' !t 1 I' 'i'i'''l' ''''"'"''' '^ W'mh 1 1 illllillllilliitliill" iilii 'fii '"" r ii; ." iiiiii I'IfiiaiiKihl.,, ', 1, " i, ■' .•«,)iiiiCiltil|'"'' iilli %.li'' '!^,'^i ■'"" ,1,1 ijfl I'l '!!'! 'Hflf M' h m in iiiiinciiii t Constance and Marvin Mea< D CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 1924 084 412 547 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924084412547 ~r^-:^y ^\ fry - :^^ y ^ ^ ■ 4 ^■st ^ V/ fli >W»C;!^B- THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, TrlTH AK ALPBASSIICAI. AKALYBIB; THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE; THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDEEATION ; TB£ PROUINENI POUTICAL ACTS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON; ELECTORAL TOTES FOB ALL THE PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS; THE HIGH AUTHORITIES AND CIVIL OFFICERS OF GOVERNMENT, PROU HARCH 4, 17s 9, TO UABCH S, 1847; €;i)r(molo8icnl Narrnttoc of ll)e Qeveral States ;; AND OTHER INTEEBSTING MATTER; -irilH A DEECBIFTITE ACCOVNI OF THE STATE PAPERS, PUBLIC DOCUMENTS, AND OTHEK BOVnCES OP POLITICAL AND STATISTICAL INFORMATION AT THE SEAT OF GOVERKMEMT. BT W. HICKET. FOURTH EDITION. PHILADELPHIA: 1851. , Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1850, by ,W. HICK^T, in the Clcrk*a Office of the District Court pf the United States fbr the Enstern m^trlct of Fehnsylvanla. SXKREOTYPED BY L. JOHNSON ft CO. PHrLAD£J,PHXA. PRINTED Br T. K." 8t P. Q. COLHNfl, TO THE PEOPLE, THE CONGRESS, THE PRESIDENT, AND THE k^nmt Court o! t[je EnM Itate, THIS FOURTH EDITION OF THE CONSTITUTION 18 DEDICATED BT W, HICKEY. "The Constitution in its words is plain and intelligible^ and it is meant for the homebred, unsophisticated understandings of ourfellow-citizens." "The people alone are the absolute owners and uncontrollable .movers of such sovereignty as human beings can claim to exercise; subject to the eternal and unchangeable rules of justice, of truth, and of good Faith. The moral law is out of its reach; sovereignty cannot violate that, and be more Justified than the humblest individual." "Yield away the Constitution' and the Union, and where are we? Frittered into fragments, and not able to claim one portion of the past as peculiarly our own! Our Union is not merely a blcssingpit is a political necessitv. We can- not exist without it. I mean, that all of existence which is worth having must depart with it. Our liberties could not endure the incessant conflicts of civil and conterminous strife; our independence woujd be an unreal mockery, our very memories would turn to bitterness." ' (Mr. Dallas in defence of the Con&i({ution.) '■iii « TuE provision nnder which this book hat bb tbajtsmitted bt hail FBEE OF FOSTAGE, by peisons having the privilege of franking pnb- lio documents, is contained in "An act to establish certain poit^outes, and for other purposes," approved 3d March, 1847, in the following words ; — "Such publications or bool^s as have been or may be pub- lished, procured, or purchased by order of either House of Congress, or a joint resolution of the two Houses, shall be considered as public documents, and entitled to be franked as such." JxBSOlvecly tJ tvo^ fctve ty&alei/wUi- t>e dU-eoteo to [i>t(KMiA* po-^ ttie uAe op bh* t7cn/a/te tuw bn/&M/WMi/0 ooiviej) o-p th/c OAA^hetitio ao-lviy &p Ml* Mofrfi/atubitti/O-n/j u>itn/ cwi. o/tvO'DLptKja't/ wi/O-eo&j cutp ooiTi-li-iLa/tuon' o-u otn*V [t/U/U-lLo d&c4tm/eH/t4) j t^oen/tup [v't/mJ^eo cwvo [vLcw^ed nv t\v& tt/cwi/Oi) o-p tn/C- niem/i>e^j h/V&i>i'0*a t\h& Ivttoe a-h/O/t/t tt&b ew&eeo bke &iUTi/ o-p o+ve- o-frlDo/V ctti/O buvcuJxp-pLu-e oen/bb kvet- eo-jvip. HeSOlved^ O tio-b beiv bti& h/Voou/teo po-V bK* Wy*e o-p tlLe OevKtbe, h/VoiH/o-e-o td/eip w>-i/Lb t>6 pMA.H/i*K/ed cbb o/ dco-itobwHi/ o-p bto-etvbtp h/&4/ oenJt. mv twe [i-'ctoe. a/t>o-i>e Resolved, tJ K/ofc tti* Jvec.Vfifca^-U' o-p btle Ocn/O/be [vuA;OM/a*e Lo-Y» tfi^ u/ie o-p bn/& tJeH/O/be fcu>o bh/o-tiAa-n/O c-o-kn/e!* o-p tvv& Hooii^bi'Utbi/O-n/ o-p tii/& ^UPfvtbeo t!7ba/te5 o-p QriDtneAyica-j uyMu cun/ cw-Ktwi/u*buo(vI/ o-n/O/Upi-Lft , h/'tepi/oAeo cwi/O h-u/U-lLWi/eu b-ip ^1X7. ^Ks LOK/CLpj |v'i>o-u-uo-eo Uv& fto/mc ccMi/ t>& ^vu^ol^^l/^eu O/b o/ h/t/uce I^eV oolvip ^bo-b eocoeeo-nt/Cp bh/ct/b [vaiu po-V/ ben/ bh/OiAACMi/O eoHi/i/e& ow&^u bo t>& k-wA/ofwi^eo i>Lp cu Y-ea-o Lu^wm, op bh« vJc+vo/b&j a'a^o-li/beo o-n/ bK/C- 'Tsbti' aa/ip op tiJ^cb-ttwi^M'j 'fo-i'W. STU^^J^o^, q4|iaLE 27j fS-^*^^. Resolved^ Uvua^ th& A-ec^cbo/Vu/ op bke tjCH/O/be O-e- cm^H/O^Lseo atv^ ^lA/Cote^ bo [i/U/^^FwiA* on/& tuwtd-teo eoli/i*i) op ^Kstoft^ip a edLttott* oB bfi/e \ooti'^bLbu/tioii/ op blT/e- ^Ubni-beo ubciWj cui-o bo Oetioet btve Vi RESOLUTIONS^ iet/ o-K tK/e [i/^L^ft^n-b cfejuitej umi« tui* n-o-b atveo-au/ ^ecei,i>eo btveni/j oii-e ofrku/ Dii bh/e - ^&»v&tufcttti/OH/ cwi/O ottvet/ t>oo-R4> o-Voe^^-o bo t>e puA/-^ imaIv&o bp bn* t7en/cU;oAA In!/ ttle 'i/CAo-Luvti/on* o-p t^eu-Viutiu/ "lobK/, ^o^/'V; .O'H'O bo bk* ijert/oboii ptfriTb Q/oiiHi/j cwi/O ^U/iAco-it/W-H/, bh/e MWTve mwnb-e*/ oli »!/& ^O'n/frtttttfcwm/ a* tww>e t>&en/ oM^eaaU' a.u>en/ bo abtlei. (Ttem-fcet!) op bh/& O en/ote. JieSOlveUy O n^ uv& &ecA/eba>Ui' t>e d^iA/ectea to hA^frou^e ptont th/e [v\>oh/^i/ebo^, iVv bti/e u/&e o-p bti/& oen/ctbe, b&n/ tn/O-U'Mi^o co[vi-&!> op t/fe lekeu/ & &dibLO)^ op th/e ^^oivtttiiutvoiVj w-\Jt*v cwi/ a/Uvli/a/t>&bi/CcU/ avva-- Lu/&^i/{>j ^lA/O/Wi'Mi^oti' b itvwiMvuAMA/ fMvo poAeuveU/ o-ddtea-ieb , cwvd otn*V i/tn'ti'Ol'tcuvb :»tabi-&tL«ci/l/ mni^te^ i'tlWtlati.i>& op m« q^rtiu/b o-p bti>e QMDm/eVueon/ wty\>e'uhnie'n^ tvvvo bn/e deivelo'ttem'&rt^; o-p i/bji k.^uvct'h/t'e& : J TOVldedy u via^ bri^Lp !>& tWn/i/Mveo ob ttie wj/m* jvVvce oa Vtio^-a uj/it ivUnMA^o^to-'L btte u*e op bn-e tJen/O'te', Q4tte»t, Secretary of the Senate. PEEFACE. The Constitution, as the fireside companion of the American citizen, preserves in full freshness and vigor the recollection of the patriotic virtues and persevering courage of those gallant spirits of the Revolution who achieved the national independence, and the intelligence and fidelity of those fathers of the republic who secured, by this noble charter, the fruits and the blessings of inde- pendence. The judgment of the Senate of the United States has declared the importance of familiarizing American citizens, more extensively, with this fundamental law of their country, and has approved its association with the examples of republican virtue and the paternal advice of the "Father of his country," joined to other , kindred matter, constituting the body of this work. To this honor- able body is due the credit of having provided for the first general promulgation of the Constitution, the continued dissemination of whose wise injunctions -and conservative principles among the people, can alone preserve their fraternal union and the precious inheritance of fre^doiri. That branch of the government which is clothed by the Consti- tution with legislative, executive and judicial powers, and thus invested with three separate authorities to preserve, protect, and defend this venerated instrument, has been pleased to take the initi- ative in a measure calculated so powerfully to support the ConstiT tution, as that of giving it, in its simplicity and purity, to the peo- ple, who possess, themselvps, the sovereign power to judge of the manner in which it may be executed, to rebuke its infraction, and to defend its integrity, and who therefore require every legitimate vii PREFACE. aid to enable them to perform this vitally important duty in justice, truth, and good faith, for "The Constitution in its words is plain and intelligible, and it is meant for the homebred, unsophisticated understandings of our fellow-citizens." " It is addressed to the com- mon sense of the people." Several distinguished authorities and individuals having, in the plenitude of their liberality, honored the author and compiler with their sentiments on the subject-matter of the work, he claims the indulgence of the friends of the Constitution in giving them place in this edition, believing, that a salutary effect maybe produced by the sanction of their special approbation, and the expression of their several views of the importance of an extended dissemination of that instrument. These may impress, in terms more unexceptionable, the obligation incumbent on every intelligent citizen to make him- self acquainted with its provisions, restrictions, and limitations, and of imparting, so far as the ability may extend, a knowledge of this paramount law of our country to the minds of the rising generation. The length of time required in the ordinary cqprse of business, for obtaining a practical knowledge.of the operations of govem- meiit, by persons entering into public life, and their embarrassments for the want of a convenient mode of reference to the various sources of information, have suggested the utility of preparing, as a part of this work, and as germain to its design, a means of collect- ing and rendering available to the public interest the experience and information acquired in this respect, in the progress of time, by attention to the business of legislation in the public service. The five new chapters in this edition may therefore be considered an essay,_to be improved and extended hereafter, with a view, not only .to add to the intrinsic matter proper to be read and studied by the great body of American citizens, but to render ' it peculiarly a vade mecum to the statesman and legislator, the ministering to whose individual convenience must, necessarily, result in facilitat- ing the performance of arduous public duty, and in promoting, in no inconsiderable degree, the public interests. COMMUNICATIONS. FROM THE VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES AND PRESIDENT OF THE SENATK w\uAM* UAHA* vi>eXo nAAVo ew&woM/ to 6e4va rvtej d/ h/cu^e co/^puXui' eoco/* rvtuLeo, CLfi/O lYUi/dt wow- 0*0' a&u/ to a*oe|vb m/ip uxi/cm/ tmwMMj po^ tn-© cofli4i'U*n/6*U> op lift aeaUMi/bwHi/ an/d toV tlve o/arn.iAxj'b-te oti/oAcuebe-V o-K ttft coii/be4i/t;> . Qy b t&j uvitti/Qii^ e^oelvbtoii/, tn* b-eifc aeM^o^t/cOj puiEcat, rvco/be^j cuvd, m-o^fc ttocdi'Vate- humuiO'C an/O o/iw/dc uv 'i/eLo-bi/O-tv bo bix-a o^Vcot LH/^bUMti/et';^ o-p wmAAM/ it eo60UiAw>*up b\«obb&, bn/ctb d/ ii/cme tpet >ee(V, cy b o«de%A>ej>, cwvo Cy h/frh/© tb umuI teocu^e, lut/wetMU/ olv« eJ ti/& ^^on/frtttiittoti' u> O/H/ (Hj-vec^ to umi/&n/ ii/o QrOnve^UM/n/ nurvo co/ii/ be to« a/tteti4>lu«j cui/U a« QADm/e^ioavv tveo/Lb too de4K>ted. v/ku h.a/it&j JTvUHH-iwm/aj &*/ h/n/tO/ftei) j ub lA ^bl't'^ cwi/o aUiKUi/i) um/IX I>& |vo*- >U>te IW wtcpemutip to Vai^e ooit/&tW«buve d-ow>t<> : b4*fc, ofi/ bn/e .HJ+wHle, a/;> bn/e oVa/O/ru^ ctiaA4> o-p w lirwit&o oo-»i/pea&'cab&a o^u-e^i/fTi/en/bj o/ k'caobi/OctC tVutK o-p nC'aAM^ M/ocbu/ tpeo^d tv-oiJ/a i>eem/ to Ivux^e' itti u>-u>- dofn- cuvd ^UiA^/etvcAV beipoti/o d-i/MutbC' o^ %/UKuA/U/. QnBi/vOj aAmjOU^YU ub i/i>' n<»t \mivi4mui'C'& m/& frB t^ Veuel^e ; cwvo CW ain/ a-o/ti^pL-eo th/ci/b \ii> yvola uKoiv bh/e (wmv- ^leivoe cwvo bw/© oIvwi/wmv o-p yvc- coitn/b'cij' ab IoAavc ia oo-n-atcMi/bta * The first and;8econd. editions. 1* COMMUNICATIONS. Elbtvc^ft to kA^-^Ltoe bLe. h/UA|vfi*€A E&V lu-^UPi/ U; ukia dein.^v&c) mvui-tVj l-HAtLo'A, bUwMJ JCLbU'j' ^e£e«/oe, w-ei2eA h/fruv ii>e£E Ifca hA^ctotieo/E o-ltcVati/^tW) ¥LaAmcnv\/ze, i]>d\v Hl& bittkuvet^bj ^^e&tlWi> O/H/O uwwHWLtuva' a4i u>c aA^o i/jv m.o*b bli-ui/a4>, uj-e- twi'i>e tvob ifUMi/deOj cwT/o q/ d-o n-ot m/tii/K/ u>e ^hxtCt uvixj/o-e tW oe«i/bi*>k,i,e& bo tj.wmf d/ piA+i/aouTLe*i/fcci/l/ an/o JT/O/'tam-o-itibb ucuiu-j ni^ btve h/i/ebuA* o-p i/bi) «yubip bo 'i^O/o : n/o4/ auon/e ui/ lea'i/&ut/Di'i>G ti4i'lu>j t^U/di/CLCu/ fttecA/O/O/e!) o-p mi/k/ m/ttVwi-e'iA, cU> e!>eUp oo+n/m*n/-&cli/0-(H/j b&cp-n^t/bj pcwj- to^j 0^ pt^/eMAVpy. o/'b wi/oiMia poVny bix-C' 4Ato-i/m/eii/bcuC t>a/M^& o-p Q/lDm/eiK^atv bn/OUAvtitj bu frewi/O/ ni/O/de O/ h-cWvetiici/bUp VeouM/Wvg, ob-i-ec-b op nveni/O^, "UomA/ b&oli citteVft u|i/Oii/ btt/C' a^Ki/Ut.m/en^ oE bn/eft«< cw^Ti/ft mM/& IlAen70C' oi curb a'LiKi/%/&. oi b& " OADn/oUpa-Wi I* fcWi/CUiLa^Up LH/betAAtui/a- (uvo u^ycZuL ; i^-hyi-Ce ibii bamiH^a^ i^batemeitt:) ima ivL&to^HMM^ ^/ecoto-b con/&bitiU>e- m/O^t tHi'Uui/t>C& eoKMn/h/tMit? op oompiA^^a-i/OH/ cwi-o hA/Couw/on/. tJ n*. tJeoobe op bh/e ^Ufljubeo obcubeftj po-^tJu-iAt' attu^R/ u-ip iJ^ m/e^tti), aa4>e tvvevi^ ooid-io/C WMt/obuHi/ bo t^ e»ben*wie o-t^&'em-wui/twxv ; on/u, in-o-ecdj lb uwHiCd fre tT/O^Oj vu H/Ot uuk/Oa^^LbLej to aeu-t^e O/ b-ett&V m/Oo-& op c+vuatrten'UKi, (141/0 h/wA/vptttKbO' h/ivu-biHs olvi-n^/on/ oi bo Uve. n/cocft*a/t.ip h/Oiu-eVaj dutl-e&j atvd l*4^on/4.iULl/U;t«{> op cvKL tvu& hinAi^io-VLaAyie/^ oi- th/e ^^en/oVaC ^^- i^c^H/m-eat, bh/e tW/tti) op bti/&i^ O/O/cn^iipj an'O blie eoii/OLCwj/boVM/ frh/uY-it op btx-e iMx^b iipfrtem/ to iw-li'i/C'ti' bti/eLp b-eKon/(v. (y CMTt-j deo/^ Oi/V, lyeUp ttu/Cip, COMMUNICATIONS. xi FROM THE SPEAKER OP THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES. Q) tut/u-e. to tlLcuvlL ipouf Uo-V w u^-Ui- n/eabt/U/ Ivw-bCi^nea o&jvii/ o-E bile wo-ivibtbu/bwm, o-j. bR/e. ''USiwJ^d o tatei. .• v/o pcui/ 04 o/ ^i/u-6 eouunuvd Ui/e po^i-w ui* uvti/i/C-H/ blv& IvU'&U'Ca^i/CHi' u> n^tt-a&j it w> o-iOLd&^Lu/ b^ n^aat |vevtoot o-p cwvit/ CU lve' eu**/ ieeii/., tj k* imx-S-whM) cmvS u-aEu/. otbe ui/poUtLa/tn>n/ &{hvtcw/H*.o wv iMvu-t \xy{y% otLe-V Ukmv bllf. ^oo-n^L- cw> tHWvli/fc bo l>& UMMvo ui/ btie U/M/oAU' Op eoe-W ovb[/setv wu bn/e- Ci-iui/tUi'. ^U&VU' ^eftHecbj-uXUbj it-on-V o-u- b &eVi>- b; FROM THE CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. Q). " ^aJCw^, uMWvoR/ 3, i^llTl. Q) anv ai-t/Coteo u-ip th^ tJuAtie^iy o-p btt/c KjuMA^em^ Hoo-uAt ko tftOtl/R/ U/Oib pfr^ U/OWA/ C^bbuHl/ Op bh/e ^OfVfttltittwm' Op btle ^UflfVlJ>eo ObO/bc&j UyVUAMt LWH4/ tlcM>& i>ecn/ O^OO eH/OW^tv bo jyetvo btt^m-, ovvo bo eocliA-eM) W/&\/u o/JT/li'Vo-lictbwHT/ oK bh/e irwwuve^ , ui/ to-tiioti*' bh/e uvo'clt' tvaa ■ I>ee4i/ exeooteo. ej h/e. ea/te uvlbKy UHU/oti/ ifc twiA l>eevi' oofvijuat'&d wj-^bti/ bile- oVi/q-wi/O/Ej cwvo btt/e eu-lo-en^e. U/OU/ [i€' twUuMve,o op, tfci) h/e't^poc-b etooiKtacu/, un.EK moJLe, it o^Uj- i>a6lMi/M6 wi/ bh* »i*c.u*iWHv op cyu^ibwMi* o/i.t^i/ii/q' u/jvotu bh/C co-nAbiuobwm- op bh« ^onitituium^ ; aivo, in/ oW-et/ bK/ot, 011/ iMxfv o-oeoAio-d/!), it mo/u. abuvoW* l>& in-\Mn, bh-e. ieg«h- op bK/e. mem.^'u, oE bR/6 oou^t, mv^ of bK* E«mX M^'ii to ,j*u, f^ Y^ e^'it^v o-f t^ '^o«'. !j>lt>.U«/, 'S'^^Lt n^^ to m,Jte a. M.^e*tlo,i,.* ^b 'i*, tfl^ ^"^ "W-™^ Q^S to tfU edition., uiUn^e^ fo^ arUbuLiMW ^i}' tU fPeaaie., a stcitc.- m-Mit of tR<6 tlnvco i»>(l6tv tfi/a <^i>.v»Uti*blotv iwio a^o|vte.5 ^ij- ta« itate), a-tv5 iXen, iveiu- states Lloe &e6iv oSmltteS ; [vaAtwMi.CaA.liJ' ^eslmvotltvo,, In, b^ L»t, wwsR, of bfUni- ai> fUdve. &ew aVittcS lOum- cmuAituiMfU, EcrtmeS Wol* t^^/c fla/c> b-e«tv otv^ o^i^uwbC aa- Uon, 6-U/ '^Ofl/oA^w. fo^ O/Simttuvo, tR««v. ti'o^ Ve.fe4/e(vc.c. it uhm4S E-e. ua^'aX uv ma^ S-UMJHAslmK), cuut) K/Oii ivot-b-eeti. mo/de, Mi jIoA, a/4 G' oaiv tuvd, &* owU' ofve-. ^ of o/m-, de«A/ uiA/, lo-itfi/ q,teot 'ixMiAo, ^yUyuAf o&fco t seVo- 1, OUT. S^icLhi/, &a/.) Ou/aAftMi/oton/. -flimi^ t^^. /ramni, FROM THE CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT OF PENN- SYLVANIA. qT h/a4>e atbefiti4>etU' ^be\ll4^I'0 cb Veeen/b eo-itw>«/ o-p tliA cJ^&oeVoX ^o»i*titMtw>ii/j unbh/ ci/ uvetC-o-ifl^cateo cutamM/d cwvo otae^ n^o/tteV £t|^. [v6*i^eo, '* b-iv ct ottuscH/ ; J twi'Oj tt a-w^6i> m-& Vvl&a^uA« to sau', tn* (joni/|vi/Uiti'0'H/ U)j nK)-b wwA/ O/ oo-tnyetvueii/t to-OK. o-K icteVefl/oCj tut a*v * In compliance with this friendly suggestion of Judge Wayne, the author has derived' much satisfaction in devoting to it the entire 10th chapter of this edition, t The first edition of this book. COMMUNICATIONS. xiii O tit, aA,1wrvacm&ji u, wn, e/xae^x^■lt otve. oTii, t^ ''l«)n,i,'-6^ SPtaU it ui til* dutu. o-p 6i>et,u, mmi/ to- tcu&« a. Ivo^t lii, tHe. tvo-CLt'uociE ftvoi; m-etvti o-j. tLe. dcm-, avvh th/6 b-(K>K/ (mmj-^ tfi*.U.Eo-U. to K-e. itv tfi/e R/imv5-i o-p th* matxyes, : uv xfeMiMjIiMMa,, it owcM to ^ o/ tewt-G-o-oK, i«, ttve. oonuvum/ ioKxwto. tXke oonvh/lle^ La kveUo«/a.Ef!ii/' u,n,Pui/Oimi, to ma, iHit cy am, ^^c^|^J^u, to q,u>c. mu. teatuTMHu)/ iti/ umhju^ oE tUve, nieVLta o-t tvU) h-Vo-o-u/ctwjii/, ^U/l-ttL o/ieo/t Veijveot, cPiA/, ^ItouA/ o-b-e-o-vefi/t &eliHni/tj FROM THE JUDGE OF THE DISTRICT COURT OF TOE UNITED STATES FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA. cy vvoAye IWfeeo tnAfntq-K/ tn,^ [little iH>U4/m/e uvn/uen^ ^/Oft u-eeti/ h/le- u-ec+i/ ft«^h/YA*eo to pi/H/Oj wi/ &o oo-m/twi/ct o/ po-im-j fto m/a/fvu- tm/li/O^tcwU/ tJ tbc- o/twuAi/fcuoa/t i-H/o-eoft o-p to-Vvi/Oft em-u^toeeo ui* th* til^e-oatoC ^(mAtitH/bwHi/ 1/5 toelX d-ayiAj&Oj cwvo, &o po-l/ a& Q) twuj-e. teibeo tti* iMjci^uwiU', l>eaV> |vVH)pj> o-p oo^e cwi/o bh/uXi. «J h/& a-ei^eY/O/t d-o*u/- met\^ cwi/O to/btes j um/ion/ po^/m/ tli/e- %/e&t o-p tn/& l>o-otT/j oAe, u^^vclo^AAli/^ aeteoteo [Wm/ KHAflT/C-VoiWj iKt-ui/m-eij hj-H/I/cIi/ cuVe H/ot q/cn/etO'lUt' O/oooi- i-i-bDej (wvo tii/&tp h/t^ien/fc o/ &eVie& o-p o/n/OcuA o-p Mt/c- ^OflAfci/tLttto-jv, pto+iv tflc tvUtt m^iyenv&n^ bo-UKi>i/W) i/ts^ po^^m/O/fcuHi', wv '17s6. oi cwTT/ frtit/Lo-eo to wow uyo ttve &o|u]/ iiHi/Loti/ PwW) tee*!/ aen/t to m-e, an/o Mm-U/j H/O ooibj twiu-e pi€<3Aieivb uAe poA/ U), ^Ue^U/ teijveotpiu-u|/) ipouA*, xiV COMMUNICATIONS. FROM THE HONORABLE SIDNEY BREESE, SENATOR OF THE UNITED STATES, S fvoM-e, ewam-ute^, lu^LbR/ oA&O/b oo^e, U'OuA/ edutum/ tf blU. *^o«/- frtiiw/bl&a op bfi^ %vLb&c> S^bate*, arn^ S m.u*l> be |veWi-U-fceO to cot- [v^AO ni/U cUi-|i,V of btie uvfrlfi,, oi do h/ojiR. Lb iw-llE \MXAye, a* i^eUi' eoctenAi'i>& oenxoti/O — tjwtfc tile frtatc' leojuXahxA/Btt iim.U/ VbakA^vvvze, it, a^va b[ui/b Ltfr ci^ou/Ui/ti/Oiv maU' !>& co« e»ten*u>e tu-uH/ bh/e Um/ttd o-p ou^ ^l^^vM^H/. CW b U) o/ la^yvie^aJole' Pocl', btui^ tlie ^oon ititittLOii/ &p ttt/e ^lAfti/tbeo t7 bated — th/ot mo^t nxmM/eo im>yfc o-p bit/e hatiw)b&. anja b& Mib^au^eo utto ouAi w^^w^oiAJ cMJO/'em-te*, cuvo aiii o-iVt &em.in.cLVi/e& &p LeoAn'i^icpj cui/O frtu^i-eo to- b© u/H/dtV^to-0-d, ^U^u/j MA/j a^e entutteo bo cp^eat cieo-ib Wo the ooA^ cwi/O ao-ii/iJHp imh*/ haA>& ^h/oum/ lfv h/'i/eh/O'Wtcp bn* h\A^en^ eo-itw>it/. cy ti/&lvc uoti/ cbwo btt/e oouivbtip umlL |i/\yopU> biy i^. I'ROM THE CHIEF JUSTIl'B OF THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOU THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. oi am/ Vea«ie»ted tu, mu- [y'LCi&A.en otl-. tfva ^1- fo^ Y>^u* ii/eiu- (MvS oo^Aeotc.5 cj^lt'uin, af bLe. ^on,4t'i.biitMMv oE bK/P "Kjj^^^J irba,t«), ujJiaX. u,oti,(ut.u-6 Lii^Eu, ieiut bo bR«m, aivS j*v bh* voXiuMe. jbati-atwj. ifitfriiTmtloiv cwmi/cke-S bo lb; anb eih cuiffij/ fo^ b^ EaCWouA at<.}l v-aU^ [vaAUcuCa^ xiiafu*!* iXoH im fl«. nui/3« of t%e, ^oHAtlbittlfrtv,. aii-5 foV bfi« c&ttcctloiv oE bPi ■cm# 16 COMMUNICATIONS. XV eVVoAA ufv [uMtotuyobuwi/, a{> u>cEC (Vii Uv tR« text, lofi/loR/ u,tm. K/a4>e o-i'*oo-i>e'i/6o wv ttLe pointed e h/Oo-D n*b Iwi/a tinv& bo eocam/uve tn« beocfc i>eUi' to r^ul'^^eJ cwi/O tUc. q/v&aX> oaA^e- w-wlu MMU^ny iw>nA/ ooku/ nxtft &een/ C'CHl^- |iHiA/ed- u>tth/ btle o^to/U^al/ uv th/e Uii)e|vaVbm/e*i/b &B tJtatC', fcK/eu' ^cELeiva it to be Uve> m/0*fc oo-i4/ceb c&lvU' ewtcuvt, onA bh-eu/ n/cw>c- no ^(Httb lb UHU' be u/^eutt bo cXl obcut^e^ o-p ^oiM/ebip. ^u/i-bh/ aA«ab 4*i>h,6ob, Cy cunVj ^ "i/ ijiA/, ^y^o-u/V ai>eo b 4«^i> b, FROM THE HONORABLE SILAS WRIGHT, LATE GOVERNOR OP NEW YORK— FORMERLY SENATOR IN CONGRESS. cy wvanM/ u^>«/ p&V bh/e c-o-hAp o-p tpowi/ eo^Lbum/ o-p tvue, Hoofl/S^i44U>i/0-H/ &p fcn*. ^IwWbeo obo/tc^jj w-i/bfi/ ipouAy c«|vu>u^ uvdeoc. O ke aei-tq-n/, aivO bM/& rvto-mi/eV o-p U^ij eoceouJ^i-o-H/, oA* wu^we c'ceai/boyo-be bo ipo-ti/^ cwi/O & ci/n/tLot|va/be' o/ ibi/dC' otVou/lIa/bwuv &p bn/e u4>bLe l>^>Lu/n^6J ott'O qAjea^ U/&epiUAi/e&b to ou/^ pY/CG i/H/ftti'biiti/O'n^ p't/om/ i^. vJSAlbcwup o-p Uv& eotbi/OfW) o-p bti/e ^oii/^i/fcui^wm- o-p btve ^ItoivtbeO u'bo/be&j wt/ nv&itt ofrrvuTLon/ oi-totMJftbi'Oii/) oA^e u-eVii' ooA-ele^^up [i/t/uvb&o, HHt^ W/eoAten/t eWon/&Oii4> Jwuvcbtwi'bt/Ofi/j o-pbetv i^uvVeo/^^Ln/O' btt/e a&iM>U> Oft bo bh/e btue oon/*^t^^cb^o■l^ o-p tVvo VvaAo/qAAjuVilhi,, Qmvv eai^UHi/, W/eteJL'O^le'j ntt&uyw bo l>e ooAA/Oobuj- [uMXHAlved, ia op o/ueaJ[, ihuW. i>a/Lu/€- 0^ uoit/V ooo-B', Cy p ibu^tea pcW/bn/pu/mji', cwi/O IW cwv iMi/l>wi'W»ed m/Wt-c) , Lb lo-uCC Cco/o lb bo "i/eao bli/e Too-^vibi/bw^i/Ofi/ juUwjbwia/LWjpj cm/o to U/n/^&Vata/H/5 lb oi lb l&. ^LKDepeVtui/q/j ci/{> bn^ cwi/O/t/tpM^' do^e*, BD^eVM/ [t^o-i>^iM,o-H/ cw-^ oEcm/ie bo Its h/iO/obLoaC ciAvh/U.oa4;uo-ni wv bfi/e ctppo/i-'iA op bfc*- aoi>6^fWM/Ctttj lb ocwMVob pcH/C to w^Mve O/ »va/buAcW/ oti/d bou^&tpia XVI COMMUNICATIONS. Mtfe to (HA/o E^ee In^ltu^'wwA cwv^ to tfU ^OTV&biW>uni/ tt^elp. qN*o oti/c, pam^lCLoA/ u>iA t&* a£fr*teii/ okh/eo/V viei>eA, bo n/cw^c 1*a/o tn/& ^ootlAUtlLbwm' &p tw/e ^Wftuieo t7tate6 uM/bn/ o/ co-^utC 4/6pe4«n,oC' to ife [t/4*cl«. Uwauajom^ oavo exact Ivto- t^i/^^wn^j lW> Vo/ULe^, oA o<^oa/W/0«/ hA/e*€+iJ>&j &ee.ni/ to eoce^^ot/fre tXveiA/ tti/g^etuti/bij'j LwvpoifciMi/a/teLit' b&o apben/ twrnj^tpu-b cuto h/Oiu^VuMiup eoceVbco, to ^t^-etch/ b-o-tn/ to tti«. Dui/e ot wlui/b bn^, at tti* nv&ni.6*i/t, ooivM-oeV i&x|i/e«leni>. QAO i^eX^i^vce, to O/ &aAepul'j jvetpectj on/O UuX O/n-O/Ui'MA o-p ttto/b uUft^u^nvznX'j cutvo o-p tn/& q'Va4i/bi> o-p h/o-iv-e^ ^eo/lLu/ potMva iri/ U>j ccuvn/ot po/il/ to eoc&Vb O/ httoivfv am/o aoAaaXmAaj^ ui/pui/etic& uji'O'n/ itwcn* Q'b M>, n/0'll^eu-&'t, uAvoh/ bw/e- m-wvo o-p bw/e fttiwen-t oavo b«/e iA/^m^ o/etvela/tuyn/ o-p OiiA/ cchuiM/U' ttui^. 0/ a/n/tLot|La/be bti/c w-Ldeup eocbett/deu u^&eput uviXueti/ce op aoiiAf I>o-oK'. CI/ p tb aiuLlt/ l>ej oa Ql kH>k& Lb n^au', uitVo^it/eco od o/ d^ctM-u-ooR/ iav ouA' &cIvoo-U>j it cim/ ittvo«^« frtcutdiH/O' o-p tti« Msoitfrti/butum/ oa Lb ki , tlvcui/ [ta& ntth/e^to KVetxi'LCe^ Ml/ &uA/ ootwvtup, Cy b tLoft toti/O/ t>&en/ a> pcuv&Yi/be UM/i>h/ &p m-ULe, tw to th^A &ta4^&, tR^it oM/ jvu-W/LO utuKi o-p uAfvu>eAAaX LH/te'tefrb rvuui' u-e-j i>Lp &u^ ..^^eai^fo'- tuA^e, d-utt^UMiJ^ea to ouA/ ootn/trtoiv ^cEut-o-Ui uu a- p-u-froii/ poA/ tile rvwvte oo-uo/H/oeo ^txH>Ui>lAj bn^ab bh^e cuA-Vertt lemA- to/bwHi/ o-p bh/e ifcobe (thuI' i>e ccutub CMi/O tn/oVHwi-n/lU' lutd-elAto-o-c) Kit bh/Oie uvtvo dAe bo i>e t(i/e o-otetft o-p bh/& &bab&. ^ipoitb ba&U/ M4/aa,c4t& bh* oc^^ibwut/ &B t6* ^&nAtltutlon/ &E tfi« O tt^tej wlbiu a- pu-bK uvacKj mvoIv oa bh/O/b luyu* {vaA>& h/VejuiAed EoA*. bK* vSr&o-eUiJb Ho&nAtifcw^wm/, oa o^ [ve^ma/H/eivb cEoAa -E-o-frlL to h/tecc^o tte frtodij/ o-p fch/c c«Al6itb Eau«>5 cwvt), If u,oii,%/ ^&tiAtlbitb'L&n, aitS tK* to/UK) &p ^cHL^-YeM> op CL ^ciLeUuE cUttVa^bcA, cwvc* twi.'n>eUa^ lutMio COMMUNICATIONS. XVU lutotD- ttivu- tkuva* tfcctb u>oau) a* m» EoA/ mmmv^Eu. to- dA«LE|u. «vV PnvdV to &6o&ni/& U«cm/e4t/, cwi/d to o-i^chaAAhe' tfce ^id>Uft of 41/ at th« IvolCb o^ ou^ eCeottoiu> fro MifeCit to t&«U/ ootuvtUi/ owud oVe^uto^^ to tn/enweli>ei. Q* M4Voel«Cu' h«|i« w« jUbbuoabiKHi/ &E oou^ b«o& nroii' leo'd tfve UHlii' to frOnte MlAH' tHl.UtcJ>t& Otf^LttOft/ to WL& e^UAOtuHl/ &B tK« vJ^ireJip CeiMiA« tutft H/ot Iv&lnbltteo nve to eocotrtuie U/OuA/ uto^x uv au^ ttb |v, wit tn« excuTi'i'- itoiiAe. ootuteoted uh^ tHe |utt>LLcatioti/ oi' tn/& ^o»t/:itLtu/* tKHi/ lA |veVtuven^| bcCteue ni/e, ^tJ&VtC' ^/efriveotpibuVp, cut/U IAaaXaVj UjOuAAtj FROM THE HONORABLE JOHN MACPHERSON BERRIEN, SENATOR OF THE UNITED STATES. ^jq^ Qj. ^JVHXMAAKUUJUnVj Sofcli/ tjehj/., 'ioJf'^t ^eitt to nve Oiv Lu U/^.ftt ktuwAoo/twHi/j cwvo bttciv eoch^c^ieo to iMH4y tJie Eau<>^«&£e. OJVUI/U4I/ vJlCusL O) eiitettouvcd (X ttle. iiH>t«., j-i/onv ito ncai" iveM, tti> cwJcuAo*!),, cMw) it* eneM. vjj' ttve. uri|i«^ta*ioe of lt» yi4tU&iltlotV (MTWHVO/ oXl cloAAO, of OuA/ CltizetU), o) tllMI*/ 110 ofi-c co/iv Soitbt-. C?t lA th* U«vdam,entlt^ lfc& Ccw^iU, 6^ f^ec|^c^ cwv^ ooA-c^fJ [ve.tuAa&, af 1*. STU hm>ia^ nvo^K^ fUn» mM^ IvevEeobL ofrm/k-Vefi/e.n/^ R/M> o^wm. ^o^i/Ofi/' OA w ciUze^ frf tfi/W» oA^ectt ^&VivMu&-, lb MWHif^ etioiCo' ^Lm/ to ^ettG^e- ni/0^e co^I^iaEE^ b^ wi/timoybe 'cdaUow uv lo^^LcR/ R^e ^fccwv^ bo c!>64^ o-ttlcA. ctti^en/ ; ttn/c) fcLw> It*. ten.^cmiLi' uwwfc) K-& to ^Uwo- oEo^eV bU* j^abelti^b iKuvd u)-fi^o&. iMvibeft iM» a* o+te [veo[tEe. ^fee uv&u£o become >cn*u>L& h/tvuv vrnM^L ^^Le> wvbetU/ci/&ii/oe cuva \yiAXuA ot ecwiKy wi/dwyi-OiWM/ nuul' hA««M)te b^ R^iMvi+veW) op mA petbOH«>j cwvo frp th/& ooVU^JMrn-d-tn/a/ cwi/o iMtJui|i|tU' wvECu/Cn/Ge frP uwM>-Ui*i/ee tuto ivtoe ; cwi/O Ivvify ootuMebioti/ uH>w*o %/en^e%,> hd/iii/ bn/e cuo-iJ'O'&ci/be o-p alb ItVolveV meoAu^'ceb bo ewuiAO'e bh/e inX-eXX/V' O/ert/oej cuta i*H/hA«-i>-e btve itT'O^^Iaj op bn/0*e loibli/ UHU^ni/ n* Ut h/6-Ubi'- oaCub a/&w>outbeo. Q^ K-n/O-uMJeao/e op btle Hooti/^Htabtbti/, lom^ti/ lA Bo^ bn^ ni/O^ [KtU> jvupt'ii' oavo- i>-imMX& W/ ltd U^oi^-iM^o^i^ j w-otU/O &pteiv ewoAvie, vvinv bo f^tt'UAn' Ln^LOtt/CtatUp btLe eppoA^ oj' o-emcuaMaAt^e^ to m-i^Teo/d vvrnvj oh/O auHm«n/ tiim/ to O/ deelve^ frerv^e o-p qAo^itu'W po^ tft/e. [vV'UH/Leq/e& um^eti/ K/e Ut h-eimitbeo bo en/1'O-tp. o/b umhmJoj vw nup olvwi/wm', b* ocM-taU-be m^vt ^wovu tt ooh/tpiop bvlc Mflon^tbu/bwrn/ oA tlwi/b w-mfih' u^ou/ twwje h-t^li/oA^o, mwum/o b-e wv li^o^- ft-cs-i-i/O-n/ frp eo/oiv ivio-ioiaL t/ovtiuAvaZ btliow/an/ou^ bn/e uwvo, a4> o/ ftttui/O- O/t/O to imi'i/olif Vepet/eti/C^e m/cup be ILao lAyiin^ Luvo-0ii/t>bui/q' co-tvpi^aeivce, ui/ oa*e& lu-h/Loli/ irwj-o-bu-e qM^^tuwiA op Mooii^tLtitbiHjii/a!/ uuu-. t-/jLi/b cy iv-OiU'a e&|i^ia>bUp aef»-iA/& bo &ee it uvbVo-ou^eo aii w bext-booit' wv ouA/ aek/o-&U> cuvo co-ltecpebj Ui/O/b ouA/ ipoiui'Cp mav m/cup t>e bau^tit bo fut'&iu- bti/&i^ ^4/cpn^, ctn/O to uecotn/e o^qiiMM'n^o w-i/ttt/ bliei'V du.ti«b, ob eiti/- se«i/;>, bepo-Y*- btteip e^i/OcuO/e uv bw/e em-jvLoimi/en/t* o-p o^^toe ui^. Q/tte cu etbu&en/ op bR/e ^Uon/i/beo obatcft, Of bnxut/K/ ipoti/ BoA. tR^e u-en/epi/b uvIi'WstT/ ipoiA* ]uu>& co^ivpeV^u tt^oti/ tn* oo-frttruLfu^ w*. baic» oo«r|i/twtti/on/, (mvo W/om/ H/cuj* m/ip ueit uM/^n^b bn>at ipouA^ Cct&M/b maiv be ctm/h/bU' teiTUMt/eicfcteo. CM ctm,, deoA/ alv, ueUp Ve^lv iVy ^o. COMMUNICATIONS. FKOM THE HON. HENKY CLAY, SENATOR OP THE UNITED STATES. ^Ufln/dclAtcuvo-wva- ttwi/t wo-u/ tn/tcn^o bo Iuhj-Di/MI/ O/ Po-H^bfiy edi/bwJH' oE tK/e iKJ-Uuvtej C'(>n^|^^U'0 cwvo [vV&licLVeo U-tp U/O-u/j co-H/to/Wi'Mi-a/ ttve Hoo-ji/- ^tititbwuv o-t bh/e *^lAI)ti.i/beo Obo/be*, aii/o o-btLeV n/t-a-ta/Lu' wb^uAA, o-ivo i/H/beVe&tifl/q. mci/bLj>.pa/oU'0+i/ cy tvai>e o-e-tuj-eo pVon^ O/H/ eKa-m.wvO'buo-jv o-p th& uxyi-rt/. ^\X^u/ (utu-e o-w>h,ui/it'eo I'Lt'O-ani/Cii/b uv btie m/abe^wi'U) uvtvLoFi' i4> 6m-l>oou&ij an'O wv bh/e o^oeV uj-i/bh/ u>(mX'Ji/ btveii. hxi^c- lieeiv o^icuvo^d . ^U^IU/ te^idon-C'e. o-b bh/C- ctbip o-p ^lA/ctftlu+vqJXHVj O/H/O up tm/e o-t bti/e [i-u/t^UC' frppuce^j [i£t/j> o/p- pfrW-eo ipoii/ O/H- o^^[lHylbw/^v^bll' o-p acoei-i bo tti* o^i/q-uvo/t/ bcocb o-p bLe ^oo-H/!)bLU^bto-^^, a»Lo bo bfve oth^e^ tf^ooiun/Cftba an/O tec&idb oo-n/baiiteo wi/ iwHiA/ u-o-uw/m/e-j o-p um/ieti/ ipfrw/ a/bk'ea't bo ria/\>& o/tyM/o-wo-U/iyCw cwj-aaeo tpou/l^&Cp. ^llH>w/t u><)-m, bketepo^/ej o-e*eiu-c4> betpeob oo-^vpLden*e m* ibb eivbiA/C' ottbh/enJ^L^'Ltip. uvve/bc o-Ve W) m/cwup cwvo iuoti' o-o-u-wma* VcttMHi/& Ltv pau&t o-p btvu* b^M^re' u-ewi/O' e«beti/^u>eup ei/VcitLctbeoj cwvo ui/ bii/C tvo/jv&i o-p eo;e'i-ip oituse^b U>n/0 OO-JV O0iVl>€n'l/e»vbUp O/ppO^O bo k/U-t^-tLO/^e tbj bn/O/b (II oatvH-o-b oow-bb bf[/C- e«i/*ben>o& o-p w .oofi/ibctn/b O/H/O laA,w& d-em/CW/d po^ tb. Q/lDn/o oLblsem) u^n/o ciA& O/O-uvcp atluyo/Oj cwt/o [Wci/a+te'U> hhLo ctie co-iruutO' cwTUMWV uA ) wfca'i.n/ h/O^i-c^M-o-JV o-p O/ u-o-oti/ w-vwovu &otn.lvt'L'&'e{) J UMJ:rt/ui/ cu bnvaXJi oom|t/a/^j «!/& Veco^d o-p tm nuiittw inv^tA,- bct/tkb (j\aJUcyiuvl ei^en/bb an/O Q/\cU>WHtab bt.ati*ci/obMMt& . Q/fc lA ioo/lt/oeltp n/eoe^wi^U/ bo ao-o o/^v eoc|^'V/ei*i/0-ny o-p m-ip u>-u^H/ei) b^/cU/ LWH4/ m/OAp o-Wti/WV c^ Lwie^al' k/oM/Otvo/q* j^om/ btiv& h/W'ti-KtC'j tKt cy a«i/ ^/C&[ve«J;piultpj 0|jLou^ O-beo- b, ^fctlMM1/b, XX COMMUNICATIONS. FROM THE HON. LEWIS CASS, SENATOR OJ THE UNITED STATES. ©efct<, GN'cHJ«m.&e^ 15, 1^50. to/te to a.u>e m,u, o-fvwu-Mv of fcR^ iHtLe- &f, y^>i^ ey^fcuHv op th* 4D(>n/- ^bltotuHV, t^o-U/a-fi/ it W) o/ UM>^Pt icivlo&/ ^oea ivfrt jveed cwiij' fc€atbni&- itloE frf mlfve bo it& m*VUa, n^i imff b^ coc[i't**(»WHi/ frf itw^ j.u^d^m,eivt eo-m/m.&iv^ Lb bH/& n^o-te to .li/ii/u-Cbo pcm-o^. (2/ b ia O/ nwjrwtnreiU; op octVej oti/u La'i>oA/j cwLO O/OCuA/CLou/j o-H/O m/atu wi/peUi' aej^e^vo ujwMi/ tfci oumi/ lAiM/Ui^LC euX'tmAj WM/blMHtb oo/lU'^i.q' to i/ti) od/o OMAV aa-i>e4vbitwyii4> oi/'t/- citm/&ba4voe{> nm«A*i>6V. * tJ tve iM>ioe o-p tn/e coimiMaJ' ay»i/o ttvo 1c- |i'ed4^o frto-eVi o-p b«/e tJeiutte po^ Lt& jvLtb-LwiabwHi/ cuva au^btLlWiuvH/j aA* eqiU/otui' llojwrt/auie to th/e. oti/O^a/cbeV o-p tk*. hw^/K/j oilo to tti« CLU-liltU' CUI/O pi^ll^ o-p ttl/& O/LlblivO'l. Gtf tb &-0Ul|t[tU>-UA CUOOUAMUOU^j tbj) {ut/a4^UM«n/&, Gtn>d ttie comliyi/e^^oii' &p ttbe tmito^bo/ivb h/titfrUotW/ pootd uHu«li' Ifti^eococd ' twi/d " atbeiw-^ea tn/e h/^oceed-itt^ op bti/C M^OHAven/bioH/j O/ivo w>-ti/ioIi' niCiAM/&o bite h/We od/tcoM-iv tecew-eo Ui/& ct|vli^olKLbHvii/ op i^ei>elQ/b &mAAvetit mervj uvl/O^e. lebbM/i> ci/Ve ooiv- ta/Ui/&d ui/ bn/C' poVtrtel ed-'ibum/. c/ju'b U' eu-eV bn/eV& u>a<> ct/ ke%'i«-o LtV th/e tl/t&toUp op OUA/ 0Diin4>tlp, witictt CCttt&d Ll/h/Olt; U4> to IxKHR' IkI'CR. Uv|i/Otv bFi/e. l>Le*!n«/a/{) w-h/i/oti/ ttle ^oufttttu/tLoti/ (ww> u-Wu/oli/tj cw/d lUvotv th* aw-pUMAttiej) tt en/coiutte^d U'epo4.& U> 1ueceu>ed th* MMvc>tioirv op b«/e Q/bm/e^i/con/ c7ba/b. oi p uve- u>cte ivou>- ^e|l/a^atea, oa u^e uwA^e-wi' *t7o7j "^ m^A/bctL ttowe^ oou/ld Utuva^ u* boa«ttl€A/. ^lAJtleblveV, uyiuu alE Iyuo coclveVi/Ctvec oE ouA/ dafvO'CA^ cwvd ouAj b-le^^ui/cutj uve oan^ oc K^Vvt tooetk^Vj nvit&b deji-en/O uAvon^ vfvo 4|nA-vb tu-Ltli/ um/t&ti' H>e ootri/e ujv to bh/C umH/R-, '^WvieviveAj bh* peetLtt/O/b op ooH/o&i*w>H/ (wi/d C'Om/[bVom/i/&'& um'ioh/ an-i-- niobeo OK/u pattv&V/b uh/Ix cotttuLu^. to arvmutto tn*Lv iKHtb, M/ ^MHi-aJv COMMUNICATIONS. XXI o-p bn/et>Vj to- |vVe^&U>& cwvo [vcVkctw/a-be bti/W) h-ieotoii/j Vve'iitcuae^j cto- autleo b-vi' a^eliMOCi cut/o Mttpetutd^ luliloti' oA^e ic-'i.ibteiv i\v owA/ kai»b tvi&to^U', aivo iTvau/ tuvo eortA/O/ii eccam-lvue* o-p lutbi-o-n-at/ oaLa/^^^l/bt^ vh/ triG uUHirVe, ft'ttotaa tai*. eoitpcoe'totton/ l>& u-V&K/ejv u,[vj ia bK/C cpVettb qfU^^btOiv o-p btte do/U/, uHi/i/ob eu-cvib^ ctV& po/^b [ui'ivbervi'n'q/ bo O/ i^cunZwn/J luto-eV otVoLKvi/^baivee!) a/!> mvlvo^wtg/ eta bti/eU' a/te k/(ytte+vbo-ii,j> . *^W^u/^ 1/€pete»voe to tvve li/Ui/cbvee- op t/feo-me euro bo blia4> o-p bti/c. m.eo-WLC4>a't aaW) in/ Gn/cpUMtOj u4veVe bti/e o-i.ppi4*w>ii' op bli/& ItH/Oiu-tcoq^ o-p wvetb Vc*|tectu>6 Mijo^vdttbittuoivi j eajreoi/O-lXip aiuoH/O/ ttt/e ipowl^h-j «MW» otve op tn/e ocuVcS) op bh/e a&l^eVl^lue(vbJ puA,vvift.n/ea ctjv Lm,|vo4.ban4> Ic^MHVj lu^h-toti/ otMUVot !>& too itiOivo-lU/ oonun/Btvo^eo bo tli/e ' [vu.l>lCc- obteH/ttoti/, cJ rvc/ M^otiAbtbu-bwui/ MUHW/o i>e a* a-otvoot-b-oolt'j nucio-e^ po/- nttlut^ to u* pUmi/ ouA/ coAlieiit ivcaAb. dfU) h/Uivci.|vbe& , it& h/lo- iM^LOtii), iJ>a luvLtbabion^j frn/omo be &-bu,ai/eo otvo iMvo-ela-boooj an/O blx-G utoVe th/eu/ ale ifcu^teo ttle tebtel u>-iXv Uvav be o-li'li/teeLa/beo aivo tke dectleV bn/eLp lo-al/ IJ-eootTve. Cy ftlLouiJo u-e q/Cci/O bo &ee ipou-'i/ edtbi/Oii/ oE bn* Moort^tLtotion/ iw eo-elu/ ft^tvool-li/ou^e lh/ tK/e ^Urn/uon/, on/O nxip oolL&CKLae cwi/O m-Lp&cl/p a-ie fto ^n^^^'te^^*eo UM-tti/ bh/e um-k-o-Vbaii/OC' op tau> ftao/cpeitLon/j \M/Cut'uy& ui^wo bo oLatlLt>w/be- alK Hie oo-kuei u>e Ve- cen>ej am^onO' bt^e-ielio-ol/ ut>UiA'Ve{> op USWLon'Uactti'. xKo&ijvcobpu/tut'j tpou^ ol>ea t d«ii> b, ^lA/aiKtw^i/a^iOrt/, 2* Xxii COMMUNICATIONS. FROM THE HON. DANIEL WEBSTER, SEOBBIAET OP STATE OF THB UNITED STATES. WoA^v^n,, @ecem,&et- 'dtk, igSO. ''IwivieUtcwvilti/q. tK.at wow nAe a-6-out to Ivu^EiAM/ a, pHvUfi/ ©ditton. m.M' D-eEueE fch/ot tfi/c e»be)i/0'U>'& iwfcl,i.ti«ii*n/ o-j- bm»t p-o-UMtve vi, oj. tu^M/i/C o+i/O o.efve^.ot i/r«/|voU;a/H*e. c-Ttt/e. HofHibbiXui'Von/ oE th/e ^l^i/tte-o c/ ba>te!) u> o/ urtAtten/ Q' ^v^iu.- mett/b' ; 0/ ^&o&td&o Eu/aacLm/eti/to/t ^&a'U> ; tt ui fcw/e JJonUj aii/d wte. cw/Eu' Jiondj o-E th« Union &E tn/ei>e uto/teo ; it u> o-EE bBO* au>ei 114 a National JLaAaxkc-u. QmmMii e.Kf/iM/ rmui. mi tile coU'ii.tV.U' iti oaji/iv&Ee o-E iect/^ui/a it; (uvo tnyot UHvLolv M) deejiXu. ooti'Ce'Ui/;) atl, Mi/fHiXo !>€■ nui/^e. eaMlu. ac- o«64i'&E& to abE. ^UWA/ [ui't>li«atuHi/, 0/ th/Ui/R/j i^ l>&tb&^ oatoutat&o to a/GConi'h'li/^ bti/Uk crt.a, ttiKMi/ (MtU' u>[i^ti/ tvcUi h/^ceo-&o it. ''UW*A lu-ith/ ue.i.U' tVivc. VeacuVo, » INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. James Madison, President of the United States, on entering upon the duties of the office, declared, that "to support the Consti- tution, which is the cement of the Union, as well in its limitations as in its authorities, and to favor the advancement of science and the diffusion of information, as the best aliment to true liberty;" with other salutary sentiments and intentions, would be a resource which could not fail him ; and added, " but the source to which I look for the aid which alone can supply my deficiencies, is the well-tried intellig/snce and virtue of my fellow-citizens, and in the counsels of those representing them in the other departments associated in the care of the national interests." " To support the Constitution" by his talents, by his best ser- vices, and with his life, if required, is the firm and irrevocable de- termination of every true patriot; but the " support" presupposes a knowledge of that valued instrument ; and the knowledge can alone be expected to follow a careful reading and study of its letter and its spirit. To afibrd an opportunity to every American citizen to do this,. is the object in the publication of the present edition. If, as Cicero informs us, in ancient Rome the very boys were obliged to learn the twelve tables by heart, as a carmen necessarium, or indispensable lesson, to imprint on their tender minds an early knowledge of the laws and constitution of their country, ! " Nocturna versate manu, versate diurna." If it was deemed important to the preservation of British liberty, in the earlier and better days of that country, that Magna Charta XXIV INTRODUCTOKV REMARKS. should be authoritatively promulgated and read- to the people — it is no less important to the preservation of American liberty, that every intelligent citizen should, Jy his own will and authority, aided by the liberality of the Government, possess a copy of this great charter of American liberty. There appears to have been no formal provision made by the Government of the United States for the promulgation of the Con- stitution, except by a concurrent resolution of the two Houses of Congress, made during the first Congress, (6th July, 1789,) whereby it was " Resolved, that there be prefixed to the publication of the acts of the present session of Congress a correct copy of the Con- stitution of Government for the United States." This, however, was sufficient to show the intention and the judgment of the Patres Patriae upon the subject. Every goo^ citizen, capable of reading and understanding its meaning, is bound by duty to his country, if in his power, to pos- sess a copy of the Constitution. The compiler of this publication has added the Declaration of Independence, with invaluable matter claiming paternity of the " Father of his country," and other inte- resting information, and has so limited the cost of this Consti- tutional bouquet, as to enable the Government, should such be its pleasure, by a judicious and liberal investment in this provident stock — to lay up, for a time of need, a vast fund of available trea- sure in the minds and the hearts of the people, for the defence of their liberties and the perpetuity of their institutions — to sow the good seed in virgin soil, which might otherwise be occupied by noxious weeds. With diffidence it is submitted, that this national object may^be practically efiected by the distribution of barely so many copies as may place one in each village or neighborhood, which would introduce it to the knowledge of the people, who would then seek by their own means to possess it ; and thus as a mustard seed would it multiply, and its salutary principles be ex- tended. Nor could any means more convenient be proposed, than to intrust to the hands of the guardians of the Constitution in Con- gress the distribution, or the sowing of this good seed. It would appear from the tables of the last census, that there are, in the INTRODUCTOKY REMARKS. XXV United States, upwards of three and a half millions of men, over twenty years of age, capable of reading; and should there be only one copy furnished by the Government to every hundred men, a large portion of the other ninety-nine would, probably, by their own means, obtain it. Viewing the immense diffusion of printed political matter through all the villages and hamlets of the Republic, as the abundance of material provided by the generosity of the Government and zeal of private enterprise, as political food for the mind, this compilation may be considered as salt for the preservation of such as may be wholesome, or as lime to neutralize and destroy such as may be carious. It would be a test by which to separate the wheat from the tares and cockle— -a crucible by which to separate the gold from the dross and base metal, or the cupel by which to try the current coin of politics, and a text hook by which lo Judge of the orthodoxy of political disquisitions. By the British statute, " conjirmaiio cartarum," the great charter was directed ."to be allowed as the common law ; all judgments contrary to it are declared void ; copies of it are ordered to be sent to alt cathedral churches, and read twice a year to the people ,-" whereby it was intended that the sanctity of the place should inspire a pecu-; liar veneration for that noble structure of fundamental law — sacred to human liberty, civil and religious. According to Plato and Aristotle, "Lex est mens sine affectu, el quasi Deus" — the law is mind without passion, and therefore like God. Or, according to Grotius, " God approved and ratified the salutary constitutions of government made by men ;" while De- mosthenes declares, that " the design and object of laws is to ascer- tain what is just, honorable, and expedient ; and when that is dis- covered, it is proclaimed as a general ordinance, equal and impartial to all. This is the origin of law, which, for various reasons, all are under an obligation to obey, but especially because all law is the invention and gift of Heaven, the resolution of wise men, the correction of every offence, and the general compact of the State ; to live in conformity with which is the duty of every individual in society." XXVI INXaODUCTORY KEMAKKS. Bossuet remarks, that "If th3 Roman laws have appeared so sacred, that their majesty still subsists, notwithstanding the ruin of the empire, it is because good sense, which controls human life, reigns throughout the whole, and that there is nowhere to be found a finer application of the principles of natural equity." Algernon Sidney adds, that "The Israelites, Spartans, Romans, and others, who framed their governments according to their own will, did it not by any peculiar privilege, but by a universal right conferred upon them by God and nature. They were made of no better clay than others ; they had no right that does not as well belong to other nations; that is to say, the Constitution of every government is referred to those who are concerned in it, and no other has any thing to do with it." — " Salus populi est lex suprema." ludge Blackstone remarks, that "every man; when he enters into society, gives up a part of his natural liberty, as the price of S'j valuable a purchase ; and, in consideration of receiving the ad- vantages of mutual commerce, obliges himself to conform to those laws which the community has thought proper to establish. And this species of legal obedience and conformity is infinitely more desirable than that wild and savage liberty which is sacrificed to obtain it. For no man, that considers a moment, would wish to retain the absolute and uncontrolled power of doing whatever he pleases ; the consequence of which is, that every other man would also have the same power, and then there would be no security to individuals in any of the enjoyments of life. Political, therefore, or civil liberty, which is that of a member of society, is no other than natural liberty, so far restrained by human laws (and no far- ther) as is necessary and expedient for the general advantage of the public. Hence, we may collect that the law, which restrains' a man from doing mischief to his fellow-citizens, though it dimi- nishes the natural, increases the civil liberty of mankind. And Locke has well observed, " where there is no law "there is no free- dom." Socrates made a promise, with himself, to observe the laws of INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. XXVii his country ; but this is nothing more than what every good man ought both to promise and to perform : and he ought to promise still further, that he will exert all his power, when constitutionally called upon, to compel others to obey them. The compiler of this edition of our own venerated Constitution, to which he has with anxious labor prefixed a copious, and, he trusts, a faithful analytical index, believes that there are among his fellow- citizens many thousands of intelligent men capable of reading and understanding the great American charter of liberty, but who, with- out seeing and judging for themselves of " its limitations and its authorities," have, with a passive credulity, (which in other mat- ters of comparative insignificance, would have been indignantly spurned,) reposed .their faith, their birthright, and their safety, on the opinions of others, whose impassioned, and sometimes vitupe- rative tones have appealed rather to the prejudices of the heart than to the integrity of the understanding. Mr. Dallas has well said, that " the Constitution in its words is plain and intelligible, and it is meant for the homebred, unsophisti- cated understandings of our fellow-citizens" To this sentiment, the compiler is indebted for suggesting to his mind the idea of publish- ing this edition of the Constitution, with its accompaniments ; and he therefore believed that there would be propriety and justice iii the dedication of it to this distinguished statesman, and through him to the American people. The compiler, diflSdent of his own ability to do adequate justice to the subject, has called to his aid some of the most eminent authorities to sustain the inviolable sanctity of the law, and to im- press upon Americans a reverential attachment to the Constitution, as in the highest sense the palladium of American liberty ; so that their judgment, as well as their affections,, may be enlisted on the side of the Constitution, as the truest security of the Union, and the only solid basis on which to rest the private rights, the public liberties, and the substantial prosperity of the people composing the American Republic. He will next have recourse to the authority of the universally esteemed and lamented Justice Story, as to the high responsibilities of the people, and the proper means of guarding the inestimable * The 1st and 2d editions were dedicated to Mr. Dallas, and the 3d, with his per- mission, to the people, &e., themselves. XXviii INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. rights they now enjoy. In reference to the Constitution of govern- ment he says : "It must perish, if there be not that vital spirit in the people, which alone can nourish, sustain, and direct all its movements. It is in vain that statesmen shall form plans of go- vernment, in which the beauty and harmony of a republic shall be embodied in visible order, shall be built up on solid substructions, and adorned by every useful ornament, if the inhabitants suffer the silent power of time to dilapidate its walls, or crumble its massy supporters into dust ; if the assaults from without are never resisted, and the rottenness and mining from within are never guarded against. Who can preserve the rights and liberties of the people, when they shall be abandoned by themselves ? Who shall keep watch in the temple, when the watchmen sleep at their posts ? Who shall call upon the people to redeem their possessions, and revive the republic, when their own hands have deliberately and corruptly surrendered them to the oppressor, and have built the prisons or dug the graves of their own friends t This dark picture, it is to be hoped, will never be applicable to the Republic of Ame- rica. And yet it aflTords a warning, which, like all the lessons of past experience. We are not permitted to disregard; America, free, happy, and enlightened as she is, must rest the preservation of her rights and liberties upon the virtue, independence, justice, and sagacity of the people. If either fail, the republic is gone. Its shadow may remain with all the pomp, and circumstance, and trickery of government, but its vital power will have departed. In America, the demagogue may arise as well as elsewhere. He is the natural, though spurious growth of republics ; and, like the courtier, he may, by his blandishments, delude the ears and blind the eyes of the people to their own destruction. If ever the day shall arrive, in which the best talents and the best virtues shall be driven from office by intrigue or corruption, by. the ostracism of the press, or the still more unrelenting persecution of party, legislation will cease to be national. It will be wise by accident, and bad by system." "In every human society," says the celebrated Beccaria, 'Uhere is an effort continually tending to confer on one part the height of power and happiness, and to reduce the other to the extreme of INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. Xxix weakness and misery. The intent of good laws is to oppose tliis eiibrt, and to diffuse tlieir influence uniyersally and equally ;'' and Montesquieu. declares that, "In a free state, every man, who is sup- posed a free agent, ought to be concerned in his own government ; therefore the legislative. power should reside in the whole body of the people, or their representatives. The pojitical liberty of the citizen is a. tranquillity of mind, arising from the opinion each per- son has of his safety. In order to have this liberty, it is requisite the government be so constituted, as that one man need not be afraid of another. TJie enjoyment nf liberty, and even its support and preservation, consists in every man''s being allowed to speak his thoughts, and lay open his sentiments." The compiler will -next propose to his fellow-citizens the advice of a profound philosopher, as. to the proper mode of preserving the independence of themind, which is alike applicable to every free- born American citizen, and points out the means by which the na- tive talent, the integrity- of. heart, and the indomitable sp'irit of the people, guided by patriotism, will be rendered available in the pre- servation of the purity of the g'overnment, and of their own liber- ties. It is submitted, that a copy of this edition of the Constitu- tion bd in the possession of every citizen capable of reading and understandihg the meaning of language, before whom the following instructions of Locke would then be placed : "Reading is for the improvement of the understanding." '^The improvement of the understanding is for two ends: first, for our own increase of knowledge ; secondly, to enable us to de- liver and make out that knowledge to others." " I hope it will not be thought arrogance to say, that perhaps we should make greater progress in the discovery of rational and con- templative know! edge, "if we sought it in the fountain — in the con- sideration of things themselves — and made use rather of our'own thoughts than other men's to find it ; for I think we may as ration- ally hope to see with other men's eyes, as to know by other men's understandings. So much as we ourselves consider arid compre- hend of truth and reasoii, so much we' possess of real and true knowledge. The floating of other men's opinions in our brains makes us not one jot the more knowing, though .they happen to be 3 XXX INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. true. What in them was science, is in us but opiniatrety ; whilst we give up our assent only to reverend names, and do not, as they did, employ our own reason to understand thosetruths which gave them re'putation; Aristotle was certainly a Icnowing man, but no- body ever- thought him so, because he blindly embraced, or confi- dently vented, the opinions of another. And if the taking up ano- ther's principles, without exaniining them, made not him a philoso- pher, I suppose it will hardly make anybody else so. In the sciences, every one has so^much as he really knows and compre- hends ; what he believes only, and takes upon trust, are but shreds, which, however well in the whole piece, make no considerable addition to his stock who gathers them. Such borrowed wealth, like fairy money, though it were gold in the -hand from which he received it, will be but leaves and dust when it comes to use." " How many men have, no other ground for their tenets than the supposed honesty, or learning, or number, of those of the same pro- fession . As if Tionest or bookish men could not err, or truth were to be established by the vote of the multitude ; yet this, with most men, serves the turn." "AH men ate liable to error, and most men-are, in many points, by passion or interest, under temptation to it. If we could but see the secret motives that influenced the men of name and learning in the world, and the leaders of parties, we should not always find that it was the embracing of truth, for its own sake, that made them espouse the doctrines they evened and maintained. This at least is certain,there is not an opinion so absurd which a man may not receive upon this ground. There is no error to be named, which has. not had its professors; and a man shall never want crooked paths to walk in, if he thinks that he is in the right way wherever he has the footsteps of others to follow." It is not hence to |>e inferred, however, that the opinions and the judgment of the wise and tiie good are to be disregarded, and more especially are we not permitted to treat with irreverence the politi- cal loctrines and maxims of the fathers of the republic, whose wis- dom and counsel, and devoted patriotism, gave being to the Decla- , ration of our independence and tlie Constitution of our country. In the fundamental principles of our Government, on what can the INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. XXxi American mind and faith repose with as much confidence and safety as the expositions contained in the " Federalist, an incom- parable commentary of three of the greatest statesmen of their age," in the extraordinary judgments of the supreme judicial tribunal, and the solid wisdom embodied iii the constitutional commentaries of those who have imparted dignity and purity to the moral ermine which ornaments that august tribunal? Nor can the American people look to any source more entitled to their confidence, for an exposition of the essential principles of our Government, and, consequently, those which ought to shape its administration, than to the farewell address of the " Father of his country," (contained in this compilation,) and to the principles proclaimed by the " Fathers" of the memorable Declaration and of the immortal Constitution, when respectively " called upon to un- dertake the duties of the first executive office of our country." Thomas JeiFerson declared those principles to be — " Equal and exact justice to all men, of whatever state or persuasion, religious or political ; for having banished from our land that religious intole- rance under which mankind so long bled and suffered, we have yet gained, little, if we countenance a political intolerance, as despotic, as wicked, and capable of as bitter and bloody persecutions ; peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling" alli- ances with none ; the support of the State governments in all their rights, as the most competent administrations for our domestic con- cerns, and the surest bulwarks against anti-republican tendencies ; the preservation of the General Government in its whole constitu- tional vigor, as the sheet-anchor of our peace at home and safety abroad ; a jealous care of the right of election by the people ; a mild and safe corrective of abuses which are lopped by the sword of revolution, where peaceful remedies are unprovided; absolute acquiescence in the decisions of the majority, the vital principle of republics, from which is no appeal but to force, the vital principle and immediate parent of despotism ; a well-disciplined militia, our best reliance in peace and for the first moments of war, till regulars may relieve them ; the supremacy of the civil over the military authority: economy in the public expense, that labor may be lightly burthened ; the honest payment of our debts, and sacred XXXll INTaODUCTOKY REMARKS. preservation pf the public faith ; encouragement of agriculture, and of commerce as its handmaid ; the diifusion of information, and arraignment of all abuses at tlie bar pf th^ public reason; freedom pf religion; freedom'of the press ; and freedom pf person under the protection of 'the habeas corpus; and trial by -juries impartially selected. These principles form the l)right constellation which has gone before us, and guided our steps through an age of revolu- tion and reformatio);!. The wisdom of our sages, and blood of our heroes, have been deYO,ted to their attainment : they should be the creed of our political faith ; the text of ciV^ic instruction ; tbe touch- stone by which to try the services of those we trust; and should we wander from them in moments of error or of alarm, let us has- ten to retrace our steps, and to regain the road which alone leads to peace, liberty, and safety." James Madison, equally pui;suing the principles of the Constitu- tion, declared the purposes of Government to be: "To cherish peace and friendly intercourse with all nations having correspondent dispositions; to mainiain sincere neutrality towards belligerent nations; to prefer, in all cases, amicable discus- sion arid reasonable accommodation of differences, to a decision of them by an appeal to arms ; to exclude foreigii intrigues, and for- eign partialities, so degrading to all countries, and so baneful to free ones ; to foster a spirit of independence, too just toinvade the rights of others,' too proud to surrender our own, too liberal to in- dulge unworthy prejudices ourselves," and too elevated not to look down upon them in others ; to hold the union of the States as the basis of their peace and happiness; to support the Constitution, which is the cement of the UnioUj as well in its limitations as in its authorities ; to respect the rights and authorities reserved to the States, and to the people, as equally incorporated with, and essen- tial to the success of, 'the general system ; to avoid the slightest interference 'with the rights of conscience, or tlie functions of reli- gion, so wisely exempted from civil jurisdiction; to preserve, in their full eriergy, the other salutary provisions in behalf of private and -personal rights, and of the freedom of the press; to observe economy in public expenditures ; to liberate the public resources by an honorable discharge of the public debts ; to keep within the INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. XXXui requisite limits a standing military force, always rememberinp; that an armed and trained militia is the firmest bulwark of republics that without standing armies their liberty can never be in danger, nor with large ones safe; to promotej by authorized means, im- provements friendly to agriculture, to manufactures, and to external as well as internal commerce; to favor, in like manner, the advance- ment of science and the diflfusion of information, as the best ali- ment to true liberty ; to carry on the benevolent plans which have been sp meritoriously applied to the conversion of our aboriginal neighbors from the degradation and wretchedness of savage life, to a participation of the improvements of which the human mind and manners are susceptible in a civilized state. As far as sentiments and intentions such as these can aid the fulfilment of my duty, they will be a resource which cannot fail me. But the source to which I look for the aids which alone can supply my deficiencies, is in tlie well-tried intelligence and virtue of my fellow-citizens, and in the counsels of those representing them in the other departments associated in the care of the national interests. In these, my confi- dence will, under every difficulty, be best placed, next to that which we have all been encouraged to feel in the guardianship and guid- ance of that Almighty Being whose power regulates the destiny of - nations, whose blessings have been so conspicuously dispensed to this rising republic, and to whom we are bound to address our de- vout gratitude for the past, as well as our fervent supplications and best hopes for the future." The citizens of these United States were blessed with the virtue, the fortitude, and the perseverance to achieve their independence as a nation; their patriotism and valor, both by sea and on land, brought them, with increased honor, through the " second war of independence," and through all the trials and difficulties by which they have, from time to time, been environed, both as respects their foreign and domestic relations ; and it is only necessary for them to have " light" as regards the fundamental law, and the operations of the Government, to enable them to judge of the fidelity of those whom they periodically intrust with the power which alone belongs to themselves as a nation of freemen, the proper use and application of which power is so vitally necessary to the preservation of their 3* '' XXxiv INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. own liberties and best interests, and the perpetuity of our insti- tutions. " Light, true light in the mind," says Loeke, " is or can be no- thing else but the evidence of the truth of any proposition ; and if it be not a self-evident proposition, all the'light it has, or can have, is from the clearness and validity of those proofs upon vphich it is received.. To talk of any other light in the understanding, is to put ourselves in the dark,[ox in the power of the Prince of Dark- ness, and by our own consent, to give ourselves up' to delusion ; for, if strength of persuasion be the light which must guide us, I ask how shall any one distlngur'sh bet-ween tlje delusions of Satan and the inspirations of the Holy Ghost?" Subtleties and authoritative corruscations have been repudiated by pure and true-hearted_ sages and statesmen; the advice of some of the most profound of whom, has been characterized by the sim- plicity of manner and of language in which they have borne wit- ness to truth. Judge Story has remarked, that "upon subjects of Government it has always appeared to me, that metaphysical refine- ments are out of place. A constitution of governinent is addressed to the common sense of the people, and never was designed for trials_ of logical skillj or visionary speculation." Of a constitution so wisely contrived, so strongly raised, and so highly finished, it ishard to speak with that praise which is justly and severely its due : the thorough and attentive contemplation of it will- furnish its best panegyric. To sustain, to repair, to beau- tify this- noble pile, is a charge. intrusted principally to the people and their constitutional representatives, in all the blanches of the -Government. If honor and confidence, in a pre-eminent degree, are, with a portion of their power, conferred^ by the people Upon the Chief Executive Magistrate, the guardianship of the nationjil hofior is in no less a degree conferred upon their representatives in the two Houses of Congress, the intrinsic dignity of whose official cha- racter, in everly moral point of view, transcends that of every other legislative asseiiibly, in so much as our Constitution excels that of every other human government ; and while the Constitution, practiciiUy animated by the j)eopIe, thus confers honor and dignity INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. XXXV upon Congress, to them it is given to stand by tlie Constitution, in spirit and in truth, inflexibly maintaining its principles^— the principles of union, of liberty, of justice, of domestic tranquillity, of common defence, and of the general welfare. The Constitution and the Government, thus reciprocally animating and being ani- mated, illustrates the beau ideal of good government — one of the choicest gifts of God to man. The protection of the liberty of the United States of America is a duty which they owe to themselves, who enjoy it; to their ances- tors, who transmitted it down ; and to their posterity, who will claim at their hands this, the best birthright, the noblqgt inherit- ance of mankind. To conclude, in the language of Judge Story^^- "If, upon a closer survey of all the powers given by the Consti- tution, and all the guards upon their exercise, we shall perceive still stronger inducements to fortify this conclusion, and to increase our confidence in the Constitution, may we not justly hope, that every honest American will concur in the dying expression of Fa- ther Paul, ' may it be perpetual !'. " ESTO PERPETUA!!! CONTENTS. AN ANALYTICAL INDEX of the Constitution and amendments will bb SEEN AT PAGE 38, AND AN INDEX TO THE RESIDUE OF THE MATTEB CONTAINED IM THIS VOLUME WILL BE FOUND AT THE CONCLUSION OF THE BOOK. CHAPTER 1. 1. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 1 2. The dates of ratification of the Constitution by the Thirteen original States 24 3. THE ARTICLES OF AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION.-.. 25 4. The verification of the Constitution and amendments by the Secretary of State ■ 31 5. The Headings and dates of ratification of the amendments of the Constitu- tion 33 6. AN ANALYTICAL INDEX OF THE CONSTITUTION as amended 38 CHAPTER 2. Introductory remarks to this Chapter 129 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS, AND THE CAUSES WHICH LED TO THE ADOPTION AND RATIFICATION OF THE CONSTITU- TION OF THE UNITED STATES, viz: 130 i. REPORT OF A COMMITTEE OF THE CONGRESS OF THE CON- FEDERATION, on the objections of one of the States to confer certain powers on Congress with regard to revenue and commerce. 16th De- cember, 1782 : 131 2. ADDRESS OF CONGRESS TO THE STATES, calling upon their jus- tice and plighted faith, and representing the consequences of a failure on their part to sustain the Government and provide for its wants, 26th April, 17S3 139 3. PREAMBLE AND RESOLUTIONS OF CONGRESS, presenting the exposed condition of the trade and commerce with foreign countries, and the destructive effect of foreign policy, and recommending that power for their protection be vested in Congress. SOtii April, 1784- . • • 140 4. REPORT OP A COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS, with a statement of the reasons why the Slates should confer upon"Congress the powers thprein enumerated. 1.3th July, 1785 .' 142 5. REPORT OF A COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS, showing the failure of the States to comply with the requisitions of Congress, and the neces- sity for a complete accession of all the States to the Revenue System. 15th February, 1786 — 146 Q xxxvii XXXVlll CONTENTS. 6. REPORT OF A COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS, relating to the con- tinued non-compliance of some of the States with the requisitions of Con- gress, and recommending the subject again to their consideration. 3d' March, 1786 150 V. REPORT OF A COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS again earnestly recom- mending the subject to the consideration of the States.- 2_3d October, 1786 • • • • ■ 151 8. BRIEF HISTORICAL VIEW OF THE ACTS OF THE STATES which led to the formation and adoptionof the Constitution of the United States , 153 9. RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS appointing committees to repair to the States, to make such representations as might induce them to carry the requisitions of Congress into effect with the greatest despatch. 22d May, 1782 ■ '■ 155 10. RESOLUTIONS OF THE LEGISLATURE OF NEW YORK, on the critical condition of affairs,— that the existing system exposed the com- mon cause to a precarious issue, — that the defects of the Confederation ' should be speedily repaired, and recommending a General Convention of the States for that purpose. 21 st July, ,1782 155 li. RESOLUTIONS OF THE LEGISLATURE OF VIRGINIA, recom- " mending to the States to empower Congress to regulate the trade and commerce of the country. 30th Noveinber, 1785 158 la. RESOLUTION OF THE LEGISLATURE OF VIRGINIA, appointing .commissioners to meet others to be appointed by-.the several Statps, to take into consideration the trade and commerce, and , to empower Con- gress effectually to provide for the same. >21st January, 1786 •'-,.. 160 13. PROCEEDINGS AND REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS FROM SEVERAL OP THE STATES, AT AjfNAPOLIS, recommending a Convention to meet at Philadelplila, with ample powers to adopt a Con- stitution adequate to the exigencies of the Union. ll-14th September, 1786 •■-■ ■ 161 14. PROCEEDINGS AND RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS OF THE CONFEDERATION, calling a Convention at Philadelphia, to render the Constitution adequate to the exigencies 'of the Government and the preservation of the Union. 21st February, 1787 164 15. ACTS OF THE SEVERAL STATES FOB -THE APPOINTMENT OF DEPUTIES TO MEET IN CONVENTION WITH POWER TO FORM A CONSTITUTION OF GOVERNMENT, viz. : VIRGWIA. 16th October, 1786 .• 167 NEW JERSEY. 23d November, 1786 170 PENNSYLVANIA. 30th December, 17S8 172 NORTH CAROLINA. 6th January, 17b7 174 DELAWARE. 3d February, 1787 , 177 GEORGIA. 10th February, 1787 179 NEWVORK. 28th February, 1787 181 SOUTH CAROLINA. 8th Marcli, 1787 182 MASSACHUSETTS. 10th March, 1787 183 191 CONTENTS. XXxix CONNECTICUT. 10th May, 1787 ■: 184 MARYLAND. 26lli May, 17S7 .• 1S5 NEW HAMPSHIRE. a7th June, 17S7 186 16. LETTER OF GEORGE WASHINGTON, the President, with Resolu- tions of the Convention, laying the Constitution before Coiigress, to be transmitted to the several States to be submitted to Conventions thereof for ratification. 17lh September, 1787 187 17. RESOLUTION OP CONGRESS, transmitting the same to the States ac- cordingly. 2Sth September, 1787 189 18. PREAMBLE AND RESOLUTION OF THE CONGRESS OF THE CONFEDERATION, in pursuance of the resolution of the Convention, fixing a day for the appointment of electors, a day for them to vote for President and Vice President, and the time and place for commencing proceedings under the Constitution 190 19. BRIEF HISTORICAL VIEW OF THE MANNER IN WHICH THE ' GOVERNMENT COMMENCED ITS PROCEEDINGS UISDER THE CONSTITUTION CHAPTER 3. 1. PROCEEDINGS IN THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED COLONIES respecting Independence - 193 2. RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS DECLARING THE UNITED COLO- NIES FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES. 2d July, 1776 195 3. A DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNI- TED STATES OF AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED. July 4. 1776 195 CHAPTER 4. 1. APPOINTMENT OF GEORGE WASHINGTON TO BE GENERAL AND COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY, BY THE CON- GRESS OF THE UNITED COLONIES, on the 15th June, 1775 201 2. ADDRESS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON, accepting ;the appointment 16th June, 1775 ' 201 3. COMMISSION OF GEORGE WASHINGTON for the same. 17th June, 1775 ; 203 4. RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS that they would maintain and assist George Washington, and adhere to him in the maintenance and preser- vation of American liberty, with their lives and fortunes. 17th June, 1775 .". 203 5. ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS of the Confedera- tion to George Washington, on the termination of the war. 26th August, 1783 : • 203 6. REPLY OF GEORGE WASHINGTON to the same. 26th August, 1783 204 7. INSCRIPTIO.N AND REMARKS CONCERNING HOUDON'S STATUE OF WASHINGTON •■ ■'■ 205 Xl CONTENTS. 8. RESIGNATION BY GEORGE WASHINGTON of the office of com- mander-in-chief of the army to Congress. 23d December, 17S3 908 9. ANSWER OF THOMAS MIFFLIN, Presidentof Congress, to the same. aSd December, 1783 • 209 ID. ELECTION OF. GEORGE WASHINGTON, as President of the United States, and his iiiaugural address. 30th April, 1789 • • • 210 11. FAREWELL ADDRESS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON, President, to t^e people of the United Slates. 17th SeptemJ)er, 1796 215 12. APPOINTMENT OF GEORGE WASHINGTON TO BE LIEUTE- NANT-GENERAL AND COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF ALL THE ARMIES RAISED OR TO BE RAISED IN THE UNITED STATES. 3d July, 1708 231 13. TO THE MEMORY OF GEORGE WASHINGTON. Proceedings of the national authorities on the death of George Washington. 14th De- cember, 1799 840 CHAPTER 5. 1. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS TO THIS CHAPTER ■ 269 a. Inaugural address of GEORGE WASHINGTON. (Vide Chapter 4, Arti- cle 9.) 30th April, 1789 ■ 211 3. Inaugural address of JOHN ADA MS. 4th March, 1797- - ■ : 270 4. Inaugural address, first term of THOMAS JEFFERSON. 4th March, 1801 -" 275 5. Inaugural address, second term of THOMAS J-EFFERSON. 4th March, 1805 ; 279 6. Inaugurar address, first term of JAMES MADISON. 4th March, 1809- • 283 CHAPTER 6. GENERAL LAWS relating to Ihe continued organization of the Government, and providing the authorities and means of executing the Constitution in certain contingencies, and for other purposes -- 2S7 1. AN ACT to regulate the time and manner of administering certain oaths. This act prescribes the form of the oath to support the Constitution, and the officers and persons by whom it shall be taken. Ist.June, 17S9 287 2. AN ACT.for the punishment of certain crimes. Sections 25, 26, 27, and 28, provide for the protection of foreign Ambassadors and other public Min- isters and domestics. 30th April, 1790 289 3. AN ACT to'prescribe the mode in which the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings, in each State, shall be authenticated so as to take effect in every other Slate. 26th May, 1790 290 4. AN ACT supplemental to the act establishing the Treasury Department, and for a farther compensation to certain officers. Sec. 2 required every officer and clerk in the. several Departments of the United States to take an oath to support the Constitution. 3d March,! 791 290 CONTENTS. Xli 6. AN ACT relative to the election of a President and Vice President of the United States, and declaring the officer who shall act as President in case of vacancies in the offices both of President and Vice President. 1st March, 1792 291 6. AN ACT providing compensation to the President and Vice President of the United States. 18th February, 1793. 7. AN ACT to authorize certain officers and other persons to administer oaths. 3d May, 1798 294 8. AN ACT supplementary to the act, entitled An act to prescribe the mode in which the public. acts, records, audjudicial proceedings in each State shall be authenticated so as to take effect in every other State. 27th March, 1804 294 9. AN ACT to extend the provisions of the act to authorize ocrtain officers and other persons to administer oaths, approved May 3, 1798. 8th February, 1817 - - •- 295 10. AN ACT to provide for the publication of the laws of the United States, and for other purposes. 20fch April, 1818 295 11. AN ACT in addition to the " Act for the punishment of certain crimes against the United States," and. to repeal the acts therein mentioned. 20th April, 1818 ■••T 296 12. AN ACT making compensation to the persons appointed by the ele'ctors to deliver the votes for President and Vice President. 11th February, 1825- • 300 13. AN ACT for the apportionment of Eepresentatives among the several States f^»rding to the sixth census. Sec. 2 provides for the election of Kepre- sentatives by Districts. 25th June, 1842 ■•. i -- • -- •■• 300 14. AN ACT to provide further remedial justice in the courts of the United States. 29th August, 1842 301 15. AN ACT to establish a uniform time for holding elections for electors of President and Vice President in all the States of the Union. 23d January, 1845 T 302 16. AN ACT to provide for the distribution of the edition of the Laws and Trea- ties of the United States, published by Little&Brown, under the provisions of the resolutions of Congress, approved March 3, 1845, and for other pur- poses. 8th August, 1846 '■ ■ •' 302 17. AN ACT for giving effect to certain treaty stipulations between this and fo- reign governments, for the apprehension and delivering up^of certain offenders. 12 August. 1848. • 305 18. AN ACT providing for the taking of the seventh and subseciuent censuses of the United States, and to fix the number of members of the House of Re- presentatives, and to provide for their future apportionment among the several States. 23d May, 1850 305 19. An act to authorize Nofaries Public to take and certify oaths, affirmations, and aeknowledgmentfl in certain cases. 16th September, 1850 306 20. A RESOLUTION relating to the publication of the Laws of the United States. 26th September, 1850 307 4 xlii CONTENTS. CHAPTER 7. EXPLANATORY NOTES OF THE FOLLOWING TABLES 309 1. TABLES OF ELECTORAL VOTES FOR PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT of the United States, from March 4, 1788, to March 3, 1849 • 316 2. TABLE OF TERMS OF OFFICE, AND LENGTH OF SERVICE, IN THE SENATE, OF THE VICE PRESIDENTS AND PRESI- DENTS PRO TEMPORE ; ahd of the commencement, termination, and number of days in each session of Congress, und special session of the Senate, from lyiarch 4, 17S9, to March 3, 1851 336 3. TABLES OF THE NAMES OP THE SENATORS OP THE UNITED STATES, from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1861, with the commenoe- ment and termination of their service, respectively, and the classes into which they are divided under the Constitution 346 4. TABLE OF THE NAMES OP THE SECRETARIES OF THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES, from lV>arch 4, 1789, with the length of their service respectively v '• 386 5. TABLE OF THE NAMES OF REPR^.SENTATIVES IN CONGRESS WHO HAVEBBEN ELECTED SPEAKERS OP THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES, from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1861, with the commencement and termination of their service as such, and the States of which they were Representatives 386 6. TABLE OF THE NAMES OF THE CLERKS OF THE HOJjSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES, from March 4, 1789, with the length of their service, respectively '- 388 CHAPTER 8. THE NAMES, APPOINTMENT, AND SERVICE OF THE JUDGES AND OFFICERS OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED ' STATES, from March 4, 1789, viz. 389 1. THE CHIEF JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES ^ 389 2. THE ASSOCIATE JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES 390 3. THE CLERKS, REPORTERS OF DECISIONS, AND MARSHALS OP THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES 393 CHAPTER 9. THE NAMES, APPOINTMENT, AND SERVICE OP THE SEVERAL HIGH EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE GOVERNMENT, ffom March 4, 17.89, viz. ,■•■ 395 1. SECRETARIES OF STATE • 395 8. SSECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY 396 3. SiiORETARIES OF W^AR 398 CONTENTS. xliii 4. SEORETAEIES OP THE NAvV 399 6. POSTMASTER GENERALS 401 6. ATTORNEY GENERALS 402 CHAPTER 10. BRIEF CHRONOLOGICAL STATEMENT OF THE FORMATION OF THE GO- VERNMENTS OP THE SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES OF THE XTNITED STATES 406 1. NEW HAMPSHIRE 407 20. MISSISSIPPI 430 2. MASSACHUSETTS 407 21. ILLINOIS 431 3. RHODE ISLAND 407 22. ALABAMA 431 4. CONNECTICUT 407 23. MAINE 432 6. NEW YORK 407 24. MISSOURI 433 6. NEW JERSEY 407 25. ARKANSAS 434 T.PENNSYLVANIA 408 26. MICHIGAN 436 8. DELAWARE 408 27. FLORIDA 438 9. MARYLAND 408 28. TEXAS 439 10. VIRGINIA 408 29. WISCONSIN-. 441 11. NORTH CAROLINA 408 30. IOWA 443 12. SOUTH CAROLINA 408 31. CALIFORNIA 445 13. GEORGIA 408 32. OREGON TERRITORY 447 14. VERMONT 412 33. MINESOTA TERRITORY 447 16. KENTUCKY '■ 412 34. NEW MEXICO TERRITORY ■ • 448 16. TENNESSEE 413 35. UTAH TERRITORY 448 17. OHIO 413 86. NEBRASKA TERRITORY 448 18. LOUISIANA 429 37. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 449 19. INDIANA 430 CHAPTER 11. SOURCES OF HISTORICAL, POLITICAL, STATISTICAL, AND OTHER INFOR- MATION REGARDING THE LEGISLATIVE, EXECUTIVE, AND JU- DICIAL ACTION OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OP AMERICA, IN POSSESSION OP THE PUBLIC OFFICES AT THE SEAT OF GOVERNMENT 451 CLASS No 1. THE COLONIAL HISTORY of the United States, and documen- tary History of tlie Revolution 452 CLASS No. 2. LEGISLATIVE PROCEEDINGS and acts of the Congress of the Confederation from the commencement of the ReTOlution to the commence- ment of the Goyemment under the Constitution -, - . 453 CLASS No. 3. THE JOURNAL, Acts, and Proceedings of the Convention which formed the Constitution of the United States, from May 14 to September 17,1787 , 46S CLASS No. 4. THE JOURNAL of the House of Representatives of the United States, fkom March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1861 •■ 464 CLASS No. 6. THE LEGISLATIVE JOURNAL of the Senate of the United States, from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1851 455 xliv CONTENTS. CLASS No. 6. THE EXECUTIVE JOURNAL of the Senate of the United States, from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1851. (A part only of which, as explained, ^ has been made public.) .• ^ 455 CLASS No. 7. THE JOURNAL or Record of the Senate on trials of impeachment, from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1851 456 DESCRIPTION of the Legislative Journals of the Senate and House of Represen- tatives of the United States - 456 CLASS No. 8. DOCUMENTS ordered to be printed by the two Houses of Congress since March 4, 1789, embraced in 21 volumes folio State Papers, printed by Oales and Seaton •, * 457 CLASS No. 9. DOCUMENTS printed in octavo form.by oirder of the Senate, dur- ing each Session, from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1851 458 CLASS No. 10. DOCUMENTS printed in octavo form by order of the House of Representative^ during each session, from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1861 ■ 458 CLASS No.- 11. SPEECHES AND DEBATES in the two Houses of the Congress of the United States, from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1851 469 CLASS No. 12. THE LAWS of the United States, including the Treaties, &e., as embraced in the several editions heretofore published, up to March 3, 1861 ■'■ -^- •■■•461 CLASS No. 13. ABRIDOMBNTS and Digests of ihe Laws of the United States, to March, 1861 ■: ■ 465 CLASS No. 14. INDEXES prepared in con&rmity with orders or resolutions of the Senate and House of Representatives of the United State.<;, to March 3, 1851 ■ : 466 CLASS No. 16. REPORTS of the Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States, to the January term, 1861 ^ 466 CLASS No. 16. PUBLICATIONS on the subject of the Public Lands and Private Land Claims, under the authority of the United States, to March 3, 1851 • 466 CLASS No. 17. REVENUE LAWS, Commercial Regulations, Digests of Tariff Laws, 4o., to March 3, 1851 • • 467 CLASS No. 18. MISCELLANEOUS BOOKS -printed or published under the au- thority or patronage of the United States and not noticed under particular heads, to March 3, 1861 468 CLASS No. 19. MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS containing useful poUtical, statistical, and other information, to March 3, 1861 • 471 CLASS No. 20. THE BOOKS contained in the Congress or National Library, to March 3, 1851 472 CLASS No. 21. THE BOOKS contained in the Library of the Department of State, to March 3, 1861 479 CHAPTER 12. THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION, 483 THE MEMBERS OF THE THIRTY-FIRST . CONGRESS 490 CHAPTER I. THE CONSTITUTION, As here presented and authenticated by the certificate of the Secretary of State, after a continued correction of proof copies until every deviation from the original Constitution, however small, was completely removed, may with confidence he used as a true copy. The necessity for. a close and continued attention to the execution of a copy of this important instrument, became manifest by the use of a printed copy (considered as correct) to print from, which, on being compared with the original, was found to contain several errors in the words, and sixty-five in the punctuation. This cir- cumstance led to a further comparison of copies, in Several editions of the laws, printed by different individuals, and it was found, that one edition contained 304 and another 176 errors in the punctuation of the Constitution! Many of these are material in the construc- tion of the sentences in which ihey occur. It was also discovered, that, in the original manuscript, capital letters were used' at the beginning of substantives, or nouns, as is understood to have been the practice generally in writing and printing at the time the Constitution was written. These appear to have been altogether disregarded in the editions. above referred to, except in words at the beginning of sentences. As the construction of important clauses may, sometimes, turn UDon the punctuation, or the nature of a word, it is important that 4* XlT Xlvi THE CONSTITUTION. fhe former be of the right measure, and that the proper Talae of the latter be manifest, before the mind can decide upon the true mean- ing, as intended by the wise and learned fiamers of that master- piece of composition, which bears the impress of the most minute and laborious attention to the construction of every particle of mat- ter constituting this noble ikbric, the preservation of whose sim- plicity is the only safeguard to its integrity. These facta induced the determination to produce a true, copy of the Comtitution in text, orthography, letter, and punctuation, and the rigid examination, and subsequent verification of the Depart- ment having the care and custody of the venerated original, attest the success of the undertaking in the production of the following authentic Constitution. Til"? ?. ^^^l^TlT1777cO,^; ViJ?PVy>rJ CONSTITUTION OF THB UNITED STATES OE AMERICA. We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domes- tic Tranquillity, provide for- the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Bless- ings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE. L Section. 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, •which shall consist of a Senate and House of Represen- tatives. Section. 2. 'The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature. 2 CONSTITUTION. 'No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, andbeen seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in Which he shall be chosen. ^Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to S,ervice for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enuineration shall be made ^thin three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subse- quent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of Eepjesentatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachu- setts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five. New- York ?ix, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, CONSTITUTION. 3 Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 'When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fiU such Vacancies. 'The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers ; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment. ' Section. 3. 'The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators irom each State,- chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years ; and each Senator shall have one Vote. ''Immediately after they shall be assembled in Conse- quence of the first Election, they sheill be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Ex- piration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one-third may be chosen every second Year ; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies. 4 CONSTITUTION. 'No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have at- tained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. *The Vice President of the United States shall be Pre- sident of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided. 'The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice Pre- sident, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States. 'The Senate shall hive the sole Power to try all Im- peachments; When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside : And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present. 'Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and Disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honour. Trust or Profit under the United States : but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictnient, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law. CONSTITUTION. 5 Section. 4. ^The Times, Places and Manner of hold- ing Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the places of chusing Senators. 'The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by Law appoint a differ- ent Day. Section. 5. 'Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business ; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide. 'Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceed- ings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member. 'Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceed- ings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy ; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House 6 CONSTITUTION. on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal. 'Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, "without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three day^s, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. Section. 6. 'The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be as- certained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury^ of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privi- leged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Ses- sion -of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning, from the same ; and, for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place. ^No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall -have been encreased during such time ; and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall -be a Member of either House during his Continu- ance in Office. CONSTITUTION. 7 Section. 7. 'AH Bills for raising Revenue^ shall ori- ginate in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with Atnendments as on other Bills. 'Every Bill which" shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be -presented to the President of the United States; If he approve he shall sign, it, but if not' he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Ob- jections at large on their Journal, and proceed to recon- sider it. If after such Reconsideratioiv two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the -Bill, it shall be sent, to- gether with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be de- termined by yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Per- sons voting for and against- the Bill shall be entered on ■the Journal of each House respectively. , If any Bill shall not be returned, by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a law, in^like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Returjij in which Case it shall not be a Law. 8 CONSTITUTION. 'Every Order,, Resolutiq'ii, or Vote to which the Con- currence of the Senate and House of Representatives may- be necessary (except- on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United ■ States ; and hefore the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him,- or~being disappjoved by hiin, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate"" and House ofliepresentatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill. Section. 8. The Congress shall have Power 'To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imp'osts and 'Ex- cises,, to pay the Debts and provide foi- the common De- fence and general Welfare of the United States ; but all Duties, Imposts: arid Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States 5 ''To borrow Money on the credit of the-United States ; 'To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, arid among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes; * To establish an uniform Rule bf Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptci-eS throughout the United States ; "To coin Money, regulate-the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and - fix the Sj;andard of Weights and M'easure?-5 CONSTITUTION. 9 "To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting -the Securities and current Coin of the Uhited States ; 'To establish Post Offices arid post Roads ; ' 'To promote the progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the ex- clusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries ; ' To constitute Tribunals inferior ttfthe supreme Court ; "To define and' punish Piracies and Telonies com- mitted on the high Seas; and Offences against the Law of Nations ; "To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Re- prisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water ; '^To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years ; " To provide and maintain a Navy ; "To make Rules for the Government and "Regulation of 'the land and naval Forces ; "To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions ; "To provide for organizing, arming, and disci- plining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of 10 CONSTITUTION. them as niay be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Ap- pointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the Discipline prescribed by Congress ; , "'To exercise' exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as mSy, by Cession of particular States,- and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government ' of. the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Con- sent of thfi' L,egislature of the State in vyhich the Same shall bt, for the Erection "of Forts, Magazines, Arse- nals, Dock-Yards, and other needful' Buildings ;— And "To make' all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carryingjnto Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers^ vested by*thi& Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department, or Officer thereof. Section. 9. 'The Migration or Importation of such Persons 3.S any of the States now existing, shall think proper to -admit, shall not be prohibited by the Con- gress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but' a Tax or Duty may be imposed on CONSTITUTION. 1 1 such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person. 'The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not he suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it. 'No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. No Capitation, or other direct. Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken. 'No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State. *Nq Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another : nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to ejiter, clear, or pay Duties in .another. . 'No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be pub- lished from time to time. 'No Title of Nobility sha;ll be granted by the United States : And no Person holding, any Office of Profit or Trust unde'r them,- shall, without the Consent of the- Congress, accept of any -present. Emolument, .Office, 5* 12 CONSTITUTION. or Title, of any kind . whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State, _ . . ' Section. 10. 'No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit .Bills of Credit;' make any. Thing -but gold and silver Coin a .Tender in Payment of Debts ; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post, facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation jof Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility. ''No ; State shall, without the consent of the Con- gress, lay any Imposts or Duties^ on Imports or Exports, except what may be absojutely necessary for execut- ing it's inspection ■ Laws : and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Ej^ports, .shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States ; and all such Laws shall be subject to ' the Revision and Controul of the Congress.. 'No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep .Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peacg, enter into any "Agreement or Compact with .another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of Delay. CONSTITUTION. 1 3 ARTICLE. II. Section. 1. 'The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four' Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows ^Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Elec- tors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Confess : but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an -Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. [• The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote hy Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with'themseUes. And they shall make a List of all the Per- sons voted for, and of the Number of Votgs for each ; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat'of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The Pre- sident of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole Ntimber of Elec- tors appointed ; and if there be more than one who have suph Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for President; and if no * This clause within brackets has been superceded and annulled by the 12th amendment, on page 28. 