»45a:■);5-'^^^^-••v:,^S V ^?m;?k^?^^^^^^ FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. GUTH BERT'S IVSSGCIATION f LIMITED 1859-1909 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 1924 087 520 957 EDITED BY WILLIAM MAXWELL, J. P, CORNELL UNIVERSITY ilr LIBRARY Martin P. Catherwood Library School of Industrial and Labor Relations The original of tliis book is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924087520957 First Fifty Years of ST. CUTHBERT'S Co-operative Association Limited 1859-I9O9 ALKXANDEK MALLACE, J. P. (.ir.„,„sc;-) First Fifty Years of ST. CUT H BERTS Co-operative Association Limited 1859-I9O9 Edited by WILLIAM MAXWELL, J. P. EDINBURGH PUBLISHED BY THE ASSOCIATION 1909 PRINTED BV THE SCOTTISH CO-OPERATIVE WHOLESALE SOCIETY LTD. SHIELDHALL, GOVAN PREFACE THE jubilee of any organisation is an event which inclines all who are interested in it to be reminiscent. No one can take part in those functions that are held to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the birth of St. Cuthbert's Co-operative Association without thinking of its founders, of their hopes and fears, and, above all, of their unbending courage. They started their work almost without any resources. True, they were well endowed with intelligence and a strong belief in the principles they had espoused. If this book, then, throws some little light on the Association's early history, by recounting the many difficulties its various committees have surmounted and its gradual growth in usefulness to the citizens of Edinburgh, the reminiscences may encourage working-men to hold fast to the principles of Co-operation, and face with confidence any difficulties that may confront them. The gathering together of the material for the purpose of writing this history has been no easy task. It is interesting to know that one or two of the original members are still living, who have been able to contribute from memory some valuable information ; but it is from the old books and documents of the Association that most of our information has been gleaned. vi PREFACE The members, some years ago, very properly expressed the wish to have a history of the Association from its inception. The work was put into the capable hands of Mr. Alexander Mallace, the manager. That gentleman went to work in his characteristically methodical manner. He disinterred old documents ; he interviewed old members ; he collected the earliest facts and figures from various sources, and classified them into a readable history. To him, then, belongs the credit of rescuing the historical facts here set forth, which otherwise would have been lost to the Co-operative world. In the early years of the Association's existence many of the books and documents, when they had served their purpose, were evidently destroyed, thus making the task of to-day more difficult. The Editor wishes to return his wannest thanks to Mr. Crawford and Mr. Law of the late Northern District Co-operative Society, who, with great care, made full and interesting notes from the minute-books of that Society. No history of a working-class organisation, beginning fifty years ago, would be very interesting unless we take into account the position of working-men in the period that preceded their efforts to improve their condition ; hence the reason for the introduction, in the first and second chapters, of matters dealing with industrial history and the rise of the Co-operative movement in the early part of last century. When one considers the position of the workers at that time, and their many disabilities, the wonder is not that so many of their ameliorative efforts failed, but rather PREFACE vii that SO many succeeded. But the men who launched the St. Cuthbert's venture seem to have been exceptionally endowed with determination to succeed. Want of cash ; want of confidence among the early members ; want of organisation (at least as we have it to-day) ; want of experience, and nowhere to gain that experience — all these difficulties were manfully faced and surmounted, and to-day out of these efforts has emerged the largest Association in Scotland ; sound in finance, with the full confidence of its mighty membership, more than fulfilling the hopes expressed at its inception, which at the time were regarded as the vapourings of a few ignorant fanatics. This is the monument that the men of to-day would dedicate to the memory of their brave predecessors, who laid the foundation whereon to build the grand edifice we are now so proud of. No one will attempt to foretell the future ; but with huge reserve funds, greatly depreciated properties, complete organisation, and vigorous, intelligent minds to administer, the future should be full of hope for greater usefulness and greater blessings to the working-men of Edinburgh. W. M. NoveJiiber igog. CONTENTS PART I INTRODUCTION CHAP. _ I'At.E I. The Position of the Worker at the beginning OF THE Nineteenth Century and during ITS FIRST Fifty Years 1 II. The Rise and Development of Co-operation 9 PART II HISTORY OF ST. CUTHBERT'S CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED I. 1859: The Beginning 21 II. 1859 to 1860: Early Difficulties 31 III. 1860 TO 1862: Origin of East of Scotland Co-operative Conference 40 IV. 1862 TO 1864: Looking out for Larger Premises 61 V. 1864 TO 1865 : How we received the Idea of A Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society 71 VI. 1865 TO 1868: Changes Considered 85 VII. 1868 TO 1878 : Butcher's Shop Opened 98 VIII. 1878 TO 1881 : Financial Arrangements - 115 IX. 1881 to 1887: Coal 129 X. 1887 TO 1899 : Coal Merchants at la.st 142 X CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE XI. 1899 TO 1900: Fourth Drapery Branch- Hamilton Place 156 XII. Educational Development 173 XIII. Semi-jubilee of the Manager 187 PART III HISTORY OF THE NORTHERN DISTRICT CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED from 1866 TO 1900 I. 1866 TO 1871 II. 1871 TO 1880 III. 1880 TO 1888 IV. 1888 TO 1895 How IT CAME INTO LiFE 199 Progress at last 208 Upward and Onward 218 Anxious Times 227 V. 1895 TO 1899 : Amalgamation ■ Return of the Wanderers 235 VI. 1899 to 1900: The Beginning of the End 244 APPENDICES List of Officials : St. Cuthbert's 257 List of Branches : St. Cuthbert's 261 Statement of Membership, Capital, Sales, &c. 267 Capital Account, March 1909 270 List of Officials : Northern 271 Northern Society Statement of Membership, Capital, Sales, &c. 273 Northern Society Capital Account, March 1900 274 Northern Society Statement as to Property, &c. 275 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Alexander Mallace, J. P. Frontispiece William Maxwell, J. P. Facing page xiii Robert Owen Group n 12 Registrar's Certificate h 20 Pioneers of St. Cuthbert's n 24 First Premises ,, 26 First Salesman and Old Members h 28 First Bai.ance-Sheet ,, 56 Ex-Officials n 76 Board of Directors, April 1909 » 96 Auditors, April 1909 n 116 Jubilee Committee h 136 Educational Committee, April 1909 i. 156 Heads of Departments, 1909 i. 176 Pioneers of Northern n 200 Last Board of Management, Northern, 1899 n 240 xii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ILLUSTRATIONS LN THE TEXT I'AGE Office and Central Premises 52 Bread Street Drapery 69 NicoLSON Street Drapery 110 Tynecasti.e 132 George Place Drapery 154 Hamilton Place - 163 Map, showing Branches Inside end cover WILLIAM MAXWELL, J. P. PART I NTRODUCTION CHAPTER I THE POSITION OF THE WORKER AT THE BEGINNING OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY AND DURING ITS FIRST FIFTY YEARS THE end of the eighteenth century brought trying times to the working-class population of this country. The Industrial Revolution, as it was called, had come, entirely changing former industrial arrangements. The last forty years of the eighteenth century had produced inventions and improvements innumerable. James Watt had brought out his improved " steam engine " ; James Hargreaves, in 1770, patented the "spinning jenny"; Arkwright, in 1771, introduced his " water frame " ; Crompton, in 1779, brought out his machine called the " mule " ; Dr. Cartwright, in 1785, patented his ingenious " power loom." These inventions, to which we have to add the great development in coal-mining, brought about a change that affected to some extent every worker throughout the land. Country industries that had depended on water-power were discarded ; new steam- power factories were erected in populous places ; agricul- tural labourers were attracted to the towns by the great demand for labour ; children of tender years were to be counted by the thousand who were employed for long hours in unhealthy factories ; workhouses gave up their poor children to be kept and employed by the millowners. Such was the rush for wealth when the eighteenth century closed. Home industries, which had been largely carried on previously, and generally with a degree of comfort to the household, were now doomed. Dr. Aitken, 2 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S writing on the subject about this time, draws attention to the prevalence of disease among millworkers, of fevers contracted in the cotton mills consequent upon the utterly insanitary conditions under which they laboured. In the History of the Factory Movement it is stated : "In the stench in heated rooms, amid the constant whirling of a thousand wheels, little fingers and little feet were kept in ceaseless action, forced into unnatural activity by the blows from the heavy hands and feet of the merciless overlookers, and the infliction of bodily pain by instru- ments of punishment invented by the sharpened ingenuity of insatiable selfishness." The cruelty that was meted out to women and children in our factories at this time forms the blackest page of our history. Strange to relate, while all this inhumanity was going on, some of our best men could not see it. Public men were busy agitating for the freedom of the negro slaves, while their own countrymen were suffering untold misery from the slavery of the factory system. The first help came in the form of an Act of Parliament in 1802. The hours of work were reduced to twelve per day. But, unfortunately, this did not apply to children residing near the factory, so that many of the evils were continued, awaiting another Act of Parliament — the only weapon, apparently, that could lighten the burden of the poor worker. The miserable wages paid to the worker was bad enough, but consider also the high price of foodstuffs at the same period. After 1780 wheat was seldom under 50s. per quarter, and sometimes double that price. The result was a short struggle for independence, defeat, then pauperism. Poverty and disease were the portion of the worker, yet wealth was accumulating rapidly in the hands of the employers. The other nations of Europe were armed to the teeth, and busily trying to annihilate each other. They were producing little or nothing, if we except war CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED material. Thus our exports kept up — even increased — the demand for our textile goods being considerable. The poor rate, which had been 3s. yd. per head of the population in 1760, rose to gs. in 1802, and to 13s. 6d. in 1813; it receded to los. gd. in 1830. These figures apply to England. In Scotland, statistics are not so easily got at for the first years of the century, but we have every reason to believe that they were correspondingly high. Scottish pauperism in 1854 cost in all £578,929, or 3s. iid. per head of the population. In 1859, the ratio of paupers per cent, of the population was 4.2. Thirty years after, in 1889, the cost was 4s. 6d. per head of the population, but there was only 2.4 per cent, of the estimated population set down as paupers. This would indicate that, while the number of paupers had greatly diminished, the cost of maintenance had risen — no doubt, owing to better treatment.* Mr. Giffen, the great statistician, said : " It is a matter of history that pauperism was nearly breaking down the country half a century ago. The expenditure on Poor Law relief early in the century, and down to 1830-31, with half the population in the country, was nearly as great at times as it is now." The following table, taken from the Industrial History of England, will show the truth of the above statement : — TABLE I Poor Rate Rate per Head Year. POPULATIO.N. Raised. of Population. £ S. d. 1760 7,000,000 1,250,000 3 7 1784 8,000,000 2,000,000 5 1803 9,216,000 4,077,000 8 11 1818 11,876,000 7,870,000 13 3 1820 12,046,000 7,329,000 12 2 1830 13,924,000 6,829,000 10 9 1841 15,911,759 4,760,929 5 11 J ' G. Howell's figures. 4 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S It will be observed that the highest rate was reached in 1818. The great Continental war terminated in 1815, and had been an intolerable burden upon the people for many years ; but its end brought no relief from taxation. Many thousands who had been engaged in the war were cast adrift on their return home, only to swell the ranks of an already starving population, so that for years after Waterloo, and the return of the troops, famine stalked in the land. Professor Thorold Rogers says : " Thousands of homes were starved in order to find the means for the great war, the cost of which was really supported by the labour of those who toiled on and earned the wealth that was lavished freely by the Government. The enormous taxation and the gigantic loans came from accumulated capital which the employers wrung from the poor wages of labour, or which the landlords extracted from the growing gains of their tenants. To outward appearance, the strife was waged by armies and generals ; in reality, the resources on which the struggle was based were the stint and starva- tion of labour, the overtaxed and underfed toils of childhood, the underpaid and uncertain employment of men." Some idea of the position of a large and industrious class of workmen may be gathered from the following table :— TABLE II Yeak. 'Weavers' Wages. tWHEAT PER Qr. s. d. 5. d. 1802 13 10 67 1806 10 6 76 1812 6 4 122 1816 5 2 76 1817 4 3i 94 * From Leone Levi. j From Porter's Progress. Is it to be wondered at that the great bulk of the workers cannot now get enthusiastic over the so-called CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 5 " glories of war " ? It will be seen from the above that it only brought them poverty and privation for many years. It is to be kept in mind that the parents of many of the men who started St. Cuthbert's Society had lived through the greater portion of those terrible times ; that from their fathers' own lips they had heard of the Industrial Revolution that had made a few very wealthy, but which had rendered a great portion of the workers almost hopeless. The outburst of the Chartists was simply the pent-up misery of the people finding voice. Td-day we can look upon the Chartists' demands as being most moderate ; indeed, they pointed the way to many of the reforms that we plume ourselves with being the authors of. Those of our readers who would care to learn more of those dreadful times ought to consult Rogers's Six Centuries of Work and Wages, Engel's State of the Working-Classes, or De Gibbins's Industrial History. The works of G. Howell and many other eminent writers will help to form a correct idea of how our fathers suffered. It was only in 1824 that what was known as the Conspiracy Laws were repealed, in which it was forbidden that workmen should combine for trade purposes ; it was not until 1887 that the detestable " Truck System " received its final overthrow. Some writers, of late, have become quite eloquent on the great progress that has been made in the social condition of the working-classes. There has undoubtedly been a great improvement ; no one can deny it. But from what ? From an abyss of poverty that they ought never to have been placed in. If we closely examine the cause of this improvement, we will find that in a very large measure the credit of the improvement belongs to the people themselves. Trades Unionism, Co-operation, Friendly Societies, Building Societies, Temperance, and Education — these have been the principal factors, working 6 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S with greatly improved laws, in making our conditions better. We should not forget that, while we were dumb politically, we had many earnest and unselfish advocates for the rights of labour. The long Hst of Factory Acts, abolition of the Corn Laws, the Conspiracy Laws, the great improvement in the laws regulating the working of mines, the aboUtion of the Truck System, and many other reforms could be enumerated that greatly assisted in making life more tolerable for the worker. All this was the work of a noble band of politicians who felt that gross injustice was being done to an important portion of the people who were unable to voice their own grievances. In the rapid and certainly incomplete sketch we have given we have dealt almost entirely with town and factory life. A word may not be amiss on the conditions under which the agricultural labourer had to exist. It was estimated by Arthur Young, in 1769, that out of a total population of 8,500,000 in England, the agricultural class (farmers, servants, and labourers) numbered no less than 2,800,000, or about one-fourth of the whole popula- tion. To-day it is estimated that there is not more than 800,000 men and women following agricultural pursuits. It is stated, on good authority, that the wages of the farm hands were higher in 1750, or as high, as they were in 1850. During that period the necessaries of hfe, perhaps with the exception of bread, had increased in cost. In the hundred years the labourer had lost many valuable privileges or rights — for these common rights enabled him to keep cows or pigs and poultry. He even had his own sheep on the fallow and stubble land ; he also grew his own vegetables ; so that, after the commons were enclosed, even if his wages remained the same — los. to 12s. per week — his income was greatly reduced. Since 1850, in most parts of the country, the wages of the agricultural labourers have risen ; still, in many parts of England and Scotland, there is great room for improvement. It was CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 7 largely by the action of one of their own number that the agricultural labourers improved their position. Joseph Arch, by his activity, ability, and eloquence, stirred to action a class that for years had been dormant. It is not our intention, nor is it any part of our business, to write on the agricultural position of to-day. But it might be permissible to say that the frequently expressed hope of getting the people back to the land is not likely to be realised till there are some drastic alterations in our land legislation. We have briefly discussed the position of the workers during the first fifty years of the nineteenth century ; and while we deplore the fluctuations of trade that still throw thousands of workers out of employment periodically, still it cannot be denied that by 1850 the whole class had greatly advanced, compared with the men of 1800. The misery which had been endured during the early years of the century had made an indelible impression upon the minds of all thinking men. They argued, as they had no voice nor vote in politics, but were simply too often regarded as parts of the great wealth-making machine, that under these circumstances many feared that history might repeat itself at any moment, and again plunge them into the horrors of 1800-1830. Many were the schemes suggested to improve the condition of the people at this time. Some were adopted, but only a very few have stood the tear and wear of time. In the very front rank of those which have successfully stood out and kept increasing all the years since, is the great scheme of Co-operation. It arose out of the poverty of the people, and it has more than realised the wildest dreams of its founders. Before entering upon the consideration of the rise and development of the Co-operative movement, it will be interesting to briefly note some of the progressive steps taken during the first half of last century. The great 8 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S Reform Bill was passed in 1832. In 1833, the slave system, which still existed in some of the British Colonies, was suppressed at a cost of twenty millions. The com- mercial monopoly of the East India Company was abolished. In 1834 the new Poor Law was introduced. In 1835 the right of self-government was restored to towns. A system of national education was foreshadowed in 1839. The railway system was started, in 1830, between Liverpool and Manchester. In 1842 there were 1,200 articles in the Customs tariff ; 750 of them were dealt with in that year, 450 more articles being taken out of the tariff in 1845. The repeal of the Corn Laws followed in 1846. Many other changes took place, but sufficient has been noted to show the progress that had taken place up to 1850. The Industrial and Provident Societies Acts followed in due course. CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED CHAPTER II THE RISE AND DEVELOPMENT OF CO-OPERATION WHILE the lot of the workman had greatly improved during the first forty years of last century, still there was unrest. The uprisings on the Continent of Europe, in 1848, increased this feeling with many. Of course, the recurring depressions in trade kept too many in a hand- to-mouth state of existence. Far be it from our purpose to suggest that all employers were actuated only by selfish motives. Many bright examples of kindly and thoughtful efforts to improve the position of the workmen are to be found during the period spoken of — notably the efforts of Robert Owen at New Lanark. Owen's later experi- ments at Orbiston, near Bothwell ; New Harmony, in Indiana ; and Queenwood, in Hampshire ; and Craig's experiment at Ralahine, in Ireland, had all passed away. But many of Owen's ideas were cherished by the thinking portion of the workers. Combination, they saw, meant life ; isolation, disease and death. History proved that where they had combined for the good or interest of their rulers they had been eminently successful. On every page of early history we find them in arms under the leadership of some chief, who relied on their valour and prowess to avenge some real or supposed wrong of his. They were not supposed to have any wrongs of their own. Centuries were filled in with descriptions of how armies met each other in conflict, and did their utmost to annihilate each other. Yet no class of the communities had more need of associated efforts for the purpose of securing their own rights as free-born citizens. 10 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S It is difficult to say exactly when the Co-operative idea first took hold in practical form. It seems to have been in existence in some form almost since the world began. Ancient history teems with co-operative suggestions — sometimes for good, and sometimes for very questionable purposes. Many splendid efforts were made on some general plan to improve society, socially and morally ; and after struggling for a time, they succumbed to the monster Selfishness. The historian Rollins tells us that " while the laws of Mino, the lawgiver of the Cretans, were observed in Crete, that island was the abode of justice and virtue, and it remained so for one thousand years. The children were all educated alike ; their parents fed at the same table at the public expense, toward which ail were bound to contribute either by personal or substitute labour." In Sparta, Lycurgus instituted the common possession of land among the people of Sparta ; and for seven hundred years Sparta flourished, and the people were happy under those conditions. They became the most patriotic people of ancient times, but their patriotism did little or nothing to promote the brotherhood of mankind beyond their own borders. Here, really, is the kernel of Co-operation. Despite our differences about detail, the point we should all be marching toward is the brotherhood of man. So might we refer to crude forms of Co-operation in many parts of the world at different times : how the Red men of America combined on a common hunting-ground, and how they divided the results of their efforts ; or, at a later date, how communi- ties in the United States have founded colonies and lived in common. All these experiments carried along with them the elements of decay and dissolution because of their exclusiveness. Here is the mainspring of the present Co-operative movement ; its universality is the key to its marvellous prosperity. Past experience, then, must do much to CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 11 guide our future policy ; our gates must be wide enough to admit all men ; neither colour nor creed must ever narrow the portals of a movement that preaches the brotherhood of mankind. At this point much might be said on the principles that were understood to underlie all Co-operative effort. When the Society for Promoting Working-Men's Associations was started, its able president, the late Rev. F. D. Maurice, laid down the following as its guiding principles : — (i.) That human society is a brotherhood, not a collection of warring atoms ; (ii.) That true workers should be fellow- workers, not rivals ; (ill.) That a principle of justice, and not selfishness, should regulate exchanges. Or, as stated by another authority: — (i.) Moral : to promote truth, just dealing, and equity ; (ii.) Economical : to prevent waste in production and exchange. Starting with these principles, the Co-operative movement deserved to succeed. In 1821 a journal appeared in the interests of Co-operation, named The Economist. If Robert Owen was not the editor, he was certainly the principal contributor. The title-page set forth that the paper would be explana- tory of Owen's proposed Association for Improving the Condition of the Working-classes. This was the beginning of our Co-operative journalism ; and although its price was threepence, its circulation was considerable. It may save some misconception if it is stated here that the word " Co-operation," at the time we write of, and for some time after, was used as indicating communism, as set forth in Owen's writings and lectures. Holyoake says : " The term ' Co-operation ' came to be restricted to the humble operations of buying and selling provisions." Still, Owen's views, although embracing much more than we profess in our Co-operative efforts of to-day, included all harmonious working for the good of each other. It was in this way that the early Co-operators regarded him as a great leader, who, in season and out of 12 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S season, preached mutual help, and with no uncertain sound denounced the systems that had kept the workers in poverty. From 1821 till 1832 there was much enthusiasm all over the country in everything Co-operative. Societies were formed in different towns of England, Ireland, and Scotland. Congresses were held in the large centres of population. The first was held at Manchester, in 1830, at which there were delegates present from fifty-six societies, repfesenting upwards of three thousand members, whose total capital was £6,000.* The preface of the Co-operative Miscellany, 1830, gives the number of Co-operators at 20,000 for the United Kingdom. So great was the enthusiasm about this time, that proposals were made and plans actually sketched for the formation of a great receiving depot, or wholesale, which was to be planted at Liverpool. Of the fourteen Congresses held of this series, the last was held at Queenwood, in 1846. This may be said to be the last of the communistic phase that has undoubtedly given birth to a movement that, if less ambitious, is certainly more practical and more in keeping with the feelings of the great body of the workers. It was at the Congress held at Manchester, in 1837, that the first social missionaries were appointed to advocate the principles which were to be set forth in full in Owen's new Moral World. Of the two first-appointed missionaries, Alexander Campbell, of Glasgow, was one. This earnest and capable worker was latterly connected with the Glasgow Sentinel, a newspaper that reflected the mind of this accomplished gentleman. Campbell's voice was heard in almost every part of Scotland, and in the early forties he lectured in many of the towns in the North of England. * History of Co-operation. CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 13 It is still thought by some Co-operators that Campbell was the first to suggest the division of profits on trade or purchases instead of on capital. Whether he was the author of our present successful system or not, it is certain that he was an early advocate of it. To Campbell, in these early days, belongs much of the credit for the starting of what we may call the modern Co-operative Society. We cannot forget the great and important work done by another class of men, who early threw in their lot with the pioneers. Robert Owen had not worked for the emancipation of labour in vain. His work found admirers in some of the best thinkers of the day. The group of portraits which we present to our readers does not nearly exhaust the band of early advocates of Co-operation. Thomas Hughes, author of Tom Brown's School Days, was a devoted and earnest worker in the movement till the very end of his most unselfish life. E. V. Neale, who was general secretary of the Co-operative Union for many years, gave his life and a considerable portion of his fortune for the propagation of Co-operation. In colla- boration with Thomas Hughes he produced that valuable work, A Manual of Co-operation. G. J. Holyoake devoted his long life to the advocacy of many reforms, and when nearing his end, he said " of all his work he loved Co-operation most." Charles Kingsley can best be understood and admired by studying his works, all of which breathe love and hope for his fellow-men. J. M. Ludlow associated himself with everything Co-operative, and his wise counsel was greatly prized. E. T. Craig had the management of the Co-operative agricultural experi- ment at Ralahine, in Ireland, which gave great promise of success, and, but for the proprietors' financial difficulties, would have gone far to solve the agricultural problem in Ireland. Craig remained a strong advocate of Co-operation to the end. None of these men gained 14 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S personally by their connection with our movement ; most of them lost heavily. Still, they fought on that good might come to others. They were trusted leaders when in life ; let us treasure their memories now that they have gone hence. In Scotland we can trace many Co-operative ventures back as far as the end of the eighteenth century. Govan Old Victualling Society was founded in 1777. This society, after struggling for some years, went into liquidation only the other day, and one feels a pang at the demise of this old association after a life of 132 years. Many of the societies in Forfarshire and adjoining counties, under the name of " Soches," came into life when the nineteenth century was still young. Bread societies were to be found in many of our towns at an equally early date. But the whole of these early Co-operative efforts were conducted on the plan of dividing profits on shares held by the members. As has been seen from our first chapter, few of the poorer working-men had any capital to invest ; hence the workers generally were not attracted to Co-operation as they are to-day. In many of the old " economical societies," as they were termed, although their object was set down as trading, still they had educational and benevolent sections attached. Quoting from the rules of one of these societies, away back in 1840, they say : "As this society is established for the benefit of the whole, every member shall pledge himself to purchase all he can at the society's store, and any member not complying with this rule shall be summoned before the board to show cause why he has not acted conformably to these rules ; and he or she shall be dealt with according to the circumstances of the case, or as the board may think proper." In another rule, it says : "In cases of extreme necessity any member may have credit to the amount of his subscriptions"; and again, "No person shaU be CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 15 admitted a member of this society who is a notorious drunkard or gambler ; and should any member become a habitual drunkard, and after due admonition no amendment take place, he shall be excluded." So that it will be seen that, in 1840, the rules were even more rigid than they are in most of ouir societies to-day. The Co-operative Movement, as we know it, really had its beginning in Rochdale in 1844, the Registrar's certificate being dated 24th October of that year. The story of the twenty-eight weavers and their £28 of capital, their wheelbarrow which held their stock, and their courageous start in Toad Lane, has been so often told that we think it unnecessary to repeat it here. As we are more interested in the objects and plans of the pioneers let us look for a moment at their original rules. It will be noted that while they started the first Co-operative Society that proposed to divide profits on purchases, they had still an idea of establishing a community or home colony. After enumerating in the objects of the society the sale of provisions, clothing, &c., the building or purchasing of houses for their members, they say : " As a further benefit and security to the members of this society, the society shall purchase or rent an estate or estates of land, which shall be cultivated by the members who may be out of employment, or whose employment may be badly remunerated That, as soon as practicable, this society shall proceed to arrange the powers of production, distribution, education and government ; or, in other words, to establish a self-supporting colony of united interests, or assist other societies in establishing such colonies. That, for the promotion of sobriety, a temperance hotel be opened in one of the society's houses as soon as possible." Sixty-five years have come and gone since these rules were adopted. When they were drawn up they were laughed at by the many as being the work of dreamers. But let the impartial critic speak out, 16 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S and he will tell you that the dreams of those poor men have been more than realised from the one end of the country to the other. All honour to the memory of those brave men who first carried out the just and equitable system of dividing profits upon purchases, which gave a new hope to the poor and which drew men together in each other's interest in a way that formerly was unknown. When we consider that the opportunities were necessarily few when those interested in Co-operation could meet and discuss the subject, the wonder is that the news of Roch- dale's departure was so rapidly wafted over the country. The old system's missionaries were travelling from town to town. A. Campbell, G. J. Holyoake, Lloyd Jones, and others, seem to have carried the good news ; and societies started almost in every village in Lancashire and Yorkshire. Some of them are great centres of social progress to-day, while others which started about this time had only a short and sickly struggle for existence and then passed away, leaving in many towns and villages a bad memory, as many poor people who invested their all lost that little. It would serve little purpose to search for the cause of failure of these societies. When one takes into account the state of education among our village populations, the great difficulty of meeting to consider their business troubles, the lapsing of the cash system, dishonest servants, and the overstocking by artful wholesale merchants, we cannot be surprised that some of the early societies died in infancy, although one may be pardoned for being surprised that so many lived to become giants. There are few periods in working-class history more interesting and more to their credit than the twenty years extending from 1844 till 1864. During that time nearly every town and village in the land had its local meeting to discuss this modern system of co-operation. The village politician for the moment forsook his politics ; the old Chartist dropped his five points ; men of different political CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 17 and religious creeds met to discuss the chances of success they might have in starting a Co-operative venture in their midst. Of capital they had little or none, and their business experience was extremely limited ; stUl, their hopes were high and their courage inexhaustible. In some places in Scotland their meeting-place was the street corner, or the kitchen of some of their homes. One of their great difficulties was how to get rid of their present entanglements with shopkeepers to whom they were in debt. It is recorded of some of those plucky pioneers that they borrowed money, sometimes at high interest, to pay off the trader, and in time cleared off their indebtedness with the profits from the store. The amount of gratuitous service rendered in the early days of the movement will never be known. Men were known to give five or six hours' service after their ordinary day's work ; they travelled miles on foot to some neighbouring town to consult others regarding their local difficulties ; they advanced any little money they had to the store if they found the confidence of the members falling away. It was in this unpromising atmosphere that Co-operation began ; but honest men and sound principles triumphed over all difficulties. We, to-day, reap the reward : we reap where the pioneers had sown. PART II History of ST. CUTHBERT'S Co-operative Association Limited , " J.m.vm and will bo enforced, unloss in cas«s of persoiiiil or fiimily ^distress, and shall, be in addition to tho lines' bofpn^ ^mentioned in Rule 7th of these laws for the non-attendance ^dt a Gbneral'Mooting by any Meinboi- — Tlireoponce fine ; for non-attendance at Commitieo Meetings, .Members of ' Committee ■ will bo fined threepenoo for each default ; ^■Members of Sub-Committee for non-attoudanco at their Kwockly meetings will bo fined sixpence for each . default ; i.thS' President, Treasnior, or Secretary absent firom any neeling sisponoe'; and for interruption at the General or Special Meetings by a Member ^fter having; been called to order by the.Preadent or Acting Chairman, threepence for every such offence. These Eules were adopted at, a General Meeting of Subscribers held in Thorniebaulk Schooboom upon the .18th Aiigtet, 1859, and'were d«clared to be the Laws m connection with the Minute-Book that siiall n-overii this Association, and that they be .enrolled according to Law under the Friendly Societies Act. Signed by the Chairman and Members of the Committee-. (Signed) WILLIAM CAW, amirman. JAMES NICOL. ADAM WALKES. JOHN BOEROWMAN. JAMES HAT. GEOEGE SMART. GEORGE EjiiVRSOS. JAMES DOW. SYLVESTERH-DVra, SucriU-a registrar's certificate CHAPTER I THE BEGINNING 1859 IN the last chapter we traced the rise and development of the new movement which was interesting working- men all over the country. Scotsmen were somewhat slower in taking up the scheme than their English friends ; this may be set down to their characteristic caution. There was less communication between the two countries then than there is to-day ; they had not the means of meeting and exchanging thoughts ; and, it may be added, they had less confidence in each other. Bad news travel fast, and the reported failure of some of the early efforts damped the ardour of many. They naturally hesitated to risk any little capital they had saved. Then, as now, there were many who were willing to wait, to see if the venture would turn out a success, before they would take any part, so that much time was spent in discussing the project and in getting information from various sources before any action was taken. But in every locality there were some brave spirits who kept the subject in front of their fellows, and who were never tired of picturing the improved position of the workman, if they would only combine. Edinburgh has always been noted for its intelligent workmen, and at the inception of the Co-operative move- ment it sustained its reputation. Only fifteen years had elapsed since the humble beginning in Rochdale, and in that comparatively short time some efforts had been made that had already been relegated to oblivion. This was well known to our pioneers of St. Cuthbert's, but in no 22 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S way discouraged them. Edinburgh had not yet made an attempt ; and they reasoned if Rochdale men and others could succeed, why not the men of Edinburgh ? If materials had been in existence to-day, what an interesting history could have been written of the inception period — of the hopes and fears of those inexperienced but ever-hopeful social reformers. We can only imagine the optimistic ideals they set up, and we can also imagine the ridicule with which these ideals were received. Unfortunately, little remains to make an authentic record of their arguments and methods of propaganda in the new movement of which they had become the earnest advocates. It would be interesting to know how they selected the name for the society. Of course, the locality and parish would have some influence in fixing the title ; but is it not possible that some of the pioneers who gave it the canonical appella- tion which it bears to-day had some idea of the tradition that surrounds Saint Cuthbert, " that his body never changed in appearance although dead — ^it seemed to defy time and decay " ? Our society has had more of this quality in its constitution than even the old historical saint ; as we shall see, it had many imitators in Edinburgh shortly after its inception, but none out- lived their infancy. No fewer than five Co-operative societies started within four years after St. Cuthbert's, in various parts of the city ; but to-day little remains to remind us of them. Their early struggles and decay are now but a memory, as there is little or nothing left in the form of materials to write historically of their short and feeble lives. St. Cuthbert's was the first, and it is the only one of the group " that has defied time and decay." This same difficulty presents itself when we come to study the early days of St. Cuthbert's. The books of the society for the first five years of its existence have all disappeared — they have not been in the possession of the society for at least twenty-eight years — so that it becomes almost impossible to get definite and accurate details of the early period of the society's history. Happily, some of the original members are still with us, who have gladly " fought their battles over again," and with great pride recounted the early struggles that gave the foundation upon which St. Cuthbert's has been built. Fortunately, also, one of the original members of committee, who was secretary of the society from 1862 till 1868, had kept a note of the most interesting details from its inception, and but for this fortunate circumstance the early years of the society would have had to be described as prehistoric. EDINBURGH SOCIETIES The following are the names and addresses of the five Co-operative societies referred to that started after St. Cuthbert's : — ^Edinburgh Co-operative Society, Richmond Place ; Greenside Co-operative Society, Union Place ; St. Margaret's Co-operative Society, Abbey Strand ; Water of Leith Co-operative Society, Dean Path ; and Western Co-operative Society, Grove Road (now Grove Street). Although these societies were all run upon much the same principles, there does not seem to have been any feeling of competition among them. Each seemed to work in its own locality, without a thought of being able to overtake any trade outside of that locality. In fact, as we shall see, they worked harmoniously together. The Richmond Place Society was looked upon as the leading society of the city, and for a time seems to have done good work. Of the six societies mentioned, only one survived its infantile troubles ; the others, from various causes, gradually flickered out of existence. The survivor, St. Cuthbert's, phoenix-like, arose upon their ashes after successfully overcoming its own early difificulties. 24 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S THE PIONEERS OF 1859 The social unrest which was bursting forth everywhere, in co-operative efforts, was felt among the workmen in the south-west district of Edinburgh. The Edinburgh and Glasgow (now North British) Railway Company employed a large number of men in their workshops at Haymarket. The cabinet works of Messrs. J. & T. Scott almost adjoined the railway works, so that, at Haymarket alone, there was a large number of intelligent workmen to whom Co-operation would naturally appeal. The subject having taken hold of a few enthusiasts, who would not rest with merely discussing the question, they proposed a preliminary meeting, in the hope of carrjring their ideas into action. This meeting was held in the house of Mr. Adam Walker, Grove Street, in July 1859, when there were present — Messrs. James Nicol, joiner ; James Bonnar, warehouseman ; George Smart, cabinetmaker ; John Borrowman, joiner ; William Caw, joiner ; Adam Walker, foundry manager ; James Hay, blacksmith ; George Guthrie, wood turner ; George Pearson, engine-driver ; Richard Lees, cabinetmaker ; Robert WiU, cabinetmaker ; and John Lawrie, blacksmith; a goodly company, and from what we know of their work afterwards, just the class of men who are always willing to tackle a tough job. It will be noticed that many of them were workers in wood (joiners or cabinetmakers), and, throughout the long history of the society, these trades have been well represented on the board, keeping up the continuity from the very start. The meeting enthusiastically agreed to form a Co-operative society ; and, before separating, pledged themselves to make this resolution known among their fellow- workmen. So effectively did they carry out their propaganda, that they were enabled to call a meeting of intending members in Thornybauk Schoolroom within a month. On the 18th of August 1859, this meeting was pion eers stcuthberts cooperative Association, Limited Tty/f J\(TKi — Jamrs HA^', (Jeorge (Iuthrie, William C^\\\' bUUlAl lUN LllVllltLU 33 should be given to the extent of los. per £ of their share capital " — and this in the face of the knowledge that they had barely sufficient capital to carry on the business ! The supporters of the cash system pointed out the danger of the departure proposed, and moved the previous ques- tion. But arguments were useless ; the credit system was the system of the traders, and the store must follow. On a division, 9 voted for cash and 30 voted for credit, 19 declining to vote. This unfortunate finding plunged the society into serious difficulties. It reduced the working capital of the society by one-half. The members who held most of the share capital became alarmed at the passing of such a resolution, and withdrew all their capital beyond what was necessary to retain their membership. The committee were completely crippled in all their actions. Mr. Lees says : "At this time the society was impoverished in its resources and operations, and its credit shaken." The capital had stood at £92, but was reduced by withdrawals to £69 ; and, bear in mind, this was partially earmarked by the resolution. At no time had there been more anxiety and vexation than at this unhappy time with the committee ; they were discouraged but not disheartened. No dividend had yet been paid (if we except the first quarter, which was an admitted mistake), so that the committee could not point to any financial results from their labours. StUl, they were sanguine of success if the members would be faithful ; but the members were not faithful. Sales decreased to what they were during the first quarter. The society was getting into debt itself, with no prospect of being able to pay. At the end of the sixth quarter there was an adverse balance of £15. Matters were now as hopeless as they possibly could be ; the only little ray of light was the everlasting optimism of the committee. They had not shown any financial results as yet, but the business habits formed and knowledge gained during the last few months 34 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S upheld them when everj'thing else was nearly lost. It is well to note that those who supported that unfortunate resolution, which had brought this crisis upon the com- mittee, did nothing to assist the societj' or the committee in their terrible struggle. The merchants with whom the society did business were not slow to note the situation, and hesitated in giving further credit. So with reduced sales, increased debt, and a vanishing capital, the end seemed at hand. The comrnittee were not only wise but brave, when others thought the ship was sinking. At a meeting held on 8th May 1861 the committee carried a resolution to reduce the value of the /i shares to i6s., with the proviso that, when a dividend was made, it should go to raise the shares to their original value. Not content with this temporary expedient, they set to work to caU on every member personally, and lay before them the claims and position of the society. They emphasised the fact that the only way to save the remaining remnant of capital was to give all their trade to their own shop. " Da}' and night," says one of the survivors, " this process continued till, by the end of the seventh quarter, a ray of light came out of the darkness that had so long surrounded them. The balance showed that there had been a profit made, sufficient to wipe out the former loss and give a dividend of 2fd. in the ■£ on purchases." This was really the first dividend that St. Cuthbert's had made. It was small, but it gave hope and spoke of greater things to come. There was great jubilation. They had, after nearly two years of heartless and discouraging work, at last seen some little reward for their labours. If ever men deserved to succeed, it was this devoted band of social reformers. CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 35 HOPES REALISED " Nothing succeeds like success " was very apparent now in the working of this little society. People who formerly sneered at the efforts of the committee were to some extent silenced ; others who were losing hope regained it. There was a visible improvement in the loyalty of the members ; and, when the eighth quarter was nearing its end, hopes were high as to the financial result. The balance showed a dividend of G^d. per £ on sales. This progress was maintained through the following quarter, when gjd. was paid as profit. Each quarter improved upon the former, till, at the end of the twelfth quarter, or three years after the start of the society, the committee were in the proud position of being able to announce that the reduced shares were now back to their original value of £i, and that the profits would allow of a dividend of io|d. per £ on purchases. What a change ! The store was something to be proud pf now, something to boast of. Merchants were now quite friendly, and said, " I told you so, it would come all right." But the committee wisely put their own value pn such comments. They kept up their vigorous personal visitation among the people of the neighbourhood. The statement on p. 36 gives ample proof of their splendid work. This is the only statement of the position of the society (so far as we can learn) in existence ; and, unfortunately, the figures relating to profits are awanting for the quarter ending July 1862 ; otherwise the statement is complete. By October 1863, the sales had reached ;^86 per week, the share capital was ;^i7o, the membership 154, and the dividend on purchases is. 6-^. per £. An account had also been opened with the Union Bank. Thus everything was working smoothly and satisfactorily for all. The balance- sheet was now printed, and the check system for purchases introduced. 36 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S Statement of Sales, Profit, Share Capital, &c., pre- pared by the secretary, Mr. Richard Lees, and read at the first soiree, held in Grindlay Street Hall, in the last week of December 1864— Rev. J. H. Wilson, of Fountainbridge Free Church, afterwards Dr. Wilson, of the Barclay United Free Church (now deceased), being the speaker on that occasion. Quarter. 1860. January April July October 1861. January April - July October 1862. January April - July October 1863. January April July October 1864. January April July October Mem- bers. 63 84 97 Share Capital. £ s. d. 66 12 88 15 6 92 17 6 92 6 91 2 90 9 69 1 6 68 17 71 16 83 7 91 18 118 95 4 154 275 Sales. Profit. £ s. d. £ S. d. 230 5 1J*13 347 10 4j; 264 2 4J' 244 15 9 j 255 10 SJ' 237 16 Oj; 254 7 IOj! 3 9 6- 286 4 104' 9 2 6J 378 8 9 135 4 147 11 3 170 8 9 206 8 1 249 14 1 263 13 11 271 14 114 465 14 8f 500 10 6 542 8 Hi 624 11 n 739 10 11? 959 11 lOi 1,120 19 iij 1,349 10 e* 1,571 1 3 1,572 18 Hi 1,576 13 7 15 18 4J 20 8 7 26 4 OJ 41 3 4 40 9 74 63 2 6 90 7 34 99 18 6 92 3 3 86 8 5|| 101 13 8 10 19 3 12 19 6 12 13 24 14 16 9i 2Jd. 64d. 9id. lOid. lOfd. 1/3 1/04 1/3 1/64 1/5 1/1 1/04 1/24 ^ Note. — This profit was found afterwards to be a mistake, but as the dividend was paid, and the Committee could not get it refunded, the shares were reduced to 16s. per £. BRANCHING OUT Members were now coming from other districts to join St. Cuthbert's, and the question of opening a branch on the north side of the city was pressed on the committee. It was a bold step to take, considering how recently the society had overcome its difficulties ; but the pressure was strong, and the hopes of every one were high. With our present hght, it would have been better to have delayed this departure till the society was more consolidated. However, the committee decided to open a branch for the accommodation of members residing in the Stockbridge district. They rented a shop in Brunswick Street (now St. Stephen's Street), which was opened for business in the first week of June 1863. The person who was put in charge of this branch was a Mr. Munro, with John Harley as apprentice or message-boy. The minutes inform us that the lad Harley, after about a year's service, left to learn the trade he has since followed (joiner). Thus has he been connected with the store nearly all his life. He has, since those far-off days, been a member of committee, secretary, and an auditor of St. Cuthbert's. The first week's sales of this branch only amounted to £q, 19s. 3d. ; but by the next year, 1864, they had risen to ;^3o per week, and in 1865 they reached £36, 8s. 6d. Unfortunately, no departmental account was shown in the balance-sheet. The members, however anxious, could never find out how the branch was succeeding. This gave rise to doubts, which were quite natural ; seeing the sales were only from £30 to £36 per week, there was room for doubt as to its being a success. Whatever was to be the future of this branch, the members, who had the fixing of the employees' wages, cannot be blamed for paying too high salaries. At a meeting in 1864 the question of wages paid to Mr. Munro, who held the responsible position of salesman, was discussed. He was paid 17s. per week, and the members were evidently willing that he should get an increase. IS. and 3s. per week were proposed. The decision was in favour of 3s., making his wages 20s. Is it to be wondered at that all did not go well at Stockbridge ? 