theyn, T. Thatcher, 210. Reginald le Theccher, L. JohnleThacher, Af. Thaxter [v. Thackster), 210, n. John Thaxter, v. p. 210, n, The-Lord-is-near, 77. Theobald, 17, 38. Thebold le Bayard, A. Fulco fil. Theobald, C. Theophania, 18, 60. Thefamafil. Henry, A. Theofania Brid, £. Typhania Hauteyn, FF. Thick, 381. Thickness, 98. Thomas Thykenasse, ff. James de Thykenesse, M. Thickpeny, 426. William Thickpeny, IV2. Rychard Thickpenny, Wg. Thin, 381. Thomas Thynne, A. Thistlethwaite, 95. Tholy, 72, n. Thom, 73. Thomas, 72. Thomas fil. Odo, T. Thomas fil. Lambert, T. Thomasett, 73. Thomason, 73. John Thomason, F. William Tomasson, ZZ. Thomlin, 73. Thompkins, 73. Thompson, 73. Gerard fil. Thomas, A. ' Walter fil. Thomas, C. Thomsett, 73. Thomson, 73. Thome fil. Thome, A. Maurice fil. Thome, C. Thorald, 26. Torald Benig, A. Torald Camerarius, A. Ralph fil. Thorald, A. Thomcombe {v. Combe), 98. Robert de Thorncoumbe, M. Thomthwaite, 94. Thorowgood. William Thogood, L. Nicholas Thorowgood, Z. Thorp, ) no. Adam de Thorp, B. Thorpe, ( Robert de Thorpe, M. Thresher, 237. Thropp, no. Adam de la Thropp, A. Simon de Throp, B. Thrower, 289. John Thr ower, FF. Throwster, 289. Thrupp (v. Thropp), no. Thrush, 439. Thrussel, 439. Thomas Thrustle, Z. John Throssell, ZZ. Thurkell, 22. William Thurkel, M. Thurkeld le Seneschal, F. Thurkettle, 22. Richard Thyrketyll, F. Robert Thirkettle, FF. Thurkill, 22. Thomas Thurkill, D. Robert Thurkil, T. Thwaites, 94. Thomas de Thwaytes, B. John del Thwaites, M. Tibbald (v. Tebbott), 38. Thebald ad Cap. Ville, A. Tebald Archep. Caht. A. Tibbat (v. Tebbott), 38. Robert Tebaud, M. Tibbes, 38. John Tibbs, Z. Tibbet, Tibbett, Tibbie [v. Theobald), 38. [^^ j- {v. Tebbot), 38. 536 INDEX OF INSTANCES. Tiddeman, 40. Tethingman de Auste, A. Tiddeman Boker, H. Tydyman le Swarte, N. Tideman de Winch- comb, ff. Tiffany, 60. Nicholas fil. Tiffaniee, T. Thifania Simme, A. Tyffanie Sea- mor, Z. Teffania de Wildeker, B. Tiger, 442. Tileman, 211, 212. Walter Tileman, N. Geoffrey Tileman, A. Tilewright, 239. Till, 48. Alexander fil. Tylle, DD. Tillcock (v. Till). Tillman, 220, 222. Henry Tilman, BB. Tillot, 48. Tyllot Thomson, W g. William Tulyot, H. Cecilia Tillote, A. Tillotson (v Tillot), 48. Tillyer, 220. William Tillier, tl. Tilly, 48. John Tilly, ^. Tilson, 48. Roger Tilson, F. John Tilson, 1^2. Alexander fil. Tylle, DD. Timberman. John Tiraberman, Z. Tinker (v. Tynker), 256. Richard le Tinekere, r. Peter le Teneker, ^ . Tinkler, 256. Richard Tynkler, W 8. Alice Tynkeller, Wg. Tipkins, 38. Tipler. Wilham Tipeler, ^. Tipper, 192. John le Tipper, M. Wil- liam le Tipper, A . Tippins, 38. Tipple (v. Tibbie), 38. Tipson, 38. Tipstaffe, 409. Tireman (v. Tyerman), 295. John Tire- man, FF. Todd, 443. lye Todde, DD. John le Tod, M. Todhunter, 202. Todman, 202. Toleman (v. Tolman), 367 Toller, 367. Ralph le Toller, B. Bar- tholomew le ToUere M. Tolly [v. Toly). Tolman, 367. Thomas Tolman, B. Tolson {v. Bartholomew), 72, n. Henry Tolson, ZZ. Jane Tolson, ZZ. Toly {v. Bartholomew), 72, n. William fil. Tholy, B. Duce Toly, A. Tom (v. Thomas), 72. Tomkin, -i 73. Nicholas Tomkins, Z. Tomkins, I Richard Tomkins, Z. Tomkinson, 73L Tomline, 73. Tomhnson, 73. Thomas Tomplynson, F. Bernard Thomlynson, F. Robert Tomlynson, H. Tompkins, 73. Katharine Tompkyns, Z. Richard Tompkins, Z. Tompsett, 73. Tompson, 73. Reginald Tompson, F. John Tomison, FF. Tomsett, 73. Henry Tomset, Z. Tonkin, 44. Tonson [v. Townson), 44, Tonsor, 34r. Ralph Tensor, J. Tony, 45 Richard le Tony, A. Stephen le Tony, A. Topliff, 97. Tort, 382. Ralph le Tort, B. Tortesmaine, 386. Totiller, 424. John Totiller, H. Richard le Titteler, A. Tower, 291 (i), 291. Hugh de la Tour, B. Henry atte Torre, T. (2), 291. Gilbert le Tower, A. Thomas le Toure, A. Towester, 291, n. Juliana la Touestre, A. Town, no. William de la Toune, A. Townend (v. Townsend), 89, in. Townegreen. John Atte Townegreene, Af. Townsend, 89, in. John Attounsend, B. Henry Ate Tunesende, A. Townsend, 89, in. Adam ate Tunes- hende, A. Alice ate Tunishende, A. Townson. Jane Tounson, E, 44. Towzer, 1 Tozer, j ^^°- J°^° Toser, F. INDEX OF INSTANCES. 537 Tranter, 246. Annas Tranter {v. Ludlow Church : Cam. Soc.) Trapper, 203. Traunter, 246. Agnes Traunter (n. Lud- low Church : Cam. Soc.) Tragetour, 274. Symon le Tregetor, A . William le Tregetur, A . Tribulation, 77. Trop, no. Walter de Torp, J. Osbert de Trop, T. Trower, 289. True, 410. Truebody, 388, n. Stephen Trewbody, H. Truelove, 419. Richard Trewlove, G. Stephen Truelove, /f. Truman, 410. Agnes Treueman, A. Thomas Treweman, A. Trumper, 153. WiUiam le Trompour, M. John le Trompour, M. Tubbs, 38, 117. Tubman. John Tubman, F. Tucker, 2S3, 285. Roger leTukere, ^. William le Touker, G. Peter Taker, ■ T. . Percival le Toukere, M. Tuckerman, 285. Tuesday, 35. Thomas Twysday, H. Tumber, 268. William le Tumbere, M. Tune (v. Town), no. Ralph de la Tune, 5. Geoffrey de la Tune, ^. Tunnicliffe, 97. Turk, 134. Jacob le Turk, DD. Wil- liam le Turc, A. Turner, 347, 356. Aylbricht le Turnur. A. William le Toumour, G. Robert le Tomour, J^. Tumpeny, 426. John Tumpeny, D. Robert Tumepeny, G. Turtle, 440. Roger Turtle, D. Regi- nald Turtel, A. Twelvepence, 456. Fubco Twelpenes, A. Twelvetrees, 102. Twentimark, 456, n. John Twenti- mark, FF. Twentyman, 233. Twist, 382. Twopenny, 140, 456. Tyerman, 295. Henry Tyerman, Q. John Tyerman, Z. Tyler, 211. Ralph le Tilere, A. Hugh le Tygheler, If. Adam le Tyghelere, M. Tyner, 221. John le Tynere, M. Tynker (v. Tinker), 256. Thomas le Tyneker, A. Tyrer, 295. Richard Tyrer, F. j UNCLE, 436. John le Uncle, A. Robert Unkle, If. Uusworth, 107. Upholder, 317. Richard Upholder, v. 317, n. Upright. Richard Upright, X. Usher, 171. Alan le Usser, A. Nicho- las le Usher, B, Julian le Usher, C. \TACHB (i)', ITS, 118. Richard de la ^ Vache, A. (2), 444. Peter le Vache, A. Philip la Vache, C. , Vacher, (v. Vatcher), 234. Vadlet, ) 434. John le Vadlet, T. Vallet, 1 Robert le Vallet, E. Vanne, 237. Richard atte Vanne, F. Robert de la Vanne, F. Vanner, 237. Henry Vannere, X. Walter le Vanner, A. Vatcher, 234. John le Vacher, F. Walter le Vacher, A. Vavasor, 166. Jordan le Vavasur, F. WiUiam le Vavasor, /f. Vavasour, 166. Robert le Vavasour, B. Richard le Vavasour, H. Veale, 382, 444, Robert le Vele, ff. WiUiam le Veel, F. Veck, 156. Robert le Vecke, A. Veile, 382, 444. Thomas le Veyle, A. Hubert le Veyll, B. 538 INDEX OF INSTANCES. Vender. William le Vendour, D. Veness, 134. John de Venuz, A. Leonard de Venetia, E. Venner, 200. Robert le Venurj A. John le Venour, B. Thomas le Veneur, T. Vesk (k. Veck), 156. Jacob le Veske, T. Nicholas Levesk, R. Vestmentmaker. Robert Vesmentmaker, Vicar, 156. Reyner Vicarius, A. Gil- bert Vicare, A. Vicary, 156, 210. Richard Vicary, B. Vice, 452. Vick (v. Veck) , 156. Vickerman, 156. Vidler (z'. Fiddler), 269. Vielur (i/. Vyler), 271. Jacob le Vielur, T. Uter le Vileur, E. Vigorous, 413. Nicholas Vigerous, R. John Vygerous, X. Vigors {v. Vigorous), 413. Viler {y. Vyler), 271. Villain, 218, 434. Lambert le Vilein, C. Terri le Vileyn, H. Philip le Vylayn, T. Villiers, 124. Gilbert de Vilers, E. Robert de Vilers, E. Viner, 223, 335. Symon le Vynur, A. WiUiam le Viner, C. Roger le Vynour, G. Vinter, 336. John '.eVinetur, B. Ralph le Vineter, H. Alexander le Vineter, J. Virtue, 78, n,, 452. Virtue Hunt, 78, n. Visard, 406. Viscount, 145. Eustace de Vechounte. A. John le Viscounte, B. Viser, 406. Vizard, 406. Vyler, 271. Benedictle Viler, 5. Nicho- las le Vylour, H. Wyot le Vilur, L. WADDILOVE, ] ^^9- J°''" Wad^:'"" VV iir JJ-, -s love, N. Wilham Waddilow, )„,.■, . I Wade-in-love, A . Wadman, 283. Wafer, 324. Simon le Wafre, K. Robert le Wafre, A. Waferer, 324. William le Wayfre, J. Theobald Wayferer, W :i. Wag. Robert le Wag, A. Robert Wagge, A. Waghorn, 408. Wagner, ) 249. Godemar le Wag- Wagoner, r hener, DD. Wagspear, 408. Mabill Wagsper, W i. Wagstaffe, 409. Walter Wagestaf, A. Robert Waggestaff, A. Waller, 415. Robert le Walur, A. Peter le Walur, A . Wainman, 249. Henry Wayneman, F. Hugh Wayneman, W "i- Wainwright, 238, 249. Thomas Wain- wright, H. Henry Wainwright, W2. 153. Ralph le Weyte, A. Henry le Weyte, D. Robert le Wayte, H. Wake, 261. Thomas le Wake, B. John le Wake, E. Wakemen, 261. Jacob Waykman, F. Joan Wakeman, H. Waldebeof, 449. Nicholas Waldebeof, B. Walker, 283, 2S5. Geoffrey le Walkere, A . Ralph le Walkere, T. Peter le Walkar, R. John le Waleis,' B. Mabil le Wait, Waite, Wallace, 122. Ingleram le Waleys, B. Walleys, J. Waller, 213. Henry le Wallere, A. John le Wallere, X. ,26. Walrand Clerk, A. Walrand, Walran Oldman, A. Wal- Walrond, ■ lerandle Tyes, ^. Robert ( Wallerond, G. Walsh, 122. Howel le Walsshe, J. William le Wales, A . Walshman, 122. Alan Walseman, R. William Walssheman, X. Walter, 14, 17, 37. Geoffrey fil. Wcilter, A. Walter le Graunt, T. Walterot, 38. Thomas Waltrot, H. Wand, 408. INDEX OF INSTANCES. 539 Want, 443. Walter le Wante, J. John Want, A. Wanter, 202. Richard Wanter, J. Henry le Wantur, A. Ward. Thomas le Ward, A. John le Ward, B. Warde-dieu, 454. Henry Wardedieu, FF. Wardrop, 172. Adan^. de la Garderoba, B. Thomas de la Wardrobe, R. Wardroper, 172. Elizabeth Wardraper, Z. Ware. John le Ware, A. Peter le Ware, E. Wareing (v. Waring), 25. ■ 24, 25. Warin Cruel, A. Warin de la Stane, A. Warin, Waring Robert fil. Warin, A. Warinot, 24. William Warinot, F. Robert Warinot, A. Warison, 24, 25. Warinusfil. Warin, B. John Warison, B. Mabil Warison, G. Warner, 195. Jacke le Warner, A. Eustace le Warner, T. Warnett [v. Warinot), 25. Warren (i). Richard de Waren, .