14 CONSTITUTION, Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like Manner chuse the President, But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State having one Vote ; A Quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from twothirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall.be necessary to a Choice, In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President, But if there should remain two or more virho have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse fi-om them by Ballot the Vice President.] ^ 'The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, and the Day on_ which they shall give their Votes ; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States. *No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of thfe Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the 'Office of President;, neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the' Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States, °In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to dis- charge the Powers and Duties of the said .Office, the same shall devolve oii the Vice President, and^the Con- gress may by Law provide for the Case of Re- CONSTITUTION. 15 moval, Death, Resignation, or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as, Presideni, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the DisabiHty be removed, or a Pre- sident shall be deleted. "The President shall,, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall, neither be encreased nor diminished during the Period for which he shaU have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them. 'Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation : — " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully " execute the Office of President of the United States, and "will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and « defend the Constitution of the United States. Section. 2. 'The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States ; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Of ficer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offi- 16 CONSTITUTION. cesj.and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Par- dons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of .Impeachment. - - ., » ^He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Con- sent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provjded two thirds of the Senators present concur i and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Con- suls, Judges of the supreme Court, and aU other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein other- wise provided for, and which shall be established by Law : but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments. ' The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacan- cies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session. Section. 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to thf ir Considerfition such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on ex- traordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, CONSTITUTION. 17 with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may ad- journ them to sufch Time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care liat the Laws be faithfully executed, and- shall Commission all the officers of the United States. Section. 4. The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, a!nd Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors. ARTICLE III. Section., 1. The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts -as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of -the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behavior, and shall, at stated Times,, re- ceive for their Services, a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office. Section. 2. 'The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Consti^ tution, the Laws of the- United- States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authori- 18 CONSTITUTION. ty; — to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers, and Consuls;— to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction; — to Controviersies to which the United States shall be a 'Party;— to Controversies be- tween two or more States ; — between a State'and Citizens of another State ; — between Citizens of diffeirent States, — between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States,' and between a State, or the Citizens, thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects. ^In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those ili 'which a State shall be Party, th^ supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. , In all. the other Cases before inentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate JurisdiQtion, both as to Law' and Fact, with such Exceptions/ and' under such Regulations as the Congress shall make.' " "The Triar of ^ all Crimes, except in Cases of Im- peachment, shall be by Jury ; -and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall hav'ei been Committed ; but wheii not committed Avithin any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed. Section/ 3. ^Treasoft against the United States, ' shall 'consist only in levying' War against them, or in CONSTITUTION. 19 adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court. *The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Trea- son shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted. ARTICLE. IV. Section. 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judi- cial Proceedings of every other State. And the Con- gress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof. Section. 2. 'The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. 'A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Au- thority of the State from .which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime. 20 CONSTITUTION. 'No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due. Section. 3. 'New States may be admitted by theCon- gress into this Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State ; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. ''The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the . Territory or other - Property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State. Section. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Go- vernment, and shall protect each of them against In- vasion , and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be con- venRd).against domestic Violence. CONSTITUTION. 21 ARTICLE. V. The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Con- stitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Con- stitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventidhs in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress ; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Sectioli of the first Article ; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate. ARTICLE. VI. "All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Con- stitution, as under the Confederation. ^This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the 22 CONSTITUTION. authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land ; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding. 'The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution ; but no re- ligious Test sljaR ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States. ARTICLE. Vn. The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Consti- tution between the States so ratifying the Same. Done in Conveiition by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of Sep- tember in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independance of the United States of America the Twelfth In TW'itness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names, GEO WASHINGTON— Presidt and deputy from Virginia CONSTITUTION. 23 John Lanodon, NEW HAMPSHIRE. Nicholas Oilman. MASSACHUSETTS. Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King. CONNECTICUT. Wm. Saml. Johnson, Roger Sherman. NEW YORK. Alexander Hamilton. NEW JERSEY. • David Brearlet, JoNA. Datton. PENNSYLVANIA. Thomas Mifflin, Geo: Clymer, Jared Ingersoll, Gout : Morris. DELAWARE. Gunning Bedford, Jun'r, Richard Bassett, Wil: Livingston, Wm. Pateeson, B. Franklin, Robt. Morris, Tho: Fitzsimons, James Wii^n, Geo : Read, John Dickinson, Jaco : Broom. MARYLAND. Dan : of St. Thos. Jenifer, VIRGINIA. James Madison, Jr., NORTH CAROLINA. Rich'd Dobbs Spaight, James M'Henrt Danl. Carroll. John Blair, Wm. Blount, Hu. Williamson. SOUTH CAROLINA. J. Rutledge, Charles Cotesworth Pincknky Charles Pinoknet, Pierce Butler. GEORGIA. William Few, Abr. Baldwin. Attest: £ WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. 6* 24 CONSTITDTIOir. The Constitution was adopted on the 17th September, 1787, by the Convention appointed in pursuance of the resolution of the Con- gress of the Confederation, of the 31st February, 1787, and was latified^py the Conventions of the several States, as follows, viz. : By Convention of Delaware, on the 7th December, 1787. it ti Pennsylvania, 66 13th December, 1787. ts it New Jersey, &£ 18th December, 1787. u (• Georgia, Ct 2d January, 1788. u (( Connecticut, tc 9th January, 1788. H it Massachusetts, C( 6th Fel#ary, 1788. « (( Maryland, 6( 28th April, 1788. u a South Carolina, (f 23d May, 1788. iC (( New Hampshire, <6 21st June, 1788. u 66 Virginia, (6 36th June, 1788. u t( New York, (( 26th July, 1788. a C< North Carolina, Ct 31st November, 1789. u M Rhode Island, <( 29th May, 1790. ARTICLES IN ADDITION TO, AND AMENDMENT OF, THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to thejifth article of the original Constitutioni (ARTICLE 1.) Congress shall malfe no law respecting an establish- ment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise there- of; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assem- ble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. (ARTICLE 2.) A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the se- curity of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. 26 CONSTITUTION. (ARTICLE ra.) No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, mthout the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. (ARTICLE IV.) The right of the people to be secure in their per- sons, houses, papers, and eSects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no War- rants shall Issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. (ARTICLE V.) No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in ac- tual service in time of War or public danger ; nor shaU any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or Umb ; nor shall be com- pelled in any Criminal Case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor shall private proper- ty be taken for pubhc use, without just compensation. CONSTITUTION. 27 (ARTICLE VI.) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impar- tial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be in- formed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have Compulsory process for obtaining Witnesses in his favour, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence. (ARTICLE Vn.) In Suits at common law, where the value in con- troversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the com- mon law. (ARTICLE Vin.) Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments in- flicted. 28 CONSTITUTION. (ARTICLE IX.) The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. (ARTICLE X.) The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. ARTICLE XI. The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State. ARTICLE XII. The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for President and Vice President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, CONSTITUTION. 29 and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-Presi- dent, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate ;^The President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted ; — The person having the great- est number of votes for President, shall be the Presi- dent, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the hst of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a Pre- sident whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next fol- 30 coNSTiTUTioir. lowing, then the Vice-President shall act as President, Eis in the case of the death or other constitutional dis- ability of the President. The person having the great- est number of votes as Vice-President, shall be tiiie Vice- President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person consti- tutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. 31. CONSTITUTION. 33 77ie following is prefixed to the first ten* of the pre- ceding amendments. CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, Begun and held at the City of New York, on Wednesday, the fourth of March, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-nine. The Conventions of a number of the States, having at the time of their adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added : And as extending the grou-rid of public confidence in the Government, will best insure the bene- ficent ends of its institution ; Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives * It may be proper here to state that 12 articles of amendment were proposed by the first Congress, of which but 10 were ratified by the States — the first and second in order not having been ratified by the re- quisite number of States, These two were as follows : Article the first.... After the first enumeration required by the first Article of the Constitution, there sjiall be one Representative for every thirty thou- sand, until the number shall amount to one hundred, after which, the pro- portion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall not be less than one hundred Representatives, nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons, until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred, after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Con- gress, that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives, nor more than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons. Article second....No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take efl'ect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened. 34 CONSTITUTION. of tlie United States of America, in Congress assembled, two thirds of both Houses concurring, That the following Articles be proposed to the Legislatures of the several States, as amendments to the Constitution of the United States, all, or any of which articles, when ratified by three- fourths of the said Legislatures, to be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of the said Constitution ; viz. Articles in addition to, and Amendment of the Consti- tution of the United States of America, proposed by Con- gress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States pursuant to'the fifth article of the original Constitution. The first ten amendments of the Constitution were ratified by the States as follows, ^az. : By New Jersey, 20th November, 1789. By Maryland, 19th December, 1789. By North Carolina, 22d December, 1789. By South Carolina, 19th January, 1790. By New Hampshire, 25th January, 1790. By Delaware, 28th January, 1790. By Pennsylvania, 10th March, 1790. *By New York, 27th March, 1790. By Rhode Island, 15th June, 1790. By Vermont, 3 November, 1791. By Virginia, 15 December, 1791. CONSTITUTION. 35 The following is prefixed to the eleventh of the preceding amendments : THIRD CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES : Jit the first session, begun and held at tlie city of Phi- ladelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, on Monday the second of December, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-three. Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of tlie United States of America, in Congress assembled, two thirds of both Houses concurring, That the following Article be proposed to the Legislatures of the several States, as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States ; which when ratified by three-fourths of the said Legislatures shall be valid as part of the said Consti- tution, viz : The following is prefixed to the twelfth of the preceding amendments : EIGHTH CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES: At the first session, begun and held at the city of Wash- ington, in the Territory of Columbia, on Monday the seventeenth of October, one thousand eight hundred and three. Resolved by tlie Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled. Two thirds of both Houses concurring, that in lieu of the third paragraph of the first section of the second article 36 CONSTITUTION. of the Constitution of the United States, the following be proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which, when ratified by three-fourths of the legislatures of the several states, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of the said Constitution, to wit: The ten first of the preceding amendments were pro- posed at the first session of the first Congress, of the United States, 25 September, 1789, and were finally ratified by the constitutional number of States, on the 15th day of December, 1791. The eleventh amendment was proposed at the first session of the third Congress, 5 March, 1794, and was declared in a message from the Presi- dent of the United States to both houses of Congress^ dated 8th January, 1798, to have been adopted by the constitutional number of States. The twelfth amendment was proposed at the first session of the eighth Congress, 12 December, 1803, and was adopted by the constitu- tional number of States in 1804, according to a public notice thereof by the Secretary of State, dated 25th Sep- tember, of the same year. * DESIGN OF THE ANALYSIS. 1. Evert substantive matter, or point, contained in each article, section, or clause, embracing every subject, name and definition in the Constitution, has been arranged in alphabetical order. The entire clause in which each word so arranged occurs, being given. 2. All similar words, names, or terms used in the Constitution being thus brought together, saves the time and trouble of reading over that instrument in search of supposed terms or provisions, which, if they cannot be found in this Alphabetical Analysis, will not be found in the Constitution. Under the head of each branch of the Government, as Congress, Senate, House of Representatives, Executive or President, Judiciary, &c., will be found every power, duty, privilege, and restriction belonging to each, and joint or con- current power with the other branches. In like manner, all provi- sions, regarding States, legislatures, persons, people, citizens, powers, oiKces, laws, elections, army, militia, navy, and every other subject contained in the Constitiition, will all respectively, be found under one head? 3. By this arrangement the entire instrument is resolved into its elements, while all clauses containing like terms or provisions are drawn together in close contact, by the strictly alphabetical posi- tion of the similar terms or words in each, which proximity brings the whole into one view, to be seen at a glance, and being thus presented to the mind at once, the connection is more easily im- pressed upon and retained in the memory. 37 38 ANALYSIS. w^tTi T^ ,-H r-( 5 « •-» .-. £ o m gss. 'S bffo ffl R 3 »- O S f^O ^ ■ ffl °^ is- 111 M a (a II 2 » 3 s •a "^ ? B ^ ° 02 ° ■m &° ! o ° C B ° S o o S a g -. U CI.Q3 tess O U.9 *. § 2 rt to " ■^^T G »-<■?* Son H « 5 o SiS WW is 113 .r o S o-^ nT -^ ' g " S ^Sr'? ^ §"§ =1 g . o &: (0 u gCQ „- ■^ ".a "°| ■ rH ^ m i a: Cog S 3 ja gi-^ £ £JS^ .tn .=i (0 (0 - £>^ bo S. 2 SJ-"_-s S 'S ""^ 0} 03-. n ffl P^ B ^ ffl a o 0-2 o-l £ «°^ o S-o c"£ » o Sf^ M -C •■■^ *^ (U > 10 .^ ^ :3 u a t4 a2 u .~ m S .. o ej 2 g ?"^C_2 ^. o." i;r> o-S s Sj3 CIS o ? •^1 J- a ■0 I. . (U m .^ 2 o C S O o .2»- ■:.ss " _ CO -J •S CD ■s-c C n 3 I " ffl £ 01 (^ 03 :.§ -^ O 5^ 2 C! 3j3 rS m & ti -;5 Ti •a- g H;g a." "■a •hT; »'"" k" -a o.ts g 1^^ .2 E " ""f^ S iii^iippitniiiiifelil Q- O ,0 Q O Q •J ^ c o o S S|^ cS.2,£ S— '>5 3 3^ S-s*'^8S ■&2»>'i.s .s^>s'S mm cam o o -l r-4rH « "5 rH rH t^J W ■2 xT p- "-3 g i-S S-2 ^ 03 « (0 « , to oa S g O 01 »- -M S c o S 2 ■5 §fe[g-S ■" S " i ^ o -CQ'S a " b-d a S> oT a 2 S S 5 S3 1° if^C a S' oo > O "^tS !_ 2 -||ss||s - o Qj « : S.s O O ■-a a ■ . o SScQ-g-g 2-2.2 :i|-4^.|.s||gl||-5 ■2 e-fi^ "■ fe 5'<3'-''5 a ■« c a ^« » §^2"a- o3 „j3 Sr; aiiPiiiiPiii S-S=„-S 3.S.§opim £.2 a a-a £ I <-4. ^ "^ rrt rri n^ s : 3 a > ° a ■'^ :.a ^a : !iD oT • .S fc; rS ™ Td o g nj-rj "^ to o *-< -J2 .2 to i.ai ■ in .□■>-* O S CD Bj iH S >- a^-i § — .3 Phh^P-i'— e — ^o &^ » a S CO '4.' R A • . ■ • ^ •,-> - S B'S £ a ?Ph ea (o^ -^ * P P O O a < 40 ANALYSIS. *,t-. m m o « ao a I § g 5 o S H I n S 10 -sS's ss-s a.sc " s o =s p s a o ga §•"«!« „ o-a £ »- »-S " &•« S 5^1 lis! i- •So" S^-S C 3 - ■S-S»! „S Og^S • a_^ ♦* a fi . u ^•:3 ga'T-5 fi S c 2^ c i 2 c:r;.s oj »^ g b o KJ ^'S 00 03 Orrt ts fa, '^ ga jB Vc ° ■" S.3 «> k03 g o B B B OD ■BO""'.B g o S3 ; £• : s c ■as 0) o : E : s 0) •3J3J3 t, » i B-a 5J^ ® c3 2 m.Sm'So .S ° S o o S " P 3 S*rB C»-^ " d.CQi4 ■a-S_I »H E 5 " fc=J p.^ ^ kj - o — 2^ B>.>5 S g«».2gS|Sg| c5-S >'SJa-S iJ'ss: S tl * 2 a^ S gT3 (0^ S S S ■3 '■f-°-B> •g 2 ^-o °= S— ■ ^ S m 2 -S'« U 0) O j,^ o S -2 B ^ 'C 2 I. 2 >- o'S.S^ S oa =;.B-r: -, *^ o. g °"sf ii I § S Sf ^ °^- —",2 « ? B ^_ "3 catS-B ~ a'a -a a'S S S~.a to « o a «" •- -^ a -2 S *^ i^ me J Sj.2.sS§ »« 5 B.o'S |^i.-SB^ ANALYSIS. 41 CO CM CQ «)^ 3 S ,-t j-t r-t i-H OJ f-l 0» CO ja ^^ ^ 2gg - o ^--^ S HI, fe S s >— ■S^g o be S o;- t.^ P g-s » ° o >, 0) S" g.9 g ° -^ cd fli H +-" -£ .. ^ a c o °^ffS ^ CQ ^ U 5 g'a s a p g-^ s " £ •S a a, g ss 03 3 ^a 03 0.6 03 O -a J3 S.2 SJ3 "" " S c g 2 2-S.H^'B „, H JH S m V ra O o w ' > 03 CJ« " ; E a s -03 ! ffl ■t!.i= f, =.2, J. 01 « S 03 M ^•Ti °-i-_i S 2 t, S-S 9 T3»'-°t.Sa3'at3Da3_, »^^ 2 o : nls^ 2 S § S H "''7? S ^ 03 S ca ap, rtrt_iaj+^ C2 ^^ „ m _ a 11, S-^.::^ ^ > b 2 > 2 o's|-S.ss|sg':2s — 1 ^ ^ r* iSiOi t^m CO *"* r— c»o c» c« - r^^OO c ■d g cs to tO^HCO !■ « .-1 ^•^l^ ^ 1 j:: o I m at >< •J ■< •J < o 1^ - is s ^ p. at ci' •3-S P.a ■2.S c-'S c ■a a J C ^^ o *a*S ■H^o §£§ .§3 tj a p. Jcs» '^g'3 ■3 is gB-i ^-0=02 ■ oSgHiHo^x K cc t-E-E- E- E- "DO SS2 22 S ; o " ^ -I B B — ° ° s 2.aM s, -Ti = 'J=I-s O.J3 ^ o^.^'^^- o a *■ g >,- a.^ g „ o asjjp-glsll S I o— . o B -,-*^ « S •^QtZ J 5 _ B.StS-c " S =*-> S=3 bS g E "o-a = Sf"? a c*!-° a ^^ S cj S £ ® ti= tJZ j=»^§cgoEar5gt3. PeSoScS-EH-S^^^ SsHo-PS-g-jf B B a>-cS — *. «J3t3£I " ^'^^^ to** s w X. .^^ fi ANALYSIS. 43 oowtom OT r^ I t^O I CO 00 Wta •-<'-' I CO .-I i-l 1-1 =3 <0'o O S^ ® S o S-a a g S S -S o hS 3 3 O OQ £_ : S -K S 5M a Sg §•: »"»o'5'S°|-°3 .3 ° S -i^S O.S i J S' •S §»=!§•« .9 g^^o« - ®.o S-^ '^^^t; 5 » c a C S -t-a tO"^ *^ ■assy's s^gS& a) .-3 I? (U ro P w a _ w S '^ ^ s ^ ■d » *^ CO :3 2 m fl ^ •a S J, c-Se 2 a o. B C.2. •S " ° qj 0) H Pi "ja K=3[S S " ■«^ »5 1. M S ""S B U ^ <» Oi'^ SB ■s|||j3g2^-lS-|||g, S a 5: !!/l-5^."-S § o o g^ *- OQCJ I OJ3 ' §1 si s m a a-a.S ja g'S-a ° 2 b.S §"-3 oi a "5. 2 Sti-a-a ° "KiS a- a j3 ♦J tTpd a is S g I iJ.ld_rSW** Gj« _rti-a>Qj>»r»_o "®isa "S o — ^ -5 -a •S 3 a SsgS °og ■ u §2 S a -So . M o3 s i » • i- C (-. 5*.* O *^ sS.§ ffl 2.SP o _ ® «ti,a 00 gSS .2 oi-» 44 ANALYSIS. c t»m o lo m iH 1-1 O I-H -^ co»o o S .a 1 o CQ (— 1 m tH .S ^ d <^ o 15 < Sn < o g o O " K .2m 3 - S £ S s S g.ffi o 3.0- •« J-. m eS «- ■^ ^ o «"3 Td O ^ S eS EQ *i_. 60 ^ "D o.S° PI ■^ « S » 99 9 ^-» OJ »« -, -H vx- S.13 " « S.2.S (U 0) ^ OS °ia o'S •g^H^tSS S'S'-SioS ill S B '= O u cS '60*' a .5 g'.S o (a o •"0*3 u -=" 2 i a °S Ba-a-R„S!=.E"£'S,s«a°t2 SEm.o g,o „ S-S r-ia !3-S.a d'-S ng 8^ ^•° e S =»S S a^ a g 3 hn^ QJ**^ '"'B w ~ ^-a «■ 5 - r* "1 n S. " 3 C " ft o <& 5 O S M " . s - oj o S S S -5c S-" 5 •» '^ » o "^ 0.^3 ^ *J (o ■ fh +j D.aia)StS".ac m J3 2 >^ ■QJ02 P5 j:3 n'Ti Z 2'3 o S ^ § °^ Hi to >» S : : rtg's .5 o » m .-^5 a 3-° .2 ">^ o g 5..^ S •3a° © _ 03 V S c3!r J= H > 2 P.S ^aS S.-aS'S a o.a-^ = a g -:3 S-3 -2 0) ° c! M I. B-S S «■ oi -co s a T3 fc.a " p-S « fl^™^ ^l ^4 *- +j K'^ lu s "» ■S fl OJ « O-IQ O 03 © J- (H-Q '^ 03 03 2 23 o- • -c^ H « tj »3 c! 5 o> BS "^ •O 3 B_ K^M •m • tj S ^ i^ «3 o S is '" o n^ _o c* o <-» ^ • oj _ o 00 rj cj ; o j^ o K**^ M . a,<2 "s o-S • S » S ° " - 3.B ■a ^ XI 3 §g g hn s .--s a-g '^■S Pt3 •^ B,^ o^^'S^-a (D ^a.a J & •■« >'^^ S « ». a • " S=! o-='S S-rj," g SJJ « " .. S B*^ B » o S asg \aS s »> ■a a ■" a <- S !•§ 3 = a m ^s CO fa o am +j ^ « ►-' S 'S"g ■SI'S B «1 S as" g 03 §°T3 *- s a rt B s . ago Bt O I^Sb^ J3OQ o Pi"- I jiw >»^W «H osn boaz-i oj « 5 -t-j cr: " c-a IrS H-3 -a o o o o s :^ CD > fl . Qi • )-< « cf . o . • ei 1=8 ® t ^ : * m +J • ■ S ^ ' ;!S ® . • § ■3 : • § % : ■ m ^ ■ a ' • o . +J * DQ ^ • a ■ : SB : '•n 9 • : 1 § ; :-S r ft • s o : ;§ ■|; • .9.2 S o S«8 ' H • rO M . ® *■ s c e 2 .HS K etc r] QJ h (D fe^ ^ ® knTS 3 S'lll J. m.a o g ■g.2 SM .» .-S-S S S -•^ §""2 S t^sS ¥ ■ . o it 9 B S OJ 0) S tf to S in w m .9 i 's II I 3 ft' ■" rB QJ !:; 2 ° s s § ■"■£ = Mg g u CD—, ca ■*-• f-" 3 '-' _. ,(-j CJ tu o fe g (D ^ fe P^ « rf ^ Insists CD a EQ 0} to ^ ft ^ 1 •§ 3 O Sj c m a I m *—* m < -si < o Eh n » IS- ..^ ra I m EQ I C 03 o^ O S_^ O s'^'s ■» tf. S I (D Is °'^ 2 5 R 03 _ O Di CJ P M i3 -» o u 12|g .o S I » 2. -w 1-^ Ef^fl •S":ii| § -^ § s ■o : 0&" : s2s • ■a <>^ S So " '3 g^ s >. : M 1 s o 5 ;3.S3 " """^ 'S 3 3:3 "S «-^ i^ m^ S'^ S'^ '-I -5 -S «■ 9 ra — +J a 2 "ja 4^ o E C n B O B CO B ffi i-9'^ja " ►• o ^ O (O 4J • el3 Q) ♦^ ID .5 :oa2-s g 5 m " s O o." * Ola ° aS" ^S 0) o a o *r a a g m -B Ji o " aj a £23 M . g CD C 01 S'S oja o o n ■" ^,a*B o •S -ta— -^ a'S ° » B 2 Soc! S £ -a 2 £ ^ o .31 ° 0)^ ^ . a-a^ o_2 a ^ a ".a S B-a o « ftj= .-^ ~M §.S .a a a s " g; £ .a S'sja--^ o JiflNiii^ili ^ » c 2 g B .-» S^«« 1^ 01 C 4-> O'T^'^ CO K)S 'j5 G CO KilJ-ljH^jH CD >»0 '.S^>S=slt.^ 2^ 2 S o o s *S -^ ® a ^ © M ^ B £:; CQ c ANALYSIS. 49 oooo eo 00 CO oxn mm a, „ ^-( r-t 0000 00 00 CO oooo cooo OO 00 03 . S » I ^ " a) g s s ^ .So*" • A fa lo • P4.J3 (Q .5 !>.73 — a (l}_i ra CO S S s ^-^ " d S <" e g 2 g (50 ° .2 ^ oT c s ri S^ +3 o 0^,2 H ^.£:.^ - ^.1 mid ■13 rO ^ Cd ID S." C «J-Q f m-n-o 2 a ^K a)-"3.2 S », Sid's g M q-° mP.j-j aj w 3 a> O 2 B o iS 3 J, ea ^Ti^ to S ■ a> o Bo CQ 5 . w a 03 : ! . 2 i >^ s < % ^ .2 «< s o s "-I B H " H o m « vaj £ *•■ &.H fc C ©c+^ ca^^d SO *;>.£§ to P^ Jh ffl H ft-a O g j3 - O ^ G ♦^ C I3 S O P,£3 § WllPI|1!|i|i. IIWilillliii»iii?li= s s s - s ° g -^ r;^ s g-i ™^SC05o?'0'OCnoi bsja H _ QD*^ K iT ^ S-a o3.S3.S S-a-3 S » 2 u ° CD MtjC-l g ^,. o 000 H E-HE-c •Co S CO 2 ■smsisas^gtca-Era'::*.! " 03-32 Pi 3O.C0 o a a gii ly ■gog °3 6 (D (D ed " S.9' ^'? £> ^ (D - ^ n « >.^- o mo 2 Sot: ■«.sa h •-^ O en - O.H2 S m S O ^ C3 c« "> S l«- -J CO o -5 ^S§ o iz; o o S* 2 ■=2S .- 0.C0 ,^ § |m'^ ° § a .en h El-j t: •■ ora o &.S?S S m C5 ' a S5 iz: o o o o ANALYSIS. 51 CO CD ay t* § " a MO m-S SPc ? ffl 2-5 S S-a o-o c^ V- rt ^'r- n c ed ra-H :: sm s^ sS J s-^-s I §3 g £ o O O C » o •5 - «) ^-3 ^« ,, ri OB Q] to ;2 SO S a ■a-^ g S « §.3 S S S 3 13 " E^— o « (o •S c S"S 6 E).o e'5 ^^ C'u- S^ S*^,^ >- S o g » -9 cm a S-«.2.!»'of° ^ a 12; :z! O O O O O O *5 ^ .p t, tr td Qj o »-■ to *^t4_ m cu (^ o ~ »-• « o _, 03 a ^ *H r' tn„* SpjOpj » is o o iz; o o 52 ^ ANALYSIS. I I— ( w < |S" o 2 .. S ^ ffl m to a o o ^ a, I, B 60*° S ■:: at ♦J c o 2 oScQO «.S.s boa ^-a 0, 1>.B §.2 fe- SEtj ^- (D S S ?■£ o Sm o Qi S'Sw^sS.S'Sao — o o ^ ; ' S o -as <*§ mo I i-s Ic: II 2^ ■3 3r3^t^~S § o a noS;g|- -"^ flj 00 C^ O O £ ■^:=^ 0^ 5--" ^ S'mtvT °J "M S o oa o o .^a ® d S .S'C wfH, g 2o loSS gS.S§2-^ 'SiST^ i^ j2 fl „ °si£^^g o o o iv o 2 *j " g-a^ g ^t ^ o a o g-S-" i.i§|a|i:-i f^oS'.fijf gis. P o o jh _ oiiTS *: Q ANALYSIS. 53 T-H «£> N 00 -^ CQ cy, « O CO ^11^ c O CO I » S rt ^lO I- CO j3 M m O -a . Po SI •a 3 S °. - -K I" :§& g *r . o « ! S rs ^""^ eg a " I' S ■S 02 = o g . +-> niiu ° ='3 I S.I ■=5 3 S go bod ta o.Sg u g «n o 3 -g MS ^ g-a ^ M^ fi-3 og o ?g o II ^3 T3 03 03 iJ S 03 03 L^ 03 03 O ■ti O ^, O^ 03 O 03 P.ti g S _-S 1^ 2-S ■S >£3 o 2 II 03^ .si 03 " g.3 03 03 t3 G 03 O ■C e 0,0 03 6- 03 S S-S •S'S 03 O « »•§••£ i^ S S S^ g .^iS03C03no2 o «3 1^ fan 3 rt bDjn ;3 ^ ID g'S c spo 03 oTa -a >.o3 a.£3 C3 ri OD fc « C O O 09 (^ V ;-• (U c|B ■o-g >, -g- § 13 "« s S -■" ■« M 03 ' ' ^H *J — 4 03 cd ■« g^ 03 S Sgg^ce.s;a oSo^- g £_2 « a 2 .- 31 ^J3 ° f^:i^ S-S g a § o.S3:= 03 S.2 S _r° S.2 gg o 03 jaj 2 a " SP'" a S-S-S-o^o-S g 03 • C *j j3 • o 2 ^ :C2 s •3 ft o .- ■g SJJ 03 &.-C B 2 a c3 a d««| "S e,Q 03 ! o o ■ i-*-'a. !=''^i_!riS m tS -° 03 o is'o g £ O fc! » "hJ • OS ■S^ • a a o 03 N 03 3 -a "C3 *^ a2 ft O (D "3 sp a 03 S 03 .T3 : j5 o o o O toO.-"C3-Si03 . .S .Ol— l">t-l*"^ 00 o 00 o Ul O o Ul 13 O O uiui aiz; 00 00 J3J3 "=3 : . &*« . CD g| :1 P* o • ■5 ■ ° o ^ -o 1-1 a ;i-i 54^ ANALYSIS. -. t- -H bo o " I P< Ja -^3 «j ° «° 'g's o <0 9.3 .IS >• 2 3 m o '■3 „- O O = B e'« .2 61)03 P^ g>3m g-g S-- .S'o S S S SjJ ^-o ' a bf n =:tM S CT3 ?Eg.S -" g-gl'S'O^' H) cu,o d, o — b 5— * => g § B m > o aj^_S ** a 03 s £ .S S o SPi^rS *■ ^ ^ ^ « a .S ffl — ' ° ■S a S ® 1.1 |.S B:=! ® ** ag^S^^i^lis^al-sl! » S © S'^ B "• 2 *j bn'^ ^ « » 5 m S S 03 C 5 3 — ! £ OJ ■^ S *" ■a s-a^ P " B s o ;? o -2 CD !-■ K. a o op O 03 !>.0 .S"- •g« ^f-J ID a ois 2 ° o. •S a nd o- 01 |§-2- ises "SOS ai cJ >, +J.S B 5 33 Sis 8|-S-ag» l"il ^ « S s^ BO 2 ^^ is tJ ^ « ea g 2 2 c ANALYSIS. 55 .-HfH -^ o ^ = « is 'hS-S a. irfS s 5 : s" c^ a Bo*"" 3 „, 3 ^ p. c oj tfl 5 J3. — - ► o j3 o-g Sj5 » 53 — *^ 1 y cj 3 /ii •TTi m ^r» Is ■aS ^ = B c! ° t; n a 03 O •S & gj «J O ,a5 S-ti §■ .2 I &| I -So 6 Cs 2 c ffl o o-g 3 .5 S-B-gS I3j3 Bj S pj ri^ O "UTS DO ^ J= sg"^ g s a s ei « 2^ m <" « (D ^ Ql " i_, 03 ■■" a.-g ..= a a s c3 o +j ri a ^ o — -EC — .gpS .S.S a St3 -ijt-' ^a^ a ja o,;g «3uj= o>a . 0,^ 03^8 » _a-s'a o « «-« V g CO CO g CO CQ CO ^ CO CO to 1-1 CQ CO .1 !^ S ►J g < % iz; " ^ § g i PQ 3 K " Ct3 s s <" •'^ 'b.H tS S g 03 \3 Pt ^ O 2 « 5P 3^1^ 2 ■n C o t3 c Eh S « § oS gp H fe> o a; g S. " gS S § H Sou CSJ3 " J3 *^ <0 " tittS > > ;?; ;zi ^ o o o o o o ^ o o S, io-SS «i-2 o Sgl .o ..SfJ ■■M : S-g.^ ri £ © a to • >^ o « e S fe 01 3 gai S£ SS'o'g - w-i,- 0*o |.2 a-" |i 2*3 Is (S O P © OT t^ « § ** gl „ 01 S w - - a >- M J^ 0} o ed ba " n. gjj B- ■2 S=issa£|=iu t— » 'O'^ & » ^-a S^ja*t2 ** r . . U "^ Lj O Q *r '^ n kn ■ Pij ;ei 15 trfrtPi Crt eiPi Pi & p ppO p PP o o o ooo o oo o o o ooo o oo D ANALYSIS. 57 00 W o» m 00 O .-H ©» 03 •5 (N cf^ t^ I ■a "o J3 .5 J3 see iiil s ° ■ s.s CD V ? P (Cm 01 ^ ■T3 GO 0) ID (4-1 .d o •*» o t: .2. : s ~ . I-. - . 03, " E3 o S_§_r -S'S g - c b ° " ^ o B o £. t^-S ".5. "■a §1 S J3 O ;— O) Q4 o SJ » n g Q & H o ca o o G — ' t« 'i' 03—' =^ =3-C , "t« o) o ?i g Serf i3 . 05 Q) 03--. fcS o ffl O 03 •B^ a.a mi •J "-= a •o S'S a 1j=-S a £ d w .M 58 ANALYSIS. D o in O Coo g ^« g O M ■ (M .o -^ 0) S ".2 " a g- «.g go • -^ =1 B ., ■^. . §■! Is s i a'S g..s fc >H « ITS 'O ra-2 S o= a • ja £2 » cJo m ^ , t§ps;§'SJ La ■51= a S " 2 C O ^3 t3 OJ m 03 -r^ Pi iI'b a>s-s. ! s c: v t^ o '■2 S^ £ J bo- -^ . (D V 2 •■2s- '"■'So 3 O'-S iS"^ 13 •c ""^-S' § >,o>P. c e 3 =: ■•§.8 §5 g oj Sea ^ ^ m 4-> I "■So "3 S gSgs .;:4 cs 03 , > a.j3-^ £ 0) » £ io,r3 Qj ^ o" «.£ i2 c 3-3 .S'^ cd g.£3 O »"" O..J -:2;<2 I I S Sg'^iS "202 l-a g.a.tH o" », Mil- ls -TiS -^ S ft™; o • 3 s-s-3B^T3 o,oE.2 3"Se.f;oj " = 3 ^ 3 (O ta el (U S _-« " o o III J= S w — 3 > I if m OrS to +j ■•■^ £.S a 3 5Pa t 3 C0 3 E'S p-,0 O O Q) C3 c Q £3 ^ ^- « m * S-S » S.Sja s 5 s " ojPh a JZ E3_ Ofc-C g ■*- cara iH x _ CO 03 p^ « .Iz; S m g^i« pj t>i 03 C » ■ a f>^ — -ja (D •• tn S «» s -3^3 to ^^ ■" ■o t, o n Oeg .& Sstr ^ 2 i "■^^ ca cd o 3 S 2 O QJ-S -^ "^ 1^ •^ +^ 3 a S »..a s o « OP^i cQrvi-5 ni &J HM c ■ = .s : c 2 :3' ft . Ci . o a : rt *J *- S o S £ bug.S "■ .2 0) »:§ &&!'» -« E tS S S +3 to C o o b ioil^^-^So.^' 02.2 mist; ta a>".5 rthfiO •c S « « . S.fc-^ ^ " «i 03 ™ 03 ! but -.3D —■5 ■ ™ (13 ^^l^ m - ^ in QD (0 ■ a oT"^ ,; iS'S O .y J-". 3 ■'^ 03 0! S Oj^ ° t3 a"^ S £?£•& S.S'g-^ 2-S S* g -^ " "ec! 033.2 SBf'^HHG g^p i^r-i r> h-i P^t r^r^r^ ■ S 03 C . t3 ri c • X S,c . 03 cr ; S O 03 *^ ■i'?.2 § 2 Ui 2 M '^ " d M cu C C .S "^ CL 03 o T3 <" ^*. ° S S 2 ^^ ^ 2^»SS S.2 g y^ a3 r - S? « b. ^ « > m li >^ 03 03 d 03 jj s I^ 2 S- ■5 S-2 a ■C o >..2 OJ SZ, S .° 03 S 3 §1 8.2 ■».2^- .^ >H «3 a 0" 2 o a 03^ t- 03 Ri a ft 03 03 " H g- Ija 2 03 B a g -a 03 I «■- rT! acQ = m-aa o ;r en u h *j^_a) m etf •Cga^ gHS.g ■S . «)§■«"- 3 M C « ° .° 3< > 03 riP 03 03 ^ .2 a a Ea ftS "3 ■3J7.2^jS- S 2 S t"* S .tn iJ3 Ef- .SO. 03 " GO 60 ANALYSIS. E S J; 00 CO »-• ;::; ^ ^^^;^ ^ m C« »0 »-i i-t m CO 1-t M0>0» Q *2 c .2 £ 0)3 a) M" C3.S 5 S~c o " aj— 1 •W) . OP; S 03- '^ I C — ^4-1 O 1 — ' i-i en t-a'-t^ o — Tr :o^g'osp i3B I «. „ g^ g^ |>g g,e= *'t3 E ANALYSIS. 61 -<* CO « 6 \^ 11 =3 " S Sf^ §■» Sf^ ^-£ "^^-^ g ,r=i fe S-Cv; 62 ANALYSIS. E i s - U I I— I J« < J <1 Ph >:«§»>. "■■Boa.t! g- ■S S.; E 2 ' ■ c S -a '^ -S S c - , o f^ * :^ " „ : s o ' 03 03 «j ICQ J-.O. .- s ® 2 2'°. ■- « 5 .J5 -Si oj S P .. 3 • C'Sls : 2 S «ja Mg £0" 03 *^ r' bDSi a 03^ o -5 J4..g. > 03 ^ «3 CD 2 - S " ! 03 O C3 ^ S .1^ a- Sis ■5 : p ^ ; K o ;.S *^ • o &:-^ ■g £ • " u a £ a a ^■^.3 w-^ E ANALYSIS. 63 *-l C4 .-I p-( W CO (A «-t r-l P ta ^ ©..S'.S ffi >- +J — c::3 o c- S m, 03. 03 o S'O III .& o^ > bD.J=! •^ a (a 2 a> N rt iH c3 « OS'S .« -"-IB o =>> 00 M -t^ ta S-^: oco- 03 •5- ^1 £ CI N,—, if T3 ■y BJ QJCO o,-cl O « s-g ° " -2 3'9 "I KJ rr +^ 03 b:S o >. Cd.C 03 03 e§§f 0.2 ""g. £S.S§ O) o ci< . ea g ca ,03 to to 'O 03 -^ "5 03 03 03 n ■5 S:a 03 i3: 03- 03 ti .s a. O (n 03 03. 03 ^T O3_03, 'a »■ 1=) 03 0.4 m ^ S 03 pes s.s'^-TsscM'^ o ^ -1 Qj .« *« *i " 03 IBS' ^^ 03- 03O 03 ■S'S^S" CO ^ ? 03 *" ^ « 6 S-S| SeSS ffi o S rt ° £J 03 (U CD o 3 fl Is ■3se -p = c 2 3 S r-H p .-03 •■ S e-.s ■J: o s • cd CD P • c *-? .3O 03 03 ■S " B.-S £f--£ip Qj S ^ S' 1^ — - . rn .^tS bp 03 m : 03 BB «-B Ji B "".r Q>"*j 2 B *. *, m S B-"5iT3- .~ .S ° £03 .13 c B-g 3 «=! r hn 2 "" " -O ■« " gS--sS5:=jl23 r; a. -e ^ m _..^ +j. 03 ' 3 oTfB B • o « 60 = ° B a-'^ ScQ >.;s„ g B •opn-B'B 03 ..'O.B «! CO < S 2 b'o'S £.§ e Q> {O is g-s •p - g°rS^2 S" g£j3 o o *" S ° B.S " ■ S S'S- °0- go .dj - £-ogs>3.s m.a "ocs^ ■E °'oJ3 m 3j=.2 0-J3.2 g 01 S iS m 03 (D « gasis^'H 1^ c ■ o JxO Eh s-a.s -ES .'^^. « "E Eh 3 CI? H ■ -< O PQPq <n t^ O lO- « 00 00 00 q6,-I fH ^ J— I I-H CO 00 f-t M CO l> ■^ 00 I-H N r-^ Oi r-i CO rt o» ^ O V H IS gs O 03 s.£ OD (U " ■s:S c :3 cd ' «9 •se _, ° °,„ o «■ a S ° !>, ID o 03 m ■T' ■o'S B ^-g S " £ 03:§ » « -S s ° CO H^ « C O 03 «) 03 M S 2 03 S » ? i-sll £j ill o-o S S-a S.I, •s s ^^ _ CJ3 B2 e-s mO ra^ o ® -4J flj ^^ ni ^ a> — t_ ■ b2j- g ° " o >.S bU:3 03 -an .. ., b^ h -.a a c,j3 .53 *^ fl +5 . '^ o S o = 8 o "«3^ " 2 B 2 = •5 m B o E g og— . . ° S ; o t-ia .& ■ ft : B ? m is ■a o I: <^ m o *^ fl D. S.S K SSSg o s C " 3 "■"« ^ 00 O 03 CfliCH C? b & Q ^q u o u pq H H H H a, cu MM iK| « « W 63 H H » w c - ,H § o :2 :.s ■« ^ 2 10 ^ a -So"" o o B ©t-H' Iz; JOOOQ LE-Eh Bipti OO MM s§li »-. m *-■ S g-SEH^S Jf-S .-3 3S-2 o SIziSg . !>.§■ w ri *f |_f to ^.PhS MMM b. " ^-1 go " s tu>S .OB o s » Gcj o il S OQ o'S S.-i! c^ -a to o-^ (o 3 c £ t;3ft^^g-S ^ O o « o o S ^ C.^ £ = is S a „ g2 t^.s o Sv S g B.&o .•oo _ t. o.g s a a •a Eia ""j.-!." ^ ''H § F gjoo oo I « »o I oo 00 ANALYSIS. ^ M oo C30 CO i-H § s-ss •B "^^"■S 1 ■2 1 5 otPi-h I 67 :..2 o" . bo i S s c E — o > gSB O^ § Sdq > S g V oa td ^ ta to g CD s o p. o o fl c g O 03 So-v. o-oj S §^* ■» c 2 III P^C -^ s Td « o .-. ■p S 0^ S S- " go •esr S: O ■a • t< g e o 2 B 2 g S^^S. 2 s s^; 5 03 -3 ■"' 03 a t^ ° >■ 3 03 M'= 1, .S'S.S'3-.S 2 S fTS hJI^ to sag M S +j H.^- qj N o O Qj i+H , "i^ c ->-> i:; o 03 Bl-s fip g OU 0.-5 S ^ ■ 3 a s c £' o o m » :j=! &< 03 S B>H 3 3".J3 oa O to ■*-> S S; *^ g p^ to CO C (D 53 R (S K o "Bang's '--t3 EO O " !-»* ^ 03- S- S-2.S b S „ I 03 ; 11 K^ ed to 03 -"■-^^ 03 g^ ^d3~ractj-Kir"-- '°_sSs"!!S°'m ^ in?Y3-J3 L. S-r-r^ t*»^ri^ P^r^X! B_'^ 03 5f o J-sttS-S-S"^ s-S „ a s »* ^ o « o. !>,a-03 .^ . «i a ■* "JJ B 3 £"S " -li|Sl.SS03--'« ■-"'""^ °" 03- 3 2 H 0) +-' ■c Ria ."W.03 03 03-5- ■S-S o ^ s g ^£-=03 B O m o -2 ■t-' tH TS ^ s ■l s >; 0} 'oi ri 0} T3 ^ CU t-1 o " 6DB fe.a 2 JBlS-g 03 ^ i'°2 ^3 ° 03"3 S ^03^ 02 ^ U gfeg O S ft e^ B ^^.§ ■^ O'— ' O gT3. 03 C (0 .a S-S S.2 rt 03-p B S B g - c3 g •^ Srn" 2-B^ J ■-"^ 03 O 03 - b >» " S-B B &g ° S .2 o-,2 o| 8 S •S B-- o b 03 i:^ ^, felxilit 68 ANALYSIS. g Soo - .-HO* •-H .-» I lo -^ r- CO I ,-1 i-H rH ,_( ..^ ,-i lAf-i o I n »-i to <; 12; < o •-) » alt: s§i§ C^ u ej o m :3 S.O g " o ;S ?— o c 2 ^ . m oS.S S ""S s flo c-2 ©a « ° =■ - G . -"^ „-2 o d .£ gg ^^*o5 ts •i'E . ffl 5 1^ *i p 5 aj -^ o o *^ o 2 > S; c is ^ "-9 2 ® 2 Si's "i r3 *^ i « o >. S — id" = " a :- O (D a a S ■2: « 2 © IS c-^ S ° ? •SgJ o g o ■2.2 o ■C «»g _ oS - Sol "=• o> C So S.S o go 2-2^ °^S ■»^-° i- S 5 =-S ^■2^ o a J 03 0^3 q • So . ■ mmmmmi^^%ii HgH k2q O KH H HH H H 15 ^^' ^ b^lzsr o«j o cr;> >■ >> > > -^ : :h *j.i3 e - o 3 a S S "--J CO 2 >!<( PS a t— I I § & a> o * boa 1 c s C3 a ■a S S giSS-s-SSe-a ° "-o S-^ c § 2 .ttg S S g.SPS ^ J3 -C o o. o) m Qj ai 2 •Co C.2 S.S .« . .3 • MbD *c_^ C.2. c (a ■S c £§■ .ei B ■^ to «> ^, <^ o o li -.^ fl i! >. 0) cd *-. B(^ ■feo.9 §-- og. O 0) >-i 3e .a 13 SS £0 a s §2 ■3.S 22 33 53 ♦•^ c o s o S g ga o £a-a§>. ph g a a.° § » B «^ bDia +- ■S » S 3" «3- QJrC.S O) <-• o-gtc s o S C cd O O.B-S • © — +^ r3 ™ r^- . _» S K C S52 = c.S'*= = GC © S o-S-3 c.fcl °* E a H m S J £ ^ o BTj-t: m.S'c o o o g 3 o 3 &<*- ©25 a'-' o .2 c'Ja " „ ° S-S^ o"- " a ; 2P S J; o ".i3 m s : g «,-s.-2^ „-s g S ri'S-gaSigg E o,3„J3.g p © >^ = -S-s si's 2 g"s S! Q " s-S a "° > (Q f^ 1^ ^ *j oi -*^ ♦^ fc. >M .2 c^K m e " o5 g-o -S ^-5 O e C E5 ^,*--^ ■S2.g23=3 2s1,§ M.gSo-«SSg»3 E BJ3 o 2 „4^ S S » jn.ts^ a.« e a 10 .5 a -E"" a a tc o^ a "» a g S-S-S o-S-« o fc P t^ -ca © ajg o JCCQ tCOStO OO OOO ANALYSIS. 71 W t-i s ■* 3=31-1 "S^Sg-l aj g S-a go "^ ^~*'^'^ s d.o':5^ *^ ,.^ = '0=! c " gj o J >.g e ca o § g 10 - g ffl;S-^J3-S § S^ . O O &D „3 O oj,2 2 » c >:; 3 ca o o — _ to_a ■^ c S P V ps £ Qj^ SS-^ 2 o^ SsS*'32ni • — i-o ;^ ^ S •^IS 2 ° S 55— c .^•«3oat:-<=iojo O 0^0-3 — g ^'73-3 72 ANALYSIS. ;m ^•^ •3 »o to to». o m^ '-.§.'" §£.9 =3 «- 1 " 8 S •a c-S £& > tS.sa-tc.g-a o o • "-n a ^ jH gS : £•§ -^ .-s "„'3 m 3 .E-' oE-i •" ■» S:^m.a h3 wS S H H Ph Cli •a m >,^ g O o S O O -.J ^ .i§ on ^ c3 p- — . "i'T -tT*^ o'd © b a. o >» t- si C ™ ^ p o '- ■§§ *>« O.S 611 3p^ f^> ^^L-^ag"! _j bD«T3^ ^a,^go^ mi^O§ _ SO agE-aj^gfH ga-> GQ ^ S a So ^^_e ■» " 2 o> 2'a - t- « rH -r^. o a g »>•= a 0.0 o a 3*^:3 > a.ci o-.o'S-^ g g ? "t3 ■S -a . o " _, (o „ CQ a> a> o ■a ^2 s s ; o > •_ ^ 2 « S S c o „ gj2|. T3 'J Z, ill => *-■ s* P^ = "S » .5-5 S S o ° S H 3 ■^ o2 — I "^ o S §■« J3 6 — ■sss 2 c c °§§ - « S « S ■ -^ '-to a 2 c to » S S Q, ~ a. (u fi^^ ogg-g ■si 4-. rf it ■ Is-; nil: c3 c . S S: • |.§»o: i! So : C3 * C3 Q in; CD I a a - -c • 4^ Cl ^ to . • a> ' » g.T3 S : ■5 c £S •■ BS': »".S| : ^.s OJ 01 03 OJ • o_ ■ C! 2 ^.9 . 03^?5£ ■M (u a) , m 5?S 00 PI h[>^ 12! 74 ANALYSIS. t^ to- r* e» 00 Oi -^ oo 6 . « « r-l 0» .1 S -a < O s:t <" . a o . 3 :3 : c E. o : o. : 3 ■3 •-^•* **-" O O 13 o O I (— ' ^ .s a- SI'S "" 2 0.-5 g tn 3 £-0) H -2 2^ :-g£t i p" :— >-3 .6- : I J S .•ag.J :|^ = S "^ - . . o =1 g § MC.2 ; ^ r1 ».S g S : S g g ^ S.| g : |;| g .*it3 o g-^-ci^ a 3 a ^.— S: a = = ° m S ^ .^3 ■g o 0.02 c gi- .sua °-§^ i-g ^ 2 -3 3 = S-= : b s5 2 o ?2 P .S'fe o § = o2 « -UJS o o •3 -J=.2 -3^__ ?* .1 : ?-B I c3 • ui— ' *-; O .(^ u C c tJ t; O c3 d 0_2 +^ |a-3§s ." g'g 3 C O 3 g «> S "SS^ 2 S ■" o =t "S - 3 „- »•■■ S 3 C3 S3 5 S-5 5.2 ■»-■ O t- C " ^ *-> ci o tn 0,^3 *^3!>: S„ i** o<" " 3 Mete .a cam a ..-3 & ■^•i; a s SI! * " S S ^ b 03 g-g "^ s — roc •"^caSS rt "-Mjg oj-^ JgB j^^ ^UJ i3^ 3 ^ o ^x> a §.^§- Sm a;^ S^ s^^- *-< O d J3 Qi ro o^ to >>T3 ^ I » oi W ° ura' g ^ «J to" 2 '' s 03 "S" :.| 2 1 ■ ^ S3 : tg 0) q) rt 03 +^ ti; -a S'S Qi O «s S h^° ^■c3 Pro to °*t4_ od tDf^ O (J S S »!=! t3 «>-S>2 w — 'c a. *" f-* J-" > S 3_C^ fl . ft £ 03 2 "S a> 5-P3 « to— O ^ S " ^- 5 c S" & B S>g ^ Spa "• -° °- ■5 g ,Dti. 2 frog's «3-u.S g toss's o-^ ^J3-a § Sa c a c- dfe „ to -i-i ■■-■ ,^ "^ FJ ■ I - j i ' ' rt ''^ r-' ja " ti> s "^ S to !C S S ■ d S o o ^ o O o 2^ _o to ^03 0313 §6? oOO- D - Q Pi 'on DP 76 ANALYSIS. •S ««m GO I CO ^ •—I O) I d 00 4D bo ,s *> CS g ^ o o rt *» m 03 c; (D a!_ ^ !x J O •5 : s o ••a .§= a> -tJ » an .2.--S a> 0} u •ss° CO go M m — > o-g <-> CD •6! S « JL c ■££| ID -CO g 11 § O O (D CJ o o > , n ■g-ss >< 3- ^-a 1 2 >.pi.2 o\H'S I o ^ =.^ - §|S g o^ " S « *j mm g't^ g_S oh3 eg™ « ^^-S ■H (B__ a) 2 ©*" -i-r, □Q m o ^ e3 *^ ^ S Ji: ^ S-g:S-s 2,s^ i s s 2"b b-C^'S e ■fe-g gg-||.S SH- OES g^J'S.S^ J H^J o S^ g o " - i B'S SrSB ^ m ID m O ^ ■si-g .SS D. 2 g'S "Is b3: mm 'ea o 5J Ss » c ° =■ S -.2 n •So-Ss a g ui-g • Off' 3 S '— ooo° l-ll-lt-l comcQ grSi m O ^ (D 4-* »4 ■*3 a a> 5 o > 03 g2 •ss| «l& O) CD *j- ■g a => S§g o-s • e« „ 2 " "■a S ._ ffl o 0) .^ -^ ft *r .* 3 ■"!», c g.SP o ° gm " ^ § 2 c » (g P..SPS a a S s S3 S eg S^ 2'C _ •go ° FS- ••2 -3 1-s ■— =1' : * o ^ O t— t J --: £ . p^ ♦^ m *'™0 c " = .at:. m c o J o o Ej t: t3- S ° S— 2 o o>i-, s"" „■=, iS-ggg^a- O O Q w !2; ^ -^ -«J «! >J >J t:] ANALYSIS. 77 CO CO <>» in in tD CO C4 I CO t^ (M CO 1-4 « ^ ■^ -^ ;0 i-l CO 1 (O i ' o^ =^. £<"•§ ""§ PrJa a a ? 3" 5 S S - ^ ^ o oj S . : -SjiT3 " " a " J S ■ ..a g SJ3 "^ bpg-u : o » o go g^ .S-o'S •■SsM'-sW ° ° al . <3} = 02, uS^O! £-t3 " o ° -o o^.S^.S a -2 " S S sfa^l^'f^rfl QJ CO O-^ f^.^ ■*-■ £ .ai^SSs'^.s-Srl^-S mJ3 "6 "-^-d "-a L^ O g sIasis-S:3;;gg o§-|°§.£2Js°'g :^^ « ■ «" s x a ^ " K a CD g.S !d r" 13 B^ g -B =^^ ^ 10 _ Bja a (U QQ S aj G O' *-" S"^ i«fs> S a '5 c^ fe'ia o « 3 OJ 0) O 3 2 o a a a- j3' a "S cc'is h<» jD a >^ §2 >» S-a £ £l| ■^ r; oj , « fl - ^ 1^^ o m cj ,'-- qj to— H a rt Qj_ •"•-^'S CQ ^ a -3 a *-■ a o 3 ^ ^ ^ < ■:] 78 ASALYaS. 03 ca ^^ ■-•?»-» on t~,-^ c« CI » »-' ^^ — .^--. « O I m •5 "■? = .£ I < 2-^ — 12; «ij3 5 •-5>»^ < S-°o «g1 e •= 5= S C5 £Sg < E I -a si? I I 8 i— t-3 --3 "^l-Jii 111 2 ^ ^ f^ tC^ -; = 5 £ li = 3 c*5 3 =: 3 « o — •^ « ? — — $ o = S 5 = i "3 fi ^ — ,= _r a .^.= 3 — ti _ o ~ ?^ * ^O-S g c s: c 3 -^— ^ <= 5 §"0 '^H" c |.| *:•§ l.s i^§ ^ I S = =? ^5 - -§^-a g a g « £ o o o t- i 5 "5 ■ ^5 ^ si—. es " c: OS-. — > o -^ Zi ° = S _ 5 J ^T-a ^ 2^ =3 « c E J. »■ S " = 8 2 0-2 3 «3 O * c — ^ o 1° ^ - S = = '^^^ -^.33 - = = X— 1-1^ = 5^^^^ ;5 S.fc e a c g • c ~ s";: o 2 =— -^ r» ° 3 &"S"SS«iS-H^-i=-5=» ' c = S g = S^--:? 3 - C_2- " - ^5 Q £^r- g-l.^ i-pS J^-§^i,^ H I J = | ^ ^ ^ < < < ANALYSIS. 79 O •§ -it -i 2 gS S Beg E OS g «3 SI m T3-S •S B S a a •5 -3 2 ««i^ t. — -5 -S S ° p '^#1 5 o o j= >,S 0.-S T^S"S.9 — 5 g o §-2 "go " c SiTi- o — a o_Q = >,-= J. a H c .2 „ ". =;§§§• S i -^ § S i J3 • S a-a ° : 0.2 i I •• S3 a S • . « • « <" 5 .a B.t; ti a Jilliilll ^'1— (rt tS 3 e-i ■3:0 TS >>'^ g a o "3-° 5P J^S-SJ iS.CrS w ° S':3 ? t> _, o « is ffl.S S'a S-O -aOg'H>jSS g.9"S^SgJo-S DO "•= " - c ffl t; a 2 B-=.i= =3 •" r" — 3 "■ S >, C o m C m :j|v§g Sg'32S=gr:2oJ^ ° Sf io.»ii-sga^ Is >.s g| s,^ 1-2 s:S s o ■5"i^l?o Ojgo'S .-s-s: • o - o a tj - S ( a 3 S3 a— S — — S *^ C o oDffl J3 Ml 1 -" C'l I 000 o a - - »;o cc: 3"^ s-S'^ s g '-HM TO l-il O :.S 11=3 T3n::T3 .2 J" Hjeg- j= a 0) w 2 s §3 m eti-s'^- »=3 ■ s fe 2 m I? iPi Sd^lD 3 03 1-3 OB <^:. 80 AN^I.TSIS. CX>t-i C4 » «-l r-t t* « • O ft O I »== s 3 3 ^ = >^ « O O 3 3 a I -— -2 a '^ s ° = Sjj a— 5 >i. 3 S 3 3 2« ac =; 3 5 = 3 = .- g s -C =-- — -v-i - ^^ h;= o5 J= o 5 S"*! <» m o « ^^ -^ "^ ^ 9 u .5 ci-l 5 •s_ggi3i § o o 3 .- -3 2 a I, ULa °' S s •^o a. S— c-2 «= § E--3 = 3^ => S S J- &^"3 2 =«— 3 H o ^^^^ S.O o SS.a 2S H i-£ 2 o J 5 g S 5^ ;„ J =-5 = » 2- o^ 2 £ . 2 sx,.;' ^ > *j ~ "^ S - • c ^ o • es ::!■_ • a _ 7— ■ ai o -3 J S3 — » 2 3 - ■=; =3 ci. = X X a o a>"2 — .g^ s => CJ ** >t S-. St ° u ^ X C X <^ • '- ^ cS *-■ 5 ^3 ---5 2 X i .-=» 3 tr OS § - ° S -r. -^03 o — Z, 5— i o^^ S ^o^ ;^^^ SJ^^'C ?-^^ ti >*s— --.2:-^ a: 5:^ » TO oc 35 ,"r -/> r« ~ ^ ^ CO CO X- 3 a M ANALYSIS. 81 S3 2" «S to fH rnP-l B 03 fin' I - cd oi I I •B-B i-H ' ' 0) H hSS & t 11 H-t I— It-H 82 ANALYSIS. M 00 0> C9 £9 C9 CO GO ' S ® • c : §3 :f • S § : 2 § ••Ss :^ b - oj-r5 • *^ 00 - •; " -«— c ^-^ 0-0 ^ C ®-^ o ^ i^ a> ^ t^'^tw c S ^ ^ 3 K« => i S- o „ Sco d-a S.gg O O 2 C) O k. d J- > CU o cj 5c3 >." m n,^ a > " ® g G = 5 o ^ ^ " O gg oo — -S'S^ " mmpSt, £ri= -^ m o S o sd o a ea g a=^ O r^ C 10 'O — 'i^'C^^ >»S 2 S Si S a. &\n c_. S o -^ B C 62 3-u - o ■ « -^ - DO .-« «-2^© g S-^S a :i sis J 2'3 §2 °.aS B : bD-sg,g" .-ao- «» a 5 '«- -i^ 5 o ^"o^i^ w §■«.§ s :-3.S^ 5 i-r.o^ C " o 2 '■ ° >.^:? *3 ♦a 3 * ffi ^ ^ft- > to ti C O © 2-3=2 ^SS.'SS I S ^ C U O ■2 a "Sv2°-!aoes'='--^ !dS. ifiill iri^lil S-;:.g- §"f Sf S£:H■S- £ aei dOi ,£"3 S-S ° " g s ° 3 _ ^ & o o Svzr n n rt (iiBSPJa3H 2-S j:3 Id s§ w V V =8 S fe ? "S. " - " °-^ o M 60 sis i^!^ 9 53 sa V |§: tn > %°- .« - ■ ■ " - s _ 0,>»!i O.S ej ra (J) w K ■a g^§ S illrri £ " S 2'=-a>.>. jst'^ «^ " e a ■§^ >...'»» s s a « "^ S*H • o : o o o ; a . e " oS • e, o: rnal itize ible H : er Hous the lou; , or a c be elig S • 1: eith on zen hall .« ; rs ofi tei-ed n citi ion, s 3 ; s : 03 O ^1 ^ .o -• OJ CO (O °— a 6 g fl> CO (M CO i-t C«CQCOC*0^0 «3 "Sh SJx °'.3 g S I- aioS-B ■^I^B a H HHWHOOO iziizilz; ;z; S fe^jfelz;:?;;?^ .S'S^SiS • 2'HU o. £-='S >. : B 2-s o "S-'.S : B-gE Si^s° !2°|S. •S "S S C'Sja §■ = — "^Bo -08-" — +- »« °*S -""'o S o o O _ cS O m c iD-r3-t — ■3 o_rg.oES go 2 S S c2^.2 So- . a a" '^"3 S"^ ° c3 - ||s-s's>^:S-| ■sm-2„o«T3.c— «i . a^ 2 a ® m:^u3 .'"^.So3^2^o-S 1 2-S 2 fc I S ■" ° § ", JW=J p d (0 rt.*5 „ 3 o2tS 0.g^a3 mS ««! o ■a. 3 ,3 o O 00 g.S -s J3J<1 2 o 'S «■■ D s -^l •Si 3 ^ ■^ a O tD « Etc a, - n-SPj ^ o« o 1.0 3 : c CO . 0) J3 l-g 1:^ ro •'o to S tj " E3Q2 o ■S'S" W 03 C3 'c'S § ^ o oi o s _, C Q] » ° £ >. 2 gi-S fa fa o o o fa fa o "= s w . „ ■» ° £■ J i o^£.-S^ j=2p .S B'*-'2 ■ —OB 000 fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa 0000 ~;.*; B-o I- § o g-s^ 86 ANALYSIS. ^tn CO ^ ^ (^} m OOCTCO ■* I G* rt m -H ^ g f-1 in C4 ci m -I IN ■|l4 =' ^S s rj > ^^ BO *« 1> S "s SB- OS CD O (D a'S" 3S ^ o ID m 5S"S S "-I - ^ o S o« 2*^^ 2 *^ m ^ ^al a-S SS "^ 000 O h- II— It-I I— I EhCliPl, EC) 000 -o . a ■ : S : .j3 : ■ ° >L : B - -^ _ - ; W'(D ffl O » C - O- *- <0 ao O g o So-iSSg-i c 2'S'O c«^ i-jta S » o ® m ," Is „-S°2 O (D boo g'.'S ^ ■slS-* s " * 2 iM ^ OD'A . ^ O ^ +3 m C O (D SD -«j ffi m -M > 03 « Li's I - w 1= d ^ ta ^■oEE B g g S a . . . (d • W O 000 o o t-lKHHH h-l HH fcfciEL, tj. En EkEikEu Uh Ed 000. o o .SS SES. O 00 ■55 '^ £: © 5 ® m C _ o S"" S c ° , »> ""a og-s m OB S fi'S. ^ Q ft E <» S -S s S^-, S.s 2>2 S S-J * *S > oxJt*-. .. B s c g O.c 'S'"i-si:s „ g a. e-i o B ®fla ■ o M CO a " «".S!'g 2 " fi ".a Sa-- wB ^j-j-i flO'tf C +^ +J ■— -^ fc 2 ^ °> B O^.'B ftJ3 d B O J^ «-« (Tl >^ *^ »H ' o " B fi-BK iDJS Si/-.g B "> s >.a ■B.2^ s c-£ S3 £ 2 2 SE-i " 2. ■a— ?" °^ .a B" E H S Q fa !z; S « o 000 J3, . "Srt (M « rt 3j3 o S •II slgla1 Pi O :3 !>vJ3 e 6-3 '^ ^^ ^ O ID _S QJrS JO > M ^rK-t S o.sa §*< „-o S.g I— ti-H OO g 10 C g j .s < -a m I £ 2 . 03 >. = 11 g.§"3 a1 -2 0,0 so ■S tls SIS' ^ ID <1> 03 Cd ^2 o o cd in P! 5 ffi o TO *-> M J5 • S Si^rScQ ° o o rt o ^^f 3 B S O 03 B h hi 03 AbD "* a ,? " 03 m.S S o rt.>:0 o .3 (D «» ,S Sf Sir ■ " lz;oo ems ° 3 s S i 03 )!; a] 6^ o ^ KJ— 5 -i»> 03 hi S^ 03 • © to. 03 • t3 Cm • S.O a • S'fi C3 03 '^**0 hi .5 g »> "^ • S.2 V Cd V . >^ ^■■=1 *3 «t^ Q>^_ ►h O H .2-S o *-> ■W tiL_ QJ __, i-l *ll •-■ © _ri , „c3^bfl£*^S'S.5»^ ^ ".50 v,-S » g* « B-2MS|2g>feo . « ^-.s s-^ S Si: » c » o,oo)Bo2t;.22s^o3 i-s-ssa a^Sfw S m S g g ~ e S-«SE^-g"' S O O o i.s » s « BgS ■ggm t, a, 2 ° c S lis JJ e I, - o^ r=2 _ 5 *; o o •S S » M°.2 .SSS ft P 03 © (DO ^ i3 «> O 03 _ s-sg «-a ^ S? ''^ ^ F-^ S ■S'Sg. •--O „ (13 »J 03 e a - s.2'« 2.2 2 a, K u C ft c o o o C & ft ^H' 1 . O ^T3 ^ £» 03 :s§s 03 3—1 " g^ [Q a ~^ n 03 ^ g^.e 03 " I § S g II -^ ° S'S s ° S fa. a OT3-3 •S.S-ag-l 03-^ o-..S,-| lilii ™ »-( u *^ * T"^ S"gJ^-S§S.! r'»ft^KjQ3a3.iH2ft»l " " ' !; ^°-S'i ooo mmm HH6q PmPh(1| I o m pi Ph O Pi Ph :=oSo-S^»S-3o^-°2oSoa=! Hlz;-S!?!S&>§|-2a t I:s» g,= g § ooo o o m m VI M 03 PJ pj pj Pi pj . HUH bq H Ph Ph Ph Ph CLh 90 ANALYSIS. E Id J3 (N ■«# to ooo 3 n.-^ © S S a w « cf * « |s||.si •5 s !* » 3 2 p " s a " PI'S ^ o-i ■« rS o g o ^ o C: (D (-• cd ^ ";:3 "^ *- c m ©woo ^ _ ajo SPc o » • o ^-' 83 »i r m 1-1 » ^-i •— *"> a o o «^ „-S S ?? ¥ o » aOi"- _^ o S^" ■2 o Is -H p h S a "■2" J3 cm c o o g « a O - g S »J='gl3* ? +J Jd S O O ID S-H ~ SSS-o S'-' ots ^ §§•§•§§ 1^1 -gc'S'S^-^gg-S " o „ «,2j= Z " as.- = 1 - s 0-- Mo. B *~^^-^ O « 03^ •5 V° ™''"' g o J J £ o oa <3 " C-1 to B^ O J^ p*5 rQ H n O r4>'? ° : S fe -2 =■- ^-3.6 3 . S u ^i.jJ?ooao-g .5m o " o-S 2 2 *EJ B M o tn *^ ; " ft O " . 00 ja -in >l7 00 ai7h7t ID i-* a)»'^ IV i-i ^ Ph ,-1 rt ,-1 ,-1 c« « !N CO © es S J2 a. 5 2 S-« I"! O S '^ ra C m ^. O CQ > 2 .S 'c 'eS a o S " •^3 3 C^ - . o OJ - " s ES t§§§2°-^ Wo ft'S g^ .2 s-S c| S •SrS a-S-s g TS-a 2 fe SfJ- O CO >•" 5 " 3 S3 a» '^ (U U B 3 5^^ 5Z-0 S «-«-*. >,§ §^ c " S S 2 gi"^ » S ■|.2€-SfeS.gg|.2.§'. o o:~^:g o (^-gS-^ '-'^ "7 ^ qa cd fl, ff '.^ *" ™ I o u i " 8 „ O O "3 OJja Or^ s- M£g 3 M«^ S^S °_ O g-S-ao-S.o.tS K. • 3 -^ "a. ID J5 SCQ o H Ph tOS Sl>^ pel E o fens SJ'M Qi 2 d 01 S ii- to 3 0) 2 5 So £■5 a.9 r a - ° "" at CD j3 2 03 ™ K"cO • *- cdSS_3^-!-.oS.2^>" Ji=3 ft-a P-S O fe S .^Sl^l-S |z;;2;p.i g HHI— (l—C ^ P-cPhI^H Ph H o Ph 02 o Ph =3_3CD+jt3+jf*0)-i.ij ■sss-s^.Mi^^jcog OJ3J3J3'T3.a.»'.3 " fe £o 3 §.>... '3 . . .ISmmS Bed Pi pi Pi -'pi Pi Pi- "PiPi " HHHH HHKl HH .^^^^ ^^^ ^^ oooo ooo oo PhPhPhPh PhP Ss ° D.S O A §13 , 'o a o S B S " "S « a 8^2" ".sH »J^ g. bB „ a a 2 " S ^ >-.o "S ja "5 «> a ^1 I" -SI 02 2 g g g-s'*: Eh ._ CO— to ,•5 £=.S o '.^pH a ".a •a o M O > - , Snd'5 „, S ?J AJ S OCLi <0 u m axJ ox! -lilt's £ rt (D Si jiS ic'^l::^ ':§.sll5l ? " *; -'3'" §-S§Si=;2^g^lg§'S'i-S£§ y i-H ■ g § 0) S-g ""^ S A . — ' ►-.. ^ _c! rr! i-Si^^f^ =w Ed Ph 02 Pi. 02 H P^ 03 P^ 02 M Pj 12 94 ANALYSIS. m CO o> « go ■ e (0 -^ ojCm.— I » -5:5 a 3 B 2^ STa m < Ue— 3 ^ 0-^=3 O E^ S (D o " § M "■ > 2 '^ °-§t:.i':-sit.s>^2|ii- ™ » e 0,0 o « © ffi fflf^ ■ n a) 03 ij" fcT CrJCj ed > oeH Q. a> »« „-or2(iH g .H:gfe Jog .■3 ■ lu , w ""a £ oi »* «J^ ^ .^ O K « -4-1 d ^.S - s S c i.jai2 ,0 ♦^ ^^ ■ >.s -^ S,g-S ? 2^ .■"SCfflSSo-c--"™ s,z " ® s I, s< ta-S^^S 3-i3.5.1i"S S 0-^T3 03 S S S" •5 » Si« B c o ^-3,?'-'-o 5 ^ - C O 03 O _, O -H" fan's S JS t; ^ «3 g'^ «> 03 S - 1= 3J3 ca-B- 03 J3 oTt-t « *j n ^^ Ct-4 »H B§ O i^ S-S o « OX' tt gg-. -^^ 0>TJ a _, «J „ +- J^-" So- 3t3 «.X3 C^Q3 - o-c g S S.I l» S^ S ""P- S ^1 g-?KH 1-^5 »-a S-* S-a £ c-§ 2 „.S_-«.S= • ■a o 9S S,St3:S g.ffl-a S -m ANALYSIS. 95 « '.'^S'^'° ° • ® §'3 — "2-3 3 • a o.'S- > ° o . " 3 ■» .ft&S C 0) ot! .^ - «J *^.!h CO "3 : s.g-c 3 o S' 'O 03 03 rt ■-'S " °2 3 ••! S » oj s ga 03 :T3o3bwio, :spo«oS:-S .Q :-iJ3-C.S <" • „ fe.S S c S a 03 • V ^ S S S . ja to"-' 3 'S >,S o ® B^'Sjii 36 ■♦-' "S QJ i3 C « ..^TJ So''' x-? — u *-< e • -' (-« 1 ? 03 O - E 2 •|^|g-|«a>|1|isi|| Ceo " 03 a o i o'^- p,^5 g a .H^ 03 " " _ t.^ iT 10^3— >03O . SS=5'^'3§'SSla^-3S-S§' ♦3 (O 1 2 o to ^ ra ^ C O M S3 o o © g a s 2-B g'S &§ S-;:S*'^_ f •• B :^c3 ^ oP-i-s .-oj-3 .» 2^ g ~Z,S § u'S C^"^^ g^ 03 g^»> SSI'S BpO^ : :a rt^^j! 03-5 ^B ^ O +-■ _Ct3 S s-^ o ffl rt ■S £ § ll-^ 2 g S £ e-l o >; (U oa CD *" -, "H^ - m:2.9'£ %-M§^ 2 g o sS- 2- S O g-° 03^-S g' *^-3 a ^ 03 m 03 .§2° £§■-">: • ana : g.s .JSM •■•6 >• •^ oa-rt H bo B 3 t4 bo o'.a 03*bDS'.S ■° M^.s 0.3 "' I" 1. .Si's B " 2 MB-O S Oi, 5 .p -0.3 SC a 2 >r 3 03^^ > a vh to QJ B „ Hl5g3=| . 2-B 96 ANALYSIS. (0 ^^ CO CO '-< 3* •5 « i-H to « lO lO ^ -^ I-H i-H-^ -is Ph ES I cc h^ Kl C ■ © ^-Tj ' .ti to QJ- ' fl £3X1 "; 03^3 a :s- ' ee 03 !3 :s-3: ;— tSE-" S S " B S « - booJ ^ 2 i n B S j3 o E3 c G. i„ 2-° o ^ c *-:— o c ^ ^ S t-i ID S2!c§S . 1 03 bfl • c5.S .2 „ o Q. S i a 2 ^ 01 -rt "13 "■i QJ -^ S 3 " S S gWgO ■s-s ° « i> ^ o^ Oi O " o « r« ^ ^ "2 -"S m . fe s « u > O a a S»in- d 5^ i-i "^ o g ^ m H © Cir* S "^ , p. > . CJ m ^? -^O mCQ : o : ja 2-a 2c . " Cp • a ^ I 03 ; "= ^ C rj J2 03 1° ,S 03 o ^ S iS-^ !=( « « a g.£.Dss § +j 1^ O ^ S O 3 •2 o g.-g sq ^^ ^3 £^2^ oil U S I, a 3 +; _; .5 ■•-> U CO o to I' -d * .:!=:§ S 03 ^ tS ""^ "^ m O (D 03 .Lj i'£i O o w 03 O^^ i0 o o . - m " 03 bJ0a3 bD dj' p3 .y o o fl 0_Cl 03 JO EC 03 CO ■S3 ft" ft C3*— » 3 *- T ^ =§13 S m « ft ^ 0} m 03 1^ . o 6 S 2 „ c- ° 32-S o'S a. 2-3 ft g-C.2 M^ — . o'^.SlZi 5^* fcl CO .13 C3 o; - en CO n^ au aajI3!3 13 13 mm MMmBaM ca w 98 ■3 CO t^oi in a^v^ CO ooeo ANALYSIS Olffi E3 « -^ (ON « CO com (N CO Q (M <-< iO rH ,-(1-1 ifH ,-lCO CO rt r-l .9 a a '^ o o o »-. J. I I— I -tJ ^ i ►:! * 'H ^. ■ a cj S * o - ^=3 S 1^ « r rJ H a^^ a g 2 «J g S a., ■ ife-aa"-""^ ■ n o « ■«.§ is ■£'§ ea a ' S a S " Si 5 a S ^"^ B a, " " 2'^ S.g d:=| a Isi-sis;::!! o bD •» Tijy 2 *^ s a 2 S -ajacH'ePH S a Ce3 a '2 *> S a i-H i-H mm w Oh Ph P^I^ PLi p. go =3-3 ^og,S "a e ■a sja a,2 S 3 a^ta rt S-! •!§>.£ MS !, "^§ g a 01 S • t! * S "3 S S^l g a >. w a H Sg'S>a § _, ID O O O C3 « S'S ■« a ht44 r! a (Q -^ P a S &Ta « ■SrS 6 t3- R ANALYSIS. 99 ■5 ^ C3 CO ^ CO CO i-t ^o in 1-1 rH Vs >» to S O Pi (0 ffl .§•- S o « 2 sisgs - *tH 03 K 'l^ 03 a jj ^ TO p^H +J >JH O CO M, (u ■u S^ Sag ^4-1 rrj M W rj +J ° g s gS s M ^ CD • .■?; Is ml s "^ 2 F3 ^ 03 at o> S S'" "^ J3 B ^g =i ^ o « fl o - M S ti=; *H in o ™ 03 03 -rt " 5 B c ^ 2 a* "^ :zi '.a CQ 03S a-3 a > o +-* L 5 Sa 03'SlO . S-^« o S 2 "o o'g o*' 03 S'ffoJjs b 3 S S g.J3 S ^.3 O ra {B-^ 0) t+^ 03 00 t+H ^*^ "^ (5 (D ^ cd n Bfiq ft< S§ .^0, OO^M-^ .Shh p^ p3 o >.pffia2p «j to TO Pi Pi « HO O O cy a? G? (5 03 B OSpT] m boo «> loja-s *. g " m|,g §-g's O B. 03-S >,§ S«.2 .2^J d s^ § g 1 1 t^ ^; oj jh +- ra -^ ^ uj Ml-M • m S 5 CD -^ i_ O "O'^ a'H'« 3 S os^J-Sp^ oicd 03 CUPh OT3-a WW Pi Pi 03 O Pi a SS"' 03 '^ O '^ 3.T3 ^ S3 ■ ^ 03 °^ C3 „ £ 3^ I o s^ ! -'^rf ' ° f=9 QOp:i a =9 S.-2m ■ ■ 'iz; o o O o w Pi 100 ANALYSIS. .-. CN *n ot (N c?» >o f-J "O I « r-t (MM rt I 1 W-* « CO r-, I * r-C « "2 CO t* »o »n So CO i-l rl O. £ I ^ ^ i Iz; § S § H < Ok m CO Q II - t- O ■r*** to bDS £^!BO ft "J s'B » ^ fe > » s •S -° 1- tj *i (D us ja . E3 in Bl « ja "3 2^ ° S II ;h c^ cujH 5 0) _ g m ■ (0 c • A ft •^ — ■ -S '►^ ■ on S • " a ' a ° -"■30 2 " ft 2 o * 8 • K " O.S » SI'S = g^S-Si _S °" • e S5 to ij-^yj "is _ 5 ™ M El' QJ MS Maiio..S „ 320 g ©g=3 S S " ft S §3 - airS «"-« ;--2 £ » B OJ.O) B ft o ftJ OB,E;o^a)B.-S "SI B m o 9 a s 5 'gig S g^ B "Oizi ■oMw-a ft m S .©.Q 2. • *^ . B Sb ©O >■-£ § © s a. 5=2 e m >= ©3 s • °a3a! " 00 Q > 09 to *-;;:3 ai-g S-gs. P f^ Bl 5 © 1- M o C tfi >• B o ^ ■^ p. B t, es o "5 " © B -2 S i3 ft t*- o §M ,^ o -^ S E * ©05 g bccd gt;=3S.2-a ©S'-'Sg^ ■« *" S© r^rS 2 m"'^ © 03 cl o M « g ©g£ .^g« goo •t; l-l hH O iJ J © B.-0 o o m- J3 c 3 . - B 10 la (a &3S S o 6 a-B ©'© -. +J © © .S B a 3 ©D £ " © . j3 m o •rS'ftfg ■ j=3_ ; S i* u . 5 aa-2 : s.s< ; sa ■; © S s o ei Qjl— 1 O P S . ft* SJ feQ" o o- p4 oi R l>- CQ W ANALYSIS. 101 (LD CO .-1 .-t i-H G^ N « (M W « CM N N WO i-i f* m Cfi CO CO M CO CO CO (N N (N (M (M (N CM (M (M i-t (N <-* .-I r-4 r-t r-l « : °2 !>^ :s I -B QJ M S g » s " rt .aj o '^ oa a O -^ g-i al P ri O SQ S§|s ^ « t> t-l, ■ ».S-3 ^S I £- O » S^Bi GO ■^ ■g ■§ rt-£3 ta g & u CO M ^ i 1 s 1 c3 ID FD QJ OJ § QO ■B «,. . OJ (L, .a ■ a :s ■Bb »-l (» P.O CDr4 0] o (Q +^ T3 cd' +j at a ft CD V ^° (fl O ' .-a a M'<>. , . a a ~ . • ta. ■ ja - ■ M ■S -.g » s-f ™ 03 ri S'S) to «-i Sc-i "E-< °5H a>-«!j3 o " ~ «M gK'gH ga o — H liH H W H p:i p:i •3i£.sraass,^sp:m| (Si P4 psi Ph H Pi Pi p< Pi Pi Pi PhPh HH Pi Pi Pi p- a Pi Pi P4 & Bi 102 ANALYSIS. R ajMiM«N«coco CO m o to o "rt .-jCOCOCOCQCOCOM w < o l-H H H -. B S B o g C-^B o-S-5 "*;*;' "--Mti'BO CD ■2 3 (d o -III c ? 02 a; 1"^ S.s S c o a p-l W S"® 2wi ^ H H »i oi A< IX, R ANALYSIS. 103 m "^ « ^ ooiooo Tt< I g rH to (N i-H rH ■5 (O ^ « lO I— t OO .H CO »H »H (N «-! CQ o a .a , a oT » .s s .0} p. ^ (U n-a "S o ■g 03 -a 0} s +j cu s (4-( 09 S O >^ 166 3 Hs ^^ o^ o CD a [Q ^ ^ 2 S 3 ■" IS =■ D-^S S i "! o ■S C"S ilfi a — '^ (D b 5 oT oj -^ -^ = -.2 a S -— _a)csj-i> „woco a oj a "^ "^ " a B S"S so g^ o 'S *^ —5 > o ^ M i. S -ta aS £ " S a M S. - _ £ O *-■ QJ gsgs _ ^-< a a r-_^ ^ ..!3CrT(n^^.i-< p-^+*ftOO*JO 5« g a S SD^ M 2 • a oj.S - s; o • «s.a S -ig _- o - a >3 • o gagOC^ : o S » ; o ■^ o rt *^ -^ I ■'-' ^ " 3 o 3 . g -a ° 3 £ s : o! . 5^ >^ ff m " • i« ^^ ° m-S ° QJ O - (U^ g O.T3-" ►- a.-2 QO S'S » 8 g.SP a a 2 g^-° m . O ^^ISsI - m » T3-0 g-gfl feS 2S5aSa;3(3" Mo^i- MP-— OJ ' ^^ »■« a g-.&,B S i ^ oj £^-g <« 3 u'S" n a ■ £ o m 01-' «. m E 2 B-o ta orS-S i 3S.O .S|;S^£' cu g-ffi ° mmoS ° a ■- S^-o H C_S ■» o-.S^fH a.H'::T3ei Rg;; '> S,i>'Bo5.SS^ CQCQ CQ 02 cd ro cd O !- IBM H Pi Ah H P4 1^ Pi Pi H p4 Pi Pi Pi £3 PhPhPiPi Ph Pi Pi Pi o »o g!^ r' 8in30 ^■S:z;P-0 O 55 S 104 ANALYSIS. R I « N .-I ^ *£>" !=3 r " -V 03-3 S ti u I CQ l-H «! iz; »^ H 03'" o .-jS^ O _ fens S*S sis'- ft >. . w .0.3 c s » O g^K "•S o bo — - T3 - Q 03 i^.2 M^ ■ jj vj.^ • © £ I .t3 rn +J ■^^ QJ ? O a HJ o^ «i o 5 n, 03 ■" 0:=^.2 ?n ^— to to 13 § 03^ § §'•2^ I £ •^ «^ 3 rt s S.2 2':3 ^^ « ffl,^rTH ""^ O UD OT „ m aa_d^^ (Br ^ mt" oj m ?h o'SI g gfrH S g S - 2 1 o S „ro-a.S?2 -a SW 03O3l*'^^J2*J O rt'^ cd agl si I So.og O ^ g-a 5.2.2 ° " >^ bD*^.a ra r« 03 +^-2 ^-^ J^ m »« Hn ■*-* H « O l3 ^ c3ja tl=^ o-§^ .S£§§£".gS hD'^ 03^ 3 m o o-S f 03 S a--^ 03 ^ 03 a =3 >> tal g.a a Q 03-^ o -1 a •- K^ g^ Sbm-S 5b^ 23-2 s^V a » i "o » V =-5. 03 QJ 03 2-- ^ Sscl^l" I s-»- ° o-'^aS'Si;^!;;" S3 a S.02BH 10 03^ OS'S » a a^-a s.a,| ^-goBdoo ,000 S)2^" g£^ a^ rfi^ a oS'K o3o3Q3+j£rtra-^S S_^'^ rtPiDS s ANALYSIS. 105 -H ^ «cno O) cr> § 2S3 a .-I i-H ti« 1 §GOiO CO 00 « 1 ?^^ ^ ^ t- ^ 1 <0 . 1 6 :-S S :-5 a *j • > l-iS ■ bD (0 , *^ s'S-a o g.o s " s RS lU C ^ h O .5 0.0 ^ a 4-> « S o o) g m S.5 sp S « S Ed 03 .^ ^ O .s <= 'a to o I- 3 (0 C c Id o u U CO 112 S O'i 3 c t^ O m ■^ ^ i^ QJ S 1 ■ S ■>• ^'5 2 o o o tt-: i : 1 ^ s ^ ^ o a> s -d o 03 CD S to X 9, K^n , -o 1 :-Sij S .3 * : >.S-§ .X3 oj . ^. — * > ■ :3 (D ^ TS S • ■- 1J2 o ■a : «r2 shall rces dby ngtc ervic :-E5 ngress naval fo fact trie accordi eld to S( -o ■. Co d and No , than sons h . o ■03 : gS^SS ■ 6 . o . ?-S_S s ft ESg M o 3 ftB P. go g.a-5 .bS o.S S& t-j -5 +^ bD ™ a C8 O O O O 3 K^ s ° p' « -S 2 K S " -^ o ^ CO C S — ' g +j U t-J OQ M 2 „ ^S »^ §■« S S ■S B I'" g H o o ■pi H 02 106 ANALYSIS. 04 .« i I— I m i» ^A es bD4J ^ OJ3 P m S I. o •St lg > O) 'rt o so ■« 2 . >. S ■ S s g ■ S ^ t. S'— _§ B S o -^ o (0 m ^ti3 w tiD J-o g-S COSES O O"^ o CO M t! O a.a S " la's -^ ■a CJ3 > >- "S. (D 13 g « to o »-' iS ) CQ a> ^*o 5 =3 S to o ' mi-s I ■S ■* L " C: 0.2.2 I "^ g § ' "' 11 '^ to - - -B S^ *" gj 00 •^ to &£ o Sol gc o , SJS, g a?S c .5- to a -to g-*j " ta^ in a "'S Q RJ. — 1 gj ca (U m.H 4^ uj " dj J3 "2 :'g. " ■ "S S :.£ m s o til MgJ.g : S" :S-a £ e Sbg « g (O (8 „ , . M^ S OJ ■ Ct3 o.rs : 'S s P to . .ii .ti S £ . S n "Ph : aO o-o l"!^ § " • ^ ° ^ © ! S7H pL,j3 .^ to ^ >i ■— a £J :£^ s « ! o IB O =! i» S g>-^ a 2 ° : " I, > c to » S*"^ a 2 ° . t. 5 g-sr ^ s g ■ "-3 . " trt ra H u ANALYSIS. 107 »0 ^ to If) o 3 O ■5 'I Id -C -2 .'2 ■ ■ »- 3 G «-> Sj3 /3 o " 3 ■ J3 CJ2 -1, Sis ; qj *J gj a « P. » o „: c "«^ £ o i5 oa ri (U P SIS tU)-« a> H j3 *j tij (D O _ iw (a Sua S « 2-5 sa ;_. o ^ *- « cr g a « s s s I? " ^ ^ :s I Hull's §^ « C . '- o^- 5 *i 2 S^ .-S ■ B >>^ . o rt.- S ■ 5 "^ - • ^-^ ^^ H H M -K ■ H 63 6363 .f|' CO 0302 m mm mm Vi, .5 a" « ?: i^ —2 2-g§-2§ eS S O O^ S g§-gsa^^ fli ca eo K ^ *-• p3g:-g-i§3^ " " Bio o>^ " g B £ g £ oi3 J) 0.03 p.- c !>. ■C 3-3 to ?■§ aw fc O-f-S 3 S 3 a « go. 3 k, 0.3 2 o :| 3 "^ Is £ !>■ o ^ >, rf ri o (n t^ p cd a a oj a 'E^^ to- la D • B .S-SE « 2 S"^ ca — . CO ^ -73 a) to o §1^ CO c o-a o m ■ 'Tj 3 01 _ O CJ ci __ o a> I (U : :pci *j • a • *4j : I nj Tj ; * • «J • CD -S * ■ U : ^ 01 '. V * :_c ■5 ■ :_-" 9 * • "rt 03 : 'S * ■ ® • .■ rt ■ fl s : . I CD 01 • • ^ -J3 : i'^ nj * S s a ■»-' P *H S pi 5^ 01 +J c ■sg§ c to b SS oj § CO oa 2 oa O ^ 01 O (O o'o'o ait. cfl 01(0 I S £02 a '- (3 O (D • " n (U o cd w« --s-s "^ C t" *^ J! oj'S g ^ ^ S .o- o asms 1^ j> Qj 3^ tn ■3 §"2 01 rau^ . a >-' 1 — I 01 o '^ 'i? ■^ CO Cr^ O ?i m .2^ S mm E-i = m o^ SJ-«u2 *wa«^ mm j3 »tj a 2ji! 0)02 .s !>--'a T3 0-3 a) rH Cd 0) ^4 S- " ? 3 SPh bJ 03 W " O O ^ U-S O O 03 ffl S.g'S »"§ ■ J-< !T 03 IB o to ri 03 —K J- S ^ 5 S 03 ni »-« S-S-S e 03 03 "^ *^ ""t^ 03 ANALYSIS. 109 CO CO C4 04 CO 00 rH COCO to 1-4 CO "^ »-nO H g-a S-S S v." £ B i " S.2 ^*- >- DO O nJtC JH 2 S3 " s •s£-s£::.2g| j^ri^ * « £ s « s § ^ C- to cu ™ o a; S S (UM-l OJ ■^ +- Fiii t< a) '2tcog..S ■2.S § ^ g ^ r- a ^ C2 03 C -\2 £ 1 i C'S-g.^i o i S s^ ° !^ goi' 03 " k. s - 03 ss «3 -a-° I/O » ? n'^S IE ga ■w**^ rt O 05 m.y,„.=; cs qj > ^_C *^ k. o ■« oM ci, «- .ti • _ £ S'^-S'^ c SP i-- •- 03 °; c C 03. =3 S'^ m CS C „, 03 aj gj 11 03 ti . W « o —•T3 S C ."> ^ rt k- C tn r o :=a- e ^ H . " c o-S . ^ g.S a.~rS 03 +- S s °^3-a 0! o ■" b S <" o3ja 03 " ? ^.tJ y^ > la's, ftp SjS' 03 _ M C m rt t--^ c £ c I m-S rt __,■■-' n, ra JO _ (-( ^ (u ^'B"! s- 03 oj^i-H^ gt-i g^a 0'S^-So||o-£aigo>: , >^ >p o; 02 02 02 02 110 ANALYSIS. s in tn tD tDCO dt~* l^OTCSCOMMMM CO lO CO U3 wy v^ , M M (N MCQ £N M ■ M M .« '-I ml mtMNIIIIIII I ■« >o «= « I S*"- t- I 1 1 I I I I I rt ,-H rt (Ml — "-IIIIIIII I ■.a a o u I w 03 -=• S ill" £"3 S a c^^ %i as. go a g S.g 03 o S.sS .!e :^ (u > Poo >* - - o d a '^ aj *-■ - ^--^ L o s'.tyvB ":d o [H ^ o 3 ^ o-p.fe oo o o o "I. 5* *:: m - B- a 5 a'T! o^ "s o g ..a JO o g.r« •2. "S 2 6 afS g eg o i>s.5 3a>. 6 J C S O S C H ^l-l M g d B g « 0303 03 ANALYSIS. Ill CO to in 00 I I I I I I I '-"^ I I I I I I I 2<=^ 1 I I I I I I --^ '-I CO I nd ^ 1 •'^ '^'H "^ § 2 (Ml E^ §6 = CO O -2 0) +^ isB a ™ ® S ■o ^ C o fl q}'^ ^ tu C ^ t; " "^ ti '" O rj t- ,SbbD"K*-e— ."lis E3 . O P« (3 - T3 ° (U Ci hnQ m'^ S^^ « b^ S b3 b3 OJ3 >- ■h; o O B B — g s bo .y .s a £ S'g'l /--MS S M - £;b S 03 CJ o 2-1 S 5 M'3 03 b B coo S S s h'T-'B 3 « g 03 <0 S S £ £ B=3 03^ o i» m ■ O „ Ss 0.5 5t3 ; 2 03 !>■ s s § - - .-H rt HI 60 S a] 03 C £ £•§ " -g"" aanB.S "^1 DO* o 3 „ < ail's O A C M bD (U t: 03 . - ^i ".^ .2 B frt -^ O 03 C B g 03 Cj3 0.-U fcfrf "frH " S'S 03'-' ^ "-a ■ S--2 iJ o: io: i > 03 5 03^ '^ § j>,6 S g^ g 0.2 S oJi^ ga &s ° S 2r^^- 03 >a 1-50. cnoi 03 02 02 "is PhE- I H- ( 03 < o H a - D - i C A 0) I : E.s S-^ 03 d bn j5 o.g ■ - u tH 2 « g^ ' g 03 Q 2 ^ S s : " ts " o^-S :.2.S S I "■" ^ -^2 §■« ■ O hDfi-^ •2-So3 5 O o ni^^ +^ C ^H 03 at Q S o S O o ni ^ (0 (13'— 1 , K -- >» >g,D«s g M>2 »- "±3 o 03 ft ■13 >■„ O a •7^>.' o .- o TT 0:3 £ o-s"*" S S Ori"^ O ^ C3 ^- '13 ^ "S 1^'-' «*H .s||§3§fe-:2£3§ 03 ' ,—.'^03 jd pa's tn^ CQ t^ CO HB3 « CQCQ i-S-J E-i < H 03 « tea! +- 03 I- 03 S.53- E-E-i 03 02 3f,-SSSs=i6-2S :-a >.-g io«lQj„t„ojSo3 &2 •" 03 "t: e 03 o^ts !03oS.'BJ2O „.oo ril ^ n CD »-i ^ ^'^ -— '"^ 'o a CD ) O • CO >J -4-1 < K. 1 iU w ^.^ 2 5 S => a>^ 04 03 ANALYSIS. 113 " CQ B3 IS d ^ : °c2g +3 . 0) rt ™ a> "S . s o • « « -^ m 2 " jl! ^-^ S'« ■ S CjTi « " S T; . c+i t- o ^ .9 « ■ cS g ►- S £ i.-^ ■ S B " osg S; S — , a: : §s^B^^='S " M 1^ ffi «^ °, t^ o V. S aj ?■ "Tli .t3 QJ P< 03 a "SI •-' 1 §^ ..H "%" 2 "_!» ^o ol'*^ s'l is""* 2 S B B'°' ►".S c i-OQ-S i S^ sPh H S---S'a S ^ ,0 feS^Su 0)^ a S ■o » " ■^- i Sri .V ■" ® g *s m 1^ S (n o cd •° B »• — ® s 25 M ri ft G CB to •« &.SrP (U P 2 2i;^ QJ C * ■2: o (D +-» U o ■Sb2£ ojCO - ^ 03 o 2 03 S 2 „ &p '-J'T3 S 03-^ °'S -5 " 2- .P* *J rti nH O fJ3 .^ i„ (-■ ni n OJ3 ■«_§ «' las I •P^ti © «J O^ !>, >- C 03 P o ^ S S ^=; I S S 2 S 0-5.2 03 °^ ^ S ^ -S'S M " d B o>" a 2 ■fiSS S BrB ■3-SZ ^ 03 - B 03 03 P _ P "S >-i 03 ^ Q3T3 CQ.P Qj P 5 - a «iT3 C! B^ S5 m'^Td 03 «J S » BJ3 S £ S B S " £ S •« § ♦^ o .9 3 03 M • -g B B ^ .B B M rv a 03 " _, 03 03 O . -MS B-3 g 2 " 2 'B;rJ-JB "^ S CO 03 ^ S-° s "^ B £■ 03*03 >= 1^ 03 Pi M-S 2 03 rB -a c " 'B o^^ 3-s o \-* p.B ■ P^^ Sh k^ CD Id s' > J-. o_5J '-' (U ^ m o 03 Q P^ oj a* cfl CQ 03^ •dS:g 5h3 ^Ui 03 *^ -^ bo -^ S 03 t^ tQ Q) ft o CO >-■ O) o > ^^- 03 iH > o j3 ti —. 03 m to 3 .S B ' S* -^ 03 B -B-S H bi '^ 03 J O 03 03 -^ to S 02 . BSjs g ^ m H C3 ^ M ^H B -\ m ^^ p-i o (U ■S s rf Sri S 3 » ftSJ •;2.H "i = H I'i'B § m o CD (U B tg ffl O ZaS "■S >. .IS c « -a 0) " O) rg > +- ea o n £ " sS.s •T3 >^ 13 o §■2 a^ am a "3- 03 t-i 1^ 6 3" - - o *^ -o a *^ ^ ci ■s-a« bflo °-a «*i a ^-3 2.S'? ■2 s Eh ^hEh E-i E-i E- tQ 03 02 oa 03 ro •*»« "E ^^ "-a •2.S S'Ja)- - *^ c^S'C 2^ o-^ .2 °* ».2 a M-r i § O §'„ g oj 03 I « 2 03 a-SJ3„-^-9 "S-^ P 2tt-— B S S a.g « g >^3 g g ° -Q t«i — ITICU _ ^ = 2"S_7- " 2 >-2 ■Sao.-sg-xiiui2S I's .-^ ° H Eh < E- 02 a-S 3"^ 0-3 'Si MS -u CO " c ° M n (D m— J *-' 03 "I • fflOO . o . ' R -" :e-< c 3 18(1, ^ BO ^ ""&• OP4. O. ^ •*a3 : * » .. £s.£.i|-i glls-i^: Ca S > d a g s AS S. ■" * 03 S Ss CD © "f-^ tnvj > > o S -IT "S s " S ja ** c a 0) TB d S S *- o 0.0 « S 2: Stj S o > & o, S oj ri g g . . M^S^ ■ScOCO.gMlZ; OS 03 0) ^,-d- £ o - o- -a ft 03 n} ' u o 03 ** X^ CO « «^ E-Eh « E-iH 02 J^ Eh < H CO ANALYSIS. 1]3 »2 ;-£ - o J3 :'% : ^ ■ t3 : -■ i r OT r OQ ? . ■ . H, ■ CQ- , .S (D ; •—1 S • 3 : w : 0} . ■5 : l-l . o : O '' ^ : .. • s : o : o : &". s ■ > ■ s • 5 • "Sj ; ^ : > : ^ : id m ' " ' to QJ .r'^fiiiiii ill ii|ij=t fcS « &;:§ ^-^ > "" _ N 2 2 "-^ rt^-^-S t; 2'-^ o"" irt"^ ^"5 13 y S 33 .-'S CO es fl o •^ ^ tD ^ o b M ^ J3 •- e-^ ■".2 ijja t* H 03 o -a c'Sb (» ^ u ^ 2 ° « c o p] ;d u -^ h (u .2 -3 a «i o is a ■ c c e rt O-a gj.rH ja & -ja „ "■■■g^ a •f a-B a"^ I " " J aO ^H S S o — ■go*" 2 S « ^M pi3 O o t_ to "^ P. c3 r;: „ rt o 0,2 0,0^ iCx "l.'^qj "a a fe „ 23 &^„-S-2-§.2 .^ *- OHM n, CO W ■« » g at*H -S-S.o a .2 oj £ is^ a-g --5 g^H '^'^gaS^'BsS-B^ -^ ■ |i||SgJ||a||g|^|||||,-a|J|S W)«-*^ra^ a^^™-E a-'-'S^j; jj ^ o o ^^ S « P^rriiO o 1 2 » as M o ■p-ga^ ■* S ^■1 3 02 -2 oj I— I ss-ai xs.H g-g': =5.«>rf,s I i^s :.2 oj gi „ -- s CQ-S H E-< == O tH „ a ■ . "^ rofi Eh .'S ^ ■^ ~ S\ O f" ra »-. C S .>. S S&W I l^-s " °J Sg &| 3 83 a 0^-S||0 ° 1^-3 2 » a >.2-3 o . WEB =a M a ^ xg a = S-& 2 SSg-nguScS^ o> ¥ H H < ,a ■S'a a S X £ H H c-i -, '^ ' ^ U 01 Ej ..a g:J3 g !-■ 03 - . "* CO SiT^ oj 2 -s oj 5 o ■° e a 2 g " °13-^ o s H O o ™ ^ ^ ^ ^- 2 ' CQ I -ri M CO ■'H _ ^ g ,S 2 ,0) Cd C GO S-Sg.2 c s « o ^s. fija s 0)0 ■^ a " BiJ S S a M oS i: P M O 3 isoo rt^^H nj "■ 0) o t. -a "2 £ C . -a 8,0) >i a « *-• q) e ■" O O -i . fi QJ Ih U u OJ -co Sal'? |3£g ^§>gs S « > M "SO® g^ ^ f3 c I K-SggS.ag.&ao.oS ° 9-^' c x-S °"S c^a " !>. . . . .WH WOSS £ 14 , +2 o •^ IS 2§ a o, 3(2 t»i2 ■ •.'S T| VJ ^ .to O &§ o o t, as i9 a fci ^ ©a CO^ OJ ^ .a o'o ° " "o'S g.'S'o'StS ss gas, HH BE-iF- 118 ANALYSIS, (C « i-« ■* « (N' 1-4 Cfl « O i-H to •^ J;- oi CO i-H f'« QO CO I CO I CO g. 00 iH CO to OJ 1-4 i-« CIO ooo 3f;0 til fH 1-1 i-H 1-1 Ph rH 04 * o I I— I CO .^ m .S °„.s^ !i ^ 03 eB . ^3 0-^ -o a a ., :ss °S is 3 ,« 03 ^ Oi *^ X a m :il! U rn m ■— J uu ku o -^-i -^ j3 bo q oi i^ ] 03 O o m isr.-a I loss-ages'; c bj=i 2 S S To p ' tijZ ® fid's s >> 13 S QJ.S !'" ! f„^ I If .13'S'C B „ = O M'g o C m.S'2. 2 -S ° "^ el tJ-S-^ ^' " ^^ O « H ™ ^_, *-• ■C! o:B W -^^ 'O 63 S >.£-B§-S3 has B ^ B^S g.g 3° B"^ bSE ■oo ^!> ei !S>S 'S O - », i, - Sb^SS^ Mo S £ 3.S a-B -B !? n] 13 B " o 2 B-S'S -B > o <~ 5° O S B 15 ^ij j3 "^ i-C OR at) Oi Eh ■2-5 JIb ;; s " C"- „ goo B-S 2'=' .a"?; §rn S^E-1 s « 2 ,1,-3,2 2- o gco^-S B cSfi S B i g O g S B „ , S Mg 3-sS ill ^^ 03 a , 03 C O I ■*-» m . a S'^ gap (lice! E-iEh S M, iO.B J CQ «) H !^ E-i oj BCrl ANALYSIS. 119 0> O) to N « ■-< CO C4 (O CO -^ <-< i-l « tD r- C3 &> OS o M I— i .-H f-H C« N I O M CO to i-t rH .-1 N eSOO =*&«!— 'S^^ fife's c.2-'7S'5 S-_ ■" oj ° P a to c » Sm o S S ^i 2 S 1"=! - S-mS ° -"I So.-Sj=^*- « i= 3 s. 1.1.13^1 s;-5^p- m m ai m H t-^ .£ J _ m a « S S 3 0) ^ g cnjCQB — « *■« Si3 0) ■■«.2.>;-> Ssg J={ ii m m oi'S ■" Tdn3 ■3 O'i 2 03 c sa^r ; ^ a, « S -J3 " g JSlM-^ I " 3 g " 03 -S ^ ° S _ 03 > J-T 03 ft «^ te "-30=^ S rtCO 2 s-^- 1 ^ g -- B ^ £ 3 S,=i s-^ B-3 S'SJ' ; g s ^lil!:ssiilil|^|.£| ; CO J3 tJ b ." s ^ Pe_-2-2.3 SJ ' gjo .ft a-a-S olz; I j^ ZH sc f# J . +-» "J " ." w ^ r^ 2 w !^^.J=i^- —.rtmOjeOte .503 bh 2k:^ 2 =H Hj ^ J J p Pi pipj pj pj pj rt t* bH E-" H ,H E" 120 ANALYSIS. (D CO CO g § .5 CO (M I I t~ « 1 I •-• cQ »fl in O t— t to !« >J , «l S.° - Jli c sis'" •S°^ 2 ^ I So =^'*^ ^ d ^ B " § -■sot's s g 5 £ O m bD a* O 02 CO a o s : B . u :g to CO ii B +^ O D u f B m '^ ? a B " ^^ it O S 1^ CO 0P4 1 ,c£i o 00 o ^ s^ rt< o 5 ^^•^ ? » » >.^T3 S '■ o o , o O • o - :a CD , 01 2 --a S :^ ra :b _, , ® III 2 m O t« B;s ^.i H y B-oJ a ■^ Eajffl a S • „ 5 a a o a o :=3-s|sg.2a Sisal's -WIS §■« e 30 Bja^ o 03 » ^^ u B S^ia^!* OT m S " &» « « s>- O.t! >i..S fc,-tl 6 6 6 6 ^ ^ ^ ^ H t^ H H u ANALYSIS. 121 •-* (N « Ti« so •«^^ m rHrH rH « -ftH rt (N-.a( I - N C5 CO to *-» (O 1^ O ^4 U Q} -^ B to c{ St (DM fl o "S s a> S o » * 2 § »> £^ "^ g ■" a, Q) 60 1-i P Jh hi o h O flJ^ - O — ^ qj Oj ^ O !*^ O o (U ■a § S ■ • — ■' ►S.g : .- £ _•= " :; 2 :.s o e^" fl h lU ^ .. ^ ^H i-tD 2 S ■ * - ^J§ 0) S-C 2 " C i=! a = c8 Hja o o - , S C *H (U •- rt g *J — o '^ '^ "S J= " 3 t- g-"^ >■ s- r- ?? -^ _ OS c .2 « ° !s=3 o B ° ,.. ^ ui Q) ed St -S u o Ill's S-SS n-tt ■So -o " "2 § «r ss §.=1 »-s 13 ^ D.S "£■« -" .jjja^S S-S S 2 o jJ= S-a ds-g . o o u CU X bD o , S ao QJ O G " «^ i'SS CJ .^j CD S o s ■So o 23-a, o "" " • B d * O (U : ^ cd • (4-1 ja . o ■^m B >■ (cja -Ob a " o o DO ^ -w £ gM CD *j a> 00 0) ^ ED §-■"-« S SSI^.^ Sir's S^^ gfi^Ql Sjc-: O 00 l-HI— I 12; & 00 o p 00 14» S is oSqm IS to o ■5 S ^ S +j o .», o -n j3 0^_ 2'a t'S "S » 0] o> u 2 o -• tn *j 0« CO gcQ 10- 122 ANALYSIS.^ U to GO 00 CO CI O M rtrH ■* tOj5 ■to CO 00 00 GO CO o? 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HI OJ UTT3 i« . oj jzi CO a oS-a S Sic ■^ S S -a =3-d to £.t3 5 -j^ O'Sh r; +j 0) a S OJ ^ CJ-^ C3 S b ® Q r« *J S o "^ n Eo 02 03 OJ © (B (U^ o^-^.a'a'S g-a " a gp g.aS-^g^a a g.o'3-3i« © g' oj ^3 a o g "■ " S 'G a ©-a .a 2 §2 ^^'^ o «w © a a,fl, ^- ija ^ a ©•a §!» ©tcajHua! goQCQ o-S ^ giUQt^QP an gOQ &■ H tnf^ Eh en UH 1-HI-H I— I I— II— t & pp D PP gcQCQto a|'3s"' g"-''5cQ02 a ttia •5QQO.S^-§.£P<:o aQp-3 >Joa E-HE-i H H E-iH l-Hl-Hl-H >-H H- i I— It— I ppp p p PP u ANALYSIS. 123 o > .Si * "Em G.S O -^ ja.c "cB £ ja o tn >^ ea g 00 ■o £ £ 3) •a s 03 J3 ■3 - ■° § °2 § i ss S S o 03 S'S U ° §"» s I £'5;= a ' M cd •3^ •t! J& 0.0 ■g-BTS S S 2 BO !r.5 Q £ » 03 'M B B B.S "3 ^13 _>> ^1 oa I 03.5 >. 03 a Tj B^s .S " 3 MS W'B, S 03* a a^^ " -a S.2 S " "■s o e s m ? &^ § ■aMg.S " 03 ^ ^ O .t3 OT 03 O ™ «.S t ^ 2 . 03 1-^ 3= 2 I §5 c3-r3 S ^3 ifl a ^ C3 03 3:3 > Bica 03 a, o " B 03 B a^ •i-o- [3 B) a 03 •" b3 w 2 ^ •S > S m g 03 WSi-1 o S ^.B 03 J. 03 g "3 2 03 is M' 03 -^ ea ;.B o2 o aS ■" am 2 III .0 B 03 AiP. So O 73 03 a o-g P P pp J3 E-i t— I Iz; P ■I g-^-|i2 S3 2 .Si » 03.2^^-5^^ 5Po S ■" 3 UTS a >. a - *" mM-S'B 2 "^ °JJ £■ B M a a g g 'a „- - o -ti o a o £3- a Q.f^ a a3 *r^ 2'aS£0>^n^'a3=' rB 03 ^ 03 ft^ B 2 a trt -a 3£fa.a S.S sg a^S I. B »*' ° f SPS ■a .-3 B a t. . o I" o s2aS-||sa°is Q-gQO§0^0£gmQ>S'3^ H Eh H H H HH Hrl i^H HH I— I Iz; Iz; Iz; Izi . |z; p p p p p lii 03 U H^ ■n o a- S5 ^ "^ T3.a S ^-a-S tn o) bi ^ .?5 O , OD ■*-> CJ BO'S- O B . "nag •sig a; ..OS 1gl OS « B ■S Sp '^ © +J ^■S3 ■- . O >i ■ ®' ■ u g.Sjb :.g : 9 ?:-§§:=: T3 no pie. exte Sta ted § Ititution the peo ued to 1 United ransmit OQ §sUsi a O ^ B" «J= byth ively ot be ; one reign ntsh: i 1 United Sta ! States res States sha secuted ag< jjects of an id Vice Pre £ 0) w o S a (H o>S =5 " 13 ¥ ina a m S s .2-a 2 1 " s|.2.s °!, oj a c >•* oj a ^ * o g ^S-S'&s ^1 S &« 111 l-fe-.g 2 — -^ S -rtl-2 B c8i".S .as g'«-»-§'l £ § s a = a B S"!^ Sm2 e .a ca E-X O .-S"2 a'J § -2 go.S'^O Smo SQ g-g SQ3Q §-30 S< a l-H l-H t-H I-I t-t l-H t.J p P p ti ,P P P o»- : g" §2 : a 8 a --a M B^^ a 2 2 a ■3 e- •. & ho* Q3.a n3 o 2 if a'* 1 ga to 43 O) 03 a3.M-3'3 (1) Sea Cr9.2«3 ■ -ffi-SS 0> B- ? " - S S S g -S 03 +e M .^ 03. 2> ^. QJ tafl* ei> o^-o3,a g J.2 03 ojfia- ^ ^ "-a S H g ^-03 E*^ S-2 S.s„ 03 O.S g.S «.a a 03 2 to ^'^^^*S)2 . 03 OCQ 01 "SM HsHiJ — 1=3 U Eo^ BO i^ .^ 01 ss g ■S-Ss^-3o_g 2 s--fe:s ^ g s 5 s 5 g o ^ S o ^ td 3 ™ o g> M S; nO'>v2 O "^"^ !" Id »- £ Q> ^ ?? ■" '^'Zs § *. ^ . 01 tu a > . V- C'S • : S 0,5 ■ :<» .ss : "^3 -a 0) . :s s s : ■.■3 • & > • "5 j| i ! <4-i rt *^ * • Q ■SB : ' a !^ ! to .1- " :'s :Ph '^ m ■ • cd • CD m ■ I U ^u : • 03 ■^ .,, • . i> -sli ; jD >-• CO • P rt . ^-rf ^ « : • ^ -S • • : 0, l-§: :1 ^^ : . (U r : « . 3 . •H K » . 1^" §■9 : CD cd • • +J y M C o m O g +-> (u to t^ to n, >■ o ^ o ■a jig s 1 is WIS s3 - g £ S'3 pa's la c p< a' gmO = :3 = H m m > e./-s <« S t; .mQ oq ;> o 03 rt s .S Sis H B CU ;z3 Jh "S O ui 2 >> 1 J^ s a "2 a „ o -a S^-S »» 01 ^ 03 g s a s a o Ph oj ^'^ i£|> ja qI^ a = Eh,2s ^ >| 2g6S Ph K O 126 ANALYSIS. ^ I- oo cr> ^ j^ C-l (N >• * ■J v« 02 ■s! ►J < o 1—1 ,H < < »-^ o I?n3 <»- 2 " - si - u t an3 oCg"*-* ^ o « ^ fc £2 -, i «" S£tj **' PC — oa it) a --g g§^ T3 m >»r5 •" •3.g-° g I. i^"? § S!E ■3 § s -S "E-S " 'S » S S 3^ o S-S ° is ''"-S " " -— 63 (D_c2 I" ■^ CD 03 Id (s Pi O (u «*£ as c 3 g 111 O l-H !> ^J — 03 'r; oj na +- '.- 4j cs c',3.2 la's ? S-'*'0 o -Sn"^ Sja 2SS3 o; ni fcj rt (11 _d (11 W t" (U i^ >* 0*j »H, CO j^J-"-^ t-W O ir CO »-rJ^r^ ^-W S3 at m ri *-* w o ■ B« £•* ■ S » « e a o..sg » „-^- S^.SPg^ Mgg.S- S o.^-S o-^aa S '^ „ 0.d +^ ^ W" ; £1 03 (Q fe-S 03 S-5^;g-S C g ^"fe-S 2,6 s • ■Si=!a I* • ^i^rii? ^ s o 1-^ * " _2-°£-s|Ep:s'Ba u >!>!>> £ S S rrt to o« Bo c-<"3 J- B +* gj^ag^^»S&-S.|g fe . Ph > > > w ANALYSIS. 127 O) C4 00 ^ (M ph r-l pH ■ 7; w - S w : ea^ . +i a> '^ S-S 01 Ss *^ ■ago ^a ed o en -. -^ ai C3 cd'K (U OJ g C ED G B.*:.2, O ffl B a C 3 S-J3 o cr = -." a' "^ 2 e B-S-S « S-2 o. I a> 3 'rats ! S 2 P (ago© o > « ^"ii »"^ O !-. - <-■ , ?^ m " O B OS £ » i? ° rS -s S '= »^ KJ 03 o S B^^ .c c ^ o S o- — r S B to t3 ,*-J=! JD "^ttil? C3 M B r,!>,§2 g > e -■ i 2^ H c S'„2 ^ 2 o £.£ COS " 0) "s»_; 0.0! £tc c^s -US - +J O " 03 2 03 --« g2 GO [3 .n 01 £ 01. c : o^-a-S a> ri « ^ fj^ cB £■ fi 01 r§W '^ 2 bS .2 ? Si -fl >.p! 01 1^^103,2 00 » C -03 S " w O "^ ass's c ^ "^ W _ (D « i¥l|l|& -fl _'^ O C3 ^ 03— « O « «3 03 H E- O > ccj ri n feSgg &- f" fe p ? 01 t> b 01 &i 01 ri -a tlDr« C S'3 2 S "» c S C cS-ga^s "-lis"! ^1 ^^ rt _ 2 „ B " S-a 03 —H s -w g g ^S c c §§!»:£ :s " 5i).S » 2 g-B'-' E 3 ■5 *j 03 <3i O* 5°^ §1 • en CO »-'.H 01 o «i.S.2-t5 g 3-5 2 »i 2 JPs s '^ a-.S ft S II 03 m cd .,5 & S-S I-T3 J- o o rt 03 o „-fci3 « — M W"* O 03 13 « - c^ ft -.2 a 2 S &£g,03 J 3 03 g'2 HP} la's c-jS 2-^'^'S 13 § f " S- 'o? g.d lo'^ ■^ £3 -3 S >> =^'r^ „ -Ed 3 ■a o 5^.S ?5 03°' S c S 2 -2 " tH_3 o * Pi • Pi _ „ OS gg.s^g. S S o ."« s S ftl »-£ ^-B maj'^03g3t-< .,03 . . . . pi pj pd Pi pj Pi ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 128 ANALYSIS. O) to jo ift ■© •— ' I I .'3 3 11 00 1 00 1 1 i(^ -IP-I'-I I I _, »« TS S B " ,3 3 CO (O .S I I to to !« •-3 < . ■ c ■ o ■ n H ^ Q> ^ oj^ o a 03 •3 oj-B gjj OJ^-^ S t! » S O g g bn g, ^ E »^ o .«£ « = a S ,H S S.SPtoS = ° 1.2:3 ■^^.2 & s s i.»| i! aj o _r o o ja X cu^.S o w ml .2 « "C S « fl u, *' D. T3 m 03 S d 03 . =f.« - § «S O (D r 43 rt j-i K " o 3 0.2 te ® ^. ^^ n • ai c^ ai to rt ™h O §"03 " yjfflCQ Sen +; . o-^ f^f^jmi^; ^ iz; i2i HH l^dd^ &: & E: S3 ^§ s§ 3 »^ !..-°- S B S} 03 " O O « S . m-rs r3 * S - rt .&-g Bi « _ ai £ pi o *r hbo -a S>-? mo o 01 u-s ° g oPk S — O 03 S 03'«'5 O ^H O _!"!§ 'S n|.2. 03 £^ to oa "^ o !r? 03 » ■ .0 P.'£^ S 03 a'S 03 Bl-S ^ •s*s|| "Si .£ a),V3 to . ^§^^ Benson, ay) ' Nem Jersey Mr. Cadwallader, ay J Clarke, no > no Schureman, no ) Pennsylvania Mr. Irvine, no 1 Meredith, ay > no Bingham, no ) IS 166 Vetaware Mr. N. Mitchell, no >* Maryland Mr. Forrest, no >* Virginia Mr. Grayson, ^^i av Madison, ay J ' N. Carolina Mr. Blount, no) Hawking, no j S. Carolina Mr. Bull, no"] Kean, no I Huger, no ^°° Parker, no -J loj Georgia: Mr. Few, ay) ,. Pierce, no) So the question was lost. A motion was then made by the delegates for Massachusetts, to post, pone the iiuther consideration of the report, in order to take into con- sideration a motion which they read in their place ; this being agreed to, the motion of the delegates for Massachusetts was taken up, and, being amended, was agreed to, as follows : Whereas there is provision in the Articles of Confederation and per- petual Union, for making alterations thereing by the assent of a Congress of the United States, and of the legislatures of the several States ; and whereas experience hath evinced that there are defects in the present Confederation, as a mean to remedy which several of the States, and par- ticularly the State of New York, by express instructions to their delegates in Congress, have suggested a convention for the purposes expressed in the following resolution ; and such convention appearing to be the most probable mean of establishing in these States a firm National Govern- ment : Resolved, That, in the opinion of Congress, it is expedient, that, on the second Monday in May next, a convention of delegates, who shall have been appointed by the several States, be held at Philadelphia, for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation, and reporting to Congress, and the several legislatures, such alterations and provisions therein as shall, when agreed to in Congress, and con- firmed by the States, render the Federal Constitution adequate to the exigencies of Government, and the preservation of the Union. 167 15. Acts of the several States for the appointment of Deputies to meet in Convention, for the purpose of forming a Constitution of Govern- ment, viz I COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA. General Assembly, begun and held at the public buildings in the city of Btchmond, on Monday, the l&th day of October, in the year of our Lord 1786. AN ACT for appointing Deputies from this Commonwealth to a Conven- tion proposed to be held in the city of Philadelphia, in May next, for the purpose of revising the Federal Constitution. Whereas the commissioners who assembled at Annapolis, on the 14th day of September last, for the purpose of devising and reporting the means of enabling Congress to provide effectually for the commercial interests of the United States, have represented the necessity of extending the revision of the Federal system to all its defects, and have recom- mended that deputies for that purpose be appointed by the several legis- latures, to meet in convention, in the city of Philadelphia, on the second day of May next, a provision which was preferable to a discussion of the subject in Congress, where it might be too much interrupted by the ordi- nary business before them, and where it would, besides, be deprived of the valuable counsels of sundry individuals who are disqualified by the Constitution, or laws of particular States, or restrained by peculiar cir- cumstances, from a seat in that assembly : And whereas the General Assembly of this Commonwealth, taking into view the actual situation of the Confederacy, as well as reflecting on the alarming representations made, from time to time, by the United States in Congress, particularly in their act of the 15th day of February last, can no longer doubt that the crisis is arrived at which the good people of America are to decide the solemn question, whether they will, by wise and magnanimous efforts, reap the just fhiits of that independence which they have so gloriously acquired, and of that Union which they have cemented with so much of their common blood, or whether, by giving way to immanly jealousies and prejudices, or to partial and transitory interests, they will renounce the auspicious blessings prepared for them by the Revolution, and fiirnish to its enemies an eventual triumph over those by whose virtue and valor it has been accomplished : And whereas the same noble and extended policy, and the same fraternal and affectionate sentiments which origin- ally determined the citizens of this Commonwealth to unite with their brethren of the other States in establishing a Federal Government, can- not but be felt with equal force now as motives to lay aside every inferior 168 consideration, and to concur in Buch farther concessions and provisions as may be necessary to secure the great objects for which that Govern- ment was instituted, and to render the United States aa happy in peace as they have been glorious in war : Be it therefore enacted by the General Assembly cf the Commonwealth of Virginia, That seven commissioners be appointed by joint ballot of both Houses of Assembly, who, or any three of them, are hereby au- thorized, as deputies from this Commonwealth, to meet such deputies as may be appointed and authorized by other States, to assemble in con- vention at Philadelphia, as above recommended, and to join with them in devising and discussing all such alterations and farther provisions as may be necessary to render the Federal Constitution adequate to the exi- gencies of the Union, and, m reporting such an act for that purpose to the United States in Congress, as, when agreed to by them, and duly con- firmed by the several States, will effectually provide for the same. And be it further enacted. That, in case of the death of any of the said deputies, or of their declining their appointments, the executive are hereby authorized to supply such vacancies ; and the Governor is re- quested to transmit forthwith a copy of this act to the United States in Congress, and to the executives of each of the States in the Union. (Signed) JOHN JONES, Speaker of the Senate, JOSEPH PRENTISS, Speaker of the House of Delegates. A true copy from the enrollment. JOHN BECKLEY, ClerTz H. D. IN THE HOUSE OF DELEGATES. MoifnAT, THE 4th of December, 1786. The House, according to the order of the day, proceeded, by joint ballot with the Senate, to the appointment of seven deputies from this Commonwealth to a convention proposed to be held in the city of Phila- delphia in May next, for the purpose of'revising the Federal Constitu- tion ; and, the members having prepared tickets with the names of the persons to be appointed, and deposited the same in the ballot-boxes, Mr. Corbin, Mr. Matthews, Mr. David Stewart, Mr. George Nicholas, Mr. Richard Lee, Mr. Wills, Mr. Thomas Smith, Mr. Goodall, and Mr. Turberville, were nominated a committee to meet a committee from the Senate, in the conference chamber, and jointly with them to examine tne ballot-boxes and report to the House on whom the majority of the 169 votes should fall. The committee then withdrew, and after some tims returned into the House, and reported that the committee had, according to order, met a committee froni the Senate in the conference chamber, and jointly with them examined the ballot-boxes, and found a majority of votes in favor of George Washington, Patrick Henry, Edmund Ran- dolph, John Blair, James Madison, George Mason, and George Wythe, esqrs. Extract from the journal. JOHN BECKLEY, Cleric House Delegates, Attest : John Beoklet, Clerk H. D. IN THE HOUSE OF SENATORS. MONDAT, THE 4tH OF DECEMBER, 1786. The Senate, according to the order of the day, proceeded, by joint ballot with the House of Delegates, to the appointment of seven depu- ties from this Commonwealth to a convention proposed to be held in the city of Philadelphia in May next, for the purpose of revising the Federal Constitution ; and, the members having prepared tickets with the names of the persons to be appointed, and deposited the same in the ballot- boxes, Mr. Anderson, Mr. Nelson, and Mr. Lee, were nominated a committee to meet, a committee from the House of Delegates, in the conference chamber, and jointly with them to examine the ballot-boxes, and report to the House on whom the majority of votes should fall. The committee then withdrew, and after some time returned into the House, and reported that the committee had, according to order, met a commit- tee from the House of Delegates, in the conference chamber, and jointly with them examined the ballot-boxes, and found a majority of votes in favor of George Washington, Patrick Henry, Edmund Randolph, John Blair, James Madison, George Mason, and George Wythe, esqrs. Ex- tract from the journal. JOHN BECKLEY, Cleric H. D. Attest : H. Beook, Cleric. [L. s.] VIRGINIA, to wit! I do hereoy certify and make known, to all whom it may concern, that John Beckley, esq., is clerk of the House of Delegates for this Commonwealth, and the proper officer for attesting the proceedings of the General Assembly of the said Commonwealth, and that full faith and credit ought to be given to all things attested by the said John Beckley, esq., by virtue of his office aforesaid. 18* 170 Given under my hand, as Governor of the Commonwealth of Vir^ia,. and under the seal thereof, at Richmond, this fourth day of May, 1787. EDM. RANDOLPH. El. s.] VIRGINIA, to wit: I do hereby certify, that Patrick Henry, esq., one of the seven com- missioners appointed by joint ballot of both Houses of Assembly of the Commonwealth of Virginia, authorized as a deputy therefrom, to meet such deputies as might be appointed and authorized by other States, to assemble in Philadelphia, and to join with them in devising and discuss- ing all such alterations and further provisions as might be necessary to render the Federal Constitution adequate to the exigencies of the Union, and in reporting such an act for that purpose to the United States in Con- gress, as, when agreed to by them, and duly confirmed by the several States, might effectually provide for the same, did decline his appoint- ment aforesaid ; and thereupon, in pursuance of an act of the General Assembly of the said Commonwealth, entitled "An act for appointmg deputies from this Commonwealth to a convention proposed to be held in the city of Philadelphia in May next, for the purpose of revising the Federal Constitution," I do hereby, with the advice of the Coimcil of State, supply the said vacancy by nominating James McClurg, esq., a deputy for the purposes aforesaid. Given under my hand, as Governor of the said Commonwealth, and under the seal thereof, this' second day of May, in the year of our Lord 1787. EDM. RANDOLPH. THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY. To the honorable David Erearley, William Churchill Houston, William Paterson, and John Neilson, esqrs., greeting: The Council and Assembly, reposing especial trust and confidence in your integrity, prudence, and ability, have, at a joint meeting, appointed you, the said David Brearley, William Churchill Houston, William Pater- son, and John Neilson, esqrs., or any three of you, commissioners, to meet such commissioners as have been or may be appointed by the other States of the Union, at the city of Philadelphia, in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, on the second Monday in May next, for the purpose of taking into consideration the state of the Union, as to trade and other important objects, and of devising such other provisions as shall appear to be necessary to render the Constitution of the Federal Government adequate to the exigencies thereof. 171 In testimony whereof, -the great seal of the State is hereunto affixed. Witness William Livingston, esq., Governor, captain general and commander-in-chief in and over the State of New Jersey, and terri- tories thereunto belonging, chaneellor and ordinary in the same, at Trenton, the 23d day of November, in the year of our Lord 1786, and of our sovereignty and independence the eleventh. WILLIAM LIVINGSTON. By his excellency's command. BOWES REED, Secretary. THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY. To his excellency William Livingston, and the honorable Abraham [l. s.] Clark, esqrs., greeting : The Comicil and Assembly, reposing especial trust and confidence in your integrity, prudence, and ability, have, at a joint meeting, appointed you, the said William Livingston and Abraham Clark, esqrs., in con- junction with the honorable David Brearley, William Churchill Houston, and William Paterson, esqrs., or any three of you, commissioners, to meet such commissioners as have been appointed by the other States in the Union, at the city of Philadelphia, in the Commonwealth of Pennsyl- vania, on the second Monday of this present month, for the purpose of taking into consideration the state of the Union, as to trade and other important objects, and of devising such other provisions as shall appear to be necessary, to render the Constitution of the Federal Government adequate to the exigencies thereof. In testimony whereof, the great seal of the State is hereunto affixed. Witness William Livingston, esq.. Governor, captain general and commander-in-chief in and over the State of New Jersey, and terri- tories thereunto belonging, chancellor and ordinary in the same, at Burlington, the 8th day of May, in the year of our Lord 1787, and of our sovereignty and independence the eleventh. WILLIAM LIVINGSTON. By his excellency's command. BOWES REED, Secretary. STATE OF NEW JERSEY. To the honorable Jonathan Dayton, esq. The Council and Assembly, reposing especial trust and confidence in your integrity, prudence, and ability, have, at a joint meeting, appointed you, the said Jonathan Dayton, esq., in conjunction with his excellency 172 William Livingston, the honorable David Brearley, William Churchill Houston, William Paterson, and Abraham Clark, esqrs., or any three of you, commissioners, to meet such commissioners as have been appointed by the other States in the Union, at the city of Philadelphia, in the Com- monwealth of Pennsylvania, for the purpose of taki ng into consideration the state of the Union, as to trade and other important objects, and of devising such other provision as shall appear to be necessary to render the Constitution of the Federal Government adequate to the exigencies thereof. In testimony vrhereof, the great seal of the State is hereunto affixed. Witness Robert Lettice Hooper, esq., vice president, captain gene- ral and conmiander-in-chief in and over the State of New Jersey, and territories thereunto belonging, chancellor and ordinary in the same, at Burlington, the fifth day of June, in the year of our Lord 1787, and of our sovereignty and independence the eleventh. ROBERT L. HOOPER. By his honor's command. BOWES REED, Secrrfor., COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA. AN ACT appointing Deputies to the Convention intended to be held in the city of Philadelphia, for the purpose of revising the Federal Con- stitution. Section 1. Whereas the General Assembly of this Commonwealth, taking into their serious consideration the representations heretofore made to the legislatures of the several States in the Union, by the United States in Congress assembled, and also weighing the difiiculties under which the confederated States now labor, are fiilly convinced of the ne- cessity of revising the Federal Constitution, for the purpose of making such alterations and amendments as the exigencies of our public affairs require. And whereas the Legislature of the State of Virginia have al- ready passed an act of that Commonwealth, empowering certain com- missioners to meet at the city of Philadelphia, in May next, a convention of commissioners or deputies from the different States ; and the Legisla- ture of this State are fiilly sensible of the important advantages which may be derived to the United States, and every of them, from co-operat- ing with the Commonwealth of Virginia, and the other States of the Confederation, in the said design. Sec 2. Be it enacted^ and it is hereby eiiacled by the representatives of the freemen of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, in General As- 173 Bembly met, and by the authority of the same, that Thomas Mifflin, Kobert Morris, George Clymer, Jared IngersoU, Thomas Fitzsimons, James Wilson, and Gouvernevir Morris, esqrs., are hereby appointed deputies from this State, to meet in the convention of the deputies of the respective States of North America, to be held at the city of Philadel- phia on the second day of the month of May next ; and the said Thomas Mifflin, Robert Morris, George Clymer, Jared IngersoU, Thomas Fitz- simons, James Wilson, and Gouverneur Morris, esqrs., or any four of them, are hereby constituted and appointed deputies from this State, with powers to meet such deputies as may be appointed and authorized by the other Statesyto assemble in the said convention, at the city aforesaid, and to join with them in devising, dehberating on, and discussing all such alterations, and fiirther provisions, as may be necessary to render the Federal Constitution fiilly adequate to the exigencies of the Union, and in reporting such act or acts, for that purpose, to the United States in Congress assembled, as, when agreed to by them, and duly confirmed by the several States, will eifectually provide for the same. Sec. 3. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That in case any of the said deputies hereby nominated shall happen to die, or to resign his or their said appointment or appointments, the supreme ex- ecutive council shall be, and hereby are, empowered and required to nominate and appoint other person or persons in lieu of him or them so deceased, or who has or have so resigned, which person or persons, from and after such nomination and appointment, shall be, and hereby are de- clared to be, vested with the same powers respectively, as any of the deputies nominated and appointed by this act is vested with by the same : Provided always, That the council are not hereby authorized, nor shall they make any such nomination or appointment, except in vacation, and during the recess of the General Assembly of this State. [L. s.] Signed by order of the House. THOMAS MIFFLIN, Speaker. Enacted into a law at Philadelphia, on Satmday, December the 30th. in the year of our Lord 1786. PETER ZACHARY LLOYD, Clerk of the General Assembly, I, Mathew Irwine, esq., master of the rolls for the State of Pennsyl- vania, do certify the preceding writing to be a true copy (or exemplifica- tion) of a certain act of Assembly lodged in my office. In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal of office, the [i. s.] 15th May, A. D. 1787. MATHEW IRWINE M. R 174 A supplement to the act entitled " An act appointing deputies to tlie con- vention intended to be held in the city of Philadelphia, for the pur- pose of revising the Federal Constitution." Sec. 1st. Whereas by the act to which this act is a supplement, cer- tain persons were appointed as deputies from this State to sit in the said convention : And whereas it is the desire of the General Assembly, that his excellency Benjamin Franklin, esq., president of this State, should also sit in the said convention as a deputy from this state : Therefore, Sec. 2d. Be it enacted, and it is hereby enacted by the representatives of the freemen of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, in General As- sembly met, and by the authority of the same, that his excellency Ben- jamin Franklin, esq., be, and he is hereby appointed and authorized to sit in the said convention as a deputy from this State, in addition to the persons heretofore appointed ; and that he be, and he hereby is invested with like powers and authorities as are invested in the said deputies or any of them. Signed by order of the House. THOMAS MIFFLIN, Speoier. Enacted into a law at Philadelphia, on Wednesday, the 28th day ot March, in the year of our Lord 1787. PETER ZACHARY LLOYD, Clerli of the General Assembly. I, Mathew Irwine, esq., master of the rolls for the State of Pennsyl- vania, do certify the above to be a true copy (or exemplification) of a supplement to a certain act of Assembly, which supplement is lodged in my office. In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal of office, [L. s.] the 15th May, A. D. 1787. MATHEW IRWINE, M. S. THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. To the honorable Alexander Martin, esq., greeting : Whereas our General Assembly, in their late session, holden at Fay- etteville, by adjournment, in the month of January last, did, by joint ballot of the Senate and House of Commons, elect Richard Caswell, Alexander Martin, William Richardson Davie, RichardT)obbs Spaight, and Willie Jones, esqrs., deputies to attend a convention of delegates from the several United States of America, proposed to be held at the city of Philadelphia in May next, for the purpose of revising the Federal Constitution, 175 We do, therefore, by these presents, nominate, commissionate, and appoint you, the said Alexander Martin, one of the deputies for and in our behalf, to meet with our other deputies at Philadelphia, on the first day of May next, and with them, or any two of them, to confer with such deputies as may have been, or shall be appointed by the other States, for the purposes aforesaid: To hold, exercise, and enjoy the ap- pointment aforesaid, with all powers, authorities, and emoluments to the same belonging, or in any wbe appertaining, you conforming, in every instance, to the act of our said Assembly, under which you are ap- pointed. Witness Richard Caswell, esq., our Governor, captain general and commander-in-chief, under his hand and our great seal, at Kingston, the 24th day of February, in the eleventh year of our independence, A. D. 1787. [L. s.] RICH. CASWELL. By his excellency's command. WINSTON CASWELL, P. Secretary. A commission, precisely similar to the above, was given " to the honorable William Richardson Davie, esq.," on the 24th February, 1787. And also another, " to the honorable Richard Dobbs Spaight, esq., on the 14th of April, 1787. STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. His excellency Richard Caswell, esq., Governor, captain general and commander-in-chief, in and over the State aforesaid. To all to whom these presents shall come, greeting : Whereas, by an act of the General Assembly of the said State, passed the sixth day of January last, entitled " An act for appointing deputies from this State to a convention proposed to be held in the city of Phila- delphia, in May next, for the purpose of revising the Federal Constitu- tion," among other things it is enacted, " That five commissioners be appointed by joint ballot of both Houses of Assembly, who, or any three of them, are hereby authorized as deputies from this State, to meet at Philadelphia, on the first day of May next, then and there to meet and confer with such deputies as may be appointed by the other States for similar purposes, and with them to discuss imd decide upon the most effectual means to remove the defects of our Federal Union, and to pro- cure the enlarged purposes which it was intended to effect ; and that 176 they report such an act to the General Assembly of this State, as, when agreed to by them, will effectually provide for the same." And it is by the said act further enacted, " That in case of the death or resignation of any of the deputies, or of their declining their appointments, his ex- cellency the Governor, for the time iieing, is hereby authorized to supply such vacancies." And whereas, in consequence of the said act, Richard Caswell, Alexander Martin, William Richardson Davie, Richard Dobbs Spaight, and Willie Jones, esqrs., were, by joint ballot of the two Bouses of Assembly, elected deputies for the purposes aforesaid : And whereas the said Richard Caswell has resigned his said appointment as one of the deputies aforesaid : iVbto, know ye, that I have appointed, and by these presents do appoint, the honorable William Blount, esq., one of the deputies to represent this State in the convention aforesaid, in the room and stead of the aforesaid Richard Caswell, hereby giving and granting to the said William Blount, the same powers, privileges, and emoluments, which the said Richard Caswell would have been vested with, or entitled to, had he continued in the appointment aforesaid. Given under my hand, and the great seal of the State, at Kingston, the 23d day of April, A. D. 1787, and in the eleventh year of [li. s.] American independence. RIGH. CASWELL. By his excellency's command. WINSTON CASWELL, P. Secretary. STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. His excellency, Richard Caswell, esq., Governor, captain-general, and commander-in-chief, in and over the State aforesaid. To all to whom these presents shall come, greeting ! Whereas, by an act of the General Assembly of the said State, passed the sixth day of January last, entitled ' ' An act for appointing deputies &om this State to a convention proposed to be held in the city of Phila- delphia, in May next, for the purpose of revising the Federal Constitu- tion," among other things it is enacted, " That five commissioners be appointed by joint ballot of both Houses of Assembly, who, or any three of them, are hereby authorized, as deputies from this State, to meet at Philadelphia on the first day of May next, then and there to meet and confer with such deputies as may be appointed by the other States for similar purposes, and with them to discuss and decide upon the most effectual means to remove the defects of our Federal Union, and to pro- cure the enlarged purposes which it was intended to effect, and that they 177 report such an act to the General Assembly: of this Slate, as, when agreed to by them, will effectually provide for the same." And it is by the said act further enacted, " That in case of the. death or resignation lafany of the deputies, or. their declining-'their appointments, his excel- lency the Governor, for the time being, is hereby authorized to supply such vacancies." And whereas, in consequeiSce of the said act, Richard Caswell, Alexander Martin, William Richardson Davie, Richard Dobbs Spaight, and Willie Jori&s, esqrs., were, by joint ballot of the two Houses of Assembly, elected deputies for the purposes aforesaid. And whereas the said Willie Jones hath declined his appointment as one of the depu- ties aforesaid : . j - . Now, know ye, that I have appointe^d, and by these presents do appoint, the honorable Hugh Williamson, esq., one of the deputies to represent thiaState in the convention aforesaid, in the room and stead of the afore- said Willie Jones, hereby giving and grantiiig to the said Hugh Wil- liamson the same powersV privileges, and emoluments, which the said Willie Jones would have been vested with, and entitled to, had he acted under the appointment aforesaid. Given under my hand, and the great seal of the State, at Kingston, the third day of April, A. D. 1787, and in the eleventh year of [l. S.J American Independence. - s RICH. .CASWELL. By his excellency's command. DALLAM CASWELL, Fro Secretary. DELAWARE. His excellency Thomas Collins, -esq.,. President, captain-general and commander-in-chief of the Delaware State, to all to whom these presents shall come, greeting : Know ye, that among the [I,, s.] ■ laws of the said State, passed by the-General Assembly of the same, on the 3d^ay of Februyy, in the year of our Lord 1787 ,■ it- is thus enrolled : - ^ In the eleventh year of the independeiice of the Delaware State :' An AC,T appointing deputies from this State to the' convention proposed to be held in the city of Philadelphia, for the purpose of revising the Federal Constitution. Whereas the General Assembly of this State are fully convinced of the necessity of revising (he Federal Constitution', and adding thereto Biich further provisions as may render -the Sl^me more adequate to tho 19 178 exigencies of the Union : And wliereas the Legislature of Virginia have already passed an act of that Commonwealth, appointing and authorizing certain commissioners to meet, at the city of Philadelphia, in May next, a convention of commissioners or deputies from the. different States; and, this State being willing and desirous of co-operating with the Com- monwealth of Virginia and the other States in the Confederation in so useful a design : Be it therefore enacted by the General Assembly of Delaware, That George Read, Gunning Bedford, John Dickinson, Richard Bassett,. and Jacob Broom, eSqrs., are hereby appointed deputies from this State to meet in the convention of the deputies of other States, to be held at the city of Philadelphia, on the 2d day of May next : And the said George Read, Gunning Bedford, John Dickinson, Richard Bassett, and Jacob Broom, esqrs., or any three, of them, are hereby- constituted and ap- pointed depnties from this State, with' powers to meet such deputies as may be appointed and authorized by the other States to assemble iii the said convention at the city aforesaid, and to join with them in devising, deliberating on, and discussing, siich' alterations and further provisions as may be necessary to render the Federal Constitution ' adequate to the exigen.cies of the Union, and in reporting such act or acts for that pur- pose to the United States in Congress assembled, as, when agreed to by them, and duly coniinned by the several States, may effectually provide for the saihe. So, always, and provided, that such alterations or fiir- ther provisions, or any of them, do not ektend to that part of ihe fifth article of,the Confederation of the said States, finally ratified on the. first day of March, in the year 1781, which declares that, " In determining questions in the United States in Congress assembled, each State shall have one vote." And be it enacted, That, in case any of the said deputies hereby-nomi- nated shall happen to die, or to resign his or their appointment, the Pre- sident or commander-in-chief, with the advice of the privy council, in the recess of the General Assambly, is hereby authorized to^ supply such vacancies. ^ Signed by order of the House of Assembly. JOHN COOK, Speaier. Passed at Dover, February 3, 1787. Signed by order of the Council. GEO. CRA6HED, Speaker. All and singular which premises, by the tenor of these presents, I have caused to be exemplified. In testimony whereof, I have hereunto 179 subscribed my name, and caused the great seal of the said State to be affixed to these presents, at New Castle, the second day of April, in the year of our Lord 1787, and in the eleventh year of the independence of the United States of America. THOMAS COLLINS. Attest ; James Booth, Secretary. GEORGIA. By the honorable George Mathews, esqr, captain-general. Governor, > and commander- m-chief, in and over the State. aforesaid. To all to whom these presents Shall come, greeting: Know ye, that John Milton, esq., who hath certified the annexed copy, of an ordinance, entitled "An ordinance for the appointment of deputies from this State, for the purpose of revising the Federal Constitution," is secretary of the said State, in whose office Ihe archives of the same are deposited; therefore, all due faith, credit, and authority, are, aiid ought to be, had and given the same. In testimony whereof, I have hereunto sel my hand, and caused tlie great seal of the State to be put and affixed, at Augusta, this [l. s.] 24th day of April, in the year of our Lord 1787, and. of our sovereignty and independence the eleventh. GEO. MATHEWS. By his honor's command. . J. MILTON. An ordinance for the appointment of deputies from this State, for the purpose of revising the Federal' Constitution. Be it ordained, by the representatives of the freemen of the State of Georgia, in General Assembly met, and by the authority of the same, that William Few, Abraham Baldwin, William Pierce, George Walton, William Houston, and Nathaniel Pendleton, esqrs., be, and they are hereby, appointed commissioners, who, or any two or more of them, are hereby authorized,'^ as deputies from this State, to meet such depuUes as may be appointed and authorized by other States, to assemble in con- vention at Philadelphia, and to joinwitlithera in devising and discussing all suoh^ialterations and farther provisions as may be. necessary to render the Federal Constitution adequate to the exigencies of the Union, and in reporting such an act for that purpose to the United States in Congress . 180 aesembled, as, when agreed to by them, and duly confirmed by the several States, will effectually provide fbr4he same. In case. of the death of any of the said deputies, or of their declining their appomt- ments, the executive are hereby authorized to supply such vacancies. By order of the House. (Signed) WM. GIBBONS, Speaker. Augusta, the 10th February, 1787. Geoboia, Secretary's; Office. The above is a true copy from the original ordinance deposited in my office. J. MILTON, Secretary. Augusta, a4th April, 1787. - The State of Georgia, bythe grace of God, free, sovereign, and inde- pendent. To the honorable William Few, esq. Whereas you, the said William Few, are, in and by an ordinance of the General Assembly of our said State, nominated and appointed a deputy to represent- the same' in a convention of the United States, to be assembled at Philadelphia, for the purposes of devising and discussing all such alterations and farther provisions as may be necessary to render the Federal Constitution adequate to the exigencies of the Union : You are ' therefore hereby commissioned to proceed on the duties re- quired of you in virtue of the said ordinance. Witness our trusty and well-bejoved George^ Mathews, esq., our .captain-general. Governor, and commander-in-chief, under his [L. s.] hand, and our great seal, at Augusta, this 17th day of April, in the year of our Lord 1787, and of our sovereignty and inde- pendence the eleventh. GEO. MATHEWS. By his honor's command. J. MILTO*r, Secretary. Commissions precisely similar to the above vrere given, on the said 17th April, 1787, to— The honoiable William Pierce, esq. The honorable William Houston, esq. 181 STATE OF NEW YORK. By his excellency George Clinton, esq., Gorernor of the State of New [L. s.] ^°^^i general and commander-in-chief of all the militia, and admiral of the navy of the same : ^- ■ To all to whom these presents shall come. It is by these presents certified, that John M'Kessori, who has sub- scribed the annexed copies of resolutions, is clerk of the Assembly of (his State. In testimony Vfhereof, I have caused the privy seal of,the said Estate to be hereunto ai&xed, this ninth day of May, in the eleventh year of the independence of the said State. GEO. CLINTON. State of New York, in Assembly, Februabt 28, 1787. A copy of a resolution of the honorable the Senate, ij^livered by Mr. Williams, was read, and is in "the words following, viz. : Resolved, If the honorable the Assembly concur therein, that three delegates be appointed, on the part of this State, to meet such delegates as may be appointed on the part of the other States, respectively, on the second Monday in May iiext, at Philadelphia, for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation, and reporting to Con- gress, and to the several legislatures, such alterations and provisions therein as shall, when agreed to in Congress, and confirmed by the several States, render the Federal Constitution adequate to the exigen- cies of Government, and the preservation of the Union; and that,. in case of such concurrence, the two Houses of the legislature will, on Tuesday next, proceed to nominate and appoint the said delegates, in like manner as is directed by the Constitution of this State for nomi- nating and appointing delegates to Congress. Resolved, That this House do concur with the hjJnorable the Senate m the said resolution. In Assembly, Makch 6, 1787. Resolved, That the hohorable Robert Yates, esq., and Alexander Hamilton and John Lansing, jun., esqrs., be, and they are hereby nomi- nated by this House, delegates on the part of this State, to meet such delegates as may be appointed on the part of the other States, respec- - tively, on the second Monday in May next, at Philadelphia, pursuant to concurrent resolutions of both Houses of the legislature on the 38th ultimo. Resolved, That this House will meet the honorable the Senate imme- 19* 182 diately, ^t such place as ihey shall appoint, to compare the lists of: per- sons nominated by the Senate and Assembly, respectively, as delegates on the part of this State, to meet such delegates as may be appointed on the part of the other States, respectively, on the second Monday in May nesl, at Philadelphia, pursuant to concurrent resolutions of both Hou.se6 of the legislature on the 28th ultimo. , Ordered, That Mr. N.Smith deliver a copy of the last preceding resolution to the honorable the Senate. A copy of a resolution of the honorable the Senate, was delivered by Mr. Vanderbelt, that the Senate will immediately meet this House in the Assembly. chamber, tq compare the.- lists of, persons nominated by the Senate and Assembly, respectively, as delegates, pursuant to the resolution before mentioned. The, honorable the Senate accordingly attended in the Assembly chamber, to compare the lists of persons nominated for delegates, as above mention A. The list of persons nominated by the honorable the Senate, were the honorable Robert Yates, esq., and John Lansing, juh., and Alexander Hamilton, esqrs., and on comparing the lists of .the persons nominated by the Senate and Assembly, respectively, it appeared that the same persons were nominated in both lists ; thereupon. Resolved, That the honorable Robert Yates, John Lansing, jun., and Alexander Hamilton, esqrs., be, and they are hereby declared duly nominated and appointed delegates, on the part of this State, to meet such delegates as may be appointed pji the part of the other States, respectively, on the. second Monday in May next,, at Philadelphia, for the sole and express purpose of revising the AMicles of Confederation; and reporting to Congress, and to the several . legislatures, such altera- tions and" provisions therein as shall, when agreed to in Congress,' and confirmed by the several States, render the Federal Constitution adequate to the exigencies of Government, and the preservation of the Union. True extracts from the journals of the Assembly. - JOHN M'KES^ON, CTerft. STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. By his excellency Thomas Pinckney, esq.. Governor, and commander- in-chief, in and over the State aforesaid. To the honorable John Rutledge, esq., greeting: By virtue of the power and authority in me vested by the legislature of this State, in their act passed the eighth day,, of March last, I do 183 hereby commission you, the said John Rutledge, as one of the deputies appointed from this State, to meet such deputies or commissioners as may be appointed and authorized by other of the United States, to as- semble in convention at the city of Philadelphia, in the month of May next, or-as soon thereafter as may be, and to join with such deputies or, commissioners (they being duly authorized and empowered) in devising and discussing all such alterations'; clauses, articles, and provisions, as may be thought necessary to render the Federal Constitution entirely adequate to the actual situation and future good government of the con- federated States ; and that you, together with the said deputies or com- missioners, or a majority of them who shall be present, (provided the State be not represented by less than two,)' do join in reporting such an act-to the United. States in Congress assembled, as, whert approved and agreed to by them, and duly ratifiisd and confirmed by the several States, will effectually provfde for the exigencies of the Union. Given under my hand, and the great seal of the State, in the city of Charleston, this 10th day of April, in the year of our Lord 1787, [l. s.] and of the sovereignty and independence of the United States of America the eleventh. THOMAS PINCKNEY. By his excellency'^ command. PETER FRENEAU, SecretaTy. Commissions precisely similar to the above were given, on the said 10th April, 1787, to— The honorable Charles Pinckney,,esq. The honorable Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, esq. The hoiiorable Pierce Butler, esq. COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS. By his excellency James Bowdoin, esq., Governor of the Common- • wealth of Massachusetts. To the honorable Francis Dana, Elbridge' Gerry, Nathaniel Gorham, R'ufus King, and Caleb Strong, esqrs., greeting j Whereas Congress did, on the 21st day of February, A. D. 1787, resolve, " That, in the opinion of Congress, it is expedient that, on'the second Monday in May next, a convention of delegates, who shall have been appointed by the seyeral States;' to be held at Philadelphia, for the sole arid express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation, and 184 reporting to Congress, and the several legislatures, such alterations .and provisions therein as shall, when agreed- to in Congress, and confirmed by the States, render the Federal Constitution adequate. to the exigencies of Government and the preservation of th? Union." And whereas the general court have constituted and appointed you their delegates, to at- tend and represent this Commonwealth in the said proposed convention, aind have, by a resolution of theirs, of the tenth of March last, requested me to commission you for that purpose. , Now, therefore, know ye^that in pursuance of theLresolutions. afore- said, I do, by these presents, -commission you, the said Francis Dana, Elbridge Gerry, Nathaniel Gorham, Rufiis King, and Caleb Strong, esqrs., or aHy three of you, to meet such delegates as may be appointed by the other, or any of the other States in the Union, to meet in con. vention at Philadelphia,* at the tune, and for the purposes aforesaid.. In testimony whereof, I have caused the public seal of the Common- wealth aforesaid to be hereunto affixed. Given at the council [l. s.] chamber, in Boston, the ninth day of April; A. D. 1787, and in the eleventh year of the independence of the United States of America. ' •' " JAMES BO WDOIN. By his excellency's command. JOHN AVERY, Jnir., Secretory. STATE OF CONNECTICUT. - At a General Assembly of the State of Connecticut ^ in ATn^riea, Tiolden [l. s.] at Hartford, o7i tJie second Thursday' of May, A. D. 1787. AN ACT for apppinting delegates to meet in a convention of^he States, to be held at the city of Philadelphia, on the second Monday of May instant. 'Whereas the Congress of the United. States, by their, act of the 21st of February, 1787, have recommended that, on the. second Monday of May instant, a convention of -delegates, who shall have been appointed by the several States, be held at Pliiladelphia, for-the sole and express purpose of revising the, Articlesof Confederation, ' Be it enacted by the Governor, council, and representatives, in gene- ral court assembled, and by the authority of the same. That thfe honor- able William Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman, and Oliver Ellsworth, esqrs., be, and they hereby are, appointed delegates to attend the sdd conventional and are requested to proceed to the city of Philadelphia for that purpose, without delay; and the said delegates, and, in case of sick- ness or accident, such one or more of them as shall actually attend the 185 said convention, ia, and are hereby authorized and empowered to repre« sent this State therein, and to confer with such delegates appointed by the several States, for the purposes mentioned in the said act of Con- gress, that may be present and duly empowered to apt in said conven- tion, and to discuss iipon such' alterations and provisions, agreeable to the general principles of republican government, as they shall think pro- per to reiider the Federal Constitution adequate to the :exigencies of Government and the preservation of the Union ; and they are further directed, pursuant to the said act of Congress, to report such alterations and provisions as may be agreed to by a majority of the United States represented in convention, to the Congress of the United States, and to the General Assembly- of this State. A true copy of record, examined by GEORGE WYLLYS, Sec'r;/. STATE OF MARYLAND. AN ACT for the appointment of, and conferring powers in, deputies from this State to the Federal Convention. .Be it enacted hy the General Assembly of Maryland, That the honor- able James M'Henry, Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, Daniel Carroll, John Francis Mercer, and Luther Martin, esqrs., be appointed and authorized, on behalf of this State, to meet such deputies as may be appointed and authorized by any other of the United States, to assemble in convention at Philadelphia, for the purpose of revising the Federal system, and to join with theni in considering such alterations and.further provisions as may be necessary to render, the Federal Constitution adequate to the exigencies of the Union ; and in reporting such an act for that purpose to the United States in Congress assembled, as, when agreed to by them- and duly confirmed by the several States; will effectually provide for the same ; and the said deputies, or such of them as shaJl attend the said convention, shall have fall power to represent this State for the purposes aforesaid ; and the said deputies are hereby directed to report the pro ceedings of the said convention, and any act agreed to .therein, to tha next session of the General Apseinbly of this State. By the House of Delegates, May 26, 1787, read and assented to. By order: WM. HARW.OOD, CZerS. True copy from the original. WM. HARWOOD, Clerlt H. D. By the Senate, May 26, 1787, read and assented to. By order: J. DORSEY, Cier*. True copy from the original. - J. DORSEY, CZeri Scmate. - ' W. SMALLWOOD. ■ P 186 STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. In the year of our Lord 1787. AN ACT for appointing deputies from this State to the convention, pro- posed to be holden in the city of Philadelphia, in May, 1787, for the purpose of revising the Federal. Constitution. Whereas, in the formation of the Federal compact, vrhich frames the bond of union of the American States, it was not possible in the infant state of our republic to devise a system which, in the course of time and experience, would not manifest imperfections that it would be necessary to reform. ' .~~ And whereas the limited powers, which by the_ Articles of Confedera- tion are vested in the Congress of the United States, have been found far inadequate to the enlarged purposes which they were-intended to produce. And whereas Congress hath, by repeated and. most urgent representations, endeavored to awiiken this and other States of the Union to a sense of the truly critical and alarming sjtuation^in which they may inevitably be involved, unless timely measures be taken to enlarge the powers of Congress, that they may be thereby.enabled to avert the danger which threaten our existence as a free and independent people.^ And whereas this State hath been ever desirous to act upon the liberal system of the general good of tlie United States, without circumscribing its views to the narrow and selfish objectsof partial convenience, and has been at all times ready to make every concession to the safety and happiness of the whole, which justice and sound policy could vindicate. Se it therefore enacted, by the Senate and House of Representatives in general court convened, that John Langdon, John Pickering, Nicholas Gilman, and Benjamin West, esqrs., be, and hereby are appointed com- missioners ; they, or any two of them, are hereby authorized and em-, powered, as deputies iirom this State, to meet at Philadelphia said convention, or. any other place to which the convention may be ad- journed, for the purposes aforesaid, there to confer with such deputies as are, or may be, appointed by the other States for similar purposes, and with them, to discuss and decide upon the most effectual means to remedy the defects of our Federal Union, and to procure and secure the enlarged purposes which it was intended to effect, and to report such an act to the United States in Congress, as, when agreed to by them, and duly con- firmedrby the several States, will ef&ctually provide for the same. 187 STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. In the House of Repkesehtatives, June 27, 1787. The foregoing Bill having been read a third time — voted, that It pasa to be enacted. Sent up for concurrence. JOHN SPARHAWK, Speaker. In Senate, the same day : The bill haviiig been read a third time, voted, that the same be enacted. JOHN SULLIVAN, President. Copy examined, per JOSEPH PEARSON, Secretary, [l. p.] • / 16. In pursuance of the 'foregoing powers, the Delegates met in Convention at Philadelphia on the 14th day, being the second Mon- day in May, A. D. 1787, and. on the 17th of September, 1787, agreed to the Constitution as contained in the preceding part of this compilation, [from page 1 to 23,] which they transmitted to the United States in Congress assembled, together with the fol- lowing resolutions and letter : , In Convention, Monday, September 17, 1787. Present: The States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Mr. Hamilton firom New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Resolved, That the preceding Constitution be laid before the United States in Congress assembled, and that at is the opinion of this conven- , tion that it should afterwards be submitted to a convention of delegates, chosen in each State by the people thereof, under the recommendation of its legislature, for their assent and ratification ; and that each conven- tioni assenting to and ratiiying the same, should giv^ notice thereof, to the United Stated in Congress assembled. Sesolved, That it is the opinion of this convention, that as soon as the conventions of nine States shall have ratified this Constitution, the United States in Congress assembled should fix a day on which electors should be appointed by the St&tes which shall have ratified the same, and a day on which the electors 'should assemble to vote for the President, and the time and place for commencing proceedings under this Constitution. That after such publication the electors should be appointed, and the Senators and Representatives elected; that the -electors should meet on the day fixed for the election of'the President, and should transmit their votes certified, signed, sealedj and directed, as the Constitution requires! 188 to the Secretary of the Umted States in Congress assembled; that the Senators and Representatives should convene at the time and place aa- eigied; that the Senators should appoint a. president, of the Senate, for the sole purpose of receiving, opening, and: counting the votes for Presi- dent;, and that, after he shall be chosen, the Congress, together with the President, should vfithout delay, proceed to execute this Constitution. By the unanimous order of the "convention. GEORGE WASHINGTON, Presidenl. William Jacesoh, Secretary. In Cohvention, Se7T£mber 17, 1787. Snt : We have now the honor to submit to the- consideration of the United States in Congress assembleU, that Constitutiqn which has ap- peared to us.the most advisable. The friends of our country have long seen and desired that the power of making war, peace, and treaties, that of levying money and regulating commerce, and the correspondent executive and judicial authorities, ahould be fiiUy and effectually vested in the General Government of the -Union ; but the impropriety of delegating. such extensive trust to one bo.dy of men is evident : hence results the necessity of .a different organization. It is obviously impracticable, in the Federal Government of these States, to secure all rights of independent sovereignty to each, and yet provide ibr the interest and safety of all. Individuals entering into so- ciety must give up a share of liberty to preserve the rest. The magni- tude of the sacrifice tnust depend as well on situation and circumstance as on the object to be obtained. It is at all times difhcult to draw with precision the line betweefl those rights which must be surrendered and those which may be reserved ; and on the present (jccasion this difficulty was increased by a difference among the several States as to their situa- tion, extent, habits, and particnlar, interests. In all our deliberations on this subject, we kept steadily in our view that which appears to us the greatest interest of every true American — the consolidation of "our Union — in which is involved our prosperity, felicity, safety, perhaps ournational existence. This important conside- ration, seriously and deeply iihpressed on onr minds, led each State in the convention to be less rigid on points of inferior magnitude" than might have been otherwise expected ; and thus the Constitution which we now present is the result of a spirit of timity, and of that mutual defer- ence and concessionwhich the peculiarity of our political situation ren- dered indispensable. ' 189 That it will meet the full and entire approbation of every State, ig not, perhaps, to be expected ; but each will doubtless consider that, had her interest been alone consulted, the consequences might have been particularly disagreeable or iryurious to others ; that it is liable to as few exceptions as could reasonably have been expected, we hope and be- lieve ; that it may promote the lasting welfare of that country so dear to us all, and secure her Ireedom and happiness, is our most ardent wish. With great respect, we have the honor to be, sir, your excellency's most obedient humble servants. By unanimous order of the convention. GEORGE WASHINGTON, President. His excellency the President of Cohskess. 17. Whereupon Congress passed the following resolution: UNITED STATES IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED. Friday, September 28, 1787. Present : New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, and from Maryland Mr. Ross. Congress having received the report of the convention lately assem- bled in Philadelphia! — Resolved, unanimously. That the said report, with the resolutions and letter accompanying the same, be transmitted to the several legislatures, in order to be submitted to a convention of delegates chosen in each State by the people thereof, in conformity to the resolves of the conven- tion made and provided in that case. 18. The States having accordingly passed acts for severally calling conventions, and the Constitution having been submitted to them, was ratified by the conventions of the several States, at the dates respectively as stated on page 24 of this compilation. THE UNITED STATES IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED. Saturday, September 13, 1788. Congress assembled. Present: New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Con necticut. New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Caro- lina, South Carolina, and Georgia; and from Rhode Island Mr. Arnold, and from Delaware Mr. Kearny. 20 190 On the question to agree to the proposition which was yesterday post. poned by the State of Delaware, the yeas and nays being required by Mr. Gilman — New Hampshire Mr. Gibnan, ay) Wingate, ayj " Massachusetts Mr. Dana, ay) „„ Thatcher, ay J *? Connecticut Mr. Huntington, ay) Wadsworth, ay J " Nem York Mr. Hamilton, ay) Gansevoort, ay J *^ Neu> Jersey Mr. Clarke, ay) Dayton, ay J*'' Pennsylvania .V Mr. Irwine, ay~) Meredith, ay [ Armstrong, ay p^ Read, ayJ Virginia Mr. Griffin, ay~] Madison, *y L ■ Carrington, ay p'' tee, ay J SaatTi Carolina Mr. Parker, ay) Tucker, ay} *' Georgia Mr. Few, ay) Baldwin, ay)*' So it was resolved in the affirmative, as follows : Whereas the convention assembled in Philadelphia, pursuant to the resolution of Congress of the 21st of February, 1787,, did, on the 17th of September in the same year, report to the United States in Congress assembled a Constitution for the people of the United States ; where- upon Congress, on the 28th of the same September, did resolve, unani- mously, ' ' That the said report, with the resolutions and letter accom- panying the same, be transmitted to the several legislatures, in order to be submitted to a convention of delegates, chosen in each State by the people thereof, in conformity to the resolves of the convention made and provided in that case :" And whereas the Constitution so reported by the convention, and by Congress transmitted to the several legisla- tures, has been ratified in the manner therein declared to be sufficient for the establishment of the same, and such ratifications, duly authenti- cated, have been received by Congress, and are filed in the office of the Secretary; therefore — Resolved, That the first Wednesday in January next be the day for appointing electors in the several States, which, before the said day, shall have ratified the said Constitution ; that the first Wednesday in 191 February next "be the day for the electors to assemble in their respective States, and vote for a President ; and that the first Wednesday in March next be the time, and the present seat of Congress (New York) the place, for commencing the proceedings under the said Constitution. 19. The elections were held in the several states for Electors, in conformity with the above resolution, and the Electors so appointed met as therein required, and voted for President and Vice Presi- dent, (the result of whose votes will be seen in the first table of electoral votes contained in this volume,) and the several states having, in conformity with the Constitution, elected the Senators and Representatives to which they were respectively entitled, pro- ceedings commenced under the Constitution on the first Wednes- day, being the 4th day of March, 1789, by the meeting of the Sena- tors and Representatives in Congress on that day, from the eleven states which had then ratified the Constitution ; but a quorum not appearing in either House, the House of Representatives adjourned from day to day until Wednesday, the 1st of April, when a quo- rum, consisting of a majority of the whole number, appearing, they elected a speaker and clerk and proceeded to business; the Senate in like manner adjourned from day to day, until Monday, the 6th of April, when a quorum, consisting of a majority of the whole number of Senators, appearing, " the Senate proceeded, by ballot, to the choice of a President, for the sole purpose of opening and counting the votes for President of the United States." The Elec- toral votes were accordingly opened and counted on the 6th of April, 1789, in the presence of the Senate and House of Represen- tatives, and it a])peared that George Washington was unanimously elected President, and that John Adams was duly elected Vice President of the United States, agreeably to the Constitution. The Senate then elected a President pro tempore, the Vice President not being present, and also a secretary, and proceeded to business ; and having taken the proper measures to. notify the individuals elected, John Adams, Vice President, appeared and assumed the chair as President of the Senate on Tuesday the 31st of April. George Washington was introduced into the Senate Chamber, by the committee appointed for the purpose, on Thursday, April 30, 192 1789, and was attended to the gallery in front of the Senate Cham- ber by the Vice President and Senators, the Speaker and Repre- sentatives and other public characters present. The oath required by the Constitution was then administered to him by the Cljancel- lor of the State of New York, who proclaimed, "Long live George Washington, President of the United States," after which the Pre- sident returned to the Senate Chamber and delivered his inaugural address to the Senate and House of Representatives. Thus commenced the proceedings of the Constitutional Govern- ment of the United States of America. The Executive and Legis- lative branches so installed, possessed from that time, under, the Constitution, the power to make laws and appoint all the officers necessary to constitute the Judiciary Branch, as well as all the Ex ecutive Departments and subordinate-offices, both civil and military ; all of which was effected in a convenient and proper time, and the whole system, then for the first time put in motion, has continued to operate, improve, and mature, until it has acquired a capacity, stability, and power adequate to its own security and preservation, and to the protection of the rights, the honor, and interest of its citizens over the entire surface of the globe, as well as to the pre- servation of the lives, the liberty, and happiness of its people at home ; illustrating all the attributes of a good government, and proving incontestably the value and excellence of our own Consti- tution. 193 CHAPTER 3, PROCEEDINGS IN THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED COLONIES RE- SPECTING " A DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, BY THE RB-^ PRFISENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED." IN THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED COLONIES. Saturday, Jdhe 8, 1776. Seeolved, That tlie resolutions respecting independency be referred to a committee of the whole Congress. The Congress then resolved itself into a committee of the whole; and, after some time, the President resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison re- ported, that the committee have taken into consideration the matter to them referred, but not having come to any resolution thereon, directed him to move for leave to sit again on Monday. Resolved, That this Congress will, on Monday next, at 10 o'clock, re- solve itself into a committee of the whole, to take into their farther con- sideration the resolutions referred to them. Monday, June 10, 1776. Agreeable to order, the Congress resolved itself into a committee of the whole, to take into their further consideration the resolutions to them referred ; and, after some time spent thereon, the President resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported, that the committee have had under consideration the matters referred to them, and have come to a resolu- tion thereon, which they directed him to report. The resolution agreed to in committee of the whole being read, Resolved, That the consideration of the first resolution be postponed to Monday, the first day of July next ; and in the meanwhile, that no time be lost, in case the Congress agree thereto, that a committee be appointed to prepare a declaration to the effect of the said first resolution, which is in these words: " That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown: and that all political connexion be- tween them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved." 20* 194 Tuesday, Juke 11, 1776. Sesolved, That the committee, for preparing the Declaration, consist of five: — The members chosen, Mr. Jefferson, Mr. John Adams, Mr. Franklin, Mr. Sherman, and Mr. R. R. Livingston. Tuesday, June 25, 1776. A declaration of the deputies of Pennsylvania, met in Provincial Con- ference, was laid before Congress, and read, expressing their willingness to concur in a vote of Congress, declaring the United Colonies &ee and independent Sl^ates. Fkidat; Juhe 28, 1776. " Frsmcis Hopkinson, one of the delegates from New Jersey, attended, and produced the credentials of their appointment," containing the fol- lowing instructions : — :" If you shall judge it necessary or expedient for - this purpose, we empower you to join in declaring the United Colonies independent of Great Britain, entering into a confederation for union and common defence," &c. MoMDAT, July 1, 1776. ' A resolution of the convention of Maryland, passed the 28th of June, was laid before Congress and read," containing the following instruc- tions to their deputies in Congress : — " That the deputies of said colony, or any three or more of them, be authorized and empowered to concur with the other United Colonies, or a majority of them, in declaring the United Colonies free and independent States ; in forming such further compact and confederation between them," &c. The order of the day being read, Resolved, That this Congress wiU resolve itself into a committee of the whole, to take into consideration the resolution respecting independency. That the declaration be referred to said committee. The Congress resolved itself into a committee of the whole.' After some time the President resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported, that the committee had come to a resolution, which they desired him to report, and to move for leave to sit again. . The resolution agreed to by the committee of the whole being read, the determination thereof was, at Ihe request of a colony, postponed until to-morrow. Resolved, That this Congress will, to-morrow, resolve itself into a committee of the whole, to take into consideration the declaration re- specting independence. 195 Tuesday, July 2, 1776. The Congress resumed the consideration of the resolution reported from the committee of the whole ; which was agreed to as follows : Resolved, gTUt \Lzm. Ol&vlteS ^d<»^k^ o^e, tttvS, of ilofo, Miam; to lie, id't«e otvd l/iid«|i>etldeii/b a tatei ; \!La)c t^eu/ oAx, aSi- M1-UJ60 jVom/ aXC alUeq/KMKia to th/6 S/d'cltuX e>M\mv, ayCh \Svak, a& ^mM/umL ootMi/cj CtH/O 0-l4eO, Agreeable to the order of the day, the Congress resolved itself into a committee of the whole; and, after some time, the President resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported, that the committee have had under consideration the declaration to them referred ; but, not having had time to go through the same, desii'ed him Jo move for leave to sit again. Eesolted, That this Congress will, to-morrow, again resolve itself into a committee of the whole, to take into their further consideration the declaration respecting independence. Wednesday, July 3, 1776. Agreeable to the order of the day, the Congress resolved itself into a committee of the whole, to take into their farther consideration the de- claration; and, after some time, the President resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported, that the committee, not having yet gone through it, desired leave to sit again. Resolved, That this Congress will, to-morrow, again resolve itself into a committee of the whole, to take into their farther consideration the Declaration of Independence. Thoksday, July 4, 1776. Agreeably to the order of the day, the Congress resolved itself into a committee of the whole, to take into their farther consideration the Declaration ; and after, some time the President resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported that the committee had agreed to a declaration, which they desu:ed him to report. The Declaration being read, was agreed to as follows : d Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled. When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the Dolitical bands which have connected 196 ihem with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature^s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of man- kind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalien- able rights ; that among these, "are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are insti- tuted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed ; that, whenever any form of government becomes de- structive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness- Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long establisheo, should not be changed for light and- transient causes ; and, accord Ingly, all .experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suiTer, while evils are suiFerable, than to right themselves hy abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies,, and such is now the neces- sity which constrains them to alter their former systems of govern- ment. The history of the present king of Great Britain is a his- tory of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having; in direct object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world : He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 197 He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the legislature ; a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, un- comfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; the State remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the danger of invasion from without, and convulsions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; for tliat purpose, obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. He has obstructed the administration of-justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their oiBces, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out their sub- stance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, with- out the consent of our legislature. He has affected to render the military independent of, and supe- rior to, the civil power. He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation : For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment, for any 198 murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States : For cutting oflf our trade with all parts of the world : For imposing taxes on UB without our consent : For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury : For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended of- fences : For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarg- ing its' boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit in- strument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies : For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments : For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is, at ^;his time, transporting large armies of foreign mer- cenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow-citizeflS, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has en- deavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction, of all ages, sexes, and conditions. In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress, in the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 199 Nor have we been wanting in attention tq our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their ^legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our com- mon kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our separa- tion, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace, friends. We, therefore, the representatives of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, in GENERAL CONGRESS assembled, appeal- ing to the Supreme Judge of the World for the rectitude of our in- tentions, do, in the name, and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare. That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, J^cee anti Knliejienlient States ; that theyare absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connexion between them and the state of Great Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which INDEPENDENT STATES may of right do. And, for the support of this declara- tion, with a firm reliance on the protection of SaKfKKJE $3&(D== 17£3i31STSffll5, we mutually pledge to each other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and signed by the following members : JOHN HANCOCK. New Hampshire. Massachusetts Bay, Josiah Bartlett, Samuel Adams, William Whipple, John Adams, Matthew Thornton. Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry. 200 Rhode Island. Stephen Hopkins, ~ William Ellery. Connecticut, Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott. New York. William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris. New Jersey. Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark. Pennsylvania. Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, ^ George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James -Wilson, George Ross. Delaware. ' Caesar Rodney, ^i George Read, ^ Thomas M'Kean. Maryland. Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll,of CarroUton Virginia. George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, jun. Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton. North Carolina. William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn. South Carolina, Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, jun. Thomas Lynch, jun. Arthur Middleton. Georgia. Button G\vinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton. Resolved, That copies of this Declaration be sent to the several assemblies, conventions, and committees, or councils of safety, and to tlie several commanding officers of the continental troops ; that it be proclaimed in each of the United States, and at the head the army. -v 201 CHAPTER 4. PROMINENT POLITICAL ACTS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON. Appointment of George Washington to be commander-in-chief of the army, by the Congress of the Confederation, on the 15th June, 1775. Thdksday, June 15, 1775. Agreeable to order, the Congress resolved^itself into a Committee of the Whole, and, after some time, the President resumed the chair, and Mr. Ward reported that the committee had come to some farther resolu- tions, whicli he was ordered to report. The report of the committee being read and considered, Sesolved, That a,general be appointed to command all the Continental forces raised, or to be raised, for the defence of American liberty. That five hundred dollars per month be allowed for the pay and ex- penses of the general. The Congress then proceeded to the choice of a general, by ballot, and George Washington, esq., was unanimously elected. Friday, June 16, 1775. Met according to adjournment. [The Delegates from the Colonies of New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware counties, Maryland, Virginia, , North Carolina, and South Carolina, being present.] The President informed Colonel Washington that the Congress had yesterday unanimously made choice, of him to be general and com- mander-in-chief of the American forces, and requested he would accept of that employment ; to which Colonel Washington, standing in his -place, answered: "Mr. President : " Though I am truly sensible of the high honor done me, in this ap- pointment, yet I feel great distress, from consciousness that my abilities ^nd military experience may not be equal to the extensive and important trust ! However, as the Congress desire it, I will enter upon the mo- Q ' 21 202 mentous dirty, and exert every power I possess in their service, and for support of the glorious cause. I beg they will accept my most cordial thanks for this distinguished testimony of their approbation. "But, lest some unlucky event should happen, unfavorable to my reputation, I beg it may be remembered, by every gentleman in the room, that I, this day, declare with the utmost sincerity, I do not think myself equal to the command I am honored with. " As to pay, sir, I beg leave to assure the Congress, that, as no pe- cuniary consideration could have tempted me to accept this arduous employment, at the expense of my domestic ease and happiness, I do not wish to make any profit from it. I will keep an exact account of my expenses. Those, I doubt not, they will discharge, and that is all I desire." Eesolved, That a committee be appointed to draught a commission and instructions for the general. The persons chosen to compose the committee, were Mr. Lee, Mr. E. Kutledge, and Mr. J. Adams. Saturday, June 17, 1775. Met according to adjournment. The committee appointed to draught a commission to tlie general re- ported the same, which, being read by paragraphs and debated, was agreed to as follows : IN CONGRESS. The delegates of the United Colonies of New Hampshire, Massachu- setts Bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, the counties of Newcastle, Kent, and Sussex, on Dela- ware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina: To Georse WASHirfOTON, Esq. We, reposing special trust and confidence in your patriotism, valor, conduct, and fidelity; do, by these presents, constitute and appoint you to be general and commander-in-chief of the army of the United Colo- nies, and of all the forces now raised, or to be raised by them, and of all others who shall voluntarily ofier their service, and join the said army for the defence of American liberty, and for repelling every hostile invasion thereof : And you are hereby vested with full power and authority to act as you shall think for the good and welfare of the service. And we do hereby strictly charge and require all oflicers and soldiers, under your command, to be obedient to your orders, and diligent in the exercise of their several duties. 203 And we do also enjoin and require you, to be caieful in executing the great trust reposed in you, by causing strict discipline and order to be observed in the army, and that the soldiers be duly exercised, and pro- vided with all convenient necessaries. And you are to regulate your conduct in every respect by the rules and discipline of war, (as herewith given you,) and punctually to observe and follow such orders and directions, from time to time, as you shall receive from this, or a future Congress of these United Cglonles, or committee of Congress. This commission to continue in force until revoked by this, or a future Congress. By order of the Congress, Ordered, That the same be fairly transcribed, signed by the President, attested by the secretary, and delivered to the general. Resolved unanimously. Whereas, the delegates of all the Colonies, from Nova Scotia to Georgia, in Congress assembled, have unanimously chosen George Washington, esq., to be general and commander-in-chiei of such forces as are, or shall be, raised for the maintenance and pre- servation of American liberty ; this Congress doth now declare, that they will maintain and assist him, and adhere to him, the said George Wash- ington, with their lives and fortunes in the same cause. Address of the President of Congress to George Washington, and his reply, 26th August, 1783: Monday, August 25, 1783. ^ Congress being informed of the arrival of the commander-in-chief in the neighborhood of Princeton : Ordered, That he have an audience in Congress to-morrow at twelve o'clock. Tuesday, August 26, 1783. According to order. General Washington attended, and being intro- duced by two members, the President addressed him as followfs : SiK : Congress feel particular pleasure in seeing your excellency, and in congratulating you on the success of a war, in which you have acted so conspicuous a part. It has been the singular happiness of the United States, that during a war so long, so dangerous, and so important, Providence has been gra- ciously pleased to preserve the life of a general, who has merited and possessed the uninterrupted confidence and affection of his fellow-citf- zens. In other nations many have performed services, for which they 204 have deserved and received the thanks of the public. But to you, sir, peculiar praise is due. Your services have been essential in acquiring and establishing the freedom and independence of your country. They deserve the grateful acknowledgments of a free arid independent nation. Those acknowledgments Congress have the satisfaction of expressing to your excellency." Hostilities have now ceased, but your country still needs your ser- vices. She wishes to avail herself of your talents in forming the arrange- ments which will be necessary for her in the time of peace. J'or this reason your attendance at Congress has been requested. A committee is appointed to confer with your excellency, and to receive your assist- ance in preparing and digesting plans relative to those important ob- jects. To which his excellency made the following reply : Mk. Pkesidemt : I am too sensible of the honorable reception I have now .experienced, not to be penetrated with tie deepest feelings of gra- titude. Notwithstanding Congress appear to estimate the value of my life beyond any services I have been able to render the United States, yet I must be permitted to consider the wisdom and unanimity of our national councils, the firmness of our citizens, and the patience and bravery of our troops, which have pj-oduced so happy a terininatioft of the war, as the most conspicuous effect of the divine interposition and the surest presage of our future happiness. Highly gratified by the favorable sentiments which Congress are pleased to express of my^past conduct, and amply rewarded by the con- fidence and affection of my fellow-citizens, I cannot hesitate to contribute my best endeavors towards the establishment of the national security in whatever manner the sovereign power may think proper to direct, until the ratification of the definitive treaty of peace, or the final evacuation of our country by the British forces ; after either of which events, I shall ask permission to retire to the peaceful shade of private life. , Perhaps, sir, no occasion may offer more suitable than the present to express my humble thanks to God, and my grateful acknowledgments to my country, for the great and uniforni support I have received in every vicissitude of fortune, and for the many distinguished honors which Congress have been pleased to confer upon me in the course of the war. 205 Resignatioa, by George Washington, of the office of coni,mandet in-chief, to Congress, and answer of the Presideat of Con- gress, 23d December, 1783. Satdkdat, DECBaaBER 20, 1783. Congress assembled: Present, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. A letter, of this day, from the commander-in-chief, was read, inform- ing Congress of his arrival in this city, with the intention of asking leave to resigri the commission he has the honor of holding in their ser- vice, and desiring to know their pleasure in what manner it will be most proper to offer his resignation ; whether in writing or at an audience. Whereupon, Eesolved, That his excellency, the commander-in-chief, be admitted to a public audience, on Tuesday next, at twelve o'clock. Eesolved, That a public entertainment be given to the commander-in- chief on Monday next. Tuesday, December 23, 1783. Congress assembled: Present as before. According to order, his excellency the commander-in-chief was ad- mitted to a public audience, and being seated, the President, after a pause, informed him, that the United States in Congress assembled were prepared to receive his communications : Whereupon he arose, and ad- dressed as follows : [To revive the recollection of this scene, and to renew, in the breasts of the American people, the emotions of gratitude, affection, and veneration, that swelled the hearts of Statesmen, Legislators, Warriors, and other citizens, on that ever-memorable occasion, much care has been taken to bring here to view the living Washington as he then appeared in the Congress Hall. Fortunately, the affectionate providence of his native state secured, in the best manner, the means of transmitting the sem- blance of those venerated features and form to posterity. The marble statue by Houdon, in the state-house at Richmond, is the most authentic likeness of George Washington extant ; from this has been taken all that could be obtained from marble, the rest has been derived from the best paintings, and both combined by the artist who has produced this copy'. 21* 206 The sword ia taken from the originalj now in the Patent Office at Wash- ington. Washington is here represented in the manner that he desired to be, as will be seen by the following memoranda and correspondence : By thb Legislatuke of Virginia, on Tuesday, the 22d June, 1784, it was SBsohedj That the executive, be requested to lake measures for procuring a statue of General Washington, to be of the finest marble and the best workman^ ship, with the following inscription on Its pedestal : XHB GENEKAL ASSEMBLY OP THE COMMONWEALTH OP ' VIRGINIA HAVE CAUSSB THIS STATUE TO BE EBJBCTED AS A MONUMENT OP APPECTION AND GBATITTrDB TO ' GEORGE WASHINGTON ; WHO, UmriNO TO THE ENDOWMENTS OP THE HERO THE VIKTD^ OP THE PATBIOT, AND EXERTING BOTH IN ESTABLISHING THE LIBERTIES OP HIS COITNTBY, HAS RENDERED HIS NAME DEAR TO HIS FELLOW CITIZENS, AND GIVEN THE WORLD AN IMMORTAL EXAMPLE OP TRUE GLORY- [Tradition says that this brief but noble tribute was penned by James Madison on liis^nee, in the midst of the legislature of Virginia, of which he was then a member.] Accordingly Governor Harrison applied to Mr. Jefferson and Dr. Franklin,' then in PariSj to engage a statuary. Mr. Houdon was engaged, and came to America, in 1785jin the same vessel with Dr. Franklin. He took from Mr. Jefferson a let- ter to Washington, from which the following is an extract: FROM JEFFERSON TO WASHINGTON. « Paris, 10 July, 1785 "Mr. Houdon would much sooner have had the honor of allending you, but for a spell of sickness, which ^long induced us to despair of his recovery, and from which he is but recently recovered. He comes now, for the purpose of lending the aid of his art to transmit you to posterity. He is without rivalship in it, being employed from all parts of Europe in whatever is capital. He has had a diffi- culty to withdraw himself from an order of the Empress of Russia; a difficulty, however, that arose from a desire to show her respect, but which never gave him a moment's hesitation about his present voyage, vrhich he considers as promising the brightest chapter of his history. I have spoken of him as an artist only ; but I can assure you also, that, as a man, he is disinterested, generous, candid, and E anting for glory : jn every circumstance meriting your good opinion. JHe will ave need to see you much while he shall have the honor of being with you ; which you can the more freely admit, as his eminence and merit give him admis- sion into genteel societies here." PROM WASHINGTON TO HOUDON ^^ Mount Vernon, 2G September, 17S5. SiRg— By a letter, which I have lately had the honor to receive from Dr. Frank- lin, at Philadelphia, I am informed of your arrival at that place. Many letters 207 from very respectable characters in France, as well as ihe Boctor's, inform me of the occasion; for whicli^ though the cause is not of my seeking; I feel the most agreeable and grateful sensations. I -wish the object of your ihission hadbeen more worthy of the masterly genius of the first siatuary in Europe; for thus you are represented to me. " It will give me pleasure, sir, to w^elcorae you to this seat of my retirement ; and whatever I have, or caff procure, that is necessary to your purposes, or con- venient and agreeable to your wshes, you must freely command, as inclination to oblige you will be among the last things in which I shall be found deficient} either on your arrival or during your stay. "With sentiments of esteem"^ I am, sir," &c.. The artist reached Mount Vernon on the 3d of October, where he spent a fortr night, devoied to tlie purpose of his visit. FHOM JEFFERSON TO WASHINGTON. " Parisj 4 January, 1786. "I have been honored with your letter of September the Qisth, which was de- Avered me by Mr. Houdon, who is safely returned. He has brought with him the mould of tlie face only, having lell the other pans of his work with his workmen to come by some other conveyance. .Dr, Franklin, who was joined with me in the superintendence of this just monument, having left us before what is calle the costume of the statue-was decided on, I cannotso w«ll satisfy myself, and I am persuaded I should not so well satisfy the world, as by consulting your oven wish or inclination as, to this article. Perihil me, there fo^ to ask you whether there if any particular dress, or atiy particular attitude, -vwaleh you would rather wish to be adopted. I shall take a singular pleasure in having your own idea executed, if you will be so good as to make it known to me." FROM WASHINGTON TO JEFFEHSON. "Mount Vernon, 1 August, 1786. " In answer to your obliging inquiries respecting the dress and attitude, which 1 would wish to have given -to the statue in question, I have only to observe, that, not having sufficient knowledge in the art of sculpture to oppose my judgment to the taste of connoisseurs, I do not desire to dictate in the matter. On the con- trary, I shall be perfectly satisfied with whatever may be judged decent and proper. I should even scarcely have ventured to suggest, that perhaps a servile adherence to the garb of antiquity might not be altogether so expedient," as some little deviation zn favor of the modem costume,Af I had not learnt from Colonel Humphreys, that this was a circumstance hinted in conversation by Mr. West to Mr. Houdon. The taste, which has been introduced in painting by West, I under- stand is received with applause, and prevails extensively;" FHOM JEFFERSON TO WASHINGTON. , ^^Paris. 14 August, 1787. "T was -happy to find, by the letter of August 1st, 1786, which you did me the honor to write to me, that the modern dress for youf statue would rneet your approba- tion. I found it strongly the sentiment of W.est, Copley, Trumbull, and Brown, in London ; after which it would be ridiculous to add, that it was my own." This work, therefore, purports to be an e^act portrait statue of Washington, — an authentic historical monument,— «ft« costume being that in which he was accus- tomed to appear as Commander-in-chief. No other statue was ever made from his person. This was modelled about two years after the close of his military career, in the fifty-fourth year of his age, a circumstance to be borne in mind in compar- ing it with later portraits. How well, in point of resemblance, it satisfied his contemporaries and associates, may be judged from the strong declaration of Judge Marshall to the person (Jared Sparks) to whom the world is indebted for the erection of Washington's literary monument, — that, to a spectator standing on the right hand of. the statue, and taking a half-front view, "it represented the original as perfectly as a living man could be represented in marble."J 208 Mr. President : The great events on which my re- signation .depended having at length taken place, I have now the honor of offering my sincere congratulations to Congress, and of presenting myself before them, to sur- render into their hands the trust committed to me, and to claim the indulgence of retiring from the service of my country, Happy in the confirmation of our independence and sovereignty, and pleased with the opportunity afforded the United States of becoming a respectable nation, I resign with satisfaction tbe appointment I accepted with diffidence ; a diffidence in my abilities to accomplish so arduous a task ; which however, was superseded by a con- fidence in the -rectitude of' our cause, the support of the supreme power of the Union, and the patronage of Heaven. The successful termination of the war has verified the most sanguine expectations ; and my gratitude for the interposition of Providence; and the assistance I have re- ceived from my countrymen, increases with every review of the momentous contest. While I repeat my obligations to the army in general, I should do injustice to my own feelings not to ackno^ ledge, in this place, the peculiar services and distinguished merits of the gentlemen who have been attached to my person during the war. It was impossible the choice of confidential officers to compose my family should have been more fortunate. Permit me, sir, to recommend, in particular, those who have continued in the service to the present moment, as worthy of the favorable notice and patronage of Congress. I consider it an indispensable duty to close this last act of my official life by commending the interests of our dearest country to the protection of Almighty God, and 209 those who have the superintendence of them to his holy keeping. Having now finished tlie work assigned me, I retire from the great theatre of action, and bidding an affec- tionate farewell to this august body, under whose orders I have so long acted, I here offer my commission, and take my leave of all the employments of public life. He then advanced and delivered to the President his commission, with a copy of his address, and having resumed his place, the President (Thomas Mifflin) returned him the following., answer: Sir : The United States in Congress assembled receive, with emo- tions too aiFecting for utterance, the solemn resignation of the authorities under which you have led their troops with success- through a perilous and doubtfiil war. Called upon by your country to defend its invaded rights, you accepted the sacred charge, \e{ore it had formed alliances, and whilst it was without funds or a government to support you. You have conducted the -great military contest with wisdom and fortitude, invariably regarding the rights of the civil power through all disasters and changes. You have, by the love and confidence of your fellow- citizens, enabled them to display their martial genius, and transmit their fame to posterity. You have persevered till these United States, aided by a magnanimous king and nation, have been enabled, under adjust Providence, to close the war in freedom, safety, and independence ; on which happy event we sincerely join you in congratulations. Having defended the standard of liberty in this new world ; having taught a lesson useful to^hose who inflict and to those who feel oppres- sion, you rerire from the great theatre of action, with the blessings of your fellow-citizens ; but the glory of your virtues will not terminate with your military command ; it will continue to animate remotest ages. "We feel with you our obligations to the army in general, and will particularly charge ourselves with the interests of those confidential officers", who have attended your person to this aifecting moment. We join you in commending the interests of oiir dearest counti-y to the protection of Almighty God, beseeching him to dispose the hearts and minds of its citizens to improve the opportunity afforded them of becoming a happy and respectable nation. And for you we address to him our earnest prSyers, that a life so beloved may be fostered with all his care ; that your days may be happy as they have been illustrious j and that he will finally give you that reward which this world cannot ?ivB 210 ELECTION OF GEORGE WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT; OF THE UNITED STATES, AND HIS INAUGURAL AD- DRESS. Monday, April 6, 1789. The President of the Senate, elected for .the purpose of counting the votes, dfeolared to the Senate, that the Senate and House of Representatives had met, and that he, in their presence, had opened and counted the votes of the Electors for President and Vice Pre- sident of the United States ; wherelay it appears that Georoe Washington was unanimously elected President; Whereupon the following gertificate and letter, prepared by a committee, consisting of Me"ssrs. Paterson, Johnson, Lee, ai)d Ellsworth, were adopted by the Senate, and signed by their Pre- sident. " Be it known, That the Seriate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, being convened in the city and State of New York, the sixth day of April, in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eigKty-nine, the underwritten, appointed President of the Senate, for the sole purpose of receiving, -opening, and counting the votes of the Electors, did, in the presence of the said Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, aiid count all the votes of the Electors for a President and for a Vice' President ; by which it ap- pears that Geoboe Washington, esq., was unanimously elected, agreeably to the Constitution, to the office of President of the' United States of America. In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal. JOHN LANGDON. New Yobk, April 6, 1789. Sir : I have the honor to transmit to your Excellency the information of your unanimous election to the office of President of the United States of America. Suffer me, sir, to indulge the hope, that so auspicious a mark of public confidence will meet your approbation, and be considered as a sure pledge of the affection and support' you are to expect from 9 free and enlightened people. I am, sir, with sentiments of respect, your obedient humble servant, JOHN LANGDON. To hlB Ex'cy George Washington, esq. 211 Thursday, April 30, 1789. The oath of office having been administered by the Chancelloi of the State of New York, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, to tJeorge Washington, President of the United States, he then made the following Inaugural address : Fellow- Citizens of the Senate, and of the House cf Representatives: Among the vicissitudes incident to life, no event could have iilled me with greater anxieties than that of which the notification was transmitted by your order, and received on the, 14th day of the pre- sent month. On the one hand, I was summoned by my country, whose voice I can never hear but with veneration and love, from a retreat which I had chosen with the fondest predilection, and, in my flattering hopes, with an immutable decision, as the asylum of my declining years ; a retreat which was rendered every day more necessary, as well as more dear to me, by the addition of habit to - inclination, and of frequent interruptions in my health, to the gra- dual waste committed on it by time. On the other hand, the mag- nitude and difficulty of the trust to which the voice of my country called me, being sufficient to awaken in the wisest and most expe- rienced of her citizens a distrustful scrutiny into his qualifications, could not but overwhelm with despondence one, who, inheriting inferior endowments from nature, and unpractised in the duties of civil administration, ought to be peculiarly conscious of his own deficiencies. In this conflict of emotions, all I dare aver, is, that it has been my faithful study to collect my duty from a just appre- ciation of every circumstance by which it might be aflTected. All I dare hope, is, that if, in executing this task, I have been too much swayed by a grateful remembrance of former instances, or by an affectionate sensibility to this transcendent. proof of the con- fidence of my fellow-citizens, and have thence too little consulted my incapacity as well as disinclination for the weighty and Untried cares before me, my error will be palliated by the motives which misled me, and its consequences be judged by my country, with some share of the partiality in which they originated. 212 Such being the impressions under which I have, in obedience to the public summons, repaired to the present station, it would be peculiarly improper to omit, in this first ofiScial act, my fervent sup- plications to that Almighty Being who rules over the universe — who presides in the councils of- nations — ^and whose providential aids can supply every human, defect, that his benediction may con- secrate to the lib.erties and happiness of the people of the United States, a government instituted by themselves for these essential purposes : and may enable every .instrument employed in its admin- istration to execute with success the functions allotted to his charge. In tendering this homage Jo the Great Author of every public and private good, I assure myself that it expresses your sentiments not less than my own ; nor those of my fellow-citizens at large, less than either. No people can be bound to acknowledge and adore' the invisible hand which conducts the affairs of men, more than the people of the United States. Every step by whiph they have advanced to the character of an independent nation, seems to have been distinguished by some token of providential agency ; and in the important revolution just accomplished in the system of their united government, the tranquil deliberations, and voluntary con- sent of so many distinct communities, from which the event has resulted, cannot be compared with the means by which most go- vernments have been established, without some return of pious gratitude, along with an humble anticipation of the future blessings which the past seem to presage. These reflections, arising out of the present crisis, have forced themselves too strorigly on my mind to be suppressed. You will join with me, I trust, in thinking that there are none, under the influence of which the proceedings of a new and freg government can more auspiciously commence. By the article establishing the executive department, it is made the duty of the President "to recommend to your <;onsideratioa such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient." The circumstances under which I now meet you will acquit me from entering into that subject, farther than to refer to the great consti- tutional charter under which you are assembled; and which, in de- fining your powers, designates the objects to which your attention is to be given. It will be more consistent with those circumstances, 213 and far more congenial witK the feelings which actuate me, to sub- stitute, in place of a recommendation of particular measures, the tribute that is due to the talents, the rectitude, and the patriotism, which adorn the characters selected to devise and adopt them. In these honourable qualifications I behold the surest pledges that, as on one side, no local prejudices or attachments, no separate views, nor party animosities, will misdirect the comprehensive and equal eye which ought to watch over this great assemblage of communi- ties and interests ; so, on another, that the foundations of our na- tional policy will be laid in the pure and immutable principles of private morality ; and the pre-eminence of free government be ex- emplified by all the attributes which can win the affections of its' citizens, and command "the respect of the world. I dwell on this prospect with every satisfaction which an ardent love for my coun- try can inspire : since there is no truth more thoroughly established, than that there exists in the economy and course of nature an indis- soluble union between virtue and happiness — between duty and advantage — between the genuine maxims of an honest and magna- nimous policy, and the solid rewards of public prosperity and feli- city ; since we ought to be no less persuaded that the propitious smiles of Heaven can never be expected on a nation that disregards the eternal rules of order and right, which Heaven itself has qr- dained ; and since the preservation of the sacred fire of liberty, and the destiny of the republican model of government, are justly con- sidered as deeply, perhaps as finally, staked, on the experiment en- trusted to the hands of the American people. Besides the ordinary objects submitted to your care, it will re- main with your judgment to decide, how far an exercise of the occasional power delegated by the fifth article of the Constitution is rendered expedient at the present juncture, by the nature of ob- jections which have been urgecP against the system, or by tho degree of inquietude which has given birth to them. Instead of undertaking particular recommendations on this subject, in which I could be guided by no lights derived from official opportunities, I shall again give way to my entire confidence in your discernment and -pursuit of the public good ; for, I assure myself, that whilst you carefully avoid every alteration which might endanger the 22 214 Denefits of an united and effective government, or whicli oaglit to await the future lessons of experience, a reverence for the charac- teristic rights of freemen, and a regard for the public harmony, virill sufficiently irilluenoe your deliberations on the question,' how far the former can be more impregnably fortified, or the latter be safely and advantageously promoted. To the preceding observations I have one to add, which will be most properly addressed to the House of Representatives. It con- cerns myself, and will, therefore, be as brief as possible. When I was first honored with a call into the service of my country, then on the eve of an arduous struggle for its liberties, the light in which I contemplated my duty, required that I should renounce every pecuniary compensation. From this resolution I have in no in- stance departed ; and being still under the impressions which pro- duced it, I must decline, as inapplicable to myself, any share in the personal emoluments which may be indispensably included in a permanent provision for the executive department; and must ac- cordingly pray that the pecuniary estimates for the station in which I am placed, may, during my continuance in it, be limited, to such actual expenditures as the public good may be thought to require. Having thus imparted to you my sentiments, as they have been awakened by the occasion which brings us together, I shall take my present leave ; but not without resorting once more to the benign Parent of the human race, in humble supplication, that, since he has been pleased to favor the American people with opportunities for deliberating in perfect tranquillity, and dispositions for decid-, ing, with unparalleled unanimity, on a form of government for the security of their Union, and the advancement of their happiness, so his Divine blessing may be equally conspicuous -in the enlarged views, the temperate consultations, and the wise measures, on which the success of this goverfiment must depend. G. WASHINGTON. April 30, 1789. 