38 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S Complaints of too high prices were numerous. A committee of investigation was appointed, with power to fix the prices at which goods were to be sold. No good result followed. The management was poor, hence the poor results. The dividend went down to is. 2^d., and the members were dissatisfied. A RISING STORM On the 22nd August 1864, the salesman informed the committee that all the members of the Stockbridge branch intended to withdraw if they were fined for non-attendance at the quarterly meeting. The committee promised to consider the matter ; but, as no decision is recorded in the minutes, it must be presumed that the Stockbridge members thought better of the matter and changed their minds as to withdrawal, as they were not exempted from fines for non-attendance. The following year Mr. Munro tendered his resignation as salesman, and a Mr. Coutts was appointed to the position, his wages being fixed at i6s. per week. This is very unpleasant reading, after what had transpired. To give a man charge of a business in which they expected great expansion, and to pay him at this rate, was little less than courting disaster. From his i6s. per week he was to be responsible for members who got credit beyond their share capital, and to make good any losses arising from such cases. The branch had not been well managed, and what might have been a valuable auxiliary to the society was simply withering away. The quarterly meeting held on 24th May 1865 was historical, from the fact that the Stockbridge branch was put upon its trial. The dividend had gone slightly down, and the branch was blamed as the cause. No strong defence was put up for it ; in fact, some of the committee had lost faith in it as likely to become a success. A motion was submitted to close the branch ; but, on a division, a majority was in favour of still keeping it going. However, CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 39 at the meeting held in February 1866, Mr. Richard Lees, secretary, moved that the branch be closed at the end of the present quarter ; this was seconded by Mr. Paterson, and agreed to, and thus ended the first branch of St. Cuthbert's, after a flickering existence of less than three years. It is useless now to express regret, but one cannot help thinking that its short and unsatisfactory career served a good purpose ; it gave the people of the district an idea that, with better management, Co-operation was possible in the northern district of the city. A NEW SOCIETY The members of the society who had been served at the branch felt aggrieved at the action of the quarterly meeting for thus summarily cutting them adrift, and they petitioned the committee for an interview, which was at once granted. Mr. D. Rintoul voiced the opinions of his friends, but the committee gave no hope of having the resolution rescinded. The members thus deprived of Co-operative service, headed by Mr. John Borrowman, chairman of St. Cuthbert's, and Messrs. Webster and Rintoul, met and decided to take over the shop, stock, &c., and start a new society, which they named the Northern District Co-operative Society Limited. As the details of this new society's inception are gone into fully in the chapters devoted to that society's history, which follows St. Cuthbert's, further comments are unnecessary. 40 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S CHAPTER III i860 TO 1862 ORIGIN OF EAST OF SCOTLAND CO-OPERATIVE CONFERENCE, AND UNITED BUYING AGENCY SUGGESTED CONSIDERABLE difficulty was experienced by the societies in existence in procuring supplies at reasonable prices. The business being small, the com- mittee could not afford to pay an experienced man to buy for them, and one or two of their own number were deputed to do the buying, with the result that they frequently found that they had been sold when trying to buy. The question of appointing a competent man to buy for the various societies was discussed by the committee ; and, in the end, a meeting of the societies in Edinburgh was convened. This meeting was held in Buchanan's Hotel, High Street, on 5th June 1863, when it was decided to begin a wholesale agency, and name the organisation the " Edinburgh Central Co-operative Committee." The following were the office-bearers appointed : — Mr. Caw (St. Cuthbert's), chairman ; Mr. Menzies (St. Margaret's), vice-chairman ; Mr. Louden (Greenside), secretary ; Mr. Shaw (Greenside), assistant- secretary ; Mr. Fyvie (Edinburgh, Richmond Place), treasurer ; while Mr. Marshall (Water of Leith) was appointed to act with office-bearers as a Chairman's Committee. As the minute-book of this association is now in our possession, and as St. Cuthbert's were always active members of it, a few facts from the minute-book CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 41 may be interesting, as showing the position of the Co-operative movement in the district at this period. WHOLESALE AGENCY Arrangements were entered into at this meeting for the purchase of goods, as wholesale merchants, for the various societies. The members, however, were not satisfied with the name they had chosen for the committee ; for we find, at the next meeting held in the same place, on 19th June 1863, the delegates rechristened the committee, and called themselves " The Edinburgh Central Co-operative Association." Arrange- ments were made for supplying the societies with Monte Video beef, at 23s. per cwt., to be retailed at 3d. per lb. They do not give any indication as to how this thing was to be done ; and, as the question of retail price never crops up in their minutes again, it is likely that they found out that a uniform price of 3d. per lb. would not work out in practice to the satisfaction of every one. As the Conference could not very well go on without funds, it was agreed to make a levy of 7s. 6d. per society to meet expenses, and a further levy of 5s. per society was made on 28th August 1863. It was reported, on 19th June 1863, that St. Cuthbert's, Edinburgh (Richmond Place), Grove Road, Greenside, Water of Leith, St. Margaret's, Leith, and Portobello societies were members of conference. The committee had not seen their way to appoint an experienced buyer to purchase for the combined societies, as we find that Messrs. Caw, Russell, and Thomson were appointed purchasing committee. The question of warehouse accommodation for the use of committee was solved at this meeting by the Greenside Society allowing the purchasing committee to send the butter purchased to Greenside Store. This was evidently the day of small 42 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S things, as we find the purchasing committee asking the butter merchants whether they would put them on the same terms as other wholesale merchants if they purchased 10 casks of butter at a time. We ourselves now purchase over 350 casks of butter every week. SOCIAL SCIENCE CONGRESS The Social Science Congress was about to hold its meetings in Edinburgh, and it was decided to become members and take part in the proceedings by arranging to hold a public meeting for the discussion of Co-operative subjects in connection therewith. This meeting was held on gth October 1863. The members of committee of the various societies undertook to deliver biUs and circulars on Co-operation to the delegates attending the meeting of Congress. A special circular was prepared for the occasion by the Co-operative Conference, 4000 copies being printed and distributed in this way. The chairman and vice-chairman were also appointed, at the meeting referred to, to represent the Co-operators at the Social Science Congress. JOINT BUYING The arrangement for purchasing goods jointly seems to have broken down, as, on 17th June 1864, we find the Co-operative Conference discussing the question of amalgamation of the various societies in Edinburgh, Leith, and Portobello, for the purpose of purchasing the various articles required. The various committees felt that their weak point was in purchasing the goods. No society had sufficient trade to warrant them appointing an experienced buyer ; and where the trade was sufficient to warrant them engaging a good man, his usefulness was sometimes marred through the committee not putting their confidence in the man whom they had appointed, CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 43 and keeping the buying in their own hands. We must not judge these men too hastily, however, for their want of confidence, as so many societies had been hindered in their work through the gross negligence, and sometimes worse, of the managers, that committees had found out that the most successful societies were those that had trained and appointed one of their own number to act as buyer and manager. It was felt, however, that if societies could unite their purchasing power they would be able to buy on equal terms with the largest and most successful merchants. While the previous arrangement had broken down, it was felt that another effort should be made. They felt that a purchasing agency was necessary for the safety of the societies ; and, in fact, the discussions that took place on the subject at these conferences, and the experiments made, paved the way for the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society, which was started in 1868. The check system appears to have engaged the attention of Co-operators at this time, as we find that Messrs. Lees and Arnott, of St. Cuthbert's, submitted a report to the Conference, on ist July 1864, on the system of metallic checks adopted by St. Cuthbert's. The report and system were considered satisfactory ; but the Conference was evidently guided by men of caution, as they decided to write to Mr. Cooper, of Rochdale, for further information on the token system in use there, for the guidance of delegates. The Edinburgh Co-operators of that date were evidently anxious to follow in the wake of Rochdale. The question of forming a united bakery and a boot factory was discussed at this meeting. The Portobello Society was evidently far in advance of the others at this date, as their delegates reported that they intended starting a boot factory on their own account in their large back premises. The Portobello delegate was evidently a very sanguine man, as his expectations have 44 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S not yet been realised. The time of the Conference, however, was not wholly taken up with building castles (boot factories) in the air, as we find a suggestion made that each society should exchange copies of their rules for their mutual guidance. The Co-operative Wholesale Society, in Manchester, was commenced at this date, and the Conference decided to ascertain on what conditions they would supply the societies in the Conference with goods. TEA TASTERS Two tea-tasters from each of the undernoted societies were appointed to test samples of tea — viz., St. Cuthbert's, Richmond Place, Water of Leith, St. Margaret's, and Grove Road ; so that, with ten tea-tasters, the societies should have been well supplied. The tea was to be sent from a merchant in Greenside. It is certain that members of committee were anxious to do their best for their societies, although we may, with our further knowledge of business methods, consider that they went about the business in a wrong way by appointing inexperienced men to perform a duty that can only be satisfactorily done by an expert. FEDERATED BAKERY The question of a federated bakery was discussed at a meeting held on 2nd September 1864. It was reported that the whole of the stores might get their bread from the New Street Bakery (the Edinburgh Bread Society, now defunct) ; but the representative of that society intimated that it would not be advisable to send bread to the societies from this centre — as, if they sent bread long distances, it would reduce their profits, which were already very small. The Edinburgh Bread Society, by their refusal to supply the societies with bread on this occasion, paved the way for their failure. This society was doing a very good trade at the time, and for a good CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 45 many years after, but the management did not move with the times. Dividend was always paid on the capital invested, not on the purchases made ; and although members frequently tried to stir up the board of management to get them to adopt more modern methods of procedure, the society practically remained a close corporation to the end. Co-operative societies erected bakeries of their own, and gradually the growth of St. Cuthbert's and other societies slowly but surely took away the trade of the Bread Society, until they were compelled to wind up the business in 1897. COAL BUSINESS On 7th October 1864, the question of purchasing coal for the various societies was considered ; but, as the agents were prepared to give a good discount on the trade sent them, it was not considered advisable for the Conference to enter into this business. UNITED DRAPERY At the same meeting the question of having a united drapery business, in the High Street, for the sale of clothing, was considered, and the principle approved of. This principle or resolution, however, was never put into practice, and must be classed with the things hoped for by this Conference, but never seen. PURCHASING ARRANGEMENT The purchasing arrangement was evidently getting out of joint again, as we find that one of the principal buyers, a Mr. Russell, was absent from the meeting held on 7th October 1864, and it is stated that the delegates were surprised when the reason for his absence was given. In the discussion that followed, it was intimated that the 46 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S stores had no confidence in him, and would not send their orders while he was one of the buyers. The societies had not, however, abandoned the principle, as we find the question of buying cheese from Kilmarnock Cheese Show, through an agent, discussed at a meeting held on 21st October 1864 ; and it was unanimously decided to send delegates, the reason given being that " we could do our own business better than any one could do it for us," and, in fact, some of the delegates appointed to buy for the societies retained the confidence of their constituents to the end, as we find that Mr. Lees, of St. Cuthbert's, was appointed one of the buyers on every occasion when goods were bought jointly. FIRST ANNUAL SOIREE The members were beginning to feel that close applica- tion to business, and no relaxation, was not conducive to their health and happiness, and they evidently believed that " all work and no play made Jack a dull boy," for we find that they decided to have a soiree for the directors of the various societies, and as the wives were evidently feeling the absence of their husbands at the store meetings, it was decided to ask the directors to bring their wives with them (tickets, one shilling each). This soiree, which was called the " first annual soiree," was held on 2nd December 1864, in Buchanan's Hotel, 114 High Street ; 104 persons were present. Mr. John Borrowman, chairman of St. Cuthbert's, occupied the chair. The minute of the proceedings gives a very full account of the soiree. The chairman's speech, which is summarised, is very original, and we quote it, as reported in the minutes : — "He showed, in a very forcible manner, the advantages to be derived from true and sincere Co-operation. He met the objections of those who looked upon the Co-operative movement as a mere matter of CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 47 f^s. d., as though the members had no higher aim than the gaining of a few shilHngs per year in the shape of divi- dend, losing sight altogether of the grand moral principles which lay at the basis of the movement, as it must be patent to every right-minded and thoughtful man that, if the Co-operative element were to pervade society more generally than it did at the present time, a vast amount of the misery and crime, consequent upon intemperance and improvidence, would be altogether unknown. He enjoined the members to spread a knowledge of the principles among their fellows, so that all might benefit. He also referred to the practice of members making complaints to outsiders about goods. Some members expected all their goods to be perfect, forgetting that in the very best shops bad goods were got occasionally. He advised the members not to speak to outsiders against their own goods. If a tub of butter, a chest of tea, a piece of cheese, or a box of matches did not come up to their expectations, instead of spreading the news abroad, they should say as little about it as possible, trusting that the next lot would be better, and not make the thing worse than it really was. He advised them, above all, to take a deeper interest in the movement, as its success was entirely in their own hands." Mr. Borrowman was an enthusiast, and was a good speaker, but he was never able to convince the members that they should not grumble when they were getting bad butter. It is said that it is the privilege of a Britisher to grumble, and it is quite as true of the average Co-operator. If there is anything wrong, either in the service, quality of goods, or conditions under which they are delivered, we are sure to hear of it within twenty-four hours. It is often said by those outside our ranks that Co-operators will take anything and put up with any kind of service ; and, in fact, one of our difficulties in connection with employees brought in from the private trade is to get 4S FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S them to understand that they must be civil, poUte, and attentive to customers. In some cases they have to be reported to the manager before they realise that Co- operators require as much attention as the ordinary customer of the private trader, although they have not so much time to gossip with them. Co-operative store managers would have a good time of it if Mr. Borrowman's advice were taken and acted upon ; yet sometimes we are all (even Co-operative store managers) the better of being wakened up a bit. A few names of old Co-operators are mentioned as being present at this annual soiree, and contributing with song and speech to the entertainment. Mr. Poole, of Portobello, is specially mentioned as giving a stirring address ; Mr. Robertson Rodgers, of Portobello (our late surveyor under the lending scheme), is mentioned as one of the singers. At this meeting the seed was sown which has now borne fruit, as we find a Mr. Menzies, from St. Margaret's, advocating the appointment of lady directors. JOIXT BUYERS The system of joint purchasing is next mentioned in the minutes of 6th January 1865, when a complaint was made by St. Cuthbert's and Portobello societies about the quality of currant loaves jointlj- purchased. It was stated by these societies that the quality was not up to sample. On the other hand. Grove Road store (Western) intimated that the quality was all that could be desired, but they did not look well. As there were two to one against the quality, it was decided to ask the secretary of the Conference to write the baker, asking an abatement for the defective loaves. The previous arrangement of getting the goods bought by the societies sent on to Greenside had not given satisfaction. Greenside store had evidently got into CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED* 49 difficulties, and the chairman had blamed the Conference for getting them into their present position. It was therefore decided, on 3rd February 1865, to distribute the goods purchased jointly, and not put the burden of delivery on any one society, and that all goods be invoiced direct to the Conference, the societies to put the Conference in possession of the funds before purchasing — a very necessary precaution, if the members wished to keep out of debt. SALE OF BEER SUGGESTED The societies had evidently had some difficulty to get a good profit out of their trade, as we find, in June 1865, a Mr. M'Bean, of St. Margaret's, suggesting that the societies should sell beer as a means of enabling them to make larger profits. This suggestion, however, did not find any support with the delegates ; and we are glad that Co-operators, as a rule, have kept clear of this traffic in strong drink, which wrecks so many lives and homeg which otherwise might be bright and happy. CO-OPERATION AND THE POOR The Conference, at this meeting, recommended the societies to try and devise some means of enabling people in debt to become members. This is a problem that has been very difficult to solve, but the Co-operative stores and large cash traders have done a lot to solve the problem by showing people that it is possible to live without getting into debt. The poor man in debt is not to be envied. He is handicapped in the battle of life, and his chances of getting out of debt are very remote unless he sets his face against credit, paying as he goes, and reducing the old balance as quickly as he can. 50 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S LEAKAGE SYSTEM DISCUSSED The societies appear to have been in difficulties at this time, and the weakest were going to the wall, as we find the Conference discussing the question of putting a check on the salesmen ; and although to us it seems a very simple matter now, at that period the majority of those present thought it impossible to devise an efficient check on the salesmen. WINDING UP GREENSIDE STORE On 6th October 1865, Messrs. Borrowman, Gilbert, and Poole were appointed to attend a meeting of Greenside store (to be held on loth November, for the purpose of winding up their business), and try to get the members to reconsider their decision, and carry on the society. The eloquence of Messrs. Borrowman and Poole, and the business acumen of Mr. Gilbert (who was secretary to the Conference, and manager of Messrs. Ford's Glass Works) failed to inspire the members, and the society was wound up very soon thereafter. JOINT PURCHASING AGAIN The question of purchasing jointly was again promi- nently brought before the Conference, and Messrs. Lees (St. Cuthbert's) and Inglis (Richmond Place) were appointed to purchase cheese at the Kilmarnock Cheese Show for the societies. At this meeting it was resolved to hold a meeting of all the societies in the district, on 3rd November, for the purpose of considering the propriety of opening a wholesale establishment for the stores, and the secretary was to ask Newhaven, Tranent, Haddington, Musselburgh. Penicuik, and Lasswade societies to attend this meeting. The meeting was held, and Messrs. Arnot (St. Cuthbert's), Gilbert (Richmond Place), and Poole (Portobello) were appointed to draw up rules for the Wholesale Association. CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 51 The rules were prepared in due course, as we find that a meeting was held on ist December 1865 to hear the report ; but as only a few delegates were present, it was resolved to take no further action in the matter. The leading spirits were not satisfied with this decision, as we find the following notices of motion were given for consideration at next monthly meeting : — (First) " That a person be appointed to purchase for all the stores, and that a percentage be put on cost of goods to cover the expense " ; (second) " That premises be got in a central part of the city, with a clerk to superintend, and a porter or porters to deliver the goods " ; (third) " That societies bind themselves to purchase only from this agency, and that if goods did not come up to their expectations, the societies should not be at liberty to refuse to purchase, but each should share in any loss occasioned thereby." These proposals were not acceptable to the societies, and we are afraid that such ideas will never be found workable on this side of the millennium. A middle course, and a safer one, was adopted, and that was to ask the North of England Central Depot (now Co-operative Wholesale Society) to open a branch in Scotland. As a result of this request, Mr. Borrowman was deputed by St. Cuthbert's, Richmond Place, St. Margaret's, Grove Road, and Portobello, to meet with a representative of the North of England Central Depot in Glasgow, on 7th April 1866. At this meeting a Mr. Edwards represented the English Wholesale Society, and he gave it as his opinion that the Scottish stores were not yet prepared for an agency of the English Wholesale in Scotland. The secretary does not record in the minutes Mr. Edwards' reason for arriving at such a decision, but it is evident that the delegates from the societies in the West of Scotland who were present at this meeting were not so united on the subject as the representatives from the societies in the East. 52 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 53 CREDIT SYSTEM The credit system came to the front in the Conference during this period, as we find in the minutes for 5 th January 1866 that the Conference passed a resolution recommending all the societies to adopt the ready-money principle. Again, on 19th January, Mr. Arnot, of St. Cuthbert's, moved that each store give the members three months' notice that the debts would require to be cleared off, and the ready-money principle adopted. This motion became the finding of the meeting, but it evidently had no effect, as Greenside collapsed at this time, while all the others, with the exception of St. Cuthbert's, were ruined principally through credit within a few years of the passing of this resolution ; and if St. Cuthbert's had not been led by men who were advocates of the ready- cash principle (although they were never able to get the principle adopted), the probability is that St. Cuthbert's would have shared the same fate. But while unable to get the members to adopt the ready-cash principle, they were able to limit the credit given to a proportion of the share capital held by the members (four-fifths). Mr. James Arnot was treasurer, Mr. Richard Lees secretary, and Mr. James Hay was on the committee of St. Cuthbert's at this time, and with such advocates of ready money at the helm, St. Cuthbert's stood a good chance of keeping afloat. AMALGAMATION The question of amalgamation was again under consideration by the Conference, and a resolution was passed, on 5th January 1866, recommending the societies to amalgamate. We find at the next meeting of the Conference, held on 19th January 1866, it was resolved to write Mr. Paton, of Barrhead, asking his terms for a lecture or lectures on the subject of amalgamation. Barrhead was recognised at this time as a propaganda 54 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S centre for Co-operation. Mr. M'Innes, printer, Barrhead, was issuing the Scottish Co-operator, and the Mr. Paton referred to was a temperance lecturer, and took an active part in the Co-operative movement. The minutes do not state whether Mr. Paton ever lectured on the subject of amalgamation to the Edinburgh Co-operators ; but if he did, he was not very successful, as we find the members of St. Cuthbert's authorising the committee to close the Brunswick Street branch, as it was not paying its way, thus compelling the members in the North side of the town to open the branch as a separate society. WHOLESALE AGENCY The question of having a wholesale agency had evidently been abandoned at this time, as we find, at the meeting held on ist June 1866, the delegates reported the weekly sales and expenses to the Conference, and the names of the firms from whom they purchased their goods. St. Cuthbert's and St. Margaret's reported having made a joint purchase, and this had evidently revived the idea again, as we find a motion made that the societies unite to purchase a field of potatoes. NEW SOCIETY ADMITTED On the 6th of July 1866, the Edinburgh Northern District Co-operative Society was admitted to the Conference, and was represented by Mr. John Borrowman (late chairman of St. Cuthbert's) and a Mr. Millar. It is satisfactory to know that, although the advocates of amalgamation failed to get St. Cuthbert's members to retain the Northern shop as a branch, one of St. Cuthbert's best Co-operators and ablest advocates led the members who formed the new society to carry on the branch as an independent society, and while Brunswick Street CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 55 (afterwards St. Stephen Street) branch was admitted as an independent society on 6th July, we find that Richmond Place had opened a branch in the Canongate. The societies were not ripe for amalgamation at this date. Their bookkeeping arrangements were not up to date, and branches, under the circumstances, were a source of weakness. END OF CO-OPERATIVE CONFERENCE ASSOCIATION The various societies had ceased to take much interest in the Conference by the end of the year 1866. Various expedients were tried to get them to take an interest in it and send delegates, but while the delegates all expressed a desire that the Conference meetings should be held monthly, the societies failed to send representatives ; and we find, on 7th March 1867, it was resolved that, as there were only four at the meeting, they pay the rent of the hall out of their own pockets, and discontinue the meetings. The representatives of Co-operation wished their meetings wound up honourably, when they agreed to pay their debts out of their own pockets. The societies which were represented at this Conference were Richmond Place, St. Cuthbert's, St. Margaret's, and Western ; so that the first East of Scotland Co-operative Conference came to an end on 7th March 1867. The idea did not die then, as we find that the last chairman of this Conference, Mr. Allan Scott, was the first chairman of its successor, which is still flourishing, and not likely to be reduced to four delegates for some time to come. MR. RICHARD LEES APPOINTED SECRETARY While the incidents just related in connection with the Conference work were going on, St. Cuthbert's was not idle at home. The business continued to grow, and made large demands on the time and attention of its officials. 56 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S Mr. Caw, who had acted as secretary from the beginning of the society, resigned in 1862, and Mr. Richard Lees was appointed to the office. The secretaryship could not have fallen into better hands at such a time. He was earnest in the advancement of the movement ; he was methodical in all his business transactions ; and his high character was beyond reproach. It was he who was instrumental in getting the balance-sheet printed, so that every member could see the position of the society, which was impossible formerly while it only existed in manuscript. The printed form as shown here, may appear somewhat primitive ; but it has to be remembered that there was no model to go by in these days, and it was a great improvement upon a manuscript statement of accounts, only read from the platform. It has already been noted that the metallic check system had been introduced in 1863. The system was meant as a check both on cash drawings and purchases, dividend to be paid only on cash received. As a means of determining, the amount of purchases on which dividend was to be paid, the system worked very satisfactorily, and was continued in operation till March 1908. NEW CHECK SYSTEM It may be somewhat interesting to follow this subject of checks up to date, showing that what suited the demands of the earlier years became almost dangerous as the membership increased. Possibly, at the inception of the system, almost every member's character and habits were more or less known ; but as the membership increased this was out of the question. In former years, the dividend being small, the checks consequently had not such value as in latter years. Thus it came about, that a few of the thriftless members, recognising a realisable value in the metallic checks, began selling them to any one CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 57 who would buy them. Even pawnbrokers saw a means of gain by taking them in pledge. This led to gross irregularities, now that it was known that there was a ready market for the store checks. It has been known in some households, where unfortunately a member was addicted to drink, that to steal the checks and pledge them, was a simple means of " raising the wind." All this was the cause of great annoyance. The rules were revised on several occasions making it illegal to pawn or traffic in the society's checks ; still the practice went on, because of the difficulty in getting a conviction. The committee wisely agreed, in 1907, to change the system, and thus render the traffic in checks impossible. The new system identifies each individual member by making the receipt given on payment of cash the basis for determining the amount of purchases of each member. The member is identified on receipts by share number and name ; the duplicates are posted to each member's account ; and the triplicates remain in the book for reference. Members do not require to return their receipts at the end of the half-year ; they must, however, see that the share number, name, and amount paid for purchases are correctly stated on the receipts, and make them up in order to check the total amount of cash paid with the purchase voucher sent from the office at the end of the half-year. It is too early yet to pass a definite opinion on the new system, but -it looks as if it would prove satisfactory. One thing is certain, it will cure the illegal trafficking in checks. It in no way inconveniences the members ; although it increases the labour in the office. STILL FORWARD The year 1864 opened with increased hopes for St, Cuthbert's. In the January balance they continued to show increased capital, sales, and amount realised as profit. Up till this time the committee had worked almost 58 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S night and day for that easily given payment, " a vote of thanks." Now, however, it was recognised by the members that the society was able to give some Kttle remuneration to its hardest workers ; and it was decided that in future the president receive one pound per annum, while each member of committee would receive sixpence per week, if present at the meeting on Monday evening. The auditors were to be paid sixpence per night while auditing. This was not payment, but at last there was recognition. It will be remembered that we have stated that the minute-books of the early years of the society's history had all gone amissing. We have now reached April 1864, and from this date we have the minute-books to guide us. For the historical information before this we are largely indebted to Mr. Richard Lees, one of the founders, and to Mr. John Harley, who was associated with the society as an employee. A few of the old members have also willingly contributed, from memory, some of the facts we have set down. The minute of committee meeting held on i8th April 1864 deals with the bread supply. It appears that a sample loaf at 5jd. had been sent in by a Mr. Marshall, baker, Pleasance. After careful examination, the quality and price were voted satisfactory, and an order given to supply the store with 100 loaves weekly. The stock, as was too frequently the case, was not up to sample ; and as complaints were numerous, the salesman received instructions to discontinue the supply from that source. The bread question, if we are to judge from frequent references in the minutes, absorbed a great deal of the committee's attention. They had contracted for a supply from two or three bakers, with the result that, when complaints came before them, they could not very easily locate the offender. A happy idea struck them ; they gave instructions that each baker should stamp his name on the bread he supplied. This had the desired effect, CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 59 and they were now able to weed out the undesirable contractors. Of course, this form of supply was looked upon as a makeshift till such times as they were in a position to bake for themselves. During the following August they advertised for a bakehouse in the vicinity of Fountainbridge, but as they received no answer to their advertisement they had to try other means. They approached the Edinburgh Bread Society, from whom they received a large supply. It points to the harmonious feeling that existed among the stores in Edinburgh at that time, for we note that St. Cuthbert's ordered three dozen currant loaves from the Richmond Place store. Next to the bread difficulty, the committee seem to have spent much time in tea-testing, with the usual unsatisfactory results — each had his own peculiar taste, and to get a satisfactory finding was next to impossible. Still, with all these little troubles on committee, the trade was increasing, till it was found that the present premises were getting quite unsuitable for the fast-growing requirements of the society. 60 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 61 CHAPTER IV 1862 TO 1864 LOOKING OUT FOR LARGER PREMISES A COMMITTEE was appointed to look at premises in St. Anthony Place. A Mr. Fullarton had approached the society, and offered to sell a shop which the committee seemed desirous of renting. But the members, at an adjourned quarterly meeting, passed the following resolution : — " That we do not rent nor buy the premises at St. Anthony Place." Mr. Arnot, the treasurer, reported in June that he had examined the premises occupied by Mr. M'Culloch, at the corner of Bread Street. The price was £1000, with a £10 feu-duty. The present lessee had six years of his lease to run, but he was prepared to relinquish his interest for £500. The committee, in referring to this matter in the minutes, simply say : " The price being so very high, the subject was dropped." Up till this time grocery goods only had been dealt in, but the present success pointed to further developments. INTRODUCTION OF DRAPERY The question of supplying boots and shoes and drapery to the members had been discussed frequently. There was a consensus of opinion in favour of developing in this direction, but the want of accommodation in the Fountainbridge premises had compelled the committee to 62 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S hold their hand. It was now proposed to make a beginning with drapery, &c., at the branch in Stock- bridge ; so that, in October 1864, the secretary was instructed to order tweeds and winceys. It appears that an effort would have to be made at the central shop as well as at the branch to introduce the new business, if all the members were to have equal opportunity of purchasing. Thus arrangements were made for the president and two directors to attend at Brunswick Street branch, and the secretary and one director to attend at Fountainbridge shop, on a given date, for the purpose of marking the selling price in plain figures on the goods and dressing the windows. What a versatile lot of gentlemen must have been on that committee ! We note that Mr. Borrowman, the president, fitted up both the shops for the drapery goods, and his account for the work was only £^, gs. 4d. He certainly did not overcharge, but we can fancy the fittings would not be very elaborate. It is most interesting to go over these old minutes, in which we find the committee called upon to do all kinds of duties, and no one seemed to decline whether he had experience or not. " Their's not to reason why." We have just described them as tea-testers ; now the same men wait on travellers, or are waited on, for the purpose of examining tweed samples, woollen cloths of all kinds, and the numerous articles that go to make up a drapery stock. NEW PREMISES PURCHASED So popular had the drapery department become, that in a very short time it became evident that it would require accommodation for itself. With this end in view, a small committee was appointed to interview the factor of a property in West St. Anthony Place. The secretary reported at next meeting that the factor had been seen, but that he had refused to let the premises to the society. CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 63 The reason he gave for refusing was that a grocer, named Flockhart, who was the tenant of the adjoining premises, decidedly objected to the store getting a shop beside him. This was a tribute to the growing influence of Co- operation ; and as this is among the first efforts of the traders to boycott the store, it is interesting to note that it was as ineffectual as the thousand and one attacks that have been made since. No more factors were to be interviewed ; no more grocers' objections were to be risked. The committee resolved that they would purchase premises and thus get beyond " the factor's snash." Negotiations were entered into with Mr. Simpson, of the Post Ofhce, who had taken a feu at Romily Place. He agreed to build a bakehouse and shop for the society on the feu. The members at the quarterly meeting endorsed the suggestions of the committee, who were authorised to offer ^^631, los. for the premises, with £6 as feu-duty. Ultimately a bargain was concluded that the society pay ^^650 for the bakehouse and shop, and £6 per annum for the feu. A committee, consisting of Messrs. Veitch, Webster, Hart, Greig, and Lees, was appointed to see the work carried out. Singular to relate, the first- named gentleman on this building committee was appointed clerk of works on the present Fountainbridge buildings when they were under construction fifteen years afterwards. By the end of April 1865, the new bakehouse and shop in Morrison Street were ready for occupation. The committee and members were jubilant at the thought of becoming their own bakers. They were convinced they had seen the last of the bread troubles and complaints. Not so fast ! " better not to cry hullo till you are out of the wood." DRAPERY AND BOOTS As the society was not in a position to employ shoe- makers of its own, arrangements were made with a Mr. 64 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S M'Cormack, of Lady Lawson Wynd, to make boots and shoes for the members, the society to charge lo per cent, on the cost price. This could only be looked upon as a temporary arrangement till the society was in a position to do its own work. In January 1865, we find the president and secretary reporting on a purchase of a miscellaneous stock they had made for the drapery department. Their purchase consisted of yarns, thread, children's shoes, &c. With all our experience of to-day it would be difficult to find a president and secretary that would attempt to set themselves up as buyers of such a stock. But St. Cuthbert's leaders had no limits to their versatility ; they were ready to try anything or everything, if they thought they could serve the society. Of course, in many cases, the policy was a dangerous one, and might have led to serious trouble without any one thinking of the real cause. In taking stock in the drapery, a Mr. Stewart had been appointed to perform that duty at Fountainbridge shop ; and, strange to say, after that work had been completed, he took away the stock sheets and refused to give them up to any of the officials of the society. However, the committee were equal to the occasion ; they gave Mr. Stewart the choice of being expelled the society or returning the stock sheets. Needless to say, this peculiar stocktaker caved in, and returned the sheets. This incident simply shows what crude ideas were abroad at the time. Whether it was because of the inexperienced buyers of drapery, we cannot say ;, but the stock did not seem to go very speedily. The committee resolved to reduce the prices by 10 per cent., and place two of their number in the shop from three to eight o'clock on Saturday afternoons for the purpose of clearing it. The two members of committee, for this five hours' work, were to receive one shilling each. We are afraid this would come under the head of sweating if tried to-day. CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 65 We fear things did not prosper in the drapery, for the minutes are almost silent on the subject for some years after. In 1871, the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society, which had now been in existence for three years, approached the committee of St. Cuthbert's to try and induce them to begin the sale of boots. From this we may infer that the former effort had not succeeded, and the sale in 1866, before referred to, had brought the department to an end. After their experience of 1864-66, they were not to be caught again, so they bowed out the S.C.W.S., saying they would consult the members before starting boots again. They had not taken the members into their confidence when they started before, and no doubt the members would not be slow to say the committee had brought about the failure of the depart- ment through their own impetuosity. However, the committee, after full consideration, resolved to try again ; and, at the quarterly meeting following, they brought forward a recommendation to start a boot and shoe department. They argued that they could depend on the Wholesale goods both for quality and terms. The members would have none of it ; they unanimously refused to allow the committee to open a shop for the sale of boots and shoes. They had not forgotten the former episode, and they were now over-cautious in prohibiting the committee from extending the business under very different circumstances. The following year (1872) the same question was again raised, this time with success. The committee were empowered to take a ten years' lease of the shop adjoining the grocery, for the purpose of carrying on drapery and boot departments. The committee lost no time in carrying the wish of the members into effect. The business was started, and has been carried on with considerable success from that day to this. 66 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S THE NEW BAKERY The new bakery, in Morrison Street, it will be remembered, was under the grocery shop. It was fitted and ready for occupation in March 1866, and now the difficulty of securing the services of a suitable foreman baker was engaging the attention of the .committee. They selected a Mr. James Boyd, who, with assistance, produced the first batch of St. Cuthbert's bread on the 23rd of April. The first order for flour was fifteen bags extra superfine and five bags superfine. Everything seemed now in order ; the committee congratulated themselves and the members on this their first effort at production. But their joy was shortlived ; complaints about the inferior quality of the bread became numerous. A sub-committee was appointed to see the foreman baker, who was informed that the present state of matters could not continue. But they did continue ; and the upshot of the trouble was the dismissal of the foreman baker, on 4th June, after only two months' service. The quality of the bread must have been very bad, for we find the foreman had paid the society for bread that he acknowledged he had spoUed. On his dismissal, he made a claim against the society for this money. In the silence of the minutes, we must infer that his claim was ignored. Another sub-committee was appointed to get a foreman in place of Mr. Boyd ; but, before advertising, they were instructed to offer the situation to the second hand. This man had evidently declined the offer, for we find a foreman was appointed from outside. This appointment seems to have been satis- factory, as the complaints about bad bread gradually disappear. There was now a feeling of relief, and every- thing was going smoothly. The bread must have been much improved, for, in August of this their first year of baking, our old friends, the committee of the Northern CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 67 District Society, approached St. Cuthbert's to ascertain if they could be suppHed with bread, and on what terms. The request of the Northern was at once granted, the terms being Jd. per loaf discount. This was as it should be, and it is singular that the idea of amalgamation did not arise at a time like this. But no ; the time had not yet come. It is interesting to note that the bakers presented a request to the committee to allow them a holiday, on Saturday, 17th November 1866, for the purpose of allowing them to take part in the great Reform Demonstration. The committee at once acceded to the request of the bakers, provided they would bake a sufficient quantity of bread for the members on the preceding day. If the wages of the workman were lower forty-three years ago, as undoubtedly they were, the staff of life was not correspondingly low, for we find an entry in the minutes, dated 26th November 1866, " That the bread was advanced in price Jd. per loaf, making the price 8^d." The relationship existing between the committee and the bakers seems to have been all that could be desired. When the New Year came round, each baker and shopman received a currant loaf as a gift, the value being about 2S. 6d. each. St. Cuthbert's Society was now leading all the other Co-operative efforts in Edinburgh. The older societies were languishing, and they were now looking up with some degree of envy to the young " Saint " that had started Co-operation in Edinburgh. The Western Co- operative Society requested St. Cuthbert's to supply them with bread ; this was agreed to, and a discount of 10 per cent, was given on the transactions. Some correspon- dence also took place regarding supplying St. Margaret's Co-operative Society. Samples of the bread were sent, and evoked very high compliments, but the inquiries did not seem to lead to business. 