<4. (2), 25. Robert fil. Warin, A. Warren le Latimer, H. Warrener, 195. WiUiam le Warrener, A. Thomas ie Warrener, H, Warson {v. Warison), 25. Washer, 321. John Wasshere, X. Wason [v. Warison), 25. Waste-hose, 405. Emma Wastehose, B. Richard Wastehose, jf. Wastel, 325. Richard Wastel, H. Wasteler, 325. John Wasteler, M. Water (i) , 90. Walter atte Watre, X, Johnde la Watre, A. (2), 37, Wauter Goldbeter, G. Wattare Taylor, v. p. 37. «• Waterbearer. Richard Waterbearer, H. Waterleader, 365. William Waterleader, D. Waterman, 365. Adam le Waterman, A. Robert le Waterman, ..4. Waters (v. Water), 37, 90. Watersmith, 244, n. WiUiam Water- smith, M. Waterson, 37. Watkins, 37. Thomas ap Watkyn, B. Richard Watkins, H. Watkinson, 38. Thomas Watkynson, H. John Watkynson, ZZ. Watson, 14, 37. Humfrey fil. Walter, T. Joan Wattson, Wz. Watte, 14. Wat le Chevalier, A. Wat le Creyer, G. Watte fil. William, DD. Watts {v, Watson), 14, 37. Waxmaker, 343. John Wexmaker, F. Wayte, 153, 433. Ralph le Wayte, B. Stephen le Wayte, T. Weathercock, John Wedercoc, E. J[v, Wetherherd), 229. William Wederherd, Weatherherd, I Wi. Richard Wether- l herd, A. Weaver, 288, n. Bennet Wever, U. Richard le Wovere, M. Webbe, 281. Elyas le Webbe, A. Roger le Webbe, B. Simon le Webbe, N. Webber, 281. Robert le Webber, B. Clarice le Webbere, B. Webster, 281, 338. John le Webestre, A. John le Webstere, G. Weeks, 48. WiUiam Weeks, ZZ. John Weks, ZZ. Weeper, 415. John le Weper, A. Henry le Weper, A. Weigher, 366. Henry le Waiur, A. Weightman, 367. John Weightman, ZZ. Welsh (f. Walsh), iz2. Welcome, 455. John Welcome, ZZ. Welfare, 455. Simon Welfare, A. WeUking, 392. Alice Weliking, A. Well [v. Atwell), 85. Jordan atte Welle, M. Henry de la Welle, A. Wellbeloved, 420. William Welbilove, 0. Charles Wellbeloved, 420, n. Weller, 88. S40 INDEX OF INSTANCES. Wells [v. Well), 85. Welman, 88. Welsh [v. Walsh), 122. Henry Welsh, 122, n. Wenman, 249. Thomas Weynman, F. Thomas Wenman, Z. West, 123.. Simon West, R. Emma West, A. West-end, 89. Mabil ate Westende, A. William atte Westende, M. Westrop, no. Westrys, 123. Richard le Westreys, T. Roger le Westereys, A. Wetherhead, ) (v. Weatherherd), 229. Wetherherd, ( John Wetherhird, O. Whaite, 153. Robert le Whayte, B. Whale, Thomas le Whal, B. Ralph le Wal, A. Wheeler, 238. Robert le Whelere, G. Hugh le Welere, A . Wheelwright, 238. Walter Welwryghte, A. Alan Quelewrighte, W 2. John Quwelewright, Wg. Whelk, 447, n. Matilda le Welke, A. Welkshorn, 447, n. William Welkeshorn, A. Whirlpeny, 427. Ralph Whirlepeni, A. Whitbread, 323. Henry Whitbread, H. William Whitebread, Z. Whitbred, 325, 433. William Wyte- bred, A. John Whitebread, C. Whitbeard, 399. Philip Wytberd, J. William Witberd, R. White, 395. Stephen le Whyte, B. Roger le White, G. Hugh le Wyt, A. Whiteflesh, 391. William Whiteflesh, ^. Whitehair. 398, 403. Whitehand, 391. Gilbert Whithand, T. William Whitehand, v. p. 391, n. Whitehead, 380, 397. Reginald Whiteved, T. Rauf Whytehed, W 2. Henry Quytheved, R. John Qhwiteheved, Wg. Whitehorse, 118. Walter de Whitehorse, C- Whiteking, 147, n. '433. Roger Wyte- king, IC. Whiteknave, 433. Ascelin Wyteknave, A. Whitelamb, v. p. 445, n. Whitelock, 397. Henry Wytloc, A. William Witloc, A. Whiteman, 395. Wilham Whytman, B. Audrey Whiteman, Z. Whiter, 28S. White-richard, 432. Richard Whyt- rychard, y. Whiteslade, 95. Richard de Wytslade H. Ralph Wyttslayd, DD. Whitesmith, 242. Robert le Withsmyth. A. William le Wytesmyth, M. Whitlock, 397. Philip Whytelock, G. John Whitelock, P. Whitster, 28S. Whitsunday, 34. WiUiam Wytesone- day, A. Whittaker, 107. Richard de Whytacre, y. Jordan de Whitacre, R. ' 291. Thomas le Wytewere, Whittear, A. Geoffrey le White- Whittier, tawier, JV. Eustace le Wittowere, A. Whittle, 393. Whitworth, 107. Whityer [v. Whittier), 291. Whyman, 234. Wick, 89. Henry de laWyk, A. Richard at Wyke, M. Wickend, 89. John de la Wykend, A. Wickerson, 48. Wickins, 48. Wickman, 89. Richard Wycman, A. Widehose, 404. Richard Wydhose, A. Widowson (i), 436. WiUiam le Wed- wesone, R. Simon fil. Vidue, A. William Widowson, Z. (2), 436, n. William fil. Wydo, A. WiUiam fil. Wydonis, £. {v. Guy). Wight, 382. Wightman, 382. Gilbert Wyghtman, B. WiUiam Wightman, P. INDEX OF INSTANCES. S4I Wilcocks, IS, 48. Willecoccus Russell, A. Wylekoc Hervy, A. William Wilkokys, H. Wilcockson, 48. Richard Wylcokson, F. John ap Wilcok, B. Wilcox (v. Wilcocks), 48. Wilcoxon (v. Wilcockson), 48. Wild, 412. Nicholas le Wild, ^. Wil- liam le Wild, M. Wildblood. Richard Wyldeblode, Wg. Wildboef, 449. Amice le Wildeboef, A. David Wyldebuff, A. Wildbore, 445, 449. Robert Wildboar, M. Richard Wildbore, ZZ. Wild, 1 Walter le Wilde, A. Emma Wilde, \ la Willde, A. Wildgoose, 439. John Wildgoose, Z. Wildsmith, 244, », 432. WilfuU, 410. William le Wilfulle, A. Wilkins, 15, 48. Wilkin le Furmager, O. Wilekin fil. Austen, C. Ralph Wylkyns, F. Wilkinson, 48. John Wylkynson, F. Christopher Wilkynson, II. Wilks, 48. Henry Wylkys, F. Eliza- beth Wilkes, Z. Willert {v. Willett), 48. Willett (v. WiUott), 15, 48. Thomas Wylott, F. William, 45. William fil. Karoli, T. William fil. Letitice, T. WiUiamet {v. Wilmot), 48. Willametta Cantatrix, E. Gwillimett, E. WilUams (w. Williamson), 48. Williamot {v. Wilmot), 48. Gilemota Carrecke, H/^2. John Willimote, 48, k. Williamson, 9, 13, 48. John fil. Wil- liam, C. Avice fil. WiUiam, T. Willis, 48. Robert Willys, F. Wilhson, 48. Richard Willyson, F. WiUmot (v. Wilmot), 48. WiUott, IS, 48. Richard Wylyot, A. Thomas Wiliot, y. John Wylot, M. Wills, 48. Richard Willes, A. Hamon Wills, Z. Willsher, 120. Richard Wilteshire, B. Almaric de Wilteshire, Z. Wilmot, 48. John Wylemot, M. Wil- mot Furze, Z. John Wylmott, F. Wilson, 48. Robert Wylson, F. Americ Wylson, W^. Wimpeny, 426. Wimpler (v. Wympler), 300. Henry le Wimpler, A. William le Wympler, N. Winder, 355. John le Winder, A. Richard le Windere, A. Winlove, 419. Hugh Winne-love, M. Windmillward. William Wyndmilward, B. Winner, 237. Roger le Wyner, .^. Winpeny, 426. Winsome, 392. Matilda Wensom, A. Winspear, 409. Winter, 336. Adam le Wyneter, J?, John Winter, H. Winthrop, no. John Wynthropp, Z. Wiredrawer. William le Wirdrawere, X. Rauf le Wyrdrawere, X. Wisdom, 432. Stephen Wysdom, A. William Wisdom, F. Wise, 410. Thomas le Wise, yi. Ernald leWyse, T. Wiseman, 265. John Wyseman, H. William Wysman, X. Withecomb, 99. Robert Wythecomb, M. Without-the-town, in. Robert With- outentoun, A. Witty, 412. Thomas Witte, A. Thedric le Witte. Wolf, 442. Adam le Wolf, H. Philip le Wolf, M. Wolfenden, 92. Robert Wolveden, Wg. Robert Wolfenden, ZZ, Wolfhunt, 200. Richard le WuUhunt, A . Waller le Wolfhunt, B. John Wolf- hunte, G. Wolsey, 141. Johanna Wolsy, X. Wonte, 118. Reginald de la Wonte, A. 542 INDEX OF INSTANCES. Wood, 85. John atteWode, 5. Richard de la Wode, A. Woodale, ) , ,,, , , , Woodall, ( ("• Woodwale), 44°. Woodard [v. Woodward), 195. Alan Wodard, A. Woodcock, 439. Wydo Wodecok, A. Walter Wodekok, B. Wooder, 88, 283. Roger le Woder, H. Thomas le Wodere, M. Robert le Woder, E. Woodgate, 103. Richard atte Wode- gate, M. Woodhaye {v. Hay). Thomas de la Woodhaye, A, Richard de la Wode- haye, R. Woodhewer. Robert le Wodehyewere, H. Woodhird, 231. Richard le Wodehird, A. William le Wodehirde, u^. Woodhouse, 104. Petronil de la Wode- house, B. John atte Wodehouse, X. Woodlark, 439. Robert Wodelark, H. Woodman, 88, 226, 2S3. Eudo Wude- man, y4. Alan Wodeman, i?. Woodmonger. Robert Wudemongere, A. Woodreefe, "(195. Robert Woderove, A. Woodroff, ( Walter Woderove, A. Woodrow, 195. Hugh Woderoue, A. Ralph Woderoue, A. Woodruff, 195. George Woodruffe, Z. Edmund Woodruff, Z. Woodshend, 89. Adam de Wodeshend, A. John Wodeshend, WZ. Woodus (z/. Woodhouse), 104, Richard del Wodehus, A. Woodward, 195. Aylward le Wode- ward, A. Walter le Wodeward, B. William le Wodeward, G. Woodwale, ) Woodwall, i ^°- Woodyat, | (v. Woodgate), 103. Wil- Woodyate, / ham de Wudyate, E. Woodyear {v. Wooder), 88. Woodyer {v. Wooder), 88, 226. Wooer, 428. Hugh le Wewer, R. John le Wower, A. Wooeress, 428. Emma Woweres, A. Woolard [v. Woolward), 406. Woolbeater, 286, n. John WoUebeteri 286, n. Woolbuyer, 279. Geoffrey le WoUebyer, M. Woolcombe, 99. Wooler, 278. David le Woller, C. Woolman, 278. Agnes Woleman, G. Walter Woleman, jf. Woolmonger, 279. Walter le Wolle- moT\g&r, A. Morekin le Wolemongere, A. Roger le Wolmonger, jj/. Woolpacker, 279. Woolward, 406. Geoffrey Woleward, A. Reginald WoUeward, A'^. Michael WoUward, J. Workman. Gilbert le Worcman, A. Worship, 42S. Thomas Worthship, G. Hugh Worshipp, Z. Worth, 107. Richard de la Worthe, A. Reginald de la Wurth, E. Wortley, 107. Wrangservice, 378. Thomas Wrange- servis, M. Wray [v. Ray), 443. Wren, 439. Geoffrey Wren, O. Alice Wrenn, A. Wright, 432. Richard le Wryght, M- Roger le Wricte, A. Margery le Wrytte, A. Wrightson, 32. Ann Wrighteson, Wg. John Wrightson, Z, Writer, 361. Wulfketel, 22. William Ulfketel, M, Wulfkeytl, p. 22. Wyatt, 27. Wyot fil. Helias, DD. Wyott Carpentarius, A. Wyot BaliS' tarius, E. Wyld [v. Wild). Wyman, 234. Wympler (v. Wimpler), 300. John le Wympler, X. Alan le Wympler, A, INBEX OF INSTANCES. S43 \7ATES, I02. John atte Yate, B. ■^ John At-yates, FK Henry atte Yate, M. Roger atte Yate, //. Yeame, 436. Veatherd, 228. Yeatman, 228. Yellowhair, 398. Thomas Yalowehair, E. Yeoman, 216. William Yeaman, Z. Yeomanson. Robert Yomanson, F. Yoman [v. Yeoman), 216. Yonge (v. Young), 382. William le Yonge, B. John le Yonge, A. Yongeman, 382. William Yongeman, M. Young, 381. Richard le Yunge, L, Ralph le Younge, A. Youngebond. Nicholas le Yongebond, M. Younger, 381. Robert Yonger, W 3. WiUiam Yongere, Af. Younghusband, 432. Roger le Yong- husband, G. Thomas le Young- husbond, M. Youngman, 382. William le Yungeman, B. WiUiam Yungman, J?. Youngsmith, 244, «., 432. John Yong- smith, i^ Yule, 34. John Yule, Q. THE END. LONDON : SAVILL, EDWARDS AND CO., PRINTERS, CHANDOS STREET, COVENT GARDEN. Post Office Orders payable at Piccadilly Circus.] [July, 1874. A LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO & WiNDUS, 74&-7S, PICCADILLY, LONDON, W. THE FAMOUS FRASER PORTRAITS. MACLISE'S Oallerv; of Illustrious Literary Characters. With Notes by the late WILLIAM MAGINN, LL.D. Edited, with copious Notes, by William Bates, B. A. The 'volume contains 83 Splendid and most Characteristic Portraitsi now first issued in a complete form. In demy 410, over 400 pages, - cloth gilt and gilt edges, 3IJ-. td. " Most mterestm^.'