215 FAREWELL ADDRESS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON, PRE SIDENT, TO THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES, SEPTEMBER 17, 1796. Friends and Fellow-citizens -• The period for a new election of a citizen to administer the Ex- ecutive Government of the United States being not far distant, and the time actually arrived when your thoughts must be employed in designating the person who is to be clothed with that important trust, it appears to me proper, especially as it may conduce to a more distinct expression of the public voice, that I should now ap- prize you of the resolution I have formed, to decline being con- sidered among the number of those out of whom a choice is to be made. I beg you, at the same time, to do me the justice to be assured that this resolution has not been taken without a strict regard to all the considerations appertaining to the relation which binds a dutiful citizen to his country ; and that, in withdrawing the tender of ser- vice, which silence, in my situation, might imply, I am influenced by no diminution of zeal for your future interest ; no deficiency of grateful respect for your past kindness ; but am supported by a full conviction that the step is compatible with both. The acceptance of, and continuance hitherto in, the office to which your suflirages have twice called me, have been a uniform sacrifice of inclination to the opinion of duty, and to a deference for what appeared to be your desire. I constantly hoped that it would have been much earlier in my power, consistently with mo- tives which I was not at liberty to disregard, to return to that re- tirement from which I had been reluctantly drawn. The strength of my inclination to do this, previous to the last election, had even led to the preparation of an address to declare it to you ; but mature reflection on the then perplexed and critical posture of our affairs with foreign nations, and the unanimous advice of persons entitled to my confidence, impelled me to abandon the idea. I rejoice that the state of your concerns, external as well as m- 216 ternal, no longer renders the pursuit of inclination incompatible with the sentiment of duty or propriety ; and am persuaded^ what- ever partiality may be retained for my services, that, in the present circumstances of our country, you will not disapprove my determi- nation to retire. The impressions with which I first undertook the arduous trust were explained on the proper occasion. In the discharge of this trust, I will only say, that I have with good intentions contributed towards^ the organization and administration of the Government the best exertions of which a very fallible judgment was capable. Not unconscious in the outset of the inferiority of my qualifica- tions," experience, in my own eyes — perhaps still more in the eyes of others — ^has strengthened the motives to difiidence of myself; and every day the increasing weight of years admonishes me, more and more, that the shade of retirement is as necessary to me as it will be welcome. Sa:tisfied that if any circumstances have given peculiar value to my services, they were temporary, I have the consolation to believe that, while choice and prudence invite me to quit the political scene, patriotism does not forbid it. In looking forward to the moment which is intended to terminate the career of my public life, my feelings do not permit me to sus- pend the deep acknowledgment of that debt of gratitude which I owe to my beloved country for the many honors it has conferred upon me ; still more for the steadfast confidence with which it has supported me ; and for the opportunities I have thence enjoyed of manifesting my inviolable attachment, by services faithful and per- severing, though in usefulness unequal to my zeal. If benefits have resulted to our country from these services, let it always be remembered to your praise, and as an instructive example in our annals, that, under circumstances in which the passions, agitated in every direction, were liable to mislead; amidst appearances sometimes dubious, vicissitudes of fortune often discouraging; in situations in which, not unfrequently, want of success has counte- nanced the spirit of criticism, — the constancy of your support was the essential prop of the efforts, and a guarantee of the plans, by which they were effected.. Profoundly penetrated with this idea, 217 I shall carry it with me to my grave, as a strong incitement to un- ' ceasing vows, that Heaven may continue to you the choicest to- kens of its beneficence; that your union and brotherly afTectibn may be perpetual ; that the free Constitution, which is the work of your hands, may be sacredly maintained ; that its administra- tion, in every department, may be stamped with wisdom and vir- tue ; that, in fine, the happiness of the people of these States, un- der the auspices of liberty, may be made complete, by so careful a preservation and so prudent a use of this blessing as will acquire to them the glory of recommending it to the applause, the affec- tion, and the adoption of every nation which is yet a- stranger to it. Here, perhaps, I ought to stop ; but a solicitude for your wel- fare, which cannot end but with my life, and the apprehension of danger natural to that solicitude^ urge-me; on an occasion like the jresent, to offer to your solemn contemplation, and to recommend to your frequent review, some sentiments, which are the result of much reflection, of no inconsiderable observation, and which ap- pear to me all-important to the permanency of your felicity as a people. These will be afforded to you with the more freedom, as you can only see in them the disinterested warnings of a parting friend, who can possibly have no personal motive to bias bis counsel ; nor can I forget, as an encouragement to it, your indul- gent reception of my sentiments on a former and not dissimilar occasion. Interwoven as is the love of liberty with every ligament of your hearts, no recommendation of mine is necessary to fortify or con- ; firm the attachment. The unity of government, which constitutes you one people^ is ilso now dear to you. It is justly so ; for it is a main pillar in the edifice of your real independence — the support of your tran- quillity at home, your peace abroad, of your safety, of your pros- perity, of that very liberty which you so highly prize. ''^' But as it is easy to foresee that, from different causes and from different quarters, much pains will be taken, many artifices employed, to weaken in your minds the conviction of this truth; ds this is the R 22* 218 point in your political fortress agairist which the hatteriea of in- ternal and external enemies will be most constantly and actively (though often covertly and insidiously) directed, — ^it is of infinite moment that you should properly estimate the immense value of your national union to your collective and individual happiness ; that you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovable attach- ment to it ; accustoming yourselves to think and speak of it as of the palladium of your political safety and prosperity ; watching for its preservation with jealous anxiety; discountenancing what- ever may suggest even a suspicion that it can, in any event, be abandoned ; and indignantly frowning upon the first dawning of every attempt to alienate any portion of our country from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link together the various parts. For this you have every inducement of sympathy and interest. Citizens by birth or choice, of a common country, that country has a right to concentrate, your affections. The name oi Jmerican, which belongs to you in your national capacity, must always exalt the just pride of patriotism, more than any appellation derived from local discriminations. With slight shades of difference, you have the same religion, manners, habits, and political principles,, You have, in a common cause, fought and triumphed together; the in- dependence and liberty you possess are the work of joint counsels and joint efforts, of common dangers, sufferings, and successes. But these considerations, however powerfully they address them- selves to your sensibility, are greatly outweighed by those which apply more immediately to your interest ; here every portion of our country finds the most commanding motives for carefully guarding and preserving the union of the whole. The North, in an unrestrained intercourse with the South, pro- tected by the equal laws of a common government, finds, in the productions of the latter, great additional resources of maritime and commercial enterprise, and precious materials of manufacturing industry. The South, in the same intercourse, benefiting by the agency of the North, sees its agriculture grow, and its commerce expand. Turning partly into its own channels the seamen of the 219 North, it finds its particular navigation invigorated ; and wliile it contributes, in different ways, to nourisli and i.'xrease the general mass of the national navigation, it looks forward to the protection of a maritime strength to which itself is unequally adapted. The East, in like intercourse with the West, already finds, apd in the progressive improvement of interior communication, by land and water, will more and more find, a valuable vent for the commodi- ties which it brings from abroad, or manufactures at home. The West derives from the East supplies requisite to its growth and comfort; and what is perhaps of still greater consequence, it must, of necessity, owe the.secure enjoyment of indispensable outlets for Its own productions, to the weight, influence, and the future mari- time strength of the Atlantic side of the Union, directed by an indis- soluble community of interest as one nation. Any other tenure by which the West can hold this essential advantage, whether derived from its own separate strength, or from an apostate and unnatural connexion with any foreign power, must be intrinsically precarious. While, then, every part of our country thus feels an immediate and particular interest in union, all the parts combined cannot fail to find, in the united mass of means and efforts, greater strength, greater resource, proportionably greater security from external dan- ger, a less frequent interruption of their peace by foreign nations ; and what is of inestimable value, they must derive from union an exemption from those broils and wars between themselves, whioli so frequently afflict neighboring countries, not tied together by the same government; which their own rivalships alone would be suf- ficient to produce, but which opposite foreign alliances, attach- ments, and intrigues, would stimulate and imbitter. Hence, like- wise, they will avoid the necessity of thoSe over-grown military establishments, which, under any form of government, are inaus- picious to liberty, and which are to be regarded as particularly hos- tile to republican liberty ; in this sense it is that your union ought to be considered as a main prop of your liberty, and that the love of the one ought to eridear to you the preservation of the other. These considerations speak a persuasive language to every reflect- ing and virtuous mind, and exhibit the continuance of the Union as a primary object of patriotic desire. Is there a doubt, whether 220 a common government can embrace so large a sphere 1 Let exp&- lience solve it. To listen to mere speculation, in such a case, were criminal. We are authorized to hope, that a proper organiza- tion of the whole, with the auxiliary agency of governments, for the respective subdivisions, will aiTord a happy issue to the expe- riment. It is well worth a fair and full experiment. With such powerful and obvious motives to Union,, affecting 5II parts of our country, while experience shall not have demonstrated its imprao- _ tipability, there. Will always be reason to .distrust the patriotism of those, who, in any quarter, may endeavor to weaken its bands. In contemplating the causes which may disturb our Union, it occurs, as a matter of serious concern, that any ground should have been furnished for characterizing parties by geographical discrimi"- nations — Northern and Southern — Atlantic and Western : whence designing men may endeavoFto excite a belief -that there is a real difference of local interests and views. One of the expedients of party to acquire influence within particular districts, is to misre- present the opinions and aimsof other districts. You cannot shield yourselves too much against the jeafetrsies and', heart-burnings which spring from these misrepresentations ; they, tend to render alien to each other those who ought to be bound together by frater- nal, affection. , The inhabitants of our western country have lately had a useful lesson on this head ; they have seen in the negotiation by the Executive, and in the unanimous ratification by the Senate, of the treaty with Spain, and in the universal satisfaction at that event throughout the United States, a decisive proof how unfounded were the suspicions propagated among them, of a policy in the General Government, and in the Atlantic States, unfriendly to their interests in regard to the Mississippi : they have been witnesses to the formation of two treaties — that with Great Britain, and that with Spain, which secure to them every thing they could desire in respect to our foreign relations, towards confirming their prospe- rity. Will it not be. their wisdom to rely for the preservation of these advantages on the Union by which they were procured? Will they not henceforth be deaf to these advisers, if such there are, who would sever them from their brethren, and coimect them with aliens 1 --r-'^ 221 To the efficacy and permanency of your Union, a Government for the whole is indispensable. No alliance, however strict be- tween the parts, can be an adequate substitute ; they must inevi- tably experience the infractions and interruptions which all alli- ances, in all time, have experienced. Sensible of this momentous truth, you' have improved upon your first essay, by the adoption of a Constitution of Government better calculated than your former for an intimate Union, and for the efficacious management of your common concerns. This Government, the offspring of our own choice, uninfluenced and unawed, adopted upon full investigation and mature deliberation, completely free in its principles, in the distribution of its powers, uniting security with energy, and con- taining within itself a provision for its own amendment, has a just claim to your confidence and your support. Respect for its au- thority, compliance with its laws, acquiescence in its measures, are duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims of true liberty. The bases of our political systems, is the right of the people to mal^e and to alter their constitutions of Government: but the Con- stitution which at any time exists, till changed by an explicit and authentic act of the whole people, is' sacredly obligatory upon all. The very idea of the power, and the right of the people to establish Government, pre-supposes the duty of every individual to obey the established Government. All obstructions to the execution of the laws, alV combinations and associations, under whatever plausible character, with the real design to direct, control, counteract, or awe the regular delibera- tion and action of the constituted authorities, are destructive to this fundamental principle, and of fatal tendency. They serve to or- ganize faction, to give it an artificial and extraordinary force, to put in the place of the delegated will of the nation, the will of a party, often a small but artful and enterprising minority of the commu- nity ; and, according to the alternate triumphs of different parties, to make the puhlio administration the mirror of the iJl-concerted and incongruous projects of faction, rather than the organ of con- sistent and wholesome plans, digested by common counsels, and modified by mutual interests. S22 . However combinations or associations of the above description may now and then answer popular ends, they are likely, in the course of time and things, to become -potent engines,' by which cunning, ambitiSus, and unprincipled men, will be enabled to sub- vert the power of the people, and to usurp for themselves the reins of Government; destroying, afterwards, the very engines which had lifted them to unjust dominion. Towards the preservation of your Government, and the perma- nency of your present happy state, it is requisite, riot only that you steadily discountenance irregular oppositions to its acknowledged authority, but also that yau resist with care the spirit of innovation upon its principles, however specious- the pretexts. One method _ofassauU mayjiaio^effectjin the forms of the Constitution, altera- tions which will impair the energy of the system, and thus to undermine what cannot be directly overthrown. In all the changes to which you may be invited, remember that time and habit are at least as necessary to fix the true character of governments as of other human institutions ; that experience is the surest standard by which to test the real tendency of the existing constitution of a country ; that facility in changes, upon the credit of mere hypo- thesis and opinion, exposes to perpetual change, from the endless variety of hypothesis and opinion ; and remember, especially, that for the efficient management of your common interests, in a coun- try so extensive as ours, a Government of as much vigor as is consistent with the perfect security of liberty, is indispensable. Liberty itself will find in such a Government, with powers pro- perly distributed and adjusted, its surest guardian. It is, indeed, little. else than a name, where the Government is too feeble to with- stand the enterprises of faction, to confine each member of the society within the limits prescribed by, thelaws, and to maintain all in the secure and tranquil enjpymerit of the rights of person and property. I have alreadyintimated to you the.danger of parties in' the State, with particular .reference tothe founding of them on geographical discriminations. Let me now take a more comprehensive view, and warn you, in the most solemn manner, against the baneful ettects of the spirit of party generally. 223 This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature, liaving its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists under different shapes, in all Governments, more or less stifled, controlled, or repressed ; but in those of the popular form it is seen in its greatest rankness, and is truly tlieir worst enemy. The alternate domination of one faction over another, sharpened by the spirit of revenge, natural to party dissension, which, in dif- ferent ages and countries, has perpetrated the most horrid enormi- ties, is itself a frightful despotism. But this leads, at length, to a more formal and permanent despotism. The disorders and miseries which result, gradually incline the minds of men to seek security and repose in the absolute power of an individual ; and, sooner or later, the chief of some prevailing faction, more able or more fortu- nate than his competitors, turns this disposition to the purposes of his own elevation on the ruins of public liberty, d:^ — '- Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind, (which, nevertheless, ought not to be entirely out of sight,) the common and continual mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to make it the interest and duty of a wise people to discourage and restrain it.' It serves always to distract the public councils, and enfeeble the public administration. It agitates the community with ill-founded jealousies and false . alarms ; kindles the animosity of one part against anothea; fpmpnts, occasionally, riot and insurrection. It opens the door to foreign influence and corruption, which find a facilitated access to the Government itself, through the channels ]/' of party passions. Thus the policy and the will of one country are subjected to the policy and will of another. There is an opinion that parties, in free countries,^ are useful checks upon the administration of the Government, and serve to keep alive the spirit of liberty. This, within certain limits, is pro- bably true; and in Governments of a monarchical cast, patriotism may look with indulgence, if not with favor, upon the spirit of party. But in those of the popular character, in Governments purely elective, it is a spirit not to be encouraged. From their natural tendency, it is certain there will always be enough of that spirit for every salutary purpose. And there being constant danger 224 of excess, the effort ought to be, by force of public opinion, to mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to be quenched, it demands a uniform vigilance to prevent its bursting into a flame, lest, instead of warming, it should consume. , i It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking, in a free country, should inspire caution in those intrusted, with its adminis- tration, to. confine themselves within their respective constitutional spheres, avoiding, in the exercise of the powers of one department, to encroach upon another. The spirit of encroachment tends to consolidate the powers of all the departments in one, and thus to create, whatever the form of Government, a real despotism. A just estimate of that love of power, and proneness to abuse Jt which predominates in the human heart, is sufficient to satisfy us of the truth of this position. The necessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of political power, by dividing and distributing it into dif- ferent depositories, and constituting each the guardian of the public weal, against invasions by the others, has been evinced by experi- ments, ancient and modem ; some of them in our own country, and under our own eyes. To preserve them must be as necessary as to institute them. If, in tlie opinion of the people, the distribution or modification of the constitutional powers be, in any particular, wrong, let it be correctedby an amendment in the way which the Constitution designates. But let there be no chamge by usurpa- tion ; for though this, in one instance, ,may be the instrument of good, it is the customary weapon by which free Governments are destroyed. The precedent must always greatly overbalance, in permanent evil, any partial or transient benefit which the use can, at any time, yield. Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political pros- perity, religion and morality are indispensable supports. In vain would that man claim the tribute of patriotism, who should labor to subvert these great pillars of human happiness, these firmest props of the duties of men and citizens. The mere politician, equally with the pious man, ought to respect and to cherish them, A volume could not trace all their connexions with private and public felicity. Let it simply be asked, where is the security for 225 property, for reputation, for life, if the sense of religious obligation desert the oaths which are the instruments of investigation in courts,,, of justice ? And let us with caution indulge the supposition, tha> morality can be maintained without religion. Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined education on minds of peculiar structure,' reason and experience both forbid us to expect that na- tional morality can prevail in exclusion of rdigious principle^. It is substantially true, that virtue or morality is a necessary spring of popular Government. The rule, indeed, extends with more or less force to every species of free Government. Who, that is a sincere friend to it, can look with indifference upon attempts to shake the foundation of the fabric ? Promote, then, as an object of primary importance, institutions for the general diffusion of knowledge. In proportion as the struc- ture of a Government gives force to public opinion, it is essential that public opinion should be enlightened. As a very important source of strength and security, cherjsh public credit. One method of preserving it is to use it as spar- ingly as possible ; avoiding occasions of expense by cultivating peace, but remembering also that timely disbursements to prepare for danger, frequently prevent niuch greater disbursements to repel it ; avoiding, likewise, the accumulation of debt, not only by shun- ning occasions of expense, but by vigorous exertions in time of peace to discharge the debts which unavoidable wars may have occasioned ; not ungenerously throwing upon posterity the burden which we ourselves ought to bear. The execution of these maxims belongs to your representatives, but it is necessary that public opinion should co-operate. To facilitate to them the performance of their duty, it is essential that you should practically bear in mind, that towards the payment of debts there must be revenue; that to have revenue there must be taxes ; that no taxes can be de- vised, which are not more or less inconvenient and unpleasant ; that the intrinsic embarrassment inseparable from the selection of the proper objects, (which is always a choice of difficulties,) ought to be a decisive motive for a candid construction of the con- duct of 'he Government in making it, and for a spirit of acquies- 23 226 cence in the measures for obtaining revenue, -which the public exigencies may at any time dictate. Observe good faith and justice towards all nations; cultivate peace and harmony with ^11 ; religion and morality enjoin this con- duct; and can it be that good policy does not equally enjoin it? It will be worthy of a free, enlightened, and, at no distant period, a great nation, to give to mankind the magnanimous and too novel example of a people always guided by an exalted justice and be- nevolence. Who can doiibt that, in the course of time and things, the fruits of such a plan would richly repay any temporary advan- tages which might be lost by a steady adherence to it 1 Can it be that Providence has not connected the permanent felicity of a na- tion with its virtue 1 The experiment, at least, is recommended by every sentiment which ennobles human nature. Alas ! is it ren- dered impossible by its vices 1 In the execution of such a plan, nothing is more essential than that permanent inveterate antipathies against particular nations, and passionate attachments for others, should be excluded; ^nd that, in place of them, just and amicable feelings towards all should be cultivated. The nation which indulges towards another an -^labitual hatred, or an habitual fondness, is, in some degree, a slave. It is a slave to its animosity or to its affection ; either of which is Buflicient to lead it astray from its duty and its interest. Antipathy in one nation against another, disposes each more readily to offer insult and injury, to lay hold of slight causes of umbrage, and to be haughty and intractable, when accidental or trifling occasions of dispute occur. Hence frequent collisions, obstinate, envenomed, and-ilflody-contests. The nation, prompted by ill will and re- sentment, sometimes impels to war the Government, contrary to the best calculations of policy. The Government sometimes par- ticipates in the national propensity, and adopts, through passion, what reason would reject ; at other times it makes the animosity of the nation subservient to projects of hostility, instigated by pride, ambition, and Other sinister and pernicious motives. The peace often, sometimes perhaps the liberty, of nations has been the victim. 227 So, likewise, a passionate attachment of one nation to anothei produces a variety of evils. Sympathy for the favorite nation, fa- cilitating the illusion of an imaginary common interest, in cases where no real common interest exists, and infusing into one the enmities of the other, betrays the former into a participation in the quarrels and wars of the latter, without adequate inducement or justification. It leads also to concessions to the favorite nation of privileges denied to others, which is apt doubly to injure the na- tion making the concessions ; by unnecessarily parting with yrhat ought to have been retained, and by exciting jealousy, ill will, and a disposition to retaliate, in the parties from whom equal privileges are withheld ; and it gives to ambitious, corrupted, or deluded citi- zens (who devote themselves to the favorite nation) facility to be- tray, or sacrifice the interest of their own country, without odium ; sometimes even with popularity ; gilding with the appearance of a virtuous sense of obligation, a commendable deference for public opinion, or a laudable zeal for public good, the base or foolish compliances of ambition, corruption, or infatuation. As avenues to foreign influence in innumerable ways, such at- tachments are particularly alarming to the truly enlightened and independent patriot. How many opportunities do they afibrd to tamper with domestic factions, to practise the art of seduction, to mislead public opinion, to influence or awe the public councils ! Such an attachment of a small or weak, towards a great and pow- erful nation, dooms the former to be the satellite of the latter. Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence (I conjure you to believe me, fellow-citizens) the jealousy of a free people ought to be constantly awake ; since history and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful "foes of republican Go- vernment. But that jealousy, to be useful, must be impartial ; else it becomes the instrument of the very influence to be avoided, in- stead of a defence against it. Excessive partiality for one foreign nation, and excessive dislike for another, cause those whom they actuate to see danger only on one side, and serve to veil, and even second, the arts of influence on the other. Real patriots, who may resist the intrigues of the favorite, are liable to become suspected, 228 and odious ; while its tools and dupes usurp the applause and con- fidence of the people, to surrender their interests. The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is, in extending bur commercial relations, to have with them as little political connexion as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements. Jet them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. Europe has a set of priinary interests, which to us have none, or a very reinote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves, by artificial ties, in the ordinary vicissitudes of her poli- tics, or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her friendships or enmities. Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pur- sue a different course. If we remain one people, under an efficient Government, the period is not far off when we may defy material injury from external annoyance ; when we may take such an atti- tude as will cause the neutrality we may at any time resolve upon, to be scrupulously respected ; when belligerent nations, under the impossibility of making acquisitions upon us, will not lightly hazard the giving us provocation ; when we may choose peace or war, as our interest, guided by justice, shall counsel. Why forego the advantages of so peculiar a situation? Why quit our own to stand upon foreign ground ? Why, by interweav- ing our destiny with that of any part of Europe, entangle our peace and prosperity in the toils of European ambition, rivalship, interest, humor, or caprice ? / It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world ; so far, I mean, as we are now at liberty to do it ; for let me not be understood as capable of patron- ising infidelity to-existing engagements. I hold the maxim no less applicable to public than to private affairs, that honesty is always the best policy. 1 repeat it, therefore, let those engagements be observed in their genuine sense. But, in my opinion, it is unne- cessary, and would be unwise to extend them. ■ • 229 Taking care always to keep ourselves, by suitable establish- ments, on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies. Harmony, and a liberal intercourse with all -nations, are recom- mended by policy, humanity, and interest. But even our com- mercial policy should hold an equal and impartial hand ; neither seeking nor granting exclusive favors or preferences; consulting the natural course of things ; diffusing and diversifying, by gentle means, the streams of commerce, but forcing nothing ; establish- ing, with powers so disposed, in order to give trade a stable course, to define the rights of our merchants, and to enable the Government to support them, conventional rules of intercourse, the best that present circumstances and mutual opinions will permit, but tempo- rary, and liable to be, from time to time, abandoned or varied, as experience and circumstances shall dictate; constantly keeping in view, that it is folly in one nation to look for disinterested favors from another ; that it must pay, with a portion of its independence, for whatever it may accept under that character; that by such ac- ceptance it may place itself in the condition of having given equiva- lents for nominal favors, and yet of being reproached with ingratitude for not giving more. There can be no greater error than to expect, or calculate upon, real favors from nation to nation. It is an illu- sion which experience must cure, which a just pride ought to dis- card. In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of an old and affectionate friend, I dare not hope they will make the strong and lasting impression I could wish ; that they will control the usual current of the passions, or prevent our nation from running the course which has hitherto marked the destiny of nations ; but if I may eVen flatter myself that they may be productive of some partial benefit, some occasional good ; that they may now and then recur to moderate the fury of party spirit, to warn against the mischiefs of foreign intrigues, to guard against the impostures of pretended patriotism ; this hope will be a full recompense for the solicitude for your welfare by which they have been dictated. How far, in the discharge of my official Juties, I have been 23* 230 guided by the principles which have been delineated, the public records, and other evidences of my conduct, must witness to you and the world. To myself, the assurance of my own conscience ■ is, that I have at least believed myself to be guided by them. In relation to the still subsisting war in Europe, my proclama tion of the 23d of April, 1793, is the index to my plan. Sanctioned by your approving voice, and by that of your Representatives in both Houses of Congress, the spirit of that measure has continually governed me, uninfluenced by any attempts to deter or divert me from it. After deliberate examination, with the aid of the best lights I could obtain, I was well satisfied that our country, under all the circumstances of the case, had a right to take, and was bound in duty and interest to take, a neutral position. Having taken it I determined, as far as should depend upon me, to maintain it with moderation, perseverance, and firmness. The considerations which respect the right to hold this'conduct, it is not necessary on this occasion to detail. I will only observe, that, according to my understanding of the matter, that right, so far from being denied by any of the belligerent powers, has been virtually admitted by all. The duty of holding a neutral conduct may be inferred, without any thing more, from the obligation which justice and humanity impose on every nation, in cases in which it is free to act, tq main- tain inviolate the relations of peace and amity towards other nations. The inducements of interest, for observing that conduct, will best be referred to your own reflections and experience. With me, a predominant motive has been to endeavor to gain time to our country to settle and mature its yet recent institutions, and to pro- gress, without interruption, to that degree of strength and con- sistency which is necessary to give it, humanly speaking, the comlnand of its.own fortunes. Though in reviewing the incidents of my administration, I am unconscious of intentional error ; I am, nevertheless, too sensible of my defects not to think it probable that I may have committed many errors. Whatever they may be, I fervently beseech the Al- 231 liiighty to avert or mitigate the evils to vchioli they mriy tend. 1 shall also carry with me the hope, that my country will never cease to view them with indulgence ; and that, after forty-five years of my life dedicated to its service with an upright zeal, the faults of incompetent abilities will be consigned to oblivion, as my- self must soon be to the mansions of rest. Relying on its -kindness in this, as in other things, and actuated hy that fervent love towards it which is so natural to a man who vie-ysfs in it the-native soil of himself and his progenitors for seve- ral generations, I anticipate, with pleasing expectation, that retreat in which I promise myself to realize, without alloy, the sweet en- joyment of partaking, in the midst of my fellow-citizens, the benign influence of good laws under a free Government — the ever favorite object of my heart — and the happy reward, as I trust, of our mutual cares, labors, and dangers. GEORGE WASHINGTON. United States, 17th September, 1796. GEORGE WASHINGTON,. APPOINTED LIEUTENANT-GENERAL AND COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF ALL THE ARMIES RAISED OR TO BE RAISED IN THE UNITED STATES, BY AND WITH THE ADVICE AND CONSENT OF THE SENATE.— July 3, 1798. The calm and peaceful retreat which the great Wash- ington promised himself beneath his own vine and fig-tree, in taking an affectionate leave of his fellow-citizens in nis farewell address, was destined to be of short dura,tion, for, difficulties having arisen with the then existing government of France, "the opinion was universally entertained, that Washington must be called on to take the command of the armies." The weight of his name and character was 232 of the utmost importance to produce- unanimity in the leaders, and to secure the confidence and support of the people. His extreme aversion to enter again into public life was known ; but it was likewise well understood, tha. it was a principle with him, from which he had never deviated, that when his services were demanded by the general voice of his fellow-citizens, he never refused to bestow them ; under this impression, therefore, the Pre- sident, John Adams, had made up his mind to nominate him to the Senate in any event, both because he was the best man, and because the nation would not be satisfied with any other course, and he therefore declared to him in a letter of the 22d June, 1798, that " We must have your name, if you will in any case permit us to use it. There will be jnore efficacy in it than in many an army." And the Secretary of War, James McHenry, on the 26th June, 1798, said to him — "You see how the storm thickens, and that our vessel will soon require its ancient pilot. Will you, — may we flatter ourselves, that, in a crisis so awful and important, you will accept the com- mand of all our armies ? I hope you will, because you alone can unite all hearts and all hands." — To the Presi- dent, Washington replied on the 4lh July, 1798, that " At the epoch of my retirement, an invasion of these States by any European power, or even the probability of such an event happening in my days, was so far firom being contemplated by me, that I had no conception that that, or any other occurrence, would arise in so short a period, which could turn my eyes from the shades of Mount Vernon. But this seems to be the age of wonders ; and -it is reserved for intoxicated and lawless France (for nurposes of Providence far beyond the reach of human 233 ken) to slaughter its own citizens, and to disturb the re- pose of all the world besides." " From a view of the past and the present, and from the prospect of that which seems to be expected, it is not easy for me to decide, satisfactorily, on the part it might best become me to act. In case of actual invasion by a formidable force, I certainly should not intrench myself under the cover of age (67) and retirement, if my ser- vices should be required by my country to assist in re- pelling it." ■ To the Secretary of War, Washington replied also on the 4th .July, 1798, — " The sentiments, which I mean to express to you in this letter on the subject of yours, shall be frank, undisguised and explicit ; for I see, as you do, that clouds are , gathering, and that a storm may ensue ; and I find, too, from a variety of hints, that my quiet under these circumstances does not promise to be of long continuance. " It cannot be necessary for me to premise to you, or to others, who know my sentiments as well, that, to quit the tranquil walks of retirement, and enter a boundless field of responsibility and trouble, would be productive of sensations, which a better pen than I possess would find it difficult to describe. Nevertheless, the principles by which iny conduct has been actuated through life would not suffer me, in any great emergency, to withhold any services I could render, required by my country; especially in a case where its dearest rights are assailed by lawless ambition and intoxicated power, contrary to every principle of justice, and in violation of solemn com- pacts and laws, which govern all civilized nations ; and this, too, with the obvious intent to sow thick the seeds 234 of disunion, for the purpose^of subjugating the govern- ment, and destroying our independence and happiness." "In circumstances like these, accompanied by an actual invasion of our territorial rights, it would be diffi- cult at any time for me to remain an idle spectator under the plea of age or retirement. With sorrovsr, it is true, I should quit the shades of my peaceful abode, and the ease and happiness I now enjoy, to encounter anew lie turmoils of war, to which, possibly, my strength and powers might be found incompetent. These, however, should not be stumbling-blocks in my own way." " As my whole life has been dedicated to my country in one shape or another, for the poor remains of it, it is not an object to contend for ease and quiet, when all that is valuable in it is at stake, further than to be satisfied that the sacrifice I should make of these is acceptable and desired by my country." Before the reception of these communications from Washington, the following proceedings took place : — IN EXECUTIVE SESSION, SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES. MONDAY.^JULY 2, 1798. The following written message was received from the President of the United States, by Mr. Malcom his secretary : — Gentlemen of the Senate : — I nominate George Washington, of Mount Vernon, to be Lieutenant-general and Commander-in-chief of all the armies raised, or to be raised, in the United States. THiled States, July 2, 1798. JoHN AdAMS. The message was read. Ordered, That it lie for consideration. 235 Tuesday, Jdly 3, 1798. The Senate took into consideration the message of the President of the United States, of the 2d instant, and the nomination contained there- in, of George Washington, to office. Whereupon, On the question to advise and consent to the appointment, it was de- termined in the affirmative : Yeas, 24. The yeas and nays being required by one-fifth of the Senators present, Those who voted in the affirmative, are. — Messrs. Anderson, Bingham, Brown, Chipman, Clayton, Foster, Goodhue, Greene, Hillhouse, How- ard, Langdbn, Latimer, Laurance, Livermbre, Martin, Mason, North, Paine, Reid, Rutherford, Sedgwick, Stockton, Tazewell and Tracy. So it was. Resolved, unanimously, That they do advise and con- sent to 'the appointment, agreeably to the nomination. The following correspondence then ensued :— Extract of a letter from John Adams, President of the United States, to James McHenry, Secretary of War : " Philadelphia, July 6, 1798. « Dear Svb., — It is my. desire, that you embrace the first opportunity to set out on your journey to Mount VernOn, and wait on General Washington with the com- mission of lieutenant-general and commander-in-chief of the armies of the United States, w;hich, by the advice rand consent of the Senate, has been signed by me. " The reasons and motives, which, prevailed with me to venture on such a step as the nomination of this great and illustrious character, whose voluntary resignation alone occasioned my introduction to the office I now hold, were too numerous.to be detailed in this letter, and are too obvious and important to escape the observation of any part of America or Europe. But, as it is a move- ment of great delicacy, it will require all your address tc communicate the subject in a manner that shall be inof- 236 fensive to his feelings, and consistent with all the respect that is due from me to him. « If the General should decline the appointment, all the world will be silent and respectfully acquiesce. If he should_ accept it, all the world,^ except the enemies of this country, will rejoice. If he should come to no deci- sive determination, but take the subject into considera- tion, I shall not appoint any other lieutenant-general till his conclusion is known." " His advice in the formation of a list of officers would be extremely desirable to me." " Particularly I wish to have his opinion of the men most suitable for inspector- general, adjutant-generail, and quartermaster-general." " His opinion on all subjects would have great weight; and I wish you to obtain from him as much of his reflec- tions upon the times and the service as you can." Philadelphia, July 7, 1798. Deah Sir, — Mr. McHenry, the Secretary of War, -will have the honor to wait on you, in my behalf, to impart to you a step I have ventured to take, and which I should have been happy to have communicated in person, if such a journey had been at this time in my power. As I said, in a former letter, if it had been in my power to nominate you to be President of the United States, I should have done it with less hesitation and more plea- sure. My reasons for this measure will be too well known to need any explanation to the public^ Every friend and every enemy of America will comprehend th€m at first blush. To you, sir, I owe all the apologies I can make. The urgent necessity I am in of yoar 237 advice and assistance, indeed of your conduct and direc- tion of the war, is all I can urge, and that is a sufficient justification to myself and the world. I hope it will be so considered by yourself. Mr. McHenry will have the honor to consult you upon the organization of the army, and upon every thing relating to it. With the highest respect, I have the honor to be, sir, your most obedient and most humble servant, John Adams. Mount Vernon, July 13, 1798. Dear Sir, — I had the honor, on the evening of the 11th instant, to receive from the hands of the Secretary of War your favor of the 7th, announcing that you had, with the advice and consent of the Senate, appointed me lieutenant-general and commander-in-chief of all the armies raised or to be raised for the service of the United States. I cannot express how ■ greatly affected I am at this new proof of public confidence, and the highly flattering manner in which you have been pleased to make the communication ; at the same time I must not conceal from you my earnest wish, that the choice had fallen on a man less declined in years, and better qualified to- en- counter the usual vicissitudes of war. You know, sir, what calculations I had made relative to the TDrobable course of events on my retiring from office, ana the determination I had consoled myself with, of closing the remnant of my days in my present peace- ful abode. You will, therefore, be at no loss to conceive and appreciate the sensations I must have experienced, to bring my mind to any conclusion that would pledge 24 238 me, at so late a period of life, to leave scenes I sincerel} love, to enter upon the boundless field of public action, incessant trouble, and high responsibility. It was not possible for me to remain ignorant of, or indifferent to, recent transactions. The conduct of the Directory of France towards our country, their insidious hostilities to its government, their various practices to withdraw the affections of the people from it, the evident tendency of their arts and those of their agents to coun- tenance and invigorate opposition, their disregard -of solemn treaties and the laws of nations, their war' upon our defenceless commerce, their treatment of our minister of peace, and their demands, amounting to tribute, could not fail to excite in me corresponding sentiments with those which my countrymen have so generally expressed in their affectionate addresses to> you. Believe me, sir, no one can more cordially approve of the wise, and pru- dent measures of your administration. They oughi to inspire universal confidence, and will, no doubt, combined with the state of things, call from Congress such laws and means as will enable you to meet the full force and extent of the crisis. Satisfied, therefore, that you have sincerely wished and endeavoured to avert war, and exhausted to the last drop the cup of reconciliation, we can with pure hearts appeal to Heaven for the justice of our cause, and may confidently trust the final result to that kind Providence, which has heretofore and so often signally favored the people of these United States. Thinking in this manner, and feeling how incumbent it is upon every person of every description to contribute at all times to his country's welfare, and especially in a 239 moment like the present, when every thing we hold dear is so seriously threatened, I have finally determined to accept the commission of commander-in-chief of the armies of the United States ; with the reserve only, that I shall not be called into the field until the army is in a situation to require my presence, or it becomes indis- pensable by the urgency of circumstances. In making this reservation, I beg to be understood, that I do not mean to withhold any assistance to arrange and organize the army, which you may think I can afford. I take the liberty also to mention, that I must decline having my acceptance considered as drawing after it any immediate charge upon the public, and that I cannot receive any emoluments annexed to the appoint- ment, before entering into a situation to incur expense. The Secretary of War being anxious to return to the seat of government, I have detained him no longer than was necessary to a full communication upon the several points he had in charge. With very great respect and consideration, I have the honor to be, &C. Geohge Washington. 240 TO THE MEMORY OF GEORGi: "WASHIirGTOlSr, BORN FEBRUARY 22, 1732 DIED AT MOUNT VERKOW, DECEMBER 14, 1799. The illustrious Washington having filled, the measure of his country's glory and exalted his own political and military fame and private character far above the standard of excellence attained by the greatest man of modern or ancient times ; and haying, on every occasion, performed his duty to his country, not only with that fidelity and devotion which became a'^good citizen, but witfr that wisdom, affection, and paternal solicitude which have obtained for him, by the unanimous voice of mankind, the title of "Father of his Country," was called, on the 14th December, 1799, by the Almighty Father of Heaven, we hope, to the enjoyment of' that rich reward which is reserved for those who act well their part on earth. 241 The universal gloom which pervaded the hearts of his countrymen on that solemn occasion, seems so far to have commingled with the veneration for his character which has been transmitted to posterity, as to inspire in the patriot's heart an indescribable awe in approaching the mementos of his glory, around which there is a halo so brilliant and penetrating as to reach the inmost intel- ligence of man, and to purify the moral and intellectual being, by the contemplation of every attribute that was excellent and noble in human nature. It is salutary to remember the outpourings of affection and sorrow on the departure of those whose virtues and goodness have en- deared them to our hearts, it elevates the finer feelings of our nature, as the presence of innocence promotes the contemplation of that angelical virtue. The sons and daughters of America mourned the loss their country had sustained in the death of their Wash- ington, with a cause of sorrow which no other people, in any case, to the same extent could plead ; their govern- ment, in unison with the feelings of the people, demon- strated that grief in measures of respect and veneration worthy of a nation's affection and a nation's gratitude, and long — long — may the remembrance of those deep and sincere effusions of affection and gratitude continue to warm the hearts of the American people. There let the memory of Washington be enshrined, and his private virtues and patriotic ardor wiU continue to animate this people to the. remotest generation. It is proposed to conclude this chapter by consecrating the proceedings and measures of the Government on that memorable occasion TO THE MEMORY OF GEORGE WASHINGTON. 24* 242 IN THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, Thuksdat, December 19, 1799. The House of Representatives of the United States, having received intelligence of the death of their highly valued fellow-citizen, George Washington, General of the armies of the United States, and sharing the universal grief this distressing event must produce,- Unanimously resolve i 1. That this House will wait on the President of the United States, in condolence of this na,tional calamity. 2. That' the Speaker's chair he shrouded with black, and that the members and officers of the House wear mourning, during the session. 3. That a joint committee of both Houses be appointed to report measures suitable to the occasion, and expressive of the profound sorrow with which Congress is penetrated on the loss of a citizen FIRST IN WAR, FIRST IN PEACE, AND FIRST IN THE HEARTS OF HIS COUNTRYMEN.* 4. That when this House adjourns, it will adjourn until Monday next. ' Ordered, That Mr. Marshall and Mr. Smith be appointed a committee to wait on the President of the United States, to know when and where he will receive this House for the purpose expressed in the first resolu- tion. Ordered, That Mr. Marshall, Mr. Craik, Mr. Henry Lee, Mr. Eggles- ton, Mr. Smith, Mr. Stone, Mr. Rutledge, Mr. Abiel Foster, Mr. Muh- lenberg, Mr. Van Cortlandt, Mr. Dwight Foster, Mr. Franklin Daven- port, Mr. -Claiborne, IVfr. Morris, Mr. John Brown, and Mr. Taliaferro, be a committee, jointly with such committee as may be appointed on the part of the Senate, for the purpose expressed in the third resolution. Ordered, That the clerk of this House do acquaint the Senate there- with. A written message was received from the President of the United States, by Mr. Shaw, his secretary, yhich, together with the letter ac- * The resolutions were drawn by Gen. Henry Lee and introduced by John Mar- Bhall, Representative from Virginia. 243 company ing. the same, was read, and referred to the committee last ap- pointed, and is as follows : Gentlemen of the Senate, and Gentlemen of the House of Representatives : The letter herewith transmitted will inform you that it has pleased- Divine Providence to remove from this life our excellent fellow-citizen Geohge Washington, by the purity of his character, and a long series of services to his country, rendered illustrious through the world. It remains for an affectionate and grateful people, in whose hearts he can never die, to pay suitable honors to his memory. JOHN ADAMS. Untied States, December 19, 1799.' " Mount Vernon, December 15, 1799. " Sir : It is with inexpressible grief that I have to announce to you the death of the great and good General Washington. He died last evening, between ten and eleven o'clock, after a short ill- ness of about twenty hours. His disorder was an inflammatory sore throat, which proceeded from a cold, of which he made but little complaint on Friday. On Saturday morning, about three o'clock, he became ill : Doctor Craik attended him in the morning, and Doctor Dick, of Alexandria, and Doctor Brown, of Port To- bacco, were soon after called in. Every medical assistance was offered, b'ut without the desired effect. His last scerie corresponded with the whole tenor of his life: not a groan nor a complaint escaped him in extreme distress. With perfect resignation, and in full possession of his reason, he closed his- well-spent life. "I have the honor to be, with the highest respect, sir, your most obedient and very humble servant, "TOBIAS LEAR. " The Pkesident of the United States." Mr. Marshall, from the committee appointed to wait on the President of the United States, to know when and where it will be convenient for - 244 him to receive this House, in condolence of the national calamity, re- ported that the committee had, according to order, performed that ser- vice, and that the President signified to them it would be convenient for him to receive this House at one o'clock this afternoon, at his own house. A message from the Senate, by Mr. Otis, their secretary: Mr. Speaker : The Senate have agreed to the resolution passed by the House of Representatives for the appointment of a joint committee of both Houses to report measures suitable to the occasion, and expressive of the profound sorrow with which Congress is penetrated on the loss of a citizen first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen ; and have appointed Mr. Dayton, Mr. Bingham, Mr. Dex- ter, Mr. Gunn, Mr. Lawrence, and Mr.' Tracey, a committee on their part. And then he withdrew. The Speaker, attended by the House, then withdrew to the house of the President of the United States, when Mr. Speaker addressed the President as follows : Sir : The House of Representatives, penetrated with a sense of the irreparable loss sustained by the nation in the death of that great and good man, the illustrious and beloved Washington, wait on you, sir, to express their condolence on this melancholy and distressing event. Tb which the President replied as follov(rs : Gentlemen of the House of Representatives ; I receive, with great respect and affection, the condo- lence of the House of Representatives, on the- melan- choly and affecting event, in the death of the most illus- trious and beloved personage which this country ever produced. I sympathize with you, with the nation, and with good men through the world, in this irreparable loss sustained by us all. JOHN ADAMS. United States, December 19, 1799, 245 Monday, December 23, 1799. Mr. Marshall, from the joint committee appointed to prepare and re- port measures suitable to the occasion, and expressive of the profound sorrow with which Congress is penetrated on the loss of their highly valued fellow-citizen, George Washington, General of the armies of the United States, made a report, in part ; which he delivered in at the clerk's table, where the same was twice read and considered : Where- upon, — It was resolved, that the House do unanimously agree to the following " resolutions, to wit : Sesolved by the Senate and Souse of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That a marble monument be erected by the United States, in Hie Capitol, at the city of Washington ; and that the family of General Washington be re- quested to permit his body to be deposhed under it ; and that the monument be so designed as to commemorate the great events of his military and political life. jlnd be it further resolved. That there be a funeral procession from Congress Hall to the German Lutheran Church, in honor of the memory of General George Washington, on Thursday, the twenty- sixth instant, and that an oration be prepared at the request of Con- gress, to be delivered before both Houses, on that day ; and that the President of the Senate and Speaker of the House of Repre- sentatives be desired to request one of the members of Congress to prepare and deliver the same. And be it further resolved. That it be recommended to the people of the United States to wear crape on the left arm, as mourning, for thirty days. And be it further resolved. That the President of the United States be requested to direct a copy of these resolutions to be trans- mitted to Mrs. Washington, assuring her of the profound respect Congress will ever bear to her person and character; of their con- dolence on the late afflicting dispensation of Providence; and en- treating her assent to the interment of the remains of General George Washington in the manner expressed in the first reso- lution. And be it further resolved, That the President of the United 246 States be requested to issue a pToclamation, notifying to the people throughout the United States the recommendation contained in the third resolution. .;, Ordered, That the clerk of this House do carry the said resolutions to the Senate, and desire their concurrence. A message from the Senate, by Mr.Otis, their secretary: Mr. Speaker : The Senate have agreed to the resolutions passed by the House of Representatives, directing certain measures to be taken suitable to the occasion, and expressive of the profound sorrow with whichXon- gress is penetrated on the loss of their highly valued fellow-citizen, George Washington, General. of the armies of the United States. Tuesday, December 24, 1799. Mr. Gray, from the joint committee for enrolled bills, reported that the committee had examined the enrolled resolutions directing, certain measures to be taken in honor of the memory of General George Wash- ington, and had found the same to be truly enrolled : Whereupon,— Mr. Speaker signed the said enrolled resolutions. Ordered, That the clerk of this House do sicquaint the Senate there- with. Mr. Wadsworth, from the joint committee for enrolled bills, reported that the committee did, this day, present to the President of the United States, for his approbation, the enrolled resolutions directing certain measures to be taken in honor of the memory of General George Wash- ington. A message was received from the President of the United States, by Mr. Shaw, his secretary, notifying that the President did, this day, ap- prove and sign the enrolled resolutions, which originated in this House, in honor of the memory of General George Washington. The Speaker informed the House, that, conformably to the resolution of Congress, the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives had requested Major Genersd Henry Lee, one of the Representatives from the State of Virginia, to prepare and deliver » funeral oration before both houses, on Thursday, the twenty-sixth instant, in honor of the memory of George Washington, late General of the armies of the United States ; and that Mr. Lee had been pleased to ac- cept of the appointment. On motion, the House adjourned until Thursday morning, half-past ten o'clock. 247 TfluRSDiY, December 26, 1799. This being the day appointed by the resolution of Congress for th8 funeral procession in honor of the memory of George Washington, late General of the armies of the United States, the House proceeded to the German Lutheran Church, where they attended the funeral oration pre- pared and delivered on the occasion by Major General Lee, one of the members of this House for the State of Virginia : FUZrX3SA,Ii ORATZOZr. In obedience to your will, I rise your humble organ, ■with the hope of executing a part of the system of public mourning which you have been pleased to adopt, com- memorative of the death of the most illustrious and most beloved personage this country has ever produced ; and which, while it transmits, to posterity your sense of the awful event, faintly represents your knowledge of the consummate excellence you so cordially honor. Desperate indeed is any attempt on earth to meet cor- respondingly this dispensation of Heaven ; for, while with pious resignation we submit to the will of an all-gracious Providence, we can never cease lamenting, in our finite view of Omnipotent Wisdom, the heart-rending privation for which our nation weeps. When the civilized world shakes to its centre ; when every moment gives birth to strange and momentous changes ; when our peaceful quarter of the globe, exempt as it happily has been from any share in the slaughter of the human race, may yet be compelled to abandon her pacific policy, and to risk the doleful casualties of war: What limit is there to the extent of our loss .' — None within the reach of ray words to express; none which your feelings will not disavow. 248 The founder of our federate republic — our bulwark iiig 'Bar, our guide in peace, is no more ! Oh that this were but questionable ! Hope, the comforter of the wretched, would pour into our agonizing hearts its balmy dew. But, alas! there is no hope for us; our Washington* is removed for ever ! Possessing the stoutest frame, and purest mind, he had passed nearly to his sixty-eighth year, in the enjoyment of high health, when, habituated by his care of us to neglect himself, a slight cold, dis" regarded, became inconvenient on Friday, oppressive onf Saturday, and, defying every medical interposition, before ' the morning of Sunday, put an end to the best of men. An end did I say ? — his fame survives ! — bounded only by the limits of the earth, and by the extent of the human mind. He survives in our hearts, in the growing know- ledge of our children, in tlie affections of the good throughout the world; and when our monuments shaU be done away ; when nations now existing shall be no more ; when even our young and far-spreading empire shall have perished, still will our Washington's glory un- faded shine, and die not, until love of virtue cease on earth, or earth itself sinks into chaos. How, my fellow-citizens, shall I single to your grateful hearts his pre-eminent worth! Where shall I begin in opening to your view a character throughout sublime? Shall I speak of his warlike achievements, all springing from obedience to his country's will — all- directed to his country's good .'' Will you go with me to the banks of the Monongahela, to see your youthful Washington, supporting, in the dismal hour of Indian victory, the ill-fated Braddock, and saving, by his judgment and by his valor, the remains of a de- 249 feated army, pressed by the conquering savage foe ? Or, when oppressed America, nobly resolving to^risk her all in defence of her violated rights, he was elevated by the unanimous Voice of Congress to the command of her armies : — Will you follow him to the high grounds of *^oston, where to an undisciplined, courageous, and vir- tuous yeomanry, his presence. gave the stability of system, and infused the invincibility of love of country ; or shall I carry you to the painful scenes of Long Island, York Island and New Jersey, when, combating superior and gallant armies, aided by powerful fleets, and led by chiefs high in the roll of fame, he stood, the bulwark of our safety ; undismayed by disaster ; unchanged by change of for tune. Or will you view him in the precarious fields of Trenton, where deep gloom unnerving every arm, reigned triumphant through our thinned, worn down, unaided ranks ; himself unmoved. Dreadful was the night. It was about this time of winter — ;the storm raged — the Delaware rolling furiously with floating ice, forbade the approach of man. Washington, self-collected, viewed the tremendous scene — his country called ; unappalled by surrounding dangers, he passed to the hostile shore ; he fought ; he conquered. The morning sun cheered the American world. Our country rose on the event; and her dauntless chief, pursuing his blow, completed in the lawns of Princeton, what his vast soul had conceived on the shores of Delaware. Thence to the strong grounds of Morristown he led his small but gallant band ; and through an eventful winter, by the high efforts of his genius, whose matchless force was measurable only by the growth of difficulties, he held in check formidable hostile legions, conducted by a T 25 250 chief experienced in the art of war, and famed for his valor on the 'ever memorable heights of Abraham, where, fell Wolfe, Montcalm, and since, our much lamented Montgofnery — all covered with glory. In this fortunate interval, produced by his masterly conduct, our fathers,"* ourselves, animated by his resistless example, rallied, around our country's standard, and .continued to follow her beloved chief through the various and trying scenes to which the destinies of our Union led. Who is there that has forgotten the vales of Brandy- wine — the fields of Germantown — or the plains of Mon- mouth? Everywhere present, wants of every kind obstructing, numerous and valiant armies encountering, . himself a host, he assuaged our sufferings, limited our privations, and. upheld our tottering republic. Sha:ll I display to you the spread of the fire of his' soul, by rehearsing the praises of the Hero of Saratoga, and his much loved compeer of the Carolinas ? No ; our Wash- ington wears no borrowed glory: to Gates — to Greene, he gave without reserve the applause due to their emi- nent merit ; and long may the chiefs of Saratoga, and of Eutaws, receive lie grateful respect of a' grateful people. Moving in his own orbit, he imparted heat and light to his most distant satellites ; and combining the physical and moral force of all within his sphere, with irresistible weight he took his course, commiserating foUy, disdaining vice, dismaying treason, and invigorating despondency; until the auspicious hour arrived, when, united with the intrepid forces of a potent and magnanimous ally, he brought to submission the since conqueror of India ; thus finishing his long career of military glory with a lustre 251 corresponding to his great name, and in thisj his last act of war affixing the seal of fate to our nation's birth. To the horrid din*£)f battle sweet peace succeeded; and our virtuous chief, mindful only of the common good, in a moment tempting personal aggrandizement, hushed the discontents of growing sedition ; and, surrendering his power into the hands from which he had received it, con- verted his sword into a ploughshare, teaching an admiring world that to be truly great, you must be truly good. Was I to stop here, the picture would be incomplete, and the task imposed unfinished. Great as was our Washington in war, and as much as did that greatness contribute to produce the American Republic, it is not in war alone his pre-eminence stands conspicuous. His various talents "combining all the capacities of a states- man with those of a soldier, fitted him alike to guide the councils and the armies of our nation. Scarcely had he rested from his martial toils, while his invaluable parental advice was still sounding in our ears, when he who had been our shield and our sword, was called forth to act a less splendid but more important part. Possessing a clear and penetrating mind, a strong and sound judgment, calmness and temper for deliberation, with invincible firmness, and perseverance in resolutions maturely formed, drawing information from all, acting from himself, with incorruptible integrity and unvarying patriotism: his own superiority and the public confidence alike marked him is the man designed by Heaven to lead in the great political as well as military ev,ents which have distinguished the era of his life. The finger of an overruling providence, pointing at Washington, was neither mistaken nor unobserved ; 252 when, to realize the vast hopes to which our revolution had given birth, a change oi"' political system became ^indispensable.^ How novel, how grand the spectacle ! Independent states stretched over an immense territory, and known only by common difficulty, clinging to their union as the rock of their safety, deciding by frank comparison of their relative condition, to rear on that rock, under the guidance of reason, a common government, through whose commanding protection, liberty and order, with their long train of blessings, should be safe to them- selves, and the sure inheritance of their posterity. This arduous task devolved on citizens selected by the people, from knowledge of their wisdom and confidence in their virtue. In this august assembly of sages and patriots, Washington of course was found ; and, as if acknowledged to be most wise, where all were wise, with one voice he was declared their chief. How well he merited this rare distinction, how faithful were the labours of himself and his' compatriots, the work of their hands and our union, strength and prosperity, the fruits of that work, best attest. ^ But to have essentially aided in presenting to his country this consummation of her hopes, neither satisfied the claims of his fellow-citizens on his talents, nor those duties which the possession of those talents imposed. Heaven had not infused into his mind such an uncommon share of its ethereal spirit to remain unemployed, nor bestowed on him his genius unaccompanied with the cor- responding duty of devoting it to the common good. To have framed a Constitution, was showing only, without ealizing, the general happiness. This great work re- mained to be done ; and America, steadfast in her prefer- ence, with one voice summoned her beloved Washington, unpractised as he was in the duties of civil administra- tion, to execute this last act in the completion of the national felicity. Obedient to her call, he assumed the high office with that self-distrust peculiar to his innate modesty, the constant attendant of pre-eminent virtue. What was the burst of joy through our 'anxious land on this exhilarating event is known to us all. The aged, the young, the brave, the fair, rivaled each other in demonstrations of their gratitude ; and this high- wrought, delightful scene was heightened in its effect, by the sin- gular contest between the zeal of the bestowers and the avoidance of the receiver of the honors bestowed. Com- mencing his administration, what heart is not charmed with the recollection of the pure and wise principles an- nounced by himself, as the basis of his political life. He best understood the indissoluble union between virtue and happiness, between duty and advantage, between the genuine maxims of an honest and magnanimous policy, and the solid rewards of public prosperity and individual felicity ; watching with an equal and comprehensive eye over this great assemblage of communities and interests, he laid the foundations of our national policy in the un-' erring, immutable principles of morality, based on reli- gion, exemplifying the pre-eminence of a free govern- ment ; by all the attributes which win the affections of its citzens, or command the respect of the world. i " fortunatos nimiiim, sua si bona norint !" ! , - Leading through the complicated difficulties produced by previous obligations and confficting interests, seconded 25* 254 by succeeding houses of Congress, enlightened and pa- triotic, he surmounted all original obstruction, and bright- ened the path of our national felicity. The presidential term expiring, his solicitude to ex- change exaltation for humility returned with a force increased with.increase of age ; and he had prepared his farewell address to his countrymen, proclaiming his inten- tion, when the united interposition of all around him, enforced by the eventful prospects of the epoch, produced a further sacrifice of inclination to duty. The election of President followed, and Washington, by the unani- mous vote of the nation, was called to resume the Chief Magistracy. What a wonderful fixture of confidence ! WTiich attracts most our admiration, a people so correct, or a citizen combining an assemblage of talents forbid- ding rivalry, and stifling even envy itself.' Such a nation ought to be happy, such a chief must be for ever revered. War, long menaced by the Indian tribes, now broke out; and the terrible conflict, deluging Europe with blood, began to shed its baneful influence over our happy land. To the first, outstretching his invincible arm, under the orders of the gallant Wayne, the Ameri- can eagle soared triumphant through distant forests. Peace followed victory ; and the melioration of the con- dition of the enemy followed peace. Godlike virtue, which uplifl:s even the subdued savage. To the second he opposed himself. New and delicate was the conjuncture, and great was the stake. Soon did his penetrating mind discern and seize the only course, continuing to us all the felicity enjoyed. He issued his proclamation of neutrality. This index to his whole subsequent conduct was sanctioned by the approbation 255 of both houses of Congress, and by the approving voice of the people. To this subHme policy he inviolably adhered, unmoved by foreign Intrusion, unshaken by domestic turbulence. " Justum et tenacem propositi virum, Non civium ardor prava jubentiura, Non vultus instantis tyranni, ■ Mente quatit folida." Maintaining his pacific system at the expense of no duty, America, faithful, to herself, and sustained in her honor, continued to enjoy the delights of peace, while afflicted Europe mourns in every quarter under the accu- mulated miseries of an unexampled war; miseries in which our happy country must have shared, had not our pre-eminent Washington been as firm in council as he was brave in the field. Pursuing steadfastly his course, he held safe the public happiness, preventing foreign war, and quelling internal discord, till the revolving period of a third election approached, when he executed his interrupted but inex- tinguishable desire of returning to the humble walks of private life. The promulgation of his fixed resolution stopped the anxious wishes of an affectionate people, from Adding a third unanimous testimonial of their unabated confidence in the man so long enthroned in their hearts. When be ■ fore was affection like this exhibited on earth } Turn over the records of ancient Greece ! Review the annals of mighty Rome ! Examine the volumes of modern Europe ; you search in vain. America and her Wash- ington only afford the dignified exemplification. The 256 illustrious personage called by the national voice in suc- cession to the arduous office of guiding a free people, had new difficulties to encounter. The amicable effi)rt of settling our difficulties with France, begun by Wash- ington, and pursued by his successor in virtue as in sta- tion, proving abortive, America took measures of self- defence. No sooner was the public mind roused by a prospect of danger, than every eye was turned to the friend of all, though secluded from public view, and gray in public service. The virtuous veteran following his plough, received the unexpected summons with mingled emotions of indignation at the unmerited ill-treatment of his country, and of a determination once more to risk his all in her defence. The annunciation of these feelings, in his affecting letter to the President, accepting the command of the army, concludes his official conduct. First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen, he was second to none in the humble and endearing scenes of private life : pious, just, humane, temperate, and sincere, uniform, dignified, and com- manding, his example was as edifying to all around him as were the effects of that example lasting. To his equals he was condescending ; to his inferiors kind ; and to the dear object of his affections exemplarily tender. Correct throughout, vice shuddered in his pre- sence, and virtue always felt his fostering hand ; the purity of his private character gave • effulgence to his public virtues. His last scene comported with the whole tenor of his life ; although in extreme pain, not a sigh, not a groan escaped him ; and with undisturbed serenity he closed 257 his well-spent life. Such was the man America has lost . such was the man for whom our nation mourns ! Methinks I see his august image, and hear, falling from his vener- able lips, these deep-sinking words : " Cease, sons of America, lamenting our separation : go on, and confirm by your wisdom the fruits of our joint councils, joint efforts, and common dangers. Reverence religion ; diffuse knowledge throughout your land ; patron- ize the arts and sciences ; let liberty and order be in- separable companions ; control party-spirit, the bane of free government ; observe good faith to, and cultivate peace with all nations ; shut up every avenue to foreign influence ; contract rather than extend national con- nexion; rely on yourselves only; be American in thought and deed. Thus will you give immortality to that union, which was the constant object of my terrestrial labours. Thus will you preserve undisturbed to the latest posterity the felicity of a people to me most dear ; and thus will you supply (if my happiness is now aught to you) the only vacancy in the round of pure bliss high Heaven bestows." ; Feiday, December 27, 1799. On a motion made and seconded that the House do come to the follow- ing resolution, to wit : The House of Representatives of the United States, highly gratified with the manner in which Mr. Lee has performed the ser- vice assigned to him, under the resolution desiring the President of the Senate and Speaker of the House of Representatives to request one of the members of Congress to prepare and deliver a funeral^ oration on the death of George Washington; and desirous of com- municating to their fellow-citizens, through the medium of the 258 press, those sentiments of respect for the character, of gratitude for the services, and of grief for the death, of that illustrious per- sonage, which, felt by all, have, on this melancholy occasion, been so well expressed : •■ Resolved, That the Speaker present the thanks of this House to Mr. Lee, for the oration delivered by him to both Houses of Con- gress on Thursday, the. twenty-sixth instant; and request that he will permit a copy thereof to be taken for publication : The question was taken that the House do agree to the same, And unanimously resolved in the affirmative. Monday, Decembee 30, 1799. The Speaker informed the House that, in pursuance of the resolution of Friday last, he had addressed to Major General Henry Lee, one of the members for the State of Virginia, the following letter : " Philadelphia, December 27, 1799. " Dear Sir: The enclosed resolutions, which unanimously. passed the House of Representatives this day, will make known to you how highly they have been gratified with the manner in which you have performed the service assigned to you, in preparing and de- livering a funeral oration on the death of General Washington. That our constituents may participate in the gratification we have received from your having so well expressed those sentiments of respect for the ^character, of gratitude for the services, and of grief for the death, of that illustrious personage, I flatter myself you will not hesitate to comply with the request of the House, by furnishing a copy of your oration, to be taken for publication. "Allow me, while performing this pleasing task of official duty in communicating an act of the representatives of the people, so just to you and so honorable to themselves, to embrace the oppor- tunity to declare that " I am, personally, with great esteem and sincere regard, deal sir, your friend and obedient servant, "THEODORE SEDGWICK. "The honorable Maj. Gen. Lee." To which Mr. Lee had replied as follows : 259 " Franklin Court, December 28, 1799. " Dear Sir : I owe to the goodness of the. House of Representa- tives the honor which their resolutions confer on my humble efforts to execute their wish. "I can never disobey their will, and therefore will furnish a copy* of the oration delivered on the late aiBicting occasion, much as 1 had flattered myself with a different disposition of it. " Sincerely reciprocating the personal consideration with which you honor me, I am, very respectfully, sir, your friend and obedient servant, "HENRY LEE. " The Speaker of the House of Representatives." Mr. Marshall, from the joint committee appointed to prepare and report measures in honor of the memory of General George Washington, made a flirther report, in part ; which was read and considered : Whereupon, It was unanimously resolved that the House do agree to the following resolutions : Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembkd, That it be recommended to the people of the United States to assemble, on the twenty- second day of February next, in such numbers and manner as may be convenient, publicly to testify their grief for the death of Gene- ral George Washington, by suitable eulogies, orations, arid dis- courses, or by public prayers.f And it is further resolved. That the President be retjuested to issue a proclamation, for the purpose of carrying the foregoing reso- lution into effect. Ordered, That the clerk of this House do carry the said resolutions to the Senate, and desire their concurrence. *Vide the Oration, page 2t7. t In conformity with this recommendation, the people of every city, town, vil- lage, and liamlet, w hose numbers were swelled by the neighboring country-people, assembled, and with deep devotion rendered their heartfelt tribute of affection Ibr the memory of the Father of thejr Country. This outpouring of gratitude and , , affection of a nation of free citizens has never been equalled more nearly than by the spontaneous and universal demonstration of this national virtue on the oc- casion of the visit of General Lafayette to the United States, in 18524. 260 [These resolutions were agreed to by the Senate on the 31st December, 1799, and approved by the President of the United States on the 6th January, 1800.] MoNDAT, Jaitoakt 6, 1800. A message was received from the President of the United States, by Mr. Adams, notifying that the President did, this day, approve and sign certain enrolled resolutions, which originated in this House, directing further measures in honor of the memory of General George Washington. Ordered, That the clerk of this House do acquaint the Senate there- vrith. Wednesday, January 8, 1800. A message, in writing, was received from the President of the United States, by Mr. Shaw, his secretary, as followeth : Gentlemen of the Senate, and Gentlemen of the House of Representatives! In compliance with the request in one of the resolutions oF Con- gress of the twenty-first of December last, I transmitted a copy of those resolutions, by my secretary, Mr. Shaw, to Mrs. Washing- ton, assuring her of the profound respect Congress will ever bear to her person and character; of their condolence in the late afflict- ing, dispensation of Providence ; and entreating her assent to the interment of the remains of General George Washington, in the manner expressed in the first resolution. As the sentiments of that virtuous lady, not less beloved by this nation than she is at present greatly afflicted, can never be so well expressed as in her own words, I transmit to Congress her original letter. It would be an attempt of too much delicacy to make any com- ments upon it ; but there can be no doubt that the nation at large, as well as all the branches of the Government, will be highly gratified by any arrangement which may diminish the sacrifi9e she makes of her individual feelings. JOHN ADAMS. United States, January 6, 1800. The letter referred to in the said message is as follows : 261 "Mount Vernon, December 31, 1799. " Sir : While I feel, with keenest anguish, the late dis- pensation of Divine Providence, I cannot be insensible to the mournful tributes of respect and veneration which are paid to the memory of my dear deceased husband ; and, as his best services and most anxious wishes were always devoted to the welfare and happiness of his country, to know that they were truly appreciated and gratefully re- membered affords no inconsiderable consolation. " Taught, by that great example which I have so long had before me, never to oppose my private wishes to the public will, I must consent to the request made by Con- gress, which you have had the goodness to transmit to me ; and, in doing this, I need not, I cannot, say what a sacrifice of individual feeling I make to a sense of public duty. " With grateful acknowledgments and unfeigned thanks for the personal respect and evidences of condolence ex- pressed by Congress and yourself, I remain, very respect- fully, sir, your most obedient .humble servant, "MARTHA WASHINGTON." The said message, and letter accompanying the same, were read, and ordered to be referred to the joint committee appointed the nineteenth ultimo, on receipt of the intelligence of the death of General George Washington, to prepare and report measures suitable to the occasion. Fkidat, Makch 28, 1800. On motion, Resolved, That all letters and packets to Mrs. Martha Washington, relict of the late General George Washington, shall be received and con- veyed by post, free from postage, for and during her life. Ordered, That a bill or bills be brought in pursuant to the said resolu. tion ; and that Mr. Henry Lee, Mr. Kittera and Mr. Dennis, do prepare and bring in the same. 26 262 Mr. Henry Lee, from the committee appointed, presented, aecording to order, a bill to extend the privilege of franking letters and packages to Martha Washington ; which was received, and read the first time. On motion, the said bill was read the second time, and ordered to be engrossed, and read the third time on Monday next. MoiTDAT, March 31, 1800. An engrossed bill to extend the privilege of franking letters and pack- ages to Martha Washington, was read the third time. Sesolved, That the said bill do pass :— . AN ACT to extend the privilege of franking letters and packages to Martha Washington. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa- tives of the United States of America in Congress , as' sernbled, That all letters and packages to and from Martha Washington, shall be received and conveyed by post free of postage, for and during her life. [This act was passed by the Senate on the 1st of April, and approved by the President of the United States, on the 3d April, 1800.] IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES. Thtjksday, Decembek 19, 1799. The following written message was received from the President of the United States, by Mr. Shaw, his secretary : Gentlemen of the Senate, and Gentlemen of the House of Representatives : The letter herewith transmitted* will inform you that it has pleased Divine Providence to remove from this life * See letter fi-om Tobias Lear on page 243. 263 our excellent fellow-citizen George Washington ; by the purity of his character, and a long series of services to his country rendered illustrious through the world. It remains for an affectionate and grateful people, in whose hearts he can never die, to pay suitable honors to his memory. JOHN ADAMS. United States, December 19, 1799. The message and letter were read. Ordered, That they lie for consideration. A message from the House of Representatives, by Mr. Oswald, in the absence of their clerk : Mr. President: The House of Representatives having received intelli- gence of the death of their highly-valued fellow-citizen, General George Washington, and sharing the universal grief this distressing event must produce, have Eesolved, That a joint committee be appointed, to report measures suitable to the occasion, and expressive of the profound sorrow with which Congress is penetrated on the loss of a citizen, first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen; and having ap- pointed a committee on their part, desire the concurrence of the Senate. And he withdrew. The Senate proceeded to consider the foregoing resolution of the House of Representatives. Whereupon, Sesolved, That they do concur therein, and that Messrs. Dayton, Bing- ham, Dexter, Gunn, Laurance, Tracy, and Read, be the committee on the part of the Senate. Ordered, That the Secretary acquaint the House of Representatives with the concurrence. On motion, Sesolved, That the Senate will wait on the President of the United States, to condole with him on the distressing event of the death of Gene- ral George Washington ; and that a committee be appointed to prepare, for that occasion, an address to the President of the United States, ex- pressive of the deep regret of the Senate ; and that this committee con- sist of Messrs. Dexter, Ross, and Read. On motion, ^ Eesolved, That the chairs in the Senate chamber be covered, and the room hung with black, and that each member, and the officers of the 264 Senate, go into mourning, by the usual mode of wearing a crape round the left arm, during the session. The Senate adjourned to 11 o'clock on Monday morning. MoNDAT, December 23, 1799. Mr.. Dexter, from the committee, appointed for the purpose on the 18th inst., reported the draught of an address to the President of the United States, on the death of General George Washington ; which being read in paragraphs, was adopted, as follows : To the President of the United States: The Senate of the United States respectfully take leave, sir, to express to you their deep regret for the loss their country sustains in the death of General George Wash- ington. This event, so distressing to all our fellow-citizens, must be peculiarly heavy to you, who have long been as- sociated with him in deeds of patriotism. Permit us, sir, to mingle our tears with yours ; on this occasion it is manly to weep. To lose such a man, at such a crisis, is no common calamity to the world : our country mourns her Father. The Almighty Disposer of human events has taken from us our greatest benefactor and ornament. It becomes us to submit withreverence to him who " maketh darkness his paviUon." With patriotic pride we review the life of our Wash- ington, and compare him with those of other countries, who have been pre-eminent in fame. Ancient and modern names are diminished before him^ Greatness and guilt have too often been alhed ; but his fame is whiter than it is brilliant. The destroyers of nations stood abashed at the majesty of his virtue. It reproved the intemperance of their ambition, and darkened the splendor of victory. The scene is closed, and we are no longer anxious lest 265 misfortune should sully his glory ; he' has travelled to the end of his journey, and carried with him an increasing weight of honor; he has deposited it safely, where mis- fortune cannot tarnish it, where malice cannot blast it. Favored of Heaven, he departed without exhibiting the Aveakness of humanity. Magnanimous in death, the dark- ness of the grave could not obscure his brightness. Such w^as the man whom we deplore. Thanks to God ! his glory is consummated ; Washington yet lives— on earth in his spotless example — his spirit is in heaven. Let his countrymen consecrate the memory of the he- roic general, the patriotic statesman, and the virtuous sage ; let them teach their children never to forget that the fruit of his labors and his example are their inheritance. SAMUEL LIVERMORE, President of the Senate, pro tempore. Ordered, That the committee who prepared the address, wait on the President of the United States, and desire him to acquaint the Senate at what time and place it will be most convenient for him that it should be presented. Mr. Dexter reported, from the committee, that they had waited on the President of the United States, and that he had acquainted them that he would receive the address of the Senate immediately, at his own house. Whereupon, the Senate waited on the President of the United States, and the President of the Senate, in their name, presented the address this day agreed to. To which the President of the United States was pleased to make the following reply :— Gentlemen of the Senate .■ I receive, with the most respectful and affectionate sentiments, in this impressive address, the obliging ex- pressions of your regard for the loss our country has sus-- U 26* 266 tained in the death of her most esteemed, beloved, and admired citizen. In the multitude of my thoughts and recollections on this melancholy event, you will permit me only to say, that I have seen him in the days of adversity, in some of the scenes of his deepest distress and most trying per- plexities : I have also attended him in his highest eleva- tion, and most prosperous felicity, with uniform admiration of his wisdom, moderation, and constancy. Among all our original associates in that memorable league of the continent in 1774, which first expressed the sovereign will of a free nation in America, he was the only one remaining in the general government. Although, with a constitution more enfeebled than his, at an age when he thought it necessary to prepare for tB' tirement, I feel myself alone, bereaved of my last brother; yet I derive a strong consolation from the unanimous dis- position which appears, in all ages and classes, to mingle their sorrows with mine, on this common calamity to the world. The life of our Washington cannot suffer by a com- parison with those of other countries who have been most celebrated and exalted by fame. The attributes and decorations of royalty could have only served to eclipse the majesty of those virtues which ma,de him, from being a modest citizen, a more resplendent luminary. Misfor- tune, had he lived, could hereafter have sullied his glory only with those superficial minds, who, believing that cha- racters and actions are marked by success alone, rarely de- serve to enjoy it. Malice could never blast his honor, and envy made him a singular exception to her universal rule. For himself, he had lived enough to life, and to glory. 267 For his fellow-citizens, if their prayers could have been answered, he would have been immortal. For me, his departure is at a most unfortunate moment. Trusting, however, in the wise and righteous dominion of Provi- dence over the passions of men, and the results of their councils and actions, as well as over their lives, nothing remains for me but humble resignation. His example is now complete, and it will teach wisdom and virtue to magistrates, citizens, and men, not only in the present age, but in future generations, as long as our history shall be read. If a Trajan found a Pliny, a Mar- cus Aurelius can never want biographers, eulogists, or historians. JOHN ADAMS. United States, December 23, 1799. The Senate returned to their own chamber. A message from the House ot Representatives, by Mr. Condy, their Clerk: Mr. President: The joint committee appointed on the part of the House of Representatives, on the 19th instant, on the receipt of the in- telligence of the death of General George Washington, having made report to that House, they have agreed to sundry resolutions thereupon, in which they desire the concurrence of the Senate. And he Vfithdrew. Mr. Dayton, from the joint committee, appointed the 19th instant, on the part of the Senate, on the receipt of the intelligence of the death of General George Washington, reported in past, and the report vfas agreed to. Whereupon, Resolved, v.na7iimously, That the Senate do concur in the aforesaid resolutions. Thuksdat, December 26, 1799. In conformity to the resolve of the 23d instant, the Senate vfent in procession to the German Lutheran Church, where was delivered an oration* in honor of the memory of General George Washington. After which, they returned to their own chamber ; and Adjourned to 11 o'clock to-morrow morning. *See oration of Henry Lee, p. 247. 268 Friday, December 27, 1799. On motion. Resolved, That the thanks of the Senate be communicated, through their President, to General Henry Lee, for the eloquent and impressive oration to the memory of General George Washington, whidi he pre- pared and delivered at the request of Congress, Resolved, That the Secretary be directed to apply to General Lee for a copy of the same. 269 CHAPTER 5. INAUGURAL ADDRESSES OF THE PATRIOTS AND SAGES OF THE REVOLUTION, WHO WERE ELEVATED BY THE SUFFRAGES OF THEIR FELLOW-CITIZENS TO THE OFFICE OF PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 1. In seeking, among the great mass of literary matter that has emanated from the ahle and intelligent minds and honest hearts of the statesmen of the Revolution, for compositions or productions which imbody more completely than any others, and within the smallest compass, the true principles, objects, and designs, duties and responsibilities, of the American Government under the Con- stitution, none can be found comparable to the inaugural addresses of those wise and true patriots who brought with them to the pre- sidential oiBce, not only the experience they had acquired in those times when the energies and resources of the stoutest hearts and ablest minds were constantly in requisition, but the advantages of the highest intelligence, resulting from that investigation of causes, and deliberation upon effects, constituting the prominent character- istics of truly great minds. These worthy spirits had witnessed and felt the oppression of the colonial system of bondage ; the want of a general government for the United Colonies in the com- mencement and progress of the Revolution; the total inefficiency of the old form of government under the Confederation; and some had taken part in, while all had been eye-witnesses of, the efficient and paternal administration of government under the Constitution by the great and good Washington. The sentiments and princi- ples emanating from such sources, upon a subject so momentous, cannot fail to be highly interesting and instructive to the young_ statesmen and patriots of our country ; while, to every American citizen capable of reading and understanding, they will be an in- valuable means of judging properly of the views and principles 270 ■of the public men who may be candidates for their suffrage and favor ; for, if their declarations and sentiments contradict those contained in these inaugural addresses, doubts may well be enter- tained of their soundness or sincerity, and every man will be jus- tified, in the exercise of his birthright as an American citizen, in supporting the Constitution as understood and executed by its framers and best friends. 2. THE INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF GEORGE WASHING- TON, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, April 30, 1789, (Will be found with his political acts in Chapter 4, p. 211.) 3. INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF JOHN ADAMS, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. March 4, 1797. When it was first perceived, in early times, that no middle course for America remained between unlimited submission to a foreign legislature and a total independence of its claims, men of reflection were less apprehensive of danger from the formidable power of fleets and armies they must determine to resist, than from those contests and dissensions which would certainly arise con- cerning the forms of government to be instituted over the whole and over the parts of this extensive country. Relying, however, on the purity of their intentions, the justice of their cause, and the integrity and intelligence of the people, under an overruling Pro- vidence, which had so signally protected this country from the first, the representatives of this nation, then consisting of littre more than half its present number, not only broke to pieces the chains which were forging, and the rod of iron that was lifted up, but frankly cut asunder the ties which had bound them, and launched into an ocean of uncertainty. The zeal and ardor of the people, during the revolutionary war, supplying the place of government, commanded a degree of order, sufficient at least for the temporary preservation of society. The Confederation, which was early felt to be necessary, was prepared from the models of the Batavian and Helvetic confederacies — ^the only examples which remain, with any detail and precision, in history, and certainly the only ones which the people at large had ever considered. But, reflecting on the striking diiference, in so many particulars, between this country and those where a courier 271 may go from the seat of government to the frontier io a single day, it was then certainly foreseen, by some who assisted in Congress at the formation of it, that it could not be durable. Negligence of ils regulations, inattention to its recommenda- tions, if not disobedience to its authority, not only in individuals, but in States, soon appeared, with their melancholy consequences ; universal languor; jealousies and rivalries of States; decline of navigation and commerce; discouragement of necessary manufac- tures ; universal fall in the value of lands and their produce ; con- tempt of public and private faith ; loss of consideration and credit with foreign nations ; and, at length, in discontents, animosities, combinations, partial conventions, and insurrection, threatening some great national calamity. In this dangerous crisis, the people of America were not aban- doned by their usual good sense, presence of mind, resolution, or integrity. Measures were pursued to concert a plan to form >i more perfect union, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty. The public disquisitions, discus- sions, and deliberations, issued in the present happy constitution of government. Employed in the service of my country abroad during the whole course of these transactions, I first saw the Constitution of the United States in a foreign country. Irritated by no literary alter- cation, animated by no public debate, heated by no party animo- sity, I read it with great satisfaction, as the result of good heads, prompted by good hearts — as an experiment, better adapted to the genius, character, situation, and relations, of this nation and coun- try, than any which had ever been proposed or suggested. In its general principles and great outlines, it was conformable to such a system of government as I had ever most esteemed, and in some States, my own native State in particular, had contributed to esta- blish. Claiming a right of suffrage, in common with my fellow- citizens, in the adoption or rejection of a Constitution which was to rule me and my posterity, as well as tlaem and theirs, I did not hesitate to express my approbation of it, on all occasions, in public and in private. It was not then, nor has been since, any objection to it, in my mind, that the Executive and Senate were not more pormanent. Nor have I ever entertained a' thought of prompting any alteration in it, but such as the people themselves, in the course of their experience, should see and feel to be necessary or expedient, and, by their representatives in Congress and the State legislatures, according to the Constitution itself, adopt and ordain. Returning to the bosom of my country, after a painful separation from it, for ten years, I had the honor to be elected to a station under the new order of things, and I have repeatedly laid myself 272 under the most serious obligations to support the Constitution. The operation of it has equalled the most sanguine expectations of its friends; and, from an habitual attention to it, satisfaction in its administration, and delight in its effects upon the peace, order, prosperity and happiness of the nation, I have acquired an habitual attachment to it and veiieration for it. What other form of government, indeed, can so well deserve our esteem and love'? There may be little solidity in an ancient idea, that congrega- tions of men into cities and imtions are the most pleasing objects in the sight of superior intelligences ; but this is very certain, that, to a benevolent human mind, there can be no spectacle. presented by any nation more pleasing, more noble, majestic, or august, than an assembly like that which has so often been seen in this and the other chamber of Congress, of a government in which the execu- tive authority, as well as tiiat of all the branches of the legisla- ture, are exercised by citizens selected, at regular periods, by their neighbors, to make and execute laws for the general good. Can any thing essential, any thing more than mere ornament and deco- ration, be added to this by robes and diamonds ? Can authority be more amiable and respectable when it descends from accidents, or institutions established in remote antiquity, than when it springs fresh from the hearts and judgments of an honest and enlightened people ? For it is the people only that are represented : it is their power and majesty that is reflected, and only for their good, in every legitimate government, under whatever form it may appear. The existence of such a government as ours, for any length of time, is a full proof of a general dissemination of knowledge and virtue throughout the whole body of the people. And what object or consideration more pleasing than this can be presented to the human mind % If national pride is ever justifiable, or excusable, it is when it springs, not from power or riches, grandeur or glory, but from conviction of national innocence, information, and be- nevolence. In the midst of these pleasing ideas, we should be unfaithful to ourselves if we should ever lose sight of the danger to our liber- ties — if any thing partial or extraneous should infect the purity of our free, fair, virtuous,, and independent elections. If an election is to be determined by a majority of a single vote, and that can be procured by a party, through artl^ce or corruption, the government may be the choice of a party, for its own ends — ^not of the nation, for the national good. If that solitary suffrage can be obtained by foreign nations by flattery or menaces, by fraud or violence, by terror, intrigue, or venality, the government may not be the choice of the American people, but of foreign nations. It may be foreign nations who govern us, and not we the people who govern our- 273 selves. And candid men will Acknowledge, that, in such cases, choifce would have little advantage to boast of, over lot or chance. Such is the amiable and interesting- system of government (and such are some, of the abuses. to which it may be exposed) which the people of America have exhibited to the admiration and anxiety of the wise and virtuous of all nations, for eight years, under the administration of a citizen, who, by. a long course of great actions, regulated by prudence, justice, temperance, and fortitude, conduct- ing a people inspired with the same virtues, and animated with the same ardent patriotism and love of liberty, to independence and peace, to increasing wealth and unexampled^ prosperity, has merited the gratitude of his fellow-citizens, "commanded the highest praises of foreign nations, and secured immortal glory with posterity. In that retirement which is his voluntary choice, may he long live to enjoy the delicious recollection of his services, the grati- tude of mankind, the happy fruits of them to himself and the world, which are' daily increasing, and that spleijdid prospect of the future fortunes of this country vphich is opening from year to year. His name may be still a rampart, and the knowledge that he lives a bulwark, against all open or secret enemies of his coun- try's peace. This example has been recommended to the imitation of his successors, by both houses of Congress, and by the voice of the iegislatures and the people throughout the nation. On this subject it might become me better to be Silent, or to sppak with diffidence; but^ as something may be expected, the occasion, I hope, will- be admitted as an apology, if I venture to say. That — If a preference, upon principle, of a free republican government, formed upon long and serious reflection, after a diligent and im- ])artial inquiry after truth; if an attachment to the Constitution of the United States, and a conscientious determination to support it, until it shall be altered by the judgments and wishes .of the people, expressed in the mode prescribed in it; if a respectful attention to the constitutions of the individual States, and a constant caution and delicacy towards the State governments ; if an equal and im- partial regard to the rights, interest,, honor, and happiness, of all the States in the Union, without preference or regard to a northern or southern, an eastern or western position, their various political opinions on unessential points, or their personal attachments ; if a love of virtuous men, of all parties and denominations ; if a love of science and letters, and a wish to" patronize every rational effort to encourage schools, colleges, universities, academies,' and every institution for propagating knowledge, virtue, and religion, among all classes of the people, not only for their benign influence on the happiness of life in all its stages and clas.ses, and of society in all its forms, but as the only means of preserving our Constitution 27 274 from its natural enemies, the spirit of sophistry, the spirit of party, the spirit of intrigue, the profligacy of corruption, and the pesti lence of foreign influence, which . is the angel of destruction to elective governments ; if a love of equal laws, of justice, and hu manity, in the interior administration ; if an inclination to improve agriculture, commerce, and manufactures for necessity, conve- nience, and defence; if a spirit of equity and humanity towards the ahoriginal nations of America, and a disposition to meliorate their condition, by inclining them to~1)e more friendly to us, and our citizens to be more friendly to them ; if an inflexible determi- nation to maintain peace and inviolable faith vrith all nations, and that system of neutrality and impartiality among the belligerent powers of Europe which has been adopted by this government, and so soleinnly sanctioned by both houses of Congress, and ap- plauded by the legislatures of the States and the public opinion, until it shall be otherwise ordained by Congress ; if a personal esteem for the French nation, formed in a residence of seven years chiefly among them, and a sincere desire to preserve the friendship which has been so much for the honor and interest of both nations'; if, while the conscious honor and integrity of the people of America, and the internal sentiment of their own power and ener- gies, must be preserved, an earnest endeavor to investigate every just cause, and remove every colorable pretence of complaint; if an intention to pursue, by amicable negotiatiop, a reparation for the injuries that have been committed on the commerce of our fel- low-citizens, by whatever nation, and, if success cannot be ob- tained, to lay the facts before the legislature, that they may con- sider what further measures the honor and interest of the Govern- ment and its constituents demand ; if a resolution to do justice, as far as may depend upon me, at all times and to all nations, and maintain peace, friendship, and benevolence, with all the world ; if an unshaken confidence in the honor, spirit, and resources of the American people, on which I have so often hazarded my all, and never been deceived ; if elevated ideas of the high destinies of this country, and of my own duties towards it, founded on a knowledge of the moral principles and intellectual improvements of the people, deeply engraven on my mind in early life, and not obscured, but exalted, by experience and age ; and, with humble reverence, I feel it to be my duty to add, if a veneration' for the re- ligion of a people who profess and call themselves Christians, and a fixed resolution to consider a decent respect for Christianity among the best recommendations for the public service, — can en- able me, in any degree; to comply with your wishes, it shall be my strenuous endeavor that this sagacious injunction of the two houses shall not be without effect. With this great example before me — with the sense and spirit, 21b the faith and honor, the duty and interest, of the same American people, pledged .to support -the Constitution of t)ie United States, I entertain no doubt of itsv continuance in all its energy, and niy mind is prepared, without hesitation, to lay myself under the most solemn obligations to support it to the utmost of my power. And may that Being who is supreme over all, the Patron of or- der, the Fountain "of justice, and the Protector, in all ages of the world, of virtuous liberty, continue His blessing upon this nation and its Government, and give it all possible success and duration, consistent with the ends of his Providence ! 4. INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF THpjMAS JEFFERSON, PRE- SIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, AT HIS FIRST TERM OF OFFICE. March 4,. 1801. Friends and fellow-citizens .• Called upon to undertake the duties of the first executive office of our country, 1 avail myself of the presence of that portion of thy fellow-citizens which is here assembled, to express my grateful thanks for the favor with which they have been pleased to look towards rae, to declare a sincere consciousness that the task is above my talents, and that I approach it with those anxious and awful presentiments which the greatness of the charge and the weakness of my powers so jus.tly inspire. A rising nation, spread over a wide and fruitful land ; traversing all the seas with the rich productions of their industry ; engaged in commerce with nations who feel power and forget right ; advancing rapidly to destinies beyond the reach of mortal eye^ — when I contemplate these trans- cendant objects, and see the honor, the happiness, and the hopes of this beloved country committed to the issue and the auspiceS of tliis day, I shrink from the contemplation, and humble myself her fore the magnitude of the undertaking-. Utterly, indeed, should I despair, did not the presence of many whdm I liere see remind me that in the other high' authorities provided by>our Constitution I shall find resources gf wisdom, of virtue, and of zeal, on which to rely under all difficulties. To you, then, gentlemen, who are charged with the sovereign functions of legislation,. and to those associated with you, I look with encouragement for that guidancu and support which may enable us to steer with safety the vessel in which we are all embarked, amidst the conflicting elements of-a troubled Worlds During .the contest of opinion through which we have passed, the animation of discussions and of exertions has sometimes worn an aspect which might impose on strangers,- unused to think 276 freely, and to speak and to write what they think ; but, this being now decided by the-Troice di the nation, announced, according to the mles of the Ci nstitution, alliwill, of course, arrange them- selvBs under the will of the law, and unite in common efforts for the common good. All, too, will bear in mind this" sacred prin- ciple, that, thbiigh the will of the majority is in all cases to pre- Tail, that will, to be righlfijl, must be reasonable ; that the minority possess their equal rights, which eqital laws must protect, and to vio- late would be oppression. Jiet us, then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and one mind ; let us restore to social intercourse that harmony and "affection without which liberty and even life itself are but dreary things. And let us .'eflect, that, having banished from ourland thatreligious intoleranre under which mankind so long bled and suffered, we have yet gained little, if we countenance a political intolerance as despotic, as wicked, and capable of as bitter and bloody persecutions: During the throes and convulsions of the ancient world ; during the agonizing spasms of infuriated man, seeking, through blood and slaughter, his long-lost liberty, it was not wonderful that the agitation of the billoys should reach even this distant and peaceful shore; that this should be more felt and feared by some, and less by others, and should divide opinions as to measures of safety : but'every difference of opinion is not a dif- ference of principle. We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all republicans : we are all federalists. If there be an^ among us who Would wish- to dissolve this Union, or to change its republican form', let them stand, undisturbed, as monuments of the safety with which error .cf opinion may be tole- rated, luhere reason is left free to combat it. I know, indeed^ that some honest men fear that a republican government cannot be strong — that this Government is not strong enough. But would the honest patriot, in the full tide of successful experiment, aban- don a Government which has so far kept us free and firm, on the theoretic and visionary fear that this Government, the world's best hope, may, by possibility, want energy to preserve itself? I trust not. I believe this, on the contrary, the strongest Government on earth. I believe it the only one where every man, at the call of the law, would fly to the standard of the lavv, and wOuld meet inva- sions of the public order as his own personal concern. Sometimes it is said that man cannot be trusted with the government of him- self. Can he then be trusted- with the government of others 1 Or Jiave we found angels, in the form of kings, to govern him ? Let history answer this question. Let us, then, with courage and confidence, pursue our own fede- ral and, republican principles — our attachment to union and repre- sentative government. Kindly separated by nature and a wide ocean from the exterminating havoc of one quarter of the globe; 277 too high-minded to endure the degradations of the others ; possess- ing a chosen country, with room enough for our descendants to the thousandth and thousandth generation ; entertaining a due sense of our equal right to the use ,of our own faculties, to the acquisi- tions of our own industry, to honor and confidence from our fellow- citizens, resulting, not from birth, but from our actions, and their sense of them ; enlightened by a benign religion, professed, in- deed, and practised, in various forms, yet all of them inculcating honesty, truth, temperance, gratitude, and the love of manj ac- knowledging and adoring an overruling Providence, which, by all its dispensations, proves that it delights in the happiness of man here, and his greater happiness hereafter, — with all these blessings, what more is necessary to make us a happy and prosperous people ? Still one thing more, fellow-citizens : a wise and frugal Govern- ment, which shall restrain men from injuring one another, shall leave them otherwise free to regulatetheir own pursuits of industry and. improvement, and shall not take from the rnouth of labor the bread it has earned. This is the sum of good government, and this is necessary to close the circle of our felicities. About to enter, fellow-citizens, on the exercise of duties which comprehend every thing dear and valuable to you, it is proper yoa should understand what I deem the essential principles of our Go- vernment, and, consequently, those which ought to shape its ad- ministration. 1 will compress them within the narrowest compass they will bear — stating the general principle, hut not all its limita- tions. Equal and exact justice to all men, of whatever state or persuasion, religious or political ; peace,, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none; the support of the State governments in all their rights, as the most competent administrations for our domestic concerns, and the surest "bul warks against anti-republican tendencies; the preserya tion of the General Government in its whole Constitutional vigor. as the sheet-anchor of our peace at home and safety abroad ; & jealous care of the right of election by the people ; a mild and safe corrective of abuses^ which are lopped by the sword, of revolution, where peaceable remedies are unprovided ; absolute acquiescence in the decisions of the majority, the vital principle of.republics, from which is no appeal b ut to force, the vital principle and imme- diate parent of despotism ; a well-disciplined militia, our best re- liance in peace, and for the first moments of war, till regulars may relieve them ; the supremacy of the civil over the military authority ; economy in the public expanse, that labor may be lightly bur- dened ; the honest payment of our debts, and sacred preservation of the public faith ; encouragement of agriculture, and of com- merce as its handmaid ; the diffusion of information, and arraign- ment of all abuses at the bar of the public reason; freedom of re- 27* -278 ligion, freedom of the press, and, freedom of person, under the proteetion of the habeas corpus ; and trial by juries-impartially se- lectedL These principles form the .bright constellation vrhich has gone before us, and guided our steps through an age of revolution and reformation. The wisdom of our SEiges and blood of our he- roes have been devoted to their attainment. They should be the creed of our political faith, the text of civic instruction, the touch- stone by which to try the services of those we trust ; and should we wander from them in moments of error or of alarm, let us hasten to retrace our step^, and to regain the road which alonp leads to peace, liberty, and safety. I repair, then, fellow-citizens, to the post you have assigned me. With experience enough in subordinate offices to have seen the difficulties of this, the greatest of all, I have learnt to expect that . it will rarely fall to the lot of imperfect man to retire from this sta- tion with the reputation and the favor which brought him into it. Without pretensions to that high confidence you reposed in our first and greatest revolutionary character, whose pre-eminent ser- vices had entitled him to the first place in his country's love, and destined for him the fairest page in the volume of faithful history, I ask so much confidence only as may give firmness and effect to the legal administration of your affairs. , I shall often go wrong, through defect of judgment. When right, I shairoften be thought wrong by those whose positions will not command a view of the whole ground. I ask your indulgence for my own errors, wbich will never be intentional, and your support against the errors of ojhers, who may condemn what they would not if seen in all its parts. The approbation implied by your suffrage is a great conso- lation to me for the past; and my future solicitude will be, to re- tain the good opinion of those who have bestowed it in advance, to conciliate that of others by doing them all the good in my power, and to be instrumental to the happiness and freedom of all. Relying, then, on the patronage- of your good will, J advance with obedience to the work, ready to retire from it whenever you become sensible how much better choices it is in your power to make. And may that Infinite power which rules the destinies of th^ unive^ge, lead ^ur councils to what is best, and give them a favorable issue for your peace and prosperity. 279 S. INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF THOMAS JEFFERSON, PRE- SIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, AT HIS SECOND TERM OF OFFICE. March 4, 1805. Proceedinor, fellow-citizens, to that qualification which the Con- stitution requires before my entrance on the charge again conferred on me, it is my duty to express the deep sense I entertain of this new proof of confidence from my fellow-citizens at large, and the zeal with which it inspires me so to conduct myself as may best satisfy their just expectations. On taking- this station,'on a former occasion, I declared the prin- ciples on which I believed it my duty to administer the affairs of our commonwealth. My conscience tells me I have, on every oc- casion, acted up to that declaration, accoTding to its obvious im- port, and to the understanding of every candid mind. In the transaction of your foreign affairs, we have endeavored to cultivate the friendship of all nations, and especially of those with which we have the most important relations. We have done them justice on all occasions, favor where favdr was lawful, and cherished mutual interests- and intercourse on fairand equal terms. We are firmly convinced, and we acton that conviction, that with nations, as with individuals, our interests; soundly calculated, will ever be found inseparabl& from our moral duties ; and history bears witness to the fact, that a just nation is trusted on its word, when recourse is had to armaments and wars to bridle others. At home, fellow-citizens, you best know whether we have done "Well or ill. The suppression of unnecessary offices, of useless establishments and expenses, enabled us to discontinue our inter- nal taxes. These, covering our land with officers, and opening our doors to their intrusions, had already begun that process of domiciliary vexation, which, once entered, is scarcely to be re- strained from reaching, successively, every article of property and produce. If, among these taxes, some minor ones fell, which had not been inconvenient, it was because their amount would not have paid the officers who collected them, and because; if they had any merit, the State authorities might adopt them instead of others less approved. The remaining revenue, on the consumption of foreign articles, is paid chiefly by those who can afford to add foreign luxuries to domes- tic comforts. Being collected on our seaboard and frontiers only, and incorporated with the transactions of our mercantile citizens, it may be the pleasure and the pride of an American to ask, w^hat farmer, what mechanic, what laborer, ever sees a tax-gatherer of the United States 1 These contributions enable us to support the current expenses of the Government ; to fulfil contracts with fo- 280 rei^n nations ; to extinguish the native right' of soil within our limits; to extend thoSfe-Iimits; and to apply snch a surplus to our public debts as places at a short day their final redemption : and, that redemption once eflFected, the revenue thereby liberated may, by a just repartition of it among the States, and a correspondifior amendment of the Constitution, be applied, in time of peace, to livers, canals, roads, arts, manufactures, education, and other great objecte, within each State. In time of war, if injustice by our- selves or others must sometimes produce war, "ncreased, as the same revenue will be, by increased population' and consumption, and aided by other resources reserved for that crisis, it may meet, within the year, all the expenses of the year, without encroaching on the rights of future generations,-by burdening them with the debts of the past War will then be but a suspension of iiseful works ; and a return to a state of peace, a return to the progress of improvement. I have said, fellow-citizens, that the income reserved had ena- bled us to extend our limits ; but that extension may possibly pay for itself before we are called on, and, in the mean time, may keep down the accruing interest : in all events, it will replace the advances we shall have-made. I know that the' acquisition of Lou- isiana has been disapproved by some, from a candid apprehension that the enlargement of our territory would endanger its union. But who can limit the extent to which the federative principle may operate effectively ? The larger our associatioSi, the less will it be shaken by local passions; and, in any view, is it not better that the opposite bank of the Mississippi should be settled by our own brethren and children, than by strangers of another family? With which should we be most likely to live in harmony and friendly intercourse 1 In matters of religion, I have considered that its free exercise is placed by the Constitution independent of the powers of the Gene- ral Government. I have therefore undertaken, on no occasion, to prescribe the religious exercises suited to it, but have left them, as the Constitution found them, ubder the direction and discipline of the church or State authorities acknowledged by the several reli- gious societies. The aboriginal inhabitants of these countries I have regarded with the commiseration their history inspires. Endowed with the faculties and the rights of men, breathing an ardent love of liberty and independence, and' occupying a country which left them no desire but to be undisturbed, the stream of overflowing population from other regions directed itself on these shores. Without power to divert, or habits to contend against it, they have been over- whelmed by the current, or driven before it. Now reduced within limits too narrow for the hunter state, humanity enjoins us to teach 281 them agriculture and the domestic arts, to encourage them to that in- dustry which alone can enahle them to maintain their place in exist- ence, and to prepare them, in time, for that state of society which to hodily comforts adds the improvement of the mind and morals. We have, therefore, liberally furnished them with the implements of husbandry and household use: we have placed among them in- structors in the arts of first necessity ; and they are covered with the segis of the law against aggressors.from among ourselves. But the endeavors to enlighten them on the fate which awaits their present course of life, to induce them to exercise their reason, follow its dictates, and change their pursuits with the change of circumstances, have powerful obstacles to encounter. They are combated by the habits of their bodies, prejudices of their minds, ignorance, pride, and the influence of interested and crafty indi- viduals among them, who feel themselves something in the present order of things, and fear to become nothing in any other. These persons inculcate a sanctimonious reverence for the customs of their ancestors; that whatsoever they did must be done through all time ; that reason is a jalse gujde, and to advance under its counsel in their physical, moral, or political condition, is perilous, innova- tion ; that their duty is to remain as the Creator made them — igno- rance being safety, and knowledge full of danger; In short, my friends, among them, also, is seen the action and counteraction of good sense and of bigotry. They, too, have their anti-philoso- phists, who find an interest in keeping things in their present state, who dread reformation, and exert all their faculties to maintain tlie ascendency of habit over the duty of improving our reason and obeying its mandates. In giving these outlines, I do not mean, fellow-citizens, to arro- gate to myself the merit of the measures : that is due, in the first place, to the reflecting character of our citizens at large, who, by the weight of public opinion, influence and strengthen the public measures. It is due to the sound discretion with which they select from among themselves those to whom they confide the legislative duties. It is due to the zeal and wisdom of the characters thus selected, who lay the foundations of public happiness in whole- some laws, the execution of which alone remains foisothers. And it is due to the able and faithful auxiliaries whose patriotism has associated them with me in the executive fuiictions. During this course of administration, and in order to disturb it, the artillery of the press has been levelled against us, charged with whatsoever its licentiousness could devise or dare. These abuses of an institution so important to freedom and science are deeply to be reoretted, inasmuch as they tend to lessen its usefulness and to sap -ite safety. They might, indeed, have been corrected by the wholesoipe punishments reserved to and provided by the laws ot 282 the several States against falsehood and defamation ; but public duties, more urgent, press on the time of public -servants, and the offenders have therefore been left to find their punishment m the public indignation. Nor Was it uninteresting to the world, that an experiment. should be fairly and fully made, whether freedom of discussion, unaided by power, is not sufficient for the propagation and protection of truth % Whether a government, oonducting itself in the true spirit of its constitution, with zeal and purity, and doing no act which it would be unwilling the whole world should witness, can be written down by falsehood and defamation? The experiment has been tried. You have witnessed the scene. Our fellow-citizens looked on cool and collected. They saw the latent source from which these outrages proceeded. They gathered around their pub/- lie functionaries; and, when the Constitution. called them to the decision by suffrage, they pronounced their verdict honorable to those who had served them, and consolatory to the friend of man, ■frho believes that he may- be trusted with the control of his own affairs. No inferpnce is here intended that the laws provided by the States against false and defamatory publications shbuld not be en- forced. He who has time, renders a service to public morals and public tranquillity in reforming these abuses by the salutary coert. cions of the law. But the experiment is noted to prove that, since truth and reason have maintained their ground against false opi- nions, in lestgue with false facts, the press, confined to truth, needs no other Jegal restraint. The public judgment will correct false reasonings and opinions, on a full hearing of all parties ; and no other definite line can be drawn between the inestimable liberty of the press and its dernoralizing licentiousness. If there be still improprieties which this rule would not restrain, its supplement must be sought in the censorship of public opinion. Contemplating the union of sentiment now manifested so gen- erally, as auguring harmony and happiness to our future course, I offer to our country sincere congratulations.. With those, too, not yet rallied to the same point, the disposition to do so is gaining strength. Facts are piercing through the veil drawn over them ; and our doubting brethren will at length see that the mass of their fellow-citizens, witli whom they cannot yet resolve to act, as to principles and measures, think as they think, and desire what they < fied ; or if the said certificate be given, by the Governor, the Secretary of State, the Chancellor or keeper of the great seal, it shall be under the great seal of the State in which the said certificate is made. And the said records and exemplifications, authenticated as aforesaid,' shall have such faith and credit given to. them in every court and office within the United States, as they have by law or usage in the courts or offices of the State from whence the same are or shall be taken. Sec 2. And he it further enacted, That all the provisions of this act, and the act to which this is a supplement, shall apply as well to the public acts, records, office books, judicial proceedings, courts and otfices of the respective territories of the United States, and countries subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, as to the public acts, records, offices' books, judicial proceedings, courts and offices of the several States. Approved, March 27, 1804. 9. AN ACT to extend, the provisions of the act to authorize certain officers and other persons to administer oaths, approved May the 3d, 1798. Be it enacted by the Seriate and House of Representatives of the United Stales of America in Congress assembled, That the chairman of any standing committee, either of the House of Representatives, or of the Senate of the United States, shall be empowered to administer oaths or affirmations to witnesses in any case under their examination ; and any person who shall be guilty of perjury before such committee shall be liable to the pains, penalties, and disabilities, prescribed for the punish' ment of the crime of wilful and corrupt perjury. Approved, February 8, 1817. 10. AN ACT to provide for the Publication of the Laws of the United States, and for other purposes. Sec 2. And be it further enacted, That, whenever official notice shall have been received, at the Depeirtment of State, that any amendment which ieretofore has been, or hereafter may be, proposed to the Con- stitution of the United States, has been adopted, according to the provi- sions of the Constitution, it shall be the duty of the said Secretary of State, forthwith to cause the said amendment to be published in tne said newspapers authorized to promulgate the laws, with his certificate, spe^ 296 cifjring the States by which the same may have been adopted, and that the same has become valid, to all intents and purposes, as a part of the Constitution of the United States. ' Approved, April 20, 1818. 11. AN ACT in addition to the "Act for the punishment of certain" crimes against the United States," and to repeal the acts therein men- tioned. Sec. 1. Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress asscTnbled, That if any citizen of the United States shall, within the territory or jurisdiction thereof, ac- cept and exercise a commission to serve a foreign prince, State, colony, district, or people, in war, by land or by sea, against any prince. State, colony, district, or people, with whom the United States are at peace, the person so offending shall be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor, and shall be fined not more than two thousand dollars, and shall be im- prisoned not exceeding three years. Sec. 2. And be it farther enacted. That if any person shall, within the territory or jurisdiction of the United States, enlist or enter himself, or hire or retain another person to enlist or enter himself, or to go beyond the limits or jurisdiction of the United States with intent to be enlisted or entered in the service of any foreign prince. State, colony, district, or people, as a soldier, or as a marine or seaman, on board of any vessel of war, letter of marque, or privateer, every person, so offendingr shall be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor, and shall be fined not exceeding one thousand dollars, and be imprisoned not exceeding three^years: Provided, That this act shall not be construed to extend to any subject or citizen of any foreign prince. State, colony, district, or people, who shall transiently be within the United States, and shall, on board of any vessel of war, letter of marque, or privateer, which, at the time of its arrival within the United States, was fitted Und equipped as such, enlist or enter hirriself, or hire or retain another subject or citizen of the same foreign prince, State, colony, district, or people, who is transiently within the United States, to enlist or enter himself to serve such foreign prince. State, colony, distric^, or people, on board such vessel of war, letter of marque, or privateer, if the United States shall then be at peace with such foreign prince, State, colony, district, or people. Sec 3. And be U^ further enacted. That if any person shall, within the limits of the United States, fit out and arm, or attempt to fit out and arm, or procure to be fitted out and armed, or shall knowingly be concerned m the fiimishing, fitting out, or arming, of any ship or vessel, with intent 297 that such ship or vessel shall be employed in the service of any foreign prince or State, or of any colony, district, or people, to cruise or commit hostilities against the subjects, citizens, or property, of any foreign prince or State, or of any colony, district, or people, with whom the United States are at peace, or shall issue or deliver a commission within the ter- ritory or jurisdiction of the United States, for any ship or vessel, to the intent that she may be employed as aforesaid, every person so offending shall be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor, and shall be fined not more than ten thousand dollars, and imprisoned not more than three years ; and every such ship or vessel, with her tackle, apparel, and fur- niture, together with all materials, arms, ammunition and stores, which may have been procured for the building and equipment thereof, shall be forfeited, one half to the use of the informer, and the other half to the use of the United States. Sec. 4. Atid be it further enacted. That if any citizen or citizens of the United States shall, without the limits thereof, fit out and arm, or attempt to fit out and arm, or procure to be fitted out and armed, or shall know- ingly aid or be concerned in the fiimishing, fitting out, or arming, any private ship or vessel of war, or pri , ateer, with intent that such ship or vessel shall be employed to cruise, or commit hostilities, upon the citi- zens of the United States, or their property, or shall take the command of, or enter on board of, any such ship or vessel, for the intent aforesaid, or shall purchase any interest in any such ship or vessel, with a view to share in the profits thereof, such person, so offending, shall be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor, and fined not more than ten thousand dol- lars, and imprisoned not more than ten years ; and the trial for such offence, if committed without the limits of the United States, shall be in the district in which the offender shall be apprehended or first brought. Sec 5. And be it further enacted, That if any person shall, within the territory or jurisdiction of the United States, increase or augment, or procure to be increased or augmented, or shall knowingly be concerned in increasing or augmenting, the force of any ship of war, cruiser, or other armed vessel, which, at the time of her arrival within the United States, was a ship of war, or cruiser, or armed vessel, in the service of any foreign prince or State, or of any colony, district, or people, or belong- ing to the subjects or citizens of any such prince or State, colony, dis- trict, or people, the same being at war with any foreign prince or state, or of any colony, district, or people, with whom the United States are at peace, by adding to the number of the guns of such vessel, or by changing those on board of her for guns of a larger calibre, or by the addition thereto of any equipmf iit solely applicable to war, every person, so of- W 29 298 fending, shall be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor, shall be fined not more than one thousand dollars and be imprisoned not more tnan one year. Sec. 6. And be it further enacted. That if any person shall, within the territory or jurisdiction of the United States, begin or set on foot, or pro- vide or prepare the means for, any military expedition or enterprise, to be carried on from thence against the territory or dominions of any foreign prince or State, or of any colony, district, or people, with whom the United States are [at] peace, every person, so offending, shall be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor, and shall be lined not exceeding three thousand dollars, and imprisoned not more than three years. Sec. 7. And he it further enacted, That the district court shall take cognisance of complaints, by whomsoever instituted, in cases of captures made within the waters of the United States, or within a marine league of the coasts or shores thereof. Sec. 8. And be it further enacted. That m every case in which a ves- sel shall be fitted out and armed, or attempted to be fitted out and armed, or in which the force of any vessel of war, cruiser, or other arme'd vessel, shall be increased or augmented, or in which any military expedition or enterprise shall be begun or set on footjbontrary to the provisions and prohibitions of this act ; and in every case of the capture of a ship or ves- sel within the jurisdiction or protection of the United States as before defined, and in every case in which any process issuing out of any court of the United States shall be disobeyed or resisted by any person or pet- sons having the custody of any vessel of war, cruiser, or other armed vessel, of any foreign prince or State, or of any colony, district, or peo- ple, or of any subjects or citizens of any foreign prince or State, or of any colony, district, or people, in every such case it shall be lawful; for the President of the United States, or such other person as he shalrtave empowered for that purpose,- to employ such part of the land or naval forces of the United States, or of the militia thereof, for the purpose of taking possession of and detaining any such ship or vessel, with her prize or prizes, if any, in order to the .execution of ' the prohibitions and penalties of this act, and to the restoring the prize or prizes in the cases in which restoration shall have been adjudged, and also for the purpose of preventing the carrying on of .any such expedition or enterprise from the territories or jurisdiction of the United States against the territories or dominions of any foreign prince or State, or of any colony, district, or people, with whom the United States aie at peace. Sec 9. And be it further enacted. That it shall be lawful for the Presi- aent of the United States, or such- person as he shall empower for that . 299 purpose, to employ such part of the land or naval forces of the United States, or of the militia thereof, as shall be necessary to compel any foreign ship or vessel to depart the United States, in all cases in which, by the laws of nations or the treaties of the United States, they ought not to remain withm the United States. Sec. 10. And be it further enacted, That the owners or consignees of every armed ship or vessel sailing out of the ports of the United States, belonging wholly or in part to citizens thereof, shall enter into a bond to the United States with sufficient sureties, prior to clearing out the same, in double the amount of the value of the vessel and cargo on board, in- cluding her armament, that the said ship or vessel shall not be employed by such owners to cruise or commit hostilities against the subjects, citi- zens, or property, of any foreign prince or State, or of any colony, dis- trict, or people, with whom the United States are at peace. Sec. 11. And be it farther enacted, That the collectors of the customs be, and they are hereby, respectively authorized and required to detain any vessel manifestly built for warlike purposes, and about to depart the United States, of which the cargo shall principally consist of arms and munitions of war, when the number of men shipped on board, or other circumstances, shall render it,'^robable that such vessel is intended to be employed by the owner or owners to cruise or commit hostilities upon the- subjects, citizens, or. property, of any foreign prince or State, or of any colony, district, or people, with whom the United States are at peace, until the decision of the President be had thereon, or until the owner or owners shall give such bond and security as is required of the owners of armed ships by the preceding section of this act. Sec. 12. And be it further enacted, That the act passed on the fifth day of June, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-four, entitled "An act iii addition to the act for the punishment of certain crimes against the United States," continued in force, for a limited time, by the act of the second, of March, one thousand sevtn hundred and ninety-seven, and perpetuated by the act passed on the 24th of April, one thousand eight hundred, and the act, passed on the fourteenth day of June, one thou- sand seven hundred and ninety-seven, entitled "An act to prevent citi- zens of the United States from privateering against nations in amity with, or against the citizens of the United States," and the act, passed the third day of March, one thousand eight hundred and seventeen, enti- tled ' ' An act more effectually to preserve the neutral relations of the United States," be, and the same are hereby, severally, repealed: Pro- vided nevertheless, That persons having heretofore offended against any of the acts aforesaid, may be prosecuted, convicted, and punished, as if 300 . the same were not repealed ; and no forfeiture heretofore incnrred by a violation of any of the acts aforesaid shall be affected by such repeal. Sec. 13. And be it further enacted. That nothing in the foregoing act shall be construed to prevent the prosecution or punishment of treason, or any piracy defined by the laws of the United States. Approved, April 20, 1818. 12. AN ACT making compensation to the persons appointed by the Electors to deliver the votes for President and Vice President. Sec. 1. Be it enacted hy the Senate and Mouse of Sepresentativet of the United States of America in Congress assembled. That the person appointed by the electors to deliver to the President of the Senate a Ust of the votes for President and Vice President, shall be allowed, on deli- very of said list, twenty-five cents for every mile of the estimated dis- tance, by the most usual route, from the place of meeting of the electors to the seat of Government of the United States, going and returning. Sec 2. And be it further enacted. That this act shall take effect from the first of November, eighteen hundred and twenty-four. Approved, February 11, 1825. 13. AN ACT for the apportionment of Representatives among the several States according to the Sixth Census. Sec. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Sepresentatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled. That from and after the third day of March, one thousand eight hundred and forty-three, the House of Representatives shall be composed of members elected agree- ably to a ratio of one Representative for every seventy thousand six hundred and eighty persons in each State, and of one additional Repre- sentative for each State having a fraction greater than one moiety of the said ratio, computed according to the rule prescribed by the Constitution of the United States ; that is to say : Within the State of Maine, seven ; within the State of New Hampshire, four; within the State of Massa- chusetts, ten; within the State of Rhode Island, two; within the State of Connecticut, four ; within the State of Vermont, four ; within the State of New York, thirty-four ; within the State of New Jersey, five ; within the State of Pennsylvania, twenty-four ; within the State of Dela- ware, one ; within the State of Maryland, six ; within the State of Vir- ginia, fifteen; within the State of North Carolina, nine; within ihe State of South Carolina, seven; within the State of Georgia, eight; within the State of Alabama, seven; within the State of Louisiana, four; within the State of Mississippi, four ; within the State of Tennessee, 301 eleven j within the State oi Kentucliy, ten ; within the State of Ohio, twenty-one ; within the State of Indiana, ten ; within the State of Illi- nois, seven; within the State of Missouri, five; within the State of Arkansas, one ; and within the State of Michigan, three. Sec. 2. And he it further enacted. That in every case where a State is entitled to more than one Representative, the number to which each State shall be entitled under this apportionment shall be elected by dis- tricts composed of contiguous territory equal in number to the number of Representatives to which said State may be entitled, no one district electing more than one Representative. Approved, June 25, 1842. 14. AN ACT to provide further remedial justice in the courts of the United States. Sec. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Kepteseiitatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled. That either of the jus- tices of the Supreme Court of the United States, or a judge of any dis- trict court of the United States, in which a prisoner is confined, in addition to the authority already conferred by law, shall have power to grant writs of habeas corpus in all cases of any prisoner or prisoners in jail or confinement, where he, she, or they, being subjects or citizens of a foreign State, and domiciled therein, shall be committed or confined, or in custody, under or by any authority or law, or process founded thereon, of the United States, or of any one of them, for or on account of any act done or committed under any alleged right, title, authority, privilege, protection, or exemption, set up or claimed under the commis- sion, or order, or sanction, of any foreign State or Sovereignty the vali- dity and effect whereof depend upon the law of nations, or under color thereof. And upon the return of the said writ, and due proof of the service of notice of the said proceedings to the Attorney- General or other officer prosecuting the pleas of the State, under whose authority the pe- titioner has been arrested, committed, or is held in custody, to be pre- scribed by the said justice or judge at the time of granting said writ, the said justice or judge shall proceed to hear the said cause ; and if, upon hearing the same, it shall appear that the prisoner or prisoners is or are entitled to be discharged from such confinement, commitment, custody, or arrest, for or by reason of such alleged right, title, authority, privi- leges, protection or exemption, so set up and claimed, and the law of nations applicable thereto, and that the same exists in fact, and has been duly proved to the said justice or judge, then it shall be the duty of the said justice or judge Ibnhwith to discharge such prisoner or prisoners 20* 302 accordingly. And if it shall appear to the said justice or judge that suth judgment of discharge ought not to be rendered, then the said prisoner or prisoners shall be forthwith remanded: Provided ahnays. That from any decision of such- justice or judge an appeal may be taken to the Cir- cuit Court of the United States for the district in which the said cause is heard ; and from the judgment of the said Circuit Court to the Supreme Court of the United States, on such terms and under such regulations and orders as well for the custody and appearance of the prisoner or pri- soners as for sending up to the appellate tribunal a transcript of the peti- tion, writ of habeas corpus returned thereto, and other proceedings, as the judge hearing the said cause may prescribe ; and pending such pro- ceedings or appeal, and until final judgment be rendered therein, and after final judgment of discharge in the same, any proceeding against said prisoner or prisoners, in any State court, or by or imder the authority of any_ State, for any matter or thmg so heard and determined, or in process of being heard aod determined, under and by virtue of such writ of habeas corpus, shall be deemed null and void. Approved, August 29, 1842. 15. AN ACT to establish a uniform time for holding elections for elect- ors of President and Vice President in all the States of the Union. Sec 1. Se it enacted by the Seriate and House of Sepresentatives of the United States of Arnerica in Congress assembled. That the electors of President and Vice President shall be appointed in each State on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of November of the year in which they are to be appointed. Provided, That each state may by law provide for the filling of any vacancy or vacancies which may occur in its college of electors when such college meets to give its elec- toral vote. And provided, also, when any State shall have held an elec- tion for the purpose of choosing electors, and shall fail to make a choice on the day afores^d, then the electors may be appointed on a subsequent day in such manner as the State shall by law provide. Approved, January 23, 1845. 16. AN ACT to provide for the distribution of the edition of the laws and treaties of the United States, published by Little and Brown, under the provisions of the resolutions of Congress, approved March 3, 1845, and for other purposes. Sec. 2. And whereas, said edition of the said Laws and Treaties of the United States has been carefiiUy collated and compared with the original 303 rolls in the archives of the government, under the inspection and super- vision of the Attorney General of the United States, as duly certified hy that ofl&cer; Therefore, Be it further enacted, That said edition of the LaiTS and Treaties of the United States, published by Little and Brown, is hereby declared to he competent evidence of the several public and private acts of Congress, and of the several treaties therein contained^ in all the courts of law and equity, and of maritime jurisdiction, and in all the tribunals and public offices of the United States, and of t^e several States, without any further proof or authentication thereof. Approved, August 8, 1846. 17. AN ACT for giving effect to certain treaty stipulations between this and foreign governments, for the apprehension and delivering up of certain offenders. Be it enacted hy the Senate and Hotise of Bepresentativea of the United States of America in Congress assemhledf That in all cases in which there now exists, or hereafter may exist, any treaty or convention for extra- dition between the government of the United States and any foreign go- vernment, it shall and may be lawful for any of the justices of the supreme court or judges of the several district coinrts of the United States — and the judges of the several State courts, and the commissioners authorized so to do by any of the courts of the United States, are hereby severally vested with power, jurisdiction, and authority, upon complaint made under oath or affirmation, charging any person found within the limite of any state, district, or territory, with having committed within the jurisdiction of any such foreign government, any of the crimes enumerated or provided for by any such treaty or convention — to issue his warrant for the apprehension of the person so charged, that he may be brought before such judge or commissioner, to the end that the evidence of criminality may be heard and considered; and if, on such hearing, the evidence be deemed sufficient by him to sustain the charge under the provisiolis of the proper treaty or convention, it shall be his duty to certify the same, together with a copy of all the testimony taken before him, to the Secretary of State, that a warrant may issue upon the requisition of the proper authorities of such foreign government, for the surrender of such person, according to the stipulations of said treaty or convention; and it shall be the duly of the said judge or commissioner to issue his warrant for the commitment of the person so charged to the proper gaol, there to remain until such surrender shall he made. Sec. 2. And be it further enacted. That in every case of complaint as aforesaid, and of a hearing upon the return of the waiTant of arrest, copies 304 of the depositions upon which an oiiginal warrant in any such foreign conntiy may have been granted^ certified under the hand of tiie person or persons ifiening such warrant and attested upon the oath of flie party pro- ducing them to be true ooides of the oii^nal depositions, may be receired in evidence under his hand and seal of office, to order tiie person so committed to be delivered to such person or persons as shall be aatiiorized, in the name and on behalf of each frae^n goremmenl^ to be Med for tiie crime of which su^ person shall be so accused, imd such person shall be delivered up accordingly; and it shall be lawful for the person or persons authorized, as aforesaid, to hold such person in custody, and to take him or her to tiie territories of such foreign government^ pursuant to such ti«aty; and if the person so accused shall escape out of any custody to which he or she shall be committed, or to which he or she shall be delivered, as aforesud, it shidl be lawful to retake such person, in tiie same manner as any person, accused of any crime against the laws in force in tiiat part of the United States to which he or she shall so escape, may be retaken on an escs^e. Sec. 4^ Astd he U furrier enacted. That when aoy person who shall have been committed under t>i'p act or any such treaty as aforesaid, to remain until delivered up iu pursuance of a requisition as afOOt^t0003«50l^»0 t-3 hi O O s < & € •«« 2 § § o <4 m 3 T3 n ^-=3 O s- o. ■^ o h Vr niUJ Us Was dams June George John A e on 3d u £ 316 Election for the Second term, commencing ith March, 1793, and termvnating 3d March, 1797.' . Pa CO. o cs u tn.S O to tS 5 6 16 4 9 3^ 12 7 15 3 8 21 4 12 8 4 New Hampshire Massachusetts Rhode Island • Connecticut ., Vernujnt .i... New York New Jersey Penilsylvania ., Delaware Maryland^ Virginia .-. . Kentucky , , North Carolina South Carolina ., Georgia Whole No. of Electors Majority 67 12 i 21 12 "i 132 132 77 50 George Washingtojii elected ^'resident, took the oath of offipe for a second term oh 4th March, 1793. John Adams, elected Vice t'reradent, took the oath of office and attended in Senate oh 2d iJecemher, 1793. 317 •0 'S JO '^a« •V/^ JO 'UOJ •O .MJo •0 "N JO 'uojsaqof -g ■•n^A-NJo 'QOjuio -oag JO 'ABf uqoj; •unog JO 'HJioM.S[ia 'O •SSBH JO •^■lOA-JsEJO 'Jung uoiBy CQ-<3< . .^Or-*OT -CO ■Q "S JO '^3« • 00 »H ^ ■* CQ > O ■ S ■ ^ ri rt >T»-a >1 ■" -, w 3co3C5Pis.Sa^^coa S ii i-( (N rH i-H »-t i-H 318 Me^ion for the Fourth termj commencing ith March, ISOl, andtermmttting ' 3d March, 1805. ^ 2_fe- P-efl o «3 « lis ^> E-t ^ to Is 6 16 4 9 4 12 7 15 3 10 21 4 12 3 8 4 New Hampshire Massachusetts ■ Rhode Island ■ Connecticut Yermont New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware. . ■' Maryland Virginia KentutKy North Carolina '. Tennessee South Carolina Georgia i • Whole No. of Electors Majority 70 12 5 21 4 8 3 8 4 12 5. 21 4 8 3 8 4 6 16 4 9 4 7 7 3 5 6 16 3 9 4 '7 7 3 5 138 73 73 65 64 The electoral vote for Thomas J^fTerson and Aaron Burr tieing equal, no choice was made'by the people, and the House of Represeixtatives proceedea on Wed- nesday, February 11, ISOl, in the manner prescribed by the Constitution to the choice of a President qfthe United Stains. On die iirst.ballot eight Stales voted for Thomas Jeiferson, of Virginia, six Slates VotEd for Aaron Burr, of New Yorlc, and the votes of two States, were divided. The balloting continued until Tuesday, 17th' February, 1601, when the thirty-fifth ballot^ as had all the previous ballots, resulted the same as the first.^ The House then proceeded' to the thirty-sixth ballot, and it having been concluded^ the Speaker declared that the votes of ten States had-been given for Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, tlie votes of four States for^aron Burr,-of New York, and .the votes of two States in blank ; and that, consequently, Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, had been, agreeably to the Conslitu* tion, electedrresident of the United States, for the term of four years, conlmenc- ihgon the 4th day'of'March, 18Ui. " - . ^ Thomas JetTerson, thus elected, took the oath of office, and entered upon his duties on 4th of March, 1801. Aaron Burr, as Vice-President, took the oath of ofRce, ahd entered upon his duties on 4th of March, 1801-. 319 .Election for the Fifth term, commencing ith March, 1805, and terminating ,3d March, 1809. §"3 11 a o . S S ;» B *§■& aa O ^132 CD t„ u) B € UPUO V. PBESIDENT. op S (4 7 19 4 9 6 19 8 20 3 11 24 14 10 6 5 8 3 176 New Hampshire Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Vermont New- Yort: New Jersey ...,.» Pennsylvania. Delaware Maryland ,. Virginia. Nortji Carolina South Carolina Georgia > Tennessee Kentucky .~ Ohio. Whole No. of electors Majority. 89 7 19 4 6 19 8 20 9 24 14 10 6 5 -8 3 162 14 7 19 4 6 19 8 20 "9 24 14 10 6 5 162 14 . Thomas Jefferson, elected President, took the oath of office for a second term on 4th March, .1805. George Clinton, elected Vice President, took the oath of ■office in Senate Chamber on 4th March> ,1803. S20 Ekctimforthe Sixth term, commending ith March, 1809, arid icrmimife" 3d March, 1813. g.5 O-B S o .as - ^ B S s g VICE PKESIDENT. s ° o o 3w s o is " Pi 7 19 4 9 6 19 8 20 3 11 24 14 10 6 7 5 3 New Hampshire Mass^liusetts ■• Rhode Island...; Connecticut .... Vermont New York New Jersey .... Pennsylvania . . . Delaware Maryland Virginia North Carolina . South Carolina . Georgia Kentucky Tennessee Ohio 7 19 4 9 175 Whole No. of elec- tors Majority 88 122 47 113 47 James Madison, elected President, took the oath of office, and-entere* iipon its -duties on 4th' March, 1809. " George Clinton,' elected Vice President, took the oath of offir Senate Chamber on 4th March, 1809. '"•" "" °^' 321 'ikction for the Seventh term, commencing ,ith March, 1 8 1 3, anrf terminalimg 3d March, 1817. 4-1 n V. PRESIDENT. -S'l -as SfLr 4 9 8 29 8 25 4 11 25 15 11 8 12 8 7 3 New Hampshire . Massachusetts • ■ ■ Rhode Island ■ • ■ ■ Connecticut .. . .. Vermont New York New Jersey . . ^ . . Pennsylvania ■ . . ■ Delaware Maryland ....,.•. Virginia North Carolina.. South Carolina . . Georgia Kentucky Tennessee Ohio..... Louisiana 25 "e 25 15 11 8 12 8 7 3 8 22 4 9 29 8 "i 5 25 6 25 15 11 8 12 8 7 3 7 20 4 9 29 8 "i 5 217 Whole No. of electors Majority 109 128 89 131 86 James Madison, elected President .for a second term. (There .is no notice on the Journals of Congress of his having taken the oath.) Elbridge Gerry, elected Vice President, attended in the Senate 24th lay, 1813, and exhibited a certificate of his, having taken the oeth of '^ce prescribed by law, which was read. 31 322 EUctixmfar tht Eighth term, commencing Uh March, 1817, cmd terminating 3d March, 1821. 03 -Id PRESIDENT. §1 tSra c o VICE EEESIDENT. i1, fig a.S -a -5 o in m 5 -E.S 3 bo 8 22 4 9 8 29 8 25 3 8 25 15 11 8 12 8 8 3 3 217 Nefw flampshire . Massaohiisetta . . Rhode Island • • • Cojinectiout Vermont .'. New York _New Jersey . . . . . Pennsylvania . . . Delavrare Maryland Virginia North Carolina . Southj Carolina. . Georgia Kentucky Tennessee Ohio Louisiana Indiana 22 Whole No. of Electors. Majority 109 8 29 8 25 8 25 15 11 8 12 8 8 3 3 183 22 ,34 8 29 8 25 8 25 15 11 8 12 8 8 3 3 183 22 James Monroe, elected President, took the path of office, and entered^ upon its duties on 4th March, 1817. Daniel D. Tompkins, elected Vice President, took the oath of office, and attended in Senate on 4th March, 1817. 323 Ekclianfor the Ninth term, commennng ith March, 1821, and terminating 3d March,' 1S%5. so o-cd 8 15 4 9 8_ 29 8 25 4 11 25 15 11 8 12 8 8 3 3 3 3 3 9 3 235 New Hampshire Maasachtisetts Rhode Island Connecticut Vermont New York New Jersey ; Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland Virginia w . . . North Carolina Sonth Carolina Greorgia •.•• Kentucky > .. Tennessee Ohio Louisiana ■ • • Indiana Mississippi ..•....•..• Illinois ■ Alabama Maine r ■ ■ ■ ^ Missouri > . • Whole No. of Electors. Majority 118 FfiESIDENT. e 231 03 09 OS'S 3^ VICE PRESIDENT. r3' 7 7 4 9 8 29 8 24 io 25 15 11 8 12 7 8 3 3 2 3 3 9 3 218 dl ■3 e 3 S .SUh o I ft. James Monroe, elected President for a second term. (There is no notice on the Journals of Congress of hishaving taken the oath.) Daniel D. Tompkins, elected Vice President for a second term. (There is no notice on the Journals of Congress of his having taken the eath.) 324 I ■jfijom -uaji JO 'Ae\o iCiuaii : : ; "^ : : : : : ' JO 'uaing ub^ raWBM - 0^ • •a.assairaax JO 'uosJioBf juajpuy rt..O0..;;;-H;;;;; •BUIJOlBa q?JO^ JO 'uooEjy[ jaiuemB^ ^0 'pXOJUBg UBqiB^I • •.;; t- ;;;;;;;; t^ ■BmioTOQ qjnog JO 'utioqjng -3 ,ui|Of t*iOCQ .l^mOOOOi-HO .lO^ -^ i 'iC^OtlJ -uog JO 'itBio Xiuaii : : c : s ■* ;: : I I r r .■"* •BiSioag JO 'pjojjiiBio -H KiBnilAV • OT-« • /PHaanqoBBSBji" JO 'siiiBpy -^ uqof ooin-^oor^to . -^co ■aaesauaaj, JO 'nosnoBf Aiaipuy rtOOQO - t^ -inr-t • . «• -i-lr-l.. •9;B}g TJDBa Xq pajmoddB sjojaaia jo -off' .5 .* a a , ' S S_; • • ■ • ^ : ■ • o c . • ^■s S '3 ; li spS ; ■ ■ " ° ■ . §(a cd ^ ■ pis us*>>u,L4>* o-^.a.: S S > o-a • a 3 • (s, rS J^ °^«»2^S « «w-t3 O O ? I 325 i-H . lo m eo« >o m -C • « , . ^ . m CQ >o M M m - S oj o' .-i«b»n»OMeo»oa»P0 13 '^^ S 2 p' "S-i^ « o Bija » S m .■a *^ 'S 5 m t> o " n S S SJi S in!! S >. 3^^ ■" S 3 ^ aj'^ [^ tn w « m ■5 S u S B^ ^ -S ss'^st^-a §-, >f-.S'S go gs— I ^- CO .3 ^-i ,o 'S'to g fe C3 a, ^ "-5 "> % |^S§S^fo£ 1 lilili II gsec-a g £ S S-5 S s " » 2 '"(Sit. lafeBTS^ '^E'^rS go o » e „'-' g 31" i glwll S O 03 326 EUction for the EleoetUh term, commencing ith March, 1829, and tirtm noting 3d March, 1833. ■oig ■3 >^ 9 8 15 4 8 7 36 8 28 3 11 24 15 11 9 14 11 16 5 3 5 3 5 3 261 Maine .......... NewHainpsHre . Maissachusetts > . ■ Rhode Island . • * 1 Connecticut Vermont ....... New York New Jersey Fennsylvanla . . . Delaware Maryland Virginia North Carolina . . South Carolina . . Georgia Kentucky ...... Tennessee Ohio Louisiana Mississippi Indiana Illinois Alabama Missouri ....... Whole No. of Blectors. Majority PKESIDENT. e . O V is 131 20 28 '5 34 15 11 9 14 11 16 5 3 5 3 5 3 t3 3 178 VICE PKESIDENT. d CO o.a =3° da .0 "«i 20 28 "5 24 15 11 2 14 11 16 5 3 5 3 5 3 •a 5" 171 83 r3 o Andrew Jackson, elected President, took the oath of office, and en- tered upon its duties the 4th of March, 1829. John C. Calhoun, elected Vice President, took the oath of office, and attended in Senate the 4th of March, 1829. 327 Election for the Twelfth term, commencing ith March, 1833, and termi- nating 3d Marcli, 1837. i STATES. PHESIDENT. VICE PHESIDENT. II ■3 ^ 125 1° "3 r ■On r (+1 o & a . e ^ >-> f.s Ii ii J 10 10 7 42 8 30 3 23 15 ii 15 21 5 4 9 5 7 4 14 4 8 3 5 15 '7 10 7 42 8 '3 23 15 ii is 21 5 4 9 5 7 4 ii 4 8 3 5 is 30 •• ii 7 14 4 8 7 42 8 30 3 10 23 15 11 11 15 15 21 N.Hampshire.. Massachusetts . Rhode Island . . Connecticut. . . . Vermont ....;. New York .... New Jersey . . . Pennsylvanif^ . . Delaware » Maryland Virginia North Carolina South Carolina. Georgia Kentucky Tennessee.... . Ohio '7 5 4 9 , 5 7 4 Louisiana Mississippi Indiana. .". Illinois ........ Alabama Missouri 288 No. of electors. Majority . . 145 219 -49 11 7 189 49 30 11 7 Andrew Jackson, elected President, took the oath of ofSce, and con- tinued the duties 4th March, 1833. Martin Van Buren, elected Vice President, took the oath of office, and entered upon its duties 4th March, 1833. 328 EktSmfor the Thirteenth term, commencing Hh Mardi, 1837, and term- noting 3d March, 1841. STATES. FRESIDEKT. VICE FBESIDEHT. „03 11 « la 6§ (D* 1. II So ^0 II K Si ■3 1 si m a 10 4 8 42 30 23 15 _ 5 4 5 7 4 3 3 7 "b "3 10 15 21 '9 . ii ■* 10 - 7 '4 8 42 30 15 5 4 5 7 4 3 3 io 11 11 is 7 14 4 8 7 43 8 30 3 10 23 15 11 11 15 15 21 5 4 9 5 7 4 3 3 N.Hampshire. ■ Massachusetts • Rhode Island . . Connecticut. . . . Vermont New York.... New Jersey . . . Pennsylvania .. Delaware Maryland Virginia North Carolina South Carolina. Georgia Kentucky Tennessee. .... Ohio Louisiana Mississippi Indiana Illinois .". Alabama Alissouri Arkansas Michigan *■ 294 No. of electors. Majority . . 148 170 73 26 14 11 147' 77 47 23 Martin Van Buren, elected President, took the.,oath of office, and entered upon its duties 4th March, 1837. Richard M. Johnson, elected Vice Prepident, took the oath of office, and attended in Senate 4th March, 1837. * Elected by the Senate. 329 Election for the FourteetUh term, commencing ith March, 1841, and termi- nating 3d March, 1845. PRESIDENT. VICE PBESIDEIIT. ^1 Is MB ^ o 10 7 14 4 8 7 42 8 30 3 10 23 15 11 11 15- 15 21 5 4 9 5 7 4 3 3 Maine New Hampshire- Massachusetts • • • Rhode Island • • ■ • Connecticut Vermont New York New Jersey Pennsylvania ■ • . • Delaware. •. Maryland Virginia North Carolina ■ ■ South Carolina • • Georgia Kentucky Tennessee • Ohio Louisiana Indiana < Illinois - ■ • Alabama . Missouri ■ Arkansas Michigan- . 10 14 4 8 7 42 8 30 3 10 15 ii 15 15 21 5 4 9 11 294 Whole No. of electors- Majority 234 148 60 234 48 11 William H. Harrison, elected President, took the oath of o£Sce, anr entered upon its duties on 4th March, 1841- John Tyler, elected Vice President, took the oath of office, and enter- ed upon its duties on 4th March, 1841. Y 330 TnE£a>AY, Aprite, 1841. Immediate./ after the decease of the President, Mr. Webster, jr., Chief Clerk in tue Department of State, accompanied by Mr. Beall, an officer of the Senate, set out for the residence of the Vice President^ in Virginia, bearing to him the following letter : WASHmGTOH, April 4, 1841. To John Ttieb, Vice President of the United Suaex. SiK : It has become our most psinfiil dnty to iBforra yon that William Henry Harrison, late President of the United States, has departed this life. This distressing event took place this day, at the President's Mansion in this city, at thirty minutes before one in the morning. We lose no time in despatching the Chief Clerk in the State Depart- ment, as a special messenger, to bear yon these melancholy tidings. We have the honor to be, with the highest regard, yonr obedient serrants, DANIEL WEBSTER, SecreUiTy rf State. THOMAS EWniG, - Secretary of the Treanay, JOHN BELL, Secretary if War. JOHN J. CRITTENDEN, Attorney General. FRANCIS GRANGER, Postmaster Getieml, 331 dry OP Washinston, D. C. Wednesday April 7, 1841. By the extraordinary despatch used in sending the official intelligence to the Vice President, at Williamsburg, and similar despatch by him in repairing to the seat of Goveriraient, John Tyler, now President of the United States, arrived in this city yesterday morning, at 5 o'clock, and took lodgings at Brown's Hotel. At 12 o'clock, all the Heads of Departments, except the Secretary of the Navy, (who has not yet returned to the city from his visit to his family,) waited upon him, to pay him their official and personal-respects. They were received with all the politeness and kindness which charac- terize the new President. He signified his deep feeling of the public calamity sustained by the death of President Harrison, and expressed his profound sensibility to the heavy responsibilities so suddenly de- volved upon himself. He spoke of the present state of things with great concern and seriousness, and made known his wishes that the several Heads of Departments would continue to fill the places which they now respectively occupy, and his confidence that they would afford all the aid in their power to enable him to carry on the administration of the Government successfully. The President then took and subscribed the following oath of office : I do solemnly swear, that I vrill faithfully execute the office of Presi- dent of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States. JOHN TYLER. Apkil 6, 1841. District of Columbia, City and County of Washingiont ss, I, William Cranch, Chief Judge of the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia, certify, that the above-named John Tyler personally ap- peared before me this day, and, although he deems himself qualified to perform the duties, and exercise the powers and office of President on the death of Wilham Henry Harrison, late President of the United States, without any other oath than that which he has taken as Vice President, yet, as doubts may arise, and for greater caution, took and subscribed the foregoing oath before me. W. CRANCH. Apsn. 6, 1841. 332 Election for the Fifteenth term, commencing ilh March, 1845, and tenia, noting 3d March, 1-849. ■a . 01 DDC_. O 3 lis Six, C5 o a s ^ 9 6 12 4 6 6 36 7 26 3 8 17 11 9 10 12 13 23 6 6 12 9 9 7 3 5 Maine New Hampshire ■ Massachusetts • • • Rhode Island and P. Plantations • ■ Connecticut Vermont New York New Jersejr Pennsylvania Delaware • Maryland ■ Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Kentucky Tennessee Ohio Ltiuisiana Mississippi -. Indiana Illinois Alabama Missouri Arkansas Michigan Whole No. of electors Majority 138 36 26 17 9 10 6 6 12 9 9 7 3 5 12 4 6 6 36 26 17 9 10 6 6 12 9 9 7 3 5 12 4 6 6 11 12 13 23 275 170 105 170 105 ~James K. Polk, elected Pjeside'nt, took the oath of office, and entered upon its duties on 4th March, 1845. George MifBin Dallas, elected Vice. President, attended in SenateTand took the oath of office on 4th March, 1845. 3S3 Election for the Sixteenth Term, commencing ith March, 1849, and termi- nating Zd march, 1853. ' i SlEuue New Hampshire . Massachusetts ... Rhode Island Connecticut Vermont New York New Jersey Pennsylyania Delaware Maryland Virginia North Carolina.. South Carolina .. Georgia .'. Eeutaeky Tennessee Ohio Louisiana Mississippi Indiana Illinois Alabama Missouri Arkansas Michigan Florida Texas Iowa Wisconsin Whole number of electors 163 PRESIDENT. 12 4 6 6 36 7 26 3 8 i'i io 12 13 on es IS 17 9 23 "6 12 9 9 7 3 5 "4 4 4 127 V. PKESIDENT. aw 12 4 6 6 86 7 26 3 11 16 12 13 163 1 127 Zachary Taylor, elected President, took the oath of office, and entered upon its duties, 4th March, 1849. Millard Fillmore, elected Vice President, took the oath of office, and entered upon its duties, 4th March, 1849. 32 334 Zachmy Taylor, President of the United States, having deceased on Tuesday the 9th Jnly, 1850 j and Congresa being then in sesraon: — Ih Senate of the United States. Wedhesdat, July 10, 1850. The following oommonication, received by the Secretary of the Senate, was read: To the Senate of the United States : — In consequence of tiie lamented death of Zachary Taylor, late President of the United States, I shall no longer occupy the chair of the Senate; and I have thought that a formal communication to the Senate, to t^at efiec^ through your Secretary, might enable yon the more promptly to proceed to the choice of a presiding officer. Mtl larp Fujluorb. Washington, July 10, 1850. The following message was received from, the President of the United States, by Mr. Ksher: — FeUow-citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives^: — I have to perform the melancholy duty of announcing to you that it has pleased Almighty God to remove &om this life Zachary Taylor, late I*resi- dent of the United States. He deceased last evening, at the hour of half past ten o'clock, in the midst of his family and surrounded by affectionate firiends, calmly and in the full possession of all his faculties. Among his last words were these, which he uttered wi^ emphatia distinctness: "I have always done my duty — I am ready to die — my only regret is for the friends I leave behind me." Having announced to you, fellow-i^tizens, this most afflicting bereave- ment, and assuring yon Hiat it has penetrated no heart with deeper grief than mine, it remains for me to say, that I propose this day, at 12 o'dod^ in the HaU of the House of Representatives, in the presence of both Houses of Congress, to take tiie oath presotibed by the Gonstitation, to enable me to enter on the execntion of the office which this event has devolved on me. Washington, My 10, 1850. Mzllard Fillmore. A similar message having been communicated to the House of Repre- sentatives and the necessary arrangements made- between the two Houses: — At 12 o'clock meridian — The President of the United States, the Heads of Departments, the Chief Judge of the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia, and the Senate ' of the United States, having«nterod tiie Hall of the House of Representatives — The oath of office was administered to the President by tiie Honourable William Cranch, Ciiief Judge of tiie Circuit Court of t^e United States for the District of Columbia. 336 tabk of terms of office, and length of tervice, in the Senate, and of the Pmidenttpro 1 1 p SI 1^ II ii Namea of Tioe Piesi- dentB of tbe United States. 1 1 4'Har. 1789 • 29'Sept 17'89 2io John Adams . 1 1 Spedat 2 3 Sea. Sen. 1 4 Jan. 1790 6 Dec. 1790 4 Val. 1791 2* Oct 1791 12 Aug. 1790 3 Mar. 1791 4 Mar. 1791 8 May 1792 221 ss 1 198 Jolin Adama . John Adama John Adama . . John Adams John Adams . 2 2 SKOT. 1792 ZMar. 1793 li8 John AH*mH . , Spedal 3 See. Sen. 1 4Ifar. 1793 2 Sec 1793 4 Mar. 1793 9 June 1794 1 190 John Adams . 3 2 SNOT. M9* 3Hir. 17*95 121 John Adams . . Special Sea. Sen. 1 8 June 1795 7 Sec 179S 28 June 1795 1 Jane 1796. i9 178 John Adama . 1 2 5 Dec 1796 3"Mar. 1797 89 John Adama Spedil 5 Sea. Sen. 1 4 Mar. 1797- 15 May 1797 4Uar. 1797 10 July 1797 1 57 Thomas Je&ison . Thomas Jefieraon . 5 2 13 Not. 1797 16 Jnly 1798 246 Thomas Je&rson . Spedsl 5 Sea. Sen. 3 17 JoIt'BM 3 Dec 1798 19 July 17"98 3 Mar. 1799 "s 91 Thomas JeCfeison . 6 1 2°Dec 17'99 14 'May 1800 165 Thomas JeSeison . 6 2 17 Not. 1800 SMar. 1801 m 107 Thomas Jelfeisan . 13 14 IS 337 of the Vice Presidents of the United States and Presidents of the Senate, tempore qf the Senate, viz : TEBJIS OF OFFIOS. Oommenced. Expired. Names of Presidents pro temxwre of the Sonate. SERVICE IN BEHATE U. e. Betired. 4 Mar. 1789 4 Mar. 1793 3 Mar. 1797 John Langdon John Langdon Richurd Henry Lee. John Lai^on John Langdon John Langdon Ralph Izard Ralph Izard . Heniy Tazewell Henry Ol^ewell Samuel LiTermore . William Bingham . 4 Mar. 1797 3 Mar. 1801 William Bradford . Jacob Read Theodore Sedgwick Theodore Sedgwick John Lawrence . James Ross Samnel Lirermore, Uriah Tracy .' John £^er Howard James EQllhonse 32* 6 April 1789 21 April 1789 7 Aug. 1789 20 Aug. 1789 4 Jan. 1790 6 Deo. 1790 4 Mar. 1791 24 Oct 1791 18 April 1792 6 Not. 1792 5 Dec. 1792 IMar. 1793 4 Mar. 1793 2 Dee. 1793 31 May 1794 3 Not. 1794 10 Not. 1794 20 Feb. 1795 8 June 1795 7 Dec 1795 9 Dec. 1795 6 May 1796 5 Dec 1796 16 Feb. 1797 4 Mar. 15 May 6 July 22 Not. 13 Dec 27 June 17 July BDec 27 Dec IMar. 2 Dec 30 Dec 14 May 21 Not. 28 Not. 28 Fell. 1797 1797 1797 1797 1797 1798 1798 1798 1798 1799 1799 1799 1800 1800 1800 1801 21 April 1789 6 Aug. 1789 19 Aug. 1789 29 Sept. 1789 12 Aug. 1790 3 Mar. 1791 4 Mar. 1791 17 April 1792 8 May 1792 4 Dec. 1792 28 Feb. 1793 3 Mar. 1793 4 Mar. 1793 SO May 1794 9 June 1794 9 Not. 1794 19 Feb. 1795 3 Mar. 1795 26 June 1795 8 Dec. 1795 5 May 1796 1 June 1796 16 Feb. 1797 3 Mar. 1797 4 Mar. 1797 6 July 1797 10 July 1797 12 Doc 1797 26 June 1798 16 July 1798 17 July 1793 26 Dec 1798 28 Feb. 1799 3 Mar. 1799 29 Dec. 1799 13 May 1800 14 May 1800 27 Not. 1800 28 Feb. 1801 3 Mar. 1801 338 SYNOPTICAL 1 1 1. P 1! Names of Vice Presi- dents of the United States. Bpecial Ses. Sen. 4 Mar. 1801 5 Mar. I80I 2 Aaron Burr ... 7 1 7 Dec. 1801 3 May 1803 148 Aaron Burr . 7 3 6 Dec. 1802 3 Mar. 1803 88 Aaron Burr Aaron Burr 8 1 17 Oct. 1803 27 Mar. 1804 1S3 Aaron Burr . 8 S 5 Nov. 1804 3 Mar. 1805 119 Aaron Burr . Aaron Burr . Aaron Burr . 9 1 a Dec. 1805 21 April 1806 141 George Clinton 9 s IDec. 1806 3 Mar. 1807 93 George Qinton >. 10 1 26 Oct. 1807 25 AprU 1803 183 George Clinton 10 s 7 Not. 1808 SBlar. 1809 117 George Clinton Oeotge CiintoQ Special Ses. Sen. 4 Mar. 1809 7 Mar. 1S09 4 11 1 22 May 1809 28 June 1809 38 George Clinton . 11 2 27 Not. 1809 IHay 1810 156 George Clinton George Clinton 11 3 3 Dec. 1810 3 Mar. 1811 91 TABLE— Continued. 339 TERMS OF OFFICE. Names of Presidents pro tempore of the SERVICE IN SENATE 0. SL Senate. Commenced. Expired. Attended. Retired. 1 4 Mar. 1801 3 Mar. 1805 4 Mar. 1801 5 Mar. 1801 3 Abraham Baldwin . 7 Dec. 1801 14 Jan. 1602 3 / . . . 15 Jan. 1802 16 April 1802 4 Abraham Baldwin . 17 April 1802 3 May 1802 5 Stephen R. Bradley . 14 Dec. 1802 18 Jan. 1803 6 19 Jan. 1803 21 Feb. 1803 7 Stephen R. Bradley . 25 Feb. 1803 25 Feb. 1803 8 26 Feb. 1803 IMar. 1803 9 Stephen R. Bradley . 2 Mar. 1803 3 Mar. 1803 10 John.Brown . 17 Oct. 1803 6 Dec. 1803 U 7 Dec. 1803 22 Jan. 18M 13 John Brown . 23 Jan. 1804 9 Mar. 1804 13 Jesse Franklin 10 Mar. 1804 27 Mar. 1804 14 5 Nov. 1804 14 Jan. 1805 15 Joseph Anderson . 15 Jan. 1805 16 ... , 27 Feb. 1805 17 Joseph Anderson . 28 Feb. 1805 2 Mar. 1805 18 2 Mar. 1805 « 19 - Joseph Anderson . 2 Mar. 1805 3 Mar. 1805 80 Samuel Smith . 2 Dec. 1805 15 Dec. 1805 21 4 Mar. 1805 S Mar. 1809 16 Dec. 1805 17 Mar. 1S06 22 Samuel Smith . 18 Mar. 1806 21 April 1806 23 ■:.... 1 Dec. 1806 2 Mar. 1807 34 Samuel Smith . 2 Mar. 1807 3 " 25 26 Oct. 1807 16 April 1808 26 Samuel Smith . 16 April 1808 25 " 27 7 Nov. 1808 27 Dec. 1808 38 Stephen R. Bradley . 28 Dec. 1808 29 , 30 Jan. 1809 30 John Milledge . . 30 Jan. 1809 3 Mar. 1809 31 John Milledge . 4 Mar. 1809 7 " 32 4 Mar. 1809 3 Mar. 1813 22 May 1809 25 June 1809 33 , Andrew Gregg 26 June 1809 28 " 34 Andrew Gregg . 27 Nov. 1809 18 Dec. 1809 35 19 Dec. 1809 27 Feb. 1810 36 John Gaillard . 28 Feb. 1810 37 IS^pril 181t 3S John Gaillard . 17 April 1810 IMay 1810 39 John Gaillard . . 3 Dec. 1810 11 Dec. 1810 340 SYNOPTIGAi; i - i 1 u g o 11 Names of Vice Presi- denis of tlie United States. . • • George Clinton . 12 1 4 Nov. 1811 6 July 1812 249 George Clinton . 12 2 2 Nov. 1812 3 Mar. 1813 122 13 13 1 2 241«ay 61>ec. 18)3 1813 2 Aug. 1813 18AprU181? 71 134 Elbridge Gerry Elbridge Gterry 13 >3 19 Sept. 1814 3 Mar. 1815 166 14 11 1 2 4 Dec. 2 Dec. 1815 1816 30 AprU 1816 3 Mar. 1817 149 92 Special J5 Ses. Sen. 1 4 Mar. IDec. 1817 1817 6 Mar. 1817 20 AprU 1818 3 141 Daniel D. Tompkins IS 2 16 Nov. 1818 3 Mar. 1819 108 Daniel D. Tompkins . 16 1 6 Dec. 1819 15 May 1820 162 Daniel D. Tompkins 16 2 13 Nov. 1820 3 Mar.' 1821 111 17 I , 3 Dec. 1821 8 May 1822 167 Daniel D. Tpmpkins 17 2 2 Dec. 1822 3 Mar. 1823 92 Daniel D. Tompkind 18 1 IDec. 1823 27 May 1824 179 Daniel D. Tompkins . 18 ' .4 6 Dec. 1824 3 Mar. 1825 88 Special See. Sen. 4 Mar. 1825 9 '• 6 Jolin C. Calhono . 7 8 9 10 11 J2 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 25 26 27 30 31 32 341 TABLE— Continued. Commenced. Sxpired. TERMS OF OFFICE. Names of Presidents pro tempore of the Senate. SERVICE IN se:iate d. s. 'Attended. Retired. Died April, 4 Mar. 1813 Died Nov. 4 Mar. 1817 4 Mar. 1821 1812. 3 Mar, 1817 1814. John Pope 3 Mar. 1821 3 Mar. 1825 4 Mar. 1825 3 Mar. 1829 William H. Crawford William H. Crawford Joseph B. Varnum .John Gaillard John Gaillard . John Gaillard John Gaillard . John Gaillard John Gaillard . John Gaillard John Gaillard John Gaillard . James Barbour James Barbour John Gaillard John Gaillard . John Gaillard John Gaillard John Gaillard . John Gaillard . John Gaillard John Gaillard John Gaillard . 12 Dec. 1810 23 Feb. 1811 4 Nov. 1811 24 Mar. 1812 2 Nov. 1812 24 May 1813 6 Dec. 1813 4 Feb. 1814 18 April 1814 19 Sept. 1814 *24 Nov. 1814 4 Dec. 1815 2 Dec 1816 4 Mar. IDec. 19 Feb. 31 Mar. 16 Nov. 6 Jan. 15 Feb. 6 Dec. 27 Dec. 25 Jan. 13 Nov. 1817 1817 1818 1818 1818 1819 1819 1819 1819 1820 1820 3 Dec. 1821 IFeb. 2 Dec. 1823 19 Feb, IDec. 21 Jan. 1824 21 May 1824 6 Dec. 1824 4 Mar. 1825 22 Feb. 1811 3 Mar. 1811 23 Mar. 1812 6 July 1812 3 Mar. 1813 2 Aug. 1813 3 Feb. 1814 17 April 1814 18 " 24 Nov. 1814 2 Mar. 1815 30 April 1815 3 Mar. 1817 Feb. 1818 Mar. 1818 April 1818 Jan. 1819 Feb. 1819 Mar. 1819 Dec. 1819 Jan. 1820 May 1820 Mar. 1821 27 Dec 31 Jan. 8 May 2Dec. 18 Feb. 3 Mar. 20 Jan. 20 May 2? " 3 Mar. 1821 1822 1822 1822 1824 1824 John Gaillard . * Be-election considered necessary on death of Vice Freaident. 342 SYNOPTICAL 1 n u gi II 1° H ii Names of Vice Presi- dents of tlie United States. 19 1 SDec. 18S5 22 May 1826 169 John C. Cailiaun . 19 S 4Dec. 1826 3 Mar. 1827 90 Jolin C. Calhoun. John C. Calhoun . SO I 3*Deo. 1827 26 May 1828 176 John C. Calhoun . SO s IDec. 1828 3 Mar. 1829 93 John C. Calhoun . Special Ses. Ben. ,4 Mar. 1829 17 « 14 John C. Calhoun . i SI J 7 Dec. 1829 31 May 1830 176 1 John C. Calhoun . SI 2 6 Deo. 1830 3 Mar. 1831 88 John C.Calhoun. S2 1 SDec. 1831 lejilly 1832 225 1- John C. C^houn . . S3 3 3 Dec. 1832 2'Mar. 1833 90 S3 1 SDec. 1333 30 June 1834 211 Martin Van Euren . S3 S IDec. 1831 3 Mar. 1835 93 Martin Van Baren . S4 1- 7 Dee. 1835 4'july 1836 sii Martm Van Buren , SI 3 SDec. 1836 3 Mar. 1837 89 Martin Van Buren . epecial See. Sen. 4 Mar. 1837 10 " 7 RicharS M. Johnson . . Richard M. Johnson SS 1 4 Sept. 1837 16 'Oct. 1837 44 -Richard M. Johnson SS 3 4 Dec. 1837 9 July 1838 218 Richard M. Johnson . S5 3 SDec. 1838 3 Mar. 1839 91 TABLE— Continued. 343 Commenced. Expired. TERMS OP OFPICa Names of Presidents pro tempore of tlle Senate. SERVICE IN SENATE U. S. Retired. 4 Mar. 1839 Resigned S 4 Mar. 1837 Nathaniel Macon Natlianiel Macon Natlianiel Macon Samuel Smith Samuel Smith Samuel Smith Samuel Smith 3 Mar. 1837 3 Mar. 1841 Samuel Smith Samuel Smith Samuel Smith Samuel Smith Littleton W. Tazewell Hugh Lawsoa White . Hugh Lawson Whits . George Poindexter John Tyler.. William R. King William R. King William R. King William R. King William R. King William'R. King 5 Dec. 1825 20 May 1826 4 Dec. 1826 2 Jan. 1827 14 Feb. -1827 2 Mar. 1827 3 Dec. 1827 15 May 1828 1 Dec. 1828 4 Mar. 1829 13 « 7 Dec. II 14 " 29 May 1830 6 Dec. 1830 3 Jan. 1831 1 Mar. 1831 1827 20 May 1820 20 " 29 Dec. 1826 13 Feb. 1827 2 Mar. 3 « 14 May 26 " 21 Dec. 3 Mar. 1829 12 •■ 17 '■ 13 Dec. 29 May 31 " 2 Jan. 1 Mar. 1828 1830 1831 1831 5 Dec. 12 " 9 July 1831 1832 3 Dec. 1832 3 Dec. 1833 16 " 28 June 1834 1 Dec 1834 3 Mar. 1835 7 Dec. 1835 1 July 1836 5 Dec. 1836 28 Jan. 1837 4 Mar. 1837 7 " 4 Sept. 1837 13 " 4 Dec. 1837 2 July 1838 3 Dec. 1838 11 Dec. 1831 8 July 1832 16 " 2 Mar. 1833 15 Dec, 1833 27 June 1834 30 " 3 Mar. 1835 3 « 30 June 1836 4 July 1836 28 Jan. 1837 3 Mar. 183? 10 " 12 Sept. 1837 16 Oct. 1837 IJuly 1838 9 " 18 Dec. 1833 344 SYNOPTICAL 1 g 1 11 II If Namea of Vice Presi- dents of the United States. J* . . Ricban] M. Johnson . 1 * 26 t 2'Dec 1839 21 Jnl/ 1840 233 Bichard M. Johnson 2 3 4 26 2 TDec 1840 3*HaT. 1S41 87 BichaidU. Johnson. 5 6 7 8 Special Ses. Sen. 4 Mar. 1841 16 12 John i^ler . 10 U 12 IS 14 IS 16 17 18 27 27 2T 28 28 Br«aal 1 2 3 1 2 Ses. Sen. 31 May 1841 6 Sec 1841 6 Sec 18'42 4 Sec 1843 2 Dec 1844 4 Mar. 1845 is'sept mi 31 Aag. 1842 3"M»r. 1843 17 June 1844 3Mw. 1845 20 « 106 269 89 197 92 17 '■'■'■'.' 20 . 1 I'sec 1845 10 Aug. 1846 253 George M. Dallas George M. Sallas . 19 20 21 22 23 29 2 7 Sec 1«46 3 'Mar. 1847 87 GangelLSallas . Geoige M. Dallas . 21 25 26 27 28 29 SO 1 6Dec 1847 14 Ang. 184S 253 George M. Dallaa . ' • • • • • George M. i>aUu . ' • • ■ George M. Dallas . ' 30 31 ; ', George M. Sallas .' ' 32 33 30 2 4'sec 1848 s'Mar. 1849 90 George M. Itadlas . George M. Sallas ' . 34 35 36 37 38 Special Sea. Sen. 5 Uar. 1849 23 Mar. 1849 19 39 31 1 3 Sec 1849 30 Sept. 1850 302 Millard Fillmore . *jlillaid Fillmore. " JO 41 43 31 2 2Sec is'so 3 Mar. 1851 92 . 44 45 * The President baying died on 9th July, Millaid Fillmore succeeded to the Preaidenqr. TABLE— Continued. 345 TERMS OP OFFICE. Names of Presidents pro tempore of the Senate. BEKVIOE IN SENATE D. o. Commeaced. Expired. Attended. Retired. 19 Dec. 1838 24 Feb. 1830 , Williaio R."King . 25 Feh. 1839 3 Mar. 1839 WilUam K. King 2 Dec. 1839 27 " 26 Dec. 1839 2 July 1840 . WiUiam R. King 3 July 1840 21 « William R. King . 7 Dec. 1840 16 15 Dec. 1840 2 Mar. 1841 William R. King . 2 Mar. 1841 3 " . William R. King 4 « 4 " i Mar. 1841 *3 Mar. 1846 4 " 11 " , Samuel L. Southard . 11 « 15 " . Samuel L. Southard 31 May 1841 13 Sept. 1841 , Samuel L. Southard . 6 Dec. 1841 30 May 1842 . Willie P. Mangum. 31 May 1842 31 Aug. 1842 Willie P. Mangum . 6 Deo. 1842 3 Mar. 1843 . Willie P. Mangum. 4 Dec. 1843 17 June 1844 Willie P. Mangum 2 Dec. 1844 3 Mar. 1845 • Willie P. Mangum. 4 Mar. 1846 4 " 4 Mar. 1845 3 Mar. 1849 4 « IDec. 1846 20 « 8 Aug. 1846 David R. Atchison . 8 Aug. 1846 7 Deo. 1846 10 Aug. 1846 11 Jan. 1847 David R. Atchison . llJan. 1847 14 Jan. 1847 14 Jan. 1847 3 Mar. 1847 Dayid R. Atchison . 3 Mar. 1847 6 Dec. 1847 3 Mar. 1847 IFeb. 1848 David K. Atchison . 2 Feb. 1848 9 Feb. 1848 8 Feb. 1848 31 May 1848 David R. Atchison . 1 June 1848 16 June 1848 14 June 1848 26 June 1848 David R." Atchison' . 26 June 1848 80 June 1848 29 June 1848 28 July 1848 David R. Atchison . 29 July 1848 14 Aug. 1848 David R. Atchison . 4 Dec. 1848 5 Dec. 1848 4 Dec. 1848 25 Dec. 1848 David R. Atchison. 26 Dec. 1848 2 Jan. 1849 1 Jan. 1849 2 Mar. 1849 David R. Atchison . 2 Mar. 1849 3 Mar. 1849 David R. Atchison . 6 Mar. 1849 23 Mar. 1849 4 Mar. 1849 3Mar.l8S3 3 Dec. 1849 6 May 1850 William R. King . 6 May 1860 19 May 1S60 20 May I860 9 July 1860 t '.'.'.' 10 July 1860 10 July 1860 WUliam R. Kine 11 July I860 30 Sept. 1860 WiUiam R.King . 2 Dec. 1860 3 Mar. 1861 * The President having died on 1st April, John Tyler succeeded to the Presidency, t The Secretary called the Senate to order, and by consent put all questions. Z 33 346 -s-s 1-1 S S a «5 ■*S a 2 ^ ^ S fS M ^ w -S ^-h «^ '■§ ^ ^ S bo «> ss ■a -I s s ^ t- ■" :? 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( o ^■^^^^ CO«CO rac^M eocOCMiH 'MMCOWi-l "§ g bo to J a^ S I .la ag -ipf^a (MCqcO W W - a -a . g) 1 1 3 C) i; 1 p4 ^ -^ 1 ■a .S.2 J ^ j=i a *{ *^ T3 ■S 09 ■a ■a 13 Ti lO i Q> .a O to 1 -a 1 3 1 CD a 03 s 1 ^ y a Q ■ti s m Tl a S ti s. ■-1 M * ^ 0} H 1 O ■a * j3 (==1 o S £ -« S 386 e-5 8-" ^ « a, ^ lbs S u s -fta S* - « w " ■" CO s "fe^4 fil^a III lis Si tg 00 -d (O n m ^ bo ;a CO to 5 o sg .9 S e e s,^ K^"; So .. _ S3: > V :I2: 3ior-aioooOf-Hcoor^CT»i-ioo ICTiOOffJOJOOOOO'-l.-t -j>t-i>t^t^cooocooooooooo ■iOr-l DQOQO O 04 CQ COCO CQ Cd R5 R} Co « ^ itfC3(dC3R9K)Rtri S3 nod- o» .-I m lO i^ CO 00 en i-H 55 ifj r^ oi 1-H co -^ ko i^oio 00 o^ CTi as osoj cicn o o o o o r-t »-( i-i ^ .-ii-(^s- § S*^*^ llll''''=?5 ■ o go 00 »H O *H O O p:;»?p:;h?^?ootHjz;g;2;^,°M ,a 1" si ooij: i-HT-li— IrHi-l ^HiHrHrHi— Ii-HfH i-H Wi-t i-lN f-fOicr}-^ in tot-ooCTiO'-HOJ eo 387 ■a -S a ■3-1 a^ ^' .III illl ■« stlg gswa III ^•| •II II till sick, Speaker .rl •11 1 l^i i«s H^-^ he Spea George Btituted .»M^^W^ H &< H .3 1" .9 3 "^Iw ID O O fl 3 fl . S SB OO CO t- Ol 1-t 3 •s .-a a o o S fl Hmto mm T H a'S « 03 H t- ^ a O O tj an a a « 0) w a £ 2 03 d cj jlj' •o S S 5 o ■§ £ l-s 1-5 1-3 P3 t-5 ha Ct : ci : Mi 1 <3 ^1^ ^ =3 IIJ 1 p 388 6 "fe. ^ •^ •S'S ■^ S -I § S s ft? s" t Hi to 2 o £ B =3 g «s J g^o " £ 2 a e-S £ *s •" a O ^ "kI 'do rJ=l '^ rH » H p:5 "^1 Ph-eE «§ I I M . a ■o'C a -^ bo • •ffl-o ■a S.2 .2 a oa n c5ooiHeacti«i'^"^'^-«#io a OOOOODCOCOCOOOQOCOOOOOOO >3 o o a> ID i>.0O0000Q0COCOaD00CO00COCO £»oo^L>ca o oo£»o d'^'S SQAO^?fiPP;^flf^P< rH C^ CO M i-( iH •;i _S S * J .5 8 g .a S ja . g g 1:2 I ,3 OJ *-• S 13 13 1-5 1-» i-j Ph H H P fi S t: ^ 60 « S la ?