68 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S ONE SOCIETY LESS IN EDINBURGH We have said that some of the Co-operative societies were showing signs of decay. The Western, it was evident, was in grave difficulties, as they failed to meet their obligations to St. Cuthbert's for the bread supplied. It was, therefore, agreed to intimate to the Western that no further supplies of bread could be sent unless the accounts were paid more promptly. Still, the accounts were left unpaid ; and the next intimation sent was " That we could not supply them with bread after the 31st of July, on account of the demand from our own members." This was only partially correct ; while their own demand was certainly increasing, they were anxious to get rid of a troublesome customer. The Western Society struggled on for a few months, then passed away, to add to the number of Co-operative failures that might have been greatly minimised but for the evils of credit and loose management. St. Cuthbert's lost £xo, los. by the failure, which was promptly taken from the reserve fund. The business of the society was now rapidly increasing, and continually making new demands on the committee's attention. The delivery service was out of date. A horse and van was put on the road, and for the first time the citizens of Edinburgh generally were made aware of this workmen's association by this perambulating advertise- ment. To-day the vehicles of the society are to be seen in every street and on every road for miles around the city. TROUBLE IN THE BAKEHOUSE AGAIN Business was prosperous, the bread was giving satis- faction ; but, according to the minutes, the foreman baker, had to be dismissed. No reason is given, but we may be sure that there was a good reason for parting with such an (^U-UrHKATlVK A^iiUUlAllUN LlMllHU Ha important employee. He was given one week's notice, and while working his warning he destroyed two batches of bread ; then he coolly called on the committee for a certificate of character. The committee-room was in direct communication with shop and bakehouse. While waiting on the committee, he had gone into the bakehouse for the purpose, he said, of getting his apron. The secretary and treasurer followed him, and caught him tampering with the baker's barm ; further investigation showed he had completely spoiled it. He was duly handed over to the police, and his wages were kept to recoup the society for the loss it had sustained. The amount of loss is not mentioned, but it must have been considerable, as it was decided, on 3rd August, to deduct loss 01} bread from reserve fund. A series of troubles followed. On the 15th February two bakers were dismissed, and others appointed in their place ; they, in turn, were found to be incompetent, and dismissed after a month's service. The next foreman left the following January ; the complaints were again becoming frequent ; and, in March, the bread was so bad that the foreman was taken to task, and informed that the next bad bread he produced would be his -notice to quit. As there is no record of further complaint, it may be inferred that he had given more attention, and certainly better bread. In 1871, there is again a loud cry against the sodden bread at the store. The baker was at once brought before the committee, and admitted the bread was poor, but added that the oven was the cause. This statement was justified when, during the following July, the oven was being repaired ; it was found, on removing the sole, that the stones had been laid upon the soil instead of on a bed of concrete. Poor baker ! he had been blamed unjustifiably. The oven was put right, and good bread was the result. The directors were rather proud of their bread now ; 70 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S and, on comparing it with others, if they did admit it was a little darker in colour, they proudly stated it was the only bread that was " full weight." Further examinations of other bread followed, but the committee always held that " the store bread was best." ADMISSION OF MARRIED WOMEN The minutes of quarterly meetings of St. Cuthbert's are most interesting, from the fact that the members took such an earnest interest in the society's affairs. They were somewhat jealous of their proprietorship, and not inclined to allow of any interference with their prerogative. Thus we find, in 1864, what is termed a serious discussion taking place on the admission of married women as members. Of course, the objectors to the proposal took the logical ground that, if a man was able, he should not shirk the duty of attending the meetings, and even taking part in the administration if called upon. On a division, the married women were admitted members ; but at the next meeting a strange addenda was put and carried : " That we fine married women who have husbands able to attend the meetings, but who are absent." This resolution remained a dead letter. CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 71 CHAPTER V 1864 TO 1865 HOW WE RECEIVED THE IDEA OF AN S.C.W.S. IT was Humboldt who said: "In the moral world there is nothing impossible, if we bring a thorough will to it. Man can do everything with himself, but he must not attempt to do too much with others." The truth contained in the above quotation has been felt, in some degree, by all leaders of thought. It will be remembered that an effort to consolidate the Co-operative movement was attempted by starting a wholesale agency at Liverpool in 1832. Again, Rochdale conducted a wholesale department for the Co-operative societies of Lancashire and Yorkshire. But it was not till 1862 that the modern form of Wholesale Co-operation took hold of the retail societies. In that year Mr. Abraham Green- wood, of Rochdale, read a paper on the subject, and the effect was immediate. The present Co-operative Whole- sale Society began business in a humble way in Manchester in March 1864. During that year (thirty weeks) the sales were £51,857 ; the sales for last year (1908) were £24,902,842. Scotland felt the necessity of such an institution as much as England, and lost no time in following her example. But it is only fair to say that the first idea in Scotland was not copied from England, but seemed to spring up spontaneously, because its need was so pressing ; and already the societies were carrying out the principle 72 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S in some localities by united purchasing. The first sugges- tion we can find is contained in a letter which appeared in the old Scottish Co-operator. The editor (Mr. J. M'Innes) had been advocating a national conference of Scottish societies, in 1863, and in the January number of 1864, a Mr. James M'Donald, of Hamilton, wrote to support the editor's suggestion, and added : " I have often lamented the want of a wholesale society in some convenient locality in Scotland. The want of a flour mill must be severely felt wherever there are Co-operative bakeries. Such could be laid before a delegate meeting, which would pave the way for the adoption of improvements and the carrpng out to the fullest extent the principles of Co-operation." What hope and faith in the success of the movement at the beginning of 1864 ! It is scarcely our business here to follow all the floating thought of this time. The societies were ready for the experiment. The delegate meetings were held, with the result that St. Cuthbert's received a circular, which was submitted to a meeting on nth May 1864. The circular set forth the necessity for an agency for the supply of goods to all the societies in Scotland, and calling upon the societies to subscribe share capital to form such an agency. What was the reply to this truly Co-operative proposi- tion ? The words in the minute-book are as follows : — " Resolved that we do not take part in it, being too far away." This was scarcely worthy of the men who had already done such good Co-operative work. It was not the distance between the cities that caused this resolution to be carried ; it was the isolation of the leaders. They knew nothing of each other, and confidence in each other was sadly awanting. If they were not prepared to take part in the proposed national scheme, they were not slow to take advantage of united buying with the other Edinburgh societies. But time works wonders. The good work of uniting the societies proceeded ; and when the CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 73 delegate meeting was held in Edinburgh, on the 2nd January 1867, to formulate the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society, three representatives of St. Cuthbert's were present. It was resolved to join the new federation, which started business the following year. Scotland, from that moment, has been in the forefront of Co-operation. Its Wholesale Society has given strength to the movement, while its name is honoured both at home and abroad for equity and honesty. COMMITTEE CEASE TO BE BUYERS An important change in the conduct of the affairs of the society took place in May 1864. Mr. John Nicol, the manager of the shop, seems to have given the committee every satisfaction ; and the question arose as to his being the suitable party to purchase the goods, seeing he was responsible for their sale and the results. Up till this time the committee, a fluctuating body, were the purchasers ; and no matter what mistakes these inex- perienced men might make in purchasing, the manager was supposed to do well in selling. Then the business was increasing so rapidly that it was impossible for the committee to be buyers and attend to their proper business of administration as well. They therefore decided to make Mr., Nicol purchaser of all goods — this arrangement to be tried for a quarter at least. At the monthly meeting, where the decision came up for confir- mation, the president protested against the finding of the committee, and it was carried to the quarterly meeting. In spite of the president's protest, the decision of the committee to appoint Mr. Nicol purchaser was upheld by a majority of eighteen votes. The president's arguments are worthy of a place here, just to show what crude ideas animated some of the leaders of the society. He argued that Mr. Nicol could not be spared from the shop for the 74 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S length of time required to go to Leith to purchase goods, and it would be putting too much power into one man's hands. He said it was dangerous to allow the manager to purchase the goods and also pay the accounts. The objection to the change, we fear, arose out of the reluct- ance to give up the power of purchasing, which gave a certain importance to one's position. It was proposed that the president should be assistant-buyer with the manager, but the meeting scouted such an idea. The meeting is to be congratulated for its wisdom, for if the manager was not competent to purchase, he was too long there. There is no more important duty that a manager is called upon to perform than that of purchasing. If the goods are well bought, then it is an easy matter to sell them ; but if badly bought, it is too bad to put the responsibility upon the manager to try and sell them well. As to the matter of his absence from the shop when on purchasing business, that could easily be got over by a little rearrangement of duties. It must be kept in mind that two members of committee had formerly to leave their employment to do the bujdng, and naturally would have to be remunerated. TEA TESTING There is an entry in the minute-book, about this time, that shows the absurdity of committees setting themselves up as expert buyers. We do not for a moment suggest that they should not take a deep interest in buying, and at the beginning of a society's career there is frequently no other party that could be depended on to purchase ; but that time soon passes. When the society employs competent servants, they should be entrusted with such work. Well, it is recorded that representatives from the various societies in the city met in Buchanan's Hotel, High Street, for the purpose of testing samples of tea CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 75 sent in from various tea merchants, with a view to joint- buying. They each sipped the samples, each writing down his opinion of quaUty and price, and then a vote was taken upon the various samples thus tested. The majority of votes went against the opinions of St. Cuthbert's experts, who then intimated that St. Cuthbert's had a supply of tea just now, so that they would not require to buy. This was sharp practice, but they were right not to purchase what they thought would not suit their members. These amateur tea-testers assumed rather much in thinking they could value tea like an expert. They could certainly tell what quality they liked best, but there the matter ended. We know that a really good tea-tester is not so easily found. Some of them can command nearly £2000 per annum for doing what our early committees would do for next to nothing. In a co-operative society in the North the Committee were strong on tea-testing, in their own opinion, and instructed their manager (who was a bit of a wag) to get several samples of tea for testing purposes. The Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society was to send samples to be tested against others, as there had been a complaint against the S.C.W.S. tea. A number on each sample was the only means of identity. About ten different brews were placed before the committee, and each member was to write his opinion against the numbers on his list. With solemn and sometimes wry faces the testing proceeded ; and, when concluded, there were as many opinions as there were tasters. The chairman found a difficulty in getting a decision. The manager pawkily asked to be heard, when he explained that he had never believed in the complaints against their present tea, which was from the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society ; and, he added, knowing the difficulty of pleasing everybody, he had taken all the tea tested that night from their own 76 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S Stock, and brewed it in ten teapots, and the same tea had now got ten different opinions ! He asked leave to retire from the meeting when he had made his statement. There has been no tea-testing in that society since, and this happened a good many years ago. SHARE CAPITAL AND RESERVE FUND It would have been thought, with the progress the society had made, and its growing popularity, that the members would have paid up their share capital. But no ; they still hesitated, and in this way crippled the efforts of the committee to some extent. At the beginning of 1865 there were fifty members who had failed to fulfil their obligations in this respect ; and as the society was in need of capital, the committee wisely resolved to deduct the arrears of capital from the dividends of these fifty members. Then the reserve fund was looked upon by some as a fund that should be periodically divided. They could not, or would not, see that so long as this fund grew in bulk, in like manner the society grew in strength. At the quarterly meeting, held in February 1865, it was moved and seconded to take £30 from the reserve fund, with a recommendation to allocate this sum to the members' share capital. The marvel is that even a mover and seconder could have been found to bring forward such a proposal. It went to the vote, and, happily, was lost by a large majority. There are still a few in nearly all Co-operative societies who have a yearning after a division of the reserves. As a better understanding gets abroad, this feeling will certainly die out. Reserve funds ought to be carefully fenced in the rules of every society, otherwise it might happen that by a snatch vote the very pillars of the society might be sapped by unthinking persons. The victory gained in 1865 seemed to rankle in the minds of those who were l-:X-OFKr('IALS Ti'P Ro'^y.' — R. W. Hendekson, R. Vokston', John .^[acaulav Second Roiv — R. Nesbit, James Lochhead, Thomas Cutkill, Josrch Mu.xe Third Roiu — Rali'm E\vai;t, A\'n.LiA,'\r ISan'ks, William "\"rn.\(j Bottom Rcw — John Welsh, Thomas Ritchie, Andrew Laidlaw UU-UFERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED ^^ defeated in their efforts to have a share of the reserve fund. The question was again raised, two years after- wards, in another form : " That the reserve fund should not exceed £ioo," and this was carried. It was simply putting back the hands of the clock ; what should go to reserves would now be called dividend, after the £ioo was reached. So great was this feeling among the members, that the following year (1868) they carried a resolution : " That all losses on goods be taken from the reserve fund." They seemed determined that it should never reach the £100. It was a narrow policy, and it was unbusinesslike. To-day, one of the brightest — if not the very brightest — - gems of the administration of the society is that, as the business increases, its foundations get broader and stronger. It is to the honour of all concerned that the reserve fund is now £136,857, which gives security to the society and makes it impregnable against attack. The same feeling was evinced in a discussion in 1870, some wishing van repairs charged to fixed stock account ; the majority decided wisely in this case to charge them to expenses account, but they were careful to spread them over four quarters. EMPLOYEES It is pleasant to turn to a subject that reflects credit upon the committee and members alike. Many people too frequently measure the conditions to be meted out to the employees by the conditions they themselves have to conform to ; but throughout the history of St. Cuthbert's society there seems to have been a kindly relationship existing between committee and employees. For example : a porter in the employment fell ill, and during his illness he was granted a sum nearly equivalent to his wages ; during his convalescence, which was protracted, he was allowed 5s. per week. When one considers the position of the society, this generosity was extremely creditable.. 78 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S Then as regards holidays, the manager — ^who seems to have had no one on his staff to take his place — was granted a few days' holidays, the president and secretary to manage the business in his absence. A half-holiday every week was instituted in 1870, the hands to take their afternoon in turn. This does not seem to have worked out very well, as it was difficult to spare one of them. The resolution remained, but it could only occasionally be taken advantage of. The vanman and boy were ordered to have waterproof coats to protect them from inclement weather. In 1872, the committee further resolved to reduce the working hours of the employees. The following quarterly meeting would not agree to their proposal, but they restricted the working hours to the following : From 8 a.m. to 7 p.m. on the first four days of the week ; from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. on Fridays ; from 8 a.m. to 9 p.m. on Saturdays. Mr. James Lochhead failed to carry his motion to close the premises at 4 o'clock every Thursday. The committee at this time resolved to have a sales- woman ; but, after a very short experience, we find that a salesman was engaged to fill the position. WHAT KIND OF REFRESHMENTS ? Mr. James Lochhead, the treasurer, being responsible for passing the accounts presented for payment, seems to have been in doubt as to whether he should pay a certain charge that was presented to him, for refreshments supplied to the masons when repairing the bakery oven. The class of refreshments is not specified, but it is evident they were of such a character as to raise doubts in the treasurer's mind as to the propriety of paying for them without the consent of the board. Mr. Lochhead was instructed to pay the account, and we fear he obeyed reluctantly. I.U-UFEKATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 79 Some little irregularities were taking place in the shop at this time, as we find the committee giving instructions to have counter receipt books used for every transaction. They had formerly given instructions, but the matter had been overlooked. It is evident that the committee gave every attention to the details of the business. COAL SUPPLY For some time the society had made contracts with coal merchants to supply the members with coal ; but, judging from the number of complaints, results were not all that could be desired. It is possible that some of the members expected too much from the coal merchant ; or, on the other hand, he may have been making sure of his discount by taking it out of the quality he supplied. On the 2oth February 1865, the following entry appears in the minutes : " Letter read from a member, intimating that he had ordered 10 cwt. of Blackbraes coal and had received 6 cwt. of dross and 4 cwt. of coal.'' A rather serious charge this against the coal merchant, but we have searched in vain to see how this case was settled. We find, however, that the complaining member had to apologise for using slanderous language anent the com- mittee, so we may infer that he had greatly overstated his case. Still the complaints continued about bad coal. One other case will show how the committee were harassed. A member actually backed up his complaint by producing a sample of what was supposed to be Darngavel coal. The committee had no difficulty in deciding this case against the coal merchant, as it was obvious he was trying to palm off an inferior quality. The agent was written to, and requested to remove the coal he had delivered, as it was not in conformity with order. The agent, in reply, refused to obey the committee ; he held the coal 80 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S delivered was the coal ordered. As there is no further mention of this case, we presume the agent had the best of it, and the committee would be left to settle with the complaining member as best they could. The result of this case caused the committee to add some other coal merchants to their list, thus giving the members a larger choice. AT CROSS PURPOSES The committee found themselves in a very unenviable position about the beginning of May 1865. The secretary had received the auditors' report, which showed a deficiency of profit for the quarter just ended. The committee were in doubt as to the accuracy of the auditors' report, and resolved to request the auditors to go over the books again, and, if possible, find out how the deficit occurred. The quarterly meeting was postponed in the meantime, until the auditors would report again. When the auditors had completed their second report it was found to be a confirmation of their first. The committee felt the position keenly ; they were disappointed, and they knew that the members would not look over-favourably on the result of their labours. The quarterly meeting was held, on the 24th May, and the deficiency was the cause of a prolonged and sometimes not very friendly discussion. Ultimately the balance- sheet was adopted, but not without having a vote for and against its adoption. This was the beginning of a trjdng time for the com- mittee. They were blamed for carelessness and inefficiency — one member going the length of accusing some of the committee of appropriating the funds of the society, thus reducing the amount available for dividend. This member had evidently lost any little reason he may formerly have possessed. He not only slandered some members of the board, but he condemned the store CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 81 because of the prices charged. The wildest rumours were circulated, and the committee felt that while they could not deal with all that was said against them, because it was vague and the author could not be traced, still they could vindicate their honour with the member who openly charged them with appropriating the funds. He was requested to attend their first meeting, and either substantiate his charges or withdraw them and apologise. This was effective. He appeared, much crestfallen, before the committee. He admitted he could not substantiate what he had said, so there was nothing for him but to withdraw the charges he had made, and humbly and fully apologise to the gentlemen he had so foully slandered. His apology was accepted, but not without reading him a lesson to be more careful in future when dealing with other people's character. That man's Co-operative career was ended, and those who had an inclination to follow his lead now shunned him. Thus a very troublesome episode was brought to an end. The severe criticism through which the committee had passed had the effect of making them overhaul their whole system of ordering and checking goods received. Several alterations in the right direction were made as the outcome of close inquiry. CO-OPERATION IN SCOTLAND IN 1866 The position of the movement in Scotland in 1866 may be fairly well understood from the accompanying table, which is signed by the Registrar. 82 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CVTHBERT'S Return of the General Statement of the Funds and Effects of the Co-operative Societies in Scotland for the Year ending 81st December 1866, made out by A. Carnegy Ritchie, Registrar of Friendly Societies in Scotland, according to the Reports transmitted to him by the Secretaries of the respective Societies. N. P. stands for No Property. Name of Society. Abernethy Auchterarder Co-operative Provident Auchterarder Airdrie Bread Alloa Alva Alva Baking Arbroath Equitable Armadale Anderston Auchenheath Auchinleck Blairgowrie and Rattray Equitable . Bonnybridge Bathgate Balerno Busby Bridgeton Old Victualling & Baking Bonnyrigg Barrhead Borrowstounness Bainsford and Grahamston Baking Bannockburn Brechin Equitable Carronhall and Kinnaird Cambusbarron Cambuslang Catrine Crossgates Coupar- Angus Equitable Cambuslang Weavers' Industrial. . Comrie Village Clackmannan Carnoustie Cathcart Cumbernauld Cockenzie Store Company Camelon Value of Property be- longing to Society in 1 866. Averaee of Stock belonging to Society in 1 866. 262 £ 247 161 165 262 184 N. P. 1041 530 600 848 1261 1184 504 142 2002 N. P. 232 264 215 189 330 515 317 N. P. 3398 191 252 1357 847 150 200 354 369 N. P. 1348 263 304 N. P. 769 201 184 1484 626 3477 2523 803 4191 244 250 219 135 N. P. 1831 325 279 234 450 176 648 110 110 N. P. 308 N. P. 405 1055 3200 29 52 258 216 340 1100 328 151 Profits derived by Society ini866. i 20 25 63 252 322 772 331 1637 76 116 340 57 1145 182 206 54 470 2199 269 460 44 788 1131 1908 318 93 743 67 216 121 37 120 341 1146 132 82 380 389 CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 83 Name of Society. Value of Property be- longing to Society in 1866. Average of Stock belonging to Society in 1866. £ 857 £ 733 100 750 339 241 280 250 217 248 20 230 N. P. 564 360 456 3675 1778 116 130 30 359 N. P. 539 69 100 N. P. 259 532 450 422 694 N. P. 727 230 567 458 413 132 558 189 154 101 127 2000 2000 961 950 2938 2333 165 212 574 420 N. P. 238 N. P. 594 20 503 216 1301 28 351 258 276 N. P. 5129 27 130 1574 2652 168 237 362 409 N. P. 29 635 856 196 356 200 400 49 891 68 456 388 560 N. P. 388 Profits derivec bjj Society Coatbridge Bread Crosshouse Carluke Equitable Pioneers Dalbeatie Provision Dumfries & Maxwelltown Equitable Dairy Baking Dalziel Dysart Dunfermline Dunfermline Baking Dumbarton Equitable Deanston Edinburgh Northern District Eyemouth Industrial Edinburgh Roperie Society Edinburgh Bread Falkland Equitable Grahamston and Bainsford Grangemouth Gorebridge Govan Equitable Girvan Galashiels Galston Hawick Co-operative Store Hamilton Innerleithen Johnstone Flax Mills Workers Inverness Kilsyth Kirkcaldy District Equitable Kirkland Industrial Kinross and Vicinity Kilmarnock Equitable Karnes and Hillhouse Kirriemuir Equitable Kilbride (East) Lanark Provident Lesmahagow Lasswade Lochee Equitable Leven Baking Leslie and Prinlaws Equitable Leven (Vale of) Larkhall Victualling Lochgelly Equitable £ 466 364 290 64 53 50 104 379 1484 493 185 179 64 84 308 271 206 618 214 227 123 119 1621 373 1702 154 197 5 79 879 506 345 16 345 102 946 308 315 No profits 114 160 120 510 83 372 290 84 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S NAME OF Society. Linlithgow Leslie Menstrie Baking and Provision . . Musselburgh Mauchline Newarthill Newtonshaw Parkhead Penicuik Paisley Equitable Rosewell Roslin Baking and Provision . . . Redding Renfrew St. Cuthbert's Stirling Shotts St. Margaret's St. Rollox Stenhousemuir Equitable Stenhousemuir East Baking . . . . Sinclairtown and Gallatown . . . Selkirk Tranent Tillicoultry Troon Thornliebank Thurso Industrial Uddingston Walkerbum Water of Leith Industrial East Wemyss West Wemyss Equitable Value of Property be- lonjjing to Society ill 1866. Average of stock belonging: to Society in £ N. P. N. P. 120 638 N. P. 54 N. P. N. P. 560 361 18 N.P. 371 N. P. 231 567 173 324 550 1779 782 476 1000 841 I0I3 50 299 93 78 31 48 110 510 £ 288 *2668 293 1086 3560 69 574 81 900 381 492 799 1050 241 380 346 530 286 300 1166 573 2281 850 1200 611 193 367 No stock 126 360 27 520 500 No Profit.^ derived by Society in 1866. No £ profits 371 116 131 177 28 442 71 528 244 870 82 345 172 467 93 175 141 278 981 350 455 650 1258 449 42 342 profits 53 196 65 238 324 T otal 45,018 186,379 I 43,122 Certified as a correct Return of the General Statement of the Funds and Effects of the Co-operative Societies in Scotland in the Year ending 31st December 1866, by A. Camegy Ritchie, Registrar of Friendly Societies in Scotland, according to the reports trans- mitted to him by the Secretaries of their respective Societies. Edinburgh, 8 Broughton Pl.-ice, A. CARNEGY RITCHIE, Deceviier 1867. Registrar of Friendly Societies in Scotlnnd. * This should be only £668, instead of £2668 as in this certified Return. CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 85 CHAPTER VI 1865 TO 1868 CHANGES CONSIDERED IT was thought by some of the committee that an alteration in their methods of purchasing goods might result in greater economy. It was argued that the goods were bought in too small parcels to ensure getting the best terms. Mr. Arnot was deputed to make inquiry as to the saving that would result in buying in larger quantities. As anticipated by some of his colleagues, his report was unfavourable to buying in greater bulk. He reported that the slightly better terms that might be obtained would be more than swallowed up in the loss of storing and keeping goods, many of them being of a perishable nature, so they had to content themselves with their present methods of buying. A resolution passed at this meeting explains very fully the difficulty we had in procuring the documentary materials pertaining to the early history of the society. The committee resolved that all receipts over two years old be burnt forthwith. This was not good business policy. We have no doubt that when they thus destroyed the receipts, the other documents and books, when they had served their immediate purpose, were ordered to be cremated also'; but for this, we certainly would have had a fuller and clearer idea of the society's early history. 86 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CVTHBERT'S THE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERED The business steadily increased, but the profits went the other way. What was to be done ? Already the committee had effected several economies which should have had the desired effect. A change of management was suggested in November 1865 ; and, after long and careful consideration, the committee resolved to part with the manager, believing that the poor results of the last quarter's transactions could be traced to the lax administration of that official. The quarterly meeting followed shortly after. No business was transacted. Immediately the meeting was formed, it was moved, " That it should be adjourned for eight days in order to give more time to further examine the books and prepare another balance-sheet." The member who moved this expressed the opinion that, if time were given, a much larger dividend would be forthcoming. This was enough ; the prospect of a larger dividend caught on, and the meeting was adjourned. A couple of weeks elapsed, when the adjourned meeting was held. Hopes were high of greater results being set forth. Messrs. Clark and Borrowman, Jun., who were professional accountants, submitted their anxiously-looked-for report. Their tale was soon told ; they had gone carefully over all the books, but could not alter the result that had been previously submitted. It was a disappointment, and the members rather sullenly adopted the auditors' report. They turned upon the committee's resolution to dismiss the manager, and would have none of it. They suggested the engagement of a cashier, as they thought the manager had too much to do. This placed the committee in a most uncomfortable position ; undoubtedly they were the best judges of the situation, and had resolved, after the fullest consideration, that if they were to be held responsible, the present management must be changed. The quarterly meeting CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 87 said "No ! " Most men under the circumstances would have resigned. The manager was reinstated by the members over the heads of the committee. Peace was impossible. The manager felt he was independent of the committee ; the committee felt that the management had been taken out of their control. Things dragged on, with strained relationship between the manager and committee, till August 1866, when the members in quarterly meeting expressed the opinion that the manager should be admonished by the committee for certain mistakes he had committed, and to inform him he would only have another chance. Here was a fine position for the committee ; they were to admonish a man that was employed against their will ! They ought to have stood out, and the members would have had to support them in the best interests of the society. We are afraid the committee had lost backbone over this little trouble. In the following year they were agreed that the shop was not well kept, and they resolved to meet on a Wednesday evening for the purpose of tidjang up the shop, and ask the manager to keep it in better order in future. The committee had fallen from their position. The manager now seems to have done as he thought proper, and only performed his duties in a very half-hearted manner. The committee had given instructions to have some business circulars delivered to the members. The manager seems to have ignored these instructions, or at least he failed to carry them out. The circulars were not delivered. The committee, now roused to a sense of the situation, again recommended the appointment of another manager. At the next meeting of committee a letter of resignation was received from the manager. He evidently tried in his letter to place them in a false position by asserting that their conduct was the cause of his resignation. This can be inferred from the fact that his letter was returned, with a request to withdraw 88 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S that portion where he blamed the directors for his resignation. He was obdurate, and wrote he would leave the position on 3rd October ; and, further, he demanded his security-bond and a certificate of character. Again the committee found themselves in a most difficult position. For three years they had been of opinion that this man was unsuited for his position, but his services were retained by the members against the committee's oft-expressed wish ; now they were asked to prepare a certificate of character for him ! They were evidently not inclined to do this, so the question went to the quarterly meeting of the members on 3rd December 1868, and a special committee — consisting of the president, treasurer, and secretary — was instructed to draw up a testimonial to the manager. This was very humiliating to the committee, but they had themselves largely to blame, for remaining in the position when they had lost control of the principal employee. CASH versus CREDIT It will be remembered that the society began business on the ready-money principle ; but, by a majority of the members, the system was changed, which brought serious trouble to all. The minority, of course, held that the society was conducted on wrong lines, and debates have taken place on the subject from that day to this. Perhaps no subject is more frequently referred to in the minutes ; but as the same arguments are used year after year, and as the divisions led to no change of policy, we think — although the subject is perhaps the most important that can engage the attention of Co-operators — that it is unnecessary to follow every discussion. On the 21st November 1865, Mr. James Arnot gave notice of motion, that at next quarterly meeting he would move, " That no credit be given, and if this motion was passed, he predicted the dividend would increase " — a rather pawky way of CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 89 putting it. However, Mr. Arnot was not successful at the following meeting, although he gave most excellent reasons for returning to the system the society started on, whose first troubles arose out of the credit system. If Mr. Arnot failed to carry his motion, he had evidently some influence in the committee, for notices were ordered to be placed in the shop, " That credit would only be given to the extent of los. per share, and if the salesmen gave more credit, they were to be held personally responsible." This was a sensible effort to try to control the evil, and, if carried out in its entirety, might have worked well enough ; but it is no easy task for salesmen to carry out such a plan. So, like many other palliatives, it failed, for we find, in 1868, a special meeting of members called to consider the same subject. Evidently deep interest was taken in the matter, both cash and credit finding strong champions. The arguments were a reiteration of former discussions ; but, on a division, the cashmen were beaten by the creditmen — cash having 62 votes and credit 70 votes. Ten years after this date, the fight was renewed, but again credit was victorious. So long as the majority will continue this system, so long will committees require to use all reasonable means to keep it under control ; immediately committees lose this control, immediately it becomes master of the situation. It may still be in the memory of the older members of the society how a debt- collecting committee was formed, whose duty it was to call weekly on members and try to induce them to reduce their accounts. This uncomfortable duty was undertaken by two members of the general committee, all of whom had to take it in rotation. No one liked the duty, which was undignified and very trying in rough weather. One member of committee, who had a keen sense of humour, when on this unpleasant work, got tired of his want of success, and thought he would try a new line of argument. Along with his colleague, he 90 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S called on one member from whom no money could be got, and on this occasion she related a peck of troubles through which she had passed. The member of committee took out his note-book, and, looking round, began making entries, at the same time speaking aloud, " One eight-day clock ; one chest of drawers." " Mercy me ! " cried the woman, " whit are ye gaun tae dae wi' ma clock ? " " Sell it," said the visitor in his deepest tones, " to pay your store account." " Ye'll no dae that," she exclaimed ; and, diving into one of her household recesses, produced five shillings, promising to give something every week to reduce the account. The two members of committee retired jubilant over the success that had attended their impersonation of the sheriff-of&cer. Many other humorous incidents took place during those undignified visits of the debt committee. Enough has been said to prove that the credit system has been a source of great anxiety since it was introduced. But the society has not lost so much money as one would suppose ; and now that a watchful eye is continually kept on it, we can hope that the early troubles it caused may not be repeated. It is noteworthy that the committee in those early days tried hard to place the credit-giving on a proper basis, but the members seemed always to resent any safeguard the committee proposed. At last, in 1871, a resolution was adopted at a quarterly meeting to limit the credit of members to 15s. per £ of share capital. THE COMMITTEE The committee at this time must have been giving every spare moment they had to the service of the society. It was not a matter of attending meetings only, but any repairs about the shops were willingly taken in hand by some of the committee. When the soiree was held, they met the night before to prepare the bags that were to be CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 91 given to the members — indeed, this duty was performed by the committee every year up till 1882. The members, it will be remembered, had rewarded them by paying each member of committee sixpence per week. Now, in 1867, this reward was increased to one shilling per week. Remuneration in those days was never thought of ; and, considering the amount of gratuitous service they gave, it would ill become us to attempt to sit in judgment on some of their peculiar habits that were brought to light about 1869. It appears that the officials and some of the members of committee had occasionally adjourned to a public-house opposite the store when the committee business was finished, and, no doubt, there fought their battles over again. While these men were known to be sober and respectable, this habit of adjournment was very unpalatable to other members of the committee. The question had evidently been simmering in the minds of some for a time. At last the matter was raised at a quarterly meeting, and, of course, provoked a storm. Mr. James Veitch led the attack ; and, although not a teetotaller himself, he condemned the ofi&cials and those associated with them in no unmeasured terms for showing such a poor example while being leaders of social reform. The gentlemen thus attacked resented this interference with what they thought was their private life. The members expressed their disapproval of the conduct of the officials, who immediately resigned their positions. Messrs. Edgar, Somers, and Johnston were appointed president, treasurer, and secretary respectively. The members, six months after, at a quarterly meeting, passed a vote of confidence in their late officials whom they had practically driven from office. This vacillating policy of the members requires some explanation which is not to hand, but might we not charitably infer that the case against the officials may have been found to be overstated. 92 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S PROGRESS One thing we miss in the old balance-sheets, the number of members is not recorded, and it is therefore impossible to know how the membership fluctuated ; but the sales, capital, and profits earned give a true index of the society's position from 1864 till 1868. Quarter ending Capital. Cash Sales. Profit. Divi. Reserve Fund. April 1864 - - January 1865 - January 1868 - £ s. d. 249 14 1 280 7 2 818 8 4i £ s. d. 1,571 1 3 1,688 19 lOJ 2,801 6 4 £ S. d. 92 3 3 111 10 7 204 13 5J 1/1 1/3 l/2i £ s. d. 20 11 9 37 2 100 Note. — The balance-sheets of ]866 and 1867 are amissing. It is evident that a good few members had only a nominal connection with the society. They had a little capital in its funds, but bej'ond that took no interest in its welfare. The committee very properly set to work to purge the roll, and they struck off all members who had ceased to purchase. Power has now been taken in the rules to write off aU members who have not been purchasing goods during the year. A list is now annually made up of non-purchasers, and the names of such struck off the roll of membership. The committee were anxious at all times to possess whatever Co-operative literature they could ; and thus we find them, early in the society's history, beginning the educational work that has since developed so thoroughly. It was in 1865 that Mr. Arnot, the treasurer, who was an employee of the firm of W. Chambers & Co., publishers, intimated that he had received some copies of the Scottish Co-operator, published by Mr. J. MTnnes, Barrhead. The committee were supplied with copies, and the result of this was that it was resolved that 300 copies be ordered for distribution amongst the members, and that this number be ordered regularly and distributed free. This little monthly journal did good work in its day, and was ultimately taken over by the Co-operative News, as was also the Co-operator, published by Mr. H. Pitman, of Manchester. In 1866, a supply of Co-operative tracts was ordered from Manchester for distribution. In 1867, it was resolved that a copy of the Co-operator be got for each of the committee. From this it will be seen that the mental training was not being neglected. We also find that the committee voted £1, 4s. 6d. to Mr. Pitman, which was their contribution towards the editorial fund of the Co-operator. Then a farthing per member was subscribed for the following purposes : — [a) To organise a Co-operative Insurance Society ; (6) for the purpose of obtaining amendments to the Industrial and Provident Societies Act, 1862 ; (c) to pay their share of expense in sending a delegate from Edinburgh to Manchester, for the purpose of discussing and forwarding these subjects. Mr. MTnnes, of Barrhead, made known his intention of publishing a book on Co-operation, and St. Cuthbert's committee at once agreed to give him all the information they could regarding Co-operation in Edinburgh and district. The information doubtless was sent, but the book was never published, although St. Cuthbert's ordered one hundred copies in anticipation. The Co-operator and Scottish Co-operator having become merged in the Co-operative News, in 1871, it was resolved to supply every member with a copy of the new journal weekly ; thus a good educational work was carried on by the society forty years ago. The annual Co-operative Congresses had not interested the Scottish societies much before this time (1872), but now we find St. Cuthbert's subscribing one penny per member towards the Congress fund. Few societies can show a better record than St. Cuthbert's in their early years, in their persevering efforts to educate their members. Soirees 94 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S were held, where some of the best speakers of the move- ment at that time held forth on the power and influence of the ever-growing movement, such as Mr. James Borrowman (the first manager of the S.C.W.S.), who was the son of St. Cuthbert's first chairman. All this shows that if the society did not grow so rapidly during its early years as its founders would have wished, they did splendid work by making the members and others acquainted with the principles and literature of the movement. FINANCIAL DIFFICULTIES When we consider that in 1866 the capital of the society was not above £300, with the half of that sum due by members, the wonder is that there were men to be found who not only had great hopes of its future, but were full of new projects for its further development. It was necessary to raise capital outside to meet the claims of the new premises being erected in Romily Place (now Morrison Street), but the very Umited powers of Co-operative societies at that time necessitated the appointment of a trustee to act for them in transactions of this kind. A Mr. Webster was appointed to act for the society in taking shares in the Scottish Property Investment Company, and to grant all necessary bonds and sign all deeds in name of the association — the society to relieve him of all responsibility for the repayment of the loan. By the exertions of the Co-operative Union, backed by such men as Walter Morrison, M.P., and Thomas Hughes, M.P., the Act of 1876 was passed, which gave societies power to hold property in their corporate name, putting an end to a cumbersome and old-world system. An appeal was now made to the members to leave their dividends in the funds of the society, and thus enable the committee to make the borrowed sum as smaU as possible. The appeal was in vain, or almost so, as it was intimated that the members had not responded very liberally to the wish of the committee. The cash for the UU-Ul^HKATlVt. A^^UVIATIUN LIMITED 95 new building was due in a day or two, and they were £90 short even with the loan from the Investment Society. Seeing the members had failed them, there was nothing for it but to appeal to the bank for the £90. It is evident that the bank met their request promptly, as we find that the committee were asked to hand in all papers in connection with the buUding, with a view to an early settlement. For the moment the committee were relieved, but they were continually harassed for want of money. It was no use appealing again to the members unless they were prepared to increase the rate of interest. The present rate was 5 per cent. At the next quarterly meeting 7I per cent, was proposed as the interest on capital, and it was eagerly agreed to. It is not very pleasant reading to find that the members ignored the appeal of the committee for capital, but when an extra 2^- per cent, was offered the money was at once forthcoming. The financial trouble was considerably emphasised by the transference of so many members from the branch at Stockbridge to the Northern District Society started there. Of course this did not tend to improve the relationship between the two parties. This is exemplified by a case that St. Cuthbert's were called upon to defend in court. It appears that Mr. Webster, already mentioned in connection with the loan, was an ex-member of committee, and had taken an active part in looking after the erection of the premises. Being a practical man, he took upon himself the position of clerk of works, although he had never been appointed as such. He now raised an action against the society for the sum of £6, 15s. as fees for acting as clerk of works. The society denied liability, as they never had appointed him to such a position as he claimed to have filled. The court decided in favour of St. Cuthbert's. The capital now seemed to be coming in more freely since the interest was raised. However, the members were in some things very economical. When the Scottish 96 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S Co-operative Wholesale Society requested this society to agree to increase the value of the shares held by them in the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society from 5s. to los. per share, a motion to agree to the proposition was made ; but an amendment not to agree to the request was carried by a majority of 17 votes. The majority of the societies forming the Wholesale federation had agreed to the increase as suggested, and St. Cuthbert's must have reversed their decision, for they shortly after agreed with the majority to make the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society shares los. MR JOHN BORROWMAN We now come to the parting of the ways, by the starting of the Edinburgh Northern, which has already been dealt with. On the i6th April 1866, it was reported that Mr. John Borrowman, president, had presided at two meetings of the branch members, for the purpose of forming a new society in Stockbridge. Perhaps it would have been better if Mr. Borrowman had resigned his office in St. Cuthbert's while being actively employed in forming another society. But his conduct was not blameworthy for giving his assistance to the members who had been rather rudely cast adrift by St. Cuthbert's refusing to keep the branch open. The members of committee had evidently no sympathy with the chairman's views and actions. They at once proceeded to censure him, and requested him to resign his position at the next general meeting. The meeting of the members did not take nearly so strong a view of the situation as the committee, but he had to demit his office, and Mr. Allan Scott was elected president in his place. Mr. Borrowman had given splendid service to St. Cuthbert's since its inception, eight years before. He had no sjTnpathy with the party who carried the motion for closing the branch, and therefore all his sympathies were with the members who had either O H O S-iv CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 97 to give up Co-operation or find their way from Stockbridge to Morrison Street to deal witli St. Cuthbert's. He had the courage of his convictions, and for that we must honour him ; if his advice liad been followed, and the branch retained, it is possible that much money, anxiet}', and friction would have been saved. The majority were against him, and he must yield his position seeing he would not yield his opinion. He was thanked for his many and valuable services to St. Cuthbert's ; he left, but he left a feeling behind that a good man had suffered for his convictions. His successor was in full sj'mpathy with the majority, but Mr. Borrowman's departure had left a gap that would be diflicult to fiU. COMPARISONS OF PRICES -It is interesting to note the prices paid for some of the everyday necessities of life in 1866, compared with the prices paid for the same articles to-day ; yet the wages were much lower in most trades at that time. The great decrease in the price of sugar has given an impetus to all kinds of confectionery, of which the consumpt has greatly increased, with doubtful results as regards the people's health. We find, in November of that year, the committee purchased four tierces of sugar at 45s. 3d. per cwt. ; the same class of sugar can be bought to-day for 15s. 6d. per cwt. (duty of is. lod. per cwt. included). Tea was sold then at what would now be considered prohibitive prices. Up till 1867 only one kind of tea was sold at the store, its price being 4s. per lb. Later on, what was considered a cheap tea was introduced, to be sold at 3s. per lb. To-day, St. Cuthbert's keep seven grades of tea in stock, ranging in price from is. 6d. to 3s. per lb., and it is rare indeed that anything higher or lower in price is asked for. These changes have been entirety in favour of the workman's household. Many other articles could be cited to show how difficult it must have been in our fathers' time to make ends meet. 98 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S CHAPTER VII 1868 TO 1878 butcher's shop opened THE directors for some time had been considering the starting of the butchering business, and in January 1868 they resolved to take the shop adjoining their premises in RomUy Place (now occupied by us as a baker's sale shop) for the purpose of carrying on the butchery business. They advertised for a suit- able person to manage the department, and now their troubles commenced. They made the almost unpardonable mistake of making all these arrangements for starting this new business without consulting the members. When the quarterly meeting came round, the directors were all but censured for taking such a step without the members' knowledge. A resolution was carried — " That in future the committee do not enter into any new business without calling a special meeting and getting the consent of the members." The members, unknowingly perhaps, by this resolution put the committee in a most awkward position ; for, in the event of failure, the members shook them- selves clear of any responsibility, and fixed it on the committee for their precipitate action. The troubles of the committee with this butchery business were many and varied. To begin with, the person selected to manage the shop was resident in Jedburgh, and he was offered the situation at 25 s. per week, and to find security to the extent of £30. He wrote that he could not find security CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 99 to that amount ; the committee replied that they would arrange the security on his arrival. Thinking he had both the place and the committee secure, he now wrote that he would only come on condition that he received 30S. per week. The committee saw he was playing his own game, so they declined further correspondence. They made an offer of 27s. per week to another candidate, but he declined : they secured the services of a young man (now a well-known Edinburgh butcher) to manage the department for 30s. per week. This was towards the end of the month of June, and when the following quarterly meeting took place, on the 3rd of September, the young business had come through the most trying months of the year. Of course it was impossible to say, with such a short and unfavourable experience, whether the business would become a success or not ; but we fear it had not got the support it should have had from the members, who seemed to have a grudge against the committee because of the manner it was initiated. The result was that the members decided to take no further risk, and ordered the butcher's shop, which had only been open for less than three months, to be closed. The committee must have felt this action very keenly, but they also learnt that in future they must take the members into their confidence. CHANGES IN THE MANAGEMENT At this meeting, Mr. Richard Lees, secretary, resigned, although he did not leave his duties till the following December. Mr. Lees had been a prominent and devoted official. He was on the original committee, and from the first gave his services at all times willingly and disinterestedly. His place was filled by Mr. Andrew Grellis. At the same meeting the committee submitted a 100 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S recommendation anent the appointment of a manager ; but after a long and evidently lively discussion, as they could not come to a finding, the meeting was adjourned. The adjourned meeting was held on the 15th September, when a resolution was passed to appoint a manager. It was proposed that the present head shopman be appointed, but it was found that a large majority were opposed to this proposal. The meeting ultimately agreed to a small committee being appointed from the members to act with the directors in making the appointment of a manager. This appointment was made on 12th October ; and a few days after, power was given to the new manager to engage or dismiss his assistants. This was giving the manager a power that previously the committee had retained in their own hands. It seemed as if all would now go smoothly. Within a month we find that the manager was suspended for being absent from business without leave. He was brought before the committee, and requested to explain his absence. He informed the committee that he had met with an accident that prevented him from attending to his duties. It Wcis resolved to allow him to resume his duties. The following month he again absented himself ; this time no explanation was asked for. He was dismissed, having been only two months in the service. Another appointment followed ; this time, one of the shop assistants was chosen to fill the position of manager. His salary was to be 30s. per week, with £200 security. He evidently resided at Corstorphine, as one of the conditions of his engagement was that he must reside in Edinburgh. Now there seemed to be well- grounded hope for success. Still, there was room for improvement, as we find the shop was not opened one morning till ten o'clock, to the great annoyance of the customers. The manager's explanation was that he had gone from home, taking the keys with him, and could not get back in time. He was informed that he must in CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 101 future leave the keys at his lodgings. The committee were not quite sure of their new manager, as he was again taken to task for absence. His explanations were not very satisfactory to the committee, so they made up their minds to keep an eye on him. The Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society had now been nearly a year at work, and its claims had been frequently considered. On the 4th October 1869 the following resolution was passed — "That this society purchase everything from the Wholesale so long as they gave satisfaction.'' This did not bind them very tightly, as it would be an easy matter to plead unsatisfactory goods. However, it was a long step forward, and showed a spirit of loyalty to the young federation that was much appreciated throughout the movement. The dividend was gjd. per £, and the committee felt that members had little inducement to purchase and non- members no inducement to become members. They had many interviews with the manager, in the hope of discovering some means whereby they could reduce the working expenses. At this time they made a proposal to give the manager a percentage on the turnover, in order to make him take more interest in the business. The manager had no objections to the proposal, but requested time to consider it. In March 1870 it was resolved — " That the salary of the manager be 24s. per week and 5 per cent, of the net profits," this arrangement to begin the following quarter. It was also agreed that the manager be present at all sub-committee meetings when goods were being purchased. If the managers of some of our large societies to-day were to have such an arrangement, a very few years would suffice to make them rich. We are not informed of the cause, but the arrangement only lasted three months, the average addition to the manager's salary being 13s. ijd. per week. A certain amount of familiarity existed in those days 102 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S between committee and employees that is absent to-day. In the minutes the manager is invariably mentioned by his Christian name. Thus we iind that it was agreed that Mark should go to Glasgow to purchase cheese, and that Mark was interviewed anent the quality of tea. Some complaints had been made to the committee, and the manager was questioned about the tea complained of. Mark told them that the tea was giving every satisfaction, and to prove his case he instanced non-members purchasing their tea at the store in preference to going elsewhere ; Mark was victorious, and his position was upheld. But this familiarity, as usual, bred contempt. Instead of walking up to the resolution so recently passed re the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society, Mark ignored the committee and their resolutions, and began buying as he thought proper. He had purchased four casks of butter from a firm in Bread Street without consulting the committee. He was brought before the board, and informed that such conduct would not be tolerated, as he must in future purchase only through the committee. Mark promised attention in future. THE RESERVE FUND We have now got to the year 1870, and on looking back, say, for two years, the society was not making the progress that was anticipated or that it deserved. In April 1868 the cash sales for the quarter were £3,575. In April 1870 the cash sales for the same period were only ;fi,882. The value of the share capital was set down at the former date as ;£83i, while at the corresponding date of 1870 it was set down at £519. The reserve fund had gone slightly back. The committee were naturally anxious to give as large a dividend as possible, and consequently would charge as little as they could to current expenses. When, therefore, some repairs were OU-UJr't.KAllVt: AbUVClATlUN LIMITED 103 necessary to the stable chimney, in order to prevent a smoke nuisance, the committee decided to charge these repairs to reserve fund, instead of, as they ought to have done, to current expenses. This policy carried the element of danger with it, as members might easily assist by vote and voice in increasing the liabilities of the society, reducing the reserve fund, and withdrawing from the society immediately after, thus leaving the remaining members in a much less secure position than formerly. The members perceived this danger, and took steps to counteract it. They resolved to deduct five per cent, from the last two shares held by members, which was equivalent to saying that members on withdrawal would require to pay a fee of two shillings. To-day the reserve fund is jealously guarded as to withdrawal from it, and is generously treated in the additions made to it, while the withdrawal fee is now only one shilling, which is put to reserve fund. There was an enormous amount of apathy and indifference among the members. It would not be uncharitable to say that, but for the fear of being fined for non-attendance, the numbers attending quarterly meetings would have been very small. This is proved by the fact that many handed in their attendance slips, and escaped from the meeting as quickly as possible. This is dangerous in any organisation, as a very small minority of the membership might do serious damage. It is also extremely discouraging to those who have the best interests of the society at heart. In February 1871 the committee resolved to do what they could to put a stop to the prevalent practice of handing in the slips and then leaving. No slips would be taken until the meeting was finished, and then they must be handed to a person appointed for the purpose. We are not sure that this perfectly cured the evil. Till members feel that interest and responsibility that undoubtedly are theirs. 