*~~Saturday Review. " Not possible to imagine a more elegant addition to a drawing-room table." — J*'uu. " One of the most interesting volumes of this year's literature." — Times. "Deserves a place on every drawing-room table, and may not unfitly be removed from the drawing-room to the library." — Spectator. 74 6- 75, PICCADILLY, LONDON, W. ~^ 2 BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO &- WlNDUr. NEW PINE-ART GIFT-BOOK. THENATIONAL GALLERY. A Selection from its Pictures, by Claude, Rembrandt, Cdyp, Sir David Wilkie, Correggio, Gainsborough, Canaletti, Vandyck, Paul Veronese, Caraoci, Rubens, N. and G. PoussiN, and other great Masters. Engraved by George Doo, John Burnet, William . Finden, John and Henry Le Kec.x, John Pye, Walter Bromley, and others. With descriptive Text. A New Edition, from the Original Plates, in columbier ^jtf^, cloth extra, full gilt and gilt edges, 42;. [Nearly reai/y. THE- WORKS OF JAMES GILLRAY, THE GARICATURI8T. With the Story of his Life and Times, and full and Anecdotal De- scriptions of his Engravings. Edited by Thos. Wright, Esq., M. A., F.S.A, Illustrated with 83 full-page Plates, and very numerous Wood Engravings. Demy 4to, 600 pages, cloth extra, 31J. 6d. "High as the expectations excited by this description [in the Introduction] may be, they will not be disappointed. With rare exception, no source of information has been neglected by the editor, and the most inquisitive or exacting reader will find ready gathered to his hand, without the trouble of reference, almost every scrap of narrative, anecdote, gossip/ scandal, or epigram, in poetry or prose, that he can possibly require for the elucidation of the caricatures." — Quarterly Revieiu. "The publishers have done good service in bringing so much that is full of humour and of historical interest within the reach of a large class." — Saturday RevienK "One of the most amusing and valuable illustrations of the social and polished life of that generation which it is possible to cojxceivG."—Spectator. BEAUTIFUL PICTURES BY BRITISH ARTISTS. A Gathering of Favourites from our Picture Galleries, 1800— 1870. By Wilkie, Constable, J. M. W. Turner, Mulready, Sir Edwin Landseer, Maclise, Leslie, E.M.Ward, Frith, Sir John Gilbert, Ansdell, Marcus Stone, Sir Noel Paton, Eyre Crowe, Faed, Madox Brown. All Engraved in the highest style of Art. With Notices of the Artists by Sydney Armytage, M. A. Imperial 4to, cloth gilt and gilt edges, 21s. COURT BEAUTIES OF THE REIGN OF CHARLES II. From the Originals in the Royal Gallery at Windsor, by Sir Peter Lely. Engraved in the highest style of art by Thomson, Wright, Scriven, B. Holl, Wagstaff, arid T. A. Deane. With Memoirs by Mrs. Jameson, Author of "Legends of the Madonna." Imperial 4to, cloth gilt and gilt edges, 2.1 j. . "This truly beautiful and splendid production is equally a gem among the Fine Arts and in Literature." — Quarterly Reviev}. 74 6- 7'), PICCADILLY, LONDON, IV. BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO &■ WINDUS. 3 MATT MORGAN'S DESIGNa THE AMERICAN WAR: Cartoons by Matt Morgan and other Artists, illustrative of the late Great Civil War in America. Now first collected, with Explana- tory Text. Demy 4to, illustrated boards, ^s. bd. Companion to the " History of Signboards." Advertising, A History of, from the Earliest Times. Illustrated by Anecdotes, Curious Specimens, Biographical Notes, and Examples of Successful Advertisers. By Henry Sampson. Crown 8vo, with Coloiired Frontispiece and numerous Illustrations, cloth extra, gilt, 7^. 6a?. [Netiyly ready. /Esop's Fables, translated into Human Nature, in 24 quarto Plates, designed and drawn on the wood by Charles H. Bennett. With descriptive Text. An entirely New Edition. Crown 4to, beautifully printed in colours, cloth extra, gilt, 6j. [Nearly ready. Amusing Poetry. A Selection of Humor- ous Verse from all the Best Writers. Edited, with a Preface, by Shirley Brooks. A New Edition, in fcap. 8vo, cloth extra, gilt, and gilt edges, jj. 6d. "This is a capital selection of songs, ballads, and miscellaneous poems. It is by no means a collection of comic poetry, though there are comic pieces here and there. The selected pieces are by established favourites — Dibdin, Cunningham, Scott, Colman, Hood, Hook, Shirley Brooks, Tennyson, &c., &c." — Literary World. " The book will be generally acceptable." — Echo. Anacreon. Illustrated by the Exquisite- Designs of Gtrodet. Trans- lated by XhomasMoore. Bound in Etruscan jjold and blue, \zs. 6d. ^ •»* A heauHful and captivating voltttne. The •well-kno'wn Paris house, Firmin Dit/oi, a few years since produced a miniature edition of these exquisite designs by photography, and sold a large number at (r ^/^ £•2. per copy. The Designs have been universally \^^^=^ admired by both artists and poets. Army Lists of the Roundheads and Cavaliers in the Civil War, 1642. Second Edition, Cor- rected and considerably Enlarged. Edited, with Notes, by EDWARt) Peacock, F.S. A. 4to, half-Roxburghe. ^s. ed. [Nearly ready. 74 &" 7S. PICCADILLY, LONDON, W. BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO <&> WINDUS. Art of Amusing. A Collection of Graceful Arts, Games, Tricks, Puzzles, and Charades, intended to amuse everybody, and enable all to amuse everybody else. By Frank Bellew. With, nearly 300 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, 4^. fxl. *** One of tket)iost entertaining hatid- books 0/ amjisement ever published. Awful Crammers. A Newr American Joke Book. Edited by Titus A. Brick, Author of "Shaving Them." Fcap. 8vo, with numerous curious Illustrations, \s. Uniform with Mr. Ruskin's Edition of " Grimm." Bechstein's As Pretty as Seven, and ■ other Popular German Stories. Collected by Ludwig Bechstein. With Additional Tales by the Brothers Grimm. 100 Illustrations by RiCHTER. Small 4to, green and gold, 6,r. (,d. ; gilt edges, ^s. 6d. *.• One of the 'most delightful books far children ever published. It is in e7}ery way, a Companion to the German Stories 0/ the Brothers Grimm Th£ quaint simplicity ofRichter's engravings will char m every lover 0/ legendary lore. Biglow Papers. By James Russell Lowell. The Best Edition, with full Glossary, of these extra- ordinary Verses. Fcap. 8vo, illustrated cover, \s. 74 <2^ 75. PICCADILLY, LONDON, W. BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO hfi WIND US. 5 ARTEMUS WARD'S WORKS. Artemus Ward, Complete. The Worksof Charles Farrer Browne, better known as Artemus Ward, now first col- lected. Crown 8vo, with fine Por- trait, facsimile of handwriting, &c., 540 pages, cloth extra, 7^. 6d. ' *»* Comprises all tkai th£ huMlourist kas written lit Englatid or A merUa. A dniirers ofArtentTis Ward will be glad to possess his inrittKgs in a compute fiiriK. Artemus Ward's Lecture at the Egyptian Hall, with the Panorama. Edited by the late T. W. Robertson, Author of "Caste," &c., and E. P. PIing- STON. Small 4to, exquisitely printed, bound in green and gold, with NUMEROUS Tinted Illustrations, ds. Artemus Ward : his Book. With Notes and Introduction by the Editor of the " Biglow Papers." One of the wittiest books published for many years. Fcap. 8vo, illustrated cover, IJ. The Saturday Review says : — " The author combines the powers of Thackeray with those of Albert Smith. The salt is rubbed in by a native hand — one which has the gift of tickling. ** ^ Artemus Ward : his Travels among the Mormons and on the Rampage. Edited byte. P. King- ston, the Agent and Companion of A. Ward whilst " on the Rampage. " Fcap. 8vo, illustrated cover, is. *** Some ofArtemu^s THCst veirtk-pravoking- papers are to he found in this hook. The chapters on the Mormotcs viill unbend tk£ sternest countenance. As bits of fun thay are immense I Artemus Ward's Letters to " Punch," Among the Witches, and other Sketches. Fcap. 8vo, illustrated cover, IX. %* The volume contains^ in addition, some quaint and humorous compositions which werefound upon tke author's iadle after his decease. Artemus Ward among the Fenians: with the Showman's Experiences of Life at Washington, and Military Aidour at Baldinsville. Fcap. 8vo, illustrated cover, td. ' 74 C&-7S, PICCADILLY, LONDON, W. BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO nr" WINDUS. Babies and Ladders: Essays on Xhings in General. By Emmanuel Kink. Fcap. 8vo, illustrated by W. S. Gilbert, &c. Pictare wrapper, is. Bayard Taylor's Di- versions of the Echo Club. Royal l6mo, Xs. td. ; cloth, 2s. Boccaccio's Decameron ; or, Ten Days' Entertainment. Now fully translated into English, with Introduction by THoiitAS Wright, Esq. , M . A. , F. S. A. Illustrated by Stothard's Engravings on Steel. Crown 8vo, cloth, extra gilt, "js. 6d. Booksellers, A History of. Full Accounts of the Great Publishing Houses and their Founders, both in London and the Provinces, the History of their Rise and Progress, and of their greatest Works. By Harry Curwen. Crown 8vo, over 500 pages, with frontispiece and numerous Portraits and Illustrations, cloth extra, Ts. 6d. HEADPIECE USED BV WILLIAM CAXTON. "In these days, ten ordinary Histories o_f KitL^s and Courtiers were well ex- changed against the tenth ^art of one good History of Booksellers" — Thomas Carlyle. "This stout little book is unquestionably amusing. Ill-starred, indeed, must be the reader who, opening it anywhere, lights upon six consecutive pages within the entire compass of which some good anecdote or smart repartee is not to be found." — Saturday Review. " Mr. Curwen has produced an interesting work." — Daily News. " The ' History of Booksellers ' will not merely repay perusal,-but ought to have a permanent place on library shelves. "-^Cowr^ Circular. 