§■§ CHAPTER 8. THIS OHAPTEK IS DEDICATED TO THE EMINENT JURISTS WHO HAVE OCCUPIED AND CONTINUE TO OCCUPY THE BENCH OF THAT AUGUST TRIBUNAL, THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. From the ith March, 1789, to the 3d March, 1851. CHIEF JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. JOHN JAY, of New York, appointed by the President with the ad- vice and consent of the Senate, 26th September, 1789. Nomi- nated 16th, and confirmed 19th April, 1794, Envoy Extraordinary to England. Resigned as Chief Justice. Successor appointed 1st July, 1795. JOHN RUTLEDGE, of South Carolina, appointed 1st July, 1795, in recess of Senate, in place of John Jay resigned, and pr,esided on the Bench at August term, 1795. Nominated 10th, and rejected by the Senate 15th December, 1795. WILLIAM GUSHING, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and appointed, &c., 27th January, 1796, in place of John Jay, re- signed. Declined the appointment. He was then an Associate Justice. OLIVER ELLSWORTH, of Connecticut. Nomination confirmed and appointed, &c., 4th March, 1796, in place of W. Cushing, de- clined. Appointed Envoy EA*raordinary and Minister Plenipo- tentiary to France, 27th February, 1799. He presided on tho Bench at the August term, 1799. Proceeded on his mission to 389 390 France, 3d November, 1799. Resigned as Chief Justice. Sue. cessor appointed 19th December, 1800. JOHN JAY, Governor of New York. Nomination coniirmed and ap- pointed, &,c., 19th December, 1800, in place of Oliver Ellsworth, resigned. Declined the appointment. JOHN MARSHALL, Secretary of State.* Nomination confirmed 27th, and appointed, &.c., 31st January, 1801, in place of John Jay, de- clined. Died in 1835. ROGER B. TANEY, of Maryland. Nomination confirmed and ap- pointed, &c., 15th March, 1836, in the place of John Marshall, deceased. ASSOCIATE JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. JOHN RUTLEDGE, of South Carolina. Nomination confirmed and appointed 26th September, 1789. Resigned, and Thomas John- son appointed. WILLIAM GUSHING, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed 2Cth, and appointed 27th September, 1789. Died, and Levi Lin- coln appointed. JAMES WILSON, of Pennsylvania. Nommation confirmed 26th, and appointed 29th September, 1789. Died, and Bushrod Washing- ton appointed. JOHN BLAIR, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed 26th, and ap- pointed 30th September, 1789. Resigned, and Samuel Chase ap- pointed. ROBERT H. HARRISON, of Maryland. Nomination confirmed 26lh September, 1789. Resigned, and James Iredell appointed. JAMES IREDELL, of North Carolina. Appointed in recess of Senate, * John Marshall, Secretary of State, was nominated to the Senate as Chief Jus- tice the 20lh January, 1801, was confirmed on the 27th, commissioned 31st January, and presided on the Bench of the Supreme Court from the 4lh to the 9th February, or during February term, 1801. From a message of the President to Congress, aocompanied by a report from Jolm Marshall, Secretary of Slate, dated 27th February, 1801, it appears that he also continued to aet in the latter capacity until that day, and from other circumstances that he continued to aet as such unMl the 3d March, 1801, on which day the then administration terminated. 391 in place of Robert H. Harrison, resigned. Nomination confirmed and appointed 10th February, 1790. Died, and Alfred Moore ap- pointed. THOMAS JOHNSON, of Maryland. Appointed 5th August, 1791, in recess of Senate, in place of John Rutledge, resigned. Nomina- tion confirmed and appointed 7th November, 1791. Resigned, and William Paterson appointed. WILLIAM PATERSON, Governor of New Jersey. Nomination confirmed and appointed 4th March, 1793, in place of Thomas Johnson, resigned. Died, and Brockholst Livingston appointed. - SAMUEL CHASE, of Maryland. Nomination confirmed and appointed 27th January, 1796, in place of John Blair, resigned. Died, and Gabriel Duval appointed. BUSHROD WASHINGTON, of Virginia. Appointed 29th Septem- ber, 1798, in recess of Senate, in place of James Wilson, deceased: Nomination confirmed and appointed 20lh December, 1798. Died, and Henry Baldwin appointed. ALFRED MOORE, of North Carolina. Nomination confirmed and appointed 10th December, 1799, in place of- James Iredell, de- ceased. Resigned, and William Johnson appointed. WILLIAM JOHNSON, of South Carolina. Nomination confirmed and appointed 26th March, 1804, in place of Alfred Moore, re- signed. (Confirmed and appointed Collector of the Customs 22d Feb. 1819, and declined the appointment.) Died in 1834, and James M, Wayne appointed. THOMAS TODD, of Kentucky. Nomination confirmed 2d, and ap- pointed 3d March, 1807. BROCKHOLST LIVINGSTON, of New York. Appointed 10th No- vember, 1806, in recess of Senate, in place of William Paterson, deceased. Nomination- confirmed and appointed 17th December,' 1806. Died, and Smith Thompson appointed. LEVI LINCOLN, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and ap pointed 3d January, 1811, in place of William Gushing, deceased. Declined the appointment, and John Quincy Adams appointed. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and appointed 22d February, 1811, in place of Levi Lincoln, de- clined. Declined the appointment, and Joseph Story appointed. GABRIEL DUVA.L, of Maryland. Nomination confirmed and ap- pointed 18th November, 1811, in the place of Samuel Chase, de- ceased. Resigned, and Philip P. Barbour appointed. JOSEPH STORY, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and ap ■ 892 pointed 18th November, 1811, in place of John Quiney Adams, deoUned. Died and Levi Woodbury appointed. SMITH THOMPSON, of New York. Appointed Ist September, 1823, in recess of the Senate, in place of Brockholst Livingston, deceased. Nomination confirmed and appointed 9th December, 1823. Died, and Samuel Nelson appointed. ROBERT TRIMBLE, of Kentlicky. Nomination confirmed and ap- pointed 9th May, 1826, in the place of Thomas Todd, deceased. Died, and John McLean appointed. JOHN McLEAN, of Ohio. Nomination confirmed and appointed 7th March, 1829, in the place of Robert Trimble, deceased. HENRY BALDWIN, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed and appointed 6th January, 1830, in place of Bushrod Washmgton, de- ceased. Died, and R. C. Grier appointed. JAMES M. WAYNE, of Georgia. Nomination confirmed and ap- pointed 9tli January, 1835, in place of William Johnson, deceased. PHILIP P. BARBOUR, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed and ap- pointed 15th March, 1836, in place of Gabriel Duval, resigned. Died, and P. V. Daniel appointed. JOHN CATRON, of Tennessee, Nomination confirmed and ap- pointed 8th March, 1837. WILLIAM SMITH, of Alabama. Nomination confirmed and ap- pointed 8th March, 1837. Declined the appointment, and John McKinley appointed. JOHN McKINLEY, of Alabama. Appointed 22d April, 1837, in re- cess of the Senate, in place of William Smith, declined. Nomina- tioned confirmed and appointed 25th September, 1837. PETER V. DANIEL, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed and ap- pointed 3d March, 184], in place of Philip P. Barbour, deceased. SAMUEL NELSON, of New York. Nomination confirmed and ap- pointed, 14th February, 1845, in place of Smith Thompson, de- LEVI WOODBURY, of New Hampshire. Appointed 20th Septem- ber, 1845, in recess of the Senate, in place of Joseph Story, de- ceased. Nomination confirmed and appointed 3d January, 1846. ROBERT C. GRIER, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed and appointed 4th August, 1846, in place of Henry Baldwin, deceased. 393 CLERKS OF THE SUPKEME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. JoHW Tdcker, of Massachusetts, appointed Feb. 3, 1790. Resigned. Samoel Bayaed, of Delaware, do. Aug. 1, 1791. Resigned. Elias B. Caldwell, of N. J. do. Aug. 15, 1800. Died. William Gkiffith, of N. J. do. Feb. 9, 1826. Died. William T. Caekoll, of D. C. do. Jan. 20, 1827. Pres't inc't. REPORTERS OF DECISIONS OF SUPREME COURT UNITED STATES. Alexandee'J. Dallas, William CSanch, HeHRT WnfATON, RicHAKD Peteks, jun'r, Bejtjamin C. Howaed, reported from 1789 to 1800, inclusive, do. " 1801 to 1815, " do. " 1816 to 1827, " do. " 1828 to 1842, " dp. " 1843. Present incumbent. MARSHALS OF THE UNITED STATES ATTENDANT ON. THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. Under the construction of the judiciary act of 1789, the Marshals of all: the Districts were required to attend the sessions of the Supreme Court, until, by the act of 9th June, 1794, the Marshal of the district alone in which the court shall sit was required to attend its sessions. David Lenoz, Marshal Dist. of Pa., attended Jan. 28, 1794 to Feb. 1801. Damiel Caeeoll Beent, Mar. D. C, Washington Boyd, do. Temch Ringgold, do. HeNEY ASHTOK, do. Alexander Hukteb, do. Robert Wallace, do. Richard Wallace, do. 2C Aug. 3, 1801, to Aug. 1803. Feb. 1, 1808, to Aug. 1818. Nov. 30, 1818, to Aug. 1831. Feb. 4, 1831, to Feb. 1834. March 6, 1834, to Dec. 1848. Dec. 5, 1848, to Dec. 1849. Dec. 4,-1849. Present inou't. CHAPTER 9. THIS CHAPTER. I S A P P K P R I A T ED TO THE DISTINGUISHED INDIVIDUALS WHO HATE FILLED AND CONTINUE TO OCCUPT THE SEVERAL HIGH EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS OR OFFICES OF THE GOVERNMENT. From the ith March, 1789, la the 3d March, 1851. SECRETARIES OF STATE. THOMAS JEFFERSON, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed and appointed 26th September, 1789. Resigned. EDMUND RANDOLPH, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed and ap- pointed 2d January, 1794. Resigned. TIMOTHY PICKERING, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed and appointed 10th December, 1795. Removed. JOHN MARSHALL, of Vijginia. Nomination confirmed and ap- pointed 13th May, 1800. Appointed Chief Justice Supreme Court 31st January, 1801. Presided as such at February term, 1801. Continued to act as Secretary of State to 3d March, 1801. JAMES MADISON, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed and ap- pointed 5th March, 1801. Became President 4th March, 1809. ROBERT SMITH, of Maryland. (Secretary of the Navy.) Nomination confirmed and appointed 6th March, 1809. Resigned, and James Monroe appointed. JAMES MONROE, of Virginia. Appointed 2d April, 1811, in recess of Senate. Nomination confirmed and appointed'25th November, 1811. Appointed Secretary of War, 27th September, 1814. JAMES MONROE, of Virginia. (Secretary of War.) Nomination con- 395 396 firmed and appointed 28th February, 1815. Became President of the United States 4th March, 1817. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and appointed 5th March, 1817. Became President of the United States 4th March, 1825. HENRY CLAY, of Kentucky.- Nomination confirmed and appointed 7th March,, 1825. Res^ned. MARTIN VAN BUREN, ofNew York. Nomination confirmed and appointed 6th March, 1829. Resigned, and Edward Livingston appointed. EDWARD LIVINGSTON, of Louisiana, appointed 24th May, 1831, in recess of Senate. Nomination confirmed and appointed 12th January, 1832. LOUIS McLANE, of Delaware. Appointed 29th May, 1833, in recess of Senate. Resigned. JOHN FORSYTH, of Georgia. I^ omination confirmed and appointed 27th June, 1834, in place of Louis McLane, resigned. DANIEL WEBSTER, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and appointed 5th March, 1841. Resigned. ABEL P. UPSHUR, of Virginia, appointed 24th July, 1843, in recess of the Senate, in place of Daniel Webster, resigned. Nomination confirmed and appointed 2d January, 1844. (Abel P. Upshur was killed on 28th February, 1844, by the bursting of a large cannon on board of the United States steam frigate the Princeton.) JOHN 0. CALHOUN, of South Carolina. Nomination confirmed and appointed 6th March, 1844, in room of Abel P. Upshur, deceased. JAMES BUCHANAN, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed and appointed 5th March, 1845. [Contmued on page 403] SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY. ALEXANDER HAMILTON, of New York. Nomination confirmed and appointed 11th September, 1789. Resigned. OLIVER WOLCOTT, jun'r, of Connecticut. Nomination confirmed and appointed 3d February, 1795. Resigned, to take effect 3l3t December, 1800. SAMUEL DEXTER, of Massachusetts. (Secretary of War.) Nomina- tion confii-med and appointed ,31st December 1800. 89T ALBERT GALLATIN, of Pennsylvania. Appointed Uth. May, 1801, in recess of Senate. Nomination confirmed and appointed 26th January, 1802. Superseded by appointment of George W. Camp- bell, owing to his protracted absence iti Europe as Public Minister of the United States. GEORGE W. CAMPBELL, of Tennessee. Nomination confirmed and appointed 9th February, 1814. Resigned, and Alexander James Dallas appointed. A.LEXANDER JAMES DALLAS, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed nnd appointed 6th October, 1814. i WILLIAM H. CRAWFORD, of Georgia. Appointed 22d October, 1816, in recess of the Senate. Nomination confirmed and ap pointed 5th March, 1817. RICHARD RUSH, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed and ap- pointed 7th March, 1825. ^ ■SAMUEL D. INGHAM, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed emd appointed 6th March, 1829. Resigned, and Louis McLane appointed. LOUIS McLANE, of Delaware. Appointed August 8th, 1831, in re- cess of the Senate. Nomination confirmed and appointed 13th January, 1832. WILLIAM J. DUANE, of Pennsylvania. Appointed 29th May, 1833, in recess of the Senate. Superseded by appointment of Roger B. Taney. ftOGER B. TANEY, of Maryland, appointed 23d September, 1833, in recess of Senate, and continued until 24th June, 1834. LEVI WO ODBURY, of New Hampshire. Nomination confirmed and appointed 27th June, 1834. THOMAS EWING, of Ohio. Nomination confirmed and appointed 5th March, 1841. Resigned, and W. Forward appointed. WALTER FORWARD, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed and appointed 13th September, 1841, in place of Thomas Ewing, re- signed. , lOHN C. SPENCER, of New York. Nomination confirmed and -appointed 3d March, 1843, in place of Waller Forward, resigned. GEORGE M. BIBB, of Kentucky. Nomination confirmed and ap pointed 15th June, 1844, in place of John G. Spencer, resigned. ROBERT J. WALKER, of Misaissipp' Nomination confirmed and appointed 5th March, 1845. [Oontmued an page 403] 61' 398 SECRETARIES OF WAR. HENRY KNOX, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and ap. pointed 12th September, 1789. Resigned. TIMOTHY PICKERING, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed and appointed, 2d January, 1795. Appointed Secretary of State 10th Decembef, 1795. JOHN McHENRY,'of Maryland. Nomination confirmed and ap- pointed 27th January, 1796. Resigned, to take effect Ist June, 1600. JOHN MARSHALL, of Virginia. Nominated 7th May, 1800. Post- poned 9th May, 1800. Appointed 13th May, 1800, Secretary of State. SAMUEL DEXTER, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and appointed 13th May, 1800. Appointed Secretary of the Treasury 31 St December, 1800. ROGER GRISWOLD, Member of House of Representatives from Connecticut. Nomination confirmed and appointed 3d February, 1801. Vacated. HENRY DEARBORN, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and appointed 5th March, 1801,. WILLIAM EUSTIS, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and appointed 7th March, 1809. Resigned, and John Armstrong ap- pointed. JOHN ARMSTRONG, of New York. Nomination confirmed and appointed 13th January, 1813. • Resigned, and James Monroe ap- pointed. JAMES MONROE, of Virginia. (Secretary of State.) Nomination confirmed and appointed 27th September, 1814. Appointed Secre- tary of State 28th February, 1815. WILLIAM H. CRAWFORD, of Georgia.. Nomination confirmed and appointed 3d March, 1815. Appointed Secretary of the Treasury ■ 22d October, 1816. GEORGE GRAHAM, of Virginia. Appointed 7th April, 1817, in re- cess of the Senate. ISAAC SHELBY, of Kentucky. Nomination confirmed and appomted 5(h March, 1817. Declined the appointment. JOHN C. CALHO ON, of South Carolina. Appointed 8th October, 1817, in recess of the Senate. Nomination confirmed and ap- pointed 15fh December, 1817. JAMES BARBOUR, of Virginia. Nomination confirnied and ap. pointed 7th March, 1825. PETER B. PORTER, of New York. Nomination confirmed and ap- pointed 26th May, 1828. JOHN H. EATON, of Tennessee. Nonfiination confirmed and ap- pointed 9th March, 1829. Resigned, and Lewis Cass appointed. LEWIS CASS, of Ohio. Appointed 1st August, 1831, in recess of the Senate. Nomination confirmed and appointed 30th December, 1831. Appointed Minister to France. BENJAMIN F. BUTLER, of New York. Nommation confirmed and appointed 3d March, 1837. JOEL R. POINSETT, of South Carolina. Nomination confirmed and appointed 7th March, 1837. JOHN BELL, of Tennessee. Nomination confirmed and appointed 5th March, 1841. Resigned. JOHN McLean, of Ohio. Nomination'obnfirmed and appointed 13th September, 1841, in place of John Bell, resigned. Declined the appointment. JOHN C. SPENCER, of New York. Appointed 12th October, 1841, in the recess of the Senate, in place of John McLean, declined. Nomination confirmed and appointed 20th December, 1841. JAMES M. PORTER, of Pennsylvania. Appointed 8th March, 1843, in recess of the Senate, in place of John C. Spencer, resigned, and continued to serve until 30th January, 1844. WILLIAM WILKINS, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed and appointed 15th February, 1844. WILLIAM L. MARCY, of New York. Nomination confirmed and appointed 5th March, 1845. \G(mtinued on page 404] SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY. GEORGE CABOT, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and ap pointed 3d May, 1798. BENJAMIN STODDERT, of Maryland. Nomination confirmed antJ appointed 21st May, 1798. Resigned. ROBERT SMITH, of Maryland. Appointed 15th July, 1801, in re cess of the. Senate. Nomination confirmed and appointed 26th January, 1802. Appointed Attorney General 2d March, 1805. 400 JACOB CROWNINSHIELD, of Massachusetts. Nomination coo- finned and appointed 2d March, 1805. PAUL HAMILTON, of South Carolina. Nomination confirmed and appointed 7th March, 1809. Resigned, and William Jones ap- pointed. WILLIAM JONES, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed and ap- pointed 12th January, 1813. Resigned, and Benjamin W. Crown- inshield appointed. BENJAMIN W. CROWNINSHIELD, of Massachusetts. Nomina- tion confirmed and appointed 17th December, 1814. SMITH THOMPSON, of New York. Appointed 9th November, 1818, in recess of the Senate. Nomination- confirmed and ap- pointed 30th November, 1818. Resigned. JOHN RODGERS. (President of the Board of Navy Commissioners.) Appointed 1st September, 1823, in recess of the Senate. SAMUEL L. SOUTHARD, of New Jersey. Appointed 16th Septem- ber, 1823, in recess of the Senate. Nomination confirmed and ap- pointed 9th December, 1823. JOHN BRANCH, of North Carolina. Nomination confirmed and'ap- pointed 9th March, 1829. Resigned. LEVI WOODBURY, of New Hampshire, appointed 23d May, 1831, in recess of the Senate. Nomination confirmed and appointed 27th December, 1831. * Resigned, to take effect after 30th June, 1834. MAHLON DICKERSON.of New Jersey. Nomination confirmed and appomted 30th June, 1834. Resigned. JAMES K. PAULDING, of New York. Nomination confirmed and appointed 20th June 1838, to take effect from 30th June, 1838, when M. Dickerson's resignation took effect. ^ GEORGE, E. BADGER, of North Carolina. Nomination confirmed and appointed 5th March, 1841. Resigned. ABEL P. UPSHUR, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed and appointed 13th September, 1841. DAVID HENSHAW, of Massachusetts. Appointed 24th July, 1843, in recess of Senate, and served until 15th January, 1844. THOMAS W. GILMER, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed and ap- pointed 15th February, 1844, in the place of David Henshaw, re- jected by the Senate. (Thomas W. Gilmer, killed 28th February, 1844, by the bursting of a large cannon on board the United States steam-frigate Princeton.) JOHN Y. MASON, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed and ap- 401 pointed 14th March, 1844, in place of T. W. Gilmer, deceased. Appointed Attorney General 5th March, 1845. GEORGE BANCROFT, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and appointed 10th March, 1845. Resigned. JOHN Y. MASON, of Virgmia. Appointed 9th September, 1846, iri* recess of the Senate, in the place of George Bancroft, resigned. Nomination confirmed and appointed 17th December, 1846. [Continued on page 404] POSTMASTER GENERALS. SAMUEL OSGOOD, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and appointed 26th September, 1789. Resigned. TIMOTHY PICKERING, of Pennsylvania. Appointed 12th August, 1791, in the recess of the Senate. Nomination confirmed and ap- pointed 7th November, 1791. Appointed 1st June, 1794, in the recess of the Senate, under the act of 8th May, 1794. Nomina- tion confirmed and appointed 11th December, 1794. [Appointed (ex officio) Commissioner to settle affairs with the Indians, 1st March, 1793.] Appointed Secretary of War 2d January, 1795. JOSEPH HABERSHAM, of Georgia. Nomination confirmed and ap- pointed 25th February, 1795. Resigned. GIDEON GRANGER, of Connecticut. Appointed 28th November, 1801, in recess of the Senate, in place of J. Habersham, resigned. Nomination confirmed and appointed 26th January, 1802. , RETURN JONATHAN MEIGS, jun'r. (Governor of Ohio.) Nomi- nation confirmed and appointed 17th March, 1814. Resigned. JOHN McLean, of Ohio. Appointed 26th June, 1823, in recess of the Senate. Nomination confirmed and appointed 9th December, 1823. ' WILLIAM T. BARRY, of Kentucky. Nomination confirmed and appointed 9th March, 1829. AMOS KENDALL, of Kentucky. Appointed 1st May, 1835, in the recess of the Senate. Nomination confirmed and appointed 15th March, 1836. J OHN M. NILES, of Connecticut. Nomination confirmed and ap- pointed on 18th, to take effect from 25th May, 1840. FRANCIS GRANGER, of New York. Nomination confirmed and appointed 6th March, 1841. Resigned. 402 CHARLES 4.. WICKLIFFE, of Kemucky, Nomination confinned and appointed I3th September, 1841. Resigned. CAVE JOHNSON, of Tennessee; Nomination confinned and ap- pointed 5th March, 1845. 1^ lOoiUitiMd on page 404.] ! ATTORNEY GENERALS. EDMUND RANDOLPH, of Virginia. Nomination confinned and ap- pointed 2Gth September, 1789. Appomted Secretary of State 2d January, 1794. " WILLIAM BRADFORD, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed 27th January, and appointed 28th January, 1794. Died. CHARLES LEE, of Virginia. Nomination confinned and appointed 10th December, 1795. Appointed (ex officio) Commissioner to ad- just claims of Georgia, 12th February, 1800. Appointed Chief Judge of the Fourth Circuit, &c., 20th February, 1801. THEOPHILUS PARSONS, of Massachusetts. Nomination con- firmed and appointed 20th February, 1801. Declined the appoint ment. LEVI LINCOLN, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and ap- pointed 5th March, 1801. Resigned in 1805. ROBERT SMITH, of Maryland. Nomination confirmed and appointed 2d March, 1805. JOHN BRECKENRIDGE, of Kentucky. Nomination confirmed and appointed 23d December, 1805. CSISAR A. RODNEY, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed and appointed 20th January, 1807. Resigned. WILLIAM PINKNEY, of Maryland. Nomination confirmed and appointed 11th December, 1811. RICHARD RUSH, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confinned and ap- pointed 10th February, 1814. WILLIAM WIRT, of Virginia. Appointed 13th November, 1817, in recess of the Senate. Nomination confirmed and appointed 15th December, 1817. JOHN MACPHERSON BERRIEN, of Georgia. Nomination con- firmed and appointed 9th March, 1829. Resigned. ROGER BROOKE TANEY, of Maryland. Appointed 20th July, 1831, in the recess of the Senate. Nomination confirmed and ap- pointed 37th December, 1831. 403 BENJAMIN F. BUTLER, of New York. Appointed 15th Novem- ber, 1833, in the recess of the Senate. Nomination confirmed and appointed 24th June, 1834. Resigned. FELIX GRUNDY, of Tennessee. Nomination confirmed and ap- pointed 7th July, 1838, to take effect 1st September, 1838, when resignation of B. F. Butler took effect. Resigned. HENRY D. GILPIN, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed and appointed 10th January, 1840. JOHN J. CRITTENDEN, of Kentucky. Nomination confirmed and appointed 5th March, 1841. Resigned. HUGH S. LEGARE, of South Carolina. Nomination confirmed and appointed 13th September, 1841. Died. JOHN NELSON, of Maryland. Appointed 1st July, 1843, in the re- cess of the Senate. Nomination confirmed and appointed 2d Janu- ary, 1844. Resigned. JOHN Y. MASON, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed and appointed 5th March, 1845. Resigned. Appointed Secretary of the Navy 9th September, 1846. NATHAN CLIFFORD, of Maine. Appointed 17th October, 1846, in the recess of the Senate. Nomination confirmed and appointed 23d December, 1846. [Chniimied on page 404.] SECEETAEIES OF STATE. JOHN M. CLAYTON, of Delaware. Nomiziation confirmed and appointed 7th March, 1849. Besigned. DANIEL WEBSTER, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and ap- pointed 20th July, 1850. SECRETARIES OP THE TREASURY. WILLIAM MORRIS MEREDITH, of Pennsylvania. Nomination con- firmed and appointed 7th March, 1849. Resigned. IHOMAS CORWIN, of Ohio._ Nomination confirmed and appointed 20th July, 1850. 404 SECKETARIES OF THE INTERIOR. THOMAS EWING, of Ohio. Nominated and confirmed 7th March, 1849. Kesigned. JAMES A. PEAKCE, of Maryland. Nomination confirmed and appointed 20th July, 1850. Declined accepting. THOMAS M. T. McKENNAN, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed and appointed 15th August, 1860. Resigned. ALEXANDER H. H. STUART, of Virginia. Nominafion confirmed and appointed 12th September, 1850. SECRETARIES OE "WAR. GEORGE W. CRAWFORD, of Georgia. Nomination confirmed and ap- pointed 7th March, 1849. Resigned. EDWARD BATES, of Missoori. Nomination confirmed and appointed 20th July, 1850. Declined accepting. CHARLES M. CONRAD, of Louisiana. Nomination confirmed and ap- pointed 15th August, 1850. SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY. WILLIAM BALLARD PRESTON, of- Virginia. Nomination confirmed 7th March,' 1849. Resigned. WILLIAM A. GRAHAM, of North Carolina. Nomination confirmed and appointed 20th July, 1850. ATTORNEY GENERALS. RBVERDT JOHNSON, of Maryland. Noininated and confirmed 7th March, 1849. Resigned. JOHN J. CRITTENDEN, of Kentucky. Nomination confirmed and ap- pointed 20th July, 1850. POSTMASTER GENERALS. JACOB COLLAMER, of Vermont. Nominated and confirmed 7th March, 1849. Resigned. NATHAN K. HALL, of New York. Nomination confirmed and appointed 20th July, 1850. 405 CHAPTER 10. THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Chronologicai, statement of the formation of the govern- ments of the several States; of their becoming members of the Union by their adoption or ratification of the Con- stitution of the United States, or by their admission as States since the establishment of the Constitution ; with a particular account of the progress of each of the lat- ter, either from the condition of territorial dependencies, or independent governments, to the rank of States. Monday, Septembek 5, 1774. A number of-Delegates, chosen and appointed by the several Colonies and Provinces in North America, met to hold a Congress at Philadel- phia, and assembled in Carpenter's Hall. Tuesday, Septembek 6, 1774. Besolved, That in determining questions in this Congress, each Co- lony or Province shall have one vote — ^The Congress not being pos- sessed of, or at present able to procure proper materials for ascertaining the importance of each Colony. [This principle was confirmed by the Articles.of Confederation which declared -that, ' ' In determining questions in the United States, in Con- gress assembled, each State shall have one vote." And they further declared that certain enumerated powers should never be determined by Congress, "unless nine States assent to the same : nor shall a ques- tion on any other point, except for adjourning firom day to day, be deter- mined, unless by the votes of a majority of the United States in Congress assembled." — These extracts show the relative authority or importance , of the several States in the exercise of the sovereign power under the Confederation.] Tuesday, July 2, 1776. Resolved, That these United Colonies are, and,> of right, ought to be, Free and Independent States ; that 406 they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connexion between them, and the State of Great Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dis- solved. Thuhsdat, Jult 4, 1776. The Congress agreed to A Declaration or Indepemdekce by the Repeesentatives of the United States of America, in Congress ASSEMBLED, to be signed by the members from the several States, which will be found in this volume. Monday, September 9, 1776. , Resolved, That in all continental commissions, and other instruments, where, heretofore, the words "Umied Colonies" have been used, the style be altered, for the future, to the United States. Saturday, November 15, 1777. The Articles of Oonfederation and perpetual Union of the United States of America were agreed to by the Delegates of the thirteen original States in Congress assembled, subject to the ratification of the Legislatures of the several States. These articles were ratified by 8 States on the 9th July, 1778. Ditto. .•...! State . . 31st July, 1778. Ditto 1 State . . . 24th July, 1778. Ditto 1 State . . 36th Nov.- 1778. Ditto. . . . . . 1 State . . . 22d Feb., 1779. Ditto 1 State . . 1st March, 1781. The ratification was therefore completed on the 1st March, 1781,' the articles being dated the 9th July, 1778, and this completed the hand of union of the thirteen original States, whose delegates as- sembled in Congress continued to legislate and execute the powers of the United States under the Articles of Confederation until the 4th March, 1789, when, by their resolution of the 13th September, .1788, the Constitution of the United' States, also adopted and rati- fied by the people of the said original States, went into operation, * vide the- notes under " Ohio" ioiLlhe cause of the d^Iay on the pan of Mary- land to ratify the Aiticles of Confederation until March 1, 1781. 407 forming thereby a more perfect Union of tub People for the Government of the United States of America. The thirteen original States that formed and confirmed the Union by the adoption of the Constitution, are as fol- lows : — NEW HAMPSHIRE. Embraced under the charter? of Massachusetts, and continued under the same jurisdiction until September 18, 1679, when a separate charter and government was granted. A Constitution was formed on January 5, 1776, which was altered in 1784, and was further altered and amended on February 13, 1792. This State ratified the Constitution of the United States^ June 21, 1738. . MASSACHUSETTS. Settled under compacts of the emigrants of November 3, 1620, and chartered on Alarch 4, 1629 ; also chartered January 13, 1G30 ; an explanatory charter granted August 20, 1726, and more completely chart.ered on October 7,. 1731 ; formed a Constitution on March 2, 1780, which was altered and amended on November 3, 1820. - " Ratified the Constitution of the United Slates, February 6, 1788. RHODE ISLAND. Embraced under the charters of Massachusetts, and continued under the same jurisdiction until July-S, 1662, when a separate charter was granted) which con- tinued in force untal a Constitution was formed iii September, 1842. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, May 29, 1790. CONNECTICUT. Embraced under the charters of Massachusetts, and continued under the same juriadictioh, until April 23, 1662, vrhen a separate charter was granted, which continued in force until a Constitution w^as formed on September 15, 1818. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, January 9, 1788. NEW YORK. Gi;anted to Duke of York, March 20, 1664 ; April 26, 1664'; June 24, 1664. Newly patented on February 9, 1674; formed a Constitution on April 20, 1777^ which was amended on October 27, 1801, and further amended November 10, 1S21. A new Constitution was formed in 1846. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, July 26, 1788. NEW JERSEY. Held under same grants as New York ; separated into East and West Jersey on March 3. 1677. The government surrendered to the Crown in 1702, and so continued until the formation of a Constitution on July 2, 1776. Ratified the Constitution of the United" States, December 18,' 1787, 408 PENNSYLVANIA. Chartered oa February 28, 1681 ; formed a Constitution on September 28, 1776; amended, &c., on September 2, 1790» Ratified the Constitution of the United States, December 12, 1787. DELAWARE. Embraced in the charter, and continued under the government of Pennsyl- vania imtil the formation of a Constitution on September 20, 1776 j a new Con- stitution formed on June 12, 1792. Ratified the Constitution of the United Stales, December 7, 1787." MARYLAJ^^D. Chartered on June 20, 1632 ; formed a Constitution August 14, 1776, which was amended in 1795 and 1799, and-fiirther amended in November, 1812. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, April 28, 1788. ' VIRGINIA. Chartered April 10, 1606, JVIay 23, 1609, and March 12, 1612; formed a Consti- tution on July 5, 1776 ; amended January 15, 1830. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, June 26, 178S, NORTH CAROLINA. Chartered in March 20, 16'63, and June 30, 1665] formed a Constitution, Decem- ber 18, 1776, which was amended in 1835. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, November 21, 1789. SOUTH CAROLINA. Embraced in the charters of Carolina or North Carolina, from which it was separated in 1729 ; formed a Constitution March 26, 1776, which was amended on March 19, 1778, and June 3, 1790. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, May 23, 1788. GEORGIA. Chartered on June 9, 1732 ; formed a Constitution on February 5, 1777, a se- cond in 1735, and a third on May 30. 1798. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, January 2, 1788. The privilege of becoming members of the American Union by the mere ratification of the Constitution, was reserved to those States alone that were parties to the previous confederation and the compact or convention by which the Constitution was formed. The ratification of nine States being sufficient for the establish- ment of the Constitution; and, it having been ratified by eleven States, It was determined by Congress, on the 13th September^ 409 1788, under the resolutions of the convention, that the Constitu- tion had been established, and that it should go into operation on the first Wednesday (4th. day) of March, 1789. — It therefore ap- pears that two of the States did not ratify the Constitution until after its establishment, yet they were not treated as new States, requiring particular forms of admission, but their Senators and Representatives, as provided for in the 2d sect. 1st art. of the Constitution, were admitted in Congress" upon the presentation of their authenticated forms of ratification. It was considered neces- sary, however, that the laws of the United States passed previous to their accession should be extended to them by special acts. - "The Union having been thus completed, aiid its Constitution and government established, the United States under the 3d section of the 4th article of the Constitution reserved to themselves, in Congress assembled, the right and the power to admit new States, by declaring that "New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union;" and,.as the 4th section of the same article re- quires, that "The United States shall, guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican form of government," it has in practice been deemed a pre-requisite that the people proposing to form a new State be authorized by law to form a Constitution, to be submitted to Congress, to enable that body to judge of its Republican cha- racter, before proceeding to exercise that high' and sovereign power of admitting a distinct community of people to the inestimable riirhts, privileges, and immunifies, secured by the organization of a State government, — rand upon an equal footing, in all respects whatsoever, with thoSe States that jointly achieved the independ- ence of the country, and which, together with those that have be- come members of the Union since that eventful period, have borne the hardships, trials, and difliculties, both internal and external, through which the nation has passed, and which have secured the stability, power, and happiness of the country. The Constitution of the United States declares, that " new States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State, nor any State be formed by the junction of tw6 or more 2 b 38* 410 States, or parts of States, without the consent of the legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress." Upon this clause; James Madison, in the |' Federalist," makes the following remarks : — "In the articles of Confederation, no provision is found on this im- portant subject. Canada was to be admitted of right, on her joining in the measures of the United States ; sihd the other colonies, by which were evidently meant, the other British Colonies, at the discretion of nine States. The eventual establishment of new States seems to have been overlooked by the compilers of that instrument. We have seen the in- convenience of this omission, and the assumption of power into which Congress have been led by it. With great propriety, therefore, has the new system supplied the defect. The general precaution, that no new State shall be formed without the concurrence of the Federal authority, and that of the States concerned, is consonant to the principles which ought to govern such transactions. The particular precaution against the erection of new States, by the partition of a State vrithout its con- sent, quiets the jealousy of the larger States ; as that of the smaller is quieted by a like precaution, against a junction of States without their consent." The Constitution also declares that " the Congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all needful rules and regalations re- specting the territory or other property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State." Under this clause, Congress exercises the 'power of creating territorial governments, which in process of time, hy the increase of population and other concurrent causes, apply, on behalf of the people, for authority to form constitutions and state governments, with a view to admission into the Union, at a future period, and it is for the Congress of the United States in the exercise of their high constitutional powers, and under the solemn responsibilities imposed upon them as guardians of the rights and the welfare of -the whole Union, to judge, of the expediency and the time of admitting \he peo- ple who may have become inhabitants of such territories, to all the peculiar and inestimable rights, privileges, and immunities of the 411 citizens of one of the United Slates of America. Mr. Madison re- marks upon this point that, " This is a power of very great importance, and required by considera- tions simile to those which show the propriety of the former. The proviso annexed is very proper in itself, and was probably rendered absolutely necessary by jealousies and questions concejrning the western territory sufficiently known to the public." But the Constitution requires that " The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Go-. vernment, and shall protect each of them against Invasion ; and on Application ,of the Legislature, or of the Executive, (when the Legislature cannot be convened,) against domestic Violence." And, upon this clause, Mr. Madison has expressed in the " Federalist" the following wise and just sentiments : "In a Confederacy founded on republican principles, and composed of republican members, the superintending government ought clearly, to possess authority to defend the system against aristocratic or monarchical innovations. The more intimate the nature of such a Union may be, the greater mterest have the members in the political institutions of each other ; and the greater right to insist, that the forms of government under which the compact was entered into, should be substantially maintained. "But a right implies a remedy; and where else could the remedy be deposited, than where it is deposited by the Constitution? Govern- ments of 'dissimilar principles and forms have been found less adapted to a federal coalition of any sort than those of a kindred nature. ' As the confederate republic of Germany,'- says Montesquieu, ' consists of free cities and_ petty States, subject to different princes, experience shows us, that it is more imperfect than that of Holland and Switzerland.' ' Greece was undone,' he adds, ' as soon as the king of Maoedon obtaiiied a seat among the Amphictyons.' In the latter^case, no doubt, the dispropor- tionate force, as well as the monarchical form of the new confederate, had its share of influence on the events. ' ' It may possibly be asked, what need therp could be of such, a pre- caution, and whether it may not become a pretext for alterations in the State governments, without the concurrence of the States themselves. These questions admit of ready answers. If the interposition of tho General Government should not be needed, the provision for such an event will be a harmless superfluity -only in the Constitution. But who can say what experiments may be produced by the caprice of particular 412 States, by the ambition of enterprising leaders, or by the intrigues and influence of foreign powers f r. i r> "To the second question it may be answered, that if the General Go- vernment should mterpose by virtue of this Constitutional authority, it will be of course bound to pursue the authority. But the authority ex- tends no ferther than to a guarantee of a republican form of government, which supposes a pre-existing government of the form which is to be guarantied. As long therefore as the existing repubUcan forms are con- tinued by the States, they are guarantied by the Federal Constitution. Whenever the States may choose to substitute other republican forms, they have a right to do so, and to claim the Federal guarantee for the latter. The only restriction imp6sed on them is, that they shall not ex- change republican for afiti-republican constitutions ; a restriction which, it is presumed, will hardly be considered as a grievance." THE "NEW STATES/' ADMITTED INTO THE UJ^ION SINCE THE ADOPTION OP THE CON- STITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, ARE AS FOLLOWS:— VERMONT, Formed from part of the territory of New York, with the consent of its Legis- lature, by act of March 6, 1790. (Vide Journal Senate of the United States, Feb. 9. 1791, and appendix to Journal House of Representatives, vol. 1, p. 412.) Applica- tion of the Commissioners of Vermont to Congress for admission mto the Union ■was received at Philadelphia, Feb. 9, 1791, a constitution having been formed Dec. 25, 1777. -Vermont admitted by act of Congress approved Feb. IS, 1791, to take effectj i. e., "shall be recerved and admitted,^' on niarch. 4, I'S'Ol* Entitled to two Represenialives by act of Congress Feb. 25, 1791. An act giving effect to laws of &e United States in Vermont,' ailer March 3, 1791, approved Ma^ch 2, 1791. A constitution adopted by Vermont, July 9, 1793. KENTUCKY, Formed from the territory of Virginia w^ith ihe consent of its Legislature by act of Dec. IS, 1789. {Vide Journal Senate of the United States, Dec. 9, 1790, and Bioren & Duane's edition Laws of the United States, vol. I, page 673; and message or speechpf President to Congress, Dec. 8, 1790.) Application of the convention of Kentucky received, DeQ. 9, 1790. (See Journal House of Representatives, vol. 1, p. 411, appendix.) (Its constitution not then formed.) Act of. Congress for its re- ception and admission on Juue 1, 1793^ approved on Feb. 4, 1791. Emitled to two Representatives, by act of Congress Feb. 25, 1791. 413 (No act giving effect to laws of the United States in Kentucky.) A copy of the constitution formed for the State of Kentucky laid before CongreflS by the President of the United States, on NoTember 7, 1792. A new constitution was adopted on August 17, 1799. TENNESSEE, Formed of territory ceded to the United States by the State of North Carolina, by act of December, 1789, conveyed to the United States by the Senators from North Carolina,- Feb. 25, 1790, and accepted by act of Congress of April 2, 1790. An act for the government of the territory of the United States south of the river Ohio, was approved 26 May, 1790. See also act of 8 May, 1792. The people of that territory fbrmed a convention, adopted a constitution on Feb. 6, 1796, and applied for admis- sion, (vide Journal House of Representatives, April 8, and Senate Journal, April 11, 1796, and folio State Papers, "Miscellaneous," vol. 1, pp. 146 — 7, 150,) upon which "an act for the admission of the State of Tennessee into the Union was passed, and approved, June 1, 1796, by which the laws of the United States were extended to that State, and it was allowed one Representative in Congress. The siud laws were again extended to the State of Tennessee by an act approved January 31, 1797-, and by an act approved February 19, 1799. (This last act divided the State into Eastern and Western Districts.) OHIO, Formed out of a part of the territory north-west of the river Ohio, which was ceded to the United States by the General Assembly of Virginia,, at their sessions begun October 20, 1783, and accepted by the Congress of the United States, Harcb 1, 1784. The act of Virginia was modified by act of Assembly of December 30, 17S8, consenting that the territory be divided into not more than five, nor less than three, States. An act to provide for the government of the territory" north-west of the . rjver Ohio, waS approved on August 7, 1789i Tliis territory was divided into two separate governments Itiy act of Congress of May 7, 1800. The census of the territory, and petitions from the people thereof, referred to com- mittee of the House of Representatives. (See Journal, January 29, 1802. See report March 4, 1802, folio State Papers, "Miscellaneous," vol. 1, p. 325.) An act to enable the people of" the eastern division of said territory to form a constitution and State government was passed and approved April 30, 1802, by which that State was allowed one Representative in. Congress. A constitution was accordingly formed on November 1, 1802, and presented to Congress. (See Journal Senate, January 7, 1803.) The said people having, on IVovemljer 30, 1803, complied with the act of Congress, of April 30, 1802, whereby the said State became one of the United States, an act waa passed and approved on February 19, 1803, for the due execution of the laws of the United States, Ac, within that State. An act in addition to, and in modification of, the propositions contained in the act of April 30, 1802, was passed and approved on March 3d, 1803. 414 . NORTH-WESTERN AND WESTERN TERRITORY. OHIO being the first State formed out of the territory north-west of the river Ohio, and admitted into the Union, it is deemed proper to insert here the circiirastances and facts which led to the cession of that territory, and the principles agreed upon and established for the rule of its future government, which wiU apply equally to the other States formed out of this territory. Preliminary to the " Ordinance for -the government of the Terri- tory of the United States north-west of the river Ohio, it may be proper to refer to the acts and proceedings which led to the cession of this and other territory to the United States by individual States; to the acts tif cession themselves, and to other acts having a direct bearing upon this interesting subject. The attention tjf the whole country appears to have been first drawn to the subject, in a forcible manner, by- the decided stand taken by the State of Maryland, during the discussion in the Con- gress upon the objections of certain States to the articles of Con- federation, in June, 1778. That State proposed, on the 23d June, 1778, and afterwards insisted, that the boundaries of each of the States, as claimed to extend to the river Mississippi, or South Sea, should be ascertained and restricted, and that the property in the soil of the western territories be lield for the common benefit of all the States. From that time until 2d February, 1781, the State of Maryland refused to accede.to the articles of Confederation, in con- sequence of having failed to obtain an amendment upon that point, against which course yirginia had remonstrated. On the 25th November, 1778, the act of New Jersey for ratify- ing the articles of Confederation was presented, in which this and other difficulties were referred to ; but their delegates were directed to sign thoSe articles, " in the firm reliance that the candour and justice of the several- States will, in due time, remove as far as possible the inequality which now subsists." The delegate from Delaware having signed the articles of Con- federation on the 32d February, 1779, presented on the 23d sundry 415 resolutions passed by the Legislature of that State, among which were the following : " Resolved, That this State thinks it necessary, for the peace and safety of the States to be included in the Union, that a moderate extent of limits should be assigned for such of those States as claim to the Mississippi or South Sea ; and that the United States in Congress assembled, should, and ought to have the power of fixing their western limits." "Resolved, That this State consider themselves justly entitled to a right, in common with the members of the Union, to that exten- sive tract of country which lies westward of the frontiers of the United States, the property of which was not vested in, or granted to, individuals at the commencement Cf the present war: — That the same hath been, or may be, gained from the King of Great Britain, or the native Indians, by the blood and treasure of all, and ought therefore to be a common estate, to be granted out on terms bene- ficial to the United States." Upon which' Congress passed the following resolution on the said 23d February, 1779, eight States voting in favor, and three against the same, viz. : '■'■Resolved, That the paper laid before Congress by the delegate from Delaware, and read, be filed ; provided, that it shall never be considered as admitting any claim by the san\e set up or intended to be set up." On the 21st May, 1779, the-delegates from Maryland laid'before Congress the following instructions received by them : Instructions of the General Assembly, of Maryland, to George Plater, William Paca, William Carmichael, John Henry, James Forbes, and Daniel, of St. Thomas Jenifer, esquires. . Gentlemen: Having conferred upon you a trust of the highest nature, it is evident we -place great confidence in your integrity, abilities, and zeal to promote the general welfare of the United States, and the particular interest of this State, where the latter is not incompatible with the former ; but, to add greater weightto your proceedings in Congress, and take away an suspicion that the opinions . you there deliver,' and the votes you give, may be the mere opinions of individuals, and not resulting 416 from your knowledge of the sense and deliberate ju3gment of the State you represent, we think it our duty to instruct as foUoweth on the subject of the Confederation— a subject in which, unfortu- nately, a supposed difference of interest has produced an almost equal division of sentiments among the several States composing the Union. We say a supposed~diiFerence of interests ; for if local attachments and prejudices, and the avarice and ambition of individuals, wouH give way to the dictates of a sound policy, founded on the principles of justice, (and no other policy but what is founded on those immutable principles deserves to be called sound,), we flatter ourselves this apparent diversity of .interests would soon vanish, and all the States would Confederate on terms mutually advantageous to all ; for they would then perceive that no other confederation thaii one so formed can be lasting. Although the pressure of immediate calamitees, the dread of their continuance from the appearance of disunion, and some other peculiar circumstances, may ' have mduced some States to accede to the present Confederation, con- trary to their own interests and judgments, it requires no great share of 'foresight to predict, that, when those causes cease to operate, the States which have thus acceded to the Confederation will consider it as no longer binding, and will eagerly embrace the first occasion of asserting their just rights, and securing their' independence. Is it possible that those States who are ambitiously grasping at territories to which, in our judgment, they have not the least shadow of exclusive right, will use with greater moderation the increase of wealth and power derived from those territories, when acquired-, than what they have displayed in their endeavors to acquire them? We think not. We are convinced the same spirit which hath prompted them to insist on a claim so extrava- gant, so repugnant to every principle of justice, so incompatible with the general welfare of all the States, will urge them on to add oppression to injustice. If they should not be incited by a superiority of wealth and strength to oppress by open force their less wealthy and less powerful neighbors, yet depopulation, and consequently the impoverishment of those States, will necessarily follow, which, by an unfair construction of the Confederation, may be stripped of a common interest, and the com- mon benefits derivable from the western country. Suppose, for instance, Vfrginia indisputably possessed of the extensive and fertile country to which she has set up a claim : what would be the probable consequences to Maryland of such an undisturbed and undisputed possession ? They cannot escape the least discerning. . Virginia, by selling on the most moderate terms a small proportion oi the lands in question, would draw into her treasury vast sums of money 417 and, in proportion to the sums arising from such sales, would be enabled to lessen -her taxes. Lands comparatively cheap, and taxes compara- tively lovf, with the lands and taxes of an adjacent State, would quickly drain the State thus disadvantagpously circumstanced of its most useful inhabitants : its wealth, and its consequence in the scale of the confede- rated Sftites, would sink, of course. A claim so injurious to more than one-half, if not to the whole of the United States, ought to be supported by the clearest evidence of the right. Yet what evidences of that right have been produced ? What arguments alleged in support either of the evidence or the right ? None that we have heard of deserving a serious refutation. It has been said, that some of the delegates of a neighboring State have declared their opinion of the impracticability of governing the ex- tensive dominion claimed by that State. Hence also the necessity was admitted of dividing its territory, and erecting a new State, under the auspices and direction of the elder, from whom, no doubt, it would re- ceive its form of government, to whom it would be bound by some alli- ance or confederacy, and by whose councils it would be influenced. Such a measure, if ever attempted, would certainly be opposed by the other States as inconsistent with the letter and spirit of the proposed Confede- ration. Should it take place by establishing a sub-confederacy, impe- rium in iraperio, the State possessed of this extensive dominion must then either submit to all the inconveniences of an overgrown aiid un- wieldy government, or sufler the authority of Congress to interpose, at a future time, and to lop off a part of its territory, to be erected into a new and free State, and admitted into a confederation on such conditions as shall be settled by nine States. If it is necessary, for the happiness and tranquillity of a State thus overgrown, that Congress should hereafter interfere and divide its territory, why is the claim to that territory now made, and so pertinaciously insisted on? We can suggest to ourselves but two motives : either the declaration of relinquishing, at some future period, a proportion of the country now contended for, was made to lull suspicion asleep, and to cover the designs of a secret ambition, or, if the thought was seriously entertained, the lands are now claimed to reap an immediate profit from the sale. We are convinced, policy and justice re- quire that a country unsettled at the. commencement of this war, claimed by the British crown, and ceded to it by the treaty of Paris, if wrested from the common enemy by the blood and treasure of the thir- teen States, should be considered as a common property, subject to be parcelled out by Congress into free, convenient, and independent govern- ments, in such manner and at such times as the wisdom of that assembly shall hereafter direct. 39 418 Thus convinced, we should betray the trust reposed in us by our con- stituents, were we to authorize you to ratiiy on their behalf the Confede- - ration, unless it be farther explained. We have coolly and dispassion- ately considered the subject ; we have weighed probable inconveniences and hardships, against the sacrifice of just and essential rights ; and do instruct you not to agree to the Confederation, unless an article or articles be added thereto in conformity with our declaration. Should we succeed in obtaining such article or articles, then you are hereby fully empowered to accede to the Confederation. That these our sentiments respecting our Confederation may be more publicly known, and more explicitly and conciselydeclared, we have drawn up the annexed declaration, which we instruct you to lay before Congress, to have it printed, and to deliver toi each of the delegates of the other States in Congress assembled, copies thereof, signed by your- selves, or by such of you as may be present at the time of delivery ; to the intent and purpose that the copies aforesaid may be communicated to our brethren of the United States, and the contents of the said declara- tion taken into their serious and candid consideration. Also we desire and instruct you to move, at a proper time, that these instructions be read to Congress by their secretary, and entered on the journals of Congress. We have spoken with freedom, as becomes freemen ; and we sin- cerely vrish that these our representations may make such an impression on that assembly as to induce them to make such addition to the Articles of Confederation as may bring about a permanent union. A true copy from the proceeding of December 15, 1778. Test : T. DUCKETT, C. H. D. On the 30th October, 1779, Congress, by a vote of eight States to three, and one being divided, passed the following : Whereas the appropriation of vacant lands by the several States, during the continuance of the war, will, in the opinion of Con- gress, be attended with great mischiefs : therefore. Resolved, That it be earnestly recommended to the State of Vir- ginia to reconsider their late act of Assembly for opening their land office ; and that it be recommended to the said State, and all other States similarly circumstanced, to forbear settling or issuing war- rants for unappropriated lands, or granting the same during the con- tinuance of the present war. On the 7th March, 1780, the delegates from New York presented 419 the following act, (which was fully carried into effect by said dele- gates in Congress on 1st March, 1781 :) AN ACT to facilitate the completion of the Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union among the United States of America. Whereas nothing under divine Providence can more effectually con- tribute to the tranquillity and safety of the United States of America than a federal alliance, on such liberal principles as will give satisfaction to its respective members : And whereas the Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union recommended by the honorable the Congress of the United States of America have not proved acceptable to all the States, it having been conceived that a portion of the waste and uncultivated territory within the limits or claims of certain States ought to be appro- priated as a common fund for the expenses of the war : And the people of the State of New York being on all occasions disposed to manifest their regard for their sister States, and their earnest desire to promote the general interest and security, and more especially to accelerate the federal alliance, by ^emovi^g, as far as it depends upon them, the before- mentioned impediment to its final accomplishment : Be it therefore enacted, bj the people of the State of New York, re- presented in Senate and Assembly, and it is hereby enacted, by the au- thority of the same, That it shjU and may be lawful to and for the dele- gates of this State in the honorable Congress of the United States of America, or the major part of such of them as shall be assembled in Congress, and they, the said delegates, or a major part of them, so as- sembled, ate hereby fiilly authorized and empowered, for and on behalf of this State, and by propei and authentic acts or instruments, to limit and restrict the boundaries of this State, in the western parts thereof, by such Kne or lines, and in such manner and form, as they shall judge to be expedient, either with respect to the jurisdiction, as well as the right or pre-emption of soil, or reserving the jurisdiction in part, or in the whole, over the lands which may be ceded, or relinquished, with .re- spect only to the right or pre-emption of the soil. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That the terri- tory which may be ceded or relinquished by virtue of this act, either with respect to the jurisdiction, aa well as the right or pre-emption of soil, or the right or pre-emption of soil only, shall be and enure for the use and benefit of such of the United States as shall become members of the federal alliance of the said States, and for no other use or purpose whatever. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That all the 420 lands to be ceded and relinquished by virtue of this act, for the benefit of the United States, with respect to property, but which shall neverthe- less remain under the jurisdiction of this State, shall be disposed of and appropriated in such manner only as the Congress of the said States shall direct ; and that a warrant under the authority of Congress for sur- veying and laying out any part thereof, shall entitle the party in whose favor it shall issue to cause the same to be surveyed and laid out and re- turned, according to the directions of such warrant ; and thereupon let- ters patent, under the great seal of this State, shall pass to the grantee for the estate specified in the said warrant ; for which no other fee or re- ward shall be demanded or received than such as shall be allowed by Congress. Provided always, and be it fijrther enacted by the authority aforesaid, That the trust reposed by virtue of this act shall not be executed by the delegates of this State, unless at least three of the said delegates shall be present in Congress. STATE OF NEW YORK, ss. I do hereby certify that the aforegoin^sis a true copy of the original act passed the 19th of February, 1780, aild lodged in the secretary's office. ROBERT HARPUR, Deputy Sec' y of Stale. In view of the premises, the foflowing proceedings took place : IN CONGRESS OF THE CONFEDERATION. WeDUESDAT, SEfTEUBEB 6, 1780. Congress took into consideration the report of the conmiittee to whom were referred the instructions of the General Assembly of Mary- land to their delegates in Congress, respecting the Articles of Confede- ration, and the declaration therein referred to; the act of the Legislature of New York on the same subject, and the remonstrance of the General Assembly of Virginia ; which report was agreed to, and is in the words following : « That having duly considered the several matters to them submitted, they conceive it unnecessary to examine into the merits or policy of the instructions or declarations of the General Assembly of Maryland, or of the remonstrance of the General Assembly of Virginia, as they involve questions, a discussion of which was declined, on mature consideration, when the Articles of Confederation were debated ; nor in the opinion 421 of the committee, can such questions be now revived with any prospect of conciliation ; that it appears more advisable to press upon those states which can remove the embarrassments respecting the western country, a liberal surrender of a portion of their territorial claims, since they can- not be preserved entire without endangering the stability of the general confederacy ; to remind them how indispensably necessary it ia to establish the Federal Union on a fixed and permanent basis, and on principles acceptable to all its respective members; how essential to puhUc credit and confidence, to the support of our army, to the vigor of our councils, and success of our measures ; to our tranquillity at home, our reputation abroad, to our very existence as a free, sovereign, and independent people ; that they are fully persuaded the wisdom of the respective legislatures will lead them to a full and impartial considera- tion of a subject so interesting to the United States, and so necessary to the happy establishment of the Federal Union ; that they are confirmed in these expectations by a review of the before-mentioned act of the Ijegislature of New York, submitted to their consideration ; that this act is expressly calculated to accelerate the Federal Alliance, by remov- ing, as iar as depends on that State, the impediment arising from the western country, and for that purpose to yield up a portion of territorial claim for the general benefit ; Whereupon, Resolved, That copies of the several papers referred to the committee be transmitted, with a copy of the report, to the legislatures of the several States, and that it be earnestly recommended to those States, who have claims to the western country, to pass such laws, and give their delegates in Congress such powers as may effectually remove the only obstacle to a final ratification of the arti- cles of Confederation ; and that the Legislature of Mary- land be earnestly requested to authorize the delegates in Congress to subscribe the said articles. IN CONGRESS OF THE CONFEDERATION. TtTESDAT, October 10, 1780. Resolved, That the unappropriated lands that may be ceded or relinquished to the United States, by any paiti- cular State, pursuant to the recommendation of Congress 39* 422 of the 6th day of September last, shall be disposed of for the common benefit of the United States, and be settled and formed into distinct republican States, which shall become members of the Federal Union, and have the same rights of sovereignty, fi'eedom, and independence, as the other States: that each State which shall be so formed shall contain a suitable extent of teiyitoiy, not less than one hundred nor more than one hundred and fifty nules square, or as near thereto as circumstances wUl admit : that the necessary and reasonable expenses which any particular State shall have incurred since the commencement of the present war, in subduing any British posts, or in maintaining forts or garrisons within and for the defence, or in acquiring any part of the terri- tory that may be ceded or relinquished to the United States, shall be reimbursed. That the said lands shall be granted or settled at such times, and under such regulations, as shall hereafter be agreed on by the United States, ia Congress assembled, or any nine or more of them. In pursuance of the recommendation contained in the resolution of Congress of the 6th September, 1780, the following States made cessions of territory to the United States at the dates respectively stated : — The State of New York, on March 1, 1781. " Virginia " March 1, 1784. - " do. " Dec 30, 1788. By this act Virginia agreed to change the conditions of the act of cession of 1784 only so far as to raldfy the 5th article of the compact or ordinance of 17S7, on page 420. " Massachusetts, onApril 19, 1785. " Connecticut " September 14, 1786, confirmed May 30, ISOO. « South Carolina " August 9, 1787. " North Carolina " February 25, 1790. « Georgia " April 24, 1802. 423 For these cessions, &c., and for the convention between South Caro- lina and Georgia, of 28th April, 1787, see Bioren and Duane's edition of the Laws of the United States, Vol. 1. In relation to the government of the territory thus acquired by the United States, it may be sufficient to say, that the territory ceded by each state, except Virginia, was the subject of separate legislation by Congress, (as mentioned under the head of each of said States,) first as a dependent territory, and afterwards by being admitted into the Union as an independent member thereof. The North-western Territory, ceded by the Commonwealth of Vir- ginia, was the subject of special legislation by the Congress of the Con- federation ; first, by the passage of a resolution for its government, on the 23d April, 1784, and then by the adoption of an ordinance, whose importance renders its insertion here necessary : — AN ORDINANCE for the Government of the Territory of the United States, north-west of the river Ohio. Be it ordained hy the United States in Congress asseTtibled, That the said territory, for the' purposes of temporary government, be one dis- trict ; subject, however, to be divided into two districts, as future cir- cumstances may, in the opinion of Congress, make it expedient. Be it ordained hy the authority aforesaid. That the estates both of resident and non-resident proprietors in the said territory, dying intes- tate, shall descend to and be distributed among their children and the descendants of a deceased child in equal parts ; the descendants of a deceased child or grandchild to take the share of their deceased parent in equal parts among them ; and where there shall be no children or descendants, then in equal parts to the next of kin, in equal degree ; and among collaterals, t^e children of a deceased brother or sister of the intestate shall have in equal parts among them their deceased parent's share ; and there shall in no case be a distinction between kindred of the whole and half blood ; saving in all cases to the widow of the intes- tate her third part of the real estate for life, and one-third part of the personal estate ; and this law relative to descents and dower shall re- main in full force until altered by the legislature of the district. And until the governor and judges shall adopt laws as hereinafter mentioned, estates in the said territory may be devised or bequeathed by wills in writing, signed and sealed by him or her in whom the estate may be, (being of full age,) and attested by three witnesses ; and real estates may be conveyed by lease and release, or bargain and sale, signed, sealed, and delivered by the person, being of full age, in whom the estate may 424 be, and attested by two witnesses, provided such wills be dnly proved, and such conveyances be acknowledged, or the execution thereof duly proved, and be recorded within one year after proper magistrates, courts, and registers shall be appointed for that purpose ; and personal property may be transferred by delivery, saving, however, to the French and Ca- nadian inhabitants, and other settlers of the Easkaskies, Saint Vincent's, and the neighboring villages, who have heretofore professed themselves citizens of Virginia, their laws and customs now in force among them relative to the descent and conveyance of property. Se it ordained by the authority aforesaid. That there shall be appointed from time to time, by Congress, a governor, whose commission shall- continue in force for the term of three years, unless sooner revoked by Congress ; he shall reside in the district, and have a freehold estate therein, in one thousand acres of land, while in the exercise of his office. There shall be appointed from time to time, by Congress, a secretary, whose commission shall continue in force for four years, unless sooner revoked; he shall reside in the district, and have a freehold estate therein, in five hundred acres of land, while in the exercise of his office. It shall be his duty to keepand preserve the acts and laws passed by the legislature, and the public records of the district, and the proceedings of the governor in his executive department, and transmit authentic copies of such acts and proceedings every six months to the secretary of Con- gress. There shall also be appointed a court, to consist of three judges, any two of whom to form a court, who shall have a common-law juris- diction, and reside in the district, and have each therein a freehold estate in five hundred acres of land, while in the exercise of their offices ; and their commissions shall continue in force during good behavior. The governor and judges, or a majority of them, shall adopt and pub- lish in the district such laws of the original States, criminal and civil, as may be necessary and best suited to the circumstances of the district, and report them to Congress from time to time, which laws shall be m force in the district until the organization of the General Assembly therein, unless disapproved of by Congress ; but afterwards, the legisla- ture shall have authority to alter them as they shall think fit. The governor, for the time being, shall be commander-in-chief of the militia, appoint and commission all officers in the same below the rank of general officers; all general officers shall be appointed and commis- sioned by Congress. Previous to the organization of the General Assembly, the governor shall appoint such magistrates and other civil officers, in each county or township, as he shall find necessary for the preservation of the peace and 425 good order in the same. After the General Assembly shall be organ- ized, the powers and duties of magistrates and other civil officers shall be regulated and defined by the said Assembly ; but all magistrates and other civil officers, not herein otherwise directed, shall, during the con- tinuance of this temporary government, be appointed by the governor. For the prevention of crimes and injuries, the laws to be adopted or made shall have force in all parts of the district, and for the execution of process, criminal and civil, the governor shall make proper divisions thereof; and he shall proceed from time to time, as circumstances may require, to lay out the parts of the district in which the Indian titles shall have been extinguished into counties and townships, subject, how- ever, to such alterations as may thereafter be made by the legislature. So soon as there shall be five thousand free male inhabitants, of fiill age, in the district, upon giving proof thereof to the governor, they shall receive authority, with time and place, to elect representatives from their counties or townships, to represent them in the General Assembly ; provided that, for every five hundred firee male inhabitants, there shall be one representative, and so on progressively with the number of free male inhabitants shall the right of representation increase, until the number of representatives shall amount to twenty-five, after which the nurhber and proportion of representatives shall be regulated by the legis- lature ; provided that no person be eligible or qualified to act as a repre- sentative unless he shall have been a citizen of one of the United States three years, and be a resident in the district, or unless he shall have resided in the district three years, and in either case shall likewise hold in his own right, in fee-simple, two hundred acres of land within the same : Provided also, that a freehold in fifty acres of land in the district, having been a citizen of one of the States, and being resident in the dis- trict, or the like freehold and two years' residence in the district, shall be necessary to qualify a man as an elect(Jr of a representative. The representatives thus elected shall serve for the term of two years, and, in case of the death of a representative, or removal fi-om office, the governor shall issue a writ to the county or township for which he was a member to elect another in his stead, to serve for the residue of the term. The General Assembly, or Legislature, shall consist of the governor, legislative council, and a house of representatives. The legislative council shall consist of five members, to continue in office five years, unless sooner removed by Congress, any three of whom to be a quorum, and the members of the council shall be nominated and appointed in the following manner, to wit : As soon as representatives shall be elected, 2E 426 the governor shall appoint a time and place for them to meet together, and, when met, they shall nominate ten persons, residents in the district, and each possessed of a freehold in five hundred acres of landj and return their names to Congress ; five of whom Congress shall appoint and com- mission to serve as aforesaid ; and whenever a vacancy shall happen in the council, hy death or removal from office, the house of representatives shall nominate two persons, qualified as aforesaid, for each vacancy, and return their names to Congress ; one of whom Congress shall appoint and commission for the residue of the term ; and every five years, four months at least before the expiration of the time of service of the mem- bers of council, the said house shall nominate ten persons, qualified as aforesaid, and return their names to Congress, five of whom Congress shall appoint and commission to serve as members of the council five years, unless sooner removed. And the governor, legislative comicii, and bouse of representatives, shall have authority to make laws, in all cases, for the good government of the district, not repugnant to the principles and articles in this ordinance established and declared. And all bills, having passed by a majority in the house, and by a majority in the council, shall be referred to the governor for his assent : but no bill or legislative act whatever, shall be of any force without his assent. The governor shall have power to convene, prorogue, and dissolve the General Assembly, when in his opinion it shall be expedient. The governor, judges, legislative council, secretary, and such other officers as Congress shall appoint in the district, shall take an oath or affirmation of fideUty, and of office ; the governor before the president of Congress, and all other officers before the governor. As soon as a legislature shall be formed in the district, the council and house assem- bled, in one room, shall have authority, by joint ballot, to elect a dele- gate to Congress, who shall have a seat in Congress, with a right of de- bating, but not of voting during this temporary government. And for extending the fundamental principles of civil and religious liberty, which form the basis whereon these repubfics, their laws, and constitutions are erected ; to fix and establish those principles as the basis of all laws, constitutions, and governments, which for ever here- after shall be formed in the said territory ; to provide, also, for the esta- blishment of States, and permanent government therein, and for their admission to a share in the federal councils on an equal footing with the original States, at as early periods as may be consistent with the general interest : Tt is hereby ordained and declared^ by the authority qforesaidj That the following articles shall be considered as articles of compact, between the 427 original States and the people and States in tlie said territory, and for ever remain unalterable, unless by common consent, to wit : Akt. 1. No person, demeaning himself in a peaceable and orderly mamier, shall ever be molested on account of his mode of worship or religious sentiments, in the said territory. Art. 2. The inhabitants of the sEiid territory shall always be entitled to the benefits of the writ of habeas corpus, and of the trial by jury ; of a proportionate representation of the people in the legislature, and of judicial proceedings according to the course of the common law. All persons shall be bailable, unless for capital offences, where the proof shall be evident, or the presumption great. All fines shall be moderate, and no cruel or unusual punishments shall be inflicted. N o man shall be de- prived of his liberty or property, but by the judgment of his peers, or the law of the land, and should the public exigencies make it necessary, for the common preservation, to take any person's property, or to de- mand his particular services, full compensation shall be made for the same. And, in the just preservation of rights and property, it is under- stood and declared, that no law ought ever to be made, or have force in the said territory, that shall, in any manner whatever, interfere with, or affect private contracts or engagements, bona fide, and without fraud previously formed. Art. 3. Religion, morality, and knowledge, being necessary to good government, and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall for ever be encouraged. The utmost good faith shall always be observed towai-ds the Indians ; their lands and property shall never be taken from them without their consent ; and in their property, rights, and liberty, they never shall be invaded or disturbed, unless in just and lawfiil wars authorized by Congress ; but laws founded in jus- tice and humanity shall, from time to time, be made, for preventing wrongs being done to them, and for preserving peace and friendship with them. Akt. 4. The said territory, and the States which may be formed therein, shall for ever remain a part of this confederacy of the United States of America, subject to the Articles of Confederation, and to such alterations therein as shall be constitutionally made ; and to all the acts and ordinances of the United States, in Congress assembled, conformable thereto. The inhabitants and settlers in the said territory shall be sub- ject to pay a part of the federal debts, contracted or to be contracted, and a proportional part of the expenses of government, to be apportioned on them by Congress, according to the same common rule and measure by which apportionments thereof shall be made on the other States ; and 428 the taxes for paying their proportion shall be laid and levied by the au- thority and direction of the legislatures of the district or districts, or new States, as in the original States, within the time agreed upon by the United States, in Congress assembled. The legislatures of those dis- tricts, or new States, shall never interfere with the primary disposal of the soil by the United States, in Congress assembled, nor with any regu- lations Congress may find necessary, for securing the title in such soil, to the bona fide purchasers. No tax shall be imposed on lands, the pro- perty of the United States; and in no case shall non-iesident proprietors be taxed higher than residents. The navigable waters leading into the Mississippi and St. Lawrence, and the carrying places between the same, shall be common highways, and for ever free, as well to the inha- bitants of the said territory as to the citizens of the United States, and those of any other States that may be admitted into the Confederacy, without any tax, impost, or duty therefor. Art. 5. There shall be formed in the said territory, not less than three, nor more than five States ; and the boundaries of the States, as soon as Virginia shall alter her act of cession, and consent to the same, shall become fixed and established as follows, to wit : the western State in the said territory, shall be bounded by the Mississippi, the Ohio, and Wabash rivers ; a direct line drawn from the Wabash and Post Vincents, due north, to the territorial line between the United States and Canada; and by the said territorial line to the Lake of the Woods and Mississippi. The middle States shall be bounded by the said direct line, the Wabash, from Post Vincents to the Ohio, by the Ohio, by a direct line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami to the said territorial line, and by the said territorial line. The eastern State shall be bounded by the last-mentioned direct line, the Ohio, Pennsylvania, and the said territorial line : provided, however, and it is ftirther understood and de- clared, that the boimdaries of these three States shall be subject so far to be altered, that, if Congress shall hereafter find it expedient, they shall have authority to form one or two States in that part of the said territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan. And whenever any of the said States shall have sixty thousand free inhabitants therein, such State shall be admitted, by its delegates, into the Congress of the United States, on an equal footing with the original States, in all respects what- ever ; and shall be at liberty to form a permanent constitution and State government ; provided the constitution and government, so to he form- ed, shall be republican, and in conformity to the principles contained in these articles • and, so far as can be consistent with the general interest 429 of the Confederacy, such admission shall be allowed at an earlier period, and when there may be a less number of free inhabitants in the State than sixty thousand. Art. 6. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted ; provided, always, that any person escaping into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in any one of the original States, such fiigitive may be lawfully reclaimed, and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or ser ■ vice as aforesaid. Be it ordained by the autliority aforesaid. That the. resolutions of the 23d of April, 1784, relative to the subject of this ordinance, be, and the same are hereby, repealed, and declared null and void. Done by the United .States, in Congress assembled, the 13th day of July, in the year of our Lord 1787, and of their sovereignty and inSependence the 12th. ■ CHARLES THOMSON, Sec'y. For a history of this ordinance by Peter Torce, Bee Nat. Intelligencer, Aug, 26, 184.7. LOUISIANA, Formed out of part of the territory ceded to the United Slates by France, by treaty of April 30, 1S03. On October 31, 1803, an act to enable the President of the United States, to take possession of the territories ceded by France to the United States, by the treaty concluded at Paris on the 30th of April last, and for the temporary govern- ment thereof,' was passed and approved. Louisiana was erected into two territories by act of Congress, approved l\Iarch 28, 1S04 ; one called the Territory of Orleans, and the other called the District of Louisiana. An act further providing for the government of the Orleans territory, was ap- proved March 2, 1S05, which authorized the people to form a constitution and State government when their number should amount to 60,000. A memorial of the Legislature of the territory of Orleans on behalf of the in- habitants, (see folio State Papers, " Miscellaneous," vol. 2, p. 51,) was presented In Senate United States. (See Journal, March 12, 1810 ) An act to enable the people of the territory of Orleans to form a constitution and Slate government, Ice, by which that State was allowed one Representative until the next census, was passed and approved February 20, 1811. The said peo- ple having, on January 22, 1812, formed a constitution and State government, and given the State the name of Louisiana, in pursuance of the said act, an act for the admission of the State of Louisiana into the U'-'on, and to extend the laws of the United States to the said State, was passed and approved, April 8, 1813. On May 22, 1812, an act supplemental lo the act of April 8, 1312, was ap- proved. 40 430 INDIANA, Formed out of a part of the North-westeru Territory which was ceded to the United States byVrrginia. (See remarks under "Ohio.") The terriiory established by act of May 7, ISOO. The territqry divided into two separate g:overnmema, and that of Michi^m created by act of January 11, 1805, The territory again divided into two separate governments, and that of TUinoii created by act of February 3, 18(J9. The Legislature of the territory, on behalf of the people, applied to be enabled to form a constiiution, &c. (See Journal of House of Representatives, December 28, 1815, and January S, 1816 ; also folio State Papers, " MisceJlaneouB," vokS, p^ 277.) An act to enable the people of the Indiana t^ritory to form, a constitution, and State government, &c*, by Vhich that State was allow^ed one Representative, was passed April 19, 1816. The said people having, on June '29, 1816, formed a constitution, &c., a joint resolution for admitting the State of Indiana into the Union w^as passed and ap- proved, December 11, 1816. The laws of the United Stales extended to the Slate of Indiana, by act of March 3, 1817. MISSISSIPPI, Formed out of a part of the territory ceded to the United States by the commis- sioners of the State of South CaroUna, on August 9, 1787, under the act of South Carolina of March 8, 1787, and by those''of the State o[ Georgia, April 24, 1802, which was ratified by.lhe Ijegisiature of Georgia, on June 16, 1802. (For these cessions, &c,, and for the convention betw^een South Carolina and Georgia of April 28, 1787, see Bioren apd Duane's edit. Laws, vol. 1, pp. 466,^67. 436 to 491.) The government of the territory established by act of Congress of April 7, 1 793. Limits settled and government established by act of Congress of May 10,.1^0. Territory on the north added to the Mississippi territory, by act of Congress of March 27, 1804. The boundaries enlarged on ihe south, by act of Congress of May 14, 1812. A joint resolution of Congress "requesting the State of Georgia to assent to the formation of two States of the Mississippi territory," w^as passed .and approved, Jnne 17, 1812. A motion was made in House of Representatives of the United States to inquire into the expediency of admitting Mississippi into the Union, December 2^ 1810.- Reported on by committee, January 9, 1811. (Vide folio State Papers, " Miscella- neous," vol. 2, p. 129.) A petition from the inhabitants of Mississippi, that it^e made a -State, &c., pre- sented in House of Representatives, November 13, 1811. Reported on by com- mittee of House of Representatives, December 17, 1811. (Vide folio State Papers, " Miscellaneous," vol. 2, p. 163.) Bill passed House of Representatives. Report adverse in Senate, April 17, 1812, and bill postponed. (Vide same book, p. 132.) A memorial presenled in House of Representatives, January 21, 1S15- Re- ported on February 23, 1815. (Vide same book, p. 274.) 431 A memorial presented in HouSe of Representatives, December 6) 1815. Re- ported on December 29, 1815. (Vide same book,- p. 276.) A memorial presented in House of Representatives, December &, 1816. Re- ported on December 23, 1816. (Vide same book, p. 407.) Reported on January 17, 1817. (Vide same book, p. 416.) An act to enable the people of the western part of the Mississippi territory to form a constitution and State government, &c., was passed and approved on March 1, 1817, by which the State was to have one Representative until the next census. The said people having^ on August 15, 1817, formed a constitution, &c., a joint resolution for the admission of the Stale of Mississippi into the Union was passed and approved, December 10, 1817. On April 3, 1818, an act to provide for the due execution of the laws of the United States within the Stale of Mississippi, was approved. H ILLINOIS, Formed out of a part of the North-western Territory wliich was ceded to the United States by the State of Virginia. (See remarks under "Ohio."), (For pro- clamation of General Gage respecting the country of Illinois^made December 30, 1764, see Bioien and Duane's edit. Laws, vol. 1, p. 506.) An act for dividing the Indiana territory into two separate governments, and organizing the Illinois territory, was passed and approved February 3, 1809. An act to amend the act of April 16, 1814, extending the western boundary of Illinois to the middle of the Mississippi, to include the islands between ihe middle and eastern margin of that river, was passed and approved, February 27, 1315. A memorial of the legislative council, to be allowed to form a State govern- ment, &c., presented in House of Representatives, January 16, 1818. An act to enable th& people of the Illinois territory to form a constitution and State government, and authorizing one Representative in Congress, &c., was passed and approved April 18, 1818^ (By this act a part of theterritory of Illi- nois was attached to the territory of Michigan.) ' The said peopJe having, on August 26, 1818, formed a constitution, &c., a joint resolution declaring the admission of the State of Illinois into the Union was passed and approved. I>eceml>Gr 3, 1818. An act to provide for the due execution of the laws of the United Stales within the Slate of Illinois, was passed and approved March 3, 1819. ALABAMA, Formed out of a part of the territory ceded 1o the United States by the States of South Carolina and Georgia. (See remarks under the head "Mississippi.',') The eastern part of Mississippi territory made a separate terriiory, ^nd called ** Alabama," by act of Congress, approved March 3, 1817- A petition of the legislative council of Alabama on behalf of the people, pray mg to be allowed to form a constitution, &c., presented in ihe House of Repre- sentatives, December 7, 1813. An ai,; 'o enable the people of the Alabama territory to form a constitution and 432 State goTernraent, Ac, authorizing one K^resentatiTe in Confess, was passed and approved, March 2, 1319. The said people having, onAngost 2, 1S19, formed a constitation. fce, a joint resolation declaring the adnussion of the State of Alabama into the Union was passed and approved, Deeemlier 14-) 1819. The laws of the United States were extended to the State of Alabama by act of April 21, 1^0, to establish a District Court, &c.