104 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S there will remain that apathy which is more difficult to deal with than fierce opposition. CO-OPERATIVE LOYALTY The committee seem to have been always animated by a keen desire to assist every Co-operative venture that came before them. Thus, in 1871, when requiring some cleaning and painting-work done to the shop, they requested the Edinburgh Co-operative Painters' Society to estimate for the work. As no further mention is made of this society, we fear that it must have had a very transitory existence. Another evidence of their loyalty is to be found in their resolution to get the balance-sheet printed by Mr. M'Innes, of Barrhead, the editor of the Scottish Co-operator. Great also was the interest that St. Cuthbert's took in the work of the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society. They were regular in their attendance by delegation at that society's quarterly meetings. We find the delegates who had attended one of these meetings, in October 1872, reporting that there were 72 delegates present. The attendance to-day is between 700 and 800 delegates, a sure evidence of the growth of the movement in Scotland. In those early days the basis of representation was one delegate for each society and one delegate for each £200 of purchases. To-day it is one delegate for each society, and one delegate for the first £1,^00 of purchases, and one delegate for every complete £3,000 worth of goods purchased from the society there- after. In the six months preceding the above date, St. Cuthbert's received from the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Societ}^ as dividend and interest, £45, os. 6d.; for the six months ending December 1908, the sum credited to St. Cuthbert's as dividend and interest was £18,110, 13s. id. It reads like a romance this true statement of figures. But it is scarcely correct to project ' ii ^^^wi^ljl 1 IU1\ I^llVll i nu ourselves so far forward. In 1872 we knew little about thousands ; we were more accustomed in our calculations to deal with units. The question of bonus to labour was largely discussed all over the movement at this time. Many of the societies which adopted the principle have held to it through all these years ; others, after a few years, fell away from it. St. Cuthbert's committee, after consideration, passed a resolution approving of the principle of bonus, but with that resolution the matter ended. It does not seem to have been brought before the members, so it only remains in the minutes as a testimony of good intentions. MANAGEMENT AGAIN In 1873 the relationship existing between the committee and the manager seems to have undergone some change. He is no longer designated by the familiar name of Mark. He is referred to as Mr. , our manager. The management was not giving the committee satisfaction, and a change was frequently discussed. The first indication of the proposed change we get is when, in June 1873, the secretary resigned his position, and Mr. James Balmain was appointed interim-secretary. It appears there was an understanding in committee that the secretary was to become a candidate for the position of manager in the event of a change. The conduct of the manager and assistants seems to have been frequently under review, and it was resolved to intimate to the manager that if he and the assistants did not pay greater attention to their duties, the committee would have to adopt other means for the better management of the business. This was evidently the beginning of the end, so far as Mark was concerned. About this time the East of Scotland Co-operative Conference Association held a 106 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S meeting at Leith, the subject under discussion being " Store Management." St. Cuthbert's delegates to the meeting reported that the conference had decided that, in the interests of store management, a manager should be appointed from the members instead of from the outside trade. This resolution made matters worse for Mark, seeing that the committee were already of opinion that one of their number could fill the position much better. We cannot wonder at the position taken up by the committee. Many societies had to succumb because of careless management at this time. The managers chosen from the outside were not always in sjrmpathy with Co-operative methods, and generally their ambition was to start a business of their own. Other societies which had carefully chosen one of their own members to manage had been generally successful. It cannot be argued that they were inexperienced and unpractical, because their training on committee in those days went a long way to make them practical, and fitted intelligent men to conduct such businesses. Then their interest in the welfare of the Co-operative movement guided their actions in many problems they were called on to solve. Thus most of the outstanding men both in retail and wholesale Co-operation to-day were trained in the movement. There was evidently a sharp cleavage between the manager and committee ; they had lost that S3nTipathy that ought to exist where the interests are mutual. We are not surprised, then, when we find it recorded that the committee resolved to recommend to the members — " That a general manager should be appointed, who should combine the offices of manager and secretary, the salary to be at least 30s. per week to begin with ; and, if the members approve of this recommendation, the committee recommend one of the members [name not given] eminently qualified to fill the place, and one who has all along taken a deep interest in the business of the society." ■ ±^ ^ vJvJ^yt^J-T i J i^iv L^llVll 1 XLU This recommendation was placed before the members, when they immediately accepted it ; and they unanimously agreed to appoint Mr. Johnston (late secretary) to the position of manager and secretary, at a salary of 30s. per week. The general manager that we have recognised as Mark now sent in his resignation ; it was accepted, and the way was now clear for carrying out the new arrange- ment. But some one had blundered ; it was discovered that the rules did not allow of such a combination of offices as was now proposed, and it was necessary to alter the rules before the resolution passed at the quarterly meeting could become operative. A meeting was held for the purpose of making the necessary alteration of rules. At this meeting a protest was received from some members who disapproved of the dual appointment. They pointed out that the appointment was a violation of rule 5, and was therefore illegal. Mr. Johnston then intimated that he would not accept the situation of manager alone. The committee, at their wits' end, then resolved to request the head shopman to carry on the work of the manager in the meantime. Thus " the best-laid schemes . . . gang aft agley." The committee still held to the opinion that one of the members should be appointed to the position. They interviewed a Mr. Robert French, who was a candidate for the managership ; but Mr. Johnston, when he saw the possibility of some one else getting the appointment, evidently changed his mind, and he allowed some of his late colleagues to nominate him again. The committee were thus placed in a very peculiar position ; they decided that, under the circumstances, it would be better to leave the appointment of manager to the members at quarterly meeting. This meeting was held on 26th November 1873, when Mr. French was appointed general manager. The membership now was 361 ; the sales were £2,488 for the preceding quarter ; the capital amounted to £1,220 ; 108 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S the reserve fund stood at £147 ; and the dividend on purchases was is. 6d. per £. The business now seemed to be making sure progress. DRAPERY DEPARTMENT In February 1873 the first drapery manager was engaged, and arrangements were made to close the shop every Wednesday afternoon. This arrangement seems to have remained in force till August of 1876, when the members decided at quarterly meeting to keep the shop open on Wednesday afternoon. We regret that we can find no reason for this backward step. The movement was already recognised as leading in the conditions it was meting out to labour, and now the members were den5dng to their employees what they greatly prized themselves. The drapery department, which was opened in April of 1873, was only fairly successful at first. The first week's sales amounted to only £12, 4s. 4Jd. In connection with the drapery, a tailor was employed to make up suits for the members, and an arrangement was made with him whereby we would receive a commission on the amount of work done. This system did not work out very well, for we find the tailor demanding an increase of from 5 to 10 per cent, upon his prices ; and a month afterwards, the committee, being dissatisfied, employed another tailor in his place. The principle of getting goods from other merchants was not abolished at this time, for as late as 1874 we find arrangements being made with a hatter to supply hats to members — 10 per cent, to be returned to the store for all purchases made. Of course, this system gave satisfaction to no one ; and not till the society was able to sell all classes of goods direct to its members was there entire satisfaction. The business continued to increase, and the premises could not very well be enlarged. An effort was made to purchase the shop and the house above, but the seller and CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 109 committee could not come to terms. By 1875 a lease of the house above was obtained, and thus extension of business was made possible. A separate dividend had been paid on drapery purchases up till August 1875, when the members agreed to pool the profits and declare a uniform dividend on all purchases. At this time the grocery was paying a dividend of 2s. per £ and the drapery is. gd. per £. The committee had many complaints regarding the prices charged by a shoemaker who had an arrangement with the committee for supplying the members ; they resolved to transfer the trade to another son of St. Crispin, although their hopes were not very high that a cure had been effected by the change. To add to the committee's troubles, the manager of the drapery left the service. A woman was then appointed to take charge, and on being reminded of the necessity of keeping the department in order, she also resigned. Things were drifting in this department, and a crisis came at the November quarterly meeting, 1876, when the profit set down in the balance-sheet for the drapery was only £5, 17s. iid., on a trade of £779, i8s. 4d. The secretary explained that the stock had not been taken in the usual way, but had been taken from the books, which might have led to some mistake. The members expressed their dissatisfaction with this method of stocktaking, and it was decided to bring in two independent men in the trade to take the stock properly. The system thus established was followed until the society had a competent staff of employees whose duty it is to take stock in presence of a representative of the committee. In 1880, again, a man was appointed to manage the drapery department. The trade was now considerable, £i,537 being the business for six months. There was still room for great improvement in the volume of trade, as the members now numbered 1.425- After the removal to Fountainbridge, many developments took place. A tailor's cutter was appointed to manage 110 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S NICOLSON STREET DRAPERY CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 111 the tailoring department ; a shoemaker was engaged ; dressmaking was added ; and altogether, at that time, the committee thought they were well equipped. As some of the drapery stock was out of date or fashion, it was resolved to have a bona-fide clearing sale. The goods were to be sold at as near cost as possible, but no checks to be given on sale purchases. Then the dressmaking seemed to be unprofitable. We say " seemed," because it could not be expected to make huge profits out of the labour, but it was a means of considerable sales of the material. However, after consideration, it was decided to discontinue the dressmaking ; and it was further agreed to make an arrangement with a dressmaker who resided above the central premises, to undertake the dressmaking for the members, with a lo per cent, discount for the work done. It was evident from these terms she could make the business profitable. EDUCATIONAL WORK It wiU be remembered, in the early years of the society's history, how energetic the committee were in educational work. They missed no opportunity of assisting the members to understand the principles of Co-operation. In 1873, we find it was resolved, at a quarterly meeting, that Mr. J. C. Farn, Manchester, be invited to lecture on " Co-operation " in Edinburgh. His reply, to-day, seems old-world like. He wrote he could not promise to come, as Edinburgh was too far away. How things have changed since 1873 ! Co-operators on business, now, think nothing of such a journey. But good old Mr. Farn, who did splendid work in his time, could not come to Edinburgh in five hours as he could to-day if he were with us. However, the committee were so anxious to have a man of experience to address the members of St. Cuthbert's, that they reasoned with Mr. Farn by letter, no doubt showing him that the distance from Manchester was not so very ereat. and also promising him a safe return from 112 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S the " Wild North." By the end of the year they had removed Mr. Farm's fears, and he came to Edinburgh and delivered an address to the members in Ponton Street Hall. The following year (1874) it was decided to join with the other societies in the Edinburgh district in paying their part of the expense incurred in sending a delegate to the Co-operative Congress to be held at Halifax. The delegate chosen was Mr. Allan Scott, president of St. Cuthbert's, to represent the Co-operators of the East of Scotland. It is noteworthy that the same gentleman was again chosen for the same duty when the Congress was held in London in 1875. In 1876 the Congress was held at Glasgow, and they appointed a delegate to represent them there. They were thus keeping up a close connection with everything that was likely to increase their Co-operative knowledge. They felt that the membership was increasing more rapidly than their powers of administration ; this is proved by the fact that they frequently discussed the question as to whether they should not cease to admit members from a distance. Of course, their limited means of delivery had a bearing on the question. Next year, on the motion of Mr. Lochhead, the members resolved — " That a monthly journal should be published by the society, for the information of the members, and that a committee be appointed to carry this into effect." The committee were at once appointed, and consisted of Messrs. James Balmain (convener), Thomas Little, John Johnston, G. Robertson, J. S. Common, G. Locke, and J . Lochhead. This committee were empowered to issue the journal monthly for six months, as an experiment. The handsome amount of £10 was fixed as the maximum they were to expend. The members could not expect very much in the way of journalism for this sum, but it was a beginning. This first educational committee lost no time in setting to work. It will be noted that they held their CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED U3 mandate direct from the members, and were in no way responsible to the general committee. If it had been possible to have placed some of the general committee on the educational committee, greater harmony would naturally have prevailed. The first symptom of friction arose out of a request from the educational committee to be supplied regularly with extracts of any business of importance done at monthly meetings of committee, for the purpose of publication ; this was refused, but the matter was to be left for the decision of general committee at each monthly meeting. The educational committee had published some articles in the Record that the general committee thought reflected on their management, and were not calculated to strengthen and improve the position of the society. The educational committee contended that any criticisms that had appeared were fair and in the best interests of the society ; they further complained that the general committee would not supply them with full information as to the business done at committee meetings. • This unfortunate breach widened between the two committees, the general committee thinking that to have their actions discussed in the Record, before they had an opportunity of explaining to the members, was placing them in a false position. The educational committee thought it was their duty to lay before the members any or every proposition that came before the general committee, and, of course, claiming the right to criticise such from their point of view. The situation was impossible. The educational committee submitted their case to the quarterly meeting of members, on 23rd January 1878. The discussion was taken up heartily. Some of the articles that had appeared in the Record were criticised as not being in the best interests of the society. By a majority it was decided to discontinue the publication of the Record ; and thus ended an effort that might have been fruitful of good results if there had J14 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S been a little more co-operation existing between the committees. It was the first and last effort of its kind in the society, and its violent ending caused some heartburnings for a long time after. The members, at quarterly meeting the year following, resolved — " That the Co-operative News should be supplied to aU the members at half price (Jd.)." This shows clearly that whatever their differences might be, they were at one on the subject of obtaining as much information and Co-operative knowledge as possible. On 3rd November, the secretary, Mr. William Maxwell, was requested to prepare a leaflet, setting forth the mode of becoming a member and the benefits to be derived from Co-operation. This leaflet was duly prepared and approved. It would scarcely be believed, but when (we shall say a few of) the members had this leaflet presented to them, they received it as if it were an advertisement handed to them in the street, and frequently it was treated in the same way. The committee realised that what they had to contend againsi was not opposition from without, but apathy and indifference from within. The educational meetings, which have since become such important features of the society's work, were started about this time. Meetings were held in those districts of the city where we had planted branches of the association. The programme of those meetings consisted of music supplied by a choir, generally got together by one of the members ; then two speakers were sandwiched between the musical numbers. In this way the movement became known in Edinburgh to many who had formerly possibly never heard of it. Through time, it was found that one speaker would serve the purpose at these meetings ; and now, with the excellent music provided by the society's own orchestra and choir, the educational meetings of St. Cuthbert's are ranked among the best social gatherings in the city. CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 115 CHAPTER VIII 1878 TO 1881 FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS AS we have pointed out in an earlier chapter, the " skeleton in the cupboard " was the want of capital ; or we might put it in another way — there was possibly enough of capital, but the majority of the members took it away in goods. The continual increase of business meant continual extension of premises. All were interested in having suitable preniises, but all were not prepared to provide the means to procure them. The committee, in the circumstances, were much handicapped ; and as a relief, they proposed to the members to lay aside one penny of the dividend to property investment. The members were quite favourable to this idea, and went a step further than the committee by carrying an amend- ment that twopence be taken from the dividend for the purpose indicated by the committee. Then the committee were exceedingly anxious about the amount of credit taken by the members, and they resolved — " That those members whose account is not clear on stocktaking day, or the Saturday following, shall not receive interest on their share capital " — this resolution not to be acted upon until it was approved of by the members. If the members would insist on taking credit to the extent of their capital, how could they expect to get interest on what had already been consumed ? Fair as the proposition of the committee was, the members rejected it. However, shortly 116 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S after, they began to see that the committee's proposition was in the right direction, and they agreed to a system whereby members were charged interest on the debt due during the half-year, the greatest amount due at any time to be the amount on which interest was charged. Here, again, some grumbled at the maximum point of the debt being taken to determine the amount of debt. It was not till 1882 that a rule was passed whereby members were charged on the average debt due — that is to say, full interest is credited on share capital held by a member, then interest is charged on average amount of credit taken, the balance being net amount of interest paid. This arrangement has the element of equity to recommend it, and leaves no ground for complaint. It was sound policy on the part of the committee to propose that the minimum amount of share capital that could be held by a member should be £5. This motion was carried unani- mously by the members in 1874. CREDIT AGAIN A section of the committee were anxious to abolish the credit system, and a special committee was appointed to consider the whole question and report. On 6th January 1879 this committee reported that they would recommend the following motion — " That all new members, on joining the society, be informed that they cannot get credit, and that a circular be sent to every member, asking them to become ready-money purchasers ; a short time to be allowed those at present in debt to clear off same." This motion was far too drastic for the members, as we find that at the quarterly meeting held on 28th January they resolved to reject the recommendation of committee, and continue giving credit on the old lines. The question was not allowed to drop, as, at the quarterly meeting held in April, it was resolved to procure information en O H Q < CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED U7 from the societies throughout the country who conducted their business on the ready-money principle. The report of the special committee appointed to procure infor- mation on cash systems was given in at a quarterly meeting held in July 1879, and the report was in favour of adopting cash payments. A motion was moved to terminate the credit system, but recommending the com- mittee to act with caution in doing so. This motion found 74 supporters ; but the amendment, to continue on present lines, was supported by 122 members. Perhaps the wording of the motion for ready-cash payments caused its rejection. A fear was evidently expressed that the committee would not be cautious in carrying out the decision. There is no half-way house between cash and credit ; and in urging the members to adopt the cash system, the mover of the motion ought to have insisted on all payments being made by every member without exception. TRANSFERABLE OR WITHDRAWABLE SHARES There was some unrest among the members in 1875 as to the position of the share capital — whether it should be transferable or withdrawable, or partly both. A motion was submitted at quarterly meeting — " That half of the shares be transferable " ; but after being fully discussed, the motion was defeated. The subject is one that has lately occupied the minds of many co-operators, and is therefore an important one. In theory, no doubt, transferable shares seem better than withdrawable, as that form of capital can be invested in property with less fear of being called up. In practice, the withdrawable form has answered all purposes, but it ought to be accompanied with generous depreciation and a well-attended-to reserve fund. On this all committees should insist. 118 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S In discussing this question, we have to remember that its bearing on Co-operative societies is somewhat different from what it is when applied to some other forms of business. The workman is not always in a position to allow his little capital to be locked up in transferable shares. He has to follow his employment from one place to another, when it is imperative frequently to uplift what he has saved. Then the fact is well known that in times of distress our members must have access to their capital ; if they could not, we fear many of them would cease to be members. All that is necessary is to safeguard the society in case of panic ; but in most well-regulated societies there can be no fear of this, as their huge reserves act like the rearguard of an army, keeping all danger at bay. Some societies take power in their rules to purchase and extinguish transferable shares, but this is just another way of making the shares withdrawable. There was a proposal to start a penny savings bank in connection with the society in 1877, but the members threw out the motion ; yet at that time they were in great straits for capital. There is no accounting for these peculiar findings at great meetings. Five years later, when the society was in funds, the idea was accepted, and has from the beginning been a great success. THE SCOTTISH CO-OPERATIVE WHOLESALE SOCIETY The Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society commenced business on 8th September 1868, and at its formation conferences there was a tacit understanding that, as soon as it was considered practicable, a branch would be opened in the East of Scotland. The societies in the East did not wait long till they called upon the Wholesale to implement what they considered a promise. The East of Scotland Conference took an early and active part in the agitation ; for at a meeting of the Conference, held at CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 119 Leith in July 1873, a resolution was passed — " That we ask the Wholesale to open a branch at Leith." This was barely five years after the Wholesale had started, and many of the Western leaders were inclined to wait a little till the business was better consolidated. For three years the agitation went on ; and in December 1876 a majority of the delegates attending the quarterly meeting of the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society voted in favour of opening a branch at Leith. Now that the vexed question was settled, many of the East of Scotland men were convinced that the delay was prudent and in the interest of the business. When the branch did open, it even then took a long time and much hard work to bring some societies to see it was to their interest to deal at the branch. St. Cuthbert's has always taken an active part in the management of the Wholesale, and has been almost permanently represented on its board of management. Mr. Richard Lees, the secretary of St. Cuthbert's, was appointed, in June 1867, one of the members of a committee for the purpose of starting the Wholesale ; and when it was formed, the following year, he was elected to its first directorate. Since that time the following gentlemen have served on the board of the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society : — Richard Lees, elected in August 1868, retired in June 1870 ; John Johnston, elected in June 1870, retired in May 1873 ; Andrew Tod, elected in August 1875, retired in August 1876 ; Andrew Tod, again elected in August 1877, retired in February 1878 ; Hugh M'Nish, elected in February 1878, retired in August 1878 ; William Maxwell, elected in August 1880, and elected president in August 1881, retired in September 1908 ; Andrew Laidlaw, elected in August 1890, retired in August 1891 ; and Robert Nesbit, elected December 1908. It will thus be seen that St. Cuthbert's has had a close connection with the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society since its inception. 120 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S PROVIDING FOR THE FUTURE That the committee had great hopes for the future of the society is evidenced by a lease which was drawn up in 1874. Mr. Simpson, the proprietor of the premises in Romily Place, offered to erect stables on the back ground there, if the society would lease them. The committee laid down the following conditions, which were accepted — " That the lease be for thirty years, with a break at fifteen years ; the rent to be £16 per annum ; and that the stables be removed at the end of thirty years, should the society so determine." The committee were looking some- what ahead, but it was prudent of them to put in a break at fifteen years ; for long before that time the society had outgrown the stabling accom.modation in Romily Place, and had secured ample space at the Central premises in Fountainbridge. Efforts were also made to purchase the whole block of buildings in which the society's premises were situated. Terms could not be agreed upon, but an extension was secured, and an extra oven added to the bakehouse. Still the accommodation was insufficient. The bakers were asked to work a night- shift, to enable a sufficient quantity of bread to be produced. However, a bakehouse was secured in St. Anthony Place, whereby the committee were enabled to meet the demands of the members. CENTRAL PREMISES Towards the end of 1878 it became apparent to the committee that some greater extension of premises would have to take place if they were to keep pace with the rapidly-growing business. Over 200 new members had been enrolled in the previous six months. The capital for the same period had increased by £1,114. The trade was also showing considerable expansion. It was therefore CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 121 decided by the committee to look out for a site for central premises, where baking and stabling could be properly accommodated close to the necessary shops. Ultimately, an offer was made to the North British Railway Company for a large piece of ground in Fountainbridge. On the nth August 1879 it was reported that the Railway Company had accepted the offer of the committee. Plans were prepared by Mr. H. J. Blanc, architect. The buildings were formally opened by Mr. Thomas Cuthill, the respected president of the society, on Saturday, 25th December 1880. The Daily Review, on the Monday following, gave a column and a half to the description of this opening ceremony. Many of the men who wished St. Cuthbert's godspeed that day have long since passed away ; but there are some with us still who took part in that memorable event. Besides the president, there were present Councillor Barrowman, of Rutherglen, chairman of the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society ; Mr. H. J. Blanc ; Mr. Manuel, S.S.C. ; Mr. Galloway, builder ; Mr. James Lochhead, treasurer ; Mr. William Maxwell, secretary of the society ; and representatives from almost every Co-operative society in the East of Scotland. Addresses were given by Councillor Barrowman, Mr. Poole of Portobello, and Dr. Russell, one of the ward represen- tatives (now Sir James Russell). In the evening a soiree and concert was held in Grindlay Street Hall, which was crowded with enthusiastic members, who were naturally proud of their new possessions. The total cost of the premises was about £11,222 — a very much larger sum than what was anticipated. The interest on capital and depreciation increased the expenses. The dividend, which had been 2S. and is. 6d. in the two preceding half-years, now fell to is. 2d. This was the time the members should have stood close to the society, but many at once ceased purchasing. For the next three years the directors passed through a trying 122 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S time. The membership sHghtly decreased, as also did capital. The trade simply marked time. The nominal membership was 1,445, but the actual purchasing members would not count above 1,000. During this dark and discouraging time a great number of the members were faithful and true to the society. They were the most intelligent, who knew the society was sound although the dividend for the moment was low. Their reward came sooner than some people liked, for all sorts of rumours were spread as to the stability of the store. Increase of expenses was bad enough for the committee to contend with, but they felt that their manager did not realise the situation and rise to it. He allowed many privileges to be abused, with the result that there were carelessness and waste. For example : the employees were allowed their tea in the shops on Fridays and Saturdays, because of their longer hours. It was found that, not content with the two days specified, they cooked their food on the other days of the week. CHANGE OF MANAGER This abuse of privilege was at once put down, and Mr. French, the manager, was brought before the committee to give reasons for such mismanagement. No reasons being forthcoming, he was therefore instructed to remove all cooking utensils from the shops, and was sharply spoken to for allowing such waste. The employees resented the action of the board in withdrawing the privilege, with the result that it did not improve the administration. Mr. French was in many respects an admirable man, but his over good-nature made him too familiar with every one ; the consequence was his authority as a manager was nil. His easy-going style in the midst of the difficulties with which the society was surrounded was not calculated to inspire hope for the future. He thought the business was growing too large for his powers CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 123 of management, and he resigned his position in September 1881. The committee's position at this time was not a happy one. There were many candidates for the position of manager, each with good records and long service. At length the choice was made, not from the professional ranks, but from among our own people. Mr. Alexander Mallace, secretary of Armadale Co-operative Society, was chosen, we believe, because some of the leaders of the movement had noted his ability and sterling character. Experience has proven the high value of their opinion and advice. In July of 1881 the quarterly meeting agreed to allow members to increase their share capital to £100. This was truly a step in the right direction, as it was much better to use their own capital than to borrow at possibly much higher interest. Up till this time £^^0 had been the limit of a member's holding. An improvement, although slight, was noted by the first quarter in 1882. The membership, sales, and capital all showed increases, and it was felt as if the dark cloud was passing away. A new difficulty burst upon the committee from an unexpected quarter. After the rather abrupt wiping out of the Record committee, there seemed to be some soreness felt by one or two, who thought they had been snubbed by the directors. Now, when the society required the support of every member, these, with a few late members of St. Cuthbert's, formulated a scheme to start a new society in the North Merchiston district. We regret to say that the East of Scotland Conference looked favourably upon the project. St. Cuthbert's members were equal to the occasion. A district meeting of the members decided to subscribe capital sufficient to open a branch ia the district. Thus Tynecastle branch was opened for business on i8th March. Its success was at once assured, and the new society at North Merchiston, after a very short struggle, closed its doors. 124 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S This incident caused great anxiety to the committee of St. Cuthbert's, but the prompt and loyal action of the members in the district affected was the means of restoring peace and afterwards prosperity to the society. The following minute shows how earnest the committee were to keep down expenses : — " May 1882. — Resolved to send the whole committee as a deputation to the East of Scotland Co-operative Conference, to be held at Portobello, mid that each member pay his own expenses.'' AN EXCITING ELECTION The year after our new premises were opened in Fountainbridge was a memorable one. As we have noted already, there was unrest among the members owing to the drop in the dividend, and the rumours that were circulated as to the stability of the association. Mr. Thomas Cuthill, the president, had taken an active part in defending the policy of the committee, and it was characteristic of him that whatever he did he did it well. On him fell the severe criticisms of some members who were working against, rather than for, the best interests of the society. He proposed to retire. Mr. John Douglas and Mr. J. S. Common were nominated for the presidentship ; feeling ran high, both candidates being well known, and each had many supporters. The meeting where the election took place was held in Grindlay Street Hall, on 26th October 1881, between four and five hundred members being present. When the vote was taken, 177 voted for each of the candidates. The excitement was great, each side calling for another vote. The secretary was requested to read the rule dealing with such a situation. The rule was clear that the chairman's casting vote must settle the question. Amidst a scene of great excitement the chairman gave his casting vote in favour of Mr. John Douglas, who became president. This incident did not CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 125 help to allay the feeling of partisanship that unhappily had crept into the membership. However, as time wore on, confidence in the management was restored, and Mr. Douglas held his position for some years, respected by all. Another incident that is worth recording happened shortly after what has just been narrated. It will be remembered that the want of capital at this time was a source of anxiety to the committee. It would appear that whoever else had lost faith in the society, the directors had not. In 1883, Mr. C. Renwick, secretary, stated to the members that the committee had increased their holding of capital by over 100 per cent., and that they now held 10 per cent, of the society's capital. Thus the fifteen directors held £1,000 of the £10,000 which formed the total capital of the society. This statement at once gave confidence to the members, with the result that capital was now sent in in abundance. GRANTON LOYALTY In their determination to cut down expenses as low as possible, it was suggested to discontinue the van service to Granton. The manager was requested to visit Granton and neighbourhood, and report to committee the feeling in the district. The manager duly reported that the members were without exception satisfied with the store and the present van service, and were certainly averse to its discontinuance. It appears that some of them had been ejected from their houses by their land- lord — who was a grocer in the neighbourhood — rather than leave the store ; and, as houses were scarce in Granton, it meant removal to Trinity, or possibly the west end of Newhaven. The committee were so impressed with the loyalty of these Granton members, who had sacrificed so much for co-operation, that they unanimously agreed to continue the van service. 126 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S EMPLOYEES It is always pleasant to hear of good conditions being given to employees, and it has been part of the Co-operative programme to improve those conditions wherever they possibly could. So early as 1874 we find the committee agreeing to give all employees three days' holiday every summer. This may not be looked on as very generous, when we consider that all employees now get ten to twelve days' holiday, but we believe the directors of 1874 were in advance of the customs of their day. Of course, the holidays mentioned in all cases were in addition to public or statutory holidays. As we have seen, bonus to labour had been frequently discussed and agreed to, but had never been carried into practice. Still, the good intention was there, and but for the continued monetary troubles they had to combat, we in all probability would have heard of an effort being made to introduce the system. The want of a proper safe to keep the society's cash led to the loss of £^, i6s. 6d. in addition to £3, 6s. 6d. belonging to the cashier. This burglary, which occurred in 1876, had the effect of convincing the committee of the necessity of having a proper safe for cash and important books. It is the old story of locking the stable door after the steed has been stolen. The cashier's money was refunded, the total loss being taken from reserve fund. DEPRECIATION No more contentious subject than depreciation could be brought before a Co-operative meeting in the early days. In this respect St. Cuthbert's was no exception, many of the members being always anxious to divide the profits to the last penny, heedless of providing for the future by depreciation and adding to reserve. Too many CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 127 were like Sir Boyle Roche, who, when reminded of the claims of posterity, asked in return, " Whatever had posterity done for them ? " Every organisation is subject to fluctuations, it may be of trade or it may be of popularity, and it is therefore a sure sign of wise administration to act in such a manner that, when adver- sity overtakes it, the society is able to meet it without endangering its stability. This feeling must have been in the mind of the early directors, for they depreciated fixed stock and buildings under one general account at the rate of 10 per cent. At a quarterly meeting in 1875, the members at one stroke reduced this rate to 2-2- per cent. — a most unbusinesslike proceeding which might for the moment add a little to their dividend, but which undoubtedly carried with it the elements of disaster. It will be seen at a glance what the outcome of this shortsighted policy would lead to. The fixed stock and buildings under this arrangement would be entered in the books of the society as an asset much in excess of their real value. Under this new rate it would take forty years to wipe out the fixed stock, whereas some portions of it had to be renewed every five years. So fully convinced were the directors that the members had made a grave blunder, that, two years afterwards, in 1877, they brought up the subject, pointing out to the members that the rate of depreciation was quite inadequate ; and they proposed that the fixed stock should be reduced by 10 per cent, as formerly. Can it be believed that, after every argument had been laid before them showing that it was in their own interest to return to the former rate of depreciation, they deter- mined to continue as they had been doing, in the hope of adding to their profits and heedless of future losses. It took five years for the society to find out the mistake that had been made to satisfy the members' wicked desire for immediate gain ; and it was 1884 before the property and fixed stock of the society were again placed in a safe position. 128 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S Up till 1877 the balances had taken place every quarter. The committee had been of opinion for some time that quarterly balancing created a great amount of unnecessary labour, and the fluctuations of markets made it somewhat difficult to pay a uniform dividend. A special committee was appointed by the members to consider the question and report as to the advisability of balancing half-yearly. At the following quarterly meeting the special committee reported favourably on half-yearly balances. It was therefore agreed, that in future stock be taken and the affairs of the society balanced every six months, instead of three months as formerly. The system has worked well, and many societies have followed the example thus set by St. Cuthbert's thirty-two years ago. LOYALTY TO THE WHOLESALE As far back as 1877 we find the committee taking the then manager to task for purchasing goods past the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society. The directors impressed upon him the necessity of buying from. Co-operative sources, adding that as they expected loyalty from their members, so they were logically bound to be loyal to the Wholesale. It was resolved — " That no goods be bought past the Wholesale unless with the consent of the committee." What a splendid Co-operative spirit is contained in this resolution. The committee felt that as they had helped to bring the Wholesale into existence, it was their bounden duty to give it all possible support, and that they alone should give the word to pass it. This resolution had evidently the desired effect, as there is no further record of managers being taken to task for disloyalty. St. Cuthbert's gigantic business to-day makes it a power in the market ; but notwithstanding the fact that offers come from all sorts and conditions of men, the Wholesale can more than hold its own, and St. Cuthbert's stands close and loyally to the great society it did so much to create. CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 129 CHAPTER IX 1881 TO 1887 COAL THE question of coal supply must have been a very troublesome one in the early days of the society. The committee tried various sources of supply, but seldom with entire satisfaction as regards quality. We may be pardoned for suspecting that the coal merchants were intelligent enough to see that by the rapid growth of the society the present arrangements could not last long, so made the most they could while they had the opportunity. An arrangement had been entered into, as early as 1876, with the Scottish Co-operative Coal Company, to deliver coal to the members, a discount of 10 per cent, to be given on all business done. There does not seem to have been much of the true co-operative spirit about this Coal Company. It had the look of a permanent arrangement to see two co-operative concerns thus doing business ; but the members expressed such strong dissatisfaction with the quality of coal supplied, that the committee had to close the account after only four months' trial. An account was then opened with the Callander Coal Company, when at last the committee got comparative rest from coal complaints. The agreement with this company was in existence till the society started a coal department in 1886. BRANCHING OUT — DALRY In the thickly-populated district of Dairy many of our members resided ; and while there were not many 130 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S complaints as to the long distance from the store in Morrison Street, it was very evident to the committee that sooner or later the Dairy district would require a branch. The central premises were already congested, and from their point of view it was simply a question of locality for a branch which had to be settled. They resolved to " open a branch in the west end." The older members were up in arms at the very mention of a branch. The difhculties regarding the Stockbridge branch were all retold. While these old members were against another branch being opened, they had no remedy for the congestion at the Central. Ultimately it was decided to open a shop in Caledonian Terrace (now Dairy Road), between Orwell Terrace and Orwell Place. No sooner was this decision made known, than an ex-director, who opposed, with others, the branching-out idea, withdrew from the society, as a protest against what he considered a retrograde step. There must have been some negotiations at this member's home, for his wife joined when he left, and she continued to get her goods from the branch which her husband had so strenuously opposed. The branch was exceedingly popular from the first, and gave the necessary relief to the overcrowded Central. In 1886 larger premises had to be got on the opposite side of the road. Again, a more commodious place was taken in 1890 ; and now the branch is located in our own premises at 159 and 163 Dairy Road, which we have occupied since Whitsunday 1895. WEST ADAM STREET The committee were determined, now that a start was made, to place branches in every locality where they found they were likely to succeed. Two months after the Dairy branch was opened, a discussion took place whether the society should offer £500 for a property in West Adam Street, with a view to opening a branch there. The CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 131 committee, after a long debate, divided on the question ; eight voted for the purchase at the price stated, and five voted against the proposal. The minority protested, tabled a shilling in real Presbyterian style, and demanded a hearing at the quarterly meeting, which was to be held in a few days after. The case was duly considered by the members, who empowered the committee to purchase the property if it could be secured at the £500. At a com- mittee meeting, on the 4th February, the chairman reported that the property had been secured for the society for £450. The committee were anxious that this branch should be opened as early as possible, and they certainly pushed on the alterations necessary. It was opened on 17th June 1878. Thus, some old folks who had been connected with the Richmond Street store welcomed the Adam Street branch of St. Cuthbert's. This branch has been very successful, but it has not yet made up on Dairy branch, started only a few months before. A circumstance worth recording took place over the opening of Adam Street branch. The secretary, Mr. Andrew Tod, was appointed to take charge of the branch ; and when this was made known, through the committee's minutes, at the quarterly meeting, there were words said to the committee that were more plain than pleasant. The committee were censured for making the appoint- ment. They were instructed to advertise the position, and allow the secretary to apply. This was all done, and the secretary was again appointed ; but he had to undergo a probationary period of three months' service in the Central, to fit him for the position — a rather short apprenticeship. TYNECASTLE This branch, unlike the other two, was really forced by the members upon the committee, in order to meet the threatened competition of the proposed new society, 132 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S TYNECASTLE CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 133 started by some very unfriendly co-operators. We have described the action of the members of the district in a former chapter — action that soon wiped out the unco- operative effort to start a rival society. Tynecastle has been a success since the first day it opened. Whether the members took an extra interest in it because they had been the means of bringing it into existence, it is difficult to say ; but it is certain that when they promised to give it their support, in face of the opposition which threatened it, they kept their word, as the North Merchiston Society soon found out to its cost. The business at Tynecastle soon outgrew its first shop, and the society built the present handsome premises, at lo Gorgie Road, to enable it to meet the demands of the district. NEWINGTON BRANCH Next in order comes Newington branch, which was opened in February 1885. Another little conspiracy, by the same parties who made such a mess at North Merchiston, was discovered in Newington. An effort was being made to start a rival society there. The members residing in the district were at once interviewed, and they all expressed the desire to have a branch of St. Cuthbert's opened rather than begin a new society. A meeting of members was held in the British Workmen's Public-House, Causewayside, when it was ascertained that a number of new members would join if a branch were opened in the neighbourhood. Premises were secured at Summerhall, and a branch opened, which has proved another success — in fact, so successful that the society was compelled to purchase the present premises at 3 Causewayside and I Summerhall Square, to give accommodation to the ever- growing business. The promoters of the new society dropped out of sight when they saw the members rally round the Summerhall 134 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S branch. They had suffered defeat ignominiously at North Merchiston, and they had not the courage to try another bout with St. Cuthbert's members. This was the final rout of those would-be promoters. They deserved defeat for their unco-operative efforts, and they got it. DUMBIEDYKES BRANCH This district was served from Adam Street branch, but it was very inconvenient for the members to climb the hill to Adam Street for their purchases. The members offered to carry their goods, and dispense with van service, if we opened a branch in Dumbiedykes Road. We consented ; but as we did not think that our trade would be large for a time, we opened a small shop, and put a woman in charge of it, instead of a man, so that the expenses might be kept down. The success of this branch, however, was phenomenal, and we were soon doing a trade of £500 per week. The present premises had to be secured to meet the increase of business, and, aU through, this branch has been most successful. We think it only fair to state here that the late Miss Frier, who started this branch, and carried it on most successfully until she died of smallpox (contracted from one of the customers while in the discharge of her duties), was one of the most successful branch managers in our service. The society was now growing at such a rate that it became necessary to relieve the congestion at the shops established by opening branches in the various districts of the town. St. Leonard's Branch was opened on 19th April 1887. MoRNiNGSiDE BRANCH was Opened on 28th June 1887. Valleyfield Street Branch was opened on 3rd January 1888. Dundee Street Branch was opened on 18th June 1889. Marshall Street Branch was opened in Bristo Place, on 23rd July 1889. CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 135 East Fountainbridge Branch was opened on 24th November 1891. Canongate Branch was opened on 12th December 1893. Bruntsfield Branch was opened on 29th May 1894. Warrender Park Branch was opened on 31st July 1894. GoRGiE Branch was opened on 16th July 1895. St. Giles Street Branch was opened on 4th November 1895. Albert Place Branch was opened on 31st December 1895, Montrose Terrace Branch was opened on 31st December 1895. Causewayside Branch was opened on 7th July 1896. Royal Park Terrace Branch was opened on 14th July 1896. Polwarth Crescent Branch was opened on 23rd February 1897. RosEBURN Terrace Branch was opened on 13th July 1897. BoNALY Road Branch was opened on 8th August 1899. Easter Road Branch was opened on 12th December 1899. Pleasance Branch was opened on 13th February 1900. SUPPLY OF BREAD TO OTHER SOCIETIES On 6th May 1878 it was resolved to supply Leith Provident Co-operative Society with bread. Leith Provi- dent Society had just commenced business, and they naturally wished to get their supplies from a Co-operative source until they were able to bake for themselves. Carstairs Junction Co-operative Society followed the example of Leith Provident, and had their bread sent on from us until they had ovens of their own in 1882. It appears there was not so much difficulty in getting money about this time as there was in getting trade. Some members thought, by placing money in the society, they were fulfilling all their obligations. The committee, by a resolution, asking " all members who had £50 in the funds, and not purchasing, to withdraw their money," disabused the minds of these drones. The question of 136 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S members leaving town, and not being able to get any consideration for such metallic checks as they might have at the moment, was raised at quarterly meeting in July 1879 ; when, after discussion, it was agreed to allow members 5 per cent, on checks handed in on withdrawal. The principle of this arrangement is still carried out, although the amount now allowed is 15 per cent. In 1880 the committee were empowered by rule to erase from the list of members all non-purchasing members. AN OLD-FASHIONED STYLE OF ELECTION It was not till October 1881 that St. Cuthbert's took the trouble and responsibility of choosing from the members the men that were to form the committee. Up till that time the men who were to manage the concern were simply taken from the roll of members. The names were called out at a quarterly meeting, and the person called could either accept or decline office as he thought proper. A fine of one shilling was supposed to be inflicted for refusal to serve ; but this was a dead letter, only one case ever having been tried. The president, treasurer, and secretary were elected personally. Could anything be more unbusinesslike than to assume that every man on the roll of membership was suitable to act as a director ? This was a belief in the equality of men's ability that happily would not find much favour in business to-day. The system was wrong and dangerous ; if the three officials were to be chosen for their known capacity to fill their office, then it was quite as essential that members of committee should be selected because of their fitness to fulfil their duties. What if St. Cuthbert's officials had been less competent than they seem to have been ? No ; men's ability to manage cannot be determined by their position on the roll of members. The wonder is that the society succeeded as it did under such a dangerous and O o H W CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 137 stupid method of forming its administration. However, better late than never ; the rules were altered to allow of open voting ; and since 1881 the members, it is hoped, have chosen men known for their capacity to lead and guide — a privilege they denied themselves too long. FINANCIAL The building of the central premises, in Fountainbridge, and the troubles that immediately followed, impoverished the exchequer of the society. The members' capital was not sufficient to carry on the business. Various methods were suggested as to how to raise a temporary loan, for it was expected by everybody that a great impetus would be given to the society by the increased accommodation provided at the new buildings. A temporary loan was therefore arranged with the Union Bank, in the form of a cash credit. Of course, the expected boom in trade did not come at once, and the rate of interest on the cash credit was becoming irksome as time went on. In the beginning of 1883 a loan on the security of the property was arranged, at 4 per cent. This was a saving of 2 per cent, on the rate charged by the bank for the previous two years. Another matter that had been delayed too long was considered in 1883. The limit of capital holding for members was £100. Why not extend the limit as far as the Act allowed — viz., £200 ? This would allow members who had capital to lend it to the society for their own purposes. The proposal was agreed to, and holds good to-day. To prevent members getting credit who were not entitled to it, the committee instructed the manager, who put notices in all the shops, intimating that members would not receive goods on credit in any of our shops unless they produced their passbook, that the goods might be entered therein. 