74 Sf 75, PICCADILLY, LONDON, W. BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO &- WINDUS. BRET HARTE'S WORKS. Widely known for their Exquisite Pathos and Delightful Humour. Bret Harte's Com- plete Works, in Prose and Poetry. Now First Collected With Introductory Essay by J. M. Bellew, Portrait of the Author, and 50 Illustrations Crown 8vo, 650 pages, cloth extra, "Js. 6d. Bret Harte's Luck of Roaring Camp, and other 1^^ Stories. Fcap, Svo, illustrated *«^= cover, IS. /- Bret Harte's That "^ Heathen Chinee, and other Humorous Poems. Fcap. Svo, illustrated cover, ij. dd. Bret Harte's Sensation Novels Con- densed. Fcap. Hvo, illustrated cover, is. 6d. •,* A tngst enjoyable book, only surpassed, in tis special class, by Thackeray 's Burlesque Novels. Bret Harte's Lothaw; or, The Adventures of a Young Gentleman in Search of a Religion. By Mr. Ben- jamins (Bret Harte). Fcap. Svo, curiously illustrated, dd. Bret Harte's East and West. Fcap. Svo, illustrated cover, is. Bret Harte's Stories of the Sierras, and other Sketches. With a Wild Story of Western Life by Joaquin Miller, Author of " Songs of the Sierras." Fcap. Svo, illustrated cover, IS. 74 &- 75, PICCADILLY, LONDON, IV. 8 BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO WINDUS. Book of Hail-Marks ; or, Manual of Reference for the Goldsmith and Silversmith. By Alfred Lut- SCHAUNIG, Manager of the Liverpool Assay Office. Crown 8vo, with 46 Plates of the Hall-Marks of the different Assay Towns of the United Kingdom, as now stamped on Plate and Jewellery, "Js. dd. •n* This luork eives practical methods/or testing th£ gualiiy of gold and silver. It was compiled^ the author for his owrt use, and as a Supplement to "Chaffers." Booth's Epigrams : Ancient and Modern, Humorous, Witty, Satirical, Moral, and Panegyrical. Edited by the Rev. John Booth, B. A. ANew Edition. Pott 8vo, cloth gilt,6j-. Boudoir Ballads: Vers de Soci^t^. By J. AsHBY Sterry. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, gilt, and gilt edges, 6^. \In preparation, Brewster's (Sir David) More Worlds than One, the Creed of the Philosopher and the Hope of the Christian. A New Edition, in small crown 8vo, cloth, extra gilt, with full-page Astronomical Plates, uniform with Faraday's " Chemical History of a Candle. " 4s. 6d. Brewster's (Si rD.) Martyrs of Science. New Edition, small cr. 8vo, cloth, extra gilt, with full-page Por- traits, uniform with Faraday's ' ' Various Forces of Nature. " 4J. 6d. COLMAN'S HUMOROtrS WORKS. Broad Grins. My Nightgown and Slippers, and other Humorous Works, Prose and Poetical, of George Col- MAN the Younger. Now first collected, with Life and Anecdotes of the Author, by George B. Buckstone. With Frontispiece by Hogarth. Crown 8vo, 500 pp., 7^. 6d. NEW BOOK FOR BOYS. Conquest of the Sea: A History of Divers and Diving, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. By Henry Siebe. Profusely Illustrated with fine Wood Engravings. Small crown 8vo, cloth extra, 4^. 6d. *'We have perused this volume, fviU of quaint information, with delight. Mr. Siebe has bestowed much pains on his work ; he writes with enthusiasm and fulness of knowledge." — Echo. " Really interesting alike to youths and to grown-up feople."—Scoisman. "Equally interesting to the general and to the scientific reader. "—il/or«i«? Advertiser. 74 &= 75, PICCADILLY, LONDON, W. BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO &> WINDUS. 9 Bright's (Rt. Hon. J., M.P.) Speeches on Public Affairs of the last Twenty Years. Collated with the best Public Reports. Royal i6mo, 370 pages, cloth extra, \s. Byron's (Lord) Letters and Journals, with Notices of his Life. By Thomas Moore. A Reprint of the Original Edition, newly revised, complete in one thick volume of io6o pp. Twelve fine full-page Plates. Cr. 8vo, cloth extra, gilt, ^s. 6d. "We have read this book with the greatest pleasure. Considered merely as a composition, it deserves to be classed among the best specimens of English prose which our age has produced. It contains, indeed, no smgle passage equal to two or three which we could select from the Life of Sheridan ; but, as a wTiole, it is immeasurably superior to that work. The style is agreeable, clear, and manly, *and, when it rises into eloquence, rises without effort or ostentation. Nor is the matter inferior to the manner. It would be difficult to name a book which exhibits more kindness, fairness, and modesty. It has evidently been written, not for the purpose of showing — what, however, it often shows— how well its author can write, but for the purpose of vindicating, as far as truth will permit, the memory of a cele- brated man who can no longer vindicate himself. Mr. Moore never thrusts himself between Lord Byron and the public. With the strongest temptations to egotism, he has said no more about himself than the subject absolutely required. A great part, indeed the greater part, of these volumes consists of extracts from the Letters and Journals of Lord Byron ; and it is difficult to speak too highly of the skill which has been shown in the selection and arrangement It is impossible, on a general survey, to deny that the task has been executed with great judgment and great humanity. When we consider the life which Lord Byron had led, his petu- lance, his irritability, and his communicativeness, we cannot but admire the dex- terity with which Mr. Moore has contrived to exhibit so much of the character and opinions of his friend, with so little pain to the feelings of the living."— Lord Macaulay, in the Edinburgh Review. Carlyle (T.) on the Choice of Books- With New Life and Anecdotes. Brown cloth, uniform with the 2j. Edition OF his Works, is. 6d. ; paper cover, is. Celebrated Claimants, Ancient and Modem. Being the Histories of all the most celebrated Pretenders and Claimants from Perkin Warbeck to Arthur Orton. Fcap. 8vo, 350 page&, illustrated boards, price 2s. •^* This hook is presented to the public at a time when popular attention is attracted to the subject qfivhich it treats ; but it is intended muck less to gratify a tevzporary curiosity than to Jill an empty page in our literature. In our own and in other countries Claitnants home been by no means rare, and the author has spared no research to render his ivork as perfect as possible^ and to supply a reliable ' history of those caies which are entitled to rank as causes cfilebres. The book is put forward in the hope that, while it may serve to amuse the hasty reader in a leisure hour, it Tnay also be deemed worthy of a modest resting-place in the . libraries of those who like to watch the -march of events, and who have the prudent habit, when information is founds of preserving a note of it. Christmas Carols and Ballads. Selected and Edited by Joshua Sylvester. A New Edition, beautifully printed and bound in cloth, extra gilt, gilt edges, 3J. td. 74 &= 75, PICCADILLY, LONDON, W. lo BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO 6- WINDUS. NEW AND IMPORTANT WORK. Cyclopaedia of Costume; or, A Dic- tionary of Dress, Regal, Ecclesiastical, Civil, and Military, from the Earliest Period in England to the reign of George the Third. Including Notices of Contemporaneous Fashions on the Continent, and preceded by a General History of the Costume Of the Principal Countries of Europe. By J. R. Planch^, F.S.A., Somerset Herald. This -work will be published in T%venty-four Monthly Parts, quarto, at Five Shillings, frofusely illustrated by Plates and Wood Engravings ; with each Part •will also be issued a splendid Coloured Plate, frovt an original Painting or Illu- inifintion, of Royaland Noble Personages^ and National Costu7ne, both foreig7i and domestic. The First Part is just 7'eady. IN collecting materials for a History of Costume ot more importance than the little handljook which has met with so much favour as an elementary work, I was not only made aware of my own deficiencies, but sur- prised to find how much more vague are the explana- tions, and contradictory the statements, of our* best authorities, than they appeared to me, when, in the plenitude of my ignorance, I rushed upon almost un- ' trodden ground, and felt bewildered by_ the mass of unsifted evidence and unhesitating assertion which met my eyes at every turn. During the forty years which have elapsed since the I publication of the first edition of my " History of British Costume" in the "Library of Entertaining Know- ledge," archaeological investigation has received such an impetus by the establishment of metropolitan and provincial peripatetic antiquarian societies, that a flood of light has, been poured upon us, by which 'we are enabled to re-examine our opinions and discover reasons to doubt, if we cannot find facts to authenticate. That the former greatly preponderate is a grievous acknowledgment to make after assiduously devoting the leisure of half my hfe to the pursuit of information on this, to me, most fascinating subject. It is some consolation, however, to feel that where I cannot in- struct, I shall certainly not mislead, and that the reader will find, under each head, all that is known to, or suggested by, the most competent writers I am ac- quainted with, either here Or on the Continent. That this work -appears in a glossarial form arises from the desire of many artists, who have expressed to me the difficulty they constantly meet with in their en- deavours to ascertain the complete form of a garment, or the exact mode of fastening a piece of armour, or buckling of a belt, from their study of a sepulchral effigy or a figure in an Illumination; the attitude of the personages represented, or the dispo- sition of other portions of their attire, effectually preventing the requisite, examination. The books supplying any such information are very few, and the best confined to armour or ecclesiastical costume. The only English publication of the kind required, that I am aware of, is the late Mr. Fairholt's " Costume in England " (8vo, London; 1846), the last two hundred pages of which contain a glossary, the most valuable portion whereof are the quotations from old plays, mediaeval romances, and satirical ballads, containing allusions to various articles of attire in fashion at tlie time of their composition. Twenty-eight years have expired since that book appeared, and it has been thought that a more conriprehenslve work on the subject than has yet issued from the EngHsh press, combining the pith of the information of many costly foreign publications, and, in its illustrations, keeping in view the special require- ment of the artist, to which I have alluded, would be, in these days of educational progress and critical inquiry, a welcome addition to the library of an English gentleman, ^ J. R. PLANCHE. 