^ MAINE, Formed ont of a part of the territory of Massachusetts. A petition of a Conventiou on foehalf of the people of the district of Maine, prafr ing to be permitted to form a separate State, w^as presented in the House of Re- presentatives of the United States, December 8, 1S19. A constimtion adopted in Convention, October 29, 1S19. An act for the admission of the State of Maine into the Union, was passed and t -oved March 3, 1820, in the following words: — ^ "Whereas, by an act of the State of MassachnsetC^ passed on the 19th day of Jooe, in the year 1819, entitled, ' An act relating to the separation of the district of Maine from Massachusetts proper, and forming the same into a separate and independent State,* the people of that part of Massachosetts heretofore known as the district of Maine, did, vrith the consent of the L^islatnre of said State of Massachusetts, form themselves into an independent State, and did establish a constitation for the government of the same, agreeably to the provisions of the said act: Therefore, "Be it enacted bjf the Senate and Mouse t^ Representatives of the United States ef Amaica in CongTess assembled, That, firom and after the Idtli. daj' of SEarcliy In tlie year 1820, the State of Maine Is hereby declared to be one of the United States of- America, and admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original States, in all respects whoever. '> On the 7th April, 1830, the following act was passed uid approved : ^ " AN ACT for apportioning the Stepresentatives in the seventeenth Congress,^to be elected in the State of Massachusetts and Maine, and for other purposes. " Be it enacted by the Senate and House <^ Representtuives of the United States ^ Jmaiea in Congress assanbled. That, in the election of Representatives in the seventeenth Congress, the State of ^[assachnsetts shall be entitled to choose thir- teen Representatives only ; and the State of Maine shall be entitled to choose seven Representatives, accordii^ to the consent of the Legislature of said State of Massachusetts, for this purpose given, by their resolve passed on the 85th day of January last, and prior to the admission of the State of Maine into the Union. "Skc. 2. And be itfurther enaetedj That, if the seat of any of the Representatives ji the present Congress, who were elected in and under the aothdril^of the Slate of ^Massachusetts, and who are now inhabitants of the State of Maine, shall be vacated by death, resignation, or otherwise, such vacancy shall be supplied by a successor who shaD, at the time of his election, be an inhabitant of the State of Maine." 433 MISSOURI, Was formed out of pari of the territory ceded by France by treaty of April 30, 1S03. It was created under the name of tlie district of Louisiana by the "Act erecting Louisiana into two territories, and providing for the temporary govern- ment thereof," which was approved March 26, 1S04. By this act the governcpent of this district was placed under the direction of the Governor and judges of the Indiana territory. On the 3d March, 1805, an act further providing for the government of the dis- trict of Louisiana was approved. By this act a separate government was formed, under.the title of the territory of Louisiana. An act providing for the government of the territory of Missouri was passed and approved June 4, 1812, by which it was provided " That the territory hereto- fore called Louisiana shall hereafter be called Missouri," &c. An act to alter certain parts of the act providing for the government of the ter- ritory of Missouri was passed and approved April 29, 1816. An act establishing a separate territorial government in the southern part of the territory of Missouri, to be called Arkansas territory, was passed the 2d March, 1819. A memorial of the legislative council and House of Representatives of the ter- ritory of Missouri, in the name and on behalf of the people, for admission into the Union as a State, was presented in the Senate on December 29, 1819. An act to authorize the people of the Missouri territory to form a constitution and State government, and for the admission of such State into the Union on an equal footing with tlie original Slates, and to prohibit slavery in certain territorieB} w^as passed March 6, l&SO. The people having, on July 19, 1820, formed a constitution in pursuance of siud act, the same was laid before Congress on November 16, 1820. Mr. Lowndes, from the committee to which it w^as referred, made a report to the House of Repre- sentatives, November 23, 1820, accompanied by a " Resolution declaring the admis- sion of the State of Missouri into the Union." (Vide folio ^tate Papers, ^' Miscella- neous," vol. 2, p. 625.) The Senate passed a joint " Resolution declaring the admission of the State of Missouri into the Uniotl," on December 12, 1820, which was referred to a select committee in the House of Representatives, and on February 10, 1821, Mr. Clay made a report. (Vide folio State Papers as above, p. 655.) The House rejected the resolution of the Senate, on February 14, 1821. On February 22, on motion of Mr. Clay, a committee on the part of the House was appointed, to join a committee on the part of the Senate, on the subject of the admission of Missouri. On February 26, Mr. Clay, from the joint committee, reported a " Resolution providing for the admission of the State of Missouri into the Union, on a certain condition," which resolution was passed and approved March 2, 1^1. The said condition was accepted by the Legislature of Missouri by "A solemn public act, declaring the assent of this State" to "the fundamental conditio^" contained in a resolution passed by the Congress of the United States, providing for the admis* sion of the State of Missouri into the Union, on a certain condition, wrhich w^aa approved by the Governor on June 26, 1831. 40* 431 On August 10, 1821, the President of the United States issued hifl pToe\t^ mation declaring the admission of Missouri complete according to law. (See Little & Brown's edit Laws, voL 3, appendix 2.) On March 16, 1822, an act to provide for the due execution of the laws of Iho United States within the State-of Missouri, ace., was passed and approved. ARKANSAS, Fcrmed out of part of the territory ceded to the United Slates by France, by treaty of April 30, 1803. (See remarks under the head of MissonrL) An act establishing a separate territorial government in the southern part of the territoryof Missouri, was passed March 2, 181 9, by which it was named Arkansas. An act relative to the Arkansas lerriiory, declaring that the act of June 4,1812, for the government of Missouri, as modified by the act of April 29, 1816, should be in force in Arkansas, w^as passed April 21, 1820. An act to fix the vrestern boundary line of the territory of Arkansas, and for other purposes, w^as passed May 26, 1824. An act to run and mark a line dividing Arkansas from Louisiana was passed and approved May 19, 1828. A memorial of the inhabitants, by a convention, praying that Arkansas may be admitted into the Union, accompanied by a constitution formed by said conven- tion, was presented in the House of Representative^ on March 1, 1336. (See printed documents, House of Representatives, 1st session, 24ih Congress, voL A, Nos. 133, 144r-5.)' The proceedings of said convention w^ere also communicated to the House of Representatives through the President of the United States on Match 10, 1836. (See said printed documents, vol. 4, No. 164.) " An act far the admission of the State of Arkansas into the Union, and to pro- vide for the due execution of the law^s of the United States within the same, and for other purposes," was passed June 15y 1836, containing the foUowing pre- amble, viz. : "Whereas, the people of the territoYy of Arkansas did, on the 30th day of Janu- ary, in the present year, by a convention of delegates called and assembled for that purpose, form for themselves a constitution and state government, which constitution and state government, so formed, is republican: And whereas, the number of inhabitants w^ithin the said territory exceeds forty-seven thousand seven hundred persons, computed according to the rule prescribed bythe Consti- tution of the United States ; and the said convention have, in their behalf, asked the Congress of the United States to admit the said territory intojhe Union as a State, on an equal footing with the original States." By this act Arkansas was allowed one Representative until the next censas, and the laws of the United States were extended over the same. On June 23, 1836, an act supplemental to the foregoing act was passed and ap- proved. MICHIGAN, Formed out pf part of the territory ceded to the United States by the State of Virginia, (See remarks under "Ohio.") An act to divide the Indiana territory into two separate governments, and 436 eslftblishing that of the territory of Michigan, was passed and approved January 11, 1805. An act to authorize the President of the United States to ascertain and de- signate ceftain boundaries, was passed and approved May 30, 1813, by which tiie boundary between Ohio and Michigan was directed to be ascertained and marked. By the act of April 18, 1318, to enable the people of Illinois to form a constitu- tion and State government, &c., a part of that territory was attached to the terri- tory of Michigan. An act to amend the ordinance and acts of Congress for the government of the territory of Michigan, and for other purposes, was passed and approved March 3, 1S23. An act in addition to the above act, passed and approved February 5, 1^5. An act to provide for the taking of certain observations preparatory to the ad- justment of the northern boundary line of the State of Ohio, was passed and ap- proved July 14, I832i. A memorial of the legislative council, praying that Michigan be admitted into the Union, was presented in Senate, January 35, 1833. (See Senate documents, 2d session, 22d Congress, vol. 1, No. 54.) A bill for that object was reported in the House of Representatives, on February 26, 1833. A memorial for admission was presented in House of Representatives, Decem- ber 11, 1833, and in Senate, February 2S, 1834. (See documents House of Repre- sentatives, 1st session, 23d Congress, vol. 3, No. 168, vol. 4, Nos. 245, 302.) A report was made by a select committee of the House of Representatives on tibe subject of boundary, &c., on March 11, 1834. (See reports of committees of House of Representatives, 1st session, 23d Congress^ vol. 3, No. 334.) This report w^as accompanied by a bill to provide for taking a census or enumeration of the inhabitants of the eastern division of ftie territory of Michigan, and of the terri- tory of Arkansas. And on April 12,- 1834, the same committee reported a bill estabhshing the terri- torial government of Hu^on. An act to attach the territory of the United States west of the Mississippi river, and north of the State of Missouri, to the territory -Of Michigan, was passed and approved June 28, 1834. A memorial was presented in the Senate, December 23d, and House of Repre- sentatives, December 29, 1834, for the erection of ""Wisconsin" into a separate government. (See documents House of Representatives, 2d session, 23d Congress, vol. 2, Nos. 34, 47.) Resolutions of the legislative council of Michigan, relative to boundary with Ohio, presented in House of Representatives, January 3, 1835. (See said vol. 2, No. 53.) A memorial of legislative council of Michigan, relative to southern boundary thereof, presented in House of Representatives, March 2, 1835. (See said docu- ments, vol. 5, No. 183.) Two maps prepared under resolution House of Representatives of June 11, 1S34. (See said documents, vol. 5, No. 199.) Two messages to Congress by the President of the United States, with docu 436 ments relating to the boimdaries and the admis^on of Michigan into -the Uiiicii^ were received on December 10, 1835. (See Senate documents, 1st session, 24th Congrees, vol. 1, Nos. 5 and 6.) A message from the President to Congress with documents and map relating to the boundar? between Ohio' and Michigan, was received January 1% 1S36. (See Senate documents as above, vol. 2, No. 51.) A report -was made by a committee of the Senate on the subject of the boundary line, accompanied by a map, on March 1, 1836. (See Senate documents as abovcj^ vol. 3, No. 211.) A report was made by a committee of ^e House of Representatives, on March 2, 1836, on the subject of admission, boundary, &c., (communicating b. large col- lection of documents relating to the entire subject.) (See Reports of committees, House of Representatives, 1st session, 24th Congress, vol. 2, No. 380.)- " An act to esuiblishthe northern boundai'y line of the State of Ohio, and to pro- Tide for the admission of the State of Michigan into the Union, upon the conditions therein expressed," was passed June 15, 1836. By this act Michigan vras autho- rized to send one Representative to Oongress, unul the next census. An act sup- plementary to the said act was passed June 23, 1836. An act to provide for the due execution of Ihe laws of the United States within the State of Michigan, vpas passed July 1, 1836. An act to admit the State of Michigan into the Union, upon an equal footing with the original States, was passed January fSG, 1837, containing the fol- lowing preamble, viz, : "Whereas, in pursrancej>f the act of Coi^ess of June 15, 1836, entitled, * An act to establish the northern boundary of the State of Ohio, and to provide for the admission of the State of Michigan into the Union upon the conditions therein ex- . pressed,', a convention of D^egates, elected by the people of the said State of Michigan, for the sole purpose of giving their assent to the boundaries of the said State of Michiganas described, declared,'and established, in and by the said act, did, on December 15, 1836, assent to the provisions of said^act, Therefore, " Se it enactedj &c., That the State of Michigan shall be one, and -is hereby de- clared to be one, of the United States of America, and admitted into the Union ou an equE^l footing vrith the original. States, in all respects whatever." An act to ascertain and designate the boundary line between the State of Michi- gan and the territory of Wisconsin, was passed and approved June 12, 1838. FLORIDA, Formed out of the territory ceded by Spain to the United States, by treaty of February 22, 1819. The boundaries of East and West Florida in the hands of the Briti^ government, October 7,1763. (See vol.1. Laws United States, Btoren and Dnane's edit, p. 444.) The boundaries of West Florida, as changed by the British government, June 6, 1764. (See said volume, p. 450.) A resolution and several acts of Congress were p^sed to enable the President of the United States to take possession of the Floridas under certain contingea cies, at the following dates, viz. : 437 A resolution, January 15, ISll, JJaws United States, vol. 6, p. 592- An act, do. do. do. 592. An act, March 3, 1811. do. do. 693. An act, February 12, 1813, do. ~ do. 593. An act to authorize the President of the United States to take possession of East and "West Florida, and establish a temporary government therein, was passed March 3, 1S19. An act for carrying into execution the treaty between the, United States and Spain, concluded at Washington, on February 22, 1819, was passed March 3, 1821. Ratification of the treaty and exchange of ratifications, February 22, 1^1. (Laws United States, vol. 6, p. 631.) Copies of grants of lands annulled by said treaty. (Same vol. p. 632—37.) Articles of surrender of East Florida to the United States on July 10, 1821. (Same vol, p. 638.) Article of surrender of West Florida to the United States on July 17, 1821. (Same vol. p. 639.) Proclamation of General Jackson as governor, assuming authority over the said territories in the name of the United States, July 17, 1821. (Same vol. p. 641.) An act for the establishment of a territorial government in Florida was passed March 30, 1823. An act to amend "An act for the establishment of a territorial government in Florida," and for other purposes, was passed March 3, 1823. By this act East and West Florida w^ere constituted one territory. An act to amend the act of March 3, 1823, was passed and approved May 26, 1824. An act to authorize the President of the United States to run and mark a line dividing the territory of Florida firom the State, of Georgia, was passed aud ap- proved May 4, 1826. An act to amend the several acts for the establishment of the territorial govern- ment iiv Florida, was passed and approved May 15, 1826. - An act relating to the territorial government of Florida, passed and approved April 23, 1S23. An act to ascertain and mark the line between the State of Alabama and Ibe territory of Florida, and the northern boundary of the State of Illinois, and for other purposes, was passed March 2, 1831. A memorial of the people of Florida, proceedings of a convention, constitution, &c., presented to House of Representatives, February 20^ 1839. (See documents House of Representatives, 3d session, 25th Congress, vol. 4, No. 208.-} A memorial of the inhabitants of St. Augustine, in Florida, that a law be passed to organize a separate territorial government for that part of Florida east of the Sawanee river, was presented in Senate, January 10, 1840. (See Senate docu- ments, 1st session, 26th Congress, vol. 3, No. 67.) ^ A memorial of the people of Florida praying admission into the Union, was presented in Senate, February 12, 1840. A bin to authorize the people of Middle and West Florida to form a constitution and Slate government, and to provide for the admission of said State into the Union, was reported in House of Representatives, March 5, 1840. 438 Resolntions by flie Senate of Florida adverse to the division of that territory, were presented in the Senate of the United States, on March 6, 1840. Resolutions of the Legislature of Florida for admission and against division, were presented in Senate of United States, March 11, and in House of Repre- sentatives, March 16, l&tO. A bill for the admission of Florida into the Union on certain conditions, atad a bill for the division of Florida, and the future admission of the States of East and West Florida, on certain conditions, -were reported in Senate, July 2, 1840. The memorial for admission and the constitution again presented in House of Representatives, May 9, 1842. (See documents House of Representatives, 2d session, 27th Congress, vol. 4, No. 206.) Memorials of citizens of Florida for the admission of that territory into the Union, presented in the Senate, July 15 and 21,' August 10, 13, 15, 17, and 30, 1842L Resolutions of the legislative council of Florida for a division of that Territory and the fbrmatioa of two territorial governments, were presented to Congress March 26, 1844. On June 17, 1844, the following resolution was reported in the Senate : Re- solved, That the prayer of the memorialists ought not to be granted. On same day, a report adverse to a division of the Territory was made. (See reports of committee, House of Representatives, 1st session, 28th Congress, voL 3, p. 577.) Resolutions of the legislative council for dividing the Territory again presented in House of Representatives, December 30, 1844. A bill for the admission of the States of Iowa and Florida into the Union was reported January 7, 1845. Resolutions of the legislative council of Florida, for the admission of Florida at the same time with Iowa, werff presented ih House of Representatives, February 11, 1845. (See documents House of Representatives, 2d session, 28th Congress, vol. 3, No. 111.) An act for the admission of the States of lo^a and Florida into the Union was passed on Slarcli 3, 1 845, containing the foUowii^ preamble, viz. : W hereas the people of the Territory of Iowa did, ou the seventh day of Octo- ber, 1844, by a convention of delegates called and assembled for that purpose, form for themselves a constitution and State government ; and w^hereas the people of the Territory of Florida did, in like manner, by their delegated on the lltb day of January, 1839, form for themselves a constitution aud State government, both of which" said constitutions are republican; and said conventions having asked the admission of their respective Territories into the Uiuon as States, on equal footing with the original States : Se it maetedj ^c, That the States of Iowa and Florida be, and the same are hereby, declared to be States of the United States of America, and are hereby admitted into the Union on equal footing with the original States, in all respects whatsoever, &c. " Sec. 5. And be it further enacted, Tliat the said State of Florida shall embrace the territories of East and West Florida which, by the treaty of amity, settle- menr, and limits, between the United States and Spain, on the 23d day of Febru- ary, 1819, were ceded to the United Slates." 439 One Representative in Congress allowed lo Flprida until the next census. An act supplemental to the act for the admission of Florida and Iowa into the Union, and for other purposes, was passed March 3, 1845. By this act grants of land were made to Florida, and the laws of the United States were extended to that State Resolutions of the Legislaiure of Florida, in relation to the disputed boundaries between that State and Georgia and Alabama, were presented in the Senaie, Feb- ruary 2, 1S46. (See Senate documents, 1st session, 29th Congress, vol. 4, Nos. 96 and 133.) ' On March 4, 1S46, a bill respecting the settlement of the boundary line between the State of Florida and the State of Georgia, was reported from the committee, TEXAS, An Independent republic, admitted into the Union by the following joint resolu* tions and act of Congress : A joint resolution for annexing Texas to the United States, approved March 1, 1S45. JOINT RESOLUTION for annexing Texas to the United States. Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled. That Congress doth consent that the territory properly in- cluded within and rightfully belonging to the Republic of Texas may be erected .into a new Slate, to be called the State of Texas, with a republican form of go- vernment, to be adopted by the people of said republic, by deputies in convention assembled, with the consent of the existing government, in order that the same may be admitted as one of the States of this Union. Sec. 2. And' be it further resolved, That the foregoing consent of Congress is given upon the following conditions, and with the following guarantees, to wit: First. Said State to be formed, subject to the adjustment by this Government of all questions of boundary that may arise with other governmems; and the constitution thereof, with the proper evidence of its adoption by the people of said Republic of Texas, shall be transmitted to the President of the United States, to be laid before Congress for its final action, on or before the first day of January, one thousand eight hundred and forty-six. SECONn. Said Slate, when admitted into the Union, after ceding to the United States all public edifices, fortifications, barracks, ports, and harbors, navy and navy-yards, docks, magazines, arms, armaments, and all other property and means pertaining to the public defence belonging to said Republic of Texas, shall retain all the public funds, debts, taxes, and dues of every kind, which may belong to or.be due and owing said republic ; and shall also retain all the vacant and unappropriated lands lying within its limits, to be applied to the payment of the debts and liabilities of said Republic of Texas; and the residue of said lands, after discharging said debts and liabilities, to be disposed of as said State may direct; but in n6 event are said debts and liabilities to become a charge upon tlie Government of the United States, Thikd. New States, of convenient size, not exceeding four in number, in addi- tion to said Stale of Texas, -and having sufficient population, may hereafter, by 440 ibe consent of said State, be formed out of the territory thereof, whicli shall be entitled to admission under the provisions of the Federal Constitution. And such Slates as may be formed out of that portion of said territory lying south of thirty- six degrees thirty minutes north latitude, commonly known as the Missouri com- promise line, shall be admitted into the Union with or without slavery, as the people of each State asking admission may desire. And in such State or Slates as shall be formed out of said territory north of said Missouri compromise line, slavery, or involuntary servitude, (except for crimes,) shall be prohibited. Sec. 3. And be it further resolved, That if the President of the United States shall, in his judgment and discretion, deem it most advisable, instead of proceed- ing to submit the foregoing resolution to the Republic of Texas, as an overture on the part of the Urtited States, for admi^ion, to negotiate with that republic ; "^en, Be it resolved, That a State, to be formed out of the present Republic of Texas, with suitable extent and boundaries, and w^ith two- Representatives in Congress, until the next apportionment of representation,- shall be admitted into the Union^ by virtue of this act, on an equal footing with the existing States, as soon ag the terms and conditions of such admission, and the cession of the remainmg Texan territory to the United States, shall be agreed upon by the Governments of Texas and the United States : That the sum of one hundred thousand dollars he, and the same is hereby, appropriated to defray the expenses of missions and negotla* lions, to agree upon the terms of said admission and cession, either by treaty to be submltledto the Senate, or by articles to be submitted to.thtl two Houses of Congress, as the President may direct. Approved March 1, tS45. A joint resolution for the admissioiTof the Stat& of Texas- into the Union, ap- proved December 29, 1845. JOINT RESOLUTION for the admission, of the State of Texas into the Union. Whereas the Congress of the United States, by a joint resolution approved March the first, eighteen hundred and forty-five, did consent that the territory ptoperly included within and rightfully belonging to the Republic of Texas might be erected, into a new State, to be called the State of Texas, with a republican form of government, to be adopted'by the people' of said republic, by deputies in convention assembled, with the consent of the existing government, in order that the same might be admitted as one of the States of the Union; which consent of Congress was given upon certain conditions specified in the first and second' sec- tions of said joint resolution: and whereas the people of the said Republic of Texas, by deputies in convention assembled, with the consent of the existing go- vernment, did adopt a constitution, and erect a new State, with a republican form of government, and, in the name of the people of Texas, and by their authority, did ordain and declare that they assented to and accepted the proposals, condi- tions, and guarantees contained in said first and second sections of said resolu- tion : and ^i^hereas the said constitution, and the proper evidence of its adoption by the people of the Republic of Texas, have been transrmtted to the President of the United States, and laid before Congress, in confortnity to the provisions of said joint resolution : Therefore, Resolved by the Senate and Hoiise of Representatives of the United States t{f America 441 in Congress assembled^ Thai the State of Texas shall be one, and is hereby declared to be one, of the United States of America, and admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original States in all respects whatever. Sec. 2, And be ^t further resolved.. That until the Representatives in Congress shall be apportioned according; to an actual enumeration of the inhabitants of the United States, the State of Texas shall fee entitled to choose two Representatives. Approved Heceuihcr 29, IS^S. An act to extend the laws of the United States over the Slate of Texas, and for other purposes, approved December 29, 1845, vjz. : AN ACT to extend the lawS^of the United States over the State of .Texas, and for other purposes. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States qf America in Congress assembled^ That all the laws of the United States are hereby- declared to extend to and over, and to have full force and effect within, the State of Texas, admitted at the present session of Congress into the Confederacy and UzdozL of the Ur^ted States. Approved December 29, 1S45. WISCONSIN. [By act 39th. May^ 184:8, the state of Wisconsin was admitted into the Union. Entitled to three Kepresentatives in Congress after 3d March, 1849.] On December 1&,'1832, a resolution passed in House of Representatives direct- ing a committee to inquire into the expediency of creating a territorial govern- ment for Wisconsin out of part of Michigan. On December 6, 1832, the committee made a report accompanied by a bill. {See reports of committees House of Representatives, 1st session,^ 22d Congress, vol.1. No. 145.) A memorial of the legislativie council of Michigan for the division of that ter- ritory, and that the territory of Wisconsin be established, was presented in Se- nate of the United States, December 23, 1834. (See Senate documents 2d session, 23d Congress, vol. 2, No. 24.) On February 11, 1836, a bill establishing the territorial government of Wiscon- sin, reported in House of Representatives. On March 1, 1836, a memorial of legislative council of Michigan for same, pre- sented in House of Representatives. (See documents House of Representatives, 1st session 24th Congress, vol. 4, Nor 153.) On April 20, 1836, an act establishing the territorial government of Wisconsin was passed and approved. On March 5, 1838, a resolution directing a committee to inquire into the expe- diency of authorizing ihe territory of Wisconsin to take a census and adopt a constitution, preparatory to being admitted into the Union, was passed. On May 11, 1838, the said committee reported a bill to enable the people of East Wisconsin to form a constitution and State government, and for the admission of such Slate into the Union. On June 12, 1838, an act to divide the territory of Wisconsin, and to establit^ the territorial government of Iowa, was passed and approved. 2 F 41 442 On June 12,1833; an act Jo ascetjain and designate the boundary line between the State of^ichigan and the territory of Wisconsiii, was passed and approved. On January 28, 1839, a memorial- of the Legislative Assembly of Wisconsin, praying an alteration in the southern boundary of that territory, was presented in the Senate. (See Senate documents, 3d session, 25th .Congress, vol. 3, No. 149.) On iVEarch 3, 1839, an act to alter and i^end^he organic law of the territories of Wisconsin and Iowa, was passed and approved. On May 25, 1840, the proceedings of a public meeting at Galena in relation to the southern boundary of Wisconsin territory, was presented in the House of Representatives. (See documents House of Representatives, 1st session, 26th Congress, vol. 6, No. 226.) (For, " An Ordinance for the government of the Terr ritory of the United States, north-west of the river Ohio," passed bj' the Congress of the Confederation, July 13, 178T. (Seethe same, under the head "Ohio.") On February 3, 1841, a message w^as received- in Senate from the President, commtinicating the reports, maps, &c., relating to boundary line between Michigan, and Wisconsin. (See Senate documents, 2d session, 26th Congrpas, vol. 4, No. 151.) On February 8, 1841, a memorial of 'the Legislative Assembly of Wisconsin, that a law- defining the western'boundary line oT said territory be passed,,vvras presented in Senate. (See Senate documents as above, vol. 4, No. 171.) On February ,15, 1841, resolutions of the General Assembly 'of Micliigan in re- lation to the boundary line between that State and the ^territory of Wisconsin, were presented in the Senate. (See Senate documents, 2d, session, 26th* Congress,' vol. 4, No. 186.) On March 19, 1841, resolutions of the Legislative Assembly of Wisconsin ter- ritory in relation to the boundary between Michigan and Wisconsin, were pre- sented in House of Representatives. (See documents House of Representatives, 2d session, 27th Congress, vol. 3, No. 147.) On March 20, 1845, a resolution of the legislative council of Wisconsin asking that provision be made for taking a oensfls and holding a convention to form a State constitution, was presented in the Senate. On January 13, 1846, a biU to enable the people of Wisconsin to form a con- Etitution and'State government, was introduced on leave in House of Repre- sentatives. On August 6, 18-16, an act to enable the people of Wisconsin territory to form a constitution and State government, and for the admission of such State into the. Union, was passed and approved. To be entitled to two Representatives unuT the next census, and the laws of the United States extended to the same when admitted. On January 21, 1847, the constitution adopted by the people of Wisconsin, the census and other documents, were presented in House of Representatives. (See documents House of Representatives, 2d session, »lh Congress, vol. 3, No. 40.) On March 3, 1847, an act for the admission of the State of Wisconsin into the Union, was passed and approved. To be .admitted on condition that the constitu- tion adopted on December 16, 1846, shall be assented to by the qualified electors of the State, and as soon as such asserft shall be given, the President of the United Slates shall announce the same by proclamation,"and therefrom the admission of Wisconsin shall be considered as complete. ' 443 IOWA. On, December 19, 1836, a resolution directing the committee on territofies to inquire into the expediency of establishing the Iowa territory out of part of Wis- consm, passed the llouse of Representatives, On December 14, 1837, a repolution of same tenor passed House of Represents tlves. On December 13 and 20, 1837, memorials of the people of Iowa for a division or separation from Wisconsin, was presented in the Spnate. On December 14, 1837, same presented in House of Representatives. On December 13, 1837, a memorial of the people of Iowa for settlement of boundary w;ith Missouri, was presented inthe^Senate. On January 2, 1838, proceedings of Legislature of Wisconsin relative to boundary line between Iowa and Missouri, were presented in the Seriate. (See Senate documents, 2d session, ^th Congress, vol. 1, No. 63.) On February 6, 1838, a report was made by committee of House of Representa- tives on expediency of establishing a separate territorial government for Iowa, accompanied by a bill. On June 12, 1838, an: act to divide the territory of Wisconsin, and to establish the territorial government of Iowa, was passed and approved. On June 18, 1838, an act to authorize the, President of the United States to cause the southern boundary line of the territory of Iowa to be ascertained and marked, was passed and approved. On January 30, 1839, a report of the Secretary of State w^ith maps, made in comp-liance with resolutions of the Senate aind House of Representatives, in rela> tion to the southern boundary of the territory of Iowa, were received. (See docu- ments House of Representatives, 3d session, 25th Congress, vol. 4, No. 128.) On March 3, 1839, an 'appropriation was made for the survey of the southern boundary of the territory of Iowa, of $969^05. On March 3, 1839, an act to define and establish the eastern boundary line of the territory of Iowa, was passed and approved. On March 3, 1839, an act to alter and amend the organic law of the territories of Wisconsin and' Iowa, was passed and approved. On December 24. 1839, a message from the President, with documents relating to the disputed boundECry betw^een Missouri and Iowa, was received in Senate,- and in the House of Representatives on December 27. (See Senate documents, 1st session, 26lh Congress, vol. 1, No. 4. House of Representatives, vol. 1, No. 5.) On December 30, 1839, additional documents on same subject communicated to House of Representatives, and to the Senale^on January 3, 1840. (See Senate documents, 1st session, 26th Congress, vol. 2, No. 35. House of Representatives, vol. 2, No. 36.) - ^ ' ' On January 9, 1840, additional documents on same subject, communicated to the Senate.- On January 31, 1840, additional documents on same subject were communicated to the Senate, in compliance with two reSolutionslof the Senate of December 30, 1839. (See Senate documents, 1st session, 26th Congress, vol. 4, No. 133.) On January 8, 1840, a memorial of the legislative council of Iowa, praying the 444 tettlement of the disputed Ijoundary with. Missouri, was presented in Senate.' (See Sen. docsi, 1st ses., 26th Cong., vol.- 2. No. 63.) On January 9, 1840, ^ dpc. relating to same subject, presented in Senate by Mr. Benton. On January 10, 1840, a representation by delegate from Iowa on same subject presented in Senate. •# ' On February 4, 18^0, report made iij, Ho. of Reps., by a committee on boundary between Missouri and Iowa, with a bill to establish and define the nort)iern - boundary line of the State of Missouri. (See reps, of comms. of Ho. of Reps., 1st ses., S6th Cong., vol. 1, No. 2.) ' On February IS, 1840, a message from 'the President, with additional dpcuraents relating to disputed boundary between Missouri and Iowa. '(See docs. Ho. of Reps., 1st ses., 26lh Cong., vol. 3,, No. 97.) . On March 5, 1840, a bill reported by the committee on territories of the Ho. of Reps., ^' to enable the people of Iowa to form a constitution and St^te govern-' ment, and for the admission of such State into, the Ujnion." On February 11, 1^841, a bill for ascertaining and settling the southern boundary line of the territory of Iowa, reported in Senate. -^ On March 9, 1841, a resolntionof legislative 'council of Iowa relative to southern boundary line of said-territory, "vvas presented in Ho. of Reps. On March 19, 1841, a message from the President, relative to boundary line be- tween Missouri and Iowa, receivedin Ho. of Reps. (See docs. Ho. of Reps., 2d ses., 27th Cong., vol. 3, No. 141.) On May 26^ 1841, the' committee on territories qf the Ho. of Reps." made a report, with a bill, fixing the bpundary line between Missouri and Iowa, which passed the Ho. of Reps. only. (For report, see reports Ho. of Reps., 2d ses., 27th Cong., vol. 4, No. 791.). >' ^ , On January 21, 184!^ a report made in Ho. of Reps, from committee on territo- ries, accompanied by a bill fi;xing the' boundary between Missouri and Iowa. (For report, see Reps. Committees, Ho. of Reps., 3d ses., 27th Cong., vol. 1, No. 86.) On Cecember 31,, 1842, a resolution, that report of Albert M. Lea, in reference to the northern boundary of Missouri j the report of Capt. Guion and Lieut. Fremont, in reference to the Des Moines river, and the evidence in reference to the north- ern boundary of -Missouri, be referred ajidjirinted, was passed. (See docs. Ho. of Reps., '3d ses., 27th Cong., vol. '3, No. 38.) On- December 22,1843, an act of the Legislature of Missouri respecting the boundary line with Iowa territory, was presented in Ho. of Reps. (See docs. Ho. of Reps., 1st ses., 28th Cong., vol. 1, No. 26.) On February 12, ;L844, a message from the President, with,a memorial from the Legislative Assembly of Iowa for admission into the Union, was receivedin Senate. On April 2, 1844, the committee on territories of Ho. of Reps, reported a bill to enable the people of low^a to form a constitution and State government, and for the admission of such State into the Union. On December 9, 1844, a memorial of ,a convention, w^ith copy of a constitution adopted for the people of Iowa, asking admission into the Uliion,.was received in Senate, and on 12th December in Ho. of Reps. (See Senate docs., 2d .ses., 28th Cong., vol. 1, No. 3, and docs. Ho. of Reps., vol. 1, No. 5, and vol. 3, No. 77.) 445 On January 7, 1845, a bill for the admission of the Stales of Iowa and Florida into the Union, was reported in Ho. of Reps. On February 19, 1845, a memorial of the General Assembly of Missouri, pray- ing that the southern boundary line of Iowa be made to conform to the northern boundary line- of Missouri, &c., was presented in Senate. (See Senate does., 2d ses., 2Sth Conff., vol. 7, No. 110.) On June 17, 1844, an act respectin'g the northern boundary of the State of Mis- souri, was passed and approved. On March 3, 1845, an act for the admission of the States of Iowa and Florida into the Union, was passed and approved. To this act the assent of the people of Iowa is to be given, to be announced by proclamation by the PvesidentJ and the Slate then admitted without further proceedings on the part of Congress. The State to be entitled to one Representative uiitil the next census. On March 3, 1845, an act supplemental to the act for the admission of the States of Iowa and Florida into the Union^was passed and approved. This act extends the laws of the U. S. to the State of Iowa." On December 19, 1845, a bill to define the boundaries of the Stale of 'Iowa, and to repeal so much of the act of March 3d, 1845, as relates" to the boundaries of said State, w^as introduced on leave in Ho. of Reps., and referred to a com. on territories. On March 27, 1846, an amendatory bill-repoi%d by said committee. On January 9, 1846, a joint resolution of the legislative council of the territory of Iowa, relative to boundaries of tlie future St^te of Iowa, was presented in Ho. of Reps, On February 5, 1846, a memorial of a Convention of the people of Missouri on subject of the northern boundary of that State, and th^ admission of Iowa into the Union, was presented in. Ho. of Reps. (See dogs. Ho. of Reps,,Tacing the laws, resolutions, and treaties, from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1797. These were continued by Matthew Carey, to include the 4th volume, lo March 3, 1799 ; by William Duane to include the 5th and 6th volumies, lo March 3, 1S03; by Roger C. Weightraan, to include the 7th, 8th, 9lh, and 10th volumes, to March 3, 1811 ; and were continued by various individuals, " By authority," in pamphlet.form at the termination of every session of Congress, down to March 3, 1851. ' . ' Sec. 2. An edition of the laws was published in 1S15 by Bioren Sc Duane and R. C. Weightraan. This edition' was compiled by J. B. Colvin, upon the basis of a plan prepared by Richard Rush, then Attorney-General of the United States, and adopted by James Monroe, Secretary of State, in conformity with the act of^ Congress of the 18th April, 1814. It consists of five volumes, and embraces the laws of the United States from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1815, with the exception of " the Ibcal judiciary acts, and all acts confiding power to corpo- rate bodies in the District of Columbia, or which have been otherwise passed by Congress in their character of Legislature for the District," which were ex- cluded. Vol. 1 contains — The Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation. The Constitution, and proceedings which led lo its adoption. Treaties with foreign nations-and Indian tribes, from 1778 to 1814. Grants, treaties, and cessions, by which lands have been acqiltred by th© United Stales, from ^783 to 1814. ■ ' •±02 Old proclamatioos and ^rante of lands, and treaties between foreign goTemmentt relating to titles to lands, and bonndaries of territories now included w^ithin the United States. Grant to the Hndson'*s Bay Company. Cessions of land by several Stales to the United States. Title of the United Stales to Louisiana. — Grant to Grozat. Evidence respecting Tazoo and other land claims. Treat3r of Paris, of lOih February, 1763, between Great Britain, France, and Spain. Titles to, and bonndariea of the Floridas. Elxplanaiory notes of the acquisition, surveys, sales, donatiftis, and other dispo* sition o^ and r^ulations concerning, the public lands in the early periods of the GovernmeaL Important claims to land, either rejected or requiring a critical ezaminatiDn. Extracts from early English charters conveying territory. ~~ Okdinance for the government of the territory nortb-w^est of the river Ohio. Bonndaries of South Carolina and Georgia established. Ohio company's claims to land. Illinois company's ^ rN'Tn s to land. Wabash company's claims to land. AVilkins' grant and Governor Sl Claur's confinmtttifMi. Spanish regulations for the allotment of lands. Grand Maisbn's claim on Washita. Houma's claim on New Orleans Island. Bastrop's, Sl Yroin, now John Smith, T. Renaat's, Dubuqne's, and Chouteau's claims to lands and lead mines. An ordinance for ascertaining the mode of disposing of lands in the western tent tory- Boundary lines between Virginia and Kentucky ascertained. Location of Virginia military bounty land. Powers of the board of Treasury to contract for the sale of western territory. Relinquishment of a tract of land to Pennsylvania. Bounties to foreign deserters. Provision for refugees from Canada and Nova Scolia. BesolutiouB of old Confess relative to military bounty land. Donaliou to Arnold Henry Dbhrman. Donation to the Society of the United Brethren. Claims and donations in territories of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan. Okegix. &c., of the Defastmekx of State for the United States. Obigiis, &c., of the DBCAKncEST of 'Wab- Commencemeut and progress of Indian affairs. Orige!*, &c., of ths Navai. Ebtabusomekt of the United ^ates. Obigis, &c^ of the Tbeasurt DsFA^XMEXr. Oeigix, &C: of the Mist of the United States. Okigq', &c., op the Gexbbai. Posx-Office of the United States. An ordinance for settling the accotmts between the Umted Slates and the indi vidual States. 468 tight-houses, beacons, buoy^, and public piers, and cessions of land for same from The States to the United States. Military establishment of the United Slates in 1787, and lands held for nulitary purposes. Concerning the seat of the general Government.— Flag of the United States. — Device for a great seal. — Device for copper coinage. Half pay.-^Commutation.^^Invalids. — Pensions. — Acts of limitation. "Vol. 2 contains the Laws of the United States, from March 4, 17S0 to March 3, 1797. Vol. 3 contains do. from March 3, 1797, to Marcii 3, 1805. Vol. 4 contains do. from March 3, 1805, to March 3, 1315. Vol. 5 contains, 1. A list of all acts and resolutions from 1789 to 1815. 2. A General Index to private acts from 1739 to 1815. 3. Statement of Receipts and Expenditures from 1789 to 1315. 4. A General Index Laws United Slates from 1739 to 1815. The series of Laws contained in the preceding volumes of the edition of Bioren and Duane^ have been continued to March 3, 1845, by a 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, and lOtb volumes : Vol. 6, Printed by Davis & Force in 1822, contains Laws of the United Slates including Treaties, from March 3, 1815, to March 3, 1821, with an Index thereto. Vol. 7, Printed by P. Force in 1827. Ditto March"3, 1821, to March 3, 1827, do. With this volume there was printed a general index of all the Acts, Resolutions, Treaties, and other matter contained in the seven preceding volumes. It was prepared by Samuel Burch, under a resolution of the House of Representatives, and is one of the best, most full and systematic Indexes of the Laws of the United States extant, for the time it embraces, viz., March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1^7. It has been separately bound. Vol. 8. Printed by W. A. Davis in 1835, and contains the Acts, Resolutions and Treaties from March 3, 1827, to March 3, 1833. Vol. 9. Printed by order of Congress in 1839, and contains the Acts, Resolu- tions and Treaties from March 3, 1833, to March 3, 1S39. Vol. 10. Printed by J. and G. S. Gideon in 1845, and contains the Acts, Resolu- tions ani Treaties, from March 3, 1839, to March 3, 1845. From March 3, 1845, to March 3, 1851, the Laws and Treaties \rill be found in pamphlet form. Sec. 3. The Public and General Statutes of the United States, from 1789 to 1827 inclusive, whether expired, repealed, or in force : arranged in chronological order, with marginal references, and a copious index : to which is added the Constitution and an Appendix r published under the inspection of Judge Story. Boston, 1827. Sec. 4. An edition of the Statutes at large was edited by Richard Peters, and publislied by Little A Brown, in 1845.* * This edition of the Statutes has been continued in pamphlet form for each session of Congress. 464 Yol. 1 oontains, 1. The Declaration of Independence. 2. The Artidee of ConfederatioQ. « 3. The Conslitution of the United States. 4. The Public acu of Congress from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1799. VoL 2 contains the Public Acts of Congress from March 3, 1799, to March 3, 1813. Vol. 3 contains do. do. from March 3, 1S13, to March 3, 1833. VoL 4 contains do. do. from March 3, 1823, lo March 3, 183S. Also Acts of Virginia, Pennsylvania^ and Maryland. Proceedings and Charter of Potomac Company relating: to Chesapeake and Ohio canal. Act of Alabama to incorporate the Cahawba Navigation Com- pany. Proclamations by the President of the United States on Com- mercial Affairs with Foreign Nations. VoL 5 contains the Public Acts of Congress from March 3, 1835, to March 3, 1S45. Also a Proclumation of the President on extinguishment of In- dian title to land in Missouri. An act of Virginia relating to^iesapeake and Ohio Canal Com- pany, February 27, 1S29. ^ Vol. 6 contains Private Statutes at large, from March 4, 1739, to Man^ 3, 1345. VoL 7 contains Treaties w^lth Indian tribes, from September 17, 1773, to March 3,1S45. Vol. e coutainsc the Treaties with Foreign- Nations, from February 6, 177^ to March 3, 1845. Each of the preceding volumes contains an index to the matter therein ; this 8th volume also contains : — 1. Table shovring relative chapters of this and other editions of the Law^ 2. Tables of Acts of Congress, from 17S9, to 1S45 inclusive) relating to the Ju- diciary. 3. Table of Acts of do. relating to Imports and Tonnage. 4. Table of Acts of do. relating to Public Lands. 5. Table of Acts of do. relating to the Post-Office. S. Index to the five volumes of Public Statutes. 7. A General Index to the matter contained in the 8 volumes above mentioned. See. 4. The Acts of Congress in relation to the District of Columbia from July 16, 1790, to March 4, 1831 inclusive, and of the Legislatures of Virginia and Mary- land, passed especially in regard to that District, or to persons or property within the same, with preliminary notes of the proceedings of the Congress, under the Confederation, as well as under the present Constitution, in regard to the per- manent seat of the Government of the United States. Printed by AVilliam A. Davis, 1S3L 403 CLASS "No. 13. ABRIDGMENTS AND DIGESTS OF THE LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES. Sec. 1. DIGEST of all such Acta of Congress as coacern the United States at large ; all existing Treaties, &c., by William Graydon, in 1813. See. 3. DIGEST of the Laws of the United States, including an abstract of the Judicial Decisions relating to the Constitutional and Statutory Law, with Notes explanatory and historical, by Thomas P. Gordon. Printed in 1827. Sec. 3. AN ABRIDGMENT of the A^ts of Congress now in force, excepting those of a private and local application, with notes of Decisions, giving construc- tion to the same, in the Supreme Cqurt of the United States, by Edward In- gersotl. Printed in 1825. Sec. 4. DIGEST of the Laws of the United Stales including the Treaties with Foreign Powers, and an abstract of the Judicial Decisions relating to the Con- stitutional and Statutory Law. By Thomas F. Gordon, printed in 1844. CLASS No. 14. INDEXES PREPARED IN CONFORMITY WITH ORDERS OR RESOLU- TIONS OF THE SENATE AND HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES, RESPECTIVELY. Sec. 1. GENERAL INDEX to the Laws of the United States of America, from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1S27, including all Treaties entered into between those periods; in which the principles involved in acts for the relief of individua!s,or of a private or local nature, are arranged under general heads, to which such prin- ciples appropriately belong: arranged to the edition commenced by Bioren, Du- ane Sc Weightman, in 1815, and subsequently continued by Davis & Force, and William A. Dayis. [This is the most complete and useful index of the laws, up to March 3, 1827, extant; Bind it would add to the publie" convenience if a similar one were made of the^laws from that period up to the present time.] •Sec. a. INDEX to the Executive Communications made to the Hou^e of Re- presentatives, from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1817: j/^rtit, by a reference, in al- phabetical order, to the printed and also to the manuscript reports, accordmg to the subject-matter ; second, by a reference to the same matter, arranged under the head of the department ■whence it came. Also, an Sec. 3. INDEX to all the printed Reports of Comnjittees, alphabetically ar- ranged, from March 4, 17B9, to March 3, 1817 : printed in 1824. Sec. 4. INDEX to the Executive Communications and Reports of Committees made to the House of Representatives, from December 3, 1817, to March 3, 1823: printed in 1823. Sec, 5. A DIGESTED INDEX to the Executive Documents (that is, all docu- ments ordered to be printed) and Repqrts of Committees of the Ptouse of Repre- sentatives, from March 3, 1823, to March 3, 1831, inclusive : printed in 1832. See. 6. A DIGESTED INDEX to the Executive Documents and Reports of Committees of the House of Representatives, from March 4, 1831, to March 3, 1830, inclusive. 43 466 See. 7. INDEX, or alpbabetical list of Private Claims Tiphich have been before the SENATE, from December 4, 1S15, to March 3, 1849, with the proceedings of the Senate thereon : showing the names of the claimants; the nature or object of each claim ; at what session, and in what manner, it was brought before the Senate ; to Trhat committee it was referred ; the nature of the report, and (where special reports were made) the number of the report, if printed, and, if not, the date of the report ; the number of the bill, distinguishing between Senate and House bills; the manner in which the claim was disposed of by the Senatej and, in cases where it passed both Houses, the date of the act of Congress : the whole compiled Irom the journals of the Senate, and by reference, when necessary, lo the journals of the House of Representatives, the reports of committees, the bills of the two Houses, and the laws of the United States. Prepared by orders of the Senate of April 9, 1840, February 27, 1841, and February 8, 1849. CLASS No. 15. REPORTS OF THE DECISIONS OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. 1. By ALEXANDER JAMES DALLAS, from February term, 1790, to Au- gust term, ISOO, inclusive. 2. By WILLIAM CRANCH, from August term, 1801, to February term, 1815, inclusive. 3. By HENRY WHEATON, from February term, 1816, to January term, 1^7, inclusive. 4. By RICHARD PETERS, Jan., from January term, 1828, to January term, 1842, inclusive. 5. By BENJAAHN C. HOWARD, from January term, 1643,.to January term, 1851, inclusive. 6. Condensed Reports of cases in the Supreme Court of the United States, con- taining the whole series of the decisions of the court from its organization to the commencement of Peters* Reports, at January term, 1827, with copious notes and parallel cases Jn the Supreme and Circuit Courts of the United States. CLASS No. 16. PUBLICATIONS ON THE SUBJECT OF THE PUBLIC LANDS AND PRI- VATE LAND CLAIMS UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1. LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES. Resolutions of Congress under th« Confederation, Treaties, Proclamations, and other documents, having operation and respect to the Public Lands: collected, digested, and arran^d, pursuant to the act of Congress, approved April 27, 1810, by Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury: revised, completed, and printed, under the act of January 20, 1S17. - [This is a valuable treatise and compilation of charters, treaties, grants, ce»- «ions, compacts, resolutions, acts relating to the early history, acquisition, regu- lation, and disposition of the public lands, and evidence of the nature and exten, of private land claims.] 467 2. LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES, Resolutions of Congress under the Confederation, Treaties, Proclamations, Spanish Regulations, and other docu- ments, respecting the Public Lands : compiled, in obedience to a resolution of the House of Representatives of the United Slates of March X, t826, by M. St. C. Clarke, and printed' by order of the House of Representatives of February 19, 1S27 : in one volume. 3. LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES, Treaties, Regi^lations, and other docu- ments, respecting the'Pubiic Lands; with the- Opinions of the Courts of the United States in relation thereto, from 1826 to 1833 : by,M. St. C. Clarke, uiider a resolu- tion of the House of Representatives of March 1, 1833. 4. DOCUMENTS, LEGISLATIVE AND EXECUTIVE, of the Congress of the United States, in relation to the Public Lands, from March 4, 17S9, to June 15, 1824, in five volumes ; compiled under the resolutions of the Senate of Febru- ary 26, X833, and January 3, 1S34. Printed by Duff Green. 5. GENERAL PUBLIC ACTS O? CONGRESS respecting the sale and dis- position of the Public Lands j with. Instructions issued from time to time by the Secretary of the Treasury and Commissioner of the General Land Office, and Official Opinions of the Attorney-General on questions arising under the land laws ; in two parts, or volumes : Part 1 contains the laws from March 4, 1789, to July 9, 1838. Part 2 contains the instructions and opinions, from March 4, 1739, to August 17, 1838. Prepared and printed under the resol jtion of the Senate of February 28, 1837. CLASS No. 17. REVENUE LAWS, COMMERCIAL REGULATIONS, DIGESTS OF TARIFF LAWS, &c. 1. A SELECTION OF ALL THE LAWS dF_ THE UNITED STATES in force, relative to commercial subjects, with marginal notes and references, classed under separate heads, viz. : Acts for collection of duties on imports and tonnage ; Table of tonnage duty and fees of office ; Registering, recording, en-; rolling, and licensing of ships or vessels ; Mediterranean passports ; Quarantine and health; Remission of fines, penalties, and forfeitures; Fisheries; Naturali- zation; Restriction of trade with an enemy j Letters of marque and reprisal; Salvage; Slave trade; Consuls and vice-consuls; Seamen in the merchants' ser- vice; Sea letters; British licenses ;, and for regulating foreign coins, &c. :-by JohnBrice: 1614. 2. COMMERCIAL REGULATIONS OF THE FOREIGN COUNTRIES with which the United States have commercial intercourse: collected, digested, and printed, under the direction of the President of the United States, conforma- bly to a resolution of the Senate of March 3, 181 7. 3. A DIGEST OF THE COMMERCIAL REGULATIONS OF THE DIF- FERENT FOREIGN NATIONS with which the United States have mtercourse : in compliance with a resolution of the House of Representatives of January 21, 1823. 4. JONES'S DIGEST: being a particular and detailed account of the duties 468 performed by the various officers belonging to the custom-faouse departments of the United States; together with a description of Some of the principal books ' and docmnents in general use in the several offices of the custom-hoasCj with the usual routine through which merchants and captains must pass on entering ves- sels and merchandise, &c. : by Andrew A. Jones, in 1S35. 5. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE ON THE COMMERCIAL ' RELA'nONS OF THE UNITED STATES WITH FOREIGN NATIONS: comparative tariffs of the United States and other nations; tabular slalemenis of the domestic exports of the United States; duties oif importation of the staple or principal productions of the United States into foreign countries ; navigation ; and British tariff, corn-laws, &c. : prepared in compliance with the resolutions of the House of Representatives of Sept. 3, 1341, and January 31, 1S42. 6. TARIFFS, from 17S9 to 1833, with the votes i& each_ Hoiise of Congress thereon, arranged according to States. 7. A COLLECTION OF THE LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES relating to revenue, navigation, and commerce and light-bouses, including treaties with foreign powers, up to March 4, 1843: compiled for the Treasury Department of the United States, by Thomas F. Gordon : 1844. 8. A DIGEST of the existing commercial regulations of foreign countries with which the United States have intercourse: prepared under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, in compliance with a resolution of the House of Re- presentatives of March 3, 1831. Printed in 1833, in 3 volumes octavo. 9. A STATISTICAL VIEW OF Ti*E COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES : its connection vrith agriculture and manufactures ; and an account of the public debt, revenues, and expenditui es of the United Slates ; vrith a brief review of the trade, agriculture, and manuiactures of the ColonicE^ previous to their independence.; and a table illusir^tive of the principles and objects. of the work: by Timothy Pitkin; 1817. 10. A DICTIONARY, practicM} theoretical, and historical, of commerce and commercial navigation j in 2 volumes : by J. R. McCuUoch : 1840. CLASS No. 18. MISCELLANEOUS BOOKS PRINTED OR FURNISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OR PATRONAGE OF THE UNITED STATES, AND NOT NOTICED UNDER PARTICULAR HEADS. 1. THE "BLUE BOOK," or Biennial Register of all officers and agents, civil, military and naval, in the service of the United States. Compiled by the Secre- tary of Slate, as required by the resolution of Congress, approved April 27, 1816. The printers of the Laws, printers to Congress, the allowances to each, allow- ances to contractors for carrying the mail, were directed to be included in the Biennial Register by the resolution of July 14, 1832. 2. WAIT'S STATE PAPERS and public documents of the United States, from March 4, 17S&, t6 August 1, 1S18. [These are believed to have been included in folio State Papers in the series on Foreign Relations.] 3. CONTESTED ELECTIONS in Congress of Senators and Representatives, 4G9 from 1789 to 1S34, inclusive, compiled by M. Si. Clair Clarke and David A. Hall, and printed by order of the House. of Representatives. 4. REPORT OF THE TRIAL OF JAMES H. PECK, Judge of the United States Court for the District of Missouri, on an impeachment, 1633. 5. LEGISLATIVE AND DOCUMENTARY HISTORY OF THE BANK OF THE UNITED STATES, including the original Bank of North America. By M. St. Clair Clarke and David A. Hall. 6. REPORT OF COMIVIITTEE of the House of Representatives, with documents relative to the conduct of General James Wilkinson, February 26, 1811. 7. TREATIES WITH THE SEVERAL INDIAN TRIBES, from 1778 to 1837, compiled under the direction of the Commissioner of Indian Aflairs, 1837. 8. REPORTS ON THE FINANCES of the United States from 1790 to 1836 ; with the reports of Alexander Hamilton on Public Credit, u National Bank, Manufactures and the Mint, In 3 volumes octavo. 9. THE PENSION LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES, including sundry resolutions .of Congress, from 1776 to 1833, executed at the War Department, with the opinions of the Attorneys General of the United States, and the rules and regulations adopted by the Secretary of War, relative to the execution of those Laws : 1833. 10. LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES RELATIVE TO THE NAVY AND MARINE CORPS to March 3, 1841; with acts and resolutions, granting medals, swords, and votes of thanks, &c., private acts, a-^table of appropriations and ex- penditures for the Naval Service from 1791 to 1840 inclusive; also a synopsis of Legislation of Congress on Naval Atfairs-during the Revolutionary war : 1841. 11. RESOLUTIONS, LAWS AND ORDINANCES RELATING TO tHB PAY, HALF-PAY, COMMUTATION OF HALF-PAY, BOUNTY LANDS AND OTHER PROMISES made by Congress to the officers and soldiers of the Revolution ; to the settlement of accounts between the United States and the seve- ral States, and to the funding of the revolutionary Debt: 1838. Compiled by W. S. Franklin, Clerk, under resolution of the House of Representatives of April 11, 1836. 12. STATEMENT OF THE ARTS AND MANUFACTURES OF THE UNITED STATES for 1810, by Tench Coxe, under direction of Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury, in obedience to a resolution of Congress of March 19, 1812." 13. TABLES OF THE CENSUS of the United States for 1790, 1800, 1810, 1820, 1830, 1840. 14. COMPENDIUM OF THE 6th CENSUS for 1840, exhibiting the population, wealth, and resources of the country, the aggregate value and produce, and num- ber of persons employed in Mines, Agriculture, Commerce, Manufactures, &c., with an abstract of each preceding census, and the apportionment of Representa- tives-under the same : 1841. 15. STATISTICAL VIEW OF THE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, FROM 1790 TO 1830, inclusive, piiblished in accordance with the resolutions of the Senate of the United States of February 26, 1833, and March 31, 1S34. 43» 470 16. A CENSUS OF PENSIONERS for Revolutionary or MilUary services j ■withthelrnamea, ages, and places of residence as relumed by the Marshals : 1841. 17. military' LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES, including those relating to the Marine Corps, by Trueman Cross. 1838. 18. A SYSTEM OP PENAL LAWS FOR THE UNITED STATES of America, consisting of a code of Grimes and Punishments j^ a code of Proceed- ings in criminal cases; a code of Prison'Discipline; and a book of Definitions. Prepared and presented to the House of Representatives of the United States, liy Edward Livingston ; 1828. 19. THE DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE OF THE AMERICAN RE- VOLUTION, being letters of Benjan^in Franklin, Silas Dean, John Adams, John Jay, Arthur Lee, William Lee, Ralph Izard, Francis Dana, William Carmichaelj Henry Laurens, John Laurens, M. Dumas and others, concerning the Foreign Relations of the United States during the whole Eevolulidli; with replies from the Secret Committeeof Congress, and the Secretary of Foreign Affairs ; also cor- respondence with the French Mi^isters Gerard and Luzerne. By Jafed Sparks, under rfesolutioji of Congress .of March 27, 1818, in. 12. volumes, from March 3 1776 to 1784. 20. THE DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE of the United States, from the Treaty of Peace of l7es to March 4, 1769; being letters of the Presidents of Con- gress, Secretary of Foreign Affairs, American Ministers of foreign courts, foreign Ministers near Congress, Reports of Coiflniittees of Congress, Reports of Secretary for Foreign Affairs, and from individuals on Public Affairs. By Jared Sparks, under direction of the Secretary of State, conformably to act of Gongress of May 5, 1832, in 7 volumes. ^ 21. STATE PAPERS AND PUBLIC DOCUMENTS OF THE UNITED STATES, FROM MARCH 4, 1789, TO 1819; including Confidential Bocuments first published, Inaugural Speeches, Messages from th'e President, and Docu- ments on Foreign Relations, &c..&c. By Thomas B. Wait & Sons, in 12 rolumes, under the patronage of Congress. 22. RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES OF THE UNITED STATES; published annually by the Treasury Department in obedience to the 7th clause, 9th sectionj 1st article of the Constitution of the United ^tates, and conformably to a standing order of the House of Representatives of December 30, 1791. 23. THE MADISON PAPERS ; being James IVTadison's correspondence and reports of debates during the Congress of the Confederation, and his reports of debates in the Federal Convention, from the original manuscripts purchased by order of Congress. Published in 3 volumes by direction of the Joint Library Committee of Congress, under the superintendence of Henry D. Gilpin : 1841. 24. TABLE OF POST-OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES, arranged ia alphabetical order. Exhibiting the States, Territories and Counties; Names of Postmasters; the Distances froin Washington city to the Caipitals of the severid States and Territories ; and the post-offices arranged by States and counties. Published under authority of the Postmaster-General from time to time. 25. OFFICIAL ARMY REGISTER OF THE UNITED STATES. Published annually by order of the Secretary of War, in compliance with a resoluliou of 471 the Senate, of December 13, 1815, and of the House of Rep resell tailvcs of February 1, 1830. , 26. OFFICIAL REGISTER OF THE OFFICERS, AND CADETS OF THE UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY, "WEST POINT. Published-annu- ally by order. 27. OFFICIAL NAVY REGISTER OF THE UNITED STATES. Printed by order of the Secretary of the Navy, in compliance with 'a resdlutiou of the Senate of the United States of December 13, 1815. CLASS No. 19. MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS, CONTAINING USEFUL POLITICAL, STATISTICALj AND OTHER INFORMATION. 1. NILES' WEEKLY REGISTER: contiiimng political, historical, geogra- phical, scientifical, astronomical, statistical, biographical documents, essays, and facts, together with notices of the arts and manufactures, and a record of the events of the times, from September, ISll, to March, 1847. 2. HAZARD'S "Tlegisler of Pennsylvania; devoted to the preservation of tkcta and documents, and every other kind of useful information, respecting the State of Peimsylvania," from January, 1823, to January, 1836, in 16 volumes. 3. HAZARD'S UNITED STATES COMMERCIAL AND STATISTICAL REGISTER: containing documents, facta, and other useful information, illustra- tive of the history and resources of the American Union, and of each State ; em- bracing commerce, manufactures, agriculture, internal improvements, banks, currency, finances, edilcatjon, &;c., &c. ; from July, 1839, to July, 1842; in 6 volumes. 4. A CONNECTED VIEW OF THE WHOLE INTERNAL NAVIGA- TION OF THE UNITED STATES, natural and artificial, present and prospect- ive, mth maps : Carey & Lea : 1826. 5. THE TRIAL OF COL. AARON BURR, on an indictment for treason, be- fore the Circuit Court of the United States, at Richmond, Virginia, 1807, including the arguments and decisions ; in three volumes : by T. Carpenter. 6. REPORT OF THE TRIAL BY IMPEACHMENT OF JAMES PREST- COTT, Judge of the Probate of Wills, before the Senate of Massachusetts, in 1S21; with an account of former impeachments in that State : 1821. 7. HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE UNITED STATES, FROM THE DE- CLARATION OF WAR, in 1812, to January 1, 1814; in 4 volumes : 1816. Re- view of the political institutions of the United States; official documents of the war, &c.. Sec. 8. THE NATIONAL REGISTER: containing a series of puljlic documents, proceedings in Congress, statistical tables, reports, and essays, upon agriculture, manufactures, Commerce, finance, science, literature, and the arts ; with blogra^ phical sketches and political events : by Joel K. Mead : 1816. 9. STATISTICAL ANNALS: embracing views of the population, commerce, navigation, fisheries, public lands, post-office establishment, revenues, mint, mili- tary and naval establishments, expenditures, public debt, and sinking fund of the 472 United Stales of America ; founded on official documcuts, commencing March 4, t788, and ending April 20, 1818 : by Adam Seybert. CLASS No. 20. THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. The library provided for Congress, after the removal of the Govern- ment to Washington, having been destroyed in the biiming of the Capi- tol by the enemy, in 1814, the valuable library of Thomas Jefferson, which, Vfith the best opportunities and his well-known ability, it had taken that eminent statesman a long scries of years to accumulate, was purchased for Congress, under a joint resolution of October 21, 1814, and an act of January 30, 1815, and now constitutes the basis of the Congressional or National Xibrary. Upon this foimdation Congress have, by a moderate but regular process, been adding to the volume of literature, science, and the fine arts, vphich, in the acquisition of the library of that republican patriarch, had already adorned the Capitol of the republic; and by the operation of this regular annual provisioii, managed, as it has been, and will cominue to he, by the united judgment of the joint committee of the two Houses of Congress, aided in- their active measures by their literary agents, and by the zeal and experience of the worthy librarian and his assistants, is destined to become an ample source of useful knowledge, which, through the able minds and eloquent voices of the distinguished representatives of the States and of the peo- ple, as well as of those of other citizens who have free access to this pe- rennial source, will be diffused through the country for the public benefit, elevating its literary taste and character, purifying its moral sentiment, and increasing its power; for true knowledge, communicated through pure channels, is the solid source of these and other national blessings. The limited /space to which we are here necessarily confined will only^ admit of a reference to the general heads or chapters embraced in this collection, and to a few particulars which the political history and public transactions of our ovirn country may render more immediately in- teresting. TABLE OF CHAPTERS. 1. Ancient History. 3. Modern History: , 2. Moder-n History : England. Soathern Europe. - Scotland. ' Northern Europe. Ireland. Turkey. 4. Modern History: Asia- America, Africa, &c., ic American Newspaper!. 473 5. Ecclesiastical History. 19. Common Law : 6. Natural Philosophy. American Reports, viz.: 7. Agriculture. Courts of Illinois. 8. Chemistry. Louisiana. 9. Surgery. Mississippi. 30. Medicine. 20. Equity — ^Treatises and Reports. 11. Anatomy. 21. Lawj Ecclesiastical — Treatises and 13. Zoology. Reports. 13. Botany. 22. Law, Merchant and Maritime — 14. Mineralogy and Conchology. Treatises and Reports. 15. Occupations of Man— Technical 23. Law: Arts. 1. Civil Law, Codes, &c. 16. , Ethics: 2. British Statutes. 1. Moral Pliilosophy. 3. Laws of the U. S. and of the 2. Law of Nature and Nations. several Stales, &c., viz. : 17. Religion. The United States. 18. Common Law : State of Maine. 1. Commentaries, Treatises, En- New Hampshire. tries, Conveyancing, &c. Vermont. 2. Criminal Law and Trials. Massachusetts. 3. Military Law, Courts-Mai- Rhode Island. tial, &.C. Connectiouu 1&. , Common Law : New York. British Reports New Jersey. American Reports, viz.^ Pennsylvania. Supreme Court United States. Delaware. Circuit Courts United States. Maryland. General Digests of Reports. Virginia. Courts of Maine. * North Carolina. New Hampshire. South Carolina. Vermont. Georgia. Massachusetts. Alabama. Connecticut. Arkansas. New York. Kentucky. New Jersey. Tennessee. Pennsylvania. Ohio. Delaware. Indiana. Maryland. Illinois. Virginia. Michigan. North Carolina. Missouri. South Carolina. X^uisiana. Georgia. Mississippi. > Alabama Florida. Tennessee. District of Columbia. ^ Kentucky. 24, . Politics. Oliio. 25 . Mathematics, Pure — ^Arithmetic. 2 ji ^"^ia^a- 20, . Mathematicsi Pure— Geometry. 474 .27. Physico-Mathematics: 32. Fine Arts — Music. Mechanics, Statics, Dynamics, 33. Poetry, Epic. Pneumatics, Phonics, Optics. 34. Romance— Tales, Fables, &«• 28. Astronomy. 35. Poetry — Pastorals, Odes, Elegies, 29 Geography : &c. Section 1. GeneraL 36. Poetry, Didactic. 2. Europe. 37. Tragedy. 3. Asia. - - 38. Cofmedy. 4. Africa. 39. Dialogue, Epistolary. 5. America. 40. Ix>gic; Rhetoric; Orations. Maps. 41. Criticism — ^Theory- 30. Tine Arts— Architecture. 42. Criticism — Bibliography, 31. Fine Arts — Gardening, Fainting, 43. Criticism — Languages. Sculpture, &c. 44. Polygraphical. AMERICAN HISTORY. Allen, Paul. History of the American Revolution., Printed in 1322. Bancroft, Aaron, 'liifeof George-Washington: 1826. BancroQ, George. History of the United States from discovery of the Americaa Continent to 1S37. ^ Blount, Joseph. Historical Sketch of the formation of the Confederacy, Provin- cial Limits, and the Jurisdiction of the General Government over Indian Tribes and Public Territory : 1825. Carpenter, T. C. Memoirs of Thomas Jefferson : 1809. Davis, Paris M. Authentic History of the late War between the United States and Great Britain ; with a full Account of every Battle by Sea and by Land. 1836. Hamilton, John C Life of Alexander Hamilton: 1834. Jefferson.' Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies; from the Papers of Thomas Jefferson, in 4 volumes. By Thomas Jefferson Randolph: 1830. Madison. The Madison Papers; being James Madison's Correspondence and Reports of Debates during the Congress of the Confederation, and his Re- ports of Debates in the Federal Convention from the Original Manuscript purchased by order of Congress. Published by direction of the Joint Li- brary Committee, under the superintendence of Henry D. Gilpin, m three volumes: 1841. Marsha), John. Life of George Washington; with an Atlas: 1832. Tucker, George. Life of Thomas Jefferson ; with parts of his Correspondence never before published, and Notices of his Opinions on Questions of Civi^ Government, National Policy, and Constitutional Law: 1837. Washington. Writings of George ^Vashington ; -being his Correspondence, Ad- dresses, Messages, and Papers, Official and Private, selected and published from the Original Manuscripts,- with a Life of the Author, by Jared Sparks: 1837. NEWSPAPERS. Bache's General Advertiser, 1795-6-7. Bache & Duane's Aurora, from 1798 to 1814 475 Brown's Philadelphia Gazette, from 1794 to ISOO. Carey's United States Recorder, from 1798 to 180#. Delaware Gazelle, Political Mirror, Sec, from 1798 to ,1800. Dennislon's Republican Watch Tower, from 1800 lo~lS09.' Uuane's Weekly Aurora, from 1810 to 1S21. Dunlap's American Daily Advertiser, from 1791 to 1793. Dunlap & Claypole's American Daily Advertiser, 1794-5. DuiLlap & Claypole's Pennsylvania Packet, &c., from 1785 to 1789. Fenno's Gazette of the United States, from 1789 to 1798. Globe, Daily, City of Washington, from 1833 to 1845. Madisonian, do. 1S37-8. National Intelligencer, do. from 1800 to 1813. Do. Daily, from 1814 lo 1847. National Journal, Daily, from 1826 to 1831. Philadelphia Gazette, Jtc, 1795 to 1797. Richmond Enquirer, 1809 to 1814. United States Telegraph, Daily, 1828 to 1837. Universal Gazette, by Samuel Harrison Smith, Philadelphia and Washington City, 1793 lo 1803. ' Virginia Argus and Enquirer, (hound together,) 1804 to 1 808 Do. do. do. 1797 to 1603, and 1809 to 18131 Washington City Gazette, from 1815 to 1820. POLITICS. AD AAIS, JOHN. Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States ! 1787. ADAMS, JOHN. History of the Dispute with America, from its Origin in 1754, to 1784. ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY. Duplicate Letters; The Fisheries and the Missis- sippi ; Documents relating to the transactions at the Negotiations of Ghent : 1822. ADAJMS & SEW ALL. Novanglus and Massachuscttensis, or Political Essays : 1774-5. AMERICAN REMEMBRANCER; or, an Impartial Collection of Essays, Re- solves, Speeches, &c., relative lo "Jay's Treaty" with Great Britain: 1705. AMERICAN GUIDE. ' Constitutions of the several States: 1S33. AMES, FISHER. AVorks ; with his Life and Character : 1809. ARISTOTLE. Treatise on Government. Translated from the Greek. Lond.l778L BECCARIA, B. C, Marquis. Meditazioni sullaEconomia Politlca. Genoa, 1771. CARPENTER, THOMAS. American Senator ; or. Report of the Debates in the Congress of the United States in 179ft-7. DEBATES in 6rst House of Representatives of the United States from 17S9 to 1791 ; by Thomas Lloyd. DEBATES and Proceedings in Congress of the United States, from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1791 : by Joseph Gales, sen. DEBATES in the House of Representatives of the United States, on "Jay's Treaty" with Great Britain : 1796 476 DEBATES in Congress of the United Stales on the bill for repealing the law "fcr the more convenient orgwiization of the Courts of the United States:" 1802. DEBATE in House of- Representatives on the Seminole War, in 1819. DEBATES in Congress on passage of Bill for removal of the Indians In 1830. DICKINSON, JOHN. Political Writings : 1801. DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE of the United States from September 10, 1783, to March 4, 1789 ; by Jared Sparks : 1834. DUER, WILLIAM A. Outlines of the Constituuonal Jurisprudence of the United Stales: 1833. DU PONCEAU, PETER S. Brief View of the ConstUutionof the United States: 1834. FEDERALIST, on the New Constitution, written in the year 1788, by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay; with the Letters of Pacificus and Helvidlus, on the Pro- clamation of Neutrality of 1793: 1818. FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN. Political, Miscellaneous, and Philosophical Pieces: 1779. GALES & SEaTON. Register of Debates in Congress ftom 1824 to 1837. GALLATIN, ALBERT. Considerations on the Currency and Banking System of the United States: 1831. GALLATIN, ALBERT. Sketch of the Finances of the United States : 1796. HAMILTON, ALEXANDER. Works; comprising his most important Official Reports ; The Federalist ; PaciBcus, Stc. : 1810. HATSELL, JOHN. Precedents of Proceedings in the House of Commons; with observations. New edition ; -with additions : 1918. ^ JACKSON, ANDREW. Annual Messages; Veto "Messages, Proclamations, &c., from 1829 to 1834. JEFFERSON, THOMAS. Manualof Parliamentary Practice, for the use of the Senate of the United States, with the Rules of the Senate and of the Jlouse of Representatives; Constitution of the United States, &e.: 1823. JOURNAL of Convention that formed the Constitution of the United States : 1787. JOURNAL of Convention of Virginia for ratifying same : 1783. JOURNAL of the House of Burgesses of Virginia ftom 1740 to 1774. JOURNAL of the House of Delegates of Virginia froml774 to 1790. JOURNAL of the Convention of Massachusetts for framing a Constitution, in 1779-1780. JOURNAL of the Convention of the people of South Carolina in 1832-3. JOURNAL of the Convention of New York in 1821. JOURNAL of the House of Representatives of Pennsylvania from 1806 to 1816. JOURNAL of the Senate and Assembly of New York from 1820 to 1838. JOURNALS of the American Congress from 1774 to 17aa JOURNALS of the House of Representatives of the United States, from 1789 to 1847. JOURNALS of the Senate of the United States; ftom 1789 to 1847. KEY to both Houses of PjLrliament ; consisting of Alphabetical Notices of the Lords and Commons; the Regulations and Standing Orders of both Housed; with every other species of Information respecting the Constitution, History, and Usages of Parliament. " Irf>ndon : 1832. 477 LOCKE, JOHN. Two Treatises on Government. London : 1821. LOUISIANA. Debates in the Senate of the United Slates on the Mississippi Question, February, 1803. Remarks on the Violation of the Treaty relative to the Mississippi River, by Goriolanus and Caniillus. Addresses on the late cession of Louisiaiia to the Un.ited States. LOUISIANA. iVIessage from the President communicating Discoveries in Ex- ploring the IVIissouri, Red River, and Washita, by Le^iris, Clark, Sibley, and Dunbar; witli a Statistical Account of the Countries adjacent: 1806. McCULLOCH, J. R™ Dictionary, Prijctical, Theoretical, and Historical, of Com-, merce and Commercial Navigation; illustrated with Maps, with Supple- ment thereto to 1835^ MADISON, JAMES. Letters to Mr. Monroe on Impressment, Colonial trade, &c., extracts from and enclosures in the letters of Mr. Monroe. 1808. MADISON, JAMES. Letters to Messrs. Mohroe and Pinckney, withthelr com- munications to the Secretary of State, relative to the treaty of 1806. 1808. MAGNA CHARTA. MS. copy. MALTHUS, T. R. Definitions in Political Economy. London, 1828. Essay on the Principles qf Population. Lond. 1806. Additions thereto.; Lond. 1831. Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of Rent. Lond. 1815. Principles of Political Economy considered, with a view to their practical application. Lond. 1836. MANUAL of the Practi,ce of Parliament, in passing Public and Private Bills, with Standing Orders of both Houses, from 1685 to 1829. Lond. 1829. MARYLAND. Proceedings of the Conventions of the Province of Maryland, held at Annapolis in 1774, 1775, 1776. MONROEj JAMES. View of the conduct of the Executive in the Foreign' Af- fairs of the United Slates, as conritected with the mission to the French Republic in 1794. MONROE, JAMES. Correspondence relative to the British Treaty of 1806. MONTESQUIEU, C. de Secondat, Baron de. CEuvres; 1767. Spirit of Law's, translated by Thomas Nugent: 1823. MOSES, MYER. Commercial Directory and a Digest of the Laws of the United States relating to Commerce; including a Tariff, or Rates of Duties and Tables of Calculation, applicable to all manufactures of wool or cotton im- ported into the United States : 1830. , , NEW JERSEY. Journal of Provincial Congress ; of the Convention ; Committee of Safety ; Ordinance for regulating the Militia, in 1775. NEW YORK, journals and Documents of the Senate and Assembly of the State of New York, from 1820 to 1838. NORTH CAROLINA. Declaration of Independence by the citizens of Mecklen- burg county, on May 20, 1775, with accompanying documents and proceed- ings of the Cumberland Association, and proceedings of the Provincial ' Congress of North Carolina at Halifax, April 4, 1776. NORTH CAROLINA. Proceedings and Debates of the Convention to amend, the Constitution In 1835. 44 478 OKDERS. Essential ond fundainsmal Rules, &c., of the House of Commons, ra- Jating to their Forms of Proceedings, Privileges, &c. : 1756. ORDERS on Controverted Elections and Returns : 1741. PAMPHLETS, POLITICAL, in relation to the Revolutionary wax of the United States of America, from 1765 to 1781. PAMPHLETS, POLITICAL. The same by A. Hamilton, J. Madison and others; also. Plea for the poor soldiers who really and actually supported the burden of the war. — [With a large collection made by Mr. Jefferson Of Political Pamphlets on_ various exciting and interesting subjects, which in turn agitated the public mind, from 1798 to 1812, several of which were written ^ by himself, J. Madison, A. Hamilton, E. Randolph, A. Gallatin, R. G. Har- per, De Witt Clinton, W. C. Nichols, C. Pinckney, R. H. Lee. Oliver Wr>l. cott, John Adams, Samuel Adams, T. Pickering, S. Smith, W. Giles, Earl of Buchan, Mr. Leigh, of Dinwiddle, James Monroe, and many other dis- tinguished statesmen, as well as- other political writers and Editors of public Journals.] PITKIN, TIMOTHY. Statistical view of the Commerce of the United Stales; Banks, Manufactures, and Internal Trade and Improvements ; also Revenue and Expenditures of the General Government: 1835. POLITICAL CLASSICS, viz. :. Algernon Sidney's Discourses on Government, vrith Ills' letters and memoirs of his life, &c. : 17^5. PRESIDENTS' ADDRESSES and Messages, from 1789 to 1837. RAWLE, WILLIAM. View of the Constitution of the United States : 1829. REGISTER OF OFFICERS andAgents, Civil, Military and Naval, in the ser vice of the United States in 1802, the same from 1816 to 1845. REPORTS of the Secretary of the Treasury on the Finances, from 1790 to 1836. SAY, J. B. Catechism of Political Economy, letters to Malthus, Traits d'Economie Politique, Treatise on Political Economy; translated from the French, with notes : 1821. SECRET JOURNALS of the Acts and Proceedings of Congress, from the first meeting in 1774, to the dissolution of the Confederation,-in 1789. SEYBERT, ADAM. Statistical Annals ; embracing views of the Population, . Commerce, Fisheries, Public Lands^ Revenues, Mint, &c. : 1818. STORY, JOSEPH. Commentarieson the Constitution of the United States, with a Preliminary Review of the . Constitutional History of the Colonies and States, before the adoption of th^ Constitution: 1833. STORY, JOSEPH. Constitutional Class Book, being a brief exposition of the Constitution: 1834. ' ~ • TEXAS. Constitution of the Republic of Mexico and of the State of Coaliuila and Texas : 18®. TENNESSEE. Description of this State and its constitution : 1796. TRACTS. Considerations on the Society or Order of Cincinnati : 1783. VINDICATION of Edmund Randolph's Resignation: 1795. VIRGINIA and Kentucky resolutions of I'TgS and.1799, with T. Jefferson's ori. ginal draught thereof: also Madison's report ; Calhoun's address : 1S32. 479 VIRGINIA. Proceedings of the Convention of Delegates for the Counties- and Corporations in the Colony of Virginiaj held in Richmond, March 20, 1775: ism. WAIT'S State Papers and Public Documents of the United States, from 1789 to i8ia WATTERSTON AND VAN ZANDT. Tabular Statistical Views of the Com- merce, &c., ofthe United States: 1829. — Continuation of the same: 1833. YATES, ROBERT. Secret Proceedings and Debates of the Convention which formed the Constitution of the United States: 1S21. -CLASS No. 21. DEPARTMENT OF STATE. The eminent statesmen who have from time to time occupied- the highly important and responsible station of Secretary of State, have not been unmindful of the utility of providing for themselves and their suc- cessors in ofSce, a choice and valuable collection of books, maps, charts, and atlases appropriate to the peculiar business of the Department, and indispensable in the performance of their extensive and varied duties, as well as others in Tarious branches of the liberal arts, literature and science. The limited design of this volume will not admit of the inser- tion of more than the general heads, and a reference to a few volumes of general public utility of this collection : — GENERAL HEADS. Ancient history — Modern history. Foreign, British and American — Biography and Memoirs — Natural history — Botany — Mineralogy and Geology— Natural philosophy — Agriculture and Horticulture — Chemistry — ^Anatomy and Surgery — Medicine — Occupations of Man, Technical Arts, Education, Roads and Canals, Military Tactics — Mental Philosophy and Ethics — Religion — Law of Nature and Nations — Laws of the United Slates — Laws of the several States and Territories — JuRiSPETiDENCE ; comprehending, Law in general, the Civil Law, the Law of Equity, the Common Law, Constitutional Law, the Law Merchant and Maritime, the Law Military and the Law Ecclesiastical — Jurispetjdbnce ; comprehending, English and American Reports of Cases— Foreign Law— Politics ; comprehend- ing, -Diplomacy, Treaties, Negotiations, Constitutions or forms of Government, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Political Economy, Journals and histories of Legislative Bodies, Foreign State Papers, Political Pamphlets and General Treatises — PoLmcs ;, comprehending American State Papers and Political Pamphlets — Mathematics — Arts-, and Sciences — Geography ; comprehending, General Geography, Voyages and Travels— Geoskaphv i comprehending. At- lases, Maps and Charts — Philology; comprehending, Dictionaries, Lexicons, Grammars and Elementary works — Oratory and Rhetoric— Magazines, Reviews and Political Journals — Miscellaneous.' Of these, particular reference will be made only to the following:— 480 LAW OF NATURE AND OF NATIONS. A-RNOUJjD. S)rst6me Maritime et Politique des Europ^ens, pendent le dix- huitifiine siede, fond£ sur leurs Trait^s de Faix, de Commerce, et Naviga- lion : 1797. BOUCHER. Consulat de la Mer, on Pandectes du Droit Commercial et Maritime : 1494. Printed, 1808. BOUCHER. Institution au Droit Maritime : 1803. BURLAMAQUI. Principes ^a Droit de la Nature et des Gens. The same trans- lated into EngUsh, by Nugent : 1823. BURLAMAQUI. EI£mens du Droit Nature], par^Burlamaqui; et DeToi^rs de L'Homme et du Citoyen,'tels qu'ils lui sont prescrits par la Loi Naturelle, traduits du Latin de Pufendorf par BarbeyraC} avec les Notes du Traduc- teur et le judgement de Leibnitz: 1820. CORNELII Van Bynkershoek, Opera : 1759. CODIGO de las Costlimbres Maritimas de Barcelona, hasta aqui vulgarroente Llamado Libro del Gonsulado: por D.Antonio de Capmany, y de Moh- palan. Madrid : 1791. GROTIUS'S rights of War and Peace, including the Law of Nature and Nations . translated from the original Latin, with Notes and illustrations from the best political and legal writers. — [In French, 1724, and English, 1614.] . HEINECCIUS, Scriptores de Jur« Maritimo : 1740. JACOBSEN'S Laws of the Sea, with reference to Maritime Commerce during peace and war : 1818. — [In German and English.] LE BRUN. LiLertad de los Mares : 1820. LE NOUVEAU VALIN, ou Code Commercial .Maritime par Sanfourche-La- porle: 1809. MABLY. Le Droit public de L^Europe fondS sur les Traites : 1764. MARTENS'S Summary of the Law of Nations, with a list of the principal Treaties concluded since 1748 down to the present time, indicating the works in which they are to be found; translated from the French by William Cob- belt : 1795. . MARTENS. Guide Diplomatique ou trait€ d^s droits, des immunit£s et des devoirs, des Ministres publics, des agens diplotnatiques el consulaires, dans toute Petendue de leurs fonctions, pr€c£dS de considerations g^iiSrales 6ur I'^tude de la diplomatic ; suivi d'un traitS du style des compositions diplomatique, d'une bibliographie diplomatique ohoisie, etc. etc. Paris: 1837. PEUCHET, Du Commerce des Neutres en temps de Guerre, traduit de L'ltalien de Lampredi : 1802. PUFENDORFII de Jure Naturae et Gentium. Libri octo : 1698. RUTHERFORD'S Institutes of Natural Law: 1799. SYSTEME Unlversel des principes de Droit Maritime de L^Europe, par D. A. Azuni, traduit d'ltalien par M. Digeon: 1798L TRATADO JURIDICO-POLITICO, sobre Pressas dejyiar, y calidades que deben coucurrir para hacerse legilimamente el Corso : bu Autor Don Felix Joseph de Abreu, y Berlodano. Cadiz : 1746. 481 VALIN. Nouveau CommentEure sur L'Ordonnance ie la Marine ! 1681. VATTEIi'S Law of Nations ; or principles of the Law of Nature, applied to the conduct and alTaj^B of Nations and Sovereigns. — [In Frencli, 1775; -and English, 1820.] WARD'S Inquiry into the foundations and history of the Law of Nations in Eu- rope, from the time of the Gree]£s and Romans, to the age of Grotius : 1795. WENCKII Codex Jurisgentium. WHEATON'S Digest of the Law of Maritime Captures and Prizes : 1815. Elements of International Law: 184G.