The Cotton States and
International Exposition
AND - - -
SOfclTR ILiLidSTRATEIB.
INCLUDING
THE OFFICIAL HISTORY OF THE EXPOSITION,
BY
WALTER Q. COOPER,
Chief Department Publicity and Promotion.
Adopted and Endorsed by the Management as "Official," after examination by a Committee of Directors
I hereby certify that the above is the only Official History of The Cotton States and International Exposition.
d a~&
President and Director General.
ALSO INCLUDING
Portraits and Biographical Sketches of Distinguished Visitors. Histories of each of the Cotton
States, and various Illustrations of Scenery, etc.
PUBLISHED BY
THE ILLUSTRATOR COMPANY,
(Successor to Southern States Publishing Co.)
ATLANTA, GEORGIA,
1896.
Copyright, 1895,
by
SOUTHERN STATES PUBLISHING COMPANY.
Copyright, 1896,
by
THE ILLUSTRATOR COMPANY, Successor to SOUTHERN STATES PUBLISHING COMPANY.
PREFACE.
•-1153111^^ triumph of one gives hope to thousands!" So wrote Lord Lytton and so
f|j all men believe. The records of success in the following pages should be of
It was the original purpose of the publishers to issue this volume about
the time the Exposition closed, but as the work progressed the scope of the first
great value to the youth of the land, reviving hope and renewing determination
to conquer and overcome adverse conditions wherever they exist.
intention was so extended and enlarged that it was found impossible.
Instead of being a volume descriptive merely of the Exposition, its buildings and exhibits,
it will be found to contain historic outlines of all the Cotton States, their Governors and
prominent people, industries, resources, etc.
The vast amount of research and labor required to properly prepare such a work' was not,
at first, properly appreciated, and in its present form the volume has cost much more in labor
and expense than if it had been completed according to the original plans.
It has been the earnest purpose to make the work of interest to everyone ■ who loves the
South or is interested in any way in its development or its people, as well as to those who
look back upon its past with pride and its memories and traditions with reverence and love.
To all such we believe this book will be a valued souvenir worthy of preservation.
1f ntrcfcucttou.
' HE Cotton States and International Exposition of 1895 was
U'J in every respect a remarkable achievement. Considered
f" in the light of its environment, the circumstances at¬
tending its birth, and the resources of its promoters, it is one of
the finest examples of American pluck.
Following the World's Columbian Exposition, that splendid
reflection of civilization whose glory lights the closing years of
the century, it was an inspired
audacity which proposed and
projected a new enterprise
of the same character, in a
region not densely populated,
without the assurance of
government aid, with no
capital subscribed, and in
the worst period of depres¬
sion following a panic with¬
out parallel in the history of
the country. "When all finan¬
cial institutions were carrying
heavy loads, when most of
the railroads were in the
hands of receivers, and when
the average business man was
engaged in a hand to-hand
conflict with insolvency, the
proposition to raise a large
sum by popular subscription
for a public enterprise ap¬
peared to be the essence of
folly. So it would have been
considered in most commu¬
nities, but the people of Atlanta were lighted to the conclu¬
sion that in the midst of despondency and dullness an ag¬
gressive policy was the path of safety. It was a kind of wis¬
dom which only the highest courage could attain, but it proved
to be profound, and within a year the policy of pluck lifted the
community from the depths of depression to a high plane of pros¬
perity and public spirit.
The first suggestion of the Exposition came from Mr. W. A.
Hemphill, the Business Manager of the Atlanta Constitution,
AUDITORIUM AND ADMINISTRATION BUILDING.
whose mind was turned to the subject by seeing the announce¬
ment of the Cotton Palace at Waco. He sent a communication
to the editorial department of that paper, suggesting that
Atlanta undertake an Exposition for the next year. This opened
a discussion of the subject by the city papers. Scores of leading
citizens expressed themselves in interviews favoring the project,
and the next week, during the Christmas holidays, a mass meeting
was held in the Chamber of
Commerce to take action on
the subject. About three
hundred men were present,
and Mr. S. M. Inman pre¬
sided. The meeting resulted
in the appointment of a com¬
mittee of twenty-five to formu¬
late plans and begin the work.
The committee was a very
strong one, and within a short
time secured the sum which
was considered requisite for
a Guarantee Fund. The city
council appropriated $75,000
and the citizens subscribed
$134,000, making a total of
$209,000.
From the first the people
had large ideas of the fair,
but it grew far beyond their
anticipations, and before it
was completed more than two
millions had been expended
on the project.
In naming the Exposition, its originators had two ideas in view
—one was to make an exhibition of the resources of the cotton
States, and the other was to stimulate trade with the Spanish-
American countries. These ideas gave character to the Exposi¬
tion, and both found expression in its name.
The region whose resources were to be exploited had long been
known to be one of the richest on the globe. Its natural endow¬
ment was unsurpassed, but its development had only begun, and
its resources had never been presented to the public in a manner
6
INTRODUCTION.
to command such attention as they deserved. The cotton States
include about one-fourth the land of the Union, and sustain a
third of its population. Their agricultural products are more than
a third of the yield of the United States, and the manufactures,
still in their infancy, are sufficient to pay for the imports of the
entire country. These States supply the largest item for export,
and in the same staple they contribute to New England the basis
of a moiety of its industrial greatness. Strong in the bare strength
of raw material, the South, spinning and weaving its own cotton
and turning its iron into steel and finished articles, will combine
of which began life in the old regime, the other in the new. The
older element predominated and dominated in these councils, but
they worked in hearty accord. The man who suggested the
Exposition was there. Thirty years before, he was somewhere in
Virginia, throwing shells into the federal lines. A dozen or more
of his comrades mingled with the younger men. One of them
had conveyed the first note from Grant to Lee at Appomattox.
These men left their handwriting on the battlefields of Virginia.
In Atlanta it was writ large on brick and mortar. Working in
the same harness were men who had come up since the war, and
MANUFACTURES AND
the strength of New England and Pennsylvania with the wealth
of the most important agricultural region of the globe.
This was the field to be covered by the Exposition, a territory
most attractive in the early settlement of the country, whose
development was postponed by the advent of slavery, an event by
which the clock of the cotton States was set back half a cen¬
tury. Up to 1810 they had led the Union in manufactures.
After that almost their whole attention was turned to agriculture.
In 1865, they began life anew, shorn of strength by war, and
Atlanta arose, naked as a babe, from its new birth. When the
committee of twenty-five gathered in Mr. Inman's office, every¬
thing in sight, except the men themselves, was the growth of thirty
years. There was some contrast between the men and their
surroundings. They were divided between two generations, one
lljRAI, ARTS BUII.DING.
there was no difference in purpose or spirit. This little gathering
planned and projected—and in the main carried to success, for
it included the Executive Committee—an enterprise which has
been a hundred times pronounced the handiwork and the evidence
of the new South, yet in that group of twenty-five two generations
worked side by side, and the younger men had all they could
do to keep up with their elders. Heart and soul they worked
together, with oneness of purpose, for the great object which they
had in view. Here was personified a great truth which the out¬
side world seems to have but dimly apprehended—that the new
South and the old are one, in person and in spirit. The new South
is the scion of the old, but both are fallen upon altered circum¬
stances, and the new and old with one accord have adjusted
themselves to new conditions, snatching opportunity from fate,
IN TROD UC TION.
and building upon old ruins the superstructure of a new era,
wherein the new light of the present is savored with the best ideas
of the past. The South is new as grass is new upon the everlast¬
ing hills, and this old earth is young again with each young day.
I have been particular to set forth this fact in this place because
editors and orators from a distance, as they proclaimed the success
and the beauty of the Exposition, thanked God that a procrustean
population was disappearing, while a new and better generation,
like unto themselves, was coming out <?f the chrysalis. One, indeed,
of the ablest of them formally announced that, " with all due respect
to the past, the men of this generation intend to run it! " In this
he spoke particularly of the post helium as distinguished from the
ante helium generation, strangely oblivious of the fact that a large
majority of the Executive officers in control of State and Federal
Governments, corpo¬
rations and business
concerns are of ante
bellum date, and even
in newspapers which
are supposed to be
run by young men,
the wise old heads
that control are nearly
all frosted and not a
few have smelt pow¬
der. There is a shal¬
low idea, which neither
Hill nor Grady ever
entertained, that the
men who could wring
victory from the jaws
of death are somehow
incapable of winning
triumphs in the peace¬
ful contest for indus¬
trial supremacy. It
is a short-sighted man
who rejects the light
of the past. " The night has a thousand eyes, the day but one,"
yet, in the measure of the universe, the myriad suns of the night
are incomparably greater than the single luminary which hides their
splendor. We are dazzled by the near with its gauds, while the
pure light of the past streams over us to wake some future renais¬
sance.
So much for the region and the people who made the Exposition.
For the international feature a few words of introduction are
appropriate. This idea gave the Exposition a great impetus at the
start, and did much to expand the conception and promote its
growth. It stimulated public spirit with a new ambition for com¬
mercial greatness, and in this way helped to swell subscriptions.
The same idea was not without weight in Congress when an appro¬
priation was asked. It contributed largely to the exhibits and
7
attractions of the fair, and the announcement of these helped to
draw visitors. In the work of promotion, much was said about
the Nicaragua canal, and this enterprise undoubtedly gained
strength and popularity through the Exposition. The presence of
Commissioners in all the important States of Central and South
America, preceded by letters from the State Department at Wash¬
ington, did no little to increase friendly relations with the Southern
countries. After the extensive correspondence carried on with
foreign Governments, through the State Department with its cordial
indorsement, the Exposition was known in high circles all over the
world. The principal cities of Europe were visited by Commission¬
ers, and exhibits were obtained from most of them. Through
the press and through the consular officers of the United
States, the public was advised of the progress of the under¬
taking, and the enter¬
prise of Atlanta was
known in every city
of Christendom.
The preliminary
work of organization
was perfected by
electing Mr. W. A.
Hemphill President,
and Mr. H. E. W.
Palmer Director-Gen¬
eral. Subsequently Mr.
Hemphill retired for
business reasons, and
Mr. C. A. Collier was
elected to succeed
him. Later in the
year Mr. Palmer suf¬
fered from a prolonged
attack of typhoid
fever, and was obliged
to retire. Mr. Collier
was then made Presi¬
dent and Director-
General, an office which he filled with great credit to himself and
to the entire satisfaction of the Directors and the public.
The Guarantee Fund having been raised, and the international
feature having been adopted, it was resolved to ask Congress for an
appropriation for a Government exhibit. This was absolutely
necessary to enlist the interest of foreign Governments, none of
which would participate in an enterprise which did not have the
indorsement and co operation of the United States. Plans were
laid to secure an appropriation, and a committee of leading men
was appointed to go before the committees of Congress. In this
effort the co-operation of representatives of commercial bodies in
other Southern cities was asked, and Mr. Labouisse, President of
the New Orleans Cotton Exchange, accompanied the committee
from Atlanta. Fortunately for the appropriation, it had been de-
MINING AND FORESTRY BUILDING.
8
introduction.
termined to give prominence to an exhibit of the Negro race. This
suggestion was made by Mr. S. M. Inman, who had always taken a
deep interest in the Negro, and thought the Exposition offered a
favorable opportunity to stimulate the race by an exhibition of its
progress, at the same time giving substantial evidence of the good
will of the white people. The sequel proved the wisdom of the
suggestion, for both objects were attained and a veritable era of
good feeling between white and black was ushered in by the Ex¬
position. The good feeling extended to the Northern friends of
the Negro, who accepted this action on the part of the Exposition
Managers as an earnest of good faith in the contention that the
Southern people were the real friends of the black man. By a
exhibit did much to secure the appropriation. There was the
usual delay and suspense attendant upon the proceedings of Con¬
gress; but, after much perseverance, the committee had the satis¬
faction of seeing $200,000 set aside for the Government Exhibit.
■ For some months active work on the Exposition had been delayed,
as it was felt that the scope of the enterprise must depend largely
upon the action of Congress. When at last the result was known,
only a little more than a year intervened before the day set for the
opening. Work began immediately with a rush. The organization
was strengthened, departments were manned, and committees were
set at work. Plans for the buildings were soon adopted, and con¬
tracts were let as soon as possible. Congress did not make the
singular oversight, all previous Exhibitions had failed to give the
Negro such opportunity, and the departure taken by a Southern
Exposition enlisted at once the sympathy of the whole country.
This approval had been voiced by the press long before the com¬
mittee went to Washington, and it was thought fitting to invite the
co-operation of leading Negroes in securing the appropriation.
Accordingly, the committee from Atlanta was accompanied by
Bishop Gaines, of Georgia; Bishop Grant, of Texas, and Booker
T. Washington, Principal of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial
Institute. All three addressed the Committee on Appropriations,
and President Collier said they made the best speeches of the occa¬
sion. Undoubtedly, their presence and the assurance of a Negro
appropriation until late in August, but before the year closed a
number of buildings were well under way.
Early in the history of the enterprise a Woman's Department
was organized with a board composed of fifty leading women.
Mrs , Joseph Thompson was elected president and Mrs. A. B. Steele
was chosen secretary. Mrs. William H. Felton, who had served
on the World's Fair Board of Lady Managers, was made chairman
of the Executive Committee. The ladies secured the co-operation
of leading women in twenty-five or thirty States, and by the opening
had collected an exhibit of great interest and amazing variety. By
that rare species of financiering of which women and women only
are capable, they got together by one means or another enough
electric building.
IN TROD UC TION.
money to pay for a building, and it was erected upon the plans of
a woman, Miss Mercur of Pittsburg, whose architectural ability was
demonstrated, both in the competition and in the test of actual
construction within the limits of the fund. The influence of the
women affected other departments, and was particularly helpful in
promoting the Exposition. At least one State exhibit was due to
this influence, and it contributed powerfully to securing others.
The grand dames whose subtile power was so often exercised at the
court of France in the days of Louis and the days of Napoleon
were not more potent than the charming women who helped to
build this Exposition. Their presence was a sign of victory and
not a single failure has been recorded against them.
Among others, the Negro Department was early organized. Negro
commissioners had been named for each of the Southern States, and
by them an executive
officer was chosen who
served to the close of
the fair. Through the
commissioners, work
was carried on in each
of the States, and most
of those in the South
were well represented
by exhibits.
The work of pro¬
motion was begun by
sending a commis¬
sioner through the
South and West, and
eventually representa¬
tives went to Central
and South America
and to Europe. The
work was greatly ad¬
vanced at Washing¬
ton by the committee
which secured the ap¬
propriation . They
made a strong impression on the committees of Congress
and this feeling found expression on the floor of the House,
where the leading orators on both sides of the chamber
emphasized the importance of the undertaking. Soon after the
action of Congress, a department of publicity and promotion was
organized and began work through the press and other channels of
publicity. This work grew steadily until the opening of the gates
and culminated with the visits of twenty-five press associations, from
as many States, during the month of October, while the fair was in
progress. They filled the papers with enthusiastic letters and this
was followed by a marked increase in attendance.
A department of concessions was organized, and through this
system, a large amount of revenue was secured. In this way, also, a
considerable part of the bonds was placed, and the Finance Com-
9
mittee received material aid from the Committee on Concessions.
The concessions for amusements built up Midway Heights, the
great resort of tired sightseers. It added something more than
amusement, for the villages of the Midway furnished an anthropo¬
logical exhibit full of instruction to the visitor.
Another important source of revenue was the charge for space
occupied by exhibits. In fixing this charge the managers had the
double object of keeping out poor exhibits and raising revenue, and
in both they succeeded. It was not without some misgiving that
this course was adopted. It was feared that the charge might keep
out desirable exhibits, and in the early stages of the fair a tendency
was manifested in this direction, especially among exhibitors of such
articles as agricultural implements, for which large space was
required. To meet this difficulty the space charge was reduced on
areas exceeding 400
square feet, and a spe¬
cial concession was
made to agricultural
implements. This
tended to conciliate
opposition, and as the
fair grew and increas¬
ing publicity gave ex¬
hibitors a better idea
of its importance, the
demand for space be¬
came so great that
complaints practically
ceased and belated
exhibitors turned their
attention to securing
as good positions as
possible out of the
space unsold. The
experience of the De¬
partment of Instal¬
lation showed con¬
clusively that where
magnitude is not the only object and the available space is not
large in proportion to the exhibition to be made, the true policy
is to make a reasonable charge for space, varying the charge some¬
what with the amount required, and modifying the fee in excep¬
tional cases where equity seems to require a departure from the
established rate. In the earlier period agents were sent out to
make contracts with desirable exhibitors, and all manufacturing
concerns of importance in the United States were repeatedly can¬
vassed with the printed matter of the Department of Publicity and
Promotion.
Though not the most expensive, the Government exhibit was
considered the best ever made. This was due chiefly to the mature
experience of the Government Board, and of its officials, many of
whom had served in the same capacity at other exhibitions. From
IO
INTRODUCTION.
the first the relations of the management with the Government Board
were exceedingly cordial, and this, no doubt, contributed to the
excellence of the Government exhibit. An instance was seen in the
arrangement by which the departments of minerals and forestry
were made parts of the Government exhibit, and installed in a
building which the Exposition Company had erected. The sym¬
pathy of the Federal administration was with the Exposition, and
from first to last the powerful influence of Secretary Smith was
constantly exerted in the behalf of the fair.
The construction period was passed through smoothly and work
was executed with remarkable rapidity. Every feature of the
enterprise prospered, and it was regarded as little less than a miracle
that a city of Atlanta's size had carried such a great undertaking to
completion and had never even staggered under the load. But it
was not to be a triumph without a struggle, and a hard struggle at
that. The gates were opened with due form and ceremony and the
press of the country heralded the event as the beginning of a new
era for the South. The country rang with the praises of the Exposi¬
tion and Atlanta was the toast of the times. From Chickamauga a
procession of governors and dignitaries came down to do honor to
the fair and the city. In the eyes of enthusiastic spectators in
New York, Chickamauga and Atlanta had become landmarks in
two stages of progress.
In the midst of all this glory, a cloud arose above the horizon,
and soon assumed ominous proportions. The odds and ends of
construction seemed to multiply, and the reports of incompleteness
carried home by the visitors of the first week were corroborated by
the debris which remained here and there on the grounds, and by
the tardiness of some exhibitors in getting their wares installed.
Added to this, the main between the pumps and the electric foun¬
tain came unjointed, and there were aggravating delays in repair¬
ing it. After all, the water had to be lowered in the lake, and a
new main had to be put in. The fair had been in progress a
month before the fountain was finally made to work. All this had
a disastrous effect upon the attendance. A report went abroad
that the fair would not be ready for two months, and the crowd
was painfully small until the gth of October, when the advent of
the Liberty Bell drew a large attendance. Then again the attend¬
ance fell until President Cleveland's visit, and even on that day the
crowd was little more than half what had been expected. About
the same time the treasurer reported vouchers for an enormous
amount of money which had become due. It was found that the
expense of construction in the machinery and electricity depart¬
ments had far exceeded the estimates. The Exposition was $200,-
000 behind, and with income still small, and two-thirds of the gate
receipts mortgaged to the bondholders, the fair was face to face
with bankruptcy. For a week or more the great enterprise tottered
on the verge of collapse. The attendance began to increase, and by
IN TROD UC TION.
the ist of November had reached a respectable figure, but the float¬
ing debt was a crushing weight. About this time the chairman of
the Finance Committee returned from New York, where he had
been for some time. One Saturday night the sheriff started
out to the Exposition to levy an attachment. This would have
closed the gates and caused the collapse. The sheriff was con¬
siderate enough to stop and let Mr. Inman know his errand, and
that gentleman assumed the payment of the claim, and told the
sheriff to hold up the attachment till he could look into the situa¬
tion. He soon saw how serious it was, and resolved upon heroic
action. He proposed to raise $100,000 upon second-mortgage
bonds, and offered to start the subscription with half the amount.
The proposition by the chairman of the Finance Committee to
lend the Exposition $50,000 on his own account, at once put
new courage in the
Directors, and they
met it with enthusiasm.
In a few days the re¬
mainder of the $100,-
000 was subscribed,
and very soon that
amount was in the
treasury. At the same
time Mr. Inman took
personal charge of ex¬
penditures. At his
suggestion committees
were appointed to go
through all the depart¬
ments and reduce the
pay rolls. The com¬
mittees were faithful
to their duty, and in a
week they cut off one-
third of the operating
expense. In one de¬
partment two hundred
men were dropped
from the rolls. In all departments salaries were cut down, and officers
and heads of departments were notified that they must work with
out pay. This action was afterwards rescinded, but for the time it
was held to be in force. The officers were not less faithful than
before, feeling that it was a time for all to make sacrifices. The
Directors gave more time to the Exposition, and all hands worked
harder than ever. The heavy cut in wages was accepted cheer¬
fully, except in one instance. In Machinery Hall it was fol¬
lowed by a strike of the coal stokers. That night several promi¬
nent officials of the fair fed the furnaces until more help could be
had. It was an unusual thing to see coal stokers in silk hats, but
this actually occurred. The strike did not last long. It lacked
moral support, for everybody was in sympathy with the fair, and
the work went on.
The attendance had increased since the middle of October, and
on the 10th of November, when the daily admissions were 15,000,
a new appropriation was made for advertising. Georgia day had
been fixed for the 19th of November and strenuous efforts were
made to draw a crowd. Something over 20,000 people came.
Atlanta day, in October, had been marred by rain, and it was
decided to have another on the 28th of November, which was
Thanksgiving Day. It had been made South Carolina day, and
the friends of Governor Evans and Senator Tillman united to make
the attendance from that State the largest on record. It was also
named Inman day in honor of Mr. S. M. Inman, Chairman of the
Finance Committee, who had rescued the Exposition from bank¬
ruptcy. Atlanta was turned upside down, and every man, woman
and child who could get away from home or business went to the
Exposition. Fifteen
thousand people es¬
corted Senator T illman
and Governor Evans
from South Carolina,
and more thousands
from Georgia and ad¬
joining States took
advantage of the legal
holiday to see the fair.
The turnstiles showed
something over 54,000
paid admissions, and
with the military and
others admitted free,
there were more than
60,000 people on the
grounds.
After this there were
other special days, and
every effort was made
to increase the receipts
to the last hour. The
hundred days of the
Exposition had brought a continuous procession of dignitaries,
including the President of the United States and his Cabinet,
the Governors of twenty-five or thirty States, and the municipal
authorities of the principal cities of the country. Hardly a day
passed without its pageant, dignified by the presence of distin¬
guished guests, and social functions of unrivaled brilliancy accom¬
panied the long procession. Through all this splendor, and from
the shadow of a catastrophe which for a time threatened to mar
the spectacle, the great enterprise emerged at last with its floating
debt reduced to a sum insignificant in comparison with results
achieved and with assets to pay the larger part of its bonds. The
expense to the community had been very great, but twenty times
as much had been realized by the business men of the city, while
Atlanta added to her achievements one more miracle, greater and
TRANSPORTATION BUILDING.
12
INTRODUCTION.
more brilliant than all the rest, increasing her laurels with interna¬
tional fame and winning the proud title of the bravest city in the
world.
There is one feature of the fair which is especially worthy of
remark. Not a cent was lost by litigation. It is a fact singular
and unprecedented in the history of such enterprises that a corpor¬
ation which expended a million and a half in the brief period of a
year, with all the haste attendant upon expositions, surrounded by
hundreds of auxiliary or parasitic concerns whose expenditures were
hardly less than a million and whose prosperity and very existence
depended on their relations with the parent concern, after all the
complicated and almost infinite details of its business, came out
clear of suits and legal entanglements. Friction was not absent,
and there were numerous differences and adjustments, but all were
settled satisfactorily, and this result was due, not only to the great
ability and sagacity of the executive officers, but also in large
measure to the legal ability, wisdom and rare tact of the General
Counsel. The management of this Exposition was an exceptionally
able one. From the President, whose breadth, executive ability
and tact won him the distinction of an ideal officer, through all the
list, the officers and officials were, with few exceptions, well qualified
for their duties. The committees and directors were the ablest and
most successful business men of the city and State, and served their
great trust with unswerving fidelity. Among them rises one great
figure of a man whose modesty is as rare as his ability and public
spirit. The Chairman of the Finance Committee remained in the
background doing his share of the work but not assuming leader¬
ship until the great enterprise was in extremity. With serene
courage and princely liberality he rose to the height of the occa¬
sion, grappling with appalling difficulties and infusing his own
spirit into all the directory. It is not surprising that with one
accord and with an unbounded enthusiasm the whole community
rose up to do him honor on Thanksgiving Day, the great day
of the fair.
GEORGIA MANUFACTURERS' BUILDING.
CHAPTER I.
ORIGIN OP THE EXPOSITION.
In the heat of a great and arduous undertaking Henry Grady
once said : " The best reforms of this earth come through waste
and storm, and doubt and suspicion." So it is with great achieve¬
ments. Enterprise is nurtured by hardship. The traditional
founder of Rome was nursed by a wolf, and Atlanta was born of
fire and sword. Greatness rises out of gloom.
In the wake of a panic whose disasters outweighed a great war,
when to many a toiler toil seemed hopeless, like a rainbow these lines
appeared:
[Editorial in the Atlanta Constitution of December 14th, 1893.]
A SIGN OF PROMISE.
We congratulate the enterprising citizens of Waco, Texas, upon their
pluck and public spirit.
In deciding to build a Cotton Palace on a magnificent scale, and
throw open its doors next October, they have given assurance of their
confidence in the future. They have announced to the world that next
year will see good times in the South, and especially in Texas.
We like the spirit of the Waco people, and it is to be hoped that other
Southern communities will not lag behind. Our season of hard times
has lasted long enough. By next fall the Democratic policy of financial
and tariff reform should make itself felt in a way that will benefit all
classes and interests, and the South should be prepared to forge ahead.
The Cotton Palace will probably be a big success. But Waco should
not stand alone as an Exposition city. Other Southern centres should
come to the front next year with similar enterprises.
If work and talk will bring good times, 1894 will be a prosperous
year.
The following communication appeared the next day. The
writer was Mr. W. A. Hemphill, business manager of the Constitu¬
tion and an ex-Mayor of Atlanta.
ATLANTA TO THE FRONT.
Editor Constitution : — Your editorial of to-day, " A Sign of
Promise," in which you commend the Waco people for their enterprise
in organizing a Cotton Palace Exposition for next fall, is on the right
line.
Let the people of Atlanta commence immediately the plans for a
grand Exposition here next fall. We need something of the kind to
bring back the old-time enthusiasm, which will bring prosperity and
place Atlanta at the head of the column. Messrs. Editors, please take
hold of this matter and push it for all it is worth. PROGRESS.
This communication was the occasion of the following editorial:
AN EXPOSITION NEXT YEAR.
The brief communication signed " Progress," in another column, has
the right ring ; it sounds a note of confidence ; and we believe that it
will meet with a prompt response.
We have the finest Exposition buildings and grounds in the South in
readiness for a big industrial jubilee. Atlanta is the centre of the
South Atlantic region, and the populous and productive territory
reached by our eleven railways can be relied upon to furnish exhibits
and thousands of visitors.
It is safe to say that the worst period of the financial depression has
been passed. The South has held her own, and with economy and
diversified industry we have good reason to feel sure of the future. The
announcement that Atlanta is going to work to organize for next fall
the grandest Exposition ever held in this section will in itself have a
stimulating and encouraging effect. It will revive our old-time enthu¬
siasm, and our people will pull together with the determination to make
the occasion eclipse anything of the kind that we have ever attempted
in the past.
Such an Exposition next year will not only help Atlanta, but it will
attract the attention of the North and West to Southern resources and
opportunities, and will do more to draw capital and enterprise in this
direction than any other one thing that could be devised.
With our Exposition buildings and grounds, and with the willing aid
of the railroads and our business men, we can hold a big industrial fair
next year that will be a brilliant success.
It is not too early to begin the work of organization. As soon as
possible we should get together and map out a programme that will be
worthy of the New South and of her metropolis. Atlanta proposes to
head the procession in the coming era of good times.
The renewed prosperity of our people will make them happy and
jubilant. Let us get ready for the good time coming, and work for it,
and talk about it, and in this way hasten its approach !
This was followed two days later by interviews with twenty-eight
leading citizens who favored the project. Then came more edi¬
torials, more interviews, and dozens of editorials copied from
prominent newspapers in all parts of the country. Public senti¬
ment crystallized in a meeting at the Chamber of Commerce on
Thursday, December 28th.
The idea of the Exposition grew rapidly. In the O/z-fAYw/z'tw's
editorial of the 15th of December, it was stated that the
buildings were already on hand. This referred to two, one of
which, somewhat enlarged, became the Transportation Building,
while the other was torn down and the material utilized in part of
the Negro Building. There were eleven other main Exposition
buildings, besides scores of minor structures erected by States and
railroads, and hundreds by concessionaires. Even within the
first week the young idea expanded amazingly. Only nine days
after its birth the project had become " The Cotton States
and Sub-Tropical; " a few days later it was " The Pan-American,"
and at the end of two weeks it was •' The Cotton States and Inter¬
national." On Christmas Eve the Constitution printed an elaborate
article, showing Atlanta to be the " heart of the cotton States
and the sub-tropics." It was on this occasion that Mr. Clark
Howell printed his famous map, by which he is said to have de¬
monstrated that a line drawn from any point in North America to
NEW YORK, MASSACHUSETTS AND ILLINOIS STATE BUILDINGS.
OFFICIAL HISTORY.
15
THE EXPOSITION MEETING.
We believe Atlanta is unanimously in favor of having a great
Exposition next fall.
It is time to declare this intention, and this will probably be done
at the mass meeting of citizens which will be held at the Chamber
of Commerce to-morrow.
The meeting ought to be representative in size as well as in character.
All the people of Atlanta are interested in the question to be consid¬
ered. Every branch of business, every industry and every profession
should be represented at to-morrow's meeting.
In order to prepare for such an Exposition, it is necessary to begin
at once. It is Atlanta's ambition to have an Exposition such as has
never been held in the South before.
She can do it.
Let the work be begun at once. The meeting to-morrow ought to
have a propitious start.
The meeting assembled in response to a call signed by Stewart
Woodson, President of the Chamber of Commerce; Rufus B.
Bullock, President of the Commercial Club; the Atlanta Constitu¬
tion and the Atlanta Journal. This call was sent by mail to leading
citizens and was published in the newspapers.
THE FIRST MEETING.
The mass meeting at the Chamber of Commerce, on the 28th of
December, was largely attended. The newspapers reported over
electric and transportation buildings—night.
and take steps for a permanent organization. Later in the day the
Chairman announced the following committee :
Joseph Kingsberry,
J. W. English,
R. D. Spalding,
E. P. Chamberlin,
C. A. Collier,
M. F. Amorous,
R. B. Bullock,
Joseph Hirsch,
S. F. Woodson,
W. D. Grant,
Clark Howell,
J. R. Wylie,
H. E. W. Palmer,
E. C. Peters,
J. G. Oglesby,
C. E. Harman,
E. B. Stahlman,
John A. Fitten,
W. A. Hemphill,
Forrest Adair.
H. H. Cabaniss,
Phil. H. Harralson,
Anton Kontz,
Jacob Elsas.
R. J. Lowry,
S. M. Inman.
Of these, Mr. E. B. Stahlman and Mr. Joseph Kingsberry re¬
signed, because of business engagements. Mr. Jacob Elsas was going
to Europe and had to decline. All the others were present at the
any point in South America, Central America or Mexico, must
necessarily pass through Atlanta. He drew one straight line
through New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Lynch¬
burg, Montgomery, New Orleans, and the City of Mexico, and this
line passed through Atlanta. Another drawn through Chicago,
Louisville, Chattanooga, Tampa, and Havana, met the same fate;
and a third, drawn through Des Moines and St. Louis, was unable
to reach Jacksonville, St. Augustine and Nassau without passing
through " the gateway of the continent," as he christened Atlanta.
Despite its humorous features, this map did good service by inflam¬
ing the imagination of the public and arousing an enthusiasm
which, to this day, has shown no sign of abatement. The same
map was used all over the United States, and was subsequently pub¬
lished in Rio Janeiro, with the accompanying article in Portuguese.
This matter does not seem exaggerated when it is remembered
that nearly a half century before John C. Calhoun said that, in
the railway age then opening, Atlanta would become a city be¬
cause its position with reference to the gaps in mountain chains
made it a national gateway.
On the morning of the 28th, when the preliminary meeting
was to be held, the editor of the Constitution printed these
significant words in an editorial:
The purpose of the meeting is more important than that of rais¬
ing money. It is to pitch Atlanta's Exposition on a scope com¬
mensurate with the demands of the occasion. It is for the purpose
of picking out an auger big enough for Atlanta to bore with for the
next year or two.
In this spirit the meeting was held.
The following editorial appeared in the Atlanta Journal
of December 27th:
three hundred prominent citizens present. Mr. Stewart Woodson
nominated Mr. S. M. Inman for Chairman, and that gentleman
was unanimously and enthusiastically called to preside. Mr. H. G.
Saunders was chosen Secretary.
There were calls for Mr. Clark Howell, who outlined at some
length the project which had been suggested in the Constitution.
Mr. F. H. Richardson, editor of the Joicrnal, which had seconded
the efforts of the Constitution, was called for and responded in the
same enthusiastic spirit. Speeches were made by Messrs. J. G.
Oglesby, H. E. W. Palmer, Ex-Governor Rufus B. Bullock, W. A.
Osborn, C. A. Collier, R. J. Lowry and W. C. Glenn. Mr. Hemp¬
hill embodied the sentiment of the meeting in a resolution request¬
ing the Chairman to appoint a committee of twenty-five, with
himself as a member, to formulate plans, devise ways and means
i6
OFFICIAL HISTORY.
first meeting, on December 30th, at Mr. S. M. Inman's office, with
the exception of Mr. E. C. Peters and Mr. James R. Wylie, who
were detained for that day by illness. The three vacancies caused
by the above resignations were filled by the election of Messrs. B.
F. Walker, Hugh T. Inman and W. G. Raoul. The number
of committeemen gradually increased until the permanent organiza¬
tion, under the charter, in April, when fifty directors were elected.
Mr. W. A. Hemphill was unanimously chosen Chairman and
temporary organization was further advanced by the election of
Mr. H. H. Cabaniss as Secretary. At the next meeting Captain
R. J. Lowry was made temporary Treasurer.
the scope to be international, and Mr. Collier suggested "Pan-
American." Mr. Oglesby united the two ideas, and the meeting
sanctioned the union.
It was resolved to open the fair on the 2d of September and
close it on the last of November. The September date was fixed
because the Grand Army of the Republic was to meet in August,
and it was thought that many of the veterans would come to the
Exposition. Subsequently the date was changed to open September
18th and close December 31st.
After mature discussion, the Guarantee Fund was fixed at
$200,000. Mr. Inman said that a million dollars would be needed
FINE ARTS AND GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS, FROM GRAND PLAZA.
At the first meeting of the committee, on December 30th, Mr.
Inman outlined as follows the business to be considered:
1. Shall the Exposition be held ?
2. The name.
3. The scope.
4. The date.
5. The Guarantee Fund.
6. The Committee on Organization.
7. The Committee on Charter.
The first question was settled immediately and without dissent.
There was a round-table discussion of the name, and two ideas
were combined in the title—" Cotton States and International."
Mr. Chamberlin suggested " Cotton States," Mr. Harman wanted
to complete such an Exposition as the people of Atlanta expected.
Even at that meeting the opinion was expressed that a Govern¬
ment appropriation would be secured.
The Committee on Subscriptions consisted of the following
gentlemen: C. A. Collier, S. M. Inman, C. E. Harman, J. W.
English and R. D. Spalding.
The Committee on Location consisted of Messrs. S. F. 'Woodson,
P. H. Harralson, Clark Howell, C. A. Collier and Joseph Kings¬
bury.
Judge H. E. W. Palmer was a committee of one on incorpora¬
tion, and was instructed to secure a charter with a capital stock of
$1,000,000, with the privilege of increasing it to five millions, and
with the committee of twenty-five as incorporators.
OFFICIAL HISTORY.
i7
Messrs. Oglesby, Cabaniss and Amorous were appointed a com¬
mittee to prepare an address to the public.
Another committee, to look after a Government appropriation,
consisted of Messrs. R. B. Bullock, John A. Fitten, W. 1). Grant,
Clark Howell, and H. H. Cabaniss.
In the Atlanta Constitution of December 31st, which contained
the report of the temporary organization, were communications
from Mrs. Loulie M. Gordon and Mrs. William H. Felton, suggest¬
ing a Woman's Department for the Exposition. These suggestions
took shape at the next meeting, on January 4th, when Mr. S. M.
Inman offered the following resolution, which was adopted unani¬
mously :
Resolved, That a special building of this Exposition be set aside
for the display of woman's work, and that all American women, and
especially Southern-born women, be asked to contribute toward the
exhibits made therein ; the exhibits not to consist alone of the fruits of
the ordinary pursuits of women, but that a special feature be made of
the attainments of women in the arts and in literature.
This resolution was written by Mrs. Robert S. Barrett, then
a resident of Atlanta.
The same afternoon the first subscription was announced, and
it came from a lady, Mrs. W. C. Lanier, of West Point, Ga.,
who had sent $100.
At the third meeting of the Committee, on January 8th,
1894, temporary organization was perfected by the election of
the following officers :
President, W. A. Hemphill.
First Vice-President, W. D. Grant.
Second Vice-President, R. B. Bullock.
Third Vice-President, James R. Wylie.
Secretary, H. H. Cabaniss.
Treasurer, A. L. Kontz.
Director-General, H. E. W. Palmer.
Executive Committee: J. W. English, chairman; H. T.
Inman, C. A. Collier. Dr. R. D. Spalding, F. P. Rice, J. Drey¬
fus, and E. P. Chamberlin.
Finance Committee: S. M. Inman, Chairman, J. G. Oglesby,
R. J. Lowry, S. F. Woodson, Joseph Hirsch, Paul Romare, and
John A. Fitten.
On motion of Mr. Clark Howell, the following ladies were ap¬
pointed a committee to suggest the names of twenty other ladies,
who, with themselves, would constitute the Woman's Board. Mrs.
Loulie M. Gordon, Mrs. Robert S. Barrett, Mrs. Wm. H. Felton,
Mrs. W. C. Lanier, and Mrs. S. M. Inman.
Headquarters were established on the second floor of the Consti¬
tution Building on January 15th, but systematic work on the sub¬
scription list was not begun till February 8th, when the charter
was granted by the Court and accepted by the incorporators.
Then a list of 200 names was prepared and ten men were
appointed to canvass it. At the end of the first week the
Director-General reported $44,500 raised, and a week later the
amount was $57,650. Owing to complications arising out of the
proposition for a purchase of Piedmont Park by the City of Atlanta
for park purposes, the subscription was not completed until the 9th
of April, when a resolution by the committee recited that the mini¬
mum amount of capital stock had been secured. Meantime certain
amendments to the charter had been found necessary to protect the
subscribers, and the final order of Court was not secured until April
r6th. On that day the original incorporators met, accepted the
charter as amended, and adjourned sine die. Immediately afterward
the subscribers to the capital stock assembled, and Mr. W. A. Hemp¬
hill, chairman of the incorporators' meeting, tendered the charter
to the subscribers, by whom it was accepted. The minutes of that
meeting contain the report of Paul Romare, Jacob Haas and W. L.
Peel, a committee of bankers, who had examined the subscription
list and passed upon it. They found individual, corporation and
firm subscriptions amounting to $134,621.50, and $75,000 by the
City of Atlanta. In their opinion less than $5,000 of the entire
amount was doubtful. The Cotton States and International Ex-
GENERAL VIEW OF GROUNDS—NIGHT.
position Company having thus been legally organized under the
charter, the stockholders proceeded to adopt by-laws and elect fifty
directors.
By this time the magnitude of the undertaking had become so
apparent that the entire time of the executive officers was clearly
necessary to the successful administration of Exposition business.
For that reason President Hemphill and Secretary Cabaniss, who,
as business managers of the two most important newspapers in the
South, were unable to remain in their respective positions, though
willing to serve the Exposition in every moment which could be
spared from their busy lives. Accordingly, the permanent organiza¬
tion was made with the following officers :
C. A. Collier President.
W. A. Hemphill, First Vice-President.
H. H. Cabaniss, Second Vice-President.
W. D. Grant, Third Vice-President.
i8
OFFICJA L HIS TOR }'.
H. E. W. Palmer, Director-General.
A. L. Kontz, Treasurer.
Gen. J. R. Lewis, Secretary.
A. W. Smith . . Auditor.
J. J. Spalding, General Counsel.
The following directors were elected :
R. D. Spalding, M. F. Amorous, F. P. Rice, Joseph Thomp
son, W. I). Grant, James R. Wylie, J. W. English, H. H
Cabaniss, H. L. Wilson, Clark Howell, Jr., C. E. Harman, J
H. Allen, R. J. Lowry, P. H. Harralson, A. W. Smith, A. D
Adair, S. F. Woodson, E. P. Chamberlin, B. F. Walker, J. A
Dodson, W. A. Hemphill, R. B. Bullock, S. M. Inman, H. E
W. Palmer, Grant Wilkins, E. P. Black, T. B. Neal, D. O
Dougherty, H. M. At¬
kinson, H. T. Inman,
E. C. Peters, Forrest
Adair, G. T. Dodd,
R. P. Dodge, E. P.
Howell, J. H. Winder,
E. Rich, W. H. Ven-
able, John A. Grant,
E. L. Tyler, John A.
Miller, and Charles S.
Northen.
The location of the
fair was for a time
the source of a great
deal of difficulty. The
Committee of 25 had
no trouble in agree¬
ing on a site. At
their second meeting
on J anuary 4th the
Committee on Lo¬
cation reported in
favor of Piedmont
Park, and this choice
was unanimously approved. Early in February, however, when
the first charter was accepted and work for subscriptions began,
the owners of Piedmont Park subscribed $30,000 of the
stock of their company toward the Exposition. This was
done with the idea that the city would appropriate $75,000
to buy the park, and the $75,000 would be used for buildings,
the city to allow the use of the park for the Exposition, but
to become absolute owner of the ground and the improvements.
This proposition passed the City Council with one dissenting vote,
but was vetoed by the Mayor, John B. Goodwin, on the ground
that it was not a proper investment for the city and the site was not
as well adapted to the purpose as the old water works property,
which was already in the city's possession. This threw a damper
over the enterprise, and for a time the friends of the Exposition
were discouraged. It was even seriously proposed to surrender the
charter, but better counsel prevailed, and a committee of conference
was appointed at the suggestion of Captain E. P. Howell, editor-
in-chief of the Constitution. The personnel of the committee was
as follows:
For the Exposition. For the City.
S. M. Inman, L. Z. Rosser,
J. W. English G. T. Dodd,
H. H. Cabaniss, Walter R. Brown,
C. A. Collier, Marshall J. Clarke,
E. P. Chamberlin, P. H. Harralson,
President Hemphill. . • . . . Mayor Goodwin.
E. P. Howell, J. G.
Oglesby, and Jacob
Haas were added as
honorary members of
the committee.
After prolonged
conferences, in which
Captain Howell took
a prominent part, an
agreement was finally
reached, and Mayor
Goodwin consented
to approve an appro¬
priation by the city
of $75,000 for the
Exposition, the com¬
mittee recommending
at the same time the
expenditure of $40,-
000 by the city on
the water works prop¬
erty to convert it
into a park. This com¬
promise was reached
on the 8th of March, and by the first week in April the re¬
mainder of the $200,000 minimum of the Guarantee Fund had
been secured.
On the 22d of March a delegation of colored citizens, headed
by Bishop Gaines and the Rev. E. R. Carter, appeared before the
Exposition Committee, and, in behalf of their race, pledged aid and
encouragement to the Exposition. The directors were so impressed
with the importance of the matter that Messrs. W. A. Hemphill, S.
M. Inman, A. D. Adair, R. D. Spalding and R. B. Bullock were
appointed a committee to take into consideration the suggestions
of the colored men. This was the fir.st official action on a subject
which furnished one of the most important features of the fair, and
so powerfully affected public sentiment as to advantage not only
the Exposition, but the entire country.
CHAPTER II.
PRELIMINARY PROMOTION.
Soon after organization the founders of the Exposition sought to
impress its importance upon the country and to pave the way for a
presentation of the matter to Congress. Colonel Isaac W. Avery,
a journalist of reputation and experience, was sent through the
South and West to stir up interest in the project and to secure the
endorsement of commercial bodies, governors, agricultural societies
and other interests likely to be of service to the enterprise. He met
with marked success, and the publication of these testimonials did
much to widen the area of interest and to develop the possibilities of
the Exposition. This work also showed how great an undertaking
the people of Atlanta had on their hands, and they began to realize
how much was to be done before a really national fair could be in¬
augurated. To make it international added difficulties, for there was
little more than a year in which to bring the matter to the attention
of foreign governments and secure exhibits. Even after they were
promised, unforeseen delays were likely to occur in the preparation
and transmission of exhibits, and a due allowance for these contin¬
gencies showed that the time was very short. Still it was useless
for Commissioners to go abroad without the endorsement of the
Federal Government, and several months must intervene before
Congress would act on the appropriation bills. It was in this long
period of suspense, while the monthly installments of the Guarantee
Fund fell due with painful regularity during the dull months of
1894, that the temper of the people was most severely tried. That
public spirit never flagged and determination never wavered was
due largely to the good work of the press. The columns of the
daily papers constantly brought the news of the work going on
throughout the South and West. Almost every day some society
adopted resolutions or some public man was heard from.
About this time occurred an event which gave the Exposition
INTERIOR MANUFACTURES AND UBERAI, ARTS BUILDING.
20
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
great publicity and laid the foundation for that broad sympathy
with which it was regarded by the press of the United States. The
International League of Press Clubs met in Atlanta the first week
in May and a very large representation of the journalistic profes¬
sion was in attendance. The late Colonel John Cockerill was
president and came as the guest of Captain E. P. Howell. The
members were received with the usual hospitality of Atlanta. On
the first of May they were entertained at luncheon by the Com¬
mercial Club, presided over by Ex-Governor Bullock, and there met
the Exposition directors. The next day they were the guests of
Venable Brothers at Stone Mountain, where a barbecue was
served, and on the following Thursday the press clubs were enter-
Another form of promotion and one which had much to do with
the popularity and the publicity of the Exposition, was the policy of
securing the annual meetings of all the associations which could be
induced to convene in Atlanta during 1895 or the fall of 1894.
Many of these bodies came during the construction period, and
carried to all parts of the United States glowing accounts of the
beautiful new city that was rising in Piedmont Park. The work of
securing these conventions began early in 1894. One of the most
important steps in this direction was to send an invitation to the
Grand Army of the Republic, which met in Pittsburg in August of
that year. The veterans went to Louisville in 1895, but it was
expected that many would come on to Chickamauga to witness the
tained by the directors of the fair at the Piedmont Driving Club,
on the Exposition grounds. The ladies of the Woman's Board had
their part in the social attentions to visitors and the journalists went
away enthusiastic on Atlanta and the Exposition. This enthusiasm
told upon the country later when the accounts of the meeting were
being written. In compliment to Atlanta and to the earliest pro¬
moter of the Exposition, Hon. Clark Howell was elected president
of the League to succeed Colonel Cockerill. This helped to keep
Atlanta before the public, and enabled the friends of the Exposition
to secure the widest publicity for the enterprise. The good results
were seen in the friendly attitude of editors throughout the country,
and in their marked liberality in dealing with the fair.
dedication of the National Park on the 19th of September, and
from there many would come to Atlanta. The invitation of
Atlana in connection with Chickamauga aroused a great deal of
enthusiasm among the members of Sherman's army, who wanted to
see Atlanta again after the lapse of thirty years. This feeling caused
Atlanta and her Exposition to be talked about all over the North
and West, and contributed largely to the attendance from those
States.
At this time there was no organized propaganda, and the wide
publicity which the Exposition received in the early months of 1894
was due entirely to the events just described, and to the constant
and enthusiastic efforts of the Atlanta papers, especially those of the
GRAND PI.AZA, FROM DOME OF GOVERNMENT BUII,DING.
OFFICIAL HISTORY.
21
Constitution and the Journal, whose commanding position in South¬
ern journalism caused their articles to be extensively copied and
kept the country fairly well informed on the progress of the Exposi¬
tion. The press associations were willing vehicles of the news of
events which marked the progress of the enterprise. The National
Educational Association adopted resolutions strongly endorsing the
Exposition, and this action did much to impress the country and the
Congress with the national character of the undertaking which
Atlanta had in hand.
Early in May the Georgia Press Association, headed by Mr. H.
H. Cabaniss, then president of that body, and Mr. W. A. Hemp¬
hill, Vice-President of the Exposition, made an excursion to
Mexico, and the party was commissioned to convey to President
Diaz an invitation to attend and take part in the Exposition. Mr.
Cabaniss, Mr. Hemphill and Mr. Claude Bennett acted as spokes¬
men when the editors were received at Chapultepec, and President
Diaz assured them that Mexico would be represented. This was
telegraphed to Washington and used before the Committee on
Appropriations.
PALACE OF FINE ARTS.
CHAPTER III.
BEFORE CONGRESS.
Early in April, 1894, steps were taken to secure a hearing before
the House Committee on Appropriations. A bill drawn by Mr.
J. J. Spalding, General Counsel, was introduced by Hon. L. F.
Livingston, of the Atlanta district, and was referred to the Com¬
mittee on Appropriations. The good offices of Speaker Crisp were
always given in favor of the Exposition, and with the efforts of Mr.
Livingston and the tactful management of Mr. Spalding, the bill
found its way into the hands of a friendly sub-committee, with
Atlanta's representa¬
tive as chairman. The
hearing was set for
the middle of May
and a committee of
leading men, accom¬
panied by prominent
gentlemen from other
Southern cities, went
to Washington and
presented the claims
of the Exposition to
the full Committee on
Appropriations.
The following gent¬
lemen appeared for
the Exposition: Presi¬
dent, C. A. Collier;
Mayor, Jno. B. Good¬
win; Stewart Wood¬
son, R. B. Bullock,
S. M. Inman, Dr. R.
D. Spalding, E. P.
Chamberlin, J. G. Og-
lesby, A. D. Adair, W. L. Peel, T. B. Neal, F. P. Rice,
H. B. Tompkins, E. L. Tyler, Martin Amorous, Forrest Adair,
H. C. Stockdell, J. J. Spalding, J. A. Dodson, H. E. W. Palmer,
Gen. J. R. Lewis, Clark Howell, J. W. Labouisse, president of the
New Orleans Cotton Exchange; Col. W. D. Chipley, Pensacola;
Col. T. T. Stockton, editor Times-Union, Jacksonville, Fla.; G.
Gunby Jordan, Columbus, Ga., president Eagle & Phoenix Mills;
Fleming Du Bignon, Savannah; C. W. Carwile, Augusta; D. A.
Tompkins, Charlotte; and A. S. Clay, Marietta, president of the
Georgia Senate.
It was a body of distinguished men who heard the arguments for
the Exposition and it was a not less distinguished committee which
appeared before them. With the Atlantians and their Southern
allies Speaker Crisp and the entire Georgia delegation filed into the
committee room. It was at ten o'clock in the morning and but two
hours intervened before the session of the House. The hearing
occupied all of that time, which was crowded with short speeches.
First Mr. Clark Howell introduced the subject, in a short talk. He
was followed more at length by President Collier, who was asked a
good many questions
THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING.
by the committee. Mr.
Cannon asked him
what the " Cotton
States" meant, and
Congressman Living¬
ston quickly suggested
that it meant " all the
States that make cot¬
ton and all the States
that use cotton," an
interpretation after¬
wards practically
adopted by the Expo¬
sition. Other speeches
were made by Mr. S.
M. Inman, Mr. G.
Gunby Jordan, of
Columbus, Mr. J. W.
Labouisse, of N ew
Orleans, and the three
colored men, Bishop
Gaines, of Georgia
Bishop Grant, of Tex¬
as, and Booker T. Washington, principal of the Tuskegee, Ala.,
Normal and Industrial Institute.
The most remarkable feature of the occasion, and that which
made most impression on the committee of the House, consisted
in the speeches made by the coloied men. The first two were
bishops of the African Methodist Church, and the last was a
pioneer in technical education among the negroes. Summoned
hastily by telegrams, they came from distant States to Washington
and went before the committee with only fifteen minutes' notice.
After a hurried conference with Exposition officers, the colored
men went into the committee room, where they remained silent
24
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
witnesses of the proceedings till their turn came to speak. Until
then the discussion had been commonplace. The usual presenta¬
tion of the project had been clearly and forcefully made by the
Exposition officers, and good talks had been made by men from
other Southern cities, who threw side-lights on the subject, but
they had all spoken from a business standpoint, without appeal
to sentiment, and without any exhibition of eloquence. With the
colored men the case was different, 'l'hey had been without
warning thrust upon the threshold of a great opportunity, such an
opportunity as the wisest and best of their race had long and
earnestly hoped for and expected to find in the dim and uncer¬
tain future. Now it appeared before them with the suddenness
of an apparition, as when the wandering Moses, brooding over
the wrongs of Israel, was called to action by the voice from the
burning bush. Profoundly moved and inspired by the opportunity
of a lifetime, they rose to the full height of the occasion, and the
thoughts and aspirations of years crowded upon their lips, giving
them an utterance which in power and in earnestness exceeded any¬
thing which had been heard by the distinguished men who waited
upon their words.
Bishop Gaines is a large man, over six feet high, portly in form
and dignified in bearing. They had come, he said, to hold
up the hands of the white people in asking for an appropriation,
because it would give his race an opportunity to make an exhibit
of its development and progress—an opportunity they had never
had. It was denied to them at the World's Fair, because Con¬
gress and the Northern people were afraid it would offend the
South and drive away patronage. Now the Southern people
proposed to have a great Exposition and had voluntarily offered
to give them an opportunity they desired. In the South the
whites and blacks understood each other and got along together
well. They were working out their problems, and but for the
politicians who had kept up an agitation and tried to estrange
them, they would have made even greater progress. The white
people in the South understood the negro better than the Northern
people did, and the negro understood them better. The Bishop
then presented statistics, showing what the Southern negroes
had done in education and in accumulating property. He
thanked their friends in the North for liberal endowments of
institutions and for other contributions to the education of the
negro and the improvement of his condition, and closed by appeal¬
ing to the committee to give the sanction of the Government to
this Exposition and give his race an opportunity to go on exhibi¬
tion before the world. This is the bare skeleton of a strong
fifteen minutes' speech.
Bishop Grant was the next speaker. He, too, was a fine
specimen of his race, near six feet and a half high, portly and
dignified, with a face full of intelligence; he at once arrested the
attention of the committee. Joining in the request for an appro¬
priation because it would give his people an opportunity, he called
attention to the fact that the negroes were especially the wards of
the Government. The Republican party had given them the right
to vote, said he, and had charged them with the duties of citizen¬
ship at a time when they were utterly unfit for it, and, as a natural
result, a great many of the troubles in the South followed, but
this had largely worn away, and the two races were on terms of
continually increasing friendship. The negroes and the whites
understood each other, and the South was the negro's home.
There he was going to stay. The negro was more interested in
the culture and manufacture of cotton than in all other products
put together. This, also, is the great staple crop of the country,
contributing most largely to the export trade. The negro makes
that crop, and he is the finest laborer on earth. He is the con¬
servative element in this country, seldom in any riot or organized
disturbance, and never in a strike. At that particular time, when
such disturbances were occurring in many parts of the country,
not one could be traced to the negro race. There were now
negroes born in freedom old enough to occupy the presidential
chair. That great part of the population had been born, reared
and educated under the new order of things. They had never
been given a hearing by the rest of the world, and had never
had an opportunity to show whether they were worthy of freedom
and citizenship, and for this opportunity he appealed to the
committee.
When Bishop Grant sat down only six or seven minutes of the
time were left to the last speaker. Booker Washington, unlike
the others, was small of stature and not prepossessing in ap¬
pearance, but his ability was immediately recognized. He
rose with an envelope in his hand, and glanced from time to
time at some notes which he had penciled on it. He attracted
attention at once by the statement that for fifteen years he had
eschewed all participation in politics or political gatherings, and
had advised his people to do the same. He had devoted his
energies during that time to educating his own people, especially
in the practical and industrial pursuits of life. He had urged the
negro to acquire property, own his land, drive his own mule hitched
to his own wagon, milk his own cow, raise his own crop and keep
out of debt, and that when he acquired a home he became fit for a
conservative citizen. He told them that the way to secure their
political rights was to obtain something which the white people
wanted, to wit, property. Let the negro fit himself to be one of
the units that make up the conservative body of the government
and then all his legal and political rights would be accorded him.
The progress of his people, in all the walks and pursuits of life, had
been remarkable. The white people of the South did not fully
realize what was going on, and the white people in the North and
the rest of the world had no idea of it. In conclusion, he told
them that, for lhe first time in fifteen vears, he had left his school,
and come on telegraphic summons, at his own expense, without
any previous conference with any of the Exposition Company, to
take advantage of this opportunitv, and he earnestly asked for Con¬
gressional aid, in order that his race might have the chance to give
an account of its stewardship.
The friends of the Exposition did not content themselves with a
OFFICIAL HISTORY.
hearing before the Committee on Appropriations. When that was
over they went systematically and vigorously to work to bring the
matter to the attention of every member of Congress. There was
hardly one who did not have the enterprise fully explained to him
and its merits strongly set forth by some gentleman from Atlanta.
The Georgia Congressmen and the two Senators, Gordon and
Walsh, put their shoulders to the wheel and Secretary Hoke Smith
exerted his powerful influence in behalf of the Exposition. While
the committee was in Washington, Mr. Smith invited them to a
reception at his house to meet the representatives of Central and
South American governments, and by this means an opportunity
was early afforded to impress the importance of the Exposition
upon the officials of the Southern countries.
A few days later a further hearing was had before the sub-com¬
mittee, attended by
Mr. Clark Howell and
Mr. J. J. Spalding.
At this meeting the
project was subjected
to a searching exami¬
nation, and all the de¬
tails of resources and
revenue were consid¬
ered and compared
with the probable ex¬
penditures.
Mr. Spalding sub¬
mitted an estimate
furnished by President
Collier, who gave in
detail the anticipated
income and expendi¬
tures. The whole cost
of the fair to the Ex¬
position Company was
fixed at $1,352,968.
This was not very far
wrong. The Exposition
Company expended about $1,500,000. The United States Govern¬
ment expended $200,000 and various States and railroads about
$300,000. The expenditures of exhibitors and concessionaires
carried the total to $2,500,000. In the original estimate $100,000
was allowed for advertising, and the gate receipts were estimated at
$1,000,000. The actual cost of advertising was $40,000 and
gate receipts were about $400,000. By a curious coincidence,
which gives food for reflection, both in the estimates and in actual
experience, the gate receipts were just ten times the amount spent
in advertising. The Executive Committee saw fit to allow for ad¬
vertising only 40 per cent, of the estimate, and strange to say, they
realized in gate receipts just 40 per cent, of the estimate.
The Sub-Committee reported a carefully drawn bill, which was duly
reported to the House, where it unfortunately got on the calendar.
25
After sleeping two months in that legislative cemetery, the bill
again saw the light in an amendment to the Sundry Civil bill, the good
Samaritan for wayfaring appropriations. It was not resurrected
without difficulty, and the best efforts of President Collier and
Captain Evan P. Howell were brought into requisition to supple¬
ment those of Senator Gordon in satisfying skeptical members of
the Senate Committee on Finance. From the Senate the Sundry
Civil bill went to conference, and, with numerous amendments, was
reported to the House on August 1 xth. When this item was reached,
Mr. Cannon, of Illinois, moved to disagree to the Senate amend¬
ment and instruct the conferees to insist on the substance of the
House bill, as recommended by the Committee on Appropriations.
His reason was that the House measure, carrying the same appro¬
priation, was better drawn and limited the liability of the Govern¬
ment. Mr. Livingston
accepted the amend¬
ment and it came up
for discussion, Mr.
Cannon opening the
debate in favor of the
appropriation. He
was followed by Mr.
Coombs and Gen.
Sickles, of New York,
Gen. Coggswell and
Mr. Walker, of Mas¬
sachusetts, Gen. Gros-
venor, of Ohio, Mr.
Pence, of Colorado,
Congressman Murray,
of South Carolina,and
Mr. Livingston, of
Georgia, for the bill,
and Mr. Williams, of
Illinois,and Mr. Snod-
grass, of Tennessee,
against it.
The speeches
breathed a spirit of patriotism and fraternity which afterward blazed
in the long procession of statesmen who crossed the stage of the
Exposition, singing psalms of brotherhood and uniting their voices
in a kind of national hymn.
There were thirteen short speeches, ten for and three against the
measure. Strict construction of the Constitution was'the only idea
of importance advanced by the opposition. All of the ten advo¬
cates of the appropriation were men of prominence, and much of
what they said is worth reading, but as there is not room for all, the
speeches of the late General Cogswell, of Massachusetts, and Rep¬
resentative Murray, the colored Congressman from South Carolina,
are selected as of especial historic value.
In that discussion General Cogswell was a striking figure. It is
not often that a soldier who sears the scars of war with fire lives to
2b
OFFICIA L HIS TOR V.
see them covered with a new growth of prosperity, and to take a
part in such upbuilding. Such was the fortune of the man who ap¬
plied the torch to Atlanta only thirty years before. He had lived
to champion her cause in Congress and to aid her greatest achieve¬
ment. In advocating the appropriation, he spoke with much feel¬
ing, and his remarks are given in full:
General Cogswell's Remarks.
Mr. Speaker, on the morning of the 3d day of September, 1864, as a
member of the Federal army, I marched into the city of Atlanta. It had
been partially destroyed by the retreating Confederate forces under Gen.
Hood. We occupied it until the 17th day of November following. At
that time it had a population of but 10,000 inhabitants. During our
that, from the narrow limits which formerly environed it, it had grown
out seven miles, and where we had surrounded the city with earthwork
after earthwork, it had pushed its settlements, its dwelling-houses, its
factories, its workshops and its places of business away beyond the old
limits, and had so far obliterated the whole line of earthworks and the
evidences of war that I could hardly find one of the fields of the many
where we had engaged in battle when we besieged the city.
I came back to see a typical American city, built upon the ruins and
ravages of war, in a contest in which its defenders had been defeated,
and I was proud to see it capable so soon of renewing its old American
spirit and putting itself in the front, where the noble and enterprising
citizens of Atlanta have put that beautiful "Gate City of the South."
Mr. Speaker, when the proposition came before me as a member of
the Committee on Appropriations, whether in this enterprise, which
contains all the elements of success, we should take a part and have
THB TERRACKS, LOOKING TOWARD FINtC ARTS BUILDING.
occupancy of the city we sent North or South the people there residing,
and made it a complete military post. On the 16th day of November
Gen. Sherman's army withdrew from the region of country surround¬
ing that city, and, as commandant of the post of Atlanta, it became my
duty to remain the night following, with my command. The day and
night following, and, indeed, for nearly the entire three days ending on
the morning of the 17th of November, the city was wholly destroyed
for any military purposes and occupancy under the sad exigencies and
necessities of war, and I left it aheap of smouldering ruins and of ashes.
Mr. Speaker, I returned to the city of Atlanta, not many years ago,
and found that that city, which was when I last saw it but a mound of
ashes and ruins, had risen from its fires and from its ashes and from its
sad condition and had grown to be a magnificent city of 100,000 in¬
habitants, with all the evidences of prosperity, of enterprise, of push
and of business exhibited by any other city on this continent. 1 found
the Government exhibits displayed and help along the great Exposi¬
tion, I said to that people : '• If I stand alone, there is one voice and one
vote that will give Atlanta any reasonable assistance from the General
Government." And so, all hail to her in her grand and what I believe
will be successful Exposition ! [Loud applause.]
Several of the speakers referred to the part which the colored
people would take in the Exposition and predicted good results
to both races, but the negro was there to speak for himself, and
he did it well. He, too, was a striking figure. Spokesman for a
race whose shackles were lately broken by war, the thunder of
which startled this same Chamber a generation before, and witness
of their slow and painful struggle with poverty, ignorance and caste,
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
27
he was able to announce an amazing progress, and to ask for
them the chance to demonstrate their capacity for usefulness in
all the arts and occupations of life. His well considered words
are the vehicle of eloquence born of the occasion. Exepting a
few unimportant sentences, the speech is given in its entirety.
Speech of Representative Murray.
The colored people are in favor of this Cotton States' Exposition,
because they are to be allowed an apportunity to exhibit the progress
they have made within the past thirty years. Thirty or forty years
ago our ability to even learn to read and write, or to learn ordinary
arithmetic was doubted. There were those who denied that we were
a part of the Adamic creation, and assigned as a reason that we
could not vie with the other members of the human family in pro¬
ducing what they produced, in making what they made, or in doing
anything except the lowest order of manual labor.
We have proven in almost every line that we are capable of doing
what other people can
do. We have proven
that we can work as
much and as well as
other people. We have
proven that we can
fight as well as other
people, as was demon¬
strated in the late war.
There are still, how¬
ever, traducers and
slanderers of our race
who claim that we are
not equal to others, be¬
cause we have failed to
produce inventors; be¬
cause, as they say, we
have not contributed
to the progress that
has been made in the
invention of useful
implements and ma¬
chinery.
Now, sir, we feel
that if we are allowed
the space provided for
in this amendment, and
are given a fair oppor¬
tunity, we will demon¬
strate to the satisfac¬
tion of everybody that we have made and are making almost
anything that other people can make or have made. I hold in my
hand a statement prepared by one of the assistants in the patent
office, showing the inventions made by colored men within the past
few years. * * * This statement shows that colored men have taken
out patents upon almost everything, from a cooking stove to a loco¬
motive. Patents have been granted to colored men for inventions and
improvements in the workshop, on the farm, in the factory, on the
railroad, in the mines, in almost every department of labor, and
some of the most important improvements that go to make up that
great motive power of modern industrial machinery, the steam engine,
have been produced by colored men.
If we are permitted to have the opportunity proposed in this amend¬
ment, we will show to the satisfaction of the world that we are capable
of producing nearly everything that other people can produce, and in
doing so we will in a certain sense vindicate our white fellow-citizens by
showing that in spite of all that has been done to retard his progress,
in spite of all the wrongs that he has suffered, the American negro has
been able to accomplish more, has made more progress on the Ameri¬
can continent, than the members of his race in any other part of the
world. [Applause.]
The colored people all over the United States are doing everything
in their power to prepare to make such an exhibit as will do credit, not
only to themselves, but to the United States. In all the townships, in
all the churches, in all the schools throughout the length and breadth
of this land they are organizing for that purpose. They have entered
into the matter full of enthusiasm, determined to make their exhibit
all that it can be made, determined to help their white fellow-citizens
to make this great Exposition what they desire to make it.
There is another consideration involved in this matter about which I
wish to say a word before I take my seat. I think that this Exposition,
to be managed and controlled by the white and colored people of the
South combined, will bring about a better state of feeling between the
two races. I feel that contact with the colored man of the South, I feel
that a knowledge of his ability to manage affairs which will be there
demonstrated, will tend to educate the white people of that section to
appreciate the fact that
the colored man is en¬
titled to a share in the
government of the
country.
I feel that thinking
white men will begin
to consider whether it
is just continuously to
deprive the colored man
of his right to partici¬
pate in the government.
The colored people of
this country want an
opportunity to show
that the progress, that
the civilization which is
now admired the world
over, that the civiliza¬
tion which is now lead¬
ing the world, that the
civilization which all
the nations of the world
look up to and imitate,
the colored people, I
say, want an opportun¬
ity to show that they,
too, are part and parcel
of that great civiliza¬
tion.
We want an opportunity to prove that this country is truly a cosmo¬
politan country, that it is neither a white man's country nor a black
man's country, but a country to the building up of which all American
citizens have alike contributed, whether by effort of muscle or of brain.
[Loud applause.]
Hon. Lafe Pence, the "young man eloquent" from Colorado,
following Mr. Williams, of Illinois, who had opposed the appro¬
priation, expressed himself as "amazed, disappointed, aye, infinitely
grieved, that those words had to come from a young representative
of Southern Illinois, the State in which Chicago presides as the
metropolis," and added: " If any of the old troubles, which seem
to be dying out, the troubles between the North and the South,
are really to die out entirely, the proof of it is going to be found
in those of us who have come upon the stage since the conflict of
the sixties."
28
OFFICIAL HISTORY.
Referring to this, General Grosvenor, of Ohio, in advocating the
bill, said :
" The gentleman from Colorado says, in very eloquent language,
that he hopes the dead past is buried. Let me say to him that, if
there is any class of men in this country who, above all others,
denounce and condemn sectionalism, it is composed of the old
soldiers. * * * If there is anything left of the old feeling which
the gentleman from Colorado deprecates, and $200,000 will con¬
tribute to obliterate it, in the name of patriotism let us give the
money, and give it quickly." [Laughter and applause.]
Atlanta had loomed so largely in the debate that Mr. Boutelle,
of Maine, was moved to remark .* " As we have succeeded in an¬
nexing the United States to Georgia, I think we ought to have a
vote on this question."
When the question was put to the House, the amendment was
carried by a vote of 171 to 49. It subsequently came back from
the conference with a modification requiring the Exposition Com¬
pany to provide a separate building for the Negro Exhibit, instead
of locating it in the Government Building, as had been proposed.
The friends of the Exposition had gladly accepted this amend¬
ment, and the Record shows the pledge of President Collier and
Directors Evan P. Howell and Clement A. Evans that a building
containing 25,000 square feet of floor space, or as much more as
might be necessary, would be provided by the Exposition Com¬
pany for the Negro Exhibit. This was accepted by Congress, and
was carried out in good faith. In this form the amendment be¬
came a law, and the work before Congress was ended. Atlanta
had come out of the debate with great eclat. Her wonderful
achievements, her enterprise, and her Exposition had been
brilliantly exploited in the House by the ablest men on the floor,
and voices from eight States had been lifted in her behalf. The
speeches were of such a character that the whole country was im¬
pressed with the importance of the new enterprise which the Gov¬
ernment had sanctioned. A great deal had been done to promote
the Exposition during the earlier months of the year, but the dem¬
onstration in its favor by Congress placed it upon a high plane,
both at home and abroad, and from this time it enjoyed a prestige
and a public sympathy rarely equaled in the history of su< h
enterprises, and second only to that attending the great Colum¬
bian fair.
CHAPTER IV.
THE CONSTRUCTION PERIOD.
The selection of Piedmont Park necessitated an immense amount
of excavation before the actual work of construction began.
Under the direction of Mr. Grant Wilkins, Chairman of the Commit¬
tee on Grounds and Buildings and subsequently Chief of Construc¬
tion, the grading of the park began. To this work the County
Commissioners contributed the labor of the chain gang for nearly a
year. In this way about a million yards of earth were moved, and
at the minimum rate this amounted to $100,000, which was Ful¬
ton County's contribution to the Exposition. The appearance of
the chain gang on the grounds caused some comment, and the
Executive Committee was waited on by a delegation of workingmen,
who asked that only free labor be used. The chairman of the
Executive Committee explained that the Exposition Company
expected to pay out for material and labor all the money that could
be raised and much more which would have to be borrowed, and
that as the county had no money in its treasury, it was not able to
make a cash contribution. It could, however, withdraw the chain
gang temporarily from the public roads and put it to work grading
the Exposition grounds. To refuse this help would simply amount
to a reduction of the Exposition's resources, without adding a dol¬
lar to the amount which could be paid for labor. The workingmen
accepted this explanation and gave the Exposition their hearty sup¬
port from first to last. The wisdom of this course on their part
was justified by the fact that within a few months every carpenter,
steamfitter and mechanic available for Exposition work found
employment, and for a time it was necessary to call in carpenters
from other cities. The $100,000 which had been saved to the
Exposition by the use of the chain gang in excavation was paid out
to a higher class of labor engaged upon the buildings and in the
installation of machinery. The chain gang is composed of misde¬
meanor convicts, corresponding to the inmates of workhouses in
other States. In Georgia it has been found better to put them to
work on the public roads than to let them lie in jail, where they
become victims of disease. So it was that they came to work at
the Exposition.
There was more grading than the chain gang force at the dispo¬
sition of the county could do, and a considerable portion of the
excavation was done by free labor, working on another part of the
grounds. By the two forces an immense amount of work was done,
and the grounds were ready to receive the foundations by the time
when contracts for buildings were let.
Under the terms of the lease from the Piedmont Company (the
owners of the park) to the Exposition Company, the location of
buildings was to be approved by a joint committee composed of
three directors of the Exposition Company and three representa¬
tives of the Piedmont Company—Director-General Palmer, Capt.
J. W. English and Mr. S. M. Inman from the Exposition Board
and Messrs. B. F. Walker, James R. Wylie and H. L. Wilson
for the Piedmont Company. This matter began to take shape on
April 23d, when President Collier told the Executive Committee
that work must be commenced at once. After a full discussion the
matter was referred to the Committee on Grounds and Buildings, with
the President and Director-General, the chairmen of standing
committees, and Mr. James R. Wylie. This committee went over
the grounds carefully. Upon their recommendation, on April 30th,
GEORGIA STATE BUILDING.
the location of buildings and the preparation of grounds were referred
to a joint committee consisting of the Grounds and Buildings Com¬
mittee and the committee of six provided for by the lease. The
j oint committee then had the following personnel: Grant Wil¬
kins, chairman; H. L. Wilson, E. C. Peters, B. F. Walker, E. P.
Black, H. E. W. Palmer, J. W. English, S. M. Inman, and James
R. AVylie. This committee was given power to act and instructed
to begin work at once. The next day, May 1st, at a meeting of
the Joint Committee, the removal of old structures was ordered and
the Grounds and Buildings Committee authorized Chairman Wil¬
kins to employ a foreman, laborers and teams. This was the
beginning of actual work on the grounds. Mr. Wilkins was in
3°
OFFICIAL HISTORY
charge of the work and made plans for converting the old park,
with its hills and gullies, into the beautiful landscape of the Expo¬
sition. He had a topographical survey made, and upon that drew
his plans for the improvements. Both the design and the execu¬
tion of the immense work were in his hands, and the result shows
how well he was fitted for the task.
The plans for the buildings were purposely left until after the
action of Congress had been taken, as it was understood that the
attitude of the Government would have much to do with the
character of the Exposition.
The final action of Congress on the conference report was taken
on August 16th, and within the next few days the Sundry Civil
Bill was signed by the President. On September 3d the Committee
on Grounds and Buildings had plans for six main buildings, desig¬
nated as Administration and Fine Arts, Agriculture, Electricity,
Machinery, Minerals and Forestry, and Manufactures and Liberal
Arts. The idea of combining Administration with Fine Arts was
ADMINISTRATION BUII.DING.
afterwards abandoned, and the design adopted for that structure
being appropriate, it was used for an art building.
The plans were from twenty-three different firms of architects,
located in Atlanta, New York, New Orleans, Cincinnati, Knox-
ville, Philadelphia, Chicago, Mobile, Baltimore, Brooklyn, and
Alleghany, Pa. After examination, the six best sets of plans were
taken out and no others were considered. The architects of the
preferred plans were Chamberlin & Co., of Knoxville; Hutchinson
& Hammond, of Mobile; Bruce & Morgan, and W. T. Downing,
of Atlanta; Bleckley, Marsh, Israels & Harden, of New York, and
Bradford L. Gilbert, of New York.
There was a strong public sentiment in favor of building upon
the plans of Atlanta architects, and this feeling was manifested
in the Exposition Board. It was strengthened by the fact that
both Bruce & Morgan and W. T. Downing had submitted plans of
great beauty for the whole series of buildings, and for a time it
seemed likely that these firms would get the work; but the Com¬
mittee on Grounds and Buildings, and finally the Executive Com¬
mittee, became convinced that the buildings planned by Mr.
Bradford L. Gilbert, of New York, could be more certainly erected
at a cost within the estimate. It was a financial question, as well as
a question of architecture, and the committee was largely influenced
by the fact that Mr. Gilbert, in the designs of numerous public
edifices and railroad buildings, had demonstrated his capacity to
construct within his estimates. He had the further advantage of
having made his designs with a Romanesque motif, using a
frame of wood and an exterior of shingles, a combination
which Mr. Grant Wilkins, the chairman of the Committee on
Grounds and Buildings, had recommended as likely to pro¬
duce the most satisfactory results on a moderate expenditure,
and likely also to leave buildings of a character more enduring
than structures covered with staff. In the Romanesque,
by leaving off the elaboration of detail, and producing ar¬
chitectural effect by outline and dimensions, he was able to secure
large space, in imposing, well-lighted structures, for a very mod¬
erate expenditure. The material being of Southern pine was to be
had easily, and at very low figures. For these reasons Mr. Gilbert's
plans for five of the six buildings were adopted. For the Art
Building Mr. Downing had presented a classic design of extraordi¬
nary beauty, conceived in the Italian Renaissance of the Florentine
school. It was the sense of the Executive Committee that at least
one building should be erected upon the design of an Atlanta archi¬
tect, and Mr. Downing's plan was adopted. This settled the
question for the six main buildings, and Mr. Gilbert was afterwards
made supervising architect, a position which he filled to the entire
satisfaction of the company. From time to time other structures
were added, and when the gates were opened there were twelve
principal buildings, as follows: Manufactures and Liberal Arts,
Fine Arts, Administration, Fire, Auditorium, Agriculture, Mines
and Forestry, Machinery, Negro, Transportation, Electricitv, and
Woman's Building. The Exposition Company also erected the
Georgia Building, a constitutional limitation having embarrassed
the State Commission in the application of the appropriation.
Advertisement was made for the foundations of these buildings,
and work soon began on several. Later in the fall contracts were
let for the erection of the superstructure, and by Christmas work
was well advanced on the Fine Arts Building and several others.
Financial Expedients.
By this time the question of finance had become one of the first
importance. The six buildings then under way cost more than the
Guarantee Fund, and on the first of November only a third of the
subscriptions had been collected, the majority of the installments
not yet being due. The cost of administration had increased with
the organization of departments, and miscellaneous expenditures
were growing rapidly. After a careful consideration of the matter
the Finance Committee reached the conclusion that it would require
$300,000, in addition to the resources already in sight, to carry the
OFFICIAL HISTORY.
3i
work to completion and open the gates of the Exposition. The
plan was to issue income bonds secured by a mortgage upon the
gate receipts, and the amount was fixed at $300,000. One-third
of the gate receipts was left to pay running expenses and the other
two-thirds were pledged to the payment of the bonds. The rate of
interest was fixed at six per cent., and the bonds fell due April 1st,
1896, with the privilege of making payments of principal before
that time on two weeks' notice. Paul Romare, Walker P. Inman
and John W. Green, gentlemen of the highest standing, were named
as Trustees, and the bonds were executed. Negotiations for the
sale of these bonds were first begun with the executive officers of
railroad corporations whose lines entered Atlanta. Up to that time
the financial aid of the railroads to the Exposition had been limited
to a subscription of $5,000, to be paid in transportation. It was
felt that the roads were sufficiently interested in the success of the
enterprise to make a liberal subscription. They had not seen fit to
subscribe to the Guarantee Fund, and they were now invited to
take $50,000 of the income bonds at par. After due consideration,
the officers of the companies agreed to take the bonds. Part of
this was afterward withdrawn by the order of Court, restraining
the Central Railroad of Georgia, and the Exposition realized from
this source only about $41,000.
About this time the Committee on Concessions began to require
bonds as security for the faithful performance of contracts. In lieu
of personal security they took some $58,000 of Exposition income
bonds, for which the concessionaires had been encouraged to
subscribe. In construction, and in other contracts involving an
expenditure of money, the same bonds were used to some extent.
In this manner, and in various other ways, $150,000 of the income
bonds were placed. Toward the end of the construction period, in
the month of August, it became necessary to realize on the re¬
mainder of the issue. The Finance Committee, at that time,
thought $75,000 more would be enough to open the gates, and they
recommended a loan of that amount, with the remaining $150,000
of income bonds as collateral security. To place the loan, the
members of the Finance Committee subscribed $30,000, and other
directors readily made up the remainder of the $75,000. It will
be seen, therefore, that the proceeds of the income bonds only
amounted to $225,000. One-third of this, being a loan, was paid
back in full. Some additional bonds were paid in full by percent¬
ages on the part of concessionaires. Of the remainder, 82 per
cent, was paid, that being the extent to which two-thirds of the gate
receipts would pay them. So the deficit of 18 per cent, only ap¬
plied to one-third of the issue.
The other resources at the command of the Finance Committee
were the Guarantee Fund, which, by the opening of the gates, made
$125,000; the city subscription of $75,000; the charge for space,
through which $79,000 was received; and the cash payments for
which some of the concessions had been sold. The Woman's Building
was paid for with money raised largely by the Woman's Depart¬
ment. By careful handling of these resources, the Finance Commit¬
tee was able to provide for expenditures of about $500,000 prior to
the opening of the gates. It required the utmost care to keep
expenses within limits, and early in the year a rule was adopted that
no expenditure amounting to $500 should be made until it had first
been approved by the Finance Committee. In the rush of work
attending the construction of an Exposition which cost upward of
a million and a half to the corporation and a million more to col¬
lateral concerns, it will be readily seen that this rule sometimes
caused delay and inconvenience. Committees in charge of depart¬
ments occasionally got restive under this restraint, but the rule proved
to be a salutary one, and experience demonstrated that the economy
it enforced could have been even further exemplified had there been
a purchasing department, so that all expenditures could have been
made to the best advantage and kept daily under the eye of the
Finance Committee.
It is not out of place here to say something about the work of
the Finance Committee. The efforts of the chairman, Mr. S. M.
Inman, were ably seconded by the other members of the committee,
Messrs. W. D. Grant, R. J. Lowry, T. B. Neal and H. M. Atkin¬
son. Co-operating with this committee was the treasurer, Mr.
Anton L. Kontz, a jealous guardian of the funds and a model
officer, whose zeal and ability were only equaled by his unfailing
urbanity, a quality which proved very useful in the collection of
the guarantee fund and in the many tedious settlements he was
called upon to make.
Although the Exposition was not a money-making venture per
se, every day adds to the conviction that it was a financial tri¬
umph of the first magnitude. Looking back upon the great fair
at the distance of six months, when the haze of perplexing cir¬
cumstances which always surrounds a great movement has nearly
cleared up, it seems little less than a miracle that the directors
should have brought into existence with the resources at their
command an Exposition which cost near three million dollars. The
guarantee fund and all the other items on the list of resources ap¬
pear not only inadequate, but almost absurdly small for the results
actually accomplished. In the relation of results to resources the
financial management of this enterprise will compare favorably
with the very able management of the World's Columbian Expo¬
sition. The great fair at Chicago cost $28,000,000, and of this
amount the people of that city paid about one-third. The city
subscription alone was $5,000,000, and the capital stock, less divi¬
dend, was $4,580,882.
The Cotton States and International Exposition cost altogether
between $2,500,000 and $3,000,000, and of this amount the peo¬
ple of Atlanta paid about one-sixth. At the conclusion of these
vast operations there remained of the floating debt a remnant of
about $25,000, which was settled for in trust bonds, which even¬
tually paid fifteen per cent. This remnant was made up princi¬
pally of small balances of large accounts, and the percentage
which any creditor failed to receive was very small. When the
final settlement was made only about one per cent, of the whole
expenditure was left outstanding. This result was reached after
an Exposition period of only three months. Had the fair, like the
OFFICIAL
32
other national expositions, lasted five or six months, it is almost cer¬
tain that the receipts would have paid all expenses and restored
the guarantee fund.
In this connection it will be interesting to draw aside the curtain
a moment and show a scene upon which the public never gazed.
It was at the most critical period of the fair. Outside, the passing
show with all its pomp and circumstance ; inside, a little back
room in the Administration Building; present the treasurer, the
chairman of Finance and the chairman of Grounds and Buildings,
eating roast-beef sandwiches and turning the leaves of well-thumbed
payrolls for hours at a time. There were banquets in those days,
and distinguished companies were wont to gather at them, but the
feats accomplished over roast-beef sandwiches on the little green
table in the treasurer's den were greater than all the results that
came from those banquets with their groaning tables, their exotics
and the august legs that bent beneath them.
The system of auditing accounts was very simple and very thor¬
ough. The auditor, Mr. Alex. W. Smith, had distinguished himself
as auditor for the court in one of the greatest and most complicated
cases ever brought to the bar in Georgia. He had the advantage of
being a lawyer with previous business training of the most thorough
kind, and his work as auditor of the Exposition was above criticism.
Had there been a purchasing department as well conducted the
corporation would have saved a large amount of money. This is
put down in order that other enterprises may have the benefit of this
experience, and not because of any general looseness of manage¬
ment. On the contrary, the result as a whole, and the construc¬
tion of buildings and grounds in particular, showed extraordinary
economy. Experienced men found it hard to believe that such an
amount of work could have been done for the money actually ex¬
pended. Hardly any money could have been saved on the expen¬
ditures up to or near the opening of the gates. The bids for the
buildings were lower than any ever known and the price on almost
HISTORY.
every item of construction was the lowest on record. The Govern¬
ment Building, which had been planned to cost $50,000,
was constructed for $26,500, exclusive of the annex, which
was an afterthought. The buildings of the Exposition Company
were constructed on about the same scale of expense, some even
lower. The chief danger to the Exposition was the optimistic spirit
which prevailed just prior to the opening of the gates. It was a
rosy prospect that confronted the management. The enterprise had
attained great publicity, and the evidences of public interest and
sympathy were manifest in all parts of the country. Whole trains of
cars had been engaged a month before the gates opened for excur¬
sions beginning a thousand miles away. A floating population
began to accumulate in Atlanta several weeks before the fair
and every one expected to see the city overcrowded. The
Exposition Company offered a large bonus of its bonds to
parties who would build hotels or lodging houses, and temporary
structures went up like magic. A buoyant spirit pervaded the com¬
munity, and the management of the Exposition was enthusiastic.
There was a feeling of liberality and a general loosening of the reins.
Departments had been ably conducted, and officials, without any
formal action to that effect, naturally had more latitude when every¬
thing took on the colors of the rainbow. Then it was that in some
departments expenditures became large. Money was not squan¬
dered, but there was not that rigid economy which had even pinched
some of the departments. Throughout most of the organization
economy was still practiced, but here and there the gap was let
down and money flowed freely.
It was just at this time that supervision became most difficult.
Tremendous pressure was put on to complete the Exposition before
the opening of the gates, and the innumerable details to be ad¬
justed, and the odds and ends that accumulate as a great enter¬
prise approaches completion required an amount of attention which
taxed the physical strength of the management and almost ruined
the health of the president.
The Committee on Grounds and Buildings was an able body of
men. When Mr. Wilkins resigned the chairmanship early in the
fall of 1894 to become Chief of Construction, Mr. James R. Wyiie
was made chairman. Mr. Wylie had been identified with all the
previous local expositions and had become an expert in matters of
construction and management. For a year prior to the Exposition
he gave almost his entire time to the buildings and grounds. No
salaried officer could have been more faithful or more untiring.
Coupled with experience, he had rare judgment, and in almost every
particular experience justified his opinions. In the execution of
plans and in the details of construction Mr. Wilkins was very thor¬
ough. Under his management the company got value for every
dollar expended. His fault, if it could be so considered, was a too
rigid construction of the specifications. While this caused occasional
friction, it secured a magnificent execution of the architect's designs.
As these designs were in harmony with Mr. Wilkins' own ideas of
the material and style of structures, he was able to carry out the
plans in the best manner and to the best advantage.
OFFICIAL HISTORY.
33
Nevertheless, with a high order of ability in the committee, the
architect and the chief of construction, and with faithful efforts
of all of them, there were those vexatious delays at the time of
rounding up which almost always occur in defiance of human fore¬
sight. The Exposition buildings were done. Most of them had
been completed for months, but there were finishing touches to
be put on the grounds here and there, and debris had accumu¬
lated where construction had been completed. The work of the
Exposition Company lacked little of
being done, but it could not control
the exhibitors as it controlled its own
departments. Many of them were
slow, and in several buildings where
the last foot of space had been
taken, there was an appearance of
incompleteness and emptiness. This,
more than anything else, tended to
give the Exposition an unfinished
appearance. About this time an un¬
lucky accident aggravated the situ¬
ation. An electric fountain designed
by Luther Stieringer had been built
at great expense, and immense
pumps, with double the capacity of
those at the Atlanta Water Works,
had been placed in Machinery Hall
to supply the pressure necessary.
This fountain had been placed in
the centre of the lake, and the con¬
necting main was laid under water.
When the pressure was put on, the
main came unjointed. Divers were
first employed, but were able to do
nothing. A cofferdam was built, but
would not keep out the water.
Finally a new main had to be laid
from Machinery Hall to the middle
of the lake above water. The water
in the lake had to be lowered, and
this destroyed for a time the most
attractive feature of the landscape.
These delays dragged through the
first month, entailing enormous ex¬
pense and nearly destroying the at¬
tendance for the time. Some of the exhibitors and concessionaires
who had buildings to erect lagged behind the construction of the
Exposition, and belated structures of that character were going
up while the aggravating delays occurred at the lake. For several
weeks after the opening, circumstances seemed to conspire to give
the fair a look of incompleteness, though the Exposition buildings
had been done for months. When at last these delays were over
and the last load of debris had been removed, the park presented
a scene of rare beauty. The structures harmonized well with their
surroundings. The central plaza, surrounded by great curving ter¬
races, and these surrounded by buildings, suggested the idea of an
amphitheatre flanked with great structures. The lake gave its
charm to the landscape, and the mirrored forms of the great
edifices, reaching down into the water, presented the mirage of an
inverted city. The Quaker suit of the buildings in their gray and
white paint harmonized with the gray limestone of the walks and
the glass-like sheen of the water. The atmosphere was singularly
clear, and the sky was always blue. The colors of autumn settled
on the surrounding forests and the stubble slowly turned to gray.
By day it was a scene of picturesque beauty, and at night it be¬
came a fairy land. The wizard of the electric light had painted
a great picture in lines of fire, and this, too, found its re¬
flection in the bosom of the lake. That picture lingers
in remembrance like a midsummer night's dream. Long
after time's effacing fingers shall have blotted its beauty
from the scene it will live in the minds of those who saw
it. The busy period of construction, with maps, plans and speci¬
fications ; with line and plummet and stone, with chaotic masses
of material, with workmen apparently at cross purposes, and with
detail of fine arts building.
everything in concrete and in confusion, ended in a dream of
art and architecture fit to inspire a painter or a poet. The grosser
and material aspects of the great work seemed to have disappeared
and the prevailing and surviving impression was one of harmony
and ethic beauty.
detail of fine arts
building.
34
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
In producing this scene the genius of Grant Wilkins immor¬
talized itself. Giving the Supervising Architect and the other
architects credit for all to which architects can be entitled, and
withholding no meed of praise from the able members of the Build¬
ings and Grounds Committee, Messrs. E. P. Black, E. C. Peters,
H. L. Wilson and B. F. Walker, and, least of all, from its wise,
untiring and ever resourceful Chairman, Mr. James R. Wylie, it
must be said that the great picture which charmed every eye
and made this, in scenic beauty, the first of all Expositions, was
designed by that stem and uncompromising artist, the Chief of
Construction. More forgetful of policy than even the rugged Car-
lyle, defending his cherished ideal against all comers, whether they
differed with him on professional grounds or upon the score of
economy, and even setting himself in mutiny upon the mere
matter of width in walks, he remained true to a great conception
and worked it out substantially as he had designed it many months
before. Henry Watterson said that this Exposition copied nothing
from the World's Fair but its Midway, and this is true, but the
great editor was probably ignorant of the fact that Grant Wilkins
never saw the White City on Lake Michigan. It is said that
at the outset the directors sent for the most eminent landscape
engineer in America and paid him a large fee to look at the
ground and tell them what to do with it. When the report of
that eminent gentleman had been received it was filed, but never
adopted. The suggestion seems insignificant in comparison with
the design which Mr. Wilkins soon afterwards proposed, and the
same which he finally executed.
There were two other great artists who distinguished themselves
in the making of this Exposition—the one by day and the other
by night, the first in architecture and the second in decorative
illumination. With all due respect for the Chief of Construc¬
tion, it must be said that he could not have produced the
ensemble without the co-operation of two such masters as
Bradford L. Gilbert and Luther Stieringer. Architecture has been
called the greatest of all arts, and certainly it was the greatest
that made any exhibition of itself at this Exposition. Orna¬
mentation was not generally elaborate, but the imposing character
of the structures and the general harmony of the series formed
a grand composition in architecture which appealed with great
power to the spectator. Then came Stieringer with his electric
lights and his lines of fire, giving a transcendent beauty to the
whole. When twilight fell on that enchanting scene and night
led forth her constellations, the far-off splendor of the sky, reflected
in the clear mirror of the lake, found counterfeit presentment in
the scintillating domes of this fairy land.
While we paint these pictures, or try to paint them, for the
edification of those who never saw that charming landscape either
by day or by night, it will be both pleasing and instructive to
glance a moment at something which preceded it. The Buildings
and Grounds Committee, which has already been alluded to, had
the general control of the whole problem, and upon them rested
the financial responsibility of executing the work within the limit
of resources. They were a kind of ways and means committee
whose fertility of resource was often called into requisition. They
also had diplomatic duties of the most arduous character to per¬
form, and in this they shared the burden with President Collier.
The Supervising Architect and the Chief of Construction had the
strong convictions of thoroughness and the obstinacy of genius.
The committee was continually called upon to adjudicate matters
between these divergent minds, and the task, though successfully
accomplished, was one of difficulty approaching that of steering a
vessel between Scylla and Charybdis. The work of the committee
was well done, and its problems were solved upon the principle of
roast-beef sandwiches so well exemplified in another committee
connected with finance.
Before closing the account of the construction period, it is
proper to refer to the work of the President, who also performed
the arduous duties of Director-General. It might appropriately
come in any chapter, for he was not only ex-officio, but actively a
member of every committee, and devoted to the work of all de¬
partments an amount of detailed attention which would sap the
strength of most men, and did, indeed, impair his health for a
time. It was Mr. Collier's expansive mind that continually widened
the scope of the Exposition. He combined breadth and sagacity
with a turn for practical administration and a searching knowl¬
edge of human nature. With this practical ability he was able to
make good almost all of his ambitious plans for the fair. He was
cool and confident in times of trial, always ready to back his
judgment liberally with his money, and never slow to risk his
reputation in measures which he believed to be right. At times he
had to carry important measures through the Board when they
were under fire from some of the ablest members of the director}'.
He never lost confidence in his own judgment, and he rarely failed
to demonstrate the wisdom of his plans by actual and successful
execution. Men of affairs, accustomed to the administration of
great concerns, marveled at his executive ability. Coupled with
the stern and arduous task of administration, the President of the
Exposition had social duties to perform which, however pleasant
at times, were altogether a burden which few can appreciate. In
all of these, as in administration, his conduct was cited as a model
of what such an officer's conduct ought to be.
Mr. Collier was ably assisted in the work of administration by
Mr. Alex. W. Smith, who was promoted to the position of General
Manager, and was for a time acting Director-General.
riachlnery and Electricity.
Machinery Hall was one of the attractive places about the Ex¬
position, not by reason of a wilderness of moving metal, for there
was no such bewildering aggregation as that at the World's Fair,
but because of the excellence of the machines there represented.
Only the best types of machinery were admitted. It was pro¬
posed that the educational value of this department should be
heightened by bringing everything up to date. The engines and
dynamos were the best that American engineering skill had pro-
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
35
cluced, and beautiful specimens were shown. Cotton machinery
naturally came in for a large share of attention, and the exhibits
were the most approved of American and English make. Pon¬
derous engines were not especially sought after, but the most
approved types were there. An exhibit remarkable for size was a
display of pumps with twice -the capacity of the Atlanta Water¬
works. Everything was in operation, from the pin and envelope
machines, the type-setters and the linotypes to the heaviest engines.
The big pumps were used to furnish pressure for the electric foun¬
tains and the engines not only drove the machinery, but ran the
generators which supplied currents for the elaborate and beautiful
system of electric lights. To this arrangement was due one of the
principal economies of construction. The boilers, engines, gener¬
ators and pumps constituting the power and electric light plants
were there as exhibits, and the Exposition secured these with no
further expense than the cost of installation, dismantling and freight
charges. Where other expositions had bought such plants out¬
right, this Exposition secured them as exhibits. This was due to
the work of Mr. J. H. Allen, Chief of the Machinery Department,
and Mr. H. M. Atkinson, Chief of the Electricity Department, who
gave a great deal of time and thought to the work of their respec¬
tive departments. The equipment and accessories were very ex¬
pensive, and caused the work of construction in Machinery and
Electricity to exceed the appropriations considerably, but the cost
of these departments would have been much greater if Mr. Allen
and Mr. Atkinson had not by their strenuous efforts secured the
exhibits which constituted the steam and electric plants. The de¬
partments were conducted by two committees acting in concert.
One engineer, Mr. Charles F. Foster, served both departments, and
the committees found it necessary to hold joint sessions very often.
At one time it was proposed to consolidate them, and the proposition
received the support of some of the ablest members of the directory.
It failed to carry, however, and the two committees continued to act
independently. Some of the most sagacious members of both com¬
mittees think the work should have been coordinated under one head.
On this there was a marked difference of opinion. The exhibits in
both departments were of a high order and the working plants
were shown to be admirable. The installation was managed by
Mr. Charles F. Foster, who did the same service for the Machinery
Department at the World's Columbian Exposition, for which he
had the highest commendation from Mr. D. H. Burnham, the Di¬
rector of Works. The designs for the electric fountain and the
decorative electric lighting were made by Mr. Luther Stieringer,
Consulting Electrical Engineer, who held the same relations to the
World's Fair. Mr. Stieringer had made a study of this subject
at most of the great expositions since electric lighting came in
vogue, and after a careful examination of the park, he declared
that the grounds were capable of an electrical effect surpassing
anything hitherto produced. This was a strong claim, but the
topography and other scenic advantages, together with his study of
previous expositions, enabled Mr. Stieringer to make good his
word. The artistic effect has been several times referred to in
the chapter on the construction period. It is asserted by persons
competent to judge that this illumination, though not the largest
or the most expensive on record, was the most beautiful and the
most artistic that had ever been seen at an exposition. It was so
remarkable as to impress every beholder and to arouse general
enthusiasm among the visitors.
These departments were controlled by the following committees:
Machinery, J. H.Allen, Chairman and Chief of Department;
George W. Harrison, C. E. Harman, M. F. Amorous and F. P.
Rice. Electricity, H. M. Atkinson, Chairman and Chief of De¬
partment; J. H. Allen, H. E. W. Palmer, Gen. C. A. Evans and
James R. Wylie.
It was in these departments particularly that a need for develop¬
ment in the Cotton States was shown. The Richmond Locomotive
Works had an exhibit in the Transportation Department and sev¬
eral makers of saw mill machinery and engines had exhibits in
the building erected by the Georgia Manufacturers' Association,
but the mass of machinery came from the Eastern and Middle
States. This is more fully shown in the geographical analysis of
exhibits in the chapter on that subject.
GROUP, EINE ARTS, MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL, ARTS, ETC.
CHAPTER V.
ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENTS.
The plan of administration was simple but comprehensive. At
the outset the whole business of the Exposition was committed by
the stockholders to the directors, who met monthly. This body,
being too unwieldy to transact business in detail, committed every¬
thing to an executive committee, subject to the approval of the
directors. The Executive Committee divided out the work among
department committees, by them to be digested and returned with
recommendations. Upon these recommendations the Executive
Committee acted, adopting or rejecting the reports as it saw fit.
This action came before the Board of Directors twice a month for
approval. The Directors rarely reversed the Executive Commit¬
tee, and in some instances had cause to regret such action. The
Executive Committee, being composed of the largest stockholders
and including the Chairmen of the Finance, Buildings and Grounds
and other important committees, and the President and Director-
General, was master of the subjects which came before it, and its
judgment rarely erred. This committee was presided over by
Captain James W. English, President of the American Trust and
Banking Company, and about that time Chairman of the Board of
Police Commissioners for Atlanta. He was also an ex-mayor,
and by reason of long experience in railroad building and other
public work was eminently qualified to preside over the committee
charged with the responsibility of carrying the great enterprise
to success. The vice-chairman, Dr. R. D. Spalding, who was
often called to the head of the committee, is a man of great
dignity, strong force of character, and rare good sense. The
committee was made up of men in whom the directors had the
fullest confidence, and confirmation of their acts was usually a
matter of course.
One question on which the directors reversed the action of the
NORTH END GROUNDS, CLARA MEER.
38
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
Executive Committee is worthy of mention, as it involves an impor¬
tant principle. Early in the fall of 1894, when applications for
concessions began to come in to that department, a project for an
intramural railway was broached, and a party of Atlanta gentle¬
men submitted a proposition. Afterward there were propositions
by parties from a distance. It so happened that some of the Atlanta
gentlemen making a proposition were directors of the Exposition.
About the same time several small concessions had been awarded
to concerns in which minor officials and employees were interested.
This was done openly and without any attempt to mislead the
committee, but Mr. Smith, the chairman of the Committee on
Concessions, objected to such a precedent. Other members of
the board objected, and at a meeting of the Executive Committee
on December 20th, 1894, Mr. Forrest Adair offered the following
resolution:
Resolved, That no contract for concessions or privileges of any de¬
scription be made with any director, officer or employee of this corpora¬
tion, nor with any firm or corporation in the management of which
such director, officer or employee actively participates, nor with any
firm or corporation which has been or may be formed for the purpose
of securing and operating any such concession or privilege and in which
such director, officer or employee is or may become interested; pro¬
vided that these restrictions shall not apply to the concessions for the
catalogue, the guides and the intramural railway.
This resolution was earnestly supported by Mr. Smith, and was
adopted by a good majority of the Executive Committee. This
was over-ruled by the directors on the ground that as the fifty
directors were the fifty leading business men of Atlanta, and it was
hard to point out any important branch of business or industry in
which one or more of them were not engaged, this sweeping pro¬
hibition would practically cut off all local competition for the
privileges, many of which, in the nature of the case, could best
be operated by Atlanta concerns. The force of this argu¬
ment was such that the Executive Committee declined to
insist on its former action. Mr. Adair's resolution was not with¬
out its good effect, however. It placed on record an expression
of the opinion of the Executive Committee that the directors, the
officers and the employees should be disinterested and indepen¬
dent in the discharge of their duties. Public sentiment sup¬
ported this view, and very few of the directors had any connection
with concessions. The experience of this Exposition does not
furnish any reason why the old rule of disinterestedness should
be varied.
Recurring to the earlier days of the construction period, a foun¬
dation was laid for the organization of departments on September
17th, when President Collier announced the appointment of eleven
more standing committees. With those previously appointed, the list
stood as it appears below and remained substantially unchanged to
the close of the fair. The officers and heads of departments are
also given as the list stood when completed:
Officers of the Cotton States and International Exposition.
C. A. Collier President and Director General
W. A. Hemphill Kirst Vice-President
H. H. caganjss Second Vice-President
\V. IX Grant Third Vice-President
K. I.. Tyler Fourth Vice-President
A. I.. Kontz Treasurer
J. J. Spalding General Counsel
Alkx. W. Smith Auditor
E. S. McCandless Assistant Auditor
J. R. Lewis Secretary
E. F. Bi.odoktt Assistant Secretary
Grant Wilkins Chief of Construction and Landscape Engineer
Bradford L. Gilbert Supervising Architect
Chas. F. Foster Mechanical and Electrical Engineer
I). C. Gilman Commissioner of Awards
Commissioners.
C. H. Reddino Commissioner to Mexico
I. W. Avkrv Commissioner to South America
A. jMaichi Commissioner to Europe
Alfonso Fabkr Commissioner to Austria
Chiefs of Departments.
Grant Wii.kins Construction
E. L. Tyler Transportation
W. G. Cooper Publicity and Promotion
J. H. Ai.len Machinery
H. M. Atkinson Electricity
D. T. Day Minerals
B. E. Fernow Forestry
Horace Bradley Fine Arts
A. W. Smith Public Comfort
W. J. Northen Education
E. A. Felder Admissions and Concessions
James R. Wylie Agriculture and Dairy
E. P. Chamberun Manufactures and Liberal Arts
H. L. Wilson Live Stock
Board of Directors.
Adair, A. D. Evans, C. A. Northen, C. S.
Adair, Forrest Fisher, H. E. Northen, W. J.
Adler, M. L. Grant, W. D. Oglesby, J. G.
Allen, J. H. Hammond, T. A., Jr. Palmer, H. E. W.
Amorous, M F Harralson, P. H. Peters, £. C.
Atkinson, H. M. Harman, C. E. Rice, F. P.
Atkinson,W.Y.,ex-offi. Harrison, Geo. W. Rich, E.
Baldwin, W. H., Jr. Hemphill, W. A. Smith, Alex. W.
Black, E. Howell, E. P. Spalding, E. C.
Black, W. H. Howell, Clark Spalding, R. D.
Bullock, R. B. Inman, H. T. Spalding.J. J., ex-officio
Cabaniss, H. H. Inman, S. M. Thompson, Joseph
Chamberlin, E. P. King, Porter, ex-officio T\ler, E. L.
Collier, C. A. Knowlcs, Clarence Yenable, W. H.
Colville, Fulton Kontz, A. L. Walker, B. F.
Cos grove, Wm. L. Licbman, I. West, A. J.
Dodd, G. T. Lowry, R. J. Wilkins, Grant
Dodge, R. P. Miller, Jno. A. Wilson, H. L.
Dougherty, I). (). Minns, Livingston Woodson, S. F.
English, J. W. Neal, T. B. Woodward. David
English, J. W., Jr. Nelms, Jno. W. Wylie, Jas. R.
A'.iivv/thv (
J. W. English, Chairman.
Forrest Adair, F. P. Rice, M. F. Amorous.
II. T. Inman, R. I). Spalding, Vice Chm., A. W. Smith.
H. L. Wilson, K. P. Chamberlin,
/•'/ftit/fiv Commit/,-,-.
S. M. Inman, Chairman.
W. D. Grant, T. B. Neal,
II. M. Atkinson, R. J. Lowry.
Commit,'. r »•// (/V,•««■/.>• ,>«,/ JiuilJings
J. R. Wvlie, Chairman.
]•:. I'. Black. H. L. Wilson,
!■:. C. Peters, B. F. Walker,
CHAPTER VI.
THE DEPARTMENT OF CONCESSIONS.
Soon after the adoption of plans for the first six buildings, the
organization of the departments began. Privileges and conces¬
sions received attention in August, when Mr. Alexander W. Smith,
the auditor of the company and chairman of the Committee on Con¬
cessions, was sent to Chicago to look into the cost and practicability
of removing the Government building from that city to Atlanta.
While there Mr. Smith made a thorough investigation of the system
of privileges and concessions in vogue at the World's Fair, and
on his return made an elaborate report, with which he submitted
copies of forty concession contracts and abstracts of ninety others,
covering the entire range of
concessions at the World's
Fair. After full conference
with those in charge of this
department at Chicago, he
was able to explain in detail
the system in operation there.
The percentage system was
suggested, and he recom¬
mended that exclusive privi¬
leges be not granted where
it was possible to avoid it.
For all concessions in which
the business was of sufficient
volume to justify the em¬
ployment of cashiers, a sys¬
tem of consecutively num¬
bered tickets was recom¬
mended. In smaller conces¬
sions cash registers were
suggested. This report was adopted and its recommendations
shaped the policy of the department. Concerning the award of
contracts for concessions, a matter which was the subject of much
discussion and at times of more or less feeling, he made a
recommendation which is instructive in this connection :
I found that exclusive contracts were rarely granted, and the officials
informed me that in every case where they were granted, they had
ample occasion to regret it. The opinion seems to be that it is not
advisable to advertise indiscriminately for competition to secure these
contracts for concessions and privileges, for the reason that the weakest
men, and consequently the least desirable to deal with, are usually the
highest bidders in such competition. Their experience was that the
best results were obtained through private correspondence and personal
solicitation. There is a great deal of point in this suggestion, but if it
is adopted the integrity of each member of this committee will be put to
a very severe strain in as far as the adverse criticisms of disappointed
applicants can affect it.
The department of privileges and concessions grew rapidly
and eventually became one of the most important. It produced
$125,000 of revenue and furnished the amusement features
of the Exposition. In addition it was a valuable auxiliary to
the Finance Committee in placing at par a large proportion of
the income bonds, which were one of the principal resources during
the latter part of the construction period. Concessionaires who
could not conveniently give a local bond for the performance of the
obligations of their contracts
were encouraged to subscribe
for the bonds of the company
and deposit a sufficient
amount in lieu of personal
security. In other cases
where concessionaires bid per¬
centages on large contracts,
preference was given to those
who subscribed for Exposition
bonds and deposited them as
security for their contracts.
This was the case in award¬
ing contracts for the liquor
privileges, and in the cases of
certain large caterers.
In the work of placing
these bonds Mr. Smith, as
Chairman of the Committee
on Concessions, did a valu¬
able service for the Exposition, and in this he was greatly helped
by Mr. C. S. Northen, a member of the committee, who had much
to do with the negotiations. The work of these gentlemen, in con¬
nection with that of Mr. Felder, the chief of the department,
played no insignificant part in financing the Exposition during the
construction period.
The work of the committee also largely comprehended the amuse¬
ment features of the fair. The Committee on Amusements, of which
Captain A. J. West was chairman, had charge of all which were not
concessions, and perfected the arrangements for the superb musical
attractions.