74 WINDVS. 13 UUlFORM WITH THE "CHARLES DiCKENS EDITION." The Story Dickens of his Life. ' By Theodore Tay LOR, Author of the "Life of Thackeray." Uniforjn with the "Charles Dickens Edition" of his Works, and forming a Supple- mentary Volume to that IssUe. Crown 8vo, crimson cloth, 3^. 611^. " Anecdotes seem to have poured in upon theauthor from all quarters. , . Turn where we will through these 370 pleasant pages, something worth reading is sure to meet the eye." — The Standard. Also Published. : ?HE "Best Edition" of the above Work, illustrated by Photo- graphic Frontispiece of " Dickens as Captain Bobadil," Portraits, Facsimiles, &c. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, 7j. (>d. Uniform with the " Charles Dickens Edition." Dickens' Speeches, Social and Literary, now first collected. Uniform with, and forming a Supplemen- tary Volume to, the "Charles Dickens Edition^" Crown 8vo, crimson cloth, 3^-. td. ■ *' His speeches are as good as any of his printed writings." — The Times. Also Publislied : 'he "Best Edition," in crown 8vo, with fine Portrait by Count D'Orsay, cloth extra, p. 6d. In One Dickens' Life and Speeches. Volume, i6mo, cloth extra, 2s. (sd, "DON QUIXOTE" IN THE ORIGINAL SPANISH. il Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote de la IVlancha.' Nueva Edicion, corregida y revisada. For Miguel DE Cervantes Saavedra. Complete in one volume, post 8vo, nearly 700 pages, cloth extra, price 4?. (>d. larthward Pilgrimage, from the Next World to that which now is. By MoNCURE D. CONWAY. Crown 8vo, beautifully printed and bound, "Js. 6d. 74 &- 75, PICCADILLY, LONDON, TV. 14 BOOKS FUBLJSHED BY CHATTO <&- WINDUS. D'Urfey's ("Tom") Wit and Mirth; or, Pills to Purge Melancholy : Being a Collection of the best Merry Ballads and. Songs, Old and New. Fitted to all Hu- mours, having each theiit j)roper Tune for either Voice or Instrument : most of the Songs being new set. London: Printed by W. Pearson, for J. Tonson, at Shakespeare's Head, over-against Cathe- rine Street in the Strand, 1719. An exact and beautiful reprint of this much-prized work, with the ' Music to the Songs, just as in the rare original. In 6 vols., large fcap. 8vo, antique boards, edges uncut, beautifully printed on laid paper, made expressly for the:-y^rk, price ;^3 3J. ♦4,* The Pills to Purge Melancholy have now retained their celebrity for a century and a half. The difficulty of obtaining a co/>y has of late years raised sets to a fabulous price, and has tnade even odd vohimes costly. Considering the clas- sical reputation ivhich the book has thus obtained^ and its "very high interest as illustrative of the manners^ customs, ajid amuseinents of English life during the half ce7ttur^'follo'wiftg the Restoration, no apology' ts needed for placing such a "work more within the feach of general readers and students by re-issuing it for the first time since its original appearance^ and at about a tithe of the price for "which th old edition could noiv be obtained. For dri?iking- songs and love-songs, sprightly ballads, merry stories, and political squibs, there are none to surpass these in the language. In improvising such pieces, and in singing them, D'Urfev was perhaps ?iever equalled, except in our oivn century by Theodore Hook. The sallies er flags for a moment, from the first chapter to the last. As a picture of the m.anners of the period, two hundred years ago, in England, long the various grades of society through ivhich the hero passes in the course of extraordinary adventures, and among gipsies, beggars, thieves, (Sr»c., the booHis 'aluable to students. The earlier portion of the book was considerably altered in later editions by ancis Kirkman, While preserving all the additions made by that writer, most oj • Omitted passages f sometimes among the most characteristic in the book) have been toredfrom the earliest edition, which is of the very greatest rarity, inost of the ies having been destroyed, the year after its publication, in the Grsat Fire oJ ndon. . - . The later edition and the Second Part are of almost equal ranty. 0'wz7ig to tts nderful run of popularity, the book has been so "well read and -well thumbed, that •feet copies are very seldom to be met with, and are then only to be obtained at an iravagantly highprice. The Present reprint maytherefqre be useful and accept- 'e to students of Early English Literature. 74 &- 75, PICCADILLY, LONDON, W. l6 BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO &• WINDUS: Early News Sheet.— The Russian In- vasion of Poland in 1563. (Memorabilis et perinde stu- penda de crudeli Moscovitarum Expeditione Narratio, e Gennanico in Latinum con versa. ) An exact facsimile of a contemporary account in Latin, published at Douay, together with an Introduction and Historical Notes and a full Translation. Only loo copies printed. Large fcap. 8vo, an exact facsimile on antique paper, hardly distinguishable from the original, half-Roxburghe, price "Js. id. Englishman's House, from a Cottage to a Mansion. A Practical Guide to Members of Building Societies, and all interested in Selecting or Building a House. By C. J. Richardson, Architect, Author of " Old English Mansions," &c. Second Edition, .Corrected and En- larged, with nearly 600 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 550 pages.cloth, Is.dd. •,* This Work might jLOt inappropriately be termed A Book of Hotises." It gives every variety of house, fro'm a •workTnan! s cottage to a 7iobleman*s palace. The hook is inteTided to supply a -want long felt, viz,, a plain, TWn-technical ac- count of every style of house, luith the cost aild ttta7tner of building. English Surnames: Their Sources and Significations. By Charles Wareing Bardsley, M.A. Crown 8vo, about 600 pages, cloth extra, qj, *«* The chapters are arranged under the following heads : — i. Baptismal OR Personal Names; 2. Local Surnames ; 3. Official Surnames : 4. Occupative Surnames ; 5. Sobriquet Surnames, or Nicknames. " Mr. Bardsley has faithfully consulted the original medlseval documents and works from which the origin and development of surnames can alone be satisfactorily traced. 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Thick crown 8vo, cloth extra, gilt, \2s. dd. -un for the Million A Gathering of Choice Wit and Humour, Good Things, and Sublijne Non- sense, by Dickens, Jer- ROLD, Sam Slick, Chas. H. Ross, Hood, Theo- dore Hook,MarkTwain, Brough, Colman, Titus A. Brick, and a Host of other Humourists. With Fictures by Matt Mor- gan, Gilbert, Nast, Thompson, Cruikshank, Jun., Brunton, &c. In fcap. 4to, profusely illus- trated, with picture wrap- per, IS. 3enial Showman ; or, Show Life in the New World. Adventures with Artemus Ward, and the Story of his Life. By E. P. Hingston. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, Illustrated by Brunton, cloth extra, Ts. 6d. 74 (V 75, PICCADILLY, LONDON, W. i8 BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO &- WINDUS. Fools' Paradise; with the Many Wonder- ful Adventures there, as seed in the strange, surprising Peep- Show of Professor WoUey Cobble. Crown 4to, with nearly 200 very funny Coloured Pictures, cloth extra, gilt, "Js. 6d. 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To make somewhat enlarged copies of them, looking at them through a magnifying glass, and never putting two Hnes where Cruikshank has put only one, would be an exorcise in decision and severe drawing which would leave afterwards little to be learnt in schools."— .^jr/rac/ /ram Introduction by John Ruskin. 74 &■ 75, PICCADILLY, LONDON, PF. BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO &- IVINDUS. 19 GIL BLAS IN SPANISH. Historia de Gil Bias de Santillana. For Le Sage. Traducida al Castellano por el Padre Isla. Nueva Edicion, corregida y revisada. Complete in One Vcrlume. Post 8vo, cloth extra, nearly 600 pages, price 4J. td. Golden Treasury of Thought. The Best Encyclopaedia of Quotations and Elegant Extracts, from Writers of all Times and all Countries, ever formed. Selected and Edited by Theodore Taylor. Crown 8vo, very handsomely bound, cloth gilt, and gilt edges, "js. 6d. *t* An attetnpt to put inio the hands of the reader and student a mote Taried and complete collection of the best tho7tghis of the best authorsUhan had be/ore been made. It is not everybody "who can get the original works Jrom which the extracts are taken, ivhile a book suck as this is within the reach o/all, and can- not be opened without finding something worth reading, and in most cases worth remembering. Great Conde (The), and the Period of the Fronde : An Historical Sketch. By Walter FitzPatrick. Second Edition, in 2 vols. 8vo, cloth extra, 15J. "Mr. FitzPatrick has given us a history that is plfasmt to read : his style is iiic sive and picturesque as well as fluent, .... The work is well done." — "fablet. " The sketches of the characters and careers of the extraordinary men and women who lived, intrigued, governed, or strove to govern, are admirable for their life- hkeness.'