- WICQUEFORT'S 'Ambassador aiid his functions : to which is added an his- torical Discourse concerning the eleption of the Emperor, and the Electors , translated into English by Mr. Di^by. MISCELLANEOUS BOOKS. ELLIOT'S Diplomatic Code of the United States of America: embracing a col- lection of Treaties and Conventions between the United States and- Foreign Powers, from 1778 to 1827. HALL'S Observations on the Warehousing System and Navigation Laws, &c. : 1821. r . " HAMILTON'S (Alexander) Works, printed in 1810. HATSELL'S Precedents of Proceedings in the House of Commons j with obser- vations: 1786. LORD'S Principles of Currency and Banking. New York : 1829. McARTHUR'S Financial and Political Facts of the 18lh Century : 1801. MALTHUS'S Principles of Political Economy : 1821. Essay on the Principle of Population: 1809. PHILLIPS'S Manual of Political Economy : 1828. ' RAYMOND'S Elements of Political Economy: 1823. SAY'S Treatise on Political Economy, translated from the French : 1827. Catechism of Political Economy, do. : 1816. SKIDMORE'S Rights of Man- to Property: 1829. SMITH'S Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, with Notes and Supplementary Chapters^ by William Playfair : 1818. TAYLOR'S Construction Construed, and Constitutions Vindicated : 1820. THE DIPLOMACY of the United States : being an account of the Foreign Rela- tions of the country, ftom 1778 to 1814. Printed in 1826. A DIGEST of the Commercial Regulations of the diflerent Foreign Nations with which the United States have intercourse : 1824. A GENERAL Outline of the United States of North America, her Resources and Prospects, with a Statistical Comparison, showing the advances made in National Opulence in thirty years : 1823. NOVANGLUS AND MASSACHUSBTTENSIS, or PoliUcal Essays, published in 1774 and 1775, on the principal points of controversy between Great Bri- tain and her colonies r the former by John Adams, the latter by Jonathan Sewall : 1819. PITKIN'S Statistical View of the Commerce of the United States of America, its connection with Agriculture and Manufactures : 1817.- "44* 482 POLrnCAL MISCELLANIES, compiled by W. B. GUes : 1829. SELECT PAMPHLETS, consieting of an exposition of the causes and jhaiactef of the war ; and an examination of the British Doctrine wliich subjects to capture a Neutral Trade not open in lime of peacii : 1815. SEYBERT'S Statistical Aimals of the United States of America': 1818. THE AMERICAN REMEMBRANCER, or an Impartial collection of Essays, Re- solves, Speeches, Ice., relative to the Treaty (Jay's) with Great Britain : 1795. THE DIPLOMATIC Correspondence of the American Revolution. By Jared Sparks: 1829. THE DUPLICATE LETTERS; the Fisheries, and the 'Mississippi : documents relating to transactions at the negotiations of Ghent, collected and published by John-Quincy Adams : 1822. WArpS State Papers, and public docuinents of the United States : 1819. WATTERSTON AND, VAN ZANDT'S Tabular StaUslical Views of the United States: 1829. BLOUNT'S Historical Sketch of the formation of the Confederation, particularly with reference to the Provincial Limits and the Jurisdiction of the General Government over Indian tribes and the public territory : 1325. DEBATES and other Proceedings of the Convention of Virginia, convened in June, 1788, for the purpose of deliberating on the Constitution of the United States: 1805. 483 CHAPTER 12. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION AND PERPETUAL UNION BETWEEN THE STATES. (See remarka, Chapter 2, pages, 129 to 131, and residue of that Chapter. " Chapter 10, pages 397, 398, and 406 to 421.) O vie, poLloumtcb VKuya t>ee)i/ clo VeLteo itlvo-tt/ cLi a* tUt-e oojvii-, TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, WE THE UNDERSIGNED DELEGATES OF THE STATES AFFIXED TO OUR NAMES, SEND GREETING,— Whereas the Delegates of the United States of America in Congress assembled did on the 15th dax of November in the Year of our Lord 1777, and in the Second Vear of the Independence oiF America agree to certain articles of Confederation and perpetual Union between the States of New Hamp- shire, Massachusetts-bay, Rhode-island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New- York, New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Mary- land, Virginia, North-Carolina, South-Carolina, and Georgia, in the words following, viz. ' "ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION AND PERPETUAL UNION BETWEEN THE STATES OF NEW-HAMPSHIRE; MASSA- CHUSETTS-BAY, RHODE-ISLAND AND PROVIDENCE PLAN- TATIONS, CONNECTICUT, NEW-YORK, NEW-JERSEF, PENN- SYLVANIA, DELAWARE, MARYLAND, VIRGINIA, NORTH- CAROLINA, SOUTH-CAROLINA, AND GEORGIA. ARTICLE L The Stile of this confederacy shall be "The United States of America." ' ARTICLE n. Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom and inde- pendence, and every Power, Jurisdiction and right, which is not by this confederation .expressly delegated to the united states, in congress assembled. 484 ARTICLE ni. The said states hereby severally enter into a firm league of ftiendship with each other, for their common defence, the security of their Liberties, and their mutual and general welfere, bind- ing themselves to assist each other, against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any ojher pretence whatever. ARTICLE IT. The better to secure and perpetuate mutual, friend- ship and intercourse among the people of the different states in this linion, the free inhabitants of each of these states, paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives from Justice excepted, shall be entitled to all privileges and'immunities of free citizens in the several states; and the people of each state shall have free ingress and regress to and Jrom any other state, and shall enjoy therein all the-privileges of trade and commerce, subject to the same duties, impositions"'and restrictions as the inhabitants thereof respectively, provided &at such restriction shall not extend so fer as to prevent the removal of property imported into any state, to any other state of which the Owner is an inhabitant; provided also that no imposition, duties or restriction shall be laid by any^ state, on the pro- perty of the united states, or either of them. If any person guilty ofj or charged with treason, felony, or othei hign misdemeanor in any state, shall flee from Justice, and be found in any of the united states, he shall upon demand of the Governor or executive power, of the state, from which he fled, be delivered up and removed to the state having jurisdiction of his ofience. Fidl faith and credit shall be given in each of these states to the re-, cords, acts and judicial proceedings of the courts and--X!iagistrates of every other state. ~ ■' ARTICLE V. For the more convenient management of the general interest of the united states, delegates shall be annually appointed in such manner as the legislature of each state shall direct, to meet in con- gress on the first Monday in November, in every year, with a power reserved to each state, to recal its delegates, or any of them, at any time within the year, and to send others in their stead, for the remainder of the Year. No state shall be repfesented in congress by less than two, nor by more than seven members ; and no person shall be capable of being a delegate for more than three years in any term of six years ; nor shall any person, being a delegate, be capable of holding any ofiSoe underthe .united^states, for which he, or another for his benefit receives any salary, fees or emolument of any kind. Each state shall maintain its own delegates in any meeting of the states, and while they act as members of the committee of the states. In determining questions in the united states, iii congress assembled, each state shall have one vote. Freedom of speech and- debate in congress shall not be impeached or questioned in any Court, or place out of congress, and the members of congress shall be protected in their persons from arrests and imprison- 485 ments, during the time of their going to and from, and attendance on congress, except for treason, felony, ,pr breach of the peace. ARTICLE VI. No state without the Consent of the united states in congress assembled, shall send any embassy to, or receive any embassy from, or enter into any conierenoe, agreement, alliance or treaty with any King prince or state ; nor. shall any person holding . any ofBce of profit or trust under the united states, or any of them, accept of any pre- sent, emolument, office or title of any kind whatever from any king, prince or foreign state; nor shall the united states in congress assembled, Or any of them, grant any title 'of nobility. No two or more states shall enter into any treaty, confederation or alliaiice. whatever betv^een them, without the consent of the united states in congress assembled, specifying accurately the purposes for which the same is to be entered into, and ho"w long it shall continue. No state shall lay any imposts or dutfes, whichmay interfere with any stipulations in treaties, entered into by the united states in congress assembled, with any king, prince or state, in pursuance of any treaties already proposed by congress, to the courts of France and Spain. No vessels of war shall be kept up in time of peace by afiy state, ex- cept such number only, as shall be deemed necessary by the united states in congress assembled, for the defence of such state, or its trade ; nor shall any body of forces be kept up lay any state, in time of peace, except such number only, as in the judgrnent of the united states, in congress assembled, shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts ne- cessary for the defence of such state ; but every state shall always keep up a well regulated and disciplined militia, sufficiently armed and ac- coutred, and shall provide and have constantly ready for use, in public stores, a due number of field pieces and tents, and a proper quantity of arms, amniunition and camp equipage. No state shall engage in any war without the consent of the united states in congress assembled, unless such state be actually invaded by enemies, Or shall have received certain advice of a resolution being formed by some nation of Indiins to invade such state, and the danger is so imminent as not to admit of a delay, tijl the united states in con- gress assembled can be'consulted : nor shall any state grant commissions to any ships or vessels of war, nor letters of marque or reprisal, except it be after a declaration of war by the united states in congress assembled, and then only against the kingdom or state and the subjects thereof; against which war has been so declared, and under such regulations as shall be established by the united states in congress assembled, unless such stat&be infested by pirates, in which case vessels of war may be fitted out for that occasion, and kept so long as the danger shall con- tinue, or -until the united states in'cpngress ^embled shall determine otherwise. - ARTICLE VII. When land-forces are raised by any state for tho. common defence, all officers of or under the rank of colonel, shall be appointed by the legislature of each state respectively by whom such 486 forces shall be raised, or in such manner as such state shall direct, and all vacancies shall be filled up by the state which first made the ap- pointment AKTICLE VnL All charges of war, and all other expenses that bhall be incurred for the common defence or general welfare, and allowed by the united states in congress assembled, shall be defiayed out of a common treasury, which shall be supplied by the several states, in pro- portion to the value of all land within each state, granted to or surveyed for any Person, as such land and the buildings and improvements thereon shall be estunated according to such mode as the united states in congress assembled, shall &om time to tiine, direct and appoint The taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid and levied by the au&ority and direction of the legislatures of the several states^ within the time agreed upon by the united states in congress assembled. ARTICLS DC The united states in congress assembled, shall have the sole and exclusive right and power of determining on peace and war, except in the cases mentioned in the 6th article— of sending and receiving ambassadors — entering into treaties and alliances, provided that no treaty of commerce shall be made whereby the legislative power of the respective states shall be restrained from imposing such imposts and duties' on ^foreigners, as their own people are' subjected to, or Jrom prohibiting the exportation or importation of any species of goods or coimnodities whatsoever — of establishing rules for deciding in all cases, what captures on land or water shall be legal, ^nd in what manner prizes taken ty land or naval forces in the service of the united states shall be divided or appropriated — of granting letters of marque and reprisal in times of peace — appointing courts for the trial of piracies and felonies committedon the high seas and establishing courts for receiving and determining finally appeals in all cases of captures, provided that no member of congress shall be appointed a juij^e of any of the said courts. The united states in congress assembled shaU-also be the last resort on appeal in all disputes and differences now subsisting or that here- after may arise between two or more states concerning boundary, juris- diction or any other cause whatever ; which authority shall always be exercised in the maimer following. Whenever the legislative or execu- tive authority or lawful agent of any state ia controversy with another shall present a petition to congress, stating the matter in question and praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall be given by order of congress to the legislative or executive authority of the other state in controversy, and a day assigned for the appearance of the parties by their lawful agents, who shall then be directed to appoint by joint consent, Commis- sioners or judges to constitute a court for hearing and determining the matter in question: but if th^ caimot agree, congress shall name three persons out of each of the united states, and from the list of such per- .sons each party shall alternately strike out one, the petitioners beginning, imtil the number shall be reduced to thirteen ; and from that number 487 not less than seven, nor more than nino names as congress shall direct, shall in the presence of congress be drawn out by lot, and the persons whose names shall be so drawn or any five of them, shall be commis- sioners or judges, to hear and finally determine the controversy, so always as a migor part of the judges who shall hear the cause shall agree in the determination : and if either party shall neglect to attend at the day appointed, without showing reasons, which congress shall ludge sufficient, or being present shall refuse to strike, the congress shall proceed to nominate tliree persons out of each state, and the secretary of congress shall strike in behalf or such psirty absent or refusing; and the judgment and sentence of the court to be appointed, in the manner before-presoribed, shall be final and conclusive; and if any of thepar- ties shall refuse to submit to the authority of such court, or to appear dr defend their claim or cause, the court shall nevertheless proceed to pro- nounce sentence, or judgment, which shall in like manner be final and decisive, the judgment or sentence and other proceedings being in either case transmitted to congress, a d lodged among the acts of congress for the security of the parties concerned : provided that every commissioner, before he sits in judgment, shall take an oath to be administered by- one of the judges of the supreme or superior court of the state, where the cause shall be tried, " well and truly to hear and determine the matter in question, according to the best of his judgment, without favour, affec- tion or hope of reward :" provided also that, no state shall be deprived of territory for the benefit of the united slates. All controversies concerning the private right of soil claimed under diflerent grants of two or more states, whose jurisdictions as they may respect such lands, and the states which passed such grants are ad- justed, the said grants or either of th^m being at the same time claimed to' have originated antecedent to such settlement of jurisdiction, shall on the petition of either party to the congress of the united states, be finally determined as near as may be in the .same manner as is before pre- scribed for deciding disputes respecting territorial jurisdiction between different states. The united states in congress assembled shall also have the sole and exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of coin struck by their own authority, or by that of the respective states — ^fixing the standard of weights and measures throughout the United gtates — regulating the trade and managing all affairs with the Indians, not mem- bers of any of the states, provided that the legislative right of any state within its own limits be not infringed or violated — estabhshing or regu- lating post-offices from one state to another, throughout all the miited states, and exacting such postage on the papers petssing thro' the same as may be requisite to defray the expenses of the said office — appointing all officers of the land forces, in the service of the united states, except- ing regimental officers — appointing all the officers .of the naval forces, and j:;ommissioning all oflicers whatever in the service of the united states — making rules for the government and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and directing their operations.' The united states in congress assembled shall have authority to ap- point a committee, to sit in the recess , of congress, to be denominated " A Committee of the StateSj" and to consist of one delegate from each state ; and to appoint such other committees and ' civil officers as may- be necessary for managing the general affairs of the united states under their direction — to appoint one of their number to preside, provided that no person, be allowed to serve in the office of president more than one year in any term of three years ; to ascertain the necessary sums of Money to be raised for the service of the united states, and to appropri- ate and apply "the same for defraying the public expenses — ^to borrow money, or emit bills on the credit of the united states, transmitting every half year to the respective states an account of .the sums of money so borrowed or emitted, — ^to build and equip a navy-^-to agree upon the number of land forces, and to make requisitions iiom each state for its quota, in, proportion to the number of .white inhabitants in such state; which requisition shalt be binding, and thereupon the legislature of each state shall appoint the regimental officers, raise the men and cloath, arm and equip them in a soldier like manner, at the, expense of the united states ; and the officers and men so cloathed, armed and equipped shall march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by flie united states in congress assembled: But if the united states in congress assembled shall, on coiisideratipn of circumstances judge proper that any state should *ot raise men, or should raise" a smaller number than its quota, and that any other state should raise a greater riumber of men than the quota thereof, such extra number shall be raised, officered, cloathed, armed and equipped in the same manner as the quota of such state, unless the legislature of such state shall judge that such extra num- ber cannot be safely spared out of the same, in which case they shall raise officer, cloath, arm and equip as many of such extra number as they judge can be safely spared. And the officers and men so cloathed, armed and equipped, shall march to the place appointed, and within the: time agreed on 'by the united states in congress assembled. The united states in Congress assembled shall never engage in a war, nor grant letters of marque and reprisal in time of peace, nor enter into any treaties or alliances, nor coin money, nor regulate the value therfeof, nor ascertain the sums' and expenses necessary for the defence and welfare of the united states, or any of them, nor elnit bills, nor borrow money on the credit of the united states, nor approrpiate money, nor agree upon the number of vessels of war, to he built or purchased, or the number of land jor sea forces to be raised, nor appoint a commander in chief of the army or navy, unless nine states assent to the same : nor shall a question on any other point, except for adjourning from day to day be determined, unless by the votes of a majority of the imited states in congress assembled. - ^ The Congress of the'united states shall'have power to adjourn to any time within the year, and to any place within the united states, so that no period of adjournment be for a longer duration than the space of six months, and shall publish the Journal of their proceedings monthly,,ex- 489 cept such parts thereof relating to treaties, alliances or military opeKu tions, as in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the delegates of each state on any question shall be entered on the Jour- nal, when it is desired by any delegate ; and the delegates of a state, or any of them, at his or their request shall be furnished with a transcript of the said Journal, except such parts as are above excepted, to lay be- fore the legislatures of the several states. ARTICLE X. The committee of the states, or any nine of them, shall be authorized to execute, in the recess of congress, such of the powers of congress as the united states in congress assembled, by the consent of nine states, shall from time to time think expedient to vest them with ; provided that no power be delegated to the said committee, for the exercise of which, by the articles of confederation, the voice of nine stales in the congress of the united states assembled is requisite. ARTICLE XI. Canada acceding to this confederation, and joining in the measures of the united states, shall be admitted into, and entitled to all the advantages of this union : but no other colony shall be admitted into the same, unless such admission be agreed to by nine states. ARTICLE XII. All bills of credit emitted, monies borrowed and debts contracted by, or under the authority of congress, before the assem- bling of the united states, in pursuance of the present confederation, shall be deemed and considered as a charge against the united states, for payment and satisfaction whereof the said united states, and the public faith are hereby solemnly pledged. ARTICLE XIII. Every state shall abide by the determinations of the united states in congress assembled, on all questions which by this confederation is submitted to them. And the Articles of this confedera- tion shall be inviolably observed by every state, and the union shall be perpetual ; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them ; unless such alteration be agreed to in a congress of the united states, and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every state. AtiA Whereas it hath pleased the Great Governor of the World to in- cline the hearts of the legislatures we respectively represent in congress, to approve of, and to authorize us to ratify the said articles of confedera- tion and perpetual union. Know Ye that we the undersigned delegates, by virtue of the power and authority to us given for that purpose, do by these presents, in the name and in behalf of our respective constituents, fully ana entirely ratify and confirm each and every of the said articles of confederation and perpetual union, and all and singular the matters and things therein contained: And we do further solemnly plight and engage the faith of our respective constituents, that they shall abide by the determinations of the united states in dongress assembled, on all questions, which by the said confederation are submitted to them. And that the articles thereof shall be inviolably observed by the states we respectively represent, and that the union shall be perpemal. In wit ness whereof we have hereunto set our hands in Congress. Done at 2 1 45 490 Philadelphia/in tlie state of Pennsylvania the 9th Day of July in the Year of our Lord, 1778, and in the 3d year of the Independence of America. Josiah Bartlettj John Hancock, Samuel Adams, Elbridge Glerry, William Bllery, Heniy Harchant, Koger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, Oliver Wolcott^ Ja£ Doane, Fraa Lewis, Jno 'Witheirapoon, Bob* Morrig, Daniel Roherdeau, Jon* Bayard Smith, Tho. M'Kean, Feb.12, 1779, John "Dickinson, May 5, 1779, John Hanson, March let, 1781, Bidiard Henr?^ Lee, John Banister, Thomas Adams, John Penn, July 2lBt, 1778, Henry Laurens, 'William Henry Drayton, Jno Matthetrs, Jno Walton, 24th July, 1778, John Wentworth, jun. August 8th, 1778, Franks Dana, James LoTell, Samuel Holten, John Collins, Titus Hosmer, Andrew Adam, William Duer, Gout' Morrig Nathl Scudder, William Clingan, Joseph Keed, sad July, 1778, Kicholas Van Dyke, Daniel Carroll, March 1st, 1781, Jno Harvie, Francis Lightfbot Ifee, Corns Harnett^ Jno Williams, Richd Hutson, Thos. Heyward, jun. Edwd Telfair, Edwd Langwortl^, ) On the part and behalf of the ^ state of New Hampshire. }0n the part and behalf of the state of Massachusetts-Bay. *] On the part and behalf of the > state of Rhode-Island and } Providence Plantations. }0n the part and behalf of the state of Connecticut. ) On the part and behalf of the J state of New- York. }0n the part and behalf of the state of New-Jersey, Novem- ber :!>6th, 1778. }0n the ipBxt and behalf of the state of Pennsylvania. }0n the part and behalf of the state of Delaware. }0n the part and behalf of the state of Maryland. }0n the part and behalf of the state of Virginia. ) On the part and behalf of the S state of North-Carolina. i On the part and behalf of the f state of South-Carolina, }0n the part and behalf of the state of Geoi^a. THE THIRTY-FIRST CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES. THE SENATE. Wn/LIAK R. King, President pro tempore of the Senate. Asbw!/ Dickens, Secretary of the Senate. BBNATOBS FBOM TH£ SETJERAL STATES, WITH THEIR PLACES OP SESIDENCE OR POST OFFICES^ RJBSPECTITBLY. iVew JBTampshire. Moses Norris, Manchester. MassctcJiusetts. Robert C. Winthrop> Boston. John P. Hale, Dover. John Davis, Worcester. Rhodt Island. Albert C. Greene, Providence. John H. Clarke, Providence. Omnedtcut. ^ Eogor S. Baldwin, New Haven. Truman Smith, Litchfield. 491 William tJpham, Montpolier. Vermont Samuel S. Phelns, Middlebury. New Tork. Daniel S. Dickenson, Binghampton. William 11. Seward, Auburn, Cayuga co. New Jersey. William L. Dayton, Trenton. Jacob W. Miller, Morristown. Pennsylvania, Daniel Sturgeon, Uniontown. James Cooper, PottSYille. Ddaware. Presley Spruance, Smyrna. J. Wales, Wilmington. Maryland. James A. Pearce, ChestertovD, Kent co. Thomas G-. Pratt, Annapolis. Virginia. James M. Mason, Winchester. Robert M. T. Hunter, Lloyds, Essex co. North CaroliTia. George E. Badger, Raleigh. Willie P. Mangum, Red Mountain. SffutU Carolina. A. P. Butler, Edgefield Co. Ho. R. W. Barnwell, Beaufbrt. Georgia. John Macpherson Berrien, Savannah. William C. Dawson, Greensboro. Henry Clay, Lexington. John Bell, Naahvilld. Thomas Ewiug, Lancaster. Solomon U. Downs, Monroe. Jesse D. Bright, Madison. Jefferson Davis, Palmyra. Stephen A. Douglass, Chicago. William R. King, Selma. J. W. Bradbury, Augusta. David R. Atchison, Platte city, Solon Borland, Hot Springs. Lewis Case, Detroit. David L. Yulee, St. Augustine. Samuel Houston, Huntsville. Henry Dodge, Dodgeville. Augustus C. Dodge, Burlington. John C. Fremont, San Francisco. Joseph R. Underwood, Bowling Green. TeTvnessee. Hopkins L. Tumey, Winchester. Oliio, Salmon P. Chase, Cincinnati. Louisiana. Pierre Soule, New Orleans. Indiana. James Whitcomb, Indianapolis. Mississippi. Henry S. Foote, Jackson. lUinxyis. James Shields, Belleville. Alabama. 3. Clemens, Huntsville. Maine. Hannibal Hamlin, Hampden. Missouri. Thomas H. Benton, St. Louis. Arkansas. William K. Sebastian, Helena, Michigan. Alpheus Felch, Ann Arbor. Florida. Jackson Morton, Pensacola. Texas. Thomas J. Busk, Nacogdoches. Wisconsin. Isaac P. Walker, Milwaukie. Jmva, George W. Jones, Du Buque. Qdifamia. William M. Gwin, San Francisco. 492 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATITES. How£LL Cobb, of Georgia, Speaker. Sicliard M. Young, Clerk. Kepresentatives from the several States for the Districts as numhered, and Delegates from the soTeral Territories, with their places of residence, or Post Offices, respec- tively. New Hampshire. 3. James Wilson, Reene. 1. Harry Uibhard, Bath. Massaclmseits. 6. Gteorge Ashmun, Springfield. 7. Julius Kockwell, Pittsfield. 8. Horace Mann, West Newton. 9. Orin Fowler, Fall Kiver. 10. Joseph Grinnell, New Bedford. Bftode Jsland. 2. Nathan F. Dixon, Westerly. 1. Amos Tuck, Exeter. 2. Charles H. Peasler, Concord. 1. Samuel A. Elliot, Boston. 2. 3. James H. Duncan, Haverhill. 4. 5. Charles Allen, Worcester. 1. George G. King, Newport. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 1. 2. 3. Loren P. Waldo, Tolland. Walter Booth, Meriden. William Henry, Bellow»s Falls. William Hebard, Chelsea. John A. King, Jamaica. David A. Boker, Brooklyn. J. Philips Phoenix, New York. Walter UnderhiU, New York. George Briggs, New York. James Brooks, New York. William Nelson, Peekskill. Ransom Halloway, Beekman. Thomas McKissock, Newburg. Herman D. Gould, Delhi. Peter H. Silvester, Goxokie. Gideon Beyuolde, Hoosit^. John L. Schoolcraft, Albany. George li. Andrews, Ticonderoga. John R. Thurman, Chestertown. Hugh White, Cohoes. Henry P. Alexander, Little Falls. 3. C. F. Cleveland, Hampton. 1 4. Thomas B, Butter, Norwalk. 3. James Meacham, Middlebury. 4. Lucius B. Peck, Montpelier. New York. 18. Preston King, Ogdenshurg. 19. Charles E. Clarke, Great Bend. 20. Orsamus B. Mattison, Utica. 21. Hiram Walden, Waldensville. 22. Henry Bennett, New Berlin. 23. William Duer, Oswego. 24. Daniel Gott, Pompey. 25. Harmon S. Conger, Cortland Village. 26. -William T. Jackson, Havana. 27. William A. Sackett, Seneca Falls. 28. A. M. Schermerhorn, Rochester. 29. Robert L. Rose, Allen's Hill. SQ. David Bumsey, Jr., Batii. 31. Elijah Rteley, Fredonia. 32. E. G. Spanlding, Buffalo. 33. Harvey Putnam, Attica. 34. Lorenzo Barrows, Albion. Andrew K. Hay, Winslow. William A. Newell, Allentown. Isaac Wildrick, Blairstown. 4. John Tan Dyke, New Brunswick. 6. James G. King, Hoboken. 1. Lewis 0. LevJn, Philadelphia. 2. Joseph R. Ohmier, Philadelphia. 3. Henry D. Sloore, Philadelphia. 4. John Bobbins, Jr., Philadelphia. 5. John Freedley, Norristown. 6. Thomas Ross, Doylestown. 7. Jesse C. Dickey, New London. 8. ThaddeuB Stevens, Lancaster. 9. William Stroug, Reading. 10. Milo M. Dimmick, Stroudshurg. 11. Chester Butler, Wilkesbarre. 12. David Wilmot, Towanda. Pennsylvania. 13. Joseph Casey, New Berlin. 14. Charles W. Pitman, PottsviUe. 15. 16. J. X. McLanahan, Chambersburg. 17. Samuel Calvin, Hollidaysburg. 15. A, Jackson Ogle, Somerset. 19. Job Mann, Bedford. 20. Robert R. Reed, Washington. 21. Moses Hampton, Pittsburg. 22. John W. Howe, Franklin. 23. Jomus Thompson, Erie. 24. Alfred Gilniore, Butler. 493 DeUiware. Jolrn W. Houston, George Town. Maryland. Richard J. Bowie, BockviUe. 4. Robert M. McLane, Baltimore. WilliiLm T. Hamilton, Hagerstown. 6. Alexander Evans, Elkton. ' £dwaxd Hammond, EUicott's Mills. 6. John B. Kerr, Easton. Virginia. John S. Milson, Norfolk. 9. Jeremiah Morton, Raccoon Ford. Richard K. Meade, Petersburg. 10. Richard Parker, Berryville. Thomas U. Averett, Halifax C. H. 11. James McDowell, Lexington. Thomas S. Bocock, Appomattox C. H. 12. H. A. Edmundson, Salem, Roanoke co. Paulus Powell, Amherst C. H. 13. Fayette MoMuilen, Rye Cove. James A. Seddon, Richmond. 14. James M. H. Beale, Point Pleasant. Thomas H. Bayly, Accomac C. H. 15. Thomas S. Haymond, Eairmount. Alexander R. HoUaday, Mansfield, Louisa co. North OaroUna. Thomas L. Clingman, Asheville. 6. John R. J. Daniel, Halifax. Joseph P. Caldwell, Statesville. 7. William S. Ashe, Wilmington. Edmund Deberry, Mount Gilead. 8. Edward Stanley, Washington. A. H. Shepperd, Salem. 9. David Outlaw, Windsor. ,,>y. A. W. Tenable, Brownsville. David Wallace, Union C. H. James L. Orr, Anderson 0. H. Joseph A. Woodward, Winsboro. John McQueen, Bennettsville. Souih Carolina. 6. Armistead Burt, Willington. 6. Isaac E. Holmes, Charleston. 7. William F. Colcock, Gxahamville. Joseph W- Jackson, Savannah. M. J. Wellborn, Columbus. Allen P. Owen, Talbotton. Hugh A. Harralsoui La Grange. Linn Boyd, Cadiz. Jame.s L. Johnson, Owensboro. Finis E. McLean, Elkton. George Alfred Caldwell, Columbia. John B. Thompson, Harrodsburg. Daniel Breck, Richmond. GeXn^gia. 6. Thomas C. Hackett, Rome. 6. Howell Cobb, Athens. 7. Ale*ander H. Stephens, Crawfordsville. 8. Robert Toombs, Washington. Kentucky. 7. Humphrey Marshall, Drennon's Xiickf Henry co. 8. Charles S. Morebead, Frankforti 9. John C. MasOn, Owingsville. 10. Richard H. Stanton, Maysville. 1. Andrew Johnson, Greenville. 2. Albert G. Watkius, Panther Springs. 3. Josiah M. Anderson, Coop's Creek. 4. John H. Savage, Smithville. 5. George W. Jones, Fayetteville. 6. James H. Thomas, Columbia. 1. David T. Disney, Cincinnati. 2. Lewis D. Campbell, Hamilton. 3. Robert C. Schenck, Dayton. 4. Moses B. Corwin, Urbanna. 5. Emery D. Potter, Toledo. 6. Amos E. Wood, Woodville. 7. Jonathan D. Morris, Batavia. 8. John L. Taylor, Chillicothe. 9. Edson B. Olds, Circleville. 10. Charles Sweetser, Delaware. 11. John K. Miller, Mount Vernon. Tennessee. 7. Meredith P. Gentry, Franklin. 8. Andrew Ewing, Nashville. 9. Isham Q. Harris, Paris. 10. Frederick P. Stanton, Memphis. 11. Christopher H. Williams, Lexington. Ohio. 12. Samuel F. Vinton, Gallipolis. 13. William A. Whittlesey, Marietta. 14. Natban Evans, Cambridge. 15. William F. Hunter, Woodsfield. 16. Moses Hoagland, iiS^bt-sburg. 17. Joseph Cable, Carrollton. ^o- 18. David K. Carter, Massillon. »' 19. John Orowell, Warren. 20. Joshua R. Giddings, Jefferson. 21. Joseph M. Root, Sandusky. 1. Emile La S^re, New Orleans. 2. Louisiana. 3. John H. Harmanson, Simmsport. 4. Isaac E. Morse, St. Martinsville. 45* 494 Indiana. 1. Nathaniel Albertson, Greenville. 6. Willis A Gorman, Bloomington. 2. Cyrus L. Dunham, Salem. 7. Richjixd W. McGaughey, Rockville. 8. John L. Kohinaon, KushTlll. 8. Joseph E. McDonald, Crawfordfiville. 4. George W. Julian, Centreville. 9. Graham N. Fitch, Logansport. 6. William J. Brown, Amity, Johnson co.lQ. Andrew J. Harlan, Marion. 1. Jacob Thompson, Oxford. 3. William McWillie, Camden. 2. W. J. Featherston, Houston. 4. Albert G. Brown, Gallatin. lUinoie. 1. William H. Bissell, Belleville. , 5. William A. Bicbardson, Quincy. 2. John A. MeClemand, Shawneetown. 6. Edward 4.. Baker, Galena. 3. Timothy R. Toung, Marshall. 7. ThomaB L. Harris, Petersburg. 4. Jolin Wentworth, Chicago. Manama. 1. William J. Alston, Linden. 6. David Hubbard, Einlock. 2. Henry W. HiUiard, Montgomery. 6.,W. R. W. Cobb, Bellefonte. 3. Sampson W. Harris, Wetumpka. 7. Franklin W. Bowdon, Talladega. 4. Samuel W. Inge, Livingston. t Maine. Gerry, Wftterfbrd^ 5. Cullen Sawtelle, Norridgewock. 2. Nathoniel S. Littlefield, Bridgeton. 6. Charles Stetson, Bangor. 3. John Otis, Hallowell. 7. Thomas J. D. Fuller, Calais. 4. Rufus K. Goodenow, Paris. , '*' Missouri. 1. James B. Bowlin, St. Louis. 4. Willard P. Hall, St. Joseph. 2. William Y. N. Bay, Union. 5. John S. Phelps, Springfield. 3. James S. Green, Canton. Arkansas. 1. Robert W. Johnson, Little Rock. Michigan. 1. Alexander W. Buel, Detroit. 3. Kinsley S. Bingham, KenBmgton. 2. William Sprague, Kalamazoo. Florida. 1. E. Ga^rrington Cabell, Tallahassee. ^hcas. 1. David S. Kaufman, Sabinetown. 2. Volney E. Howard, San Antonio. Jovia. 1. Daniel P. Miller, . 2. Shepherd LefBer, Burlington, Wisconsin. 1. Charles Durkee, Southport. 3. James Duane Doty, Menasha. 2. Orsamus Cole, Potosi. Califomiai 1. Edward Qilberi^ San Francisco. 2. George W. Wright, San Franosco. Oregon Ikrriiory. 1. Samuel R. Thruston, Linn city. Minesoia Territory. 1. Henry H. Sibley, Mendota, Docotah co. Territory of New Mexico. SbrrOory 0/ Utah. INDEX. THE ANALYTICAL INDEX of ths Constitution of the United States will BE FOUND at PAGE 38. ThE POLLOWING INDEX REFERS TO THE RESIDUE OF THS aiATTER CONTAINED IN THIS VOLUME. ABRIDGMENTS and Digests of the Laws of the ,U. S. Description of books of 465 ACTS, Records, and Judicial Proceedings of one State in every other State, Territory, Sec. An act for the authentication of- 200-294 ACTS of the several States for appointment of Deputies to Convention to form the Constitution of the U. S. 167 ADAMS, President of the U. S., March 4, 1797. Inaugural Address of John 270 ADAMS, Vice President of the U. S. First election of John 315 ADAMS, Vice President of the U.S. Second election of John 316 ADAMS, as President of the U. S. Election of John 317 ADAMS, as President of the U. S. Election of John Quincy 324, 325 ADAMS, Vice President, in Senate of the U. S. Attendance of John 336 ADDRESS of George Washington, accepting commission as commander-in- chief of the array, June 16, 1775 201 ADDRESS of the President of Congress to George Washington, August 26, 1 783, on termination of the war * 203 ADDRESS of George Washington in reply to the same 204 ADDRESS of George Washington to Congress, on resigning his commission as commander-in-chief of the army, December 23, 1763 208 ADDRESS of Thomas Mifflin, President of Congress, in answer to the same 209 ADDRESS of George Washington, as President of the U. S., April 30, 1789. Inaugural 211 ADDRESS of George Washington to the people of the U. S., September 17, 1796. Farewell 215 ALABAMA. Chronological statement of the formation of the government of 431 AMBASSADORS and their domestics. An act for the protection of foreign 289 AMENDMENTS of the Constitution of the U. S. •- 25 AMENDMENTS of the Constitution of the U. S. by the States. , Dates of rati- fication of first ten -•■ 34 AMENDMENTS of the Constitution of the U. S. Same of the eleventh and twelfth •_ 36 AMENDMENTS of the Constitution, when ratified by the States, to be pub- lished by the Secretary of State 295 ANALYTICAL Index of the Constitution and amendments. An 38 ANNAPOLIS, in 1796, recommending the Convention to form the Constitu- tion. Proceedings of the commissioners at 161 495 496 INDEX* APPOINTMENT of George "Washington to be commander-in-chief at Iha army, June 15, 1775 gOI APPOINTMENT of George Washington to be lieutenant-general and com- mander-in-chief of all the armies of the U. S., July 3, 1798 231-239 APPORTIONMENT of Representauves among the several States according to the Sixth Census 300 ARKANSAS. Chronological statement of the formation of the government of 434 ARMAMENTS being prepared in the U. S. against foreign powers with whom the U. S. are at peace. An act to prevent • -..- 396 ARMIES of the U. S. Appointment of George Washington to be lieutenant- general and commander-in-chief of the 231-239 ARMY of the United Colonies, June 15, 1775. George Washington elected commander-in-chief of the 201 ARMY of the United Colonies fixed at ®500 per month. Pay and expenses of the General to command the - 201 ARMY of ihe U. S., DecemTjer 23, 1783. Resignation by George Washington of his commission as commander-in-chief of the 208 ATTORNEY GENERALS of the U. S., from 1789 to 1861. Names, States, service, &o., of the ■• i 402 AUDIENCE in Oongress granted to George Washington, commander-in-chief, August 25, 1783.. ■• = •' ' 203 -AUDIENCE in Congress^ December 20, 1783. George Washington, com- mander-in-chief, admitted to a public ^- 205 AUTHENTICATION of Acts, Records, and Judicial Proceedings of one State in every other State, Territoryi So. 290-294 BERRliSN, Senator of the U. S. Letter of approbation from John Macp... xvii BOOKS and other sources of historical, political, statistical, and other infor- mation relative to the action of the Government, in possession of the pub- lic offices at the Seat of Government. Description of 451 BOOKS, published under the patronage of Congress and otherwise, contain- ing useful political, statistical, and otherlnformation. Descriptiojl of mis- cellaneous >. •'. -/ 468-471 BOOKS in Congress Library. Description of selection of certain 472 BOOKS in the State Department. Description of selection of certain i 479^^ BREESE, Senator of the U. S. Letter of approbation from Sidney xii BURR, as Vice President of the U. S. Election of Aaron ■.• 318 BURR, Vice President, in the Senate of the D. S. Attendance of Aaron 338 BURR, as Senator of the U.S. Term of service of Aaron • 364 CALHOUN, Vice President of the U.S. First election of John C 324 CALHOUN, Vice President of the U. S. Second election of J. C 326 CALHOUN, Vice President, in Senate of the U. S. Attendance of J. C- •840-342 CALHOUN resigned as Vice President, December 28,1832. John C 342, &£3 CALHOUN, as Senator of the U. S. Terras of service of John 367 CASS, Senator of the U. S. Letter of approbation from Lewis xx CLAY, Senator of the tj. S. Letter of approbation from Henry xix INDEX. 49Y CALIFORNIA. Chronological statement of the formation of the government of 437 CEDE their Western lands to the U. S. Resolution of Congress recommend- ing to the several States to ■. 421 CEDED by the States, should be disposed of for the common benefit of the U. S., and formed into Republican States. Resolution of Congress that the lands- • 422 CEDED to the U. S., and datej of cession. Names of States by which TTestcrn lands were 422 CENSUS. Apportionment of Representatives among the several States ac- cording to the Sixth 300 CENSUSES U. S., and fix number of Representatives. Act for taking Seventh, and subsequent 305 CESSION of the North-Western and Western Territory to the U. S. by certain States. Proceedings which led to the 414 CESSION of its Western or Vacant Lands to the U. S. Act of New York for the 419 CHAIRMAN of Committees of Congress authorized to administer Oaths- ■- • 294, 295 CHAPTERS. General contents of. See Table of Contents xxxviii CHARTERS of the original States. Chronological statement of the 407, 408 CHRONOLOGICAL statement of the Charters and formation of the Governments of the several States and Territories of the U. S. 405-446 CITIZEN to understand the Constitution. Introductory remarks on duty of every xxiii CLERK of the House of Representatives of the U. S. Oaths to be taken by the 22,-288, 289 CLERKS in all the Departments of Government. Oaths to be taken by the 290, 291 CLERKS of the House of Representatives of the U. S. from iVSO to 1851. Names, States, services, &c. of the ; • ■ 388 CLERKS of the Supreme Court' of the U. S. from 1789 to 1851. Names, &c. of the '• ■ 393 CLINTON, Vice President of the U. S. Election of George ' 319, 320 CLINTON, Tice President, in Senate of the U. S. Attendance of George 338-^0 COLLECTORS of the Customs authorized to detain vessels built for warlike purposes ■ 299 COLONIAL and Revolutionary Documentary History. Books relating to the- • 452 COLUMBIA established the permanent seat of Government. The District of- ■ • -449 COMMERCE. Resolution of Virginia for a uniform system of trade, commerce, Ac, January 21, 1786 160 COMMERCE. Proceedings of Convention at Annapolis appointed for said pur- pose, September 14, 1786 • 161 COMMERCE. Resolution of Congress, of Eebruary 21, 1787, calling the Conven- tion which fornied the Constitution 166 COMMERCE. Acts of the several States for the appointment of deputies to said Convention, to revise and report the means of enabling Congress to provide more effectually for the commercial interests of the U. S., and to remedy all the defects of the Federal system, &o. 167 COMMERCE. The Constitution declares that "The Congress shall have power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among .the several States, and with the Indian tribes" 16 498 INDEX. COMMERCIAL Regulations. Description of books containing Tariff and Revenue Laws, &c. • . 467 COMMITTEES of Congress to administer Oaths. Authority for the Chair- man of- 294, 895 COMMUNICATIONS to the author and compiler in relation to this work ix-xxi COMPENSATION to the President and Vice Prejjdent of the U. S. An act making 293 COMPENSATION to persons appointed to deliver the Electoral votes of Pre- sident, &c., 1792 , 292 COMPENSATION to do. do. do., 1825 '. 300 CONFEDERATION, showing the inefficiency of that government, and lead- ing to the adoption of the Constitution. Proceedings of the Congress of the 129 CONFEDERATION. The formation of a Convention to frame the Constitu- tion, recommended in 1786, as a means to remedy the defects in the Ar- ticles of- 166 CONFEDERATION. The Articles of- 483 CONFEDERATION, until March 1, 1781. Dates of ratification by the Slates, and cause of the delay of Maryland to ratify the Articles of 406-415 CONGRESS of the Confederation, which led to the tidoption of the Constitu- tion. Proceedings of the •• 120 CONGRESS of the Confederation, and resolutions of that body, showing the impotency of the Government to provide a revenue for its wants and ne- cessities, &c. Reports of committees of 131-139, 140-143-146-150, 151 - CONGRESS of the Confederation appointing a Committee to represent the Financial and Cora'mercial difficulties to the several Slates, May 32, 1782. Resolution of- -- -■ 154 CONGRESS of the Confederation in 1787, recommending the Convention which formed the Constitution- Proceedings of - 164 CONGRESS of the Confederation, of September 28, 1787, transmitting the Con- stitution to the States, to be- submitted to Conventions thereof Resolu- tion of 189 CONGRESS of the Confederation of September 13, 1798, providing for com- mencing proceedings under the Constitution of the U. S. Resolution of the 190 CONGRESS of July 2, 1776, that Thk United Colohies are, and of bight OUGHT to be Free and Independent States. Resolution of 195 CONGRESS assembled, July 4, 1776. Declaration of Independence by the Representatives of the U. S. in 195 CONGRESS, for promulgating the Declaration of Independence. Resolu- tion of 2"" CONGRESS of the Confederation, of June 17, 1775, declaring that they would maintain and assist George Washington, and adhere to him for the main- tenance and preservation of American liberty, with their lives and for- tunes. Resoluti( 451 DOCUMENTS ordered to be printed by the Senate and House of Represent- atives of the V: S. from 1789 to 1851. Remarks descriptive of the re- gular 467-469 ELECTIONS under and by virtue of the Constitution, (analytical index)- -.61, 6S ELECTION of a President and Vice President of the V. S., &c., approved March 1,1792. An act relative to the S9I ELECTION of Electors of a President and Vice President, in case of vacan- cies in those offices. by casualty, &c. Provision for the •••■ • 293 ELECTIONS for Electors of President and Vice President in all the States. An act to establish a uniform time for holding • 302 ELECTORAL votes for President and Vice President of the U. S. Provi- sions of the Constitution regarding the ■"■ ' 88 ELECTORAL votes for.President and Vice President of the U. S. Regula- tions, by law, for the giving, making lists of, transmitting to the Seat of , Government, opening, and counting the ; 291 ELECTORAL votes. Compensation to, and penalties of, persons appointed to deliver the - 892 ELECTORAL votes. Compensation of persons appointed to deliver the 300 ELECTORAL votes for President and Vice President of the U. S., viz. : First term, George Washington and John Adams, commencing March 4, 1789- -v • ^^^ Second term, George Washington and John Adams, commencing March 4, 1793 ^^ Third term, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, commencing March 4,1797 317 Fourth term, Thomas Jefferson.and Aaron Burr, elected by the House of Representatives, commencing March 4, 1801 318 Fifth term, Thomas Jefferson and George Clinton, commencing March 4, 1805 319 Sixth term, James Madison and George Clinton, commencing March 4, 1S09 320 Seventh term, James Madison and ElbriJge Gerry, commencing March 4) 1813... '• ■ ^^^ Eighth term, James Monroe and Daniel D Tompkins, commencmg March 4, 1817 ■ ■K ■■ *^ Ninth term, James Monroe and Daniel D. Tompkins, commencmg March 4, 1821 ■ ^^ Tenth terra, John Quiney Adams and John C. Calhoun, commencing March 4.1^5 ^^ INDEX. 503 ELECTORAL votes for Prosident aud Vice Prosident of the TJ. S.—continmd Eleventh term, Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun, commencing March 4.1829 , 326 Twelfth term, Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Biiren, commencing. March 4,1833 327 Thirteenth term, Martin Tan Buren and R. M. Johnson, commencing March 4,1837 328 Fourteenth term, 'Wm. H. Harrison and John Tyler, commencing March 4, 1841 329-331 Fifteenth term, James K. Polk and George M. Dallas, commencing March 4, 1845 332 Sixteenth term, Zachary Taylor and M. Fillmore, commencing March 4, 1849 333 ELECTORS of President and Vice President, equal to the number of Senators and Representatives in Congress from each State. Each State shall appoint a number of ^ .. - 13 ELECTOPvS shall be equal to the nwmber of Senators and Representatives to which the States may he entitled at the time when the President and Vice President shoul^ come into office. The 291 ELECTORS of President and Vice President of the tJ. S. Enactments of the law ' for the government of the -. 291 ELECTORS of the President and Vice President in all the States. An act to es- tablish a uniform time for holding elections of ■ • • • • ■ 302 ELECTORS; Each State may, by law, provide for filling vacancies in the college of 302 EVIDENCE in all tribunals and offices of the United States, and of the individual States. Little & Brown's edition of the Laws of the tJ. S. declared to be competent • 302, 303 EXECUTIVE officers of the Government, from 1789 to 1851. Names, States, service, &c^ of all the high •. 395 EXTRADITION Treaties. Act giving eflfect to 303 FARE"W^ELL Address of George Washington, President of the U. S., September 17,1796 ■- 215 " FIRST in War, First in Peace, and First in the hearts of his Countrymen," as applicable to George Washington. Origin of the words • 242 FLORIDA. Chronological statement of the formation of the Government of 436 FOREIGN Ambassadors and their Domestics. An act for the protection of 2S9 FOREIGN Powers. An act to preserve the neutrality of the U. S., with 296 FOREIGN Nation with whom the U. S. are at peace. An act to prevent any armament by land or water being fitted out in the U. S. against any 296 FOREIGN State confined in any state prison in certain cases. The Jutlges of the ■ U. S. Courts empowered to grant the writ of Habeas Corpus, and to discharge the citizens of any ■ SOI FUNERAL Procession and Oration of Henry Lee, in honor of Gen. George Wash- ington 24il-247 504 INDEX. GEORGIAi in 1787, appointing deputies to Convention to ibrm the Constitu- tion. Act of * 179 GEORGIA. Chronological statement of the Charters and Constitutions of ■ ■ • 408 GEORGIA ceded western lands to the U. S. April 24, 1S02 > 422 GERRY, Vice President of the U. S. Jlleotion ofEIbridge -j--- 321 GERRY, Vice President, in the Senate of the U. S. Attendance of Elbridge 840 GIBSON, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. Letter of ap- probation from John B. » -^ xiii GOVERNMENT of the Confederation to provide for its support, defence, ic. Reports of committees and Resolutions of Congress exhibiting the ihefb- ciency ofthe--v 131-139,140-142-146-1511,151 GOVERNMENT under the Constitution of the U. S. Resolutions of Con- gress of the Confederation of September 13, 1788, providing for the com- mencement of the .' ...'. 190 GOVERNIMENT under the Constitution. Brief statement of the manner of comniencing proceedings of the-.-- 191 GOVERNAt^NT. George Washington's opinions of the principles and po- licy of our 211-215 GOVERNMENT. John Adams'. •.-•do. do. 270 GOVERNMENT. Thomas Jefferson's. • ■ do. do. xxxi. 275-279 GOVERNMENT. James Madison's. do. "do. - ■ ■ • • xxxii. 283 GOVERNMENT and providing the means of executing the Constitution, &c. General Laws relating to the continued organization of the ^87 GOVERNMENTS of the several Slates and territories. Chronological state- ment of the Charters ani| formation of the.-*-- 4D5-449 GOVERNMENT of the territory of the U. S. north-west of the river Ohio. An ordinance for the ••; •- • 423 GOVERNMENT of the U. S. in possession of the public offices. Description of the sources of information regarding the Legislative, Executive and Judicial action of the ••• ^"^I HABEAS Corpus in all cases of foreigners confined in the U. S., &c. The judges of the U. S. Courts authorized to grant writs of- ■■•• -^ 301 HARRISON, as President of the U. S Election of William Henry 329-331 HISTORICAL and other information in the public offices at the seat of Go- vernment. Description of the sources of '.- • 451 HOUDON'S statue of Washington at Richmond, Virginia. Remarks and eor- Tespondence relative to 2O5-20I HOUSE of Representatives of the U. S. Oaths of office to be taken by the Members and Clerk of the ' 22,288-281 HOUSE of Representatives, from 1789 to 1851. Names of Speakers of the 386-38i HOUSE of Representatives of the U. S., from 1769 to 1851. Names, service, &c., ofthe Clerks of the • ^* HOUSE of RepresentativesoftheU.S, Description of the Journals ofthe 452^6 HOUSE of Representatives of the U. S., from 1789 to 1861. Remarks descrip- tive of the documents printed by order of the *67, 468, 469 INDEX. 505 ILX.INOIS. Chronological statement of the formation Of the Government of 431 IMPEACHMENTS from 1789 to 1861. Description of the Journal or record of the Senate on ' 456 IMPOST duties of April 18, 1783, was the cause of proceedings which ulti- mately led to the adoption of the Constitution. Report of Committee of the Congress of Confederation, showing that the failure of the Slates to carry the general system of • • • 131-139, 140-142-146, 150, 151 IMPOST, &c., as provided by resolution of Congress, April 18, 1783. See Conmierce.) Resolutions of Congress of February 15, 1786^ recommend- ing to the States to empower Congress to carry into effect a general sys- tem of • 139,141-149,151-153 INAUGURAL address of George Washington. President of the U. S. April 30, 17S9 : .^ 211 INAUGURAL address of John Adams, President of the U. S. • 270 INAUGURAL address of Thomas Jefferson, President of the U. S. 275 INAUGURAL address of Thomas Jefferson, President of the U. S. S79 INAUGURAL address of Jaines Madison, President of the U. S. 2S3 INDEPENDENCE of mind. Importance to every citizen of preserving- • • xxv INDEPENDENCE. Proceedings in Congress of the United Colonies, from June 8, 1o July 4, 1776, respecting a declaration of- - 193 INDEPENDENCE by the Representatives of Ihe United States in Congress assembled, July 4, 1776. The Declaration of- • 195 INDEPENDENCE. Resolution of Congress for promulgating the Declarfir tion of 200 INDEPENDENT STATES. Resolution of Congress of July 2, 1776, that THE UnttED CoLOPflES ARE, AND OF EIGHT OtT&HT TO BE, FreE AND 195 INDEX to the Constitution and amendments. An Analytical 38 INDEXES prepared by order of the two Houses of Congress. Description of 465 INDIANA. Chronological statement of the formation of the Government of- - 430 INTRODUCTORY remarks to the work and to the several chapters. (See ReTnarks.) IOWA- Chronological-Statement of the formation of the Government of- 443 JACKSON, as President of the U. S. First election of Andrew 826 JACKSON, as President of the U. S. Second election of Andrew 327 JEFFERSON'S declaration of the principles of our Government. Thomas xxxi, 275-279 JEFFERSON, President of the U. S-, on March 4, 1801. First inaugural address of Thomas 275 JEFFERSON, President of the U. S-, on March 4, 1805. Second inaugural address of Thomas ■ 279 JEFFERSON, as Vice President of the U. S. Election of Thoiias 317 JEFFERSON, as President of the U. S. First election by House of Repre- sentatives of Thomas -• 318 JEFFERSON, as President of the U. S. Second election by electors (If Thomas 319 2 K 46* 606 INDEX. JEFFERSON, Vice President, in Senate of the U. S. Attendance of Thomas 336 JOHNSON, as Vice President of the U. S. Election by the Senate of Rich- ard M. 328 (The nambenaf electoral voles required for an election being 14^ and R. M. Johnson having received only 147, the election then devolved upon the Senate, and R. M. Johnson was elected.) JOHNSON, Vice President, in Senate of the U. S,. Altendance of Rich- ard M. "i'F" " 342-344 JOHNSON, as Senator of the U. S. Terms of servic^f%lichard M.^ 370 JOURNALS of the Congress of the Confederation, 1774 ^i7B9. Description of the , .- '- 453 JOURNAL of the Convention that formed the Constitution in 1787. Descrip- tion of the - 453 JOURNAL of the House of Representatives of the U. S. from 1789 to 1851. Description of -. ... 454-450 JOURNAL of the Senate of the U. S. from 1789 to 1851. Description of Le- gislative i ;m •■• 455, 456 JOURNAL of the Senate of the U. S- from 1789 to 1851 (in part). Descrip- tion ctf'the Executive 455 JOURNAL or record of the Senate on inipeachments, from 1789 to 1851. De- scription of " - 456 JOURNALS of the Senate and House of Representatives of the U. S. Re- marks descriptive of the contents of the Legislative •-••• 456 JUDGES of Ccmrts of the U. S. authorized to grant writs of Habeas Corpus in all cases of foreigners confined in the United States, and to discharge them. The • - 301 JUDGES of the Supreme Court of the U S., from 1789 to 1851. Names, states, length of service, &e., of the • 389 JUDICIAL proceedings of one State in every other State, territory, &c. Au- thentication of " : 290-294 JUSTICE in the Courts of the U. S. An act to provide further remedial 301 KANE, Judge of the District Court of the U.S. for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania; Letter of approbation from J. K. xiii KENTUCKY. Chronological statement of the formation of the Government of 412 KNOWLEDGE. Remarks on the proper mode of acquiring and imparting- xix LAND in the north-western and western territory of the U. S. Proceedings which led to the cession by the States, of the ■ 414 LANDS to the U. S. Act of New York for the cession of its western or vacant - ^19 LANDS to the U. S. Resolution of Congress recommending to the States to cede their western •-• •> ^^ INDEX. 607 LANDS ceded by the Stutes should be disposed of for the common benefit of the U. S^ and formed into Republican States. Resolution of, Congress of October 10, 1780, that the 422 LANDS were ceded to the U. S., and dates of cession. Names of Slates by which the western 423 LANDS of the U. S., andprivate land claims to March 3, 1861. Description of the publication^MK the authority of the U. S. relating to the public* • 46(7 LAW. Definition anaj^^Bity of the civil xxt LAWS, relating to ihe^^inued organization of the Government, and pro- viding the authorities and means of executing the Constitution, in. certain contingencies, and^r other purposes, &ic. 28? LAWS of the U. S. de^bred competent evidence in all tribunals and oiEces of the U. S., and of Jhe several States. Little and Brown's edition of the ^ '" 303,303 LAWS' of the U. S., including the Treaties. Description of the books con- taining the » 461 LAWS of the TJ. S. Description of Books of Abridgments and Digests of the 465-467 LEGISLATIVE Journals. (Vide Journals.) LEE, on the death of George Washington. Funeral oration of Henry 247 LETTERS-OF-MARQUE being fitted out in the U. S. against foreign powers. An act to prevent Privateers' or - 296 LIBERTY. Definition of rational or civil xxii LIBERTY and independence on July 4, 1776. Declaration of- 195 LIBERTY, &;c., on i^une 17, 1775. Declaration of Congress for the mainte- nance of American • • 203 LIBERTY consists. In what the-enjoyment and even the support and pre- servation of- xxix LIBRARY of Congress. Description of selection of certain books in the*"- 472 LIBRARY of the State Department. Descriptionof selection of certain books in the 479 LIEUTENANT-GENERAL and commander-m-chief of the Armies of the , U. S., July 3, 1798. Appointment of George Washington to be 231-239 LIGHT as regards the fundamental law. Remarks on necessity of the peo- ple's haying ' xxxiii LITTLE and Brown's editions of the Laws of the U. S., declared to be, com- petent evidence in all tribunals and offices of the U. S., and of the several States 302,303 LOUISIANA. Chronological statement of the formation of the Government of 429 MADISON'S declaration of the principles of our Government Jamesxxxii. 283 MADISON, President of the U. S. on March 4, 1809. Inaugural Address of James 283 MADISON, President of the U. S. First election of James 420 MADISON, President of the U. S. Second election of James 421 MAINE. Chronoiogicat statement of the formation of the Government of- ■ ■ 432 508 INDEX. MARSHALS aiiradanl on the Supreme Court of the V^S., from 1789 to 1861 Names, &c. of the '. ...,. gjj MARYLAND, in 17S7, appointing deputies to convention to form the Consti- tution. Act of I igj MARYLAND to ratify the Articles of Confederation, until March 1, 1781. Dales of ratification by the States and cause of thSUelay of 408-414 MARYLAND. Chronological statement of the Char^^^d Constitutions of 408 MARYLAND to ratify the Articles of Confederation ^^Bie Stales possess- ' rag the North- Western and Westerii Territory shIBcede the feame to the tr.S.ibr the common benefit of all the States. SlBmentofthe causes of delay by > .S. 414 MARYLAND on said s_ubjeol. Instructions to the DeSgales in Congress f"™ •••■•■ «5 MARYLAND to ratify the Articles of Confederation. RaBlution of Congress earnestly requesting ^. 421 MASSACHUSETTS, in 1787, appomting deputies to Convention to form the Constitution. Act of ^ 2S3 MASSACHIUSETTS. Chronological statement of the Charters and Constitu- tions of. ■ 407 MASSACHUSETTS ceded Western lands-to the U. S. April 19, 1785. .. ... 422 MEMBERS of the Senate and House of Representatives to take an Oath to support the Constitution, and the manner and form thereof. An act pre- scribing the time for • • 2^288 MESSENGERS or persons to deliver electoral votes. Compensation to, and penalties of - • 292 MESSENGERS or persons to deliver electoral votes. Compensation to 300 MICHIGAN. Chronological statement of the formation of the Government of 434 MIFFLIN, President of Congress, to George Washington, in answer to resig- nation of his commission. . Address of Thomas 209 MINESOTA Territory. Proceedings in Congress relative to the 447 MINISTERS and their domestics. An act for the protection of Foreign 2S9 MISSISSIPPI. Chronological statement of the formation of the Government of 430 MISSOURI. Chronological statement of the formation of the Government of 433 MONROE, President of the U. S. First election of James • 322 MONROE, President of the U. S. Second election of James 323 MONUMENT be erected to General Washington in the Capitol at Washing- ton. Resolution of Congress that a marble.-. S45 MOURNING of the Government on the Death of George Washington, Pro- ceedings and •• ■ • ••■ 240-269 NAVY from 1789 to 1851. Names; States, services, &o.,of Seoreuries of the 399 NEBRASKA Territory. Proceedings m Congress relative to the 448 NEUTRALITY of the U. S. by prohibiting Its citizens, within its limits, from preparing any offensive means against a foreign nation. An act to pre- serve the • 296 INDEX. 509 NEW HAMPSHIRE, in 1787, appointing deputies to ConYention to form the Constitixtion. Act of- dflf • 18S NEW IIAMrSIIIRE. ChrSological statement of the Cbarlera and Constitw tions of ^ 407 NEW JERSEY, at the meeting at Annapolis, in 178fi, having more enlarged powers than the Comm^sioners from other States, was stated as the ground for calling the CoiwjEntion which formed the Constitution. The Commis- sioners of; •• • f^ 162 NEW JERSEY, in 1786, appointing deputies to Convention to form the Constitu- tion. Acts of 170 NEW JERSEY. Chronolo^cal statement of the Charters and Constitutions of 407 NEW JERSEY ratified the Articles of Confederation "in the firm reliance that the" Western Territory would he ceiled by the States in possession to the U. S., Ac. - . ■ ■. : 4U NEW MEXICO TERRITORY. Proceedings in Congress relative to .the 448 NEW YORK, July 21, 1782, on the critical state of the Confederation, and recom- mending'a Convention to form a Constitution. Resolutions of the Oeneral Assembly of > 155 NEW YORK, in 1787, appointing deputies to the Convention to form the Consti- tution. Act of- ^ 181 NEW YORK. Chronological statement of the Charters and Constitutions of ■ • ■ 407 NEW YORK for the cession of its Western or vacant lands to the U. S., in order to conciliate the Union under the Confederation. Act of 419-422 NEW YORK, Special approbation of Congress for this act of 421 NORTH CAROLINA, in 1787, appointing deputies to Convention to form the Constitution. Act of 174 NORTH CAROLINA. Chronological statement of the Charters and Constitu- tions of- • 408 NORTH CAROLINA ceded Western lands to the U. S., February 25, 1790 422 NORTH-WESTERN and Western Territory to the U. S. Proceedings which led to the cession by the States of the 414 NORTH-WESTERN Territory ceded to the V. S. by Virginia, March 1, 17S4 422 NORTH-WESTERN Territory. An ordinance for the Government of the 423 OATH of office, as President, administered to George Washington, by the Chan- cellor of the State of New York, April 30, 1789 211 OATH of John Tyler, Vice President, to qualify him as President of the U. S • • • 331 OATHS to support the Constitution of the UnitpS States, and for performance of official duty, to be taken by the following ofacers and persons, viz. : 1. The President of the U. S. 15 2. The President of the Senate - • • - r • 288 3. The Senators of the U. S. :....... 22, 288 4. The Secretary of the Senate^ 22, 288, 289 5. The Senators of the U. S. on trial of impeachment 4 6. The Speaker of the House of Representatives 288 7. The members of the House of Representatives of the U. S. 22, 288 510 INDEX. OATHS to support the Constitution, &c. — continued. a The Clerk of the House of Representatives ^| • ■ ■". 22, 288, 289 9. The members of the several State LegislatuTes>^F*>* 22, 288 10. The executive and judicial oiUcers both of the U. S: and of the several Stales ■- 22, 2S8 11. AH officers appointed under the authority of the C(^S. 288 12. Each and every clerk and other officer in any of .the departments of the U.S. " ■•-•• "-..Si 288 " O ATHS o f office " are to be taken. By vf hom f • -22, 288, 289, 290, 201 OATHS. The presiding officers of the two Houses, and chairmen of com- mittees of Congress, authorized to administer 294, 295 OATHS, prescribing the forms, &c. An act to regulate the time and manner of administering certain ..■•-. ■ 287 OFFICERS required to take an oath to support the Consjitution of the United States ■ • 22,288,289,290, 291 OFFICE of President and Vice President to commence March 4, &c". The term of- 293 OFFICES of the U. S. and o/ the States. Little & Brown's edition of the Laws of- the U. S. declared to be competent evidence in all courts, tribu- nals, and 303 OHIO. Chronological statement of the formation of the government of- 413 ORATION by Henry Lee on the death of George Washington. Funeral 247 ORDINANCE for the government of the territory of the U. S. north-west of the river Ohio- An •-> 423 OREGON Territory. Reference to treaties fixing the boundaries, and to pro- ceedings in Congress relative to the 447 PASSPORT issued under authority of the U. S. Penalty for violating a 290 PAY and expenses of the General to command all the conUnental forces fixed «t $500 per month, by resolution of Congress ■ 201 PENAIiTY for neglect to deliver the electoral votes by the messengers, &c. 292 PENALTY for violating the laws of neutrality in the U. S. against a foreign power at peace - 296 PENNSYLVANIA, in 1786, appointing deputies to Convention to form the Constitution. Act of- ' 172 PENNSYLVANIA. Chronological statement of the charters and constitu- tions of ■■ *"' PEOPLE to support the Constitution. Responsibilities of the- • xxiii POLITICAL and other information in the public offices at the Seat of Govern- ■ raent. Description of the sources of *51 POLK as President of the U. S. Election of James K. -i. S32 POSTMASTER GENERALS, from 1789 to 1851. I^mes, States, service, fccjofaie : ■ *>1 PREFACE to this edition, and to the ohapters. (See Semarks.) PRESIDENT of the U. S. CerUBcate of the election of George Washington as 210 INDEX. 511 PRESIDENT and Vice President of the U. S., and declaring the officer to act as President in case of vacancies in oiEces of President and Vice Presi- dent, approved Marcli 1, 1792.- An act relative to election of 291 PRESIDENT and Vice President, in case of vacancies in those offices by casualty.. Provision for the election of a 29a PRESIDENT or Vice President of the U. S. to he delivered into the office of Secretary of State. A/tesignation or refusal to accept office of 293 PRESIDENT and Vice President of the U. S. to commence March 4, &c. Term of office of the ••■ ' .-293 PRESIDENT and Vice President of the U. S. An act providing compensa- tion to the , 293 PRESIDENT and Vice President of the U. S. Compensation to, and penalty of, persons appointed to deliver electoral votes for * 292 PRESIDENT and Vice President of the U. S. Compensation to persons, &o., to deliver electoral votes for • 300 PRESIDENT and Vice President of the U.S. An act to establish a uniform time for holding elections for electors of ■-••.-- • 302 PRESIDENT and Vice President of the U. S., from 1789 to 1849. (See Elec- toral Voles.} Electoral votes. Mi:., for 316-334 PRESIDENT of the U. S., on Ahe death of Wm. H. Harrison, President. Pro- ceedings introducing John Tyler to office as acting 330, 331 PRESIDENT of the Senate authorized to administer oaths. The 2S8, 291 PRPjSIDENT pro tempore of the Senate to act as President of the U. S. in case of vacancies in office of President and Vice President. The 293 PRESIDENTS pro tempore, from IMarch 4, 1789, toJWarch 3, 1861. Names and attendance in Senate of the Vice Presidents and 336-345 PRINTED by order of the two Houses of Congress, from 17S9 to 1861. Re- marks descriptive of the documents •- 457, 458, 459 PRIVATEERS being fitted out in the U. S. against foreign powers at peace with the U.S.- An act to prevent 296 PUBLICATION of amendments to the Constitution of the U. S. Provision for the -i ■ 295 RATIFICATION of the Constitution by the States. Dates of the 24 RATIFICATION of first ten amendments of the Constitution by the States. Dates of the ■, • 34 RATIFICATION of the eleventh and twelfth amendments of the Constitution, &c. • • 36 RECORDS of one State in every other State, territory, &c. Authentication of the V • 290-294 REMARKS or preface to the second edition of this book vii REMARKS on the propriety of reading and understanding the Constitution xxiii REMARKS on the authenticity of this edition of the Constitution xlv REMARKS on the design of the Alphabetical Analysis of the Constitution' • • 37 REMARKS on the official proceedings, and the causes which led to the adop- tion and ratification of the Constitution of the U..S. ••■•• 129 512 INDEX. REMARKS on the causes which immediately led to the formation of the Con- Btituiiou, and on the States having a leading agency in that important event » *r 153 REMARKS on the manner of commencing proceedings of the Government under the Constitution of the U. S. 191 REMARKS on the picture of George Washington, as taken Scorn Houdon'a statue at Richmond, Virginia 205 REMARKS relative to the appointment of George AVaahington to be Lieu- tenant-General and Commander-in-Chief of the armies of the U. S. July 3, 179S • 231 REMARKS in relation to the national mourning and solemnities on the death of George Washington 240 REMARKS relative to the inaugural addresses of the first four Presidents of the U.S. ^ • 269 REMARKS introductory to the General Laws, forming a peculiar class of general import inserted herein 287 REMARKS explanatory of the several tables contiuned in this volume •••> 309 REMARKS on the ratification of the Constitution by the original States, and on the discretionary right and power of Congress to admit "New States" into the Union • ' ^. . . . 408 REMARKS relative to the sources of historical, political, statistical, and other information regarding the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial action of tlie Government in possession of the public offices at the seat of Govern- ment ■ 451 REMARKS descriptive of the contents of the Legislative Journals of tlie Senate and House of Representatives of the U. S. • 456 REMARKS descriptive of the regular documents ordered to be printed by the Senate and House of Representatives, from 17S9 to 1851 467, 468, 459 REMARKS in relation to the books procured for the Congress or National Library, and tlie means employed for a regular -increase of their number 472 REMARKS relative to the books in the Department of State ■- 479 REMEDIAL justice in the Courts of the U. S. An act to provide further- -• • 301 REPORTERS of decisions of the Supreme Court of the-U. S. from 1789 to 1861. Names, &c., of the • 393 REPORTS of decisions of the Supreme Court of the U. S. from 1789 to 1851. Description of the books of * 457 REPRESENTATIVES in Congress elected Speakers, from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1851. showing the commencement and termination of their ser- vice, and the States represenled by them 386, 387 REPRESENTATIVES in Congress among the several States, according to the sixth census. An act for the apportionment of. (See States.) 300 REPRESENTATIVES in Congress. Provision for dividing States into dis- tricts for election of *■ 301 REPRESENTATIVES of the U. S. in Congress assembled, on July 4, 1776. Declaration of Independence by the 195 RESIGNATION or refusal to accept the office of President or Vice President of the U. S. to be delivered into the office of the Secretary of State 293 INDEX. 513 RESIGNATION to Congress, by George 'Washington, of hia commission as Com- mander-in-Chief of the American army, on December 23, 1783 208 REVENUE firom impost duties as recommended by Congress in 1783, was the cause of proceedings which led to the adoption of the Constitution. , Report of Committee of Congress of Confederation, showing that the failure of the States to carry out the general system of- 131-1S9, 140-142-146-150, 151 REVENUE from impost, as provided by resolution of Congress of April 18, 1783. (See Cfommerce.) Resolutions of Congress of February 15, 1786, re- commending to the States to empower Congress to carry lute effect a general system of : ■ -139-141-149-151-153 REVENUE and Tariff laws, Ac Description of books relating to 467 REVOLUTION. Books relating to the history of the American Colonies and the 452 RHODE ISLAND. Chronological statement of the charters and constitutions of 407 SAFE-CONDUCT issued under the authority of the U. S. Penalty for vio- latanga 290 SEAT of GoTermnent of the U. S. The District of Columbia established the permanent r 449 SECRETARIES of the Senate of the U. S., from 1789 to 1851. Table of the names, service, Ac, of the 385 SECRETARY of the Senate of the U. S. Oaths to be taken by the 22, 288, 289 SENATE of the U. S. directing the purchase of copies of this Book. Reso'u- tions of tiie • .' v SENATE of the U. S. Oaths of office to be taken by the members and Secretary of the - 22, 288, 289 SENATE, of the Vice Presidents and Presidents pro tempore, from March 4, 1789 to March 3, 1851. Names of and attendance in the 336-345 SENATE of the U. S. Table of the names, service, Ac, of the Secretaries of the 385 SENATE of the U. S. Description of the Legislative and Executive Journals and Records of Impeachments of the : 465> 456 SENATE of the U. S., from 1789 to 1851. Remarks descriptive of the Docu- ments printed by order of the • • 457, 458, 459 SENATORS of the U. S. in office, from March 4, 1789 to March 3, 1851, show- ing their names, commencement and termination of their service, States represented by them, &c., vi^. : Classes:— 2 3 From New Hampshire 346 2 From Masssichusetts * '347 2 From Rhode Island 349 3 From Connecticut 351 - 3 From Vermont 353 3 From New York 354 2 - From New Jersey 356 - 3 From Pennsylvania • 357 2 From Delaware 359 3 From Maryland 361 47 514 INDEX. Cusses:— 1 2 2 3 - 2 3 a 3 - 2 3 2 - 3 2 3 - 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 - 3 2 - 3 2 3 1 3 From Virginia SffiJ From Xorth Carolina 365 From Sooth CaroliDa 366 From Geoigia sgg From Kentucky 370 From Tennessee 371 From Ohio - 373 From Louisiana 374 From Indiana - 375 From lUississippi 376 From niinois 377 From Alabama 378 From Maine 379 From Missouri 330 From Arkansas 381 From Michigan 381 From Florida - ■ 381 From Texas 381 From Wisconsin ■ 384 From Iowa 384 From California 384 20 21 p¥hen Senators shall take their seats from States that have not yet ap- pointed Senators, tiiey shall he placed hy lot in the foregoing classas bnt in such a manner as shall keep the classes as nearly equal as may be in numbers. Vide resolutaon of the Senate, May 14, 1789. Tlie Jir^ dass crpire in 1851; fAe. second «r 1847, and tht thnxt in 1849. Tide the Gon- stitntion, page 3.] SESSION of Congress from March 4^ 1789 to Mfirch 3, 1851. Commencement and termination of, and number of day sin, each 336-345 SOUTH CAROLINA, in 1787, appointing deputies to ConTcntion to form the Constitution. Act of 182 SOUTH CAROLINA. Chronological statement of the Charters and Constitu- tions of - 408 SOUTH CAROLINA ceded Western lands to the U. S. Aagust 9, 1787 422 SPEAKER of the House of Representatives shall act as President of the U. S. in case of Tacancy, Ac Provisions that the 293 SPEAKER of the House of Representatives authorized to administer oaths. The 288-294 SPEAKERS of tiie House of Representatives of the XT. S., from March 4, 1789 to March 3, 1851, showing the commencement and termination of their ser- vice^ and States represented by them 386, 387 SPEECHES in the two Houses of Congtess firom 1789 to 1851. Description of the Books, Newspapers, Ac., containing the- • - - 459 STATE to receive electoral votes in absence of the President of the Senate, INDEX. 515 aiid to send a special messeiiger to district judge foi- electoral votes in case of failure to be received otherwise. The Secretary of- 293 STATE, in case of vacancies in the office oT President and Vice President of the U. S. Duties of the Secretary of 293 STATE. A resignation or refusal to accept of the office of President or Vice President to be delivered into the office of the Secretary of 293 STATE, regarding the publication of amendments to the Constitution of the U. S. Duties of the Secretary of- 295 STATE from 17S9 to 1851. Names, States, service, &c., of all the Secreta- ries of „-••• S95 STATE Department. Description of selection of certain books in the Library ~ of the 479 STATE or Territory, &.c. An act for the authentication of Acts, Records, and Judicial proceedmgs of one State or Territory in every other 290-294 STATE in certain cases — the proceedings in Stale Courts in such cases to be null and void The U. S. Judges empowered to grant the writ of Habeas Corpus, and to discharge the citizens of any foreign State confined in the prison of any 301 STATES. Dates of ratification of the Constitution by the 24 STATES. Dates of ratification of first ten amendments of the Constitution by the •* 34 STATES. Ratification of the eleventh, and twelfth amendments by the 36 STATES in providing revenue for the support of the Federal Government, as recommended by Congress on April 18, 17S3. Reports of committees showing the failure of the several 131-139, 140-142-146-150, 151 STATES that were prominent in the proceedings which immediately led to ihe adoption of the Constitution of the V. S. Remarks in relation to the- • 153 STATES. Resolution of Congress of the Confederation of May 22, 1782. ap- pointing a committee to represent the financial and commercial difficul- ties to the several 154 STATES to form a Constitution of the U. S. Resolutions of the General As- sembly of New York, July 21, 1782, recommending a Convention of the* • 155 STATES to remedy the difficulties. Resolution of the Confederation of Vir- ginia, of January 21, 1736, for a Convention of the « 160 STATES, at Annapolis, in 1786, recopimending the appointment of deputies to form the Constitution. Proceedings of commissioners from several of the 161 STATES, for the appointment of deputies to Convention to form the Constitu- tion of the U. S. Acts of the several— viz.: 167 Of Virginia, passed October 16, 1786 • - 167 Of New Jersey, passed November 23, 1786 170 Of Pennsylvania, passed December 30, 1786 171? Of North Carolina, passed January 6, 1787 174 Of Delaware, passed February 3, 1787 1 77 Of Georgia, passed February 10, 1787 179 OfNew York, passed February 23, 1787 131 Of South Carolina, passed March 8, 17S7 182 516 INDEX. OfMassachusetts, passed March 10, 1787 183 Of Connecticut, passed May, 1787 184 OfMaryland, passed May 26, 1787- •■- 185 Of New Hampsliire, passed June ^, 1787 186 STATES by which it was ratified. Resolution of Congress of September 28, 1787, submitting the Constitution to Conventions of the 189 STATES. Oaths to support the Constitution of the U, S. to be taken by the members-of the Legislatures and by all EzecutiTe and Judicial officers of the several* ■•• 22, 288 STATES, according to the -sixth census. Appointment of Representatives among the several— viz. * 300 7 Arkansas 8 Michigan 10 [FUmda Texas lotoa Wisconsin Qil^fomict Whole num. - • Oregon T.dd, Mine&ota T. dd. ■ • ■ New Mexico T. del. • mah T. dd.'-- 1 3 1 2 2 3 2 "2tJ3 1 1 1 1 N. Hamp.* .- 4 South Carolina • Mass. 10 (Jeorpa-"' R. Island 2 Kentucky ^ Connecticut 4 Tennessee Vermont 4 Ohio New York 34 Louisiana New Jersey ■ V- - 5 Indiana Penn. 24 Mississippi Delaware 1 Illinois 7 Maryland 6 Alabama 7 Virginia 15 Maine 7 North Carolina- 9 Missouri 5 STATES into districts for election of Representatives. Prbvisionj by act of 1S42, for dividing the '..... 30t STATES of the Union. An act to establish a uniform time for holding elec- tions for electors of President and Vice President in all of the 302 STATES may by law g^rovide for filling vacancies in the College of Electors. Each of the ---.■ 302 STATES and Territories of the U. S. Chronological statement of the Charters and formation of the Governments of the several 405-449 STATES. The time of ratificauon of the Articles of Confederation by the- ■ • 406 STATES" into the Union. Remarks on the ratification of the Constitution by the original States, and the right and discretionary power of Congress to admit "New -^ 408 STATES in possession thereof. Procepdiu^ which led to the cession of the North-VT^estern and Western Territory to the U. S. by the 414 STATES to cede their western lands to the U. S Resolution of Congress of September 6, 1780, recommending. to the *•• 421 BTATES should be disposed offer the common benefit of the U. S., and form- ed into Republican States. Resolution of Congress of October 10, 1780, that the Lands ceded by the _• 422 STATES by which the western lands were ceded to the U. S., and dates of cession. Names of the 422 STATES out of the North- Western Territory. Provision in the Ordinance of July 13, 1787, for forming ^ 428 STATISTICAL and other information in the public offices at the seat of Go- vernment. Description of the sources of- 451 INDEX. 517 STATUE of George Wisliillglon by Hoadon. Descripuon of the 205-207 iJUPREME and other Courts of the U. S. empowered to grant writs of Habeas Corpus, and to discharge foreigners confined in the state prisons in cer- tain cases. The Judges of the 301 SUPREME COURT of the U. S., from 1789 to 1S61. Names, States, com- mencement and termination of service of the Chief and Associate Justices of the 889-392 SUPREME COURT of the U. S., from 17S0 to 1861. Names, service, &o. of the Clerks, Reporters of decisions and Marshals of the ■-. ;••• 393 SUPREME COURT of the U. S., from 1789 to 1851. Description of Books of Reports of decisions of the 466 TABLES contained in this volume. Explanatory remarks on the several • ■ 309 TABLES of electoral votes for President and Vice President of the U. S..- from March 4, 1789; to March 4, 1863 316-^2 TABLE of terms of office and length of service in the Senate, of the Vice Presidents and Presidents pro tempore ; and of the commencement, and termination, and number of days in each session of Congress, and special session of the Senate, from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1861 338-346 TABLE of the names, classes, length of service of, and States represented by all the Senators of the U. S., from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1851 346-384 TABLE of the names, places of nativity or residence, time of appointment, and expiration of service of the Secretaries of the Senate of the U. S.-... 385 TABLE of the names, time of service of, and States represented by, the Speak- ers of the House of Representatives of the U. S. 386, 387 TABLE of the names, residence, when appointed, and time of service of, the Clerks of the House of Representatives of the U. S. 388 TANEV, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the U. S. Letter of approba- tion from Roger B. - "• xi TARIFF Laws, Revenue Laws, &c., description of books relating to 467 TENNESSEE. Chronological statement of the formation of the Government of • «3 TERM of office of four years, of President and Vice President, to commence on March 4, &e. The--- - ■ 293 TERRITORIES. An act for the authentication of acts, records, and judicial proceedings of States and • 290-294 TERRITORY to the U.S. Proceedings which led to the cession of the North- western and Western ■■•■ 414 . TERRITORY of the U. S. uoilh-wesl of the river Ohio. An ordinance for the Government of the ^23 TEXAS was admitted into the Union. Joint resolution and act of Congress by which • ^^ TOMPKINS, Vi«e President of the U. S. First election of Daniel D. 322 TOMPKINS, Vice President of the U. S. Second election of Daniel D. 323 TOJIPKINS, Vice President, in Senate of the U. S. Attendance of Daniel D. 340 47* 618 INDEX. TRADE and commerce for the U. S. Resolution of Vir]giiiia, in 1786, to pro- vide a general system of 160 TREASURY, from 1789 to 1851. Names, States, service, &c., of the Secreta- ries of the 396 TREATIES of the U. S. Description of the books containing the Laws and 461 TYLER, as Vice President of the U.S. Election of John *- 329-331 TYLER to office as acting President of the U. S., on the death of W. H. Har- rison, President. Proceedings introducing John • 330, 331 TYLER, as Vice President, in Senate of the U. S. Attendance of John • • • • S^U UNION of the people for the government of the U. S. of America. The Con- stitution adopted for the purpose of forming a more perfect ] UNION supported by the Constitution. Brief remarks on the importance of the 129 UNION hazarded by the inefficiency of the Government under the old Con- federation. The existence of the 149-155 UNION. Declaration in resolution of February 15, 1786, that the Congress of the Confederation vrere denied the means of satisfying engagements ibr the common benefit of the 149 UNION. Declaration by the convention at Annapolis, September 14, 17S6, that further provisions were necessary to make the Government adequate to the exigencies of the 164 UNION. Declaration, by resolution of Congress, February 21, 17S7, that such alterations were necessary in the articles of Confederation as to render the Federal Constitution adequate to the exigencies of the Govern- ment and preserv-ation of the • •*... 166 UNION is involved our prosperity, felicity, safety, aud perhaps our national existence. Opinion of George Washington, that in the consolljla^tion of our ..f..^..... 188 UNION. Remarks on the ratification of the Cou&dtution by the original States, and on the right and discretionary power of Congress to admit «^New States" into the •• 408 ■DTAH Territory. Proceedings in Congress relative to the 448 VACANCIES in representation of Congress— how filled 3 VACANCIES in seats of Senators in Congress— how filled 3 VACANCIES in offices of the U. S. that may happen daring recess of the Sen- ate— how filled 16 VACANCIES in the offices both of President and Vice President. An act decls^ ring the officer who shall act as President in case of 291 VACANCIES in the college of electors, &c Each State may provide by law finr filling 302 VAN BUREN, as Vice President of the U. S. Election of Martin - 327 VAN BUREN, as President of the U. S. Election of Martin 328 VAN BUREN, Vice President, in Senate of the V. S. Attendance of Martin ■ • - • 342 ^ VAN BUREN, as Senator of the V, S. Terms of service of Martin 355 INDEX. 519 VESSELS being fitted Bul or armed, in wttole or in part, in tiie U. S., against any foreign power witli whioli tlie U. S. is at peace. An act to prevent. . 296 VERMONT. Chronological statement of the formation of tlie Government of 412 VICE PRESIDENT of the U. S. from 17S9 to 1863. (See Electoral Vales.) Elec- toral votes for ' 315-332 VICE PRESIDENT of the U. S. by the Senate, he not having a majority of electoral votes. Richard M. Johnson elected 328 VICE PRESIDENTS and Presidents pro tempore from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1851. Attendance in the Senate of the 335-S45 VICE PRESIDENT. Act relative to election of President and Vice Presi- dent, and declaring what officer shall act as President in case of vacan- cies in offices of President and 291 VICE PRESIDENT in case of vacancies in those offices. Provison for the election of a President and 293 VICE PRESIDENT to be delivered into the office of Secretary of State. A resignation or refltsal to accept the office of- 293 VICE PRESIDENT to commence on March 4, ice. Term of oftfte of the. • . 293 VICE PRESIDENT of the U.S. An aet providing compensation tothe Presi- dent and ■- 293 VICE PRESIDENT in all the States. An act to establish a uniform time for elections of electors of President and 302 VICE PRESIDENT, to qualify him as President of the U. S. Oath of John Tyler 331 VIRGINIA, in 17S6, appointing Commissioners to meet those of other States at Annapolis, to consider a general and uniform system of trade, &c., and commerce. Resolution of the commonwealth of 160 VIRGINIA, in 1786, for appointing deputies to Convention to revise Federal Constitution. Act of the Commonwealth of 167 VIRGINIA. Chronological statement of the charters and constitutions of . ■ . 408 VIRGINIA, in relation to the North- Western Territory. Recommendation by Congress to--. 418 VIRGINIA, on March 1, 1784. North- Western Territory ceded to the U.S. by 422 VOTES for President and Vice President of the U. S. Provision of the Con- stitution relative to electoral • 29 VOTES for President and Vice President of the U. S. from 1780 to 1853. Electoral ; 315-334 VOTES for President and Vice President of the U. S. Enactments of law regarding the electoral 291 VOTES. Compensation to, and- penalties of, persons to deliver the electoral 292 VOTES. Compensation to the persons to deliver the electoral SOU WAR, from 1789 to 1847. Names, States, services, &c., of the Secretaries of 398 WASHINGTON to be General and commander-in-chief of the army of the United Colonies, June 17, 1775. Appointment by Congress of the Confede- ration of George ; SOT 520 INDEX. WASHINGTON to Cougress, accepting the appointment Address of George • 201 WASHINGTON as General and commander in-chief. Commission to George-... .■ 202 WASHINGTON, with their lives and fortunes, for the maintenance and pre- servation of American liberty. Resolution of Congress of June 17, 1775, that they will maintain, assist, and adhere to George 203 WASHINGTON, August 26, 1783, on the termination of th^war. Address of the President of Congress to George • 203 WASHINGTON to the same. Reply of George 204 WASHINGTON, commander-in-chief. Resolution of Congress of December 20,1783, that a public audience be given to George 205 WASHINGTON, commander-in-chief Resolution of Congress of December 20, 1783, that a public entertaiimient be given to George 205 WASHINGTON of his commission as commander-in-chief of the American army, December 23, 1783. Resignation by George 208 WASHINGTON, in answer to the same. Address of Thomas Mifflin, Presi- dent of Congress, to George 209 WASHINGTON by Houdon. Remarks and correspondence relating to, and John Marshall's opinion of the accuracy of, the statuary likeness of George .' 205-207 WASHINGTON appointed a deputy firom Virginia to the Convention which formed the Constitution. George 169 WASHINGTON, President of the Convention, in 1787, transmitting^ the Con- stitution to the Congress of the Confederation. Letter from. George 188 WA SHINGTON, President of the U. S. First election of George ■ • 315 WASHINGTON, as President of the U. S., dated April 6, 1789. CerUficate of the election of George 210 WASHINGTON, as President of tlie U. S., by the Chancellor of the State of New York, April 30, 1789. The oath of office administered to George ■ . • 211 WASHINGTON, as President of the U. S. April 30, 1769. Inaugural address of George 211 WASHINGTON, President of the U. S. Second elecUon of George 316 WASHINGTON, President of the U. S., September 17, 1796. Farewell ad- dress of George * 215 W^ASHINGTON, as Lieutenant-general and commander-in-chief of the ar- mies of the U. S., July 3, 1798. Appointment of George 231-239 WASHINGTON. Proceedings of the Governmftnt and funeral oration of Henry Lee on the death of George 240-247 WASHINGTCiN. Origin of the words " First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen," as applicable to George 242 WASHINGTON. Addresses of the Senate andHouse of Representsitlves, respectively, to the President of the U. S., and his replies thereto, on the death of George • 244,264 WASHINGTON in the Capitol at the city of Washington, and that his body be deposited under it. Resolution^ of Congress directing that a marble monument be erected by the U.S. to General ■••. •''■ 24S INDEX. 521 'WASHINGTON, consenting tlmt the body of her deceased husband. George Washington, be interred under a monument m the city of Washington. Letter from Martha 261 WASHINGTON. Act of Congress extending the privilege of franking let- ters and packages to Martha 26S WAYNE, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the U. S." Letter of approbation from James M. xii WEBSTER, Secretary of State of the United States, Letter of approbation ft-om Daniel xxii WISCONSIN. Chronological statement of the formation of the goTern- meut of* 441 WRIGHT, late Governor of New York, Senator of the U. S., &c. Letter of approbation from Silas xv i!iHHiii{i|jiiiiiiiiHi{ llllllllilllllllill ,in II III I il.m' iill li'i' ' iia: ?i*v: ' liS:V':\'i'?iiiij;ijii|« li:l'l'!ii''iillifi!iJT|ll'i|ii i/Jii