On the first of October, 1894, Mr. Edmund A. Felder,
who had been connected with the department of admissions at
4°
OFFICIAL HISTORY.
the World's Fair, and was chief of that department at the Cali¬
fornia Midwinter Exposition, was engaged in the capacity of
assistant to the president and took charge of negotiations for con¬
cessions, afterwards becoming chief of the departments of admis¬
sions and concessions. He had a large acquaintance with conces¬
sionaires at the World's Fair and at San Francisco, and was able
to build up a very large list of caterers and amusements, which
contributed revenue equal to 33 per cent, of the gate receipts and
furnished some of the most attractive features of the fair. In some
respects his position was not a pleasant one. • Mr. Smith's predic¬
tion as to the adverse criticism of disappointed applicants was
amply fulfilled, and the brunt of it fell upon Mr. Felder, regardless
of the fact that all the contracts put into operation by him were
first approved by the Committee on Concessions, the Executive
Committee and the directors.
As the head and executive officer of the Department of Conces¬
sions, Mr. Felder had almost the whole burden and responsibility
of negotiating the contracts which built up the Midway. The diffi¬
culty of this task will be understood when it is remembered that the
work was to be done and the revenue was to be raised by a class
of people nomadic in their habits and largely irresponsible. To
find the best of these people and secure from them contracts which
would bring good attractions and at the same time pour large
percentages into the treasury of the Exposition was no easy under¬
taking. In selecting men to deal with from a miscellaneous lot,
and in bringing the few responsible concerns up to the point of bid¬
ding liberally against each other, was a task that required both a
knowledge of human nature and executive ability of a high order,
coupled with no mean type of diplomacy. Many nationalities were
represented, and the ante-room of Mr. Felder's office often pre¬
sented a picturesque appearance. A curious example of the scope
of these negotiations occurred when a prominent Chinese merchant
from San Francisco met a bright young Chinaman from New York
at the Exposition office, and the two went before the Committee on
Concessions with competing propositions for the Chinese village.
It was about the same time that a highly educated native of Japan,
who came to Atlanta to bid on a concession for the Japanese village,
was refused admission at some of the hotels, and Mr. Felder, on
whose invitation he had come, found it necessary to go out and
explain that the stranger was a graduate of one of the greatest
American Universities and worthy to associate with gentlemen in
any country.
Without Midway Heights the fair would have been sadly in¬
complete. Sightseeing is a tiresome business, and unless visitors
find some diversion they will soon become weary of the most im¬
posing array of exhibits that can be got together. The " little
nonsense," ever necessary, is never more so than at a great Expo¬
sition, where, as a rule, the crowds are in a holiday humor. In sup¬
plying this want Mr. Felder did a good sen-ice for the public as well
as for the Exposition.
Under the head of Concessions, Mr. Felder, in the early part of
the Construction period, effected the arrangement by which Mr. A.
Macchi was sent to European countries as Commissioner-General
for the Imposition. To his early efforts in this direction and to
the subsequent activity of Mr. Macchi is due the foreign section
of the Manufactures and Liberal Arts building, a collection of
exhibits highly creditable to the Exposition.
OFFICIAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM.
In the following letter to President Collier, Mr. Felder, Chief of
the Department, outlines its organization and methods:
Aug. 14, 1895.
Hon. C. A. Collier,
President and Director-General, Atlanta, Ga.
Dear Sir : I have the honor to submit the following plan for the
organization and conduct of the business of the Department of Conces¬
sions :
Organization.
A Chief Clerk in charge of the entire force.
A Chief Inspector in direct charge of all " outside " employees.
A Cashier, in charge of ticket stock and the moneys paid into the
Department direct.
Three accountants assisting the Chief Clerk, who will also be the
Chief Accountant.
Ticket Counters to verify the contents of ticket boxes returned by
concessionaires, in order to ascertain whether approximately all the
tickets sold each day at the respective concessions are collected.
Outside Force.
Four inspectors in charge of the four sub-divisions referred to here¬
after, who will audit all concessions on the percentage plan.
As many cashiers as may be necessary to provide an attendant at
such concessions as may hereafter be agreed upon by this committee
to be submitted in a subsequent report, their salaries to be paid by the
concessionaires.
One inspector in charge of ticket boxes and cash registers, responsible
for their delivery and collection.
Two porters, one stenographer, one messenger.
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
41
riethod of Accounting.
1st. For all concessions charging an admission fee, tickets of various
denominations, different colors and series, should be prepared to be
issued by the Department to this class of concessionaires, charging
them the cost thereof. The concessionaire is held responsible for the
value thereof, and any ticket may be traced to almost the hour of its
sale.
The tickets, deposited in locked boxes, provided by this Department,
are daily collected and returned to the Department to verify the contents
as against the reported sales and destroyed.
For camp-stool, check-room and similar privileges, a duplicate system
is necessary, one-half of the ticket being deposited in the box and the
other delivered to the patron to entitle him to the refund of the deposit
or package, as the case may be. The latter portions are to be collected
by the concessionaire and turned in separately to this Department, as
contracts provide a percentage for this Company on returned stools,'
and the sales of packages remaining on hand at the close of the Ex¬
position.
Restaurants and Lunch Counters.
For restaurants, in preference to all other systems, I recommend that
waiters be required to enter the kitchen by one door, leaving by another,
where a cashier with register collects the value of the articles served,
as appraised by the "checker" representing the interests of the con¬
cessionaire. At the close of the day's business a statement is rendered
of cash on hand by the cashier and concessionaire jointly, which report
is verified the following morning by the inspector, who reads the regis¬
ter, the Department figuring all percentages on the higher totals. By
a special private system the writer will be enabled to ascertain with
almost unfailing certainty any collusion between cashiers and conces¬
sionaires.
For lunch counters I recommend the following :
That patrons be required to enter by one door, at which a check is
issued with the number of the party punched, or a separate check for
each person. Before being served this check must be delivered to the
waiter, and as the order is served the amounts of the dishes punched
thereon. If a second order is placed, the check is again taken up and
the supplemental amount added in, the patron settling with the cashier
by the higher figure. The cashier makes entry on a special slip of
the number of persons served and the amounts, making report of the
total received, and the number of checks (which are consecutively
numbered) issued by the doorkeeper should be in the possession of the
cashier. This is an admirable system and does away with the cash
register.
Another plan, equally as good, is the issuance of separate checks for
each person entering the room, which are delivered to the waiter before
service is rendered, and a separate check for the amount of each order
is delivered to each person. If a second , order is placed, the first is
taken up and the higher issued, which is paid at the cashier's desk.
The one difficulty, from our standpoint, however, with both systems
is that disputes will arise between the concessionaires and this Company
unless the checks issued by waiters and collected by cashiers agree,
the concessionaires holding the Company responsible for deficiencies.
Few people attempt to defraud such places, and a few well-founded
complaints would have the effect of weeding out incompetent or careless
cashiers from the service.
Lunch counters at which it is not practicable, because of their con¬
struction, to adopt the above systems, or where the business transacted
does not warrant the employment of a special cashier, should be
required to use cash registers.
Saloons.
I am not prepared at this time to report a system for ascertaining
the gross receipts of these concessions, but in a general way prefer a
separate register for each attendant, waiters serving drinks at tables
settling upon placing the order and collecting from the customer.
The concessionaire will, beyond doubt, co-operate with the Depart¬
ment in every possible way to secure correct returns, and repeated
reports against the same attendant for recording smaller amounts than
actual sales would be followed by prompt request for removal.
For the many booths both in buildings and on the grounds the cash
register is the best means of ascertaining the gross receipts ; and as this
class is constantly under surveillance, frequent reports of irregularities
should be met by the promptest remedy to bring a dishonest conces¬
sionaire to enforced fair dealing, closing the concession and imposing
a heavy fine for the offences committed before he is permitted to resume
business.
Under this system the concessionaire is required to render a report
of the day's business, and a separate report is made by the inspector,
which sets forth the reading of the register at last report, the present
reading, and the registered number showing the opening of the lid con¬
cealing the totalizer; a settlement is made on the higher amount.
Catalogues, Guides, Programmes, Etc.
For this class I prefer consecutively numbered stamps, to be gummed
on the publication, settlement to be made each day on the difference
between stamps issued and stamps stamped on volumes on hand.
For articles sold at a uniform price, where its appearance would not
be damaged thereby, this system shou'd also be used, the manufacturer's
invoices also being open to inspection.
Reports.
Immediately upon the completion of the audit of the preceding day's
business and the figuring of the percentages accruing to this Company,
I desire to have the accounts entered up in special books and turned
over to the treasurer for collection, the books being returned to the
Department as soon as the deposits are made, so that consolidated
reports may be rendered to the auditor, showing the gross receipts,
the percentages accruing to the Exposition, the amounts collected,
and balances, if any there be.
The Department books, always open to the auditor, will show all the
transactions of all the concessions in a detailed way. The Treasury,
Auditing, Admission and Concessions departments are so closely allied
that their work interlaces in every quarter.
So far as possible it shall be my aim to close up each day's business
the succeeding day, but unless we escape the experience of other great
Expositions, in the early days, when the attendance is light, many of
the concessionaires who will lose money will have to be leniently dealt
with and balances carried from day to day, until the crowds come and
business grows better. The rights of the Exposition must always be
asserted and maintained, and collections forced where it is possible to
do so.
The system of blanks and actual accounting I beg to be referred to
the Auditor, the Treasurer, and the writer for agreement, as the time to
work out these details is very limited.
Division of Grounds.
For the expeditious carrying out of the system the grounds should
be divided into four divisions of approximately the same number of
stations and distinguished by a letter. Each concession is already dis¬
tinguished by a number. Each place at which business is transacted
in a concession should be designated by a number, and a small metal
sign setting forth the division, concession, number and station number
should be conspicuously placed in order to facilitate auditing, as well
as to definitely locate irregularities.
Ticket Boxes.
Sheet metal boxes of various sizes, provided with locks, the keys being
entrusted to one person, should be provided, two for each station ;
one set painted white, for use on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays;
the other black, for Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays, with division
letter and concession and station number painted in contrasting color.
Each station should also be furnished a license showing the commod¬
ities which may be sold thereat.
42
OFFICf A L
HIS TOR Y.
Cash Registers.
The writer prefers a total-adding, self-adjusting register, which may
not be set back with lid register, and front and rear indicators. The
concession contracts require the concessionaire to pay the rentals.
For such concessions as the electric launch, chutes, toilet rooms, etc.,
self-registering turnstiles should be used.
A general rule should be adopted prohibiting the issuance of return
checks to attractions.
Ticket System.
The form of the ticket should closely follow the admission ticket of
the Exposition ; being, however, considerably smaller.
Each denomination should be of a different color, and the series dis¬
tinguished by a letter, and, if possible, no two concessions should use
the same series at the same time. When the concessionaire so desires
he should be permitted to contract for his own supply, provided it is
delivered to the Auditor to check in to the Department of Concessions
in the manner prescribed by the rules. These tickets can also be used
for soft drinks and similar concessions, the customer purchasing the
ticket before ordering.
The cashiers should be frequently changed to prevent collusion, and
divided into classes, so that they will thoroughly understand the par¬
ticular service required. It would not be policy to assign one accus¬
tomed to handling tickets only to a restaurant, for he would not be
familiar with the schedule of prices and could easily be imposed upon
by a dishonest "checker" in collusion with an equally dishonest
waiter. The rule does not work both ways, however. I prefer male
cashiers for restaurants and women for amusement attractions, soft
drinks, etc.
A small secret service force should be employed to keep constant
surveillance of all concessions, as well as the men on duty at the gates,
consisting of ten men and one woman.
This report is compiled without data or memoranda, and while it
may be lacking in some minor essentials, covers the salient points to be
guarded. I cannot too strongly urge prompt action, for it is a tre¬
mendous undertaking to get ready by the loth of September, at which
time many concessions will be in operation.
Respectfully submitted,
E. A. FELDER,
Chief, Department Admissions and Con.
Receipts of the Department.
The receipts from concessions aggregated $125,230.58.
Below are the receipts from concessions for some of the days
when attendance was large :
October 9, Liberty Bell Day $1,245,03. Attendance... 24,416
" 23, President's Day.... 2,055.28. " ... 21,388
November 19, Georgia Day...... 2,047.10. " ... 20,749
" 28, Atlanta Day 4,577,55. " 54,263
The receipts of sumo of the more important concessions are given
below, as they appear from the Treasurer's books. In most cases
these amounts received by the Exposition Company represent 25 per
cent, of the receipts of the concessionaires :
Liquors: three concessions $15,354. 17
Restaurants and Lunches 16,821 67
Fruits 1,010 29
I'opcorn, Peanuts, etc ',93' 51
Hot Sausage 1,287 43
Hot Chocolate . 194 86
Lithia Water 280 16
Cider . ',795 25
Shooting the Chutes 3,860 56
Palace of Illusion 2,337 71
Old Plantation . 1,576 31
Camera Obscura . — 87 37
Haunted Swing 1,076 55
Mystic Maze — . 3,945 50
Phcenix Wheel 1,271 53
Chinese Village 466 86
Merry-go-round 975 29
Eden Musee 3,672 04
Vaudeville Theatre 2,214 23
Dahomey Village _ 552 51
Beauty Show 2.458 17
Streets of Cairo 5,422 91
Crystal Cave _ _ 475 20
Deep-sea Diving.. 461 65
Water-closets 545 05
Peep-show • 608 73
Ice Grotto and Polar Scenes 714 75
Parisian Theatre 550 20
The item "restaurants and lunches" includes hot waffles, griddle
cakes, and hot roast beef sandwiches.
CHAPTER VII.
PUBLICITY AND PROMOTION.
Up to October, 1894, the publicity of the Exposition had been
very great for a young enterprise, and its promotion was the spe¬
cial duty of every member of the directory, but a department of
this kind had not been organized, and no regular propaganda had
been undertaken. The Committee on Publicity and Promotion,
consisting of Mr. H. H. Cabaniss, Chairman; and Messrs. Clark
Howell, H. E. W. Palmer, J. R. Lewis, M. L. Adler, W. L. Cos-
grove, C. E. Harman, and C. A. Collier, began to look about for
a man to take charge of the work. On the xoth of October W. G.
Cooper, a journalist of some experience, was chosen secretary of
the committee and later was made chief of the department.
THE GEORGIA EXHIBIT.
The first work demanding attention was the State Exhibit from
Georgia, and it was the duty of the department to co-operate with
Captain E. P. Howell, who had been elected to the General Assembly
from Fulton County and had the bill for a State Exhibit in charge.
This bill had been drawn by the General Counsel, Mr. J.J. Spalding,
and was introduced by Mr. Hewlitt Hall, of Coweta, by whose
request it was referred to the Committee on Agriculture, one of the
largest and strongest of the House committees. There, in his argu¬
ment, Captain Howell was ably assisted by Mr. Gray, the member
for Houston County, Major G. M. Ryals, of Savannah, Vice-
President of the American Agricultural Society, and Colonel J. O.
"VVaddell, President of the Georgia Agricultural Society. Almost
unanimously the committee recommended an appropriation for the
exhibit, provided it met the approval of the General Judiciary Com¬
mittee. There was the seat of difficulty. The Georgia Constitu¬
tion, like those of most other Southern States, had stood in the way
of appropriations for exhibits at the World's Fair, and every other
exposition up to that time. It had been a characteristic remark of
General Robert Toombs, on the adjournment of the Constitutional
Convention of 1877, that he had "locked the door of the treasury, and
thrown the key away." Mr. Toombs had been the leader in that
Convention, and the chairman of the committee of twenty-six
which framed its ordinances. His interpretation of the Constitution
had been generally accepted, and his words, just quoted, were
taken as a declaration for a strict construction. This view had pre¬
vailed, and it remained for the General Counsel of the Exposition
to find the key which Mr. Toombs had thrown away. In the
stenographic reporcs of the debates in the Constitutional Conven¬
tion Mr. Spalding found an utterance by General Toombs
which threw a new light on the Constitution- In providing for
various State institutions the Legislature had specified a Depart¬
ment of Agriculture for which appropriations might be made. It
had been part of the original plan of this department to keep in
the Capitol a collection of the best products of the State. A geo¬
logical survey had also been provided for, and a collection of the
minerals of Georgia had been made and placed on exhibition with
the products of agriculture and samples of timber. Mr. Spalding's
bill proposed to extend this collection, and to place it temporarily
on exhibition at the Exposition. Thereafter it was to become part
of a permanent collection at the State Capitol. For these pur¬
poses an appropriation was asked, and an exhibit of the schools
was to be included. In the Judiciary Committee a minority op¬
posed the bill and the appropriation as unconstitutional, on the
ground that the Constitution specified plainly all the purposes for
which money might be appropriated, and that any action beyond
those limits was in excess of authority and unconstitutional. Mr.
Spalding argued that it was simply a direction of the operations
of State institutions—like the Department of Agriculture and
the Geological Survey—such operations being in their nature
impossible to specify in the fundamental law. To support this
view, he quoted the remarks of General Toombs in the Constitu¬
tional Convention, in presenting the report of his committee on this
subject. According to the published stenographic reports of the
proceeding, Mr. Toombs said:
44
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
I move to take up the short report of the committee of twenty-six
on public institutions, recommending that no action upon them be taken
by this convention. They are peculiarly subjects of legislation and
changeable in their nature. They are now left in the same condition
as the other State institutions, the Lunatic Asylum and academies for
the deaf and dumb and blind. These are matters for the notice and
care of the Legislature, and ought to be abolished or amended at the
pleasure of the Legislature. Therefore, we recommend that they be
left where they properly belong, with the Legislature, where the people
may do with them as they please, from time to time. They are mere
questions of expediency.
Thus it was seen that the Constitutional Convention had kept
hands off these subjects in order that the Legislature might be free
to act on them. This was contrary to the construction which had
previously kept the Legislature from appropriating money for such
purposes. Novel as this view was to the Legislature, it was sup¬
ported by a decision of the Supreme Court, reported in the 65th
Georgia, to the effect that the Legislature had full power, except
where it was expressly prohibited by the Constitution. Mr. Spald¬
ing further argued that, after such power had been given the
General Assembly, its members had been sworn to exercise it, the
oath, as specified by the Constitution, including these words : " And
on all questions and measures that may come before me, I will so
conduct myself as will, in my judgment, be most conducive to the
interests and prosperity of the State."
This view of the Constitutional question was accepted by the
majority of the Judiciary Committee, and its Chairman, Mr. Jenkins,
of Putnam, defended the bill on the floor of the House. There
was a respectable minority, led by Mr. Fouche, of Floyd, which
dissented from this opinion, and held to the previous construction
of the Constitution. The House, after full discussion, sustained the
Judiciary Committee and eventually the Senate did the same,
although the amount of the appropriation was reduced from $25,000
t° $17>5°°- By this action the Legislature set an important prece¬
dent, which is likely to be invoked in future. This very fact, that
it was setting a new precedent and placing a new construction on
the Constitution, accounted for almost all the opposition to the bill.
Even those who opposed the measure were in sympathy with the
Exposition, and, but for the fear that the bill would return to plagut
them, most of them would, doubtless, have favored it from the
start.
The friends of the Exposition, and particularly the General
Counsel and Captain Howell, realized that they had shouldered a
heavy responsibility in bringing in a new construction and breaking
down the supposed barriers of the Constitution at this point. After
weighing the matter carefully, they accepted the responsibility for
the innovation, believing that the new opinion was sound and that
its triumph was a permanent benefit to the State, in that it had
removed a bar to progress.
Thus the Exposition, whose beneficent effects are visible through¬
out the South, and, indeed, in the whole country, while it gave in¬
dustry a new stimulus,has also informed the law, overcoming musty
and mistaken precedents with juster and more enlightened views of
the Constitution. The fundamental law of Georgia had not been
framed by narrow men, but it had received a narrow interpretation,
widely at variance with the views of Mr. Toombs and of the com¬
mittee that framed the Constitution. The door had been locked,
not against progress, but against plunderers.
While this matter was pending before the Legislature, the De¬
partment of Publicity and Promotion was actively engaged in ex¬
ploiting the subject through the press and through the mails.
Letters over the president's signature were sent, not only to mem¬
bers of the Legislature, but to leading citizens in every county.
Meantime the plans of the Exposition were developing rapidlv, and
the press was kept posted by regular communications, so arranged
that editors might use as much or as little as thev pleased. The
arguments for the State exhibit were presented briefly, but clearlv,
and the editor was left to adopt or reject them, as he saw fit. With
few exceptions, the press favored an exhibit and applauded the
Legislature when an appropriation was made. A similar canvass
was made of other States, and the weekly issues of the department
went to the press, the members of legislatures and many leading
citizens. This work followed the sessions of Legislatures in the
Southern States, and later was advanced into all parts of the
country. First and last, about five thousand legislators received
letters from the president, the prospectus and other printed matter
sent out by the department. Advantage was taken of fortuitous
circumstances to stir up emulation among the States. It so hap¬
pened that when the Pennsylvania Legislature made its appropria¬
tion of $38,000 for a State exhibit,bills of a similar character were
pending in the Legislatures of New York, Massachusetts and
Illinois. At once a circular letter was sent to each member of the
General Assembly in each of those States, informing him of the
action of Pennsylvania. Attention was called tc the fact that New
York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts and Illinois stand together at
the head of the list of manufacturing States, and that they made
OFFICIAL HISTORY.
45
most of the goods which the rest of the country had to buy. Here
was an opportunity to push trade in the Cotton States, where, as
yet, local competition in most lines was not heavy. Pennsylvania
having taken advantage of the opportunity, her great competitors
could hardly afford to stand idly by and see her appropriate the
benefits. This undoubtedly had its weight; but when the matter
came up for consideration before the Legislatures, broad views
were expressed, and some wished to make the exhibits, if for no other
reason, as an expression of appreciation and encouragement for the
enterprise of the Southern people in undertaking so great an Ex¬
position.
Early in the fall of 1894, when Governor Northen was still in
office, he sent to the Governor of each State and Territory an official
letter inviting an exhibit of the resources of that State at the Exposi¬
tion and inviting the governor himself to attend. This letter was
accompanied by one from President Collier conveying the same
invitation and setting forth the character and extent of the enter¬
prise. These letters subsequently bore fruit in messages sent to
Legislatures by the governors of a number of States.
In the work of publicity and promotion two main objects
were kept in view—exhibits and attendance. Work was begun
on both lines at the start, but as the allotment of space had to
be made some months before the gates opened, the work for
exhibits was especially pushed at the outset. First came the
work for State exhibits as above described, and subsequently
that for other displays. In the work for State exhibits the
President and the Executive Committee at times took an active
part. Delegations were sent to Montgomery and to Raleigh,
and by invitation President Collier, ex-Governor Bullock,
General Counsel Spalding, Mr. Stewart Woodson, and Vice-
President Cabaniss addressed the General Assemblies of Ala¬
bama and North Carolina. The Populist vote defeated appro¬
priations in both those States, but private enterprise afterward
accomplished what the State had refused to undertake.
Director-General Palmer went to Baton Rouge as early as
June, 1894, and addressed the General Assembly of Louisiana.
After a few days he had the satisfaction of seeing the Legislature
pass a joint resolution directing the Commissioner of Agriculture
to make an exhibit at the Exposition.
In this connection it would be an unpardonable omission to over¬
look the efforts of some of the ladies in securing State exhibits.
Early in the fall of 1894, Mrs. T. J. Simmons, a native of Georgia,
and now the wife of the Chief Justice of the Georgia Supreme
Court, went to Philadelphia and made an effort to secure the Liberty
bell for the Exposition. The Woman's Board had established a
colonial department with a chairman for each of the thirteen
original States. Mrs. Simmons was chairman for Pennsylvania,
and asked for the bell as a colonial relic. She was commended
to the Mayor and General Council of Philadelphia by resolution
of the Executive Committee of the Exposition, and so presented
the application for the bell. The people of Philadelphia had not
at that time realized the magnitude of the Exposition, as its plans
had not fully developed, and Mrs. Simmons' efforts were for a
time disappointed. Later the press of that city became interested
in the Exposition and used its influence in favor of sending the bell
to Atlanta. There was a meeting of the International League of
Press Clubs at Philadelphia, and it was attended by Mr.
Clark Howell, of the Atlanta Constitution, and Mrs. Loulie
M. Gordon, representative-at-large for the Woman's Board of
the Exposition. By their efforts new interest was created and
the advice of the press was taken by the city fathers. Mr.
Thomas J. Keenan, of the Pittsburgh Press, Colonel A. K.
McClure, of the Philadelphia Times, and other prominent gentlemen
interested themselves in the matter, and the action of Philadelphia
did much to secure the legislative appropriation for a State exhibit
from Pennsylvania. In New York the first indication of public
interest in the Exposition was manifested by ladies. Miss Ella
Powell had been sent to New York by the Woman's Department
and had succeeded in getting a number of prominent ladies interested.
About the same time competition for designs of the Woman's Build-
SIDE VIEW, FINE ARTS BUILDING.
ing was going on, and drawings made for that competition by New
York women were placed on exhibition for a few days in a prominent
place. The newspapers noticed the competition, and the Herald
printed a cut of a plan made at the School of Design. The interest
of the ladies in the Exposition caused frequent mention of it in the
society columns of the city papers. Meantime they had all en¬
dorsed it editorially and had printed a good deal of matter on its
general plan. Governor Morton had received Governor Northen's
letter cordially and had sent the Legislature a message recommend¬
ing a State exhibit. Mrs. Joseph Thompson, President of the
Woman's Board, went to New York and spent some days in the
interest of the Exposition. She aroused great enthusiasm, and
the newspapers had a great deal to say about her visit and
about the Exposition in general. The talented women who
edited the society columns of the metropolitan press gave a
great deal of attention to the Exposition and the ladies
46
OFFICIAL HISTORY.
who figured in its work. Thus the promotion of State
exhibits and all other exhibits in New York and Pennsylvania
was greatly advanced by the activity and social influence of
women.
Meantime a general canvass had been made of all manufac¬
turing concerns who did business outside their own States. Gen.
J. R. Lewis, the Secretary and afterwards Chief of Installation,
had prepared a list of such manufacturers, and had sent out the
blanks, etc., of his department. The Department of Publicity and
Promotion canvassed the same list, with the prospectus and other
documents especially prepared for the purpose. One was a letter,
names was made up. The matter on the press-sheets was closely
edited, made as concise as possible, and divided into short sec¬
tions. Repetition was avoided, and only news was given. At
first these items found their way slowly into the columns of the
newspapers, but as editors became acquainted with its character,
the matter was used freely. Often they would write for detailed
information and cuts, and these were furnished promptly. Most
of the larger dailies sent correspondents to Atlanta, both before
and during the fair, and scores of them issued Exposition editions.
The Chicago Times-Herald signalized such an event by running a
special train 800 miles and breaking the time record to Atlanta.
mm;'
. . ir*nrrv
VIEW OF GROUNDS, FROM WHEEL.
calling attention to the fact that the immediate commercial bene¬
fits of this Exposition would largely accrue to the Northern
States, which were equipped to sell the machinery that was needed
in development, and were also ready to take advantage of any
new markets opened up for foreign commerce.
The general work of the Department of Publicity and Promo¬
tion was through the press. Matter was sent out in weekly sheets
to all the daily newspapers of the United States. The weekly
papers of the Southern States were divided into two ranks and
canvassed alternate weeks. In the Northern States the larger
weeklies were taken. The list of trade publications and class jour¬
nals was carefully gone over, and about one-third, embracing all
the best, were listed. In this way a weekly mailing list of 7,000
Mention has already been made of the great work of the Atlanta
Constitution, the Atlanta Journal and the Commercial.
From the first the railroads were warm friends and enthusiastic
promoters of the Exposition. It was brought directly to the
attention of the executive officers and the general passenger
agents. The publications and the folders of the passenger de¬
partment were full of the Exposition, and many of them were
profusely illustrated with cuts of the buildings. Most of the
Southern roads placed the Exposition lithographs conspicuously
in their passenger stations. In addition to this, the general pas¬
senger agents took advantage of every opportunity to promote
the Exposition, and their subordinates were infused with the same
spirit. The Executive Committee had authorized a contract for a
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
47
very large number of lithographs in twelve colors. The work was
well executed, but by a series of delays was not delivered till
late in May, 1895. Then the lithographs were sent out and posted
at railway stations, hotels, post offices, and other public places
throughout the South and in the principal centres of the Northern
and Western States. Just before the opening of the gates, a
large order for 15-sheet 4-color lithographs or posters, ordinarily
known as circus posters, was placed, and these were distributed
through the Eastern, Middle and Southern States.
The Washington correspondents of the press were invited to
visit Atlanta in May and accepted the invitation. They were the
guests of the Southern Railway en route and of the Exposition
Company during their stay in Atlanta. For two days there was a
continuous series of entertainments in their honor, concluding with
a barbecue at the Exposition grounds. The social feature of the
occasion was a lawn party given in honor of the correspondents at
Brookwood, the beautiful country home of Mrs. Joseph Thompson,
President of the Woman's Board. It is needless to say that the
correspondents enjoyed themselves and had much to say of the
Exposition on their return to Washington.
Early in the history of the Exposition the President and Secre¬
tary had sent formal invitations to all great foreign powers through
the State Department of the Federal Government. Mr. Gresham,
in transmitting these invitations, accompanied them with a letter
of cordial endorsement, urging their acceptance. This was
followed up by the Exposition Commissioners in Central and
South America and in Europe, and by the Department of Publicity
and Promotion through letters and printed matter sent to the
consuls of the United States throughout the world, and to leading
newspapers all over Europe and South America. The diplomatic
officers of other countries resident at Washington, and their consular
officers resident in the Southern States, were also advised of the
progress of the Exposition, and some of them made it the subject
of official reports.
In the United States every association or organization available
for the purpose was made a channel of publicity. The Grand
Army of the Republic and the United Confederate Veterans were
invited to attend the Exposition on " Blue and Gray " day, and
general orders were sent out by General Gordon and Colonel
Lawler, the commanders-in-chief of these organizations. The
Order of Railway Conductors met in Atlanta in May, 1895, and
the use of the Electricity Building, just then completed, was
tendered them for their grand ball. Fifteen hundred conductors
from all parts of the United States, Canada and Mexico were pres¬
ent and each carried home a souvenir of the Exposition, with
handsome pictures of the grounds and buildings. The National
Water Works Association and other organizations met in Atlanta
the same spring and all had ample opportunity to see the Exposi¬
tion. This was but an advance guard of the series of conventions
and meetings in Atlanta during the fair, when almost every known
interest, class, cult or creed sent representatives. Early in the year
preceding the Exposition, a resolution adopted by the Executive
Committee invited the press associations of all the States and also the
National Editorial Association to visit Atlanta during the Exposi¬
tion in the month of October. By that time it was expected that
the fair would be well under way and the weather would be the
most agreeable of the year. These invitations were presented by
the Department of Publicity and Promotion to the officers of asso¬
ciations in all the States and Territories, and twenty-five of these
bodies accepted. They came during the month of October, and
the dates of their visits were arranged, as far as practicable, so as
to extend over the successive days of the month. Sometimes two
associations came together and on two occasions the editors of
three States were on the grounds at the same time. Over four
thousand editors visited the fair, and many more, helped to make it
a success. They gave it freely a service money could not buy, and
were always its friends in time of need. The Exposition was
largely their creation.
When these editors went back to their homes in the twenty-five
States from which they came, the columns cf their papers teemed
with enthusiastic accounts of the Exposition. Unlike the visitors
of the opening week, they had seen the fair in its completeness and
with the beauty of its enchanting scene unmarred by the presence
of debris. When four thousand pens were writing about the Ex¬
position at the same time, with the convincing eloquence of eye¬
witnesses, a vast influence was at once exerted on the public mind
and the attendance quadrupled in four weeks. By this time
the finances of the fair had been reinforced, and a new appropria¬
tion was made for advertising. A special committee composed of
Messrs. C. E. Harman, E. C. Peters and H. M. Atkinson did bril¬
liant service in working up crowds on special days, particularly
on Atlanta Day, November 28th, when the attendance exceeded
sixty thousand.
CHAPTER VIII.
WORK IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
One of the first things done by the Executive Committee, after
che action of Congress in appropriating money for a Government
exhibit, was to authorize the appointment of Colonel Isaac W.
Avery as Commissioner for the Exposition in South America.
Colonel Avery had been for several years engaged in the promotion
of direct trade between the South Atlantic States and the principal
European ports. He had kept up an agitation of the subject
through the columns of forty leading newspapers in the South and
West, and, as a result, several lines of steamers had been put on
from Charleston, Savannah, Brunswick and Port Royal to various
ports of Great Britain and the continent. As the representative of
the Exposition in the South and West prior to the action of Con¬
gress, he had secured the endorsement of the Exposition by the
governors and commercial bodies of those States, largely upon the
idea that while the fair would develop especially the resources of
the cotton region, it would also stimulate trade with South America.
With this thorough acquaintance with commercial conditions and
commercial sentiment in his own country, Colonel Avery went
abroad to represent the Exposition. He sailed from New York to
Rio Janeiro on the nthof October, 1894, carrying letters from
Hon. W. J. Northern, Governor of Georgia, and Hon. Walter Q.
Gresham, Secretary of State for the United States. The formal
invitations from the Exposition Company to the South American
governments were sent through the State Department at Washing¬
ton, with the cordial endorsement of Secretary Gresham. Mr.
Gresham also sent to the diplomatic representatives of the United
States in South America instructions to use their good offices in
behalf of the Exposition. Colonel Avery also carried letters from
the representatives of the South American republics at Washington
to government officials and leading citizens of their own countries.
Thus equipped, he visited in succession Brazil, the Agentine Repub¬
lic, Paraguay, Chile, Uruguay, Mexico, and Venezuela. In Mexico,
however, he had been preceded by Mr. Charles H. Redding, pre¬
viously appointed Commissioner to that country. In passing
through those countries Colonel Avery occupied nine months, cross¬
ing the Andes, encountering the yellow fever and the cholera, run¬
ning the gauntlet of the quarantine, and sailing through the Straits
of Magellan.
In Brazil the Exposition Commissioner brought the enterprise to
the attention of the retiring administration of President Floriana
Peixoto, and later to the notice of the new administration of
President Prudente de Moraes. An exhibit was promised, but was
defeated in the end by epidemics of cholera and yellow fever, and
by a revolution in the State of Rio Grande do Sul.
In the Argentine Republic, after many difficulties had been met
and overcome, an appropriation of $15,000 in gold was secured.
While the Commissioner was in Buenos Ayres an incident, which
illustrated the strong American feeling of the Southern republics,
brought the Exposition prominently before the people of that coun¬
try. A statue had been erected in Buenos Ayres to James Monroe,
President of the United States, whose famous message on the
" Holy Alliance " in the early part of the century gave permanent
form and historic character to a policy which the great English
COSTA RICA BUILDING.
statesman, Canning, had suggested to Dr. Rush, the American
Minister at the Court of St. James. What had been a doctrine of
general application with Canning was made the especial property
of America by James Monroe, on account of whose message it has
been called the " Monroe Doctrine." In all South American coun¬
tries and in Mexico the sentiment " America for Americans " is
associated with the name of James Monroe, who was to them the
incarnation of patriotic sentiment throughout the AVestern Hemi¬
sphere.
The day for the unveiling of the statue came while Colonel
Avery was in Buenos Ayres. As a bearer of messages of comity
and a promoter of friendly relations, having the endorsement of the
5°
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
United States Government on his mission, be was invited to take
part in the ceremony. He made an add res in which the oppor¬
tunity was tactfully used to emphasize the fact that the Monroe
Doctrine was a tie of common interest between all American repub¬
lics, and the good-will so engendered was to be increased by the
Exposition, which had for one of its objects the cementing of
friendly relations between the United States and the Southern
republics, with which commercial intercourse was to be increased
by the display at Atlanta of products exchangeable between these
countries. This speech was spoken in English to a Portuguese-
speaking audience, but it was printed the next morning both in
English and in Portuguese by the daily papers of Buenos Ayres.
From Argentina the Exposition Commissioner went to Santiago,
where he succeeded in securing from the Chilian Congress an ap¬
propriation of $10,000 for an exhibit of its principal item of ex¬
port, the nitrate of soda, together with a display of the elaborate
machinery used in mining this valuable fertilizer.
Mr. Charles H. Redding, Commissioner to Mexico, had spent
some time there and had secured from President Diaz assurance of
an exhibit. Colonel Avery, after visiting Paraguay and Uruguay,
returned to the United States and went to Mexico, where he
enlisted the interest of Senor Fernandez Leal, Minister of Fomento,
and secured from President Diaz a fine exhibit, with the compli¬
mentary tender of the Mexican Band.
The lack of facilities for transportation between this country and
South America was shown by the fact that in going from Mexico
to Venezuela, it was found best for Colonel Avery to return to
New York and sail from there to Laguira, whence he proceeded to
Caracas and secured an exhibit of the products of Venezuela.
Costa Rica had been visited by Mr. Charles H. Redding, who,
as Commissioner for the Exposition, secured a joint exhibit from
Costa Rica and Nicaragua. A pleasing feature of this exhibit was
a theatre, in which a series of stereopticon views of Costa Rica
was shown.
The Commissioners appointed to represent the Southern countries
at the Exposition were as follows :
Mexico.—Senor Gregorio E. Gonzales.
Venezuela.—Senor Louis M. Jove.
Senor Miguel J. Oseo Cotterell
Attache Senor Miguel J. Romero.
The Argentine Republic.—Dr. Gustavo Neiderlein.
Chile.—Mr. Julio M. Foster.
Costa Rica.—Theodoro H. Mangel.
Richard Villafranca.
The European exhibits were not Government displays, but were
secured by Mr. Antonio Macchi, who represented the Exposition as
Commissioner-General to Europe. He visited the capitals of all
the important European countries, and sent representatives to all
the commercial and industrial centres. In this way interesting ex¬
hibits were secured in England, France, Germany, Italy, Russia,
Austria, Hungary, and other countries. In London a Committee
of Patronage was formed, and in Paris the American Chamber of
Commerce encouraged the work, which was also greatly helped bv
Mr. Clyde Shropshire, Vice-Consul General of the United States,
and a native of Georgia. The exhibit from ItaJy was particularly
fine, and included elaborate displays of works of art in marble.
The Art Department was much enriched by exhibits of paintings
from abroad. In May, 1895, Mr. Horace Bradley, who had been
appointed Chief of the Department of Fine Arts, went to Europe
and spent some time in London, Paris and Brussels, where he
secured some notable pictures.
The Italian Commission was composed of the following gentle¬
men :
Chev. Antonio Macchi, Commissioner-General.
Chev. C. A. Barattoni, Vice-President of the Italian Chamber of
Commerce, New York City, Honorary President.
Chev. Doct. Ettore Candiani, Honorary Commissioner.
Vittorio Zeggio, Ex-Commissioner for Liberal Arts, World's
Columbian Exposition, and Prof. Gaetano Trentanove, Commis¬
sioner of Fine Arts.
Ing. G. Pogliani, Section Architect.
Carlo Sestagalli, Secretary to Commissioner.
In addition to these Mr. Alfonzo Faber was appointed Com¬
missioner to Austria by Mr. Macchi.
CHAPTER IX.
THE WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT
The Woman's Department began active work in the spring of
1894. One of the first steps toward an extended organization was
to ask the appointment of eight women as commissioners in each
of the Southern States, and eventually in all the States. Mrs.
Joseph Thompson, president of the Woman's Board, sent letters to
each of the governors, asking them to appoint such commissioners
to secure exhibits of woman's work from their respective States.
These letters received considerate attention and the commissioners
were appointed. Then followed the detailed work in each State,
with commissioners or committees in charge of different branches.
For example, the Colonial Department was organized with Mrs. W.
L. Peel, of Atlanta, as chairman. Sub-committees were appointed
for each of the original thirteen States, and also in other States
where colonial relics were to be found. This department collected
one of the finest exhibits of colonial relics ever gotten together in
America. It was also the means of initiating the movement for
bringing to Atlanta the Liberty Bell, the most priceless of all the
relics, whose coming was an event which did much to augment the
influence which the Exposition had in cementing the friendly feel¬
ing of remote sections.
The organization of the Woman's Board into departments is
shown by the list of committees here given:
Board of Women Hanagers Cotton States and International
Exposition.
Mrs. Joseph Thompson, President; Mrs. W. C. Lanier, 1st Vice-
President; Mrs. S. M. Inman, 2d Vice-President; Mrs. W. Y. Atkin¬
son, Honorary Vice-President; Mrs. Hoke Smith, Honorary Vice-Presi¬
dent; Mrs. A. B. Steele, Secretary; Mrs. A. E. Thornton, Treasurer;
Mrs. A. H. Cox, Auditor; Mrs. W. H. Fclton, Chm. Ex. Com. ;
Mrs. N. P. Black, Vice-Chm. Ex. Com. ; Mrs. Loulie M. Gordon,
Rep. at Large; Mrs. R. S. Barrett, Rep. at Washington, D. C. ; Mrs.
W. G. Raoul, Chm. Finance Com. ; Mrs. W. A. Hemphill, Mrs. J.
K. Ohl, Mrs. W. M. Dickson, Mrs. E. C. Peters, Mrs. Hugh Hagan,
Mrs. Robt. Lowry, Mrs. E. L. Tyler, Mrs. H. L. Wilson, Miss Nettie
Sergeant, Miss Ella Powell, Honorary Member; Miss Corrinne Stocker,
Honorary Member; Mrs. Chas. Collier, Mrs. Clark Howell, Jr. ; Mrs.
B. W. Wrenn, Mrs. Porter King, Mrs. Geo. Traylor, Mrs. Grant
Wilkins, Mrs. H. B. Tompkins, Mrs. Morris Brandon, Mrs. W. L.
Peel, Mrs. Hugh Angier, Mrs. W. D. Grant, Mrs. W. R. Hammond,
Mrs. John Keely, Mrs. A. V. Gude, Mrs. Jas. O'Neill, Mrs. Clarence
Knowles, Mrs. Rhode Hill, Mrs. H. H. Cabaniss, Mrs. Carroll Payne.
Committees.
Agriculture and Horticulture : Mrs. H. L. Wilson, Chairman.
Architectural Designing : Mrs. John Keely.
Awards: Mrs. W. H. Felton.
Assignment of Space : Mrs. S. M. Inman.
Sales Room : Mrs. W. R. Hammond.
Buildings: Mrs. E. C. Peters.
Colonial: Mrs. W. L. Peel.
Confederate Relics: Mrs. E. C. Peters.
Cooking School: Mrs. A. V. Gude.
Decorative and Applied Art: Mrs. E. L. Tyler.
Educational: Miss Nettie Sergeant.
Fine Art, Sculpture and Loans: Mrs. W. M. Dickson.
Floral Display: Mrs. W. C. Lanier.
Working Exhibits : Mrs. Clarke Howell, Jr.
Hospitals and Day Nursery : Mrs. Nellie Peters Black. Mrs. William
Tod Helmuth, New York.
Library: Mrs. Porter King.
FINE ARTS BUILDING, BELL TOWER AND GOVERNMENT BUILDING.
Mexican Exhibit: Mrs. W. G. Raoul.
Music : Mrs. Hugh Angier.
Patents and Inventions: Mrs. W. D. Grant.
Press: Mrs. J. K. Ohl.
Professional Work of Women : Mrs. W. A. Hemphill.
Reception and Entertainment: Mrs. Clarence Knowles.
Silk Culture : Mrs. Rhode Hill.
Ways and Means : Mrs. Hugh Hagan.
Woman's Congresses: Mrs. Loulie M. Gordon.
Young Ladies: Mrs. Morris Brandon.
Household Economics : Mrs. Albert H. Cox.
The organization of work for the Woman's Department was
especially thorough in Georgia, where every county had its com¬
mittee or commissioners. They worked assiduously, collecting
exhibits and raising funds for their installation. The railroad man¬
agers generously offered to transport free all exhibits for the Woman's
5^
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
Department, and this aided greatly in securing the magnificent col¬
lection which filled the Woman's Building.
The greatest achievements in raising money for this department
were seen in Atlanta, where the ladies of the Women's Board had
continually before the public some project for collecting
money. In the spring of 1894 they conducted a series of
entertainments, fairs and bazaars which brought in several
thousand dollars. Then came the woman's edition of the Atlanta
Journal. Somebody had originated this fad in a distant
city, and it attracted the attention of Mr. H. H. Cabaniss,
detail of woman's building.
the enterprising business manager of the Journal, who was also one
of the vice-presidents of the Exposition. He offered the Women's
Board the use of the Journal for one day to make all they could
out of it. Such canvassing for advertisements had never been seen
in Georgia, and such preparations for editorial work staggered the
old-timers in journalism. Mrs. Joseph Thompson assumed the
duties of editor-in-chief, Mrs. Wm. Dickson undertook the business
management, and Mrs. B. W. Wrenn the advertising management.
The full staff was as follows:
Editor-in-chicf, Mrs. Joseph Thompson.
Associate Editors, Mrs. W. H. Fclton, Mrs. Albert Cox.
Supplement Editor, Mrs. William Geppert.
Telegraph Editors, Mrs. Loulie M. Gordon, Miss Jennie Armstrong.
State News Editor, Mrs. W. Y. Atkinson.
Foreign News Editor, Mrs. W. A. Hemphill.
State Exchange Editor, Mrs. Nellie Peters Black.
City Editor, Mrs. Clarence Knowles.
Assistant, Mrs. Dan B. Harris.
Society Editor, Mrs. Hugh Hagan.
Assistants, Miss Joan Clark, Miss Sadie Williams.
Dramatic Editor, Mrs. Rhode Hill.
Assistant, Mrs. Edward Barnes.
Railroads, Mrs Joseph Hirsch.
Commercial, Mrs. A. B. Steele.
Religious, Miss Mary Barnett.
Police and Jail, Miss Virginia Arnold.
Hospitals, Miss Lucy Peel.
Justice Courts, Miss Julia Wilkins.
Custom House, Miss Newman.
Exposition, Miss Cabaniss.
Hotels and Fires, Miss Harwood.
City Hall, Miss Addie Maude.
Coroner and Undertakers, Miss Alice May Wing.
Capitol, Miss Louise Bigby.
Court House, Miss Margaret Newman.
Children's Page, Mrs. H. B. Tompkins.
Literature, Mrs. J. K. Ottley.
Art Director, Mrs. Helen Plane.
Assistants, Mrs. Gaines Chisholm, Mrs. Caroline Lovell, Miss Iza
Glenn, and Miss Jeter.
Page of Muses, Miss Orelia Key Bell, Illustrated by Mrs. Merrill.
On Editorial Page, Mrs. Lollie Belle Wylie. Valentine Offerings,
Mrs. J. K. Old.
Business Manager, Mrs. Wm. Dickson.
Advertising Manager, Mrs. B. W. Wrenn.
Treasurer, Mrs. R. J. Lowry.
After about a month of preparation the day for the woman's
edition arrived, and bright young society women were seen in all
the haunts of the reporters, from the State Capitol to the police
court. There were editorials and special articles galore by promi¬
nent ladies, and female authors of distinction contributed poems,
sketches, and all the forms of literature that go to make up a great
edition of a great newspaper. The novices had done their work
astonishingly well, and the newspaper experts of the city pro¬
nounced this the best edition that had ever been issued by the
Journal. The usual hour of going to press was three o'clock p.m.,
but it was supposed that on this day it would get out some time
between dark and midnight, owing to the crush of matter and the
inexperience of the editors, but, to the gratification of the public,
the Woman's Journal appeared promptly on time. The scene that
followed in the editorial rooms resembled those of a banquet hall
more than the customary transactions of a newspaper office. The
hard work was over, and it was rewarded with a brilliant success.
The ladies netted for the Building Fund about $4,000, and this,
with their previous earnings, nearly completed the required amount.
Then followed all sorts of enterprises. Mr. Joseph Thompson
conducted at Brookwood an elaborate conservatory, which had
been the source of supply for floral decorations in many of the
great entertainments of the city. As a compliment to Mrs. Thomp¬
son, and in aid of the good cause, he offered to contribute to the
Women's Board for their Building Fund the proceeds of all the
flowers they could sell in a day. A beautiful and rare collection
was put on exhibition at the office of the Brookwood Floral Co.,
and the ladies of the Women's Board took charge. The sale of
flowers was enormous, and a large sum was realized.
Good progress was being made on the fund for the Woman's
Building, and plans had been advertised for. It was appropriately
suggested by the supervising architect that the plans for this building
should be drawn by a woman, and a competition was arranged for the
OFFICIAL HIS TOR Y.
53
design. The president of the Women's Board advertised that $100
would be paid as a prize for the best design by a woman, and, in
addition, the usual compensation would be paid to the successful
architect. The advertisement was published in several cities,
and the papers made much of it as a news item. Competition
was strong and a number of attractive plans were sub¬
mitted. The Board had little hesitation, however, in deciding in
favor of Miss Elise Mercur, of Pittsburg, upon whose design the
had adopted Miss Mercur's design and it went up to the
Executive Committee of the Exposition for approval. There
it had the favorable recommendation of both the Supervising
Architect and the Chief of Construction. The question
whether such a structure could be built for the amount of
money available was at once raised, and to test the matter
bids were advertised for. When they were opened it was
found that the lowest exceeded the estimate by a large amount.
WOMAN'S BUILDING.
building was erected. One of the most creditable drawings came
from the New York School of Design, where it had been selected
from a number of competing plans made by students in that insti¬
tution. Miss Mercur's plans had the advantage of all others, both
in beauty and in the practical value of the details. Then came
the severer test of construction. The financial question came
in there, and it was a litrie difficult to settle. It was estimated
that the building would cost $30,000 in money and donations,
which amount the women had secured. The Women's Board
For the protection of the colonial relics expensive fire-proof
rooms of stone, brick and steel construction had been designed,
making this the most costly of all the buildings in proportion
to size. The Chief of Construction reported that some modifi¬
cation of the specifications would bring the cost within the
fund and leave the form of the building practically unchanged and
its construction substantial enough for the purpose. A joint
conference between Miss Mercur, Chief of Construction Wilkins
and the contractor was arranged, and after spending some hours
54
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
on the details, they agreed on modifications in the specifications
which brought the cost within the limit of the fund without chang¬
ing the appearance of the building and without seriously impairing
its value for exhibition purposes. Thus the financial problem
was solved and the design was approved and its construc¬
tion ordered by the Executive Committee. The laying of the
corner-stone was an event in the history of the Exposition. No such
exercises had been held by the company at the beginning of the
general work, but it was felt that the remarkable achievements of
the women were worthy of commemorat:on The occasion seemed
to be significant, and the very building itself a prophecy of an
extension of the field for woman's work in the cotton States. The
speeches of the day show this feeling, and as the first formal ex¬
pression of it, they possess a historic value which entitles them to
a place in this narrative :
LAYING THE CORNER=STONE.
The corner-stone of the Woman's Building was laid with Masonic
ceremony, and in the presence of an assemblage of the best people of
Atlanta, on Monday, April 22, 1895. The exercises began at four
o'clock on a sunny afternoon, and the large audience remained stand¬
ing, listening attentively to the speeches and to the ceremony which
followed.
President Collier opened the impressive ceremony with this address :
nr. Collier's Remarks.
" Ladies and Gentlemen : The occasion which brings together this
large assemblage will be one of lasting interest, inasmuch as it marks
the first public ceremony in connection with an enterprise which has
commanded the attention and the admiration of the civilized world.
Conceived in a period of extreme business depression, the plans
which were adopted but eight months ago have grown until they have
reached a point where the directors, who have been cognizant of this
work from the very start, hardly themselves recognize the project
which they launched so short a while ago.
" The particular occasion which calls us together this evening is not,
however, a mere incident in this enterprise. It is a distinguished and
emphatic recognition and approval of a new and vigorous factor inmodern
thought and modern civilization which seeks to broaden and expand
the sphere of woman's usefulness and to strike from her the shackles with
which centuries of ignorance and bigotry have bound her. This is an
inspiration which calls us together to-day and which insures beyond all
controversy the abundant success of the magnificent labor of love which
has been bestowed upon this enterprise. Occupying the relation which
I do to this Exposition, I take pleasure in bearing cheerful testimony
to the energy and the zeal and the enthusiasm, and to the unselfish
devotion of the noble band of women who have taken charge of this
work and who have pressed it through in the face of the most adverse
circumstances to a successful conclusion. Forced to glean in fields
where we have already reaped a harvest, they have got together a fund
which is the amazement of their friends as well as themselves, and on
this bright, beautiful day I feel that their troubles arc past and that
when the gates of this Exposition are opened on the 18th day of Sep¬
tember next the portals of this building will welcome an admiring throng
to such an example of woman's work and woman's usefulness as has
never been presented on this continent.
"In this work no agency has been more potent than that of
woman, and I risk nothing in predicting that no department of this
Exposition will surpass in interest that over which they will preside.
This victory has been brought about by patient hard work—of un¬
selfish devotion, that has carried this work from its inception down
to this day, and I am sure that these ladies deserve and will receive
from this country the plaudit of well done.
"It affords me very great pleasure this afternoon to present to
you as the orator of the evening a gentleman whose labor in the
field he occupies has been conspicuous and whose heart has been in
this work from the beginning up to this good hour. He has been
ever ready with his pen and with his voice to sound the praises of
this Exposition through the medium of his newspaper, and I take
pleasure in presenting to you Mr. Henry Richardson."
Mr. Richardson's Eloquent Words.
Mr. Richardson was warmly received by the audience, and the
delivery of his address in an eloquent manner was frequently inter¬
rupted by applause. He paid high tribute to the noble women who
had the Woman's Department of the Exposition in charge, and
declared that success was already assured them.
Mr. Richardson said :
"Ladies and Gentlemen: The occasion which brings us together
marks both a special achievement and a general tendency. While it
demonstrates what the women of Atlanta can do, it is in some degree
a scene of what the women of the world aspire to accomplish. The stone
we set to-day is the foundation of hope in the heart of many a woman who
will never see it, who will never behold the building that will rise above
and glorify it. We erect a monument in the path of progress beyond
which lies the sphere of woman's opportunity and the full fruitage of
woman's genius. On this spot, now glowing in the beauty of young
spring, there will be displayed in ten thousand forms the creative power
of industrial genius. This is to be historical ground, for here, in larger
measure than ever before, are to be exhibited the treasures of our soil,
the fruits of our industries and the capacity of our people. We have
engaged to show what we possess - to show what we can do. We
would fail in our attempt were it not for the assurance which this stone
gives us. There is no nation in the van of the world's onward march
which does not count as an element of its greatness the industrial power
of its women. No nation can rise to its possible might to achieve
its highest destiny without the employment of every element of its
strength, and the wisest of nations are now just beginning to realize
how much of their potential energy has been stored in the minds and
the hearts of their women.
" There can be no more significant evidence of advancement than that
which our women will give. They have already shown their capacity to
take care of their part in this great undertaking. With a zeal and
enthusiasm and vigor and ingenuity before which men bow in admira¬
tion, they have secured the means to take care of their own department
in every way. A woman has designed for women a building fit to be
crowned queen of the gathered structures. It will be filled with
the wonders of woman's work, with gems of her brain and her hands.
Within the scope of our entire region there can rise no building which
will have a deeper significance or denote a happier tendency. It will
foretell the coming of a better day for every woman who, through noble
ambition or cruel necessity, may strive to help along in the work of
the world."
The Masons in Charge.
After another selection by the band the Masonic devotional exercises
followed, the Lord's Prayer being delivered in a fervent manner by
Acting Grand Chaplain J. B. K. Smith.
Mr. Howell on Woman's Work.
Grand Master Shannon then introduced Mr. Clark Howell, of The
Constitution, the orator of the day in behalf of the Masonic Order.
Mr. Howell was greeted with enthusiastic applause when he stepped
forward and said :
" Ladies and Gentlemen : I was not notified until this morning that I
was to represent the Masonic Order under whose auspices the corner¬
stone of this building is to be laid. Hut 1 am delighted to appear in
that capacity, and also in the capacity of an humble citizen and join in
my tribute to the women of Atlanta for the grand work which we are
here to celebrate. This organization, known as the Women's Board,
is but little more than a year old, inaugurated as it was on the 9th day
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
55
of January, 1894, and at the suggestion, I believe, of a woman who is
now absent—Mrs. R. S. Barrett, a citizen of Washington —who made
the suggestion to that loyal, good and true citizen of Atlanta, Mr.
S. M. Inman, who suggested it to the Board of Directors. The first
subscription received, not only for the Women's Board, but the first
subscription of any character given to the Exposition came from a
woman, and that woman honors us with her presence to-day. I refer
to Mrs. W. C. Lanier [applause], of the City of West Point, who has
been indefatigable in her labors in behalf of the Exposition since she
started it with the first contribution. On the 9th day of January, 1894,
the Board took action recommending the appointment of a committee
of five women to act as a primary committee in the establishment of a
permanent Women's Board. That Primary Committee appointed by
the then Acting-President, Colonel W. A. Hemphill, was Mrs. Loulie
M. Gordon, Mrs. S. M. Inman, Mrs. R. S. Barrett, Mrs. W. C. Lanier,
and Mrs. W. H. Felton. By unanimous agreement they succeeded
in calling to the front as the active executive factor in the development
of this marvelous enterprise, a woman whose work has been the pride
and the admiration, not only of every citizen of Atlanta and in every
city of the State, but who has attracted the attention and the admira¬
tion of the whole country—I lefer to Mrs. Thompson. [Applause.]
" My remarks are somewhat limited to-day by the fact that I am
representing the Masonic Order. I believe it was an edict of King
Solomon in centuries gone by that no Masonic orator should speak
more than ten minutes; so, at least, I was informed this morning
by the Grand Master.
" This corner-stone will be located 011 the northeast corner of
this building. I violate no Masonic obligation when I state that
the location of a corner-stone on the northeast corner of a building
dates back to the erection of Solomon's temple, and that this lo¬
cation was fixed at this point because it was beyond the meridian
where the sunlight never touched, and hence it found a resting
place in perpetual shade. Unlike the stone of the temple, the
stone of this building is so erected that whatever may be its con¬
tact with the sun, or whatever may be its relation to the shades,
it will always be, we trust, under the everlasting sunlight of the
smiles of the women of Atlanta, the women of Georgia, and the
women of a common country. No woman in Atlanta or elsewhere,
no man, nobody, has ever worked more earnestly, has ever worked
more zealously than have the women of Atlanta and of Georgia in
the consummation of this grand enterprise. I have no doubt that
a great many of the gentlemen here have had to stay at home nights
to take care of the babies (laughter) and attend to other domestic
duties, but turn about is fair play, and while I have not done
it, as my wife suggests, if I had, it would have been all right,
because 1 would have been delighted to make this sacrifice to the
glory and the welfare of the city of Atlanta and our Exposition.
These women have assembled at their places of meeting once or
twice or three times a week for more than a year. Day in and day
out they have been earnest in their labors. They have called upon
the people of Atlanta for aid, and the people have responded bounti¬
fully. And let me say in this connection that the public spirit, the
liberality, the enterprise of the people of Atlanta, has not been more
beautifully told, more splendidly represented than in the magnificent
manner in which they responded to the women in their appeals for
assistance. One of the most attractive, one of the most beautiful
incidents connected with this work, is the fact that Atlanta enterprise,
Atlanta energy, and the public spirit of Atlanta citizenship is not con¬
fined to men alone, but that the women have already of themselves
come forward with a public spirit which has never before been equaled
by the men of Atlanta or any other city. Atlanta's pluck and enter¬
prise are the admiration, not only of the State, but of the world.
Heretofore that enterprise has been exemplified more particularly by
the men. This illustration, representing the pluck, the capacity, the
energy and the public spirit of our citizens tells the world that
Atlanta's development, Atlanta's welfare, Atlanta's future, does not
depend upon the men alone, but that hand in hand with the men, the
women of Atlanta, cheering and comforting them and helping them
build this magnificent city high above all surrounding cities, lifting
its beautiful name in the sunlight of the adoration of the world, and
saying to all mankind that this great and beautiful city belongs not
only to the men, representing not only the work and the activity and
the enterprise, but that it also sheds the lustre and throws out the
smiles of Atlanta womanhood, and shows that with the assistance and
and the co-operation of Atlanta's women the men of Atlanta are
equal to any enterprise, and can undertake and push to successful con¬
clusion any undertaking of whatsoever character." [Great applause.]
Contents of the Corner-Stone.
At the conclusion of Mr. Howell's remarks, Grand Master Shannon
said that it was the custom upon occasions like the present to deposit
beneath the corner-stone certain memorials of the period at which it
was laid, and at his instruction Acting Grand Secretary Moon read the
following list of memorials, which were placed in a hermetically sealed
box, which was deposited in the stone:
*«. - fe
It |
'•W
THE WOMAN'S BUILDING—NIGHT.
Copy of the Chicago Herald.
List of Directors.
List of Women Managers.
List of Exposition officials.
Copy of resolution creating Board of Women Managers.
Copy of Woman's Journal.
Copy of prospectus.
Copy of charter and by-laws.
First issue of The Constitution mentioning the Exposition.
Mrs. Thompson's picture.
Miss Mercur's picture.
Names of the Building Committee: Mrs. E. C. Peters, Mrs. Clarence
Knowles, Mrs. N. P. Black, Mrs. J. K. Ohl, and Mrs. A. B. Steele.
A copy of the tenth anniversary number of Dixie, issued December
10, 1894, containing an article on the Exposition by President Collier.
The Qrand Master's Invocation.
The Grand Master then ordered the working tools of operative
Masonry, which are considered by the craft the most valued jewels of
the lodge, and which are symbols of important truths, teaching lessons
of wisdom and morality, delivered to the proper officer, and, when his
56
OFF/C/A L
HIS TOR Y.
instruction had been complied with, the Grand Master, accompanied by
the Grand Deacons, approached the corner-stone, the Grand Master
laying" his hands on the stone and saying :
"Almighty and eternal God, by whom all things were made, grant
that whatsoever shall be builded on this stone may be to Thy glory and
to the honor of Thy name, to which be praise forever. Long preserve
the structure from decay, and grant to us all a supply of the corn of
nourishment, the wine of refreshment and the oil of joy. Amen."
The Grand Master then struck the stone three times with the gavel,
and the public grand honors were given.
At this instant an unusual exception was made in the form and
rules of Masonic corner-stone laying; the Grand Master, instead of
delivering over to the Grand Architect the implements of architecture,
as is usual, stepped forward toward the ladies of the Women's Board,
and requested the representative of Miss Mercur, the architect who drew
the plans and designs of the Woman's Building, to come on the plat¬
form.
Mrs. Edward C. Peters, the representative of Miss Mercur, was
escorted upon the platform, and when she had taken a position in front
of the Grand Master, that official said :
" Having laid the foundation stone of this structure, for the first time
in the history of the Masonic Order I now depart from the ancient
custom and deliver these implements of our profession into your hands,
as the representative of Miss Mercur, the architect, entrusting with full
confidence that you will deliver them to Miss Mercur."
Mrs. Peters' graceful acceptance of the implements placed in her
care was greeted with a round of applause.
Right Worthy Grand Master John P. Shannon, of the Grand Lodge
of Georgia, then delivered an address in which, after reviewing briefly
the history of the Masonic Order, he paid a tribute to the women who
had done this great work.
ilrs. Thompson's Address.
Mr. Collier then presented Mrs. Joseph Thompson, president of the
Women's Board, whose brief speech was delivered in a clear and force¬
ful manner, and was frequently interrupted with app'ause. She said:
" It is my pleasant privilege to represent the Board of Women Man¬
agers in returning thanks to the gentlemen of the Masonic Order for
their impressive ceremonies on this significant occasion. We shall
always associate our Woman's Building with grateful recollections of
the courtesy and good will of the Masons of Georgia.
" I must thank Colonel Kellogg for the delightful music furnished
by the Fifth Infantry Band, and as for the eloquent speeches of these
gentlemen in our behalf, I scarcely know what to say, unless it is to
assure them that their encouraging words will be a stimulus to renewed
zeal on our part to the full accomplishment of the work we have
undertaken.
" It is impossible at this time to make reference to the many agen¬
cies which have contributed to what we have done, but I cannot omit
mention of the one that has been the keystone to the arch, the one that
has been most potent since the inception of this work, and is indeed
responsible for it—the press.
" I cannot conclude without grateful acknowledgment of the unvary¬
ing kindness of our honored president, Mr. Collier, who has been ever
lenient with our faults, and ever generous and considerate of our wishes.
Indeed, our thanks are due the entire Board, to the directors, and
lastly to this large audience which has honored us with its presence on
this occasion."
CHAPTER X.
THE NEGRO EXHIBIT.
The negro exhibit, next to that of the Woman's Department, was
the most sought after by visitors, and was, all things considered, the
most distinctive of all the exhibits. It was not only a new de¬
parture, but one possessed of a historic value which transcended in
importance any collection of products or display of handiwork,
however excellent or admirable it might be. It was a sociological
study, an ethnological fact marking the progress of an important
branch of the human race under circumstances not hitherto exist¬
ing. It was in concrete the largest, and first announcement in
comprehensive form, of the results of a gigantic experiment in¬
volving millions of human beings and forecasting the future, not
only of these, but of many more millions of the same race on
other continents. For many
years discussions had been rife
as to the future of the negro
in America. They show the
slow development of the times,
and even after the civil war
had changed the whole aspect
of the question, contentions
and propositions which now
seem strangely, even grotesque¬
ly absurd, were seriously main¬
tained. Within the last quarter
of a century it had been
argued that the negro had no
soul, and to a much later date
it was generally believed that
his development would reach
a limit somewhere near the con¬
fines of manual labor. These
contentions, stoutly maintained, were warmly disputed, and the rancor
of the discussion augmented the sectional bitterness of those times.
The intensity of partisan feeling had led to acts of injustice, both for
and against the negro. The " bloody shirt," now happily only a
memory in politics, and the " Ku Klux Klan," a grotesque re¬
minder of a disturbed state of society that befell it between the
destruction of the old industrial system and the reorganization on
new lines, throw a somewhat exaggerated light upon those times,
it was unjust in behalf of the negro to put him in places of power
for which his ignorance made him absurdly inadequate, thus exposing
him to the odium of acts for which he was hardly responsible, and
it was unjust in behalf of the white man to visit upon the negro the
full penalty for political crimes into which he had been led by ad¬
venturers who used him as a tool so long as his ignorance was
dense enough to serve their purpose.
The times of disorder were short-lived. Society reorganized
itself with amazing rapidity, and the relations of master and slave
were quickly changed to those of capital and labor. Disorder
ceased and friction grew less with each year. A more rational
discussion as to the proper treatment of the negro ensued. It was
still argued by some that to educate the masses who were to do
the labor would discontent them with their lot, but this was met
by the more enlightened argument that education could help labor
by giving it skill and making it more productive. Technical in¬
dustrial education was indeed
the first stone upon which the
future prosperity of the negro
was founded. Meantime the
public acts of the white race
were more liberal to the negro
than their public discussions
liad been. The Legislatures of
the Southern States appropri¬
ated regularly millions of
money for the education of
colored children, and this
money was, of course, paid al¬
most entirely by taxation on the
property of the white people.
Several industrial schools for
negroes had been established
by Southern States and others
were established by the negroes
themselves. Meantime millions of money had been contributed
to negro education by Northern philanthropy, and the results of
this educational work from all sources were beginning to appear
when the Exposition was organized. The early connection of the
negro with the movement and his appearance at Washington have
already been related in the chapters on the origin of the Expo¬
sition and the work before Congress.
On September nth, 1894, the Committee on Colored Exhibit
met and elected State Commissioners as follows:
Booker T. Washington, Tuskeegee, Alabama.
Rev. W. O. Emery, Little Rock, Arkansas.
M. M. Lewey, Gainesville, Florida.
INTERIOR NEGRO BUILDING.
58
OFFICIAL
HIS TOR Y.
Prof. W. H. Crogman, Atlanta, Georgia.
Rev. A. E. P. Albert, New Orleans, Louisiana.
Isaiah T. Montgomery, Mound Bayou, Mississippi.
W. C. Coleman, Concord, North Carolina.
Rev. J. B. Middleton, Camden, South Carolina.
Rev. G. V. Clark, Memphis, Tennessee.
N. W. Cuney, Galveston, Texas.
I. Garland Penn, Lynchburg, Virginia.
The following were appointed Auxiliary Commissioners to form
State Boards of five members each :
Alabama—Dr. C. N. Dorsett, Montgomery; Rev. W. R. Petti-
ford, Birmingham; H. A. Loveless, Montgomery, and Prof. W. H.
Councill, Normal.
Arkansas—Dr. J. H. Smith, Little Rock; Prof. J. M. Cox,
Little Rock ; E. C. Morris, Helena; F. C. Potter, Pine Bluff.
Florida—M. M. Lewey, Gainesville; J. E. Lee, Jacksonville;
S. H. Hart, Jacksonville; T. V. Gibbs, Tallahassee.
Georgia—Bishop W. J. Gaines, Atlanta ; Prof. R. R. Wright,
Savannah; Rev. W. J. White, Augusta, Prof. T. M. Dent, Rome.
Louisiana—Rev. J. W. Whittaker, New Orleans; Rev. S. Dun¬
can, Shreveport; Rev. Valcour Chapman, Franklin, and Rev. J.
Tirnit, Baton Rouge.
Mississippi—Rev. S. A. Cowan, Vicksburg; Dr. J. M. May,
Meridian; Rev. A. M. Trotter, Meridian, and Rev. N. M.
McLeod, Jackson.
North Carolina—John C. Dancy, Wilmington; S. G. Atkinson,
Winston ; W. H. Goler, Salisbury, and Bishop J. W. Hood, Fayette-
ville.
South Carolina—Rev. J. E. Wilson, D.D., Florence; E. J.
Sawyer, Bennettsville ; W. P. Crum, Charleston, and J. H. Fordham,
Orangeburg.
Tennessee—Dr. R. F. Boyd, Nashville; Rev. C. B. Wilson,
Nashville; S. R. Maples, Knoxville, and J. G. Burge, Chattanooga.
Texas—Prof. N. W. Horlee, Dallas ; President J. B. Scott,
Marshall; Dr. E. B. Ramsey, Houston, and President David
Abner, Jr., Sequin.
Virginia—John M. Langston, Richmond; Rev. A. L.Gaines,
Norfolk; Prof. J. E. Jones, Richmond, and Prof. W. F. Grasty,
Danville.
A meeting of the State Commissioners was held in Atlanta on
the 19th of January, 1895, and I. Garland Penn, of Lynchburg,
Va., was elected Chief of the Negro Department. This nomination
was confirmed by the Executive Committee of the Exposition,
and a salary was provided. The Executive Committee also voted
an appropriation of $4,000 to pay the traveling expenses of the
State Commissioners in securing exhibits. The chief of the depart¬
ment was a young man who had made a reputation as principal
of one of the colored schools at Lynchburg. The choice was a
wise one, and his work received the highest commendation, both
from his own race and from the Exposition management. Without
doubt much credit for the exhibit which made a triumphal demon¬
stration of the capacity and progress of a race in the first genera¬
tion of freedom is due to the State Commissioners, whose char¬
acter, influence and activity contributed largely to the result, but
the responsibility and the arduous part of the work fell on the
chief of the department, whose ability and untiring activity accom¬
plished wonders in a short period of time. The place allotted
to this department cannot be better utilized than by the insertion
here of Commissioner Penn's article reviewing the work. This
article was published in the Atlanta Constitution of September 22d,
1895, at the close of the first week of the fair. It is sufficiently
circumstantial, and gives also an intelligent and comprehensive
view of the salient features and the significance of the exhibit and
of the events which led up to it:
THE AWAKENING OP A RACE.
By I. Garland Penn, Chief of the Negro Dept.
The greatest evidence that the new negro is deserving is afforded
by the display which was made in the negro building at the Cotton
States and International Exposition. The negroes, who have been
the artisans of their own fortunes only a generation, have fought nobly
and responded liberally to the generosity of the directors of the Exposi¬
tion Company. A panorama of their material progress faces the visi¬
tor, from whatever clime he may hail, and ought to serve as an argu¬
ment in his favor for years to come. With but thirty years of freedom,
the race has, by the help of its friends and dint of its own effort, hewn
out for itself a place of no mean consideration in our own America, if
it be remembered from whence they came and by what difficulties they
are yet surrounded. The negroes were set free at the close of the
late civil war without a place to lay their heads, without food or rai¬
ment—none of these comforts only as they were bestowed by their
former masters. To their masters they had been faithful, and no
brighter chapter in the history of the race can ever be written than
that of fidelity to the trust committed them by their masters—the car¬
ing for the home. It was, therefore, but the will of Providence that
the dominant race of the North, by reason of the sacrifice made, and
the South, by reason of the faithfulness of her black population,
should each assist in their education and evangelization. In philan¬
thropy the North has spent her millions. In a legislative way the
South has spent millions. It was, therefore, but just to the colored
people and to those who have served and are serving them in the day
of their need that they should have an opportunity in common with
other people to make an exposition of their resources and possibili¬
ties. The race easily realizes the fact that if expositions in a gen¬
eral sense serve to show the possibilities of a people under conditions
favorable and unfavorable, they are entitled to representation every
time. That an exhibition of their progress at this time is alone neces¬
sary because they reside in the South, and much of the South doubts
their capabilities and accomplishments, is not a fact to the thinking
colored man—but the exhibition is necessary because all over the
country, north and south, doubt is felt. It was not because the race
desired to draw the line that, through their representatives, they de¬
manded separate representation at the World's Fair, but it was because
of an existence of two conditions over which as a weak people they
were unable to climb. Thus, unable to climb over them, it was in
their favor to obtain separate representation, for in a generation the
race has accomplished a sufficiency to raise up the historic Ebenezer
to which they can point the doubtful ef both races in their onward
march of prosperity. The condition referred to is the fact that the
colored people in the mass of their progress can in no wise equal the
dominant race, but do surprisingly well, and in a comparative sense
very well measure up to their white friends when alone and meas¬
ured by their past and present environments. This opportunity, upon
which all sober-thinking colored men agree, having been refused the
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
59
race at the World's Fair, also the fact that the impression made at New
Orleans was not sufficient, colored men were agreed upon the idea that
when the Cotton States and International Exposition was announced as
a certainty and a swift rival of the Chicago fair, it was also our op¬
portunity to again seek what we wanted at Chicago.
The colored people have leaders with eyes open for the welfare of
their race. Leaders for the masses have always been needed by the race
—yet the race has had leaders for themselves more than for their people.
Bishop W. J. Gaines, of the African Methodist Episcopal Church,
and Hon. H. A. Rucker, both of Atlanta, and leaders for the people,
first consulted Mr. Samuel M. Inman on the subject of our race repre¬
sentation. It is a matter of pleasure to the race that the distinguished
bishop and H. A. Rucker received a cordial hearing at the hands of
Mr. Inman, who is known the South over and Atlanta through by all
people as one of the best of men. Wealthy, aristocratic and popular, he
as a feature of the Exposition, were wisely and appropriately asked to
visit Congress as a part of the Exposition Committee in the interest of
the appropriation. Professor Booker T. Washington, Bishop W. J.
Gaines and Bishop A. Grant were the colored members of the com¬
mittee appearing before the Fifty-third Congress in advocacy of an
appropriation of $200,000, thus representing the thinking class of
negroes who have a common interest in the southland, where we all
are to live. At the conference of the representative colored men of
Atlanta with the committee on negro exhibit, and the able and inter¬
ested friend of the race, General J. R. Lewis, the secretary, with Presi¬
dent C. A. Collier, who has shown consistent interest in the exhibit,
the Board of Commissioners were selected in each State. The chair¬
men representing the eleven State Boards were called together on Jan¬
uary 19th, 1895, in Atlanta, to meet the executive officers and plan for
the exhibits. This was done, and a chief of the department selected
FOUNTAIN ON GRAND PLAZA.
gave the constituted representatives of a race in need a hearing which
has now a result of which neither he nor our representatives can for a
moment be ashamed.
The matter was brought to the attention of the Board of Directors,
and with cordial good will and pleasure assented to. The Constitution
then put itself on record in favor of the colored feature. With all pos¬
sible haste a committee of the Board of Directors, in the person of
General Clement A. Evans, ex-Govcrnor R. B. Bullock, Messrs. George
W. Harrison, W. H. Venable and J. G. Oglesby, were constituted a
Committee on Colored Exhibit. A conference with the leading colored
men of Atlanta was had and the commissioners selected in the Southern
States.
Prior to this it became necessary for the Board of Directors to send
a committee to the Fifty-third Congress to secure the Government ap¬
propriation of $200,000. The colored men, having been incorporated
and the work begun in an organized way. After the chief of the de¬
partment was selected, several other States were organized. In this or¬
ganized way the effort has been pushed, which has by no means been
an easy one. Much hard work has been done from the main office
and in each State by the several chief commissioners and members of
their Boards. The result, however, is ample reward for the effort ex¬
pended, and if a verdict be rendered, based upon the exhibit, making
due allowance for the past and present environment of the race within
and without, it will be such a one as the thrifty and intelligent colored
men and women justly deserve.
The Building and the Exhibit.
The building, which is at the southeastern corner of the park at the
main entrance for Jackson street, covers 25,000 square feet, and was
erected by two colored contractors, J. F. King, of LaGrange, Ga., and
6o
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
J. W. Smith, of Atlanta, at a cost of fully $10,000. Upon this build¬
ing colored men worked from start to finish, and it will stand for many
days afterward, a monument to colored artisanry. The building was
satisfactory to the Exposition Company, and is one of the prides
of race accomplishment. It is, however, only a reminder that some
of the largest structures in the South were erected under colored con¬
tract and by colored labor known to the writer. The pediment in
staff over the main entrance from the north, west and south sides tells
the story of negro progress so oft proclaimed. The one side of the
pediment represents the slave mammie with the one-room log cabin,
the log church, the rake and basket in 1865. On the other side is
the face of Frederick Douglass, a true representative of the growth
of intelligence in the colored man. Near him is the comfortable
residence, the stone church and symbols of the race's progress in sci¬
ence, art and literature, all representative of the new negro in 1895.
The plow and well-fed mule is in the centre—for the colored man
to-day plows his field, while thirty years ago he, without almost an ex¬
ception, plowed for another. The exhibit in the building is very exten¬
sively educational from a literary point of view, manufacturing and in¬
dustrial as it relates to carpentry work, cabinet and furniture making
of every description, brick work, carriage and wagon building, every
phase of wheelwrighting, harness making, tin work, tailoring, millin¬
ery, dressmaking, printing, etc. The exhibit is largely agricultural,
such products as negroes raise on their own farms ; of a mechanical
character by the engines, boilers, etc., built by negroes ; of a business
character, such as banks and business houses, either by actual busi¬
ness houses in miniature or represented by photographs; painting
and art display of a very creditable character, needlework display, do¬
mestic preparations, a horticultural display, etc. In fact, the negroes
have something of most every kind and character you can call for.
On entering the building we first approach the exhibit from the Dis¬
trict of Columbia. The principal feature of the exhibit is the work of
art and statuary, also some of the principal patents by colored inventors
on record in the Patent Office. The art work of the Amateur Art Club,
of Washington, consists of most excellent crayon and pastel work. I
have not seen any work of similar character executed better than the
portraits of Frederick Douglass, John M. Langston, Blanche K. Bruce
and Commissioner Jesse Lawson, also a handsome painting of a French
battlefield called "Abandoned." This work is by Daniel Freeman, of
Washington, who is in charge of the exhibit, and his club of asso¬
ciates. The collection is very large and attractive. The statuary, by
W. C. Hill, consisting of the small bust of Frederick Douglass, " The
Obstinate Shoe," and "The Negro With Chains Broken but Not Off,"
representing the condition of the colored man in the entire country, are
pieces of good work. Among the patents of the colored inventors is
Bailey's truss, by Leonard C. Bailey, of Washington City, which is in
general use, and from which the inventor is getting a handsome
revenue. The Reynolds' car ventilator, in use in Pullman's service,
is another conspicuous feature of the colored inventors.
There is a colored Catholic exhibit in the District space. Photographs
showing the colored public schools of Washington, under a colored
superintendent, who has held the office for twenty-five years; Dr.
Francis' sanitarium, which is a colored institution; fine churches and
residences make the District space quite attractive. Upon the exhibit
much toilsome labor has been spent. The commissioners, composed
of ten of the brighest and most solid young men 111 the District, and, as
for that, in the country, led by an indefatigable worker in the person i.f
the Chief Commissioner, Jesse Lawson, and opposed by a few men
reared in the South, have now their glory, because they were once in
the South, and the road they had to tread in securing this remarkable
collection was anything but feathery.
An exhibit that would have been creditable to every negro in the
land was left out of the Washington exhibit, that of the colored public
schools, because of the inability of the District board to meet an exces¬
sive demand. The Colored American, in its issue of the 17th of Sep¬
tember, editorially said that "the colored superintendent has withheld
the exhibit from tne seventh and eighth divisions of the public schools
of this city after they have been prepared and packed at public expense,
and thus deprives the system here of being fully represented at the Ex¬
position, and thereby hiding, as it were, under a bushel, the work of
the children under his superintendence." The Howard University ex¬
hibit, under the care of the wife of A. S. Gray, Washington, will at¬
tract general attention as a part of the District exhibit. It is very
handsome and will be of great interest to all visitors. Howard is the
only institution for colored youth supported by government funds, and
her exhibit speaks volumes for the training of colored youth and the
results derived. Turning to the right and proceeding down west aisle
the first thing to be seen is the photographic exhibit of the Presbyte¬
rian Board of Missions for Freedmen, showing the schools under the
care of that society for the training of colored youth. The next exhibit
is that of the State of Virginia on either side of the aisle. The Hamp¬
ton Normal and Agricultural Institute occupies 1,200 square feet of
space and is a magnificent exhibit of what the training of colored youth
at Hampton means. It first shows the department of literary and
academic work, mechanical drawing, consisting of drawing on scale
from objects, plans and measurements of houses actually erected by
students of the school. The wood and iron work about all of her ex¬
hibits is not only made by the students, but the drawings as well. An¬
other exhibit of the greatest interest in the Virginia space is the first
colored savings bank, which is located in Richmond, Va. This bank
at its last report, made September 3, 1895, had a surplus of $25,000
and an amount to the credit of time and demand depositors of over
$60,000. The exhibit they make is highly creditable to the race.
Rev. W. W. Browne, the president and founder of this institution, was
born in Georgia, in the mountains of Habersham County. He has fairly
revolutionized the financial condition of the race in Virginia. The next
wonderful Virginia exhibit is a boat, occupying a great deal of space,
built by the head-cook of a hostelry in Lynchburg, Va. This was
made by earnest, patient labor during the hours between the meals of
the hotel and at night. In the Virginia space will also be found a
bicycle made by a colored boy on the farm of Mr. James D. Tate at
Chilhowie, Va. Concerning his ingenuity, Mr. Tate, a wealthy mem¬
ber of the firm of Robinson, Tate & Co., of Lynchburg, Va., says:
" The boy can read fairly well, and write. He seems to have an in¬
ventive turn of mind, and is not fond of farm work. He has an out¬
house, where his father lives, which is a perfect curiosity shop. He
has in it a turning lathe constructed solely by himself. This is run by
horse power made from an old mowing machine which I gave him. On
this turning lathe he makes all kinds of fancy wood work, such as
standards for staircases, etc. He has also constructed in this house a
fan to keep him cool while at work in the summer, and a wire running
to the springhouse which operates a churn for the making of butter.
The bicycle is one of two or three he has made, and he made every
part of it with the exception of the chain belt; that was given him. He
has no tools or machinery to work with except those which he himself
has constructed, and they are all made from the most crude materials,
and such that in the ordinary course of time would be thrown aside as
worthless on the farm. It looks as if he can put to some use any old
part of a wagon or other piece of machinery that may be discarded about
the place."
The exhibit of the American Institute of Pittsburg, Va., presided over
by Rev. C. IS. W. Gordon, a reputable minister in Virginia, is also in
Virginia's exhibit. That of St. Paul's Normal and Industrial School,
which is located next to the Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freed¬
men, is an exhibit worthy of special mention. Another Virginia ex¬
hibit is a buggy from the shop of a colored manufacturer in Hampton,
Va., by the name of R. 11. Palmer. The next State exhibit down from
the Virginia side is that of North Carolina. The entire exhibit of in¬
dustry made at the New Berne, N. C., Agricultural and Industrial
Fair, which was so favorably commented upon by the press and people,
is in the North Carolina space. The exhibit of the agricultural and
mechanical school at Greensboro, N. C, is noticeable. The next State
OFFICIAL HISTORY.
61
exhibit in line is that of Florida. The first exhibit to attra t your at¬
tention is the Florida display of its educational and general collection
of exhibits. The State Normal and Agricultural College exhibit is
elaborate. This college has been in operation only a few years, and it
is wonderful to see its magnificent advancement made in so short a
time. Every department of the college is represented—educational,
scientific and industrial. Commissioner T. V. Gibbs, of Florida, who
has special charge of the school exhibit, has accomplished no little task
in bringing before the public the educational advancement of the negro
of Florida. The collective exhibit of this State is not only unique in
character, but varied in its make-up. Chief Commissioner M. M.
Lewey, of this State, has been untiring in his efforts to make a credit¬
able showing of what the race can do in carpentry, agricultutc, flori¬
culture and woman's factory work. The collections of crochet and
needlework from the Florida women rank among the most elaborate
and attractive in the Negro Department.
A Representative Exhibit.
The agricultural and fruit exhibit, though not large, yet represents
what the negro farmers of Florida are doing in these lines of industry,
and shows specimens of corn in the ear, sugar cane, long cotton on the
stalks, collections of native woods, etc., wines, preserves and pickled
fruits. This exhibit makes a fine showing because of the transparency
of their make-up and the quality of white glass in which they are pre¬
served. Florida's curiosity exhibit from the tropical sections of the
State is creating much comment, especially that from Key West. The
Eatonville art exhibit is rot yet in position, but is said to be a good
collection of paintings, drawings and pastel work from the pupils of
Professor W. O. Jacques. Florida will make a creditable display in the
Negro Building.
Crossing to the southeastern corner of the building will be found the
Arkansas exhibit, which is very nicely installed. It consists of a large
industrial exhibit from the State Institution, the Branch Normal and
Industrial School and an agricultural exhibit from the colored people of
the State, with an exhibit, also, from the Philander Smith College.
An invention in general use, called the peach-pitting machine, by Dr.
J. H. Smith, is a part of the Arkansas exhibit, while the large paint¬
ings by Dr. Smith are also agreeable and telling features of the exhibit.
The next exhibit is that of South Carolina, which shows that some
hard work has been put in in its interest. Claflin University, one of
the largest industrial institutions South, makes a very large and inter¬
esting display of her industries. Another bank exhibit is to be seen in
the South Carolina space—that of the South Carolina Banking Asso¬
ciation at Florence. In this space is also to be found an organ made
by a colored man out of crude material. The Chief Commissioner of
the State, Rev. J. B. Middleton, has been active to get the present ex¬
hibit, with which he, in common with his friends, are much pleased.
The Tennessee exhibit is next in order as one leaves the South Caro¬
lina space. The large institutions of Central Tennessee College, Fisk
University, Roger Williams, Knoxville College and Le Moyne Institute
furnish exhibits worthy of the institutions. The ladies' and miscella¬
neous exhibits from Memphis and Shelby County, under the super¬
vision of Mrs. Julia Hooks, are of an interesting character. In the
exhibit of the Fisk University is a large painting, 16x20 feet, showing
the original Fisk Jubilee Singers, who sung into existence the great
Jubilee Hall of Fisk University by the ever-popular and melodious
plantation melodies. Conspicuous in the Central Tennessee College
space is the medical exhibit of Meharry Medical College, an institution
under the care of the Methodist Episcopal Church, that has turned out
more colored M.D.'s than any other institution in the land. The
biggest exhibit from Maryland is that of Morgan College, located near
the entrance to the dining hall. It is a reproduction of their stone
buildings in Baltimore and Lynchburg for the education of colored
youth. It consists also of an exhibit from their industrial and literary
departments. The exhibit is in the charge of Rudolph W. Rose and
wife, who are able to make a very satisfactory statement as to the
progress of the institution.
The Georgia exhibit is conspicuous for the great amount of space it
creditably occupies, beginning parallel on both sides of the aisle to the
north corner or entrance. Clark University, Atlanta University, At¬
lanta Baptist Seminary, Spelman Seminary, Morris Brown College,
Georgia State Industrial College, Gammon Theological Seminary make
exhibits of superior quality in industry. A very prominent feature in
the Georgia exhibit is several very interesting inventions by colored men.
The models show these inventions to be of decided practical value. In
the Georgia space is also to be found an engine built by a colored youth
at Athens, Ga. Another interesting exhibit is the car coupling inven¬
tion of A. S. Bailey, of Hoschton, Ga. The exhibits of the schools
show that the students in the Atlanta institutions are making buggies,
wagons, etc., which are as good as those of large manufactories in the
land.
The next exhibit of interest is from the States of Texas and Missis¬
sippi. The Alcorn Agricultural and Industrial School exhibit is one
of the most attractive in the building, occupying a prominent place in
the Mississippi space. The two-horse wagon built by colored boys is a
great industrial effort in favor of the colored man. An agricultural ex¬
hibit from a large farm known as the "Trewick Farm," in Mississippi,
is of positive interest. The Alabama exhibit, like that of Georgia, is
conspicuous for the space it creditably occupies. The exhibits of this
State that will attract most attention are those of the Tuskegee Normal
battle scarred cabin.
and Industrial School at Tuskegee, and the State Normal and Indus¬
trial School at Normal, Ala. Both schools furnish exhibits that are
simply astounding. Besides these the Montgomery Industrial School
and others furnish exhibits that attract the eye for the creditableness of
the make-up and arrangement. The beautiful arch over the Tuskegee
exhibit will attract the eye of every visitor. It is said that Bishop H.
M. Turneronce visited the State Normal and Industrial School at Nor¬
mal, Ala., over which Professor W. H. Councill presides, had his
measure taken at 12 o'clock for a pair of boots to be made by the
boys in the shoemaking department of the institution, and at night he
spoke to the students in the boots the boys made for him. In the
Tuskegee space can be found everything in the line of industry, such
as wagons, buggies, carts, stoves, engines, tin pots, tubs, toilet sets,
furniture of all sorts for bedroom, library, parlor and kitchen, clothing
for all classes.
In the space near the District exhibit, just as one enters from the
main entrance, may be found the miscellaneous exhibits sent in by in¬
terested colored persons in the North and West. The exhibits show
ability in art, and literature also. The paintings by Lottie Jackson, of
Bay City, Mich. ; the work of Hattie E. Ford, of Kansas; the Bayless
Corn Planter, of Springfield, O., are in evidence as creditable exhibits
i n their line.
62
OFFICIAL HISTORY.
Returning for a brief look at the Virginia exhibit, one of the most
conspicuous exhibits in that space is the painting of the celebrated art¬
ist, H. O. Tanner, now in Paris. Two of the paintings are owned by
the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, while another of the
triplet is owned by Mr. R. C. Ogden, of the firm of John Wanamaker,
who is so kind as to lend this celebrated colored man's work which is
very valuable. Tanner, who is a son of the well-known literateur,
Bi;~.hop B. F. Tanner, is now in Paris. His work in the last salon in
Paris received most complimentary notice. An electrician in New
York, L. M. Latimer, shows evidence of his ability and information
by the patents, books and other matters of an electrical character in
the miscellaneous space. The race only asks that the circumstances
about them temper the verdict in the interest of justice.
Public Comfort for Colored Visitors.
With due regard to the welfare, comfort and convenience of the
colored people who will visit the Exposition, and in keeping with their
expressed wish that the colored people should be protected in the as¬
signment of homes, the Exposition Company has provided the same
method, in the nature of a public comfort department, that is in vogue
with the whites. Acting upon a wise recommendation, the Exposition
Company has committed this important matter into the hands of two
of the best-known colored men in the city—F. H. Crumbley, Lieuten¬
ant-Colonel Second Georgia Battalion, and Professor W. B. Matthews,
principal of the Gate City Public School. A careful registration of
the comfortable residences and hotel accommodations has been made,
with a view to uniformity in price and comfort in arrangement. The
private residences of colored people, without exception, known to the
writer, are open to visitors. Among the hotels is one of large capacity
located on West Mitchell street, another on Houston street, and still
another near the Jackson street entrance to the Exposition grounds.
The hotel located at No. West Mitchell street is to be known as
" The Hotel Howell," with a suburban annex.
By correspondence, etc., it is expected that most of the persons who
intend visiting the fair will be assigned their places of abode before
arriving in the city. In the Negro Building will be a restaurant seven¬
ty-five teet in length by about fifty feet in breadth.
The Colored Congresses.
That the progress of the race shall be shown up in every way it is
arranged also to have congresses along all lines of progress, that in
the sum total published, as it will be in shape of history, the whole
may be had rather than the half. The race has made much progress
in medicine, law, ministry and churches, teachers and educators of
their own people-such abstract progress the tale of which could
not be told by the objective exhibit. It is to be hoped that the
objective exhibit will show a sure foundation upon which the race
is building for permanency, and for a subsistence necessary to a
professional existence. The object of these colored congresses, which
date their genesis in this department, is not to have an output of
oratory or to give vent to latent eloquence. The substantial mean¬
ing is that an exhibiton of progress in fact and figure shall be known
by carefully prepared papers to be read at these congresses by the best
brain in the profession, and afterwards published. On November 11
will be colored military day. The care of the colored military has
been assumed by Messrs. W. H. Rucker, C. C. Wimbish, Colonel F.
H. Crumbly and Professor W. B. Matthews. It is estimated that fifteen
hundred colored soldiers will be here on that day. From Novem¬
ber 12 to 15, inclusive, will be the religious congresses. All the
Methodist bodies, the Baptist bodies, the Presbyterians and Congrega-
tionalists have signified their intentions to have large representations
at their respective services. The intent of these conferences will be to
show the progress of the race within the Church and thus bring together
the fragments of progress made in each denomination that the whole
in its true light maybe seen. The 16 th of November will be given
to the colored Young Men's Christian Association congress. The hold¬
ing of such a congress has been indorsed by the International Com¬
mittee at New York, and the international secretary for the colored
work is traveling with a view to a most successful effort on the ]6th.
This body will be one of the most representative bodies that will
assemble. In it will be seen the steady, faithful Christian young men
of the race, who are facing the problem of life in a serious way. No¬
vember 18 will be colored professional day, when the lawyers and doc¬
tors of the race will be assembled in the city in a gathering showing in
carefully prepared papers the progress of the race in these chosen
fields. The 19th will be taken up in a temperance congress. The 20th
will be utilized by the business men, bankers, farmers and mechanics.
These meetings on this day will be separate, with a union meeting at
the evening session. T-hc union meeting will be addressed by ex-
Senator B. K. Bruce, of Washington, D. C., and Rev. W. W. Browne,
President of the Savings Bank of Richmond, Va., and others who
have been selected by the various State Committees on Congresses to
speak. On November 21 the National Afro-American Press Conven¬
tion will meet pursuant to resolution adopted at their Baltimore session
in July. This convention will bring together a strong set of colored
editors who will write about the exhibit they see and who will doubt¬
less make an impression upon all who may chance to be in their
meeting. Hon. T. Thomas Fortune, of New York, the president,
promises a most successful adjourned session. The December con¬
gresses, to be held during the Christmas holidays, will be purely educa¬
tional. The 26th and 27th will be given over to the American Associa¬
tion of Educators of Colored Youth, a very popular educational asso¬
ciation. To this association belong the college presidents, professors,
principals, etc. It promises to be an interesting session. On the 28th
500 of the best colored women in the land are expected to meet in
Atlanta in a woman's congress. The wife of B. K. Bruce is giving
the matter much attention, and success in the effort is only a question
of time. By far the most popular of all days will be colored teachers'
and graduates' day, when the colored teachers of the land will have a
union and tell the tale of progress made in the respective States in the
education of the " young idea " of color how to shoot. Many State
associations have already adjourned to meet here, while the sentiment
all along the line is to roll up a big front on colored teachers' day.
The congress on Africa will be one of the greatest held during the
Exposition. The Stewart Missionary Foundation of Africa, in Gam¬
mon Theological Seminary, is named for the Rev. W. F. Stewart, of
Rock River Conference, Methodist Episcopal Church, who has conse¬
crated, for the endowment of a missionary effort in preparing young
colored men for Africa, 600 acres of land under high cultivation in cen¬
tral Illinois. The income of the land is to maintain this missionary
effort. The purpose of the congress is to create a sentiment on Africa
in the hearts and minds of the colored people of America. Such men
as Bishop William Taylor, of Africa ; Dr. E. W. Blyden, ex-president
of Liberia and minister to the court of St. James; Rev. Alex. Crum-
mell, D.D., of the Protestant Episcopal Church ; Hon. John H. Smith,
ex-minister to Liberia ; Prince Oristatukek Faduma, who is an African
prince, a recent graduate of the Yale divinity school and an alumnus
of the University of London; Chaplain McCabe, missionary secretary
Methodist Episcopal Church ; Bishops I. W. Joyce and W. F. Mallalieu,
of the Methodist Episcopal Church ; Revs. J. W. E. Bowen, D.D., E.
W. S. Hammond, D.D., C. li. Mason, I).D., and other prominent
colored men will be 011 the programme for the occasion. It is expected
to surpass the World's Fair congress on Africa.
Representation on Opening Day.
Nothing in connection with the Exposition came to the colored people
in the nature of an agreeable and appetizing surprise so much as the
selection of a colored man to speak on the programme of the opening
exercises. While admitting that it was an appropriate act and one ex¬
emplifying the true state of fairness, yet it was least expected by the
mass.
To all a genuine surprise was in store, and the more prominent be-
OFFICIAL
HISTORY;
63
cause it was agreed by all concerned that it was not only fitting, but, in¬
deed, the proper thing to do. The race rejoices in the expressed reason
given for the recognition in the selection of our representative upon
whom we are all agreed. The race was recognized because it had
served the Company and the South in a manly and intelligent stand
through our Professor Washington and Bishops Grant and Gaines be¬
fore the Congress of our Union for national appropriation and aid of the
Exposition.
The chosen representative, Professor Booker T. Washington, is em¬
inently a wise selection. A product of the new negro in every sense,
who is looking for results and obtaining them, we are happy in his
selection, and the unexpressed intention of the Exposition Company to
recognize merit and worth is to the negro perfectly in order. Nor is
the selection of a representative for us of more infinite importance than
the recognition of our military boys in the line of parade—all showing
a consistency and recognition upon the part of the Exposition Company
that is commendable in the first degree. As I think over the history of
the movement it would be nothing short of intense interest to note in a
summary the two sides of the exhibit—the Exposition side and the negro
side—and to note further the commendable interest of both.
The Exposition's Side.
The negro first sought the opportunity to put his own building on
the grounds and pay for it if allowed. This was granted him—and
more, the Exposition Company paid for it, though he at first agreed to
do it himself. The negro was given free space for his exhibits, while
other exhibitors paid $i per square foot. The Commissioners, who
were called together in January, 1895, proclaimed their inability to
collect the exhibit without aid in a financial way from the Exposition
Company, and this aid was granted. A chief of department was
selected at another outlay. An appropriation looking to a Public
Comfort Department was granted. Another for hospital purposes
was granted. The race was recognized by the appointment of a
colored man upon the regular programme of exercises. The colored
soldiers were invited to take part in the parade with due respect for
their recognition by the State authorities as State troops. The con¬
tract for the Negro Building was given to colored contractors and
colored workmen did the entire work. The custodians, cashiers and
janitors are all colored. Thus the Exposition has been consistent
and faithful from the start in all matters concerning the Negro Depart¬
ment, and it is mild to say that it is a happy reminder of a brighter
day in a brighter age.
The Negro's Side.
The negro, having been granted the opportunity, willingly aided in
securing the appropriation from the United States Government of
$200,000 for a Government exhibit. The prominent colored men of
Atlanta subscribed out of their private funds to the popular fund in aid
of the Exposition. Such men as Bishop W. J. Gaines, F. H. Grumbly,
H. A. Rucker, Rev. E. J. Fisher, Jacob McKinley, Alexander Hamil¬
ton and others felt an interest in Atlanta from a business point of view
to the extent of making comfortable subscriptions commensurate with
their incomes. The Commissioners who were appointed accepted
their offices in good faith and, for the most part, have spent time and
means in the collection of their exhibit without a shadow of remunera¬
tion. They have battled against a foolish and insincere warfare waged
against the best opportunity that has ever been presented the American
negro since the dawn of freedom. The men who have opposed the
move have appealed to the prejudices existing in general, and thus
affect what is a specific opportunity, rather than in soberness and good
judgment seeking to teach the negro that practice in securing civil
rights is far different in American economy than theory.
It has been asserted by the opposers of the negro exhibit that it is
one of sentiment and that for no good reason can the race make this
exhibit in a business sense; I offer that the negro exhibit for every good
reason is of business concern to him. If the negro exemplifies, as he
does in the exhibit, that he can manufacture buggies, etc., does he not
put himself in a business position to be called upon ? Who believes that
Booker T. Washington or any other man under whose control the
negro has reached to triumphant industrial ends makes the magnificent
display in the Negro Building without business in mind? The negro
has sentiment in his exhibit and business, too.
The history of the colored exhibit will be written; the pages of a book
will glisten with the facts of a brilliant success of a brilliant period in
negro life—indeed, in the life of the South ; and let us hope that the
pages be not marred with an incident of racial conflict that shall cast a
shadow of the least size on the already bright record of a bright epoch.
The door of the Negro Building is open, a magnificent exhibit will meet
the eye of every visitor. All are, of course, welcome—thrice welcome
— to the first national panorama of negro progress. Let the verdict re¬
dound to the help of the negro. Last, but by no means the least, it is
our pleasure to pay a fitting tribute to the president, secretary, treas¬
urer, auditor, chiefs of departments, the committee on negro exhibits,
particularly with the directors, for the manifest interest they have shown
in this exhibit. In every item which concerned the negro exhibit careful
attention has been given it. It is a pleasure to testify that my relations
with these gentlemen have been most cordial, and the consideration
paid me has at all times been in keeping with such as my relation to
the exhibition required. May their kind ever multiply. Once more-
let the verdict of the dominant race be for the help of the deserving
negro.
CHAPTER XI.
PUBLIC COMFORT.
As the period of construction drew to a close, the management
of the Exposition and the people of Atlanta became alarmed
for fear there would not be accommodations sufficient for the
crowds that would come to tne fair. Some months before this
a preliminary organization of the Department of Public Comfort
had been made under the direction of the Standing Committee,
composed of Messrs. Forrest Adair, F. P. Rice, E. P. Black,
Joseph Thompson, D. Woodward, E. C. Spalding, G. P. Dodd,
J. W. English, Jr., C. S. Northen, and T. B. Neal. The late
H. G. Saunders, then Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce
and manager of the City Directory, agreed to superintend the
preliminary canvass of the city, and did this important service
without compensation. The canvass was made largely by men
previously employed in the Directory work, and was completed
very rapidly. It showed accommodations for about 8,000 visitors
at boarding houses and private residences, and room for 5,000 at
the hotels. Besides this, it was estimated that the well-to-do-people
on residence streets would entertain friends to the number of
about 5,000. It was subsequently found that the estimate in¬
cluded the total capacity of the hotels, and that the proprietors of
residences and boarding houses had reported accommodations
calculated upon a state of overcrowding which was so far beyond
the limits of comfort that the public could not be expected to bear
with it a week. The whole ground was gone over again, and
the estimate was cut in half. It was then found that with
the listing of every available room in the city and allowing for
those who would be entertained by friends, there were accommo¬
dations for less than 10,000 visitors. It was expected that visitors
would remain upon an average two or three days, and with the
lowest estimate of daily attendance, this would give an accu¬
mulation of 20,000 or 30,000 people in the city. Almost certain
congestion confronted the management, and their fears were con¬
stantly confirmed by reminders of an experience only ten months
before the opening of the Exposition. In the fall of 1894 the
street railroad convention brought 1,500 people to Atlanta for
several days, and during that time the hotels were overcrowded.
If 1,500 taxed the accommodations of the city, what would be
the situation when four or five thousand attaches of the exhibitors
and concessionaires had filled up the vacant rooms about town ?
Where were the daily visitors to be accommodated ? The prob¬
lem was a serious one, and it became more serious when the press
of the whole country took it up and discussed it freely. Up to
July there had been no improvement in the situation, A canvass
of the city had been made, but that only served to show the inade¬
quacy of accommodations, and the discussion of this fact alarmed
both the management and the public. Less than three months
remained before the opening of the gates, and the available accom¬
modations reported were hardly half what would be required.
There were not rooms enough in Atlanta, and it would take
hundreds of thousands of dollars to build enough. It would bank¬
rupt the Exposition Company to undertake this, and everybody
knew it; still everybody looked to the Exposition management to
solve the problem. Time after time the subject had been anx¬
iously discussed by the Executive Committee and the directors;
time after time the Committee on Public Comfort had met and
wrestled with it in vain, and, when the 1st of July came with no
GOVERNMENT BUILDING, FROM MANUFACTURES AND
LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING.
addition to accommodations and little prospect for any, some of
the directors were in a state of alarm almost amounting to panic.
Failure to provide accommodations would, of course, cut down
the attendance, and would inevitably result in the ruin of the Ex¬
position. Necessity invented a solution, and, as usual in such
cases, it was as simple as it was satisfactory. The Exposition
Company decided to offer a bonus of its income bonds to any re¬
sponsible party who would undertake to build and furnish rooms
for the accommodation of visitors. The amount of subsidy in
each case was based upon the number of rooms, the cost of the
structure, and its location. The amount ranged from $15 to $35
per room. The smallest sum was paid on a temporary structure
with very small rooms, near the Exposition entrance, and the
largest for a frame building, plastered inside and out, comfortably
66
OFFICIAL
HIS TOR Y.
furnished, and located near the heart of the city. In this way an
appropriation of $25,000 in income bonds by the Exposition
Company was made to secure the erection of buildings containing
about 1,500 rooms, which were comfortably furnished and opened
to the public. At the same time, something like 1,000 rooms were
provided by parties who secured vacant upper stories of business
houses, partitioned them off into apartments, and furnished the
rooms for visitors.
In addition to this the surrounding towns were encouraged to
prepare for entertaining visitors, and the railroads put on daily
tickets at prices which made the expense of living out of town very
small for those who wished to come into the city in the morning
and return to suburban towns at night.
On the 1 st of July Mr. Alex. W. Smith, the Auditor of the
Exposition Company and Chairman of the Committee on Conces¬
sions, who had developed great executive ability, and had taken
a prominent part in the discussions which led to a solution of this
difficult problem, was elected Chief of the Department of Public
Comfort, and took full charge of negotiations for the erection of
buildings.
In about two weeks he closed contracts for the 1,500 rooms and
proceeded to organize his department.
In thoroughness and efficiency the system adopted here has proba¬
bly never been equaled in this country, unless, perhaps, at Philadel¬
phia during the Centennial.
To make the listed accommodations available to the utmost, a
corps of bicycle messengers was organized and every house on the
register was visited twice a day. In this way complete morning and
evening reports were secured of rooms vacated or rooms occupied
in any part of the city. The registered rooms of Atlanta were run
as a vast hotel, with bicycle messengers taking the place of bell boys.
In addition to this, agents of the department met all incoming
trains and located visitors even before they reached the city.
Large bodies, associations or conventions were placed at hotels
beforehand by correspondence, and much of the work was done in
advance.
Having organized this department thoroughly, Mr. Smith was
called to other duties on the Exposition grounds, when he was
elected General Manager soon after the opening of the gates. Mr.
E. H. Barnes, formerly General Passenger Agent of a division of
the East Tennessee road, was placed in charge.
During the first month or six weeks the attendance was much
less than had been anticipated and the accommodations were found
to be ample. As the utmost economy was demanded, the Depart¬
ment of Public Comfort ceased to be a part of the Exposition on
November 1, but was run after that time by Mr. Barnes as a private
enterprise, and did much to promote the comfort of the large crowds
that came in November and December.
Early in the history of the department, when the canvass of the
city was made, persons listing rooms were pledged to furnish ac¬
commodations at prices named, and rooms were not listed when the
prices were considered unreasonable. Visitors were accommodated
at fair prices, and enjoyed the maximum of comfort that could be
expected at such a time. Two of the best hotels in America are in
Atlanta, and their charges were generally considered reasonable. On
one occasion, during the opening week, when nine Governors and
scores of dignitaries were present, there was some complaint about the
charges at one of the hotels, and two of the leading Eastern papers
published scathing article:? on the subject. The Exposition Board
investigated the matter and found that, considering the luxurious
quarters, and the amount of attention demanded by the parties re¬
ferred to, the charges were not unreasonable. A candid statement
of the case was sent over the wires to the different press associations,
and no further complaint was heard about the cost of accommo¬
dations.
In connection with the work of this department an interesting
feature of Public Comfort is found in the very large part which
private hospitality played in the entertainment of visitors. It is
probable that the original estimate of the number who would be
entertained as guests by the people of Atlanta was often exceeded
during the months of November and December. When the gate
receipts showed that there were fifteen or twenty thousand strangers
in the city, the hotels and boarding houses, though comfortably
full, were not overcrowded, and the listed rooms of the Public
Comfort register were still less so. Yet on the street corners all
through the residence portions of the city were groups of strangers
waiting for the cars, and the street railway seemed never to ex¬
haust this mysterious supply. The question was often asked:
" Where do these people come from ? " Observation showed
that they came out of neighboring houses, and a little closer obser¬
vation showed that they were not boarders, but guests. The
aggregate of hospitality shown by the people of Atlanta is very
great and accounts for the fact that almost every visitor during
the Exposition went away, not only enthusiastic about the fair,
but full of pleasant reminiscences of his sojourn in the city. Para¬
doxical as it may seem, the people of Atlanta are nearly all outsiders.