* — Morning; Post. Greenwood's (James) Wilds of London. With a Full Account of the Natives : being Descriptive Sketches, from the Personal Observations and Experiences of the Writer, of Remarkable Scenes, People, and Places in London. By James Greenwood, the "Lambeth Casual." With Twelve full-page Illustrations by Alfred Concanen. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, gilt, 7^. (sd. {Nearly ready. Grose's Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue. 1785. An unmutilated Reprint of the First Edition. Quarto, bound in half-Roxburghe, gilt top, price %s. *«* Only a. small number of copies of this vulgar, but very curious, book haze been printed, for t!ie Collectors of '* Street Words*' and ColloguLilisms. 74 &- 75, PICCADILLY, LONDON, W. ~ ~ BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO &- WINDUS. Companion to "The Secret Out." Hanky-Panky. A New and Wonderful Book of Very Easy Tricks, Very Difficult Tricks, White Magic, Sleiglit of Hand ; in fact, all those startling Deceptions which the Great Wizards caU " Hanky-Panky." Edited by W. H. 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BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO &- WINDUS. 21 Hall's (Mrs. S. C.) Sketches of Irish Character. "Wooing and Wedding," "Jack the Shrimp," "Peter the Prophet," "Good and Bad Spirits," "Mabel O'Neil's Curse," &c., &c. With numerous Illustrations on Steel and Wood, by Daniel Maclise, R.A., Sir John Gilbert, W. Harvey, and G. Cruikshank. 8vo, pp. 450, cloth extra, 7^. 6af. "The Irish sketches of this lady resemble Miss Mitford's beautiful English Sketches in ' Our Village,' but they are far more vigorous and picturesque and bright." — Blackwood's Magazine, Hone's Scrap-Books : The Miscellaneous Writings of William Hone, Author of "The Table-Book," " Every-Day Book," and the " Year Book :" being a Supplementary Volume to those works. Now first collected. With Notes, Portraits, and numerous Illustrations of curious and eccentric objects. Crown 8vo, cloth extra. - [Prepanng. 74 &■ 75, PICCADILLY, LONDON, W. 22 BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO ^ WINDUS. THE MOST COMPLETE HOGARTH EVER PUBLISHED. Hogarth's Works : with Life and Anecdotal Descriptions of the Pictures, by John Ireland and John Nichols The Work includes 150 Engravings, reduced m exact facsimile of the Original Plates, specimens of -which have now become very scarce. The whole in Three Series, 8vo, cloth, gilt, 22j. 6^.; or, separately, 7j. 6^. per volume. Kach Serifs is Complete in itself. THE TALKING HAND. ■-S!g;i!i-3!Se -^.at-^ Vpi "Will be a great boon to authors and artists as well as amateurs. . cheap and very complete." — Standard. " For all practical purposes the three handsome volismes comprising this edition are equal to a collection of Hog^arthian prints. We are quite sure that any one who adds this work to his library will be amply repaid by the inexhaustible charms of its facsimile prints." — Bimiinghmn Daily Mail. "The plates are reduced In size, but yet truthfully reproduced. The best rtnd cheapest edition of Hogarth's complete works yet brought forward." — Building News, "Three very interesting volumes, important and valuable additions to the library. 'J'he edition is thoroughly well brought out, and carefully printed on fine paper." — Art youmal. Hogarth's Five Days' Frolic; or, Pere- grinations by Land and Water. Illustrated with Tinted Drawings, made by Hogarth and Scott during the Journey. 4to, beautifully printed, cloth, extra gilt, loj-. 6d. *.* A graphic and most extram-dinary picture of the hearty English tiitus iti which these merry artists lived. 74 &- 75, PICCADILLY, LONDOiV, IV. BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO &• WINDUS. 23 OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES' WORKS. Holmes' Autocrat of the Breakfast Table. An entirely New Edition of this Favourite Work. Royal l6mo, paper cover, is.; in cloth, neat, is. 6d. Holmes' Poet at the Breakfast Table. From January to June. Paper cover, \s. Holmes' Professor at the Breakfast Table. 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The youngest school of English poetry has received an important acces- sion to its ranks in Philip Bourke Marston.'' — Examiner. *' Mr. Marston has fairly established his claim to be heard as a poet His present volume is well worthy of careful perusal, as the utterance of a poetic, cul- tivated mind." — Standard. " We have spoken plainly of some defects fn the poetry before us, but we have read much of it with interest, and even admiration."— -Pa// Mall Gazette. '*The book is undoubtedly the work of an original mind We have a new poet in our midst." — Morning Post. 74 6- 75, PICCADILLY, LONDON, W. 28 BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO &= WINDUS. MARK TWAIN'S WORKS. AUTHOR'S CORRECTED EDITION. Mark Twain's Choice Works. Revised and Corrected throughout by the Author. With Life, Portrait, and numerous Illustrations. 700 pages, cloth extra gilt, "Js. 6d. Mark Twain's Inno- cents Abroad : The Voyage Out Fcap. 8vo, illustrated wrapper, is. Mark Twain's New Pilgrim's Progress: The Voy^ age Home. 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BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO 6- WINDUS. 29 Mayhew's London Characters: Illus- trations of the Humour, Pathos, and Peculiarities of London Life. By Henry Mayhew, Author of " London Labour and the London Poor," and other Writers. With nearly loo graphic Illustrations by W. S. Gilbert, and others. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, 6^. "Well fulfils the promise of its title. . . The book is an eminently interesting one, and will probably attract many readers." — Court Circular, Monumental Inscriptions of the West Indies, from the Earliest Date, with Genealogical and Historical Annotations, &c., from Original, Local, and other Sources. Illus- trative of the Histories and Genealogies of the Seventeenth Century, the Calendars of State Papers, Peerages, and Baronetages. With Engravings of the Arms of the principal Families. Chiefly collected on the spot by the Author, Capt. J. H. Lawrence-Archer. One volume, demy 4to, about 300 pages, cloth extra, 2IJ. {Nearly ready. Mr. Brown on the Goings-on of Mrs. Brown. Fcap. 8vo, illustrated cover, u. Mr. Sprouts: His Opinions. Fcap. 8vo, illustrated cover, \s. Uniform with "Tom D'Urfey's Pills." Musarum Deliciae; or, The Muses' Re- creation, 1656 ; Wit Restor'd, 1658 ; and Wit's Recreations, 1640. The whole compared with the originals ; with all the Wood Engrav- ings, Plates, Memoirs, and Notes. A New Edition, in 2 volumes, post 8vo, beautifully printed on antique laid paper, .and bound in antique boards, 2ij-. A few Large Paper copies have been prepared, price 3SJ-. «^* of the Poets of the Restoration, there are none whose works are more rqre than those of Sir John Mennis mid Dr. James Smith. Thesntall volufne entitled *^ Mtisarutn DeliciiS ; or. The Muse^ Recreation," which contains the productions of these two friends, was not accessible to Mr. Freeman when he coTnpiled his Kentish Poets," and has since become so rare that it is onlyfoundin the cabinets of the curio7ts. A reprint of the " Musarum DeliciiB," together with several otiier kindred pieces of the period, appeared in rii^ , forming two volumes of Facetice, edited by Mr. E. Dubois, author of ^^ The Wreath," b'c. These volumes havingin turn become exceedingly scarce, the Publishers venture to put forth the present new edition in which, while nothitig has been omitted, «o pains have been spared to render it more complete and elegant than any that has yet appeared. The type, plates, and woodcuts of the originals have been accurately followed; the notes of- ik£ Editor of jBi-; are considerably augmented, and indexes have been added, together with a portrait of Sir John Mennis, from a painting by Vandykein Lord Clarendon's Collection. 74 &- 7S, PICCADILLY, LONDON, W. 30 BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO 6- WJNDUS. Muses of Mayfair: Vers de Soci^t^ of the Nineteenth Ceiitury. Embracing the, best Society- Verses of the most important Writers of the last So years, including Tennyson, Browning", Swinburne, Rossetti, Jean Ingelow, Locker, Ingoldsby, Hood, Lytton, C. S. C, Landor, Henry S. Leigh, and very many others. Edited by H. Cholmondeley-Penneli, Author of "Puck on Pegasus." Beautifully printed, cloth extra gilt, gilt edges, uniform with " The Golden Treasury of Thought," 'js. 6d. MR. O'SHAUGHNESSY'S POEMS. Music and Moonlight: Poems and Songs. By Arthur O'Shaughnessy, Author of "An Epic of Women." Fcap. 8vo, cloth extra, 7j. 6d. " It is difficult to say which is more exqliisite, the technical perfection of structure and melody, or the delicate pathos of thought. Mr, O'Shaughnessy will enrich our literature with some of the very best songs written in our generation." — Academy. "The poet has put his souj into his work. The careful, artistic workmanship.gives some of the ahcrterpoems the finish of a gem. By the publication of this volume Mr. O'Shaughnessy will enhance areputation thatalready stands high." — Sunday Tiutes. " The reader will be able to judge of the exquisite finish of the workmanship. In many senses Mr. O'Shaughnessy is indeed a master of the formal art of poetry^ The present volume is sure to add to Mr. O'Shaughnessy's reputation, and by its many beauties of versification, style, and genuine poetic feeling, it cannot fail to charm a wide circle of admirers." — Examiner. "The author of ' Music and Moonlight ' has already attained something akin to supremacy in a certain sphere of art, and he can claim a place in tlie very front rank of modern English song writers ; Mr. Rossetti is his only rival. The perfection of form in the lyric entitled ' Outcry ' has not been surpassed in this century." — Lloyd's Weekly Neivs. . '- An Epic of Women, and other Poems. Second Edition, Fcap. 8vo, cloth extra, 6j. "Of the formal art of poetry he is in many senses quite a master ; his metres are not only good, — they are his own, and often of an invention most felicitous as well as careful." — Academy. " With its quaint title and quaint illustrations, ' An Epic of Women * will be a rich treat to a wide circle of admirers." — AthenatL7n. " His verses are exceedingly beautiful ; like a delicious melody." — -Examiner. Lays of France, (Founded on the "Lays of Marie.") Second Edition Crown 8vq, cloth extra, los. 6d. "As we have before remarked in noticing an earlier volume of his, this modem votary of Mane has, in imaginative power^ keen intuition, and ear, a genuine claim to be writing poetry, a> things go now. . . . And Mr. O'S. is also an accomplished master in those peculiar turns of rhythm which are designed to reproduce the ■ manner of the mediaeval originals."