138 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S Up till 1883 the fines paid by the members had been credited to trade account, and this went to increase profits. It was decided that in future all fines be credited to reserve fund. This was the fund they should always have been credited to, but anything that would swell the profits seems to have been seized on for that purpose. By the end of 1884, it may be said that St. Cuthbert's had safely emerged from the financial difficulties which, for about four years, had tried the patience and the capacity of its leaders. Nothing could exceed the splendid spirit that animated committee and manager during these years of storm and stress, and it must have been a pleasant time for them all when, in March 1885, they were enabled to lay aside £120 for extra depreciation. This policy has been followed, with most gratifying results, ever since ; by it the society has been greatly strength- ened, which means greatly increased confidence in the stability of the business. PAYING DIVIDEND Old habits and customs cling to us even after we are convinced they are somewhat out of date. Certainly, in the methods of paying dividend, we were slow to improve. While the society was small the old method suited well enough, and gave every one satisfaction. But in time, as the members increased, a complete change of method had to be made. The old system was supposed to bring every member of the society on a stated Saturday afternoon, when each member had to sign his or her name in the dividend-book, opposite to the sum credited to them. This was the society's receipt for the sum, which the treasurer then paid over to the member. Many were the humours of this dividend-paying. An old lady would present herself, and, looking over the secretary's shoulder at the sum which she was requested to sign for, she would break out on that official, blaming CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 139 him for defrauding her out of fourpence or sixpence, and would positively refuse to sign. The secretary would show her the calculation upon her purchases, but to no purpose ; she had got the calculation made at home, and she did not hesitate to say the secretary was deliberately cheating her. It generally ended in her signing under protest, and saying she would come back for the difference in dispute ; but she never came. Then there were many .old people in those days who could not write even their own name, but they would not own up to this want of elementary education. This class said invariably that they had " forgotten their ' specs,' and could not see very weel." As the membership increased, this system became unworkable, on account of the time it required to get the signatures. In 1885 dividend warrants were introduced, which dispensed with the necessity of personal signature. This method has continued ever since, and has given general satisfaction, especially to those who were always forgetting their " specs." What a change came over the affairs of the society from 1881 to 1885 ! At the former date there was the difficulty in finding sufficient money to carry on the business ; at the latter date there was more money than could be profit- ably used. In July 1885 we find that a committee was appointed to consider the question of granting loans to members, to enable them to become proprietors of their own houses. This was a most creditable step ; to no better purpose could they use their surplus capital. The committee which had been appointed reported favourably six months afterwards, and it was resolved to draw up rules and submit a complete scheme. A special meeting was called in April 1886, when it was decided to have the proposed lending scheme carried into practice. The members finally endorsed the scheme in July 1886, at a quarterly meeting. Thus the committee were enabled, at 140 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S the beginning of the following year, to grant the first loan in this praiseworthy work of mutual help. THE LEAKAGE SYSTEM INTRODUCED Mr. Mallace, the manager, shortly after his appointment, made known his conviction that the leakage in the various shops was excessive, and that the shopmen were either careless or dishonest. This was a very serious statement, and the committee accepted it in the proper spirit. After consideration, they felt that no amount of lecturing or watching would cure the evil. Mr. Mallace proposed to introduce the leakage system, maintaining that it was as necessary to check the goods put into the keeping of the shopmen as it was to check the cash received for those goods. The directors decided in March 1883 to introduce the system ; and the following month each branch manager signed the leakage bonds. This system cannot be overrated in value to the society ; from the moment it was introduced the society has bounded forward year by year. When it was introduced, the membership was 1,416 ; share capital, ^^9,860 ; sales, ;^33,i02 per annum ; and reserve fund, £692. Now, in March 1909, the membership is 38,180 ; share capital, £571,753 ; sales for last year, £1,442,651 ; reserve fund, £136,857. These figures speak for themselves ; they are monumental to the intelligence of the co-operators of St. Cuthbert's and the late Northern District societies. MILK SUPPLY In 1882 a new Dairy Supply Association was formed in Edinburgh, to supply the public with pure milk of the best quality. They had rented premises in Maitland Street, and were anxious to get sufficient trade to make the business profitable. An offer was made to supply our CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 141 members daily, giving us a discount to enable us to pay dividend on the trade done by our members with them. This offer was accepted by us. The arrangement did not prove satisfactory. Our members complained about the service, and when appealed to, the Dairy Company said they could not improve the service. On account of the small quantities taken by our members, the expense of bookkeeping and delivery made our business unprofit- able to them. Under these circumstances, there was nothing left but to bring the arrangement to an end. The account was closed at the end of June 1883, so that the arrangement with the Dairy Company only lasted about one year and four months. Strange, that as soon as the account was closed, some members said that they had been quite satisfied with the service of the Dairy Company, and expressed a wish to try it again. An arrangement was entered into with another dairyman whereby the members were to receive their milk daily, the same as had been arranged with the Dairy Company. This second effort was no more satisfactory than the first. The expense and delay of delivery caused complaints from both dairyman and members. After a year's fair trial, the dairyman asked to be relieved of his contract unless some alteration in his favour was agreed to. This arrangement had also to be abandoned, in July 1886, as it was giving satisfaction neither to the members nor the dairyman. This has always been a difficult business to manage by contract. Even those societies who have milk shops of their own are now anxious to draw their supplies from the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society. 142 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S CHAPTER X 1887 TO 1899 COAL MERCHANTS AT LAST • THE committee had long been convinced that they would not be able to give satisfaction to their members in supplying coal so long as the business was farmed out to contractors. The starting of a full-fledged coal department was a formidable task that might well be delayed, for a time at least. The members generally wished their supplies in cwt. bags, as they could not take in a ton or half-ton ; and as a half-ton was the smallest quantity that a coalmaster would deUver, it will be seen that a very large number of the members could not get their coal from the store. The society was receiving its supply from a coalmaster in the Redding district, but only in the quantities above mentioned. The same question had been engaging the attention of our friends of the Northern District Co-operative Society, and they requested a conference with St. Cuthbert's with a view to amalgamation in the purchase of coal. The conference vvas held, but without result. Shortly after, the committee entered into an arrangement with a coal merchant for the supply of coal in bags to our members. This arrangement continued for about two years, but only with partial satisfaction. The problem that had so long troubled the committee was now thought ripe for solution. They therefore boldly took the only course open to them after so many unsatisfactory arrangements with contractors. CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 143 In July 1887 they decided to go into the coal business on their own account, and supply the members with any quantity they might desire. This required the setting up of a fairly large department, with the necessary horses, lorries, and carts, also a suitable staff to work it. The arrangements were completed in about a month's time, and the coal department began business in August. It would be indeed strange if every one was thoroughly satisfied with a business of this kind ; but it is very pleasing to know that there are many fewer complaints now, in proportion to the trade done, than in the old days of contractors. COMMITTEE AND EMPLOYEES It was a generous and happy idea that prompted the committee to invite the employees to supper in January 1884. Such social gatherings were good for both committee and employee, and certainly of great good to the business. These meetings were continued for many years ; and when the time came that no hall could be found to accommodate the increasing number of employees, they were given up with profound regret by all. The directors did not cease to take the same interest as formerly, for they voted a sum equivalent to what was spent on the social meetings, to assist in meeting the expenses of the employees' annual excursion. A further evidence of the kindly interest that was taken in the conditions of labour is to be found in a resolution passed at quarterly meeting in 1885 — " That all our employees get a weekly half-holiday ; the shops to be shut every Tuesday at two o'clock." This arrange- ment held good till 1891, when it was decided to shut all the shops at one o'clock, instead of two o'clock as formerly, and this has been continued ever since. It is really pleasant reading over these old resolutions ; we can feel the growing disposition to be more considerate 144 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S and kindly than in former years, when such propositions would have raised a terrible storm. EXTENSION EVERYWHERE The central premises in Fountainbridge, which had only been in existence five years, and which on their erection our opponents said " would end us," were now found too small for the rapidly growing trade. An architect was called in to examine and report on the possibility of getting more accommodation. As a result of his report, the drapery was removed, and the shop occupied by the drapery was added to the grocery. Since then, there have been many alterations at the Central. The second and third floors, which originally were dwelling-houses, have now been converted into offices, and no less than three storeys added to the original bakery of 1880. The drapery was removed to Bread Street in 1886, and it looked as if no further alterations would be required for some years to come, even with a considerable increase of business. The most sanguine could not have foreseen the great development that took place. In four years more space was called for ; ground had to be bought and handsome new premises erected at 28 and 30 Bread Street and 16 to 20 Fountainbridge. By July 1891 these fine buildings were opened, and there was considerable anxiety as to the increase of business, so as to justify the erection of such extensive and costly buildings. The increase came all right, and the anxiety was relieved ; and what is better, the increase is still going on. By-and-by the tenement adjoining was purchased. Premises were erected which doubled the accommodation in Bread Street ; then four tenements in Fountainbridge and Bread Street became the property of the society. It has been said that this is one of the finest blocks of business premises in the Co-operative movement. CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 145 BACK TO THE BUTCHER's BUSINESS In 1886 cattle were cheap, but the retail price of butcher meat remained unaltered. The newspapers published a number of letters, dealing with the subject from the consumer's point of view ; they agreed in condemning the butchers for keeping up prices, while every one knew cattle had fallen in price. Some of the correspondents suggested that St. Cuthbert's should take up the business. It will be remembered how a former effort in this business came to grief, and the older members had not forgotten it. However, at the quarterly meet- ing held in April 1886, the subject was mentioned, and it was suggested that the committee should take up the question with a view to enter, or rather re-enter, into the business. Butcher meat departments in other Co-operative societies had only been partially successful, and at this time there were not many societies carrying on the business to any great extent ; it was therefore difficult to get really reliable information. The committee thought an experiment might be made, and agreed to purchase a shop adjoining the central premises to give it a fair trial. This action of the committee was duly confirmed by the members at next quarterly meeting. At least they had the members at their back in the effort, and that is more than could have been said about the previous venture, when the committee ignored the members. No one seems to have been very sanguine of success. It was to stand on its own feet, and whatever profit was made was to be paid as a separate dividend, apart from the general dividend of the society. The butcher's shop in Fountainbridge was opened in September 1886, and shortly after it was arranged that the suburbs should be supplied by van, as it could not be expected that the members residing at a distance could come to Fountainbridge. This van service was not 146 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S popular with the members' wives, who refused to come to the street and be served by the vanman. This device was voted a failure, and in its place it was arranged to send butcher meat to the grocery branches at certain hours when it would be suitable for members to make their purchases. Even this arrangement did not commend itself to our customers. The committee had by this time gathered sufficient experience to form the opinion that, given -suitable opportunities, the members would give their support to the butcher meat business. Then said the committee, " If the mountain will not come to Mahomet, Mahomet will go to the mountain"; so it was decided to open branch butcher shops in every district where we had a sufficient number of members to make the business successful. This was a bold step, but a wise one, as the sequel has proved. The first half-year's trade in fleshing amounted to £6,067, and the profit £1,409 — thus paying a dividend on butcher meat of 4s. gd. per £, while the dividend on general purchases was 3s. 4d. per £ for that half-year. The following six months the sales increased to £9,441, and the profit to £1,904 ; this meant a dividend of 4s. 4d. per £ on the butcher meat, the general dividend remaining at 3s. 4d. per £. It will thus be seen the committee had nothing now to fear from pushing this department. Seeing a separate dividend was to be paid on the butcher meat, it was necessary to introduce a paper check system. Our members have never taken kindly to innovations that would give them the slightest trouble, so that the metallic and paper checks running concurrently was too much for some of them. To the society the labour of keeping accounts and changing checks was greatly increased. Then, as the dividend was all that could be desired, it seemed the committee and members were of one mind, that the sooner profits were pooled the better for all. In October 1887 it was agreed at quarterly meeting to CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 147 pay a uniform dividend. This large and interesting department has been a great success, ensuring the members of good sound food, which perhaps is a greater gain than the profits it has yielded. The sales for the last half-year, ending March 1909, amounted to £80,222, while the dividend has been good for the winter half-years and moderate for the summer half-years since the department was started — still, that of the first half-year (4s. gd.) has never been equalled. In 1888 the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society asked if we would support them if they became dealers in cattle, being of opinion that competition at cattle sales between Co-operators was not only unseemly but unco -operative. As the Wholesale Society were not prepared to feed cattle, nor to buy them and give the societies an opportunity of choosing, but intended to purchase at the ordinary cattle sales, the secretary was instructed to reply that we were in as good a position to buy cattle as they were, being so conveniently situated to the auction sale rings, and could not, therefore, promise to give them our trade in cattle. An incident worth recording took place about this time. The committee had decided at the start of this business that we should only have home-fed cattle, thus ensuring the members of a supply of only the best meat. Our butcher, one week, having found great difficulty in getting home-fed cattle at a reasonable rate, was induced to visit the Shieldhall wharf, where foreign cattle were unshipped, and while there, purchased seven Canadian cattle, had them killed, dressed, and sent on to Edinburgh next morning. The members, however, were too vigilant for the butcher, and the matter was reported to the committee before the railway lorries had even delivered the meat at our premises. The butcher was at once summoned before the committee, and asked for an explanation ; his explanation being considered unsatisfactory, he was 148 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S censured for buying the Canadian cattle, and warned to keep clear of foreign cattle in future. Four years elapsed before the question again engaged the attention of committee. The restrictions placed upon the butcher to purchase only live cattle had become very inconvenient, as we had more demand for one class of meat than another. The butcher seems to have given good reasons for his appeal to get liberty to purchase suitable cuts of meat in the dead meat market, and this liberty was granted him on condition that he purchased only the best quality. THE butchers' BOYCOTT The butchers' boycott is now a matter of history, and, like many other parts of history, neither elevating nor pleasant ; but it had to be met and fought, for it was no kid-glove affair. In 1896 the butchers throughout Scotland generally decided that, owing to the rapid strides Co-operation was making, and threatening their business, steps would have to be taken immediately to annihilate the monster. Having come to this decision, they considered that the proper thing to do was to prevent Co-operators from getting supplies of butcher meat. Much easier said than done. Many, although not all, of the markets in the country were in the hands or under the control of the butchers, and cattle salesmen were warned, if they sold to Co-operators, they need not expect the trade of the butchers. Many of the salesmen resented this interference with their business, because the stores wei^e becoming their best customers. However, the butchers were fairly well organised, and as the salesmen had large consignments of cattle continually coming forward, they were left with no choice, and many of them were thus reluctantly compelled to cease dealing with store buyers. In the West, where the boycott was exceedingly virulent, Co-operative bids were openly L.U-Ui't.KAllVt. Ai>i>UClATlUN LIMITED 149 refused in the municipal market. This raised the whole question whether the salesmen in such a market could legally refuse our bids. The Corporation of Glasgow were deeply interested, because they had rented these sale rings in their public market for the public benefit. They passed by-laws in June 1898 keeping the market open for all bidders. The salesmen resented this. , The case went through the courts, arriving ultimately at the House of Lords for decision, where it was decided that in such a market all honest bids must be taken according to the by-laws. From that day the butchers' organisation have refused to sell publicly, and now conduct their sales privately in Glasgow, rather than sell to Co-operators. [Only the other day, we regret to say, by a majority of the Corpora- tion, these by-laws were rescinded.] Did the Co-operators sit quietly down under this miserable attempt to efface them ? Certainly not. It put new life into the move- ment. The Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society and societies like our own got into touch with farmers all over the country. The stores were fully supplied, and the ordinary purchaser at the Co-operative society was never put to any trouble to procure his or her ordinary supply of butcher meat. To those societies who dealt in States or Canadian cattle, especially in the West, the case was slightly different. All foreign cattle were consigned to some of the salesmen ; they, therefore, had control of the sale of those animals. The Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society faced the difficulty in the interests of the retail societies, by boldly buying cattle on the other side of the Atlantic and shipping them direct to Glasgow. This perfectly staggered the butchers' combination ; one of them was heard to say that " a wall built across the Atlantic would not keep these Co-operators out." It was a great strategic move on the part of the Wholesale, for which many societies are grateful to this day. Profit was never considered in an action of this kind, so long as the 150 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S societies were kept independent of the organisation which had passed the sentence of death on them. Thus, while Co-operators were victorious in this bout with the butchers, it caused some needless trouble and expense. The shipping of cattle would have been more successful if the ships had kept better time. They were dispatched regularly, say, every week or fortnight from the other side, but sometimes, because of storms, two of them would arrive in the Clyde at the same time, or within a day or two of each other. Stocks were thus accumulating ; add to this the necessary killing of all imported cattle within the statutory ten days, and it will be seen how difficult it was to keep stocks in anything like fair proportion to the demand. The Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society, during the Glasgow Fair Holidays of 1897, appealed to St. Cuthbert's to take a portion of their over-supplies. The committee at once resolved to give the manager of the butcher meat department power to purchase States cattle from the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society during the existence of the boycott ; but we only required to purchase one lot, and the members at the next quarterly meeting endorsed the action of the committee. The most cowardly part of the opposition to Co-operation was the attacks made upon individual members, or the families of members ; some were dismissed from their employment because of their connection with the movement : in most of such cases employment was found for the victims. The opposition, looked at now, was a decided boon to Co-operation ; it advertised us in a way we could not advertise ourselves. Scores joined the movement, when they saw clearly the persecuting tactics of the opponents. MEETINGS OF CO-OPERATIVE CONGRESS St. Cuthbert's had always been represented at the annual Congresses when they were held in Scotland, but that CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 151 only came about in every seven years. In the early days of the society, it will be remembered, the societies of the district joined for the purpose of sending a representative to Congress wherever it was held. In previous years the expense of sending delegates to England had been the excuse for not being represented when Congress was held across the Border. In 1887 the Congress was to be held at Carlisle, and as one of our members — Mr. T. Ritchie — had gained a prize for a paper he had prepared, which was to be read at Congress, he was entitled to attend. The committee considered that the time had come, owing to the importance of the society, when we should be represented at Congress ; it was therefore agreed to send two delegates, the manager to be one of them. Since then, the society has always been represented at Congress, and the manager has always been included in the delegation. These Congresses to the reflective Co-operator are of great value from an educational point of view. The best and most experienced men in the movement are to be met there, and all are willing to give or receive information. If some delegates look upon Congress as a holiday, then we fear they are not attending strictly to their duties as representative delegates. The discussions on subjects brought before Congress are always interesting from the fact that delegates coming from different parts of the country generally contrive to tell how they work at " my society," thinking, of course, that his way is the only way. How often do such delegates depart for home with a firm resolution to have a turn-up at " my society," because they have found a better method at Congress. The gathering together of 1,300 to 1,500 Co-operators in a town is bound to make some people inquire about the movement. Then the productive exhibition draws large audiences of people, who had formerly no idea of the power and ramifications of Co-operation. The press of the country, too, at Congress time generally unbends a little, to show the progress we are making. 152 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S It may be noted that immediately after the return of the delegates from Carlisle Congress, at the first quarterly meeting, the committee requested and obtained a grant of £15 for educational purposes. We may infer that the visit to Congress had shown our delegates that they were not doing all that they should have done in the way of education. Since then, the educational committee have always asked and received a specific sum annually for educational work. The grant given for 1909-1910 was £500. FIRST DRAPERY BRANCH — SOUTH SIDE We have seen how the grocery and fleshing parts of our great business had to hive off when their Central, or first place of business, became congested. In these days of shops everywhere, it will not pay even to wait until you are crushed out of your original place of business. The purchasing Co-operators, as a rule, want their shops as near as possible to their domicile, and if the store is too far off, some intervening shop may and does get their custom. The members of St. Cuthbert's resident on the south side were of opinion that they should have a drapery branch in their locality, and in 1887 it was resolved to open a branch in Marshall Street. Here, as elsewhere, the premises were too small for the business in a comparatively short time. In 1894, larger and more commodious premises were got at 18-20 Nicolson Street. Again the business compelled the committee to look for much larger accommodation. Three years had only elapsed since the last removal, and we find the extension committee granted power, in 1897, to purchase premises at 54 and 56 Nicolson Street. The purchase was completed, but possession could not be obtained till Whitsunday 1899. Operations were at once begun, and when the palatial pile began to develop, there was wonder and amazement in the opponents' camp. When the building was finished, CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 153 in 1901, there was a unanimous expression of approval by all who were gifted with a sense of good taste. It is artistic and dignified in design, and a valuable addition to the already fine architectural features of Edinburgh. Its outward beauty is only in keeping with the internal arrangements for conducting a great business, and the members were not slow to show their appreciation of the committee's efforts in thus placing in their midst one of the finest drapery warehouses in the city. SECOND DRAPERY BRANCH — TYNECASTLE The decision to open a drapery branch in one district carried with it the necessity of giving the same privilege to other districts similarly situated. The committee did not wait till they were solicited to do so ; they saw the necessity, and acted accordingly. Therefore, when the grocery premises in Henderson Terrace became too small for the business, and other and more suitable premises had to be obtained, the opportunity was taken of providing for a drapery branch at Tynecastle also. It was resolved to take a feu in Gorgie Road and build a tenement, with grocery, drapery, and butcher's shops. This drapery branch was opened in April 1889, and another success was proclaimed ; and in seven years, so great had been the increase of business, a second tenement had to be built. The shops in this tenement were devoted entirely to the accommodation of the drapery and boot and shoe businesses. Anticipating still further extension, the committee had wisely made provision, should circumstances require it, to take in the houses on the first flat. This extension had to be undertaken in 1902. Other two shops adjoining had to be purchased for the accommodation of the boot department and a drug shop shortly after. This great range of business premises measures about 180 feet, facing Gorgie Road, and is a 154 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S GEORGE PLACE DRAPERY CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 155 pleasant and imposing feajture of the locality. The ordinary visitor to this locality, by this great display of neat business premises, is forcibly reminded of the power of Co-operation in Edinburgh. THIRD DRAPERY BRANCH — CRIGHTON PLACE The thickly populated district of Leith Walk had now to be attended to. The grocery branches already planted throughout the district had been very successful, and no doubt was entertained by the committee that similar results would attend a drapery branch. A boot and shoe shop had been opened in i8g6, and it was now decided to purchase and alter premises at 20 and 21 Crighton Place, so as to make them suitable for drapery and boots. The alterations were made, and the shops opened in November 1899. A few years of great success and we find the committee compelled to erect still larger premises in George Place, which add beauty and dignity to the whole district. 156 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S CHAPTER XI 1899 TO 1900 FOURTH DRAPERY BRANCH — HAMILTON PLACE IN mentioning this branch, we are anticipating the amalgamation of St. Cuthbert's and the Northern District societies, which took place in 1900. When the union was completed, the drapery premises of the Northern were situated in St. Stephen Street. They were not considered modern enough, and soon after they had passed into the hands of the united societies it was decided to build new drapery premises on the ground at Patriot- hall which had formerly belonged to the Northern. A splendid range of modern buildings, with the necessary shops and workshop, were erected, and here the drapery and boot departments found ample accommodation. The site in former years was not a very attractive one ; to-day it is not only put to most useful purposes, but it greatly enhances the general appearance of Hamilton Place. It was opened for business in June 1902, and a successful future is already more than assured. FINANCIAL Financial matters in huge organisations are continually changing, either for better or worse. Happily, St. Cuthbert's has for many years been for the better. It will be remembered that in 1883 a bond had been obtained on security of the property for £7,000 at 4 per cent, per O O o Q 2 H O O <; g H o a CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 157 annum. The Association was now in funds, the share capital had grown enormously since then. In 1888 it was resolved to pay off the bond. It had not been a burden to the society, and it had served its purpose, and now, when the assets of the society were much in excess of the liabilities, it was right and proper that it should be discharged. The committee could now truly say, " We owe not any man." In 1888 a co-operative society in Midlothian had a serious accident with one of their vans, with the result that the society had a few hundred pounds to pay as compensation. This raised the question of whether we should insure our van drivers against risks of this nature with an insurance company, or lay a portion of our profits aside and form a fund of our own to meet such contingencies. At the quarterly meeting held in April 1888 it was decided to take £200 from the reserve fund to form the nucleus of an accident insurance fund, and to which premiums would be paid half-yearly. While the society has had great immunity from serious accidents involving large com- pensations, still the nature of our business brings us sometimes into conflict with people who have nothing to lose themselves, and are determined to mulct the store as much as they can. The number of petty cases of this kind became troublesome, and in 1905 it was decided to insure with an insurance company, the premiums to be paid from the fund that had been started in 1888. The capital of the society had grown so large in 1893 — viz., £115,163 — that some of our members became jealous lest they should be creating a class of shareholders who only invested their money with us and did- not purchase from the Association. The rules were altered to check this, so that persons who held more than £50 of share capital had to purchase at least £20 per annum. ■ It is very difficult to say whether this rule has dbne any good to the society. Every one ought to purchase — large or small 158 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S holders of capital — and it will generally be found that the large holders take more interest in the administration of the Association than those who have little or no capital in its funds, although their privilege of exercising voice and vote are equal. Then such a rule does press harshly in the case of our old members, who have been loyal and con- sistent members all their lives, and have accumulated a few pounds in the funds of the society, the interest on which they depend on to help them in their old age, but their purchasing power is largely gone through their family having left them. There is only one course open for them — to lift their money from the store, where it was largely created, and invest it elsewhere, with the result too often of losing it. But we must not deny the right of the majority to rule in a matter of this kind ; however, the committee should be empowered to deal with cases, as they arise, on their merits. In 1895 the very severe winter was the cause of much distress in Edinburgh ; many were out of employment, and suffering was intensified by the climatic conditions. The committee lent a sympathetic ear to many distressing cases among our poorer members, and they agreed to accept checks of those in distressed circumstances, and give them credit thereon to the extent of 2s. 6d. per £, putting the checks to the member's account in the usual way, and allowing the full dividend after deducting the debt got on the security of the checks. This action of the committee was much appreciated by those who were so hard pressed at the time that they could not wait until the end of the half-year for their dividend. Kindly and sensible actions of this kind have done much to endear the Co-operative movement to many an honest but poor family. A retrograde step was attempted in 1896. A few timid members were getting afraid of the growing wealth of the society, and made an effort to restrict the amount of capital a member could hold to £100. It is CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 159 strange that this idea should be in the minds of working- men at this time of day. Through the preceding centuries the cry was to get a larger share of the capital of the country ; now, when through Co-operation that cry is being satisfied, there are some who think we can have too much if every member held £200. It is a confession that we have not brains to properly use what we ourselves have created. The question was discussed at quarterly meeting in April 1896, when fortunately it was found that only 9 could be found to vote for the restriction, while 439 voted for no restriction, the only sane policy. OVERLAPPING Overlapping of Co-operative societies in many parts of the country has been productive of much friction and unco-operative feeling wherever it has been found to exist. Societies have been started frequently through some personal spite or antipathy to an existing society in the district, or the personnel belonging to it. In other cases they have started in quite a legitimate way in a district where the existing society could not reach, and as time went on, for various reasons, the one succeeded and extended in every direction even up to and over the borders of the other. Whatever may have been the cause of several societies being in a restricted area — and we are willing to admit that at one time each may have had good reason for its inception and existence — still, when the time comes, as come it will, when they begin to come in contact with each other, and any so-called boundaries become effaced and both claim the same ground, the only remedy then is for them to amalgamate, and let one great society take the place of the former combatants. Only then will peace prevail, only then will Co-operation get its own. We have seen how six Co-operative societies worked away side by side in Edinburgh after St. Cuthbert's started 160 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S in 1859 j but it was not the Co-operative movement of to-day. Then each society was satisfied to have perhaps from 50 to 150 members, all drawn from the immediate locality in which the little store was situated. There was no overlapping, because the committees thought they were doing their duty if they supplied the few members who were in the surrounding neighbourhood. There was no delivery of goods at a distance. The movement, under these circum- stances, could not become powerful, while the expense of six administrations was neither economical nor business- like. But our modern methods — of establishing branches in outlying districts, and van delivery which places the goods almost on every one's table — entirely alter the situation. Boundary lines have been frequently tried, but without success, one reason being that boundary lines have been resorted to after overlapping is an accomplished fact ; and then societies have a difficulty in throwing over members who have become wedded to their society, and in many cases the members refuse to be transferred from one society to another. It will thus be seen the question is surrounded with difficulties. In 1888 the societies in Edinburgh and Leith agreed to discuss the question, with the view of fixing boundary lines within which each would work. The committees met, but it was soon found that it was hopeless to fix any line that would satisfy the desires of all the societies. Proposals were submitted that would have shut out some districts from St. Cuthbert's where it already had a large membership, without the certainty of such a district going over to the other society who would have included it within their boundary line. It was impossible, apparently, to devise a scheme that would have been acceptable to all, and the committees were ultimately thanked for their labour and dismissed. All the societies were extending their area rapidly, and naturally the evil became worse. In 1892 the question was again raised, but this time in a different form. Now there was a feeling CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 161 abroad that amalgamation was the only remedy. A con- ference was held with Norton Park Co-operative Society, when amalgamation was discussed. That society could not see their way to amalgamate, but made a request for St. Cuthbert's not to open shops in their district. The committee of St. Cuthbert's agreed to this request. Our members meanwhile were rapidly increasing in the district, and were not slow to make known their determination to have the same shopping facilities as the members in other districts of the town. On 13th June 1894 a petition, signed by 200 members, was presented by a deputation of members from the district, requesting the committee to open shops and give them the same advantages as the other members of the society possessed. On receipt of this petition, Norton Park committee were at once communi- cated with, the result being that another conference was held. Amalgamation was again discussed, but with no result. Norton Park still declined, but again they made the request not to open shops in their district. Again our committee agreed to their request ; but, at the following quarterly meeting of St. Cuthbert's members, the committee's decision was challenged, and, on a vote being taken, the majority supported the committee in their refusal to open shops in proximity to another society. At the following quarterly meeting in October, the question was again raised on a notice of motion which had been duly made — " That we open shops in the district." The committee recommended the members to reject the proposal, and, on a vote, by a small majority the proposal was thrown out. The difficulty was not surmounted yet, for we find at the quarterly meeting held in January a notice of motion was given, which read as follows — " That the board of management take into their consideration the injustice that is being done to 900 of our sisters and brothers, members of this society, who reside in the eastern district of Edinburgh, by refusing to them the same superior 162 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S iacilities which are given to those who reside in the south and west divisions of the city, and that the committee open shops in Leith Walk and Abbeyhill, or district, whereby all shall share alike in the benefits of Co-operation." The committee felt, in view of the small majority which supported their contention at the last quarterly meeting, and taking into account the rapidly increasing membership in the eastern district, that they could not resist the demand of those members much longer. They, therefore, at once informed the committee of Norton Park of the notice of motion that had been given, adding that they were of opinion that it would in all probability be carried at next meeting. The question had now become so acute, and so important in the interests of Co-operation generally, that it was thought prudent to submit the whole question of overlapping to the Scottish Section of the Co-operative Union and the East of Scotland Conference Association. A meeting was held in Edinburgh ; the whole question was discussed, and ultimately referred to the Co-operative Union officials for report and recommen- dation. WhUe the case was being considered, the quarterly meeting of our members was held, and, on the position being explained, it was decided to postpone further consideration of the matter for three months, to enable the Co-operative Union to report on the question. The Scottish Section issued their report in June, and recom- mended amalgamation of the city societies as the only cure for overlapping. Norton Park Society, although they had been a party to the appeal to the Co-operative Union, now refused to agree to the recommendation. The com- mittee of St. Cuthbert's, having now exhausted all the means at their command to bring about a solution of the problem, agreed to recommend their members to open shops in the eastern district. The quarterly meeting held in July 1895 unanimously agreed to open shops in Leith CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 163 HAMILTON PLACE 164 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S Walk, Abbeyhill, and district. Before the end of 1895 shops were opened in Montrose Terrace and Albert Place. Grocery, bakery and butcher's shops were opened in Royal Park Terrace in July 1896 ; butcher's and boot shops in Albert Place in 1896 ; baker's and butcher's shops in Montrose Terrace in 1899 ; baker's shop in Albert Place in 1899 ; a grocery branch in Easter Road, also in 1899 ; another grocery branch in Croall Place in 1901 ; and at Piershill Place still another grocery branch in 1901. In the midst of all this great expansion, there is a sadness that ought never to have been felt. Competition there is bound to be, where there should only have been earnest co-operation. Another, though less serious, form of overlapping takes place with a society like St. Cuthbert's which has become popular for miles around the city. Some of the residents in a village just outside the city boundary become members, and at once demand van service, but it is discovered that a country society has also a few members in that village and serves them by van delivery. It may be that three or four societies are sending vans to serve their respec- tive members in that village. The question is. Who is to give way ? Are all but the first in the field to clear off and leave their members to shift for themselves ? because it cannot be inferred that members who have already made choice of what society they prefer will be easily induced to shift their membership at the bidding of a committee. Such a case happened in 1899 at Gilmerton, where we had some members who demanded van service, which was conceded to them. A country society, however, at a greater distance from Gilmerton than ours, objected because they had members in that district. In such cases where a branch cannot be set down because of the smallness of the trade, the members will always be the arbiters, and claim the right to deal with whatever society they think proper. CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 165 AMALGAMATION THE REMEDY The members on the north-east side of the city having now succeeded in getting their desires complied with in regard to branches, those residing in the northern part of the city began to move in the same direction, saying that they ought to have equal facilities for dealing with St. Cuthbert's. The committee refused to think of opening shops in the Northern district. The members, possibly remembering the success of the north-east agitation, raised the question at the quarterly meeting in April 1899. The members attending the meeting appeared to be pretty evenly divided on the matter, but a motion was adopted — " To remit the whole question to the committee to consider, with a view to amalgamation with the Edinburgh Northern District Co-operative Society." As the details of what followed are recorded in the " History of the Northern District Co-operative Society," we need only say that the two representative committees met in the most friendly spirit, each being animated with a keen desire to advance the interests of Co-operation rather than to secure advan- tages for their own society. It was this spirit from the outset that made the work of amalgamation so easy ; it was this spirit that commended the resolutions to the members of both societies. In 1900 these two great organisations became one ; and now, after nine years' experience, every one is grateful to the men who conceived the unity, and who carried it to such a magnificent consummation. A BAKERY DISPUTE It is pleasant to note that, throughout the history of St. Cuthbert's Society, the relationship between the directors and the employees has generally been of a most harmonious nature. The directors being