Most of them came from other parts of Georgia or the adjacent
States, and they are closely connected with every part of the Pied¬
mont region by ties of kinship or old acquaintance. The majority
of visitors had friends in the city, and many of them came as
guests. Thus it was that Atlanta kept open house during
the fair.
CHAPTER XII.
TRANSPORTATION.
The two greatest factors in the making of the Exposition were
the railroads and the press. Without their aid it could not have
been. The work of the press has been set forth in an appro¬
priate place, and it is in order here to give some account of the
part which the railroads had in the great enterprise. This falls
under four heads—advertising, financial aid, exhibits, and trans¬
portation. In advertising the Exposition, the railroads were sec¬
ond only to the press. The immense machinery at their com¬
mand was used effec¬
tively in promoting
the interests of the
fair. Besides distribut¬
ing printed matter and
lithographs issued by
the Exposition Com¬
pany, they sent out
millions of illustrated
folders printed at their
own expense. Thou¬
sands of press repre¬
sentatives were con¬
veyed to Atlanta for
the purpose of ex¬
ploiting the fair, and
in many effective ways
the managers of rail¬
roads exerted their
influence in behalf of
the enterprise.
In the construction
period the railways
entering Atlanta sub¬
scribed for $50,000 of Exposition bonds. The Receiver of the
Central Railway of Georgia was prevented by an order of court
from paying the subscription made in behalf of that system, but
$40,700 was paid into the treasury of the Exposition for bonds
by the Southern Railway, the Georgia Railway, the Atlanta and
West Point Railway, the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis
Railway, and the Seaboard Air Line. Of its subscription for
$20,000, the Southern Railway subsequently contributed half, and
the other roads contributed 18 per cent, of their subscriptions.
About $14,000 was the actual cash contribution of these railroads
to the Exposition funds.
The exhibits made by railroads at this Exposition constituted
one of the most interesting and important features. The building
erected by the Southern Railway was one of the most beautiful
on the grounds, and contained an admirable display of the re¬
sources of the eight States penetrated by its lines.
The exhibits of sections of track showing railway construction
from the early days to the present were of high educational value.
The impression so made was heightened by the bas relief represen¬
tations of the old
stage coach and the
modern vestibule train
which adorned the
pediments of the
building.
The Plant System
constituted one of the
most unique and in¬
structive exhibits at
the Exposition. The
pyramid which housed
the main exhibit was
covered with phos¬
phate rock of the
different kinds found
in Florida and South
Carolina. The interior
was filled with the
products of Florida,
together with a large
topographical map of
the State. In a neigh-
the southern railway building. boring structure was
a train of cars, one-half-size, loaded with naval stores. Near by
was a turpentine still, showing how this important industry is con¬
ducted.
The Seaboard Air Line, installed in the Agricultural Building,
is a comprehensive exhibit of the resources of North Carolina. The
material was largely furnished by the Board of Agriculture for
North Carolina, but was transported and installed by the Seaboard
Air Line.
In the same building was the Arkansas exhibit, to which the
railways of that State contributed liberally. The St. Louis South¬
western was particularly active in aid of this exhibit. The State of
68
OFFICIA L HIS TOR Y.
Arkansas appropriated $10,000 for the purpose, and Mr. W. G.
Vincenheller, the Arkansas Commissioner of Mines, Manufactures,
and Agriculture, personally superintended the installation and re¬
mained in charge during the Exposition.
The Southern Pacific Railway had no exhibit of its own, but
contributed by free transportation to the beautiful California ex¬
hibit of the State Board of Trade. The general rule of Southern
railways was to give free transportation on the return trip for all
exhibits, and free transportation both ways for exhibits of the
Woman's Department.
The Central Railway of Georgia, the Georgia Railroad, and the
Atlanta and West Point Railway, made no exhibit, but established
headquarters in the Transportation Building, where attractiv e printed
matter, showing the resources of their territory, was distributed.
Under this head the trains of cars exhibited by the Plant System
and the Southern Railway are worthy of mention. The Pullman
Palace Car Company exhibited the costly train which attracted so
much attention at the World's Columbian Exposition. The Rogers
and Baldwin Locomotive Works were represented by engines. In
this line the exhibit of the Richmond Locomotive Works was par¬
ticularly interesting as the greatest contribution of the Southern
States to the manufacture of machinery.
Transportation Facilities.
The excellent service given by most of the railways during the
Exposition contributed greatly to swell the attendance. That the
service did almost as much as the low rates in augmenting atten¬
dance is shown by the fact that the best-equipped railways, furnish¬
ing the best car service and the best schedules, did more than their
proportionate share of the business. Additional schedules were put
on, and, besides this, the regular trains were sometimes run with two
sections. On the occasions of Atlanta day, Chicago day, Manhattan
day, Cincinnati day and Maryland day it was necessary to run special
trains. It required nine trains to move the Chicago party, and for
Manhattan day seventy-five cars were engaged in advance. About
as many were required for the Baltimore party. The General Passen¬
ger Agent of the Southern Railway stated that the near-by business
was more profitable than the long hauls, for the reason that short-
trip passengers rode in day cars carrying fifty persons, while the
long-distance visitors came in sleepers carrying twenty-five passen¬
gers, at an additional expense. For business done on regular trains
carrying additional sleepers, this rule would hardly apply to the
same extent, and the passengers so carried added immensely to the
revenue of the roads.
At the end of this chapter the report of sales of Exposition tickets
by zones on the different roads will show that the very low rates for
long distances, supplemented by a fine service, made the attendance
on this Exposition from a distance very large—larger, proportion¬
ately, than at any other exposition. Without such low rates for
long distances, and without such service, the Exposition would
have been hopelessly bankrupted; for the attendance of near-by
districts, though large for the towns, was small for the rural districts,
and proved relatively smaller than the attendance from a distance.
Fortunately, the Exposition was as well advertised in the Northern
and Middle States as it was at home, and the attendance from these
States saved the fair.
The following statements, showing the increase of train service,
are based 011 information furnished by railroad officials:
The Southern Railway ran 444 extra trains, 2,107 extra cars on
extra trains, and 1,419 extra cars on regular trains—altogether
3,526 extra cars during the F^xposition. Previous to the Exposition
the Southern Railway had fourteen passenger trains into Atlanta;
during the Exposition it ran 19 schedules to the city.
The Western and Atlantic Railroad ran five passenger trains into
the city before the Exposition and added two during the Fair.
Two cars were added to each regular train, and 79 extra trains
were run, making about 1,800 extra cars handled during the Ex¬
position period. The Superintendent says this did not interfere
with freight traffic.
The Seaboard Air Line ran 23 extra trains, including 276 cars.
On regular trains 355 extra cars were run, making a total of 531
extra cars. No interference with freight.
Reports in detail were not received from other roads, but they
added to their service in about the same proportion.
Local Transit.
It was early realized that adequate facilities for moving the
crowds from the city to the Exposition grounds were of the utmost
importance, and elaborate preparations were made for this work
by the Southern Railway Company and the Consolidated Street
Railway Company. The Southern Railway put in an additional
track, giving two tracks from the city station to its terminal on
the east side of the grounds. At the terminal a system practically
the same as that adopted by the Illinois Central at the Chicago
fair was adopted. Cars opened at the sides with a sliding rail
and discharged their passengers upon platforms level with the
car floor. In the same way returning passengers were received.
There were two tracks for receiving and two for discharging
passengers. It was possible to move a train of ten cars every
four minutes.
The Consolidated Street Railway had on the west side a ter¬
minal arranged with a view to the distribution of passengers to all
parts of the city. This terminal was arranged in the form of a
circle, or a loop enlarged to circular form. Cars entering on one
side of the loop discharged their passengers and proceeded around
the circle, passing various compartments where passengers des¬
tined for different parts of the city were in waiting.
/Ml cars passed through the centre of the city, and then took
their respective radiating lines, carrying the people direct to their
homes. At the Exposition terminal, the compartments opening
011 the loop represented so many different parts of the city, and
cars destined to those parts stopped at the doors of their respective
compartments to receive passengers going home. Passengers
going to the city could take the same cars, as they passed through
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
69
the centre of town. In addition, there was a line of cars stopping
at the centre.
This arrangement greatly helped to make the rooms about
town available to visitors, and in the chapter on Public Comfort
it will be seen that many were so cared for, especially those visit¬
ing friends, who formed a very large proportion of the attendance.
On the south side the Consolidated Street Railway had a ter¬
minal, less elaborate, but supplied with cross-town cars. In addi¬
tion, the Peachtree Line was operated independently outside
the terminal, charging a five-cent fare.
All passengers entering through the terminals either of the
Southern Railway or the Consolidated Street Railway paid ten
cents.
A bitter controversy arose over the ten-cent fare charged by
the Street Railways, although no complaint was made of the ten-
cent fare on the Southern Railway. An agitation was started by
the Atlanta Journal and was echoed in the columns of the press
all over the country. This agitation hurt the Exposition where
the local circumstances were not known, and created the impres¬
sion that there was a general practice of extortion going on in
Atlanta. This was shown to be a false impression, but it un¬
doubtedly did much to keep visitors away. The Atlanta Journal
contended that the Street Railway was responsible for this injury
by charging a ten-cent fare where five cents was the regular price,
and the Street Railway claimed that the Journal was responsible
because of an agitation in which they claimed the facts were not
fairly presented. For some years, during the local Piedmont
expositions, the street railways had charged a ten-cent fare to the
park. When the Cotton States and International Exposition was
projected on a scale many times larger than any of its predeces¬
sors, the Street Railway undertook to construct terminals, increase
its power plant, and enlarge its equipment at an expense of about
$180,000. Much of this was claimed to be expense of a tem¬
porary character, not available as permanent equipment, and the
management of the company asserted that a ten-cent fare would
not recoup them for the extraordinary expense incurred. They
also called attention to the fact that a majority of the passengers
who paid the ten-cent fare were carried across town over tracks
combining two car routes, on which the fare would have been ten
cents in ordinary times. It was claimed, on the contrary, that no
street car company outside of Atlanta had ever increased its fare
during an Exposition. The Street Car Company ran cars to the
main entrance outside the grounds and carried passengers by that
route for five cents. This line was much used in good weather,
but on wet or cold nights, or on days when the crowd was very
large, the majority of passengers going out on the west side
preferred to pay ten cents and wait under cover in the terminal
compartments. These terminals were very useful in distributing
the immense crowd of November 28, when more than 60,000
people passed through the turnstiles. For two hours the terminals
of the Southern Railway and the Street Car Company were
jammed, but before ten o'clock the whole of the immense crowd
had been moved, and without accident. During that time the
Southern Railway moved trains as fast as they were filled, and
the Consolidated Street Railway moved cars at the rate of one
a minute. Together they handled about 20,000 passengers an
hour.
The Exposition Rates.
The question of rates was taken up early in the spring of 1895
by the Exposition management. The Committee on Transporta¬
tion consisted of Messrs. J. G. Oglesby, W. H. Venable, S. F.
Woodson, E. P. Black, C. E. Harman, G. T. Dodd and E. C.
Spalding. Capt. E. L. Tyler was chief of the department. The
arrangements for the transportation of exhibits were perfected
through correspondence by Captain Tyler, but the passenger rates
were a more difficult question. They were the subject of negotia¬
tion and of prolonged discussion in the Southern States Passenger
Association. Mr. C. E. Harman, General Passenger Agent of the
PLANT SYSTKM BUILDING. FLORIDA PRODUCTS.
Western and Atlantic Railroad, as a director of the Exposition
and a member of the Southern States Passenger Association, be¬
came the natural medium of negotiations. At the request of the
Exposition Committee he drew up a schedule of rates which the
Southern States Passenger Association was asked to adopt. This
schedule, when presented to the Passenger Association, was referred
to a sub-committee consisting of Mr. Harman, Mr. S. H. Hardwick,
Assistant General Passenger Agent of the Southern Railway, and
Mr. J. C. Haile, General Passenger Agent of the Central of Georgia
Railway. This committee recommended the adoption of the
schedule. There was some opposition in the Association, and the
matter was held in abeyance for a time. Finally the schedule was
adopted with some modifications, but the rates were made substan¬
tially as requested.
Mr. W. W. Finley, then Commissioner of the Southern States
Passenger Association, in his circular announcing the Exposition
rates, made the following explanatory remarks, beginning with a
70
OFFICIAL
HIS TOR Y.
reference to the rates recommended by the Sub-Committee and
afterward slightly modified by himself :
It was explained by the Committee that in recommending the rates
given above it had in view a basis which should prevail absolutely dur¬
ing the period of the Exposition, thus doing away with the necessity of
special excursions, which, from the standpoint of the railroads, required
extra train service, and which at times make it difficult for the city of
Atlanta to comfortably take care of its visitors. Furthermore, the
Special Committee had in view that it would be advantageous to both
the railroad companies and the Exposition Company to have it under¬
stood on the part of the public that the rates were absolutely fixed, thus
insuring prompt and regular attendance on the part of the public. With
this in view, the Special Committee reported that they had conferred
with the representatives of the Transportation Department of the Ex¬
position Company, and that they fully understood the matter and were
satisfied with the basis of rates. Careful consideration was given by the
members of the Rate Committee to the various features of the foregoing
report of the Special Committee.
The Rate Committee having, however, failed to provide rates for the
occasion, the subject, under the provisions of Article XVI. of the Agree¬
ment, was referred to the Commissioner for decision.
It would seem to be the history of rate making for national or inter¬
national expositions that there has been a lack of mutual understanding
between the railroad companies and the exposition companies. The
railroad companies seem to have inaugurated rates which, by force of
public pressure or other considerations, they have been unable to main¬
tain, the tendency of the rates being downward from the opening of the
exposition to its close. Agitation of the question of lower rates seems
to have had, invariably, the effect of holding back visitors and making
the attendance irregular, and bunching, as it might be called, the visi¬
tors toward the close of the exposition, at which time the lowest rates
have prevailed. It would seem, therefore, an important step in the
right direction if rates for the Atlanta Exposition can be adjusted upon
a basis which will meet the approval of both the railroad companies and
the Exposition Company.
The most serious disagreement with respect to rates for this occasion
was in connection with rates proposed on the basis of one cent per
mile distance traveled, or in other words two cents per mile one-way
distance.
The Commissioner has given consideration to all the questions
raised, and promulgates the following as his decision in the matter :
1. From all points rates at 75 per cent, of the double one-way first-
class limited fares, tickets to be sold September 5 and 12, and daily
after September 15, 1895, until December Ij, with final limit January
7, 1896.
2. For distances of 350 miles and over a rate of one first-class
limited fare, plus 10 per cent, for the round trip, with final limit twenty
days; the sale of such tickets to begin September 16, and continue
daily until December 15, 1895.
3 A. For distances of over 350 miles, rate of two (2) cents per mile
one-way distance for the round trip, plus two ($2.00) dollars, no rate
to be higher than 80 per cent, of the one-way regular standard rate ;
tickets to be sold Tuesdays and Thursdays of each week, beginning
with September 16, and until December 24, 1895, to be limited to
ten days from date of sale.
3 B. For military companies in uniform moving in bodies of twenty-
five or more on one solid ticket, and uniformed bands accompanying
them and moving on one solid ticket, a rate of two (2) cents per mile
for one-way distance, for distances of over 350 miles, may be made;
tickets to be sold on any day of the week, beginning with September
16, and until December 24, 1895, limited to ten days from date of
sale.
4. For distances 51 to 349 miles inclusive, a rate of one first-class
limited fare, plus 10 per cent. Tickets to be sold daily, beginning
September 15, until December 30, 1895. Limit to be fifteen days
from date of sale, except that no ticket shall bear longer limit than
January 7, 1896.
5. 50 miles and less, 3 cents per mile one-way distance for the
round trip; minimum rate 50 cents, except where double locals make
less, final limit five days.
6. 51 to 100 miles, cents per mile one-way distance, limit five
days.
7. 101 to 150 miles, 2 cents per mile one-way distance, limit seven
days.
8. 151 to 200 miles, 2^ cents per mile one-way distance, limit seven
days.
9 A. 201 to 275 miles, 2 cents per mile one-way distance, plus 50
cents, limit seven days ; no rates to be in excess of 80 per cent, of the
one-way regular standard rate.
9 I!. 276 to 300 miles, 2 cents per mile one-way distance, plus 75
cents, limit seven days ; no rate to be in excess of 80 per cent, of the
one-way regular standard rate.
9 C. 301 to 325 miles, 2 cents per mile one-way distance, plus $1.00,
limit seven days ; no rate to be in excess of 80 per cent, ot the one¬
way regular standard rate.
9 D. 326 to 350 miles, 2 cents per mile one-way distance, plus $1.50,
limit seven days; no rate to be in excess of 80 per cent, of 'he one¬
way regular standard rate.
10. Tickets for distances of 50 to 350 miles at rates named in para¬
graphs 5 to 9 inclusive, to be sold daily, beginning with September 15,
1895, until December 30, 1895.
11. For military companies in uniform moving in bodies of twenty-five
or more on a solid ticket and uniformed bands accompanying the same,
for distances 350 miles or less, rates may be made by lines in interest,
provided no rate less than two cents per mile one-way distance is made,
with further minimum of fifty cents per capita, except where double
locals make less. Such tickets may be sold daily from September 16
to December 24, 1895, limited to ten days from date of sale.
Further announcement will be made of form of ticket to be used
from all points.
In line with the method of procedure of the Special Committee the
Commissioner, in order to avoid any misunderstanding with the Ex¬
position Company, has explained the amended basis to the Chief of the
Department of Transportation of that company. In thus satisfying
the Exposition Company, the Commissioner has also endeavored to
equitably adjust the differences which have arisen in the Rate Com¬
mittee, the adjustment thus reached for the special days and for dis¬
tances over 350 miles comparing favorably with rates made for special
days for the Chicago Exposition.
The decision of the Commissioner is given with the understand¬
ing that the basis fixed is absolute in not contemplating any lower
rates for this occasion, the decision, of course, being open to any
further procedure in other respects as may be permitted by the
agreement.
The rate in paragraph 1 was for exhibitors or others who re¬
mained during the fair.
The rates named in paragraphs 3 A and 5 to 9 D, being the
lowest, did most of the business. The limit of five to ten days,
according to distance, was ample for most visitors, and few twentv-
day limit tickets at the higher rate were sold.
Later a rate of 1 y, cents per mile traveled was made (or parties
of 100 going by one route and returning by another. Still later
this rate was made for parties of fifty.
A rate of 1 cent per mile traveled was made for parties of
twenty-five on one ticket going and returning by the same route,
from points beyond the Ohio and Potomac Rivers.
On December 13th, in response to an urgent request from the
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
7i
Exposition management, the Association named holiday rates in the
following resolution:
Resolved, That the rates as asked for by President Collier, of the
Cotton States and International Exposition, be granted and offered to
lines beyond the territory of the Association as basing rates, as fol¬
lows : Distances 250 miles and over, within the territory of the
Association, 50 per cent, of the one-way first-class limited rates for the
round trip. Distances 100 to 249 miles, 60 per cent, of the one-way
first-class limited rates for the round trip. Distances 25 to 99 miles,
1 cent per mile traveled. Distances under 25 miles, one fare for the
round trip, minimum rate to be 25 cents. Tickets to be sold daily,
December 19-25, 1895, inclusive, limited for return to five days from
date of sale, under the same conditions as at present authorized.
The zone system worked well. The low long-distance rates
greatly increased the attendance from remote States. It will be seen
from the appended statement that this class of visitors was very
large.
Geographical Distribution of Attendance.
It has been undertaken in this work to give the geographical
distribution of attendance. This is a task not heretofore attempted
in the records of expositions. It could be done only by the
co-operation of the railways, whose auditors have the only avail¬
able data. By the courtesy of the general passenger agents and
the auditors of the lines entering Atlanta, reports of the sales of
Exposition tickets have been furnished to the writer, and from
them he compiled the following statistics of the business by zones,
combining with them the urban population for the purpose of com¬
parison. The urban population is taken as the most instructive in¬
dication of relative productiveness, because the rural population
contributed so small a proportion of the attendance that it does not
become much of a factor in the result. There are no accurate
statistics of this, but the general estimate of ticket sellers at
the railway stations and ticket takers at the Exposition
grounds was that the rural attendance did not exceed 10
per cent, of the whole. The cotton season had opened at an
advance of 50 per cent., and it was an ideal fall for harvesting.
Hardly a single fanner was observable on the Exposition grounds
before the 1st of November, and even after that date the agricul¬
tural class was a small minority.
On the contrary, the towns make a remarkable showing. Towns
within fifty miles doubled, and sometimes quadrupled their popu¬
lation in the number of Exposition tickets sold. Within a hundred
miles the sales of tickets were about equal to the urban popu¬
lation. They were especially large in towns with flourishing
schools. A concerted effort had been made to interest all institu¬
tions of learning and they were very productive of attendance.
By Zones.
Up to 200 miles the attendance will be given by fifty-mile zones
in order that the productiveness of each rate in the scale may be
known. Beyond 200 miles the rapid divergence of railways makes
it impossible to divide the territory into narrow zones. Therefore
the attendance is aggregated for the territory beyond the 200-mile
radius.
Return tickets to Atlanta were sold during the Exposition at
railway stations as follows :
The figures for the Atlanta and West Point Railroad and Western
Railway of Alabama, the Georgia Railroad, the W. & A. and N.
C. & St. L. Railway, the Seaboard Air Line, and the Central of Geor¬
gia Railway are compiled from detailed reports furnished by the Gen¬
eral Passenger Agents of those lines, giving the sales at each station
and the number of passengers delivered by connections upon Exposi¬
tion tickets.
Atlanta and West Point and Western Railway of Alabama.
Town
Zone. Tickets sold. population.
1-50 miles from Atlanta 11,293 SAl4
51-100 " " 7,344 6,662
101-150 " " 2,725 7,835
151-200 " " 4,064 22,533
Within 200 miles 25,426 42,444
Beyond " 10,526
Total 35,952
Georgia Railroad.
1-50 miles from Atlanta 16,082 8,251
51-100 " " 9,205 9,5n
101-150 " " 3,929 8,659
151-200 " " 5,670 34,000
Within 200 miles 34,886 60,421
Beyond " 11,691
Total 46,577
W. & A. and N. C. & St. L Railway.
I 50 miles from Atlanta 24,360 8,454
51-100 " " 10,147 22,782
101-150 " " 10,198 30,491
151-200 " " 100 34,7^2
Within 200 miles 44,805 96,489
Beyond " 16,849
Total 61,654
Seaboard Air Line.
1-50 miles from Atlanta 3>l^4- 1,066
51-100 " " 8,479 u,i25
101-150 " " 2,958 4,100
151-200 " " 1,511 3,000
Within 200 miles 16,112 19,291
Beyond " *21,732
Total 37,844
* Sales by connections for the Seaboard were not reported, but
estimated at 15,000. This is included in the 21,732.
Central of Georgia Railway.
1-50 miles from Atlanta. - 10,385 6,548
51-100 " " 13,961 29,606
101-150 " " 2,497 10,073
151-200 " " 5,467 37,575
Within 200 miles 32>310 83,802
Beyond " 23,048
Total 55,358
72
OFFICIAL HISTORY.
For Five Railways.
Zone. Tickets Sold. Town Population. Ratio'I'toP.
1-50 miles. 65,284 29,733 220 p. c.
51-100 " 49,136 79,685 64 p. c.
101-150 " 22,307 61,158 36 p. c.
151-200 " 16,812 I3':87° !3 P- c-
Within 200 miles, '53.539 3°2>446 50 p. c.
Beyond 200 " 83,846
Total, 237,385
By concentric circles the sales of return tickets, the town popula¬
tion, and the ratio for the territory of the five roads arc as follows:
Territory. Tickets Sold. Town Population, Ratio T, to P.
Within 50 miles. 65,284 29,733 220 p. c.
Within 100 " 114,420 109,418 105 p. c.
Within 150 " 136,727 I70»576 80 p. c.
Within 200 " 153.539 3°2>446 5° P- c-
The proportion of sales within certain distances of Atlanta is as fol¬
lows in the territory of these five railways :
First Zone 28 p. c. Within 100 miles.. 49 p. c.
Second Zone 21 p. c. Within 150 " .. 58^ p. c.
Third Zone o'/i p. c. Within 200 " - - 65 ^ p. c.
Fourth Zone 7 p. c. Beyond 200 " .. 34^ p. c.
Southern Railway.
The best information obtainable from the Southern Railway gives
the figures below. It is proper to say that these figures could not be
verified, as the Passenger Department of this railway declined to fur¬
nish or to exhibit such detailed information as the other roads
supplied.
For All Roads Entering Atlanta.
I to 50 miles, 18,116
51 to 100 " 21,022
101 to 150 " 14,105
151 to 200 " 11,203
Ratio to Total,
Within 200 miles,
Beyond 200 "
64,446
95,340
11 p. c.
13 p. c.
9 P- c.
7 P- c.
40 p. c.
60 p. c.
Total, 159,786
1 to 50 miles, 83,400
51 to 100 " 70,158
101 to 150 " 56,412
151 to 200 " 28,015
Within 200 miles, 237,985
Beyond 200 " 179,186
Ratio to Total,
20 p. c
17 p. c
13 p. c.
7 P- c.
57 P- c.
43 P- c.
Grand Total, 417,171
It will be observed from this table that 50 per cent, of the attend¬
ance came from points within 1 50 miles and the same proportion from
points beyond that distance.
Compared with Whole Population.
Exclusive of Atlanta the territory within 50 miles, containing a pop¬
ulation of 240,000 people, bought 83,400 return tickets to Atlanta dur¬
ing the Exposition.
The second zone, distant 51 to 100 miles, with a population of 653,-
000, not including Atlanta, bought 70,158 return tickets during the
Exposition.
The whole territory within 100 miles, containing a population of
893,000 without Atlanta, bought 153,558 tickets.
The territory within 150 miles, containing a population of two mil¬
lions in round numbers, sent 209,970 visitors.
Three millions of people within 200 miles sent 237,000 visitors.
The ratio of attendance to whole population, within 200 miles by
zones, leaving out Atlanta, was :
Within 150 miles.. 10 p. c.
Within 200 miles.. 8 p. c.
These figures added to the reports from the other five roads give
the following summary:
1 to 50 miles 26 p. c.
51 to 100 miles... 11 p. c.
Within 500 miles. 16 p. c.
Of those who bought return tickets to Atlanta during the fair, there
is an unknown proportion who came on business and did not go out to
the Exposition. Railroad men estimate this at 20 per cent. Deducting
this proportion from the total of 417,171 leaves 333,737 visitors who
went to the fair.
There is no way of ascertaining how many Exposition tickets were
bought by the people of Atlanta. If the ratio to population was the
same as in the first zone outside, the correct figures for Atlanta are not
far from 200,000 tickets. Deducting this number from the 779,560
Exposition tickets sold, we have 579,560 as the number bought by
333,737 visitors—an average of one and two-thirds to the visitor.
CHAPTER XIII.
EXHIBITS.
The character of its exhibits is largely the character of an ex¬
position, and in this case they illustrate its purpose and the ideas
upon which it was built. Magnitude was not the best opportunity
or the chief ambition of this fair. Without being inferior in size
to any other than the great fair of 1893, it could not hope to
approach the proportions of that colossus. Neither could it hope
to make an impression upon the country by imitation of the char¬
acteristic features of another enterprise. The opportunity was
rather to be found in excellence of another kind, which would
make this unique among expositions.
Upon careful consideration it was found that just such an oppor¬
tunity was open. A reduction of the mass of material by selection,
and an emphasis of the best types by skillful installation, would
greatly increase the educational value of the exhibition for the
majority of people, especially for those who had but a short time
to devote to the Exposition. The World's Fair had been a museum
of encyclopedic proportions in every department. That was an
admirable opportunity for those who could devote weeks or months
to its study, and whose training enabled them to assimilate rapidly;
hut for the mass of people it was bewildering. The opportunity for
this fair was to be found in eliminating a great deal of material and
arranging the selected portions to the best advantage. This plan
was carried out with great skill in most of the departments, and
was well exemplified in the Government Exhibit, where, with less
space and less expense than at Chicago, an exhibit more appre¬
ciated and more generally useful was installed. Careful attention
was given to subjects of especial importance to the Cotton States,
and many features of the exhibit surpassed anything the Govern¬
ment had ever done. The treatment of the cotton plant and other
staples of agriculture was exhaustive, and was so skillful as to in
struct even untrained minds. The Weather Bureau made the most
elaborate exhibit in its history, and the best ever made at any ex¬
position. The multitudinous functions of the Interior Department
were well illustrated, and the Smithsonian Institution and National
Museum put forward an exhibit of immense educational value.
The exhibits of the War, and and particularly of the Navy De¬
partment, were rich in historical interest as well as instructive in the
methods of modern warfare. The vast and various operations of
the postal system in this and other countries were strikingly illus¬
trated ; and the display of the State Department showed the far-
reaching influence of the American Republic from its earliest days.
The Fish Commission excelled itself in presenting the various
species, particularly those of Southern waters. The Treasury De¬
partment and the Department of Justice also showed interesting
features in a way to edify the visitor.
The same idea was admirably effective in the departments of
Machinery, Mines, Forestry, Transportation, Electricity, Manufac¬
tures and Liberal Arts, ind the Woman's Department.
The assignment of space and the installation of exhibits in the
various departments were made under the supervision of General
J. R. Lewis, the Secretary of the Exposition and also the Chief of
Installation. General Lewis was the first School Commissioner of
Georgia, and laid the foundations of the present system of common
school education in the State. He had also been prominently con¬
nected with the Cotton Exposition of 1881, and was Postmaster
at Atlanta under President Harrison's Administration. Combined
with broad business experience and ample acquaintance with large
affairs, his untiring industry and admirable system made him an
ideal officer.
Chiefs of the departments worthy of especial mention for the
excellence of their exhibits are Mr. J. H. Allen in Machinery, Mr.
H. M. Atkinson in Electricity, Mr. E. P. Chamberlin in Manu¬
factures and Liberal Arts, Mr. Horace Bradley in Fine Arts, Dr.
David T. Day in Mines, Dr. B. E. Fernow in Forestry, Captain
James R. Wylie in Agriculture, Captain E. L. Tyler in Transporta¬
tion and Dr. Henry L. Wilson in Live Stock. The Woman's De¬
partment and the Negro Department, containing more exhibits than
any other two, are treated elsewhere.
To carry out the purpose of selection, as well as to provide rev¬
enue, a charge of one dollar per square foot was made for space
occupied by exhibits. It was not without some misgiving that this
plan was adopted, for it was feared by some that the charge would
keep out exhibits. It was concluded that the best exhibits would
not be kept out by this charge, and the sequel showed that, as a
rule, this was true. There was some complaint by manufacturers
of agricultural machinery and implements and a special concession
was made in their case because of the very large amount of space
required. For all exhibits of any class exceeding 400 square feet,
a liberal reduction was made in the charge for space. The rule,
with these modifications, proved to be a good one, and the results
were very satisfactory. The sum of $79,000 which the treasury
received from this source was considered of no greater importance
to the Exposition than the salutary effect of the charge upon the
standard of exhibits.
The best criticism, and one which will command more respect
than any other, is the estimate of the Exposition by the Board of
74
OFFICIA L HIS TOR V.
Award. It was written by Dr. Daniel C. Oilman, the Commissioner,
and signed by every member of the highest Board of Award. It
was also read to the full Board, and unanimously endorsed by that
body. The following is the document:
AN ESTIMATE OF THE ATLANTA EXPOSITION.—FROM THE
HIGHEST BOARD OF AWARD.
Cotton States and International Exposition,
Atlanta, Ga., October 21, 1895.
To the People of the United States:
The undersigned jurors and members of the Highest Board of Award,
having visited the principal departments of the Atlanta Exposition, and
having had the advantage of guidance and suggestions from the most
ture; the protection and promotion of commerce by surveys of the coast,
the lakes, the rivers and the mountains, the study of the climate and
the forecasting of the weather; the maintenance of lighthouses and
life-saving stations; the education and civilization of the Indian; the
encouragement of invention, literature and the fine arts by protecting
the rights of the inventor, the writer and the artist; the advancement
and diffusion of knowledge through the agency of the Smithsonian
Institution, the National Museum, the manifold services of the Bureau
of Education, and the collection of great libraries; the study of the
diseases of the human race and also of plants and animals, and the
protection of life by cautionary and remedial agencies; the prevention
of epidemics and the regulation of the food supply. These all,
exhibited in compact form, bring before the people the noblest offices
of a strong, comprehensive, well-ordered government, and are the
best exhibition of the kind that has ever been made.
.; ! J"
GEORI
NDU
STATE lN5TjnfT|0H
.: Georgia
[.oopiA
Piffii
interior georgia state building.
qualified experts, think it important to communicate our impressions to
the public throughout the country by the agency of the newspaper press,
in advance of such reports as may be hereafter made to the constituted
authorities. We desire to call attention to the educational value of the
Atlanta Exposition, its important relations to industry, and its manifold
indications of the progress of the useful and liberal arts. But in this brief
paper we can only indicate a few of the most significant characteristics.
1. The exhibits of the National Government constitute a unique,
complete and instructive illustration of its wise and beneficent functions.
Within a building of moderate size examples are given of the work of
the Federal Government in its relation to statesmanship, international
intercourse, the administration of justice, the promotion of commerce,
domestic and foreign, the postal service and the control of the national
finances: the arts of national defense on land and sea; the development
of agriculture, forestry, mines and mineral wealth, fisheries and fish cul-
2. We admire the civic pride displayed by the citizens of Atlanta,
"The Gate of the South," which in thirty years has risen from the
devastation of fire and sword, poverty and distress, and now illustrates
in many ways, and especially in this Exposition, what may be done for
the advancement of a vast region by the union, enterprise, generosity,
knowledge and skill of an unselfish and voluntary body of citizens,
harmoniously organized.
3. The varied and inexhaustible resources of the Cotton States, their
mineral wealth, agricultural products, manufactures and railroads, as
well as their systems of education, are well displayed in many depart¬
ments of the Exposition, but especially in the comprehensive exhibits
that have been made by the States of Georgia, North Carolina, South
Carolina, Alabama, Louisiana and Arkansas.
4. There arc many admirable signs of interstate co-operation and
social intercourse. The visits of the President and Vice-rresidcnt of the
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
75
United States, of the Governors of many distant States, often attended
by large escorts of their fellow-citizens, the assemblies of bankers,
engineers, teachers, women, of religious and philanthropic associations
and of patriotic societies, the recognition of the African, and especially
the meeting of many thousands of soldiers in friendly intercourse, the
blue and the gray, homeward bound from Chickamauga, illustrate the
good will and fraternity now prevalent among the citizens of our united
Republic and the re-establishment not only of peace, but of sympathy
among those who have been widely separated. In addition to the build¬
ings of the Cotton States, those constructed by New York, Pennsylvania,
Massachusetts and Illinois, and that of California, with its contents,
afford additional evidences of this friendly relationship.
5. Women have made most important contributions to this Exposi¬
tion. The Woman's Building, designed by a woman, is entitled, in the
opinion of one of our most highly qualified judges, to a place next to the
highest among all the constructions of Piedmont Park. The illustra¬
tions of woman's work are attractive and suggestive. The services ren¬
dered by women in collecting and exhibiting papers, relics, mementoes
pertinent to colonial and revolutionary history promote a spirit of
patriotism, a love of our social institutions, and the preservation of
records hitherto overlooked and neglected. There is here a rare oppor¬
tunity to see many original documents and portraits. The educational
and charitable work is excellent, and in all departments of embroidery
and other branches of decorative art the exhibits of the Woman's Build¬
ing are unsurpassed.
6. Among the innumerable illustrations of skilled labor the visitor
should not fail to notice—
(a) The inventions and apparatus which have promoted extraordi¬
nary changes in our civilization by the agencies of electricity—a domain
in which the successors of Benjamin Franklin have won continuous
renown, and are still achieving successes as promising as they are sur¬
prising. Let it be borne in mind that the telephone was introduced at
the Exposition in 1876, and that only two dynamos, and those insignifi¬
cant, could then and there be seen.
(ib) The improvements in the means of transportation, by which
the safety, the comfort and the pleasure of travelers are promoted, and
immense cargoes are transported, the familiar arrangements of railroads
and steamers, the multiplication of bicycles and of rapid transit devices,
and the varied indications that good roads for ordinary traffic are soon
to be in universal demand.
(c) The improvements in machinery illustrating the skill of the
mechanic, in instruments of precision which are indispensable for the
advancement of all the arts, in labor-saving inventions, and in the better
utilization of fire, water, steam and electricity.
(d) The development of the industries of coal and iron, the discov¬
ery and utilization of new mineral products.
(e) The manifold devices for more economical and advantageous
utilization of food substances, resulting in the prevention of waste, the
reduction of prices and the protection of the consumer from disease
and dirt, these being largely the outgrowth of improved methods of
refrigeration and of simple but most serviceable modes of packing and
transportation.
(/) The contents of the building devoted to mines and forestry is
one of the most interesting exhibits, containing admirable examples of
our natural resources. Let the observer notice, without fail, a model
of the wearing out or erosion of a farm—after the forests were cut down
—and its restoration when the planting of trees began.
(g-) The progress of fruit culture and horticulture is well illustrated
by exhibits of California raisins and olive oils, apples from Arkansas,
and many other varied and beautiful displays.
These are only examples which might be indefinitely multiplied.
7. We ask attention to the exhibits that illustrate the progress of
education and science. From the nature of the case, these exhibits
are easily passed by. But here may be studied the progress of learn¬
ing in this country from the foundation of Harvard, William and
Mary, and Yale to the present time ; the modern schools of science
and technology, agriculture and the mechanic arts; the new univer¬
sities; the contributions of the United States Government and of
separate States to the advancement of science, and the universal
establishment of common schools from the kindergarten upward. We
are deeply impressed by the evidence here afforded of the importance
of promoting the study of exact science, and of encouraging the best
methods of manual and industrial training among girls and boys,
women and men, blacks and whites.
8. The advancement of the colored population in intelligence,
industry and enterprise is shown—though, apart from the educational
exhibits, not as adequately shown as for their own sake we could wish
—in the Negro Building, where may be seen illustrations of the steps
by which an emancipated race is advancing in freedom, knowledge,
skill and thrift. Every visitor should observe with an appreciative
spirit this suggestive and comprehensive exhibit. The attitude of the
authorities of the Exposition toward the colored race has received
widespread recognition and approbation.
9. The Exposition affords very striking evidence that the last ten
years have been prolific in inventions for saving time, and for econo¬
mizing the nervous force of those who work with their brains. It is
worth while to note the general use of stenography, typewriting,
PENNSYLVANIA STATE BUILDING.
long-distance telephony, phonography, and other devices which may
be called nerve-saving, time-saving, and life-saving inventions.
10. The international character of the Exposition is not its prin¬
cipal feature; only five foreign governments—namely, the Argentine
Republic, Mexico, Costa Rica, Venezuela and Chile—being repre¬
sented by official comissioners. Other countries are represented by
the contributions of private exhibitors, which have added much to the
interest of the display. Especial mention should be made of Austria,
Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Sweden, and also of
India, Japan and China. We believe that the permanent good of
an exhibition of this kind will be manifested in the improvement of
popular intelligence and industry, in diffusion of correct standards of
taste and skill, and in more accurate knowledge respecting the natural
resources and characteristics of the different parts of our own country.
For example, the collective exhibits made by the Southern Railroad,
and also by the Seaboard Air-Line and the Plant System of Florida,
bring out in vivid outlines the advantages of the regions through
which these railroads are constructed. The improvements in the rail¬
way connections of Atlanta with Chicago, New York, New Orleans
and Florida are permanent contributions to the prosperity of the
country.
7 6
OFFICIAL HISTORY.
11. We earnestly advise the teachers of colleges and schools near
and remote to encourage their scholars to come and study this Expo¬
sition, accompanied by competent guides. With proper explanation,
easily to be secured if a little effort is made, intelligent youth may
learn in a few days' visit to this Exposition more than would be
learned in weeks or months of ordinary study. We also advise manu¬
facturers and merchants, those who are interested in mines, agricul¬
ture and transportation, as well as mechanics and farmers, to utilize
this opportunity for observing and comparing their own work with that
of others.
12. In conclusion, we congratulate the directors of the Atlanta
Exposition on the success that has attended their efforts, on their
public spirit, energy and resolution. We thank the Mayor and the
citizens of Atlanta for their generous hospitality. We declare our
opinion that the State of Georgia and the group of Cotton States
G. Brown Goode, Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution—in
charge of the National Museum,
Gardiner G. Hubbard, of Washington D. C.
J. M. McDryde, President of the Virginia College of Agriculture.
T. C. Mendenh \ll, Late Superintendent of the United States Coast Sur¬
vey ; President of the Worcester Polytechnic Institute.
Simon Newcomb, United States Navy ; Superintendent of the Nautical
A Imanac.
Ira Remsen, Professor of Chemistry in Baltimore; Editor of The American
Chemical Journal.
Henry A. Rowland, Ptofessor of Physics in Baltimore.
c, S. Sargent, Director of the Arnold Arboretem of Harvard University.
William R. Smith, Superintendent U. S. Botanic Garden, Washing¬
ton , D. C.
Published by the Authority of the Board.
J. Howard Gore, Secretary of the Board; Late United States Commis¬
sioner-General to the Antwerp Exhibition.
mm
INTERIOR OEOROIA STATF, BUII.mNC..
associated with Georgia in this Exposition deserve from every State
in the Union recognition, honor and gratitude.
Daniel C. Gilman, President of the Johns Hopkins University, anil
Commissioner of Awards, Atlanta Exposition.
A. E. Stevenson, Vice-President of the United States.
Henry L. Aeboit, United States Engineers ; Chairman of the Board of
Highest Award.
C. K. Adams, President of the University of Wisconsin.
Georgf. E. Belknap, A'ear-Admiral, United States Navy.
John Birkinbine, Late President of the Society of Mining Engineers.
D. it. Burnham, Architect and Director of Works, Chicago Exposition.
M. H. Chase, of R. II. Macy cr3 Co., New York.
J. L. M. Curry, Secretary of P'eahody Education Fund.
Charles W. Pabney, Jr., President of the University of Tennessee and
United States Assistant Secretary of Agriculture.
THE EXHIBITS GEOGRAPHICALLY CONSIDERED.
To the criticism of the Board of Award may be added an
analysis of the exhibits from a geographical point of view. The
displays were drawn from thirty-seven States and Territories and
thirteen foreign countries. The following list will give a fair idea
of the representation, but it must be borne in mind that collective
exhibits from Alabama, Arkansas, North Carolina, South Carolina,
Louisiana, Georgia and Florida made the representation of those
States much larger than appears from the list. The same is true
of the Argentine Republic, Chile, Venezuela. Mexico, Costa Rica,
England, Austria, Denmark, France, Russia, Germany, Italy,
Sweden, Japan and China:
OFFICIAL
HIS TOR Y.
77
Exhibits, All Departments by States.
Georgia Wisconsin 7
New Y°rk 672 Iowa 5
Pennsylvania 3Q7 Texas IO
Ohio — 193 New Hampshire 6
South Carolina 171 Vermont 1
Virginia 142 Delaware 4
Connecticut 116 Maine... 1
District of Columbia 109 West Virginia 10
Tennessee 111 Indian Territory 1
Louisiana 108 Nebraska 11
Kentucky 119
Missouri 83 Total 3,531
Massachusetts 84
Michigan 61 Argentine Republic 2
New Jersey 56 Canada 2
Illinois 64 England ]
Florida 44 France 28
North Carolina 57 Holland 27
Maryland 43 Italy 15
California 35 Mexico 2
Rhode Island 35 Turkey I
Arkansas 32 Austria 2
Alabama 35 Egypt I
Mississippi 18 China y
Minnesota 18
Indiana 18 Total 3,619
Kansas 5
The collective exhibits from Venezuela, Mexico and Chile are
not included in this statement.
A careful study of this feature shows both the strength and the
weakness of the Cotton States. Strong in the natural resources of
agriculture, mines and forests, and making a creditable show of
strength in the manufacture of fertilizers, iron, lumber and the
coarser fabrics of cotton and wool, and in the mining of coal, this
region shows conspicuous weakness in the production of machinery.
To this last rule there is the important exception of agricultural
implements and machinery, in which line the home concerns have
almost driven their old rivals out of the Southern field, and have
now established a large trade in Mexico. The exhibit of the
Richmond Locomotive Works was another notable exception. A
country which will be self sustaining must not depend entirely upon
others for the tools it uses, and must at least be able to compete
with the rest of the world in the production of machinery which
is indispensable to its progress. The exhibits of industrial and
technical schools showed that skilled labor is in training for the
production of machinery, and doubtless the next great exposition
in the Cotton States will show a marked advance in this higher type
of industry.
An analysis of the exhibits in the Machinery Department is here
inserted :
Exhibits of Machinery.
Ohio 20 New Jersey 7
Massachusetts 14 Rhode Island 3
Pennsylvania 14 Indiana 3
NewYork. 14 New Hampshire 3
Connecticut 9 Delaware 2
Georgia 8 Missouri 2
Illinois 10 South Carolina 2
Iowa 2
District of Columbia 1
Michigan 1
Wisconsin 1
Virginia 1
Tennessee .
England ..
Total 119
Exhibits of Electrical Apparatus.
New York 7
Indiana 4
Massachusetts 3
Ohio 4
Pennsylvania 4
Florida I
Georgia 8
Illinois 2
Connecticut 2
Maine I
T exas 1
Total 37
Fine Arts.
The exhibits in the Department of Fine Arts are a revelation
when classified geographically. Four-fifths of them came from
New York and Philadelphia. Practically all came from cities out¬
side the Cotton States. Nearly one-tenth came from France, Hol¬
land and Italy.
Undoubtedly the rewards of the artists are chiefly to be found
in the older of the great cities, where wealth abounds. The de-
ALABAMA STATE BUILDING.
votees of art, resorting thither, carry to those cities the majority of
meritorious works. But no well-informed person will suppose for
an instant that such extreme disparity as that shown by the Fine
Arts Department really exists. Hundreds who have spent years in
the studios of New York and a number who have studied abroad
reside in this region, and works of undoubted merit, produced by
some of them, have won prizes abroad. The absence of Southern
exhibits in the Art Department may be accounted for partly by the
fact that the chief of the department had headquarters in New
York, conducting his business from there, and partly by the fact
that women, who include a large majority of Southern artists,
placed their exhibits in the Woman's Building. Their assembly
hall was lined with paintings, some of which reflected great credit
on the artists.
78
OFF!CIA L
HIS TOR Y.
Exhibits in the Art Building.
The following is a list of exhibits by States and countries com¬
piled from the catalogue of the Department of Fine Arts. It
should be said that nearly half the exhibits from New York were
drawings loaned by the Century and Harper's and Scribner's
Magazines :
New York
Pennsylvania
District of Columbia.
Massachusetts
Ohio
New Jersey
Maryland
Illinois
Minnesota
426 New Hampshire 1
178 California 1
Georgia 1
France 28
Holland 27
Italy 15
Total
787
Liberal Arts.
The exhibits of Liberal Arts, in their geographical distribution,
furnish a striking contrast with those of the Fine Arts Department.
By States they are divided as follows:
Georgia 13 Indiana 1
Pennsylvania 2 Michigan 1
Illinois 7 Tennessee 2
Massachusetts 7 Arkansas 1
Ohio 6 Alabama 1
New York 7 South Carolina 2
North Carolina 1 Louisiana 3
New Jersey 2 District of Columbia 1
Maryland 2 Wisconsin 1
Missouri 1
Connecticut 5 Total. 67
Minnesota 1
These exhibits were largely of education, literature, music,
social and industrial organizations, religious institutions, commerce,
engineenng, and instruments of precision.
Exhibits in the Woman's Department.
The Woman's Building contained a wonderful variety of ex¬
hibits, exceeding in number those of any other department. Geo¬
graphically, they were distributed as follows :
Georgia 300
Connecticut 82
Pennsylvania 88
Tennessee 54
Louisiana 59
Virginia 35
Rhode Island 31
New York 51
Maryland 20
Massachusetts 5
North Carolina 15
South Carolina 24
Florida 5
Illinois 6
Indiana 3
Missouri 3
Mississippi 3
Michigan 3
Ohio 8
Texas 1
Kentucky 21
Iowa 1
Wisconsin 2
Minnesota 14
Alabama 10
New Jersey 7
California 4
Kansas 2
District of Columbia 3
Arkansas 9
West Virginia j
T otal.
Mexico .
Turkey .
Austria .
Canada.
870
Grand Total 874
I he most conspicuous and interesting feature was the collection
of Colonial relics, one of the richest ever gotten together. The
States contributing these exhibits were Virginia, Rhode Island,
Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Louisiana, Georgia, South
Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky and Massachu¬
setts. The catalogue of these relics covered 78 pages of a closely
printed pamphlet, and space does not suffice to enumerate them
here. Of this department Mrs. Wm. Lawson Peel was chairman,
and Mrs. Hugh Hagan was vice-chairman.
Another exhibit of very great interest was the Dyer collection
of Indian relics, loaned by Colonel Dyer, of St. Louis, to Mrs.
Porter King of the Women's Board. This elaborate collection was
placed in the Annex to the Woman's Building, and attracted much
attention.
The Department of Hospitals and Charities, in charge of Mrs.
Nellie Peters Black, not only exemplified the best methods, but
became an indispensable feature of the Exposition. Over a thou¬
sand cases were treated, and the hospital service was of inestimable
value to visitors taken ill upon the grounds. In connection with
the hospital were a Deaf and Dumb School for teaching articula¬
tion, and a Nursery Ward where children were cared for while their
mothers were out sightseeing.
The Model School, organized and conducted by Miss Nettie
Sargeant, Principal of the Girls' High School of Atlanta, was an
educational exhibit of great utility. It showed, in actual use, the
best methods of the modern grammar school, and was visited by
hundreds of teachers who profited by the object lesson.
The other groups of exhibits in the Woman's Department, witn
their respective chairmen, were as follows :
New York City Mrs. Joseph Bradley Reed.
Horticulture and Agriculture Mrs. Henry L. Wilson.
Decorative Art Mrs. E. L. Tyler.
Columbus, Ga Mrs. C. T. Osborne.
Fine Arts Mrs. Wm. Dickson.
Library Exhibit Mrs. Porter King.
Kindergarten Miss Nettie Sargeant.
Connecticut Mrs. Sarah J. Kenney.
Louisiana 'Mrs. McGehee.
Maryland Mrs. Wm. Reed.
Massachusetts Miss Helen Winslow.
Cincinnati Mrs. George C. Moerlein.
Pennsylvania Miss Mary A. Garrett.
Tennessee Mrs. J. Harvey Mathes.
Sales Room Mrs. W. R. Hammond.
Press Mrs. J. K. Ohl.
Minneapolis Mrs. L. P. Hunt.
Cooking School Mrs. A. V. Gude.
Patents and Inventions Mrs. W. P. Grant.
Education Mrs. W. A. Hemphill.
Hanufactures and Liberal Arts.
The department of Manufactures and Liberal Arts, of which Mr.
E. P. Chamberlin was chief, occupied the largest of the Exposition
buildings. One-half the space on the ground floor was given up to
the European section and the other was devoted to American manu¬
factures.
* Deceased.
OFFICIAL HISTORY.
79
Education.
The space in the gallery was devoted almost entirely to educa¬
tional exhibits made by universities, colleges, industrial schools,
schools of design and grammar schools of various cities.
Ex-Governor William J. Northen was chief of the Educational
Department and organized an Educational Congress, which occupied
the fourth week in October, and brought together many of the most
distinguished educators in the country, including such men as Dr.
William R. Harper, of Chicago University, Dr. Patton, of Princeton,
and Dr. Oilman, of Johns Hopkins, who discussed various phases
of educational work. Some of the Educational exhibits were in
State buildings. Among these may be mentioned those of the
Georgia 28
New York 36
Ohio 16
Pennsylvania 17
New Jersey 7
Massachusetts 17
Connecticut 17
Illinois 21
Maryland 8
Vermont 1
Wisconsin 2
Michigan 2
Alabama 3
District of Columbia 2
Kansas 1
North Carolina 1
Missouri 3
New Hampshire I
Iowa 1
Tennessee 3
Arkansas I
California 29
South Carolina 2
Kentucky 3
Louisiana 3
Minnesota 1
Florida 1
Texas 1
Mexico 1
Austria I
Egypt 1
China 7
Total 238
LUCY COBB INSTITUTE ROOM.
Georgia Institute of Technology, the Georgia Normal and Indus¬
trial School and the University of Georgia, in the Georgia Build¬
ing. The fine exhibits of the negro industrial schools of Hampton,
Virginia, and Tuskegee, Alabama, were in the Negro Building.
The exhibits of Lucy Cobb Institute and the Southern Baptist
Female College were in the Woman's Building, where they attracted
much attention. In the building containing the Model School ex¬
hibit Miss Sargeant had a fine series of grammar-school exhibits
from various cities.
Exhibits—Manufactures and Liberal Arts.
The exhibits of the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building
came from the following States :
This does not include the European section, with its hundreds of
exhibits occupying one-half the space on the ground floor. Sixty-
seven of these were of liberal arts, as printed above.
Transportation.
The exhibits in this department were accredited as follows:
North Carolina I Connecticut 4
Ohio 14 Kentucky j
New York 17 Louisiana 1
Pennsylvania 10
Indiana , 3
Massachusetts 6
California — x
Wisconsin I
Michigan j
Illinois... 11
Georgia 20
Virginia 3
Missouri 2
8o
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
Newjersey I Rhode Island i
Florida - i District of Columbia I
Tennessee 2
South Carolina 2 Total 105
Maryland 1
In the same building were the collective exhibits of Mexico,
Venezuela, Chili and the city of Savannah, not enumerated above.
The Negro Exhibit.
The negro exhibits are described at some length by the chief of
that department in another chapter. It will be interesting, how¬
ever, to see where they came from. The department book shows
the following entries :
Georgia 187
Alabama 4
South Carolina 116
Virginia 60
Mississippi 11
Maryland 1
District of Columbia 61
Florida 29
Arkansas 16
Tennessee 7
New York 6
Kansas 2
Michigan
Illinois
North Carolina
Texas
Missouri
Kentucky
Indiana
Ohio
Massachusetts .
Louisiana
Total-
528
While these figures give some idea of the source of the exhibits,
it should be remembered that some were collections containing
hundreds of articles. Thus the one exhibit credited to Texas was a
collective display, and the four from Alabama were made by nor¬
mal and industrial schools, which showed articles of vastly more
significance than the average of miscellaneous exhibits. In the
same manner the States of Tennessee, Mississippi and Arkansas
were represented by collective exhibits of schools, which gave those
States better displays than the number of exhibits would indicate.
ninerals.
The exhibits shown on the catalogue from this department are
accredited to the following States:
Georgia
New York
Kentucky
Virginia
West Virginia
Alabama
54 Texas 6
8 North Carolina 10
14 Indian Territory ]
18 Pennsylvania 10
9 Illinois 2
13 Michigan 1
Maryland 6
Mississippi 4
Minnesota 1
Arkansas 1
Missouri 50
Tennessee 15
Ohio 1
South Carolina 5
Louisiana 2
New Hampshire 1
District of Columbia 5
Argentine Republic 1
Total.
247
Here again the figures do not in every case show the strength of
the representation. There were a number of collective exhibits,
among which appear those from the Argentine Republic and the
States of Alabama, Arkansas, and Georgia, and several collections
from the United States Geological Survey at Washington. The
collection of Southern gems exhibited by Mr. Kuhns was pronounced
the best ever seen. The massive coal exhibits were said to be the
best ever taken to an exposition. In addition to its display in this
building, the State of Alabama was represented in the Alabama
Building, and on the adjacent ground, where a section of a coal mine
was reproduced. Georgia also had a superb collection in her State
building, and Florida phosphates were prominent in the building of
the Plant System. The Southern Railway Building contained
minerals from eight States, and the North Carolina and South
Carolina State collections appeared in the Agricultural Building.
Louisiana also appeared in the Agricultural Building.
Forestry.
The exhibits of forestry are accredited to the following States:
Georgia 8
Arkansas 2
Alabama 5
Delaware 2
Michigan 2
New York 3
Indiana 3
Massachusetts 1
New Jersey 1
District of Columbia 4
Tennessee 3
Missouri 1
Louisiana 2
Kentucky 2
North Carolina 4
Virginia 2
South Carolina 2
Pennsylvania 2
Argentine Republic 1
Total 50
These included collective exhibits from the Argentine Republic,
the United States Department of Agriculture, and the States of
Georgia and North Carolina, with shipping-port exhibits from
Brunswick, Charleston, and Wilmington, and a collective exhibit
from Evansville, Ind. The arrangement of the exhibit of the
Department of Agriculture was admirable, showing every phase of
life in a variety of trees. The object lesson in forestry mentioned
by the Board of Award, and another of the French method of tur¬
pentine farming, are worthy of special mention.
Agricultural Exhibits.
The small number of agricultural exhibits is due to the fact that
the collective exhibits of the States are, as a rule, entered in the
aggregate. The unit which represents such an exhibit gives no
idea of an elaborate display including hundreds, or even thousands
of articles. The following States had collective displays: Loui¬
siana, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Arkansas, Cali¬
fornia, Alabama and Georgia. The list of exhibits is as follows :
New York
Pennsylvania . .
Kentucky
Canada
Ohio
Illinois
Wisconsin ....
Iowa
Connecticut . . .
Nebraska
Massachusetts .
Missouri
13
Michigan
North Carolina
Georgia
Virginia
South Carolina
Tennessee 1
Florida .... 7
Kentucky I
Louisiana 39
Arkansas 3
Total 108
OFFICIAL HISTORY.
81
The California exhibit came in late and was placed in a corner
of the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. This was made
by the California State Board of Trade. Another exhibit, largely
from Los Angeles County, was housed in a separate building.
Florida also had another exhibit of superb character in the build¬
ings of the Plant System. The exhibit of the Southern Railway,
drawn from eight States and housed in a building of its own, com¬
prehended agriculture, minerals, timber and transportation.
Live Stock.
The display of live stock was remarkable both for quality and the
extent of the territory from which it was drawn. As the pedigree
of each animal was registered separately, each was counted as an
exhibit. The records of the department show that the exhibits were
drawn from thirteen States as follows:
Georgia.
Ohio.
34
New Jersey
25
5
New York
97
11
Tennessee
25
94
Nebraska
49
Kentucky
75
22
70
T otal
526
C. Grady; Henry F. Walton, Speaker of the House; Representatives
Frank M. Ritzer, W. T. Marshall, Henry B. Curtin, Charles D. Ames
and John H. Ford.
Manufacturers : Hamilton Disston, Philadelphia; Charles A. Painter,
Allegheny City; Fletcher Coleman, Williamsport; M. N. Lovell,
Erie, and Harvey H. Hubbert, Philadelphia.
Coal Miners : William Connell, Scranton ; Henry T. Berwind, Phila¬
delphia; Alex. Dempster, Pittsburg; J. L. Spangler, Bellefontaine,
and George H. Meyers, Bethlehem.
Agriculturists: William M. Singerly, Philadelphia, and Robert
Beattie Powell, Shadeland.
Illinois.
Commissioners : A. S. Trude, George Schneider, W. P. Holliday.
Secretary: Willis J. Abbot.
Alabama.
President: F. Y. Anderson, Birmingham.
T. W. Pratt, Huntsville; H. C. Davidson, Montgomery; A. C.
Danner, Mobile; Hector D. Lane, Athens.
Secretary: N. P. Thompson, Birmingham.
The following were the Commissioners in charge of the United
States Government exhibits:
BOARD OF MANAGEMENT UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
EXHIBIT:
Charles W. Dabney, Jr., Department of Agriculture, Chairman.
Edward I. Renick, Department of State.
Charles E. Kemper, Treasury Department.
Capt. Thos. H. Barry, U. S. A., War Department.
Comdr. Chas J. Train, U. S. N., Navy Department.
Kerr Craige, Post Office Department.
F. W. Clarke, Department of the Interior.
Frank Strong, Department of Justice.
G. Brown Goode, Smithsonian Inst, and National Museum.
W. de C. Ravenel, U. S. Fish Commission.
W. I. Adams, Secretary and Disbursing Officer.
The following Commissions represented States which made
exhibits :
STATE COMMISSIONS.
New York.
President: James Edward Graybill.
Vice-President: Mrs. Levi P. Morton.
Treasurer: Frank M. Baker.
Secretary: Algar M. Wheeler.
William W. Snow, James Swann, Mrs. Donald McLean, Mrs. Henry
B. Plant.
Pennsylvania.
President: Governor Daniel H. Hastings.
Vice-President: Lieutenant-Governor Walter A. Lyon.
Treasurer: State Treasurer S. M. Jackson.
Secretary: Thomas J. Keenan, Jr., Pittsburg.
Members of the Commission : C. Wesley Thomas, President pro tem.
of the Senate; Senators J. Henry Cochran, D. B. McCreary and John
california state building and machinery hall.
Connecticut.
President: Frank B. Weeks, Middletown.
Treasurer: Max Adler, New Haven.
Secretary : John S. Jones, Westport.
Commissioners : Mrs. Sarah T. Kinney, New Haven ; Mrs. D. Ward
Northrup, Middletown, and Mrs. Wm. S. Chappell, New London.
Massachusetts.
Commissioners: William C. Lovering, President Arkwright Club,
Boston; Henry G. Kittridge, Boston; Curtis Guild, Jr., Boston; Mrs.
Martha McDaniels, Lowell, and Miss Helen Winslow, Boston.
Georgia.
Governor W. Y. Atkinson; R. T. Nesbitt; Wm. A. Wright; G. R.
Glenn; R. U. Hardeman; J. M. Terrell; W. S. Yeates.
South Carolina.
Governor John Gary Evans; E. L. Roche.
82
Arkansas.
W. G. Vincenheller.
Florida.
W. D. Chipley; J. E. Ingraham.
California.
J. S. Filcher, Secretary State Board of Trade.
Louisiana.
W. C. Stubbs ; Colonel McGinnis.
OFF1CIA L I1IS TOR V.
The States of Georgia, Alabama, Pennsylvania, New York,
Massachusetts, Illinois and California were represented by build¬
ings. Arkansas, North Carolina, South Carolina, Louisiana,
Florida and California had collective exhibits in the Exposition
buildings. The building erected by the Plant System was filled
with the products of the Peninsula and was practically a Florida
building.
CHAPTER XIV.
AWARDS.
Early in the history of the Exposition it was realized that the
organization of a department of awards upon a high plane was a
matter of the utmost importance. A system simple, just and
prompt, and a Board of Awards composed of men whose character
and eminent fitness would command respect at home and abroad,
were the main objects kept in view. To secure these ends Dr. Daniel
C. Gilman, President of Johns Hopkins University, was asked to
accept the position of Commissioner of Awards. He did so upon
the express condition that he should have full control, both in the
formulation of a plan and in the selection of a board. The man¬
agement was glad to place the whole task in his hands and to give
him the responsibility, feeling that this course would secure the best
possible results. Dr. Gilman gave immediate attention to the mat¬
ter, and in a short time announced his plan, which was known as
" The Atlanta System of Awards." The circular letter in which he
outlined this system is here reproduced :
The Atlanta System of Awards.
The following statement respecting the Atlanta system of awards is
prepared for the information of the public. Supplementary informa¬
tion respecting the meetings of the judges, and other details pertaining
to their action, will be separately set forth for their information, but
such particulars are of no general interest :
I. After careful consideration of the merits of various systems of
award, it is decided to recognize four degrees of merit:
(a) Honorable mention will be made of a large number of exhibits,
good in their various departments and worthy of official recognition,
either because of the processes involved in their production or because
of the results attained.
(t) Medals in bronze or in silver will be awarded for higher degrees
of merit. It is impossible in brief general phrases to indicate the
qualities which constitute " merit " in exhibits so diverse as those that
will here be brought together, but in each department the jury will
decide what is entitled to the bronze medal and what to the silver
medal.
(c) In addition to the three classes of distinction already named,
which are open to all exhibits, there will be a limited number of ex¬
ceptional awards. The diplomas in this group will declare that the
recipient is entitled to a gold medal. These will be bestowed upon
exhibits of pre-eminent worth and widespread importance, and they
will be bestowed in order to call the attention of the country to note¬
worthy indications of mechanical, industrial, intellectual and artistic
progress. For example, inventions of far-reaching significance;
public works of widespread influence; new and noteworthy educa¬
tional establishments; improvements in the production of staple
articles; advances in the arts of transportation; contributions to the
enjoyment of life (parks, museums, etc.) will be considered.
For the judgment of these exhibits a Board of highest award will
be constituted, which will include the chairman of the various depart¬
ment juries and in addition a certain number of men who are qualified
to pronounce upon the industrial and intellectual progress of the
country. To the highest Board, questions of difficulty and import¬
ance respecting awards in other grades may be submitted from time to
time, if occasions arise when their counsel is desired.
2. The awards in all grades will not be made because of the general
reputation of the exhibitors, or because of what they have shown else¬
where, but because of the excellence of what is set before the juries in
the exhibition at Atlanta. Any exhibitor may, if he chooses, for any
reason whatsoever, withdraw his exhibit from competition. Exhibits
not thus withdrawn will receive the attention of the juries.
3. The awards in every grade will be publicly announced and will be
certified by diplomas. In the three highest grades the diplomas will
state that the recipient is entitled to a medal. Bronze medals will be
supplied without charge by the authorities of the exhibition, but because
of the costliness of the silver and gold medals, the recipients will be
expected to pay for them a sum not exceeding the actual cost thereof.
Every effort will be made to secure the prompt delivery of medals and
diplomas. The preparation of these tokens does not rest with the juries
nor with the Commissioner of Awards, but belongs to another part of
the administration. If any unexpected delay arises in the production
of the medals and diplomas, temporary certificates will be issued,
properly authenticated, which will serve for the moment to indicate the
successful exhibits.
4. The awards will be made, not by individual judges, but by juries
distributed into different sections, according to the classification origin¬
ally adopted in the administration of the Exposition, already made
public. The attendance is assured of experts in all the main depart¬
ments of the Exposition, residents of different sections of the country,
who are fitted by their high character and attainments to command the
confidence of the exhibitors and of the public. Thus far only citizens
of the United States have been appointed, but if it is found desirable
to associate with them judges from foreign countries, that course will be
taken. No one will act as a judge in any department where he has,
directly or indirectly, an official or financial interest. The jury in each
department will be small, in order that decisions may be made with
greater promptness and efficiency. In the selections that have been
made the personal qualifications of every individual have been carefully
considered.
5. The jurors are expected to meet in Atlanta on Wednesday
morning, the sixteenth day of October, and they are urgently re¬
quested to reach their conclusions before the first of November. In
order that this may be brought about, for the information of the public
and the satisfaction of the exhibitors, the heartiest co-operation is re¬
quested from all the parties interested, from the authorities of the Ex¬
position, and from all who are making displays upon which they desire
the opinion of the judges. Objects that are not in place when the
judges assemble will have 110 claim to consideration. In a few depart¬
ments (live stock, poultry, etc.), the exhibits will be brought together
at a later day, and, of course, the special ]uries for these subjects
will assemble later than October 16, of which special notice will be duly
given.
6. The ten departments into which the Exhibition is organized, and
the subordinate groups, are these •
s4
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
A
Minerals and Forestry.
I. Minerals ores and geological specimens.
2 Gold, silvei and other metals.
3 History and literature of mining and metallurgy.
4. Forestry and forest products.
B
Agriculture, Food, and its Accessories; Machinery and
Appliances.
5. Cereals, grain and forage plants.
6. Breads, biscuits, crackers, pastes, starch, food preparations.
7. Sugars, syrups, confectionery, etc.
8. Potatoes, tubers, and unclassed farm products, coffee, spices, etc.
9. Tobacco culture and manufacture.
10. Animal and vegetable fibres.
11. Miscellaneous animal products, fertilizers, etc.
12. Fats, oils, soaps, etc.
13. The dairy and dairy products.
14. Mineral waters, whiskies, liqueurs, alcohol, cider, malt liquors, etc.
15. Farming tools, implements, machinery appliances and buildings.
c
Horticulture, Viticulture, Pomology, Floriculture, Etc.
16. Viticulture.
17. Pomology and Manufactured Products, etc.
18. Floriculture.
19. Seeds: raising, testing and distribution; Arboriculture: appli¬
ances, methods, etc.
D
Machinery.
20. Motors and apparatus for the generation and transmission of
power, etc.
21. Apparatus, machines and machine tools for extracting and work¬
ing metals, etc.
22. Machines and apparatus used in mining.
23. Fire engines, apparatus, etc.
24. Miscellaneous machines.
25. Machines for wood working.
26. Miscellaneous machines, tools, etc.
27. Machines used in preparation of food, etc.
28. Machines for printing, typesetting, bookmaking and paper
working, etc.
29. Lithography, color-printing, processes of illustrating, etc.
E
Manufactures.
30. Chemical and pharmaceutical products; druggists' supplies.
31. Paints, colors, dyes and varnishes.
32. Paper, blank books, stationery and typewriters.
33. Furniture, upholstery and decoration.
34. Ceramics and mosaics.
35. Marble, stone, metal monuments, etc., mantels, etc., caskets,
coffins, etc.
36. Art metal work, enamels, etc.
37. Glass and glassware, and in decoration.
38. Carvings in various materials.
39. Gold and silverware, plate, etc.
40. Jewelry, ornaments, watches, clocks, etc.
41. Silks and silk fabrics.
42. Fabrics of cotton, linen, and other vegetable fibres, etc.
43. Woven and felted goods of wool and mixtures of wool.
44. Clothing and costumes, furs, etc.
45. Laces, embroideries, trimmings, artificial flowers, fans and acces¬
sories of the toilet.
46. Traveling equipments, trunks, valises, etc., umbrellas, para¬
sols, etc.
47. Rubber goods and similar fabrics.
48. Leather and manufactures of leather, hides and skins.
49. Scales, weights, measures.
50. Ordnance and ammunition, military and sporting small arms,
apparatus for hunting, trapping, etc.
51. Lighting apparatus and appliances.
52. Heating and cooking apparatus and appliances.
53. Wire goods, lattice work, fencing, wrought iron and other metal
exhibits.
54. Vaults, safes, hardware, edge tools, cutlery.
55. Plumbing and sanitary materials.
F
Electricity and Electrical Appliances.
56. Apparatus illustrating the phenomena and laws of electricity
and magnetism.
57. Apparatus for electrical measurements.
58. Electric batteries, primary and second.
59. Machines and appliances for producing electrical currents by
mechanical power, dynamical electricity.
60. Transmission and regulation of the electrical current.
61. Electric motors.
62. Application of electric motors.
63. Lighting by electricity.
64. Heating by electricity.
65. Electro-metallurgy and electro-chemistry.
66. Electric forging, welding, stamping, tempering, brazing, etc.
67. Electric telegraph and electric signals.
68. The telephone and its appliances ; phonographs.
69. Electricity in surgery, dentistry and therapeutics.
70. Application of electricity in various ways not hereinbefore
specified.
71. History and statistics of electrical invention.
72. Progress and development in electrical science and construction,
as illustrated by models and drawings of various countries.
c
Fine Arts, Painting, Sculpture, and Decoration.
73. Sculpture.
74. Paintings in oil, water colors, etc.
75. Engravings, etchings, prints, etc.
76. Carvings, etc.
77. Exhibits of private collections.
H
Liberal Arts, Education, Literature, Music, and the
Drama.
78. Physical training and condition ; hygiene.
79. Instruction and apparatus of medicine, surgery, prosthesis.
80. Primary, second, and superior education.
81. Hooks, maps, etc.
82. Instruments of precision, experiment, research, and photography ;
photographs.
83. Civil engineering, public works, constructive architecture.
84. Government and law.
85. Commerce, trade, and banking.
86. Institutions for increase and diffusion of knowledge.
87. Social, industrial, and co-operative associations.
88. Religious organizations and systems.
89. Music and musical instruments ; the theatre.
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
85
I
Live Stock, Domestic and Wild Animals ; Fish, Fisheries,
and Fish Culture.
90. Horses, asses, mules.
91. Cattle.
92. Sheep.
93. Swine, goats, and other domestic animals not named.
94. Dogs, cats, etc.
95. Poultry and birds.
96. Insects and insect products.
97. Wild animals.
98. Fishes living or preserved, shell-fish, sponges, etc., reptiles,
aquatic birds and animals.
99. Fish culture, fishing, etc.
K
Transportation.
100. Railways, railway plant, etc.
101. Street cars, and other short-line systems.
102. Vehicles and methods of transportation on common roads.
103. Aerial, pneumatic and other forms of transportation.
104. Vessels, boats, etc.
7. Many persons distinguished in different branches of the useful
and liberal and fine arts have already accepted invitations to act as
jurors. The acceptances of others are coming in from day to day.
In addition to gentlemen from a distance, invitations will be extended
to a number of experts resident in those States of the South which have
taken most interest in the Exposition.
There will also be a select corps of " Aids to the Jurors," made up
of young men qualified to assist the jurors in their work.
The plan above outlined has been submitted to the Director-General,
C. A. Collier, Esq., and approved by him.
DANIEL C. GILMAN,
Commissioner of Awards.
This plan was afterwards modified as follows:
With the " Diploma of Honorable Mention " a bronze medal
was awarded.
With the " Diploma of General Excellence " a silver medal.
With the " Diploma of Honor " a gold medal.
With the " Diploma of Grateful Recognition " a gold medal.
As originally intended, the " Grand Prize" received a gold
medal.
The Commissioner of Awards selected for each department
specialists of eminence in their respective pursuits. Most of them
were men of national reputation, and a number were recognized
as authorities both in this country and in Europe. These gentle¬
men were invited to serve on the Board of Award without com¬
pensation, and almost all of them accepted. As they were busy
men, it was proposed to complete the work in two weeks from the
time of assembling, which was the sixteenth of October. On that
date a body of specialists, constituting the most eminent Board
of Award ever organized in America, assembled in the Adminis¬
tration building at Piedmont Park. The following is a list of their
names:
General Henry Abbot, United States engineers, engineering, public
works; President C. K. Adams, lately head of Cornell University,
now president of University of Wisconsin, editor-in-chief of Johnson's
Cyclopaedia (Ed. of 1895), liberal arts; Professor W. O. Atwater,
director of the Storrs agricultural station and professor in Wesleyan
University, Middletown, Conn., food ; Professor Brown Ayres, professor
of physics, Tulane University, New Orleans, electricity; Rear Ad¬
miral George E. Belknap, United States Navy, steam engines and other
machinery; John Birkbine, chief examiner, late president of the So¬
ciety of Mining Engineers, mining; Gustav Bissing, chief examiner,
division A, United States Patent Office, machinery; J. A. Brashear,
Allegheny, Pa., astronomical and physical instruments; Hon. R. B.
Bullock, ex-governor of Georgia, Atlanta; D. H. Burnham, architect
and director of works in the Columbian Exposition, Chicago, architec¬
ture ; A. W. Calhoun, M.D., of Atlanta, Ga., medical instruments,
etc.; W. A. Canby, botanist, Wilmington, Del., forestry; Chan¬
cellor Winfield S. Chaplin, late professor of engineering and dean of
the Lawrence Scientific School, now head of the Washington Univer¬
sity, St. Louis, machinery; M. H. Chase, of New York (R. H. Macy
& Co.), dry goods; William A. Coffin, of New York, fine arts; Pro¬
fessor Charles R. Cross, professor of physics, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Boston, electricity; Dr. J. L. M. Curry, represen¬
tative of the Peabody and Slater educational funds, education ; Presi¬
dent Charles W. Dabney, Jr., president of the University of Ten¬
nessee, agriculture; Miss Grace Dodge, of New York, education;
Professor Louis Duncan, president of the Society of Electrical En¬
gineers, electricity; Theodore N. Ely, of Pittsburg, Pa., transporta¬
tion; Paulding Farnham, of New York (Tiffany & Co.), work of
goldsmiths and silversmiths; G. Brown Goode, of the Smithsonian
institution, chief of the National Museum, fisheries; Jacob A. Good¬
win, of Memphis, Tenn. (B. Lowenstein & Bros.), dry goods; Pro¬
fessor J. Howard Gore, of Columbian University, Washington; Pro¬
fessor I. N. Hollis, professor of engineering in Harvard University,
machinery; Professor J. A. Holmes, of the University of North Caro¬
lina, State geologist of North Carolina, geology; Dr. I. S. Hopkins,
president of the Georgia School of Technology, education ; Hon. G. G.
Hubbard, of Washington, D. C., engravings and etchings ; Dr. Henry
M. Hurd, superintendent of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, hygiene;
Miss Agnes Irwin, dean of Radcliffe College, Harvard University,
education ; Morris K. Jesup, president of the American Museum of
Natural History, Neiv York, museums, parks, etc. ; Commander T. F.
Jewell, United States Navy, superintendent Naval Gun Factory, New
Orleans, education; Dr. James McAllister, president of the Drexel
Institute, Philadelphia, technical education; D. D. Mallory, of Balti¬
more, canned goods ; President J. M. McBryde, Virginia College of
Agriculture, agriculture; President T. C. Mendenhall, late superin¬
tendent of the United States Coast Survey, president of the Worcester
Technological Institute, machinery; Dr. Charles Mohr, expert in
forestry, Mobile, Alabama, forestry; Professor Simon Newcomb,
F.R.S., United States Navy, superintendent of the Nautical Almanac,
instruments of precision ; Thomas Nelson Page, of Richmond, Va.,
books ; Professor H. W. Parker, professor of music in Yale University,
music; Gifford Pinchot, expert in forestry, Biltmore, N. C., and
New York, forestry; Francis C. Pratt, of the Pratt & Whitney Com¬
pany, Hartford, machinery; H. G. Prout, New York (Railroad Ga¬
zette), transportation ; James B. Randol, expert in metallurgy, Pas¬
saic, N. J., metallurgy; Professor Ira Ramsen, professor of chemistry
in Baltimore, editor of The American Chemical Journal, chemistry;
Professor C. B. Richards, professor of mechanical engineering, Yale
University (Sheffield School), machinery; Mrs. Ellen A. Richardson,
Winthrop, Mass., decorative arts ; Dr. Heinrich Ries, school of mines,
Columbia College, New York, clays ; Professor I. P. Roberts, director
of the agricultural experiment station, Cornell University, Ithaca,
agriculture; Professor Henry A. Rowland, F.R.S., professor of physics
in the Johns Hopkins University, electricity; F. W. Ruckstuhl, secre¬
tary of the National Sculpture Society, fine arts ; W. C. Sanders, of
Atlanta, cotton ; Professor C. S. Sargent, director of the Arnold
Arboretum of Harvard University, forestry; Professor William T.
Sedgwick, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, technical educa¬
tion; William R. Smith, superintendent of the United States Botanic
86
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
Garden, Washington, D. C., horticulture; Professor Eugene A.
Smith, State geologist of Alabama, mining; Lorado Taft, of Chicago,
fine arts ; Professor R. H. Thurston, of Cornell University, machin¬
ery; Henry Trimble, editoi of The American Journal of Pharmacy,
Philadelphia, tannins, forestry ; Professor C. F. Vanderford, secre¬
tary of the agricultural experiment station, University of Tennessee,
agriculture; Booker T. Washington, principal of the Tuskegee Insti¬
tute, Alabama, education ; J. E. Watkins, of the United States
National Museum, transportation ; Joseph D. Weeks, president of the
Institute of Mining Engineers, Pittsburg ; Mrs. Candace Wheeler, of
New York, decorative arts ; Mrs. A. L. Wister, of Philadelphia,
liberal arts.
The work of examining exhibits was completed in about two
weeks, and the members of the Board returned to their homes the
first week in November. On the 21st of November a list of the
awards was received from the Commissioner by President Collier,
and was immediately made public The result gave general satis¬
faction to the exhibitors, the management of the Exposition and the
public; but there was some dissatisfaction in the foreign section.
The complaints of some of the foreign exhibitors were so unreason¬
able, and so totally at variance with the fundamental idea of an
award that they received no attention; but one request was deemed
worthy of consideration. Several of the foreign Commissioners
asked for an " international " jury to pass upon their exhibits. They
claimed that the awards of a jury composed of men of different
nationalities would be received with more confidence by the public
in their respective countries, and, consequently, awards so made
would be of more value to them. They also asked it upon the
ground of fairness. The Commissioner of Awards had promised,
in his original letter, that this would be done where especially de¬
sired, and the request of the foreign Commissioners was accordingly
granted. This removed their ground of complaint and completed
a system of award which has been generally considered the best
that has been devised in this country.
About six thousand exhibits were examined and two thousand
awards were made. The number of grand prizes was approxi¬
mately five hundred, but, with the bronze and silver medals, the
whole list reached the above number.
The medals were executed upon a design prepared under the
supervision of Mr. Horace Bradley, Chief of the Department of
Fine Arts, and were delivered during the summer of 1896, while
the World's Columbian medals, awarded two years earlier, were
being delivered.
The Geographical Distribution of Awards.
The geographical distribution of award:
s was
as follows ;
States.
Gold
Silver.
Hronzc
New York
I02
83
42
Georgia
71
73
«5
California
64
30
29
Pennsylvania
47
32
31
District of Columbia
47
8
15
Massachusetts
39
25
14
Gold.
Silver.
ftronZe,
38
27
29
16
II
31
- '5
'3
12
■5
9
7
- '5
4
4
12
9
16
10
8
12
- 9
16
22
- 9
11
12
• 9
13
8
4
20
7
3
7
4
7
. 6
1
5
5
5
11
4
5
5
4
5
6
3
1
7
2
butcs.
Ohio
Alabama j6
Illinois
Connecticut 15
Maryland
South Carolina
Tennessee
Florida
Louisiana
Virginia
Kentucky
North Carolina
New Jersey
Wisconsin
Indiana
Missouri
Arkansas
Michigan
Minnesota
Iowa
New Hampshire
West Virginia
Rhode Island
Maine
Nebraska
Vermont
Delaware ..
Mississippi
Kansas
Texas
574 418 437
It should be observed that the large number of medals awarded
New York and Pennsylvania is partly due to the fact that these
States furnished two-thirds of the pictures in the art exhibit.
Foreign Countries.
Mexico
France
Italy
Venezuela
England
Argentine Republic
Chili
Austria
Russia
Costa Rica
Germany
Holland
Belgium
Canada
Ktrypt
West Indies (Curacoa)... .
China
Sweden
Turkey
Switzerland
Total Home and Foreii;
Gold
Silver
Bronze.
58
33
23
57
35
10
24
39
29
12
25
3°
9
6
10
8
25
16
8
7
6
1
7
5
6
1
29
4
2
1
7
3
1
1
5
1
5
1
1
1
205
194
155
779
612
592
CHAPTER XV.
ADMISSIONS.
The Department of Admissions was organized by Mr. Edmund
A. Felder, who had assisted Mr. Horace Tucker, chief of that
department at the World's Fair in 1893. There was a system of
ticket sellers, gatekeepers and inspectors very similar to that oper¬
ated at Chicago. The tickets were numbered consecutively and
arranged in series, each marked with a different letter. The turn¬
stiles were read at 2, 5 and 10 p.m., and reports were made to the
General Manager by the Chief Inspector. Readings of turnstiles
were had earlier than 2 p.m. when desired. The collections were
made by the treasurer, whose agents emptied the cash boxes at
intervals of a few hours. The ticket boxes were taken to the Audi¬
tor's office, where the tickets were arranged in series and counted.
The results of actual count were compared with the reports of the
Department of Admissions from readings of turnstiles, and sales
reported by the Department of Admissions were checked by the
treasurer's cash receipts. Only one case of dishonesty occurred,
and the offender was in custody within two hours. The ticket
system worked very smoothly, so far as paid admissions were con¬
cerned. The feature which gave most trouble was the control of
the number of passes. The form and the handling of passes were
good enough. Very few cases of transfer or abuse of privilege
occurred. Occasionally a few trip passes were sold on the street,
but the numbers showed to whom they had been issued and the
abuse was easily stopped.
Press passes were issued by the Department of Admissions on
requisition from the Department of Publicity and Promotion.
Complimentary cards were issued on requisition from the Director-
General. All others were issued by the Department of Admissions
on requisition of the department on whose account they were asked.
Most of the passes went to exhibitors and concessionaires. Some¬
thing over 4,000 photograph passes were issued to these two classes.
A deposit of $3 was required. Two dollars of this amount was
refunded on surrender of the pass. Employes received monthly
photograph passes for which they paid one dollar each. Officers,
directors, members of the Women's Board and heads of departments
received complimentary cards. Officers, directors and employes
paid for the admission of their families.
With the press it was customary to furnish short-time card passes
which were renewed at expiration upon request. When large bodies
came ogether it was often necessary to use trip passes until card
passes could be made out. The full name and the paper repre¬
sented were in every case required and proper credentials were ex¬
hibited. Wherever practicable, lists of press associations were secured
in advance and cards were furnished them on arrival. The passes
issued to the press only constituted about five per cent, of the free
admissions. During the first six weeks the pass gates showed an
average of about 5,500 free admissions daily. The seventh week
the daily average dropped to 4,300, and in December ranged about
3,000. The free admissions to the press hardly averaged 200 per
day for the whole period. They were massed in the month of
October, when most of the twenty-five press associations came.
Twice during that month there were editors from three States on
the grounds at one time. The largest number of free admissions to
the press on any one day was about six hundred. This included
three State press associations, the local press representatives and
the special correspondents stationed at Atlanta. During the month
of October about 4,000 editors saw the fair. The money value of
free admissions to the press during the fair hardly amounts to ten
thousand dollars, and the money value of the space which they gave
to the advertisement of the Exposition would several times exceed
its capital stock. The press was easily the largest contributor to
the fair, and was exceedingly modest in its demands upon the
courtesy of the management.
During the early weeks of the Exposition the number of passes
exceeded the paid admissions. This was due largely to the num¬
ber of workmen on the ground up to the middle of October. A
Pass Committee was appointed, and a rigid examination of all the
requisitions for passes was made. This work was continued with
some intermissions till the close of the fair. The average of 5,500,
maintained during the first six weeks was gradually reduced to
3,000. On the 28th of November, when the paid admissions were
54,000, the free admissions were only 4,000.
The following is a list of the attendance by days, as shown by
the record of tickets counted by the Auditor's Department:
Attendance by Days.
The Auditor's books show the following attendance by days:
Date. Adults. Children Passes. Total. Paid.
Sept. 18, W 4,930 544 4,620 10,094 5,474
" 19 2,806 133 6,099 9>038 2,939
" 20 2,550 117 5,445 8,112 2,667
" 21 4,314 292 5,326 9,932 4,606
15,686
" 22,5 550
" 23 2,894 145 2,572 5,614 3,039
" 24 2,202 155 5,712 8,069 2,357
" 25 3,323 312 6,519 10,154 3,635
3°-
i.
2.
3-
4-
5-
6,
7-
8.
9-
io.
11.
12.
13,
14-
'5-
16.
17-
18.
'9-
20,
21 .
22.
23
24
25
26.
27.
28.
29
3°
31
r. 1.
2
3.
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11.
12
13
14
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
Adults
1,983
1,970
5,016
6,629
11,465
'5,794
1 '>569
Children
131
124
710
5,209
7,364
12,858
8,771
7,766
10,707
415
621
1,824
1,025
737
1,534
365
729
1,273
890
5,789
5,850
6,919
1,807
6,798
2,157
5-597
6,590
446
5,401
19,925
',463
6,626
6,780
4'3
5,401
5,899
982
5,153
7,5 '9
i,572
5,7oo
1,161
3,681
3,889
3,974
3,643
3,73'
4,150
I, I02
3,767
4,172
4,604
4,609
Total.
7,903
7,944
12,645
I,9'2
2,344
125
5,9' 3
8,382
',933
106
5,052
7,091
3,5"
244
5,678
9,433
2,153
'34
5, IOO
7,387
2,137
131
5,'83
7,45'
5,319
792
6,306
12,417
2,088
107
',554
4,821
7,oi6
2,533
118
4,974
7,625
12-135
12,281
6,195
30,611
2,842
'34
5,493
8,469
3,357
152
5,648
9,'57
5,243
458
6,273
",974
',664
5,080
2,934
166
8,180
3,933
233
5,337
9,503
6,087
424
6,071
12,582
5,925
43'
5,539
! 1,895
4,776
249
5,243
10,268
6,792
647
6,094
'3,533
1,450
7,278
637
4,573
12,488
7,754
1,400
4,635
13,789
7,760
1,378
4,436
'3,574
i3,36o
4,005
3,887
21,252
5-'25
581
4,036
9,742
8,134
1,245
4,418
13,707
9,305
11,874
18,656
'3,439
12,234
16,391
10,761
16,366
21,671
17,068
Paid.
2,1 14
2,094
5,726
18,965
2,469
2,039
3,755
2,287
2,268
6,111
18,929
14,532
'2,437
28,014
12,594
12,034
14,79'
41,448
3,'°o
4,166
6,5 11
6,356
5,025
7,439
32,597
8,935
7,036
21,388
7,193
6,881
9,091
60,524
7,915
9,154
9,138
■7,365
5,706
9,379
58,657
5,624
7,985
14,682
9,796
8,503
12,241
58,821
6,994
12,194
17,067
12,459
Date. Adults.
Nov. 15 8,985
" 16 ",736
17, 5 .
l8....
19....
24, S
25...
26...
27...
28....
29....
30.. - -
Dec. 1, S.
8, 5.
29, S-
30...
31---
4,215
8,328
Children.
547
1,186
Passes.
4,610
4,439
1,070
9,901
555
4,003
'9,493
1,456
4,375
13,706
I,02O
4,002
",307
852
4,046
8,953
535
4,060
I 1,121
2,755
4,493
1,002
8,794
484
4,221
8,647
574
3,507
12,159
858
3,758
48,775
5,488
4,073
16,799
1,415
3,999
9,808
1,261
4,038
925
4,649
259
3,266
5,089
287
3,254
7,934
460
3,424
7,804
465
3,367
7,745
346
3,274
8,722
788
3,563
866
4,3"
158
2,706
4,836
198
2,687
8,981
502
3,030
9,74i
596
3,002
6,435
284
2,975
5,822
5'7
2,552
800
5,480
372
3,108
6,380
438
3,015
9,184
1,631
3,449
6,647
452
2,950
6,058
422
2,447
7,854
585
3-049
22, S
795
23
10,018
59S
3,o77
24
7,208
3'3
2,921
25
... 12,673
683
3-036
26
8,254
324
2,60S
27
10,546
629
2,949
28
7,545
1,236
3,004
900
2,743
3,359
Total paid admissions.
CHAPTER XVI.
MIDWAY HEIGHTS.
Midway Heights were almost as famous as the Exposition itself.
Hardly a single visitor went away without taking a glimpse of the
great pleasure ground of the fair. A variety of attractions were
massed there and many of them were instructive as well as
amusing. The Midway possessed the features of the circus, the
menagerie, the museum and the vaudeville, with an odd collection
of strange nationalities forming a unique anthropological exhibit.
The visitor who had examined the series of figures from the
Smithsonian Institution, representing the various types of man, could
see many of them in very live flesh and blood by taking a turn
through the Midway. Mexicans, Chinese, Japanese, Arabs, Turks,
Syrians, East Indians, Dahomeyans, Eskimo and Sioux Indians
were there in force, while almost every nationality of the Caucasian
and the African races was to be seen in the crowd which streamed
through. Mechanical devices for amusement were not wanting.
Chief among these were the Phoenix Wheel, the Scenic Railway,
and that most exhilarating of all amusements, " Shooting the
Chutes." There was a Shakespearean variety of human nature of
high and low degree, and the range from horse-play to high
comedy was daily presented. The spieler was both the Shakespeare
and the king's jester of the occasion; and lungs were given him,
with readiness and copiousness of expression to voice the chang¬
ing moods of the human kaleidoscope. Society was, so to speak,
turned inside out, and the half-world confronted the politer half
with smiling self-assurance. The politer half looked through the
thin masque of assumed parts with the undisturbed composure of a
student who sought to follow out the lines of moral pathology in
live subjects, very much as a physician would study disease by
vivisection. The live subjects were nowise disconcerted, and
conducted themselves with an abandon which seemed to assert
MIDWAY HEIGHTS AND WHEEL.
9o OFFICIAL
that the spectators were touched with a feeling of their in¬
firmities, and were only holding up an exaggerated mirror of them¬
selves.
The mirror, indeed, showed what, as John Wesley would say,
but for the grace of God everyone might be. It was a vanity fair,
with a substratum of sinister suggestions flaunted gaily in the faces
of visitors. The novelty of the affair was that the half, and the
politer half, which usually touch each other gingerly and through indi¬
viduals, were here brought face to face en masse in public places. '1 he
result was that the politer half received an electric shock something
like that which the devil-fish and the electric eels are reputed to
give when over-curious sportsmen approach too close to their haunts.
HISTORY.
village was the most ambitious enterprise of the Midway group, and
one of the best. Mexican musicians, families of peons, and repre¬
sentatives of the higher classes were all occupants of the place.
There were also Mexican toreadors and matadors, and only the
action of the authorities prevented the production of bloodless bull¬
fights. The intention to do so was widely discussed, and drew from
the press of the United States a tremendous and angry chorus of
condemnation. It was never intended to allow the shedding of
blood, and it was finally concluded that the terror of the horses
would be cruelty in its worst form. For this reason, and in defer¬
ence to public opinion, the bull-fight was prohibited. The conces¬
sionaires had already been to some expense, and the Exposition
Japanese
The devil-fish and the eels are never disconcerted, but the sports¬
men may be. The difference in this case was that the fish and the
eels were of the same species of animals as the sportsmen, albeit, as
Carlyle would say, " bent devilward," and were possessed of certain
cords of sympathy, which they were able to use as a cart-rope, draw¬
ing their visitors to be shocked again and again. The old maxim,
" Shoot folly as it flies," was here reversed, and gaily flying folly
shot those wise men who came to it for their semi-occasional potion
of nonsense.
There were certain attractions called villages. The Mexican
Village included many of the characteristic types of that country,
with much of the local color for which Mexico is famous. This
village.
Company found it necessary to make an allowance for this in the
final settlement.
The Chinese Village was populated by 200 men, women and
boys, imported directly from the Celestial Empire bv way of
Vancouver. A Chinese theatre was erected, and the grotesque
perlormances of the Chinese stage were given with a very good
setting and a liberal supply of accessories and elaborate costumes.
The Japanese Village, though located in another part of the
park, may be considered a part of the anthropological display of
the Midway group. The elaborate display of articles of Japanese
handicraft was accompanied by a series of remarkable performances
by Japanese acrobats. One of the most popular and pleasing feat-
OFFICIAL
Ures was the Japanese tea-house, where the beverage was served in
Oriental style.
Cairo Street, with its booths and bazaars, was reproduced with
picturesque realism, and the camels, with Arabs as drivers, were
ever-present witnesses of the genuineness of the production. The
THE OLD PLANTATION.—MIDWAY.
enclosure also included the theatre in which the sensuous Oriental
dances were given.
The Indian Village was an exhibit of historic as well as ethno¬
logical interest. The Sioux Indians included several chiefs promi¬
nent in the war which resulted in the Custer massacre. The famous
"Two Strikes," hardly less of a warrior than "Sitting Bull," was
there, and the old chief, " Stand-and-Look-Back," who held General
Reno at bay while the Custer massacre was in progress, remained
to the last. Many of the men were participants in the " ghost
dances" of 1890 and the fights which followed. The lodges of the
Indian village on which the United States troops turned their Gatling
guns were there, occupied by the same Indians. One of the women,
" Yellow Dogface," had been wounded by a bullet from one of the
Gatling guns, and her papoose, now grown to be a boy of seven or
eight years, had received two bullets in his little body. 'I his boy,
known as " Little Wound," seems to be no worse physically for his
early taste of war, and during the Exposition showed all the lively
and mischievous tendencies of a robust urchin.
An interesting event in the history of the Midway was the birth
of an Indian child to the wife of the old chief " Stand-and-Look-
Back." Having great respect for the pale-faced chief who presided
over the destinies of the Exposition, the old Indian named his boy
" Collier-Stand-and-Look-Back," in honor of the president of the
Exposition.
HISTORY. 91
With the tribe was a medicine man with two medicine lodges
covered with pictures representing the strange, unnatural objects
which the medicine man had seen in his dreams. There was also a
historic lodge, giving in pictures the history of the Sioux for 240
years.
The Old Plantation was one of the popular features of the Mid¬
way and the only one which President Cleveland honored with his
presence. It was what its name signifies, with real negroes as the
actors, and was as much superior to negro minstrelsy by white men
as real life is to acting.
The Hagenbeck menagerie contained trained animals of rare
intelligence, but the name fully explains the character of the attrac¬
tion. Such attractions as the Mystic Maze, the Palace of Illusion,
and the Camera Obscura occupied the remainder of the street.
The " '49 Mining Camp " was a curious feature of the fair which,
though located elsewhere, may be classed with the Midway group.
The graveyard of this camp was a grotesque suggestion of border
life in the early days. On its tombstones were such epitaphs as these:
"Sam Davis. Scared to death by a Piute Squaw, May 25, 1850.
Age, 47 years 12 months."
" Scorpion John. Was ordered out of town by the committee,
but came back. He is still here."
" Here lies John Jones, as snug as a bug in a rug. Died July 10,
1850."
" Here lies Mike Kelley, snugger than that other bugger acrost."
" Harry Flannary. Came over the mountains from Carson look¬
ing for trouble. He found it."
" Fandango Joe. Stuck in the back Saturday night. May the 13,
1840."
" Slim Jim the gambler and his fatal hand. At rest."
CHAPTER XVII.
THE OPENING EXERCISES.
The eighteenth of September dawned bright and beautiful as
May, and in its clear sky and perfect atmosphere, free from haze
and smoke, it was a magnificent prophecy of the exceptional
weather of that remarkable fall. The heat of the waning summer
was supportable when no cloud obscured the sky or oppressed the
senses of man. The conduct of nature on that occasion was such
as to attract the attention of her grateful beneficiaries. Not only
was the sky clear at Atlanta, but, by singular and auspicious coin¬
cidence, the clouds were lifted all over the country, and the face of
the continent was bathed in sunshine, from the Atlantic to the
Pacific. If nature smiled on the opening of the Exposition, man
was not less kind. The clear light of those pellucid skies was not
more radiant than the joyful acclamations with which the event
was welcomed. Every breeze that blew in refreshment was matched
by subtler currents which came laden with messages of good will,
ticked off into cold type, upon which imagination breathed the
breath of life.
An event of national importance at Chickamauga opening at the
same time, called up before the country memories which gave a
historic background to the great fair, and this scene of the peaceful
triumph of industry, not without the pageants of peace, was set in
tragic contrast with the awful panorama of war. While memory
held up that horrid picture, half glorying in its ghastly triumphs,
half revolting from the outpouring of human blood, but still exalt¬
ing the exploits now sacred in the abbey of every patriotic soul, the
scene changed as if by magic, and while memory's tears were still
falling for the heroic dead, its eyes lighted on a glorious resurrec¬
tion of the spirit that never dies. Dead were the passion and the
hate, and consumed their bitter fruits, but immortal and everlasting
was the survival of the genius which had shone through the gloom
of conflict and now rose resplendent with the glories of peace.
The emblem of immortality rising from the altar of sacrifice had
been fitly chosen to symbolize this great event, and the trite and
hackneyed figure ceased to be commonplace when invested with
that transcendent element of human nature which age cannot wither
and custom cannot stale.
While the youthful soldiery passed with pretty but harmless
pomp that day there were grim-visaged veterans whose existence
reached from one act to the other of this great drama, and the
emotions of these were too deep to be understood by the gay
youths whose festive spirits effervesced with the sparkle of cham¬
pagne. Something else sparkled, something else glistened in the
eyes of the veterans, and their thoughtful faces had a smile of
satisfaction, if not of triumph, as the fame of this new victory took
the wings of the morning and flew to the uttermost parts of the sea.
So the fair was ushered in. There was the customary pomp, the
due form and ceremony, and the grave speeches, felicitous or pro¬
found, all preceded by music, Herbert's inspiring " Salute to At¬
lanta," and followed by the reverberation of a hundred great
bombs exploded high in the air when the President of the United
States, waiting on the shore of Massachusetts, pressed a button and
made the connection which sent a thrill of life through the throb¬
bing engines, the ponderous wheels and the fast whirling spindles of
Machinery Hall.
There was a great crowd on the opening day, and prominent
among the visitors were the elite of the city and of other cities.
The brilliancy of the social gathering was unequaled hitherto at
Atlanta, and the community gave itself a holiday that the event
might be welcomed in the proper spirit. Along with this crowd
came the representatives of a vaster multitude, a score or so
of men and women whose keen faculties gathered up the incidents
of the day and sent them out by wholesale to millions of readers.
What they saw of the fair itself will appear to some extent in the
descriptions hereafter to be given, and the principal incidents of
the opening day are set forth in the following account of the pro¬
ceedings :
Atlanta was thronged with visitors, and at an early hour the
streets were filled with a moving mass of humanity. The whole
city was in holiday attire. Business houses were festooned with
the national colors, and bunting streamed everywhere. Peach-
tree Street, along which the procession was to move on the way
to the Exposition, was gaily decorated from the Capital City
Club to the gates of the fair. The Governor's mansion was
wrapped in the stars and stripes, caught with the great seal of the
State, and the entire front of the club-house was draped with im¬
mense United States flags.
Colonel W. L. Kellogg, of the United States Army, as Marshal
of the Day, had organized an imposing parade with the Fifth In¬
fantry and several regiments of State troops. Governor Atkinson
and his staff, the Washington Artillery of New Orleans, and the
Governor's staff from Louisiana also graced the procession. The
Atlanta Artillery and the Governor's Horse Guard added to the
pageant, and a regiment of colored infantry reminded spectators
that the negro had a part in the great event which the ceremonies
of the day were to inaugurate.
Colonel Kellogg's staff included Colonel W. G. Obear, Chief of
94 OFFICIAL
Staff; Colonel James W. Austin, Colonel Usher Thomason, Colonel
Peter Riley, Colonel Eugene Hardeman, Colonel Frank West,
Major E. L. Higdon, Captain George S. Obear, and Captain John
Miller.
The Fifth U. S. Infantry headed the procession, preceded by its
superb regimental band. Captain Carter was in command, and
the following companies were represented : Company B, Captain
Carter; Company A, Captain Randall; Company G, Captain
Romeyn; Company C, Captain Forbes; Company 1), Captain
Woodruff; Company E, Captain Bowen, and Company H, Captain
Bailey.
The historic Washington Artillery, of New Orleans, in command
of Colonel John B. Richardson, came next with four batteries and
a band of musicians. At this point in the procession Governor
Atkinson and his staff appeared. The Governor had just risen
from a sick bed, where for days his life had hung in the balance.
This was his first public appearance after his struggle with death,
and the people manifested their pleasure at his recovery by con¬
tinuous cheering. Following the Governor came Colonel John S.
Candler, accompanied by Captain George S. Lowman, Adjutant
Clarence Everett, Captain C. G. Bradley, Captain A. J. Childs,
and Lieutenant W. J. Blalock.
The Fifth Georgia Volunteers, preceded by the regimental band,
came next, including the Atlanta Zouaves, Captain Amos Baker;
the Hibernian Rifles, Captain W. D. Ellis; the Atlanta Rifles,
Captain Joe Nash; the Griffin Rifles, Captain A. J. Burr; the
Marietta Rifles, Captain S. F. Sandford; the Barnesville Blues,
Captain John T. Howard; the Atlanta Reserves, Captain W. C.
Moss, and the Fifth Regiment Gun Platoon, Lieutenant C. H. Plyer.
The Third Georgia Volunteers, in command of Colonel Usher
Thomason, followed. The Colonel was accompanied by Captain
Von der Leith, Captain Shannon, and Captain Craige of his staff.
The Clarke Rifles, of Athens, Captain J. H. Beusse; the Congers
Volunteers, Captain Irwin, and the Hill City Cadets, of Rome,
Captain Stewart, made up the regiment.
Then came the Atlanta Artillery and the Governor's Horse
Guard, followed by the Second Battalion of colored troops and the
Lincoln Guards of Macon, both under the command of Lieutenant-
Colonel F. H. Crumbley.
The military was followed by a long procession of carriages
occupied by the officers and directors of the Exposition, distin¬
guished visitors, the Woman's Board, State and foreign Commis¬
sioners, the United States Government Board, and the Chief and
Commissioners of the Negro Department. Gilmore's Band met
the procession as it approached the gates and led it into the park
with the strains of inspiring music.
After the auditorium had been crowded to its utmost capacity,
Victor Herbert charmed the audience into quietude with music
composed for the occasion. When the last strains of the "Salute
to Atlanta" and the applause which followed it had died away,
Ex-Governor Rufus B. Bullock, the Master of Ceremonies, rose and
said:
HISTORY.
This is the greatest hour in the history of Atlanta and the South. We
have assembled to officially open the greatest achievement that has
been the result of Southern enterprise. It is now my pleasure to intro¬
duce Bishop C. K. Nelson, of the diocese of Georgia, who will invoke
God's blessing on the work of our hands.
The audience bowed, and Bishop Nelson prayed as follows:
The Invocation.
In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost
Amen.
O Almighty God, from whom cometh every good and perfect gift,
we bless Thy holy name for all Thy goodness and loving kindness to
us and to all men ; for peace in our borders, for prosperity in our land,
and for manifold comforts in our homes. To Thee we owe the wisdom
to plan and the capacity to direct this undertaking. Grant, we be¬
seech Thee, that in the power to get wealth, in inventive genius and
in skill to labor, men may recognize Thy gifts and acknowledge the
praise which to Thee belongs.
May every success and every use of the means which Thou dost
provide serve as tokens of Thy favor, lead men to perceive and know
their dependence upon Thee, and to show forth their gratitude in a
holy, humble and obedient walk before Thee all their days. Let not
pride come nigh to hurt us, nor vanity cause us to /orget Thee.
Prosper, we pray Thee, every effort here made which may improve
the condition of mankind and preserve peace and concord among
the nations of the earth.
Protect of Thy mercy all these Thy servants from sickness, from
sad casualties and from every evil to which they may be exposed.
Keep them under the protection of Thy good providence and make
them to have a perpetual fear and love of Thy holy name.
Bless our rulers, the President of the United States, the Governor
of this State and all others in authority, and so rule their hearts and
strengthen their hands that they may punish wickedness and vice and
maintain Thy true religion and virtue. Let the trust which this people
hath confided in Thee never be lost or weakened by deceitful phil¬
osophy, by grossness or sensuality, by avarice and fraud, but may the
bonds which have hitherto kept us in the enjoyment of liberty, in the
exercise of reason and in the putting forth of energy be sustained by
Thy guidance for the benefit of Thy people, and to Thee, O Father,
with Thine only Son, our Saviour, and the Eternal Spirit be ascribed
all glory, honor, might, majesty and dominion, henceforth and forever-
more. Amen.
The Exposition Ode, written by Mr. Frank 1,. Stanton, was
announced by the Master of Ceremonies, who further said that
the poet, being of a retiring nature, had delegated Mr. Albert
Howell, Jr., to read the poem. Mr. Howell's clear and pene¬
trating voice rang through the Auditorium like a cornet, swelling
with the music of the lines. The Ode was as follows:
The Dedicatory Ode.
i.
Behold to-day the meeting of the lands
In pride and splendor ; from far foreign strands
Great State with State clasps hands !
Here, on this Southern soil, supreme and free,
Meet now no hostile bands ;
Iiut all flags wave where one of Liberty
Shakes stars down like the sands !
And from sky-cleaving towers
Time strikes the thrilling hours
Of golden promise for the years to be 1
OFF I CI A L HIS TOR Y.
95
ii.
Behold to-day these towers, these temples ! Yet,
More than the starriest dome or minaret
Near skies of azure met,
That which shall live while ages roll along—
Too glorious to forget —
States once at war, in union high and strong,
Whose sun shall never set !
And be this picture wrought
Upon the age's thought:
How of man's sorrow God makes heaven's own song 1
III.
Here, though a city opens wide her gates,
This is no day of cities, but of States
Supreme and crowned with progress ! Here all Time
Gathers its glories in the Georgian clime,
And sea to sea replies,
And from the farthest skies
The answering bells in one glad chorus chime :
"No North no South - but a vast world sublime ! "
IV.
Here where the cannon thundered, lo ! the white
And royal rose of Peace, in living light !
See ! how above the black breath of the guns
Flashes the splendor of serener suns !
Behold the fields, once desolate, renewed
With loftier life ! The lordly land imbued
With statelier spirit ! Cities (where the clods
Were trampled red by the avenging gods)
With skyward pointing steeples ! Every leaf
Is tinctured now with glory—not with grief!
And the new South, brave-risen from the past,
Wears on her brow the diadem at last!
v.
She speaks for Peace and Progress : She would say
To all the world : " Behold the morning's ray—
The black night rolled away !
Behold where Freedom with her scepter stands —
Behold her and—obey !"
And with her richest jewels in her hands
She welcomes worlds to-day !
And not one breathing clod
But sends a prayer to God
To bind the Nations close with kindred bands !
VI.