— Sq.tnrday Review. Mystery of the Good Old Cause: Sarcastic Notices of those Members of the Long Parliament that held Places, both Civil and Military, contrary to the Self-denying Ordinance of April 3, 1645 ; wilh the Sums of Money and Lands they divided among themselves. Small 4to,. half-morocco, "js. td. 74 &■ T-i, PICCADILLY, LONDON, W. BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO &' WINDUS. 31 Mystery of Mr. E. Drood. An Adapta- tion. By Orpheus C. Kerr. Fcap. 8vo, illustrated cover, \s. Napoleon III., the Man of His Time; from Caricatures. Part I. The Story of the Life of Napo- leon III., as told by J. M. Has WELL. Part II. The Same Story, as told by the Popular Caricatures of the past Thirty- five Years. Crown 8vo, with Coloured Frontispiece and over 100 CaricTuifs, 7^. 6i/. •»* The object of this IVo-k is to g ve Both Sides of the Story. The Artist hus gone over the entire ground o/ Continental and English Caricatures /or the last third of a century ^ and a very interesting book is the i esult. Notes on the Principal Pictures in the Exhibition of the Royal Academy, 1874. A Handbook foryisitors. By Richard Herne Shepherd. Demy 8vo, price is. Old Prose Stories whence Tennyson's "Idylls of the King" were taken. By B. M. Ranking. Royal l6mo, paper cover, is. ; cloth extra, is. (>d. 74 dr' 75, PICCADILLY, LONDON, W. 32 BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO &> WIN PUS. Original Lists of Persons of Quality; Emigrants ; Religious Exiles ; Political Rebels ; Serving Men Sold for a Term of Years ; Apprentices ; Children Stolen ; Maidens Pressed ; and others who went from Great Britain to the American Plantations, 1600-1700. With their Ages, the Localities where they formerly Lived in the Mother Country, Names of the Ships in which they embarked, and other interesting particulars. From - MSS. preserved in the State Paper Department of Her Majesty's Public Record Office, England. Edited by John Camden HoTTEN. A very handsome volume, crown 4to, cloth gilt, 700 pages, 38^-. A few Large Paper copies have been printed, price (sos. [Nearly ready. THE OLD DRAMATISTS. Ban Jonson's Works. With Notes, Criti- cal and Explanatory, and a Biographical Memoir by William GiFFORD. Edited by Lieut. -Col. Francis Cunningham. Com- plete in 3 vols., crown 8vo, cloth extra gilt, with Portrait, price 6s. each. George Chapman's Plays, Complete, from the Original Quartos, including those Plays in which he was only partly concerned. Edited by Richard Herne Shepherd. Crown 8vo, cloth extra gilt, with Portrait Frontispiece, price ds. Christopher Marlowe's Works; In- cluding his Translations. Edited, with Notes and Introduction, by Lieut. -Col. F. Cunningham. Crown 8vo, cloth extra gilt, with Portrait, price 6s. Philip Massinger's Plays. From the Text of Wm. Gifford. With the addition of the Tragedy of " Believe as You List." Edited by Lieut.-Col. Francis Cunning- ham. Crown 8vo, cloth extra gilt, with Portrait, price 6j. OLD SHEKAEEY'S WORKS. Forest and Field : Life and Adventure in Wild Africa. By the Old Shekarry. With Eight Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, gilt, 6/. Wrinkles; or, Hints to Sportsmen and Travellers upon Dress, Equipment, Armament, and Camp Life. By the Old Shekarry. A New Edition, with Illustrations. Small crown 8vo, cloth extra, gilt, 6s. 74 &- 75, PICCADILLY, LONDON, W. BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO &■ WINDUS. 33 Parochial History of the County of Cornwall, Compiled from the best Authorities, and corrected and improved from actual Survey. 4 vols. 4to, cloth extra, ;^3 3J-. the set ; or, separately, the first three volumes, i6j-. each ; the fourth volume, iSj. Plain English. By John Hollingshead, of the Gaiety Theatre. Crown 8vo, illust. cover, \s. [Prefiaring. Private Book of Useful Alloys and Memoranda for Goldsmiths and Jewellers. By James E. Collins, C.E. Royal i6mo, 3^. 6d. Seventh Edition of Puck on Pegasus. By H. Cholmondeley- Pennell. Profusely illus- trated by the late John Leech, H. K. Browne, Sir Noel Paton, John MiLLAis, John Tenniel, Richard Doyle, Miss Ellen Edwards, and other artists. A New Edition (the Seventh), crown 8vo, cloth extra, gilt, price 5.f. ; or gilt edges, (>s. *»• Tkis most amusing work has rereived everywhere the highest praise as " a clever and brilliafU book." " The book is clever and amusing, fvigorous and healthy," — Saturday Review. ' The epigrammatic drollery of Mr. Cholmondeley-Pennell's ' Puck on Pegasus ' is well known to many of our readers. . . . The present fthe sixth) is a superb and hand- somely printed and illustrated edi- tion of the book." — Times. " Specially fit for reading in the family circle." — Observer. By the same Author. Modern Babylon, and Small crown 8vo, cloth extra, gilt, 4^. (>d. Other Poems. 74 6- 75, PICCADILLY, LONDON, W. 34 BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO 6- WINDUS. 'An Awfully Jolly Book for Parties." Puniana: Thoughts Wise and Otherwise. By tlie tion. Hugh Rowley. Best Book of Riddles and Puns ever formed. 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Planch^, Esq., F.S.A., Somerset Herald. To which are added. Essays on the Badges of the Houses of Lancaster and York. A New Edition, enlarged and revised by the Author, illus- trated with Coloured Frontispiece, five full-page Plates, and about 200 Illustra- tions. Crown 8vo, beautifully bound in cloth, with Emblematic Design, extra gilt, "ji. 6a. 74 &' 75> PICCADILLY, LONDON, W. BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO &- WINDUS. 35 Important to all Interested in Mines. Practical Assayer : A Guide to Miners and Explorers. By Oliver North, of "The Field," "Mining Journal," &c. With Tables and Illustrative Woodcuts. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, "js. td. *♦* This book ^ives directions, in tfie simplest fontt, for assaying bullion and the baser metals by the cliea^est, quickest, and best methods. Those interested in mining property-will be enabled, by following its instructions, to form a tolerably correct idea of the value of ores, ivitlwut previous kiurwledge of assaying ; while to theyouttg mart seeking his fortune in mining countries it is indispensable. "Likely to prove extremely useful. The instructions are clear and precise." — Chemist and Druggist, " We cordially recommend this compact little volume to all engaged in mining enterprize, and especially to explorers." — Mining and Monetary Rez'iew, "An admirable little volume." — Mining Journal, GTJSTAVE DORfi'S DESIGNS. Rabelais' Works. Faithfully translated from the French, with variorum Notes, and numerous charac- teristic Illustrations by GusTAVE DORfi. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, 700 pages. Price 7j. dd. 74 &" 75. PICCADILLY, LONDON, W. 36 BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO &= WINDUS. Uniform with "Wonderful Characters." Remarkable Trials and Notorious Characters. From "Half-Hanged Smith," 1700, to Oxford, who shot at the Queen, 1840. By Captain L. Benson. With spirited full-page Engravings by Phiz. 8vo, 550 pages, 7J-. dd. *** A Complete Library of Sensation Literature t There are plots enough here to prodiice a hicndred" exciting" Noi/ets, and at least yive hundred *^ powerful" Magaziite Stones. TTke book will be appreciated by all readers whose taste lies in this direction. Uniform with "The Turf, Chase, and Road." Reminiscences of the late Thomas Assheton Smith, Esq. ; or. The Pursuits of an English Country Gentleman. By Sir J. E. Eardley Wilmot, Bart. A New and Revised Edition, with Steel-plate Portrait, and plain and coloured Illustrations. Crown Svo, cloth extra, "Js. 6d. Rochefoucauld's Reflections and Moral Maxims. With Introductory Essay by Sainte-Beuve, and Explanatory Notes. Royal i6mo, elegantly printed, is. ; cloth neat, is. 6d. Roll of Battle Abbey ; or, A List of the Prin- cipal Warriors who came over from Normandy with William the Conqueror, and Settled in this Country, a.d. 1066-7. Carefully drawn, and printed on fine plate paper, nearly three feet by' two feet, with the Arms of the principal Barons elaborately emblazoned in Gold and Colours. Price e,s. ; or, handsomely framed in carved oak of an antique pattern, 22s. 6rf. Roll of Caerlaverock, the Oldest Heraldic Roll ; including the Original Anglo-Norman Poem, and an English Translation of the MS. in the British Museum. By Thomas Wright, M.A. The Arms emblazoned in Gold and Colours. In 4to, very handsomely printed, extra gold cloth, 12s. Roman Catholics in the County of York in 1604. Transcribed from the Original MS. in the Bodleian Library, and Edited, with Genealogical Notes, by EDWARD PEA- COCK, F.S.A., Editor of "Army Lists of the Roundheads and Cavaliers, 1642." Small 4to, handsomely printed and bound, 15^. *^* Genealogists and Antiguaries 1^111 find tnuch new and curious Tnaiier in this ivork. An elaborate Index refers to every name in the volume, among which •will be found many of the highest local interest. 