themselves employees, and many of them trade unionists, have 166 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S always been sympathetic with those employed by the society. Grievances, or supposed grievances, had only to be laid before the board, when an adjustment was made that was, as a rule, satisfactory to all. But now we have to deal with a somewhat exceptional case, that gave considerable trouble and anxiety during the time it was under consideration. In 1889 the Bakers' Union decided that no baker would be allowed to start work before five o'clock a.m., under an5' conditions. Provision was made, however, to allow the men to work overtime in the afternoon or evening. It was generally understood that master bakers who had not sufficient oven accommodation to get out their bread with one shift would be allowed a reasonable time to make alterations to enable them to overtake their work in one shift. Our bakers were all unionists, two of them being officials of the union. At that time we had two shifts of bakers making our bread — the one set beginning at five o'clock in the morning, the other set beginning at eleven o'clock at night — the men taking week about on the night-shift. As they were paid higher wages than the regular standard of the town, our bakers were quite satisfied with the conditions of employment. Our trade, however, had increased to such dimensions that we were contem- plating making additions to the bakery by putting in other six ovens (we had already ten ovens). The condi- tions laid down by the Bakers' Union caused us to proceed at once with the proposed additions. The union, however, by a majority, decided that our men would not be allowed to work a night-shift during the progress of the alterations, and requested our bakers to send in their notices on 28th September 1889, and leave our emplo5niient on the following Saturday. As it was quite impossible to supply our members with new bread if the bakers did not begin work until five o'clock in the morning, the intimation of the union was a declaration of war against the store. The CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 167 union, it appears, had decided to allow a private baker in the West country to make alterations and extensions on his bakery before putting the new rule in force against him. Our bakers considered that the union was not treating us fairly, and that it was giving terms to private traders which it refused to give to Co-operators ; our men, therefore, refused to leave our employment, only two handing in their notices, and their places were at once filled. Of course, our bakers were declared blacklegs, and the union erased their names from its list of membership. By this action the union made our bakery a non-union shop ; and as our bakehouse had always been a union shop, and we employed more men than any other baker in Edinburgh, the loss of our men was a serious loss to the Bakers' Union. The work of extension in the bakery was pushed on as expeditiously as possible, in order that we might make our bread in one shift, so that by June 1890 the alterations were completed, and all our bakers put on the day-shift. The union officials soon discovered that they had made a mistake, and wrote to us in June 1891, intimating that they had removed all restrictions from our bakery, and that they were willing to admit our bakers into the union on the same footing as they were when they were expelled, and requesting us to use our influence to get our men to resume their connection with the union. We intimated to them in reply, that we had no objections to the men becoming members of the union, but that we would not make it a condition of employment that they must be members. A number of our men considered that they had been unjustly treated by the union, and refused to rejoin. Again, in January 1896, the executive of the union requested us to use our influence with the men to get them to rejoin the union, and again we declined to interfere, leaving the men to judge for themselves. It is not too much to say that the ill-considered action of the 168 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S union in 1889 towards our men has weakened the Bakers' Union in Edinburgh, and caused needless friction among the operatives ; for, while some of our bakers are unionists, others will not rejoin the union. EMPLOYMENT OF RELATIVES It has always been recognised that the Co-operative movement was not a place to push self-interest or selfish ambitions ; yet, despite this well-known fact, men are to be found who are willing to make the interests of the mass subservient to their own or their family's promotion. It was because of this unco-operative action that needless friction was aroused, and the interests of the society, as a whole, had to be safeguarded. Through the indiscreet action of some members of committee taking part in the discussion of the business of a branch where some of their family were employed, it was felt by a number of members that if there was to be equal treatment of all employees, then those in positions of influence should take no part in pushing the interests of their relatives. At the quarterly meeting held in April 1890, the following notice of motion was submitted for altera- tion of rule — " That no member having relations employed in the Association be eligible for committee ; no one further removed than a brother or sister to be considered relatives under this mle." This motion was carried almost unanimously at the following meeting, held in July 1890. A BANNER FOR ST. CUTHBERT'S The Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society had begun the building of Chancelot Flour Mills at Bonnington, and proposed to have a demonstration at the laying of the foundation-stone on Saturday, 6th August 1892. They invited all the local societies to take part in the CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 169 demonstration, by turning out their horses, vans and lorries, and, where convenient, distinctive banners and flags, so as to make the procession as imposing as possible. St. Cuthbert's committee took up the idea with enthusiasm ; they not only decided to turn out all their rolling stock, but to have an artistic banner prepared. The result was most effective ; the beautifully dressed horses and lorries, headed by the exquisitely painted banner, was one of the finest contributions to that memorable Co-operative demonstration. BOOKKEEPING CLASSES The necessity for forming classes for the study of book- keeping became very apparent when the members began to show their desire for new blood in the auditorship. While quite within their right in proposing new men, it was felt that new men had to devote their leisure hours, at least for a time, in acquiring a knowledge of our system, and, however expert, could not be taken as authorities for some time. Hence it was a happy idea to propose to educate all who cared to avail themselves of the facilities, so that any one having the requisite knowledge might become an auditor. Perhaps there is no more important duty devolving upon members of a Co-operative society than the appoint- ment of competent auditors. While St. Cuthbert's had been exceedingly fortunate in their choice of auditors in the past, it was felt by many of the members that they should have some assurance of the competency of any member who might be proposed for that responsible position. It was this feeling that prompted the members in 1896 to alter the rules, so that candidates for the position of auditor were required to pass an examination by a competent examiner, approved of by the members, before they could become eligible and be elected as auditors. To prepare for these examinations, the 170 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S committee decided to form bookkeeping classes for the purpose of teaching those who wished to obtam a know- ledge of accounts, and to enable such members to qualify for the examination for auditorship. These classes have been extremely valuable to the individuals attending them, and most successful in producing thoroughly competent auditors in whom the society may have every confidence. Certificates of competency have been obtained by many of our members, after successfully passing the examina- tions arranged by the Co-operative Union and by our own society. REPRESENTATION IN POLITICS Since the Perth Co-operative Congress in 1897, when the question of representation in Parliament was raised, and a resolution carried in favour of the principle, the subject has been taken up by most societies, because of circulars sent out by the Co-operative Union, requesting the opinion of the various Co-operative organisations. But St. Cuthbert's committee have always refused to take any part in pohtical questions, as they hold that the Co-operative movement is broad enough to include in its ranks men of all shades of political opinion, and feeling that, if pohtical questions were introduced, there would be an end of Co-operation with us; besides, as the members individually were free to act in their various pohtical organisations, there was no need to introduce political questions into the Co-operative movement. This question has been frequently raised and discussed at our meetings ; but the members have always supported the committee in their refusal to interfere in political questions. At the first meeting of the amalgamated society, held in April 1900, the chairman allowed a member to raise the question, in order that the members of the amalgamated society might give an expression of opinion on the matter. However, by a large majority, the CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 171 members decided that as a society we should not take any part in political questions. OUR women's guilds Perhaps the most interesting of the auxiliaries connected with the Co-operative movement are our women's guilds. They have played a most important part in the develop- ment of the societies where they have been at work. They have also interested and informed many of oui women in questions and on subjects that are bound to have their reflex in the conduct of their households and the rearing of the coming generation. The value of these organisations may not be easily computed in pounds, shillings, and pence, but their power for good can be gratefully felt and their usefulness highly appreciated. It was in January 1896 that St. Cuthbert's made their first effort in this direction. The Central, as it is called, thus started about the same time as the Edinburgh Northern District Society started a similar organisation, which, since the amalgamation, has become the Northern branch of St. Cuthbert's. An Eastern branch of the guild was formed in 1905, and in 1907 a branch was formed for the Southern district ; thus four similar organisations work in harmony. The membership of the four branches is between five and six hundred. A small subscription is paid by each member annually, and a sum is voted from the educational fund to cover working expenses. From October till April of each year weekly meetings are held by all the branches. An interesting syllabus is made up at the beginning of each session, setting forth the subjects to be dealt with. Papers are read by competent persons on educative subjects that are bound to widen the mental horizon of the members. In this way our women's guilds have become most valuable, not only in increasing the information of our women, but in enlisting their 172 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S interest in all ameliorative social efforts. It is also to the credit of these guilds that when assistance is required for any good work — such as the Co-operative Convalescent Homes— they, by their handiwork, have raised consider- able sums. It is to be hoped that this good work will continue, for nowhere in the movement is the work more sympathetic for others than in our Co-operative women's guilds. CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 173 CHAPTER XII 1900 TO 1906 EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT WHEN the amalgamation with the Northern District Society had become an accomplished fact, the united committee, with a fine progressive spirit, set to work to develop the educational phase of the adminis- tration. A committee was appointed to revise the rules, and bring up such amendments as would assist in this laudable work. In January 1901 a meeting was held for the purpose of dealing with the amendments proposed by this committee. The alterations proposed and accepted included the formation of an educational committee, entirely apart from the general committee, whose duty it would be to see to all that appertained to education. Since that time, this educational committee has devoted itself to the educational work so well carried on by the association. The educational committee are elected in April of each year. They prepare a statement of all the work they propose to carry on during the ensuing winter. This statement is submitted to the quarterly meeting held in July, when a request is made for a grant of money to enable them to carry through the programme submitted. At present they are training a large adult choir and orchestra, and have appointed a teacher for this purpose. They have also two large juvenile choirs, for the training of which a teacher is also appointed by the committee. They hold six public meetings in various 174 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S districts of the town ; these meetings have always been a feature of our educational work. The adult choirs usually supply the musical programme for the educational meetings, and a speaker gives an address on the subject of Co-operation. Then they conduct four ambulance classes in different districts of the town. They also give a grant to the four branches of the women's guild in connection with our society. They hold two bookkeeping classes throughout the winter, for the instruction of our members in the principles of Co-operative bookkeeping. Those who pass with dis- tinction in the third stage of the Co-operative Union examination, or in our own examination held by Mr. Macintosh, Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society, are eligible to act as auditors of our society. They have resuscitated the literary society during the past season, and it has had a flourishing session. They also carried on classes on Industrial History and Co-operation, but these have been dropped in the meantime. The sum spent annually on educational work averages £^500 to ;^55o. ORGANISATION AMONG THE EMPLOYEES The employees, not satisfied with meeting each other only once a year at the annual excursion, resolved, some years ago, to start a monthly journal, by which medium they hoped to foster a fraternal feeling amongst the ever- growing army of employees. The Echoes was regularly issued for a number of years, and it reflected great credit on those who were responsible for its publication. The contributions were of a high standard, and showed an intelligence and a capacity for literary work not often met with in such publications. The work became some- what onerous to the few who were enthusiastic in its continuance, and the difficulty of finding an editor who could sacrifice the necessary time for the duties brought the Echoes to a close in December 1906. CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 175 When the committee of the Co-operative Convalescent Homes appealed for funds to complete their work at Abbotsview, St. Cuthbert's employees at once agreed to assist in the good work. They also formed a charitable organisation society. They each contribute a weekly or monthly payment to a fund which they divide annually among the city charities. By their contributions they are enabled to send any of their number who may be in need pf health restoration to the Convalescent Homes. By means of a prize drawing, a sum of over ;£7oo was added to the building fund of the Convalescent Homes. The employees have also established a sick benefit society ; by this means, many who have been laid aside by sickness have, without losing any self-respect, been enabled to bridge over with comparative comfort that trying time which every household must feel when the bread-winner is unable to follow his vocation. This society is also the means of giving pecuniary help in the dark hour of bereavement. A noteworthy and generous act was performed by the members in connection with the employees when the South African War broke out. A number of our employees were reservists, and had to answer the call to proceed to the front. The members, in January igoi, agreed to pay a sum to the wives and dependants of all employees who had to give up their employment for military service. The words of the motion are worth recording — "While recognising that the maintenance of reservists and their dependants is a national duty, we grant an allowance to the wives and dependants of any of our employees who have been called up as reservists." The allowance was continued until the men returned to their duties at the conclusion of the war. 176 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S HAPPY RESULTS FROM AMALGAMATION No doubt, when amalgamation was first proposed between the St. Cuthbert's and Northern District societies, there were a good few members who had their doubts regarding the wisdom of such a proceeding. Some doubted the capacity of any committee to administer what they thought would be a too large and cumbersome concern ; others objected because of what liiey called the over-centralisation. Nine years have come and gone since these doubts were expressed, and during that time the splendid results have not only effectively removed all doubts as to the wisdom of the amalgamation, but have put a new and vigorous Co-operative life into those who formerly were but lukewarm in their attitude towards this truly Co-operative action. The society, as it is now constituted, has a strength far in excess of the two societies when they each followed their own policy ; its usefulness is greatly increased because of its greatly extended area ; while its power of successfully meeting opposition cannot be overestimated. It is perhaps none of our business to appeal here for an extension of this wise and truly Co-operative policy, but we cannot help expressing the hope that it will come soon. After 1900, when the amalgamated societies had fairly settled down to their work under the new conditions, and the business having greatly increased, the committee were kept fully employed in keeping ahead of the trade with the necessary accommodation. Everywhere there was expansion, but there was a power always at hand to cope with it effectively. Thus, large as the society had become, because of the well-considered organisation it was working more smoothly and satisfactorily than it did in the early days when it only possessed one or two places of business. Still, although the days of great difficulties were now happily past, there were always questions of ITi H 2^ Ph w Q [^ O Pi H <; 2 bfl Kp (^C CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 177 great interest arising which required the constant attention of the committee. MANAGER AND COMMITTEE A much disputed question in many societies is — Should the manager attend the committee meetings ? While there may be arguments for and against, the majority of committees arrange for an interview with their manager during their meeting, when he can report on business generally, and, on his retiral from the room, the committee have greater freedom in discussing such a report than in the manager's presence. Then, as the committee is really the only party responsible to the members, unless it is to give information, the manager must feel uneasy in a company where he has neither voice nor vote. This question had troubled St. Cuthbert's committee, if we may judge from the frequency of its discussion. In 1901 it was decided by a small majority of committee that the manager should attend all committee meetings. On this being communicated to the manager, he begged to be excused from attending as instructed. He felt, he said, that unless it was the unanimous desire of the board — which it was not^he would be better absent, in the best interests of the business. While it is always the part of the employee to obey the committee, there are times when the employee's opinion ought to be listened to. This was doubtless one of those times. The question was again raised ; but as there was not unanimity on the question, the manager has not attended the meetings, unless specially requested to do so for the purpose of imparting some business information. It is not to be inferred from this that any strained relationship was caused ; rather the reverse. The relationship existing between the committee and manager has always been most cordial. The manager is 178 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S a member of each of the three sub-committees, acting as secretary to them, and taking part in their deliberations ; and although he has no vote, his wide experience is of great value on all questions affecting the administration of the Association. WITHDRAWAL FEE It has already been noted that away back in 1881-1883 the withdrawal fee was increased to five shillings. This was done in the hope of doing something to stem the tide of withdrawals. When the crisis was past, the fee was reduced to two shilUngs, at which it stood until February 1902, when it was reduced to one shilling, at which it now stands. As the committee have made it as easy as possible for the poorest to enter the society, their last action has made it quite as easy to withdraw. How completely this upsets the arguments of some opponents who declare that once you are a member of a Co-operative society you have the greatest difficulty in withdrawing from it. Their regret arises from the fact that so few seek to withdraw when once they have received the benefits of Co-operation. INCREASE By the end of the half-year, March 1902, the results of the amalgamation became visible to every one. The membership, sales, and capital — because of the trans- ference of Edinburgh Northern, of course — showed great increases. These were a certainty from the inception of the idea ; but there could be no such certainty of how much the expenses would show a decrease. Now the result was evident. On a trade of £542,388 there, was a profit of £122,016, giving a dividend of 4s. 4d. per £ of purchases. This was high-water matk, and has continued since. While every obligation had been met before this handsome dividend had been declared, , CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 179 there was still £25,000 left to be used in extra depreciation of property. The last doubt as to the wisdom of the amalgamation perished ; it only required others to look and learn frorn. it. The policy of extra depreciation is simply life-giving ; it has largely made the modern Co-operative movement unassailable. The former method of dividing every penny was a direct invitation to disaster. If this policy of ample depreciation is continued, the next generation of Co-operators will step into a glorious heritage. NEW VENTURES COMMITTEE The committee, in April 1902, were so jubilant over past successes, that they began to look around -for "new worlds to conquer." With this object in view, they appointed a sub -committee, naming it the " New Ventures Committee" — a rather formidable form of designation; still, it was one that clearly pointed to the fact that the committee were prepared to consider any well-digested scheme for supplying the members with the many necessaries of life which the society up till then had not considered to be within its province. This sub-committee set itself to discuss the practicability of opening fresh fish shops ; of entering into the business of supplying milk to the members ; of funeral undertaking ; of manufacture of aerated waters ; &c. They requested from the members unlimited powers to buy or feu lands, buy or build property wherever they required premises for business purposes. The members would not be rushed ; the order was too large. Had the schemes been dealt with singly all might have gone well, and in time the " new ventures " would have become a reality. The proposals were all defeated, and at the following July meeting the " New Ventures Committee " were abolished.. No doubt the members were within their rights in voting against the proposals 180 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S laid before them ; but if our professions, that we are able to supply all the wants of the members, are correct, the time may not be far distant when the same question will be revived, and if the next " New Ventures Committee " hasten more slowly, we may hope for further developments. The restriction placed upon the above proposals in no way affected the request of the general committee for powers to pull down and rebuild g6 Fountainbridge. Powers were also granted at the same time to start the business of horseshoeing. shoemakers' strike It has often been a cause of regret that operatives employed by Co-operative societies have shown so little sympathy with the committees who have to administer their affairs. WhUe, generally, committees are willing to lead in the question of remuneration, it should be evident to all that there is a limit beyond which they cannot go — that is, if they have to compete with traders who may pay less to their workmen. This view has not always been adopted by the operatives, and has frequently led to needless friction. St. Cuthbert's had this difficulty forced upon it in October 1902. The shoemakers employed by the society made demands on our committee which were not made upon the ordinary shoemakers of the city. While the committee were quite willing to pay slightly more than current rates, they were not prepared to meet the extravagant demands made by the shoemakers, seeing they had to compete with the selling prices of traders who were not asked to make this advance. A statement was prepared of what we were willing to pay, several classes of work showing an increase of remuneration. The men refused to accept this statement, and further refused to allow the question to be submitted for arbitration. This was unfortunate, for there was now a deadlock. The men went out on strike. After being on strike for a few weeks. CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 181 and thinking better of the committee's proposal to submit the matter to arbitration, they agreed to refer the question of dispute to a neutral tribunal. The arbiter having heard all the facts from both sides, gave his decision in favour of the society. The shoemakers had now to return to their work on the terms they had refused before coming out on strike. Such disputes are annoying to the society that wishes to do justly by the men, while they are humiliating and expensive to the operatives, who ought to know that Co-operators wish to be their best friends. Happily, trade disputes are rare in the Co-operative world, and Co-operators have little or nothing to be ashamed of when the few cases that have occurred have been properly inquired into. The movement cannot be used as a lever to raise wages abnormally. Let the move- ment lead, by all means ; but every effort must be made to bring the traders in line with us. CO-OPERATION AND THE POOR The question of bringing Co-operation within reach of the very poor has exercised the minds of many leading Co-operators for years. The habits of the lapsed masses have been studied ; and while it was found that, as a rule, they lived on a hand-to-mouth system, it followed, in most cases, they were cash customers. No one would trust them ; they bought their goods in the smallest possible quantities, thus paying exorbitant prices. Many schemes have been proposed to meet the difficulty, and some efforts have been made practically, such as the effort at Sunderland ; but up till now it cannot be said that the problem is solved. However, a few years ago it was asserted that the entrance fee was a hindrance to the poor, although in the case of St. Cuthbert's it was only sixpence, which charge included a copy of the rules. In 1903 the committee decided to reduce the entrance fee to threepence, 182 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S this charge also to cover a copy of the society's rules. It would appear that, for the six years this reduced charge has been in existence, it has not attracted many of those for whom it was intended. It is- sad to think that the very people who have most need of the supplement to their income which Co-operation would provide, lose so much by their apathy. If even their small purchases were made at the store, by-and-by, without effort, there would be a silver lining to their cloud. On the other hand, it is pleasing to know that many of St. Cuthbert's members, whose wages, on the average, are less than some of the casual workers that are to be found in our slums and who are the chronic recipients of charity, place a high value on the store. CANVASSING AT ELECTIONS The time was when it was very difficult to get members to consent to become members of committee. Times are changed now, as there is generally a plethora of candidates for the honour of serving on the board. It is a healthful sign when the members show such an anxiety to take part in the administration. In October 1904 a number of candidates were standing for election to committee, and there was evidently keen competition among them as to who would reach the coveted position. One of the candi- dates determined that the members should not be in any doubt as to his fitness to serve on committee. He circu- larised the membership, requesting their votes at the coming election. The committee looked upon this action as a dangerous innovation that in future, if allowed to develop, might lead to awkward complications, as we find a record in the minutes to the following effect — " That we disapprove of the action of a member who circularised the members asking for votes for his election to the board." This is the only intimation, so far as we can find, in the history of the Association of a member being censured for CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 183 canvassing for votes. A clause has now been added to the rules making canvassing illegal in any shape or form. STILL ADVANCING By the beginning of 1904 the capital of the Association had increased to the princely sum of £446,678. Up till this time all surplus capital had been deposited in the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society Limited. It was now decided that we should obtain power to grant short-term loans to some of the local public bodies. Thus loans on short call were made to the Edinburgh Water Trust and the Gas Commission. This arrange- ment works very satisfactorily, as the money is secure and within easy call. It will be remembered that the winter of 1904-05 was not only severe, but there was much unemployment among the workers. The distress through these circum- stances was considerable in Edinburgh. The members, even in the dark days of the society's history, were always sympathetic with suffering ; now they at once voted £300 for the relief of the distress. In 1908 a further sum of £200 was set aside for this purpose. The Co-operative Convalescent Homes, situated at West Kilbride and Abbotsview (near Galashiels), which have been built and maintained entirely by the Co-operative societies of Scotland, have no warmer and more sympa- thetic friends and supporters than the members of St. Cuthbert's. They contributed largely to the building fund, and annually they cheerfully meet any demand made upon them to aid in their maintenance. Apart from the good these Homes have done — and they have done much for many a " puir, o'er-laboured wight " — they have been the means of drawing out the sympathy of Co- operators for the less fortunate among themselves, and in 184 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S this way, to some extent, disproving the assertion of our opponents that the members have no interest beyond dividend. NECESSARY INNOVATIONS The continuous expansion of business in 1905 necessi- tated extensive alterations in the drapery premises at Bread Street and Fountainbridge. The committee, taking advantage of these alterations, and being always alert in progressive methods, introduced the pneumatic tube system throughout the vast building. In each department there is a pneumatic station in direct com- munication with the central cash desk. Thus no less than forty stations can send cash and receive change back in a few seconds from the cash desk. The advantages are great, a better control over the cash drawings and a complete centralisation of the work being at once accomplished. The installation of this valuable system cost £2,000, and although some observations were made at the quarterly meeting on the subject, the committee was heartily commended for showing such a progressive spirit. Another departure, also in the interest of the members, took place about this time. A tea-room was opened in connection with the drapery and furniture departments, where members and their friends could obtain a light refreshment without leaving the premises. The impatient husband, instead of hanging about the outside of the warehouse, wondering if that wife of his will ever come, now, for a few pence, can rest comfortably and get an often much-needed refreshment of the " cup that cheers," and listen, after the purchases are made, to his wife's descriptions of the " bargains " with resignation and contentment. It is pleasant to know that the members highly appreciate the efforts of the committee in providing for them this interesting rendezvous. CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 185 SHOULD WE CONTINUE TO MANUFACTURE BOOTS AND SHOES ? For some time, boots and shoes had been made and repaired at our premises in High Riggs ; but by 1905 the accommodation had become congested. It was a question now of whether we should remove the boot factory else- where, separating the repairs from the new work. We were not getting all the repairs of our members, simply because we had not the space to turn out the work in good time. The further question naturally arose as to whether it was wise to open a factory for the making of new work with the knowledge that the Scottish Co-operative Whole- sale Society were manufacturing on a large scale the same class of boots at Shieldhall. It would be nothing less than competition if we went further into manufacturing this class of work. We had a large monetary interest in Shieldhall — in fact, we were among its largest patrons ; and if it gave us satisfaction, as it always had done, why build another boot factory ? These arguments were unassailable ; so it was wisely decided to allow Shieldhall to make our new work, and give all our attention to the repairing trade of our members. This was a wise decision, for it will be impossible to make the money invested in the Wholesale remunerative if societies who have sent these investments set up productive works of their own. AMALGAMATION PROPOSALS The splendid results flowing from the amalgamation with our friends of the Edinburgh Northern became known all over the Co-operative Movement. Reflective men began to ask the question : Could the principle not be extended ? Thus, in December 1905, Bonnyrigg Co- operative Society approached the committee of St. Cuthbert's with the request that they might be taken 186 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S over, their business to be worked as a branch of our Association. The Gorebridge and Dalkeith societies protested against the proposal ; and as there was a small minority in the Bonnyrigg Society who were opposed to amalgamation, the committee of St. Cuthbert's decided to decline further overtures in the meantime. This incident, small as it may appear at present, undoubtedly fore- shadows what is coming when local prejudices will give way to economy in management and business-like arrange- ments. Again, in 1908, the committee had a similar question to settle. Juniper Green Society expressed their anxiety to become amalgamated ; but, on inquiry, it was found there was again a minority opposed to the proposal, so it was again decided not to entertain the request, at least for the time being. A few years at most will convince even those who are opposed at present to amalgamation that it is the proper course to follow. The societies who become part of ourselves have everything to gain and nothing to lose. The vUlage store cannot, without delay and difficulty — and not even then — give anything like the facilities to its members that a great organisation has always at its command. CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 187 CHAPTER XIII 1906 TO 1909 SEMI-JUBILEE OF THE MANAGER WHAT a fine spontaneous outburst of gratitude came from the members at the quarterly meeting held in July 1906. The manager, Mr. Alexander Mallace, had been twenty-five years the guiding spirit of the Association. He had entered the service when its fortunes were low, and when confidence in its stability was anything but strong. Such was the condition of affairs that it not only required a brave man to face it, but a man of tact, experience, and enthusiasm in the cause of Co-operation. Mr. Mallace had all these qualities, plus an irreproachable character that gave confidence from the very beginning of his career in St. Cuthbert's. Statistics might prove how the membership and trade had increased at such a marvellously rapid rate since he entered upon his duties in 1881, but figures could not throw much light on the enthusiastic expression of respect and affection that took place at the above meeting. The manager's great services to the Association were most flatteringly extolled ; his high character was lauded ; the present position of the society was ungrudgingly stated to have been reached largely through his untiring efforts. Mr. Mallinson, the esteemed chairman (himself an experienced and valued worker in the movement), in speaking of the services of the manager, said : " He has been the master architect who has planned the gigantic structure " — a beautiful compliment, gaining 188 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S its beauty from its absolute truth. This recognition of work faithfully done was in itself a reward, but the members were not going to mark the auspicious occasion by mere eulogistic phrasing ; they decided to have the portrait of the manager painted in oils by a competent artist, the picture to be hung in the board-room of the Association, to mark for all time the admiration in which the members held Mr. Mallace, and a duplicate to be presented to Mrs. Mallace. The portrait was duly painted by a no less talented artist than Mr. E. A. Walton, R.S.A., who produced, as he always does, a real work of art. At the presentation, the same affectionate feeling was evoked as at the former meeting, each speaker vieing with his neighbour in expressing gratitude and admiration for the work of the manager during the previous twenty-five years. Mr. Macaulay, the respected president, who made the presentation, expressed the feelings of all who had taken any interest in the progress of the Association when in choice words he acknowledged the indebtedness of St. Cuthbert's Association to Mr. Mallace for his long, faithful, and intelligent services. Perhaps an even more telling mark of appreciation awaited Mr. Mallace in the Grindlay Street Hall, on 25th September 1906, when the employees of the Association gathered in their hundreds to do honour to the much- respected manager. Mr. Ree, master of works for the society, was in the chair, and was supported by the principal employees, also several representatives from the Wholesale Society, and the Rev. Dr. Wilson of St Michael's. Kindly appreciation of Mr. Mallace as a manager was dwelt on by every speaker. He was presented with a valuable gold watch, and Mrs. Mallace with a handsome diamond and opal ring, subscribed for by the whole of the many employees — a splendid testimony to the worth of the man, and to the fine relationship in which he stood to the servants of the society. CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 189 Another mark of respect was paid to Mr. Mallace when a presentation was made to him on behalf of the directors, auditors, ex-of&cials, &c., in the Carlton Hotel on 29th September— Mr. Mallinson presiding and Mr. C. Renwick making the presentation. It may not be uninteresting to sketch briefly the life of the man who has bulked so largely in St. Cuthbert's progress. His early life was spent in the quiet little village of Armadale, near Bathgate, where he received his education at the public school ; and, judging from his scholarly accomplishments to-day, he must have been an apt and conscientious pupil. His father was inclined to train him for a mine manager, but young Sandy's likings did not lie in that direction. Possibly he knew enough of work below ground, and preferred to strike out for himself in the light of day. From his boyhood he was fond of figures ; arithmetical and mathematical problems had a fascination for him that comes to very few lads, who are inclined to leave such studies behind them when they leave school. He took up clerical and secretarial work in connection with the friendly societies movement, and so efficient had he become, that he was appointed secretary of three different societies. His upright character made him a trusted official of those societies, which gained in popularity in consequence. It was now proposed to start a co-operative society in Armadale, and the committee did much to assure its future prosperity by securing the services of Mr. Mallace to take charge of it. The committee having full confidence in the manager, left him with a pretty free hand. He had to buy everything and sell everything. Cheese was bought from the farmers, and it stands on record that our friend became quite an expert in buying farm produce. When the butcher-meat department was started, he at once became the cattle buyer. The same happened with drapery and boots and shoes. In fact, as the business grew in bulk and variety, Mr. Mallace 190 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S set himself to master the details, and thus keep himself in line with every part of the business. This was an ideal training which could not have been had in a larger estabhsh- ment where the work is subdivided. He was still one of the pioneers of Armadale Society, and not regarded as a professidnal grocer or draper. But the heads of depart- ments of the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society had long regarded him as a man worthy of promotion. When St. Cuthbert's advertised for a manager, he hesitated to apply till the very last day. The secretary of St. Cuthbert's was also chairman of the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale .Society at the time, and was a willing intermediary in bringing all information to St. Cuthbert's regarding this laggard apphcant. It will be enough to say that the many applicants were gradually reduced till Mr. Mallace was offered the appointment. In the Septembei: balance-sheet of. 1881 the members were informed in the committee's report that " Mr. Alexander MaUace has been appointed manager, and from his business capacity and long experience will forni a Vcduable addition to our staff." The secretary of that date, who wrote these lines, had the fullest con- fidence in the powers of the newly elected manager, but he could not, and did not foresee the immense results that were to be the direct outcome of those managerial powers. It was a happy choice, that brought back confidence to our members after a short time ; increased sales and profits followed in time. Co-operation in Edinburgh became a giant to be reckoned with ; its benefits were spread from centre to circumference of the city, largely due to the organising a;bility, the intelligent control, and the methodical arrangements of the " man you know." He has been lately honoured by being placed on the Commission of the Peace for the County of the City of Edinburgh. EMPLOYEES AND THE EVENING CLASSES The committee, ever anxious to assist the employees in their desire for knowledge, and in the hope of inducing CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 191 many of them to attend the evening continuation classes, decided to guarantee the fees of all employees who would avail themselves of these educational facilities provided by the Edinburgh School Board. Further, the committee have for a number of years repaid the fees at the end of the session of any grocers who may have attended the lectures given in the Heriot-Watt College under the Hogg Bequest, the condition of repayment being that the employee must have put in at least 75 per cent, of the total number of attendances. The employees, on their part, ' have shown considerable zeal and aptitude, having been the recipients of a very fair share of the prizes awarded in this course of lectures. SUPERANNUATION OF EMPLOYEES So many of the large companies have now some scheme whereby their employees are superannuated at a given age, that it is not to be wondered at that St. Cuthbert's, or indeed any Go-op>erative society, should strive to have something of the same kind. The question is often asked : " Where do the old grocers go to ? " You seldom see ari old man behind the counter now, unless he is in business for himself. As Co-operation spreads, the chance of starting business and carrying it on successfully gets less. Therefore, it was a thoughtful and kindly remit that was made to the committee by the members in January 1907 — " That they should prepare a scheme of superannuation for the employees, and submit it to the members at a future meeting." The matter was taken up heartily by the committee, who prepared a contributory scheme, whereby 2J per cent, would be deducted from the wages of all employees, and a similar sum added by the Association to a common fund for the purpose of superannuation. The scheme was duly laid before the members, but was not adopted. At some meeting, in the near future, we hope to hear of the question being raised, again, and carried into practice successfully. 192 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S Although what is now known as the " boycott " had long ago ended in a complete fiasco, still there were occasional cases cropping up of petty persecution of members or their families. Letters now and again appeared in the press, urging traders to do their utmost to stamp out Co-operation. These pin-pricks in no way frightened our committee ; but they resolved to be on their guard, and be prepared for any emergency. In January 1907 a vigilance committee was appointed to watch the policy and the antics of the Traders' Defence Association, with a view to relieving any cases of distress or hardship caused by the miserably small and impotent policy of discharging boys and girls from their employment whose only crime was that their parents were members of St. Cuthbert's. If anything should draw the members closer together, and make them stand more loyally by our society, it is these ineffectual efforts to break our ranks by petty persecution. We have certainly nothing to fear if we are only true and loyal to the principles we have espoused ; and the know- ledge that we are determined to stand firm will enfeeble any weapon that may be forged against us. RULE AS TO ELECTION OF MEMBERS OF COMMITTEE In every society the method of electing members of committee has been more or less a burning question for many years, and St. Cuthbert's has been no exception. Some members seem to think that the new blood principle is a condition that must make for progress ; or, we may put it another way, that experience counts for nothing. Thus, in 1881, a rule was adopted necessitating the retiral of members of committee after three years' service, for at least one year. This method continued up till January 1907, when the question was again raised, and it was argued that one year's retiral was not enough, that it induced the same men to be elected after being out of office for a CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 193 year. It was resolved that, after serving three years on committee, they should retire and not be eligible for re- election for three years. We will be pardoned for thinking that this was a retrograde step. Which of our great public bodies, where ability is rewarded by the continued con- fidence of the constituency, would tolerate compulsory retiral for three years ? In some societies this rule has had most disastrous results. An unscrupulous manager becomes master of the situation because of the continuous changes of directors, who should really have control of the policy of administration. But there can be no continuity of policy with an ever-shifting directorate. It is the boast of some of our most respected and successful institutions that the directors have been re-elected for years in succession, because of their experience and attainments gained in the service. Why, then, should working-men not benefit by that wisdom and experience that can only be attained by long and continuous application ? We cannot have indifferent or inefficient men on our committees for too short a time, neither can we have able and conscientious men too long a time. We can generally get plenty of the former, but the latter are not so plentiful, and, as a rule, they are not inclined for such spasmodic work as this rule suggests. The great interests at stake, the mighty responsibilities that now fall on a directorate Uke St. Cuthbert's, demand the best men in the Association, who should have the continued confidence of the members. At all times it is an easy matter to get rid of any that might become cranky or unsuitable. Let us have the best, for as long as possible. KINDLY THOUGHTS FOR OTHERS Perhaps no taunt is more frequently thrown at Co-operators by their opponents than that of " being intensely selfish." Nothing could be more misleading. 