She calls from fields where glad the toilers reap—
From hills thick-veined with treasure—o'er the deep
Where all the brave ships keep
Their foamy way in commerce with the world —
Where wild the sea-winds sweep :
" Let not the sails far from my shores be furled—
Let not the captains sleep
Till o'er the billows white
Shall flash the welcome light
Of my glad shores in splendid peace impearled."
VII.
Unto the North she cries : " Thy sister - I!"
Unto the East: " Above us bends one sky! "
Unto the West: " In union live or die ! "
And for that closer union still she pleads—
Ready with heart and hand and noblest deeds,
In peace—in strife—
For death—for life,
Loyal to follow where Love's banner leads !
VIII.
Sing it, ye seas, whose billows kiss the sky!
Sing it, ye mountains, from your summits high !
Sing it, ye dells and far melodious vales !
Ring it, ye bells that echo on the gales !
Sing of a loftier and a larger life!
Sing of a world united after strife !
Sing of the light that dawns upon the blind!
And be this day, this hour
Pregnant with that high Power
Which closer brings the union of mankind!
—Frank L. Stanton.
President Collier's Speech.
President Collier, who had done the work of his life for the
Exposition, and had almost sacrificed life itself for the great enter¬
prise, during the fearful strain of the last thirty days, now appeared
before the audience a weak and worn but a happy man. His recep¬
tion amounted to an ovation. The great audience stood up and
cheered him, and hundreds of handkerchiefs waved in his honor.
MACHINERY HAI.L AT NIGHT.
Governor Bullock's introduction of the Exposition President was
a brief but a happy one. He said :
To the untiring industry, the sleepless nights of vigil, and the
executive ability of its Director General, the success of the Exposition
is attributable, and it is with pleasure that I introduce the man who
has built the Exposition—President Charles A. Collier.
President Collier said:
The Cotton States and International Exposition owes its existence to
a movement which was inaugurated at the most inauspicious period for
such an enterprise to be found in the record of many years. Eighteen
months ago the practical problem for almost every community seemed
to be how to save what it had rather than how to acquire new elements
of strength. The whole country was in a state of depression and
anxiety; business was almost stagnant; the pulse of industrial life
beat low; capital was apprehensive and reluctant; labor had scant
employment and diminished wages. The clouds which had darkened
every material prospect a year before still hung low over the land, and
he was accounted either Utopian or over-bold who ventured to propose
any great undertaking. Fortunately for Atlanta, however, she had
among her sons many whose faith in her and in the country had re-
96
OPFICIA L
HIS TOR Y.
mained unshaken, oven by the severe conditions that then prevailed,
and in confident anticipation of a better day soon to come, they sug¬
gested and set on foot the movement which has led up to this event.
The courage, the zeal, the defiance of difficulties, the indomitable
energy which has ever characterized this people were exhibited in
scarcely higher degree when they so rapidly rebuilt Atlanta from the
ashes of war than they are in the history of this Exposition. With a
unanimity such as few communities have ever displayed in any cause,
they have stood by the enterprise from its very inception to this good
hour. With a liberality that was royal they have contributed to it ;
with an enthusiasm and pertinacity which have advanced their already
well earned reputation for proclaiming the achievements and prospects
of their city they have heralded and chronicled its glories.
But the unanimity, the ardor, and the liberality of Atlanta alone
could never have made possible what we behold to-day. To the
co-operation of many States and cities, to various foreign nations, to
industrial, scientific and social organizations, to individual enterprise
and inventive genius, to thrifty manufacturers and merchants, far and
near, to artists and artisans, to the tireless devotion and exhaustless
ingenuity of a host of heroic women, to the powerful aid of the press
and the generous favor of the Federal Government, we must attribute
the variety and splendor of this exhibition. The occasion demands a
special acknowledgment of our debt to the press, that agency whose
power to promote or prevent, to bless or to blight is incalculable. The
newspapers throughout the United States have given their cordial and
incessant support to our undertaking. They have made common cause
in behalf of this Exposition ; they have advertised it to the world and
won for it a fame and a favor which could never have been acquired
without their ardent and persistent advocacy. To the Federal authori¬
ties we are also greatly beholden. When the endorsement and aid of
the Government were sought there was a response which proved that
though we are divided geographically into States and sections, we are in
heart and purpose an indivisible people. When our petition went be¬
fore Congress party lines disappeared and the clangor of sectionalism
was silenced. We found friends in every party group, and from every
section of the Union. The people of Atlanta, of Georgia, and of the
South, will hold in lasting and grateful remembrance that demonstra¬
tion of sympathy by their brethren of the North and West, and stand
ready to prove that they are not to be outdone in generous deeds. One
of the noblest possibilities of this Exposition is that it may bring into
more complete accord the citizens of every part of the republic. We
hail with pride the symbols of the nation's strength, and the evidence
of the wise and beneficent direction of its authority which are here
displayed.
The advancement of the race and the adoption of truer ideals have
enabled us to profit inestimably by that expanding force in our civiliza¬
tion— the genius of woman. The part it plays here is large, and the use
it has made of this opportunity will unquestionably conduce to the
fuller recognition of woman's righteous claims, and a fairer estimate
of the value of her work. The way for women who must needs Strug,
gle with the world will be widened by the triumphs of feminine capacity
and skill which are here arrayed.
In justice to ourselves, as well as to them, we have invited the co¬
operation of our negro fellow-citizens. They have accepted the responsi¬
bility of a department of their own, and have filled it with proofs of the
progress they have made as freemen. They were employed largely in
the preparation here, as they are in almost all our industries, and they
will share largely in the honors and practical benefits of the Exposition.
While the city which originated it, and enlisted the support neces¬
sary to its realization, will naturally be its chief beneficiary, the effects
of this great industrial demonstration will be confined to no city, to
no State, nor to any one nation. The converging lines of influence
and effort, which are embodied in this enterprise, connecting it with
every source from which they come, will convey far and wide its in¬
vigorating stimulus, its useful lessons and practical results. Who
shall compute the still further possibilities which may spring from the
impressions and investigations of the multitudes who will come hither
from every part of this country and from other lands ? We have
established here a great practical school, filled in every one of its many
departments with object lessons of progress in the arts and sciences,
and with illustrations of the most improved applications of power for
the profit, comfort and delight of man. From the inevitable com¬
parison of methods and products thus instituted, from the competition
of theories and systems, from this battle of ideas we may confidently
expect beneficent and far-reaching results. It does not derogate
from the national and international character of the Exposition to say
that perhaps the greatest revelations will relate to the resources and
possibilities of the Cotton States. When our own people are just be¬
ginning to recognize the magnificence of nature's endowment in the
fields, the mines, the streams, and the climate of this region, it is not
strange that the outside world has been slow to gain full and accurate
knowledge concerning these sources of health, happiness and power.
Both our own people and the outside world will know far more about
the South at the close of this Exposition than they know on this
opening day. Revelations will spring in our own familiar walks. A
new beauty will light scenes on which we have looked long with un-
discerning eyes, and we will realize as we never did before that ours
is indeed a goodly heritage. It is no exaggeration to say that the
industrial development of the South would have halted far short of its
present status but for the Atlanta Cotton Exposition of 1881. Its
effects were immediate and immense, and have, no doubt, continued
far beyond the lines by which we define them. The spirit of the
South was quickened, and the fourteen years that have passed since
that Exposition have witnessed a marvelous development in this sec¬
tion. Great as this has been, there is every indication that we stand
now at the opening of an era of industrial achievement which will
make what has already been accomplished seem small indeed.
It is right, therefore, that this occasion should wear the splendors
of a jubilee. It is worthy of the flags and music and the general
joy by which it is brightened and graced. There is good reason for
the gathering of this happy host. WTe rejoice at once over a victory
and a prophesy. Those upon whom has lain the burden of prepara¬
tion for this event may look back with pardonable pride to the day
when a little band of patriotic citizens resolved that Atlanta should
have the greatest Exposition, save one, this hemisphere has seen. It
has been no easy task to reach the height we hold to-day. There
have been times when difficulties thickly beset us, when progress
seemed slow, and the end we aimed at very far off, but not once did
our faith fail or our purpose waver. Helping ourselves to the very
best of our capacity, we found others willing and mighty to aid us.
Best of all, a kind Providence has dispelled the gloom that lay over
the whole land when we put our hands to this task. The work begun
beneath the frown of adverse fortune has reached its completion
under the smile of heaven upon our common country. Everywhere
plenteous harvests, reviving commerce, restored confidence, industrial
activity, capital busy in new enterprises, labor abundantly employed
and reaping increased rewards, all questions of the country welded
closer together in the bonds of common interest and the ardor of
broad patriotism. Surely, we have a propitious hour for the begin¬
ning of this great triumph of peace to which we have invited all
mankind.
MRS. THOMPSON'S ADDRESS.
In introducing Mrs. Joseph Thompson, the brilliant President of
the Woman's Board, (lovernor Bullock said :
The sweetest of women, the truest of mothers, and the queen of
polite society in her own community, this woman whom I am going to
introduce to you has given two years of energetic work to the develop¬
ment and elevation of her sex.
Mrs. Thompson was given a flattering reception, and at the con-
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
97
elusion of her address the applause lasted for some time. She
spoke as follows:
It is not without sincere appreciation of the honor done me on this
occasion, added to a solemn awe, that I realize that I stand here to-day
as the representative of the Board of Women Managers to speak a few
words in their behalf about woman's part in this great Exposition.
Addressing myself first more especially to this Board, let me congratu¬
late the women upon the dawn of this day, so anxiously anticipated by
them, which proclaims to the world the results of their long-cherished
plans.
That your noble purposes and the able manner in which you have
presented them should have attracted the approving and even applaud¬
ing attention of good people everywhere and won for you the zealous
co-operation of so many capable women, not only of our city and State,
but throughout the length and breadth of this great land, is not to he
wondered at; nor that we cannot restrain expression of the obligation
that we owe them for all that they have so wisely and ably contributed
to the success of our great undertaking that I have now the honor to
announce to the world.
For to-day the Cotton States and International Exposition opens its
gates to the millions who will pass through them to witness its great
attractions.
Here, summit-crowned on every side, are seen in their perfection of
execution and design the splendid structures within whose spacious
halls are wonders of man's inventive genius and power; the glowing
canvas of the painter and the sculptor's chiseled forms of beauty;
within them, too, are gathered rich contributions of every nation, illus¬
trating in all their varied departments the commerce of the world.
But in the midst of all this our eyes turn with loving pride to our
own building, situated in the very heart of these beautiful grounds,
from whence the vital currents of woman's genius may radiate in all
directions, kindling hope and aspiration in many weary hearts and
awakening them to the dawn of a brighter day than ever gilded the
horizon of their dreams.
Exquisite in design and finish, its architect a young woman whose
work proves the truth of Froude's declaration that "architecture is the
sublimest expression of human genius." Its interior decoration, too,
the work of women, while over its inviting portals and resting on columns
classic are the enduring words : " Woman's Building."
Within its walls you will trace her steps from the lowly part she
played in the primitive civilization of the race to the exalted position
she now occupies as man's co-worker; from the lofty genius of Rosa
Bonheur to the daintiest confection of rare old Southern housewifery;
while in a widening circle of development she stops not at the homeliest
convention nor most exquisite of embroideries and laces, carried to
such perfection that they deserve to rank among the fine arts.
Here, too, shall be evolved, from interchange of views, in the Con¬
gress to assemble, the best means for the dependent and working
classes of women in all the trades, arts and professions that can offer
them employment, and for every good plan that can perfect their moral,
physical and intellectual well-being—" consummation devoutly to be
wished."
Nor is the exhibition of woman's work in this Exposition confined to
the Woman's Building. The annex, rendered necessary for requirement
of space far beyond our original calculations in our main building, con¬
tains some of the most instructive and interesting exhibits of woman's
work. Nor are the products of her genius and industry confined only
to these buildings, but, acknowledging no limitations, she worthily fills
a place in every department, occupying enlarged space with her dis¬
plays befitting each in the Fine Arts Building, the Manufactures and
Liberal Arts, and our own State Building.
Indeed, we are filled with amazement as we now witness the growth
and extent of our department from the modest commencement and
really imperfect conception of the vastness of our enterprise when first
we entered upon it.
Near at hand and under our guardianship is the Creole Kitchen, in
which is illustrated the delicious cookery peculiar to our extreme South,
and more particularly to pleasure-giving and pleasure-loving New Or¬
leans.
The workingman's model home, a contribution from the Empire
State, is a practical demonstration of great value, showing as it does
how comfort and happiness are not incompatible with the ordinary
wages of a workingman. To solve this difficult problem in so satisfac¬
tory a manner has taken the thought and consideration of the best
minds of the century, but to what nobler purposes could their intellec¬
tual gifts have been dedicated than to the well-being of our working
classes, the bone and sinew of our commonwealth.
The model schoolroom, too, with its economy and convenience of
design and interior equipments, is among our most valuable object les¬
sons, offering to ambitious struggling teachers of the suburban districts
practical suggestions in every branch of preparatory school work.
I feel especial mention should be made of the collections of colonial
and historical relics presented by the distinguished orders of the
Daughters of the Revolution and Colonial Dames from the various
States, and especially of Georgia; well calculated, indeed, to rekindle
the fires of their patriotism and awaken new interest in their illustrious
ancestry.
And last, but not least, the building now under way and soon to be
completed and to contain ever-to-be remembered objects of interest—a
labor of love in its inception and erection—by the " Daughters of the
Confederacy," and who, not wanting in loyalty and devotion to this
now happily united Union, would thus perpetuate the heroism of those
near and dear to them, and the story of whose valor and devotion,
though to a lost cause, will never die, but to the common glory of this
now united country will forever illumine the pages of its history.
I cannot, however, longer delay expression of the thanks of the Board
of Women Managers to the Directors of this Exposition ; for, however
much we have declared for ourselves, we could not have succeeded
without their ever-generous and prompt support. We may be par¬
doned special mention of the patience with which the president has
borne our many complaints and the kind encouragement he has always
given us.
Perhaps it is not amiss to say that if there be those of the sterner sex
who would oppose woman in her efforts for development and improve¬
ment, as is demonstrated in our work, they should stand rebuked in
the unanimity of our gallant Board of Directors in so nobly encouraging
and aiding the Woman's Board, for the "new woman," who is repre¬
sented here by this board of women, is neither the antagonist nor the
rival of man, but his co-worker and helpmeet along broader, nobler
and diviner lines, for as her powers and faculties have freer scope and
larger growth, his burdens lessen. Thus united in exalted purpose,
there are no limits to their sublime achievements.
For not to him, nor her, but " to them " is given " dominion and
power." " Then comes the statelier Eden back to men."
I must also, in behalf of the Woman's Board, return their thanks to
the generous public, which has so freely responded to our many calls.
We acknowledge the pleasant debt we owe the beautiful and distin¬
guished President of the Woman's Board of the great World's Fair at
Chicago—Mrs. Potter Palmer. Her example has been an inspiration
to us in all our work, while the potent evidence of her sympathy and
interest in our behalf has been most gratifying.
I wish I could find words sufficiently strong to express our appre¬
ciation of that most powerful and necessary factor to the successful
completion of any public enterprise—I refer to the press. On every
hand we have felt our department emphasized and strengthened by the
prominence they have given it. North and South, East and West,
they have been constant and helpful to us, especially our own home
papers, who have placed their columns and their best talent at our
disposal.
For the noble women of the Board of Women Managers who have
so loyally sustained me, and made pleasant duties that otherwise might
7
98
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
have been burdensome, and ofttimes disagreeable, my hcari. will always
treasure grateful and loving remembrance.
While it may seem invidious, where all have done so well, I must
mention the constant and devoted service that Mrs. Felton has given
us. All have felt the value of her sage counsels, and all record her
praise.
Never were the important duties of secretary more ably rendered
than by Mrs. Steele. The close attention and the thorough business
method? which have characterized her department have been the admi¬
ration of all. And not forgetting her whose busy brain and loving
heart are always at the service of any movement in the interests of her
sex ; who from being one of the initial promoters of the Woman's
Department, from then until now has always held her talents and
energies at its command—Mrs. Kate Waller Barrett.
There can but come to everyone at some moment the suggestion of
sadness, as the thought occurs that most of the beautiful buildings will
even in a short time be removed and there be left only the memory of
the splendid pageant.
I should feel compensation most inadequate for all that you have
done, and for all that you hope for in the future, did I not confidently
believe that the Woman's Building will not share this common fate,
but, securely resting on its firm foundation in all the years to come,
ever be the treasure house of your intellectual and artistic stores—a
museum of the beautiful and useful in all the wide realm of woman's
work, the place of her frequent assembling, where pleasant association
and intellectual development shall go hand in hand; here will always
be found all that shall still further promote her in every sphere of life,
awakening the dormant powers within her, and encouraging and stimu¬
lating the boundaries of their thoughts and lives. To such high
purpose we dedicate the Woman's Building, and for continuation of
such benefits and blessings we inscribe over its ever-welcome portals :
Esto pcrpetua.
THE NEGRO ORATOR.
Then came Booker '1". Washington, who was destined to make
a national reputation in the next fifteen minutes. He appeared on
the programme by invitation of the Directors as the representa¬
tive of the negro race. This would appear to have been a natural
arrangement, if not a matter of course, and it seems strange now
that there should have been any doubt as to the wisdom or pro¬
priety of giving the negro a place in the opening exercises.
Nevertheless, there was, and the question was carefully, even
anxiously considered before it was decided. There were appre¬
hensions that the matter would encourage social equality and
prove offensive to the white people, and in the end unsatisfactory
to the colored race. But the discussion satisfied the Board that
this course was right, and they resolved to risk the expediency of
doing right. The sequel showed the wisdom of their decision.
The orator himself touched upon the subject with great tact, and
the recognition that was given has greatly tended to promote good
feeling between the races, while the wise and self-respecting course
of the negroes on that occasion has raised them greatly in the
estimation of their white fellow citizens.
In introducing the speaker, (jovernor Bullock said:
We have with us to-day the representative of negro enterprise and
negro civilization. 1 have the honor to introduce to you Professor
Booker T. Washington, principal of the Tuskcgee Normal and Indus¬
trial College, who will formally present the negro exhibit.
Professor Washington was greeted with applause, and his speech
received marked attention. He said :
Mr. President, Gentlemen of the Board of Directors, and Citizens :
One-third of the population of the South is of the negro race. No
enterprise seeking the material, civil or moral welfare of this section
can disregard this element of our population and reach the highest
success. I but convey to you, Mr. President and Directors, the senti¬
ment of the masses of my race, when I say that in no way have the
value and manhood of the American negro been more fittingly and
generously recognized than by the managers of this magnificent
Exposition at every stage of its progress. It is a recognition which
will do more to cement the friendship of the two races than any
occurrence since the dawn of our freedom.
Not only this, but the opportunity here afforded will awaken among
us a new era of industrial progress. Ignorant and inexperienced, it
is not strange that in the first years of our new life we began at the
top instead of at the bottom, that a scat in Congress or the State Legis¬
lature was more sought than real estate or industrial skill, that the
political convention or stump-speaking had more attractions than start¬
ing a dairy farm or truck garden.
A ship lost at sea for many days suddenly sighted a friendly vessel.
From the mast of the unfortunate vessel was seen the signal : "Water
water; we die of thirst."
The answer from the friendly vessel at once came back : " Cast
down your bucket where you are."
A second time the signal, "Water, water; send us water," ran up
from the distressed vessel and was answered, " Cast down your bucket
where you are," and a third and fourth signal for water was answered,
" Cast down your bucket where you are."
The captain of the distressed vessel, at last heeding the injunction,
cast down his bucket, and it came up full of fresh, sparkling water from
the mouth of the Amazon River.
To those of my race who depend on bettering their condition in a
foreign land, or underestimate the importance of cultivating friendly
relations with the Southern white man, who is their next-door neigh¬
bor, I would say : Cast down your bucket where you are. Cast it down
in making friends in every manly way of the people of all races by
whom we are surrounded.
Cast it down in agriculture, in mechanics, in commerce, in domestic
service and in the professions. And in this connection it is well to
bear in mind, that, whatever other sins the South may be called upon
to bear, that when it comes to business, pure and simple, it is in the
South that the negro is given a man's chance in the commercial world,
and in nothing is this Exposition more eloquent than in emphasizing
this chance.
Our greatest danger is that in the great leap from slavery to freedom
we may overlook the fact that the masses of us are to live by the pro¬
ductions of our hands, and fail to keep in mind that we shall prosper
in proportion as we learn to dignify and glorify common labor and
put biains and skill into the common occupations of life ; shall prosper
in proportion as we learn to draw the line between the superficial and
the substantial, the ornamental gewgaws of life and the useful. No
race can prosper till it learns that there is as much dignity in tilling a
field as in writing a poem. It is at the bottom of life we must begin,
and not the top. Nor should we permit our grievances to overshadow
our opportunities.
To those of the white race who look to the incoming of those of
foreign birth and strange tongue and habits for the prosperity of the
South, were I permitted, I would repeat what I say to my own race:
" Cast down your bucket where you are."
Cast it down among the 8,000,000 negroes whose habits you know,
whose loyalty and love you have tested in days when to have proved
treacherous meant the ruin of your firesides.
Cast down your bucket among these people who have, without
strikes and labor wars, tilled your fields, cleared your forests, builded
your railroads and cities, brought forward treasures from the bowels of
the earth and helped make possible this magnificent representation of
the progress of the South.
OFFICIAL HISTORY.
99
Casting down your bucket among my people, helping and encour¬
aging them, as you are doing on these grounds, to education of head,
hand and heart, and you will find that they will buy your surplus
land, make blossom the waste places in your fields, and run your fac¬
tories. While doing this, you can be sure in the future, as you have
been in the past, that you and your families will be surrounded by the
most patient, faithful, law-abiding and unresentful people that the world
has seen.
As we have proved our loyalty to you in the past in nursing your
children, watching by the sick bed .of your mothers and fathers, and
often following them with tear-dimmed eyes to their graves, so in the
future, in our humble way, we shall stand by you with a devotion that
no foreigner can approach, ready to lay down our lives, if need be, in
defence of yours, interlacing our industrial, commercial, civil and re¬
ligious life with yours in a way that shall make the interests of both
races one. In all things that are purely social, we can be as separate
as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual
progress.
There is no defence or security for any of us, except in the highest
intelligence and development of all. If anywhere there are efforts
tending to curtail the fullest growth of the negro, let these efforts be
turned into stimulating, encouraging and making him the most useful
and intelligent citizen.
Efforts or means so invested will pay a thousand per cent, interest.
These efforts will be twice blessed—" Blessing him that gives, and him
that takes."
There is no escape through law of man or God from the inevitable.
" The laws of changeless justice bind
Oppressor with oppressed,
And close as sin and suffering joined,
We march to fate abreast."
Nearly sixteen millions of hands will aid you in pulling the load
upwards, or they will pull against you the load downwards.
We shall constitute one-third, and much more, of the ignorance and
crime of the South, or one-third its intelligence and progress ; we shall
contribute one-third to the business and industrial prosperity of the
South, or we shall prove a veritable body of death, stagnating, depress¬
ing, retarding every effort to advance the body politic.
Gentlemen of the Exposition: As we present to you our humble
effort as an exhibition of our progress, you must not expect overmuch ;
starting thirty years ago with ownership here and there in a few quilts
and pumpkins and chickens (gathered from miscellaneous sources),
remember the path that has led from these to the invention and
production of agricultural implements, buggies, steam engines, news¬
papers, books, statuary, carving, paintings, the management of drug
stores and banks, has not been trodden without contact with thorns and
thistles.
While we take just pride in what we exhibit as a result of our inde¬
pendent efforts, we do not for a moment forget that our part in this
exhibition would fall far short of your expectations but for the constant
help that has come to our educational life, not only from the Southern
States, but especially from Northern philanthropists, who have made
their gifts a constant stream of blessing and encouragement.
The wisest among my race understand that the agitation of ques¬
tions of social equality is the extremest folly, and that progress in the
enjoyment of all the privileges that will come to us must be the result
of severe and constant struggle, rather than of artificial sources.
No race that has anything to contribute to the markets of the world
is long in any degree ostracized. It is important and right that all
privileges of the law be ours, but it is vastly more important that we be
prepared for the exercise of these privileges.
The opportunity to earn a dollar in a factory just now is worth in¬
finitely more than the opportunity to spend a dollar in an opera house.
In conclusion, may I repeat that nothing in thirty years has given
us more hope and encouragement, and drawn us so near to you of the
white race, as the opportunity offered by this Exposition, and here
bending, as it were, over the altar that represents the results of the
struggles of your race and mine, both starting practically empty-handed
three decades ago, I pledge that in your efforts to work out the great
and intricate problem which God has laid at the doors of the South
you shall have at all times the patient, sympathetic help of my race;
only let this be constantly in mind, that while from representations in
these buildings of the products of field, of forest, of mine, of factory,
letters and art, much good will come, yet far above and beyond material
benefits will be that higher good, that, let us pray God, will come in a
blotting out of sectional differences and racial animosities and suspicion,
and in a determination even in the remotest corner to administer abso¬
lute justice, in a willing obedience among all classes to the mandates of
law and a spirit that will tolerate nothing but the highest equity in the
enforcement of law.
This, this, coupled with our material prosperity, will bring into our
beloved South a new heaven and a new earth.
IN BEHALF OF THE STATE.
It had been expected that Governor Atkinson would deliver the
address of welcome in behalf of the State, but his recent illness had
left him too feeble for a public speech. He was present on the
stage, however, and spoke by deputy in the person of Mr. George
Brown, Solicitor-General of the Blue Ridge Circuit.
With a feeling reference to the Governor's recovery, and after
some words of welcome, Mr. Brown said:
The Georgia whose fathers signed with yours the immortal Declara¬
tion of Independence, who mingled their blood with yours at Lexing¬
ton and at Bunker Hill, who illustrated the heroic courage of American
citizenship at Valley Forge and at Yorktown—to this Georgia we
welcome you and we give you this message to carry back to your homes
and to the listening ears of your children. Tell them that the warm
tides of patriotism still ebb and flow in the hearts of the Southern people.
Tell them that the wounds of the war have all healed, that we have
accepted the terms of the surrender in perfect good faith, and while
we teach our children, as they kneel at night around their mother's
knee, in the retired and sacred precincts of our peaceful homes, that
the Spartan courage of the Southern soldier, as half-clad and half-fed he
marched without a murmur into the very jaws of death, is a sacred and
priceless inheritance, yet we tell them that they were born under the
protecting aegis of freedom's flag which to-day proudly floats over us—
that this indissoluble union of States, cemented by the blood of
martyred patriots, is the common heritage of every child born upon
American soil, and we bid them rejoice that this great constellation
still keeps on in its course in the skies. To see this happy and reunited
country engaged with all the nations of the earth in the friendly rivalry
of peaceful pursuits, is a scene worthy of the gods. Surely Mercy and
Truth are met together, Righteousness and Peace have kissed each other.
Truth shall spring out of the earth and righteousness shall look down
from heaven. Time would fail to speak of our resources, the wonder¬
ful fertility of our soil, the untold wealth of our forests and of our
mines, the remarkable salubrity of our matchless climate, or the infinite
possibilities of our hopeful future. But you would not have me close
without some reference to the progress we have made in material wealth
and in all the elements of national greatness. One of the most strik¬
ing examples of the conservative strength and patriotism of any modern
republic was furnished to the world when Franee, with 40,000,000 people,
paid a war indemnity to Germany in two years of 5,000,000,000 francs,
every dollar of which was paid by her own people, and, more remark¬
able still, twice as much was offered to the government by the peasantry
of the country as was necessary to discharge this enormous penalty.
What think you, then, of the ten millions of people composing the
Southern confederacy, with two thousand millions of property confis-
IOO
OFFICIAL
JIIS FOR Y.
cated and destroyed, crushed by defeat, with homes in ashes, with
lands devastated and laid waste, with a labor system of a century sud¬
denly swept away, with fields a stranger to the hand of the husband¬
man for four long years, and yet these war-worn veterans, sanguine
where the most hopeful might have despaired, with a courage as sublime
as it is rare, go to work to reclaim this mighty waste, and in less than
twenty years they make one crop that is worth the magnificent sum of
$400,000,000. The golden-hearted heroes of the South plowed like
they fought, and they made a land devastated by the torch and bap¬
tized with their blood to blossom like the flowers of spring. Our own
State of Georgia has increased in taxable property more than 100 per
cent. Our capital invested in iron works and foundries has increased
in the last decade more than 250 per cent., and our cotton mills have
increased in the same time more than 100 per cent. In spite of the
most terrible panic that the country has almost ever witnessed, 800,000
spindles, representing 200 mills, have been added to the cotton fac¬
tories of the South within the last twelve months, and the number has
increased in the Southern States go per cent, in the last four
years.
We serve the world with notice now that the time is soon coming,
and is almost at hand, when every lock of the fleecy staple which the
honest hands of our people can produce will be woven into forms of
beauty and usefulness on the same soil on which it grew. When our
first Exposition was held in 1881, the cotton seed industry was un¬
known ; to-day we have thirty-four mills in Georgia alone, consuming
annually 250,000 tons of raw material worth $2,500,000, and there is
one corporation in the United States engaged in this industry that is
capitalized at $30,000,000. We have taken the children of our former
slaves and given them an equal chance with our own sons and daugh¬
ters in our public schools. Georgia pays annually nearly $450,000 for
the education of the colored children of the State, raised by taxation,
twenty-nine-thirtieths of which is paid by the white people of the State.
As an evidence of the absolute justice and fairness with which we have
treated our colored citizens, we point you with pride and satisfaction to
the exhibits contained in their building, which will demonstrate that
they have not only accumulated wealth, but have made wonderful prog¬
ress in the field of letters, and have advanced in all the arts and many
of the sciences. I do not overdraw the picture or deal in extravagant
phrases when I tell you that our people are prosperous and happy, and
that they ask nothing from the Government except a fair field and no
favor; that we have coal and iron enough to keep the fires in every
furnace on earth perpetually burning; that the product of our cotton
fields will cause the smoke to ascend from the factories of every civilized
nation on the globe forever, and whiten the waters of every sea with
its sails. We have marble enough to build all of earth's structures,
and granite enough to pave every street in Christendom. Our water
power will turn all the machinery on earth, and our forests are as in¬
exhaustible as the boasted lands of Norway and Sweden. Our orchards
are laden with golden fruit, our vineyards are groaning beneath the
burden of the ripe and mellow grape, and our presses arc bursting forth
with new wine. Our flocks are fattening upon a thousand hills, and
our lowing herds return at night to barns that arc filled with plenty.
As one of the humblest of her citizens, I say " God bless old Georgia
to-day." We are proud of her history in peace and in war. We love
her for the sacred dust that we have confided to her bosom, for the im¬
perishable memories of her past, for the glorious opportunities of her
present, and for the boundless hope and promise of her future. We
ask no higher fortune, we have dreamed of 110 greater destiny than
to be permitted to consecrate all that we are, all that we may have,
and all that we hope to be in this life to her service. Let me express
the sentiment of a great Irish lawyer and patriot, who lived and died in
this fair city : " Land of my birth where the loved sleep, folded in the
embraces of your flowers, ivould to-day it were my destiny to add to
the floodtide of your glory, as it shall be mine to share your fortunes ;
and when my few years shall tremble to tluir close 1 may sleep beneath
your soil, where the drip of April tears shall fall upon my grave, and
the sunshine of her skies shall warm Southern flowers to blossom upon
my breast."
FOR THE CITY.
The address in behalf of the city was delivered by Mayor Porter
King in the following words:
(Mayor Porter King represented the city in the opening exercises.)
Mr. President, Gentlemen of the Board of Directors of the Cotton
States and International Exposition Company, Ladies and Gentlemen;
As th; official representative of the city of Atlanta and in her name
and on her behalf, I throw wide open our gates to the assembled
multitude. I bid yoj, and those to come after you, a cordial and
hearty welcome to a progressive, healthy, clean and happy city.
Breadth of comprehension, liberality of spirit, a lack of narrowness,
and indomitable energy, pluck and determination, are the distinguish¬
ing characteristics of this people. Our city has grown to her present
splendid proportions, with all that is necessary to the happiness and
enjoyment of life, through the wisdom, the courage and the industry
of her men and the helpfulness of her glorious women. I could point to
her magnificent public buildings : our State Capitol, bearing the dis¬
tinction of having been erected within the original appropriation, and
a part of it being turned back into the treasury; the Equitable Build¬
ing, with its many stories of marble, pressed brick and tile; the
splendid storehouses occupied by our merchant princes, the numerous
hostelrics, and grand and beautiful church buildings, with their lofty
spires reaching heavenward, where congregations of all denominations
worship God according to the dictates of their own consciences. Our
public school buildings, too, are numerous and commodious, models of
convenient and tasteful arrangement. And our private homes, with
their modern houses and lovely lawns, are only less dear and attrac¬
tive than the charming people who have builded them.
We bid you come and see all these things, and share them with us.
Nay, more, we invite your attention to the lavish manner in which
nature has heaped upon us her blessings. Our elevation, more than a
thousand feet above the sea level, and our salubrious climate are
direct gifts of nature's God. They insure to us health and the
absence of the enervation of a torrid summer and the dread of a
frozen winter. All the trees of the forest, all the grasses of the field,
all the crops and the fruits needful for man and beast, grow in this
favored clime. You have only to walk upon our streets to witness the
splendid paving, taken from the mountain of granite that is planted
but little beyond the confines of our city limits.
Welcome ! Thrice welcome ! to all these blessings ! Share them
with us during your stay, and make such stay as long as you can.
We remember that you, too, have cities and homes that are dear to
yourselves, and an unworthy people you would be if your own hearts
did not beat a little faster and there was not a flutter of loving excite¬
ment when your own dear homes are called to mind. For the time,
make our city and our homes your own, love them as nearly like your
own as you can ; and, believe me, we welcome you with a sincere and
hearty greeting.
The occasion of this gathering is one that will prove memorable in
the annals of the country. It is the second largest exposition ever
given in America, and certainly the largest ever seen in the South.
Our people are a brave and a courageous people, and of this sufficient
demonstration is given in the outcome of this day. It took bravery
and courage to enter upon the enterprise of an International Exposi¬
tion when the whole Union was suffering from the throes of financial
depression such as have been but seldom experienced, and these were
the qualities which animated Atlantians when they came together to
inaugurate this movement. The first meeting was a success, the
leaven took, the spirit spread ; first a few, then more, then the city,
then the State, and then the National Government loaned their aidand
encouragement, until large and ample proportions were assured; and
we now have with us our friends and brethren from all climes and
countries.
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
101
It is the hope and purpose of Atlanta, by this Exposition, to show
to the world what manner of city she is, with her cosmopolitan popula¬
tion of one hundred and ten thousand souls; to demonstrate her
breadth, her liberality, her thrift, her morality and her good-will; and
to learn more of the good traits and characteristics of the other cities and
countries in the world. She knows there is commingled good and evil in
all human institutions, and, by a closer contact, she expects to learn
more of the good. She desires to cultivate a feeling of friendship and
brotherly interest with all the counties, cities, states, and nations which
have generously taken part in this Exposition. And while she expects
a benefit by the establishment of new ties, friendships and relation¬
ships, she is not so selfish as to expect or desire that these benefits shall
be solely her own. The bringing of the people together from their
widely-scattered homes, with their diversity of products, customs and
interests, can but benefit all. If any should see here aught of the
beauty or attractiveness we know so well and become induced to make
it their home, such would be Atlanta's peculiar gain.
She is not unmindful of the great progress she made after her Cotton
Exposition in 1881, the first time in the world's history that the possi¬
bilities of the growth and manufacture of this great Southern staple
were made known. She remembers, too, that she is not only the
centre of a great producing section, but as well of a manufacturing
people, and she would encourage and stimulate manufacture in every
possible way. The worthiest tribute to this as a place suitable for
manufacture is that two of her largest cotton mills have, within the
year, doubled their capacity ; and, if home plants are thus enlarging
their business from their earnings, we believe others will come when
they see and know these facts for themselves.
While material prosperity is greatly desired, and while Atlanta ex¬
pects to continue near the front in the advance progress of the cities of
the world, she knows that there are ends above and beyond piles of
brick and mortar, and more to be sought after than the riches of a
Croesus. She believes in the mental and moral elevation of her people,
and encourages every agency having this object in view. She again
bids you come and welcome, and pledges herself to join with you in the
promotion of all elevating, refining and ennobling undertakings. For
well she knows
The immortal mind, superior to his fate,
Amid the outrage of external things,
Firm as the solid base of this great world,
Rests on his own foundation. Blow ye winds !
Ye waves, ye thunders, roll your tempests on !
Shake, ye old pillars of the marble sky
Till all its orbs and all its worlds of fire
Be loosen'd from their seats; yet, still serene,
The unconquer'd mind looks down upon the wreck;
And ever stronger as the storms advance,
Firm through the closing ruin holds his way,
Where Nature calls him to the destin'd goal.
JUDQE EMORY SPEER'S ORATION.
The oration of the day was delivered by Hon. Emory Speer,
Judge of the United States Court for the Southern District of
Georgia. A contemporary and a classmate of Henry Grady, Judge
Speer had distinguished himself at the bar and in Congress while
Grady was winning laurels in another field. Both had grown to
maturity in the classic atmosphere of the old town of Athens, the
principal seat of learning in Georgia. Widely different in ex¬
perience and in the fashion of their minds, both preserve in their
maturity the same flavor of Attic salt, the same literary tastes
which they learned to cultivate in their youth; and even as they
advanced to middle life, and their public utterances show the
broader views of experience and the wholesome influence of
maturer learning, the poetic spirit common to the genius of both
had not waxed dim nor its natural force abated. There is an im¬
pression common to a certain order of indolent genius, that the
fires of nature are quenched by too copious draughts from the
springs of wisdom, and that the mind grows poorer by reason of a
generous diet, or loses originality by constant association with the
genius of all ages. Strange as it may appear, this idea is quite
common, especially among certain lesser latter-day lights, who con¬
stantly pour out upon the public great sluices of their own original
minds, absolutely pure and uncontaminated by any classic alloy.
Originality is everything with them, and they fancy that it is best
conceived when the mind is empty and free from the influence of
example. It seems not to have occurred to them that the flames
of genius never leap upon the altar until sacrificial toil has laid in
order upon it the materials for combustion.
If the grotesque theory of indolence did not refute itself, it would
be shamed by the utterances of the two men we were thinking
about. All their speeches were saturated with the fructifying
moisture of the classics, and all show a sturdy and wholesome in¬
dependence of thought. A fine example of this is Judge Speer's
oration, here given in its entirety.
This is, indeed, a happy day for our country. Cold and dull must
be the nature of that man who is insensible to these convincing proofs
gathered that the world may see the advancement of our people on all
the paths trending toward a more perfect civilization. The spectacle
is, indeed, auspicious. The astounding manifestations of the energy of
modern nations exalt while they amaze the understanding. They ele¬
vate and enrich the imagination, and yet it is impossible for that lively
faculty to conceive the complete reality of the wondrous and imperial
display. Such is the ennobling panorama this exhibition of the possi¬
bilities of the young and potent nation will place before the sentient
and observant mind, inconceivably significant of mightful national life,
and weighty beyond estimation in its lessons of patriotic duty to the
people to whom, according to their several ability, as in the parable of
the talents, these potentialities for the advancement of mind have been
entrusted by the Master.
Possible Only to This People.
The substantial magnificence and beneficent humaneness of this vast
undertaking was possible only to the resolution and activities of a free
people. An autocrat might rear these magic structures and might
gather this vast assembly. An arctic island on the borders of Finland,
in summer a heap of mud, in winter a frozen marsh, accessible only by
pathless forests and deep morasses, within a year was filled with a popu¬
lation of 300,000 men, whom the Czar Peter had forcibly assembled to
establish a new capital. These he brought from the vast plains of
central Russia, the sandy deserts of Astrakhan, the fertile meadows
along the Don and the bleak promontories which project into the
Caspian. Wharves, harbors, streets, palaces and fortresses were created
at the will of the despot, as if he possessed the necromantic lamp of
the Arabian story. Said Voltaire: "The whole was a force upon
nature. Neither the inundation which razed his works, nor the sterility
of the soil, nor the ignorance of the workmen, nor even the mortality
which carried off about 200,000 men in the beginning of the under¬
taking, could divert him from his firm resolution." Thus the material
victories of autocracy have been won, without regard to the agony in¬
flicted upon its subjects. Thus St. Petersburg was completed. But
that stately abode of bureaucracy and despotism is not more beneficent
to the people whose simple ancestors died under the knout for its con-
102
OFFICIAL
HIS TOR Y
struction than one of those fantastical palaces of ice which annually
glitter on the wintry banks of the Neva.
Creations of Free People.
Not so with creations such as this of a free people. They are en¬
livened by the benevolence of great and generous men. They arc
encouraged by the fostciing hand of sympathetic popular government.
They are symptoms of vigorous national life. They are attended with
warm demonstrations of concern by a people unpracticcd in the arts of
dissimulation. Whether the sagacious people of the British Isles
provide and perpetuate the lucent glories of the Crystal Palace; or the
brilliant Frenchmen, while the soil of the republic is yet scarred with
hoof-marks of the Prussian Uhlans, by gigantic expositions demon¬
strate their unimpaired power; or grateful America lavishes her own
bounty, and becomes trustee for a willing tribute from mankind in
reverence for that sailor philosopher, whose genius and constancy
discovered half the habitable globe ; or these typical Georgians conse¬
crate their disinterested lives to demonstrate to all men the strength of
Southern character and the plenitude of Southern resources and the
adaptability of our country as a home for unimagined millions of
prosperous and happy people - in any event, it is a creation of the
people's prophetic intelligence of their resplendent public virtue,
nourished into generous activity by the kindly hand of popular, con¬
stitutional government.
The Inspiring Purpose.
Here the liberal and inspiring purpose is the advancement of our
country. It kindles the imagination of the projector when the bright
conception dawns upon his teeming fancy. It reminds the capitalist
that economy in its broadest sense is a distributive virtue. With free
hand then he makes his wealth a willing servant of public honor. It
animates the genius of the architect, and his airy fancies become a
thing of beauty and joy forever. It gives precision to the trained eye,
and power to the nervous arms of the artificers. It musically rings in
the trowels of the masons. It crackles like rifle fire in the hammers
of the carpenters. Every detonation of the blast which swiftly sinks
the foundations of the great buildings to the bed rock sweeping down
from the mountains in a salvo of triumph to the civilization of a great
people. Over the fair and mighty structures streams the ensign of
a nation's hope and a nation's honor. Beautiful flag of the republic !
All the fairest conceptions of government, of social order, of human
accomplishment—all that promotes the perfectibility of man are
typified by thee. Law and progress are thy color guard. Their re¬
viving and assuring presence is borne on every zephyr that woos the
mountain and tempers the vale, and brings life and strength to the
increasing millions to whom thou art an inspiration and a joy. But
not to them alone.
Treasures of Other Lands.
" Humanity with all its fears
With all its hopes for future years,
Are all with thee, are all with thee."
Here o'er the mountain waves of the ocean have been brought the
treasures of other lands. From the Gulf of Mexico to the Straits of
Magellan our sister republics proudly come, bringing with willing
hands of the bounty the God of nature has bestowed upon them.
Comes the Argentine Republic, her territory greater than all central
and western Europe, stretching from the Atlantic to the summits of the
Andes which guide the mariner who sails the distant Pacific, in latitude
exceeding our own, whose beautiful city is the Paris of South America,
and whose gallant people have twice captured invading British armies
larger than those surrendered by Burgoync at Saratoga and Corn-
wallis at Yorktown.
Venezuela comes. If she has not captured armies, has she not
captured one more terrible than "an army with banners?" From
the llanos of the Orinoco, where the coffee and the cocoa are shaded
by the scarlet erythrinas, making a scene of brilliant beauty as en¬
trancing as the garden of the Hesperides, she brings her rich and
varied products. The average yield of her gold mines, $3,700,000 per
annum, has excited cupidity, but the integrity of her soil is the anxious
concern of every American patriot.
And Costa Kica, extending from Nicaragua, which holds the keys
of the commerce of the world, to the undulating savannas of Panama,
from her gigantic forests may bring Brazil wood, india-rubber,
mahogany and ebony. There may be found all the fruits of the
tropical and temperate climes growing in luxuriant profusion. There
the srow-clad peaks of Iraza, Turrialva and Pico Blanco may reflect
the tropical sun upon a flora comprehending every growth, from
the shrinking Alpine violet to the gorgeous splendor of mighty
forests, gay with birds of brilliant plumage, rich with priceless
products and gently stirred by the odor-laden breezes of the Pacific
ocean and the Caribbean sea.
Salvador, the smallest but most densely peopled of the republics of
Central America, contributes her interesting quota.
Gallant Hexico's Part.
And what shall we say of our gallant neighbor, the Republic of
Mexico, who in the same century overwhelmed the armies of Spain
and the imperial forces of Napoleon III. Indeed, hers was a marvel¬
ous civilization when Cortcz landed on her shores, and to-day thousands
of the original Aztec type may be seen among her people. Her admin¬
istration is conducted in her beautiful capital, 7,500 feet above the level
of the sea, hard by where the storied lakes Tezcuco and Cnalco mirror
on their sparkling water the surrounding mountains. Rich in all the
precious metals, and richest of any in argentiferous products^ in recent
times over half the silver of the world has been supplied by Mexico.
Up to 1880 she had afforded to the world $2,990,000,000 o( silver and
$120,000,000 of gold. Her supply of copper and iron is simply inex¬
haustible. Cerro de Marcado is an entire mountain of magnetic iron.
Coal, marble, gypsum and alabaster are plentiful. Her territory
stretches across seventeen parallels of latitude. Her virgin forests
abound in every variety of rare and precious woods. They afford 114
species of trees and cabinet woods ; seventeen kinds of oil-bearing
plants and more than sixty medical plants are among her products.
She is rich in maize, wheat, tobacco, cocoa and coffee. It is not uncom¬
mon for her haciendas to rear twenty or thirty thousand head of oxen.
Sixty million pounds of sugar are produced in the State of Morellos
alone, and the product of her pearl fisheries in the Gulf of California
rivals the fabled pearls of Ceylon. The noble cathedral in the City of
Mexico is the largest church in America. The floating gardens of
Chalco and Xomilcho bring the choicest fruits and flowers to the
markets of the capital. Bound to us by great railroads, and even more
closely by the magic wires of the telegraph, we welcome, thrice welcome,
the proud sons of the land of the Montezumas.
Queen of the Antilles.
But there is one whom we would gladly welcome, and who is not here
—beautiful island of Cuba, queen of the Antilles. The dim religious
light of her hoary cathedral falls softly o'er the sacred ashes ot the
discoverer. Rich and rare in all her products, in coffee, sugar and
tobacco, in the pineapple, orange, banana, the mahogany, ebony and
palm. Her coast line is indented with harbors. The altitude of her
plateaus and mountains tempers with delicious coolness the soft breezes
of the tropics, and she has ever been and is now endued with the
abounding sympathy of the people of this land of freedom. May I not
now paraphrase the language of Daniel Webster, spoken in the House
of Representatives of the brave Greeks when they were driving the
unspeakable Turk from that land "where the mountains look on Mara¬
thon and Marathon looks on the sea " : "I will not say, sir, that they
will succeed—that rests with heaven—but for myself, if I should hear
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
103
to-morrow that their last phalanx had sunk beneath the Spanish sword,
their last city had gone down into ashes and that naught remained but
the wide melancholy waste where Cuba once was, I should reflect with
the most heartfelt satisfaction that I have asked in the name of seventy
million of free men that you would give them at least the cheering of
one friendly voice."
Our Sister Republics.
These are our sister republics. They have imitated the example
our forefathers gave. The great powers of Europe, and some not so
great, have parceled out the continent of Africa. It is nearly all within
the sphere of influence, as it is called, of one or the other of the Euro¬
pean nations. Almost the whole ol Asia is under European control.
Even now certain great powers threaten to divide the empire of China,
and to assail the insular kingdom of Japan, the genius of whose
brilliant and heroic people has placed them in the first rank of the
forces of civilization, ft is the plain duty of our own nation to see
to it that the " sphere of influence " of European nations shall not
further extend to any foot of the soil of that continent discovered
by Columbus. We owe it to the traditions of our glorious past,
as well as to the peoples who from us have caught the inspi¬
ration of popular government. We owe it to the countless
millions of self-respecting and freedom-loving people who are to
inherit America when we are gatherea to our fathers. "America
for Americans " should be the animating principle of every admin¬
istration which wields from Washington the moral power of the
Ameiican people. Nor should we for this reason withhold the due
meed of honor and admiration to those great European powers which
in their own way and on their own soil are contributing to the advance¬
ment of mankind. To the Spanish crown we owe the discovery of
America. Side by side the Light Infantry under Hamilton, the Corps
dc Elite of the French army swarmed over the palisades at Yorktown.
The great Frederick, the last of the great kings, refused passage
through Prussian territory to the Hessian mercenaries hired to subju¬
gate our fathers and devastate our land.
The Triumphs of Italy.
Of Italy it may be said that her sons have surpassed any other peo¬
ple in many departments of human endeavor. In sculpture and arch¬
itecture one may point to Michael Angelo; in painting to Titian,
Correggio and Raphael; in statecraft to Machiavelh, to Cavour and
Mazzini; in generalship to Napoleon and Massena ; in poetry to Tasso
and Dante; in discovery to Columbus. Nor should America encour¬
age any feeling save that of amity and pride for England, after Amer¬
ica the strongest friend of civil and religious liberty on earth—land of
old and great renown, where freedom broadens slowly down from prec¬
edent to precedent.
It is well to meet at this great Exposition the people of these and
other lands. In the French exposition of 1849 it was held by the min¬
ister of commerce inadmissible and injurious to admit the products of
other nations. No policy could be more short-sighted. It is exclusive-
ness in her own and ignorance of other lands that has reduced China
to the degrading position she now holds. International expositions are
amongst the most beneficent means for the advancement of the people.
Society in this has its accounting. It takes stock of its assets. A na¬
tion like a business house must know how it stands. It must make its
exhibition to the world. When the solvency of Jay Gould was ques¬
tioned by the magnates of Wall street he called them into his business
office and spread before them the millions of value in his securities.
There is an old adage that "seeing is believing," and the exposition
appeals directly to the sense of sight. It constitutes a compendium of
the accomplishments of a people It focuses the intelligences ol ob¬
servant men until the truth of a nation's power is not only made clear
to all present, but through the cumulative testimony of the witnesses
becomes unquestioned by all the world. The exposition is to the stu¬
dent of manufactures and the practical arts what the luminous and elo¬
quent commentaries of Blackstone are to the student cf law. It was
remarked by the celebrated James Otis, when he received a copy of that
work, that if he had possessed it when beginning his studies ic would
have saved him seven years of arduous labor. It is most judicious to profit
by a close contemplation of the works of others. The German emperor
at Kiel turned away from the festivities incident to the opening of his
canal to go aboard our own splendid ship, the New York. This he
did, not only to enjoy the artistic hospitalities of that fine officer,
" Fighting Bob," but for the benefit of the imperial navy, to examine
from main truck to stoke hole every feature of our gallant cruiser,
"which walks the waters like a thing of life." So, too, Herreshoff
and Watson, the builders of the Defender and the Valkyrie, stood four
mortal hours in the broiling sun of the Erie basin, when the rival
yachts were docked, neither bestowing a glance upon his own creation,
but scrutinizing the work of the other. No doubt they wished their
eyes "were what Sam Weller called "patent double million magnifyin'
gas microscopes of hextra power."
The Educative Advantages.
Besides, who can doubt the educative effect of such proofs of human
advancement as this Exposition. A lad can walk through these halls
and acquire knowledge of which Sir Isaac Newton or Sir Francis
Bacon were ignorant. He may behold dainty products of all lands for
which Lucullus might have sighed in vain. He may watch the noise¬
less operations of engines a Watt or Stephenson could not even con¬
ceive ; models of ships which would have been deemed impossible by
Nelson, or Rodney, by Bainbridge or Decatur; arms and munitions
of war the mention of which Marlborough or Frederick, Wellington
or Napoleon would have pronounced the dreams of a madman.
" Homekeeping youths," said Shakespeare, " have ever homely wits."
The powers of the brain are like the fire in the flint. A collision with
bright steel of other minds is essential to evoke the sacred spark.
This Exposition, carefully studied, will be a liberal education for thou¬
sands who attend it. To be attained, knowledge must be sought, and
what joy it imparts ! What matters to the ignorant man the clear
and lucent glories of the dawn, the zephyrs which attend it, and
scatter incense to delighted nature ! What the mysterious dome of
heaven inlaid with patines of pure gold: what the rolling billows of the
deep and dark blue ocean ; what the. mighty grandeur of the storm,
the life-giving breeze, the green fields, the placid intelligence of
domestic animals.
" A primrose by a river's brim
A yellow primrose is to him,
And it is nothing more."
But to him whose mind is stored with knowledge every suggestion
of nature brings its joy and fills his heart with images of indescribable
beauty and ineffable charms.
But the utility of this Exposition to our State and our section is
especially significant, and especially opportune. The prophecy of the
generous Bishop Berkeley, the friend and associate of Oglethorpe, has
been completed :
" Westward the course of empire takes its way,
The four first acts already past ;
The fifth shall close the drama with the day—
Time's noblest offspring is the last."
The West's Civilization.
The young and strong civilization of the West has reached and
appropriated the golden shores of the Pacific. It found a foothold
along the Atlantic, from the bleak and icy rocks of Labrador to where
the tepid waves of the tropics break over the fantastic coral and
the gleaming sands of the Florida Keys. It thronged the mountain
passes which divide the Atlantic slope from the great valley of the Mis¬
sissippi. It appropriated the alluvial plains and mighty forests of that
o-arden of the continent. Across the Father of Waters it pursued its
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
way, toiled up the tilt of the continent to serrated summits of the
mountains which arc the ridge pole of America, and thence downward
to the golden strand of the Occident. It assimilated all the healthy
blood that came. But the old Anglo-Saxon stock has ever predomi¬
nated. The advancing nave was fringed with the fierce wildness of
the frontier. Westward has been the inspiration of our history, and
since the westward shore is reached, the tide of strong and resourceful
men, "strong-backed, brown-handed, upright as the pines," must
pour backward through many channels to the fruitful and opulent land
which in their westward progress they had passed with but a glance.
There were grave reasons which diverted this army of civilization from
the soil of the Southern States. Slavery was here, and the toiling masses
from other lands could not, or would not, compete with the slaves. Hut
wdren slavery had been abolished, the obstacles to healthful immigration
were scarcely less insurmountable. What was termed the negro " prob¬
lem "--that is the doubt entertained by multitudes as to the effect of the
presence of the negro upon the life and advancement of the Southern
people—was ever present. There was newer the slightest danger of
continued negro control in the local affairs of a Southern State. Those
who apprehended it had done well to consider that of all the Ameri¬
can Union, the Southern people present the largest percentage of
the old Anglo-Saxon stock. Of the white men of Georgia perhaps
90 per cent, are descended from men who were patriots either actively
or in sympathy with the American Revolution. Even now there is but
per cent, of foreign blood in the population of this State. They
had done well to consider the imperious and commanding nature of the
Anglo-Saxon race. They might have reflected that the twelve prov¬
inces of India, with one hundred and fifty feudatory States, an empire
of one and a half million of square miles, and peopled with two hundred
and forty millions of dark-skinned men, are under the absolute control
of men of our race who inhabit a little island on the other side of the
world. And yet the people of the British India had an ancient and
famous history when the Roman legionaries first landed on the savage
shores of Britain. They were overcome by a handful of men of our
race, and are wisely directed on all the paths of modern progress by
the English Government as readily as it controls a parish in Yorkshire
or Kent.
The Anglo-Saxon as a race has never mingled its blood with a darker
people. From the Penobscot to the Altamaha, the white men landed
on the eastern coast of the continent. Everywhere they found numer¬
ous and often powerful Indian tribes. For two or three centuries their
increasing numbers lived in almost constant intercourse with the
aboriginal inhabitants of America. These are gone. They have left
everywhere the monuments of their existence here. Their memory
will last as long as Yonah and Currahee shall redden with the " rosy
blush of incense breathing morn," or catch the purple shadows as the
setting sun irradiates the heavens with the splendor of his evening
smile. Their names are on our rivers and we cannot blot them out.
The Chattahoochee as it glances "down Irom the hills of Habersham
and out of the valleys of Hull," the Tugalo, the Turora, as they
swiftly flow to join the brimming Savannah, the Hiawassce and the
Toccoa, as they bear the crystal waters of Georgia mountains to the
rolling volume of the Tennessee, the Throneteeska, as it pours its
turbid current to the gulf, suggest legends of mighty tribes, whose
heritage was Georgia's soil. But not a drop of the Indian's blood
flows in veins of the white men who succeeded him.
Race Question a Myth.
I here declare that the so-called " race question " does not exist.
The Indian was a nomad. The negro has the strongest local
attachment, and will remain but as a race unto himself. Nor do 1
mean to suggest that force or violence in any form will be essential
for white control of the local affairs of these States. The represen¬
tative people of this State, and 1 believe of the South, will never
tolerate such a demoralizing and cruel policy. It would recoil on
them and their children, even unto the third and fourth generation.
The same influences which affect men elsewhere will ever prevent the
solidarity of the negro vote here. Every intelligent Southern man
understands this, and a Northern man who comes here soon ascer¬
tains the fact for himself. This is a fortunate fact for the negro and
for the country. Our theory of government does not contemplate
voting on color or other class line.
There are millions of colored people who live and who will live
among many more millions of white people. Why shall any one
forge a race issue ? Honest and decent men will accord to the negro
that just measure of favor as a member of society the laws afford him,
and which his conduct deserves, and the long processes of time will
determine whether his presence is a benefit or injury to himself and
to the land to which he is now as warmly attached as his white neigh¬
bors ? No process of reasoning, no fertility of conjecture, no empi¬
rical legislation will afford another solution of the so-called question.
Why agitate it then ? Its unnecessary discussion, as I have already said,
has withheld from die resources of these States the developing hand
of the industrious white man, whether farmer or artisan who, earning
a bare support elsewhere, could, in this genial clime, win an abun¬
dance of which he never dreamed. It is more cruel to the negro than
it is detrimental to the white men, for the prejudice it awakens causes
the idle, ignorant and lawless to become his suspicious enemies. It
is, indeed, a source of alarm to those industrious and respectable
negroes whose intelligent labor and self-denying habits have supported
their families, educated their children and added millions annually to
the taxable values of these States. The true policy of our people is
to ignore the question and drench with vitriolic contempt the narrow,
intense, infinitesimal creatures who forge the issue and disturb the
good feeling between the races to advance their political ends.
There is one thing since his emancipation the South has ever guar¬
anteed to the negro, that is, no matter what his trade or occupation,
the privilege of earning his living. It is a common spectacle upon
structures of every character to behold numbers of white and negro
mechanics working side by side. I have regretted to learn that this is
not true in the Northern States. I was informed by the president of a
Technological school from Philadelphia, a man of great intelligence
and great benevolence, that they yearly turned out numbers of colored
youths trained, skilled in the trades they had mastered, but that if one
of these men should be employed as a skilled laborer upon any work
every member of die trade union would quietly gather up his tools and
quit the job. No such feeling has entered here. The opportunity for
technical education is the greatest benefaction his friends can bestow-
on the negro. The skill of the graduate of an industrial school is his
capital. He has been taught to appreciate the dignity of labor. He is
not striving for the unattainable. He is a useful citizen from the start.
He begins his lifework on a solid basis. How incomparably superior
is his condition to that of one of his race who is trained for a profession
where he must depend upon the patronage and slender means of his own
people, or of one who has merely acquired a fatal lacilitv of speech. If it
be said that the argument would restrict the genius of the Afro-American
orator (though why " Afro" I do not know), let him bear in mind that
it took 300 years for the white people of America to bring forth such
orators as James Otis, Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry. A poor man
should make sure the means of a livelihood before he attempts excur¬
sions in the domain of art. Let him remember the epigrammatic lan¬
guage of our sagacious president, " It is a condition and not a theory
that confronts us," and the certain comforts of a good home and an
ample support are worth more to him than all the orations since Demos¬
thenes thundered in Athens or Cicero charmed the crowds of the Roman
forum.
There's No Better Country.
The truth is, after making due allowance for our disadvantages, the
world should aw aken to the fact that no other land lighted by the sun
in its diurnal progress around the world affords such attractions as a
home for men with lives before them as do these Southern States of
the Union. It is demonstrable beyond question. Here the observant
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
traveler will see on one farm the luxuriant beauty of our royal staple,
the dark, rich green of the Indian corn, the golden glory of the ripen¬
ing grain of every kind, the sweet yams, Irish potatoes, peas, hay,
ground-peas, sorghum, watermelons, apples, pears, figs, pomegranates,
grapes, plums and other crops and fruits all grown in perfection in the
same soil. Of late years the Georgia peach, for its flavor and its
beauty, commands the market. Georgia is especially fitted for small
farms. In the mountain county of Habersham, where is my summer
home, there are a number of Swiss and Germans. They were very
poor when, a few years ago, they purchased small holdings of land on
what was known to be a barren ridge. They planted the grape, and
while many of them were in danger of starvation until their vines
became productive, I do not know now anywhere a more thrifty rural
community. The income from wine and grapes of a man who, with
his wife, does the whole work of the vineyard and the farm, his plow
beast an ox without the pride of ancestry, is annually from $1,500 to
$2,000 net. These industrious people are all living in great comfort.
These are object lessons which might be gathered from every county
of what may be accomplished in this genial clime under circumstances
the most unfavorable. At this moment the rivers of Georgia flow
idly over admirable locations for water powers which would turn the
spindles of the world. The mountains of north and the swamps of
south Georgia are luxuriant with a great variety of rare and beautiful
hard wood. The Georgia pine is famous throughout the world. There
is scarcely a farm in the State which has not a copious water supply,
even for the hottest season of the year. The authoritative figures of
the cotton exchanges and other business associations bear out and
sustain all I have said with regard to the productiveness of the South.
Texas is the first and Georgia the second as cotton States. In 1893-4
Georgia produced 1,125,000 bales, Texas and the Indian Territory
2,059,000 bales. The total crop of that year was 7,550,000 bales,
and it will be remenbered that in 1818 the entire crop of this country
was but 200,000 bales. But while the production of cotton has
wonderfully increased, its consumption has increased proportionately.
In 1893-4 the total consumption for the United States was 2,319,388
bales, of which consumption 718,515 bales were taken by the spinners
of the South, and in the consumption by Southern factories Georgia
is only surpassed by North and South Carolina. The consumption of
cotton throughout the world has doubled since the year 1870. The
average annual increase in consumption is 245,000 bales of 400 pounds
each. Of all the cotton grown in the world, the United States pro¬
duces 72-10 per cent. It should ever be borne in mind that cotton is
a quick money crop. It is incomparably the chief article of export
from this country. It was the foundation of our national credit and
enabled us to redeem our national debt after the civil war. American
cotton is held in higher esteem than any grown elsewhere, and it may
be marketed at less cost. I have not spoken of that beautiful grade
of cotton known as sea island, which is grown in South Carolina and
on the coast of and more latterly, with great results, in many of the inland
counties of Georgia. Indeed, the chief sea island cotton market of the
world is the beautiful and thriving city of Valdosta in southern
Georgia, 150 miles from the sea.
Some Statistics.
But a shipload of cotton goods is infinitely more valuable than a
shipload of raw cotton, and the cotton manufacturers of the South
are increasing rapidly. Some of the largest cotton mills in the East¬
ern States are moving their plants to the Southern States. Successful
mill companies in Georgia and Alabama and the Carolinas are now
spending $28,000,000 in increasing their equipment and building new
mills. In 1880 the South had 180 mills, with 660 spindles and 14,300
looms. A careful compilation in 1894 shows 405 mills, 2,700,000 spin¬
dles and 62,000 looms, with $97,000,000 of capital invested. These
figures we:e made in March of this year by Mr. John C. Latham, of
the New York Cotton Exchange, who, I believe, is an acknowledged
authority. I read in the New York Herald of the 8th of this month
a statement from that valuable publication, the Manufacturers' Rec¬
ord, of Baltimore, that during the past three months there have been
projected in the South seventy-seven new cotton mills, with 300,000
spindles—a greater number than were ever projected during a similar
period. Most of them are under construction or are contracted for.
The Herald concludes: "It is no longer doubtful that the South is
destined to become the leading manufacturer as well as grower of the
great staple. The rapid extension of the textile interests of the South
and the phenomenal activity prevailing in iron and coal matters,
coupled with the increasing demand for farm lands for settlement by
Western people, is bringing about an unusually healthy condition
throughout this entire section." I once heard that distinguished
New Yorker, the Hon. Abram S. Hewitt, an expert on the subject,
declare that iron could be made cheaper in Alabama than in any other
iron producing country.
Our great lines of railroads are now in the hands of men who have
something to lose, and not everything to gain. They know that the
safety and profits of the hundreds of millions they represent depend on
the broad and even development of our country, and in sympathy
with this purpose our people will accord them their ungrudging sup¬
port.
The truth is, the South is beginning to think more of its interests
and less of its rights. We have more earnest workers and fewer grand¬
stand performers. The most important fact of all is that our people
have at length learned the inexorable necessity of raising their own
food crops. This was always easy. An immense acreage in cotton
had a delusive charm which for years they could not resist. They
bought their corn and meat, and when the cotton crop was sold and
the cost of production paid, no profit remained to the farmer. This
is no longer true.
New Industries Here.
The great packing houses like that of Armour have commenced to
order meat from Georgia farmers. The estimate furnished me a day
or two ago by the largest commission house in Central Georgia states
that since 1891 the sale of corn from other States has decreased 71 per
cent, and meat 85 per cent. The estimate is taken from the books
and railroad delivery records of the house. These figures are most
significant and demonstrate that our people almost entirely depend
for support upon their own farms, and yet the trade of the cities has
largely increased. The mayor of Columbus wired me on the nth
instant that the jobbing trade of that city had increased 500 per cent
in ten years, and is now $4,000,000. This does not include the man¬
ufacturing trade. The retail trade has doubled in ten years. The
secretary of the board of trade of Macon informs me that the com¬
merce of that city has increased 50 per cent., and Augusta, the second
largest interior cotton market in the world, Memphis being the first,
has increased its trade 25 per cent. In 1883-4 it received 131,400
bales of cotton, in 1894-5 211,951 bales. Its cotton factories have in¬
creased from four to nine, and the capital invested from $2,200,000 to
$4,000,000. Savannah, the second largest cotton and first naval stores
market in the world, shows the following surprising figures: In 1872
Savannah's commerce by water was $72,358,000, and in 1892 over
$150,000,000, an increase of more than 100 per cent. And what shall
we say of this glorious city, the finest type of Southern progress ?
Such an one the Master must have had in mind when he exclaimed:
" Ye are the light of the world. A city that is set on a hill cannot be
hid." I might enlarge on the inspiration its sturdy people gather from
its bracing clime, their indefatigable industry, their broad and liberal
talents, the cordial welcome they give the stranger within their gates,
the exemplar of municipal activity and municipal virtue it affords. It
is American to the core. Its every expiration is a hurrah. Within
the structure of the majestic church of St. Paul's in London there is
a simple inscription in honor of an architect, Christopher Wrenn, who
is there sleeping—" Si monumentum requiris, circumspice." " If you
would behold his monument, look around you." This was an inscrip-
io6
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
tion to the mighty dead. It is equally appropriate to the mighty living.
If you would behold the monuments of this proud Georgia city, the
pride of the State, look around you.
A Great Climate.
While our winters are bracing and invigorating, our streams are
never frozen. The death-rate throughout the entire State is fifteen and
a fraction to a thousand, and among the white people even less.
Moreover, the people of Georgia respect and enforce the laws. 1
have had the opportunity to know the truth. 1 say, with absolute
sincerity, what I have repeatedly asserted elsewhere, that I never
knew a failure of justice in a Government case, or in a suit by or
against a non-resident, because of the failure of duty on the part of the
jury. The jurors, composed as they are from the best class of South¬
ern manhood, have invariably done their duty, regardless of every con¬
sideration save the evidence and the law. Of course there have been
seasons of great political excitement, when even good men lose the
tolerance and mental equipoise which characterizes the majority of our
people, but in this respect there has been great improvement. When
in the annals of time was there ever heretofore presented the spectacle
we daily see where men, who but a few years ago exerted their energy
of mind and body to disrupt and destroy the Government, who were
defeated, and not only find their effort condoned, and themselves
restored to all the rights of citizenship, but actually for nearly a quarter
of a century are entrusted with the duties of governing. Representa¬
tives and Senators, members of the Cabinet, justices of the Supreme
Court, judges of the Circuit and District Courts—in fact, offices of
every class of trust and responsibility connected with the Government
have been confidently and wisely entrusted by the nation to Southern
men who were Confederate soldiers. If there is any parallel in the
history of the world for this trustful magnanimity, it has wholly escaped
my attention. Such conditions would only be possible to the gen¬
erosity of a Government responsive to the hearts of a noble people.
Our Government has lavished upon Southern harbors and Southern
public buildings millions of the people's money. We may see hard by
its noble contribution to this Exposition. It has come swiftly to our
aid when pestilence threatened our borders. It has afforded the most
graceful recognition to the undoubted loyalty of the Southern people.
Of those gallant vessels, which proudly bear the stars and stripes on
the waters of every ocean, the Montgomery, the Raleigh, the Atlanta,
are sister ships with the Minneapolis, the Cincinnati and the New York.
Our Fighting Strength.
Our Southern people know and appreciate these facts, and let no
military staff of other nations, when it is taking into account the military
power of this American Union, fail to estimate the full fighting strength
of the men who wore the gray and the sons of their blood. When on
a memorable occasion, not long ago, the President of the United States
proclaimed that he would reply to an insult to the American flag with
the guns of the American fleet, they who cheered him until the pictured
ceiling of the Capitol quivered with their plaudits were men who had
worn the gray and rallied to the battle-riven banners of the Confederacy.
Sir, when the time shall come, and come it must, when America will
need the help of all her sons, the men who wore the gray and their
sons will bj no laggards then. With fiery swiftness of Jackson's corps
as it swept through the woods at Chancellorsville, with the cool courage
and deadly aim with which they held the slopes at Kennesaw, with the
constancy and the heroism when starving and shivering they manned
the lines at Petersburg and with the rebel yell smiting the sulphurous
air of battle, true comrades they will bear the gorgeous ensign of our
country far into the ranks of the foe as will the Grand Army of the
Republic and the gallant youth of the North. But our mission is to
speak of the methods of peace and not of war.
We Are a Religious People.
Surprising as the statement may seem to the uninformed, people of
the South are distinctively a religious people. They are a temperate
people and are friends of temperance. They remember the Sabbath
day to keep it holy, and in the enforcement ot the law they make it
exceedingly uncomfortable to persons who have not its fear in their eyes.
The students of the Lite war will recall how many battles take their names
from the churches of a pious rural people—Shiloh, Bethel, New Hope,
Ezra, and a multitude of others. No man will long hold a representa¬
tive station in the politics of this State if he is either immoral or intem¬
perate or lawless. In the country the entire population assembles when
there is preaching at the unpretentious church, and woe be unto those
" biggity " youths who attempt to attract attention by misbehavior in
church. The next session of the grand jury will certainly present them
for disturbing a congregation of persons lawfully assembled for divine
service, and the prisoner may as well plead guilty for conviction is cer¬
tain. So, too, with keeping open a tippling house on the Sabbath—that
true American, Theodore Roosevelt, may study Georgia methods. So
with the pursuing one's ordinary avocation or running freight trains on
the Sabbath day. The church people are resolute friends of law and
order. But they arc noted for their tolerance and liberality of spirit.
Denominational bitterness is unknown. The magnetic and Rev. Sam
Jones illustrated this before a great and enthusiastic Georgia congrega¬
tion. "I hope," said he, "to see all denominations racing on the way
to salvation. I hope to see the Methodists, and the Episcopalians, and
the Catholi.s, and the Presbyterians as if on trains on parallel lines of
railroad, the sacred engineers with hands on the throttles and the sanc¬
tified firemen shoveling in coal to speed the happy passengers as the
crowded trains glance along the gleaming rails, and the dear old
Baptists, with bands playing and colors flying, with shouts of joy
and hope, coming swiftly up the river on a steamboat." Indeed,
the Georgians had early religious exemplars of the loftiest charac¬
ter. While Oglethorpe was in charge of the first colony there
came to Georgia three clergymen of the Church of England whose
names and memory are known and honored throughout the world.
Of John Wesley, the eldest and most influential of these, I may
say in the language of Macaulay : " He was a man whose elo¬
quence and logical acuteness might have made him eminent
in literature: whose genius for government was not inferior to that
of Richelieu, and who, whatever his errors might have been, devoted
all his powers m defiance of obloquy and derision to what he sincerely
considered the highest good of his species." It is computed that in
his ministry of fifty-three years he traveled 225,000 miles and preached
4,500 sermons. Nothing caused him to deviate a hair's breadth from
his prescribed course. A lady once asked him : " Mr. Wesley, sup¬
posing that you knew that you were to die at 12 o'clock to-morrow
night, how would you spend the intervening time?" '• How?
madam," he replied; "why, just as I intend to spend it now. I
should preach this evening at Gloucester, and again at 5 o'clock
to-morrow morning. After that I should ride to Tewksbury, preach
in the afternoon and meet the societies in the evening. I should then
repair to Friend Martin's house, who expects to entertain me, con¬
verse and pray with the family as usual, retire to my room at 10 o'clock,
commend myself to my heavenly Father, lie down to rest and wake
up in glory."
Pioneers of Religion.
The Rev. William Bacon Stephens, in his history of Georgia, says
that John Wesley, in tiie parish of Christ Church, Savannah, had
established a Sunday-school fifty years before Robert Raikes originated
his noble scheme of Sunday instruction in Gloucester, England, and
eighty years before the Sunday-school, on Mr. Raikes' plan, was
established in the city of New York. The little band of thirty per¬
sons who, on Sunday evening after seivice, used to meet at the rector's
house in Savannah, were the founders of the Methodist church, and
their influence has spread from age to age and nation to nation, until
the name of Wesley is now known and cherished all over the Christian
world, and the earth has been girdled by the love feast of his fol¬
lowers Of Charles Wesley, the second of this triumvirate, it may
OFFICIAL HISTORY.
be said that the lyrical power and sweetness of his hymns con¬
tributed incalculably to the great religious movement in the last
and present century. What Georgian has not felt the charm of
this lyrical rapture ? Who has ever attended an old-fashioned Georgia
camp meeting without feeling his soul stir within him, especially
at night, as the outburst of song worship rolled away in waves of
melody through the aisles of the forests, or swelled up to heaven in
thunders of triumphant adoration ? But the third, George Whitefield,
possessed a heart that kindled other souls with the fire of his own
conviction and awakened them to a higher consciousness of religion
and duty. He was a born orator, and the most successful and wonder¬
ful preacher that England or America ever saw. When shut out of
the churches of London he preached on Kensington common to
multitudes that 110 church could hold. He received in one week a
thousand letters from persons convicted by his sermons. In Lady
Huntington's chapel he was listened to with admiration by the most
noted men of his time. The elder Pitt, the terrible cornet of horse ;
David Hume, the historian ; Robert Walpole, who for so many years
controlled the policy of England, and the Earl of Chesterfield. Of
Whitefield Lord Bolingbroke said : " He is the most extraordinary
man of our times. He has the most commanding eloquence I ever
heard." It is related of him that he preached at St. Bartholomew's
fair, and the mountebanks, and Merry Andrews and the acrobats, stilt-
walkers and theatrical booths were deserted to hear Whitefield preach
the Gospel, and multitudes who seemed foredoomed to Newgate and
Tyburn were plucked as brands from the burning. The Bethesda
Orphanage, founded by him in Savannah, still exists, and his name in
the New as in the Old World
" Is as the precious odor shed
On consecrated Aaron's head."
Who can doubt that the presence in Georgia of 151,500 Methodists
and 163,000 Baptists is due to the impetus to religious thought im¬
parted by these inspired missionaries of Christ ?
The People's Trust.
We are trustees for humanity, the trust is free government, and the
beneficiaries of that trust are our fellowmen everywhere. For myself,
1 do not doubt that the American people will be worthy of their trust.
It is true that never in the past did there meet so many different races
in so broad an arena. It is true that multitudes of those who seek our
shores to better their condition have no conception of the character of
our Government, and, therefore, no devotion to the institutions of free
men, and this is one of our greatest dangers. Our responsibilities
are tremendous, but we must, in the future as in the past, see to it
that the American stock which made the country shall dominate its
institutions and direct its policy and work out its destiny on the
lines our fathers marked. The people must remove certain malig¬
nant excrescences, the growth of the last half century, which have
well nigh poisoned the whole body politic.
Municipal corruption, another evil peculiar to our country, can only
exist by the indifference and lack of public spirit of the people affected
by it. An immense proportion of the citizens of our towns are
honest, and if they were not inert bad men could never hold control.
But when good men are indifferent and inactive, when short-sighted
considerations of business or personal case control them, the worst
man in the community is usually selected to represent it in the
eyes of the world. And what a reproach to a people and to what
tyranny does it subject them. We hear much of the dangers of
organized labor, but to me when we see the appalling power of organ¬
ized capital it seems altogether just and proper that the men whose
labor is the foundation of all our prosperity shall themselves organize
that their consolidated energies may by lawful methods protect
their rights or advance their interests. So rapid has been the develop¬
ment of corporate power in modern times that the laws are wholly
inadequate to control its excesses. Indeed, that statesman who will
mark out a system of public law which will prevent the unholy
rapacity of injurious trusts, and clothe in the stripes of the felon the
wreckers of railroads, which will wisely and righteously adjifst the
difference between capital and labor and compel obedience to the ad¬
justment, will be honored in future generations like Columbus, who
discovered America, and like Washington, who saved it.
Let us afford the procedure which will enable the people to ask re¬
dress for gigantic modern abuses our fathers could not foresee, and all
will be well with the Republic. Whether it be the plaint of the widow
against a conspiracy of wreckers, who would reduce her and her chil¬
dren to pitiable beggary, or the protest of a brakeman against the
tyranny of his superior, or the piayer for relief of a taxpayer to whom
ruin is imminent from municipal corruption, or corporate greed, or the
just appeal of the corporation itself when its business and its existence
are threatened by rascally legislation or by the passion or prejudice of
the hour, in any event the law should point out the avenues of justice.
" Justice," exclaimed Sheridan, "I have now before me august and
pure. The abstract idea of all that would be perfect in the spirits and
aspirings of men where the mind rises, where the heart expands, where
the countenance is ever placid and benign ; where her favorite attitude
is to stoop to the unfortunate; to hear their cry and help them; to
CONFEDERATE RELICS HATX.
rescue and relieve, to succor and to save ; majestic from its mercy,
venerable from its utility ; uplifted without pride, firm without obdur¬
acy ; beneficent in each province; lovely though in her frown." With
this no more is needed and the Republic is safe. We have seen the
strife of our fathers with savage Indians and they prevailed. We have
seen them unite in sacred rebellion against a sullen monarch and a
tyrannical parliament. We have seen the regulars of a venal ministry
lay down their arms before the homespun soldier; of America, and the
veterans who conquered Napoleon swept down like grain before the
sickle by the devastating fire of our citizen soldiery. Division came in
our own councils, civil war ensued. We have seen the massy columns
of the Union in battle array confronting the gray lines of the Con¬
federacy.
" The thunder clouds close o'er them, which, when rent,
The earth is covered thick with other clay,
Which her own clay shall cover, heaped and bent,
Rider and horse—friend-foe—in one red burial blent ! "
Then came gentle peace, and with its sweet presence no relic of the
struggle in the tender heart of the people, save the sacred duty of keep¬
ing green the memories of our hallowed dead.
io8
OFFICIA L IIIS TOR Y.
" How sleep the brave, who sink to rest
With all their country's wishes blest !
When spring, with fingers cold,
Returns to deck their hallowed mold,
She there shall dress a sweeter sod
Than fancy's feet have ever trod.
There honor comes, a pilgrim gray,
To bless the turf that wraps their clay—
And freedom shall awhile repair
To dwell a weeping hermit there."
And if we had succeeded and destroyed the Union, what then ?
Two powerful Anglo-Saxon nations with all the hatred and resentment
resulting from separation after internecine strife could not have con¬
fronted each other across the imaginary line without frequent wars and
the most exhausting preparation for them. The resources of the people
would have been consumed by the expense of a strong military govern¬
ment. Modern forts must have bristled on every coigne of vantage on
the border, modern iron-clads and batteries of incalculable cost must
have guarded our harbors and our coasts. Steeped with suspicion and
rankling with revenge, the great American people, divided into hostile
sections like France and Germany, would have waited for the signal to
"loose the dogs of war." No other condition could have been possible
for the proud and resolute people of America. The blood-stained annals
of our race prove this to be true. Militarism here as on the continent
of Europe would have for years withdrawn the able-bodied population
from the pursuits of industry, and the charms of home, and our young
men, instead of pursuing productive occupations, would have wasted
the best years of their lives in military servitude. The sergeant and
corporal would have been substituted for the professor and the preacher.
Destructive taxation would have reduced the people of this land of com¬
fort and freedom to the level of the pauperism of Europe. Oh, my
countrymen, we should be grateful to God that He spared us the
calamities I feebly picture. How unwisely, I need not say, we marched
down into the valley and shadow of death, but He who rules the destinies
of nations was with us. His rod and His staff did comfort us, and
He has restored our souls, and is even now leading us through
green pastures and by the waters of comfort. And here and now
not before our enemies, for thank God we have none, but before the
people of the habitable globe, He spreads the table that all may come
and see and know the bounties and benefactions He has showered on
this favored people. And shall we not be worthy of His loving kind¬
ness, His care for our past and His provision for our future? Yea, we
shall say with the psalmist of old, " Surely goodness and mercy shall
follow us all the days of our lives, and we shall dwell in the house of the
Lord forever."
At the conclusion of Judge Speer's speech, President Cleveland,
who had been waiting by a telegraph instrument at Gray Gables,
touched a button and started a current which set the machinery in
motion at Atlanta. It was just 5:54 p.m. when the wheels began
to whirl, and the first bomb of the presidential salute announced
that the Chief Executive of the United States had formally opened
the Exposition.
CHAPTER XVIII.
THE PASSING SHOW.
The ninety days of the Exposition, covering fifteen weeks ani
omitting Sundays, brought a succession of events almost every
one of which would have attracted attention in ordinary times, but
events crowded on each other so fast in those three months that
only the greater ones made an impression proportionate to their
importance. Gatherings national in extent and well recognized
factors in the progress of the country came and went without
further remark than the daily record in the press. In their
respective departments of work they considered matters of import¬
ance, and some of them may have been making history, but the
great panorama of the Exposition was a passing show of immense
perspective, and one day's proceedings, unless of commanding im¬
portance, secured but a small part of the public attention, which
was directed rather to the Exposition as a whole, a great and con¬
stantly changing picture, the unity and sequence of whose parts
were not to be destroyed by too close attention to any one of
them. While this was disappointing to the conventions or
gatherings themselves, it was undoubtedly best for the public, whose
enjoyment ai.d comprehension of the Exposition in its entirety
would have been less complete and less edifying had it undertaken
to study each line and each character among the many thousands
in the constantly changing scenes of the fair. Those who have a
particular or professional interest in certain features of the pro¬
gramme will find complete and satisfactory accounts of their pro¬
ceedings in the record# of their associations, or in the daily papers
of that day, but the introduction of such detail here would destroy
the historical perspective which is indispensable to the value of this
narrative. In reading of the Exposition the general public will
be guided by the same principles of economy which were em¬
ployed in studying the fair itself, and it will be the endeavor here
to follow that course which the experience of the majority has so
clearly pointed out, varying the rule far enough to admit of a
closer study of certain facts the significance and value of which
must be appreciated both by the public and by the builders of
future expositions.
Of the ninety different daily programmes we may select for our
narrative fifteen or twenty as of especial interest, and for the rest,
must be content with the mere enumeration of the daily events. It
will facilitate this method to introduce here the full programme for
the ninety days and then take up the more important events to
show their pleasing or significant features.
EVENTS OF THE NINETY DAYS.
Wednesday, September i&th. Opening Exercises.
Thursday, September igih. Georgia Press Association. Address
by President Collier and Reception in the Woman's Building.
Friday, September 2dh. Flag Presentation to Gate City Guards.
Address by Mrs. Loulie M. Gordon, represented by Robert L.
Adamson.
Saturday, Septe7nber 21st. Blue and Gray Day.
Monday, September 23rd. Opening of the Women's Congress.
Mrs. L. M. Gordon, chairman ; Mrs. Felton, presiding.
Tuesday, September 24th. No Special Exercises.
Wednesday, September 25th. No Special Exercises.
Thursday, September ibth. Kentucky Press Association. Address
by Hon. Jack J. Spalding.
Friday, September 2-\th. No Special Exercises.
Saturday, September 28th. No Special Exercises.
Monday, September 30th. Opening Exercises of the Woman's
Building.
Tuesday, October 1st. Professional Women's Congress.
Wednesday, October id. Georgia Bar Association Address by
Wm. B. Hornblower.
Minnesota Press Association. Address by Vice-President
Hemphill.
Minnesota Day at the Woman's Building.
Thursday, October yd. Georgia Bar Association.
Reception and Speech of Gen. Carlos Diez Gutierrez, Governor
of the Mexican State of San Luis Potosi. Fireworks in his
honor.
Friday, October 4th. Tennessee Press Association. Women's
Congress. Mrs. Wm. C. Falls, Mrs. M. French Sheldon, Miss
Emma Steiner, Paper of Amelia B. Edwards (deceased), Mrs.
Stuart Wheeler.
Saturday, October $th. Tennessee Day.
Exercises in the Auditorium.
Poem, Mrs. Octavia Zollicofer Bond.
" Wautauga, the First Settlement and Her Heroes," Colonel
Columbus Marchbanks.
" The Women of Wautauga and the Women of To-day," Mrs. T.
J. Latham.
Solo, Miss Mary Fleming.
"Tennessee Women's Heritage of Patriotism," Miss Mary Desha.
I 10
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
"A Daughter of the Revolution," Mrs. Sadie Beaumont Ken¬
nedy.
" Speed the Peace Plow," Miss Margaret Lacey Doak.
Music, Gilmore's Band.
" The Day We Celebrate," Mrs. Ed. Cormack.
Solo, Mrs. Elizabeth Cowen Latta.
1812 "Old Hickory," Mrs. Mary Dorris.
" Tennesseeans at the Alamo," Colonel Robert Crockett.
"Through '65," Mrs. Virginia Frazer Boyle.
" Dixie," Mrs. Elizabeth Cowen Latta.
"The Tennessee Centennial," Major A. W. Wills.
Reception to Tennessee Women at the Woman's Building, 3 p.m.
Opening exercises of the foreign section. Addresses by Presi¬
dent Collier, Mr. A. Macchi, Commissioner General for
Europe, and Mr. R. Saulay of the French section.
Monday, October -jth. National Irrigation Congress.
Tuesday, October 8th. National Council of Women.
Wednesday, October gth. Liberty Bell Day.
Thursday, October \oth. Farmers' National Congress.
American Institute of Mining Engineers.
Women's Congress, Clara Barton.
Friday, October nth. Alabama Day.
Oration by Governor W. C. Oates.
Addresses bv President Collier and Rufus N. Rhodes.
Iowa Press Association, Women's Congress, Memorial to Sidney
Lanier.
Saturday, October 12th. No Special Exercises.
Monday, October \\th. Women's Congress. King's Daughters.
American Publishers' Association.
Tuesday, October 1 5til. Bankers' Association of America. Mary¬
land Democratic Editors. Mothers' and Children's day at
the Woman's Building.
Wednesday, October \(>th. North Carolina Press Association.
Hospitals and Charitie.-, day at the Woman's Building.
General Passenger Agents. Board of Award.
Thursday, October i-jth. Woman's Suffrage Conference. Addresses
by Mrs. Virginia Clay Claxton, Alabama; Mrs. Rachel F. Avery,
Pennsylvania; Mrs. Helen H. Gardener, Massachusetts; Mrs.
Miriam Howard Dubose, Georgia; Mrs. Virginia 1). Long,
South Carolina; Mrs. May I,. McLendon, Atlanta.
Road Parliament, Ex-Governor Fuller, of Vermont, presiding.
Friday, October 18th. Daughters of the Revolution. Addresses
by Mrs. John W. Foster, of New York, and Mrs. Joseph Thomp¬
son, of Atlanta.
Saturday, October lqth. Texas Press Association. Vice-President
A. E. Stevenson received by the Directors.
Monday, October 21st. Connecticut Day. Louisiana Press Asso¬
ciation. Women's Congress. Inventions. Formal Opening of
the Negro Building. Live Stock Parade.
Tuesday, October 22d. Virginia Day.
Wednesday, October 23/7/. President's Day. Electric fountain be¬
gins to play.
Thursday, October 24th. Formal Opening Savannah Exhibit by
D. G. Purse and President Collier. New England Cot¬
ton Manufacturers' Association visits the Exposition. Florida
Press Association. Georgia Association of Manufacturers.
Friday, October 25th. Educational Congress. Education week
begins. Women's National Press Association. New York
Press Association.
Saturday, October 26th. Educational Congress. Women's Con¬
gresses.
Monday, October 28th. Plant System Day. Addresses of wel¬
come. Address by Mr. H. I!. Plant.
Educational Congress — Common Schools.
Tuesday, October 29///. Illinois and Missouri Press Associations.
Buffalo Hill's Advent.
I Wednesday, Octohrr 30th. Educational Congress. Arkansas Day.
Addresses by \V. G. Vinccnheller, commissioner ; W. M. Kavan-
augh, president Arkansas Press Association ; Mrs. W. M. Neal,
Col. Oscar Miles and Prof. J. Jordan. Arkansas Press Asso¬
ciation.
Thursday, October 31 st. Atlanta Day. Rain interfered, but
20,000 people came. Atlanta Day set again for November 28th.
Educational Congress.
Friday, November 1st.
Saturday, November 2d. Women's Congress—Belva Lockwood.
Monday, November \th. Women's Congress. Association for the
Advancement of Women. Mrs. Julia Ward Howe, presiding.
Tuesday, November 5th. Women's Congress. Women's Christian
Temperance Union. Putnam Phalanx.
Wednesday, November 6th. Formal Opening of the Mexican Ex¬
hibit. Speeches by President Collier, Mayor King and Gregario
E. Gonzalez, Mexican Commissioner. Music by Innes' band
and the Mexican band.
Chinese Fete Day.
Thursday, November "jth. Southern Baptist Female College Day.
Exercises in the auditorium with addresses by President C. C.
Cox, Rev. Dr. J. B. Hawthorne, Ex-Governor Wm. J. Northen
and Dr. Henry McDonald. Poem bv F. L. Stanton. Con¬
gresses in Woman's Building. Vermont and New Hampshire
Day.
Friday, November i>th. Professional Women's Congress.
Saturda), November qth. Delaware Day. Daughters of the Con¬
federacy.
Monday, jYoven/ber wth. Illinois Day. Indiana Day. Exercises
in Woman's Building. Mrs. Laura D. \\ oodle\, presiding.
Tuesday, November 12th. Chicago Day. Negro Congresses
begin.
Wedncsda\, November 13///. Commercial Travelers Day. Parade.
Addresses by Gov. Atkinson, Mayor King, \\ . II. Fleming,
Clark Howell, J. O. Waddell, W. C. Glenn, John A. Lee, J. W.
Adams, and Jerry M. Porter.
Thursday, November 14///. Pennsylvania Day. Mississippi Press
Association. Women's Congress. International League of
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
in
Press Clubs. Ohio and Michigan Editors. Philadelphia Pen
and Pencil Club.
Friday, November 15th. Massachusetts Day. Cleveland, Ohio,
Chamber of Commerce. Atlanta and West Point Railroad Day.
Saturday, November 16th. Fruithurst Day. Kentucky Day.
Monday, November 18th. Greek Letter Fraternities. Baptist
Church Council.
Tuesday, November igt/1. Georgia Day. Grady Day. Women's
Congresses.
Wednesday, November 20th. Louisiana Day. Women's Congress.
Methodist Episcopal Mission. Wilmington Chamber of Com¬
merce and North Carolina Troops. Maryland Press Association.
Letter Carriers' Day.
Thursday, November 2 1st. The Gridiron Club. Awards announced
St. Louis Commercial Club. Mayor and Council of St. Louis.
Friday, November 2 id. Women's Congress.
Saturday, November 2yd. Brooklyn Day. Atlanta and West
Point Railroad Day.
Monday, November i^t/i. New York Day. Women's Congress.
Tuesday, November 26th. Women's Congress.
Wednesday, November 27th. Women's Dramatic Congress.
Thursday, November 2&th. Atlanta Day. Inman Day. South
Carolina Day. Savannah Day. Women's Congress.
Friday, November 29th. Women's Congress. Librarians.
Saturday, November 30th. Women's Congress. Costa Rica Day.
Nicaragua Canal Day. Lucy Cobb Institute Day. Mercer
University Day. Exercises in the auditorium.
Monday, December 2d. Women's Congress. Poetess Day.
Tuesday, December yd. Brickmakers' Congress. Women's Con¬
gress. Rhode Island Day Exercises in Woman's Building.
Wednesday, December \th. Ohio Day. Women's Congress. Bee
Keepers'. Congress.
Thursday, December §th. Cincinnati Day. Women's Congress.
Friday, December 6th, Women's Congress.
Saturday, December ith. Maryland Day. Women's Congress.
Monteaglc Day.
Monday, December 9th. Michigan Day. Chamber of Commerce
and Manufacturers' Club from Detroit. Women's Congress.
Physical Culture. Reception to Mrs. Potter Palmer.
Tuesday, December 10th. Omaha Day. Women's Congress.
Wednesday, December 11 th. Florida Day. Texas Day. Chat¬
tanooga Day.
Thursday, December 12th. Western and Atlantic Railroad Day.
Tennessee Centennial Day. Addresses by President Collier,
Major J. W. Thomas, president of the Tennessee Centennial;
Allen D. Candler, secretary of State, and Mayor King of Atlanta.
Labor Day. Congress on Africa. Augusta Day.
Friday, December 13th. Women's Congress. Walter Damroschin
the auditorium.
Saturday, December 14th. Women's Congress. Colored Educational
Day.
Monday, December 16th. Women's Congress.
Tuesday, December 11th. Southern Interstate Immigration Society.
Women's Congresses.
Wednesday, December 18th. Children's Christmas Tree Exercises.
Parade of Public Schools in costume representing ten natiorali-
ties headed by Santa Claus.
Thursday, December igth. Women's National Christian Confer¬
ence.
Friday, December 20th. Farmers' Day. Exhibition of American
cotton picker and new compress gin.
Saturday, December 21 st. Women's Congress.
Monday, December 2yd. Women's Congress. Acrobatic perform¬
ances.
Tuesday, December i\th. Women's Congress.
Wednesday, December 25th. Collier Day. Christmas fireworks.
Thursday, December 26th. Negro Day. Women's Congress.
Educators of colored youth.
Friday, December 27th. Women's Congress. Armenia. Colored
Women's Congress.
Saturday, December 28th. S. A. E. Day. Folk Lore Congress.
Monday, December yth. Folk Lore Congress and Colored
Teachers.
Tuesday, December 31 st. Woman's Board Day. Close of the
Fair.
BLUE AND GRAY DAY.
The first event of national importance after the opening was the
gathering of distinguished men and soldiers of renown on " Blue
and Gray Day," the 21st of September, which came on Saturday of
the first week. This day had been selected because the opening
and dedication of the National Park at Chickamauga on the 19th
and 20th was expected to bring thousands of the veterans of both
armies together, and of this multitude a large number were ex¬
pected to come on to Atlanta and see the Exposition. A general
desire had been expressed by veterans of Sherman's army to return
to the scene of its hard-fought battles of 1864, and the invitation to
meet the soldiers who fought against them added to the interest of
the occasion. A telegram was sent out through the press associa¬
tions by Colonel Thomas G. Lawler, Commander-in-Chief of the
Grand Army of the Republic, just before proceeding to the
encampment at Louisville, notifying the veterans of the Exposition
Company's invitation and urging its acceptance. About the same
time general orders were promulgated by General John B. Gor¬
don, Commander-in-Chief of the United Confederate Veterans,
conveying the same invitation. A considerable number came
down from Chickamauga, and Confederate veterans were present
in some force, but the occasion was more notable for the presence
of the distinguished men and the historic characters which it
brought together, and further, for the sentiments to which these men
gave utterance.
General Schofield and General Longstreet were the two most
distinguished veterans present; the one as General of the Army,
representing the power and sovereignty of the United States; the
I 12
OFFICIAL HISTORY.
other, as a veteran of the Mexican war, and as one of the most
eminent generals of the later and greater conflict, representing that
element which, having contributed so much to make the history of
the country in the earlier part of the century, and having added
vastly to the strength of the Union, gave it afterwards the most
tremendous test that any government was ever called upon to en¬
dure. These men in their respective capacities were striking and
living reminders of the survival of the fittest government on earth,
and of the complete unification of its lately discordant parts.
Surrounded by other veterans of high rank, and by the governors
of nine of the greatest States, one of whom was destined within a
year to be nominated for the Presidency by the party which had
conducted the war for the Union, they formed a historic picture
which was eloquent without the utterance of a single word. It
was natural that an occasion of this kind should call forth expres¬
sions of its meaning and the speeches all breathed that spirit. Mr.
W. A. Hemphill presided and opened the exercises with a short
speech so full of pith and pathos that it brought the audience
cheering to its feet. Other speeches were made by Captain Evan
P. Howell for the Exposition, Captain W. D. Ellis for the Con¬
federate veterans, and General J. R. Lewis for the local Grand
Army veterans, and by Governor McKinley, of Ohio; Governor
Morton, of New York; Governor Woodbury, of Vermont; Gov¬
ernor Holcombe, of Nebraska, and ex-Governor Fairchild, of Wis¬
consin, for the visitors. General Longstreet, of Georgia, and
Captain J. W. English, of Atlanta, were called out by the chair¬
man. The last mentioned gentleman had been the medium for
conveying General Grant's final note to General Lee at Appo¬
mattox.
When General Longstreet came forward there was a dramatic
scene. The visiting Governors rose up on the stage with the dis¬
tinguished men of their staffs, and gave the signal for applause.
lhe audience rose to its feet as one man. The color-bearer of the
New York staff waved his flag, cheer after cheer rent the air, and
handkerchiefs fluttered in all parts of the auditorium. The gray
old warrior was visibly affected as the Governors came forward and
shook his hand, and the audience applauded the action. At this
opportune moment Governor Morton was introduced and expressed
the great gratification which the representatives of New York had
in witnessing such a scene. One of the striking incidents of the
day occuried when Mr. Hemphill pinned a Confederate veteran's
badge on General Fairchild, an ex-Commander-in-chief of the
Grand Army of the Republic.
The speeches were all good, but it will answer the present pur¬
pose to reproduce those of Mr. Hemphill and Governor McKinley,
as fairly illustrating the spirit of the occasion.
Mr. W. A. Hemphill's Speech.
In opening the exercises Mr. Hemphill said :
Comrades, Ladies, and Fellow-countrymen : It was a great and
glorious privilege to take part in the late war. It is a greater privi¬
lege to witness this scene to-day—a reunited country. My heart
has been thrilled with the patriotic and fraternal sentiments uttered
this week at Chickamauga Park by prominent Union generals and
distinguished northern men. (Cheers.)
An old Confederate soldier of Chattanooga, talking to several
Grand Army men, said : " Boys, we gave you such a licking at
Chickamauga that you have not forgotten it in thirty-five years."
Indeed, there were some lasting impressions made at that time.
We intend to lick you with kindness to-day, so that you will not
forget it for a hundred years to come.
This is an appropriate place to hold this reunion. Over these
fields thirty years ago, shot and shell flew thick as hail. These
hills and woods resounded with the thunders of cannon and the
rattle of musketry, and this soil was consecrated by the best blood
of this nation, but that was in the past. To-day you see a different
scene. On yonder hill stands a magnificent structure erected by
the National Government. In that building are the portraits ot
Washington, Lincoln and Grant. I am sorry that Lee is not
there, too. On that building, under a Southern sun, float the
stars and stripes as proudly as if they were floating from the dome of
the Capitol at Washington. That building is dear to us ; those por¬
traits we admire and love, and, as for that flag, my fellow-countrymen,
we would die in its defense. (Cheers.) This, indeed, is a joyous day,
and it is meet and proper that we return thanks to the Almighty God
for His mercies and blessings.
Rev. Dr. Henry McDonald, of Atlanta, then offered a fervent
and eloquent prayer, in which he thanked God for a reunited
country.
Governor HcKinley's Speech.
Governor McKinley's speech came just after the dramatic scene
caused by General Longstreet's appearance, and the utterance
shows an eloquence born of the occasion. Governor McKinley
said :
Mr. President, Ladies, and my Countrymen : Thirty-one years ago
the spot upon which we now stand was the theatre of an awful,
dreadful and devastating war. For thirty-one years the swords have
been sheathed, the arms have been stacked, the cartridge-boxes have
had only empty chambers, and the arrows of death which fell thick and
fast all about this region arc now carrying only messages of love and
ELECTRICITY BUILDING-NIGHT.
OFFICIAL HISTORY.
ii3
affection and fraternal union, and expressing a unity which is in the
hearts of the people that can never, never be broken. (Applause.)
The time, if not already here, should be here now, when the North
and the South only suggest geographical divisions and nothing else. I
believe, from what I have seen here to-day; what I have witnessed on
the Chickamauga battlefield; what I learned from what occurred at
Louisville, Ky., and again at Knoxville, Tenn., I am prepared to
respond to the interruption of my friend that that hour is here now,
and we all thank God for it. Those designations should no longer
suggest passion and bitterness and hatred, but should suggest, and
do suggest, that patriotism is in the hearts of the people to-day,
North and South, and when united is invincible. (Applause.) What
we have wanted in this country for years is a fresh baptism of patriot¬
ism. (Applause.) And the best way to get it is by immersion. (Laugh¬
ter and applause.) The war has been over thirty-one years. The
bitterness and resentment belong to the past, and its glories are the
common heritage of us all. (Applause.) What was won in that war
belongs just as securely to those who lost as to those who triumphed.
(Applause.) And our concern to-day should not be about the past,
for that is secure ; our concern should be about the future, for to us
and to those who shall come after rests the supreme duty and responsi¬
bility of carrying forward this great Government, builded upon founda¬
tions of liberty, builded in the hearts of the American people to carry
forward to a more glorious destiny than has ever been anticipated in
the past. If we ever fight again, and I pray God that we may never
have to, but, if we ever do, we will fight on the same side—(great
applause)—and we will fight under the same flag, and that flag will be
the glorious old stars and stripes—(great applause)—the same our
grandsires lifted up ; the same our fathers bore ; in many a battle's
tempest it shed crimson rain, and it to-day means that what God hath
woven in His loom let no man rend in twain. (Applause.)
I am glad to meet my countrymen here in Georgia; it is not my
first visit to your hospitable city. Eight years ago when I came here
men of all parties bade me gracious welcome, and at every succeed¬
ing visit I have enjoyed the hospitality of your homes and of your
city. I come here now to bring to Georgia the good-will of the great
State which for the moment I have the honor to represent—the State
of Ohio. (Applause.)
I bring to you the best wishes of all our people. We will have no
fighting any more, except we fight for a higher and better citi¬
zenship and a grander civilization for our common country. (Applause.)
I am glad to witness this splendid Exposition. I see from what you
have done what you will do and accomplish, for I have discovered that
when Atlanta starts out to do anything Atlanta always gets there.
(Applause.) And this Exposition, I trust, maybe visited by all the
people and by all the States, witnessing the arts of peace and the tri¬
umphs of the skill and genius of the American people. (Applause.)
And what we have got to do, my countrymen, is to get closer together.
(Applause.) We discover that there is not half so much difference as
we imagine when we touch elbows. The fact is, we haven't had any
trouble since the war between the men who fought on the one side or
the other. The trouble has been with the men who fought on neither
side—(applause)—and who could go on either side should interest or
occasion demand it. (Applause.) We are all of us Americans now,
and it may be some comfort to remember that Americans never sur¬
render but to Americans. (Applause.) And all that the boys in blue
and all that the boys in gray want is that the settlement made between
Grant and Lee at Appomattox shall stand as the irreversible judgment
of history, and the ineffaceable decree of a nation of freemen. (Great
applause.)
Captain Howell's Remarks.
Captain Howell, in speaking for the Exposition, said many good
things, and his genial humor came in well where there was an ex¬
cess of feeling. He described the war as divided into two periods,
as follows :
I can give you in brief the history of the war that every honest man
who was in the Confederate army will vouch for, when I tell you that
during the first two years of the war we were running after the Federal
army and the last two they were running after us. (Great laughterand
applause).
Now, fellow citizens, I am satisfied of one thing, and it is an admis¬
sion that a brave man will make if he tells you the truth — that I made
the best time in the last two years—(great laughter)—because I had
more experience. (Laughter.)
Selected from the body of his speech, the following paragraphs
will serve to show the serious spirit and the enlightened views
which pervaded it:
Now we have come to another field. This Exposition does not be¬
long to Atlanta; it does not belong to the county of Fulton ; it does
not belong to the State of Georgia ; it belongs to every State in the
Union. We have contributed it as an example, not only to the people
of the State of Georgia and of the South, but to the whole country,
to let them understand that to-day the Confederates of Georgia, the
men of the Union army in Georgia, have locked shields together, and
we are determined from now henceforth and forever to put upon our
flag this great American Union.
* # * $
You frequently hear it said and whispered among politicians and
men who want to create prejudice that we want to have slavery again.
Now I say to you as a slaveholder who was willing to back his judg¬
ment with his ability to fight, that had it not been for slavery in the
South it would to-day have been the garden spot of the United States.
(Applause).
We have been wandering in the wilderness almost forty years, but
now we have got our beacon light, and we give warning to the people
north of the Mason and Dixon's line that while there is no animosity
toward you the race is open. We have taken our hospitals and our
headquarters and such other spare houses as General Sherman left us
and turned them into manufacturing establishments, and we are going
to stand by them, and whenever the American flag is insulted by any
other nation, I do not care whether great or small, I pledge you that
you will find just as much patriotism to-day in Georgia as there is in
Massachusetts. (Applause).
This is an extraordinary occasion. We have nine governors with
us, and you know, gentlemen, that it is peace time, or there would not
be that many governors here.
Captain W. D. Ellis, in speaking for the Confederate veterans,
made an admirable speech, from which this fine paragraph is re¬
produced :
Inevitable destiny caused the irrepressible conflict to culminate in
our day and generation. We fought it out like brave men ; we settled
it forever, and with a magnanimity equal to our courage we shook
hands across the bloody chasm. In response to the invocation of your
great chieftain, " Let us have peace," and in obedience to the " Amen "
uttered by our great leader, we have long since come together, and
we will leave behind us a reunited country where, God grant, the
white-winged angel of peace may forever stand guard. May it con¬
tinue to grow great and prosperous until all good men of all the earth
will hold it up as a model—better than any that has ever existed and
as good as humanity can ever hope for.
VISIT OF GEN. GUTIERREZ.
On October 3d General Carlos Diez Gutierrez, Governor of the
State of San Luis Potosi and Commanding General of the Mexican
Army, arrived in the city. The Exposition authorities were advised
8
H4
OFFICIAL HISTORY.
of his coming, and the Directors met Gen. Gutierrez at the train.
He was escorted to the Kimball House, where introductions followed.
After an interval for rest a committee from the Directory—Dr. R.
D. Spalding, Mr. T. B. Neal, and Mr. Forrest Adair—took the dis¬
tinguished visitor in charge and showed him the city and the Re¬
position. In the afternoon he was received by the Board of
Directors in the Administration Building. To a very cordial
welcome from President Collier, he responded as follows:
Speech of General Gutierrez.
I had never dreamed that so close to our border we had such a
friendly nation, notwithstanding I had seen a number of excursions
come into our country, and from the expressions and actions of those
General Diaz, every American will find a warm spot in the heart of
every Mexican, and from the reception which I have had here to-day, I
think every Mexican will find a warm spot in the heart of every Ameri¬
can. Your country is to us the mother and the father of Liberty.
(Applause.)
I had an idea that Atlanta was a very pretty city with a hundred
thousand inhabitants, but did not conceive that such an important
Exposition as this would be seen. Had I been asked the population of
Atlanta, judging by this Exposition, I would say it was the home of at
least half a million people. I hope that each time I shake hands with
your countrymen I will have the pleasure of thinking, " Here is a new
American friend for our country," and nothing will give me more
pleasure than to shake his hand in my own country. I beg, gentle¬
men, to express my sincere appreciation and profound gratitude to you
all, and, if I am permitted to speak as my heart dictates, I will say long
PENNSYLVANIA BUILDING ON T.IBERTY BTvI.I, DAY.
visitors I had formed a vague idea of this grand country. A few years
back it would have seemed like going to Africa to come to this country,
but to-day we are so closely connected by railroads that it seems to be
all one nation—all one home.
Never did I have before me such an enlightened gathering of repre¬
sentative Americans as I see here to-day. Since I crossed the border I
have felt the warmth of friendship towards us by Americans. It seemed
as I entered the country farther that the Mexican was welcomed, but
never did I anticipate such a welcome as I received on entering your
city, and I am becoming more and more satisfied of the true friendship
of the United States to us.