74 ^ 75, PICCADILLY, LONDON' H BOOK'S PUBLISHED BY CHATTO <5r> WINDVS. 37 Ross's (Chas. H.) Unlikely Tales and Wrong-Headed Essays. Fcap. 8vo, with numerous quaint and amusing Illustrations, \s. Ross's (Chas. H.) Story of a Honey- moon. A New Edition of this charmingly humorous book, with numerous Illustrations by the Author. Fcap. 8vo, illustrated boards, 2s. ^ THE BUMP PARLIAMENT. Rump (The); or, An Exact Collection of the choicest Poems and Songs relating to the late Times, and continued by the most eminent Wits ; from Anno 1639 to 1661. A Facsimile Reprint of the rare Original Edition (London, 1662), with Frontispiece and Engraved Title-page. In 2 vols., large fcap. 8vo, printed on antique laid paper, and bound in antique boards, 1 7^. td. ; or. Large-paper Copies, 30^. *** A very rare and extraordinary collection of some two hundred Popular Balladsand CavalierSongs, on all the principal inciderits of the great Civil War^ the Trial of Strafford^ the Martyrdom of King Charles, the Commonivealth, Cromwell, Pym, the Roundheads, &^c. It was frofti such materials th^t Lord Macaulay was enabled to produce his vivid pictures of England in the sixteenth century. To historical students and antiquaries, and to the general reader, these •t'olumes Tjuill be foutid full of interest. School Life at Winchester College; or, The Reminiscences of a Winchester Junior. By the Author of "The Log of the Water Lily;" and "The Water Lily on the Danube." Second Edition, Revised, Coloured Plates, 7j. td. Secret Out; or, One Thousand Tricks with Cards, and other Recreations ; with Entertaining Experiments in Drawing Room or " White Magic." By the Author of the " Magi- cian's Own Book." Edited \>y W. H. Cremer„ Jun., of Regent Street. With 300 Engravings. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, 4J. td. ♦*• Under the title of *' Le Magicien des Salons" this book has long been a Standard Magic Book with all French and German Professors of th.e A rt. Shaving Them; or, The Adventures of Three Yankees. ByTiTUS A. Brick. Fcap. 8vo, illustrated cover, ij-. 74 &' 75, PICCADILLY, LONDOI/, W. 38 BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO &- WINDUS. Shelley's Early Life. From Original Sources. With Curious Incidents, Letters, and Writings, now First Published or Collected. By Denis Florence Mac-Carthy. Crown 8vo, with Illustrations, 440 pages, "Js. td. *^* The poet's political pamphlets, advocating Home Rule and other rights^ are here for the first time given in a collected form. THE POCKET SHELLEY, Shelley's SHELLEY, FROM THE GODWIN SKETCH. The Third Series, completing Poetical Works. Now First Reprinted from the Author's Original Edi- tions. In Two Series, the First containing "Queen Mab"and the Early Poems ; theSECOND, "Laon and Cythna, " ' ' The Cenci, " and Later Poems. Price of each Series, royal i6mo, is. 2,d. illustrated cover, 2s. 2d, cloth extra. " This edition will contain everything that Shelley published in his lifetime, as he first printed it,unmutilated and untampered with ; and everything of any value pub- li.shed after his death, which he would have wished to have had preserved. An appen- dix will contain some prose pamphlets never before printed with Shelley's works." — Kxiract from Introduction, the Work, will shortly be ready. Signboards: Their History. With Anecdotes of Famous Taverns and Remark- able Characters. By Jacob Larwood and John Camden HOTTEN. Seventh Edition Crown 8vo, cloth extra, yj. bd. ■* It is not fair on the part of a reviewer to pick out the plums of an author's book, thusfilchingaway his'^cream, and leaving little but skim-milk remaining; but, even if we were ever so maliciously inclined, we could not in the present instance pick out all Messrs. Larwood and Hotten's plums, because the good things are so numerous asto defy the most wholesale depredation." — The Times. ',* J^early loo most curious illustrations on luood are given, showing the signs which were formerly hung /ro7n taven.s, ^c. HELP ivlB THROUGH THI.S WORLD ! 74 d. A KEEPSAKE FOR SMOKERS. Smoker's Text-Book. By J. Hamer, F.R.S.L. Exquisitely printed from "silver-faced" type, cloth, very neat, gilt edges, is. 6d., post free. WEST-END LIFE AND DOIN&S. Story of the London Parks. By Jacob Larwood. With numerous Illustrations, Coloured and Plain. In One thick Volume, crown 8vo, cloth extra, gilt, 7^. 6d. *^* A most inieresiingtvork, giving a cOTnpleie History of thesefavouriie out-of- door resorts, from the earliest period to the present tifne. 74 &- 75, PICCADILLY, LONDON, W. 40 BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO d. Warrant to Execute Mary Queen of Scots. The Exact Facsimile of this important Document, includ- ing the Signature of Queen Elizabeth and Facsimile of the Great Seal, on tinted paper, made to imitate the Original MS. Price 2s. ; or, handsomely framed and glazed in carved oak of antique pattern, 14!'. bd. 74 dr' 75, PICCADILLY, LONDON, TV. BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO 6- WINDUS. 47 Waterford Roll (The).— Illuminated Charter-Roll of Waterford, Temp. Richard II. *** Afnoji^si tJie Corporation Munintenis of the City of Waterford is preserved an ajicient lUuininaied Roll^ofp'eat interest and beauty, C07nprisi?tg ail the early Charters atid Grants to the City of Waterford, from the time of Henry //. to Ricfiardll. A Jull-length Portrait of each King, whose Charter is give7t — includijtg Ediijard III. , ijjhen young, and again at an advanced age — adorns the margin. These Portraits^ with tJie exception of four which are smaller, and on one sheet of vellutn, vary from eight to nine inches in length — sovie i7i armour^ and some i}i robes of state. In addition to these are Portraits of an A rchbishop in full canonicals, of a Chaftcellor^ and of many of the chief Burgesses of the City of Waterford, as well as sbtgularly ctirious Portraits of the Mayors of Dublin, Waterford, Limerick, andCork, figured for the most part in the quaint bipartite costume of the Second Richard's reigti, though fiartaki^tg of many of the _ peculiarities of that of Edward III, Altogether this ancient -work of artis unique of its kindin Ireland, afid deserves to be rescued from oblivion, by tJte publication of the unedited Charters, aTtd of fac-sitniles of all the Illuminations. The production of such a work -would throw Tnuch light on the question of the art and social habits of the A nglo-Norman settlers in Ireland at the close of the fourteenth century. The Charters are, iiiany of them, highly itnpor^arit front an historic point of view. The IlluTJtinations have bee7i accurately traced a7id coloured for the workfrofn a copy carefully made, by per/nission of the Mayor a?td Corporation of Waterford, by the late George V. Du Noyer^ Esq., M.R.I. A. ; a7td those Charters -which have not already appeared in pri7it ivill be edited by the Rev. Ja77tes Graves, A.B., M.R.I. A., Hoti. Sec. Kilke7i7iy and South-East of Ireland Archceological Society. The "work -will be brought out in the best ma7iner, "with embossed cover a7id characteristic title-page ; and it ivill be put to press as soo7t as 250 subscribers are obtained. The Price, in imperial ^to, is 20s. to subscT^'bers, or^os. to non-subscribers. Wonderful Characters : Memoirs and Anecdotes of Remarkable and Eccentric Persons of Every Age and Nation. From the text of Henry Wilson and James Caulfield. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, with Sixty-one full-page Engravings of Extraordinary Persons, • Js. 6d. *^* Tkire are so many curious Tttaiters discussed in this volume, that any per- son tttko takes it up will not readily lay it down until h£ has read it through. The Introduction is almost entirely devoted to a consideration of Pig-Faced Ladies, and the various stories concerning them. Wright's (Andrew) Court-Hand Re- stored ; or. Student's Assistant in Reading Old Deeds, Charters, Records, &c. Half Morocco, a New Edition, loj-. 6a?. •4* The best guide to the reading of old Records, &^c. Wright's History of Caricature and the Grotesque in Art, in Literature, Sculpture, and Painting, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. By Thomas Wright, Esq., M.A.,F.S.A. Profusely illustrated by Fairholt. Small 4to, cloth extra gilt, red edges, 21s. 74 &= 75, PICCADILLY, LONDON, W. BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO &^ WINDUS. Wright's Caricature History of the Georges (House of Hanover). With 400 Pictures, Caricatures, Squibs, Broadsides, Window Pictures, &c. By Thomas Wright, Esq., M.A., F.S-A. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, •Js. 6d. " A set of caricatures such as we have in Mr. Wright's volume brings the surface of the age before us with a vividness that no prose writer, even of the highest power, could emulate. Macaulay's most brilliant sentence is weak by the side of the little woodcut from Gillray, which gives us Burke and Fox." — Sahirday Revie^v. " A more amusing work of its kind was never issued." — Art youmal. "It is emphatically one of the liveliest of books, as also one of the most Interest- jnff. It has the twofold merit of being at once amusing and edifying." — Mornitig Post. Yankee Drolleries, Edited by G. A. Sala. Containing Artemus Ward's Book ; Biglow Papers ; Orpheus C. 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