194 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S Co-operative societies all over the country have a capital record for sympathetic giving, and certainly St. Cuthbert's has no reason to be ashamed of its contribu- tions towards national and local charitable institutions. Its members may well feel proud of their own benevolent and unemployed funds, which are used for the assistance ■of the honest poor of the membership. But, not content with looking after the interests of its own members, the Association has distinguished itself by its generosity to all organisations which have for their object the amelioration of pain or distress. No subject, it might be said, receives such hearty approval from the members at quarterly meetings than proposed increases in the votes of money to charitable organisations. Thus, during the last ten years, St. Cuthbert's has subscribed an annually increasing sum to city charities of ^3,395 ; to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution, £100 ; to the Scottish Council for Women's Trades, £28 ; and in special donations to various local charitable organisations, a sum of nearly £600. We have already noted how generously the Association, the women's guild, and the employees gave to the Co-operative Convalescent Homes. To the building fund alone, St. Cuthbert's contributed £1,112 ; while over £500 has been spent in assisting members to recuperate after illness by sending them for a short period to these beautiful and health-giving Homes. All this speaks eloquently of sympathy for others, which makes life sweeter for all. THE JUBILEE The fifty years that have passed since the humble beginning of St. Cuthbert's have been years of progress in almost every phase of civilisation. The position and environment of the workers have been changed, we have seen, largely through their own efforts. It was surely, CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION LIMITED 195 then, a right and proper desire to mark the fifty years' progress that animated the members when they unani- mously voted £i,8oo to endow a bed in the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, and £i,ooo to endow a cot in the Edinburgh Sick Children's Hospital. This is a splendid testimony to the growing sympathetic feeling among the workers for those less happily placed than themselves. Such an action brings honour to all connected with our society. One cannot imagine a more sensible method of recording our gratitude for past successes. In our rejoicing we shall all feel the more happy by the know- ledge of having done something to alleviate pain and suffering amongst our fellow-men. CONCLUSION Our task now draws to a close. The half-century we have dealt with has been brimful of incident in a great ameliorative effort that started with the same object as it works for to-day — namely, the improvement of the condition of the working-classes. Next to its marvel- lous success, perhaps the most outstanding feature of its history is the evolving of so many heroic men, who were wUling not only to give so much gratuitous service for the benefit of their fellows, but were also willing, and did risk everything they had, to bring the effort to prosperity. What self-abnegation ! what sacrifices ! On their foundations we have built ; on their struggles we have prospered. How many men in our time have we seen honoured and titled who have not done a tithe of the good for their fellows that these brave pioneers of 1859 did ? We would respectfully suggest to the present directorate the advisability of finding a panel in the board-room, where the names of the first committee might be inscribed. This may be only sentiment to some, but it is gratitude in us. The amount of good that has been 196 FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S accomplished through the operations of St. Cuthbert's Society can never be reckoned, but that it has been a beneficent factor in the Uves of thousands, even its opponents will scarcely deny. Its welcome supplement to the too scanty earnings in many a household has been an acknowledged blessing. The children have been better fed and clothed, and in many cases their education has been prolonged and amplified through its operations. Aid has been given, with no niggardly hand, to allow of artisans becoming the proprietors of their own houses; old age has been solaced, and anxiety dispelled, because of the accumulated dividends. To those who have chosen a home in a distant land it has frequently given the means of transit, and the wherewithal to establish their new home. It has made the homes of our people more comfortable, and in many cases taken away that despair which always accompanies poverty, making them better citizens — morally as well as materially. Thus it is a gain to the whole community from the citizen's point of view. But it has also pinned itself to honesty in dealing, by naming and seUing things for what they really are. It gives an assurance of pure food and clothing, and seeks no assistance except from its own members, who should continuaUy remember that the society is their own, and their great duty is to support it in their own interest. Since the inception of the society in 1859 untQ March 1909, the profits divided among the members amount to the magnificent sum of ^3,646,726. PART III History of the EDINBURGH NORTHERN DISTRICT Co-operative Society limited from 1866 till 1900 Registered Office 0/ the Society— "iT Stephfn Street, Edinburgh CHAPTER I 1866 TO 187I HOW IT CAME INTO LIFE IT would serve no good purpose, after so many years have elapsed, to sit in judgment upon the action of the men of 1866. Both sides were satisfied they had good reason for the course they pursued. The details of the episode are given in full in the history of St. Cuthbert's in a former chapter, so need not be recapitulated to any great extent. The first branch of St. Cuthbert's Society was opened in Brunswick Street, now St. Stephen Street, Stockbridge, in the first week of June 1863. For various reasons, already, dealt with, the branch was not an unqualified success. The profits of St. Cuthbert's were small, and the cause of this was laid at the door of the branch. As early as May 1865, or two years after it had been opened, a motion was brought forward to close the branch. This was not successful ; but, in the February following, Mr. R. Lees carried a motion to close the branch at the end of the quarter. The members resident in the northern district felt aggrieved, and petitioned for reconsideration, but without success. It will be remembered that Mr. John Borrowman, the chairman of St. Cuthbert's, was one of the northern residents. He at once took up the leadership of what were called the locked-out members. A meeting was called for 27th March 1866, Mr. Borrowman in the chair. So strong 200 EDINBURGH NORTHERN DISTRICT was the feeling evinced at the meeting, that a motion by Mr. David Rintoul was carried unanimously, declaring " That the Stockbridge shop be opened and carried on, having no connection with any other." It was pretty clear from this, that they had " cut the painter " so far as St. Cuthbert's was concerned. At this meeting it was stated they should go forward as a body and demand their shares without any deduction, and also their share of the sinking fund. It is evident that the breach was now complete. An interim committee was appointed to wait on St. Cuthbert's committee to express the feelings of the Stockbridge members, and to prepare rules for a new society. Thus the Northern District Co-operative Society came into being. Its difficulties were numerous and frequent, but it can never be denied that but for the unfaltering enthusiasm of its leaders it would have passed away in infancy. HIGH HOPES IN STOCKBRIDGE The preliminaries were soon got over. The shares were transferred, but a share of the sinking fund was too tall an order for the committee of St. Cuthbert's. The stock was taken by neutral parties and the shop was opened on the 15th May 1866. In the draft rules submitted to the second meeting, the subject of giving credit was discussed, and it was agreed to include the following—" That members be allowed credit to half the amount of their shares, but that the committee at their discretion might grant credit to the full amount." As we shall see shortly, this rule was applied so loosely that it all but wrecked the ship. Before the shop was opened, fifty members had signed their intention of withdrawal of shares from St. Cuthbert's. From the minutes (which, be it said, had been carefully kept from the very start) we give the names of the first Committee:— President — Mr. John Borrowman ; Treasurer EX-OFKICIALS, EDINBUROIf KOKTIIKKN DISTRICT Top A'(7':y^JnHN Dawson, Ar,E\"ANUTii^ AuAMsriN, John Milke Middle Roiyj — Jas. Ckoall, D. Rin'joui., \\'illia:\i ^^ACl•;E^■ZIK, Samuel Lokaine Bottom Row — James Mili.ak, Juiin Puk\es, Andicew Knox CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED 201 — Mr. Stewart ; Secretary — Mr. John Borrowman, jun. ; Committee — Messrs. David Rintoul, James Smith, James Colhns, WilUam M'Call, Alexander Anderson, James Miller, George Ogilvie ; Auditors — Messrs. D. Clark and John Davidson. The president's position was to be honorary, at least for one year ; the treasurer was to be paid £i, IDS. per annum ; and the secretary £2, los. per annum. The members of committee and auditors were to be treated the same as the president. THE SHIP SETS SAIL During the first six months the minutes have many interesting entries. The salesman was to bank his drawings as soon as they amounted to ^^5. This did not entail so much work as one would think, but it was a wise safeguard. The message-boy was unsatisfactory, and orders were given to secure the services of an efficient boy. St. Cuthbert's was blamed for delay in sending on the members' books who were formerly members of that society. The sales were small, stUl they were increasing ; and when the first half-yearly meeting was held on 29th November 1866, the profits would allow a dividend of is. per £ on purchases. There was general congratulation at this early success. At this first meeting credit was the cause of some discussion, but the former resolution was reaffirmed. The committee were re-elected, and so far all were satisfied. As a most exhaustive set of statistics is provided in the Appendix, it is unnecessary to trouble the reader with figures here, beyond stating that the membership was 65 and the share capital ;^69. THE BEGINNING OF THE DARK DAYS The reports were now to be read quarterly, consequently the second general meeting was held on ist March 1867. The membership had only increased by 4, and now stood at 202 EDINBURGH NORTHERN DISTRICT 69. The cash drawings only amounted to £547. It will be seen that things were not looking very rosy ; but, if business was low, hopes were high. Handbills were ordered to be printed and distributed throughout the neighbourhood, setting forth the benefits to be derived by becoming members of the Society. The ever-green debt question was continually before the committee ; already, when the Society was barely nine months old, some members had to be dealt with because their debt exceeded their share capital. Troubles literally showered on the small devoted band at this time. The salesman fell Ul, and a young woman who was appointed to manage the store was certainly not a success. Note that the saleswoman was to be paid 15s. per week, and the president to receive is. 6d. for getting her to come ! Summonses were ordered to be taken out against some of the members for debt. At the general meeting held in May 1867, there was a discussion about giving credit to non-members : happily, the meeting decided against such a line of policy. Metallic checks were introduced about this time. When the balance-sheet for the previous quarter came out, it was seen that any profit made only covered expenses ; this, no doubt, led to some of the members leaving the society, some of them forgetting to pay their debts. In the midst of these troubles an amusing incident took place. The store cat had been out calling on some friends, and during the meeting of friends a neighbour's window had been damaged, for which the store committee were to be held responsible ; but the committee having duly and carefully considered the whole circumstances, came to the conclusion, that, as there were three cats present when the damage was done, and as the store cat was one of the three, they (the committee) were only responsible for one-third of the damage. The minutes are silent as to how the proprietors of the other two cats met the claim. Add to these troubles a prosecution for having CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED 203 a broken weight on the counter, for which the Society was fined. To save expense, the next balance-sheet was not printed, and the unsatisfactory results of the half-year's trading were the cause of great anxiety to the committee. The great difficulty of getting suitable salesmen went a long way to increase an already most difficult position. A merchant who. according to the books of the Society, had been paid his account, again presented it for payment, and a deputation was sent to interview him. Altogether the situation was becoming desperate. The only thing that remained bright and unchanged was the hope of the leaders. IS THE END IN SIGHT ? The half-yearly meeting was held on 25th November 1868, when the written balance-sheet was read. The sales had really an increase, being £638, but a decrease from the corresponding half-year in 1867. There was a loss of £27 on the trading, and the membership had fallen to 50. The meeting passed a resolution to make a thorough inquiry into the affairs and management of the Society. A small committee was appointed to meet with the directors. The salesman was to be dismissed. It was also resolved that the committee attend in the evenings to sell the goods, and that the shop be kept open till 2nd December, when an adjourned meeting would be held to consider the situation. This adjourned meeting was held and reports read, and again adjourned till the 9th December — the president and the shop-boy to keep the premises open until the committee gave report at said meeting. LIFE OR DEATH ? The important meeting which was to decide the future of the Northern was held, and when the special committee's report had been considered, it was moved — " That the shop be shut, and a committee appointed to look after the 204 EDINBURGH NORTHERN DISTRICT affairs of the Society, and to advertise the stock and fixtures for sale." An amendment was proposed by Mr. G. Rintoul — " That the shop be kept open, fresh goods bought, and a new committee elected." On a division, the amendment was carried by 17 votes to 2 given for the motion. Whatever the future held for them, the great majority were not tired of the struggle, and were full of determination to try again. We cannot but admire this splendid fight against difficulties that would have daunted most men. A new committee and a new salesman set to work on what seemed almost a hopeless task. What with a falling membership, shrinking sales, and the impossibility of collecting outstanding debts, this committee had more than enough to do. At the following quarterly meeting a very important resolution was carried — it suggests how hard driven these brave men were at this time — " That the sum of eight shillings be paid to any one wishing to withdraw from the society, who agree to accept of that sum as full present value of each paid-up share ; the same to be liable to the deductions required by general law." The next balance-sheet, which was issued on 28th April 1869, only continued the sad story of decreased sales and membership. The loss for the half-year was £38. Although at the meeting where this balance-sheet was considered there was enough to disappoint most men, the committee expressed the opinion that better days were in front of them, if the members only did their duty. At the same meeting the value of withdrawable shares was declared at 7s. each share. The Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society, which had been started in 1868, now wrote and offered their assistance and advice, pointing out that, while fourteen days' credit was part of their terms, they would not press it in the case of the Northern. Strange, the committee let the matter lie over till the end of the half-year. CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED 205 As if the troubles of this committee had not been more than enough with the falling-away of business, &c., they were called on to face a new difficulty during the month of August. A tea merchant's traveller waited on the committee, and presented an account for a quantity of tea said to have been delivered on 25th February previous. There was no record of this in the invoice book, and no order of the kind had been given by the committee. An investigation discovered that the goods had been ordered by the salesman and received by him ; he had not entered the transaction either in invoice book or merchants' ledger, although the goods had been taken into stock. The investigation served a good purpose, as it showed other irregularities in carrying on the business, to the loss of the Society. The salesman was dismissed, and his cautioner communicated with. It was resolved to contest the merchant's claim in Court. This was evidently a mistake on the part of the committee, as they had taken the disputed tea into stock. In Court, the case went against the Society ; they had to pay the account and expenses. After some negotiations with their dismissed salesman, they came to an agreement with him by accepting his caution of £20, from which fell to be deducted three guineas. At this time the merchants seem to have been pressing the committee hard for settlement of their accounts ; one merchant refused more credit till his present account was cleared. HOPES REVIVED Mr. James Borrowman, manager of the Scottish Co- operative Wholesale Society, who was the son of the president, offered to come to Edinburgh and address a meeting of the members of the Northern Society. At a special meeting Mr. Borrowman reviewed the position of the Society, pointed out its weakness, gave numerous suggestions how to get back to proper business lines ; and. 206 EDINBURGH NORTHERN DISTRICT above all, he counselled both committee and members to be loyal, to allow their profits to accumulate (at least for a time), to have a better control of their credit system. In fact, Mr. Borrowman, from his fulness of experience and his business ability, was perhaps the only man in the movement at the time who was capable of giving the advice that was necessary to save the Society from ruin. It is not too much to say that, from this moment, a new enthusiasm seemed to take hold of the members ; the dawn of a better era was at hand. They seemed to feel that one more united effort would take them into smooth water. They began at once and in earnest to foUow Mr. Borrowman' s excellent advice. A new set of books was got ; a saleswoman was appointed ; and one of the best reforms introduced was that all goods were now to be bought from the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society. The rules were so altered as to allow of 5 per cent, of the profits being retained to replace the lost share capital. This rule was only to be kept in force till the lost capital was restored. Although there was plenty of hope and enthusiasm at this time among the few who were attached to the Society — there were only 40 members — still the general public held aloof from taking any part in what seemed a forlorn hope. The balance-sheet for October 1869 showed a loss of £90, i8s. 5M. The new forms of administration had just been started when this unfortunate loss was made known, and it had the effect of frightening some who were inclined to join. The committee had bills printed setting forth the benefits of Co-operation ; they distributed those bills by a house-to-house visitation themselves, pressing the claims of the store. The troubles of the committee were now greatly lessened in regard to goods. They gradually got rid of merchants and travellers ; they ceased attempting, as they had often done, to distinguish the various qualities of teas, cheese, CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED 207 butter, &c. These goods now came from the Wholesale ; and instead of spending whole evenings tea-tasting, often without any good result, they devoted themselves heartily to the development of their Society. The first share was taken from the Wholesale at this time. We note with pleasure that the treasurer had instructions to send on every week what money he had to the Wholesale, and to keep the balance down. If the members had been as anxious to keep their balances down, it would have saved the committee from much anxiety. The next balance-sheet was certainly an improvement, but still disappointing. The sales had decreased by a few pounds, but there was a profit of £^, los. iid. for the half-year. No dividend could be paid, and the profit was set apart to begin a reserve fund. An active propaganda was carried on by the committee in the neighbourhood, till the end of the year 1870, but with little success. However, the December balance- sheet actually showed a profit of £13, os. 3|d. The sales had increased by £171, but still there were only 40 members. A dividend of 5d. was declared, and there was great joy in the camp. Mr. James Borrowman, of Glasgow, attended the half-yearly meeting, and gave a stirring address, advising the holding of public meetings in the locality, when he and others would be happy to come and assist. 208 EDINBURGH NORTHERN DISTRICT CHAPTER II 187I TO 1880 PROGRESS AT LAST THE struggle had been long and trying, but light was beginning to dawn. Difficulties and disappoint- ments that would have sickened most men had been courageously faced and overcome by the committee. The work was not remunerated ; in fact, it was not only thankless, but the men who worked with such zeal were frequently twitted with having some selfish object in view. During the year 1871 Mr. John Borrowman retired from the chair, and a Mr. M'Call was appointed president. Mr. Borrowman was just the kind of man to brave such a storm as the Society had passed through. Self-reliant, persevering, and dour, he would not recognise defeat. It was weU for the Northern they had such men, or this history could not have been written. Mr. M'Call only retained the chair for a few months, when another hero was appointed president — Mr. D. Rintoul. Personally this gentleman made a house-to-house visitation of aU the working-men in the district, doing his best to dispel the prejudice against the store, and lauding the benefits of Co-operation. His worthy efforts met with considerable success. It is sad to see that in the early stages of the new prosperity the committee were kept continually fighting the debt question. Many were the schemes suggested to cope with this terrible bugbear and threatening danger, CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED 209 but still it menaced them. A proposal was accepted to place all the debts in what was called a " dead account," and then credit that account with any recovered debts. This was all very good, but what about having some check upon granting new debts ? It must be said for the committee, if the debts did increase, it was largely because the salesmen were not so anxious as the committee to keep them under proper control. Another encouraging symptom of the mental health of the committee at this time was their effort to educate the members in the principles of Co-operation. They ordered some copies weekly of the Co-operative News, to be sold at one half- penny each. By May 1872, or six years after the Society started, the membership was only 56 ; the share capital, ;f28, 19s. lod. ; the reserve fund, £11, 19s. yd. ; the profit would allow of a dividend of lod. per £ on purchases. During this year the shares in the Wholesale Society were increased to 39. Incidental troubles caused by continual changes of saleswomen and salesmen, and of the bread supply from various bakers, kept the committee fully anxious. They were exercised about the slow growth of the membership, and they lost no opportunity of adver- tising the store by personal effort. The suggestion of holding a public meeting was now taken up in earnest. Mr. James Borrowman, Glasgow, was to be the speaker, and a local builder, Mr. John Hill, had agreed to preside. This meeting must have had a stimulating effect, because a couple of months after, steps were taken to remove the store -to 34 Brunswick Street, the reason being that the present shop was too small for the growing business. With characteristic vigour and unselfishness, the com- mittee volunteered to do all the removing of stock and fixtures. Beginning one night at six o'clock, after their ordinary day's work, they had everything in order for business next day in the new shop. 210 EDINBURGH NORTHERN DISTRICT Their interest at this time was not entirely absorbed by their own society, for we find them subscribing to a fund for the purpose of sending a delegate from the East of Scotland societies to the Co-operative Congress to be held at Halifax. At one meeting (4th May 1874) a sheriff-officer had an interview with committee, the purpose being to empower him to collect outlying debts ; but he was informed he need not begin operations till after the term, as it would be useless to expect any money tUl after rents were paid. The question of bonus to labour was also discussed about this period, and it was decided that the storekeeper, and latterly the message-boy, should receive bonus on their wages. A new complaint was made to the committee from some of the members, that they had to wait too long before getting served in the store. The complaint up tUl this time had been that the salesman had to wait for his customers coming. The committee willingly increased their staff to meet the new circumstances. Twenty-one additional shares were applied for in the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society, making the holding sixty in all. Thus new and lively interest was given to the work of the committee : they actually sent one of their number as delegate to the quarterly meeting of the Wholesale. FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS — RESOLVED TO BAKE THEIR OWN BREAD We now come to 1875. The first balance-sheet of that year was really most encouraging. It had thus taken nine years of hard and discouraging work before they could say they were anything like safe. Now began that series of successes which distinguished the Northern Society ; from this moment they never looked back. The CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED 211 membership was 117 ; the sales for the quarter, £921 ; share capital, ;f 133 ; profit for the three months, £76, los. gd. ; allowing a dividend of is. 5d. per £ on purchases. No wonder the committee and members were elated. No wonder they determined to bake their own bread ; they felt as if they could now do almost anything. Co-operation, through the determination and perseverance largely of the committee, had actually become respectable and popular in the district. It is pleasant to see that both St. Cuthbert's and Portobello societies assisted them by giving useful information gained from their own experience. A bakehouse was rented in Cumberland Street, at a yearly rental of £8. A baker and an assistant were employed. Thus a new and profitable business was launched, and no doubt helped greatly at this time to attract new members and additional business. Again the premises were declared too small for the trade, and again the committee set to work to have their present shop enlarged. The proprietor's consent having been obtained, the committee met on the eve of a holiday. The work to be undertaken consisted of putting in new beams further back in the shop to carry the upper floors. The joiners and masons did their own particular work ; those of the committee not belonging to these trades had to become labourers to the others. The work went merrily on, and by the following day everything was in order, the shop being greatly enlarged. Mr. Miller, the treasurer, having resigned, Mr. William Crawford was appointed to the office, which he held with honour during the rest of the Society's existence. In spite of all the sacrifices made by the committee, and all the troubles and difficulties they had so bravely surmounted for the good of the members, a resolution to pay them «ach 4d. per night and 6d. when engaged in weighing goods, was negatived — an amendment to delay for three months being carried by a large majority. This did not 212 EDINBURGH NORTHERN DISTRICT look very grateful on the part of the members ; but the committee had not worked for rewards of that kind, and were not the least discouraged in their good work. At the meeting held in December 1875, a proposition to take the members from the roll to serve on committee was happily defeated, and the adjourned question of remunerating committee was again delayed. It was reported that the shopman was indisposed, but that two of the committee (Mr. D. Campbell and Mr. W. M'Kenzie) had attended all Saturday afternoon and evening, assisting the girls to serve the shop. At the following quarterly meeting it was reported that the business was still showing great progress ; a dividend of is. gd. per £ was declared, which gave satisfaction to all. A long discussion took place again on the question of remunerating the com- mittee ; it was ultimately decided to pay each of them 5s. per quarter for their services. And this was the first recognition or reward for all their heroic and splendid work ! On the retirement of Mr. D. Rintoul from the president- ship — an office he had adorned — Mr. David Campbell, whose good work for Co-operation was even then well known, was appointed to the chair. An interesting item in the minutes tells how a member of committee was told off specially to receive and distribute the Co-operative News to the members. With the exception of changes of shopmen (which were very frequent), the everlasting debt question, and a few complaints about bread, the Society was sailing in fairly smooth water at this time. It shows the intelligent interest which the committee took in the administration of the Wholesale, when they instructed their two delegates to the quarterly meeting of that society to vote against the proposed loan of ;f 1,000 to the Oak Mill Society, as the granting of that money would be used as an excuse for not opening a branch of the Whole- sale at Leith. The Society was now in a position to take CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED 2)3 its turn with other societies in inviting the East of Scotland Conference to meet under its auspices ; and its loyalty to the movement was further proved by its contributions to the Co-operative Union. As the societies in the district were working hard to have a branch of the Wholesale placed at Leith, the Northern was not behind in this progressive move. They sent no less than six delegates, their full voting power, to the Wholesale's quarterly meeting to support the measure. These delegates, in reporting, caused great pleasure by stating that the Leith Branch was now assured, the proposition having been carried by a great majority. A soiree held at this time (February 1877) proved a great success, and showed a balance of £1, 6s. id., which was added to the reserve fund, which now amounted to £97, 6s. Sid. The continued increase of business now compelled the committee to look out for a larger bakehouse. They secured one, after some trouble with the factor, in India Street ; but, before taking possession, the factor had not put the drains in satisfactory order, so a sub-committee was instructed to look out for other premises. The balance-sheet for June 1877 was extremely satis- factory, and put everybody in the best of humour. A 2s. dividend was declared, which up till this time had only been a dream not likely to be realised. Mr. Campbell urged loyalty and persevering propaganda in the district. Mr. Campbell resigned the chair, and another well-known and good Co-operator took his place — Mr. William M'Kenzie. Coal was an article used in every household, why then not have it supplied through the store ? It was no sooner mooted than arrangements were made with a coal merchant to supply that useful article. Boots and shoes were also required by their members, and arrangements with the Wholesale soon made it possible to get properly shod at 214 EDINBURGH NORTHERS DISTRICT the Northern. In fact, at nearly every meeting there was a step forward taken. The humble handbarrow, that had been the means of delivery up till now, must be discarded. A pony and van was proposed, but to that proposition there was much headshaking. No ; the barrow must serve for a while yet till they got accustomed to the new idea of a store horse and van. WEDDING BELLS In the everyday life of a Co-operative store there is little that can be termed romantic. But the Northern was no ordinary society. It was now in a position to furnish almost everything for the household. Why not set up a household ? At least so thought Mr. Lorimer, the salesman, and Miss M'Innes, the bookkeeper. There was quite a flutter when it was mooted that the two principals at the store had resolved to become one. However, Miss M'Innes was extremely popular, and she entered her new co-operative situation not only with the good wishes of all the members, but with a fine marble timepiece as a souvenir of her connection with the store. One can understand that such an incident as this would have a good effect in bringing the members to subscribe for a certain object that they were all interested in. Meantime, the Society was making progress in all its departments. It was about this time that it was intimated that the capital lost up to 1869 was now recovered through the retaining of 5 per cent, of the profits. In the balance- sheet for March 1878 we find the membership had reached 246 ; the cash sales for the quarter were £1,960 ; while the reserve fund now amounted to £138. The quarterly meeting empowered the committee to secure the long- talked-of pony and van, which was soon added to the growing fixed stock of the Society, and was voted a great improvement upon the handbarrow which had been so long in evidence as the onlv means of delivery. CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED 215 At the September meeting, it was reported that the Northern District Society had been elected at the last meeting of the Wholesale to appoint a member to serve as director on the board of that society. This was an honour the Society appreciated very highly ; to think that only a few years ago they were almost in despair of being able to keep their own little effort alive, and now they were called to take part in the administration of the great Wholesale. They appointed their president, Mr. William M'Kenzie, to be their representative, a man of shrewd discernment and cautious in the extreme. We find Mr David Campbell again elected auditor. The increase of business was becoming too much for the ordinary staff, and two of the committee were told off to attend on Friday and Saturday evenings to assist in selling boots and shoes. Nothing seemed to come amiss to those men ; they were willing to alter the premises, deliver the goods, make house-to- house visitation, or give their help in the shop. Can it be wondered at that they became successful ? They deserved success. Their balance in December 1878 showed a great advance. The sales for the quarter were £2,'L2,j ; the dividend was again 2S. ; the capital was growing apace, and now amounted to £968. A feeling of confidence pervaded the membership that the Society was well conducted. There could be no doubt the goods were giving every satisfaction, as the complaints were now almost a thing of the past. A soiree held at this time had been so successful that there was a small surplus. It was decided to use this money to buy books for starting a penny bank in connection with the Society. It is noteworthy that the committee made up the bags for the soiree, and met afterwards for the purpose of cleaning up the hall where it had been held. An attempt was made to raise the maximum holding of share capital from £20 to £50, which was ultimately successful — the committee being instructed to invest any 216 EDINBURGH NORTHERN DISTRICT surplus capital of the Society in the Wholesale Society. Some little trouble was caused by an accident to a member's child by falling through the railings in front of the shop. This was settled by the Society paying £12 as compensa- tion ; but as the member's conduct had been considered injurious to the Society, he was expelled. At the following meeting a change took place in the personnel of the office-bearers of the Society. Mr. William Sharp was elected president, and Mr. William M'Kenzie, secretary, an office which he held with honour till his death in 1883. BECOMING MORE AND MORE CO-OPERATIVE One striking characteristic of the Northern committee from the very beginning — at least from the time they got their head above water — wsis their anxiety to join hands with other Co-operative ventures. Thus we find them early joining the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society, and the local Conference. They became agent for the Co-operative Insurance Society. Shares were also taken in the Edinburgh Co-operative Printing Company and Paisley Manufacturing Society, till it could be said of them now, with truth, that they were interested in almost every Co-operative concern in the country that they could help or that could help them. In 1880 the penny bank was launched, and like everything else they touched, it was soon a marked success. At a special meeting of members, held in March 1880, an important step was taken. The committee, who had made every inquiry and were satisfied, proposed to purchase the buildings in Brunswick Street in which the shop was situated. The price was £1,350, the annual rental was ;fi40, 15s., and the feu-duty was £27. The proposal was agreed to without the slightest carping. At the same meeting instructions were given to purchase a stable, immediately behind the said building, for the sum CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED '217 of £50, with feu-duty of £8. It had been evident for some time that, if the business was still to increase, then some bold step would have to be taken. The surprise is that the members took so kindly to the proposal : it can only be explained by suggesting that their minds were growing with the business. Of course, the Society could not be expected to meet the outlay from its own funds. The committee borrowed ;^i,ooo on bond. This sum was entered under " liabilities " in the capital account; at the end of three years it disappears for good, having been repaid. What had appeared to some as an immense responsibility was wiped out in three short years, and the members were all the richer — as the business had room to extend, with the result that there was an increase all round. The only discordant note at these meetings was the complaint of the auditors about the amount due by the members ; again instructions were given to have the debt reduced. But this hardy annual is not so easily dealt with ; to get rid of it, it must be uprooted entirely. A dividend of 2s. 6d. put everybody in good temper at the December meeting of 1880, with the result that the salaries of president, treasurer, secretary, and directors were all advanced. There was general congratulation all round. The membership was now 406, and the share capital had reached the handsome amount of £1,938. 218 EDINBURGH NORTHERN DISTRICT CHAPTER III 1880 TO 1888 UPWARD AND ONWARD THE committee were now fully employed in providing accommodation for the rapidly increasing business. The building recently bought was soon converted into more suitable premises, and although the cost of the alterations was considerable, the enlargement could not have been longer delayed in the interests of good government. It wUl be remembered that, some time before this, bonus to labour had been discussed and adopted. Again it was brought up at a quarterly meeting, and, after discussion, a large majority decided to continue paying bonus. But this was reversed at the following meeting by the adoption of a motion — " That no bonus be paid to any of the employees." Still, this did not settle the question : the employees were not satisfied, and through the head-shopmen, who waited on the com- mittee, it was explained that they regarded the taking away of bonus as a reduction of wages. The committee got over the difficulty by simply raising all wages by an amount equal to the bonus that had been paid formerly. Thus profit-sharing disappears from the records of the Northern. It may be stated that the sheriff-officer's efforts to collect the members' debts ended in failure. He seems to have been defeated wherever he tried to recover the CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED 219 outlying accounts. The committee paid him los. gd., but received nothing in return. Mr. William Bell had now been elected chairman, and Mr. William M'Kenzie was elected as permanent secretary, having to devote his whole time to the duties of the office. This was a step in the right direction. No more pains- taking secretary could have been found, for no one had the interests of the Society more at heart than Mr. M'Kenzie. Another business-like arrangement took place about this time. The committee were divided into as many sub- committees as there were departments. Thus each department came under the special care of a sub-committee, whose duty it was to give weekly reports to the general board. In this way complaints were easily focussed, inquired into, and satisfaction generally given to the complainers. The balance-sheet underwent a general improvement, a detailed trade account being given, a grocery price list added, and a statement of committees' attendances. All this added to better administration and greater confidence. So great was the increase at this time that again the premises were declared inadequate for the trade. The adjoining property in Brunswick Street was considered, and power was given at the quarterly meeting to purchase if terms were suitable. Again a change took place in the salesmen ; Mr. Lorimer resigned, and a Mr. Scott was appointed to fill the vacancy. In December 1882 the balance-sheet still showed considerable progress. There were 610 members ; the sales for the quarter were ^^4,697 ; the capital being £3,307. The value of buildings is set down at £2,132, and the reserve fund had now reached the respectable sum of £495. The profits allowed of 2s. 6d. per £ to be paid as dividend. A grand record ! Stockbridge working-men were now being convinced of the power of Co-operation by the figures which appeared in the balance-sheet as each quarter came round. A pleasing feature of this ■220 EDINBURGH NORTHERN DISTRICT success was that the city charities were not forgotten ; as the season of giving came round, so did these Co-operator's wilhngly give. As the Co-operative Congress was to be held in Edinburgh this year (1883), a vote of £5 was made to the reception committee. Mr. Scott, the lately- appointed head-salesman, does not seem to have given satisfaction, so he was dismissed, and Mr. John Docherty appointed in his place. THE PASSING OF A PIONEER Mr. William M'Kenzie, the secretary, had been ailing for some time, and, to the great grief of his many friends, passed away, leaving a great gap in the ranks of those sturdy pioneers who had worked so vigorously for the welfare of the Northern. The committee, at their first meeting, agreed to place on record " their deepest regret at the loss they have this day sustained by the death of Mr. M'Kenzie, their much-esteemed secretary, who so faithfully discharged all his duties in connection with the society for the long period of thirteen years, and that a letter of condolence and sympathy be sent to Mrs. M'Kenzie." It was further agreed that the shops be shut from three to five o'clock on Friday, during the interment. Thus passed away one who had never spared himself for the good of the Society, who had endeared himself by his sterling honesty and his great unselfishness. The quarterly meeting, besides expressing its sorrow at the loss sustained by Mr. M'Kenzie's death, voted £20 to his widow. This kindly action requires no comment, but it shows how Mr. M'Kenzie was respected. Mr. G. Carruthers was appointed secretary, but only to give his spare time to the duties of his office ; his salary was fixed at £12 per annum. It is pleasant to see how interested the committee were in the conditions meted out to the employees. A weekly half-holiday was instituted ; an annual grant was voted to assist the CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED 221 expenses of their picnic ; at the New- Year time, when ivork was extra heavy, they received extra pay and an idditional holiday ; add to this their generosity when my of the servants were about to enter into matrimony. The relationship was all that could be desired, and no loubt helped to produce good results in carrying on the business. In the time of distress through unemployment, the board was equal to the occasion, recommending that 1 sum be taken from the reserve fund to be distributed in the form of goods to the suffering members. The Co-operative Congress, which visits Scotland only Dnce in seven years, was held in Edinburgh, and the publicity which Co-operation got from pulpit, press, and platform must have given an impetus to the movement in every locality throughout the East of Scotland. The employees of the Northern were allowed off duty to visit the Productive Exhibition in connection with the Congress ; the Co-operative News, which gave full reports of the Congress, was freely distributed among the members ; while the committee were brought into contact with the leaders of the movement, who had come from far and near. At the quarterly meeting of December 1883 a proposal to adopt cash dealing in the drapery and boot and shoe departments was discussed, but, on a division, was lost by a large majority. The meeting was requested to :ontribute towards the " James Borrowman " Testimonial, and the members unanimously voted £5. They had not forgotten their indebtedness to the man who, above all Dthers, by his advice had led them to success. Mr. John Milne had succeeded to the chair, and among his first iuties he had to ask powers, in the name of the directors, :o purchase another property at 38 Brunswick Street, :he price being ;^5oo. Power was granted, and no time ost in putting it in order for the ever-extending business. Then £10 was voted to Mr. John Docherty, on the 222 EDINBURGH NORTHERN DISTRICT occasion of his marriage ; this showed a generosity of spirit that we do not meet with very frequently. KEEPS CLOSE TO THE WHOLESALE Again the Northern was called upon to send one of its members to occupy a seat at the Wholesale board : Mr. William Crawford was chosen to fill the important position. No better choice could have been made, because of his long experience. He had been treasurer since 1874 ; he was likewise cautious and methodical. It may be inferred how interested the committee of the Northern were in the Wholesale when they agreed that all members of committee be present in Glasgow at the opening of the new boot factory, and the following week sent a copy of the Co-operative News, giving a full account of the opening ceremony, to every member of the society. The balance-sheet of March 1885 still told of sound progress. The dividend was 3s. per £. Instructions were given to build three new ovens, and to start a branch of the grocery in the Broughton Street district. A few weeks after, it was reported that a shop had been leased for three years, at i Forth Street, and steps were being taken to have it fitted up as a grocery branch, which it was hoped would be opened for business at the beginning of June. The remaining house on the top flat of the central premises was bought for £200. The secretary's salary was increased to £20 per annum ; £2 was voted to the " Lloyd Jones " Testimonial ; and £5 towards the employees' annual outing. This meeting displayed a fine spirit of confidence in the committee, as well cis a proper spirit of generosity towards the objects which it was asked to help. This was further evidenced by allowing los. to delegates who attended the Wholesale meetings when they were held in Glasgow, and 5s. when they were held in Edinburgh. CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED 223 The drapery department was now making rapid strides, and it was felt that more suitable premises were necessary. Steps were taken to carry out certain alterations that would give the required accommodation, at a cost of £895. As the authorities had seen fit to change the name of Brunswick Street to St. Stephen Street, the old name that had so many interesting associations with the store passed away. But what's in a name ? The Society had now possibly the largest, and certainly the most varied, business in the neighbourhood. The little huckster-like shop of a few years ago was now a great and attractive warehouse, ready and able to meet the demands for almost every necessary of life. A wise step was taken at this time in depreciating the Society's property by £600, and the members allowed the sum to be taken from the reserve fund. The opening of the new drapery department was to be signalised by an entertainment, to which all the employees were invited. Another branch was authorised to be opened in the west end ; and tailoring and dressmaking were now part of the business. Thus the first twenty years of the Society's existence had more than realised the wildest dreams of its most enthusiastic promoters. The business had been splendidly developed during the last year or two. To outward appearance everything was going smoothly, yet a storm was brewing that would again try the stamina of the directors and the strength of the Society. ROCKS AHEAD At the June quarterly meeting of 1886 the balance- sheet submitted was all that could be desired. The members now numbered 1,388 ; the sales for the quarter were £10,183 ; and the profit £1,540, yielding a dividend of 2S. gd. per £. The balance-sheet being adopted, a member asked if it was the case that wives of members were 224 EDINBURGH NORTHERN DISTRICT admitted to the advantages of membership as well as their husbands. The reply given by Mr. Milne, the chairman, was in the affirmative, and that about twenty wives held share capital as well as their husbands. A stormy scene immediately ensued. The directors were blamed for allowing such procedure, which, it was alleged, was quite contrary to the rules. The directors held that no rule had been infringed ; but the meeting held otherwise, and decided, by a large majority, that the practice should cease at once. The directors, holding strongly the opinions they had expressed, naturally felt that they had been censured for breach of rules. They resolved to call a special meeting of the members, and place their resignations before them. This special meeting was held, and instead of the members accepting the directors' resignations, a unanimous vote of confidence in the directors was passed. The directors then, of course, withdrew their resignations. Thus passed an incident, small in itself, but which might have caused grave mischief to the Society. It is pleasant to note that a proposal by Mr. David Campbell to form an educational fund, which had been rejected at a former quarterly meeting, was now heartily approved of, and the directors given a free hand to begin with it at once. At the following meeting of members, the chairman intimated the opening of the grocery branch at Bayton Terrace, Granton ; and the board asked for powers to open another branch in William Street, but the members refused such powers. Had the members a feeling that the directors were rushing matters ? They seemed to have got into a rather troublesome mood at this time. They further instructed the directors to consider the advisability of appointing a general manager. The directors, after consideration, agreed to the suggestion ; and the head-salesman, Mr. John Docherty, was appointed CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED 225 general manager, the duties of the position having been carefully drawn up by committee. In July 1887 the resignation of Mr. David Campbell as a member of committee was announced. He had received the appointment of manager in the printing department of the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society Ltd. The following record was placed in the minutes — "In accepting this resignation, the board wishes to express its regret in parting with Mr. Campbell, who, in the discharge of the duties appertaining to the various of&ces — namely, president, director, and auditor — which he has filled, has ever displayed the greatest zeal and ability. These qualities, which have gained for him the respect and esteem of the board, will, they are confident, ensure his success in the responsible position he is now to occupy, and to which he will carry the good wishes not only of the members of the board but of every member of the Society whose interests he has always striven to advance." This was a capital send-off to an old and valued worker, who brought intelligence as well as perseverance to all his work. The unrest and dissatisfaction of a number of the members, which had shown itself some time ago when the committee offered to resign, had only been simmering. It now took the form of dissatisfaction with the price of goods sold at the store, these members alleging that the same goods could be purchased at better terms from the private trader. These complaints were brought up at the quarterly meeting, causing a good deal of friction. The committee, ever willing to do what was right, made full inquiry into the statements that had been so loudly made. They purchased goods from several of the neighbouring shops, and compared prices and quality. It was found that some articles were dearer at the store ; but, on the other hand, some were cheaper ; and, taking the one with the other, the committee were of opinion that the 226 EDINBURGH NORTHERN DISTRICT members were getting quite as good value for their money at the store as they could get at any private trader's place of business. This did not please the dissatisfied members. They turned their attention to the boots and shoes supplied by the Society, and contended that they could buy their boots cheaper at a certain shop than they could do at the store. The directors, determined to probe the matter to the bottom, purchased a pair of the so-called cheaper boots, sent them to the boot department of the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society, requesting to be informed as to whether they could supply similar boots at a similar price. The reply was that the boots sent were of a very inferior quality and make, and that the Wholesale would not demean themselves by turning out such poor stuff. Next year (1888) a more serious and reasonable cause of complaint cropped up, which caused much anxiety to the committee. In the bcdance-sheet for the quarter ending in March, it was found that a loss of ^^107 had been sustained in the drapery department. Every effort was made to discover the cause. The stock was retaken by men sent from the Wholesale Society, the accounts were agedn gone over carefully by the auditors, but the loss could not be located. It was thought that the stock had been overestimated the previous quarter, but this explanation of so large a loss was not considered satisfactory by the members : hence there was dissatisfac- tion, and a good deal of adverse criticism. The trouble ended by the head-salesman of the drapery being dismissed. CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED 227 CHAPTER IV 1888 TO 1895 ALTHOUGH the incidents related towards the end of the previous chapter were the cause of considerable anxiety to the committee, they did not allow them to absorb their attention entirely. We find that a handsome shop had been taken in Picardy Place, as being more suit- able than the branch that was started in Forth Street, which was now to be closed. Then a fleshing department was to be opened, to be conducted on the cash system, and a separate dividend paid. Powers were granted by quarterly meeting to open another grocery branch in Rose Street. Thus the Society was most effectively bringing the benefits of Co-operation to the very doors of the people in the northern district of the city. Another of the pioneers of the Society, Mr. James Miller, passed away during the year. He had at different times served as director, auditor, and delegate to the Wholesale meetings, and the committee, besides expressing their sympathy with the widow and family, placed upon record their high appreciation of Mr. Miller's long and faithful services. At a general meeting of members, we find that Mr. W. E. Snell addressed the meeting on the proposed People's Bank which was about to be started in the city, and received a very attentive hearing. The position of the Society at this time was extremely satisfactory. The balance-sheet showed that there were 1,456 members, a slight decrease from the previous six 228 EDINBURGH NORTHERN DISTRICT months ; the sales were £10,943 ; the value of buildings, £4,300 ; and a profit of £1,437 for the quarter, giving a dividend of 2s. gd. per £ on purchases. ANXIOUS TIMES The committee, for some time back, had been dissatisfied with the management of the business ; they thought the manager lacking in administrative ability and organising power. They therefore resolved, in the best interests of the Society, to dispense with his services. This action of the committee was at once taken up by a goodly number of the members, who sent in a requisition to call a special meeting to consider the action of the board. The requisition was signed by 123 members, and feeling was stirred somewhat against the board before they had the opportunity of giving reasons for their action. The special meeting was held on 25th February 1889. The committee were asked to state their reasons for dispensing with the services of the manager. The president, in clear language and in an unbiased manner, went through the circumstances step by step, showing that the committee had no alternative, if they valued the true interests of the Society. He gladly gave the manager credit for his sterling honesty, his desire to do well, and his continuous hard work, and spoke very kindly of him from a personal point of view. But the board had fully considered the manager's methods and system of administering the Society's affairs, and did not consider him satisfactory. In their deep interest for the Society's welfare they had unanimously decided that the present manager must retire. A vote was taken for and against the approval of the board's action, and by a large majority the board's action was disapproved of. This vote practically reinstated the discharged manager, and placed the board in a most unenviable position. The CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED 229 members of the board felt that a vote of "no confidence " had been passed on them, and, as honourable men, they could not longer hold their positions. They had to inform the manager that his services would be retained, and at the same time agreed to place their resignations before next quarterly meeting. There was still strong feeling manifested for and against the board at the quarterly meeting, but the board stood by their agreement to resign. Ultimately, the decision of the special meeting was reversed by a majority, and the members of the board withdrew their resignations at the request of the meeting. At the first weekly meeting of the board a letter from the manager was read, intimating his resignation. Steps were at once taken to secure another. This unfortunate incident need never have arisen if the members had had that confidence in the directors they ought to have had. By their last vote they had placed themselves in a most awkward position, but still they had restored the directors to their proper position, and the incident ought to have been forgotten from that moment. A SECESSION One would have thought that the circumstances we have related, which had been so fully discussed and settled by the members themselves, would have drawn the Society closer together. But no ; the spirit of revolt was abroad. A number of the members, perhaps smarting under defeat, left the Society, threw in their lot with the late manager, and started a society which was bound to be in opposition to the Northern. Not content with this unco -operative action, false and misleading statements as to the financial position of the parent society were freely and mischievously circulated throughout the district. The effect of this was to bring discredit on 230 EDINBURGH NORTHERN DISTRICT Co-operation, and to split up the members into contending sections. The Northern at this time was severely tried. About one hundred members had seceded ; capital was withdrawn to some extent ; and sales decreased