The railway connections of to-day have brought us so closely to¬
gether that the hand of the American has grasped the hand of the
Mexican, insomuch as to say there can be no knife that will ever cut
this friendship in twain. I can assure you that, with the knowledge I
have of your country and u-nder the administration of our President.
live the United States, long live Atlanta, and long live the intelligent
directors of this Exposition.
To President Diaz.
General Gutierrez the same day sent the following telegram to
President Diaz :
Mr. President, General Porjirio Afe.vi\ t>: With surprise I find
here a splendid reception, which I believe is due to your kindly remem¬
bering me to the good offices of these people. I have received it as an
honor to our country and to its Government, of which >ou are the
dignified chief. Carlos Dikz Gutierrez.
Gen. Gutierrez remained two days in Atlanta, and on the even¬
ing of the second day a splendid pyrotechnic display was given in
his honor at the Exposition, the closing design being a beautiful
illumination of his name.
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
THE LIBERTY BELL AT THE EXPOSITION.
The advent of the Liberty Bell was the occasion of an outburst
of patriotic feeling. The journey of the delegation from the Phila¬
delphia Council charged with the safekeeping of the bell occupied
about a week, and the trip was a continuous ovation from the
Potomac to the Chattahoochee. All the way down crowds as¬
sembled at the station to see the bell, and wherever a stop was
made there was a demonstration of some kind. At Dalton thirteen
little girls, dressed to represent the thirteen original States, marched
on the platform of the car, singing, " My Country, Tis of Thee,"
each carrying a wreath of flowers, which was deposited on the
venerable relic. Mayor Warwick, of Philadelphia, looking at the
scene, remarked : " I would not have missed this trip to add a year
to my life."
There was a similar reception at Rome, where the Daughters
of the Revolution decorated the bell with garlands; but it was at
Atlanta that the most tumultuous and overpowering reception was
given. The special train bearing the bell and the Philadelphia
delegation was met at the city limits by Mayor King and Com¬
mittees from the City Council of Atlanta and the Directory of the
Exposition.
The committees from Council and the Exposition Directory were
composed of the following gentlemen:
President Charles A. Collier, Mayor Porter King, ex-Governor
W. J. Northen, W. H. Venable, President of the State Senate;
Mr. George W. Harrison, Chairman of the Exposition Committee;
Councilman W. J. Campbell, Chairman of the Council Committee;
Col. W. A. Hemphill, Mr. Clark Howell, Mr. H. M. Atkinson,
Councilman T. J. Day, Councilman T. C. Mayson, Councilman
Hugh T. Inman, Judge E. C. Kontz, Mr. Phil Harralson, Mr. J.
G. Oglesby, Alderman Joseph Hirsch, Dr. J. D. Turner, Mr. D. A.
Beatie, member of the Board of Education; Mr. Frank P. Rice,
ex-Alderman; Alderman Albert Howell, Col. A. J. West, Capt. J.
F. Kempton and company; Mr. John Cook, of the Philadelphia
Press, and a number of local newspaper men. There were a num¬
ber of Pennsylvanians among those who went out to meet the bell.
Mr. T. J. Keenan, managing editor of the Pittsburg Press, was
there, and also were Messrs. Martin W. Bougher, J. H. Shaw, J. C.
Sayre and J. Verden, who had many friends aboard the special
train.
The following was the official escort of the Liberty Bell:
Hon. Chas. F. Warwick,
Mayor of Philadelphia.
COMMITTEE OF COUNCILS OF THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA.
Charles K. Smith, Chairman.
Common Council.
Thomas L. Hicks, Ellsworth H. Hults,
James M. Hibbs, R- Cortland Horr,
John M. Stratton, Wm. Van Osten,
Samuel Goodman, Thomas Firth,
Chas. F. Iseminger, Wm. W. Allen,
Wm. H. Bristow.
Edward W. Patton,
Jos. H. Brown,
Henry Clay,
Wm. G. Rutherford,
Hugh Black,
Wm. McMullen,
Select Council.
Jos. H. Kleinmer,
Jas. B. Anderson,
Wm. McCoach,
Isaac D. Hetsell,
Wm. F. Brown,
Thos. J. Ryan.
Wencel Hartman, President of Common Council.
James L. Miles, President of Select Council.
G. W. Kochersperger, Secretary,
Charles B. Hall, Sergeant-at-Arms Common Council.
James Franklin, Sergeant-at-Arms Select Council.
M. Russell Thayer President Judge
W. J. Latta General Agent Penna. R.R.
George W. Boyd ... Assistant General Passenger Agent Penna. R.R.
Thos. M. Thompson Director of Public Works
Abraham M. Beitler Director of Public Safety
Wm. H. Lambert Preset Dept. Charities and Correction
John M. Walton City Controller
J. L. Kinsey City Solicitor
Elias P. Smithers Register of Wills
J acob W ildemore City Commissioner
A S Eisenhower I Chief of Bureau of City Property and Custodian
I of State House and Bell
John K. McCarty Secretary to the Mayor
Thomas H. Andrews, M.D Police Surgeon
Harry P. Wilson United Press Representative
While the special stopped a few minutes to let the party on
board, the Atlanta Artillery, which had unlimbered nearby, fired a
salute of thirteen guns. Then the train moved on to the Union
depot, passing through long lanes of people mounted on the tops
of freight cars, fences and bridges, or crowding factory windows.
For nearly two miles this continuous line of faces crowded the
sides of the track, hats waved, handkerchiefs fluttered, and throats
were almost split with cheers. Scores of locomotives parked along
the track screeched madly as the Liberty bell approached, and kept
up their incessant noise till it had reached the depot. There a vast
multitude packed the open space around the car shed, waiting for
a glimpse of the bell. Every available foot of space was taken, on
the ground, on the cars and in the windows. Every face was aglow
with enthusiasm, and for a moment people of every age seemed
possessed with the urchin's fondness for noise. They all made noise
and all seemed to be happy in the din which drowned their voices.
Greetings were shouted and conversation was conducted with elbow
neighbors in stentorian tones.
While the multitude was giving vent to its enthusiasm, Mayor
King and the Atlanta delegation escorted the wayworn Philadel-
phians to the banquet room of the Kimball house, where they
bathed their parched throats in champagne. Meantime the old
bell had to do without champagne, but it was having refreshments
of another kind. The crowd had pushed through the gates of the
depot and surrounded the car. Little children were held up by
their parents, and as their chubby hands patted the bell their lips
kissed its brazen sides. They were hardly old enough to know the
OFFICIAL HISTORY.
meaning of the noise, but they caught the spirit of enthusiasm and
seemed to be happy in the presence of the venerable relic.
There was a great parade of the military next day to escort the
Liberty bell to the Exposition, and the ovation was renewed along
the route. In all the public schools the story of the bell had been
read by order of the Council, and a holiday was declared in order
that the little ones might go out and see the tocsin of liberty The
Consolidated street railway, as a special inducement, carried the
children free of charge to Piedmont Park, and twelve thousand of
them went through the gates that day. A chorus of two thousand
children's voices singing "America" greeted the bell as it was
drawn up to the Pennsylvania building. The car, decorated with
United States flags, stopped in front of the steps ascending to the
loggia, and remained in the foreground while the exercises of the
day continued. There the bell was visited by hundreds of children,
who climbed or were lifted up on the car to be within touching dis¬
tance of it. This was the children's day at the Exposition, and it
was an event long to be remembered by both young and old.
While the young people were having a holiday on account of the
Liberty bell, their elders were making a more formal demonstration
over it. The day was a fine one for a parade, and the following
programme was carried out with great enthusiasm :
Forming of the parade and unloading of Liberty bell at 9:30 A.M.
Review on Wall street by Governor Atkinson and Mayors Warwick
and King.
Parade to the grounds at 10 o'clock under command of Colonel John
S. Candler, Fifth Regiment, marshal of the day.
Reception of the Liberty bell at the Exposition grounds.
Prayer by Rev. Dr. E. H. Barnett.
Music—" America," sung by 2,000 school children.
Address of Welcome—Mayor Porter King, of Atlanta.
Response—Mayor Warwick, of Philadelphia.
Music—" Star Spangled Banner"—Gilmore's Band and school chil¬
dren.
Address—Governor \V. Y. Atkinson, of Georgia.
Music—"Exposition March"—Gilmore's Band.
Address—C. A. Collier, president and director general of the Cot¬
ton States and International Exposition.
Music—"Dixie"—Gilmore's Band.
Salute of thirteen guns to the Liberty bell.
Luncheon to the visitors on the Aragon roof garden at 2 P.M.,
Charles Harman, master of ceremonies.
4 to 5 P.M., concert by Gilmore's Band.
7 to 8 P.M., concert by Gilmore's Band.
Fireworks.
Master of Ceremonies for the Day—W. J. Campbell.
The occasion was one to call forth eloquence, and that article
was not in default. There had been some opposition to the removal
of the Liberty bell from Philadelphia,because of the supposed danger
of breaking it. The crack which had silenced its voice forever
when the funeral knell of Chief Justice Marshall was tolled had
now become an inch wide and extended almost all the way up one
side. This apprehension was overcome by the desire to gratify the
patriotic sentiment of the enterprising people of Atlanta, and the
distinguished judge who refused to grant the prayer for an injunc¬
tion against its removal remarked that the custodians of the Liberty
bell not only had the right to take it to any part of the country,
but would serve a high and commendable purpose in carrying it
where it would call forth loyal and patriotic expressions from the
Southern people. The speech of Mayor Warwick showed this
sentiment and was one of the most eloquent of the season.
The Liberty bell was placed on the loggia of the Pennsylvania
Building, where it was under the watchful eye of Mr. Thomas J.
Keenan, Secretary of the Pennsylvania Commission, and where
four policemen, selected from the Philadelphia force, remained as
its guardians. It had drawn the first great crowd of the Exposition,
but, what was of much more importance and of far higher signifi¬
cance, it had called forth expressions which did much to unify and
perpetuate the sentiments of fraternity and patriotism in remote
and once antagonistic sections of the country.
CONNECTICUT DAY.
Connecticut Day at the Exposition came on the 21st of October,
and Governor O. Vincent Coffin was escorted to Atlanta by two
companies of the Governor's Footguard. The day was a fine one,
and the parade of the Connecticut troops, escorted by the Fifth
Georgia, was an imposing affair. Commissioner Weeks, of the
Connecticut exhibit, presided, and introduced the speakers. Ad¬
dresses of welcome were delivered by Governor Atkinson and
others, and Governor Coffin responded in the following remarks:
Address of Governor Coffin.
In the few minutes I am to take it is not my hope, however other¬
wise it might be my desire, to say anything new that would be worth
saying on this interesting occasion.
I take much pleasure in tendering the cordial thanks and assurances
of appreciation of the members of our State commission, who have so
faithfully and intelligently labored to secure a creditable representation
here of Connecticut. The time available for their work after the favor¬
able action of the General Assembly was not sufficient to enable them
to secure a very general representation, but you have the opportunity
of seeing for yourselves to what a gratifying extent they have improved
the time and facilities placed at their disposal.
These great expositions of material resources and human skill pass¬
ing from south to north and north to south are as shuttles carrying
threads of good will in the great loom of progress, aiding mightily in
weaving out the fairest fabric of popular liberty, combined with justice
and strength, in the best government seen among men. What we see
about us here arouses anew our wonder and stimulates again our pride
and gratitude at the advance of our country in many of the ways in
which nations should become great. Our position at this moment is
one of tremendous strength, and the time rapidly approaches when a
warning note or encouraging word from Washington will be not only
heard but heeded throughout the world. Our dangers, however, are
far more likely to come from within our own borders than from beyond
them, and we cannot strive too earnestly to eliminate and guard against
the tendencies of deterioration in public and private morals and to con¬
serve the interests and discharge the obligations of religion, which are
universally regarded as the only sure and permanent foundation of true
development and moral national health.
To-day we are witnesses of an unusual spectacle. Georgia and Con¬
necticut, New England and the New South, are here in harmonious and
cordial relations, working unitedly and enthusiastically in and for an
industrial enterprise, which, for business importance and patriotic sig¬
nificance, rivals any enterprise of a similar character ever undertaken
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
ii 7
in our country. It has been my most deeply heartfelt hope that this
splendid effort of the South would so arouse mutual good feelings,
cement the bonds of friendly regard, so indicate the inestimable value
of a unity of hearts and hands in behalf of the best interests of all the
people as to banish by common consent, and once for all, the unwel¬
come notes that have been sounded often enough and loud enough
on one side or the other during the last thirty years to hold the two
great sections of our country—the South and the North—still some¬
what apart. It cannot be that we must go on forever insisting upon
stirring the embers of the fiery controversy now a third of a century in
the past.
There must be some properly accessible common ground of agree¬
ment to withhold the hot words of conviction which always have, and,
to some extent, if still indulged in, always will, awaken afresh a feel¬
ing of antagonism that ought to have been put to sleep forever many
years ago.
There are great memoriesof heroism on both sides in placesbothhigh
and humble that must abide with us all and those who follow us through
centuries of coming time. All alike may cherish them, without offence
to any and without danger of provoking.
Here we may all stand together. The facts of history must remain
whatever we may say, and no amount of present controversy can
change them. Shall we not then avoid hurtful outcries over the past,
turn toward the future and move unitedly, harmoniously and thus irre¬
sistibly toward the fulfillment of the great destiny of this nation.
Unity of feeling and action are always essential to success in the pur¬
suit of a common purpose of mutual interests.
Turning to Governor Atkinson, Governor Coffin exclaimed:
" I extend my hand in friendship to you as the representative of
Georgia."
Governor Atkinson stepped forward and, amid the cheers of the
audience, grasped the hand of Governor Coffin.
Holding the hand of Governor Atkinson, he continued :
Standing here in the centre of the South, surrounded by people
of the North and South, a New England man speaking for New Eng¬
land men and women, I extend to you, sir, the governor of the great
State of Georgia, and through you to the people of the South, the
most cordial congratulation upon the marvelous success of this great
Southern Exposition.
We glory in your achievement and pray for your prosperity. We
pledge you here and now the right hand of brotherly fellowship, the
spirit of mutual helpfulness and earnest co-operation in all practical
and patriotic purposes in individual, sectional and national life.
VIRGINIA DAY.
The 22d of October was Virginia day, and Governor O'Ferrall
came to Atlanta escorted by the Fourth Virginia Regiment and
a battalion of cadets from the Virginia Military Institute. Captain
C. S. Arnall, President of the Virginia Society, was appointed Com¬
missioner for that State, and had charge of the arrangements.
Mr. Hamilton Douglas, also a native of the Old Dominion, intro¬
duced the governor. The opening prayer was offered by Rev.
Dr. G. B. Strickler, and at the close a benediction was pronounced
by Father Keily. Governor Atkinson delivered the address of
welcome. Governor O'Ferrall's speech was as follows:
Governor O'Ferrall's Speech.
It is now my privilege to congratulate Georgia upon the success of
this exposition, and lay at Atlanta's feet Virginia's tribute, and for
Virginia place upon Atlanta's brow garlands of honor.
Happy, indeed, was the conception of the idea from which this
Cotton States and International Exposition sprung. It required cour¬
age of the highest order to embark in such an enterprise, and energy
unbounded and ability unsurpassed to bring it to the perfection which
we witness.
Great was the labor expended, but far greater has been the success
achieved.
Justice requires me to say that there was another consideration
which added much to the confidence felt in the attainment of the
object in view. Atlanta was the location of the enterprise, and she
had given ample evidence that whatsoever she wills she does. Her
life had been short, her years had been few, but her days had been
full of wisdom and crowned with achievements. Intelligent thought,
united action, concentrated purpose, nerve, and determination had
characterized her movements and acquired for her a reputation to be
envied. Her people had made common cause of everything that could
promote her welfare, beautify or adorn her. If any differences had
existed among them, they were settled in their own conferences, behind
sealed doors, and to the world they were all love and charity toward
each other. They have set an example worthy of emulation, and to
one familiar with their character the marvelous growth of their city
needed no explanation.
Mind can hardly conceive nor imagination fancy a scene more
lovely, inspiring and instructive than the panorama before us. Here
are the fruits of the fields, the woods of the forests, the treasures of
the earth's recesses, the products of the furnace, forge and rolling
mill, the fabrics and wares of the factory, the skill of the artisan, the
triumphs of art, the development of science, and—last, though not
least-the handiwork of women.
And now I think no American citizen should fail to visit this superb
Exposition, for it would give him a grander conception than he has
ever had of the immensity of his country's resources, diversified in¬
terests and recuperative power from disaster. If he was born and
reared under a Southern sun and had remained under Southern skies
and was old enough to witness the devastation of these Southern States
thirty years ago, and had seen little of them since, as his vision
would sweep over this scene, he would scarcely be able to divest him¬
self of the impression that it was all a delusion, and he was sweetly
reposing in the land of dreams. He would look with amazement upon
the exhibits made by States so lately swept by fire and sword, with
razed hillsides and hoof-beaten fields, homes draped in mourning and
filled with lamentation, granaries empty, fences gone, plowshares
rusty, farming implements destroyed, railroads wrecked, capital swal¬
lowed up, suffering and want everywhere, and private obligations
reaching beyond all hope of payment. In wonderment he would gaze
upon these splendid buildings, teeming with the products of his deso¬
late and grief-stricken section of less than a generation ago, and his
soul would glow with exultation over her triumphant victory.
We have a combination unequaled. We have inexhaustible beds of
wealth-producing minerals, metals and stones, unbounded forests of
oak, ash, hickory, pine, locust, walnut, hemlock and spruce. We
have a soil rich and kind and diversified in character, producing abun¬
dantly all the cereals and grasses, cotton, rice and tobacco, and all
the vegetables and fruits known to the vegetable and horticultural
kingdoms. We have water powers unsurpassed, and rivers and bays
upon whose bosoms the navies and merchant crafts of the globe
could float.
But while we are glad the lines have fallen to us in such pleasant
places, we are neither vain nor boastful, selfish nor exclusive. We
invite the good and virtuous of every State and clime to come and
share with us our blessings.
While we are Southerners, we are Americans, too. We have our
sectional memories that no cruel hand can take from us, no brave man
would pluck from us; but we have our national memories, also, which,
like precious jewels, we treasure. We rejoice that we are a part of
this "indestructible Union of indestructible States." We love the
118
OFFICIAL HISTORY.
Constitution and cherish the glories that encircle it; and, in the lan¬
guage of one of the most illustrious men this country has produced,
we regard " the open enemy to that Constitution as a Pandora with
her box open, and the disguised enemy as the serpent creeping with
his deadly wiles into Paradise."
The South needed neither a warrior, explorer, navigator, crusader,
nor reformer; but she wanted one who had the courage and ability to
defend her against aspersion, refute falsehood and drive deep the
truth, and who, at the same time, was free of sectional prejudices, and
had been endowed with the power to stir the feelings, touch the hearts,
awaken the reason and arouse the patriotism of the people and make
them realize that the war was over, that the brave men of the South
were faithful to their pledges, and the time had arrived when equal
rights and equal confidence should prevail throughout the broad limit
of this Union of States—this priceless heritage. The occasion and
necessity produced the man. He came forth from the privacy of a
private citizen, with no trumpet blast, no sounding cymbals, no rolling
drum, no loud acclaim. There was no wrinkle in his brow, no silver
thread in his locks. Only a few years of life's experience rested
upon his shoulders; but he was fully armed and panoplied with the
right, and that has ever been might. He proceeded on his mission,
and soon the whole land was thrilled with his stirring words and
charming eloquence; and, almost within the cycle of a single day, he
became famous and his name honored in every home where beat a
patriotic heart. He had only kindled the fire in one Northern city,
but it had spread like "freedom's holy flame" of old. God, in His
inscrutable wisdom, cut him down early, but, short as was his mis¬
sion, it was full of results. It brought a restoration of charity and
generosity, fraternal feeling, kindred interests and patriotic fervor,
and awakened a spirit that recognized this as " our country, however
bounded or described—our country, to be cherished in all our hearts
—to be defended by all our hands."
Within the sound of the voice of this city, for which he did so much,
he sleeps. To his grave pilgrims wend their way to pay tribute to his
memory. In the market place, where the busy throng pass to and
fro day by day, proudly stands a monument of imperishable marble,
preserving the life-like form and commemorating the virtues of Henry
Woodfen Grady.
We will return to our homes bearing with us ever-lingering recol¬
lections of our visit to this State, so rich in historic lore, as well as
material resources. Reluctantly, indeed, will we turn our backs upon
this city of hospitable people, physical beauty and business enterprise,
leaving behind us, however, our hearty wish that she may continue to
grow and expand until she reaches the acme of her ambition.
PRESIDENT'S DAY.
October 23rd was President's day. Mr. Cleveland had been
asked to attend the opening ceremonies, but had deferred his visit
until the Exposition should be fully complete. He had taken a
deep interest in the enterprise and wished to see it at its best. The
time was well chosen, and when he came there was nothing unfin¬
ished and no further attractions to wait for. The weather was ideal
and Atlanta was full of visitors. The Presidential party came in a
special train arranged by Vice-President Baldwin, of the Southern
Railway, and furnished with every luxury and convenience that in¬
genuity and money could provide. The President occupied
Pullman's private car " VVildwood," and the members of the Cabinet
occupied cars in front. The " Columbia," one of the finest cars ever
built, was occupied by the ladies of the party. At Atlanta elaborate
preparations were made to receive the Chief Executive of the Na¬
tion. There was to be a dinner in his honor by the Mayor, a
military parade the next day on the Exposition grounds, a speech
by the President, and that evening a reception at the Capital City
Club was to close the day's events with a social gathering of unri¬
valled brilliancy. There was the usual desire on the part of every¬
body to engage in the business of hospitality and this disposition
was encouraged by the appointment of a long list of committees.
In order that no gentleman who distinguished himself on that occa¬
sion may fail to go down to posterity with the laurels due him, the
full list of committees is hereby and herewith appended.
Committee on Arrangements.
The following Committees were appointed from the General Com¬
mittee on Entertainment and Ceremonial days :
General Committee on Reception : A. D. Adair, Forrest Adair,
M. L. Adler, J. H. Allen, R. B. Bullock, Fulton Colville, W. L. Cos-
grove, G. T. Dodd, R. P. Dodge, D. O. Dougherty, J. W. English,
Jr., C. A. Evans, H. G. Fisher, W. D. Grant, P. H. Harralson, E. P.
Howell, Clark Howell, H. T. Inman, J. W. Nelms, C. S. Northen,
J. G. Oglesby, H. E. W. Palmer, E. C. Peters, A. W. Smith,
Joseph Thompson, E. L. Tyler, W. H. Venable, B. F. Walker, Grant
Wilkins, H. L. Wilson, S. F. Woodson, David Woodward, J. R.
Wylie, A. L. Kontz, I. W. Liebman, J. A. Miller, W. J. Northen.
Committee to meet the presidential party, and perfect arrange¬
ments for the public ceremonies :
W. A. Hemphill, H. M. Atkinson; Porter King, C. A. Collier,
L. Mims, J. J. Spalding, R. D. Spalding, Governor W. Y. Atkin¬
son, W. H. Black, Clarence Knowles, E. P. Chamberlin, F. P.
Rice, T. B. Neal, W. H. Baldwin, S. M. Inman, J. W. English,
H. H. Cabaniss, C. E. Harman, and E. C. Spalding.
Committee to Entertain Vice-President Stevenson: Messrs. H. H.
Cabaniss, E. P. Howell, Fulton Colville, A. J. West, E. Rich, Clarence
Knowles and F. P. Rice.
Committee on Luncheon: Messrs. H. M. Atkinson, Clarence
Knowles, J. W. English, R. J. Lowry.
Committee on Reception at Capital City Club : Messrs. Livingston
Mims, Charles Harman, and C. S. Northen.
Reception Committee: Captain R. J. Lowry, chairman; Captain
Harry Jackson, Mr. Clarence Knowles, Mr. Charles A. Collier,
Captain J. C. Haskell, Mr. Benjamin H. Hill, ex-Governor Rufus
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
119
B. Bullock, Mr. Frank Hoyle, Mr. Burton Smith, Major John A.
Fitten, Captain E. P. Howell, Captain J. W. English, Judge W. T.
Newman, Judge Henry B. Tompkins, Mr. Eugene Spalding, Mr.
E. C. Peters, Mr. S. M. Inman, Mr. H. H. Cabaniss, Mr. Thomas
D. Meador, Mr. A. H. Cox, Mr. C. S. Northen, Mr. W. M.
Dickson, Mr. C. H. Wilcox.
Floor Committee: Mr. Thomas B. Paine, chairman; Mr. J. M.
Slaton, Mr. R. F. Maddox, Jr., Mr. T. C. Erwin, Mr. W. H.
Black, Mr. Hugh B. Adams, Mr. J. W. English, Jr., Mr. S. Mays
Ball, Mr. Gordon P. Riser, Mr. Willis E. Reagan, Mr. Frank C.
Block, Mr. Thomas B. Felder.
The Committee to wait upon the President and tender the invita¬
tion to the reception and escort him' to the club, in company with
a committee from the Board of Directors of the Exposition, was as
follows:
Major Livingston Mims, Mr. C. E. Harman, Mr. J. F. O'Neill,
Mr. Fulton Colville.
Committee to wait upon the Vice-President and escort him and
party to the club :
Mr. William P. Hill, Mr. Stewart Woodson, and Mr. H. M.
McKeldin.
The following ladies were requested to act as a Reception Com¬
mittee to receive the distinguished guests at the club:
Mrs. Livingston Mims, Mrs. H. P. Cooper, Mrs. H. M. Atkinson,
Mrs. W. S. Elkin, Mrs. James F. O'Neill, Mrs. J. C. Courtney,
wives of the members of the Governing Committee of the club, with
the following ladies:
Mrs. W. M. Dickson, Mrs. Clarence Knowles, Mrs. Thomas B.
Meador, Mrs. Joseph Thompson, Mrs W. H. Inman, Mrs. John A.
Fitten, Mrs. S. M. Inman, Mrs. Henry B. Tompkins, Mrs. J. K.
Ottley, Mrs. C. A. Collier.
The Presidential party arrived in Atlanta at four o'clock on the
afternoon of October 2 2d, the day before the public ceremonies
were to take place. They were met at the train and escorted to the
Aragon Hotel. That evening in the banquet room of the Aragon
Mayor Porter King gave his dinner in honor of the President.
The room was decorated with smilax, evergreens and roses, and the
table was set in the form of the letter " C." The gathering was the
most distinguished that ever graced a table in Atlanta. The Presi¬
dent and six members of his cabinet, the Vice-President, the Gover¬
nors of Georgia, Virginia, Connecticut and Mississippi, two
ex-Governors of Georgia, the United States Senators and the
Supreme Court of Georgia, the late minister of the United States to
Spain, the Mayor and Council of Atlanta, the officers and directors
of the Exposition, the foreign commissioners to the Exposition, and
many gentlemen prominent in business and professional life. The
following is a list of their names :
President Grover Cleveland, Vice-President Adlai E. Stevenson,
Mayor Porter King, Secretary of the Treasury Carlisle, Secretary of
War Lamont, Postmaster General Wilson, Secretary of the Navy
Herbert, Secretary of the Interior Smith, Secretary of Agriculture
Morton, Dr. C. W. Dabney, Assistant Secretary of Agriculture; Mr.
H. T. Thurber, private secretary to the President; Daniel H. Morgan,
Treasurer of the United States; Dr. D. C. Gilman, Hon. John B.
Gordon, Hon. A. O. Bacon, Governor W. Y. Atkinson, Governor O.
Vincent Coffin, Governor Charles T. O'Ferrall, Governor John M.
Stone, Chief Justice T. J. Simmons, Judge S. H. Lumpkin, Judge
Spencer R. Atkinson, Chevalier A. Macchi, Count Alberti, Vice-
Consul for Italy; Dr. Gustave Neiderlein, Signor Gregorio E. Gonzales,
Signor Lewis M. Jove, Signor Osio Cotterell, Signor Theodore H.
Mangel, Mr. Richard Villafranca, Judge J. H. Lumpkin, Judge
Howard Van Epps, Attorney General W. H. Terrell, Judge W. T.
Newman, Judge W. L. Calhoun, Judge C. C. Smith, Judge E. H.
Calloway, Judge Marcus W. Beck, Hon. Allen Fort, Hon. J. L. M.
Curry, ex-Governor W. J. Northen, Hon. C. A. Collier, Colonel W.
A. Hemphill, Captain E. P. Howell, Messrs. Clark Howell, A. D.
Adair, Forrest Adair, M. F. Amorous, H. M. Atkinson, W. H. Black,
H. H. Cabaniss, E. P. Chamberlain, D. O. Dougherty, George W.
Harrison, John A. Colvin, W. F. Bell, M. L. Tolbert, Arnold Broyles,
M. P. Camp, W. J. Campbell, T. J. Day, R. P. Dodge, C. E. Har¬
mon, P. H. Harralson, Joseph Hirsch, Albert Howell, Sr., T. C.
Mayson, Captain J. A. Miller, Dr. J. W. Nelms, George H. Sims, J.
H. Welch, M. M. Welch, S. M. Inman, Hugh T, Inman, A. L. Kontz,
Captain R. J. Lowry, Major Livingston Mims, T. B. Neal, J. G.
Oglesby, H. E. W. Palmer, E. C. Peters, F. P. Rice, Colonel W. L.
Kellogg, Colonel John S. Candler, E. C. Spalding, J. J. Spalding,
Colonel A. J. West, Dr. H. L. Wilson, Stewart F. Woodson, Captain
James R. Wylie, W. T. Kimsey, Grant Wilkins, D. B. Woodward,
W. D. Grant, C. L. Anderson, F. H. Richardson, Walter R. Brown
and W. L. Peel.
The following menu furnished the chief topic of discussion, and
among so distinguished a company, the discussion was very able and
very thorough:
Blue Points
Sherry
Olives Celery
Green Turtle Clear
Lobster a La Newburg in Cases
Cucumbers
Chateau La Tour Blanche
Sweetbreads Pique a La St. Cloud
Green Peas Chateau Lafite
Filet de Boeuf Bardes aux Truffs a La Perigord
Asparagus
Punch a La Roman
Quail Farcie La Lucullus
Veuve Clicauot
Lettuce Salad
Ice Cream in Forms Fancy Cakes
Fruit
Roquefort Cheese Toasted Crackers
Coffee
At the conclusion of the repast Mayor King proposed a standing
toast to the President. Mr. Cleveland was apparently taken by
surprise for his reply appeared to be offhand. Bowing his acknowl¬
edgments he said:
I know not hardly how to reply to this and shall attempt to do but
little more than to return thanks for the kindly attention that has been
shown me. Ever since my visit to your city I have been reminded
constantly that I was in a country of hospitality. Nothing reminds
me more of this fact than now. Hospitality develops into fraternity
and the hospitality as shown between the people of the North and
South has developed a fraternity which knows no section. Northern
hospitality vies with you and Northern hospitality is no less strong
than yours. If this hospitality means union, what else could unite
a country in stronger bonds ? It means devotion and attachment to
the flag we all love. I feel, then, that while I am a visitor to this
community that I am among those who are determined not to be
outdone in anything that is patriotic. When I shall recall the incident
of this visit I am sure that none shall find a warmer place than
those present on this occasion, and before I close I wish to say that
you have here a city for which fate has reserved all that is good and
prosperous.
The morning of President's Day dawned with a cloudless sky.
The weather was ideal for such an occasion, and the elaborate pro-
I 20
OFFICIAL
HIS TOR Y.
gramme was executed in the most brilliant manner. 1 he Commit¬
tee on Arrangements had made Mr. H. M. Atkinson the master of
ceremonies, and he managed the affair with great skill. The mili¬
tary parade was arranged to form within the Exposition grounds,
whither the troops went by the Southern Railway. The Presidential
party had gone out an hour ahead of time in order to take a look
through the Government Building. Opposite the main entrance of
that structure a reviewing stand had been erected and appropriately
decorated with the national colors. Colonel J. F. Burke, of the Gate
City Guard, as marshal of the day, had organized the most brilliant
parade of the fair. The troops marched from the Southern Railway
terminal round the park on the main avenue in front of the
Machinery, Forestry, Agriculture, Administration, and Fine Arts
buildings, to the Government Building, where they passed in review
before the President. The following order of march was observed :
Marshal—Colonel J. F Burke.
Aids—Colonel Clifford Anderson, Gate City Guard; Colonel W. H.
Hulsey, Gate City Guard; Colonel Albert Howell, Gate City Guard ;
Major John Clem, United States Army ; Captain Lewis Kenan ; Major
W. G. Smith, Fourth Regiment North Carolina State Troops.
Fifth Regiment Infantry, United States Army, Colonel Kellogg com¬
manding.
Governor Charles T. O'Ferrall, of Virginia, and staff.
Battalion Cadets Virginia Military Institute, Major Shipp command¬
ing.
Fourth Regiment Infantry, Virginia volunteers, Colonel C. A. Nash
commanding.
Grimes' Battery, Virginia, Captain C. R. Warren commanding.
Asheville, N. C., Light Infantry, Captain Bookhart commanding.
Atlanta Artillery, Captain J. F. Kempton commanding.
The President stood patiently in the sun while the long parade
passed in review, and acknowledged the salutes of the officers or the
doffing of the colors by repeatedly taking off his hat. As soon as
the parade had passed the ropes were removed and the vast crowd
pressed around the reviewing stand to hear the President's speech.
There were 25,000 people in the park, and most of them gathered
about the Government Building.
President Collier, of the Exposition, introduced Rev. Dr. I. S.
Hopkins, who opened the exercises with the following prayer:
Prayer by Dr. I. S. Hopkins.
We rejoice in Thee, O God, and in this beautiful day which Thou
hast given us. We bless Thee for the occasion which has called this
vast multitude together and made our hearts to beat as the heart of one
man. We rejoice in the tokens of prosperity which gladden our eyes
on every side. We rejoice that our lot has been cast in this land of
plenty and that we have been reared under these benignant skies and
that the sounds which have oftenest greeted our cars have been those
of a material prosperity and spiritual and intellectual freedom.
We thank Thee to-day for the presence in our midst of so many of the
men who bear rule over this great people. Especially do we thank Thee
for the mercies vouchsafed to the Chief Executive of the nation for the
courage and wisdom granted him in the great crisis of the country's his¬
tory; for the kind providence whose guardian care has been over his life
and those of his family through these years. May Thy blessing con¬
tinue to rest upon him and through him upon the entire land. May
this nation never lack in its times of peril men of strong hands and true
hearts to guide its destinies and administer its affairs. Grant to our
people the light of wisdom and knowledge. Scatter the darkness which
is yet in our midst by the light of Thy truth. Take away the tempta¬
tions to vice and Intemperance and lust, of greed and avarice and evil
of every kind. Grant that this people may be obedient to law and
seek for rulers who are just, obedient and righteous. May justice,
purity and righteousness prevail everywhere. May this country never
imbue its hand needlessly with the blood of other nations. May it keep
back from aggressive invasions and dangerous entanglements of every
kind with other nations of the earth.
We pray for other nations that they and we may learn war no more,
may we never need more to learn war. We pray for the uplifting of
men into the likeness and image of God. More and more may the
earth rejoice in the coming of the kingdom of peace and in the shining
of the sun of righteousness. More and more may we see the realization
of our hope and promise as a nation honored and chosen of God to
enlighten the world and teach the lesson of national righteousness to
men. May we be indeed that nation whose God is the Lord, and to
Thy name shall be the praise, Father, Son and Spirit. Amen.
President Collier's Introduction.
Mr. Collier then introduced President Cleveland in the following
words :
To an assembly composed of American citizens no introduction of
the most illustrious of living Americans is possible, save as a mark of
courtesy and an expression of the regard in which he is held by his
fellow countrymen. Still, it may be possible on this occasion to signify
in some degree our profound gratification at the presence of the Chief
Executive of the nation. The demonstrations he has already witnessed
prove better than could any mere words the sincerity and the warmth
of his welcome. He, of all men in this country, should be the best
able to recognize the voice of the people, for unto him it has called in
more emphatic terms than to any of our generation. But we must con¬
vey to him an assurance of the admiration and esteem of the people of
the Southern States, and especially of Atlanta. The South has received
from him a recognition as a constituent element of this Union to which
it had for many years been a stranger when he was chosen and com¬
missioned to erase the dark lines of sectionalism from the map of the
Union. The administration of which he is the head not only gave its
aid and indorsement to the dearest enterprise this city has projected,
but has established here for the inspection of the world the most com¬
prehensive and instructive display of our Federal resources that ever
ennobled any exposition. No intelligent citizen can visit this display
without experiencing a quickening of his patriotism as well as an exten¬
sion of his general knowledge. We rejoice also to-day in the reflection
that no other nation in the years that have passed since the foundation
of this government has had in its highest office such an unbroken array
of men, who, for devotion to their country, for faithful performance of
duty, and for those virtues which adorn the citizen as well as the execu¬
tive, have been worthy of comparison with the Presidents of the United
States. From Washington to Cleveland we may contemplate that list
with pride in the thought that these are the men whom a great people
in the effort to solve the problem of self-government have chosen as their
representatives and leaders. Every true citizen of the United States
who is here to-day must rejoice that to these assembled citizens of most
of the States and of many nations we present the man who, under condi¬
tions in many respects unprecedented, has been twice honored with the
Presidency of the greatest of republics, and who has proved himself
so worthy of the trust his country has bestowed upon him. I have the
honor to present the President of the United States.
President Cleveland's Speech.
When the President rose it was some time before the applause
ceased. He spoke deliberately, giving careful emphasis to his
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
121
words, and, as his voice was strong and his enunciation clear, he
could be distinctly heard by a large part of the great crowd. He
said :
Mr. President: On my own behalf, and for my co-laborers in the
executive branch of our Government who have accompanied me, I
thank you for your kind words of greeting. We are here to congratu¬
late you and your associates upon the splendid success of the Exposition
you have set on foot, and upon the evidences you have here gathered,
chiefly illustrative of Southern enterprise, Southern industry and
Southern recuperation.
But we are also here to claim a share in the pride of your achievement.
No portion of our countrymen, wherever found, can exclusively appro¬
priate the glory arising from these surroundings. They are proofs of
American genius and industry which are the joint possession of all
people, and they represent triumphs of American skill and ingenuity
in which all our citizens, from the highest to the humblest, have a
proprietary right.
While our fellow-citizens of Georgia and her neighboring States may
felicitate themselves to the fullest extent upon such evidences as are
here found of the growth and prosperity of interests and enterprises in
which they are especially concerned, I cannot be deprived of the enjoy¬
ment afforded by the reflection that the work they have done emphasizes,
in the sight of the world, the immense resources and indomitable
thrift of the people of the United States.
It seems to me the thought may be suggested as not inappropriate
to this occasion, that what we see about us is an outgrowth of another
Exposition inaugurated on American soil more than a century ago,
when a new nation was exhibited to the civilized world, guaranteed and
protected by a Constitution which was ordained and established by the
people of the United States, with the declared purpose of promoting
their welfare and securing the blessings of liberty to themselves and
their posterity. The success which has attended this exposition of
products and manufactures is not altogether due to the quality of the
soil or character of the people in any of the contributing States,
but it rests largely upon the fact that the States are members of a
beneficently governed nation, whose natural resources and advantages
have been developed and improved by the influence of free institutions,
and whose people have been stimulated and encouraged by the blessings
of personal liberty.
A contemplation of the benefits vouchsafed to us by our Government
easily reminds us of the importance of a hearty and united co-operation
in its support and protection. We should lovingly watch and guard it,
not only because we are recipients of its precious gifts, but for its own
sake, and because it has been put in our hands in sacred keeping, to
prove to the world that men can be trusted with self-government.
We shall walk in the path of patriotic duty, remembering that our
free institutions were established to promote the general welfare ; we
strive for those things which benefit all our people, and if each of us is
content to receive from a common fund his share of the prosperity
thus contributed, we shall sadly miss our duty and forfeit our heritage
if, in narrow selfishness, we are heedless of the general welfare and
struggle to wrest from the Government private advantages which can
only be gained at the expense of our fellow-countrymen.
I hope I may, therefore, be permitted, in conclusion, to suggest, as a
most important lesson taught by this occasion, the absolute necessity to
our national health and welfare, and consequently to our individual
happiness as citizens, of a careful discrimination in our support of
policies and in our advocacy of political doctrines between those which
promise the promotion of the public welfare and those which simply
seem to serve selfish or sectional interests.
If we are to enjoy the blessings our Government was framed to fairly
and justly bestow, we shall secure them, in due time, by cultivating a
spirit of broad American brotherhood and insisting upon such conduct
as will, within the spirit of the golden rule, promote the general
welfare.
When the President had concluded there were repeated calls for
Secretary Carlisle and Vice-President Stevenson, but these gentle¬
men observed the propriety of the occasion and merely bowed an
acknowledgment of the compliment. The President then descended
to the foot of the steps in front of the stand and held an outdoor
reception. " Now comes the great American handshaking," said he,
"and I am to perform that feat." There was a grand rush on the
stand and an indescribable scene followed. The crush was so great
that ladies struggled up to the President with hair disheveled, and
shook hands with him while they re-arranged their headgear, and
men came with cravats untied or pulled off in the struggle. The Presi
dent smiled on his panting or perspiring admirers. Meantime other
and less pleasing incidents were occurring a little further back in
the crowd. Near the corner of the stand the pressure from several
directions seemed to concentrate and the crush was terrible Within
a few minutes half a dozen ladies fainted and were pulled out of
the crowd. Several of them were lifted to the reviewing stand as the
nearest place of safety and there remained till they had recovered
themselves.
From the " great American handshaking," Mr. Cleveland and
his Cabinet were taken to luncheon at the Piedmont Club house.
Afterward they visited the Woman's Building and the Negro Building
and were driven over the Exposition grounds. At six o'clock the
electric fountain showed its many-colored sprays for the first time,
and afterwards there was a magnificent burst of fireworks in the
President's honor.
The reception that night at the Capital City Club was the most
brilliant social gathering in the history of Atlanta. More than a
thousand guests crowded the halls and reception rooms.
The Atlanta Constitution''s society editor gave the following
description of the decorations:
The wide verandas were entirely enclosed. The pillars and walls
were twined about with smilax and roses, and in the deep window-seats
were placed palms and jardinieres of bright flowers. Through the
windows one caught opalescent glimpses of the cafe where the Presi¬
dent's table was spread, and a step or so through the hall brought one
to the arcade door, where the gorgeous picture burst clearly upon the
sight. In compliment to the occasion the wine glasses show red,
white and blue, and along the center of the board were great banks of
pink roses and maiden's-hair fern. The central adornment was a bust
of President Cleveland amid a mass of pink roses, and ranged about
this were exquisite statuettes representing Columbia, Art, Agriculture,
and Atlanta, all giving their greeting to the President. The electric
lights in the room had pink shades and were wreathed in big roses, and
the paper shades and confections on the table were pink. This one
great table alone stood in the cafe, and about it in the corners and
window-seats lovely tropical plants were arranged. All the other
rooms were furnished with small tables, decorated artistically with
jardinieres and vases with flowers.
The second floor was enhanced in every way that bright lights and
floral ornaments made possible. The lofty ballroom with its clouded
blue ceiling scattered with roses, with its rich seats and lovely windows,
was turned into a palatial apartment. At the end of the room a
fairy bower of palms and roses was arranged, and roses and smilax,
forming a graceful union, greeted the eye on every hand.
Major Livingston Mims, the president of the club, was, of course, the
special host of the occasion, a social president of whom the South has
122
OFFICIAL HISTORY.
every reason to be proud, for other presidents may gain their places
though time and circumstances, but a great host is an individual gift
which one's fellows can neither make nor destroy.
The President had been grave and dignified at the review, but he
was all smiles at the reception. He seemed particularly to enjoy
this experience and the visit to the Woman's Building. After the
reception the Washington party was driven to the train and by
morning were far on their way to the capital.
ILLINOIS DAV.
Chicago was the first of the great cities to recognize the import¬
ance of Atlanta's Exposition. Her press and people encouraged
Atlanta from the start, and there was a very cordial feeling between
the two cities. Illinois day and Chicago day came on the iith
and 12th of November, and both were celebrated with exercises at
the Auditorium. A distinguished party, headed by Governor
Altgeld, Hon. A. S. Trude, Ferd. W. Peck, Mayor George B. Swift,
Hon. H. N. Higginbotham, President, and Hon. F. B. Bryan, Vice-
President, of the World's Columbian Exposition; Herman H. Kohl-
saat, publisher of the Times-Herald, and other prominent gentlemen,
came down from Chicago under escort of the gallant First Regi¬
ment. Colonel Turner and his Chicago command were escorted
to the Exposition grounds by the Fifth Georgia Regiment, in
command of Colonel John S. Candler.
On the nth, Illinois day, Hon. A. S. Trude, of Chicago, pre¬
sided. Speeches were made by Governor Altgeld, President Collier,
of the Exposition ; Ferd. W. Peck, President of the Chicago and
Southern States Association, and by Lucien Knight, of the Atlanta
Constitution, representing the press. Governor Altgeld's speech was
the feature of the day, and is here given in full:
Governor Altgeld's Speech.
Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I very much fear that you
may judge my friend who has so flatteringly introduced me on this
occasion to be an Irishman. (Laughter.) Such is not the case.
Certainly he has since crossing the Ohio River become extremely
enthusiastic. But, as for that matter, we have all become enthusi¬
astic.
Would that we were all natural born orators like you sons of the
South. Put a man from Illinois on the stand to make a speech
and you give him a task that is burdensome indeed, but it seems to me
every living man in the South is an orator.
If our great State were making an exhibit here, if we had come to
promote our material advancement and display our products, [hen 1
should talk to you about the brilliant career, the limitless resources,
the great riches and the high development of the State of Illinois I
should tell you about the progress of our people and the glory of
her institutions and the wonder of her cities. But such is not
the case. We have come upon a different and nobler mission—a
mission that rises above profit and all pecuniary considerations—
indeed most of these gentlemen who, by their great liberality, have
made this journey from the North possible, are so situated that they
can get no pecuniary profit from it. Our people have come upon
a mission of good fellowship. The people of the South have invited
us within her gates and we have here accepted the invitation.
The people of the South have held out a friendly hand and we have
come down to grasp it. In a sense we are the guests, invited to see¬
the creations and treasures of a host, and in judging their merit it is
necessary to consider the conditions out of which they grew and
the difficulties which had to be overcome, for this determines the
character of the genius and the effort that was required.
This magnificent Exposition becomes clothed with a mighty import¬
ance when we consider that thirty years ago the Southern States
lay prostrate. They had just emerged from the most gigantic war the
world had ever seen—a war carried on within their borders. To
the west the great father of waters flowed for hundreds of miles by
fields that lay waste and by villages whose inhabitants were ruined,
and toward the east the morning, the noon and the evening rays
of the sun fell upon land that was desolate. For four years the pas¬
sions had been unchained and the waters of bitterness and hatred
had been lashed into fury. Industry was dead and agriculture lay
helpless.
Fanners were without stock, without food, without money and with¬
out seed. The institutions of society had been destroyed. The only
class that possessed intelligence and which had once ruled the land
was dethroned as well as impoverished. More than this, nearly one-
third of the population that had existed in a condition of slavery
and ignorance was at once free from restraint and clothed with all the
powers of citizenship. Some of these poor people thought freedom
meant not simply the possession of liberty but the release from
toil. They had yet to learn the hard fact that life is everywhere a
struggle. Formerly they had done the work of the .South; under
the new conditions this could not be expected of them.
This was not all ; after a great battle the vultures swoop down upon
the field and tear the flesh from off the bones of the prostrate—so
after the close of the struggle there came to the South from differ¬
ent parts of the country many good men, indeed, bringing industry,
character and capital with them and bent upon an honorable
career; but there also came a cloud of vultures swooping down upon
the unfortunate land ; and taking advantage of the ignorance and the
credulity of some of the people, they proceeded to still further
lacerate this great country. They developed methods of plunder that
the ancients knew not of.
The Goths and Vandals took what there was in sight. Cromwell in
Ireland took only what his soldiers could carry, but these men operated
not only latterly, but by means of issuing bonds and mortgaging the
future they projected their slimy fingers a century ahead and ate of
the inhabitants of coming generations. They loaded the country with
a burden of taxation under which a more prosperous people would
have groaned.
In addition to this there was yet another evil, and that was an attempt
by the Federal Government to interfere in the local affairs of the South
in times of peace, with the usual result of making matters worse instead
of better. It simply intensified the bitterness and increased the diffi¬
culties. (Much applause.)
Only one thing has been clearly established by the various acts of
Federal interference in local affairs in this country, and that is the fact
that while such interference is always ordered ostensibly for the purpose
of upholding and enforcing the law, it is never done at the request of a
community, but is always due to the scheming and solicitations of sel¬
fish private interests that seek to derive a personal advantage from
such a step—interests that would sacrifice republican institutions at any
time for personal aggrandizement or profit.
This was the condition of the South at the close of the war. Never
before in the history of government was so difficult a problem presented
as the re-establishment of civil institutions in the Southern States.
But fortunately for the South, amid all this turmoil and wrong, she
had some men who stood upon a plane sufficiently high to discern the
great principle that there can be no prosperity or greatness unless it
rests upon a basis of universal intelligence—that there can be no growth
nor development without universal industry. Fortunately for the South
she had men whose vision was not dimmed and whose spirit was not
broken by the din of daily happenings, but who recognized the great
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
123
fact that fair play and equal rights were necessary to the healthy circu¬
lation of the blood in the arteries and the veins of a great State. (Ap¬
plause. )
They recognized the fact that the Goddess of Liberty will not smile
upon a people as long as the least of God's creatures are denied the
privilege of gazing upon her countenance. They perceived the great
truth that the Goddess of Justice dare not recognize either color or sex
or condition—that her needle must point to the great pole star of eternal
right, and that whenever it varies from that high point, then the germs
of disease, the germs of dissolution and destruction begin their work.
While these men could not at once calm the troubled waters, draw
order out of chaos, breathe new life into prostrate industries, nor re¬
store agriculture, yet they made their influence felt. Silently and
without noise they began to lay the foundations of new institutions.
While the outside world censured, they went on calmly doing the
best they could.
By slow degrees they established order, schoolhouses began to appear
all over the South, courts of justice resumed their functions and the
industries again became active ; old cities renewed their life, new ones
were founded, and in time the God of nations smiled upon the South.
This, in brief, is her history. She is not yet perfect; wrongs both
great and small are still committed upon her soil, wrongs done
in violation of law and wrongs done in the name of the law. But this
can also be charged against the North. Our safety lies in the fact that
the great masses of our people are becoming imbued with a sense of
justice, and even when at times wrong or misinformed they endeav¬
ored to right themselves, and this same sense of justice is permeating
the mind of the South.
Now, my fellow-citizens, considering the conditions out of which this
Exposition has grown, the difficulties that had to be met, the almost
insurmountable obstacles that had to be overcome, it is one of the most
remarkable creations of civilization. It is proper that the people of
the South should rejoice over it. We rejoice with them. They are
proud of it and we share their pride with them. Considering the con¬
ditions out of which it grew this Exposition has demonstrated to the
world, as never was demonstrated before, the vitality, the life-giving
principle of republican institutions. No other form of government
could have dealt successfully with this problem. If we had a mon¬
archy, and the iron hand of brute force had reached over to govern
these States, instead of this magnificent Exposition, instead of this
product of high civilization, we would find here another edition of
Ireland, or another chapter of Armenian horrors.
Only a few hundred miles to the south of us lies the richest island of
the globe, blest with all that nature could give it. For over a century
a foreign military force has ruled and robbed this island until to¬
day, instead of standing with civilized nations and giving the world an
exhibition of its products as the South has done, it can only show
to the world its bleeding heart, and cry of anguish for assistance.
(Cheers.)
My fellow citizens, the friends of justice have a right to hope that
there will come a time when our government will have enough re¬
gard for the principles of home rule—enough respect for republican
institutions, enough concern for our own safety, and enough American¬
ism in its blood to rest from its solicitude for corporate interests just
long enough to proclaim to all the world that this noon-day rob¬
bery, noon-day outrage and noon-day butchery of helpless people,
even though done in the name of the law, must cease upon the Ameri¬
can continent and in the American waters. (Prolonged applause.)
But this brief backward glance tells us something more. It tells 11s that
people who could overcome these great obstacles and could lay the
foundation of prosperity under these adverse conditions have a capa¬
city for a greater career. Yea, this Exposition tells us that the war
was but a storm in the night for these people— terrible and destructive
it is true, but having in its wake a day that is pregnant with a
grandeur and a glory such as would have been impossible under former
conditions.
People of the South, we have watched your career, we have watched
your struggles and we rejoice in your successes, and the gentlemen
and ladies who have come down from our great State, have come on a
mission of friendship. They want to know you better and want you
to understand them better.
They do not ask whether (as you develop) your trade will go to the
North, to the East, to the South or to the West. They do not ask
where you sell your cotton or where you buy your supplies. They
know that the great laws of commerce will determine these questions.
They know that the great rivers of the world were once not only highways
of commerce, but were dividing lines, not simply between States, but
between different civilizations, and they have noticed in the progress
of time that the new agencies given to the world by science and by
civilization have almost wiped the rivers off the map so far as com¬
merce is concerned. And our people feel that the time is come
when rivers should no longer be dividing lines between civilizations or
between different people in this country ; that whether a man stands
upon the north bank or the south bank of the Ohio, he should be
surrounded by the same institutions, the same civilization and the same
spirit. That not only should the citizens of this entire republic stand
under one flag, but they should be actuated by the same motives and
the same high aim and struggles toward the same end. Our people
are imbued with the idea that this great continent, from the aurora-
tinted skies of the North to the warm waters of the South, from the
morning to the evening should be inhabited by a great, intelligent,
liberty-loving, justice-loving, law-abiding brotherhood of men. That
is the spirit that has brought our people into your midst, and they will
more than reciprocate your every act of friendship and your every ex¬
pression of fraternal sentiment. And as opportunity offers they will
make every Southern man fee) that there is a welcome for him in the
country by the great lakes.
The public exercises of Illinois Day were followed by a reception
at the State Building.
CHICAGO DAY.
Chicago and Atlanta had greeted each other with the warmth
of cordiality on the day before, and on Chicago's own day they
were almost affectionate in their expressions of mutual regard.
The stage of the Auditorium was occupied by a distinguished
company, and the speeches were many and eloquent. For Chi¬
cago spoke Mayor Swift, President Higginbotham, Judge Thomas
Bryan, ex-Congressman George E. Adams, Mr. A. H. Revell, and
Colonel Henry Turner. Attorney General Terrell, Mayor King,
President Collier, Vice-President H. H. Cabaniss, and Colonel A. J.
West, spoke for Atlanta. These utterances aroused great enthu¬
siasm, but there is room in this narrative for only two, those of
Mayor Swift, of Chicago, and President Higginbotham, of the
World's Columbian Exposition. These were of especial interest,
both on account of the distinguished position of the speakers,
and because of the significance of their utterances.
Mayor Swift's Speech.
As the official head of Chicago, Mayor Swift received a great
ovation when he rose to speak. The following is his address
in full:
Mr. Mayor, Ladies and Gentlemen : It requires some temerity for
a modest Chicago man to attempt any public utterance here in a State
whose atmosphere seems charged with oratory, as was so pleasingly evi-
124
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
denced by the eloquent address delivered in this hall yesterday by your
fellow-townsman, Mr. Knight ; and I call to mind that on this day one
of Georgia's most gifted orators is held in special remembrance. We
all remember the electrical effect produced some years ago by a great
speech made by the lamented Grady. No one in this city to-day can
fail to think of him or to regret his untimely death. It aids me on this
occasion that I am conscious of being among friends and of addressing
friends, and that in responding in behalf of Chicago and its visiting
delegation my words are spoken in a city not inaptly termed "The
Chicago of the South." Naturally we of Chicago do not think this
expression at all uncomplimentary to the city of Atlanta.
The two cities have much in common. Each is the metropolis of its
own region. Each has been terribly tried by fire. The growth of
Chicago has been equalled by the extraordinary increase of the popu¬
lation of this city. We are standing practically in a new city, and if
the growth of Chicago has been something wonderful, surely that of
Atlanta must be conceded to have been quite as wonderful. Its loca¬
tion seems admirable. One can well imagine that here a perfect drain¬
age system exists, conducing greatly to the health and comfort of the
people. Lying in the midst of a rich agricultural and mineral region,
with abundant railway facilities, its designation as the " Gate City of
the South " seems strikingly appropriate, and when we realize the activ¬
ity and energy of its people, we feel less wonder at its present position
and entertain no doubts about its future.
One trait of the Atlanta people strikes a responsive chord in the
breast of every Chicagoan. Indications of a great public spirit are
everywhere apparent. Nothing but a strong desire to promote the
public good could have built the really great Exposition in which we
stand at this moment. It is an enterprise which reflects credit upon
your city, and which would have been worthy of a much older and
larger and wealthier community. Such expositions as this are impor¬
tant steps in the progress of civilization. They are educators, not
merely in a material point of view, but quite as much in a moral and
intellectual direction. The mere bringing together of people ordinarily
widely separated is in itself an element of great value. Ignorance is often
if not usually the parent of misunderstanding and of strife. At Nash¬
ville I was forcibly "impressed by a remark made by a gentleman to the
effect that if the people of the Northern and Southern sections of our
common country had interchanged visits and mingled together before
1861 as much as they have latterly done, they could never have taken
up arms against each other. Thank God, that great difference has
ended beyond the possibility of any return. The new South and the
new North understand each other to-day better than the old South and
the old North ever did, and they know that the welfare and progress
of each is essential for the other, and that whatever aids the one must
in the long run be an efficient help to the other.
I think we can say that in creating the Columbian Exposition we in
Chicago builded better than we knew. Through it millions came to
know more of that city than they could have learned by reading libra¬
ries of literature about us. We of Chicago learned more of the na¬
tions and peoples of the earth than we could have learned in many
tours of the world. That exposition sent the name and fame of our
city to the remotest ends of the earth. What we reaped you here will
reap in a large degree. Your present Exposition will extend the repu¬
tation of Atlanta and promote its growth and progress in every way.
Throughout the length and breadth of the United States the Cotton
States and International Exposition is known. Hundreds of thousands
will see it. Millions will be told about it, and everyone who sees or
hears will be in an increasing degree a friend of the plucky people who
have carried to successful execution so difficult an enterprise.
Of my own city of Chicago I think I may be pardoned for speaking
with pride. Why should I not glory in the strides it has so plainly
made toward greatness and power and a better municipal life. A
painter will sometimes stand back from his easel to note the effect of
his recent touches. He will not incessantly apply his brush without
occasional glances of scrutiny. So properly may we stand back as
it were and gaze from time to time upon the incomplete picture of our
civic development. Incomplete, I say, for it is incomplete. Although
Chicago is great, it is going to be greater. Although it has beauty
spots, it is to be further adorned. Chicago is not perfect. What city
on earth has ever been or ever will be perfect?
Chicago is not done trying ; it is not done proving. It has some of
the faults of youth, but its people earnestly desire to correct these
faults, and they can be relied upon to do so in good time. The
idea sometimes seems to be depressingly stamped on one's mind that
whatever is every one's business is nobody's business, and such an
idea might perhaps be thought to lead in a large city to dangerous de¬
velopments, but somehow it happens that when the crisis comes, the
people assert themselves and the rocks are avoided. One thing
can be said, without undue boasting: Chicago will never refrain from
attempting to do a thing because of a fear that it cannot be done.
In the end it will accomplish what it undertakes. If the accomplish¬
ment be not seen, then it will be because the effort has not been made.
Great bodies move slowly, and a vast city can be no exception to
this rule, but the city of Chicago, keenly alive to its faults, will grow
in grace and perfection as it has grown in other ways and fulfill
hereafter the present promise of a glorious future.
We probably would not mingle to-day as we do if the pursuits of
the people of Georgia were in all respects the pursuits of the people of
Illinois.
There would be no commercial interest to aid in binding us together.
The Empire State of the South, as the State of Georgia is appropri¬
ately called, would necessarily possess some less attractiveness for us
of the northwest, if we are entirely without the knowledge that you
have here many things that we want and the belief that we have
many things that you want, or at least many things that we think that
you ought to have. We desire closer and more extended commer¬
cial relations with you and with the people of this part of the country,
but while we desire and seek these, we seek also your increasing
respect and regard, and expect to entertain an increasing respect and
regard for you.
The public spirit of Chicago to which I have alluded has been a
great factor in connection with this visit. It is no small thing to send
over a thousand people in half a dozen special trains for nearly a thou¬
sand miles upon a nine days' journey. It is no small thing to send
more chan eight hundred citizen soldiers upon such a trip, taking
them out of their daily walks of life. The young men who form our
military escort come from all branches of business, and over forty
of them come from one great mercantile establishment, whose name
and fame are probably almost as well known here as in Chicago.
I deem it proper to express my sense of appreciation of such public
spirit on the part of the citizens of Chicago. It is but the truth to say
that all of us who have come here have come gladly, and that this
march to Atlanta is much more desirable and more healthful than was
a march to Atlanta from my section of the country in 1S64.
We cannot say too much, Mr. Mayor, in praise of the hospitality
with which we have been received. We have been made to feel as if
at home. As we have viewed your Exposition and walked about your
beautiful streets, hands have been extended in generous greeting on
every side. We know that we have been no unwelcome guests, and
we take pride in the fact that some of you have heretofore been our
guests, and we hope you have equally been made to feel at home
among us.
We welcomed you two years ago at our own great exhibition of
human achievements, and we greeted you again by the shores of our
inland sea when a granite shaft was there raised in kind and tender
memory of the men of the South who laid down their lives in high de¬
votion to what they conceived to be their duty. We also welcomed your
leaders of the South—statesmen, orators and soldiers—who found that
in Chicago thirty years of peace had cemented the bonds of affection
so rudely shattered by the hand of war. They were welcomed not
only as survivors of that great period in our country's history, but as
OFFICIAL HISTORY.
125
brothers in a reunited family, and together we joined in honoring the
soldier dead without regard to the uniform they wore. Courage and
bravery should know no section in this land of ours, and when time had
quenched the flame of passion our citizens could do honor to the
gallant men who were once opposed to us on the field of battle. As
the dust of the men who followed the silent soldier of Illinois was
mingled with that of the men who fought under the gallant and in¬
trepid warrior of Virginia, so were our sympathies mingled with those
.of your surviving veterans. We welcomed them as neighbors, friends,
and brothers. We clasped hands over graves that were strewn with the
flowers of remembrance and love, and as the shafts of granite rise
almost side by side in the memory of the blue and gray, so do we stand
side by side and renew our pledge of patriotism and brotherhood.
President Higginbotham's Speech.
When President H. N. Higginbotham, of the Columbian Exposi¬
tion, was introduced, the audience was fairly carried away with
enthusiasm.
President Higginbotham said:
In coming to Atlanta we had hoped that we would not be asked to
mention the World's Columbian Exposition. We come to pay our
respects to this, the latest echo of that great work. We come to offer
our congratulations to your citizens for having dared to attempt such
an enterprise when the memory of our effort was still fresh in the
minds of all. We come as officers of the World's Columbian Expo¬
sition to assure the officers of the Cotton States and International
Exposition that we appreciate their efforts, and that we sincerely sym¬
pathize with them.
Men and women charged with the creation and administration of
such an undertaking need and should have the fullest and most cordial
support and sympathy of the public. Their responsibility is great,
and the amount of mental and physical force required amounts to
something heroic. Of necessity they plan, execute, build and create
in a limited space of time that which is soon to perish and pass away,
leaving in its train only the heritage of its influence. The differences,
contentions and imperfections, if any there be, it is to be hoped will
soon disappear, and that the good, the true and the beautiful will
endure and ever remain a sweet and blessed memory. Speaking of
the World's Columbian Exposition, I know you will pardon me for
saying that we have much satisfaction in the fact that we were factors
in its creation. We are, however, too modest and too truthful to claim
all the credit for ourselves, for Chicago, our State or even our nation ;
it was the creation of the whole world sustained and hallowed by the
blessing and favor of Almighty God. The conditions were favorable,
the time was ripe and rich with the fruitage of the ages; the bringing
together of the people of all lands that they might compare their
religions, their laws, their customs and the results of each was some¬
thing that had never before been fully accomplished.
Architecture found there its fairest blossom ; the arts, the sciences
and industries were never so thoroughly brought together in friendly
rivalry. Scholars, after viewing the magnificent spectacle, have im¬
poverished all languages in seeking for suitable words with which to
express their delight. Poets have sung their sweetest songs in its
praise. Divines have compared it to the one incomparable "white
city" seen in a vision by St. John. Lovers have likened it to a dream.
The masses beheld it with awe and silent admiration. Its influence on
all was ennobling, and uplifting; its value to humanity was worth all
and more than it cost in money and human effort. Those who made
sacrifices or contributed in the slightest degree that it might be vvill not
have lived in vain.
While not here long enough to inspect your vast enterprise, having
only arrived last night, I have nevertheless looked with admiration
upon the outline of the Exposition. The grouping of your buildings is
impressive, a striking architectural effect has been produced without a
loss of the practical and economical requirements as regards utility
of space and locality. I doubt if you appreciate the excellence of your
general plans and the intelligence of their execution. We sincerely
hope that fate will decree for your Exposition the largest measure of
success and that its memory will be a benediction to your people
foreover.
PENNSYLVANIA DAY.
Pennsylvania Day, the 14th of November, was honored by the
presence of the governor, lieutenant-governor and several members
of the Supreme Court of that State, together with the Pennsylvania
commissioners and a number of prominent citizens. Formal exer¬
cises were held at the Pennsylvania Building, and a number of
speeches were made. In behalf of Governor Atkinson, State
School Commissioner Glenn delivered an address of welcome for
Georgia. Similar addresses were delivered by Mayor King for the
city of Atlanta, and Vice-President H. H. Cabaniss for the Expo¬
sition. Pennsylvania was given utterance through Governor
Daniel H. Hastings, Lieutenant-Governor Walter A. Lyon and
Henry W. Williams, associate justice of the Supreme Court. After
the exercises the governor of Pennsylvania held a reception at the
Piedmont club house, where a luncheon was served to the visitors.
The next day, by special invitation, Governor Hastings addressed
the General Assembly of Georgia, and on that occasion was ac¬
companied by Governor Lippitt of Rhode Island.
Governor Hastings' Speech.
The following is the address delivered by Governor Hastings at
the State building on Pennsylvania Day :
Ladies and Gentlemen : This is Pennsylvania day in Atlanta and
the Cotton States and International Exposition. We are here by your
invitation, and we find on all sides the evidence of your hearty welcome
and your well-known hospitality. (Applause.)
Pennsylvania comes to Georgia to-day to renew her sentiments of
good will, and to reaffirm that spirit of comity and fraternity which
should always exist between sister States.
Georgia and Pennsylvania, two great sovereign States, to-day meet
in fraternal association; they offer in friendly rivalry the products of
their native resources, wealth and development.
Their State flags to-day are intertwined in hearty good vvill, and
above them both waves in peace and in glory the beloved emblem of
our common country. (Applause.)
In our journey here we passed through rich and historic States, but
we have crossed no sectional lines. They have been obliterated. They
should never have marred the map of the United States. (Applause.)
We have seen, as we have never seen before, the New South, not in
bud or blossom, but in that full and radiant bloom whose fragrance
permeates the whole land.
There is much of similarity in the two States united in these cere¬
monies ; similarity in the hills and the valleys; in the fertility of the
soil; in the abundance of their crops ; in their stores of mineral wealth ;
in value of internal commerce ; in their " mountains that point to the
heavens and rivers that run to the sea."
The early settlement of both States was composed largely of the
same people. Much of your population in early days came from Penn¬
sylvania, although many of them, after leaving the Cumberland Valley,
may have stopped for a generation or two in Virginia, the Carolinas,
or other States, before reaching Georgia.
OFF/CIA L HIS TOR } [
In the struggle for freedom, Pennsylvania and Georgia stood side by
side. Georgia's representatives came to Philadelphia to take council
with the patriots. Their names, with those of ours, are signed to the
Declaration of Independence. With us they heard the first defiant ring
of freedom from yonder Liberty bell. Your Georgia patriots fought
side by side with those of the Pennsylvania line at Saratoga and at
Monmouth. They stood at Pennsylvania's side and crimsoned Penn¬
sylvania's soil at Brandywine and Germantown. They went down into
the gloom of despair with Washington at Valley Forge, and they were
with the conquering hosts at Yorktown.
I proclaim to you that the patriotic heart of Pennsylvania beats as
warmly and as steadfastly for Georgia and her sister States to-day as
when they first united to found a government upon the rock of freedom.
(Applause.)
Your great Exposition gives to the world abounding proof of your
industry, your business expansion and your surprising growth and
development. Every day with you during the term of this Exposition
is a Georgia day. In your welcome to the several States and to the
great organizations representing the patriotism and the material wealth
of the country, so much is your time occupied, that Pennsylvania, with
the others, can be accorded only a single day, and, by your leave, I
CONFEDERATE RELICS.
would improve the occasion to tell you something of our State; some¬
thing of her relations to the nation ; the part she bore in the formation
period; her growth and development; her relations to the emergencies
and struggles through which we have survived ; and the development
of the great natural wealth planted by the Almighty in her hills and
valleys; the moral and mental advancement of her people and to the
relations which she proudly claims to bear to all the people.
The history of Pennsylvania is a part of that of our common coun¬
try. On every page may be seen the Keystone State identified with
every movement for its development and upbuilding.
In 1683, before our ancestors had covered themselves from the
weather, and while William Penn, our great founder, was still a young
man, a school for the education of children was opened in Philadel¬
phia. This was the first free school in the western hemisphere. Within
four years from the time our ancestors landed in Penn's woods a print¬
ing press had been successfully working in Pennsylvania. The first
newspaper was published in the province of Penn in 1719 by Andrew
Bradford, and was called the American Weekly Mcrcttry. In 1760 there-
were five weekly papers published in the province. There were more
books printed in Pennsylvania prior to the revolution than in all
the other colonies together. The first hospital in this country was
founded in Pennsylvania in 1761, and in the same year the University
of Pennsylvania, the pride of our commonwealth, was established.
The first medical college in America was founded in Pennsylvania.
Education was advanced by the first public library in the land. And in
this connection I call your attention to the fact that recently a private
citizen of our State voluntarily donated of his own means the sum of $5,-
000,000 for free libraries for the use of our people. The first vessel pro¬
pelled by steam for the transportation of passengers and freight sailed
from Philadelphia. The first experimental railway was operated and
the first insurance company was organized in Pennsylvania. Pennsyl¬
vania erected the earliest institution for the care of the insane, the blind
and the deaf and dumb children of the commonwealth, and one of our
good ladies has brought here to exhibit before you some almost miracu¬
lous successes in the education of the deaf and dumb children.
Pennsylvania was one of the earliest provinces to throw her weight,
her influence, her fortune, her honor and her future in favor of a free and
independent government. That historic bell which you see at my right
for more than twenty years rang out a warning to the mother country
against the oppressions visited upon our people, and Georgia and the
Carolinas and Virginia and Delaware and Maryland stood around the
cradle of liberty when this same bell rang out its triumphant notes of
liberty and equality to the western world and all the inhabitants thereof
(Applause.)
While calling the attention of Georgians to these things of which
we boast in Pennsylvania, let me avail myself of the opportunity to
direct the attention of Pennsylvanians to some distinguishing features in
the history of Georgia. No State, no section can successfully boast of
much more than its proportionate share in the great work of national
upbuilding.
Georgia's versatility of climate and soil induced her law-makers to
establish the first State department of agriculture in the land.
Georgia was the first and only free and anti-slavery colony in
America. Her code of laws of 1799 was so wise and symmetrical that
it was afterwards approved and to some extent engrafted upon the ven¬
erable body of English jurisprudence.
The first steamboat that ever crossed the ocean sailed from Savan¬
nah. (Applause.)
The first female college in the world, the Wesleyan Female College,
was established at Macon, Ga.
The cotton gin was invented in 1793 by Eli Whitney, near Savan¬
nah, on the plantation of General Greene of revolutionary fame.
The first sewing machine was invented by a Georgia preacher, F. R.
Goulding.
Georgia is the second State in the production of cotton, and the first
in the South in all general lines of manufacture.
The State of Pennsylvania comprises forty-five thousand two hundred
and fifteen square miles, and contains .a population of 5,745,000.
Within her borders there are erected, by the voluntary contributions
of her people, 10,624 churches, of all denominations. Her people
worship in a larger number of churches than those of any State in the
Union. Georgia comes fifth in the order of precedence with over 7,000
churches, according to the latest statistics.
The total value of church property of all denominations in our State
amounts to $89,917,370.
Mind training is an established industry in Pennsylvania. It is the
most profitable investment within our borders. There are no dividends
so great as those that come from the church, the schoolhouse and the
college. Free education has become as necessarya part of our Govern¬
ment as our legislatures and our courts. No tax is paid so cheerfully as
the school tax. No expense is met so readily as that for the education
of the boys and girls growing up around our family hearthstones.
In Pennsylvania to-day there 14,783 schoolhouses and 22,850 school¬
rooms. The value of our public school property in 1S90 was $42,625,-
000. We have 26,200 school teachers, instructing an army of 1,040,-
000 Pennsylvania boys and girls for future usefulness and happiness.
Our school teachers have received in salaries in the past ten years
OFFICIAL
HISTORY,;
127
$73,146,300. I was informed only last week by oir Superintendent of
Public Instruction, who, at my request, made a careful estimate, that
the total expenditure for the public schools of our commonwealth, from
1885 to 1894 inclusive, was $138,750,000.
The total expenditure for the support of the public schools in Penn¬
sylvania is more than the aggregate of expenditures for schools in the
States of Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Caro¬
lina, South Carolina, Georgia and Florida.
Pennsylvania's school expenditure exceeds that of the south central
division of States, which includes Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama,
Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas and Arkansas.
The expenditure for her public schools exceeds the combined expen¬
ditures of the western division, which includes Montana, Wyoming,
Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, Washington, Oregon
and California.
Agriculture, the chief occupation of our people, which, in every
adjustment of legislation, has always received our first consideration,
has kept pace with the development of all other branches of industry.
Last year we raised 2,710,000 tons of hay, 23,000,000 bushels of
potatoes, 26,226,740 bushels of oats, 3,750,000 bushels of rye, 18,848,-
700 bushels of wheat, and 40,749,376 bushels of corn, which yielded to
the Pennsylvania husbandmen a total of $81,730,407.
These products were raised by 300,000 farmers, on 200,000 farms,
whose assessed value is $2,000,000,000.
You of the South who are particularly interested in the production of
sugar may be surprised to learn that one of the numerous refineries of
Philadelphia uses more raw sugar every year than the States of Louisiana
and Texas produce; indeed, more than the annual production in the
United States. The one to which I refer has a capacity of 7,000 barrels
of refined sugar per day.
The average annual production of pig iron for the past four years has
been 3,914,939 tons. During the same period the average annual pro¬
duction of crude steel has been 2,831,757 tons, and the average pro¬
duction of rolled iron and steel has amounted annually to 3,120,002
tons.
Pennsylvania occupies the first rank in the manufacture of combined
textiles. Since i860 the capital employed in the textile industry
increased nearly eight fold, and the value of its products nearly seven
fold, while the amount paid in wages has increased nearly five and
one-half times. The capital invested is $95,686,227. More than
100,000 skilled workmen are employed, who have received annually
during the past five years an average of $30,236,000, while the total
value of the textile products is $137,367,500 annually. These remark¬
able figures have been prepared and tabulated by the State Bureau of
Industrial Statistics.
I have contemplated with much interest your vast coal fields aggre¬
gating, according to official statistics, an area of 175 or more square
miles. Whether the quantity or quality of your coal is greater and
superior to ours, I do not presume to say, nor ain I familiar with
the annual production of your mines. We employ in Pennsylvania
197,104 coal miners, paying them annually $60,076,865. They pro¬
duced in 1893, an average year, 43,221,898 tons of bituminous coal,
47,179,563 tons of anthracite coal, the price of the former at the
mines being 77 cents per ton, and of the latter $1.77 Per ton. And
in addition thereto 5,549,296 tons of coke.
Petroleum is peculiarly a Pennsylvania product. While it is true
that a part of the crude material is produced in some of the adjoining
States, and a considerable proportion of the refining is done outside the
boundaries of our commonwealth, we can justly claim that the home
of the coal oil industry has been, and still is, in Pennsylvania. Scarcely
thirty years have passed since the first barrel of refined oil was offered
for sale, and now the exports exceed all else but cotton, bread-stuffs
and provisions. To-day our exports amount to over 700,000,000
gallons per year, and the last census report estimates the total capital
invested in the oil production in our State at $300,000,000.
I have but a moment more to speak of the other great products of
the Keystone State. To be sure, we have the greatest locomotive
works in the country; we have the greatest saw manufactory in the
world; the greatest shipbuilding yards in the world ; and it was in
Philadelphia that the first United States mint was established.
These things that I have told you have inspired our people to a
greater measure of loyalty and devotion to our beloved common¬
wealth. We have gathered a few testimonials and have brought them
here to lay them as an offering of friendship at your feet. They
testify better than our briefly spoken words of the good-will which we
bear to the people of Georgia and her sister States of the South. We
are but one of that great constellation of four and forty stars which
comprises the only government founded on the rock of freedom,
blessed with every gift of nature, now so peaceful, so prosperous and
homogeneous.
The starry banner designed, woven and first flung to the breeze in
Philadelphia, now floats in peace and in glory over an undivided
nation. We, in Pennsylvania, believe in one flag and one country;
we believe in the Union of States; we believe in a common country,
a common flag, a common Americanism, a community of interest and
patriotism. (Applause.)
MASSACHUSETTS DAY.
Massachusetts day followed close upon that of Pennsylvania.
The 15 th of November was honored by the presence of Governor
Greenhalge and a number of distinguished men from Massachusetts.
Governor-elect Bradley, of Kentucky, was also present and made
an off-hand speech. Commissioner Guild presided and introduced
the speakers. Governor Atkinson, Mayor King and President
Collier made the addresses of welcome. The formal exercises of
the day were held in the Massachusetts Building, which was an
exact reproduction of the home of Longfellow, and Governor
Greenhalge made a felicitous reference to this fact. His speech
elicited much applause and is here given in full:
Governor Greenhalge's Speech.
Your cordial greeting is a most inspiring prelude to the performance
of a delightful duty. I come here charged with a message as lofty
and loving, as full of affection and respect as the ancient common¬
wealth of Massachusetts can send or the imperial State of Georgia can
receive. And if the voice of Massachusetts fails; if we, the rep¬
resentatives of Massachusetts, fail adequately and sufficiently to ex¬
press to you all the love and good fellowship, all the sisterly affection
she bears to her sister State of Georgia, we know that our deficiencies,
our weak utterances, will be hidden, lost, or made good in the great,
undying, ever-increasing song of the angelical choir proclaiming
" Peace on earth, good will to men," first heard on the plains of
Bethlehem when Christ the Lord was born, and which has filled the
world with divine music ever since.
I bring this message of Massachusetts to Georgia, and it is delivered
in a most appropriate place. This mansion of Massachusetts speaks
for Massachusetts more clearly than any lips, than any mortal voice.
This structure is the counterfeit presentment, the verisimilitude, the
true image of perhaps the noblest mansion of Massachusetts, which,
though silent, proclaims her history, her life, her thought, her purpose.
This house stands in Cambridge by the placid Charles. We may
not catch here to-day, except in fancy, the murmur of the river
sweeping by the poet's study. We may not see
" The lights of the village
Gleam through the rain and the mist,"
but we may hear the old clock on the stairs ticking :
" Forever—never—
Never—forever."
[28
OFFICIAL HISTORY.
The sweetness of the "Children's Hour" has soothed many a mother's
and father's heart here in Georgia, and the trumpet blast of the
" Psalm of Life " has.stirred every young man's heart from Boston to
Atlanta.
We know, then, that the soul of Longfellow is with us here to-day.
And the other great tenant of the Craigie house—the grandest, stand¬
ing alone, supreme—Washington—his spirit is present here. Under
the old elm of Cambridge he drew that sword which flashed free¬
dom from Massachusetts to Georgia.
And be sure that as we gather here to-day a brighter ray of sunlight
than common plays around the summit of the gray shaft on Hunker
Hill, and the old war-echoes which haunt the peaceful vales of Concord
and Lexington come to us softened into murmurs of peace and love.
We come, then, to encourage, to aid you in a slight degree in your
great undertaking. We earnestly hope that you may win solid success
and derive substantial profit from your earnest and untiring labors. May
they bring you material wealth, and, better still, may they bring you
the riches of mind, the broadening and uplifting of soul more precious
than jewels of silver and jewels of gold, and the strengthening of the
spirit of fraternity, of patriotic love, which shall warm the great heart
of America, giving to seventy millions one flag, one purpose, one
destiny, one glory.
Already upon your State seal you have written, "Agriculture and
Commerce." To-day you may proudly add " Manufactures," and the
progress of a community in art and skill and handiwork, in the indus¬
trial arts, which means a step in the direction of the highest civilization.
We see here the dawn of a grand future. The funeral drums of the
past are dying away in the distance. This grand Exposition, the sym¬
pathy and cheer of your sister States from every quarter, the grand
message delivered in Boston by that chivalric and high-souled son of
Georgia, Henry W. Grady, which is even now ringing in our ears ;
the increasing trade, the closer business relations, social and political
ties, the clearer understanding of the community of interests, the
similarity of conditions—all point to a grander and higher development,
a wider and nobler future, not only for Georgia, but for the Union.
As for Massachusetts, she fears no rivalry ; she invites each and all
to a generous and friendly emulation. We do not repine because you
have captured some of our cotton mills—be careful that some of the
owners do not capture you. If some of the blood of Massachusetts is
injected into the veins and arteries of Georgia, it will not be found cold
or sluggish; it will give strength of heart and clearness of brain, sound
judgment and high courage.
Massachusetts cannot boast of treasures of the earth, of vast territory,
of coal or cotton, iron or lumber. The best product of Massachusetts
is Massachusetts. The best work of her people is her people. As they
wring from the barrenness of Plymouth Rock the everlasting riches of
civil and religious liberty and well ordered government, so from every
adverse condition, from every grim obstacle, they wrest the jewel of
success.
They see in your glory and prosperity no menace to their own, but
a help and a stimulus.
If you catch up with us in one line of industry, we must try to in¬
crease our pace. If we cannot do that we will strike out in another
line. If you must manufacture cotton cloth, we will dye and print and
decorate it. If you make our product more cheaply than we, we will
diversify, invent more delicate textures, more artistic designs. If we
cannot do this, we will make the machinery tor you to do the work.
" One star differeth from another star in glory," and the glory of
this star of the South adds to the glory of our star of the East.
" The heavens declare the glory of God." Yes! and what brighter
vision of heaven can mortal eyes ever see, what heaven better declares
the glory of God than that heaven in which the constellation of the
union shines with increasing splendor, every star lending luster and
beauty to every other?
In bringing our message we do not hide a single page of history.
In 1799 you wrote upon your State seal, " The Constitution, Wisdom,
Justice, Moderation." These still you have. There is the whole
story. In the new Georgia, the new Atlanta, there is much of promise
and hope that we need not dwell on.
"Old, unhappy, far-off things
And battles long ago—"
And upon the most urgent problems of our day a word of power
and light has been spoken by one of those most interested, Professor
Booker T. Washington. It is words of wisdom like his which give life
to nations.
If we must go back, let us go back to the inspiring recollections of
the very origin and foundation of freedom.
Let us remember how, as Pallas sprang, fully armed with spear and
shield from the glowing intellect of Omnipotence, so the genius of
constitutional freedom sprang in perfect panoply from the glowing
thought of the revolution—the mightiest revolution in the recorded
history of mankind—whose great waves are even now beating against
every throne of oppression in the world.
No later shock or disturbance can impair or destroy the grand results
of that divine movement of humanity. No subsequent revulsion can
dissolve the eternal ties then formed among the thirteen colonies.
Representing, then, the Sons and Daughters of the American
Revolution in Massachusetts I greet with warmest welcome the Sons
and Daughters of the American Revolution in Georgia and throughout
the broad land. Keep forever burning the pure fire of patriotic love
and patriotic purpose here in Georgia, in Massachusetts and elsewhere.
After the formal exercises were concluded, Governor and Mrs.
Greenhalge held a reception in the Massachusetts Building. The
Governor was by resolution invited to address the General Assem¬
bly of Georgia, then in session, and his speech there was received
with great favor.
GEORGIA DAY.
It was meet that Georgia should have a day at the Exposition,
and the nineteenth of November was set apart for the occasion.
The directors of the Exposition invited the governor and the legis¬
lature to take charge of the exercises, and Governor Atkinson com¬
municated the invitation to the General Assembly. A joint com¬
mittee from the House and Senate formulated a programme which
included addresses by the governor, the president of the Senate
and the speaker of the House. The justices of the Supreme Court
were also asked to lend their presence to the dignity of the occa¬
sion. The day was widely advertised and a large crowd came. The
admissions exceeded 20,000. Altogether, with those admitted free,
there were nearly 30,000 people on the grounds. By some misun¬
derstanding Governor Atkinson was not present. With that excep¬
tion the exercises of the day occurred according to arrangement.
Senator Walter C. Beeks, of Griffin, chairman of the joint commit¬
tee, presided, and introduced the speakers.
The speech of Mr. W. H. Venable, president of the Senate, was
in part as follows :
President Venable's Speech.
There is a legend in the Floyd County exhibit which reads, " From
the seed in the ground to the crop packed and weighed." What a
world of thought and wisdom in that compact sentence! The man
that guided the plow that made the furrow in which the seed was
planted was to the manor born. The mule that pulled the plow was
foaled in Floyd. The steel points, the stock, both came from the for-
OFFICIAL HIS TOR Y.
ests and the mines of Floyd. The ties that bound the bale of cotton,
the gin that separated the seed from the boll, the limestone and flux¬
ing, and the coal that melted from the ore the pig iron, all found their
way from the mines and forests to the shop and mill and the manufac¬
tories of Floyd.
The scales by which men's rights are determined, metal, wood and
all, are the result of Floyd's handiwork. The black marble on which
the scales rest is the product of Floyd. The cloth and the hemp that
encircled the bale came from the fields and mills of Floyd.
Shut out from the world with such diversified interests, these would
be a happy and prosperous people. Every other county in the State
has the same opportunity. There is a glorious future awaiting you.
Get into the ships of progress that daily pass and join Floyd on the
industrial seas of Georgia. Seas, whose waters shall cause the weed
of penury and want to perish, and shall bring forth in their stead the
golden rod and flowers fit to fill the horn of plenty, in valley, slope
and mountain in this glorious State of Georgia.
The other lesson is at the forestry building. There are two scenes—
the first a barren waste ; great furrows, plowed by tooth of time, run¬
ning along down the hillside abandoned, the floods and storms have
rent and torn. Desolation and ruin are depicted everywhere. The
next scene is the same abandoned waste, changed by the skill and
energy' and push of the husbandman into a hillside and slope of
smiling verdant forest, whose buds and branches of a few years' growth
whisper a benediction to God for tempering the winds to fashion and
shape their destinies for His beneficent purposes to mankind. An acre
reclaimed is worth a thousand acres of abandoned waste lost to the
farmer.
This era has no place for drones, pessimists, demagogues or croak¬
ers. They are the camp followers to the industrial army, and have
no place in its advancing columns. Relegate the calamity howlers to
the rear. Croakers are a hybrid species, a cross between the raven
and the frog. Like the raven, everything is seen darkly through the
gloom of night. Like the frog, with his green coat of envy, he sees
with jealous eyes the advancement of his fellow-man, and when ad¬
versity comes gloats over the fallen with the croaking cry of, " I told
you so." There is no place for them in the advance of civilization ;
weed them out. The gaze of the world is upon us; let us rivet their
vision to our good and advancement. What care we about the war of
the standards, if we have within our grasps the substance drawn from
mountain and valley and stream and forest, which, when moulded and
cut shall exchange always for gold and silver in all climes. 'Tis not the
standard so much as the lack of energy to produce the stuff in which
to make the exchange for the standard. Build up your waste places,
make valuable the valueless, start enterprises, manufactures, shape,
carve, cut, hew, spin and weave, and ship to the marts of trade of the
world, and the standards to suit the fancies of the wildest dreamer will
flow in from every quarter to fill your empty coffers, and pay tribute
to your skill and energy and devotion to laws of business jurisprudence.
Let us work together for the good of mankind. The Divine Giver of
all hath said that the nation will work out its own salvation.
Speaker Fleming's Address.
Hon. W. H. Fleming, Speaker of the House, delivered an
address eloquently descriptive of Georgia. The significant part
of his speech -was as follows :
We of to-day will not halt the march of progress bv the idle and
useless sorrowing over the glories of a sun that has set. Rather
with faces turned to the morning will we joyfully hail the glowing
dawn of a brighter day. But in laying broad and deep the founda¬
tions of our New South—never, never, will we, or can we, forget or
neglect the Old South of our fathers. If we should cast it away, rest
assured the future philosopher and historian will write it down in ever¬
lasting characters, that the stone which the new builders rejected, the
same should have been the head of the corner.
I29
The South of this generation is a new South, but new, just as the
sturdy sapling is new that springs from the same soil and the same
root, when the parent tree has been felled by the woodman's axe. The
old and the new, though different, are yet the same.
The nation that takes up arms against the flag of this Union will
find that Southern men, cheered on by Southern women, will join the
charge with their Northern brothers, and vie with them in such deeds
of heroism as the world has never seen before. But loyalty to that flag
does not require treason in act or speech to the memory of " our
storm-cradled nation that fell." Brave men of the North will have a
contempt for too much subserviency.
Now, my friends, with such ruins and memories behind us, and with
rich, glowing hopes before us, why should we not love this good old
State of Georgia ?
I love her for her thriving plains and her desolate, scarred old hills;
for her crystal fountains and her gently flowing rivers. I love her for
her golden sunlight, and for the balmy air we breathe ; for the zephyrs
that play around us and the storm-clouds that roar above us. I love
her for the noble hearts and brilliant intellects of her sons, and for the
fairer forms and purer thoughts of her daughters. I love her for the
glorious memories of the past, her triumphs and defeats, for the rights
she has maintained and the wrongs she has endured. I love her for the
sacred dust she holds of dear friends gone before, and for the precious
blood that stained her countless battlefields. Yes, I love her most of
all for that mighty host of heroes who sacrificed their lives in defence
of her honor, and, clasped to her dear old bosom, now sleep beneath
the sod.
Mrs. Felton's Tribute to Grady.
Georgia Day had also been called " Grady Day," and Mrs.
W. H. Felton, of the Women's Board, paid a tribute to his
memory. A life sized portrait of the orator-journalist had been
placed on the platform, and, pointing to this, Mrs. Felton said:
" The exhibitors connected with the Exposition, and every
other true Georgian, have worked for the success of the Expo¬
sition ; but there is the picture of the man who made this great
reunion of States possible. Were he with us to-day, his voice
would be heard pleading for brotherly love and fraternity. God
bless the memory of Grady, for he will ever be loved by the
people who knew him best."
Colonel Albert Cox's Address.
By invitation of the Colonial Committee of the Women's Board,
through Mrs. James Jackson, Chairman for Georgia, Colonel Albert
Cox, of Atlanta, delivered an address which was one of the gems
of the Exposition. The following is reproduced as an illustration
of the style and spirit of the speech:
Let the whole world understand our gratitude to our country, our
State, our sister States, our county and our sister counties, our noble
city and her sisters. Let us give garlands of gratitude to the inde¬
fatigable women of our city and State and country for their untiring
efforts and never-flagging zeal. Let us all begin weaving civic crowns
for the ability and patriotism of Collier and for the munificence of
the incomparable Inman ! Let the people thank the press that its
mighty power has been exerted in unstinted services to this work !
Let this roll of honor be called and honor be paid to every friend, ally
and actor in the great undertaking.
Then let us do more ! Let us attempt to appreciate their work!
This will not be easy for us or even for them. True is it and accepted
that men who make and mold, as well as men in the midst of signal
epochs, most often underrate their own eras, and that results ot popular
9
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
movement rise higher than forecasted by great actors or dreamed of by
philosophy.
There is no better instance of this than is presented by Georgia her¬
self. But a short while ago, as counted in the annals of States, Ogle¬
thorpe set in for Yamacraw to a shore of savages and wilderness.
Three lives, of fifty-four years each, would reach backward to that time.
Whom would he have believed telling him that in forty-two years that
colony would have a provincial congress of its own ; would be sending
succor to New England, electing delegates to a continental congress
—and, although prosperous, having quadrupled her export in ten years,
refusing with scorn to be exempted from a bill of pains and penalties
enacted by Great Britain.
Less than two lives of fifty years each, all Georgia had not more than
one-fourth the inhabitants of this city and its suburbs. Who would
have believed, if then told, that without the aid of any rush or migra¬
tion, but steadily and surely, under equable climate and reliable seasons
and almost certain harvests, despite of Spaniards on the south and Indians
on the west, despite three wars, despite invasion length and breadth,
despite burnt cities and wasted fields and subverted systems, yet Georgia
would at this date have reached her present proud position ?
How shall we rise to the estimation of our own era, and this exposi¬
tion of it? How can we realize that the upas tree of sectionalism
has been cut from our country, that the old colonial fraternity has
returned, and that we can build on and earn now, not antagonized by
the world, not on the quicksands of debatable ground, but with the
assurance that what we earn our children will inherit. If Georgia,
encumbered within and antagonized without, has made such wonderful
strides, who shall measure her coming progress when disencumbered
and befriended ?
LOUISIANA DAY.
The twentieth of November was celebrated as Louisiana Day.
Governor Foster was not present, but there was a parade of the
Baton Rouge Cadets, and interesting exercises were held in the
Auditorium. Colonel W. H. Parker, of the State Commission,
acted as Master of Ceremonies, and in his introductory remarks
paid a handsome tribute to the president of the Exposition. Mr.
Collier was never more happy in his remarks than in the reply
to this cordial greeting from Louisiana. It would be strange if
a busy man, oppressed with the multitudinous cares of a great
enterprise, called upon to make a public speech almost every
day, should always say something of importance and real sig¬
nificance. During the Exposition Mr. Collier made nearly a
hundred speeches to all kinds of people under constantly vary¬
ing circumstances, and, in looking over the printed reports of
his utterances, one is surprised to see in almost every speech
something of permanent value and suggestiveness, as well as
something particularly appropriate to the occasion, and to the
audience to whom it was addressed. It is out of the question
to print many of these speeches, but it is worth w hile to record
this as the judgment, not alone of this writer, but of all intelligent
men who have followed Mr. Collier's public utterances.
This fact is the more interesting when it is known that these were
not carefully prepared speeches learned by rote. They were, as a
rule, off-hand, with no effort for oratorical effect, yet, in purity of
diction, felicity of expression, terse strength, and fruitful sugges¬
tiveness, they compare favorably with any of the utterances at the
fair. I he brief reply to the introduction of the Louisiana Com¬
missioners is a fine illustration of this kind of speech-making. He
opened with a reference to the remark that the roll of the States
was being called at this Exposition, and reminded the public that
Louisiana was the first of the commonwealths to pledge a State
Exhibit. His remark, " Louisiana, though not won to the Repub¬
lic by American valor, is none the less noble. She was acquired
by a master stroke of American statesmanship, and furnished the
scene of the most brilliant victory that has crowned American
arms," illustrates an admirable terseness of style. Though some
might dispute the statement concerning the Battle of New Orleans,
as compared with Washington's victory at Trenton, none will fail
to appreciate the reference to the statesmanship of Jefferson in the
Louisiana purchase. Perhaps the best and timeliest remark of the
speech was the reference to the Nicaragua Canal, and the great¬
ness which it promised for New Orleans. A mild rebuke to the
indolence of latter-day statesmen was administered in the words,
" We have reason to believe that, in quickening Southern energies
and inspiring Southern genius, this Exposition may move Southern
statesmanship to strive, as it has never yet striven, for the great
boon to this whole country, and especially for the South, that lies
in the construction of the Nicaragua Canal."
Colonel A. A. McGinnis, representing the Governor of Louis¬
iana, responded briefly, but cordially, to Mr. Collier's remarks, and
was followed by Dr. W. C. Stubbs, head of the Louisiana Experi¬
ment Station and Commissioner in charge of the State exhibit, who
made a strong speech for the Pelican State. This gentleman, a
native of Virginia, but for many years earnestly devoted to develop¬
ing the resources of his adopted State, is a fine example of the
mixture of population to which he alluded. Though a man of
scientific habits of thought, he showed a felicity of expression which
the literati might envy. After recounting the attractions of a balmy
climate and the rich products of a fertile soil and incomparable
forests, Dr. Stubbs reached this happy climax:
If agriculture here is a failure, it is man's mistake. (Applause.)
The trouble is not in the fertility of the soil, not in the balmy climate,
not in our favorable seasons. God might have made a goodlier land,
but it did not please Him to do so. This is truly "a land of sunshine
without sunstrokes—a little sun-browned, perhaps, but greatly sun-
blest, and the farmer or planter who intelligently strikes her springing
breast may fill himself from her fountains." (Applause.) But to
appreciate the nature and fertility of these lands one has but to watch
the united waters of her streams, hurrying past us with a freight of
sediment stolen from over a thousand townships. Remove a glassful
of it and set it aside to settle and you have in the deposit a perfect
museum of soils, gathered from the fertile farms of New York and
Pennsylvania, from the sandy cliffs of the great Kanawha, from the
clayey slopes of Cincinnati, from the blue grass regions of Kentucky
and Tennessee, from the corn prairies of Illinois and Iowa, from the
melon patches of a Cheyenne squaw or from the canyons of the far-off
Yellowstone. Thus nature is robbing, and has robbed, the northern
States of their finer soil material for the benefit of Louisiana, and many
northern men are following it, recognizing that when thus triturated,
mixed and deposited under southern skies, it has a marvelously pro¬
ductive capacity. Louisiana has 20,000 square miles of such soils,
formed from the best materials of over twenty-five States.
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
Dr. Stubbs' reference to the people of Louisiana was equally
happy. He said:
What shall be said of the population which is developing these
resources ? Of the typical Louisianian a special mystery seems some¬
times to be made. But Louisianians have reason to be proud of their
historical descent. They have a history as authentic as the Puritans
of Massachusetts, as. aristocratic as the cavaliers of Virginia, and as
devout as the Huguenots of South Carolina.
The State's colonial structure was reared by the best blood of France.
It was afterwards directed by Castillian grandees and finally incorpo¬
rated into the American union under Claiborne and his associates.
Louisianians are brave, chivalrous, hospitable, whether tracing their
history back to Bienville, Lasatt, O'Reilly, Salcedo, Claiborne, or
Wilkinson. The descendants of the above, blended with English, Irish
and Scotch emigration and the offspring of the cavalier and Huguenot
settlers from Virginia, Georgia, Alabama and the Carolinas, together
with numerous additions recently from northern and western States,
now make up the population of Louisiana.
These different types, vieing with each other in the cultivation of
their noble traditions and refined associations, have become homogen¬
eous and to-day exhibit the finest traits known to humanity, evidenced
everywhere in the generous hospitality, the chivalric spirit, the punc¬
tilious courtesy, the knightly hand, the Christian knee, the clean fire¬
sides and altars, cherished in the hearts and homes of every Louisianian.
In the hands of such people we can safely trust the future ! (Applause.)
NEW JERSEY DAY.
November twentieth was also New Jersey Day. Governor Werts,
who had visited the Exposition during its first week, was unable to
make a second trip, but a representative delegation, headed by
General Wm. Stryker, Adjutant-General of New Jersey, called upon
President Collier and delivered the following letter from the Gov¬
ernor:
General William Stryker, Adjutant-General of New Jersey:
My Dear Sir—I regret very deeply that I find it impossible to be
absent from this state on the occasion of New Jersey day at the Cotton
States and International Exposition. The approaching meeting of our
Legislature and the preparation of my annual message deprive me of
the pleasure of meeting the people of Atlanta on this occasion. In
September last, when I enjoyed their great hospitality, I was much
pleased with the wonderful success of their efforts to make a grand and
complete exhibit, and I was particularly pleased with the display of the
industries of the South. Marvelous work has been accomplished in a
very short period of time and the managers of the Exposition deserve
all praise for the success it has achieved. I am sure this year will mark
a new era in the industrial work of the South: and, speaking for Jersey-
men, I sincerely express my great admiration for the men and women
who have labored so enthusiastically for this great object. The future
of this country and especially of that portion of the country which this
Exposition particularly illustrates is bright and promising.
Very truly yours,
GEORGE WERTS, Governor.
President Collier responded with a brief but cordial address of
welcome, and an informal reception was held in the Administration
Building.
BROOKLYN DAY.
Brooklyn Day, the twenty-third of November, was signalized by
the appearance of a galaxy of distinguished men from the City
of Churches. Mayor Schieren, Mayor-elect Wurster, Timothy L
Woodruff, Will Carlton, whose poem, in honor of the event, was
read by Wm. Berri; St. Clair McKelway, Murat Halsted, and
other prominent citizens, took part in the exercises. The brilliant
"Troop A" from New York accompanied the parade to the
grounds, and a great concourse of people witnessed the spectacle.
Speeches were made by Mayor Schieren, Mayor-elect Wurster,
Timothy L. Woodruff and Murat Halsted of Brooklyn, and by
Mayor King, of Atlanta, and President Collier of the Exposition;
but the event of the day was the oration by St. Clair McKelway,
editor of the Brooklyn Eagle. It was, perhaps, the most eloquent
utterance of the Exposition, well considered, upon a high moral
plane, and remarkable for purity of English. The limits of this
chapter do not admit of the full reproduction of this admirable dis¬
course, but some of its best parts will be given.
Mr. McKelway's Oration.
There are those who differ with Mr. McKelway on his idea
that one part of the country is growing old without change, while
another has begun life wholly anew. Still, others will except to the
proposition that the men of this generation, or any other genera¬
tion, must, or can, " run it" without inspiration or assistance from
the men of the past, who gave us civilization as we found it, and
whose surviving ideas, with ever increasing potency, dominate in
the transactions of every-day life, whether it be high or humble, and
whether we will or not. Still, there is so much that is admirably
interwoven, with a few points of difference, and the whole so beau¬
tifully expressed, that these words must be read with profound satis¬
faction :
Georgia and New York belong to the aristocracy of America. They
were numbered among the original Thirteen. Both are battle-scarred
with revolutionary sufferings and crowned with revolutionary triumphs.
Both have united to defend the Union against every foreign foe.
Both are a unit in the spirit of love among men and of justice between
States which makes and can make the Republic's peace. Contempora¬
neous as we are, however, it is with us the Old North and with you the
New South.
Our public life and public forces have undergone expansion, without
change, for an hundred years. Yours have undergone prostration and
re-creation into and under absolutely new conditions, in less than a
third of a century. Of memories your past has as rich a heritage as
ours. But from deterring responsibility for retarding causes you are
free—and we are not. You had the not always injurious opportunity
either for a man or for a State, to begin all over again. We inherit and
carry our years with all their infirmities and errors as well as with all
their advantages and successes. You should be better than we are,
for "purified as if by fire" is the figure of inspiration to signify en¬
largement from alloy and deliverance from dross, release from rust and
from all corrupting and corroding influences. The resultant is that
New South which attests not only the originality, resiliency and inde¬
structibility of your section, but also the homogeneous character, at
last, of our common country.
The Old North is in sympathy with the New South. We recognize
that with you, as with us, the folk who face toward the future outnum¬
ber those who face toward the past by seven to one. The young
captains and soldiers of industry refuse no reverence to the veterans of
the Civil War, on either side, but the men of this generation are deter¬
mined to run it. The sons will preserve and magnify the fame of
their fathers, but they will not foster or fight over again their feuds,
132
OFFICIAL
NFS TORY.
since the fathers themselves, an illustrious and pathetically thinning
band, long ago renounced rancor and dissolved differences. Let what
people that may elect to do otherwise, the effectives both of the North
and of the South to-day believe in factories quite as much as in pan¬
theons and in expositions more than in inquests. A spent quarrel, not
of our modern making, shall not work our present unmaking. We
will filially worship the shades of our ancestors, but we will not cut
ourselves among their tombs. We will honor, as children their par¬
ents, the survivors of the struggle between the States. May their days
—and ours—be still long in the land which the Lord, our Clod, hath
given to us and to them. The full and fervent sincerity of that prayer,
however, shall not affect the fact that to the men of each generation
belong the moiety of the duties and the whole of the destiny of that
generation. Our fathers fought out the questions which their fore¬
fathers left unsettled. We recognize and rejoice in their settlement,
but we are resolved that neither the charm of historical study, nor the
passion of poetry, nor even the pious exaltation that shrines incite and
monuments inspire shall hold back Old North and New South from
the new and noble obligations and from the benign and brotherly
competitions of this teeming time. Better a decade of love and peace
than a cycle of the mutilations and of the memories of civil war !
Speaking of political issues, Mr. McKehvay happily remarked:
"If we leave the quarrel words out of our converse, out of our
speeches, and out of our journalism, we shall find that the things
whereon we agree vastly outnumber and immensely outclass the
things whereon we differ."
After giving some illustrations from current politics, he con¬
tinued :
Too little of any argument argues. Too little of debate debates.
Too much of contention is about names rather than things. Too
much of controversy is around terms rather than truth. Too much
talk is for victory rather than for verity. Reform in these respects
must begin with the chief sinners, our so-called statesmen and our
journalists. We must import into our w-ritings and into our speeches
more of candor and less of passion. We must make our statements
purposely plain rather than deliberately ambiguous. The best place for
us to look for the best public is into our own hearts. What we there
find to be true we can know will be everywhere everlastingly true. The
things men are thinking about are the things we think about ourselves,
when alone with ourselves. The statesman or the journalist of con¬
templation and of faith becomes, by the laws of our universal nature,
on confidential terms with humanity. "To thine own self be true,"
was the injunction of Polonius to Laertes. " Know thyself," was the
injunction of an even terser and greater philosopher. Thereby comes
strength. Thereby comes courage. Thereby comes the assurance
which made the heart of Paul indomitable and the words of Paul
immortal : " If God be for us, who can be against us ! " The intense
earnestness and the equal simplicity which will issue from the conjunc¬
tion of our own heart with the heart of our race will make oratory
colloquial and unstilted. It will make journalism honest and not
sophistical. It will make statesmen fearless and free, not time serving ;
and the miserable spectacle of Northern and Southern senators and
congressmen voting for measures, which they contemn in their minds,
but voting for them lest the rapacity or the ignorance of their sections
may defeat them for re-election, would not then be presented. The
wretched manifestation of men of historic names and fames, going up
and down the land and talking rabble slush to rabble throngs, would
not then offend the eye of man or challenge the judgment of heaven.
The people are far better than those who give to them a low moral
rating. Their intelligence is far greater than is that of those who
serve out to them the pabulum on which fools are fed. Our readers
better edit us than we edit what wc give to them, when we give to them
anything which vie know to be wholly l.ilse or only paitially true.
My Slate, your State, our nation await the men of thought and the
men of action to clear the way. I know that such a man will some¬
where be found. I know not whence he w ill come, but I know that in
New York political philosophy is not all buried in the grave of Hamilton ;
judicial greatness is not all buried with the form of Nelson or the bones
of Kent, and that practical statesmanship was not committed to the
dust where DeWitt Clinton is entombed and Silas Wright is lovingly
mourned. So do I know that not from Georgia went the power of
creative leadership, when Oglethorpe exchanged worlds with the serene
assurance of immortality, and that if from nowhere else, then from the
ashes of Alexander H. Stephens would grow the principles of patriotism
and the perfection of political expression under the fostering and the
fertilizing tears of those who make his grave a shrine.
Nor can any New Yorker, nor can any Georgian, nor can any
American, especially can no American of my profession, despair of
your commonwealth or of his country, when he recalls that in these
Atlanta streets and in these Atlanta homes the form of Grady was a
familiar figure, the face of Grady was an incarnate welcome, the voice
of Grady was an inspiring appeal, the thought of Grady was an uplift¬
ing power, and the words of Grady were household words. Among
you he gathered in his heart and mind, in his experience and in his re¬
flection, in the very blood and brawn and brain of his life, those
thoughts of you and those thoughts for you which he came to us to
deliver and, delivering, to die. More immortal is he than the fellow
immortals whom he has joined, for he entered their ranks younger
than they were at their translation, and the initial date of his eternity
is earlier than was theirs. Better perhaps, that he should have died on
the threshold of a great career, for he died at the zenith of the possi¬
bilities of youth, and not the misinterpretations of the years, and not
the disappointments and misconceptions of the evil times to come, and
not the decreptitude of chilling age became even liabilities to him.
While round the sun old mother earth
Pursues the ever fleeing years,
A nation shall recount his worth
With mingled pride, and joy, and tears.
MANHATTAN DAY.
" Manhattan Day," or " New York Day," as it was known in
Atlanta, brought together one of the most brilliant gatherings of
the Fair. The prominent gentlemen from Brooklyn had remained
over Sunday to witness the exercises in honor of the Metropolis
and the State, and the great city of New York was represented by
Mayor Strong, President Seth Low, of Columbia College, and
several trainloads of men prominent in business and professional
life. The special escort of the party was Troop •• A," whose
brilliant evolutions elicited the applause of the spectators when
the procession drew up to the Auditorium.
Mr. J. Seaver Page, chairman of the committee of arrangements,
presided, and Commissioner J. K. Gravbill formally presented the
New York Building to Mayor Strong, who received it on behalf of
the Metropolis and the Commonwealth. Addresses were delivered
by Mayor Strong of New York, President Seth Low of Columbia
College, and President Collier of the Exposition. The speeches
were all strong, and that of President Low was particularly rich in
ideas.
Mayor Strong's Speech.
Mayor Strong began his address with a reference to the day, the
25th of November, which was the date upon which the British flag
■as lowered and the American flag raised on Manhattan Island.
OFF/CIA L
HISTORY.
133
He spoke of the sympathy of New York and of the commercial
interests of the whole country with Atlanta in her great enterprise,
and cheerfully shared with Atlanta the title of Empire City and
with Georgia that of Empire State. The larger significance of his
speech appears in the following paragraphs :
The general criticism upon the people of this great country, and I
have no doubt it is a fairly just one, is that we are the greatest con¬
sumers and the greatest spendthrifts of any nation in the world. But,
my fellow-citizens, we are also the greatest producers of any nation in
the world, and the very genius of our citizens is not only to produce
every known fabric necessary for our use, but every article for our
comfort, our pleasure and our advancement. It is a well known fact
that we produce about one-twelfth of all the manufactured articles in
the world, and that in the advance march of business, commercial
interests and the general improvements of the world we have become
the largest commercial nation upon the globe. Our inland shipping
and inland freights amount to nearly as much as the inland shipping
and freights of all Europe combined, and the genius and motive
power of these great enterprises—commercial, financial and otherwise
—is fully exemplified right here on these grounds in Atlanta.
The progress of civilization is marked, not by conquest but par¬
ticularly by commercial enterprises, and, therefore, the great com¬
mercial city of New York salutes fair Atlanta to-day as one of the
brightest in the galaxy of stars that illuminates the Southern skies.
It is perfectly consistent for us to strive to make the most of our
intellectual and natural endowments. It is important, however, for
us to bear in mind that in the midst of all of this we are but an
integral part of the human race, and that it is our duty to preserve
whatever there is of good in what has preceded, to better and enrich
it and hand over to a succeeding generation our common country
increased in knowledge, in wealth and character by our conduct.
President Low's Address.
President Seth Low spoke as follows :
The human voice is but a feeble organ by which to express the
greeting of one city to another. Yet it is by the still small voice of
human speech that the spirit of a community finds its best utterance,
like the spirit of a man. It is New York, therefore, the majestic city
by the Hudson, that speaks through me to the people of Atlanta, the
metropolis of Georgia. Of all her many voices, New York chooses
the friendly human voice, because her message is fraternal and from
her heart. Sitting at the gateway of the continent, and always
mindful of the great world beyond the sea, New York is and always
has been cosmopolitan in character. But they mistake utterly the
spirit of the place who permit themselves to suppose, for a moment,
that for this reason New York is unmindful of the great country
behind her, to which she serves as the port of entry. To the west
and to the south run the arteries of her commerce, carrying into all
parts of the country her own life blood. Thus it is that in no region
of the country can an event happen of paramount interest that it is
not reflected at once in the quickened pulse-beats of New York.
Especially, for one reason and another, there has always been more
than a common sympathy between New York and the South, and so
it is that in Atlanta's day of rejoicing, New York is glad to bring her
tribute of congratulations and good will. (Applause.)
You are accustomed to think of New York as the commercial
metropolis. You know, also, that she is the financial center of the
country. Some of you may be aware as well that she is the greatest
headquarters of manufacture in the United States. It certainly is not
without significance, therefore, that New York to-day speaks to you
through one of her educators. It is as though she were saying to the
new South, " Hear the message of New York! Commerce is good,
finance is good, manufacture is good. But oh, men of the South.
without education, commerce, finance and manufacture, in any high
sense, are alike impossible. To attain them you must educate; to
maintain them you must educate ; to expand them you must educate."
(Applause.) And yet you have followed a true instinct in calling the
attention of the country, through this exposition, to the material
resources of the South. Commerce is the handmaid of civilization,
and if it be necessary to have education in order to develop commerce
to its utmost extent, so also is it necessary to have commerce in order
to support education. Commerce and education must go hand in
hand.
Education, first of all, should be practical. It is indeed impossible
to measure the influence for good upon the world of the higher
education. In one way or another all communities must provide for
their children an educational privilege as great as can be had ; but
everywhere it is important that the educational pyramid shall be broad
at its base In particular it has come to be believed in our day that
the education of the hand is no less important than the education of
the eye. Therefore, I hope it will be characteristic of the educational
systems of the South that great stress shall be laid upon the trade
school and the manual training school, as well as upon the common
school, the high school and the college. (Applause.) It is customary
to say of New York that her location is indicated by nature as the
seat of a commercial metropolis. Undoubtedly her natural advan¬
tages as a commercial center are very great; but it should not be
forgotten > that New York is what she is, because the men of New
York have cooperated with nature to develop her advantages. The
Erie canal, which has contributed so largely to the supremacy of New
York, was made possible by nature; but the canal was built through
the foresight and the courage of the men of the State of New York.
I count it, therefore, a circumstance full of hope that the people of
Atlanta should have organized this exhibition in order to call attention
to the vast resources of this section of the country, both developed and
undeveloped. The same spirit of enterprise, intelligently directed,
will do for the South what it has already done elsewhere, wherever it
has had the chance.
It is one of the striking characteristics of our times that many
valuable products are made out of what formerly went to waste. The
pierced cocoon of twenty-five years ago was used as a fertilizer. In
our day, it is carded and made into beautiful silk. After everything
valuable was thought to have been secured from petroleum, vaseline
was made out of what was left. So I might weary you with illustra¬
tions of the truth that the resources of a country are not to be
considered exhausted when the most palpable harvests have been
gathered. The refuse of a city may be made, by skill and intelli¬
gence, to enrich the soil, and he who would measure the resources of
his country must question closely that which is thrown away as well
as that which is used. Mr. Carnegie once said to me that he was
among the first in his line of business to employ a professional
chemist. As a result, he said, his company made steel for several
years out of the waste heaps of his neighbors' factories. It is this
combination of trained intelligence and of industry and enterprise
upon which modern civilization is so largely built. If this be true of
our material products, it is no less true of the human product. No
people can afford to neglecr even a residuum of its population, whether
they are white or black. Many of the greatest men of our country
and of all times have had their origin in the most untoward conditions.
That community is the most far-sighted and the most certain to
prosper which most intelligently and persistently strives to convert
what I may call, from this point of view, even the waste product of
humanit), into useful men and good citizens. Such a result is not
produced by accident any more than the waste product of the factory
is made valuable and useful without study and without care. This,
then, is the message of manufacturing New York to Atlanta ; " Count
nothing valueless in the world about you or in the population in your
midst." New York, like the South, has its grave problems springing
out of the character of its population. Neither New York nor the
134
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
South has more than begun to solve its problems of this nature. The
solution of such problems is certain to be found only slowly ; but it is
safe to say that it will come first to that city and that community that
seeks for it in this faith — that even out of what one may almost call
the waste products of humanity may be recovered some of the brightest
jewels in its crown. (Applause.)
Heartily New York wishes that there may be no end to the pros¬
perity of the South, for she is sure that your prosperity is the pros¬
perity of the entire country, and that your advances in civilization,
whether in the domain of industry or education are equally her own
advances. Shakespeare says : "What is the city but the people?"
The glory of New York is to be found — not in her manufacture, not in
her commerce, not in her finance. It is to be found rather in the fact
that in New York are the men who can conduct her manufactures,
can conduct her commerce and can conduct her finances. So this
exhibition seems to me to portend for Atlanta and for the whole
South, the development of a prosperity which is possible, not because
nature has been beneficent, but because the South herself is producing
and is attracting to herself men who can take nature by the hand and
lead her whithersoever they will.
ATLANTA DAY.
Atlanta Day was also named in honor of South Carolina
and in honor of Mr. S. M. Inman, the chairman of the Finance
Committee, who had won the admiration of the public by his
great work and his great liberality in behalf of the Fair.
Thanksgiving Day was not inappropriately chosen when the
great enterprise had been rescued from bankruptcy, and the people
of Atlanta joined heartily in the efifort to make it the greatest
day of the Exposition. The event was advertised widely and com¬
mittees canvassed the city selling tickets in advance and securing
from merchants and manufacturers the promise to close their estab¬
lishments. Governor Evans and Senator Tillman of South Carolina
took a personal interest in securing a large representation of their
State. The railroads made rates so low that the expense of the
trip was nominal and business men took advantage of the legal
holiday to come to the Exposition. Business houses closed in
Atlanta after twelve o'clock and the city went out en masse. The
crowd from Georgia and adjoining States was large. From South
Carolina a great crowd, estimated at fifteen thousand, escorted
Governor Evans and Senator Tillman to the Exposition. Included
in this were the State troops of South Carolina to the number of
two thousand, under command of Adjutant-General John Gary
Watts. The cadets from Clemson College were in the party and
thousands of young men came from all parts of the State. In
Georgia the Mayors of Savannah, Macon, Augusta, Rome, Athens,
Dalton, Marietta and Newnan came to represent their communities
and pay their respects to Atlanta on her own day. It was a won¬
derful gathering, such as Atlanta had never seen before. The
great crowd of October, 1887, when the first Democratic President
since the war was greeted by more than forty thousand people, was
far surpassed. The turnstiles showed something over fifty-four
thousand paid admissions and with the military and others admitted
on passes the crowd exceeded sixty thousand people.
SOUTH CAROLINA DAY EXERCISES.
The exercises of South Carolina Day were held in the Audi¬
torium and Commissioner E. L. Roche, of that State, presided.
There were no formal exercises in honor of Atlanta. Her great
demonstration was out of doors, where an overwhelming multitude
celebrated the day in free and easy fashion. Speeches were made
at the Auditorium by Governor Atkinson, of Georgia, and Mr. S.
M. Inman, of the Exposition, welcoming the Governor and citizens
of South Carolina, and by Governor Evans and Senator Tillman,
of the Palmetto State.
Governor Evans spoke of Georgia as the daughter of South
Carolina, and paid a glowing tribute to the high character of the
people in both States. He said that they seemed to be one people,
and as Henry Grady had remarked, the Savannah river was " more
of a bond than a boundary."
Senator Tillman's Speech.
Senator Tillman's speech was characteristic of the man. It made
more impression than anything that was said that day and was
quoted far and wide. He was the first of the Exposition orators
to admit anything like sectionalism into his utterance and this fact
caused much comment, though his argument on pensions had been
made by Grady years before and without offense. The reference
to "financial depletion" and "tariff iniquity" came within the
sphere of politics, which had by common consent been hitherto left
out of the speeches from that platform, except in some indirect
allusions to protection by McKinley and McKelway. Governor
Altgeld had criticised the national administration severely while
speaking of Cuba, and Senator Tillman struck a blow at the Presi¬
dent of the United States with an expression which afterwards
became a soubriquet. It was here that he first alluded to his pitch¬
fork. The following extracts will serve to show the spirit of this
speech, which was one of the phenomena of the Exposition :
Mr. President, I have had no opportunity as yet to look at your Ex¬
position. I have only been able to get a glimpse around the grounds
in driving through them in a carriage, and in coming in on the train
yesterday afternoon, and to read the account of the papers and hear
from my friends who have been here and looked at this grand collection
of the resources and manufactures of the Southern people, which you
have here. The most natural thing for a person who visited the
Chicago World's Fair is to make a comparison between the two, and I
say to you, sir, that from what I have been able to see of what you have
done that you have come up to their magnificent and most glorious
exposition ; and 1 say here again that no city except the Chicago of the
South could have done it. To whom is credit due? Your Governor
says that Southern men did it. Southern genius and Southern capital.
I don't think this is altogether—well, I wont say that he has not given
due credit to some outside help from those men who have come from the
North and cast their fortunes with you, and are to-day as good South¬
erners as I am ; and I want to call your attention to one thought, and
then I shall stop. It is this. We hear and we read a great deal now¬
adays about bringing Northern capital and inducing Northern brains
to come among us and develop our waste places. The newspapers harp
on this in the South, and Northern newspapers twit us with our incom¬
petence and lack of progress, and laziness; and too many Southern
papers have become the echoes of this unworthy thought. But pause
and analyze the conditions which have existed here since the war and
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
J35
consider for a moment, to enlarge upon the thought which my friend
the Governor of South Carolina, has just touched upon, the pension
tribute which we pay, and you will see that we have not received back
from that source or from any other source more than a tithe of the
money that the Southern people have dug from the earth and sent
northward to remain there.
Here the Senator quoted government reports to show that the
country had pa-id to the Union soldiers of the Civil War $1,800,-
000,000 in pensions, of which less than $15,000,000 came South,
while the Southern States contributed more than a fourth of the
revenue to pay the whole amount. Continuing, he said :
But to carry out the thought which I have just touched. How many
millions has the North invested in the South, coming here for their
own selfish purposes to get large returns from their investments ? I
would make an even guess that it does not exceed $400,000,000.
Therefore when you talk about Northern capital and brains coming
down here I say that they are only sending back to us some Southern
capital which they have taken from us as pension tribute and that we
have not received in all as much as we have sent away ; and I will elabo¬
rate that further by adding that if at the close of the war there had been
the equality there was before the war and the reasonable treatment
of the Southern people, if the iniquitous tariff had not been contrived
to rob the farmers ; if all the money had not been concentrated into
the hands of a few national banks ; if the war on silver had not come
up by which Georgia has lost at least fifty, or sixty or seventy-five mil¬
lions in the last three years—I just say to you that if we had had an
equal showing with our Northern brethren; if we had had an oppor¬
tunity to keep our money at home, what kind of an Exposition could
we have given ? We are not ashamed of what we have done and of
what we are doing. We glory in it. We stand up and say to the world
that we have the most glorious country on the top of the earth and we
prove it by these fixed facts and figures, and despite this pension rob¬
bery, this alien landlordship, this tariff robbery, this financial depletion,
if we had had a fair chance we could have had an Exposition in Atlanta
that would have eclipsed Chicago. This may appear to some bun¬
combe; but the tribute we have paid as pensions has been a mere
bagatelle to what we have paid as tariff and financial tribute in the way
of interest and in other ways by which they have depleted our country
for the benefit of national banks. It could be proven that with a
leasonable tariff and a just distribution of the bank capital this
country, the South, would have moved forward more rapidly than any
other section of the Union, because what other section could have
withstood this drain and to-day presented the evidences of progress ;
the building of railroads ; the building of factories ; the increase of
wealth that we see around us ? Who will deny it? All the gold goes
North and stays there. It does not return to beautify and adorn the
South. They are enriching themselves at our expense and when you
go there and see their palaces and their wealth and their luxury, such
as no Roman emperor ever dreamt of, reflect that it is not their country
that has produced it, but that it is the price which the South has paid
for being conquered. It would be improper- this is not the occasion or
the time—to follow out the thought in regard to the future policy of the
country. That would be trenching on politics, which should not in¬
trude themselves on occasions of this character. I will simply say to
you fellow-citizens, come from what State you may, that with the negro
problem in the South; with the immigration problem in the North;
with the great burden of ignorant and debased foreigners who are up
there living in the very dregs of degradation and ignorance and anarch¬
ism and communism and all the other isms that go to pull down ; that
the time will come when the Southern farmers will be the saving salt
that will keep this Republic from toppling over and becoming a military
despotism. Those Southern farmers and merchants and bankers—
though some of those bankers don't seem to realize that the man who
drives the plow is the man who runs the country—they have come to
believe that Wall Street knows all that there is about finance and no¬
body can teach them anything, and they must say " Me too," every
time the New York World and Grover Cleveland grunts. If your
Governor hadn't alluded to old Grover I would not have said anything
about him, and I am not going to say anything about him here, be¬
cause I will have a better opportunity to use my pitchfork upon him
when I get to Washington. But it does my soul good to hear your
Governor say that two little bobtail reformers from South Carolina
have attracted more attention and caused more applause than the
President of the United States. It is at least a confirmation of the
thought that a prophet is not without honor save in his own country. I
have this realization, and I thank you—all of you—who have come
from South Carolina to do this honor to the Governor and myself.
NICARAGUA CANAL DAY.
November thirtieth was set apart for exercises emphasizing the
importance of the proposed Nicaragua Canal. From the outset
this subject had been prominently mentioned in the literature of the
Exposition, and the representatives of the Fair had said much
about it in the South American countries. The exercises were held
in the Auditorium of the Costa Rica Building.
Vice-President W. A. Hemphill presided and made the opening
speech. Remarks were made by Senor Teadora Mangel and Mr.
Richard Villafranca, the Commissioners from Costa Rica, and
letters were read from United States Senator Morgan, of Alabama,
the champion of the Canal Bill in the Senate, and Hon. Joaquin
Calvo, Charg6 d'Affaires for Costa Rica at Washington. Senator
Morgan's letter was read by Colonel I. W. Avery and was an
exceedingly strong statement of the case for the Canal. At the
conclusion of the speeches resolutions were adopted, petitioning
Congress to give the matter early and earnest attention.
OHIO DAY.
Wednesday, December fourth, was Ohio Day and the fifth was
given to Cincinnati. These were celebrated by a large delegation
from Cincinnati, headed by Mayor Caldwell and President Frieberg,
of the Chamber of Commerce. The First Regiment Ohio National
Guard, under Colonel C. B. Hunt, acted as escort, and about three
hundred members of the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce added
dignity to the party. The Cincinnati Enquirer sent a special train
with a band of music, in charge of the business manager, Major J.
J. McDowell and several members of the staff. The procession to
the grounds, headed by the First Regiment, O. N. G., and Battery
I) from Cincinnati was an imposing spectacle and the soldierly
appearance of the Ohio troops was heightened by the severity of
the weather, which caused them to march with overcoats and knap¬
sacks in the face of a biting east wind.
At the Auditorium Vice-President Hemphill presided and delivered
a short address of welcome for the Exposition. Georgia was
represented by State School Commissioner Glenn, speaking for
Governor Atkinson. The State of Ohio found utterance through
Rev. Howard Henderson, the fighting chaplain of the First Regi¬
ment, who spoke eloquently. In the course of liis remarks Mr.
136
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
Henderson paid a handsome tribute lo Georgia in ten lines and
wound up with a story which delighted the audience. His words
are worthy of reproduction here. He said :
We behold a miracle of mechanics and of progress in all the arts
that make a people great. I might pronounce a panegyric on your
Empire State, but it would be like tying ribbons on the sun, bleaching
the lily and painting the rose. Great in war, you have proved your¬
selves superior to the prowess of arms by wresting triumph in civilization
and multiplying trophies of economic progress. Coming here our
train rolled over High Bridge, which spans a canyon, hung several
hundred feet in air, a mighty web of iron, spun by mechanical giants.
When it was being built, and the time was fast closing for the con¬
tractors to complete their contract, with a heavy forfeiture for failure
to finish it within. the stipulated period, to the dismay of the con¬
tractors it was found (hat one of the great stringers was a trifle loo
short. He wired the architect in Cincinnati and he wired to the
foundry to remedy the defect. While thus employed a second tele¬
gram said, "When the first dispatch was sent the air was frosty, but
since the sun has come out in its strength, and has heated and ex¬
panded the iron, and the interval is closed." The delighted architect
answered: " Clamp it." Erstwhile we heard much of an unbridged
bloody chasm. But the rising sun of patriotism has shone with
expanding energy and the gulf has closed. There is nothing left for
us but to " clamp it."
The exercises closed with brief speeches by Mr. W. S. Cappeller,
editor of the Mansfield, Ohio, Daily News, and General Michael
Ryan, Assistant United States Treasurer at Cincinnati.
CINCINNATI DAY.
Thursday, the fifth of November, was Cincinnati Day, and the
delegation from that city celebrated it in fine style. It so happened
that General Nelson A. Miles, a short time before made General
of the Army, was in Atlanta at the time, and in his honor, as well
as in honor of Ohio and Cincinnati, the Fifth United States
Infantry from McPherson Barracks turned out and headed the
procession to the grounds. This was General Miles' old regiment,
with which he had served eleven years, and this was his first review
as General of the Army. The First Regiment, Ohio National
Guard, and Battery " D " followed, the whole making a brilliant
parade.
The exercises at the Auditorium were presided over by Mr. W.
A. Hemphill, and President Collier delivered the address of wel¬
come. His remarks upon the cordial relations between Cincinnati
and the South were felicitous, and the prominent part that city had
in the making of the Exposition through its important exhibits was
appropriately recognized.
Maurice J. Frieberg, President of the Cincinnati Chamber of
Commerce, spoke briefly but pointedly of the interest of the people
of his community in the Exposition and their gratification at its
success.
Allen D. Candler, Secretary of State, speaking for Georgia, dwelt
upon the reciprocal relations of Georgia and Ohio, and General
Michael Ryan replied in the same vein. There was a brief speech
by General James Arnold, and Mayor King extended a welcome
for Atlanta.
In response to this, Mayor Caldwell of Cincinnati, delivered the
speech of the day. It was, indeed, one of the speeches of the
Exposition, and much of it is worthy of reproduction. At the out¬
set, Mr. Caldwell mentioned the fact that he was of South Carolina
lineage and that many Cincinnatians were of like kinship to the
South. From that point of vantage he launched forth thus elo¬
quently on the community of interest between Cincinnati and
Atlanta :
But if we hadn't a drop of kindred blood, you would have our hearts.
Why, is there any man of generous impulse, of any warmth of blood,
of any fire of brain who docs not admire almost to a degree of worship
the grit, the dash, the enterprise shown by the new South and so ad¬
mirably exemplified by this fair city of Atlanta and this magnificent
Exposition ? The undaunted courage your people displayed in the
rebuilding of your former homes and business houses, your workshops
and factories, the magnificent commercial emporium of the new South,
shining forth in the diadem of American cities resplendent, risen new
born from her baptism of fire, challenging the admiration of all the
world? While cherishing the traditions of the past, you have taken
upon your shoulders the burden of the less poetic present. You have
accepted in letter and spirit the new gospel --the gospel of labor.
When man lost paradise he gained labor-—art and labor; the great
law of compensation was thus fulfilled without the surcease which labor
brings to pain. Without the soul elevation which art brings to labor,
life would be insupportable outside the walls of paradise. And in these
grand palace halls, reared to display the magnificent industrial and
agricultural wealth of the new South, we find art walking hand in hand
with labor, and all industry takes on a new and added dignity from the
recognition which the South has given that this is well.
A little while ago when I referred to the blood kinship existing be¬
tween the Cincinnatian and the South, some of you may have supposed
that I purposely suppressed the fact that we have some " Yankee " up
there—that I was doing some special pleading as the lawyers say,
because I feared my auditors had a prejudice against the Yankee.
Well, that isn't the truth. I'm broad enough to believe that you are
broad enough to know that America—that a free country and free
institutions cannot spoil an Anglo-Saxon—that Plymouth Rock and
Bunker Hill mean something. We Cincinnatians have a strong
admixture of Yankee blood, of German blood, of Hebrew and of Irish
blood, and we are proud of it. We believe that the grit, the thrift, the
enterprise, the devotion to political freedom, the soul elevation that
dares and dies for ideas, are the qualities which men possess of whom
we feel proud and this admixture has leavened our Huguenot and
Cavalier blood with enough business sagacity to keep us on the earth ;
has made us prosaic enough, if you choose to realize that wealth for
the citizen and the municipality is a good thing; and acute enough to
know that the accretions which trade brings to the receiving and dis¬
tributing center makes wealth ; and alert and observant enough to
know that the natural conditions, the conformation of Central United
States east of the Mississippi ; the characteristic products of the North
and South, the natural interdependence of the one upon the other, the
mutual profit and advantage of trade interchange, the common com¬
mercial destiny of Atlanta and the great cotton belt and Cincinnati and
the States lying in the great Ohio basin make it the perfection of com¬
mercial wisdom for us of Cincinnati and you of Atlanta to trade
together from the rising of the sun to the going down thereof.
Cincinnati feels that your trade with the North rightfully belongs to
her. She was the first Northern city to show her confidence in your
future. She believes in your commercial greatness. She had the
nerve and the enterprise to expend $20,000,000 to bring herself to
your doors. We believed then, and now- believe that Atlanta is a
logical commercial center, not alone of all this magnificent inland
cotton belt, but of the entire South ; that here must rise the great
OFFICIAL
HISTORY.
137
distributing houses of the South Central States ; that gigantic factories
with their thousands of employees ; that great depots filled to over¬
flowing with rich stores of rice and cotton and all kinds of manu¬
factured goods; great banking and commercial institutions and, in
fact, all the concomitants of the chief city of one of the most
magnificent agricultural, mineral and commercial empires dominated
by the genius of man must come to Atlanta. O fair city of Atlanta !
what a magnificent country you have to draw upon under God's most
beautiful sunshine : rich in minerals and in grain; in flowers and
and fruit; fertile of soil that holds in proportion the chemical elements
to produce rice and cotton enough to feed and clothe the entire world.
You call it the cotton belt, and you give this marvelous domain no
more appropriate, no more exalted name. Cotton is preeminently the
fabric of civilization. Show me a people who do not use cotton as a
fabric and I shall show you a people who are barbarous and cumberers
of the earth. But you are twice blessed, for you are the natural gate
between the great central northland and the great southland, through
which must pass not only the larger proportions of the products and
commodities of the commonwealths of South Carolina, Georgia, Ala¬
bama, Mississippi and Florida, covering an area of more than 248,000
square miles; to which also must come for distribution to the South
Central Atlantic and South Central and Gulf States, the rich and
varied products of the great States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan,
Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Tennessee, whose combined area is more
than 315,000 square miles, whose fertile valleys and hillsides and
stores of earth, whose industrial and manufacturing facilities are
sufficient to support the combined population of all the earth and
have something to spare. Nature has made the destiny of these two
great sections one, and man and nature have made the cities of
Atlanta and Cincinnati the mighty centres of their intersectional inter¬
change. No other inland cities command the products of such a
princely domain. Why, think of it—together their area is 564,000
square miles. What powers—what allied powers of the great west,
central and southern Europe ever commanded the industrial products
of sucn a magnificent territory. Why, France and Germany and
Great Britain combined have only 534,560 square miles of area, and
they are commercial rivals. Theirs is not a common mother tongue.
Theirs is not a common destiny, and this side of the millenium they
will never make a " long pull, a strong pull, and a pull altogether"
for the weal of each and all, as pray God, and as, I firmly believe,
shall ever hereafter our two great sections of these United States of
America.
MARYLAND DAY.
Maryland Day, the seventh of December, was celebrated by a
distinguished party headed by Governor Frank Brown, Attorney-
General Kyd Douglas, Mayor Alcaeus Hooper, and Ex-Mayor
Ferdinand Latrobe, of Baltimore, Mr. Daniel Miller, president of
the Merchants' and Manufacturers' Association, and Rev. W. U.
Murkland, D.D., the orator of the day. The military escort, which
was the most imposing that attended any Governor on a State day,
included the Fourth and Fifth regiments of the Maryland National
Guard, the Naval Reserves and the Volunteer Firemen's Associa¬
tion of Baltimore. They were accompanied by two regimental
bands and were escorted to the Exposition grounds by the Gate
City Guard of Atlanta. The procession arrived at the Auditorium
at noon, and interesting exercises were held there. The addresses
of welcome were delivered by President C. A. Collier, Governor
Atkinson, and Mayor King, and speeches in reply were made by
Governor Brown, Mayor Hooper and Mr. Daniel Miller. The
oration was delivered by Dr. W. U. Murkland.
On the evening of that day the Baltimore party received their
friends at the Capital City Club, and more than a thousand ladies
and gentlemen were present.
TYPICAL NATIVE GROUPS.—EXPOSITION SCENES.
Part II.
SHORT HISTORICAL SKETCHES
OF THE
COTTON STATES, Etc.
CHARLES A. COLLIER,
PRESIDENT AND DIRECTOR-GENERAL COTTON STATES AND INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION.
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS OF THE EXPOSITION.
'43
HON. CHARLES A. COLLIER.
Had the whole population of Atlanta combined to elect a
president for the great Cotton States and International Ex¬
position, with one voice they would have said, " Charles
Collier;" for no man in the State is more fully capable of
managing so great an affair as he. The men who appointed
him believed in him, and his superb display of force has con¬
vinced the whole country that no mistake was made in select¬
ing him to fill the honored position. Mr. Collier comes of a
family that has long been identified with the history of
Atlanta, and to a marked degree he has inherited the brains
that have characterized the name.
He has shown himself equal to every emergency, and has
displayed a great deal of tact and discretion in moulding
events that have ultimately resulted in good for the city of
Atlanta and the great venture that had such a successful
career.
There have necessarily been trying times and heated
ordeals through which a man in his position must pass, but
in each instance he has come through the test with credit to
himself and additional confidence from his co-workers. When
strength has been needed he has been strong; when yielding
was necessary, he has yielded gracefully and with dignity to
himself and his cause.
Socially he is a man to inspire interest. He is bright and
genial, and his home life is an ideal one. His beautiful
home is presided over by a wife as charming as a woman
can be, and sons and daughters complete the domestic
picture.
Keen in his perceptions, gifted with that fine grasp of detail
and sturdy balance of practical methods of finance and
business, magnanimous in purpose as in action, large-brained,
warm-hearted, Charles A. Collier has stood at the helm of
this great movement and piloted the enterprise through
quicksand and storm, bringing it safely into harbor, and here
he is greeted by thousands of voices that will speak his name
to-day and through all the future coupled only with praise
and a city's gratitude.
WILLIAM ARNOLD HEnPHILL,
Atlanta, Ga.
William Arnold Hemphill, the founder and business man¬
ager of the Atlanta Constitution, was born at Athens, Ga.,
May 15th, 1842. He was a graduate from the State Uni¬
versity of Georgia in 1861. The same year, at 19, he en¬
listed in the Confederate Army, fighting gallantly to the end,
being severely wounded at Gettysburg. He moved to At¬
lanta in 1867, where he started the Constitution, of which he
has been business manager during its entiresuccessful career.
He has been alderman, president of the Board of Education,
of the Young Men's Library Association, the Capital City
Bank, the Atlanta Trust and Banking Co., the Atlanta Street
Car Line, the Georgia Park Avenue Land and Home Im
provement Companies. He is also head of the Trinity
Methodist Sunday-school. He married Mrs. Emma Luckic
in 1871. He is public-spirited; has always been a Christian
and temperance leader and a champion of every good cause.
His financial wisdom is marked and his ventures are success-
WILLIAM ARNOLD HEMPHIIX.
ful. He has built one of the most elegant residences of the
city upon Peachtree Street, Atlanta.
Mr. Hemphill was mayor of Atlanta from January, 1891,
to 1893, and filled that important position with great honor.
In November of '93 he first suggested that Atlanta should
have a great Exposition, not a city or State show, but an In¬
ternational Fair; and towards carrying this splendid sug¬
gestion to full consummation who has done so much as W.
A. Hemphill ?
H. H. CABANISS,
Atlanta, Ga.
One of the most efficient members of the Board of the
Cotton States and International Exposition was H. II. Ca-
baniss. Mr. Cabaniss has been a conspicuous figure in the
progress of Atlanta, and is always foremost in any enter¬
prise that develops for the city's good. For a number of
years he has been business manager of the Evening Journal
of Atlanta. Its success is due largely to his executive
ability. He has shown himself equally energetic and brainy
in his work for the Exposition, having proved untiring in
his efforts to bring about desired results. Mr. Cabaniss
has held many honorable positions both in the church and
in political circles, and was one of the legislative committee
which visited Washington and spent days before Congress
asking approval for the Exposition. His individual efforts
contributed largely to the success that followed. Person¬
ally, Mr. Cabaniss is a courteous and agreeable gentleman,
distinguished in appearance and bearing, unaffected and
delightful in conversation, much admired as an after-dinner
speaker, no less than heard most deferentially in legislative
halls. His impress upon Atlanta's progress will always be
felt for good.
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS OF THE EXPOSITION.
from his father, the late John T. Grant, this influential citi¬
zen has amassed considerable money independently. His
work with the Cotton States and International Exposition
was of great importance and value to the enterprise. Cap¬
tain Grant served on several important committees, and
w. D. GRANT.
worked faithfully and earnestly for the company. He owns
an elegant Peachtree Street residence, presided over by a
beautiful wife and daughter, who make it a meeting place
for all the cultured and refined elements of society.
W. D. GRANT
Atlanta, Qa.
Captain W. D. Grant, the efficient third vice-president of
the Board, is one of the wealthiest and most prominent men
in Atlanta. Besides falling , heir to a handsome inheritance
*
KKSIDENC8 OF W. I). GRANT, ATLANTA.
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS OF THE EXPOSITION.
M5
E. L. TYLER,
Atlanta, Ga.
Captain E. L. Tyler, fourth vice-president of the board, was
one of the most enthusiastic and helpful workers in the great
Exposition scheme. lie had also charge of the transporta¬
tion department. lie is a railroad official of great influence
and importance, and has done much creditable work in aid
of Atlanta and her progress. It is largely due to him that
many advantageous arrangements were perfected in the way
of schedules and favors towards the Exposition officials, for
he had a broad and intimate acquaintance with all the lead¬
ing railroad officials in the United States. This work was
practical and full of small tiresome details, but with character¬
istic energy and faithfulness he executed all that was required
of him in the most satisfactory manner. It was his duty
to prepare, at the cost of much labor and thought, schedules
of freight and passenger rates from all parts of the United
States to Atlanta. This was generally disseminated, and of
J?. I,. TYLER.
vast good in advertising the Exposition. His office was at
the grounds, and he was constantly in touch with the work
and the people. Socially, Captain Tyler is a conspicuous
figure. He is wealthy, having moneyed interests in valuable
mines, and he is liberal and broad-minded enough to have
made himself a universal favorite. He is at the head of an
establishment of his own, and has a beautiful wife who shares
in his aspirations and ambitions and is the inspiration of his
noblest efforts.
A. L. KONTZ,
Atlanta, Ga.
Few men could have accomplished the important work of
Mr. A. E. Kontz, in connection with the Exposition, with
the absolute success which crowned his efforts. As Treas¬
urer, he could not lie upon a bed of roses, nor sleep among
the lotuses. It was a gigantic and almost overwhelming task
so to manage the funds of the corporate body as to meet all
demands and contribute to perfect success in the great
achievement; but Mr. Kontz did this, and was able, on
opening day, to show clean books, all bills paid, and an
exchequer with $32,000 surplus to meet further demands.
The labor and effort imposed by his office were tremen¬
dous. He had countless tiresome details to attend to, in
addition to more momentous functions, such as the herculean
A. L. KONTZ.
task of collecting the subscriptions. He made daily reports
of the condition of the treasury, and with skill rarely dis¬
played discharged every duty of his difficult office in such
manner as to evoke none but favorable criticism.
No one would attempt to deny that the success of the Ex¬
position was due in large measure to the ability shown in the
management of its financial matters, and Mr. Kontz, by his
assistance of the finance committee in placing the bonds and
inspiring confidence in the undertaking, won the undying
gratitude of all patriotic Atlantians.
J. R. LEWIS,
Atlanta, Ga.
John Randolph Lewis is a Pennsylvanian, having been
born in Erie County, September 22d, 1834. After attending
preparatory schools, he took the regular course of study at
the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery and the Medical
Department of the University of Vermont, after which he
engaged in the practice of dental surgery. Having enlisted
April 20th, 1861, he served during the three months' term
as sergeant of Company H, First Vermont Infantry, taking
part in the battle of "Big Bethel " and other engagements
of that campaign, and being discharged August 15th, 1861.
He re-entered the army September 16th, 1861, as captain
of Company I, Fifth Vermont Infantry. On July 16th,
1862, he was promoted to major, and to lieutenant-colonel
October 5th following. He served in all the campaigns of
146
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS OF THE EXPOSITION.
the Army of the Potomac—being wounded at White Oak
Swamp—until May 5th, 1864, when he lost his left arm at
the shoulder joint from a gunshot wound at the Battle of
the Wilderness.
Having been promoted to the colonelcy of his regiment,
June 5th, 1864, it was found that his wound unfitted him for
active service, and he was mustered out September nth,
1864.
Having been commissioned colonel of tne First Regiment,
Veteran Reserve Corps, September 8th, Lewis accepted Sep¬
tember 12th, the day after his discharge from the Fifth Ver¬
mont. He served on the board for the examination of offi¬
cers for transfer to the Veteran Reserve Corps until Decem¬
ber 26th, 1864, and then on the board for the examination
of enlisted men in hospitals for transfer to the same corps
Since leaving the army his occupations have been as fol¬
lows : State School Commissioner of Georgia, 1870 to 1872,
during which time he organized the public school system of
the State; mercantile business at Des Moines, Iowa, 1873
to 1876; resident of Buffalo, N. Y., 1876 to 1880; secretary
Atlanta Cotton Exposition, 1880 to 1881; mercantile busi¬
ness at Atlanta, 1883 to 1889; postmaster at Atlanta from
August 1st, 1889, to December 1st, 1893; secretary Cotton
States and International Exposition from April 1st, 1894, to
December 3 1st, 1895.
General Lewis was a charter member of the O. M. Mitch¬
ell Post, Department of Tennessee and Georgia, G. A. R.,
and has served as its senior vice-commander, and as depart¬
ment commander, State of Georgia. At the nineteenth
National Encampment at Portland, Maine, he was elected
junior vice-commander-in-chief. He is married and has a
wife and two sons.
until June, 1865. Having been made brevet brigadier-gen¬
eral of Volunteers March 13th, 1865, he commanded the
Post at Elmira, N. Y., from June till October, awaited or¬
ders at Buffalo till December, and was then on duty at Nash¬
ville as inspector-general on the staff of General Clinton B.
Fisk, and assistant commissioner B. R. F. and A. L. at Nash¬
ville until January, 1867.
Having been commissioned major of the Forty-fourth
United States Infantry January 22d, 1867, General Lewis
accepted the place, and having been mustered out of the
volunteer service March 31st, was mustered into the United
States Army April 1st, 1867. Then he served on the staff
of General C. C. Sibley, at Savannah, Macon and Atlanta,
to 1869; unassigned March 15th, 1869; assistant commis¬
sioner B. R. F. and A. L, Atlanta, Ga., to April 28th, 1870 ;
brevet lieutenant-colonel and brevet colonel U. S. A. March
2d, 1868; retired with the rank of colonel U. S. A. April
28th, 1870, after a total active service of eight years and
eleven months.
WALTER G. COOPER,
Atlanta, Qa.
Walter G. Cooper was born at Rome, Ga., in i860, the
son of Frederick and Harriet C. Cooper. After leaving
college he spent some years in commercial pursuits before
entering journalism. For ten years he has been actively
engaged on various newspapers, including the Rome Tribune,
the Atlanta Journal, and the Atlanta Constitution. On the lat¬
ter he served under Henry W. Grady as special correspondent,
WAI.TER O COOV-ER.
and later, under the administration of the present editor, Mr.
Clark I Iowell, became a member of the editorial staff. His
work has been largely upon industrial subjects, political
economy and politics. In 181)4 he was elected Chief of the
Department of Publicity and Promotion for the Cotton
States and International Exposition, in which position he
served with distinction and honor to himself, and proved of
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS OF THE EXPOSITION.
147
great value to the Exposition in keeping- it at all times before
the public eye.
Mr. Cooper had a most difficult and delicate task as chief
of his department, but filled it with entire satisfaction to the
management of the Exposition as well as to the public.
GRANT WILKINS,
Atlanta, Ga.
Grant Wilkins has been a resident of the city of Atlanta
for a number of years, and is architect of several of its
most prominent buildings. He enjoys an enviable reputa¬
tion in his calling. At the beginning of the Exposition
work he was chosen as the most suitable person to be chief
of construction, and was also made landscape engineer.
In the latter capacity he accomplished wonders; there
were obstacles to be overcome that would have turned a
less determined man from his purpose, that was, to make
GRANT WILKINS.
the grounds of the Cotton States and International Exposi¬
tion more beautiful than those of any exposition ever held
in this country. It is due to him that the grounds of Pied¬
mont Park were made the dream of beauty that it was.
J. H. ALLEN,
Atlanta, Ga.
It is very seldom, even in this progressive age, that a man
rises by force of merit and his own unaided efforts to so
prominent a position in industrial circles as has Mr. J. H.
Allen, whose portrait is given at the beginning of this
sketch.
Mr. Allen was born at Palmyra, New York, in 1860, and at
an early age showed a great aptitude for matters mechanical.
His father was, and is still, a prominent manufacturer of the
town above named, and it was in the paternal pattern room,
foundry and machine shop that the young man under con¬
sideration absorbed much of the information that he has
since given to an appreciative public in many and various
ways.
Like many another ambitious youth, Mr. Allen left home
while still a boy, and for years was associated with the Howe
Scale Company, of New York, only resigning his position
with them to organize the Southern Scale Company, of
Chattanooga, and later
Rome, Ga., which latter c
le Standard Scale Company, of
ncern, in the capacity of president
and general manager, he carried forward to pronounced
success.
Mr. Allen has also been largely instrumental in organizing
and locating some of the largest industrial enterprises in the
South. It is, however, as business manager and mechanical
editor of Atlanta's brilliant industrial Journal Dixie, that he
has become most widely known, as this field has given full
scope to his energy and individuality. That these qualities
are recognized and appreciated, no better evidence could be
offered than the fact that at its inception Mr. Allen was
elected a director of the Cotton States and International
Exposition, and made chairman of the Committee on Machin¬
ery, and the magnificent display of working exhibits in
Machinery Hall is largely due to his personal efforts.
EDWARD PAYSON CHAriBERLlN.
Edward Payson Chamberlin, a director of the Cotton
States and International Exposition, and a member of the
executive committee, was born September 16th, 1832, in
Parishville, N. Y. Edmond Chamberlin, his father, died
in 1836. His mother, Hannah (Allen) Chamberlin, was a
kinswoman of Ethan Allen, of Revolutionary fame. After
his father's death Edward worked on a farm until he was
17, when he came south and accepted a clerkship in
Lumpkin, Ga., at $150.00 a year. Out of this sum he paid
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS OF THE EXPOSITION.
$100.00, borrowed to leave New York. In five years he
secured a partnership. Later the firm dissolved, and he
went into business with W. W. Boynton. His partner, Mr.
Boynton, was killed at Antietam, Va. Immediately after
the war Mr. Chamberlin went to New York to settle his
firm's debts, $18,500.00, which he paid, principal and in¬
terest. During 1865 and 1866 he did a lucrative business
in shipping cotton. In July, 1866, he removed to Atlanta
and organized at his present stand the firm of Chamberlin,
Cole & Boynton, now Chamberlin, Johnson & Co. As the
head of this establishment for twenty-nine years his financial
superiority has been recognized in the largest wholesale
markets, both home and foreign. When a member of the
-
\
r -f*
■■ -JpHgfHpi
EDWARD PAYSON CHAMBKRI.IN.
city council, he inaugurated the present system of sewer¬
age. He was a director in Atlanta's first cotton mills and
cotton exposition of 1881. As director in the Chamber of
Commerce he urged a building, and selected the site where
the building now stands. He is now and has been for three
years one of its vice-presidents ; for twenty-seven years
a steward and trustee, and a portion of the time president of
the board in Trinity Methodist Church ; a director and finan¬
cial aider of the Y. M. C. A. building.
He has repeatedly declined to allow the use of his name
for mayor and other positions of honor. Mr. Chamberlin
is a leader of men, noted for his generous and firm Chris¬
tian character. He was married in 1857 to Miss Levisa
Catching®, a charming, intellectual lady, grand hostess,
earnest Christian, and zealous church worker, with open
purse. Both Mr. and Mrs. Chamberlin have endeared them¬
selves to those who know them best. I'.very laudable enter¬
prise feels the pulsation of their generous help. They have
two children—Edward Payson, Jr., and Eva—both generous
and noble scions of their distinguished parents.
Dr. HENRY LUMPKIN WILSON,
Atlanta, Ga.
Dr. Henry Lumpkin Wilson was born in Danville, Va., but
while he was yet a boy his father moved to Atlanta, Ga.,
since which time Dr. Wilson has been closely identified with
the growth and history of that remarkable city.
Graduating in 1858 at Emory College, Oxford, Ga., he
received the next year a diploma from the Atlanta Medical
College, and was shortly afterwards appointed as the first
city physician of Atlanta.
After the first battle of Manassas, where his father fell
gallantly leading a charge of his regiment, Dr. Wilson went
to Richmond and was appointed surgeon of the 7th Georgia
regiment, in which capacity he served until two years before
the war closed, when he was appointed chief surgeon of the
conscript department of Georgia.
After the war Dr. Wilson returned to Atlanta, and for
several years followed his profession with marked success.
In 1872 he was elected to the city council, where, as chair¬
man of the street committee, he inaugurated improvements
which were of vast benefit to the rapidly growing city.
In 1886 Dr. Wilson became a member of the board of
county commissioners, and as chairman of the committee on
public works he again found scope for his especial talent.
DR. iienry I.UMPKIN WII.SON.
Being disabled from further practice by a fall from a
buggy in 1885, Dr. Wilson established himself in the drug
business, but finally sold out and entered the real estate
market, where his large acquaintance with the city and
county made him highly successful from the first, and where
his public spirit and enterprise has added much to the growth
and beauty of the city.
An active worker in all public enterprises. Dr. Wilson was
of especial service during the Cotton States and International
Exposition, being a member of the Executive Committee,
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS OF THE EXPOSITION.
149
vice-chairman of the Buildings and Grounds Committee, and
Chief of the Live Stock Department.
During a long and useful career, every enterprise of his
adopted city has received Dr. Wilson's hearty co-operation
and support.
JAMES R. WYLIE,
Atlanta, Qa.
James R. Wylie was born in Chester County, S. C., in
1831, and is a son of David G. and Martha (Robinson) Wylie.
He removed to Georgia at an early age and remained on his
father's farm until 185 I, when he became a clerk in a store
at Calhoun, Gordon County, where he remained until 1859,
when he secured a position as traveling salesman for a whole¬
sale grocery house in Nashville, Tenn. At the end of the
year he returned to Calhoun, and served until 1862, when he
became local agent for the Western and Atlantic Railroad,
and was stationed at Calhoun.
In the spring of 1865 he came to Atlanta and established
the wholesale grocery house of Wylie, Johnson & Co., but
soon became sole owner of the business. He was president
of the Traders' Bank. Mr. Wylie is one of the original
JAMES R. WYLIE.
directors of the State National Bank, now the Merchants'
Bank of Atlanta, and for many years has been vice-presi¬
dent. He is a director of the Atlanta Consolidated Street
Railway Company, and was a member of the executive com¬
mittee of the International Exposition of 1881, and con¬
nected prominently with several other fairs. Personally Mr.
Wylie is pleasant, affable, genial in nature; makes warm
friends, and commands the respect and esteem of all who
know him. He was chairman of the Buildings and Grounds
Committee of the Exposition, probably the most important
of the many committees, and his past experience in exposi¬
tion work, combined with his fine business judgment, enabled
him to discharge the duties of that responsible position in a
manner that gave absolute satisfaction to all.
EDMUND A. FELDER,
Atlanta, Ga.
Edmund A. .Felder, born in South Carolina thirty-two
years ago, received his education in that State, afterward
coming to Atlanta, where for three years he occupied the
position of secretary to Major Slaughter, commissioner of
the Southern Passenger Association. After that he went to
Chicago and accepted the position of secretary to the Cen¬
tral Traffic Association of that city. When the Chicago and
Ohio Passenger Association was formed, Mr. Felder was
elected secretary, which office he held until a position was
offered him under Hon. D. H. Burnham, Director of the Works
for the World's Columbian Exposition. Here Mr. Felder
gained his first experience in exposition work, to which he
EDMUND A. FELDER.
has since devoted himself. He compiled tne rules and regu¬
lations for that department, and upon the completion of that
work was appointed, during the exposition period, in charge
of admissions. When the Department of Admissions to the
World's Fair was organized he was elected assistant super¬
intendent of the department, which position he filled with
marked ability to the end of the fair. In this depart¬
ment he had nearly a thousand men under his direction.
Later, Director-General Young, of the Midwinter Fair at
San Francisco, selected Mr. Felder for Chief of Admissions
for the Midwinter Fair at San Francisco. In this position
Mr. Felder gained further experience in exposition work, and
at the close of the fair was offered the position of assistant
to the President at the Cotton States and International Ex¬
position, which was at that time being thoroughly organized.
He was Chief of the Department of Admissions and Conces¬
sions at the Cotton States and International Exposition, and
his former experience in exposition wotk made him of great
value in the position. Though still a young man, Mr. Felder
has proved his ability as an executive officer, and stands high
as an able and competent man in his chosen field of work.
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS OF THE EXPOSITION.
MARTIN F. AMOROUS,
Atlanta, Ga.
Martin F. Amorous was born in Savannah, Ga., October,
1858. He came to Atlanta February, 1877, and has been
engaged in the lumber business nineteen years. lie was the
original promoter of the first electric light works in Atlanta.
He organized the Atlanta Lumber Company in 1885, and is
general manager of it. Married November, 1887. He is
president of the Atlanta Railway Company, member of the
Executive, Legislative and Machinery Committee of the Ex¬
position, and has been active in nearly all public enterprises,
lie was elected member of the City Council from the Sixth
MARTIN F. AMOROUS.
Ward in 1887, and was the author of the law regulating the
liquor traffic in this city. He was the pioneer in shipment
of lumber from Georgia to the West, now the largest business
in the State.
WILLIAM H. BLACK.
William H. Black was born at Forsythe, Ga., 1868, and,
after taking a thorough course at the grammar schools,
graduated at the Boys' High School, Atlanta, Ga., at the
age of 1 4.
He filled the position of secretary to Joseph E. Brown
until he was 21, when he took a course at Columbia Law
School under Professor Dwight.
In 1890 Mr. Black began the practice of law in Atlanta,
practicing alone for two years, when he formed a partner¬
ship with Jackson & Leftwich, but in October, 1893, he
dissolved his connection with these gentlemen and formed a
partnership with his brother, E. R. Black.
Among the enterprises organized by Mr. Black are the
Georgia Security and Banking Co., $100,000 capital, and
the Piedmont Loan and Banking Co., $50,000 capital.
He also reorganized the Land Title and Safe Deposit
Co., of which he is now president. He is also representa¬
tive for the legal department of the American Surety Co. of
New York for the Southern States.
Active in State and local politics, he was a member of the
State Executive Committee of the Democratic party in the
WII.LIAM H. BLACK.
Atkinson campaign, and President of the Young Men's
Democratic League.
He was a director of the Cotton States and International
Exposition, and held an active position on the Arts, Amuse¬
ment, Ceremonial and Entertainment Committees of the
Board, and was also one of the committee appointed to
accompany the famous Liberty Bell back to Philadelphia.
RUFUS BROWN BULLOCK.
New York is Mr. Bullock's native State. He was born at
Bethlehem, Albany Countv, N. Y., March 28, 1834, and
graduated at Albion, New York, Academy in 1850. Elec¬
trician, inventor, soldier, governor, railroad magnate, bank
director, Mr. Bullock has so filled his entire careerwith great
events, stirring issues, and wonderful successes that it is not
easy even to give the bare record of them. But after having
accomplished many things in the field of telegraphic inven¬
tion during the seven years after his graduation from Albion,
he was sent South to extend the service of the Adams Ex¬
press Company throughout that field, and his headquarters
was Augusta, Ga. He became trustee, secretary and super¬
intendent of the Southern Express Company, organized at
Augusta in i860. As a member of the Oglethorpe Infantry
he participated in the capture of the United States arsenal
under orders of Governor Brown in 1861. After good ser¬
vice he was paroled at Appomattox Court House with Lee's
army, April, 1865, having reached the rank of colonel.
Since the stormy war days Mr. Bullock has been a busy
man, as busy as if fighting had lasted. As president of the
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS OF THE EXPOSITION.
Southern Porcelain Works, director of the National Bank
of Augusta, member of the City Council, president of the
Macon and Augusta Railroad, he filled up some crowded
years. In 1867-68 he was a delegate from Richmond County
to the Constitutional Convention held in Atlanta.
From 1868—71 Mr. Bullock was Governor of Georgia and
ex-officio president of the Western and Atlantic Railroad.
In 1870 he leased this property for a term of twenty years,
at $25,000 per month, and thus the State has received six
millions in cash and still owns the road, unincumbered and
more valuable than before.
Mr. Bullock opposed legislative expulsion of colored mem¬
bers, and maintained the legal right of colored voters to hold
office, and was sustained by Congress, which restored ex¬
pelled colored members to State Legislatures and passed the
Fifteenth Amendment.
RUFUS BROWN BUI^OCK.
From 1881—91 Mr. Bullock was President of the Atlanta
Cotton Mills, but at the expiration of that time he retired
from active business. He has been a vestryman, junior and
senior warden of St. Phillip's Church, president of the
Chamber of Commerce for two terms, vice-president of the
Capital City Club and president of the Chamber of Com¬
merce. He is now chairman of Committee on Ceremonies
and Ceremonial Days of the Cotton States and International
Exposition.
DANIEL 0. DOUGHERTY.
Daniel O. Dougherty was born at Dalton, Ga., September
26, 1845. His mother removed from Dalton to Southwest
Missouri when he was about eight years of age. Missouri
continued to be his home until August of 1862, when the
eager patriotism of the lad could no longer brook inactivity,
and he felt that the best interests of his country were calling
him to the battlefield. He enlisted in the Confederate army
at that time, and fought bravely until the close of the war,
only receiving his parole June 5, 1865. He accepted poverty
and the long struggle that followed just as bravely as he had
accepted the martial duties of the preceding years. He
continued to live in Missouri until the spring of 1868, when
he thought of Atlanta as a town with a future, and resolved
to cast in his lot there. Removing thither, he engaged as a
clerk in the dry goods business of Silvey & Dougherty; and
when in the spring of 1877 Mr. David H. Dougherty with¬
drew from the firm, Mr. Daniel O. Dougherty was admitted
DANIEL O. DOUGHERTY.
as a partner in the firm of John Silvey & Co. He has been
the general buyer of his firm since then, and his business
judgment is regarded as infallible.
Mr. Dougherty is a member of the First Baptist Church,
and is also director of the Trust Co. of Ga. He was one of
the charter members of this company when it was the Com¬
mercial Travellers' Savings Bank. He was one of the Board
of Directors of the Piedmont Exposition, and is now a mem¬
ber of the Cotton States and International Exposition Board.
Few movements of any importance have been instituted in
Atlanta without feeling the strength of his guidance, and
great indeed is the honor in which he is held by all who
know him.
CHARLES E. HARMAN,
Atlanta, Ga.
Charles E. Ilarman was born at Forsyth, Ga., and gradu¬
ated from the University of Georgia. Was employed in the
bank of John H. James, Atlanta, for several years. He was
librarian, secretary and president respectively of the Young
Men's Library Association, Atlanta. Entered railway service
October 15, 1882, as Soliciting Freight and Passenger Agent
of the Western and Atlantic Railroad at Atlanta, since which
time he has been consecutively General Agent with head¬
quarters at Jacksonville, Fla.; General Western Agent-
152
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS OF THE EXPOSITION.
April, 1892, General Passenger Agent, Western and Atlantic
Railroad; April, 1892, General Freight and Passenger
Agent, and is now General Passenger Agent of the Western
and Atlantic Railroad, Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis
Railway, lessees, Atlanta. Mr. Harman was a director of the
Piedmont Exposition and is a director of the Cotton States
and International Exposition. He is a member of the Com¬
mittees on Transportation, Publicity and Promotion, and
Machinery ; and is Chairman of the Committee 011 Advertis-
CHARI.ES E. HARMAN.
ing and Amusements of the Cotton States and International
Exposition. As General Passenger Agent of the Western
and Atlantic Railroad he suggested the zone basis for rates
for the Exposition, and to him as much as anyone else is
due the credit for the satisfactory rates which the railroads
have granted for the Exposition. Mr. Harman is chairman
of the House Committee of the Governing Committee of the
Capital City Club. He is now serving his second year as
councilman from the Sixth Ward of the city.
GEORGE W. HARRISON,
Atlanta, Qa.
Coi. George W. Harrison is a native of Randolph County,
Georgia, and was named after his father, Hon. George W.
Harrison, who represented that county in the General As¬
sembly repeatedly, and served for several terms with
distinguished ability as Secretary of State. Mr. Harrison
possesses admirable executive and administrative ability and
is an example of what energy, self-reliance and a broad-
minded business policy will accomplish. In a very striking
manner he exemplifies the truth of the assertion that "there
is more in the man than in the pursuit." As general mana¬
ger of the Franklin Printing and Publishing Company—one
of the largest and best-equipped printing establishments in
the South—he has had to discharge duties manifold and
exacting, and which to fulfill demanded a clear head, deci¬
sion of character, and versatile talent. The pronounced
success of this great establishment, the pride of Atlanta and
a credit to the South, is mainly due to his wisdom, skill and
business tact. He has also filled for a number of years the
office of State Printer, which is an office of honor and re¬
sponsibility, with entire success.
Col. Harrison is public-spirited and progressive, without
lessening his assiduity as a thorough business man. Every¬
thing looking to the building up of the moral and material
interests of his city, State and country finds in him a strong
advocate, a wise counsellor, and an untiring worker for its
success. Under his management, the Southern Cultivator,
the oldest agricultural paper in the South, has been a factor
in the upbuilding of the country. At his suggestion and ex¬
pense, the Georgia Road Congress was convened in Atlanta,
Ga.,May, 1889, and the resolutions adopted by that congress
is the basal idea of the road improvement movement of the
present day throughout the entire Union. Direct trade and
GEORGE w. HARRTSON.
immigration have been benefited and advanced by his labors
and contributions. As chairman of the Statistical Committee
of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, life member of the
Georgia State Agricultural Society, secretary of the State
Commission of Irrigation, member of the Central Committee
of the National Road Parliament, and chairman of the Con¬
vention Committee of the Cotton States and International
Exposition, he rendered most efficient service. He was the
warm friend and advocate of the Cotton States and Interna¬
tional Exposition from its inception, and aided materially in
the effort to make it a success. In every line of action look¬
ing to progress and improvement he has demonstrated his
zeal and efficiency in promoting the public welfare. He was
the recipient of an honor rarely conferred upon an individual
never seeking military preferment. Gov. W. J. Nortnen ap¬
pointed him as a member of his military staff, with the rank of
Lieutenant-Colonel, and his successor, Gov. W. ^ . Atkinson,
reappointed him, which emphasizes the honor conferred.
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS OF THE EXPOSITION.
153
In private life Col. Harrison is liberal in his views pertain¬
ing to social and religious matters, and is a prominent mem¬
ber and chairman of the Board of Deacons of the First
Presbyterian Church of Atlanta, Ga.
Col. Harrison is held in high regard by all classes. It is
in his home circle where all the graces that illustrate the
Christian gentleman shine forth with greater brilliancy. He
married Miss Lucy Hayden, one of the most amiable and
excellent of women, and their lives have been marked by
complete devotion and unstinted conjugal affection. The
happy family circle is completed by a son, George W. Harri¬
son, Jr.,and a daughter, Lucy Hayden, who, like their parents,
are models of affectionate regard for one another, obedience
to parental obligations, and the acquisition of those elements
of character that will enable them to develop into manhood
and womanhood for the greatest good to themselves and
others. The happiness of the home circle, with its congeniality
and cheer, well rounds up the life of such a progressive and
successful business man.
EVAN P. HOWELL,
Atlanta, Ga.
Evan P. Howell, journalist and lawyer, was born at War¬
saw, Milton County, Ga., December 10, 1839. He is, as his
name implies, of Welsh descent, the first Howells, who came
to this country about 1750, having settled in North Caro¬
lina. Several of this colonist's sons served in the Revolu¬
tionary War with distinction. Evan P. Howell is the oldest
son of Clark Howell, Sr., whose father removed from Geor¬
gia to North Carolina about 1820, settling in Milton County.
Evan was raised on the farm, received an academic educa¬
tion, and was graduated in 1859 from the Lumpkin Law
School, now the Law Department of the University of Geor¬
gia, Athens. At the beginning of the civil war he enlisted
with the First Georgia Regiment, and participated for twelve
months in the Virginia campaigns. He then assisted in or¬
ganizing an artillery company in Washington County, Ga.,
where he had gone before the beginning of the war to prac¬
tice law. He became captain of his company, which
was known as Howell's Battery, and Which served in the
engagement at Fort McAllister and around Vicksburg,
and then with the Western army, commencing at Chicka-
mauga, and in all the movements of that army until the end
of the war. After the cessation of hostilities he located in
Atlanta, near which city his father had settled several years
before. Arriving there withoijjj; a dollar, he went to work
on the farm, building with his own hands the house in which
he lived for a year with his wife and two children.
In 1867 he accepted a position on the Atlanta Intelligencer,
and became city editor of that paper, but soon resumed the
practice of law, in which he continued with great success
until 1876. He was attorney at that time for the Atlanta
Constitution Publishing Company, which was in financial
distress. Being sent for to take the necessary steps to re¬
trieve the company from pressure, he saw, on examining its
books, that it was a good piece of property, and bought a
half-interest in it. From that day the stock of the paper has
steadily gone up until it is now worth 6 for I, and it is not
on the market even at that price. It is the most valuable piece
of newspaper property in the South and occupies a promi¬
nent place in the journalistic field of America. Captain
Howell and Henry W. Grady having been warm personal
friends, he offered the latter a position on its staff, which was
accepted. A few years afterward Mr. Grady bought a fourth
interest in the paper and became managing editor, with
Captain Howell as editor-in-chief and president of the com¬
pany. For a number of years he has been, perhaps, the
strongest factor in Georgia politics, though the only time he
EVAN p. HOWELI,.
ever ran for office was as State Senator from the Atlanta
district, which position he held for three terms. He was
chosen as the representative of the Georgia Democracy in
the three National Conventions of 1876, 1880, 1884, and
was a member of the Committee on Resolutions of each.
Captain Howell is a man of great personal attractiveness and
an exceedingly interesting conversationalist. He has proba¬
bly more warm friends than any man in the State, and never
loses one, the secret of which probably lies in his endeavor
to serve them whenever possible.
CLARK HOWELL,
Atlanta, Ga.
The managing editor of the Constitution and to-day
beyond a doubt the foremost journalist in the South, is Clark
Howell, who was less than two years old when Sherman
came thundering at the walls of Atlanta. He was born in
September, 1863, on the twenty-first day of the month.
He was educated in the common schools of Atlanta, and
at the State University, where he graduated with the bright
class of 1883. Immediately after graduation he turned his
attention to journalism, and served his apprenticeship as a
reporter 011 the staffs of the New York Times and the Phila-
^54
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS OF THE EXPOSITION.
dclphia Press. A year later he became night editor of the
Constitution of Atlanta, then under the brilliant management
of Henry W. Grady. In 1887 Mr. Howell became assistant
managing editor with Mr. Grady. On the death of the latter
in December, 1889, Mr. Howell was promoted to the place
thus left vacant.
In politics, also, Mr. Howell has had his successes—no
mean ones. He was elected to the Georgia Legislature in 1 886,
and steadily took his seat in that august body for three terms
—six years. In 1890-91 he filled the Speaker's chair, winning
this brilliant gift from Georgia's statesmen when he was but
twenty-seven years old. At present he is the Georgia mem¬
ber of the National Democratic Executive Committee.
Another victory was added to his long list of achieve¬
ments and conquests when the International League of Press
Clubs made him its president in May of 1894.
CLARK HOWELL.
Few men have won so much in so short a space, but then
few men have deserved so much. Ask newspaper men if he
has ever failed in his earnest zeal for the promotion of all
that tends to the elevation of the press ? Ask the Georgia
legislators if he was ever once careless of duties there ?
The answer each time will be an unhesitating " No."
In 1887 Mr. Howell was married to Miss Harriet G.
Barrett, of Augusta, Ga., and the young couple now have
three lovely children.
SAMUEL MARTIN INMAN,
Atlanta, Qa.
Wherever the buying and selling of cotton forms an
important feature of commercial enterprises, the name of
Inman is a magic one. Tennessee has the honor to have
been the birthplace of Mr. Samuel Martin Inman, the sub¬
ject of the present sketch, although Georgia has so long
claimed him.
He was born in Dandridge, February 19, 1843, his
parents being S. W. and Jane Martin Inman. Graduating
from Princeton College, Mr. Inman began the cotton busi¬
ness in 1867, in Atlanta, and his firm now does the largest
cotton business in the world, and controls more markets than
would sound credible.
Mr. Inman has been twice married; the first time to Miss
Jennie Dick, of Rome, Ga., who died July 3d, 1890; the
SAMUEL MARTIN INMAN.
second time to Miss Mildred McPheeters, of Raleigh, N. C.,
a very beautiful and graceful woman, and an acknowledged
social leader.
The magnificent business judgment and intellectual power
of Mr. Inman, no less than the financial force he can wield,
have put him at the head of most of the enterprises leading
to Atlanta's greatness. He is a director of the Cotton
States and International Exposition Co., and also chair¬
man of the Finance Committee of the same ; a director of
the Atlanta National Bank, of the Lowry Banking Co., of
the Atlanta Home Insurance Co., of the Atlanta Constitu¬
tion Publication Co. ; a member of the City Board of Edu¬
cation; chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Young
Men's Christian Association ; trustee of the Grady Hospital,
and of the Confederate Soldiers' Home. In all these posi¬
tions of honor, responsibility and trust Samuel M. Inman has
been a power for good, and he is looked up to with admiration
and profound esteem by all who know him. His success has
been great, but 110 greater than his merits. Such men as he
represent the worth of a country ami the strength of a State.
Hon. PORTER KINO,
Atlanta, Ga.
Atlanta's Exposition Mayor was born November 24th,
1857, and received his earlier education at Howard College
in Marion, Ala.—his old home—graduating at the age of
19 with first honor. Inheriting a love of law from his
father, Judge Porter King, of Alabama, and his grandfather,
Chief Justice Joseph Ilenry Lumpkin, of Georgia, he went
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS OF THE EXPOSITION.
J55
to the University of Virginia, and received a B. L. from
that institution, after a two years' course. He practiced his
profession three years in East Alabama, and then he moved
to Atlanta in the spring of 1882. Since coming here his
success has been remarkable, not alone in his chosen pro¬
fession, but in other lines of work also. In 1889, he was
elected to the City Council from the Sixth and largest Ward
in the city, and for two years rendered faithful and efficient
service as Chairman of the Police and Park Committees.
The Public Comfort Building at the L. P. Grant Park, the
extension of the trunk sewers, and the present well regulated
condition of the liquor traffic are due in a good measure
to his efforts and influence. He afterwards served in the
legislature, carrying into the work of this body the same
determination to do his best for the people whose interest
he represented that has characterized him in all his under-
hon. porter king.
takings. Again he was called into public life, and is now
the Mayor of Atlanta, having been elected without opposi¬
tion in a city of more than 100,000 inhabitants. The people
knew the man, and felt that such a one was needed to be at
the head of the city's affairs at this time. And we feel
safe in predicting that in not the least will their expectation
be disappointed or their confidence shaken, for Mayor King
has worn and will ever wear the honored name he bears in
such a way as to add new lustre to it.
FOREST ADAIR,
Atlanta, Ga,
This gentleman was born March 24, 1864, and graduated
at the Boys' High School in Atlanta in 1879, and imme¬
diately went to work in his father's real estate office. He is
now a member of the firm of Geo. W. Adair, which firm
does, probably, the largest real estate business in Atlanta.
He served several years as a member of the council of the
city of West End, and was very active in making many
public improvements and in bringing about the annexation
of that city to Atlanta. In January, 1895, he was elected a
member of the Board of Commissioners of Roads and
Revenues of Fulton County. He was a member of the
forest adair.
Board of Directors of the old Piedmont Exposition Co., and
was also one of the directors and members of the Executive
Committee of the Cotton States and International Exposition.
Hon. R. P. DODGE,
Atlanta, Ga.
Mr. Dodge was born August 15, 1850, in Columbia
County, Ga., and there spent his boyhood days with his
grandparents until he was twenty-one years old. His mother
Hon. r. p. dodge.
is still living, his father having died when he was sixteen
years old. He was educated at Harlem, and for three years
had charge of a general store at that place, and in 1875 he
J56
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS OF THE EXPOSITION.
began his railroad career in the roadmaster's department of
the Georgia R.R. In 1877 he was in the transportation depart¬
ment, and afterwards he became train hand on a local and
through freight train on the Georgia Railway. After this he
became general yardmaster of the Georgia R.R. in Atlanta,
which position he now holds. He is a member of the order of
R.R. Conductors, and in 1888 was Chief Conductor of the
order for one year. The popularity with which he is favored
took a substantial form when he was elected to the City
Council from the Third Ward in 1893, and still holds the
same office. He was married in 1873 to Miss Few, of
Madison, and has one daughter. Mr. Dodge is well known
and comes of a distinguished family, and his past record is
without spot or blemish.
J. W. ENGLISH,
Atlanta, Ga.
Capt. English was born October 28, 183 7, in the parish of
Olenas, La., and was left a penniless orphan boy at the age
of thirteen. He came to Georgia in 1852, and located in
Griffin, near Atlanta, where he remained, pursuing an active
J- W. ENGLISH.
business life, until the first gun fired of the civil war. He
remained throughout the war in the army of Northern Vir¬
ginia with the Second Georgia Battalion during the four years'
struggle. In 1865 he came to Atlanta, and one year after¬
wards married Miss Emily Alexander, of Griffin. Entering
the service of the city as a member of the General Council in
1877, for two years he was chairman of the finance com¬
mittee of that body. His work in that capacity for the good
of the city was marvelous, and much of the credit is due him
that Atlanta was made the capital of the State. He was
afterwards elected mayor and his administration was one of
the most prosperous the city ever had. He was largely
instrumental in many municipal improvements, and in carry¬
ing through the project of the Georgia Pacific Railway, which
but for his efforts would have failed, and which has been of
great benefit to the city. His career as mayor was memor¬
able for the breaking up of gambling and other evils and was
a great step forward in the progress of Atlanta's civilization.
At the close of his term he retired from office, with the
respect and honor of the people, and made the seldom
equaled record of leaving the city out of debt. Captain
English is remarkable for his public-spiritedness, charity, and
generosity. He is one of the promoters of the Y. M. C. A.,
the Georgia School of Technology, the Grady Hospital, the
Soldiers' I Iome and the Young Men's Library Association. He
was chairman of the Executive Committee of the Exposi¬
tion, is president of the Atlanta Trust and Banking Company,
president of the Chatahoochee Brick Company, a member of
the Board of Education, and connected with numberless
other business and charitable institutions. With such a
career of usefulness and such untiring work for the upbuild¬
ing of Atlanta's best interests, few men in few cities can be
rightfjlly credited with such unbounded praise as Captain
J. W. English.
CLARENCE KNOWLES,
Atlanta, Ga.
Mr. Kncnvles is manager of the Southern department of
the Delaware and the Pennsylvania Fire Insurance compa¬
nies, and has a brilliant record in underwriting, possessing
those rare qualities of decision and energy combined with
the accomplishments that make a diplomat. He was born
CLARENCE KNOWLES.
in Pensacola, Fla., and after receiving an excellent education
was at an early age selected by that famous educator of in¬
surance men, Mr. Alexander Stoddard, for a clerkship in his
office in New York. There he remained but a short time,
having been ordered South as a special agent. He was sent
to Chicago in the great fire of 1872 as adjuster, and held
his own witli the old adjusters of the West, much to their
surprise. He was the first president for the S. E. T. A.,
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS OF THE EXPOSITION.
157
and to him is conceded the great work of organization and
the successful conduct of its earlier years. He is exceed¬
ingly popular, and deservedly so, for there are few young
men in underwriting to whom he has not, at one time or
another, lent a kindly hand. His career has not only been
successful, but such is his personal magnetism and so well is he
liked that none are envious of the favors which fortune has
showered upon him.
ROBERT J. LOWRY,
Atlanta, Ga.
In 1861, when quite young, Mr. Lowry came to Atlanta
from East Tennessee, and located. He first had an office in
the old Atheneum Theatre, on Decatur street, near the corner
of Pryor and Decatur streets, and embarked in the commis-
ROBERT J. LOWRY.
sion and banking business, which was continued after the
war as a private bank.
His father came to Atlanta later, and the banking firm of
W. M. & R. J. Lowry was established and was carried on
under that name until the death of the former, in 1887,
when the business was reorganized under a State charter,
under the name of the Lowry Banking Company of Atlanta,
and Mr. R. J. Lowry was elected president. The business
built up under his management and is second to that of
no other bank, besides being the oldest bank in Atlanta
He is regarded as one of the ablest financiers in the State.
He was captain of the old volunteer hook and ladder fire
company for a number of years; and as a member of the
City Council in 1880 he helped to establish the splendid
paid fire department that we now have. In the military
he was captain of the old Governor's Guards, for a long time
recognized as one of the first companies of Atlanta.
In 1870 Captain Lowry was a member of the City Coun¬
cil that inaugurated the unsurpassed system of public schools
which has done so much to build up the city, and he has been
a member of the Board of Education some twenty-five years.
In 1882 he, and others, established the Atlanta Home Fire
Insurance Company. He was elected president, and has
continued to fill that place up to the present time. The com¬
pany has had marked success and built up a very large
business.
He was one of the moving spirits in the Cotton States
Exposition held in Atlanta in 1881, which did so much to
bring the resources of the Southern States before the coun¬
try, and he is now one of the directors of the present Cotton
States and International Exposition. Every object that looks
to the good of the whole people of Atlanta he will be found
using his money, energy and influence to further. He
believes in building up and patronizing home industry, so as
to develop the vast resources of Georgia.
He is now one of the receivers of a part of the Central
Railroad System, a trustee of the Grady Hospital, one of the
owners of the Atlanta Consolidated Street Railway System,
and is connected as a stockholder or a director with a large
number of institutions in Atlanta.
With all his duties, Captain Lowry finds time for pleasure.
He and his good wife are always adding something to the
pleasure and enjoyment of others, and he is considered one
of the moving spirits in all social events.
T. B. NEAL,
Atlanta, Ga.
Mr. T. B. Neal was born in Pike County, Ga., in 1838.
He went to Minden, Louisiana, when 18 years old, and
clerked in a general store until the breaking out of the war,
when he enlisted as a private, and served through the war
T. B. NEAL.
under General Forrest. At the end of the war he returned
to Louisiana, where he began a mercantile business which
was large and profitable, and which he continued until 1885,
when he left Louisiana and came to Atlanta to live.
In 1887, the Neal Loan and Banking Co. was organized,
with him as president. His friends feel proud of the success
158
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS OF THE EXPOSITION.
he has made of this institution. He has served as president
of the Atlanta Clearing House, and president of the Georgia
Bankers' Association. He is on the Finance Committee of
the Cotton States and International Exposition, and has con¬
tributed much of his time to make it a success. He married
Miss Mollie Cash, who lived on Red River, Louisiana, in
1886. They had eight children, six of them dying when
young, and one grown daughter dying soon after coming to
Atlanta.
His wife was an invalid for ten years, and notwithstand¬
ing all the love and attention he could bestow, she, too, died
in 1894. He has no family left except Mrs. Lee Douglas,
his daughter, with whom he lives on Washington Street.
J. Q. OGLESBY,
Atlanta, Ga.
The accompanying cut is a good picture of one of Atlanta's
unostentatious but solid business men, Mr. J. G. Oglesby.
Born in Wilks County, Ga., Mr. Oglesby has all his life
followed the fortunes of his native State with unswerving
patriotism, doing everything in his power to advance its
interests.
In 1865, when the reverberations of booming cannon had
scarcely ceased to echo among the hills surrounding Atlanta,
j. g. ogi.ksby.
Mr. Oglesby established himself there in the wholesale
grocery business, in which he has ever since continued
building up one of the finest establishments in that line of
business in the State.
Hon. FRANK P. RICE,
Atlanta, Ga.
Hon. Frank P. Rice was born in Claremont, N. II., in 1838.
He came to Atlanta in 1847, where he has since resided.
He has served in the City Council five times, being firs
elected in 1871. He was a member of the Board of Health (
of Atlanta for nine years. Served Fulton County in the
Lower House of the General Assembly for two terms, from
1879 to 1883, and during his last term he was the author of
the bill to erect the new State Capitol, which measure he
pressed to passage, and which caused the erection of the new
Capitol in Atlanta. Mr. Rice was a member of the State
Senate from this (35th) Senatorial District in 1888 and
1889, and in this body, as well as the House of Representa¬
tives, he was the author of many important measures. He
served two years as a director of the Piedmont Exposition.
He served the city as Alderman at Large during the years
1891, 1892 and 1893, the first two years being chairman of
the Finance Committee of the General Council. He was
a member of the State Democratic Executive Committee in
1891 and 1892. He is a trustee of the Young Men's Christian
Hon. frank p. rice.
Association, and was one of the main movers in erecting the
handsome building belonging to that Association. From
its inception Mr. Rice was one of the leading spirits in the
inauguration and promotion of the Cotton States and Inter¬
national Exposition, being a director in the enterprise and
a member of the Executive Committee. No man labored
more earnestly for its success than he.
Mr. Rice is chairman of the new city Executive Commit¬
tee of the city of Atlanta, having been elected unanimously
to that position at the meeting held in February. Mr. Rice
has been engaged in a great many different lines of busi¬
ness, all of which have been in the interest of the upbuild¬
ing of Atlanta, and all of his enterprises have been suc¬
cessful. He was in the lumber business for eighteen years,
and later on was engaged for about six years in the real-
estate business. Mr. Rice owns one of the finest and best
selected private libraries in the city of Atlanta, and is a
thoroughly well-read man.
No citizen of Atlanta more largely enjoys the confidence
of the people than he. Every obligation—social, moral,
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS OF THE EXPOSITION.
159
political and financial—has been promptly and faithfully
kept by him. It is Mr. Rice's pride and ambition to be
among the progressive and public-spirited citizens, and to
do all in his power to advance the interest of Atlanta and
promote the public welfare.
EUGENE C. SPALDING,
Atlanta, Ga.
Alabama is the native State of Mr. Spalding. He was
born at Selma, August 16, 1862. He began his career as
clerk in a railroad office, was rapidly promoted, and at the
age of twenty-one was at the head of an important depart¬
ment. He first made his reputation as contributor to various
EUGENE c. SPALDING.
railroad journals, and he is the author of a technical work
which has been favorably noticed by many railroad periodi¬
cals in the United States and in foreign countries.
Mr. Spalding was elected president of the International
Association of Car Service Officers in 1890, at Mackinaw
Island, but he left the actual railroad service about this time,
and has since been successfully engaged in various railway
enterprises. He is now president and general manager of
the Southern Iron Car Line; president and general manager
of the Southern Railway Equipment Co. ; president and
general manager of the Georgia Car Works; director of the
Atlanta Trust and Banking Co. ; general manager of the
Southeastern Line; general manager of the Iron Car Ex¬
press Coal Line of Pennsylvania, and is connected with sev¬
eral local commercial organizations.
Mr. Spalding represents through his various companies
the largest freight car interest in the world, and is now oper¬
ating in this country over 12,000 freight cars.
Mr. Spalding was also a director of the Cotton States and
International Exposition, and in that position, as elsewhere,
has won measureless commendation. He is one of the few
entirely successful men who has borne his triumphs with
grace, and he is utterly unspoiled by good fortune.
STEWART FLOYD WOODSON,
Atlanta, Ga.
S. F. "Woodson, commercial president, was born in
Thomaston, Ga., August 17, 1859. His father, Wm. Daniel
Woodson, of English descent, and a Virginian, came to Geor¬
gia about 1844 and married Martha Floyd, of an honorable
family of that State, and was a substantial merchant, who
enlisted in the war and fought gallantly until his death
near its close. Mr. Woodson's mother was thus left a widow
with five children, and the loss of property by the fortunes
of war compelled the family to that industry, self-denial,
energy and self-reliance that have marked the career so
successful and progressive of Mr. Woodson. He enjoyed
an academic education at Thomaston and at fifteen years of
age he left its high school to try his fortune in the great
world, selecting Atlanta, Ga., as the place of his attempt.
This was in 1873, and he obtained a position as clerk in
the wholesale grocery house of Williams, Langston & Crane,
one of the strongest firms of that city, Mr. Williams having
a national as well as a Southern reputation as a capitalist,
banker and merchant. Mr. Woodson showed such high com¬
mercial capacity, energy and faithfulness, that when he ar¬
rived at his majority in 1880, after only six years of youthful
service, he was taken in the firm as a partner, an unusual
STEWART FLOYD WOODSON.
achievement for so young a man, testifying eloquently to his
superior business qualities. Maj. Crane, who was the founder
and first president of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce,
died in 1885, holding that position, and Mr. Woodson then
became the junior member of the firm, which has since been
known as Langston & Woodson. First becoming vice-
president of the Chamber of Commerce in 1889, he was elected
its president in 1893, establishing an honorable coincidence
of distinction in his firm, and achieving an unusual leader¬
ship in one so young. M. Woodson has had placed upon
him many other trusts, unsought, connected with the growth
of his city.
i6o
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS OF THE EXPOSITION.
E. RICH,
Atlanta, Ga.
E. Rich was burn near Karschau, one of the chief cities of
Hungary, in the year 1849. At the age of twelve years he
was forced to apprentice himself out to a shoemaker, his
father losing his large estate by a supposed friend's duplicity.
The oppressive conditions were more than he could bear,
however, and with the clandestine assistance of his mother he
made his way to Cleveland, Ohio, where he had relatives
engaged in the dry goods trade, and finding that business
suited to his taste, he went at it with a vim. By economy he
laid by a little money, and at the invitation of an elder
brother he came to Atlanta and entered the dry goods busi¬
ness here. That was nearly thirty years ago, and he has
every reason to congratulate himself upon the event. The
firm here is one of the most successful in the South. In 1879
E. RICK.
Mr. Rich married Miss Bertha Sartorious, a descendant of the
ancient German family of the name. The prudent conser¬
vatism shown by Mr. Rich in his services as director of the
preceding expositions held here, led to his being chosen as
one of the original directors of the Cotton States and Inter¬
national Exposition, in which capacity he has rendered valu¬
able service on important committees.
ALEX. W. SMITH,
Atlanta, Ga.
Alex. W. Smith was born in Habersham County, Ga.,
June 24, 186r. Since 1872 he has been a resident of
Atlanta. He won the first-honor scholarship from the
Boys' High School of Atlanta, and soon after matriculated
at the University of Georgia, from which institution he
was graduated with distinction. After studying law under
Marshall J. Clarke, he was admitted to the bar. e prac¬
ticed alone for the first two years, but in 1885 formed a co¬
partnership with the Hon. B. E. Abbott, under the name of
Abbott & Smith. At present he is associated with his only
brother, Mr. Victor L. Smith, a graduate with the highest
honors from the University of Georgia, and enjoys the
reputation of being the best real estate lawyer in the city.
ALEX. w. SMITH.
Mr. Smith was connected with the management of the
Cotton States and International Exposition from its incep¬
tion. In addition to being an active member of the Board
of Directors and of the Executive Committee, he was audi¬
tor of the company, chief of the Public Comfort Depart¬
ment, and chairman of the Committee on Privileges and
Concessions. As chief of the Public Comfort Department,
Mr. Smith accomplished gratifying results, and within
twelve days after taking charge secured contracts for the
erection of new hotels, having an aggregate capacity to
accommodate five thousand people. No member of the
board was more active and earnest in attention or more
successful in his efforts to promote the success of the Expo¬
sition than Mr. Smith.
Colonei. A. J. WEST.
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS OF THE EXPOSITION.
16 r
Colonel A. J. WEST,
Atlanta, Ga.
Col. Andrew J. West served through the war with distinc¬
tion in the Confederate arm)', settled in Atlanta, and con¬
ducted a wholesale commission business of a quarter of a
million of dollars annually before he was twenty years old.
His father was killed while he was only four years of age,
and he was early called upon to fill a man's part in life.
He comes of distinguished ancestry, his forefathers being
some of the best known and prominent people of the State.
He entered the army when quite young, from La Grange, as
a member of the Troup Light Guard, Co. E, 41st Georgia
Regiment, participating in many of the battles of the West¬
ern campaign, being severely wounded twice. His career in
the war was full of danger and perilous incidents.
Since the war he has served upon General Gordon's staff.
Governor Northen appointed him Quartermaster-General,
and he served four years on his staff. Governor Atkinson
reappointed him to the same position, which he now holds.
He is at the head of the largest and most successful real
estate business of the South, and is a prominent Mason, a
great traveler, a well-known philanthropist, and it is said
that he has started more young men in life on the way to
useful manhood than any man of his age.
h. e. w. palmer,
First Director General of the Exposition.
i I
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS OF TRIE EXTJ0S1T10N.
J. J. SPALDING, "Exposition Director.
JOHN W. NKLMS, M D., Exposition Director.
Ex-Governor w. j. NORTH EN, Exposition Director.
I. W. LEIBMAN, Exposition Director.
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS OF THE EXPOSITION.
W. H. VIJNABUS, Exposition Director.
FULTON COLVILLE, Exposition Director.
Mrs. JOSEPH THOMPSON,
PRESIDENT OF BOARD OF WOMEN MANAGERS COTTON STATES AND INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION.
BOARD OF WOMEN MANAGERS.
Mrs. JOSEPH THOMPSON,
Atlanta, Ga.
When ex-Mayor Wm. H. Hemphill's idea to hold a Cotton
States and International Exposition took material shape and
enthusiasm ran high in Atlanta, attention was then turned
to organizing- a " Women's Board." It required great tact
and judgment to select competent women for this important
board; and after thoughtful consideration the Board of
Directors selected five ladies of unquestioned ability, with
Mrs. Joseph Thompson, of Atlanta, as president, who, when
notified of the honor bestowed upon her, graciously accepted
the position. Mrs. Thompson is a prominent society woman,
and many felt doubtful as to the wisdom of placing such
grave and important management in her hands, knowing that
practical matters had never entered into the unruffled currents
of her life. But in every way she has proved herself worthy
the trust and fully capable of regulating and attending most
competently to the duties born of the work, for with her
brains and quick perception, Mrs. Thompson has a wonder¬
ful amount of tact and diplomacy that has stood her in good
need and tided her successfully over the necessarily troublous
months that followed her election. With skill she has
managed the financial problems, the social affairs, and all
matters attendant upon her position, and never once has she
faltered in her desire to please and give entire satisfaction.
As Miss Emma Mims, only daughter of Major Livingston
Mims, this brilliant woman was a noted belle and beauty.
As the wife of Colonel Joseph Thompson, a prominent finan¬
cier of this city, she has also been famous. Her beauty is
not alone physical, but more. There is a psychic sympathy,
a palpable outreaching of her personality, that wins and holds
forever. That she is capricious, changeful, restless, there is
no denial, but in her this uncertainty is as pleasing as the
elusive prisms in a glass, for beneath all you feel that there
is a light of good-fellowship and responsiveness that is steady
as the sun itself. Her physical beauty has made her famous
as a type of Southern loveliness. The tall, supple figure is
well porportioned, and her head sets gracefully and aristo¬
cratically upon her shoulders. In her face one sees the
frankness of a child and the intellect of a cultured woman.
Her thin lips, with their sensitive curving, her well-defined,
slightly arched nose, thin-nostriled and sharp, her delicately
lobed ear with its artistic curving, all speak more pointedly
of high breeding and refinement than words can do. Her
eyes are wonderfully fine, brown in color and very large and
bright; her hair exquisitely kept and chestnut-brown in
color. This woman has been singularly blessed with beauty,
intellect, wealth, and social position. She has one child, a
lad of ten years, who is attractive and pretty. In winter
Mrs. Thompson spends her time at the Kimball House, and
in summer at Brookwood, the picturesque flower farm of her
husband, just three miles distant from the city, where she
entertains her friends with lavish hospitality.
rirs. LOULIE M. GORDON,
Atlanta, Ga.
Mrs. Loulie M. Gordon, so appropriately called the " Star
of the South " by some of our most distinguished Northern
visitors to the Exposition, is representative at large of the
Women's Board of the Cotton States and International Ex¬
position, chairman of the Committee on Congresses, and a
member of the Executive Committee of the Women's Board
of Directors.
She is one of the first five women appointed by the men's
department as the executive committee to organize the
woman's department, and to form committees.
She is the highest and most beautiful type of the repre¬
sentative women of the South, and her influence is as genial
and potent and wonderful as the sunlight. To the highest
mentality, Mrs. Gordon adds the crowning charm of the
tenderest and most womanly heart, and her personal magnet-
BOARD OF WOMEN MANAGERS.
ism is unequaled. On both sides her family has lived in
America for over two hundred years. Through her mother's
family she descends from the Wilkins, Terrells, Lipscombs,
Kirbys and Pickens, who were among the oldest and most
distinguished of the Virginia and South Carolina ance:;try.
Her grandmother was a great-niece of Thomas Jefferson and
President Tyler. Her paternal ancestors were the McLen-
dons, Blakes and Coupers, who were of the staunchest old
Revolutionary stock, and through them she descends from
three generations of soldiers. In nature, form and feature,
Mrs. Gordon is thoroughly patrician, and the people of the
South honor her and themselves in placing her wherever
strength, ability and influence for good is needed.
Mrs. ROBERT J. LOWRY,
Atlanta, Ga.
Mrs. Robert James Lowry is the only daughter of William
Markham, deceased ; born in Henry County, Georgia. When
quite young her parents moved to Atlanta. She received her
education at the Synodical College in Griffin. All that know
her love her for her many good qualities of mind and heart.
She is never happier than when adding sunshine and pleasure
to others.
Mrs. ROBERT J. WWRY.
She is president of the Grady Hospital Aid Association,
and very much interested in securing means to build a child's
ward, which is very much needed in that hospital.
She is also a member of the Women's Board, and was on
the Finance Committee of the Cotton States and Interna¬
tional Exposition Company.
Her rooms at the Kimball House show her artistic taste
for art, bric-a-brac, etc. The cheerful hospitality dispensed
by her and her husband in their comfortable quarters is well
known to Atlantians and visitors to that city; all given out
with that gentle dignity that characterizes her; and in society
(as much as her health will permit) she is one of the social
leaders.
Mrs. HUGH ANQ1ER,
Atlanta, Ga.
Mrs. Hugh Angier, chairman on Music of the Woman's
Building and a member of the Woman's Board of Managers
of the Cotton States and International Exposition, is a great-
grand-daughter of the illustrious statesman, Hon. James For-
Mrs. HUGH ANGIER.
syth, of Edinburgh, Scotland, a grand-daughter of William
Forsyth, first owner of the Canadian side of Niagara Falls,
granted him by the Crown, also master of Bertie Hall, and
a daughter of Nelson Forsyth, Esquire, of the township of
Bertie, Welland County, for forty years holding official posi¬
tion to the Canadian Government, and a man of large inter¬
ests.
To Mrs. Angier's widespread popularity and acquaintance
in the social and musical world may be attributed the suc¬
cess of this department. She and her gifted husband have
for some time been the leaders of the musical talent here,
and their voices have charmed many Atlantians in their
delightful salon recitals.
Mrs. Angier's musical education was a very notable one,
having studied in Italy under the most famous masters of
Milan and Naples, and afterwards in London under the most
noted professionals there. It was here that she met and
married Mr. Hugh Angier, son of the late Dr. N. L. Angier,
State Treasurer of Georgia and Mayor of Atlanta.
Their wedding occurred at the residence of Mr. John
Thomas, whose musical genius was famous and won for him
the distinction of being harpist to Her Majesty the Queen.
Mrs. Angier has a face that in its strength and expressive
beauty indicates her Scotch ancestry and distinction.
BOARD OF WOMEN MANAGERS.
167
Mrs. J. K. OHL,
Atlanta, Ga.
This lady did more correspondence for out-of-town papers
in regard to the various features of the Exposition, not only
than any woman, but more than any journalist in the coun¬
try. She "syndicated" two letters a week that were pub-
their enterprises, to forward all good work, and to be broad-
minded and just on all public questions with which I have
had to deal. The profession of journalism is a great and
noble one, and what I have done I have tried faithfully to do
well." A greater pride still, I believe, she exhibits in keep¬
ing a nice home and being a good wife, qualities not usually
associated with literary women.
Mrs J. K. OHL.
lished by fifty large daily papers in the United States, and
wrote all the articles 011 the Exposition for Harper's Weekly
and a lengthy one for Harper's Bazar. She furnished most of
Leslie's and Demarest's magazines' material on the Exposi¬
tion, and the New York Sun and World took many articles
from her, as did also the Chicago Times-Herald. When the
Exposition Company was having trouble in getting matter
in the Northern papers about the enterprise, she was sending
and getting used article after article about the women's fea¬
tures connected with it, for nothing, in all the great dailies.
She has, with pardonable pride, preserved these articles in a
large scrap-book as a remembrancer of a great occasion. In
addition to this vast volume of outside work, she conducted
successfully her department on the editorial staff of the
Constitution, with which she is connected. She has been a
member of this staff now for seven years; has been married
six years, but has. always used her maiden name of " Maude
Andrews."
The literary success that is coming to her these days from
all parts of the country is very gratifying. The great edi¬
tors whom she used to think of with reverential awe now
write to her for articles and stories. All this makes her feel
a just pride, and, loving the South sincerely, it pleases her
to be thought a prophet in her own country. She is yet far
from satisfied with her attainments, and realizes that she has
much to achieve in the future. She said recently to the
writer: "I have tried with all sincerity to help women in
Mrs. HENRY L. WILSON.
Mrs. Mary Wilson, wife of Dr. Henry Lumpkin Wilson,
was a director of the Women's Board of Managers of the
Cotton States and International Exposition, and was at the
head of the agricultural and horticultural department, a
position for which her great love for, and experience in,
horticulture especially fitted her, and, sparing neither time
nor labor for the accomplishment of her purpose, much of
the success of that department was due to her earnest work.
Mrs. Wilson also compiled one of the most popular
souvenirs of the Exposition, known as "The Tested Receipt
Book," which contains portraits of many of the active mem¬
bers of the Women's Board and has attained a large circula¬
tion in many of the States of the Union.
Mrs. henry l. wilson.
The reception hall and stairway in the residence of Dr.
Henry L. Wilson is one of the brightest and most cheerful
that can be imagined, giving the impression of quiet, chaste
simplicity in every appointment. The richly-carved antique
oak stairway, starting in full view, ascends a few steps to a
platform overlooking the hall, then turning to the left goes
up to a very broad second landing.
Windows of beautiful art glass surround three sides of this
platform, and a deep seat is formed to receive palms, being
of sufficient width to almost make a palm-room, the effect of
which is very pleasing.
168
BOARD OF WOMEN MANAGERS.
Mrs. CLARK HOWELL,
Atlanta, Ga.
This gracious woman is the wife of Clark Ilowell, editor of
the Constitution. As Miss Barrett of Augusta, she was a
great belle and very popular because of her sparkling vivacity.
She was one of the most enthusiastic workers of the Exposi-
Mrs B. W. WRENN,
Atlanta, Ga.
Executive ability, comprehensive judgment, and an almost
encyclopaedic knowledge are the characteristics of Mrs. B.
\V. Wrenn, one of the members of the board ; also chairman
of bronzes on the Fine Arts Committee, and vice-chairman
of the Decorative Art Committee, for both of which she
made valuable collections. It was through her earnest
efforts, as advertising manager on the woman's edition of the
Atlanta Journal that a large sum of money was realized.
Her best work was in aiding the various committees, and in
extending the influence of the Exposition in the social circles
of which she is one of the prominent leaders.
Mrs. W. A. HEMPHILL,
Atlanta, Ga,
One of the wisest appointments during the Exposition
was that of Mrs. W. A. Hemphill, who was chosen as the
head of the Professional Women's Department. Mrs. Hemp¬
hill is the wife of Hon. W. A. Hemphill, ex-Mayor of
Atlanta and business manager of the Constitution. With
her broad, heart-reaching sympathies, her quick appreciation
mrs. clark howell.
tion, and was in charge of the " Department of Practical
Illustrations of the Industrial Arts." She worked by herself
and executed all her plans without aid. Mrs. Howell has
three interesting children and a beautiful home in West End,
being a favorite in the most exclusive society circles, and
altogether a rarely lovely woman.
Mrs. b. w. wrenn.
Mrs. w. a. HEMPHILL.
of women's needs, she has accomplished more than any
other woman in her field. She is a philanthropist in its full
meaning, and is a woman of beautiful Christian character.
Her elegant I'eachtree home was opened frequently to the
distinguished visitors who came to Atlanta during the
Exposition. Mrs. Hemphill has the reputation of having
had the best organized and most systematically working
committee on the whole board.
BOARD OF WOMEN MANAGERS.
169
Mrs. W. C. I,ANIER.. MrSi w m DICKSON.
EXPOSITION COnniSSIONERS AND VISITORS.
Mrs. RACHEL FOSTER AVERY,
Philadelphia, Pa.
Rachel Foster Avery was born in 1858 in Pittsburg, Pa.
Her father, J. Heron Foster, was a leading journalist of that
city, a man of advanced ideas, favoring, even back in the
fifties, the payment of equal wages to men and women for
equal work, and carrying out his ideas on this point in a
struggle with his men employees in the office of the news¬
paper of which he was editor and proprietor. Her mother,
Julia Manuel Foster, had imbibed the thought of equality of
the sexes from early admiration for and association with
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, in whose Sunday-school class she
was a pupil.
Rachel Foster's first memories include the formation of
the Woman Suffrage Society organized in Pittsburg in the
Spring of 1871, at the home of her mother, then a widow.
The comments of the opposition aroused in her a sense of
the injustice and the prejudice against women and a deter¬
mination to champion the cause when she grew older.
When but nineteen years of age she and her elder sister,
Julia Foster, were appointed vice-presidents for Pennsylvania
of the National Woman Suffrage Association; two years
later she was elected as national corresponding secretary of
that body, an office which she has held ever since, with the
exception of two years.
In 1888, a few months after the great International Coun¬
cil of Women, of which Miss Foster was the secretary, she
married Cyrus Miller Avery, whose mother, Rosa Miller
Avery, was a well-known advocate of equal suffrage, serving
it especially with her pen. Mr. Avery and his wife are
equally strong in their advocacy of equal suffrage for men.
and women, and their idea of equal duties and equal rights
is carried out in their home life. Mrs. Foster Avery's mar¬
riage and the care of three little daughters have made her, if
Mrs. RACHEL FOSTER AVERY.
anything, more interested in furthering the reform which she
feels will do so much to make the world a better place for
children and will lead to the highest development of both
men and women in the kind of mutual helpfulness which our
present institutions do not cultivate.
EXPOSITION COMMISSIONERS AND VISITORS.
Mrs. Foster Avery is the secretary of the Department of
the Home in the National Council of Women of the United
States (of which organization she was corresponding- secre¬
tary for four years) and in that capacity was in attendance
at the National Council's conferences at the Atlanta Interna¬
tional and Cotton States Exposition in October. She also
took charge of the conference of the National American
Woman Suffrage Association, on October 17, representing
its president, Mrs. Susan B. Anthony, by her appointment,
on that occasion.
Hon. A. K. McCLURE, Philadelphia, Pa.
R. COURTLAND HORR,
Philadelphia, Pa.
R. Courtland Horr was born August 15th, 1859, at Hunt¬
ington, Ohio. He entered the wholesale stone and con¬
tracting business in 1882, after being graduated from Cor¬
nell University, and was married February 8th, 1883. He
has been a member of the Philadelphia Council for six years,
and has done considerable speaking for the Republican
candidates during the last eight years.
JNO. C. SAYRE,
Philadelphia, Pa.
John C. Sayre was born at Philadelphia, Pa., June 27th,
1850. He is now living on his income, having no pro¬
fession or business other than looking after his investments.
He was married on the 26th day of May, 1884, to Miss
Sarah D. Turner, of Philadelphia. They have two children
—a boy, James Russell, and a daughter, Mary Louisa. Mr.
Sayre has been connected with the A. C. Harmer Republi¬
can campaign club of the Eighteenth Ward of Philadelphia,
the most prominent political club of the northeast part of
the city, as chairman of the board of directors, whose duty
it is to attend to the management of the club, and under
whose management the club has highly prospered, both in
finances and strength. He also devotes a great deal of
his income to relieving distress among the poor and desti¬
tute in the city. During the panic of 1893, when the mills
and working industries were idle, he spent at least $5,000
R. COURTLAND HORR.
JNO. C. SAYRE.
among the working people. He is also interested in Cceur
de Lion Castle, No. 24, Knights of the Golden Eagle, and
takes a great deal of interest in the affairs of that order.
While not taking an active part in politics, he has always
been a staunch Republican, but has no inclination for office,
having refused political offers over and over again.
JOHN VIRDEN,
Philadelphia, Pa.
John Virden was born July 14th, 1852, in the old District
of Kensington, Philadelphia. His father was Wm. Virden.
John was born in Kensington, and was a ship carpenter by
trade, but early engaged in the produce business, in which
EXPOSITION COMMISSIONERS AND VISITORS.
171
he was very successful. His mother was Katherine Virden,
also born in Kensington, and was the mother of six children,
John being the third son. John Virden served an apprentice¬
ship at sparmakingin Philadelphia, and in 1878, after passing
a competitive examination, was appointed master sparmaker
john virden.
at League Island, which position he held for eight years,
when he became connected with the highway department.
He married Estelle Snelling, a graduate of the Girls' Normal
School and a schoolteacher prior to her marriage. They have
three children—Alfred Harmer, Clifford and Estelle—all
bright, lovely children. He was left an orphan at an early
age, and, although having grandparents able and willing to
care for him, preferred earning his own living and seeing
the world. A strong, steady boy, with great self-will and
keen observation, he soon became a leader of boys, growing
in popularity as his many good qualities were recognized.
Fearless and honest, he pushed his way to early manhood
unaided, and by persistent reading and study gained the
knowledge which so well fits him for the companionship of
the educated and refined. He was twice honored with a
solid delegation from the Eighteenth Ward for the position of
magistrate. While at League Island his good judgment and
social abilities made him a general favorite. In his present
position, while satisfactory to the people whom he serves,
he at the same time retains the good will and friendship of
his superiors in office. He is known throughout the ward
for his benevolent disposition.
ELI AS PRIMROSE SMITHERS,
Philadelphia, Pa.
Elias Primrose Smithers was born, July 31, 1848, at Mil-
ford, Sussex County, Delaware. He graduated in 1869 from
the University of Pennsylvania, and the same year was
admitted to practice as a lawyer at the Philadelphia bar, and
has practiced there continuously since. He was married,
July 6, 1870, to Miss Anna Lind Mason, daughter of Thomas
I. Mason, of Philadelphia. In 1873 he was appointed assistant
city solicitor of Philadelphia and served until 1881, when he
resigned. He was elected to Common Council from the
Twenty-ninth Ward in 1883 and served for twelve years.
elias primrose smithers.
LIBERTY BEXt
He was chairman of the Common Council Committee on
Law, chairman of the Committee on Highways and Finance.
In November, 1894, he was elected Register of Wills of
Philadelphia by a majority of over 86,000, the largest evef
172
EX POSIT I OX COMMISSIONERS AND VISITORS.
cast for that office. In politics he is a Republican. He was
a member of the committee which took the liberty bell to
the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago, and an in¬
vited guest at Atlanta.
EDWARD W PATTON,
Philadelphia, Pa.
Edward W. Patton was born at Philadelphia, Pa., June
9th, 1846. He was educated in the public schools and en¬
tered the army and navy in 1862 and served for five years.
After the war he began the business of conveyancer and real
estate dealer, and has built up an enviable reputation. He
has been president of the Powelton Land Association, own-
EDWARD W. PATTON.
ing large tracts of land in the Twenty-seventh Ward, since it
was organized, and of several other large corporations. He
was elected a member of Council from the Twenty-seventh
Ward in 1877, and has held that office ever since. He was
married in 1868 to Miss Mary Lee, of Philadelphia. Mr.
Patton is prominently identified with the Masonic order, and
is a member of the Board of Managers of the Masonic Home
of Pennsylvania. He is also a member of the vestry of the
Church of the Transfiguration, and has been for twenty years.
ALFRED SELLERS EISENHOWER,
Philadelphia, Pa.
Mr. Eisenhower is a native Philadelphia!!. He was born
in the old district of Northern Liberties, and the history of
the families of his father and mother date back before the
colonial days of Pennsylvania, and Mr. Eisenhower is such a
good American that he counts that as the beginning. He
has never had an idle day since he left school. He is tall,
vigorous, athletic, and, though he was born August 16, 1853,
no one would suspect from his appearance that he is ap¬
proaching that period that is called "the prime of life."
He has a capacity for work, and, better still, the knack of
doing it in an easy manner.
When he was graduated from the Boys' Central High
School in 1872, he had already made business engagements,
and the day after he got his diploma he became a clerk for
a firm of wholesale grocers; after that he obtained a more
responsible engagement with another wholesale house that
dealt in military furnishings, and it was not very long after¬
ward that he became general manager of the largest white
linen importing house in Philadelphia.
When the Young Republican Club was organized his
name was on the first roll, and his active interest has had
its share in making the organization what it has grown to
be. He was made secretary in 1883, and he has never
been permitted to have a successor, despite the crush of
other work that has been upon his shoulders.
He had no sooner got acquainted with the City Property
Bureau than he was heard from. He commenced first
to restore the portraits that were stored in the old State
House—Independence Hall. In this he had hearty public
approval, and many people thought it strange that this had
never been thought of before. It was one of his oppor-
AI.FRKD SELLERS EISENHOWER.
tunities. He is still pushing this work. Every year that
rolls around makes these portraits more valuable. Time
was fast killing them with its ravages, but fortunately the
inspiration came to him in ample time.
He was almost alone responsible for sending the
Liberty Bell to the World's Fair at Chicago. He started the
sentiment .by a suggestion and the idea took like wildfire.
Not content with this, he was the means of providing better
care of the bell in the historic old building. He had it
encased properly and put on rollers so that it could be re¬
moved quickly in case of fire, a precaution that should have
occurred to anyone, some might say, but as a matter of fact
it did not occur to anyone but himself until he had sug¬
gested it.
His interest in the public squares is unceasing, and they
have greatly improved under his care, their splendid condi-
EXPOSITION COMMISSIONERS AND VISITORS.
173
tion being due to his unflagging attention. He was also
the pioneer of the childrens' playground, he having advocated
it a long time before he received much support, but now that
he has pushed it far enough to show its practical advantages,
the movement is growing rapidly.
In many other ways his perception and persistence have
been illustrated; one of his latest efforts is in the direction of
arboriculture. For two years he has strenuously advocated
the planting of trees in the streets and the appointment, by
the city, of a superintendent to look after them and to syste¬
matize the work. City Councils have not deemed it of sufficient
importance, as yet, to give him the necessary authority and
assistance, but his recommendations have been approved by
all the arboriculture societies, and the pressure is becoming
so pronounced that he will, in all probability, carry his point
in this, as he has done in everything else.
Mr. Eisenhower is likely to be the chief of this bureau as
long as he cares to remain. He has lifted it to a department
of the first rank, a task that his engaging personal manners
and thorough knowledge of the ways of dealing with men
made easier; for he has an attractive personality. He is
genial, good company at dinner and a capital story teller.
When he talks business, he is clear, concise, and there is no
mistaking his meaning. When one of his friends calls him
"a good fellow," another always adds, " and a hard worker,"
and they agree.
THOMAS L. HICKS, Common Council,
Philadelphia, Pa.
Born February 18, 1852, in the Second Ward of the City
of Philadelphia; the eldest son of Robert C. and Sarah A.
Hicks; was educated in the public schools of Philadelphia,
finishing in the senior class at Mount Vernon Grammar School
Catharine Street, above Third Street.
The first business experience that Mr. Hicks ever had was
in connection with the Water Department of the City of
Philadelphia, in 1866, when his father was Purveyor of the
Third District, under Mr. Birkenbine.
From 1866 until 1877, Mr. Hicks was engaged in the work
of general contracting in the construction of water works, gas
works, sewers, plumbing, steam and gas fitting. In the latter
year he was appointed receiver for the West Philadelphia
Passenger Railway Company, which position he held until
1881, when he resigned to become superintendent of the
Fifth Street Market Company, with which company he con¬
tinued until they sold their property to the Philadelphia
Bourse.
During the past six years, Mr. Hicks has been engaged in
the real estate business, and in the early spring of 1890
established himself at his present headquarters, 23 North
Juniper street.
In February of 1884, Mr. Hicks was first elected to City
Councils, and since that time has continuously served his con¬
stituency of the Twenty-fourth and Thirty-fourth Wards as
a member of the lower branch. He has always been an active
member of Councils, serving upon the Water Committee, the
Survey Committee, the Highway Committee and the Finance
Committee. For five years Mr. Hicks was chairman of the
Committee on Surveys, and when Captain Walton was
appointed chairman of the Finance Committee, Mr. Hicks
was appointed to succeed him as chairman of the Highway
Committee, and more recently, when Captain Walton was
appointed to the office of City Comptroller, Mr. Hicks was
again appointed to succeed him as chairman of the Com¬
mittee on Finance, of which committee he has been a member
during the past six years.
Early this season, Mr. Hicks was urged to be a candidate
for Chief Commissioner of Highways, but it was not until
September 1st that he consented to accept the appointment
THOMAS L. HICKS.
temporarily ; afterwards he filed application for the place,
passed the Civil Service examination and has since been
tendered the appointment by Director Thompson. While
Mr. Hicks has not formally accepted the appointment, there
is no doubt that he will do so in a short time. It is con¬
ceded by all, that with his intimate knowledge of municipal
affairs and the experience gained by twelve years' service in
Councils, Mr. Hicks will fill his new post with satisfaction to
the people and credit to himself.