considerably. This was most discouraging to the directors, but they rose to the occasion. A new branch was opened in the Canonmills district ; the coal trade was entered into on their own account ; the new manager, Mr. James Anderson, was installed ; shares were taken in the Edinburgh People's Bank ; business was increasing slowly but surely. The storm was happily over. In June 1889 the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society celebrated its coming-of-age by great meetings held in Edinburgh and Glasgow. The committee of the Northern arranged a meeting in connection with the opening of Rose Street branch at the same time. It was held in Free St. George's Hall, Randolph Place, and was a decided success. Addresses were deUvered by Mr. Maxwell, chairman of the Wholesale Society ; Mr. Stewart, manager of Leith branch of that society ; and the veteran leader Mr. G. J. Holyoake, who accom- panied Mr. Maxwell, also made a few remarks in order to show his sympathy with the efforts made to extend the movement. During the troublesome time the Society had been passing through, it never relaxed its sense of duty in the matter of generosity ; we find that its subscriptions increased in many csises, and no genuine appeal for help was ignored. In September 1889 it was decided to give credit in the fleshing department. At this meeting Mr. MUne retired from the chair, and Mr. John Mallinson was appointed president. At the following meeting, the new chairman, having in view what the Society had just passed through, made a clear and reassuring statement regarding the CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED 231 financial position of the Northern. He informed the members that they need not be moved by any statement as to the instability of their finances. He said that their reserve fund, taking into account the amount of share capital, had only one equal in Scotland, and that their present financial position was " second to none." No doubt, statements of this kind had a good effect on many of the weak-kneed members, for the Society was rapidly recovering its lost ground. At the June meeting of 1890, the membership was 1,376 ; the sales for the quarter, £10,085 ; and profits allowed a dividend of 2s. lod. per £. It was intimated that Mr. James Anderson, the manager, had resigned, and that the board had appointed Mr. David Rowat, of Kilmarnock, as manager, and he would enter upon his duties immedi- ately. The chairman complimented the retiring manager, and expressed the regret of the board at losing his services, as his energetic management had mainly contributed to bring the Society back to its former position. The meeting unanimously agreed to present Mr. Anderson with £10, as a token of their appreciation of his services. Another shop was to be got for the grocery branch at Canonmills ; a fleshing branch was to be opened in the Broughton district ; propaganda meetings were to be held during the following winter. These energetic movements at once told on the business, and it continued to prosper, so that by 1892 it had recovered its lost ground in membership, sales, and capital. It was now stronger than ever. FORWARD Mr. David Rowat, the new manager, was soon popular with directors and members ; his high sense of justice attracted the employees towards him. His methodical system of management was felt throughout the whole organisation, and a feeling of trust and security pervaded 232 EDINBURGH NORTHERN DISTRICT the whole Society. This much to be desired state of matters was reflected in the rapid progress now being made in every department. The increased business again made a demand for increased accommodation. Land was feued at Dean Park Mews, and stables, with the other necessary accommodation, were being built, at a cost of £1,200. The votes of money to charities were increased, while it is noteworthy that a sum was laid aside for the purpose of assisting any of the members who might be reduced in circumstances through want of employment. The committee also loyally agreed to support the Wholesale Society in its efforts to ignore the dictation of certain soapmakers. All this showed that a fine Co-operative spirit was animating the leaders of the Society. Add to this the excellent management which now prevailed, and we have the secret of the great progress now being made. Mr. D. L. Mason, who was elected president in room of Mr. A. Glen, in August 1892, was able the following year to congratulate the members on the position of the society, and to state that for sales, membership, and capital it was now in a higher position than ever it had been. The members numbered 1,712 ; the sales for the half-year were £25,533 ; whilst the capital now stood at £14,828, and the reserve fund was £1,896. The dividend was 3s. 4d., with 2S. for the fleshing, which was still paid separately. The property of the Society, in the form of buildings, was valued at £6,597. The position was one to be proud of ; and, as subsequent balance-sheets continued to show even greater progress, the working-men of the Stockbridge district who up till this time had not seen their way to join with their fellows now came forward in large numbers to help and be helped. We have to record at this time the death of another pioneer, Mr. David Rintoul. It will be remembered how earnestly and determinedly this gentleman had worked for the Northern when its prospects were exceedingly CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED 233 dark ; how he encouraged those who were of httle faith ; how he went from door to door showing the benefits of co-operating, and sohciting all to join the store. His death caused a blank among the Society's leaders, and the committee placed on record their great appreciation of his work, and their deep sympathy with his widow and family in their bereavement. About this time a fleshing branch was opened in Rose Street ; the branches were all connected with the Central by telephone ; and because of the excessive rents being charged for shops in the Broughton district, the committee were empowered to try to purchase the property. The weekly supply of the Co-operative News was to be increased to twelve dozen, to be distributed among the shops, and to be given free to members ; these had been formerly charged a halfpenny per copy. Besides all this, an active and effective propaganda was carried on by a series of local meetings. A most important and considerable scheme of extension was brought forward by the committee in 1894. The continued increase of business was much hampered by the congestion at the Central premises, and the want of proper bakery accommodation. The board had carefully considered the whole question for a considerable time, aided by expert advice from Mr. Marwick, architect, and they now proposed to purchase the property of Patriothall, measuring 280 by 290 yards* The houses on the property yielded an annual rental of £556 ; there were no building restrictions ; and there was ample space to erect all the buildings the Society required. The special meeting at which this proposal was discussed ultimately agreed to empower the committee to purchase the property for the sum of £14,000. This was a long step forward, but it showed unmistakably great confidence in the directors md unlimited faith in the power of Co-operation. Some dea of the rate of progress the Society was making at 234 EDINBURGH NORTHERN DISTRICT this time (1894) may be gathered from the following figures, increases for one year : — Membership, 121 ; capital, £1,741 ; sales, £3,593 ; and profit, £777. The Society had now 2,000 shares in the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society, besides a large number of shares in the various Co-operative federal institutions to which it had attached itself. The purchase of Patriothall estate took some time and trouble, but it was ultimately accomplished to the satisfaction of all concerned. In the first place, a loan of £9,000 had to be got. This was satisfactorily accomplished through the Society's law agents ; and, with a payment of £5,189, i8s. id., Patriothall became the property of the society. A troublesome incident arose shortly after, by the discovery that a casualty, amounting to a year's rent, was payable on the property on the death of the proprietor. The law agents advised the Society to redeem the casualty before erecting new buildings, as the added value would increase the payment. The casualty was redeemed, and the erection of a two-storey brick building, suitable for bakery purposes, was proceeded with. All modern improvements were introduced. The original estimate of £5,125 was somewhat exceeded, but the committee were satisfied that they had got good value for the expenditure. CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED 235 CHAPTER V 1895 TO 1899 AMALGAMATION : RETURN OF THE WANDERERS IT was at the quarterly meeting held in May 1895, that Mr. Mason, the chairman, gave the first hint of negotiations being carried on with the seceders of 1889, who, it will be remembered, started a society of their own and named it St. Bernard's. It is to the credit of the executive of the East of Scotland Co-operative Conference that they should have been the first to move in this matter. They tactfully approached both parties, with the result that an arrangement was come to — namely, that three members from each of the committees (Northern and St. Bernard's) should meet with a like number of the Conference executive, for the purpose of considering the best means of bringing about a reconciliation. This joint committee, assisted by Mr. Deans of the Scottish Section, met frequently. They found the task they had set themselves more difficult than they at first supposed. It was not till 1895 that a scheme satisfactory to both societies was produced. In due time it was fully considered by the boards of both organisations ; and, after being adopted, they each agreed to call special meetings of their members to consider the proposed scheme of amalgamation. The Northern members were unanimous in their approval of the scheme ; St. Bernard's all but unanimous in their acceptance of it. Thus, after six years' separation from the parent society, the St. Bernard's members returned to the Northern, and 236 EDINBURGH NORTHERN DISTRICT were received with every mark of respect. The past was soon forgotten by both parties, and all were animated by the same desire — namely, to do their utmost to further the interests of the parent society. The first meeting of the amalgamated board was held on 25th September 1895, St. Bernard's representatives on the board being Messrs. William Sharp and G. Wilson. Of course the membership and sales of the Society went up with a bound. The chairman, at the first quarterly meeting after the amalgamation, stated that the cash drawings were £1,545 more than the combined drawings of the two societies for the same period of the previous year. Everywhere now there was harmony ; everywhere progress ; and every- where kindly and generous conduct was manifest. The votes to charities were increased ; the relations with other Co-operative societies were of the most harmonious kind. Taken altogether, this was perhaps the happiest time the Northern had experienced since its inception, and its future was of the brightest and most hopeful. Happily, the new bakery at Patriothall was ready for opening at this time, and the directors were not slow to take advantage of this opportunity to invite all their Co-operative friends and neighbours to join with them in a grand opening demonstration. On the 28th December 1895, Co-operators from all parts met at Patriothall to see the new place, and to see the men who had done so much in the midst of difficulties. All expressed them- selves charmed with the new bakery ; all were deeply impressed with the proofs of energy and good management they saw everywhere. Refreshments were provided ; a band discoursed sweet music ; and the delegates, in parting, not only voted the Northerners keen men of business, but kindly and generous hosts. Still the business grew apace. A new grocery branch was ordered to be built in Dean Park Street, at a cost of £1,080 ; while a fleshing branch was opened at Canonmills. CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED 237 The increase of the entire business in March 1896 may be gathered from the following figures : — the members numbered 2,403 ; the cash drawings for the six months, £38,045, being an increase of £3,329 over the combined drawings of the two societies for the same period of the previous year ; the dividend was 3s. 6d., and 2S. lod. for fleshing ; the value of buildings was now £26,366. A special meeting was called in June 1896 to consider the alterations of rules which had been drawn up by a sub-committee. The most important alteration affected the board. Formerly members of committee were eligible for re-election as long as the members thought them worthy ; now they were to be prohibited from serving longer than three years, with the exception of secretary and treasurer. The maximum of share capital held by each member was raised from £50 to £100. An insurance fund for horses and glass was opened about this time, £50 being withdrawn from the reserve fund, and an annual sum of £4, is. 6d. added for glass, and £15 for horses. Another alteration in the Society's financial arrangements was agreed to. The interest on share capital, which had been 5 per cent., was reduced to 4 per cent., and the interest on deposits in the penny bank was in future to yield 3^^, instead of 4^ per cent, as formerly. In this year (1896) a loan fund was also inaugurated, to enable the Society to meet the large outlays necessitated by the acquiring of so much property, and also to give the members an opportunity of using their own capital. All this progress and extension did not escape the notice of the private traders, who viewed with considerable alarm the growth and continuous expansion of this now powerful and popular institution. In the petty attempts they made to shake the confidence of the Northern members in the stability of the store they were quite unsuccessful ; still they managed to make a few uncomfortable by their •238 EDINBURGH NORTHERN DISTRICT puny threats of what was coming. This was the fiasco known as the " butchers' boycott," and was brought about by cattle salesmen, principally in the West, refusing all Co-operative bids in the cattle rings. The history of this silly attempt to cripple the movement is well known ; it did much to advertise the Co-operative cause, and it drew Co-operators closer together to protect their common interests. The Wholesale Society fought the boycotters by finding other means of getting supplies than purchasing at the cattle rings from which they were now shut out : in this way the stores got all the butcher- meat they required, and the boycott fizzled out. The members of the Northern were equal to the occasion. They passed a resolution that did them infinite credit, viz. — " That in view of the aggressive attitude assumed by the private traders, ;^ioo be withdrawn from the reserve fund and set aside for the protection of the Society or any of its members who may be victimised on account of their connection with it." Perhaps the knowledge that they had taken up such a firm attitude had the effect desired, as their opponents, after this, considered " discretion the better part of valour." The troubles regarding the purchase of Patriothall were still giving some anxiety to the committee. The Town Clerk wrote saying that he had instructions to cut off the water-supply from all those at Patriothall who had no legal right to it. This would have been very serious, as one of the tenants had a large laundry business. The law agents of the Society interdicted the Town Clerk from cutting off the supply, and a compromise was arranged whereby the Society would make an annual payment of ^2, 2s. for the water rights. After considerable negotia- tions regarding the solum of the mill lade which passed through Patriothall, another compromise was effected whereby the solum became the property of the Society, under certain conditions, on a payment of £i, is. per annum. CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED 239 PEACE AND PLENTY At the quarterly meeting held in November 1896, Mr. Barclay Todd, the new president, had nothing but good news for the members. He congratulated them on their loyalty to all the departments, and he pointed with pride to the splendid results. The good management had now won the confidence even of those who formerly were continually carping. The membership, trade, and capital were all increasing. The profits for the first time yielded a dividend of 3s. 8d. per £. The fleshing at this time was affected by the boycott, and only showed a profit of is. 6d. per £. The following month saw the handsome shop in Dean Park Street opened, and from the very first it was a great success. The Society, although in every way working smoothly itself, never for a moment forgot others not so fortunately placed. We find them subscribing £5 to the Cowdenbeath Society, which had been brought into difiiculties through their late secretary. It may be mentioned that, through the generosity of the subscribing societies at this time, Cowdenbeath was saved, restored to its former place of usefulness, and is now in a stronger position than ever. During the previous months an organisation had been silently launched in connection with the Society, and was now being developed with considerable ability, which was bound to become a valuable and interesting auxiliary to the propaganda work of the Society. This was a branch of the Scottish Co-operative Women's Guild. The board was not slow to appreciate the power of such an organisation, and they at once recognised their duty to encourage it. The members agreed to the board's proposition to vote £25 to aid the women in starting their guild, and further to provide a suitable hall for them in which to carry on the work of their organisation. It is interesting to note 240 EDINBURGH NORTHERN DISTRICT that an average attendance of fifty women was to be found at the weekly meetings of the guild during the first year. They stirred up considerable interest in the district regarding the power and benefit of the movement. The Convalescent Homes were greatly benefited by their handiwork, which was disposed of at the bazaar held for the purpose of raising funds for the Homes. The Co-operative Congress was to be held at Perth in 1897, and the Northern appointed two delegates in the persons of Messrs. Mallinson and Crawford, who worthily upheld the traditions of the Society. The year 1897 was one of great progress and harmonious working The fleshing departments were certainly not showing so much profit as formerly ; but, as the chairman explained from time to time, the Butchers' Association was still appl5dng the boycott and increasing the Society's difficulties somewhat in getting cattle. But he never lost an opportunity of pointing out to the members that right was on their side, and that they would ultimately triumph over this miserable effort to cripple the people's cause. The chairman also mentioned that 'the Northern's head- butcher, Mr. Macdonald, had been appointed cattle-buyer to the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society. Another grocery shop was demanded for CanonmiUs, as their present one was inadequate to meet the rapid increase of business. It is pleasant to read the minutes of the Society at this time, for just as the trade increased so did the sums voted to charities increase. Even the office-bearers and employees were not forgotten in this hour of success and hope. The winter of 1897-98 had been very severe, and much suffering was felt among the poor, especially among the children. The committee, always to the front in good works, supplied through the headmasters of the Board schools forty-seven poor children with a pair of boots each, this seasonable and kindly action being c^ ^ S —^ c< i O CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED 241 warmly appreciated by the masters and children alike. After this, no winter passed without a similar gift being sent from the store to the poor children. This year (1909) the Society supplied 548 pairs of boots, so that the poor children of the city have not lost through the amalgamation with St. Cuthbert's. The committee had received £20 from the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society, being part of a sum voted at their quarterly meeting for the relief of distress through want of employment. On inquiry being made, it was found there were very few of the Northern members in need of such assistance, and the few that required help were attended to. Thirty-six orders for goods, of the value of five shillings each, were sent to the secretary of the Edinburgh and Leith Branch of the Engineers' Society, whose members had been locked out because of an effort in London to secure an eight-hours' day. The secretary of this society waited on the Northern directors to express his own thanks and those of his colleagues for what they esteemed an act of great generosity. He mentioned that this was the only society that had so befriended the Engineers, and they were so pleased with the idea of orders for goods that they had utilised a considerable sum of their own money in purchasing similar orders from St. Cuthbert's Co-operative Association and Leith Provident Co-operative Society. In 1898 it was agreed that a new grocery branch be built in Rodney Street, Canonmills, at a cost of £1,180 ; and that the grocery branch in Picardy Place, with two adjoining shops, be purchased for the sum of £2,800, the additional shops being for the extension of the drapery and boot and shoe departments. These large outlays of capital were now passed at the members' meetings almost without question, and showed that the members were full of confidence in the men who had carried on the Society so successfully. They were now doing a business Q 242 EDINBURGH NORTHERN DISTRICT of £83,163 per annum ; their capital was £26,544 ; their buildings were set down at £30,553 ; the reserve fund was £3,140 ; the members numbered 2,767 ; and the profit for the year was £14,701, giving . a dividend of 3s. 8d. per £, and an average for the year on fleshing of 2s. 2d. The boycott had collapsed in the East of Scotland, so that the fleshing department was back to its normal condition. Another of the "grand old men" of the Society passed away in 1898, in Mr. John Milne, who had been chairman and latterly auditor ; he left a sweet memory behind him, his services being highly appreciated and his death deeply deplored. At the November meeting of members it was announced by the chairman that the committee regretted that they had lost the services of Mr. David Rowat, manager, who had left to fill a similar appointment at Paisley. He paid a high compliment to Mr. Rowat for what he had done for the Northern during the eight years he had been with them. The trade of the Society had more than doubled during Mr. Rowat' s managership, and he was sure Mr. Rowat carried with him the good wishes not only of those who had been associated with him in the management, but of every member of the Society. It was aimounced that Mr. John Dunsmore, of Galashiels, had been appointed manager. An interesting discussion took place at this meeting on a question that had taken up the attention of Co-operators for some time. At the Perth Congress, the previous year, a resolution had been adopted—" That the time had arrived when there should be direct representation of Co-operators in Parliament and on aU public bodies." The Scottish Section of the Co-operative Union had circularised all the societies for the opinion of their members. The Northern members took up the question with their usual vigour, and, after a long debate, in which both sides of CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED 243 the question were well spoken to, a division showed that by a majority they were in favour of the principle of direct representation. The following year (1899) was memorable in the history of the Society, but this will be dealt with at length in the next chapter. In the meantime, the business was stUl making rapid forward strides. The profits of the general trade and the fleshing department were pooled, and one dividend declared on all purchases. Another of the outstanding men of the Society was called hence in Mr. Thomas Blackball, who had greatly interested himself in the success of the Granton branch, and in many ways, by his sound judgment and wide experience as a director and an auditor, had helped forward the best interests of the Society, and his death was deeply regretted by all who knew him. 244 EDINBURGH NORTHERN DISTRICT CHAPTER VI 1899 TO 1900 THE BEGINNING OF THE END AT the weekly meeting, held on loth May 1899, Mr. Barclay Todd, the president, informed the meeting that a letter had been received from St. Cuthbert's Co-operative Association, stating that at their last quarterly meeting a motion had been brought forward to open shops in the Northern district, and had been supported by a large number of their members. However, a resolution had been carried — " That we delay opening branches in the north side of the town until we have put ourselves in communication with the Edinburgh Northern District Co-operative Society, and ascertain whether they would be willing to amalgamate with us ; the matter to be reported to our next quarterly meeting." The letter went on to say that the subject had been remitted to a sub- committee, who would be pleased to have a friendly conference with a similar committee representing the Northern. The Northern directors were naturally some- what surprised, but at once appointed a small committee to prepare a reply to St. Cuthbert's letter, the terms of which were approved at the following meeting. In this reply the Northern pointed out that if St. Cuthbert's opened shops in the north side of the city, it would be a violation of the agreement which had been come to between the two societies. They further requested information as to the attitude of St. Cuthbert's board towards the question. CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED 245 A very courteous reply was received to the above letter, stating that St. Cuthbert's board had no intention of violating any business agreements, and that as a board they had no intention of supporting the motion to open shops in the Northern district. They also expressed the hope that nothing would happen to disturb the friendly relations which had always existed between the two societies. More correspondence took place, leading up to a meeting of the sub-committees, the Northern representa- tives being Messrs. Todd, Crawford, and Law. A further conference was decided on, when five representatives from each society met to still further consider the question. They ultimately agreed that a scheme of amalgamation should be drawn up. A scheme was prepared, but it had to be placed before the members of both organisations. In August 1899, at the quarterly meeting of the Northern, the chairman (Mr. Todd) made a full and frank statement of all that had taken place since they last met. He supplemented the minutes, which graphically gave a history of the negotiations which had taken place between the societies. The board of the Northern, he said, had had to face a delicate and peculiar situation. What they had done up till now was entirely in the best interests of the Society, and it was for the members now to say if the negotiations should proceed, with a view to amalgamation. He hinted that, whatever might be the private opinion of the members of the board, they felt that they had no alternative but to accept the situation rather than risk the best interests of the Society. Not without considerable discussion did the meeting decide, by a large majority — " That the negotiations be continued, and that a special meeting be called when completed." Mr. John Mallinson was elected president, in room of Mr. B. Todd, who retired, and was heartily thanked for his great services to the Society. 246 EDINBURGH NORTHERN DISTRICT The special meeting to consider the negotiations and the resultant scheme of amalgamation was held on i8th October 1899. The scheme, which had been thoroughly discussed by the board and unanimously adopted, was now submitted to the members. The chairman caused all the minutes dealing with the question to be read, so that the members might have a full comprehension of what led up to the present position. The chairman, in moving the adoption of the scheme of amalgamation, said it was the only feasible plan for preventing a state of matters arising which would prove injurious to their Society and to the movement generally. In his opinion a serious responsibility would rest on the members if they should reject this amicable proposal, and so enter into keen competition with a society so much stronger than theirs, for that would be the result. In the discussion which followed, considerable opposition was expressed. A direct negative was proposed, but, on a division, the motion for adopting the committee's scheme of amalgama- tion was carried by 469 votes to 44 given to the direct negative. Thus the first and most important step towards the amalgamation of these two splendid institutions was accomplished. For the long period of nearly thirty- four years they had been parted ; then, by a set of circumstances which could not have been foreseen, they joined hands to unitedly carry on their great social work with more vigour than ever. The scheme submitted and approved was as follows : — SPECIAL RESOLUTIONS TO BE PASSED AT TWO SPECIAL GENERAL MEETINGS OF EACH OF THE SOCIETIES. The Edinburgh Northern District Co-operative Society Limited shall be amalgamated with St. Cuthbert's Co-operative Association Limited on the following conditions : — CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED 247 (a) The name of the amalgamated society shall be " St. Cuthbert's Co-operative Association Limited." (&) The rules of the present St. Cuthbert's Co-operative Association Limited shall be the rules of the amalgamated society, save in so far as inconsistent with the terms of this resolution. (c) All the members of each of the above-named societies, at the date of the registration of this resolution, shall be members of the amalgamated society, each of whom respectively shall be credited in the books of the amalgamated society with the like amount of shares, share capital, loans, deposits, dividend, and interest as are standing to his or her credit in the books of the society of which he or she is a member at the said date. {d) The whole property and assets of the said societies, both heritable and movable, shall belong and be transferred to the amalgamated society at the date of the registration of this resolution, and the amalgamated society shall undertake all the obligations of both the said societies at such date ; but this resolution shall be subject to the following conditions : — Conditions to he mutually agreed upon by both societies. I. In the event of this resolution being registered by the Registrar, the respective societies shall cease to exist as separate societies on the sixth day of March 1900, and shall be opened and worked as one society on the seventh day of March 1900. II. The stocks of each of the societies shall be taken in the usual way on the date first-named, each society having agreed to abide by the result of such stocktaking, 248 EDINBURGH NORTHERN DISTRICT and the books shall be closed and balanced on the same date. The buildings, fixtures, plant, &c., shall be taken at the value as per last balance-sheet, less the usual deductions for depreciation. III. All expenses incurred in connection with the amalgamation, including auditors' expenses and retiring officials' salaries for the unexpired period of their term of office, shall be borne by the amalgamated society. IV. Dividend and interest for current six months shall be paid by the amalgamated society to the members of each society, according to the results ascertained at the separate balance of their respective accounts. V. The balance-sheets of each of the societies shall be examined and compared with their books by the respective auditors, and the signature of the said auditors to the respective balance-sheets shall be a satisfactory and sufficient guarantee of the accuracy thereof. VI. The committee of the amalgamated society to consist of twenty members — ^viz., president, treasurer, secretary, and seventeen directors, and shall be formed as follows : — ^The Northern to appoint four of their number as directors, whose term of office will expire at the quarterly meeting in April 1901 ; St. Cuthbert's to appoint thirteen of their number as directors, four of whom shall retire at quarterly meeting in July 1900, four at the quarterly meeting in October 1900, four at the quarterly meeting in January 1901, and one at the quarterly meeting in April 1901. The president, treasurer, secretary, and auditors of St. Cuthbert's Association to continue to serve in their respective offices till the expiry of their term. The eligibility for re-election of all the directors, office-bearers, and auditors to be regulated by Rules 5 and 11 of St. Cuthbert's Association. VII. The quarterly meetings in April 1900 of the members of the separate societies shall be held CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED 249 simultaneously for the passing of the respective balance- sheets, approving of minutes of previous quarterly and board meetings, and other necessary business. The first meeting of the amalgamated society shall be held the following evening, when the business on the agenda connected therewith shall be discussed and disposed of. VIII. It is hereby clearly expressed and understood that as soon as convenient after the amalgamation of the societies has taken place a complete revision of the rules of the amalgamated society shall be made. This document was signed by the respective secretaries of the two societies — James Law for the Northern, and John Richardson for St. Cuthbert's. Before the next quarterly meeting was held, the forms for amalgamation of the two societies required by Act of Parliament had all been filled in, signed, attested by a Justice of the Peace, and put into the hands of the Registrar. At the meeting held on 7th February 1900, Mr. Mallinson, the president, said it must be gratifying to them all to know that, as they were about to merge their Society in another, their position financially and from a business point of view was better than it had ever been before. In the report, the directors expressed themselves as follows — " Fellow - members, — As this is the last opportunity which your directors will have of addressing you as members of the Northern, they desire to express their appreciation of the kindly relations which have always existed between the members and the directorate, as well as their warmest thanks for the confidence which you have invariably reposed in them — the knowledge of which has not only been a source of unfeigned satisfaction, but has likewise proved an invaluable incentive in enabling them to discharge the duties pertaining to their respective Dffices with advantage to the Society, and with credit to themselves. It is not without feelings of regret that your 250 EDINBURGH NORTHERN DISTRICT directors view the near approach of the time when their connection with the work of the Society must cease, but these feelings are more than compensated for by the knowledge of the benefits which this consolidation will confer, not only upon the members, but also on the movement generally. As you are aware, the amalgamation with St. Cuthbert's Society comes into operation on Wednesday, 7th March 1900, and your directors appeal to every member, whatever may have been his attitude towards the step, to show loyalty to the movement by giving to the amalgamated society the same hearty support which you have given to the Northern ; and also that you should continue to take as active an interest in all that pertains to the good of the society, by making a point of attending the quarterly meetings and supporting every measure which has for its object the furtherance of those principles which should govern the business of every Co-operative society. By so doing you will help to make St. Cuthbert's not only one of the largest, but also, what is of far more importance, one of the most progressive Co-operative societies in the Kingdom." Messrs. John Mallinson, Wilham Crawford, C. W. Macpherson, and William Sime were chosen to be the Northern's representatives on the board of the amalgamated society. Nothing could exceed the fine spirit that animated the directors of the Northern at this time of parting. They recognised the valuable services of Mr. James Law, who for thirteen years had filled the position of secretary, by making a presentation to him of £25. A similar sum was presented to Mr. William Crawford, who had been treasurer of the Society for twenty-five years. These officials had taken part in much of the storm and stress through which the Society had passed, and now, when called upon to lay down their official positions, to be thus recognised by their colleagues was to them no CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED 251 ordinary appreciation. Their gratitude was expressed in suitable words, coming from lull hearts. THE LAST MEETING OF THE NORTHERN The last report and balance-sheet was submitted to the quarterly meeting held on 25th April 1900. In the report, the directors took the opportunity of expressing the pleasure they felt in being able, in the last statement of the Society's transactions, to show its condition to be thoroughly satisfactory at the close of its history, both in regard to the extent of its business and also its financial position ; there had been no falling-off either in the sales or rate of profit realised, the cash drawings being the highest reached for a like period. Notwith- standing the extra expenses which had to be met during the six months in clearing off the bond on Patriothall property, and others rendered necessary by the amalgamation, the divisible profit enabled the directors to recommend a dividend equal to what had been paid in recent times, although on this occasion the fleshing checks were included. The balance-sheet was exceedingly satisfactory. The membership was 2,799 > ^^^ cash drawings £50,535, an increase over the corresponding period of previous year of £5,038 ; and the profit, after attending to interest, depreciation, and reserve fund, admitted of a dividend of 3s. 8d. per £ on purchases. Thus, to the very last moment of its existence, they were showing progress. Although there was a tone of sadness at this meeting — owing, no doubt, to the breaking-up of long associations and the parting with well-known leaders who had done heroic work for the Society — still their hopes were high for the future ; they felt that, in the new and stronger organisation in which they were about to take part, their principles and aspirations would have fuller and wider scope, and so would lead to greater usefulness in the amelioration of the workers' position. 252 EDINBURGH NORTHERN DISTRICT Thirty-four years had come and gone since the first meeting of the Society, and during that long period who can compute the great good it had done, the enormous help it had been to the people who had been associated with it ? Lives and homes had been made brighter and sweeter, the wolf that is never far from the workman's door had been kept at bay, and a spirit of independence, of self-respect, and of self-reliance had been set up, without which man is poor indeed. And now the Northerners part for good, but not without showing how grateful they were to those who had led them so long and so well. The president, secretary, treasurer, directors, and auditors were all heartily thanked for their services in kindly words — ^words which were endorsed by the acclamation of the members. The Edinburgh Northern District Co-operative Society had ceased to exist, but it made its exit with honour and dignity. CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED 253 COPY OF THE SEAL OF THE EDINBURGH NORTHERN DISTRICT CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED APPENDICES OFFICIALS OF ST. CUTHBERT'S SINCE ITS INCEPTION PRESIDENTS John Borrowman Allan Scott David Edgar William Galloway James Balmain Allan Scott William Galloway Thomas Cuthil John Douglas James Lochhead James C. Frier Robert W. Henderson Joseph Milne John Kerr William Young Elected 30th September 1859. Retired 31st May 1866. Elected 31st May 1866. Retired 25th February 1869. Elected 25th February 1869. Retired 26th November 1869. Elected 25th November 1869 Retired 19th May 1870. Elected 19th May 1870. Retired 24th November 1870. Re-elected 24th November 1870. Retired 24th November 1875. Re-elected 24th November 1875. Retired 22nd November 1876. Elected 22nd November 1876. Retired 18th October 1881. Elected 18th October 1881. Retired 21st October 1884. Elected 21st October 1884. Retired 26th October 1887. Elected 26th October 1887. Retired 25th October 1888. Elected 25th October 1888. Retired 21st October 1890. Elected 21st October 1890. Retired 25th October 1893. Elected 25th October 1893. Retired 20th October 1896. Elected 20th October 1896. Retired 26th April 1898. R 258 A PPENDIX Geo. D. Taylor John Macaulay Geo. D. Taylor John Mallinson John Macaulay James B. Bennet (Our present President) Elected 26th April 1898. Retired 24th October 1899. Elected 24th October 1899. Retired 23rd October 1900. Re-elected 23rd October 1900. Retired 22nd October 1903. Elected 22nd October 1903. Retired 25th October 1906. Re-elected 25th October 1906. Died June 1908. Elected June 1908. TREASURERS Adam Walker James Arnot Robert Ferguson John Somers James Lochhead John Scott James Balmain James Lochhead James Wood Robert Nesbit Robert Lindsay Robert Nesbit • Robert Yorston Robert Nesbit Elected 30th September 1859. Retired 1861. Elected 1861. Retired 22nd November 1866. Elected 22nd November 1866. Retired 25th February 1869. Elected 25th February 1869. Retired 27th May 1869. Elected 27th May 1869. Retired 19th May 1870. Elected 19th May 1870. Retired 27th August 1873. Elected 27th August 1873. Retired 26th February 1875. Re-elected 26th February 1875. Retired 23rd January 1883. Elected 23rd January 1883. Retired 29th January 1885. Elected 29th January 1885. Retired 25th January 1888. Elected 25th January 1888. Retired 23rd January 1889. Re-elected 23rd January 1889. Retired 22nd January 1892. Elected 22nd January 1892. Retired 23rd January 1895. Re-elected 23rd January 1895. Retired 28th January 1897. APPENDIX 259 James Allan Robert Nesbit Charles Horsburgh Robert Nesbit John Mallinson John Wilson (Our present Treasurer) Elected 28th January 1897. Retired 18th January 1900. Re-elected 18th January 1900. Retired 15th January 1903. Elected 15th January 1903. Retired 19th January 1905. Re-elected 19th January 1905. Retired 23rd January 1908. Elected 23rd January 1908. Retired 21st January 1909. Elected 21st January 1909. SECRETARIES William Caw Richard Lees Andrew Grellis John Johnston James Balmain John Johnston James Lochhead John Grant Andrew Todd William Maxwell Charles Renwick William Strachan Charles Renwick James Allan Elected 30th September 1859. Retired — May 1862. Elected — May 1862. Retired 3rd December 1868. Elected 3rd December 1868. Retired 25th February 1869. Elected 25th February 1869. Retired 9th June 1873. Elected 9th June 1873. Retired 27th August 1873. Re-elected 27th August 1873. Retired 3rd December 1873. Elected 3rd December 1873. Retired 20th May 1874. Elected Retired Elected Retired Elected Retired Elected Retired 20th May 1874. 23rd May 1876. 23rd May 1876. 23rd April 1878. 23rd April 1878. 25th April 1882. 25th April 1882. 29th January 1885. Elected 29th January 1885. Retired 25th April 1887. Re-elected 25th April 1887. Retired 23rd April 1889. Elected 23rd April 1889. Retired 22nd April 1891. 260 APPENDIX John Harley James Allan John Harley Andrew Laidlaw John Richardson John Mallinson John Richardson Charles \Y. Macpherson Andrew Roxburgh Peter Grieve Charles W. Macpherson (Our present Secretary) Elected 22nd April 1891. Retired 25th April 1893. Re-elected 2Sth April 1893. Retired 24tli April 1895. Re-elected 24th April 1895. Retired 27th July 1897. Elected 27th July 1897. Retired 18th July 1899. Elected 18th July 1899. Retired 19th July 1900. Elected 19th July 1900. Retired 15th July 1902. Re-elected 15th July 1902. Retired 14th July 1904. Elected 14th July 1904. Retired 19th July 1906. Elected 19th July 1906. Retired 16th July 1908. Elected 16th July 1908. Retired 15th July 1909. Re-elected 15th July 1909. APPENDIX 261 LIST OF BRANCHES, AND WHEN OPENED List of Shops Central Grocery Dates of Opejihig Opened 4th November 1859, in Fountainbridge (corner of Ponton Street) ; removed to Morrison Street, April 1866 ; removed to 92 Fountainbridge, 25th December 1880. First Branch — Brunswick Opened June 1863 ; given up Street (now St. Stephen Street) May 1866, and then started as an independent society — Edinburgh Northern District Co-operative Society. Central Drapery Department Started in Fountainbridge, in October 1864 ; given up October 1866 ; started again in April 1873, in Morrison Street ; transferred to Foun- tainbridge, December 1880 ; transferred to Bread Street, February 1886 ; transferred to new building in Bread Street, July 1891. Central Boot Department Started in Fountainbridge, in October 1864 ; given up October 1866 ; started again in April 1873, in Morrison Street ; transferred to Foun- tainbridge, December 1880 ; transferred to 18 and 20 Fountainbridge, August 1891; transferred to 30 and 34 Fountainbridge, July 1904. Central Fleshing Department Started in Morrison Street, 12th June 1868 ; given up September 1868 ; started again in 94 Fountainbridge, 23rd September 1886. 262 APPENDIX List of Shops Dalry Grocery Adam Street Grocery Morrison Street Grocery Tynecastle Grocery Newington Grocery dumbiedykes grocery St. Leonard's Fleshing Dalry Fleshing St. Leonard's Grocery morningside grocery NicOLSON Street Drapery Valleyfield Street Grocery NicoLSON Street Boots Newington Fleshing Tynecastle Fleshing Tynecastle Drapery Tynecastle Boots Dundee Street Grocery Marshall Street Grocery DUMBIEDYKES FlESHING East Fountainbridge Dundee Street Fleshing Bristo Fleshing Canongate Grocery Crockery Bruntsfield Grocery Morrison Street Fleshing Warrender Park Grocery Dales of Opening Started 19th November 1877, at 31 Caledonian Terrace ; trans- ferred to larger premises in Dairy Road, in 1886, 1890, 1895. 17th June 1878. 25th December 1880. 18th March 1882. 21st February 1885. 12th September 1885. 23rd November 1886. 18th January 1887. 19th April 1887. 28th June 1887. 9th August 1887, at Marshall Street ; removed to Nicolson Street, November 1894; to present premises, March 1901. 3rd January 1888. 17th January 1888, at Marshall Street ; removed to Nicolson Street, November 1894; to present premises, March 1901. 24th April 1888. 26th March 1889. 30th April 1889. 30th April 1889. 18th June 1889. 23rd July 1889, at Bristo Place ; transferred to Marshall Street, May 1896. 24th June 1890. 24th November 1891. 13th June 1893. 28th November 1893. 12th December 1893. 2nd January 1894. 29th May 1894. 19th June 1894. 31st July 1894. APPENDIX 263 List of Shops Marchmont Crescent Fleshing GoRGiE Grocery GoRGiE Baker's Shop GORGIE Fleshing St. Giles Street Grocery Montrose Terrace Fleshing Albert Place Grocery Montrose Terrace Grocery Valleyfield Baker's Shop St. Leonard's Baker's Shop Causewayside Grocery Causewayside Fleshing Royal Park Terrace Grocery Royal Park Terrace Baker's Shop Royal Park Terrace Fleshing MORNINGSIDE FlESHING Tynecastle Baker's Shop George Place Boots Albert Place Fleshing Polwarth Grocery Polwarth Fleshing Valleyfield Fleshing RosEBURN Terrace Grocery Painter's Shop, Bread Street Dundee Street Baker's Shop BoNALY Road Grocery Bonaly Road Baker's Shop Bonaly Road Fleshing Montrose Terrace Baker's Shop Adam Street Fleshing Adam Street Baker's Shop Dates of Opening 31st July 1894. 16th July 1895. 16th July 1895. 16th July 1895. 4th November 1895. 17th December 1895, at Canon- gate ; transferred to Montrose Terrace, 8th August 1899. 31st December 1895. 31st December 1895. 19th May 1896. 23rd June 1896. 7th July 1896. 7th July 1896. 14th July 1896 14th July 1896. 14th July 1896. 22nd September 1896. 17th November 1896. 1st December 1896, at Albert Place ; transferred to Crighton Place, November 1899 ; trans- ferred to George Place, 11th March 1908. 1st December 1896. 23rd February 1897. 23rd February 1897. 11th May 1897. 13th July 1897. 30th August 1898. 15th November 1898. 8th August 1899. 8th August 1899. 8th August 1899. 8th August 1899. 3rd October 1899. 3rd October 1899. 264 APPENDIX List of Shops George Place Drapery Albert Place Baker's Shop Easter Road Grocery Pleasance Grocery Hamilton Place Grocery Hamilton Place Drapery Hamilton Place Boots PicARDY Place Grocery Hamilton Place Baker's Shop Granton Road Grocery Hamilton Place Fleshing Rose Street Grocery Dates of Opening 14th November 1 899. at Crighton Place ; transferred to George Place, nth March 1908. 21st November 1899. 12th December 1899. 13th February 1900. May 1866, at St. Stephen Street ; taken over at amalgamation, 6th March 1900 ; transferred to Hamilton Place, 21st May 1902. February 1881, at St. Stephen Street ; taken over at amal- gamation, 6th March 1900 ; transferred to Hamilton Place, 21st May 1902. February 1881, at St. Stephen Street ; transferred to Hender- son Row, October 1895; taken over at amalgamation, 6th March 1900 ; transferred to Hamilton Place, 21st May 1902. 3rd June 1885, at Forth Street ; transferred to Picardy Place, November 1887 ; taken over at amalgamation, 6th March 1900. April 1886, at St. Stephen Street ; taken over at amalga- mation, 6th March 1900 ; transferred to Hamilton Place, 21st May 1902. December 1886, at Bay ton Ter- race ; taken over at amalga- mation, 6th March 1900 ; transferred to Granton Road, 27th November 1906. 27th June 1888, at St. Stephen Street ; taken over at amal- gamation, 6th March 1900 ; transferred to Hamilton Place, 21st May 1902. 22nd June 1889 ; taken over at amalgamation, 6th March 1900. APPENDIX 265 List of Shops Rodney Street Grocery PicARDY Place Fleshing Rodney Street Fleshing Dean Park Street Grocery Dean Park Street Fleshing Morrison Street Baker's Shop Bread Street Drug Depart- ment Forbes Road Fleshing Roseburn Terrace Fleshing Dalry Baker's Shop Croall Place Grocery PiERSHiLL Place Grocery Warrender Park Baker's Shop Newington Baker's Shop Corstorphine Grocery Tynecastle Drug Department Dean Park Street Baker's Shop Easter Road Baker's Shop Easter Road Fleshing Pleasance Baker's Shop Dates of Opening 17th August 1889, at Canon Place; transferred to 9 Rod- ney Street, May 1891 ; trans- ferred to 30 Rodney Street, December 1898 ; taken over at amalgamation, 6th March 1900. 8th December 1 890, at Broughton Street ; taken over at amalga- mation, 6th March 1900 ; transferred to Picardy Place, June 1900. 7th February 1896, at Canon- mills ; transferred to Rodney Street, 25th March 1899; taken over at amalgamation, 6th March 1900. 16th December 1896; taken over at amalgamation, 6th March 1900. 19th June 1900, at Raebum Place ; transferred to Dean Park Street, 12th May 1903. 3rd July 1900. 14th August 1900. 1st June 1901. 7th June 1901. 22nd June 1901. 9th November 1901. 30th November 1901. 21st December 1901. 31st December 1901. 22nd April 1902 ; transferred to new 1905. premises, 26th May 26th August 1902. 12th May 1903. 2nd June 1903. 2nd June 1903. 25th August 1903. 266 APPENDIX List of Shops PoLWARTH Baker's Shop GiLMERTON Grocery MORNINGSIDE BaKER's ShOP Hamilton Place Drug Dept. PiERSHiLL Fleshing West Nicolson Street Drug Department Haymarket Grocery Rodney Street Baker's Shop Corstorphine Fleshing Granton Road Fleshing St. Peter's Place Grocery Spottiswoode Grocery Marshall Street Baker's Shop GiLMERTON Fleshing Crighton Place Grocery Crighton Place Baker's Shop Davidson's Mains Grocery Davidson's Mains Fleshing Dales of Opening 6th October 1903. 22nd March 1904 ; transferred to new premises, 28th May 1907. 9th August 1904. 13th September 1904. 13th September 1904. 27th September 1904. 4th October 1904. 4th October 1904. 31st October 1905. 28th November 1906. 5th June 1907. 3rd July 1907. 17th July 1907. 11th September 1907. 6th May 1908. 6th May 1908. 10th June 1908. 10th June 1908. APPENDIX 267 O I— I < u o CO < o o l-H H H pi Pi W PQ IT' ^ lO fM 'JD ir^ ^ GO Oi L^ o IT'* O o yD - 00 to S T^ ^ t- ^ ^ Oi Oi O -H CO -— * r-H F-H r-H tr- io CI —« o -rfri CO O -^ O ^ --H Ol --H P-t t- C^ '— ^ ^ ^ ^H '"' '~' n, a. 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Oh CI- P- c5 CJ l-H 1^ < o Ah „-o=4 r^ ^Ei3 -iw H« ^ CO --IOT 230. ^ iO 00 .— 1 CO -* CO -^ >'> u <— H 01 CO CO co~ ^ ^ Sr ^5S Kl-f 1^ ,-«■ «H< '^ 13 t^ CJ ^ t^ f-H 10 -n-l CD 01 t^ J ;d 00 ^ H !/l r-l u! r^ CD t- CD CO t- t- CD cs Oi 00 fN u &H •^■^^ 00 CD Tt* 00 ffO tr^ -^ c. -(N iS^ 10 10 to i-O CO fN J 270 APPENDIX Oi o o o ■-- —I o c. o in rt 0-. -" « CD !:d c^ CI CO ^ CO tn 1^ t— ^- CO r>\ Gl CO -— 1 t^ CO cc CO < ^ <: '^ trt t;? -*-! B) i^ (5 (S S J 6 ! ro fcD O o F- 05 O O ^ -^ ^ c: (M I u — C 1 rt C O s n c: u ^ c t B S'-^ rf^ "rt^ O c/3 ►S « fq u — o OhO o S-: n<; IJ r' "J-* -C o re oH "•> .^ c c Ji ! " u ni iiiji; aj rt > C/^ CCCOOCOOCOCCG-.COt-iO OlO Tti-HC;i--co(M'^CMiOc:cc ot- t': Tfi o c-1 CO o o c; c: ic m I— ' »r: .— « c: lo »Q -^ lo ■<* CO >Q r^ CO CO "C lo (^ o o CO l-^ fN 1-^ Ol fN o (M »o CO lO ^ o 3 In >-i ^-i fe „ S S ^ Z ?i < J S £ cj a> S ° 1 G «i "rt 3 o 1 fi. U w U W ?^ S" tJ) ^ '^ A PPENDIX 271 OFFICIALS OF EDINBURGH NORTHERN DISTRICT CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY John Borrowman William M'Call David Rintoul David Campbell William M'Kenzie William Sharp William Bell John Milne William Howie John Milne John Mallinson Adam Glen D. L. Mason Barclay Todd John Mallinson PRESIDENTS Elected May 1866. Retired July 1871. Elected July 1871. Retired November 1871. Elected November 1871. Retired March 1876. Elected Retired Elected Retired Elected Retired Elected Retired Elected Retired Elected Retired March 1876. June 1877. June 1877. June 1879. June 1879. September 1880. September 1880. August 1883. August 1883. September 1887. September 1887. March 1888. Re-elected March 1888. Retired September 1889. Elected September 1889. Retired September 1890. Elected September 1890. Retired August 1892. Elected August 1892. Retired August 1896. Elected August 1896. Retired August 1899. Re-elected August 1899. Retired on Amalgamation, March 1900. 272 APPENDIX Alexander Stewart James Miller William Crawford TREASURERS Elected May 1866. Retired July 1871. Elected July 1871. Retired October 1875. Elected October 1875. Retired on Amalgamation, March 1900. SECRETARIES John Borrowman, Jun. James Miller David Clark John Stevenson William Aitken Andrew Knox William M'Kenzie William Pollock William M'Kenzie George Carruthers James Law Elected May 1866. Retired January 1867. Elected January 1867. Retired November 1867. Elected November 1867. Retired March 1868. Elected March 1868. Retired May 1868. Elected May 1868. Retired March 1869. Elected March 1869. Retired April 1873. Elected April 1873. Retired March 1877. Elected March 1877. Retired June 1879. Re-elected June 1879. Retired June 1883. Elected June 1883. Retired March 1887. Elected March 1887. Retired on Amalgamation, March 1900. APPENDIX 273 h w HH U o U) w > 1— 1 H < P< W fc o o OS o u H H to U oo pA 1 H ri r/) t-H »— ( H P O! 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