JOHN R. KENDRICK,
Philadelphia, Pa.
The selection of Mr. John R. Kendrick by the Exposition
management to serve as honorary vice-president for Phila¬
delphia was a deserved tribute to a well-known former resi¬
dent of Atlanta, this honor being fittingly acknowledged by
the Mayor and Council of Philadelphia in making him a
member of the Liberty Bell Escort on its travels to Atlanta.
For some years prior to his leaving Atlanta (1878), Mr.
Kendrick was a practicing lawyer there, and was fast reaching
distinction when he decided to quit the law for literary pur-
174
EXPOSITION COMMISSIONERS AND VISITORS.
suits. In 1879, at the instance of President Hayes, he was
appointed Assistant U. S. District Attorney for the Southern
District of Georgia, and after a brief career in this capacity
at Atlanta, he entered the Special Treasury Service under
Secretary Sherman, in which he remained two years. Oil
leaving the Government service he founded the Phila¬
delphia Carpet Trade, a journal which stands to-day as the
accredited organ of the carpet and upholstery industries.
This paper, which is now known as the American Carpet and
Upholstery Trade, is owned by him exclusively. Mr. Ken-
drick has been repeatedly called upon for statistical work,
both for Pennsylvania and for the departments of Govern¬
ment at Washington. His report on "The Carpet Industry
of Pennsylvania" is, perhaps, the most exhaustive survey of
the industry extant. Hon. M. S. Quay embodied this report,
john r. kbndrick.
illustrations and all, in his debate on the Wilson Tariff Bill
in the United States Senate. Mr. Kendrick was also selected
by the editors of Appleton's Cyclopaedia to write the articles
for that work entitled " Carpets" and " Upholstery," re¬
spectively, a task which required a study into the origin and
uses of these fabrics since the Middle Ages. He was also the
principal judge on textiles from Philadelphia at the World's
Columbian Exposition, serving also as vice-chairman of the
Judiciary Committee, a committee created from the board
of judges on manufactures to decide controversies over
awards.
He descends from a distinguished New England family,
and is a nephew of Prof. A. C. Kendrick, D. I)., LL. D.,
founder of the University of Rochester, N. Y., and also of the
late Rev. J. Ryland Kendrick, D. D., president of Vassar
College at Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
John R. Kendrick was born in Barnesville, Ga., in 1849,
and is allied on his mother's side to leading families through¬
out the State.
G. W. KENDRICK, Jr.,
Philadelphia, Pa.
George Washington Kendrick, Jr., son of George Wash¬
ington Kendrick and Maria MacDonald, was born on
Saturday, July 31st, 1841, in the city of Philadelphia, Pa.
After passing through the several grades of the public
schools, he was graduated at the age of 17 at the Central
High School of Philadelphia, September, 1856.
On September 5th, 1866, he was married to Miss Minnie
Murdoch, daughter of Samuel K. Murdoch and Mary Hanna,
his wife, by whom he has two sons—George Washington
Kendrick, 3d, and Samuel Murdoch Kendrick.
Mr. Kendrick has made finance his life's study, and at
present he is a director in the Fidelity Mutual Life Insur¬
ance Company of Philadelphia, the American Tin Plate
Manufacturing Company, and a director and vice-president
of the Third National Bank of Philadelphia.
In 1890, he was elected Supreme Treasurer of the Amer¬
ican Legion of Honor, since which time millions of dollars
have passed through his hands.
During the years 1871-1872 Mr. Kendrick served as
Common Councilman of the city of Philadelphia, represent¬
ing the Second Ward, and in 1878-1879 he represented
the Twenty-fourth Ward, and was re-elected for 1891-1892.
g. w. kendrick. jr.
He was elected to the Select Council for the years 1 S93-1896.
The honor of having been elected from two wards in the
city of Philadelphia has been accorded to one other person
only.
His domestic life is most happy. In his private life he
has made hosts of friends whose friendship he retains. As
a public servant he is conscientious and impartial in the
discharge of such duties as have been assigned to him. He
is keen in his perceptions, honorable as an antagonist, an
able debater, yet conservative in his views. If he is a friend
to a man, he is a friend in the full meaning of the word.
EXPOSITION COMMISSIONERS AND VISITORS.
'75
R. R. BRINGHURST,
Philadelphia, Pa.
R. R. Bringhurst was born February 2, 1849, at Logans-
port, Ind. He is the son of Thomas H. Bringhurst and Mary
Bringhurst. His father was a colonel in the civil war and
was also in the Mexican war. Mr. R. R. Bringhurst was
educated in the public schools of Philadelphia, where he has
resided nearly all his life ; is Lieutenant of Co. A and Cap¬
tain of Co. C, State Fencibles; Lieutenant of Co. K and
R. R. BRINGHURST.
Captain of Co. K First Regiment, N. G. P. He is a member
of the Council from the Ninth Ward, and is chairman of the
Joint Committee on City Property, and is on the committee
of Finance and Steam Railroads. Mr. Bringhurst was mar¬
ried in 1873.
Miss MARY S. GARRETT,
Philadelphia, Pa.
Miss Mary S. Garrett, secretary of the Woman's Auxiliary
Commission of Pennsylvania, was born in Philadelphia, June
20th, 1839. She was also a member of the Pennsylvania
Commission at the World's Fair in Chicago. She has fol¬
lowed the lead of her sister, Emma Garrett, in devoting her¬
self to the improvement of the education of the deaf, and
after Emma Garrett had successfully introduced the oral
method into the Pennsylvania Institute for the Deaf, and also
established the Pennsylvania Oral School for the Deaf at
Scranton, which was later made a State school, she assisted her
in establishing the home for the training in speech of deaf
children before they are of school age, in Philadelphia. After
supporting the home by contributions, etc., for fifteen months,
the Misses Garrett succeeded in having it also made a State
institution, so that Pennsylvania is the first government in the
world to appropriate for teaching speech to the deaf at the
natural age. Miss Garrett has written various papers on
the subject, " Directions to parents of deaf children for their
treatment from infancy, in order that they may learn speech
MISS MARY S. GARRETT.
and lip reading," read before the Medical Society of Penn¬
sylvania in r 886, " Lessons drawn from the past history of
the education of the deaf to guide us in our present work,"
and others of importance. Her work has been an inestimable
blessing, and she deserves the love and honor shown her.
Mrs. EMILIE P. MUSTIN,
Philadelphia, Pa.
Mrs. Emilie P. Mustin was born in Philadelphia, Sept.
19th, 1839. Herfatherwas George Parkman, oneof thesuc-
cessful business men of Philadelphia, and her mother was
Mrs. EMIUE p. mustin.
Miss Eleanor Dunlope. Mrs. Mustin's life during childhood
and girlhood was spent in the salutary environments of the
moral and cultivated influences to be found in Pennsylvania.
She was married in 1855 to Mr. Mustin, a happy marriage,
but she is now a widow. Mrs. Mustin can date back her
ancestry four hundred years. Her ancestry emigrated to this
EXPOSITION COMMISSIONERS AND VISITORS.
country, but kept the lineage records of their family most
carefully cherished. Her mother was a daughter of Scot¬
land and a woman of marked energy. Mrs. Mustin com¬
bines the traits of both her mother and her father. The
latter was one of the greatest caterers in Philadelphia, and
all his business was marked by stern integrity and originality
of design. Some of Mrs. Muslin's ancestors possessed re¬
markable literary attainments that have been in a measure
inherited by her brother and herself. Mrs. Mustin's brother
was on the editorial staff of papers for many years, and she
commenced writing at an early age. It is said that writers
do not know much about the cuisine, but the specialty that
Mrs. Mustin has taken in her writings has been to meet that
assertion by being the medium by which housewives can
learn how to prepare delectable feasts. See is engaged
in circulating through the press new recipes and answering
inquiries. She has written for quite a number of monthly
magazines, including Tabic Talk, Ladies Every Satur¬
day, Security and others. Mrs. Mustin is a member of
the Women's National Press Association, also a member of
the Civic Club and the new Century for Working Women.
Her personality is gentle and kind, quick in perception and
generous in her association with others. The world is better
for the lives of those who teach and help others as does this
noble woman.
ISABEL NORTON CULVER CHAPPELL,
New London, Conn.
Mrs. Chappell was born in 1848 at New London, Conn.,
and is the daughter of Christopher and Ellen Harris Culver.
She married Wm. S. Chappell Nov. 2, 1869. She was the
ISABEL NORTON CULVER CHAPPELL.
first Daughter of the American Revolution in her town,
formed the chapter and was regent two years. At present
she is a member of the State Advisory Board. She graduated
from the Young Ladies' High School at New London, and is
interested in all charitable and church work.
rirs. nARY LOUISE FROST ORnSBY,
Philadelphia, Pa.
Mrs. Mary Louise Frost Ormsby was born in Albany,
New York. Her father was William Marsh Frost, of Sche¬
nectady, N. Y. Iler grandfather was James Frost, a United
States surveyor, a scholar who was far in advance of the times
in which he lived. She is a niece of Gen. Daniel Frost, of St.
Louis, and Silas H. Wright, Comptroller of the State of New
York. Three of her cousins have married into the English
nobility, one being the wife of Philip Beresford Hope, the
nephew of Lord Salisbury, and one the wife of Lord Moles-
worth. Mrs. Ormsby's mother was Margaret Fulton Alcorn,
a daughter of an aristocratic family, the same as Robert
Fulton's, who applied steam to steamboats; they date their
ancestry, in an untarnished line, back to 1688, when they
held the same ancestral land as the descendants now hold in
the North of Ireland. They are all patriots and scholars,
and some of the family inventors. Mrs. Ormsby's father
dying when she was a mere child, her training and education
devolved upon her mother, a most talented woman, who
MRS. MARY L. E. ORMSBY.
gained what is called " higher education " long before it was
generally granted to other women. Being fitted for college
by her mother, Mrs. Ormsby, then Miss Frost, first studied
at St. Mary's Hall, Burlington, N. J., where she gained a
prize for scholarship ; then she entered Yassar College, where
she completed a special course with great credit to herself.
Deprived unjustly of her patrimony, she opened a large
school in New York, which was called " Seabury Seminary,"
which she successfully conducted for years with her mother
as co-principal. This seminary was patronized by the best
citizens of the Empire City. Miss Frost was married in
June, 1874, to the Rev. Duke C. Ormsby, and thus she has
ever been most actively engaged in church, philanthropic
and temperance work. When home ties were severed by
death, she entered most actively into work for the Peace
EXPOSITION COMMISSIONERS AND VISITORS.
177
Society, and having given up the profession of teaching has
pursued journalism. Among the papers and Magazines for
which she has written are Home and Country, Union Signal,
ATeio York Recorder, Chicago Intcroccan, Philadelphia Press,
Westerly Tribune, the Breakfast Tabic and Bacheller &
Johnson's Syndicate and many others. She is associate
editor of the magazine Peace Maker, headquarters being
Independence Hall, Philadelphia. She is president of the
Woman's International Peace League, vice-president of the
Universal Peace Union, and for four years vice-president,
for New York, of the Woman's National Press Association.
She is an active worker in the W. C. T. U. and has done
good temperance work among young people in New York
city. She has been five times appointed a delegate to
represent the Universal Peace Union at international peace
congresses. The first time she was at Rome, Italy, in 1891;
second appointed at Berne, Switzerland, in 1892 ; third in
Chicago, in 1893, where she was one of the advisory council;
the fourth, in Antwerp, Belgium, 1894; the fifth to Luxem¬
burg, in 1895 J but the latter congress being postponed till
next year, she came to Atlanta instead, where she has been
a delegate and speaker at some of the congresses held in the
Woman's Building. In 1891 she was the sole representative
in Rome, Italy, at the Peace Congress held there at that
time, and carried the flag of peace to Italy for the Human
Freedom League of the United States. She was made by
the president of that congress (representing seventeen na¬
tions) an honorary vice-president of that body, and was also
made a member of the Italian Peace Association. She has
lectured on temperance and peace in England, Ireland, Bel¬
gium, Italy, and many parts of the United States. She
obtained in 1894, when she was a delegate for the W. C. T.
U. at the Antwerp Congress, the unanimous adoption of the
polyglott petition. As lecturer, philanthropist, journalist,
educator and temperance worker, her life is devoted to good
works, and her ability is consecrated to those causes without
the ulterior desire of monetary gain.
OLIVER K. REED (Deceased),
Philadelphia, Pa.
" O. K. Reed died at 4 o'clock this morning of heart
failure." This was the message that was flashed over the
wires on the 9th of January, 1896. To the friends of that
big-hearted man and faithful comrade, the news will be
surprising and saddening, for it is only a few months since
that many of them were greeted by him at the Exposition in
Atlanta, and they little thought that ere a quarter of a year
had rolled around their friend and fellow-craftsman would
pass from their sight forever. Mr. Reed contracted a severe
cold in December, which confined him to his home, but no
serious consequences were predicted, although he was
attended by the family physician. But a change for the
worse occurred, however, and he passed suddenly away at
his home, 208 N. Thirty-third Street, Philadelphia, early 011
the morning of January 9th.
12
Oliver K. Reed was born at South Gilboa, Schoharie
County, N. Y., February 5, 1850. He received a common
school and academical education, and his first business experi¬
ence was gained in Syracuse, N. Y., in 1868, where he was
employed as clerk by his father, who carried on business in
that city. In the year of :872 he embarked in the laundry
business in Syracuse, and established the Empire Steam
Laundry. He continued in business there until 1876,
" Centennial Year," when he went to Philadelphia and opened
the Troy Steam Laundry at No. 6 South Eighteenth street.
Although possessed of limited means, he had an abundance
OLIVER k. REED (Deceased).
of push and energy, and by applying himself closely to
business, he soon succeeded in building up a good trade.
Finding larger quarters necessary, he purchased the three-
story brick building, No. 1323 Arch street, in June, 1883,
and after fitting it up as a first-class laundry, he moved into
it the latter part of that year. In purchasing this piece of
property Mr. Reed exhibited keen business foresight, for it
was right in the heart of the city, and is now very valuable,
being located within a square of the magnificent Public
Building. From time to time Mr. Reed made improvements
in the property, and at the present time it is one of the finest
and best equipped laundries in the country.
CHARLES FRANKLIN WARWICK,
Philadelphia, Pa.
Charles Franklin Warwick was born in the old Ninth
Ward, on Filbert Street, near Eleventh, on February 14th,
1852. He is the son of Edward and Anne Warwick. He
attended the public schools and graduated from the Zane
Street Grammar School, and passed the required examina¬
tion for admission to the Central High School. Subsequently
he entered the employ of Wilcox Bros. & Co., on Bank
Street, as a clerk, and earned the necessary funds to further
pursue his studies, and prepared himself to enter a junior
EXPOSITION COMMISSIONERS AND VIS/TORS.
class in college. He was compelled to abandon the idea of
a collegiate education, and was registered as a student in the
law office of E. Spencer Miller, Esq., who was at that time a
leading member of the Philadelphia Bar. He completed his
preparations for the Bar in the University of Pennsylvania,
and graduated there and was admitted to practice on De¬
cember 3, 1873. In a short time he acquired considerable
practice, principally in the civil courts. His ability as
an orator brought him into constant demand as a public
speaker, and he early directed his attention to public affairs.
He has lectured before literary institutions, societies and
lyceums in this and other States, and as an after-dinner
speaker is known to many associations, religious, secular and
political.
He was appointed in 1876 solicitor for the Guardians of
the Poor, and in 1881 he became an assistant district attor¬
ney, and discharged the duties of that office with such
ability and success that in 1884 the Republican Convention
nominated him for the office of city solicitor. His Demo¬
cratic opponent on that occasion was the Hon. Furman
CHARI.ES FRANKLIN WARWICK.
Sheppard, a leader of the Philadelphia Bar, who was endorsed
by the Committee of One Hundred solely on the ground of
Mr. Warwick's youth. Notwithstanding this opposition, Mr.
Warwick was elected city solicitor by a large majority. His
conduct of that office was so satisfactory to the public that
for each succeeding term he was elected by an increased
majority.
WILLIAM W. ALLEN,
Philadelphia, Pa.
This gentleman, representing that portion of Philadelphia
lying west of the Schuylkill River designated as the
Twenty-fourth Ward, was born in Philadelphia June 13th,
1834. His father was a native of Woodbury, N. J., and
his mother a native of the Quaker City.
Mr. Allen received his education in the public schools,
and while attending the Central High School gave up his
studies to learn the dry goods commission business with
Farnham, Kirkham & Co. He continued with the firm
until 1864, when he embarked in the insurance business,
having at that time filled the responsible position of book¬
keeper over ten years. He was the first one to introduce
the system of accident insurance in Philadelphia, as the
agent for the Travelers' Insurance Company of Hartford,
Conn.
The business has steadily grown in importance and
proportions since its inception, and from the start has
WILLIAM W. ALLEN.
been recognized as one of the leading insurance brokerage
firms in Philadelphia, particularly in the fire and accident
lines.
William W. Allen is the president of the Continental
Mutual Fire Insurance Company of Philadelphia, and director
of the Fidelity Mutual Life Association. He is also a mem¬
ber of the Presbyterian Board of Publication and chairman
of the committee having charge of the erection of the new
building.
Mr. Allen was one of the organizers of the First Regiment
of the National Guard of Pennsylvania, originally known as
the Gray Reserves. He became a member of Company C
April 19th, 1861, the First Lieutenant in 1862, and the
Captain in 1863, which post he resigned in 1873. The
regiment was mustered into the service of the National
Government in 1862 as the Seventh Regiment P. V., and
in 1863 as the Thirty-second Regiment. Mr. Allen was
with the regiment on both occasions. He commanded the
Veteran Corps for several years, and now holds the posi
tion of ex-Commander. At the time of the Pittsburgh
riots in 1877 he was Assistant Adjutant-General on the
staff of Brigadier-General E. \V. Matthews, and was among
the roundhouse victims.
EXPOSITION COMMISSIONERS AND VISITORS.
179
MADAME BARRITT,
Philadelphia, Pa.
Fulfilling the duties of wife and mother while following an
active business life—a philanthropist and inventor as well—
the subject of this sketch has led a busy and helpful life.
Madame Barritt is of Puritan ancestry, and was born in
Knox County, Maine. Her father, Captain J. H. Buck-
minster, as was the custom in that section, was a seafaring
man. He was therefore away from home very much of the
time, and thus the training of the children (of whom there
were six in number) devolved upon the Puritan mother. That
she was capable of fulfilling the sacred trust is fully exem-
madame barritt.
plified in the well rounded character of Madame Barritt, who
was the oldest of this family. As it is usually the case that
the responsibilities of the house of a large family must be
shared by the eldest sister, Madame Barritt became skillful
as helper to her mother in the way which has made her after
life useful to others. Her deft fingers were called upon to
assist the dressmaker who came to make the family outfits of
gowns, etc.
In this way she gained a knowledge of the fundamental
principles of dressmaking. She saw many of the defects of
the modern gowns as being opposed to the laws of health,
and her subsequent inventions and adaptations of plans to
sanitary methods of making stylish gowns all date from this
time.
Bravely and patiently she took up the task and has made
a great success. Her motto is " Purpose wins." Madame
Barritt is a dress improver of the highest type. Her methods
are not based on theories, but facts; by steady application
and unremitting energy concentrated upon the task of find¬
ing out the best methods of making robes and gowns
for the women of society so that they may dress health¬
fully and yet stylishly, she has won the way for herself
to the hearts of those whom she has thus benefited by
her own inventions and by her adaptation of the Jenness
Miller System.
Madame Barritt shows the possibilities that are in this
country given to women to be an embodiment of inde¬
pendence and still be womanly and highly respected.
HENRY CLAY,
Philadelphia, Pa.
This gentleman was born August 17, 1850, and has led a
busy life, filling many positions of honor and trust in the
city of his birth. He bears the same Christian name of his
father, and, notwithstanding the Quaker descent, his grand¬
father was a soldier under the great Napoleon, and was
under the immediate command of Marshal Ney. His an¬
cestors were English Quakers, and settled in America as
early as 1640.
Mr. Clay began business in November, 1865, as clerk in
the office of a conveyancer and agent, and has continued
there ever since. He is now president and general manager
of the Northern Electric Light Co. He was elected a school
director in 1877, and served two years as president of the
henry clay.
board. He was elected to the City Council in 1880, '82,
'84, '86, and resigned in 1887 to take the office of Receiver
of Taxes, having been elected thereto in February, 1887.
He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention
in 1888, and was elected to Select Council, November, 1892,
for the unexpired term; and re-elected for full term of three
years in February, 1895.
Miss JOSEPHINE GROVER-HAfinOND.
Miss Hammond was born in Western New York. Her
father, Mr. Spencer Shepard Hammond, was a successful
manufacturer. Her mother, a talented, lovely woman, still
living, was Mary Grover before her marriage. On the ma¬
ternal side Miss Hammond is related to Alexander Hamilton.
i8o
EXPOSITION COMMISSIONERS AND VI SI TORS.
Through her paternal relations Miss Hammond is a connec¬
tion of Major Moses Van Canipen, of Revolutionary fame.
Heredity and environment have thus done much for the sub¬
ject of this sketch, but inborn genius has been greatly aided
by studious habits and perseverance in the pursuit of literary
attainments.
Naturally of an intensely spiritual temperament, Miss
Hammond's prose articles have been on esoteric subjects,
and her poems, that always show great originality of thought
and beautiful figures of speech, had already commenced to
be published before she was sixteen years of age. It has
been of great advantage to Miss Hammond that, like the
birds of the forest, she could sing the pure thoughts of her
heart as she willed, and has not been obliged to imperil elas¬
ticity of imagination by the bridling of it to follow in the
train of breadwinners. She has been a successful writer.
Miss JOSEPHINE GROVER HAMMOND.
The many journals and magazines for which she has written
and the extensive copying of her articles all testify to her
unequivocal popularity.
Personally, Miss Hammond is gentle and graceful, as well
as true and sympathetic. Her face shows her poetic tem¬
perament, and her keen appreciation of the beautiful in art
and nature, as well as a well-stored mind of facts, make her
an interesting companion. She is a devoted daughter, a fond
sister, and a faithful friend.
Some clamber slowly and painfully up the hill of fame, but
Miss Hammond has already taken her place in the literary
galaxy with those who are many years older and who have
risen slowly to the zenith of their present glory.
The following is one of Miss Hammond's poems :
A Dedication to W. A. B.
josephine (1 rover-HAMMOND.
The tangled threads of life's vast indecisions,
The ever changing scenes that fill the space,
Have brought a wondrous clearness to your vision,
And matchless kindness to your voice and face ;
\et all unconscious of the scenes that may await you,
And faith that knows no mocking fear or doubt,
You grasp these silent forces as they meet you
And straighten all the "tangles out."
A heaven-born type of magic seems to thrill you.
Beneficent its rays fall from above,
And pent up in your heart of hearts and hidden
Are volumes sanctified to " human love."
Its altars are all white and clean and holy,
No minor strain can flash across that sea,
'Tis clear and opal-like and full of glory,
It sanctifies you—for eternity.
Miss CYNTHIA ELOISE CLEVELAND,
Washinjfton, D. c.
A typical American woman is Cynthia Eloise Cleveland.
One of those rounded and fully cultured characters that is
the result of the making the most of one's environments and
heredity. Miss Cleveland has done much for others as
well as used her own talents to the best possible advantage.
Born in the western part of New York, on a farm, her life's
work by no means ended there. She is of Scotch Presbyte¬
rian ancestry, and, in her unswerving integrity and persever¬
ance, shows she is a worthy descendant of her progenitors.
She is a woman of strong magnetism, and ever uses her in¬
fluence for good. First she exerted this in her home life,
where her delight was to lessen the cares of an invalid
mother, and where she helped to rear her brothers, who are
Miss CYNTHIA ELOISE CLEVELAND.
all proud of their sister. Some of the vicissitudes of pioneer
life fell to her lot when her father moved his family to Michi¬
gan. All these experiences, however, only helped to develop
strong traits of character, self-reliance, fortitude, and a tena¬
city to whatever Miss Cleveland believes to be right.
The family moving to Dakota, Miss Cleveland there
studied law and was admitted to the bar. Her first case was
EXPOSITION COMMISSIONERS AND VISITORS.
181
a military one. On her experience in this case is founded
her novel entitled, "On His Honor." In Dakota Miss
Cleveland identified her life with the Woman's Christian
Temperance Union. She spoke repeatedly on the topic in
public meetings and did much to create temperance princi¬
ples. She also engaged in raising money for a Presbyterian
University.
After succeeding in the West in the raising of $20,000,
she came East as far as New York. When she reached
Washington she determined to stay there. After passing an
examination, she received the only appointment under the
Government as law clerk given to a woman. She is said to
have made a higher record than any other man or woman.
Nor is this all. She is a journalist and an author. Her two
novels, " See Saw " and " On His Honor" have both had
wide circulation.
Miss Cleveland is one of the charter members of the
Association of American Authors. She is a member of the
Woman's Relief Corps. She is also a member of the
Woman's National Press Association, and her paper before the
congress at Atlanta was one of the best at that symposium.
Her subject treated of the corruptions in Civil Service and it
would be well for all politicians to hear that subject treated
of as Miss Cleveland exposed some of the customs and what
is there practiced. The world is the better for such lives as
Miss Cleveland's.
MARIAN ADELE LONGFELLOWO'DONOQHUE,
Washington, D. C.
Marian Adele Longfellow was born in Portland, Me.,
April 1st, 1849. She is a granddaughter of Hon. William
Pitt Preble, at one time foreign minister at the Court of the
Netherlands. The blood of poets and Puritan ancestors
flows in Mrs. O'Donoghue's veins, as she is a niece of the
poet Longfellow and a direct descendant of John Alden and
Priscilla Moline. Nor is this all. On her maternal side
she is descended from Ann Bradstreet, the first American
poetess, and from Governor Bradford, as well as from Judge
Seville. Miss Longfellow was first married to Mr. William
Morris. This was a happy marriage, blessed by three chil¬
dren, all of whom are living. A second marriage, to Mr. M.
F. O'Donoghue, has also proved to be a happy one. Mr.
O'Donoghue is a literary gentleman, having done much
journalistic work. It can be easily understood that, as the
husband of his poet-wife, their home in Washington, in which
two such kindred spirits dwell, is a delightfully pleasant abode.
Mrs. O'Donoghue has written several children's stories and
published several collections of poems. She is an accom¬
plished and beautiful woman. She is a warm advocate of
certain reforms, notably anti-vivisection and incineration.
She is a charter member of the National Society of the
Daughters of the American Revolution, an active member
of the Woman's National Press Association, a member of the
board of directors of the Washington Choral Society, an
organization for the promotion of oratorio and higher class of
music. Several of Mrs. O'Donoghue's poems have been set
to music. Both Boston and Washington claim Mrs. O'Don¬
oghue as their own. She lived in Boston until the last three
years, when her husband's Government position made it
1
MARIAN ADELE LONGFELLOW-O'DONOGHUE.
necessary that the capital of the United States should be
their home. Mrs. O'Donoghue read in Atlanta, at the con¬
gress of the Women's National Press Association, a lovely
poem addressed to Atlanta, which showed her a worthy suc¬
cessor of her illustrious uncle, H. W. Longfellow.
E. D. ALLEN,
Chicago, 111.
The subject of this sketch, Mr. E. D. Allen, is the official
decorator of the Cotton States and International Exposi¬
tion. His home and headquarters is in Chicago, 111. He
has won for himself a name and fame on account of the
magnitude and the very artistic and original work on expo¬
sition decorating for several years past. Mr. Allen was
born in Morris County, N. J., January 9th, 1845. His
father, Amzi Allen, is still living, hale and hearty, at the
age of 85 ; his mother, Elizabeth D. Johnson, died in 1884.
Mr. Allen, in the year 1861, entered his apprenticeship in
the painting and decorating line, serving three years, after
which he worked under instruction with a well-known artist
at fresco-painting in Newark, N. J. ; he was then under in¬
struction in the sign and decorative painting with Farmer &
Tobin, St. Louis, Mo., for nearly a year, when, going back
to his old home, in Morristown, N. J., he engaged in business
for himself in painting and decorating. Here he continued
until 1882, when he removed to the then rising town of
Sioux City, Iowa, and engaged in his chosen profession.
His ability was there soon recognized, and he was the
acknowledged leading painter of the Northwest when the
famous Corn Palace was originated at that city in 1887.
Mr. Allen was chosen as its chief decorator, as also of the
succeeding ones of 1888 and 1890. His fame also reached
182
EXPOSITION COMMISSIONERS AND VISITORS.
Texas, and he was the chief decorator of the famous Spring
Palaces held at Fort Worth, Texas, in 1890 and 1891. He
also decorated with grain a full train of Pullman palace
cars that went from Sioux City, Iowa, to Washington,
New York, Philadelphia, and other eastern cities at the in¬
auguration of President Harrison. On account of Mr.
Allen's ability in handling large forces of men and his
thorough knowledge of the business in its every detail of
painting and decorating, he was called in 1892 to the staff
of D. H. Burnham, chief of the construction department of
the World's Columbian Exposition, as superintendent of
painting and assistant director of decorations, which posi¬
tion he acceptably filled until the close of the great Exposi¬
tion, and until the business affairs of his department were
all closed and settled up. In the fall of 1894, Mr. Allen
did some very fine grain and bunting decorations at the
State Fair at Springfield, 111., and early in 1895 he identified
E. D. ALLEN.
himself with the Cotton States and International Exposi¬
tion at Atlanta, Ga., where his work in every building
attests his ability. The Republic of Mexico, Gate City
Coffin Co., Western Alabama Railroad, Western Wheel
Works, Ceramic Art Co., Grabfelder's, John C. Roth & Co ,
and many other exhibits in the different buildings show
his pleasing taste in erecting and decorating exposition
exhibits. He also furnished entire the flags used on the
exterior and interior of all the Exposition buildings, and it
is safe to say he carries the largest stock of flag and banner
decorations of anyone in the world, and is probably at the
head of any other firm that makes exposition work a
specialty. He is a gentleman of pleasing address, quick
and active to comprehend, and studious to please his pa¬
trons. In a conversation with Mr. Allen, he says he has in
his life tried other vocations, but never felt at home unless
he was directing men in decorative work, and he intends to
pass his remaining days in his profession, seeking to study
and to please wherever his work may be called for.
THOMAS A. SELZ,
Dayton, Ohio.
Ihomas A. Selz was born November 3d, 1863, at Camp
Thomas, now part of Columbus, Ohio. He went to school
until the age of twelve years, when he went to work as cash
boy at a salary of $1.50 per week. He went into the laundry
business in 1879 a! the Star Hand and Oregon laundries,
where he served in every capacity until November, 1881,
Thomas a. selz.
when he opened the Pearl Laundry at Dayton, Ohio, on a
very small scale, but in 1893 the company was incorporated
with a capital stock of $25,000, which was afterwards in¬
creased to $35,000. At present they have a fine new build¬
ing built expressly for them, and employ a large number of
hands. Mr. Selz is president of the company as well as
manager. He has been a member of the National Laundry-
mens' Association for a number of years and takes an active
interest in it, as well as the local association, and at the last
convention of the National Association held in Atlanta, he
was elected president.
EASON HOLBROOK, LL.B., Ph. D.,
Lebanon, Ohio.
The woman lawyer of this sketch is of Soutnern birth and
breeding, being born in Hernando, Miss., during the war.
Her father, Major John Clark Thompson, was killed at
Chickamauga. Her mother died in 1865, and Mrs. Holbrook
was reared and educated by a very devoted and noble sister,
Miss Metta Thompson, of Mobile, Ala. The affection
between the sisters is a most unusual and beautiful one.
They are the great-granddaughters of old Gen. Elijah Clark,
of Revolutionary fame, and have inherited the strong char¬
acteristics, mentally and morally, of that remarkable family.
Mrs. Holbrook married Dr. Alfred Holbrook, president of
the National Normal University, Lebanon, Ohio, a very
scholarly man, many years her senior. lie has taken great
pride in her mental development.
EXPOSITION COMMISSIONERS AND VISITORS.
183
In October, 1894, Mrs. Holbrook was examined by the
Supreme Court of Ohio, one woman amid ninety other
applicants, for admission to the Bar. She passed a most
brilliant examination, and is now a practicing attorney. At
the same time that Mrs. Holbrook is so ably discussing a
legal point or a philosophical theory, she will perform her
domestic duties with ease and grace, entertaining all the
distinguished guests who visit her husband's school. Her
one boast is, that she is a "good cook."
Mrs. EASON HOLBROOK. LLB . PI' D-
The South has every reason to be proud of Mrs. Holbrook.
Her bust, an engraving of which is given above, was exhib¬
ited in the Woman's Department of the Atlanta Exposition.
This bust she intended to present to the Supreme Court of
Georgia, with the request that it be placed opposite the life-
size painting of her uncle, Gov. John Clark, in the Capitol,
but the bust was injured in the Woman's Department and
could not be repaired.
As a type of woman representing our higher education
and our " New Woman," Mrs. Holbrook is a model.
Mrs. ISAAC B. CARLISLE,
Harion, Ohio.
Mrs. Carlisle, chairman of the Ohio delegation to the
Atlanta Exposition, was Lauretta Stedman Gee, daughter of
Samuel and Mary A. Gee, whose home, until they came to
America, was in the shire of Nottingham, England, the realm
of legend and romantic history. The traditions of Sherwood
Forest and Robin Hood; of magnificent Worksop Manor;
of childhood days passed in the quaint old schoolroom over
the cloister gateway in the ruins of an Augustine monastery;
of famous Welbeck Abbey, with Newstead in the distance,
where Lord Byron and his friends held high carnival for a
time, were familiar household tales. To these tales, which
seemed plucked from mythland, but were veritable realities,
Mrs. Carlisle attributes her love for all romantic history.
And from her parents, whose education and culture reflected
upon their children, she imbibed her love for art and letters.
While she has never regularly entered the lists of journalism,
her literary work has found place in the leading journals of
the country ; she has preferred to work as a free lance as the
mood or occasion demands. Her now dcplume in the literary
world is Karl Laurent. Mrs. Carlisle is a fine scholar, her
favorite studies being history and art, with a decided pen¬
chant for the French language and literature, to which she
devotes considerable study. But while her love for books
never wanes, she is also very fond of society, inasmuch as
she is very fond of people, music, gayety and all that goes to
make life bright. With no particular fads, she is interested
in all of the advanced ideas and public questions of the day,
and was the first lady delegate appointed by Governor Mc-
Kinley to represent Ohio at the Atlanta Exposition. She is
MBS. ISAAC B. CARLISLE.
a member of the Ohio Women's Press Association, numerous
local clubs, and correspondent for several Eastern magazines.
She was married to Isaac B. Carlisle, a prosperous young
merchant in 1874. Their son and only child, Chester Lee
Carlisle, has entered his second year of college life, inherit¬
ing from his mother her fondness for books and artistic and
literary tastes.
JOHN N. FRAZEE,
Cleveland, Ohio.
John N. Frazee was born at Wynantskill, Rensselaer
County, N. V., September 3d, 1831, and comes of Scotch
descent. He went to school for a short time, and was
apprenticed to the carpenters' and joiners' trade for five
years. He moved to Cleveland in 1851 and married there,
having three sons. His wife died in 1890. Mr. Frazee en¬
listed as a private at the first call of Lincoln, and was pro¬
moted from corporal, sergeant, first lieutenant and captain to
lieutenant-colonel. He organized the Metropolitan Police
184
EXPOSITION COMMISSIONERS AND VISITORS.
system in Cleveland, and was elected sheriff in 1868, serving
two terms. He was the first captain of Steam Fire Engine
Co. No. 2, and has been in the laundry business about ten
years. He has been an active member of the Cleveland
JOHN N. FRAZKE.
Grays (the oldest west of Albany), a military organization,
for thirty-one years, being captain for fourteen years of this
time. He is an Odd Fellow, Mason, K. T., G. A. R. and
Loyal Legion.
of Mr. George Moerlein, ex-vice-president of the C. Moerlein
Brewing Company, Cincinnati, Ohio. Mrs. Moerlein was
appointed Commissioner of the State of Ohio to the Cotton
States and International Exposition at Atlanta, Ga., by Gov.
Wm. McKinley, and finding that the State had not appropri¬
ated any funds for a display, she (the other ladies appointed
commissioners having declared their inability to accomplish
anything for lack of funds), set to work to collect art works
produced by women of Cincinnati, with the result as was seen
in the room in the Woman's Building named by her the "Cin-
MRS. CARRIE MOERLEIN.
cinnati Room," the only room complete at the opening of the
Woman's Building. The work was accomplished by this
energetic lady in about sixty days, and at a personal expense
of about $2,000.
Mrs. I,. P. MORTON, New york.
Mrs. CARRIE MOERLEIN,
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Mrs. Carrie Moerlein was born July 21st, i860, at Cincin¬
nati, Ohio. She is president of the Southern Granite Com¬
pany, of Atlanta, Ga., and Cincinnati, Ohio, and is the widow
W. T. MARSHALL, Alleghany, Pa.
EXPOSITION COMMISSIONERS AND VISITORS.
'85
■E. W. PATTON, Philadelphia, Pa.
Miss BINA M. WEST,
Port Huron, Mich.
Miss Bina M. West was born in St. Clair County, Michigan,
and comes of a distinguished family. She stands out promi¬
nently as a gifted woman with a disciplined mind and rare
executive ability. Adopting the profession of teaching, she
has been active in the educational circles of Michigan. In
1891 she united with the Ladies of the Maccabees and
Miss BINA M. WEST.
became State organizer, and has held several offices of high
trust and honor in the order. In 1892 she was elected
supreme record keeper, and was accorded a unanimous re¬
election at the last biennial. As supreme record keeper the
vast volume of business of the Ladies of the Maccabees, in¬
volving thousands of dollars in life benefits, is under the
personal supervision of Miss West. During the first bien¬
nial te-rm she instituted nearly sixty Hives in a territory
covering nearly every State in the Union, spending most of
the time traveling, speaking and introducing the order. Miss
West represented the Ladies of the Maccabees at the
National Fraternal Congress at Buffalo and was a fraternal
delegate to the second triennial of the National Council of
Women at Washington, and was a delegate in attendance at
the conferences of the National Council.
LILLIAN M. HOLLISTER,
Detroit, Hich.
Among the bright women of Michigan there is probably
no one more busy with head, heart and hand than Lillian M.
Hollister, of Detroit.
She was born September 8th, 1853, at Milford, Michigan.
At fifteen she began teaching, adding to her regular work
that of normal class instruction ; at nineteen, she was married
to Daniel W. Hollister, later moving to Detroit.
She has been for years actively engaged in church work,
and associated with the Woman's Christian Temperance
LILLIAN M. HOLLISTER.
Union in the State and national organization, having a wide
affiliation and acquaintance with the leading national move¬
ments among the women of the United States.
She has edited and published, at the request of Frances E.
Willard, a leaflet entitled, " Convention, How," which is
being used by the various national organizations of women
for convention arrangements; also a leaflet entitled, " A
Model Union," which has a national and world-wide reputa¬
tion.
She is now State superintendent of parliamentary usage
in the W. C. T. U. She has given parliamentary drills to
women throughout the country, under the auspices of the
W. C. T. U. and L. O. T. M., and is regarded as one of the
best parliamentarians among women in the United States.
She has a fine presence and easy deliver)-, and is a forceful
speaker.
186
EXPOSITION COMMISSIONERS AND VISITORS.
In September, 1893, Mrs. Hollister was elected Great Com¬
mander in the Order of the Ladies of the Maccabees for
Michigan, an auxiliary to the Knights of the Maccabees, and
the pioneer society, composed of and managed by women,
offering life benefits to her sex, on the same principle that
men have carried on similar societies. While it is compara¬
tively new—only about five years old—its growth and popu¬
larity are marvelous. It furnishes women who have little
means an opportunity of providing for their children and
family in case of death at a comparatively small expense.
She was unanimously re-elected in September, 1894, and has
brought the order in that State to the highest pinnacle of
prosperity.
She now occupies the position of Supreme Commander of
the Ladies of the Maccabees of the W orld, an organization
representing 50,000 women, with a capital of $40,000,000
in outstanding certificates. She has well earned this distinc¬
tion, and the Supreme Hive may be congratulated upon
securing her services, for with her wide acquaintance and
experience and wise management, the future prosperity of
the order is secured.
Dr. JOHN HARVEY KELLOGG,
Battle Creek, riich.
Dr. Kellogg has always been greatly interested in sanitary
and philanthropic enterprises. He has twice been appointed
member of the State Board of Health, serving in that ca¬
pacity continuously for twelve years. He has occupied va¬
rious official positions in surgery and medicine. He was
president of the Regular Medical Society of Calhoun County
for the year 1887, and he has several times represented his
county and State societies at the meetings of the American
Medical Association.
Dr. Kellogg is a member of the following medical socie¬
ties: Life Fellow of the British Gynecological Society; Cor¬
responding Member of La Socicte d'Hygiene ; a Founder and
Life Member of the International Periodical Gynecological
Congress; Permanent Member of the American Medical
Association; Member of the Michigan State Medical Soci¬
ety, Calhoun County Medical Society, and Battle Creek
Academy of Medicine.
Some of the following books and papers, among numerous
others, which he has contributed to medical journals and
other publications, and which have been quite widely noticed
abroad as well as in this country, are worth mentioning,
viz. :
" A Series of School Text-books of Physiology," written
by request of the house of Harper Bros.
" A Series of Ten Colored Wall Charts Illustrative of Anat¬
omy, Physiology and Hygiene, for Use in Schools."
"A Series of Twenty-one Charts, comprising 1 18 outline
figures of the human body, embodying the results of several
thousand observations, embracing studies of a number of
different civilized and uncivilized races, including the prin¬
cipal types of the human family."
" Graphic Methods of Recording Diseased Conditions of
the Lungs, and a New Form of Pneumograph, or Pneograph."
"Methods of Precision in the Investigation of Disorders
of Digestion."
"The Influence of Dress in Producing the Physical De¬
cadence of American Women."
" The Value of Exercise as a Therapeutic Means in the
Treatment of the Pelvic Diseases of Women."
" Intestinal Asepsis and Antisepsis in Abdominal Surgery,
with a Report of 358 Cases, with Eight Deaths, Including a
Series of 160 Successive Recoveries."
DR. JOHN HARVEY KEI.I.OGG.
" Sixty Cases of Uterine Myomata Treated by Electro¬
lysis, with Descriptions of New Forms of Electrodes and a
Coulombmeter."
"The Use of Oxygen by Enemata," a new mode of intro¬
ducing this important therapeutic agent into the circulation.
" Report of Seventy-three Cases of Alexander's Operation
for Shortening the Round Ligaments, and Description of a
New Method of Operation."
" Antiseptic Drainage in Abdominal Surgery, with De¬
scription of an Antiseptic Drainage Tube."
" A Discussion of the Electro-Therapeutic Methods of
Apostoli and Others," constituting a chapter in the Inter¬
national System of Electro-Therapeutics, published by the
F. A. Davis Company.
"A Paper Relating to a New Form of Electrical Current,"
—the so-called " Sinusoidal Current "—which was discovered
by Dr. Kellogg in the summer of 1893; since re-discovered
and described by d'Arsonval, of Paris.
In addition he is editor of Modern Medicine and Bacteri¬
ological Review, a journal devoted to rational medicine, par¬
ticularly to a review of the most recent results of bacteriolog¬
ical research ami developments in physiological chemistry.
Also editor, in conjunction with Drs. N. S. Davis and T. D.
Crothers, of the American Medical Temperance Quarterly, the
organ of the American Medical Temperance Association.
EXPOSITION COMMISSIONERS AND VISITORS.
Dr. Kellogg is a remarkably successful operator. In one
case he removed successfully, by the lumbar method, a
diseased kidney so large as to require the amputation of the
last rib, containing a calculus which weighed 4}^ ounces.
He devised a new method of performing the operation of
shortening the round ligaments which has proved very suc¬
cessful. He has tested the operation in nearly 400 cases
with less than five per cent, of failures.
For twenty years Dr. Kellogg has given special attention to
a study of the causes which are responsible for the growing
physical weakness of American women, making extended
researches in the interests of this study among the wild
Indian tribes of this country, as well as among the native
Chinese women and the native women of Mexico, France,
Italy and many other countries. In 1888 he was elected a
fellow founder of the American Association of Obstetricians
and Gynecologists.
He has made an extended series of investigations in
anthropometry, which resulted in the preparation of several
anthropometric tables, based upon an accurate test of the
strength of the principal groups of muscles in the body in
nearly a thousand men and an equal number of women.
These were the first systematic studies ever made in this
line, and were made by means of a dynamometer invented
by him for the purpose.
These tables and dynamometers are in use in the physical
culture departments of Yale University, the University of
Montreal, Wisconsin State University, and numerous other
leading educational institutions, and are also used in the
Government Military School at West Point, and constitute
the only basis which has thus far been found for accurate
diagnosis of the nervo-muscular apparatus of an individual,
and for a precise prescription for exercise. The results of
these investigations were presented, by request of the sec¬
retary, at the International Statistical Congress, held in con¬
nection with the World's Fair at Chicago, in the fall of 1893.
He has invented many valuable surgical and scientific
instruments and appliances which are being extensively
used. Among these may be mentioned a sterilizing fan for
use in surgical operations, this instrument being so arranged
as to direct a large volume of pure filtered air upon the field
of operation; an operating water-bed, for the purpose of
preventing shock from chilling the patient during long
operations; special instruments for the performance of the
operation of shortening the round ligaments; a spe¬
cially constructed snare for use in connection with the
Paquelin cautery, for removing hemorrhoids; an instru¬
ment for measuring the time occupied by muscular move¬
ment, and another for determining the length of time
required for perception of objects, both instruments being
used in psychological research.
Having at command the facilities of a large sanitarium,
Dr. Kellogg has invented many appliances and devices for
use in the treatment of chronic maladies, among the most
important of which are the electric-light bath and various
forms of apparatus for the administration of active and
passive exercises.
His researches for the purpose of determining the best
method of antisepsis in abdominal surgery resulted in the
invention of an antiseptic drainage tube, and the establish¬
ment of a special dietary in the management of cases of this
class.
The institution of which Dr. Kellogg has charge com¬
prises some twenty-five buildings, the principal and nearly
all of which were erected under his direction, and from
plans furnished by him. He has endeavored to make it a
model scientific establishment, where the sick can receive
the benefit of every known rational means for recovery.
Neither Dr. Kellogg, nor any other person, has any per¬
sonal interest in the institution, and he has never received
any income from it for his professional services, either di¬
rectly or indirectly, aside from a moderate salary, depend¬
ing almost wholly upon other resources for his support
and the carrying on of other beneficent enterprises in
which he is interested.
JOHN S. JONES,
Westport, Conn.
John S. Jones was born May 10th, 1835, at Westport,
Conn. He received a common school education, learned the
tinner's trade, and carried on that business for ten years. He
started the Westport Advertiser in 185 7, and has continued in
the printing business to the present time, and is now editor
and sole owner of the Westport Herald. He married Miss
Mary Elwood on Nov. 25, 1857* He is one of the wardens
JOHN S. JONES.
of Memorial Church of the Holy Trinity, president of the
Board of Trade, chief engineer of the Fire Department, sec¬
retary of the Water and Electric Light Company, secretary
of the State Firemen's Association, being one of its charter
members, and vice-president of the State Editorial Associa-
i88
EXPOSITION COMMISSIONERS AND VISITORS.
tion. He has been postmaster at Westport, is prominent
in Masonic orders, having held nearly all of the prominent
offices. He was appointed by Governor Coffin as one of the
Atlanta Commissioners and was secretary of the Board.
firs. S. T. KINNEY,
Connecticut.
Mrs. Sara Thomson Kinney is thoroughly a New England
woman, a descendant through lines of representative New
England men and women, from John Steele, a member of
the Hooker colony that founded Hartford, Conn., in 1635;
and from Governor Bradford, of Mayflower fame.
Her father was for many years a prominent physician of
New Haven, of whom a noted member of the same profes-
Mrs. s. T. KINNEY.
sion said " he was a well-rounded symmetrical, equable man
—grand throughout. He was home-loving, church-loving,
God-loving."
Her mother was a woman of rare gifts of character and
mind, an ardent lover of nature, with a still deeper reverence
for truth and goodness, and " in her tongue was the law of
kindness."
In Mrs. Kinney are found the valuable traits of her an¬
cestors and these have given her a power for good which
she has faithfully used for the world's betterment. Gifted
intellectually, she has used her pen in journalistic work of ex-
ceptionably good quality. While her husband, the late Major
John C. Kinney, was editor of the Waterbury (Ct.) American,
she was his earnest co-worker, and to her pen the paper
owed many of its brilliant and sensible editorials, handling
the questions of the day with a freedom of manner and inde¬
pendence of thought that carried an influence throughout
the State.
She has ever taken a deep interest in the history of our
country, and has written several historical sketches that
showed a broad insight into the principles underlying the
growth and glory of her native land.
Thoroughly independent in thought, untrammeled by the
thraldom of superficial conventionalities, she is superior to
petty considerations of selfish gain of influence or power, and
uses her knowledge and rare good sense, and withal her lov¬
ing heart, for wide and magnanimous aims.
Mrs. Kinney has traveled extensively, and has a wide
acquaintance with distinguished people both at home and
abroad.
Her connection with the Indian Association has made her
name familiar over the land, and to her zeal for the cause
and her superior executive ability the success of the associa¬
tion is largely due. She has been the presiding officer of
the Connecticut Indian Association since the organization
in 1881, now numbering one thousand members, with sixteen
branches throughout the State.
Mrs. Kinney is a personal factor in all these branches,
meeting them annually and carrying her familiarity with the
work and her enthusiasm to one and all. The work done
for the Indians of our country through this association is
incalculable, assisting them in building homes upon lands in
severalty granted to them by the United States Government,
making possible to Indian women a thorough training in the
schools for nurses, and sustaining the missionary station at
Fort Hall, Idaho, assuming the entire financial obligation.
Mrs. Kinney has personally inspected the condition of the
missionary stations and is more in earnest than ever that the
good work for the education and enlightenment of the Indian
should be faithfully and intelligently continued. She has
been also vice-president of the Women's National Indian
Association for many years, giving to it time and strength
very freely.
Mrs. Kinney is State Regent for the Connecticut Society
of the Daughters of the American Revolution, and also a
member of the Society of Colonial Dames.
That she was chosen by Gov. Coffin as one of the com¬
missioners from Connecticut for the Atlanta Exposition gave
universal satisfaction to her State.
rirs. MARY STEWART NORTHRUP,
fliddletown, Conn.
Mrs. Mary Stewart Northrup, one of the commissioners
from Connecticut to the Cotton States and International Ex¬
position, is the wife of Hon. D. Ward Northrup, of Middle-
town. She is a daughter of the late Rev. Henry W. Stewart,
of Vermont, who was for many years a member of the Troy
Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. She was born
in Jay, N. Y., April 16th, 1844. From her mother, Almira
Roberts, she is descended from two Connecticut Revolutionary
soldiers, Daniel Clarke, of New Haven, and Ephiram Roberts,
who lost his life in the struggle for liberty. She received her
academic education at the Burr and Barton Seminary, in
Manchester, Vt. In 1867 she .engaged in teaching in a
young ladies' seminary in Greenville, Ky. In 1868 and
EXPOSITION COMMISSIONERS AND VISITORS.
189
1869 she taught in the Collegiate Institute, Fort Edward,
N. Y. In 1870 shemarried and came with her husband to his
home in Middletown, Conn., where they have since resided.
Mr. Northrup is well known throughout the State in legal
and political circles. He has served his city two years as
mayor and his town thrice in the Legislature, where he was
a recognized leader on the part of the Democrats. For
eight years he was Judge of Probate and in 1883 and 1884
was Secretary of State, and was Postmaster of Middletown
during President Cleveland's first term. He has served for
years upon the Executive Committee of the Board of Trustees
of Wesleyan University, of which college he is a graduate.
Thus he and his wife are in close relations with the faculty
of that institution. Mrs. Northrup is active in church and
philanthropic work, and is president of the Middlesex County
Orphans' Home, in Middletown. She is an enthusiastic
Daughter of the American Revolution, having taken a deep
interest in the society from the beginning of the movement.
She was one of the first in Connecticut to join the society,
MRS. MARY S. NORTHRUP.
and she organized the first chapter and was the first regent
appointed in that State. Though broad in her sympathies
and willing to lend a hand for the public good, the work she
loves best is purely womanly work that falls to the lot of
wife and the mother of four children.
FRANK B. WEEKS,
President Connecticut Commission, fliddletown, Conn.
Mr. Weeks is a native of Brooklyn, New York, where he
was born in 1854. At the age of thirteen years he moved
to Middletown, Connecticut, which has since been his home.
His education was obtained in private and public schools.
He began an active business career at an early age, and has
been very successful. He retired in March, 1895, from the
firm of Coles & Weeks, a large milling and grain concern.
Mr. Weeks is identified with various institutions of promi¬
nence, financial, industrial, and humane, and is now the pres¬
ident of the Middletown Board of Trade. He has kept aloof
from active politics, although often solicited to accept nomi¬
nations for office by those who regarded him an ideal candi¬
date by reason of his sterling character, high social standing,
and acknowledged business capacity.
It was Mr. Week's intention, when he retired from business,
to spend the present year abroad, resting and traveling, but
FRANK B WEEKS.
after considerable deliberation he decided to accept Governor
Coffin's appointment upon the Atlanta Commission, a posi¬
tion for which his good judgment, tact, enthusiasm and un¬
tiring energy admirably qualify him. He was chosen presi¬
dent of the commission at its organization, and the success
he has achieved in connection with it seems to have fully
justified the choice made by his associate commissioners.
From the outset he entered most heartily upon the task im¬
posed upon him, and Connecticut's fine representation to the
Cotton States and International Exposition can be largely
traced to the prompt and intelligent efforts he has put forth
in her behalf.
Mr. MAX ADLER,
New Haven, Conn.
Mr. Max Adler, the treasurer of the Connecticut Com¬
mission to the Cotton States and International Exposition,
is a typical self-made man—one of the many men to be
found in almost every community in our land, who, starting
in life with but limited schooling advantages, and without
means, nevertheless by their energy, perseverance and busi¬
ness ability, hew their way unaided through the obstacles of
youth to later success. Born in Bavaria, Germany, Mr.
Adler is yet almost a born American, for his father moved
his family to this country when the former was but a year
old. After a stay of two years in New York city, the family
removed to New Haven. The elder Adler not being pos¬
sessed of much of this world's goods, his children enjoyed
EXPOSITION COMMISSIONERS AND VISITORS.
but limited educational advantages, and at the age of ten
the subject of this sketch had already started upon his busi¬
ness career, having entered the employ of a tailor as an
errand boy, when not at school. At the age of thirteen
years Mr. Adler's schooling came entirely to an end, and the
knowledge which he now possesses was obtained by exten¬
sive reading at times when he was not employed at his busi¬
ness.
Beginning at this time as a cash boy in a fancy goods
store, he was rapidly advanced to the position of cashier and
bookkeeper. The proprietor of the store removing to New
York, recognized in the boy Adler, he being then but
eighteen years of age, those qualities which later marked
the successful man, and he made him manager of his
New Haven store. The business being closed out in 1858,
Mr. Adler was offered the management of a dry goods store
in New York city, which he accepted and conducted for two
P
♦
MAX ADLER.
years, at which time the business was removed to New Ha¬
ven, Mr. Adler still continuing in charge of the same until
1862.
Under his management the business increased and became
a very successful one. In 1862 he was offered the manage¬
ment of a dry goods store owned by Isaac Strouse, and he
accepted the same. This move fixed the future career of
Mr. Adler. In 1861 a small shop for the manufacture of cor¬
sets had been started in New Haven, and shortly thereafter Mr.
Strouse purchased the same and offered Mr. Adler an inter¬
est in the business, the firm being known as I. Strouse & Co.
It was a difficult undertaking, at this time, to establish the
corset industry in this country, owing to the cheapness of
labor and material abroad and the lack of experienced help
here. Mr. Adler and his associates, however, were possessed
of indomitable push and energy, and they succeeded, after
a struggle, in firmly establishing the industry in the United
States. Mr. Adler's firm, known as Mayer, Strouse & Co.,
is to-day probably the largest of its kind in the country.
During all these years Mr. Adler has had charge of the
mechanical and executive departments of the business.
Personally, Mr. Adler is very popular. A man of the
strictest business integrity, he enjoys the highest confidence
and regard of his business associates and fellow-townsmen.
Never seeking or desiring political preferment, he has stead¬
fastly refused to allow his name to be used for political office.
One exception he made, however, and that was to become a
candidate for the Board of Education, upon the issue to fur¬
nish free text-books to the pupils. He was overwhelmingly
elected. He is a director of the First National Bank of New
Haven, probably the most important bank in that city, and
also of the Mercantile Safe Deposit Company of New Haven,
Conn. Charitably inclined and interested in charitable work,
his charity knows no creed nor nationality.
He is a member of the Hospital Board, trustee of the Con¬
gregation Mishkan Israel, chairman of the Finance Commit¬
tee of the Organized Charities Association, and also chairman
of the Finance Committee of the New Haven Dispensary,
besides being interested in other charitable work.
Because of his thorough knowledge of the corset business,
Mr. Adler has for years been chosen as the representative of
the Corset Makers' Association of the United States to appear
before the Ways and Means Committee of Congress in refer¬
ence to tariff legislation. In this way he has become per¬
sonally acquainted with many of the prominent public men
of the country.
In 1866 Mr. Adler was married to Esther Meyer, of New-
Haven. He has three children, two of whom are married.
Mr. Adler is also president of the Harmonic Club and a
member of other associations, but it is at his home, sur¬
rounded by his wife and children, that he best finds that com¬
fort and repose which comes as the merited reward of one
who has by his own individual efforts succeeded in spite of
the adverse circumstances and disadvantages of youth.
nr. and Hrs. JAHES M. FITZGERALD,
Camden, N. J.
Mr. James M. Fitzgerald and his wife were of the party com¬
prising the delegation of the International League of Press
Clubs which visited the Exposition during the week ending
November 17th. Mr. Fitzgerald is an active member of the
Pen and Pencil Club of Philadelphia, in which city he was
born in 1855. He has been active in the daily newspaper
business for twenty years past as reporter, editor and pub¬
lisher. In 1881 and 1882 he was a member of the Demo¬
cratic City Committee of Philadelphia. The latter year was
eventful in Pennsylvania politics by the election of Robert E.
Pattison, Democrat, Governor of the State. In that cam¬
paign Mr. Fitzgerald organized a remarkable system of can¬
vass which was successfully executed by the present chairman
of the Democratic National Committee, W. H. Harritv, then,
for the first time, chairman of the Philadelphia committee.
For several years Mr. Fitzgerald has lived in Camden,
EXPOSITION COMMISSIONERS AND VISITORS.
N. J. He was married in that city in 1883 to his estimable
wife, then Miss Mary Tremble. Two years following this
event he was elected to the Camden County Board of Free¬
holders, and was appointed Commissioner of Public Works.
JAMES M. FITZGERALD.
About the same time he established the Camden Daily Tele¬
gram, the first successful daily paper devoted to the princi¬
ples of the Democratic party in South Jersey.
In 1893; Mr. Fitzgerald was secretary of the Committee
on Revision of the Laws of the House of Assembly
MRS. JAMES M. FITZGERALD.
of the New Jersey Legislature. He has studied law in the
office of Maxwell Stevenson, of Philadelphia, and Judge
Howard Carrow, of Camden, but has not taken out an
attorney's license.
Mr. Fitzgerald is the editor of the Camden Daily Review.
Hon. HENRY WATTERSON,
Louisville, Ky.
Henry Watterson was born in Washington City, the 16th of
February, 1840. His father, the Hon. Harvey M. Watterson,
had entered Congress two years before, succeeding James K.
Polk as representative from Tennessee.
During the next twenty years, the father being an active
figure in public life, the son spent much time in the National
Capital, thus laying the foundations for the intimate knowl¬
edge of affairs which manifested itself from the beginning of
his public career.
Owing to defect of vision, his education was largely
entrusted to tutors, though he passed four years at the Acad¬
emy of the Diocese of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. The
year 1861 found young Watterson pursuing journalism and
letters in Washington City. Although opposing the disunion
movement he sided with his section, returned to Tennessee
and entered the Confederate service. He was aid to General
Forest and afterward on the staff of Bishop General Polk. In
HENRY WATTERSON.
the Johnston-Sherman campaign he acted as chief of Scouts
of the army. From October, 1862, to September, 1863, he
was editor of The Rebel, a famous semi-military daily news¬
paper established at Chattanooga. Upon the fall of
that city, Mr. Watterson returned to the military service.
At the close of the war he was engaged for a time in journal¬
ism at Nashville, but in the winter of '67-'68 he accepted an
offer of the Louisville Journal and removed to the Kentucky
metropolis. A consolidation was negotiated between the
Louisville Journal and Louisville Courier, and the city was
surprised by the appearance of The Courier-Journal the 8th
of November, 1868. During twenty odd years it has had no
rival in the Southern States.
Mr. Watterson had succeeded George D. Prentice as editor
of the Journal. Mr. Prentice was retained on the Courier-
Journal, though the younger journalist was forced to the
192
EXPOSITIOX C OA/M/S SI OXERS AND VISITORS.
front, and took the leadership of the liberal and progressive
elements which circumstances had placed in his hands. From
the outset he led the cause of Free Trade, forcing upon his
party the shibboleth, " A tariff for revenue only." He has
exercised a decisive influence in shaping the platforms of the
Democratic party since 1872. He has resolutely declined
office, though in response to the wishes of Mr. Tilden he
accepted a seat in Congress during the crisis of 1876-7, re¬
fusing a re-election. He was a member of the Ways and
Means Committee and of the Joint Committee of Advise¬
ment. He has sat for Kentucky at large in all the National
Conventions of his party since 1872, presiding over that
which nominated Mr. Tilden in 1876, and acting as chair¬
man of the Platform.Committee in those of 1880 and 1888.
He ranks among the first of American orators, and is the
author of innumerable tracts and pamphlets upon political
and economical subjects. He has traveled extensively in
Europe, and though he has written voluminously, he has made
no collection of his foreign letters. He was married in 1865
to a daughter of Hon. Andrew Ewing, of Tennessee.
Hrs. ALICE J. SHAW,
New York City.
Mrs. Alice J. Shaw waj born in Elmira, N. Y. She is
the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. William Horton. Her mother
was the belle of Elmira in her girlhood, so it is not difficult
to see where Mrs. Shaw gained her beauty. She is a de¬
scendant of the celebrated Carlton family—the same who
MRS. ATJCF. J. SHAW
are the ancestors of Will Carlton ; thus two of the scions of
this ancestral family tree have won their way into people's
hearts by the power of melody.
Mrs. Shaw was married at an early age to William Hol¬
land Shaw, of Detroit, Mich., a very prosperous merchant.
Four lovely daughters blessed this marriage. One is
married to Mr. W. A. Carey, of Boston, and is settled beau¬
tifully in life.
Mrs. Shaw's domestic traits and love of home life is one
of the most attractive traits of her character. In that home
are three lovely daughters and a much beloved mother.
Two of Mrs. Shaw's daughters are twins, and are known as
" May Blossoms " all over the world. Mrs. Shaw has been in
professional life ten years, and is famed in nearly every coun¬
try, having traveled all over the known world except Austra¬
lia, Italy, Spain and South America. England, Russia, Tur¬
key, Asia, Germany, Switzerland and Hungary, as well as
France, Austria and India, have all been charmed with the
sweet notes of her marvelous powers of whistling. Her own
country was the first to honor her with gifts, and now on
her return gladly welcomes her back as their own. Gifts of
priceless value have been made her, ovations unprecedented
have been showered upon her.
RALPH FREEHAN SHROPSHIRE,
New York City.
The subject of this sketch was born in Ringgold, Ga.,
January 15, 1861, and was educated at the University of
Tennessee, from which he graduated in 1882.
After leaving college he was connected with several lead¬
ing Southern newspapers for a time, after which he lived
K. F. STROi'SH IKlv
abroad for five years, managing a large estate situated in
France, Italy and America.
It was during this period that Mr. Shropshire became
familiar with the broker's business, and since iS<j2 he has
been doing business as a mortgage broker at 44 Wall street,
New York, representing a large number of institutions, estates
and individuals, loaning on bond and mortgage, both in this
country and Europe.
He has been earnestly working for several years to secure
money at cheap rates of interest for Southern investment,
and thus aiding the progress of his native section.
EXPOSITION COMMISSIONERS AND VISITORS. 193
THOriAS J. RYAN,
Philadelphia, Pa,
This gentleman has filled many important places in the
city of Philadelphia, and the fidelity with which he has dis¬
charged every trust furnishes strong assurance of a career of
HON. CARLOS DIEZ GUTIERREZ,
Governor of San £uis Potosi. Republic of Mexico.
THOMAS J. RYAN.
usefulness and honor, as he is yet a very young man. He
has been in the councils since April 4, 1881 ; was appointed
Harbor Master by Governor Pattison, of the Port of Phila¬
delphia, on May 15, 1892.
13
STATE CAPITOL OF GEORGIA.
THE STATE OF GEORGIA.
This State was one of the thirteen sisters that ratified the
Declaration of Independence in 1776, but was about the
youngest of the family, George II. not having made the
grant which authorized the colony until 1 732, which was then
named for him. Prior to this date the ownership of the ter¬
ritory had been contested or claimed by both England and
Spain, but in 1733, history informs us, it was explored by
Gen. Thos. E. Oglethorpe, who was afterwards its Governor,
purchasing land of the Creek Indians and laying the first
foundations of the city of Savannah.
The early settlers of Georgia were in many respects very
peculiar, very different from the immigrants to Virginia and
the New England colonies. Among those named as trustees
in the grant, and others who manifested the deepest concern
and interest, were George Whitfield and John and Charles
Wesley, the great preacher and hymn-makers, who had been
practically hounded and persecuted out of the Church of
England, now come to these Western wilds as missionaries,
seeking to sow the seeds of the Christian faith and a holy
life among the Indians and their brethren, who, with them,
had turned their faces toward the setting sun, leaving home,
and kindred, and ties. It appears that the good men who
founded Georgia were seeking to " provide a refuge for
debtors, destitutes, orphans and homeless youth," as well as
to set up a sort of barrier against the aggression of the In¬
dians and Spanish in the Carolinas and Florida. Later, when
war was declared between England and Spain, General Ogle¬
thorpe was put in command of the troops of Georgia and
South Carolina, and he boldly but unsuccessfully led an ex¬
pedition against the Indians and Spaniards at St. Augustine.
Governor Moore, of South Carolina,had made a similar foray
nearly four years before, but Oglethorpe battered bravely
against the odds as though it was the first attempt. Nearly
100 years afterwards, in the year 1837, the United States
engineers found balls thrown by Oglethorpe in the moat of
the old Spanish fortress. In 1763, when Florida was given
up to Great Britain by Spain in exchange for the Island of
Cuba, the Spaniards nearly all quitted the country and peace
was then a little more assured.
Military service was at first demanded and given for land,
it being parcelled out in tracts, but this was unsatisfactory
and the plan very soon abandoned. Numbers deserted the
colony and fled to South Carolina, and it was soon deemed
necessary, in order to check the exodus, to offer fifty acres
to each settler. This had the desired effect, and attracted
numbers of sturdy Scotch and Germans, as well as emi¬
grants from the other colonies. The English government
gave £50,000 to found the colony, while as much as £130,-
000 was contributed by private subscriptions.
The colony grew very slowly. Negro slavery, which was
tolerated in other sections, was here entirely prohibited, and
the people became so much discontented that in 1752 com¬
plaints were made of the restrictions, and the charter was
surrendered by the trustees. A governor was then ap¬
pointed, bringing the colony under the direct rule of Eng¬
land. It was granted the same privileges as to trade, land
and negro slavery as the other colonies; a legislature was
appointed and progress in the colony became rapid. Immi¬
gration increased, agriculture began to flourish, and in ten
years, from 1753, exports had increased over $60,000.
At the breaking out of the war for Independence the pop¬
ulation of Georgia was 70,000. While the colony, on ac¬
count of its remoteness from the influence of the royal gov¬
ernment, had less cause of grievance than the others, there
was no hesitancy about breaking away from the Mother
Country; she, feeling that the common cause was hers,
prepared at once to take an active part in the coming strug¬
gle. She had a delegate in the famous Continental Congress
of 1773, and a convention of her own people the same year
ratified the revolutionary measures. Upon this the Royal
Governor, Sir James Wright, left the colony to its fate and
went home to England.
Remote as Georgia was in the beginning she later suffered
severely from British encroachment and invasion. In 1778
a force landed in Savannah, occupying it and also Augusta.
The Americans, aided by the French, retook Augusta the
year following, but failed in recapturing Savannah. After
Charleston was captured by the British, Georgia was unable
to participate very actively in the war until General Greene
had driven the royal forces from the Southern provinces.
Prior to our civil war Georgia had formed three constitu¬
tions: The first in 1777, the second in 1778, and the third
in 1779, which last remained in force until she joined the
Southern Confederacy in 1861. In 1788 Georgia ratified
the Constitution of the United States. The Confederate
Constitution was adopted in March 1861, she having passed
an ordinance of secession on January 19th, of the same year.
The State was active in furnishing aid to the Confederacy,
and during the early years of the war her sufferings were
confined to those who were enduring the actual hardships of
the camp and field, save a few cavalry raids on her borders;
but in 1864 the war was carried into her chief citadels by
Sherman burning Marietta and Atlanta and devastating the
fairest portion of her land in his "March to the Sea." A
strip of fifty miles in width was laid waste from Atlanta to
Savannah; farmhouses burned; cattle and every conceavable
thing stolen, driven off or wantonly destroyed, leaving only
a long straggling chain of houseless chimneys, standing
196
GEORGIA.
like grim sentinels to mark the path of his savage
vengeance.
The kindly hand of Time has healed these ugly scars, but
the memory of them will live throughout all time. The salt
he metaphorically sowed did not possess the savor or power
to prevent recuperation. The vine and fig tree were planted
and grew again, and ruined homesteads were restored where
happy families gathered around altars made doubly sacred
by the devastation he and his bummer-vandals had wrought.
At the close of the civil war Georgia's largest cities were
in ruins, the State bankrupt, industries prostrate, her State
Government revolutionized and gone; but in the thirty years
that have passed it is as tho' the fabled Aladdin had gone
through her borders with his lamp, so magically and rapidly
has the transformation been wrought. Her invincible people,
with their indomitable perseverance and brave energy, have
defied the very Fates, refusing to see anything but the bright
side. The waste places have been made to bloom and blos¬
som like a garden; the silence, which at first filled all the
void and seemed to settle like a pall, is now broken by the
hum of millions of industries ; her many streams, gliding
with their happy message to the sea, tell of the countless
spindles and looms they turn, weaving into a gorgeous fabric
the fortunes of her dauntless people.
Mr. R. T. Nesbit, the efficient State Commissioner of
Georgia, says that the erroneous impressions and wrong
information respecting the State and her people are rapidly
being removed and claims that even a cursory examination
will demonstrate the spirit and progress that animate the
people. Happily, also, in this age of rapid transportation and
travel, many who visit the State who have no interest in it,
and are therefore unbiased, can attest to its general char¬
acter. What, then, is the true character of Georgia ? Epit¬
omized, the people are Americans to the manner born,
imbued with American sentiments; the whites intelligent,
progressive, tolerant of all nations and glad to welcome the
worthy citizen from any country. The negroes are faithful
laborers, contended with their lot, and, as a general rule,
recognizing the whites as their friends: the institutions and
laws in accord with the civilization of the age ; the climate
varied, but in nearly every locality conducive to the pre¬
servation of health, and the resources of every kind abundant.
It has been well said that Georgia in almost every respect
is a variety State. This is eminently correct as to the cli¬
mate. As typified in plant life, the banana, orange and fig
find their homes in the southern part, while on the high
peaks of the mountains of North Georgia are found plants of
the Arctic zone.
The geological formation embraces the metamorphic,
paleozonic, triassic, cretaceous, tertiary and quarternary, and
nearly every character of soil and kind of mineral is to be
found in the State. Under generous treatment the soil will
yield abundantly. Many of the minerals for richness of
deposit and extent have had no superiors, and mining
industries in gold, iron, coal, manganese, ochre, bauxite and
talc, and quarries of granite, marble and slate are in success¬
ful operation.
In agriculture and horticulture nearly every plant is at the
command of the farmer.
In timber, long-leaf pine and almost every tree indigenous
to the temperate zone await the lumberman, to leave in
their wake fertile fields for cultivation.
Manufacturing industries, from cotton mills to canneries
and broom factories, are growing in extent and variety, form¬
ing the foundation, with diversified agriculture, of permanent
prosperity.
Transportation facilities are excellent, and commercial
centres furnish a home market. Georgia's industrial growth
has been remarkable, while the intellectual and moral welfare
of the citizens has not been neglected.
There is no better time than the present for the capitalist
and home-seekers to aid in and profit by the advancement
along all the lines of the material welfare of the State.
North Georgia lies in the belt of between 95 and 100
degrees maximum temperature, and the larger part of middle
and all of South Georgia in the belt of between 100 and 105
degrees maximum temperature.
Four zones of minimum temperature are represented in
the State. Northeast Georgia is from 5 to 10 below zero;
from zero to 10 above, fully two-thirds of the State. Georgia
has the summer climate of Palestine and Jerusalem and the
winter climate of Rome, Italy; altogether giving the finest
climate in which the English language is spoken.
Under such favorable climatic conditions, the health of
Georgia's residents is assured, and the advancement and
progress of her industries made certain.
The pine tree, indigenous to Georgia soil, has long been
regarded as possessed of peculiar healing properties for
those invalids inflicted with pulmonary troubles. Its resinous,
aromatic exhalations are pleasing as well as medicinal. The
hill country of Georgia abounds with this growth, and South
Georgia bears long stretches of pine.
Summer and autumn are the most delightful seasons in
the portions of the State known as North and Middle Georgia.
The summers are not Warmer than those in more northern
sections; the days are pleasant.
A great deal has been said regarding the satisfactory grow¬
ing of fruit in Georgia, and the various pleasing features of
a section rich in many attractions for the proposed settler.
In Georgia the peach holds a prominent place as the most
delicious of all fruits, and one which can be made the fore¬
most product in this line. Grapes are receiving much atten¬
tion from Georgia fruit-growers, and thousands of profitable
vineyards can be seen where once there were only rocky hill¬
sides. Berries of almost every kind, cultivated and unculti¬
vated, apples, pears, cherries, plums and similar fruits abound.
The Georgia watermelon is famous for its delicious flavor,
fine size and excellent variety. With the best of fruits, easily
cultivated, splendid water, substantial products of all descrip¬
tions, and a pure atmosphere, surely the valetudinarian and
GEORGIA.
*97
the man possessing health find in Georgia the home of their
hope.
Not only to that greater animal, man, but also to the
beasts under his care is the climate of Georgia favorable.
The excellent pasturage afforded them is particularly adapted
to the breeding of cattle and live stock of all kinds. This,
indeed, is being given much practical thought and attention,
and will, no doubt, at some future time, rival cotton as a
paying industry.
Georgia is an attractive portion of the map ; its very situa¬
tion impresses the beholder with the advantageous features
set forth above. Adjacent to some of the most progressive
and desirable States, it stands preeminent among them.
Blessed with the king of staples, waving with grain, bearing
the treasures of fruit upon its hillsides, and the treasures of
steel, iron and gold within them, it is foremost. The herds
of cattle grazing in verdant portions testify to its thrift, while
its rushing streams sound the note of progress, and the
shining faces of contented laborers, in a land of peace and
plenty, are sufficient guarantees for Georgia's continued
advancement.
W. V. ATKINSON,
Governor of Georgia.
In writing a biography of the present Chief Magistrate of
Georgia, Governor William Yates Atkinson, so many striking
characteristics of the man present themselves that it is diffi¬
cult to select the few upon which a limited space will allow
comment.
He was born November nth, 1854, in Meriwether County,
Georgia, at the little post office of Oakland, whither his
parents had recently removed from Brunswick County,
Virginia. His father, John P. Atkinson, was a native Virgin¬
ian, a man of sterling traits and irreproachable character,
and a leader in the community in which he lived. On his
father's side, Governor Atkinson is a descendant of the
Lundys, the Yates and the Atkinsons, who settled in Vir¬
ginia in the colonial days. He is named for William Yates,
one of his ancestors, who was a professor in William and
Mary College in Virginia in the early history of that institu¬
tion. His great-grandfather, John Atkinson, came to
Virginia before the Revolutionary War. He married Martha
Pepper. His father, John Pepper Atkinson, married Theodora
Phelps Ellis, the mother of W. Y. Atkinson. She was a
daughter of Dr. Iddo Ellis, and was born in Putnam County,
Georgia. Her mother was a daughter of Rev. Davenport
Phelps, of New York. Mrs. Atkinson still survives her
husband and is a woman of charming personality, noted
piety, and is the idol of her children.
The subject of this sketch was the sixth of eight children.
The death of his father left him to his own resources at an
early age. But nature had armed him with those qualities
that command success. Nothing daunted by the difficulties
that confronted him, without means and without influence,
he set to work to educate himself, for several years he
worked on the farm, going to the country schools of his
native county "between times." The older residents of his
boyhood's home recall now how often they have seen him, a
little fellow, perched on top of a wagon-load of wood, as he
drove to town with the purpose of selling it. This fact has
fastened upon him the sobriquet of "the Coweta Wagon Boy."
He removed, before entering college, to Coweta County and
was the pupil of his brother, Prof. T. E. Atkinson, at his
school in Senoia, until he was prepared to enter the Uni¬
versity of Georgia. It was not long after entering college
that his small hoard of money was exhausted, and he was
just preparing to return home to replenish it by going to
work again. But a wealthy gentleman in Athens, Dr.
Hunnicutt, recognizing in him the elements of a successful
career, loaned him a sufficient amount to finish his college
course. While a student he was noted for that dogged
tenacity of purpose and determination that has since brought
him such honor and success.
Immediately after his graduation he commenced the study
of law, and was soon admitted to the bar and " hung out his
shingle" in the city of Newnan. Governor Colquitt ap¬
pointed him Solicitor of the County Court six months after
his admission to the bar.
In 1880 he was married to Miss Susie Cobb Milton, of
Florida. She has, indeed, been a helpmeet to him. Ambi¬
tious, ready to undergo any privation to further his success,
possessed of a remarkable political acumen, she has been
active and untiring in her devotion to him and his plans and
ambitions. Her wonderful management of his campaign
headquarters during the famous fight for Gubernatorial
honors made her the most noted woman in the South.
Atkinson was first elected to the Legislature in 1886, and
his career from that time until now has been one of service
to the State, and victory and success have continually perched
upon his banners. He had been a member of the General
Assembly but a short time when his qualities as a leader
were recognized, and he took his place. For eight years he
served in the lower house of the General Assembly, and his
wisdom is impressed upon nearly all the legislation of the
State during that period. He was the author and champion
of the bill providing for the establishment of the Georgia
Normal and Industrial College at Milledgeville. Since its
foundation he has continued his efforts in its behalf, and
through his powerful influence the State has liberally endowed
it at different times. This work in behalf of the girls of
Georgia has endeared him to all the people of the State.
Had he done nothing more than this while in the Legislature
his fame would have been assured, for it will ever be a monu¬
ment to his name.
In 1890 he presided over the deliberations of the State
Convention, and was made Chairman of the State Democra¬
tic Committee. In this capacity his ability as an organizer
was soon recognized throughout the State. He was re-elected
chairman of the Executive Committee in 1892. It was in
the campaign of 1892 that, mainly through his efforts, the
magnificent Democratic victory was gained over the com-
W. Y. ATKINSON.
GEORGIA.
199
bined strength of Third Partyism and Republicanism. As a
stump speaker and organizer he has no equal in the State.
But the greatest victory of his life awaited him in 1894.
General Clement A. Evans, a gallant Confederate soldier
and a man of great strength ^nd influence, had announced
for governor. He seemed to be the overwhelming choice of
the people of the State. Atkinson entered the lists at a late
day, against the advice of the newspapers supporting Evans,
as well as a great many of his own friends. He had never
before been a candidate for an elective office requiring the
vote of the electors in every county in the State, but the su¬
preme confidence in his success expressed by all who had
been associated with him in public life, and the almost un¬
paralleled devotion of the people of Coweta, whose repre¬
sentative he had been in the General Assembly, and who
never for a moment seemed to feel that defeat with him was
possible, inspired confidence and enthusiasm everywhere,
until the " Coweta Wagon Boy " had won in a campaign
which for masterful and brilliant management has never been
surpassed, if ever equaled, in the history of Georgia.
His inauguration was a brilliant occasion. An immense
throng of people gathered at the State Capitol to witness it,
and several hundred young ladies, students of the Normal
and Industrial College, were present to pay the tribute of
their love and admiration to their benefactor.
His splendid direction of State affairs has made him the
most popular man in Georgia since his assumption of guber¬
natorial powers. Not a flaw can be found with his admin¬
istration, and he is now without question the strongest political
factor in the State.
To sum up. He was for years a leader in the legislative
halls and in party councils.
He was a member of the General Assembly of Georgia for
eight years.
Twice president of the Democratic State Convention.
Four years chairman of the State Democratic Executive
Committee.
Two years Speaker of the House of Representatives.
Five years president of the Board of Trustees of the
Georgia Normal and Industrial College and Trustee of the
University of Georgia.
And before attaining the age of 40 years was Governor of
Georgia.
Governor Atkinson's career is an inspiration to the young
men of Georgia. It is an example of what pluck and deter¬
mination, and aggressive spirit, rugged honesty, stubborn
adherence to principle, coupled with a wide range of intel¬
lectual power, can accomplish.
In personal bearing he is dignified, affable and easily ap¬
proached. His simplicity of manner is one of his chief
charms. All with whom he comes in contact immediately
conclude that he is their friend and companion, and yet at
all times he commands that homage which is paid to talent
even though its possessor arrogates to himself no claim of
superiority to others. An incident illustrating the spirit of
comradeship which pervades his friends occurred while he
was addressing a mammoth meeting in the opera house in
Macon. A supporter of his in the audience arose and asked
him to cease speaking until he could quiet some of his oppo¬
nents who were displeased by something said by the
speaker. When quiet was restored, the friend turned to the
speaker and said, " Now go on, Bill."
His courage, his determination and his political foresight
are his remarkable characteristics. Nothing seems to daunt
him. He has looked death itself in the face without a
quiver and fought it off with a determined courage that won
the applause of a nation.
His whole life has been one of persistent effort to over¬
come difficulties that have frowned down upon him, and he
has succeeded in making each one of them rounds in the
ladder by which he has risen.
He is essentially forceful, and still higher honors await him.
Mrs. W. Y. ATKINSON,
Atlanta, Ga.
Mrs. Susan Milton Atkinson comes from a family dis¬
tinguished in the social and political histories of Florida and
Georgia. She is the daughter of the Hon. W. H. Milton, of
Mariana, Fla. Her mother was Lucy Hall Hearne, of North
Carolina. Her ancestors have been for years prominently
identified with the politics of the South, W. H. Milton, her
father, being a member of the General Assembly, member of
the Constitutional Convention, and State Attorney. Her
grandfather was Governor of Florida during the great civil
war. Her great-grandfather, Homer Virgil Milton, of
Georgia, was an officer of distinction in the war of 1812.
And the father of Homer Virgil Milton, John Milton, who
came to Georgia with its earliest settlers, was a distinguished
officer in the Revolutionary War, Georgia's first Secretary of
State, and in 1817 received the electoral vote of Georgia for
President of the United States. Mrs. Atkinson is conse¬
quently one of the representative daughters of the Revolu¬
tion. Heredity and environment, coupled with her rare
charm of quick perception, has made her forever a remark¬
able character in the history of the South. Mrs. Atkinson
is a graduate of the Lucy Cobb Institute in Athens, Ga.,
from which she departed with its highest honors. Her home
training and education stamps her as one of the few
women who are really fitted to occupy a great position. It
was at the suggestion of Mrs. Atkinson that the present
Governor of Georgia, then a member of the General As¬
sembly, introduced the bill to establish at Milledgeville, Ga.,
the Georgia Normal and Industrial College, now the leading
female college in the State. Mrs. Atkinson labored untir¬
ingly to interest the women of the State in its behalf and to
procure petitions favoring its passage from every county;
and the passage of the bill establishing the institution is
largely attributable to Mrs. Atkinson's efforts in creating a
demand for its passage. She is president of the Lady's Board
of Visitors which each year inspects this splendid college
..< 7. -v *
**' t 4 ^ I« '4
• n;,. . u-/» *-•«, i-< » 1
• <!»»* ** I .vi 1 V '
, -'4 A "£7 / .;X y ' *••'
^ f I > ' J y ' ^ - ;• v
»; ^ / .< .,>* ■>
■ ff\ ••'/• i f1 <? iB W''
V"-'
Mrs. W. Y. ATKINSON.
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
20I
and reports to the Governor and Legislature. Mrs. Atkinson
has been for years president of the Ladies' Memorial Asso¬
ciation in Newnan, Ga., and her loyalty to the memory of the
Confederate dead inspired her in her efforts to have tomb¬
stones placed over the graves of more than three hundred
soldiers.
This remarkable lady, who is the present mistress of the
Executive Mansion, has also demonstrated a woman's power
in politics, as well as in philanthropic enterprises, and she is
to-day recognized as the instrument that sounded in her
husband's campaign the political notes of encouragement and
success, and within her own home she took charge of the
correspondence while he was stumping the State in the
campaign which resulted in his nomination for Governor of
Georgia. Her pluck was great; her methods, business-like.
She mapped out all of the districts of Georgia, obtained the
names of the leading men in the same, and wrote letters
over the signature of her husband, requesting their sym¬
pathy and co-operation; wrote letters by the hundred,
answered telegrams and messages uncountable, graced her
social position, managed her household affairs, and emerged
from this self-imposed task a victor beside the " chief."
Mrs. Atkinson is essentially a home woman. Her house¬
hold is her kingdom; her perfect self-poise and absolute
good-will stamps her at once as the right person in the
right place. She is the mother of six beautiful, promising
children—John Pepper Atkinson, the eldest; Lucile Belle,
the daughter; William Yates, named for the Governor;
Bert Milton, Miriam Milton, and a baby, Georgia Atkinson
the first that was ever born in the Executive Mansion.
Hon. ROBT. U. HARDEHAN,
Atlanta, Ga.
Hon. R. U. Hardeman, Treasurer of the State of Georgia,
was born at Macon, Ga., November 22d, 1838. His first
Hon. ROBERT U. HARDEMAN.
education was acquired at Macon, and he afterwards grad¬
uated at Emory College, Oxford, Ga., in 1859. At the
beginning of the war Mr. Hardeman enlisted in the Con¬
federate army with the Second Georgia Battalion, but was
soon promoted as quartermaster in the Forty-fifth Georgia
Regiment. At the close of the war he was acting adjutant-
general of Thomas' brigade, and surrendered at Appomat¬
tox with Gen. Robt. E. Lee. After the war he returned to
Macon and accepted a position with Mr. Hardeman Sparks,
at that time the largest cotton factor in the State. From
1876 to 1884 he was bookkeeper in the office of the Comp¬
troller-General of the State of Georgia. In 1884, he was
elected Treasurer of the State, and has held that office ever
since. In 1859, he was married to Miss Martha Eugenia
Murrell. He is a member of the Methodist Church South,
and is a Mason of good standing and a member of the
Knights of Pythias. He is well known throughout the State,
and is well fitted to perform the duties he has so faithfully
and satisfactorily carried out.
G. R. GLENN, State School Commissioner.
J, H. TERRELL,
Atlanta, Ga.
A little over thirty-four years ago, June 6th, 1861, in the
village of Greenville, Meriwether County, an infant, after¬
wards named Joseph Meriwether Terrell, first opened his
eyes upon the world. It was an important event to the
State of Georgia, as time has shown. His father, Dr. Joel E.
G. Terrell, was one of the most prominent physicians in the
State, and greatly beloved and respected by all of the peo¬
ple who knew him. His mother was a Miss Anthony, and
she still survives, one of the best and most charming women
in Georgia. Dr. Terrell, his father, died some years ago
from a stroke of apoplexy while in attendance at the bed¬
side of a patient.
202
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
When a boy he attended school in Greenville, the school¬
master being Hon. W. T. Revill, now one of the best-known
newspaper men in the State, and had as schoolmates Hon.
W. Y. Atkinson, now Governor of Georgia ; Hon. H. W. Hill,
prominent in all State affairs; Hon. T. A. Atkinson, now
Solicitor-General of the Coweta Circuit. A close friendship
was formed between this quartet of youths, and their ambi¬
tions there first began to take shape. Young Terrell was
several years younger than his three associates, but was
quite precocious. Governor Atkinson says that he has
often held him in his lap while little Joe read his Latin to
him. The friendship between these boys ripened as the
years passed by. Not only has the friendship been per¬
sonal, but political, and the success of each has been largely
due to the exertions of the other three in his behalf. All
have reached high and honorable positions in the service of
the State and in the practice of their professions. Their
J. M. TERRELL.
careers are a striking illustration of the strength there is in
unity.
At the age of fourteen young Terrell took the management
of his father's farm and operated that successfully for five
years, in the meantime making friends of all the people of
Meriwether, which has stood him in such good stead since.
At the age of nineteen he commenced the study of law in
the office of Major John W. Park, and was soon thereafter
admitted to the bar. From the beginning he was success¬
ful, and he has steadily grown in his profession ever since.
Not only is he thoroughly versed in the principles of law,
but he has as much of that very uncommon essence, com¬
mon sense—the mother of good judgment—as any man in
Georgia. And just here it can be said that the keynote of
his success is his common sense, sometimes called " horse
sense," coupled with its handmaid, a keen knowledge of
human nature. He lias always had to do with men, and he
knows his subject. Therein lies his power. Besides this, he
is a widely-informed man, having been a wise, judicious and
thorough student.
He first entered politics in 1884, when he was elected to
the State Legislature from Meriwether. He was the youngest
member of the House, but was one of the most prominent.
He was re-elected two years later and then defeated in 1888
by the alliance candidate. In 1890 he made his most famous
political fight while opposing the alliance candidate, and was
elected to the State Senate from the Thirty-sixth Senatorial
District. He defeated him in the nomination, and, in order
to satisfy him completely, defeated him again in the general
election. In 1892 Mr. Terrell was a candidate for attorney-
general and was opposed by two very prominent attorneys
and defeated them by a two-thirds majority at the convention.
In 1894 he was re-elected, and is now the legal adviser of
one of the original quartet who attended school in Greenville,
Gov. W. Y. Atkinson.
While in the Legislature he was a member of some of the
most important committees, chairman of the Finance Com¬
mittee of the Senate, member of the Committee on Rules,
of the Judiciary Committee, of the Committee on Congres¬
sional Districts, and Committee on Public Schools.
He is one of the most influential men in Georgia to-day,
and the aspiring candidate always wants Joe Terrell's assist¬
ance, and no one is more willing to help a friend than he.
He has been eminently successful in politics, and still higher
honors await him.
Personally he is a delightful man; cordial in manner, a
good talker, he makes a good impression on the stranger,
and his friends swear by him. He was married in 1886 to
Miss Jessie Spivey, of Greenville. The family of which he
is a member is a very influential one in Western Georgia.
He has four brothers and one sister, viz. : Dr. E. B. Terrell,
W. A. Terrell, J. R. Terrell, his law partner, Dr. H. W. Ter¬
rell, of Greenville, and Mrs. Hines Holt, of Columbus.
ROBERT TAYLOR NESB1TT,
Atlanta, Qa.
No man in Georgia more thoroughly commands the
respect of his fellows than Robert T. Nesbitt, or is better
fitted to fill ably and to adorn the important position he
holds.
Mr. Nesbitt was born in Savannah, Ga., April 2d, 1840.
His father, Hugh O'Keefe Nesbitt, was the eldest son of
Hugh and Eleanor O'Keefe Nesbitt, and received a thorough
medical education, spending several years in Paris in the
pursuit of his scientific studies; but returning to his native
country, he devoted himself to planting, managing his own
large estate with great success.
Mr. Nesbitt's mother was Martha Berrien Nesbitt, only
child of Dr. Richard M. Berrien, of Savannah, who died of
yellow fever at his post of duty when only 25 years of
age. He was the youngest brother of John McPherson
Berrien, and was married, in 1819, to Eliza Boiling Delonev.
From such parentage as this one knows how to expect
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
203
nothing else but ability, fearless courage, and full discharge
of duty. Robert Taylor Nesbitt had barely attained his
majority when the civil war called him to the service of his
State, and he enlisted at once, giving, for four years of hard
robert taylor nesbitt.
warfare, all that a patriot can give to his country in the way
of devotion and unyielding valor.
When the surrender brought peace, he returned to his
estate, and became the successful planter, as his father
had been.
On the 4th of May, 1865, he was married to Rebecca,
daughter of Col. W. O. Saffold and granddaughter of Judge
Adam C. Saffold and Gen. Jephtha V. Harris.
The successful cultivation of agricultural pursuits has
claimed most of Mr. Nesbitt's life, and he has contributed
powerfully to the development of the agricultural possi¬
bilities of both North and South Georgia. As State Com¬
missioner of Agriculture, he is at present doing more than
any other man in Georgia, probably, towards improving the
conditions of life among the farming classes, and thousands
daily lift up their voices in praise of his noble character and
magnificent judgment.
W. S. YEATES, STATE GEOLOGIST,
Atlanta, Ga.
William Smith Yeates, State Geologist of Georgia, was
born in Murfreesboro, N. C., December 15, 1856. He is the
oldest son of the late Major Jesse J. Yeates, of the Thirty-
first North Carolina Regiment, C. S. A., and a member of
the Forty-fourth, Forty-fifth and Forty-sixth United States
Congresses, and his wife, Virginia Scott Yeates. On his
father's side he is a descendant of Jesse Yeates, a soldier in
the Revolutionary War, in the regiment of Col. Hardee
Murfree, and a captain in the War of 1812. On his mother's
side, he is a descendant of Benjamin Harrison, signer of the
Declaration of Independence, through Gen. John Scott and
his wife, Edith Harrison, a sister of Gen. William Henry
Harrison.
He received his early education in the primary and high
schools of his native town. His collegiate education was re¬
ceived at Randolph Macon and Emory and Henry Colleges,
in Virginia, graduating from the latter, with the degree of
Bachelor of Arts, in the year 1878. The degree of Master
of Arts was conferred on him, three years later, by the same
institution, in consideration of his further pursuit of scientific
and literary studies.
He was distributing messenger of the United States Fish
Commission in the spring of 1879; and, after teaching
school a year and a half, he accepted a clerkship on the fish¬
eries statistics work of the Tenth Census, under Mr. G. Brown
Goode, Special Agent Tenth Census and Assistant Director
of the United States National Museum, Dec. 3d, 1880. On
recommendation of Mr. Goode, he was appointed by Prof.
S. F. Baird, March 22, 1881, to the position of "Aid" in
the Department of Minerals and Economic Geology, United
States National Museum, of which Dr. George W. Hawes
was curator. Two weeks later he was placed in charge of the
mineral collections, beginning, as his first duties, the work of
opening and disposing of the immense mineral and geological
collections which the museum had received from the Centen¬
nial Exposition. On the death of the curator of this depart¬
ment, in May, 1881, it was divided into three departments,
one of which, the department of minerals, was assigned to
w. s. yeates.
Mr. Yeates, as acting curator. This position he filled until
the appointment of Prof. F. W. Clarke, chief chemist of
the United States Geological Survey, as honorary curator,
in December, 1883, Mr. Yeates being promoted, after this,
successively, to the positions of assistant and assistant curator
in charge of the mineral and gem collections, resigning the
204
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
latter position on receiving his appointment as State Geolo¬
gist of Georgia.
Upon the organization of the Corcoran Scientific School,
an evening school of the Columbian University, in June,
1884, Mr. Yeates was made instructor in mineralogy. In
1887 he was promoted to the professorship in mineralogy,
1890 he became professor of mineralogy and geology in the
scientific school, resigning this position after his election to
the office of State Geologist of Georgia.
On the 26th of April, 1893, Prof. Yeates was appointed
by Governor Northen State Geologist of Georgia, receiving
the appointment while in Chicago installing the exhibits of
minerals and gems made by the National Museum at the
World's Fair. He began his duties as State Geologist May
16th following. He has issued two bulletins, one entitled
" The Marbles of Georgia; " the other, " The Corundum
Deposits of Georgia;" and several bulletins are now under
way. Several mineral papers were published by him in the
American Journal of Science during his connection with the
National Museum.
He is a member of the Phi Delta Theta college fraternity,
the Geological Society of Washington, the Philosophical So¬
ciety of Washington, the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, the American Institute of Mining
Engineers, the American Chemical Society and a fellow of
the Geological Society of America. In 1891 he was a
member of the International Congress of Geologists which
convened in Washington.
JOHN HclNTOSH KELL,
Atlanta, Ga.
John Mcintosh Kell was born at Laurel Grove, Mcintosh
County, Georgia, 1825. His mother, Marjory Baillie, being
the only child of Hester, who was the daughter of William
Mcintosh, eldest son of John Mcintosh, who came to Georgia
with General Oglethorpe in 1773, bringing 100 Highlanders of
his clan and many of his name, founding the town of New
Inverness on the Altamaha river, so called for the home left
behind them in Scotland, but which was afterwards changed
to Darien. Gen. John Mcintosh and his Highlanders were
conspicuous for bravery in the conflicts with the Spaniards
in those early days. In the attack on St. Augustine the
chief was wounded and carried in captivity to Spain, where
he was kept a number of years, and would have died of his
wounds but for the blood of the hardy Highland ancestry in
his veins. Gen. Oglethorpe befriended his family, taking
William and Lachlan, his eldest sons, as cadets in his own
regiment, and caring for them as his own. In the truth of
the old adage that blood will tell, the annals of American
history are adorned with the names of his descendants, who
cling to the land of their nativity with a lofty, loyal patriot¬
ism that has ever been and ever will be a sacred virtue in
the human heart. The father of Capt. Kell was a lawyer of
distinction, the junior partner of Anthony Wayne. He died
in the prime of his life at a little over forty years of age, a
man respected and beloved, a deacon in the Presbyterian
church in the town of his nativity, Old Sunbury, Liberty
County, Ga.
At the early age of four years the subject of this sketch
was left in the care of a widowed mother, who early taught
him the sacredness of duty and the earnestness of life. At
the age of sixteen he entered the United States navy, serv¬
ing as a youth in the Mexican war, and later in Commodore
Perry's famous expedition to Japan that opened that wonder¬
ful country to the world. He served in the Paraguay expe¬
dition which threatened war with Lopez the dictator, and was
junior lieutenant of the I'ensacola navy yard when the civil
war began. Upon the secession of his native State, he
resolved to cast his fortune with her. He was given com¬
mand of a steamer for coast defense, but after three months'
john Mcintosh kell.
service was called, at the request of Capt. Semmes, to New
Orleans, assigned to duty as executive officer of the little
steamer "Sumter," the first ship to unfurl the Confeder¬
ate flag to the nations of the world on the high seas.
Later he served as the executive officer of the far-
famed "Alabama," and his record as such lives in the history
of the world. In October, 1856, Capt. Kell was married in
Macon, Ga., to Miss Julia Blanche Munroe, the daughter of
a banker in that city. Being called by Governor Gordon
from the seclusion of a quiet, happy country home, he took
the position of Adjutant-General of his native State, which
place he fills and adorns with honor and fidelity at the
present time.
JUDGE RICHARD JOHNSON,
Atlanta, Qa.
This gentleman was born in Clinton, Ga., on the 31st of
March, 1847, and is the son of Mr. F. S. Johnson and Lucia,
nee Griswold. For three years, from thirteen to sixteen
years of age, he was taught by \Y. J. Northern, afterwards
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
205
Governor of Georgia. In 1864, in the seventeenth year of
his age, he enlisted in Lee's army, in the 45th Ga. Regt.,
Thomas' Brigade, and when General Johnson surrendered, he
was one of President Davis' escort.
In 1868 he was elected County Surveyor of Jones County,
which office he held four years, during which time he read
law. In 1875 he commenced the practice of law in Clinton,
Ga., and in 1876 was appointed County Judge of Jones
County by Governor Smith; was re-appointed by Governors
Colquitt and Gordon. He was continued in that position
until 1888, when he was chosen representative to the Legisla-
JUDGB RICHARD JOHNSON.
ture. In the year 1889 he introduced into that body the
bill changing the State Constitution so as to pension Confed¬
erate soldiers ; also serving on judiciary and railroad com¬
mittees. In 1890 he was elected to the State Senate from
the Second District and was chosen chairman of the Senate
Railroad Committee. He has acted as chairman of the
County Democratic Executive Committee, member of the
Senatorial Democratic Executive Committee and also a mem¬
ber of the State Democratic Executive Committee. In 1894,
unsolicited and unexpected, he was appointed by Governor
Atkinson Secretary of Executive Department, having charge
of pensions and warrants.
In the year 1868 he was married to Miss Annie E. Gris-
wold, of Clinton, Ga., by whom he has four living children.
Judge Johnson, his family and his friends, may well look
back with pride upon a career without a blemish or blot,
keeping faith with his fellow men and loyally acquitting him¬
self with credit in all the various stations he has filled, and
may confidently look forward to a career of honor only yet
beginning.
W. H. DORSEY,
Atlanta, Ga.
Mr. Dorsey began his business career in Atlanta in 1892.
He is a member of the Laundrymen's National Association,
and when the Association met at Rochester, N. Y., in the
year 1894, it was through his influence that Atlanta was
secured as the next place of meeting, which occurred Octo¬
ber 14, 15 and 16, 1895. He has always been commended
w. H. DORSEY.
for his enterprise in this matter, contributing, as it did, in
widely advertising the city among the men of his profession
throughout the United States.
COLONEL PARK WOODWARD,
Atlanta, Ga.
Foremost among those who control the destinies of At¬
lanta, Ga., is Col. Park Woodward, superintendent of Atlan¬
ta's water works system. He exerts a potential influence
in municipal affairs, and enjoys the respect of all classes of
citizens. Mr. Woodward comes of an old and honored
family. He was born at Bluffton, South Carolina, May 4,
1847. His youth was passed there, and he was given the
best school advantages that the town afforded. In 1861 he
refugeed to Middle Georgia, and was placed under Mr. Z.
D. Harrison, a very eminent educator. In 1862 he entered
the South Carolina Military Academy. In the fall of 1863
he volunteered as a member of the famous Terrell Artil¬
lery, which went to the front from Columbus, Ga. He saw
much active service during the war, and more than once dis¬
tinguished himself for valor. The command of which he
was a member surrendered at Greensboro, N. C, and he re¬
turned to Georgia. In December, 1869, Mr. Woodward
moved to Atlanta, which was then a struggling town. He
received a most thorough mercantile training under Mr. H. I.
Kimball. Soon thereafter he accepted a position with the
Pullman Sleeping Car Company, and subsequently became
bookkeeper, and afterward business manager of the Atlanta
Herald, which was then edited by Henry W. Grady and St.
Clair Abrams. After the failure of this journal Mr. Wood¬
ward became connected with the Atlanta Constitution. Later
he served three years as chief clerk of the United States
206
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
marshal. Then for three years he was clerk of the Superior
Court. He was appointed assistant postmaster, and held
that position five years. He was then clerk of the city
council for six years, and is at present superintendent of the
water works. Mr. Woodward is now a lieutenant-colonel of
COLONEL PARK WOODWARD.
the Fifth regiment of infantry (Georgia Volunteers). He is
a strikingly handsome man, possessing a great deal of mag¬
netism, and he is as gentle as a woman. He is a man of
settled convictions, of inflexible integrity, dauntless cour¬
age and boundless industry. He is a member of many
secret organizations, and is regarded as one of the most pro¬
gressive and public-spirited citizens of Atlanta.
GENERAL 1. W. AVERY,
Atlanta, Qa.
There is probably no gentleman in the South so promi¬
nently identified with its literature and early history as Gen¬
eral I. W. Avery, the notable Atlantian who introduced the
Exposition to the people of the United States through the
press, and obtained the Government appropriation and stamp
through the commercial bodies of the different States, and
who was selected to represent the Atlanta Exposition in
foreign countries, and by whose individual efforts arrange¬
ments were completed for its exquisite exhibits. General
Avery's latest achievement has been the successful move¬
ment to build up the trade of the United States with for¬
eign countries through Southern ports. Fifteen steamship
lines have been established, and millions of dollars of trade
has already come through these ports. And the Expo¬
sition was a fruit of that movement, and as representative
of this commission he was received and honored in all coun¬
tries; in Venezuela he was decorated with their highest
order, a courtesy extended to him in recognition of surpass¬
ing merit, and services " performed for humanity and civili¬
zation." General Avery was a Southern soldier who forced
his way up from a private to that of brigadier-general of
cavalry, and in consequence has a brilliant war record. He
was afterwards editor of The Atlanta Constitution, and by
his early management and brain made it the powerful factor
that it has continued to be. His political services and nota¬
ble editorials have won him recognition and made him prom¬
inent as a writer and tireless educator. And his varied
experiences and wide knowledge of the South make him
a recognized authority in his role of historian. General
Avery is the author of "The History of Atlanta," a com¬
pendium of its events since 1850. His home is in Atlanta;
it is a pretentious mansion, whose spacious rooms have been
the scene of many a notable social function, the abode of a
cultured gentleman and hospitable entertainer.
He is a lawyer of marked ability, commissioned to prac¬
tice in the Supreme Court of the United States, a member
of the Methodist Church, fond of its work, and one of those
rare persons who is everywhere liked. That he is referred
GENERAL T. W. AVERY.
to as " Nature's nobleman " is but a just tribute to one who
is a veritable encyclopaedia of fact, and stamps him as being
a progressive, liberal-minded gentleman, enviable friend and
honored citizen.
WALTER S. BELL,
Atlanta, Oa.
The subject of this sketch was born at Chilicotte, Mo.,
Nov. 24, 1848, his father at the time being in mercantile
business and the owner of several farms. In 1856 the family,
consisting of father, mother, three boys and one girl, removed
to a farm near the town, thus securing the healthful advan¬
tages of rural life combined with the educational advantages
of the city.
The outbreak of the war, in i860, however, broke up all
the schools in that section, and from that time until 1S63,
his father being in the Confederate army under Gen. Price,
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
207
Walter S., being the eldest boy, took charge of the farm,
working it to the best of his ability.
Nearly all the property having been swept away by the
war, in July, 1863, the family started for California, going by
rail to New York, where they were delayed nine days, being
there during the famous draft riot, and finally arriving in
San Francisco after a 25-days' voyage, via the Isthmus of
Panama.
Being anxious to compensate himself as far as possible for
lack of early education, his first year in California was passed
between study in school and work in the wheat fields, and
WALTER s. BEU.
for several years thereafter he engaged in various kinds of
work, enjoying meanwhile the free, wild life of the new West¬
ern country.
In 1869 Mr. Bell came East, spending a short time in Hart¬
ford, Conn., and then locating in Atlanta, Ga., a town whose
fame was rapidly extending throughout the country.
In 1872 he engaged in the lumber business, in which, to¬
gether with manufacturing and real estate trading, he has
since been engaged.
In 1882 Mr. Bell united with the First Christian Church,
and has been prominent among its official members ever since.
In 1893 he was elected to the Board of Directors of the Y.
M. C. A., and in January, 1894, was elected President of that
Board, a position that he filled with such marked ability that
he is now serving his third successive term.
In December, 1894, Mr. Bell was elected Councilman from
the Third Ward, and appointed chairman of the Tax and
Bridge committees and member of the Finance, Salary and
School committees, all of which have felt the influence of his
cool judgment and patriotic enthusiasm. At the close of the
Exposition he was chosen one of the Council Committee to
accompany the famous Liberty Bell back to Philadelphia.
In 1873 Mr. Bell married Miss Ollie Crow, of Stockton,
Cal., and they, with their interesting children, are now living
in their beautiful home on Capitol avenue.
THE ATLANTA NATIONAL BANK.
This institution may be said to have had, since its organi¬
zation, a most phenomenal success, one which can be alone
explained and accounted for by assuming that its interests
and fortunes have been managed by men whose good and
wise judgment furnish an immunity against losses. Able
financiering alone, throughout the time since its organization,
more than thirty years ago, would have carried it so safely
and successfully through the times of crises and panics that
have intervened.
This is the oldest National Bank in Georgia, or in any of
the Cotton States, having been organized during the year
1865. Its first charter expired in 1885 and was extended
to 1905.
The originators of the enterprise were Gen. Alfred Austell,
George S. Cameron, R. H. Richards, W. H. Inman, W. H.
Tuller, Paul Romare and others, with a capital of $100,000,
under the management of the following officers: Alfred
Austell, President; W. H. Tuller, Cashier; Paul Romare,
Bookkeeper.
The average capital of the bank during its existence up to
1896 had been $1 70,000, on which dividends have been paid
ATLANTA NATIONAL BANK. (Exterior)
to the amount of $682,000. In addition to this, the bank-
held $342,729.50 as surplus and undivided profits.
At first the clerical work was all done by the cashier and
bookkeeper, but as the volume of business increased polite
and efficient men were added, until now a large force is
required to meet the daily demand of an almost army of
depositors who crowd it during business hours.
2o8
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
Dr. Wm S. ARMSTRONG, atlanta, Gi.
EX-GOVERNOR JOSEPH EMERSON BROWN (Deceased).
Joseph E. Brown was born in Pickens district, S. C.,
April 15, 1821. I lis paternal ancestors were Scotch-Irish.
The grandfather, Joseph Brown, was a Whig rebel, and
took an active part in the war for independence. The
father, Mackey Brown, was a native of South Carolina, and
served under Jackson, in the campaign of New Orleans, in
the war of 18 r 2. He married Sallie Rice, of Virginia an¬
cestry, in Tennessee, and then moved to South Carolina.
During the boyhood of Joseph, the Browns removed to,
and settled in, Union county, in northeastern Georgia. He
worked on the farm to aid the family until nineteen years
of age. Having mastered the elementary branches in the
country schools, he heard of the educational advantages
offered at Calhoun Academy, in Anderson district, S. C.,
and though it was 130 miles distant and his sole possessions
consisted of a yoke of steers, he borrowed a horse and
drove them to the vicinity of the school, where he traded
them for eight months' board, and entered the college,
going in debt for his tuition. By teaching school he got
through the second term, when in January, 1S44, he took
hold of the town academy at Canton, Ga. While teaching
this school, he read law of nights and Saturdays, without
an instructor. In 1845 'le pursued the study of law, and at
the same time earned his board by teaching the children
of Dr. John W. Lewis. The latter, appreciating the mind
apd energy of the young man, loaned him money to attend
the law school at Vale College, where he entered in October,
1845. In addition, he took a literary course, and was grad¬
uated in 1846, when he returned to Canton and entered
into practice, which soon became extensive and lucrative.
Joseph Brown's first election to public office was in 1849,
when, nominated by the Democrats of the Senatorial dis¬
trict of Cobb and Cherokee counties, he was elected by a
big majority. This General Assembly was a body of the
first significance and importance on account of the State's
rapid development, and embraced many men of mark and
merit. He was chosen presidential elector on the Pierce
ticket in 1S52, and in 1855 was elected judge of the supe-
EX-GOVERNOR JOSEPH EMERSON BROWN Deceased).
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
21 I
rior courts of the Blue Ridge Circuit over Hon. David
Irwin. He was nominated and elected governor over Ben.
H. Hill in 1857, and re-elected in 1859, defeating Hon.
Warren Aikin, of Bartow County. In 1861 he was the
third time elected, defeating the Hon. Eugenius A. Nesbitt,
and in 1863 he was elected over Joshua Hill, a Union can¬
didate and an old Whig, and T. M. Furlow, a strong seces¬
sionist, who was supported by the faction not approving of
Gov. Brown's opposition to President Davis' policy. Gov.
Brown was an active secessionist, and on January 2, 1861,
ordered Col. Alexander R. Lawton to take possession of
Forts Pulaski and Jackson, near Savannah, which was
done on the 3d. He put two regiments in the field before
the Confederacy was organized, and personally seized the
government arsenal at Augusta, and held it under the
authority of Georgia. During the war he was a vigorous
supporter of the Confederate government, but disputed with
Mr. Davis the constitutionality of the conscript measures.
During Sherman's invasion, he put into the field an army
of 10,000 men made up of State officers, youth, aged men,
and others usually exempt from military duty, but refused
to send them out of the State when requisition was made
for them by the Confederate government. The collapse of
the Confederacy abruptly ended his fourth term, and he
was arrested, carried to Washington, and confined in a mili¬
tary prison. In a few days he was released, and, return¬
ing home, went to work to upbuild his State. During the
reconstruction era, his course was criticised, but the final
conclusion of affairs vindicated his patriotism and purity of
motives. He strongly advised his State to accept the situa¬
tion, and comply with the terms of reconstruction. This
position made him unpopular, and for a time, to sustain his
views, he voted with the Republicans, openly supporting
Gen. Grant for President in 1872. Under Gov. Bullock, he
was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court for the
term of twelve years, a position he resigned in 1870 to
accept the presidency of the company that had leased the
Western & Atlantic Railroad for the term of twenty years.
The only political defeat of his life was in 1868 when
Joshua Hill was elected United States Senator by the Legis¬
lature. After 1872, he acted with the Democrats, and in
1880 was chosen United States Senator to fill the vacancy
caused by the resignation of Gen. Gordon. In 1884 he
was re-elected, with but one vote against him. After his
election in 1880, he made a speech before the Assembly
justifying his course in 1866, and declaring the results of
the war must be accepted as final. Gov. Brown, as presi¬
dent of the Western & Atlantic Railroad pursued a pro¬
gressive and liberal policy, which built up and developed
the interests of the road, and protected it against the in¬
trigues and machinations of immense and pushing systems.
Gov. Brown was married in 1847 to Elizabeth, daughter of
Rev. Joseph Grisham, a Baptist clergyman, of South Carolina.
To them have been born the following children: Julius L.,
prominent in the legal profession of Atlanta; Joseph M.,
engaged in the railroad business; Elijah A., engaged in
agriculture ; Mary, the wife of Dr. E. L. Connaly, of Atlanta;
George M., and Sarah. Franklin Pierce Brown and Chas.
M. Brown, deceased. Gov. Brown's career was one of suc¬
cess in every field. He was a statesman, jurist, lawyer,
railroader, financier, manufacturer, miner, business man and
farmer. No man has more impressed his brain and will
upon the events with which he has been connected. He
died in 1895.
JULIUS L. BROWN,
Atlanta, Ga.
J. L. Brown was born at Canton, Cherokee County, Ga.,
May 31, 1848, and is a son of Joseph E. Brown. As a
chivalric boy of sixteen, he entered the Confederate army in
1864, and fought gallantly to the end of the war. Begin¬
ning Greek under R. M. Johnson, the famous author, he was
fitted in one year to enter the junior class at the State Uni-
JCJUOS L. BROWN.
versity, where he ranked high, and became a junior and
senior orator. He was admitted to the bar in September,
1869, and was graduated from the Harvard Law School in
June, 1870, with second honors. He served as assistant to
United States District Attorney J. D. Pope until 1872, since
which time he has been sole general counsel for the West¬
ern & Atlantic Railway. He ranks among the foremost law¬
yers of the South. Suggesting the East Tennessee Railroad
Line through Georgia, he, as general counsel for Georgia,
drew up, and, after a hard contest with the Central Railway
magnates, secured the granting of a legislative charter. He
has twice declined a State Senatorial nomination and
Atlanta's mayoralty, and has been urged by the ablest men
of the State and Federal bench for United States District
Judge. He chartered the Metropolitan Co., and built up two
street railways. He was president of the Mystic Co., whose
great annual displays were closed with elegant balls. He
has been the official and chief spirit of the North Georgia
212
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
Fair Association, president of the Young Men's Library
Association, which erected a superb building; organizer
and chief officer of the large iron and coal plants, and is now
Master in Chancery of the United States Circuit Court, and
president of the Georgia Mining, Manufacturing and Invest¬
ment Co., which employs 1,500 hands, makes 44,500 tons
of pig iron, and mines 160,000 tons of coal.
As a lawyer, Mr. Brown has fixed before courts and com¬
merce commissions the important principles that the State's
railroad is not taxable; that any railroad can build telegraph
lines in Georgia, and that a common carrier can separate
RESIDENCE OF JULIUS h. BROWN.
passengers oy color. The Supreme Court reporter said that
the railroads should erect a monument to his memory, while
Chief Justice Warner declared his argument on telegraph
lines to be the best ever made in the Supreme Court of
Georgia. In all this varied business career Mr. Brown has
found time and inclination to travel through the United
States, Mexico, Canada, the Islands, Europe and Brazil; to
entertain hosts of artists and statesmen, including President
Cleveland, Vice-President Hendricks, and to become the
leading antiquarian collector in the South. 11 is exquisite
home, shown in the engraving, contains rare collections of
fans, watches, gems, porcelains, line-engravings, etchings,
books, manuscripts, and miniatures, 5,000 coins, 4,000 auto¬
graphs, the original of Moore's " Lalla Rookh," and innu¬
merable photographs of scenes and celebrities. Antiqua¬
rians commonly choose specialties. This versatile gentleman
has gleaned in every field. Equally master in business and
taste, he merits the name of an "Admirable Crichton."
He married, November 3d, 1871, Fanny G., daughter of
Tomlinson Fort, a celebrated physician, medical author, and
member of Congress, the only representative to whom John
C. Calhoun ever asked an introduction.
Probably the most remarkable house or home in Atlanta
is that of Mr. Julius L. Brown, the son of the old war gov¬
ernor. It is No. 3 in my cluster of residences, and stands
out on Washington Street. It cost $100,000, and was built
to endure or defy wear, war or fire, with granite foundation,
massive walls, hard woods, cement and tile floors, and is
rarely substantial throughout. The interior is at once the
greatest curio or museum of bric-a-brac in the South, if not
in America. Mr. Brown is a noted traveler
and collector of rarities, and has put a second
$100,000 into the world's bric-a-brac. He
pays spot cash for anything he sees and
wants, and has no idea of the total cost of his
immense and odd assortment of everything.
During an hour in his palace I turned the
pages of a volume printed in Rome before
the discovery of America; I sat in a chair
that Napoleon used; I gazed on ancient
paintings of kings and queens; I peered
into sideboards filled with centenarian queens-
ware ; I saw old jewels and coins galore
that would have staggered Edmund Russell;
I perused some stanzas from the original
MSS. of " Lalla Rookh " ; I looked into
Alexander Stevens' army portfolio; I saw
the keys of Andersonville; a great grand¬
father's clock, and drank to my host's health
from a bottle of fifty-year-old wine. Every
room is jammed with a library of books and
papers, and one of the latter is the only file
in existence of the Atlanta InUlligtnccr that
emitted red-hot sparks of secession even while
Sherman was wildly cavorting around the
Confederate citadel. Great is Julius L. Brown, of Atlanta,
and his castle of the world's lore.
DR. W. J. BELL,
Atlanta, Ga.
Walter J. Bell., A.B., M.D., son of the late Rev. J. E. Bell,
was born at Greenville, Ala., June 7, 1867. He entered
Howard College at the age of eighteen, and graduated with
the degree of A.B. June, 1888. He then began the study of
medicine under Dr. Luther L. Hill, of Montgomery, Ala.,
and later entered Tulane University Medical College, gradu¬
ating with the degree of M.D. in 1.891.
Dr. Bell returned to Alabama, where he passed a success¬
ful examination before the Alabama Medica' Board, and
commenced the practice of medicine at Prattville, Ala., where
he remained until October, 1803, when he went to Chicago,
thence to New York for a special post graduate course.
Dr. Bell entered the New York Polyclinic, where he
undertook special work on surgery and diseases of women
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
J. T. COIyCORD (with Atlanta Lumber Co.), Atlanta. Ga.
D. C. BACON (with Atlanta Lumber Co ), Atlanta, Ga.
214
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
and children under Doctors John A. Wyeth, Paul F. Munde,
W. Gill Wylie, L. Emmet Holt and others.
He was appointed January 1st, 1894, to the position of
Assistant Resident Physician to the New York Infant Asylum
and Hospital, where he remained for the full term, one year,
when he re-entered the New York Polyclinic and Hospital.
Dr. Bell was for three months associated with Dr. E. A.
Ayers, Professor of Obstetrics in the Polyclinic School, also
for a time with Dr. W. Gill Wylie, Professor of Gynecology.
While with Dr. Wylie, Dr. Bell witnessed and assisted in
much of Dr. Wylie's private surgical operating.
After completing his special work in New York, Dr. Bell
came to Atlanta, Ga., where he is now practicing his profes¬
sion and specialty.
Upon Dr. Crow's departure for Europe Dr. Bell entered
Dr. Crow's office, 156 Lee street, with Dr. Crow's full en¬
dorsement to his practice. Dr. Bell has been appointed
Dr. w. j. belt,.
Chief of the Clinic on Gynecology, also assistant to the
chair of Gynecology and Obstetrics at the Southern Medical
College.
J. C. A. BRANAN,
Atlanta, Cia.
Among the business men of Atlanta who have risen to
position from humble beginnings by their own sterling quali¬
ties and persistent work, the subject of this sketch, president
of the Branan Bros. Company, wholesale grocers, occupies a
conspicuous place.
Born in Newton County, Ga., in 1850, the family moved
to Atlanta four years later, since which time they have been
identified with the growth of that city.
At the age of sixteen he left school and commenced aiding
in his own support by carrying water to the section hands on
the Atlanta & West Point Railroad, and, proving faithful
in this capacity, he was soon promoted to the position of
brakeman, and at the ag.e of nineteen to that of conductor.
I lis father dying when he was but seventeen had left him
the sole support of his widowed mother and four sisters and
two brothers younger than himself, but he never for a moment
attempted to shirk any responsibility.
Diligent in the performance of every duty, he recejved
j c. a. branan.
steady promotion, and during eighteen years of railroad ser¬
vice he filled almost every position in the transportation and
freight departments.
In 1885 he left the railroad service and engaged in the
mercantile business, forming a partnership with his brother,
C. I. Branan, and under his direction the business has grown
and prospered until the Branan Brothers Company stands
one of the leading firms of the city.
Always realizing that the success of the individual depended
in a great measure upon the success of the community, Mr.
Branan has always been ready to lend his assistance to all
enterprises tending to promote the growth and welfare of
Atlanta, and is known as one of her most public spirited
citizens.
EDWIN F. BLODGETT,
Atlanta, Ga.
The subject of this sketch, though still in middle life, has
had a busy career and has filled with marked ability many
important and responsible positions.
Born in Augusta, Ga., July 10, 1849, was at the earlv
age of nineteen, namely, in July, 1868, appointed on the staff
of Governor Rufus B. Bullock, with the rank of colonel, ful¬
filling the duties of that position with distinction.
For nine years, from 1876 to 1885, Mr. Blodgett was con¬
nected with the Internal Revenue Service, and for some years
after with the Railway Mail Service.
From September, 1889, to March, 1894, he occupied the
position of Superintendent of the Atlanta, Ga., Post Office,
in which he inaugurated many needed reforms, greatly dim-
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
215
inishing the amount of undelivered matter, and thus relieving
the dead-letter office at Washington of much labor.
On the inauguration of the Exposition enterprise Mr.
Blodgett was appointed Chief of the Mailing Department,
October, 1894, a position for which his previous experience
edwin f. blodgett.
in various branches of the mail service especially fitted him,
and in July, 1895, he was made Assistant Secretary of the
Exposition Company, a position which he filled satisfactorily
until the business of the Company was brought to a close.
B. F. BENNETT
Atlanta, Ga.
The subject of this sketch was born in North Carolina, and
is the son of Richard and Jane Davis Bennett.
His grandfather, Micajah Davis, was one of the first to enter
d. f. bennett.
the Continental Army, and served through the entire struggle
for American independence.
At the age of twelve Mr. Bennett was thrown upon his
own resources by the death of his father and may truly be
said to be a self-made man.
For forty years a resident of Georgia, he has been identi¬
fied with the interests of Atlanta almost from its infancy,
and is a prominent member of the Pioneer Citizens' Associa¬
tion.
Being public spirited and progressive, Mr. Bennett has
always taken a deep interest in everything which tended to
promote the prosperity of his adopted city.
He married Miss Mary Hester, a daughter of one of
Georgia's influential families, and three sons and two daugh¬
ters have been reared to useful manhood and womanhood by
them.
In 1879 the Bennett Printing House was established which,
from small beginnings, has steadily grown to one of the first
printing establishments of the city, equipped with the latest
machinery and doing a large amount of the most artistic
work.
Mr. Bennett prides himself on having the only printing
house in the city that delivers work the same day the order
is received, and never failing to fulfill his promises.
ALEXANDER C. BRISCOE,
Atlanta, Ga.
The subject of this sketch' was born in Wilcox County,
Alabama, July 21, 1853. Since 1865 he has resided in At¬
lanta, Ga.
Mr. Briscoe, after attending the Boys' High School, gradu-
alexander c briscoe.
ated from Oglethorpe University, then located in Atlanta.
Later he attended Richmond College, of Richmond, Va.,
after which he went to New York, where he completed the
study of Graham's system of stenography. After completing
216
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
his education, Mr. Briscoe spent two years traveling abroad,
visiting all the principal countries of Europe, besides Egypt
and the Holy Land, returning via Constantinople. Upon
his return to America he engaged in railroading, and obtained
such a reputation as a progressive, up-to-date railroad man,
that, in 1883, he was elected Secretary of the Railroad Com¬
mission of Georgia, which position he still occupies.
As early as 1880 Mr. Briscoe taught a small class the art
of shorthand, in addition to his other duties. From the first,
his thorough knowledge of shorthand, his business expe¬
rience, and his facility in imparting instruction, made this
effort a success. Having long felt the necessity for a live,
practical business training school, in 1892 he added a busi¬
ness college to the shorthand school, which was incorporated
as the Southern Shorthand and Business University, having
associated with him a full corps of the best talent obtainable
as assistants in the various departments. This University
has taken its place as the peer of any in the country, and its
patronage is limited to no section. It is easily the best
business college in the South, having about 200 students,
and still growing. Its graduates are eminently successful in
obtaining and retaining fine positions.
No man is more honored, loved and admired than Mr.
Briscoe. In his social and church relations and in his domestic
life, he is the perfect gentleman, the faithful Christian, and a
husband and father without fault or blemish.
WELLBORN M. BRAY,
Atlanta, Ga.
Col. Bray has been a citizen of Atlanta since 1847, coming
to that city when a child. He is a graduate of the State
WELLBORN M BRAY.
successful educator, and many of Atlanta's young men received
their preparatory course under him.
He was one of the first to advocate a public school system,
in 1872, and he was appointed first principal in the school.
In 1874 he commenced the practice of law, in which he has
ever since been engaged, and is now one of the ablest mem¬
bers of the bar of Atlanta.
He has represented Fulton County in the House of Repre¬
sentatives of Georgia, in which he made a brilliant record,
his speeches on the Technological School and Convict Lease
bills being commended, and congratulated by his colleagues
in the House as well as by State Senators.
Since 1888 he has been a member of the Board of Educa¬
tion, and his experience in educational matters makes him
one of its most valued members.
In him the educational interests of Atlanta have a staunch
friend, and his labors have been appreciated by all classes of
Atlanta people.
FRED. D. BUSH,
Atlanta, Ga.
Fred. D. Bush, District Passenger Agent, Louisville &
Nashville Railroad, Atlanta, Ga., commenced railroading as
passenger conductor on the Greenville & Columbia R.R. in
University of Georgia. Soon after his graduation he entered
the army of the Confederacy, in which he served until the
close of the war. After the disbandment of the army he
came back to Atlanta and opened a school. He was a most
FRED r>. BUSH.
South Carolina, in the fall of 1869. He held this position
till spring of 1873, when he took charge of a mixed train
011 the Atlanta & Richmond Air Line R.R., which was in
process of construction between Charlotte and Atlanta,
the road being completed in October, 1873, when he took
charge of a regular passenger train and was in charge of
the first through passenger train between Charlotte and
Atlanta.
Mr. Bush remained with this road till fall of 1876,
leaving it to go to the Western & Atlantic R.R. as con¬
ductor between Atlanta and Chattanooga. In 1880 he
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
217
was made assistant yard master at Atlanta. In February,
1882, he accepted a position with the Louisville & Nash¬
ville Railroad as traveling passenger agent; in 1885 was
promoted to district passenger agent, same Company, his
present position.
Mr. Bush has an extensive acquaintance throughout the
Southeast, and with his pleasing address makes friends
wherever he goes lor himself and his railroad.
Capt. Bush has for several years been on the Board of
Trustees of Div. 181, 0. R. C., and is considered a valuable
member and a very conservative man.
J. FRANK BECK,
Atlanta, Qa.
J. FRANK BECK.
and was designed by \V. T. Downing, the well-known
architect. The interior is finished in keeping with the
Mr. Beck, the pioneer in the laundry business of Atlanta,
is President and General Manager of the Beck Steam
Laundry Co., owners of the Troy Steam Laundry, estab¬
lished for thirteen years at the same location, corner
Forsyth and Walton Streets. The Beck Steam Laundry
Co., incorporated with a capital stock of $25,000, also
owns the Atlanta Towel Supply Co. and the Atlanta Carpet
Cleaning Co.
Mr. Beck is associated with Mr. G. Bates as proprietors
of the Southern Dye Works. Beginning with a capital of
a few hundred dollars, in one room, the business has grown,
under skillful management, until now they do a business
of $50,000 a year, occupying the entire
building with several others adjoining, and
employing sixty people. It requires eight
wagons constantly for the collecting and
delivering of goods. The business is prob¬
ably the largest of its kind in the South,
its phenomenal growth being due to untiring
energy, good management, and skillful ad¬
vertising, together with the reputation, con¬
stantly upheld, of doing a high grade of
laundry work.
It is one of the younger industries of the
city, built up by young men. Mr. Beck is
thirty-two years of age, and thoroughly
identified with the interests of the city.
His home, situated on the Boulevard, is one
of the handsomest in the city. He has
been honored with positions of responsibility,
being closely identified with the work of the
Young Men's Christian Association as a
member of its Board of Directors, and
formerly its president, an officer of his
church, the Central Congregational, and an
officer in several business corporations.
The residence of Mr. J. Frank Beck is
located on the Boulevard, Atlanta, Ga., and is one of the
handsomest homes on this beautiful street. It occupies a
commanding position on the corner of North Avenue. The
house is of the colonial and empire style of architecture,
beauty of the exterior in hard woods, and is thoroughly
artistic throughout.
Large grounds surround the home which in summer show
the highest cultivation.
RESIDENCE Of J. FRANK BECK.
Gardening is Mr. Beck's favorite pastime, and his skill
and taste are apparent in the beautiful effects secured in
foliage and flower beds, and well kept lawn.
Mr. Beck is well known as the proprietor of the Troy
BROOKWOOD
VIEWS, ATLANTA, OA.
A TLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
Steam Laundry, the oldest as well as the largest establish¬
ment of the kind in the city.
His thrift and business success is evinced in the above
handsome home.
A. C. BRUCE,
Atlanta, Ga.
A. C. Bruce, architect, was born in Fredericksburg, Va.,
March 16, 1835. His father, Robert C Bruce, was of Scotch
family, and descended from Bruce, Earl of Elgin. His
mother, Mary, was a daughter of James Young, of England.
His father removed to Nashville when A. C. Bruce was
twelve years of age. He had an academic education, and
was early trained by his father in carpentering and building
as a trade, and at the same time studied architecture with H.
M. Akeroid, a prominent English architect.
He was there employed upon the most important buildings
in Nashville. His first instruction in architecture was di¬
rected to the study of public buildings of the day, and Mr.
a. c. BRUCE.
Bruce made public structures a specialty, and at the close of
the war opened an office in Knoxville, Tenn. He designed
a number of court houses and public buildings in that sec¬
tion, prominent among them being the Chattanooga Court
House.
In the spring of 1879 he removed to Atlanta, Ga.,
and formed a partnership with Mr. W. H. Parkins which con¬
tinued for about four years, after which he associated himself
with Mr. Thomas H. Morgan, under the firm name of Bruce
& Morgan, which immediately rose into prominence as the
leading architectural firm in Georgia. It has designed some
of the most important public and private buildings in that
and contiguous States.
By virtue of Mr. Brace's long experience in the construc¬
tion of public buildings, he was selected by the United States
Government to superintend its magnificent building at the
2 19
Cotton States and International Exposition at Atlanta, which
is universally conceded to be one of the best arranged, as well
as most imposing structures on the grounds, and in conse¬
quence of this creditable testimonial of Mr. Bruce's ability in
the direction above named he enjoys a most enviable reputa¬
tion in this line of work.
l. j. CAUAHAN, Atlanta, ga.
JOHN S. CANDLER,
Atlanta, Ga.
John S. Candler was born October 22, 1861, in Carroll
County, Ga. He was admitted to the bar in 1882, and ap-
JOHN S. CANDLER.
pointed Solicitor-General of the Stone Mountain Circuit in
October, 1887, and elected for four years by the General As¬
sembly in 1888, and again in 1892, both times without
A TLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
opposition. On January 16, 1884, he married Miss Lula
Garnier, of Jacksonville, Fla., who is a daughter of Colonel
Isadore Garnier. Colonel Candler graduated in the Boys'
High School, of Atlanta, in 1877, and at Emory College,
Oxford, Ga., in 1880. He was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel
of the Georgia Volunteers by Governor A. H. Stevens in
February, 1883, and served on the staff of Governors
Stevens, Boynton, and McDaniel. He was appointed Judge
Advocate General of Georgia, October 12, 1886, with rank
of Colonel and held same until November, 1893, when he was
transferred to the command of the 5 th Regt. Inf. Ga. Volun¬
teers by Governor Northen. In addition to military promi¬
nence he stands high in the church, having been elected as a
delegate to the Southern Methodist General Conference in
St. Louis in 1890, being the youngest man who held a seat
in that body of representative churchmen. In addition to
his work as Solicitor-General of his circuit he has a large civil
practice in the courts. He has two children, a son aged ten,
and a daughter aged two. He resides at a beautiful country
home at Edgewood, DeKalb Co.
Cobb, was Secretary of the Treasury, Speaker of the House
of Representatives, and President of the Provisional Congress
J. J. BARNES, Sheriff, Fulton Co, Atlanta, Ga.
THOS. R. R. COBB,
Atlanta, Ga.
Thos. R. R. Cobb was born at Athens, Ga., August 2,
1868. He entered the profession of law at Athens, Ga.,
1889, practiced there two years, and then removed to
Atlanta, where he has since been engaged in the same pro¬
fession. He married Miss Maud M. Barker, of Atlanta,
October 9, 1891, who was the daughter of C. P. N. Barker,
a prominent citizen of Atlanta.
Mr. Cobb comes of historic people. His father is Judge
of the City Court at Athens. His grandfather, Gen. 1 lovvell
THOS. R R COBB.
of the Southern Confederacy, filling all these high positions
of trust with credit to himself and the country.
The subject of this brief sketch is a gifted orator, a man
of letters, and stands high in his profession.
Dr. J. M. CRAWFORD,
Atlanta, Ga,
James Madison Crawford was born December 17, 1854, in
Talbot County, Ga. His father was J. J. Crawford, and his
mother, before marriage, was Miss Martha King.
DR. J. M CRAWHOKD.
In March, 1884, Dr. Crawford entered his chosen profes¬
sion, medicine, and it was but a short time before his great
talents showed themselves in special lines. In 1886 he con¬
cluded to confine himself to special practice in the treatment
interior of residence of dr. henry h. wilson-
222
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
of diseases of the eye, ear, throat and nose. He soon at¬
tained eminence in this province of work. A little later he
became associated with the distinguished oculist and aurist,
Dr. Calhoun, and to-day there is scarcely a more celebrated
firm of medical practitioners in the United States.
In 1878 Dr. Crawford married Miss Lizzie Dismukes, and
his domestic life has been a model of marital felicity.
No physician is more successful and popular than Dr.
Crawford. Still a young man, as the world counts youth in
the scientific professions, he is doubtless destined to yet more
brilliant achievements in the future.
riajor JAMES fl. COUPER,
Atlanta, Ga.
Major James M. Couper, who is now Assistant Postmaster
of Atlanta, was born near Brunswick, Ga., where he was
educated as a civil engineer, which profession he had hardly
begun when he joined the Confederate Army in 1861. He
was in many battles and did good service throughout the
war. At the siege of Vicksburg he was the man who
responded to General Pemberton's call for a volunteer to
take important despatches to General Johnson. So closely
was the city invested by Grant's forces it was deemed
almost certain death to enter on this perilous undertaking;
but he made the venture, attended by his faithful servant,
Allen, and after passing through 20 miles of Grant's army
he reached General Johnson's headquarters and delivered
the dispatches, not without having encountered some hair¬
breadth escapes from the sentinels along the lines. From
1865 to 1882, when Major Couper made Atlanta his home,
Major JAMES M. COUPER.
he resided in Glinn County. His grandfather, John Couper,
of Scotland, settled on the coast of Georgia in 1790, and was
among the original rice and sea-island cotton planters of that
section. His father, James Hamilton Couper, continued this
industry, and was known among literary and scientific men
on both sides of the waters. His models of extensive plan¬
tations were visited by personages of note from home and
abroad previous to 1861. After the war he planted rice
plantations on a large scale. For more than a decade his
home and interests have been in the Piedmont regions of
Georgia. He is a type of Southern manhood, and the wel¬
fare of the whole South is as dear to him as that of Georgia,
whether down on the ocean or up on the mountains. He is
among the many earnest men of his generation who have
prepared the way and built the bridge connecting the old
and the new South.
Hrs. Z. ADAMS CUTTEN.
No nobler work occupies woman to-day than that of the
kindergarten, and no more exalted phase of that noble work
can be found than that done by the Free Kindergarten as¬
sociations, which are striving on all sides to rescue poor
MRS. Z. ADAMS CUTTEN.
babies from the degradation and evil yawning before them
even as they take their first steps. Among the names which
we hear with admiration and gratitude in connection with
this movement, that of Mrs. Z. Adams Cutten is deeply rev¬
erenced wherever, through many States, her work is known.
It would take a volume rather than our slight sketch to tell
of this woman's achievements in the sublime cause she has
espoused. We can give here but one brief chapter out of
her life-work, and from this all may judge of her ability, her
self-renunciation and her devotion to the cause.
In 1892, Mrs. Cutten founded a "training school for kin-
dergartners " in Pittsburg, Pa. Before her first three years
of labor in that city were over she had organized a strong
and able Free Kindergarten Association and twelve free
kindergartens. Think of that for one frail woman's work,
through sorrow and pain, for the death of a deeply-beloved
child had led her into the kindergarten movement, and the
A TLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
223
CRAIG COFIELD, ESQ.,
Atlanta, Ga.
This gentleman is a native of the
State of Ohio, having been born in
Noble County, July 23, 1854. His
educational advantages were limited,
but he made the most of his meagre
opportunities. As he followed the
plow handles across the fields, he fre¬
quently indulged his fancy in ambitious
day-dreams, and hoped to see the time
when he could leave the furrows and
mount the ladder of fame and fortune.
At the age of twelve years he moved
with his father to the pioneer State of Minnesota, lo¬
cating about one hundred miles west of Minneapolis. Up
to his eighteenth year his life was simply that of a
country boy, with nothing of special interest to record in his
biography. After leaving the farm he spent two years in
the city of Minneapolis. Returning, however, to his home
on the prairies, he took a responsible position in a large
flouring mill. Here he fell in love with the daughter of the
president of the mill company, and subsequently, at the age
of twenty-two, was united in marriage to the same fair indi¬
vidual, Miss Jennie Locke. Having laid by a little money,
he conceived the idea of building a grain elevator. He
secured a partner and located his enterprise at one of the
CHAMBERLAIN-JOHNSON CO'S STORE, WHITEHALL STREET, ATLANTA, GA.
A fire broke out in the elevator and swept away the entire
plant. They were not permitted to rebuild the elevator on
the same foundations, as the city fire limits had been ex¬
tended in the meantime.
In 1887 he located at Annison, Ala., and entered the real
^estate business, and through his influence brought considera¬
ble capital to the South, taking up life insurance about the
same time and making a profound study of that important
branch. He became the State agent for a leading insurance
company of the North, and after trying his hand at this
work for a short time, he decided to adopt the insurance
business for a livelihood. His ambition was to organize a
home institution and keep in this section of the country a
" Cutten Memorial Kindergarten " of Alleghany still exists
as a beautiful monument to the memory of the little son she
lost.
Having finally induced the city to adopt the kindergarten
as a part of the public school system, and seeing her associ¬
ation so thoroughly organized and with liberal funds perma¬
nently subscribed, Mrs. Cutten resigned her superintendency
in Pittsburg in order to take up the work in the South, which
seemed just then to need her more urgently. I11 April of
1895 she came to Georgia, and in three months had two free
kindergartens opened, one in Columbus, Ga., and the other
in Atlanta, with strong kindergarten associations supporting
them, the one in Atlanta, Ga., organized by herself, and the
other by the Barclay Mission of Atlanta.
What need to say more? Can any one be so dull as to
fail to read the lesson of such courage,
devotion and unselfishness as Mrs.
Cutten has shown ? Her enthusiasm
has been equaled only by her fine
judgment and her magnificent organ¬
izing ability, and added thereto her
perfect mastery of the philosophy and
methods of kindergarten work. To
quote the words of a prominent edu¬
cator of Pennsylvania: " She is a
woman among women and a teacher
of teachers."
wheat stations near Wilmar. The venture proved to be a
most successful one, and quite a handsome sum of money
was realized from the investment. Later on Mr. Cofield
sold out his interest in the business and became traveling
agent for the Northwestern Grain Dealers' Association. Two
years later, in company with other grain men, he built a
cleaning and dry house for grain at Duluth, and afterwards
organized the Duluth and Western Elevator Company, of
which organization he was made the general manager. Here
he became associated with Mr. F. R. Bunker, who has since
been interested with him in the management of the Bankers'
Guarantee Fund Life Association. By this time Mr. Cofield
had become familiar with the grain industry and intended to
devote his life to that employment. Circumstances, how¬
ever, intervened and prevented the execution of his purpose.
224
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
portion of the money which was yearly paid to Northern
companies. With this in view he came to Atlanta in 1894. He
discussed his plans with the leading business men of the city,
and found no difficulty 111 securing a board of the most pro¬
gressive financiers and business men of Atlanta. Mr. Co-
field's talent and standing as an insurance man received a
just tribute of recognition during the last session of the Mu-
CRAIG COFIELD, ESQ.
tual Life and Accident Underwriters' Association, held in
Atlanta during the Exposition, October, 1895. He was
elected to the honorable position of secretary of that honor¬
able body for the year 1896, and the confidence thus reposed
in him by his brainy competitors is an augury of still greater
honors in store for him in his chosen field. He is the gen¬
eral manager of the Bankers' Guarantee Fund Life Associa¬
tion, is possessed of superb business qualifications, of vig¬
orous health and rare magnetic qualities, and succeeds in
making friends without the least apparent difficulty. Com¬
ing to Atlanta in 1894 acquainted with but few in the city,
he undertook to organize a company for the purpose of
keeping in the South a portion of the large volume of insur¬
ance money which yearly finds its way to the North and
East. He not only succeeded in the patriotic enterprise,
but the record which the company has made, under his able,
sagacious management, has been simply phenomenal. He
has a charming family—a wife and three daughters.
diss ELLA n. POWELL,
Atlanta, Ga.
This gracious, charming woman has historic lineage. Her
grandfather, Dr. Chapman Powell, was one of the pioneer
settlers of Georgia when it was still the Indian hunting
ground, a man eminent in the medical profession, one of the
early settlers of Atlanta, prominent in State politics, and one
of the largest property owners of the city. Her great-grand¬
father on the mother's side, Uriah Hardeman, was an officer
of distinction in the American Revolution of 1776. Her
father, Dr. Yielding T. Powell, is a distinguished member of
his profession, of broad culture, great geniality, a fluent
writer and speaker, and has for eight years been president
of the Georgia State Eclectic Medical Association. His
annual addresses are filled with profound reasoning and phil¬
osophy, blended with a poetic charm which suggested the
power of heredity as exhibited in his gifted daughter. Miss
Powell has written much, having early developed a penchant
that way, including short stories, journalistic letters, poems,
and two novels : " Winona*" and " The Women Who Laugh."
They are full of thought and feeling and portray with faith¬
ful hand the ambitions, the foibles and passions, both good
and evil, that make or mar the course of life and show us
some phases of human character in the contemplation of which
those who are cast down may be lifted up. She is a cultivated,
accomplished musician, has sung much in public, was a pupil
of Delle Sadie in Paris; but the strongest and most effi¬
cient executive work of her life was in aid of the International
and Cotton States Exposition in Atlanta and New York dur¬
ing the year 1895. A stranger in New York at the time,
young and inexperienced in all such matters, she undertook
and succeeded in interesting a busy people in a cause com¬
paratively unknown to them and far removed. A modest
diffidence at first caused hesitation, but she soon saw and felt
it to be an opportune time and place to bring the North and
South more closely together, and realized that the work
represented a cause broad and beneficial to all the South and
Southwest. She succeeded in gaining the confidence and
Miss Kr.T.A M. POWEI.L.
sympathy of the Northern press in behalf of what soon be¬
came the cause dear to her heart; organized a committee in
New York, became its active chairman, and worked untiringly
until illness from over-exertion required her resignation. The
New York room in the Woman's Building was one of the
results of her effort, which she accomplished with an artistic
and financial success of which she may ever feel justly proud.
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
225
She sustained the work until the State Commission of New
York, which was not appointed until some months afterward,
saw the importance of her success, fostering it thereafter dur¬
ing the entire Exposition as a part of the State exhibit. In
recognition of her great success she was made one of two
honorary members of the Board of Managers of the Exposi-
tian. One of the directors expressed himself enthusiastically
in the belief that her work was the most remarkable of any
connected with that great success.
Miss Powell's kindness of heart and. gentle, broad tender¬
ness and sympathy and philanthropy-are exhibited in many
captivating ways, and Dr. Holmes' verse, with the slightest
change, fits exactly :
" You hear that girl laughing?
You think she's all fun ,
But the angels laugh, coo,
At the good she has done;
The children all laugh
As they troop to her cal!,
And the poor man who knows her
Laughs loudest of all! "
Dr. WILLIAM EDWARD CAMPBELL,
Atlanta, Qa.
Dr. Campbell was born May 27, 1865, at Belton, S. C.
He was educated in private schools and graduated in medi¬
cine at the University of the City of New York and Bellevue
Hospital in March, 1888. He practiced in his native town
JOHN R. DICKEY,
Atlanta, Oa.
John R. Dickey was born August 11, 1857, at Mineral
Bluff, Fannin Co., Ga. He came to Atlanta in 1880 and
kept books for a few years and afterwards went in the railroad
business as cashier in the freight office of the W. & A. R'y,
and remained there ten years. He married Miss Lucy Fox,
of Atlanta, formerly of Marion, Ala., in October, 1889, and has
lived in Atlanta ever since. He was raised on a farm and
growing up just after the war when his father's property, like
all the other Southerners, had been swept away, he had to
work a portion of the year and go to school whenever he
DR. WILLIAM EDWARD CAMPBELL.
until December, 1892. At that time he returned to New
York and took up the special study of the eye, ear, nose and
throat, remaining there until June, 1894, when he removed
to Atlanta. He has remained in that city ever since, and is
a member of the Atlanta Society of Medicine.
lS
JOHN R. DICKEY.
got the chance, and was never enabled to take a collegiate
education. In 1889 he came to Atlanta and took a course
in the commercial college and went to work as stated. He
has been connected with the Georgia Stove Works as secre¬
tary and treasurer ever since its organization. He is a
mason and has been a W. M. of the lodge of this city. He
is also a member of the Royal Arch Masons, the Knights
Templar, and also of the Baptist Church of Atlanta.
MILTON DARGaN.
Atlanta, Ga.
Milton Dargan was born February 22, 1862, at Sumpter,
S. C. He was educated there and at Furman University,
Greenville, S. C., and afterwards at the U. S. Naval Acad¬
emy at Annapolis, Md. After leaving Annapolis, in 1883,
he went to Texas and entered the office of Dargan & Treze-
vant, fire insurance, and remained with them four years. He
was elected secretary of the Texas Fire Underwriters' Asso¬
ciation, with headquarters at Houston, Texas, where he lived
two years and was then appointed southwestern special
agent and adjuster of the Queen Insurance Co. of England,
226
A TLA.VTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE
and served in that capacity until appointed manager of the
southern department of the Lancashire Insurance Co. of
Manchester, England, which department embraces all the
MILTON DARGAN.
southern and southwestern states, with office at Atlanta, Ga.
He has been residing in Atlanta since January, 1894.
Miss ELIZABETH HART DeBELLE,
Atlanta, Ga.
Among the many women of bright intellect and great
culture who make the Women's Press Club of Georgia a
source of pride to the state, none are more admired than
Miss ELIZABETH HART DeBF.LLE,
Miss Elizabeth Hart DeBelle, one of the youngest and
cleverest members.
Miss DeBelle was born in the romantic southern city of
Mobile, Ala., scarcely more than a score of years ago ; her
father, Mr. Robert F. DeBelle, having married Miss Bliss,
daughter of James I.. Bliss, of that place. But Georgia may
claim the brilliant young woman, as her parents removed
to this state when she was very young, and she has been
entirely educated here.
Miss DeBelle's friends predict for her a successful career
in the literary world, and they are justified in such antici¬
pations. Already, in the brief time since she took her
college degree, with especial distinction in Latin, Greek and
belles lettres, she has written some articles of great merit,
book reviews, historical papers, and miscellaneous sketches,
all showing a finely poised intelligence, rare discernment and
judgment, incisive discrimination and admirable scholar¬
ship. Her critical ability is of an unusually high order, and
some of her best productions are in the line of reviews.
In addition to Miss DeBelle's literary and scholarly attain¬
ments she possesses rare histrionic talent, and the career of
the stage has been frequently urged upon her. This she has
steadily resisted, greatly preferring other phases of activity
and usefulness.
From one who so early displays talents and accomplish¬
ments thus varied and attractive, all good achievements may
reasonably be expected when her powers have reached their
full meridian.
Dr. JULIUS ARTHUR CHILDS,
Atlanta, Ga.
Dr. Julius Arthur Childs, one of Atlanta's rising young
physicians, was born on his father's farm in Mitchell Co., X.
C., August 13th, 1858, and resided there until he was seven¬
teen. In 1875 he went to Lincolnton, N. C., and accepted a
mercantile position with a relative, in which capacity he was
Dr. JULIUS ARTHUR CHILDS
occupied for two years, when he went into the marble busi¬
ness in Lincolnton, where he continued until January, 1882,
when he removed to Chester, S. C., continuing the same
business. In October, 1885, he entered the Medical Col¬
lege of the State of South Carolina at Charleston, where
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
227
he graduated with honor in March, 1888, winning an ap¬
pointment on the staff of the Charleston City Hospital.
This he accepted and retained for one year. He then
located in Greenville, S. C., for a short time, but in
October, 1889, he removed to Atlanta, Ga., where he
has since practiced his profession. Dr. Childs is a mem¬
ber of the Medical Society of Atlanta, and has served
as its vice-president and secretary. He is also a mem¬
ber of the State Medical Association. Dr. Childs is sur¬
geon to the Medical Department, Georgia Volunteers, hav¬
ing been commissioned with the rank of captain February
6, 1894. He was married January, 1892, to Susie, daughter
of the late Daniel Pittman, for many years ordinary of Fulton
Co. He is of northern extraction, his father having been
born in Massachusetts, in 1810. Dr. Childs' mother, Delia
Osborn, was born in New York state, the daughter of Dr.
Obediah Osborn, who was born in 1768, and when twelve
years old joined the revolutionary army as a drummer boy ;
and carried a gun from 1781 to the close of the war in 1783.
He was also in the war of 1S12, and died in 1872, at the
age of 103.
H. T. EDGAR,
Atlanta, Ga.
Was born in New Jersey, June 25, 1869, and was educated
at New Brunswick, N. J., and began work in the electrical
field at the Edison Electric Light Plant, January 1,1886. In
the fall of 1886 he joined the Engineering Department of the
Edison Electric Light Company, New York City, and was
connected with the Engineering Departments of the Edison
United Manufacturing Company, the Edison General Electric
Company and the General Electric Company up to January
1st, 1893, when he was appointed General Manager of the
H. T. EDGAR.
Georgia Electric Light Company, Atlanta, Ga. During his
connection with the Engineering Department of the various
Edison companies he was engaged in installing the meter
system in the electric light plants at New Orleans, La.;
Erie, Pa.; Easton, Pa. ; Scranton, Pa. ; Canton and Dayton,
CUSTOM HOUSE AND POST OFFICE. ATLANTA, GA.
228
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
Ohio; Winnipeg, Manitoba, and Toronto, Canada. He was
employed for two years on underground electric wires in New
York City and assisted in setting up dynamos in the large
electric light plant in Cincinnati and Milwaukee, and built the
electric switchboards and installed the meter system in both
these places. He also made a technical canvass of the cities
of Omaha, Sioux City and Buffalo, with a view to introduc¬
ing the Edison system of electric lighting. In October, 1894,
he was appointed Secretary of the Georgia Electric Light
Company. At the present time he holds the position of
Secretary and General Manager.
Hon. SAMUEL C. DUNLAP,
Atlanta, Qa.
Hon. Samuel C. Dunlap was born on the yth day of Janu¬
ary, 1848, in Gwinnett County, Ga., being the fourth child
of James C. and Rebecca A. Dunlap.
The father of the subject of this sketch is one of the old
landmarks of Georgia. "Uncle Jimmie Dunlap," as he is
HON. SAMUEL C. DUNI.AP.
familiarly called, is perhaps the best-known man in this state.
Although quite old he is yet very active and his mind is as
clear and vigorous as in his earlier days.
At the early age of seventeen years Samuel C. Dunlap
entered the army and made a gallant soldier until the con¬
federate stars went down in defeat. After the war he re¬
turned home, read law with Hon. N. L. IIutchins, the present
able judge of the Western Circuit of Georgia, and was ad¬
mitted to the bar at Lawrenceville, Ga., on the 20th of May,
1869, and commenced the practice of his chosen profession
in Monroe, Ga., in November of that year.
On the 1st of March, 1872, he removed to Gainesville,
Hall Co., Ga., where he has resided ever since. Mr. Dunlap
was married to Miss Minnie R. Thompson, a beautiful and
charming woman, 011 the 1st day of February, 1871, and
seven children blessed this union, Maggie A., James T.,
Samuel C., Jr., Minnie M., Mary, Fannie and Edgar B.
Mr. Dunlap is eminently a man of affairs. He has applied
himself vigorously to the practice of his chosen profession
and attained great success as a lawyer. He has large farm¬
ing interests to which he devotes considerable time and is a
thoroughly progressive citizen. He takes an active interest
in every enterprise that looks to the development of his sec¬
tion, and to him Gainesville is largely indebted for the pro¬
gressive spirit and enterprise that characterized her.
Mr. Dunlap has not been an office seeker but has always
taken an active interest in political affairs, preferring rather
to help his friends attain position than to enter himself per¬
sonally into scrambles for office. He was United States Cir¬
cuit Court Commissioner from 1877 to 1884; was Mayor of
the City of Gainesville two terms during the years 1884 and
1885, and in May of 1893 was appointed by President
Cleveland to the position he now so ably fills—United States
Marshal for the Northern District of Georgia. In each of
these positions he has brought to bear, in the discharge of
his duties, sound judgment, practical business sagacity, and
a high order of ability and has given universal satisfaction
to the public. It is said to be largely due to Mr. Dunlap's
strong personality that President Cleveland appointed him
to his present position and the manner in which he has dis¬
charged the duties of his office sustains the President and
shows that no better appointment could have been made
Mr. Dunlap's home life is a poem. He is a great family
man. With a charming wife and devoted children, living in
an elegant residence, on a beautiful street, in a lovely city—
an atmosphere of refinement and elegance pervades his entire
surroundings. His social qualities are well developed and
he entertains right royally. In all the relations of life his
career has been one of success. With a strong individuality,
great courage and devotion to friends and principle, he has
forged to the front and the future for him is safe.
THOHAS EGLESTON,
Atlanta, Ga.
South Carolina claims the honor of being the birthplace
of the brilliant and popular president of the South Eastern
Tariff Association, elected in 1894. He belongs to one of
the famous families of that state, who share with the Dray-
tons and Grimkes an ancestry second to none in this coun¬
try. Among the young men who adorn the ranks of fire
underwriters in the South, few have achieved in so brief a
time a position of such trust and importance.
Mr. Egleston began his apprenticeship in 1872, when a
mere youth, as a clerk in the agency firm of James H. Low
& Co., in Atlanta. His promotion was speedy, and he soon
passed the agency grade, being appointed special agent of
the Hartford Fire Insurance Co. in 1883, and two years later
general agent of that company for the entire South. Thus
it will be seen that in a decade of service, he rose to the
top-most rung of the ladder purely by the pre-eminence of
A TLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
229
his ability, his integrity, and zealous attention to duty in its
every phase. If further proof of his capacity and business
powers were needed, we would only point to the number of
times when he has, by the unanimous vote of his associates
filled positions of importance upon the Executive Committee
thomas egleston.
of the South Eastern Tariff Association, and that finally he
has been called to the highest office in that organization.
Few men in any state have the enviable professional record
that Mr. Egleston has. Gifted with rare executive ability,
prompt and fearless in every move approved by his fine
judgment, ready, accurate, large-brained, he has the intellect
that conquers in whatsoever walk of life it chooses, and his
friends are justified in pointing with pride to his successes
of the past and in prophesying yet more of his future.
Dr. JOHN G. EARNEST,
Atlanta, Ga.
Dr. J. G. Earnest was born May 16, 1842. His father,
Nicholas \V. Earnest, was born in Green County, Tenn., at
the old place, settled by his father before Tennessee became
a State. His ancestors on his mother's side were farmers and
merchants from the time they came to this country, about
200 years ago. His mother was Miss Martha Cannon, daugh¬
ter of Mr. William Cannon of Seviar County, Tenn.
Dr. Earnest was educated at Emory and Henry College,
Va., and entered the Confederate army at the beginning of
the war and served to the closing, when he was appointed
First Lieutenant of the 60th Tennessee Regiment. He
graduated from Jefferson Medical College in the spring of
1867 and served in the Lying-in Hospital immediately after
graduation. He began the practice of medicine the follow¬
ing year at Morristown, Tenn., but after a few months re¬
moved to Mossy Creek, where he remained until 1874, when
he moved to Newnan, Ga. He practiced in Newnan until
1881, when he came to Atlanta, Ga., and was elected surgeon
to the Grady Hospital, physician to Jennie Inman Orphan¬
age, and to the Hebrew Orphan Home.
Dr. Earnest has also been a frequent contributor to medi¬
cal literature and various medical societies. He is a member
of the State Medical Association of Georgia and of the
dr. j. g earnest
Southern Surgical Society. A noble citizen, a skillful sur¬
geon and physician and a Christian gentleman, Dr. Earnest
has won the esteem and affection of all who know him, and
has accomplished untold good in his profession and in the
walks of private life.
Mrs. MARY ROGERS GREGORY,
Atlanta. Ga
Mrs Mary Rogers Gregory, the artist, was born in Appa-
lachicola, Fla., and raised in Columbus, Ga. Her maiden
mrs. mary rogers gregory.
Atlanta, homes and people.
w. d. cash, atlanta, ga.
m. t, CASE), Atlanta, Ga.
w. A. DODSON, Atlanta. Ga.
F M. HUGHES, Atlanta, Ga.
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
name was Mary Bland Rogers. She became the wife, at an
early age, of Dr. John R. Gregory, of a well-known Talla¬
hassee family Mrs. Gregory is one of the most distinguished
artists of the South. She has painted portraits of many of
the leading men and women of Georgia. Among her
best known works are portraits of Hon. Ben. H. Hill,
Judge James Jackson, Henry Grady, Mary E. Bryan and
others.
The legislature of Georgia paid her the high compliment
of appointing her to paint the full length portrait of Hon.
Alex. Stephens and Hon. Herschel V. Johnson for the state.
These heroic pictures adorn the walls of the capitol at
Atlanta. She holds a life membership in the " Academy of
Fine Arts," in Philadelphia, where she studied for several
years. She also worked in the Cooper Institute, New York,
and has had training under several noted European artists.
Mrs. Gregory had several pictures in the art department of
the Cotton States and International Exposition in the Art
Building and in the Woman's Building. Her life-size portrait
of Hugh McCall, the first historian of Georgia, is a very
striking picture.
Dr. J. B. S. HOLHES,
Atlanta, Ga.
A native of North Georgia, Dr. J. B. S. Holmes stands
out pre-eminently as a physician. He was born in Early
County, Ga., on the banks of the Chattahooche, May ist,
S. HOI.MRS.
1852. He was the son of Dr. J. B. S. Holmes and Mrs. E.
J. Holmes, and was given his father's full name, whose pro¬
fession he adopted. In 1869 he went to Rome and studied
medicine under Dr. G. W. Holmes, his uncle. In 1870-71
he attended his first lecture at Jefferson Medical College,
Philadelphia, finishing his course handsomely, but was re¬
fused his diploma on account of his extreme youth (nineteen
years), which was under the limit of that institution. He
graduated from the Atlanta Medical College the same year
without the question of his age being raised. After eight
years of successful practice at Rome, he spent the winter of
1884 in New York City, and came home with the added dis¬
tinction of an honorable diploma from the New York Poly¬
clinic. He is a director in the Tribune, the Rome Land
Company, the street railway and dummy line, the Rome
Railroad, and the Chattanooga, Rome and Columbus Rail¬
road, for which, President Williamson says, he furnished the
original inspiration. At the early age of thirty-six he has
attained a magnificent practice, the largest enjoyed by any
physician in the South not a specialist. In 1891 he erected
a large sanitarium in Rome, Ga., for the treatment of dis¬
eases of women. This institution, after a successful career
of eighteen months, was burned in January, 1893.
In order to be entirely freed from general practice and
devote his professional work exclusively to the diseases of
women, and to have a larger field, he decided to remove
to Atlanta, and began in the spring of 1894 the erection
of a sanitarium for the diseases of women in that city.
The institution opened in the fall of that year, and is
now being successfully conducted. In July, 1894, he
was elected adjunct professor of Obstetrics and Gyne¬
cology in the Southern Medical College of Atlanta.
He held this position and lectured during the winter of
1894-95 in that institution, but in the spring of 1895,
in order to devote his entire time to an increasing pri¬
vate practice, he resigned his professorship. Dr. Holmes
has been president of the Georgia State Medical Association ;
the Tri-State Medical Association (Georgia, Alabama and
Tennessee), and vice-president of the Southern Surgical and
Gynecological Association. He is now a member of the
American Medical Association and of the American Asso-
tion of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. He has never held
civil or military office of any kind—always declining in order
to give his entire time to his profession.
JAflES P. FIELD,
Atlanta, Ga.
This popular portrait painter, of Atlanta, was born at
Dahlonega, Ga. He commenced his career in Atlanta, in
1872, as shipping clerk in a wholesale grocery store ; where
nine years of faithful service secured promotion, until he
was admitted as a partner in the business, and so continued
until the firm was dissolved. Then he decided to make art
his life work, and he went immediately to Knoxville, Tenn.,
and pursued the study of drawing under Mr. Lloyd Branson.
After a course in drawing here he settled in Savan¬
nah, Ga.
Going to New York to study painting he was a pupil of
George H. Storey, now art director of the Metropolitan
Museum of Art. Failing health obliged him to abandon
his work in Savannah, where he had met with much success
in his profession. Returning to Atlanta he proceeded to
i-nild up a reputation second to none. It had always been
232
A TLA NT A, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
his ambition to perfect himself, under the best advantages ;
so in 1890, through assistance and patronage of prominent
citizens of Atlanta, he sailed for Paris, accompanied by his
wife and son.
Three years of diligent study in Paris, at the " Academie
Julian," put the finishing touches to an art education com¬
menced under such difficulties. He chose the class taught
by MM. Jules Lefebvre, Benjamin Constant, and Lucien
Doucet, continuing later under MM. Jean Paul Laurens
J P. FIELD.
and L. A. Girrardot, the study of drawing and composition,
and finally receiving instruction in color from Messrs. F. A.
Bridgeman and Henry Moshler.
Having carried with him to Paris commissions to copy
many of the pictures in the gallery of the Louvre, he had
the best of opportunity to study the old masters. He
studied carefully Rembrandt, Vandyck and Raphael who
became his favorites. The influence of the fine qualities of
these masters can be traced in his work to-day.
Mr. Field has not confined himself to portrait paint¬
ing, but has made considerable fame as a figure and
landscape painter. At this time he has on his easel a
sheep picture which shows strong qualities as an animal
painter.
Mr. Field married, in 1881, Miss Ida Baker, of Augusta,
Ga., a lady famous for her beauty, good sense, fine taste and
artistic feeling, and not a little has her influence had to do
with the rapid advance he has made in the art world.
OL1N C. FULLER,
Atlanta, Ga.
Olin C. Fuller was born in Chicago, 111., October 28,
1855, and came to Atlanta with his parents in 1867, receiv¬
ing his education at the East Tennessee University.
In 1882 Mr. Fuller was appointed Deputy Clerk of the
United States Court, a position which he filled with marked
ability until 1889, when his chief retired from office and he
OLIN C FULLER.
received the appointment of Clerk of the United States
Court and United States Commissioner for the Northern
District of Georgia, a position which he still holds.
HENRY W. GRADY, THE ORATOR.
Atlanta, Ga.
Rarely have the occasion and the man met in more per¬
fect measure of demand and supply than in the case of
Henry W. Grady. He came to a country and a time that
needed a great-hearted genius, and he answered the need;
that needed the bold mind to conceive and the unswerving
will to execute, and these he gave ; that needed the orator's
head of wisdom, tongue of persuasion, and soul of fire,
directed all by unexampled magnanimity and love, not for
section alone, but for a common country, and such an orator
who can deny him to have been ?
We are scarcely hero-worshipers, we Americans. Scarcely,
indeed, are we even sufficiently tinctured with this quality,
which may fall on either side of the line dividing virtues and
vices, according as it is well or ill directed. But wherever
Grady is concerned, we are swept utterly out of our indiffer¬
ence, our doubts of greatness, and skepticism of gifts.
North, South, East and West, one country united in fact as
in his heart, join in love of him, faith in him, belief that he
was born into the mission of genius which he fulfilled.
Great indeed the mission, and brief the space granted him
for its achievement. Few can realize, because of the splen¬
did performances of his life, how short the earthly period
of his career when measured by calendar years. That " life
of a long life distilled to a mere drop " was his. But such
drops are the elixir of the immortals sprinkled now and then
HENRY W. GRADY.
234
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
in the hearts of men to bring into their weary eyes and
dulled souls visions and thrills of the blessed Golden Age.
Henry Grady was born at Athens, Ga., on the 24th of
April, 1850, and this classic southern town remained the
home of his boyhood and youth. Thus from his earliest
years he seemed fairly to breathe in culture, for Athens is the
site of the State University, and has long been the shelter of
much of the South's learning and letters. A graduate from
the university with that ever-memorable and brilliant class
of '69, he then entered the University of Virginia and bore
off an honorable degree there.
His journalistic talents were not slow to ripen, and soon
he was editing a paper in Rome, Ga., leaving there only to
become one of the "triumvirate " (Alston, St. Clair Abrams,
and Grady) who guided the meteoric career of the Herald
in Atlanta. His- real newspaper work, however, began a
little later, and its beginning marks an epoch in the journal¬
ism of Georgia. This was in 1880, when he purchased an
interest in the Atlanta Constitution and became its managing-
editor. From that day until the sorrowful Christmas day of
1889, which brought the end with the suddenness of a trop¬
ical sunset, Mr. Grady was undeniably and without exaggera¬
tion the greatest editor of the period. He filled that brief
decade with glorious achievement for the Constitution, for
Atlanta, for his State, and his nation. With a courage so
high that it often seemed reckless daring, he entered upon
the most astounding ventures, and always came through not
only scathless, but with laurels of victory crowning him.
It would be preposterous to undertake to measure and
define in a brief article such as this the length and breadth,
the height and depth, of Grady's labors and successes in
journalism, in statecraft, in the conception and execution of
great and original ideas for the promotion of the industrial,
educational, and literary interests of Atlanta and of all that
broad section which felt his influence. No one has forgotten,
or can forget, that he was the originator of the Chautauqua
movement in this State. And to-day our hearts beat with a
yet warmer thrill of unspeakable gratitude when we recall
that all of dazzling success and brilliant achievement of aims
lately smiling within the limits of beautiful Piedmont Park
undoubtedly owe their remote origin to him, for the first
Cotton Exposition was the material embodiment of a great
and daring thought of Henry W. Grady's, and from that be¬
ginning in 1881 grew, by fair gradations, the grandeur and
beauty of the Cotton States and International Exposition
of 1895.
Yes; strike from the history of Georgia, if you can, that
decade of Grady's work and its results; let North and South
once more stand apart and forget the fiery eloquence which
preached so movingly its divine gospel of mutual forgiveness
and love and trust; suppress his speeches, sweep into ob¬
livion his editorials and letters; unteach Chautauqua thought
among Georgians, and blot out the Exposition idea ; then
see how far you have swept our country backward 011 its
climbing path toward prosperity and wealth, towards learning
and letters, towards light and right. It was but ten fleeting
years, yet you sweep 11s backward many times that space.
It is worth one's while, in contemplating the gifts and
achievements of this truly great man, to consider separately
his endowments as an orator, and the tremendous aid which
his own tumultuous and irresistible eloquence furnished to
the attainment of his magnificent purposes. His genius was
peculiarly oratorical in its bent. Review the necessary quali¬
ties of one who must move multitudes by impassioned and
forceful words breathing great thoughts and pure feelings,
and you will find that not one such quality was wanting to
Mr. Grady's physical, mental and moral conformation. The
orator's flashing eye and rich-toned, vibrant voice he had, the
indefinable charm which, for want of a better name, we call
magnetism, the most gracious tact and courtesy to an aud¬
ience, a warm, sympathetic presence, the glowing gift of
affluent words that stirred every spirit, and ardent, aspiring
thoughts to propel such words. Was not the orator com¬
plete ? One can but remember how early his tastes and
sympathies took this direction. Even at college his best in¬
tellectual efforts were made in his literary and debating
society. At his graduation he carried off the " blushing
honors " of the day as commencement orator, and his brilliant
speech on " Castles in the Air" created a sensation, the
memory of which is still, after a quarter of a century, a fond
tradition in the Georgia University halls.
Among his most memorable speeches, each marking an
epoch in his public work and influence on the country's good,
are those at the banquet of the New England Club in New
York, December 21st, 1886; at the Texas State Fair, Dallas,
October 26th, 1887: at the Augusta Exposition, November,
1887; at the University of Virginia, June, 1889; at Elber-
ton, Ga., June, 1889; at the Boston Banquet, December,
1889, and those ardent, appealing last words—the thrilling
epilogue of his life, as it were—before the Bay State Club in
that same fatal December of 1889. Not one of these orations
but has left an indelible impress upon some class, some public
movement, some momentous issue of the century.
WILLIAM C. GLENN,
Atlanta, Ga.
William C. Glenn, the senior member of the firm of Glenn
& Rountree, was born in Chattooga County the 31st of De¬
cember, 1855.
His father, Col. Jesse A. Glenn, was born in Gwinnett
County. He entered the Confederate Arm}' as a Captain,
was made Colonel of the 36th Georgia Regiment, and served
throughout the war with distinction. He was nominated
Brigadier General by President Davis, and his confirmation
was pending when the surrender took place. Prior to the
war Col. Glenn practiced law with success, and at the age of
nineteen was elected Judge of the Inferior Court of Chat¬
tooga County. Shortly before the breaking out of the war
he moved to Dalton. He served in the first Legislature after
l'1'' war.
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
235
Mr. Glenn passed his youth in Dalton and there laid the
foundations of his education, acquiring proficiency in the
■ lassies and a competent knowledge of German, French and
Italian. He evinced a fondness for philosophical studies,
and absorbed the works of Bacon, Kent, Hegel, Herbert,
Spencer, Tyndall and others. Fascinated by German litera¬
ture, he studied its classic works, and is recognized as an ac¬
complished scholar of Faust.
Whilst pursuing these studies, Mr. Glenn was grounding
himself in the principles of the law, reading under his
father's guidance. In addition to the usual studies he de¬
voted large attention to the Roman and Civil Law. Soon
after passing his seventeenth year he was admitted to prac¬
tice. His practice was varied and extensive through all the
Courts of ^he Northern part of the State.
While never a candidate for office until his election to the
Legislature, he had an interest in politics, and before his
majority took an active part in the political contest of the
WILLIAM C. GLENN.
State. He participated in many notable campaigns, meeting
in discussion on the hustings such redoubtable campaigners
as Mr. Norwood, Dr. Felton, Major B. F. Hanson and num¬
bers of others.
Mr. Glenn was elected to the House of Representatives in
1886 from Whitfield County by a very large majority. Two
years later he was re-elected by a still larger vote. During his
service in the Legislature Mr. Glenn devoted himself mainly
to the legal side of questions pending before that body. He
was a member of the Judiciary Committee, Committee on
Corporations, Western & Atlantic Railroad, and others of
like importance. In 1886 he was Chairman of the Special
Committee to report on legal status of the Acts chartering
railroads, and on behalf of that committee he prepared an
exhaustive report, which has since been regarded as closing
the question. He warmly advocated the extension and de¬
velopment of the educational interests of the State along the
line of common schools and the higher branches. The most
notable work of Dr. Glenn is the Act introduced by himself,
which has since been known as the " Glenn Tax Act." An¬
terior to the enactment of this law, railroad property, with
an aggregate valuation of $60,000,000, was exempt from
taxation. Several efforts had been made to frame such a
bill as would remedy this condition and at the same time
prove practicable and constitutional. The measure conceived
by Mr. Glenn fully met all of the requirements. This bill
was desperately fought by the railroads in the Senate Finance
Committee, but was returned to the Senate with only one
amendment, known as the fourth section. This amendment,
while not favored by Mr. Glenn, was not fought by him be¬
cause a contest upon it might have defeated the measure.
From the Legislature the contest was transferred to the
Courts. In the argument before the Supreme Court of the
State, Mr. Glenn attacked this fourth section, and his ob¬
jections to it prevailed, and the measure as first introduced
by him was sustained. The litigation did not, however, end
until the railways carried it to the Supreme Court of the
United States, by which tribunal it was upheld without a
hearing from representatives of the State. This act has
added about $400,000 to the revenues of the counties and
cities of the State.
Mr. Glenn removed from Dalton to Atlanta, and began the
practice of law in January, 1890, in that city. Since coming
to Atlanta he has eschewed politics and devoted himself en¬
tirely to his profession. Since that time he has been entrusted
with cases of every character and of the highest importance.
He has appeared with distinction in the State and Federal
Courts.
Notwithstanding the fact that the demands of an exacting
practice require the greatest attention, he still finds time to
devote to literature. By common consent he is the best read
lawyer in Atlanta, if not in Georgia. His versatility has ex¬
cited the surprise and admiration of his friends.
In matters of art his taste is irreproachable, and he is es¬
teemed as a keen musical critic. Not infrequently he is in¬
vited to lecture before learned bodies.
In December, 1889, Mr. Glenn and Miss Marion Arm¬
strong were married. She is the only daughter of the
lamented Dr. J. G. Armstrong, formerly Rector of Monu¬
mental Church, Richmond, Va., and St. Phillips Church,
Atlanta. She had been a great social beauty since her debut
a few years before. Her beauty, talents and notable quali¬
ties made her beloved by all. She is an accomplished woman
and is one of the musical leaders of the city of Atlanta.
They have one child—a little girl—Alma Glenn.
Capt. JOHN A. GEE,
Atlanta, Ga.
Than Capt. John A. Gee, General Passenger Agent of the
Atlanta & West Point Railroad and Western Railway of Ala¬
bama, or as it is familiarly known, the Atlanta & New Or¬
leans Short Line, there is no more efficient and popular
236
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
railroad official in the South. He was bora in Petersburg,
Va., in August, 1854, where he was reared and educated,
spending his life in the State of Virginia up to 1887, when
he came to Atlanta.
Aside from natural ability, Capt. Gee has been educated
for his work in the best and most thorough school—expe¬
rience. Beginning in the railroad shops, he was soon pro-
capt. john a. gee.
moted to the trusted position of locomotive engineer, running
his first engine at the early age of eighteen, and at twenty-
one received a regular appointment as engineer. From that
position promotion followed quickly, and he filled succes¬
sively and successfully the positions of conductor, master of
trains, superintendent and lastly general passenger agent,
the high position he holds at present, with credit to himself
and the lines he represents.
He reverts with great pride to his railroad career, begin¬
ning as he did at the first rung of the ladder of success. He
served two years with the Atlantic & Danville; sixteen with
the old Richmond & Danville, now the Southern Railway,
and nearly eight with the Atlanta & West Point and West¬
ern Railway of Alabama, of which he is the head and should¬
ers, and to which he has contributed so much labor, skill and
judgment in placing it upon its now phenomenally solid basis.
Capt. Gee is a man of fine personal appearance and
physique ; quiet and dignified in his bearing, and while not a
"hustler," in the expressive slang of the present day, by his
cool, quiet and deliberate judgment secures and holds the
business for the lines he represents.
Dr. JAMES HcF. GASTON,
Atlanta, Ga.
James McFadden Gaston was the son of Dr. John Brown
and Polly Buford Gaston, and the grandson of Joseph Gas¬
ton. He was born December 27th, 1824, near Chester, S. C.
Having attained a rudimentary education in the common
school of his native county, he afterwards took an academic
course at Russell Place, and at the age of sixteen entered the
South Carolina College at Columbia, graduating with the
title of A.B. in 1843.
Immediately after graduation he began the study of medi¬
cine under the supervision and instruction of his father, and
in 1844-45 attended his first course of lectures in the Uni¬
versity of Pennsylvania. In March, 1846, the Medical Col¬
lege of Charleston, S. C., conferred the degree of M.D. upon
him, and shortly thereafter he began practice in connection
with his father, in Chester, S. C. Six years later he married
Miss Sue Brumby, daughter of Prof. R. F. Brumby, of the
South Carolina University, and thus he came to make Co¬
lumbia his home.
When the Civil War began Dr. Gaston enlisted in the
Columbia Grays, and when his command entered the service
at Morris Island he was appointed chief surgeon of the South
Carolina forces under Brigadier General M. L. Bonham.
Afterward he accompanied Gen. Bonham to Richmond, and
the troops were removed to Manassas, and Surgeon Gaston was
assigned as Medical Director of the department, under Brig¬
adier General G. T. Beauregard. Dr. Gaston afterwards, at
his own request, was transferred to the Third Brigade, South
Carolina Volunteers, and later served as chief surgeon of Major
General Anderson's division, participating in its active cam¬
paigns in Virginia and Pennsylvania. Subsequently he was
sent to establish a general hospital at Fort Gaines, Ga., and
still later was in charge of a general hospital at Fort Valley,
where he remained until the close of the war.
When the war was over Dr. Gaston went to Brazil, where
he declined the high position of consulting surgeon of the
DR. JAMES McE OASTON.
Military Medical Staff, which was tendered him by the
Imperial Government. After some ten years of marked
success in San Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Campinos, he con¬
cluded to remove with his family to Atlanta, Ga. In 1884
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
237
he was elected Professor of the Principles and Practice of
Surgery in the Southern Medical College of Atlanta, and
ever since that time has been devoting his best energies to
the duties of this responsible and honorable position. He is
now President of the Southern Surgical and Gynecological
Association.
Mrs. hugh hagan, Atlanta, Ga.
CMAS, D. HILL,
Atlanta, Ga.
Charles D. Hill, one of Georgia's foremost lawyers, was
born in La Grange, Ga., November 3d, 1852. His father,
Benj. H. Hill, was for many years one of the most prominent
CHAS. D. HI LI*.
politicians of the State, being a member of the Confederate
Senate during the war, and afterwards a United States Con¬
gressman and Senator from Georgia.
His mother's maiden name was Caroline Holt.
After completing his literary education Charles studied
law, having the advantage of experience in his father's office,
the business of which was not excelled in any law office in
the State. He was admitted to the bar in 1870.
After his father's death Mr. Hill practiced on his own ac¬
count until he was elected Solicitor of the Superior Court of
Fulton County, Ga., a position which he has held for several
years, and the duties of which he has fulfilled in such a
manner as to make his name a terror to evil doers
JOEL HURT,
Atlanta, Ga.
Among the younger men of Atlanta, Ga., possessed of a
high order of business ability, and who by their own efforts
achieved notable success, is the subject of this sketch. He
was born in Olivet, Russell County, Ala., July 31st, 1850.
All his father's property being swept away by the war, he
was forced to earn the money for his education. At the age
of eighteen he entered the University of Georgia, and grad¬
uated in 1871 with the degree of C.E. Afterwards coming
to Atlanta he formed a partnership with his brother in the
real estate and insurance business. In May, 1876, he was
married to Miss Annie Bright Woodruff, of Columbus, Ga.
Mr. Hurt has been prominently interested with several insti¬
tutions for Atlanta's good. He revived the Atlanta Building
and Loan Association, and organized several others, all of
which have been eminently successful. In 1882 he organ¬
ized the Atlanta Home Insurance Company, of which he is
secretary. This company has paid three annual dividends
in five years and is in a flourishing condition. Probably the
most beneficial service performed for the good of Atlanta by
JOEL HURT.
Mr. Hurt was the opening of Edgewood Avenue, formerly
Foster Street, which necessitated the opening of three blocks
hitherto closed, and the building of an immense viaduct, all
238
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
of which was successfully done, and it is the only street in
the city upon which one can stand and see the distance of a
mile and a half. Mr. Hurt is also president of the East At¬
lanta Land Company, organized in 1887 with a capital of
$600,000. This company owns valuable property in the
city and suburbs, and has done much for the upbuilding of
Atlanta. Mr. Hurt has been a hard, persistent worker, a
builder rather than a dreamer, and his industry and energy
are qualities suggested in his tone and bearing. Starting
without resources beyond willing hands and a good active
brain, he now holds a place of power and influence in the
community, and, as he is only just in the prime of life, will
be later credited with large achievements, which will round
up a useful and successful life.
ISAAC S. BOYD.
Atlanta, Ga.
Capt. Isaac Snedecor Boyd is a native of Sumter County,
Alabama At the age of 18 he volunteered in Company A,
36th Alabama Regiment of the Confederate army; was
ISAAC S. BOYD.
severely wounded at the battle of Chickamaugua, but con¬
tinued in the service until the close of the war.
In 1869 he came to Georgia as general agent for an insur¬
ance company and in 1871 located in Atlanta; since then
he has been one among that remarkable coterie of men who
believed in Atlanta and helped to make it. For years he
was prominently identified with the insurance business of the
city and of the South, being manager and general agent for
several of the leading American and foreign fire insurance
companies, but at a propitious moment he seemed to realize
that the need of Atlanta was permanent industrial develop¬
ment, and acting upon this conviction conceived the idea of
establishing a furniture manufactory,which in a very few years,
as the Boyd & Baxter Furniture Factory, became the leading
furniture factory of the South, shipping its goods to the very
heart of the Eastern market as well as to the West and Mex¬
ico. In 1892, having a favorable opportunity to lease the
entire plant for a term of years to a Northern company, he
determined to take a long needed rest and left for a length¬
ened stay in Europe. Upon his return in the Fall of 1894
he purchased the plant of the Southern Saw Works, incor¬
porated and organized it into a stock company, and as
president and general manager is fast bringing this new enter¬
prise intosuccessful competition with the great concerns of the
North. In its accomplishments it is already far beyond the
experimental stage as its products are now being shipped to
every State in the South, as far West as Washington, on the
Pacific, and into the Eastern markets It was awarded by
the Jury of Awards, of the Cotton States and International
Exposition Co., a gold medal for excellence of their saws, a
silver medal for extent of display, and a bronze medal (the
only medal) for form of inserted tooth saw.
The conservative, christian, private life of "Capt." Boyd is
too well known to be here referred to. He comes of a long
line of zealous Methodists, who were honored for their many
virtues and useful lives.
His elegant residence on Peachtree street is a resort of
culture and refinement, being presided over by his gracious
and charming wife, who as Miss Nannie Seawell, of Nash¬
ville, Tenn., is well-known as a woman of artistic culture and
unusual literary attainment.
DR. C. D HURT,
Atlanta. Ga.
Dr Hurt, one of Atlanta's most progressive citizens, was
born in Russell Co., Ala., July 26th, 1843. He derived his
academic education from the schools of his native county.
DR C D HURT.
At the outbreak of the Civil War he entered the Confederate
army and served with distinction until its close. As soon as
peace was declared he engaged in agricultural pursuits for
A TLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
239
tinction in 1869 ; commenced the practice of law in Atlanta
in 1872, and has attained prominence in his profession. In
1877 he was appointed Solicitor-General of the Atlanta Cir¬
cuit, and was re-elected by the Legislature in 1881. He re-
b. h. hill.
fused re-election to a third term. As prosecuting officer he
was fearless, able and just, winning the admiration of the bar
and the confidence of the public. On the death of Senator
Hill in 1882 a petition was presented to Governor Colquitt
asking that he be appointed to the unexpired term in the
United States Senate. The Governor tendered him the posi¬
tion, which was declined in a letter re¬
markable for patriotic and unselfish
sentiments. In 18S5 President Cleve¬
land appointed him United States At¬
torney, which office he filled with credit
to himself and to the entire satisfaction
of the Government.
Mr. Hill excels as a speaker and as
a writer of pure and classical English.
His biographical sketch of Senator Hill
accompanying the compilation of his
speeches and writings is a valuable ad¬
dition to the history and literature of
Georgia. Mr. Hill has no taste for
party politics, and has firmly put aside
all suggestions in this direction, pre¬
ferring to give his time exclusively to
the practice of his profession. He
takes an active interest in all public
questions looking to the advance¬
ment of the people. In private life
he is a cultured and refined gentleman,
a devoted husband and father, and
those who know him best are his truest
friends.
three years, locating in Macon Co., Ala. In 1869 he
matriculated with the Atlanta Medical College, and in 1871
he graduated at the Georgia Medical College at Augusta.
He located at Huntsboro, Ala., and associated himself with
Dr. S. A. Holt, an ex-Confederate surgeon, where he re¬
sided until 1882, when he moved to Columbus, Ga. Here
he achieved an enduring success, laying the foundation of
his subsequent career. His practice steadily grew, and he
was soon recognized as one of the leading physicians of the
city. He came to Atlanta in 1892 seeking a wider field.
Here he has identified himself not merely with his profes¬
sion, but with all the patriotic enterprises of the city. As
medical director of the Bankers' Guarantee Fund Life
Association his services have been indispensable. His in¬
vestigations are thorough and complete, and no applicant is
admitted who fails of the proper standard. Only one or
two deaths from natural causes since the organization
demonstrates his efficiency. Dr. Hurt is a member of the
Atlanta Society of Medicine, and in 1895 served as its
president. He is an active member of the State Medical
Association and also of the Grady Hospital staff.
Dr. Hurt married in July, 1862, Miss Mary Louise Grant,
daughter of Jno. F. Cone, and eight children have been
born. Dr. Hurt was a member of the International Medical
Congress in Washington City in 1887.
B. H. HILL,
Atlanta, (la.
Benjamin Harvey Hill, Jr., the senior member of the law
firm of B. H. & C. D. Hill, was born in LaGrange, Ga., July
1st, 1849. He graduated at the State University with dis¬
RESIDENCE OF A. H. COX, ATLANTA, GA.
RESIDENCE OF Hon. FRANK I>. RICE, ATLANTA, GA.
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
241
riRS. B. h. GRIFFITH,
Atlanta, Ga.
Victor Hugo said, " The Twentieth Century is Woman's
Century," and as a proof that there is nothing that the brain
MRS. B. N. GRIFFITH.
of woman cannot grasp, or her skill manage, Mrs. B. H.
Griffith, of Atlanta, is a living witness.
A Southerner by birth, the daughter of Capt. Wm. Butt,
killed in the second battle of Manassas, a granddaughter of
Judge \Vin. Butt, who for over a quarter of a century was
one of the judicial figures of Atlanta, Mrs. Griffith's life
has been closely identi¬
fied with that city. That
she will ever after this
have her name and her
melodies enshrined in
the memory of visitors
to the Atlanta Cotton
States and International
Exposition, all who en¬
joyed her playing of the
chimes can testify.
Miss Mary Butt was
educated at " College
Temple," Newnan, her
mother being a member
of the faculty at that
time, and under Geo. C.
Looney (now of College
Park). She was married
in 1879 to Mr. B. H.
Griffith, of Chamberlin,
Johnson & Co., the lar¬
gest drygoods house in
the South. Mrs. Grif¬
fith's domestic life is
16
most felicitious. Four lovely children (two boys and two
girls) bless this marriage. To her mother (who was a Miss
Beavers, and a successful music teacher for twenty years)
she is indebted for her thorough musical training, as well as
her energy in every accomplishment, as a teacher herself.
Chimes ringing is old, but chimes ringing by a woman is
new. Mrs. Griffith heard them first at Chicago. She
paused, listened, investigated, studied, mastered the techni¬
calities, wished her city to have chimes, wrote to the Van
Duzen Co. and secured their co-operation. As the result,
all who visited the Exposition know that those bells, under
her magic touch, made as deep an impression on the
hearts as the material exhibits did on the eye.
The most tedious part of her work was transposing the
pieces from the original key to the key of the chimes.
"Old tunes are the best," she said, " they touch the heart."
Many have echoed this sentiment, but classic, sacred, patri¬
otic and secular tunes have all followed with wonderful
discretion as to adapting new ones for the day and occasion.
The writer has often listened to the chimes of Antwerp,
London and other European cities, but her playing has been
a revelation to me, ringing as she does hundreds of pieces
with two bells, thus blending the alto notes as they echoed
across the lake and o'er the hills with a more sympathetic
message than any I ever heard. Long live their memory !
riRS. FRANK P. RICE,
Atlanta, Ga,
This lady is a woman of strong character and noble im¬
pulses, has accomplished much good and is prominent both
RESIDENCE OF S. M. INMAN, ATI.ANTA. GA.
HOTEL ARAGON, ATLANTA. GA.
A TLA NT A, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
243
in church work and charity ; modest, always shrinking from
gaze of public view, she is yet strong and useful in all things
she undertakes to carry out.
conducted hotel palace in the South. The Aragon is a mag¬
nificent structure, typical of all that is best in American
architectural good taste and refined elegance. Madam Patti-
Mrs. frank p. rice.
She has worked among the poor and always has evinced
sympathy for those in distress from any cause.
Mrs. Rice has many friends among all classes of the good
people of Atlanta and will be remembered in the future for
the great good she has done for others.
She is gifted with a refined and retiring taste and her
home is where the loveliness of her character is demon¬
strated as wife and mother
HOTEL ARAGON,
Atlanta, Ga.
Nothing so much redounds to the credit of a city as its
reputation for maintaining a first-class hostlery, and in this
Nicolini, after having spent several days there last winter,
wrote an autograph letter to the president of the Hotel
Aragon Company, in which she said that her apartments at
the Aragon were the finest and most luxurious of any she
had ever occupied in America, and that the cuisine and
everything else was in keeping.
This hotel has probably entertained more distinguished
guests, from at home and abroad, than any other hotel in the
oliver johnson.
E. t,. BROWN.
the city of Atlanta is particularly fortunate, for as the South
is proud of Atlanta, so is Atlanta proud of the Hotel Aragon,
which is conceded the most elegantly appointed and best
Mk. gracy
United States, and it is the recognized headquarters for all
the railway officials, bankers and insurance officials, and is
the only hotel in the city that invites the best tourist travel.
244
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
The Aragon is located on the highest point in the city, just
where the commercial centre ends and the residence portion
begins. Peachtree Street, known everywhere among the
traveled as one of the most beautiful residence avenues in
the country, has its beginning almost at the very doors of
the Aragon, and across from it is the fashionable Capital City
Club and the Governor's Mansion, while adjoining it is the
Grand Opera House, and only three squares beyond that is
the Union Depot.
The Aragon is conducted on both the American and
European plans, and a large portion of the ground floor is
taken up by the cafe, which is handsomely and richly fur¬
nished. Its cuisine and service are unsurpassed by any in
the world, and it has every modern improvement known to
science. During the summer months its roof garden, replete
with tropical flowers and waving palms, resplendent with
beautiful electric lights and enchanting to the ear with its
orchestral music, where refreshments are served until mid-
ness. In 1873 he was with the Grand Pacific Hotel of Chi¬
cago at the time it was opened, remaining until 1H75> when
he was in the office of the Palmer House for a lengthy
period. Mr. Dodge is a native of Montpelier, Vt. He be¬
gan his hotel career at the Gardner, Chicago in 1872. Leav¬
ing Chicago he went to San Francisco to open the Palace
CHARLES F. DODGE-
Hotel. Tw o years later he came East to Xew York, was at
the Hotel Bristol, and afterwards held a responsible position
at the Fifth Avenue. It is therefore apparent that he came
to the Aragon in 1893 with the very cream of hotel exper¬
ience, which accounts for his success. Mr. Dodge is one of
the very few men who can be a jolly, hail fellow with even-
one and at the same time maintain the strictest discipline in
everything that pertains to the management of this hotel
palace. This accounts for the wonderful smoothness that
characterizes the service at the Hotel Aragon.
night, affords a charming retreat for the guests of the hotel
and the selected few who, by invitation only, have access to
its pleasures and beauties. The Aragon has a capacity of
more than a thousand guests, and the management is what
might be expected in such a perfectly apuointed house, and
at no hotel, either North, South, East or West, will a visitor
be made to feel more completely at home, or be better cared
for as a guest, than at the Aragon. The hotel opened its
doors to the public November 14th, 1892, and since that time
has commanded a patronage of the best class of visitors to
Atlanta. It was more than two years in process of construc¬
tion and represents an investment of nearly half a million
of dollars.
CHARLES F. DODGE,
Atlanta, Ga.
Charles F. Dodge, the successful manager of the Aragon
Hotel, has had a long and successful career in the hotel busi¬
Captain W. W. HULBERT,
Atlanta, Ga.
Captain \Y. \Y. Ilulbert is a man of great force, energy
and executive ability, and has filled worthily positions of
honor in the service of his country and in the busines
world.
He was a young man when the Civil W'ar called him to the
duties of a patriot, and he at once enlisted in the Confeder¬
ate army as a private in the West Point Guards, Company
D, Fourth Regiment, Georgia Volunteers, rising to the rank
of captain in that command.
When the war had closed, he quietly went back to work
with the Southern Express Company, occupying a position
as its agent in Macon, Ga. Prior to the war he had entered
the service of the latter company and had been connected
with it for some time before enlisting in the army, as agent
at West Point, Ga. He removed from Macon only to be¬
come cashier in Atlanta, and two years later was promoted
A TLA N TA, HOME S A ND PE OPLE.
245
to the position of route agent. His next office was that of
agent of Columbus, Ga., and this he surrendered in 1876 to
fill the larger and more important one of agent in Atlanta.
After ten years satisfactory service in this capacity, followed
by seven years as route agent, he was promoted to the very
Captain w. w. hulbert.
responsible position of superintendent of the Georgia divis¬
ion of the Southern Express Company, a place left vacant in
July, 1894, by the death of Mr. Glascock Mays.
The appointment of Captain I Iuibert to a position of such
importance and responsibility has given universal satisfaction
and has been a subject of congratulation to the company, for
in his thirty-six years of serving the interests of this strong
and great corporation, he has never once been found to fail
in the smallest particular, and has won the highest com¬
mendation and regard of every man, subordinate or of higher
rank, whose work for the company has in any way touched
his own.
L. P. HILLS,
Atlanta, Ga.
Lucius Perry Hills, the poet entertainer, was born in a
log-cabin in Western New York. While an infant his
parents removed to Buffalo, where his father soon died, leav¬
ing three young children entirely dependent on the mother
for support and training. Eight years of heroic struggle
followed, when the mother and oldest brother died and the
other two boys separated, not to meet again for eighteen
years. With no one to assist or advise him, the boy of
twelve drifted to the country, and seeking knowledge at the
expense of health, found himself at seventeen given up as
a hopeless consumptive. Nevertheless, he responded to his
country's call, enlisting in the 10th N. Y. Cavalry, and for
three years, with improving health, followed the fortunes of
his country, cheering many hours of the march and camp
with his wonderful powers of mimicry.
After the war he worked his way through various schools,
finally, in 1871, graduating in law at the University of Mich¬
igan, and practicing for a short time in that State. His
health again failing under the strain, he abandoned profes¬
sional ambition, and after two years of Bohemian life in
Chicago, came to Atlanta to see his brother from whom he
had parted eighteen years before.
Chance here brought him an appointment in the Railway
Mail Service where he remained for several years, until dis¬
abled from further service by a railroad accident. During
his residence in Atlanta, Mr. Hills has done considerable
writing both of poetry and prose, mostly for the Atlanta
Constitution, while his gifts as an entertainer have been in
constant demand for various charities. His volume of
poems " Echoes," and his illustrated booklet, " When Patti
l. p- hi m.s.
Sang," though intended only for local circulation, have
found their way to many lands and brought him letters of
commendation of which any author might be proud.
Being a bachelor, in easy circumstances, Mr. Hills has
decided to follow his bent and devote himself to literature
and the platform, professionally, and no one who knows him
will doubt his success in his chosen field.
WASHINGTON J. HOUSTON,
Atlanta, Ga.
Washington J. Houston, retired railway official and
farmer, North Decatur, De Kalb Co., Ga., son of Oswald
and Anna Louisa (Shaw) Houston, was born in Abbeville
district, South Carolina, October 10th, 1831. Early in life
his father migrated from South Carolina to Tennessee,
moved thence, in 1845, to Savannah, whence, in 1846, he
moved to Atlanta and engaged in merchandising on Deca¬
tur street, on or near the site of Mr. John Silvey's eight-
story building.
Mr. Houston began life as clerk for Mr. Jonathan Nor-
cross soon after coming to Atlanta. His unusual business
246
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
aptitude—his proficiency and efficiency—were flatteringly
evidenced by his having been elected while yet a youth the
cashier of the first bank started, and he enjoys the honor of
having received the first deposit ever made in a bank in
Atlanta. He left the bank in 185 1, and entered the employ
of the Georgia Railway as assistant agent, since which his
active business life has been with railways. He next went
to the Western & Atlantic (State) Railway under Superin¬
tendent Wadley and James F. Cooper, and remained with
WASHINGTON J. HOUSTON.
it until the second year of Governor Brown's administration,
when he accepted the position of general passenger and
freight agent of the Atlanta & West Point Railway. In
1876 he resigned and retired to private life on his farm in
De Kalb County, as he thought, "for good." But when
General Manager G. J. Foreacre assumed the management
of the (then) Atlanta & Charlotte Air Line Railway he
called for Mr. Houston's services as assistant, with the
official title of General Passenger and Ticket Agent. While
acting in this capacity he was the first to reduce passenger
fares from five to three cents per mile—which created no
inconsiderable stir in railway circles. When the line became
a part of the Richmond and Danville System he declined
the offer of general passenger agent because it would neces¬
sitate his removal to Richmond ; but, by special request, he
remained with the system as assistant general passenger
agent at this end of the line for a year—and then perma¬
nently retired to his farm. Mr. Houston enjoys the dis¬
tinguished honor of having suggested the organization of
the Railroad Commission of Georgia—the bill for which
was drafted at his request and pressed forward to adoption
by Representative W. R. Rankin of Gordon County.
Though urgently pressed by admiring friends and the press
of the State, to serve on the Commission, he peremptorily
declined. In 1894 Mr. Houston was elected by a handsome
majority to represent De Kalb County in the General
Assembly. Here, as in every other position to which he
has been called, he proved to be one of the most faithful
and hardest-working of members. Thoroughly posted,
broad-minded, public-spirited and progressive, fully abreast
with the advanced thought and methods of the times, and
always at the post of assigned duty, it is not possible to
exaggerate the value and efficiency of his services to his
immediate constituents, and the State. He has devoted a
quarter of a century of service to the County Sunday-school
Association as chairman of its executive committee, and has
been mainly instrumental in gaining for it the honor of being
the banner association in the State. So long-continued and
unaffectedly self-sacrificing has been his devotion to this
work that he is known to every man, woman and child who
annually attend these great gatherings. " I would not ex¬
change the smiles and greetings of these good people," he
exclaims, " for all the honors the political field can bestow."
Mr. Houston was happily married in 1854 to the second
daughter of Dr. Chapman Powell, an old settler and widely
known physician of De Kalb County—who half a century
ago represented the county in the General Assembly, and
was a pioneer settler of Atlanta—then Marthasville. He is
a member of the Scotch-Irish Society of the United States;
a member of the Pioneer Citizens Society of Atlanta; a
member of Atlanta Lodge No. 59, F. and A. M. ; and was
the first person exalted to the Royal Arch Degree in Atlanta
after the Mount Zion Royal Arch Chapter was removed
from Decatur to Atlanta; and is a prominent and influen¬
tial member of the Presbyterian Church, of which he was
recently elected an elder, after having served forty years as
a deacon.
A. K. HAWKES,
Atlanta, Ga.
There is probably no man in this country who has gained
the reputation and fame in the manufacture of spectacles and
eyeglasses and as a practical optician as A. K. Hawkes. His
A. K. HAWKES.
ATLANTA, HO ALES AND PEOPLE.
H 7
wonderful business has been phenomenal. This great suc¬
cess is partly due to his personal supervision of the details of
his business. Commencing in a small way nearly twenty -
eight years ago, to-day he is the recognized leader in his
line. His glasses are sold in over eight thousand towns and
cities in the United States and in foreign countries. Mr.
Hawkes is the inventor and sole proprietor of several valu¬
able patents and improvements in optical goods, and is also
the author of a book on the use and abuse of spectacles,
which has had a large circulation. His headquarters for the
United States are at No. 12 Whitehall Street, Atlanta, Ga.
He secured the gold medal and highest award at the Cotton
States and International Exposition for superior lens grind¬
ing and excellency in the manufacture of spectacles and eye¬
glasses. This award has the unusual distinction of being the
only gold medal given. Some of Mr. Hawkes' competitors
were from New York and Chicago.
Dr. THOS. VIRGIL HUBBARD.
Atlanta, Ga.
Dr. Thos. Virgil Hubbard was born November 13th, 1869,
in Cobb County, Ga. He began his study of medicine in the
Fall of 1889 and spent the Winter of same year in college.
He went to Savannah the August following and entered the
DR. THOS. VIRGIL HOBBARD.
city hospital, remaining there, pursuing his studies, for ten
months and returned to his home in the summer of 1891.
He spent that year with his parents and returned to college
in October, 1891 and graduated with honorable mention in
March, 1892. He then came to the city of Atlanta and has
remained ever since.
JUDGE GEORGE H1LLYER.
Atlanta, Qa.
Judge George Hillyer was born at Athens, Ga., March 17th,
1835. He attended school there and afterwards the Walton
County Academy at Monroe, preparatory for college. He
entered Mercer University August, 1850, and graduated
1854. He was admitted to the bar at Monroe in February,
1855. He was a member of the legislature from Walton, in
JUDGE GEORGE HILLYER.
1857-58, and clerk in the House of Representatives in 1859-
60. He resumed law practice in Atlanta (after service in the
war) the month of June, 1865. Was a member of the State
Senate 1871-74, and was Judge of the Superior Court of At¬
lanta Circuit 1877-83, Mayor of Atlanta, 1885-86. He is
now a member of the law firm of Hillyer, Alexander & Lamb-
den.
THE ATLANTA "JOURNAL,"
Atlanta, Ga.
The Atlanta Journal is one of the South's most remarkable
newspaper successes. Occupying a field, the value of which
has not, until recent years, been appreciated, it has quickly
attained a position of national importance, and become recog¬
nized, not only as one of the foremost afternoon papers of
the world, but a leader in Southern journalism.
The story of its growth and rapid rise to prominence is
one of more than passing interest. It is a part of the growth
of the great Southern metropolis in which it is printed, for
few cities have ever been blessed with a more loyal and lib¬
eral press, or had their interests more preciously guarded and
fostered by its newspapers than has Atlanta. The upbuild¬
ing of the city has been so closely interlinked with that of
her papers that the history of one is but a part of the story
of both.
The first issue of the paper—a four-page, seven-column
sheet—appeared on February 24th, 1883. Its founder was
Col. E. F. Hoge. He soon took into partnership the late
John Paul Jones, and a Mr. Wilson of Toledo, Ohio. Death
robbed Col. Jones of both his associates, and he became sole
proprietor. Early in 1887 Hon. Hoke Smith, who owned
the building in which the Journal was then printed, and in
248
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
which it is still published, formed a stock company, and
bought the paper from Col. Jones. lie associated with him
Mr. H. H. Cabaniss, who had had charge of the business
conduct of several well-known publications ; Mr. Josiah Car¬
ter, a well-known newspaper man, and one or two other
HOKK SMITH.
gentlemen. The new owners took control on June 1st of
that year. Mr. Smith was made president of the company,
Mr. Cabaniss business manager, and Mr. Carter managing
editor.
The new management at once made decided improvements
in the paper without increasing the low subscription price of
ten cents a week. Able and experienced men were put in
charge of every department. In a comparatively short time
the expenses of the paper were doubled, and then nearly
trebled.
In no particular has the growth of the paper been more
clearly evidenced than in the constant necessity for increas¬
ing press facilities. An old bed press was first displaced
by one of the largest and best perfecting presses which
the Hoe firm was then making This press cost $15,000
and printed 24,000 four-page Journals an hour. It was
first used in the issue of February 18th, 18X8. In two years'
time the Journal found it necessary to increase from a folio
of four pages to eight daily, and from twelve to sixteen
on Saturdays. This increase of size, together with its
rapidly increasing circulation, compelled a new outlay for
press facilities. A second press, an exact duplicate of tin;
one it was then using, was put in early in January, 'yj.
This was done to save thirty minutes' time in printing the
edition, and $15,000 was the amount spent for that purpose.
Four years more has been marked by still greater progress.
The paper is now from eight to twelve pages daily, and from
sixteen to fifty on Saturdays. Its twin perfecting presses
have given way to a new and marvelous creation of the
mechanical world, a triumph of the inventor's mind and
artisans combined skill—a $45,000 quadruple press, from
the Hoe factory, which prints, pastes, folds, counts and de¬
livers 48,000 papers an hour. Any size papers, from four to
thirty-two pages, flow from its mysterious mouths in as
steady a stream as swift falling snowflakes from a leaden sky.
It is a wonderful press, the equal of any printing machine
known to man, and by far, the finest thing of the kind in the
Southern States.
The personnel of the Journal staff has undergone a num¬
ber of changes—a fact true in all progressive newspaper
offices—but the guiding minds which have wrought its suc¬
cess, are still directing its destinies. Hon. Hoke Smith, the
ex-Secretary of the Interior, is still president of the company,
and Mr. II. II. Cabaniss, vice-president and manager. The
editorial staff composes Mr. F. H. Richardson, editor; Mr.
Thad. E. Horton, managing editor; Mr. Walter Howard,
city editor ; Mr. Josiah Carter, news editor; Mr. Howard
Williams, exchange editor; Mr. John S. Cohen, Washington
correspondent; Dr. H. H. Smith, literary editor ; Miss Mary
L. Jackson, editor of the woman's department; of the local
department, Mr. Alex. W. Bealer, Mr. J. H. Johnson, Jr.,
Mr. J. J. Hastings, Mr. Morton Smith, Mr. Harry Gilham,
Mr. Jack Pennington and Mr. R. L. Blalock. Mr. H. C.
Wagstaff is in charge of the art department.
The business staff of the paper is headed by Mr. John S.
Parks, the assistant manager. Associated with this all im¬
portant end of the establishment, are Mr. W. B. Roberts,
manager ot the city circulation, Mr. B. F. Bennett, Jr., book¬
keeper, Mr. Clifford L. Near, Mr. William Kean and Mr.
Charles T. Bunch, of the local advertising force; Mr. Charles
IJ. H. RICHARDSON.
Parks, Mr. Homer Reed and Mr. Charles Johnson, traveling
representatives; Mr. Henry McCord, Mr. Joseph Gatins, Mr.
George Johnson, Mr. C. C. Johnston, Mr. John Simmons,
manager of the mailing department; Mr. J. G. Woodward,
manager of the mailing lists; Mr. Clark Puckett, foreman of
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
249
the press room, assisted by Mr. Reidy Carlisle, Edward John¬
son and Augustus Norwood ; Mr. W. H. Wrigley, foreman
stereotyping department, assisted by Mr. Will Stewart and
Mr. W ill Klaitz; David Gann, engineer.
One of the most important steps towards advancement
which the Journal has taken in its history, was when it be-
j. s PARKS.
came a subscriber to, and member of tne great Associated
Press Telegraph service. The Journal joined the Associated
Press about a year ago, and its manager, Mr. H. H. Cabaniss,
is now a member of the Board of Directors, and the paper is
the agent for the Southeastern territory, and receives the full
Another important step made by the paper about a year
ago was the substitution of type-setting machines for the
old method of composition by hand.
The paper's composing-room and mechanical department
is under the management of Mr. M. T. LaHatte, who has a
very large force in his employ. When the Journal decided
to use type-setting machines, Mr. LaHatte made an extended
tour through the East, and personally looked into the merits
of all the various machines, finally selecting the Thorn Type¬
setting machine. Six of these are now in operation in the
Journal building.
Mention of the forces which go to make up the Journal
would be incomplete without reference to its live and ener ¬
getic Eastern agents, Messrs. S. C. Beckwith & Co., who
have brought its value as an advertising medium to the at¬
tention of every advertiser of any importance in the world.
The value of their work for the Jojirnal is best shown by its
advertising columns, constantly filled with the best class of
foreign and domestic advertisements.
Or. ARTHUR G HOBBS.
Atlanta, Ga.
Dr. Hobbs was born in Kentucky, September 16th, 1853.
His father was an eminent physician and his earnest desire
was that Arthur should adopt the same profession, a desire
which was encouraged by the early bent of the son's dispo¬
sition.
Dr. Hobbs graduated from Center College in J872, and
entered the medical department of the Louisville University
from which he received his diploma in 1875 and settled in
Owensboro, Ky., following a general practice for about four
T. E. ITORTON.
twenty-four hour service of the association over a leased wire
running into its own office, and prints 10,000 words of this
service, presenting as full and complete a telegraphic report
as any morning daily.
DR. ARTHTTR O. HOBBS.
years until he accumulated sufficient to take him to New
York for a course of special study of diseases of the eye, ear
and throat.
Ilere he came under the influence of such eminent special-
FRANKLIN PRINTING AND PUBLISHING COMPANY, ATLANTA, GA.
A TLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
251
ists as Drs. Noyes, Agnew, Bosworth and Heitzman, deriving
the many advantages to be gained by such association.
Dr. Hobbs came to Atlanta, Ga., in 1880, a total stranger,
but his talents in his profession were soon recognized, while
his genial personal qualities won him a large circle of admir¬
ing friends.
A few weeks after Dr. Hobbs' arrival in Atlanta, he was
elected to a professorship in the Southern Medical College,
devoting himself to his specialty and doing much to aid in
building up that institution.
For ten years Dr. Hobbs remained an honored member of
the faculty, when his practice became so large that he was
compelled to resign his chair in 1892, but he has never lost
his interest in the institution.
In 1891, when the Rhinological Association of eye, ear and
throat specialists met in Chicago, Dr. I lobbs was elected
president of that body, being the youngest man and the only
one from the South ever elected to that position.
Dr. Hobbs was married in 1882 to Lillian Hendricks, of
Indianapolis, Ind., a niece of Hon. Thomas A. Hendricks,
late Vice-President of the United States, and the family are
now leading a happy life in their ideal home on Ponce de
Leon avenue.
FRANKLIN PRINTING AND PUBLISHING COMPANY,
Atlanta, Ga.
Publishing house and employes of the Franklin Printing
and Publishing Company, 65-71 Ivey street, Geo. W.
Harrison, general manager, Atlanta, Ga. The largest and
most complete printing and publishing plant in the South.
W. T. HUDSON,
Atlanta, Ga.
Mr. W. T. Hudson is a native Georgian by birth. His
grandparents, Hudson-McDaniel, were among the first
families, in point of time, as well as in standing, of the
proud old county of Gwinnett. The impress of their
sterling character for upright and strictly moral principles
exemplified in their lives, and transmitted to their numerous
offspring is still felt and revered throughout the county.
His parents removed in his early childhood to the adjoin¬
ing county of DeKalb, where on the confines of his father's
farm and in the strict performance of farm duties he grew to
the estate of manhood. " My business knowledge, con¬
sequently, at this stage of life," he says in speaking of him¬
self, " was confined to the operations of conducting a small
farm, and my knowledge of the world extended only to the
limits of the immediate neighborhood. Being the oldest of
a family of seven boys I was the main dependence in
managing the farm and making a support for the family
during the five years of the Civil War, while my father was
away in the army, and thus was I deprived of the limited
educational advantages usually enjoyed by the average
country boy.
" At the age of twenty, the war having closed, my
father returning home, to find his property laid waste by
the ravages of war, relieved me from all further claims for
my services, and deploring his inability to give me any
further educational advantages, supplied me with a small
amount of cash, and with some fatherly advice told me to
pursue whatever course my inclinations and judgment might
dictate. Being averse to farm life, and with a thirst for
knowledge and for an acquaintance with more of the world,
I resolved to free myself from the existing uncongenial
environments. So, comparatively, without money, without
education, without experience, I launched forth on the busy,
the turbulent, the tumultuous sea of life.
" ' Go west, young man !' West I went. Engaging in
teaching and attending school alternately, I at length
became pretty well equipped for teaching. At about this
period in my life, in the town of Rusk, State of Texas, I
W. T. HUDSON.
met my fate in the person of a charming young lady, a
Miss Egbert, whose parents had emigrated to that State
from Indiana. This proved to be the most fortunate and
most important event of my life, as in her I found a true,
faithful heart, a ministering angel in all the vicissitudes of
life, cheering, encouraging, helping at all times, under all
conditions. Whatever success or achievements have re¬
warded my efforts in life, credit is due to her help, to her
encouragement and inspiration. While finding a fortune,
however, in a true and noble wife, the insidious influence of
a malarial climate was sapping the foundations of my
hitherto sound and robust constitution, and in a few years
after marrying I was forced, on account of ill health, to seek
a healthier clime. Having exhausted all resources, com¬
paratively, both pecuniary and physical, in the struggle
with the relentless chills and fever, with a heavy heart and
scanty purse, a dependent family, and with broken health, I
returned to my native State, old Georgia. The future was
anything but bright and cheering, but with returning health,
with the strictest diligence and economy, and the ever ready
252
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE
assistance of one of the noblest and truest of ' God's best
gift to man,' a degree of success has been attained, which,
while not amounting to fame and fortune, yet peace and
plenty, health and contentment hover over my humble
home, blest and cheered by the happy faces of five bright
and promising children, ranging in age from five to twenty
years."
W. R. JOYNER,
Atlanta, Ga.
No man serves Atlanta better in any official position than
W. R. Joyner, the brave Chief of the city's Fire Department.
Mr. Joyner was born in Cobb County, Georgia, June 30th,
1854, and removed to Atlanta in 1861. With the exception
of two years he has been a citizen of this place since that
time.
At the early age of sixteen he joined the Volunteer Fire
Department, and was foreman of the hook and ladder com-
w R. JOYJTFR.
pany at the age of nineteen. Having served in that capacity
for two years and a half, he was elected Chief of the De¬
partment when twenty-two and a half vears old. This im¬
portant post he held for over two years, and then declined
renomination.
When the brave volunteers disbanded in 1882 and the
paid department was organized, Mr. Joyner left the service
entirely. But in 1883 he was elected Chief of the paid de¬
partment, and all who were interested in this organization
for the protection of the city's property felt utmost regret
when he declined to accept the office. Hut in 1885 he was
again offered the position of Chief, and this time Atlanta was
in better luck, for Mr. Joyner accepted the election and has
held the important trust ever since.
Faithful, courageous to an unusual degree, with the pro-
foundest sense of the importance of this department to the
city's safety, Mr. Joyner has discharged all his difficult duties
in a way to command respect and admiration, and Atlanta's
Fire Department is her pride.
JOSEPH S. JAMES,
Atlanta, Ga.
Joseph S. James, United States District Attorney for the
Northern District of Georgia, was born in Campbell (now
Douglas) County, Georgia, March 20th, 1849. He received
a common school education, attending the country schools
near his home. At an early age, his mind possessed of
much firmness, breadth and power for solving difficult prob¬
lems, he decided to become a lawyer, and studied with this
end in view, and finally was admitted to the bar without
having read law under any one fir attended a law school.
In i86y he married Marguerite Elizabeth E., daughter of
the late Dr. E. W. Maxwell, a native of Douglas County.
At this time, he being very poor and without a thorough
education, he qualified himself for the battles of life by
applying himself to the study of literature as well as law,
and in this way gathering all his strength and ability, exhib¬
ited unusual energy and adaptability to deal with the ques¬
tions that might arise in his chosen profession ; he applied
himself in this way to the study of law, at times poring
over his books the entire night. When admitted to the bar
he stood a most creditable examination and immediately
forced his way to the front of his profession in his section
and has maintained that position ever since. He was ad¬
mitted in Douglasville, in 1875, and very soon thereafter to
the Supreme Court of Georgia. When he was twenty-one
years of age he was elected Justice of the Peace for the
precinct embracing Douglasville, and soon after his election
he was called to be associated with three other Justices of
the Peace of the County on a very important case. The
other three Justices decided the case one way and Mr. James
dissented from their opinion. Although a mere boy. when
the case was appealed to the higher courts they sustained
him and reversed the other Justices. He resigned that posi¬
tion after serving two years. In 1876, he was chosen the
first Mayor of Douglasville, holding the office one term, and
by his executive ability in managing the new town's affairs
he received the congratulations of the entire community.
He at once took a very active part in the politics of the
county and State and forced his way to the front very soon.
In 1880, he was elected to represent Douglas County in the
General Assembly of Georgia, anil was re-elected at the ex¬
piration of the first term. In 188h, he was elected to the
State Senate from the Thirty-sixth Senatorial District and
held this position two years. At each of the elections Mr.
James had strong opposition, but proved to be quite popular
and received over double the votes of his opponents at each
of the elections; and since he came into public life he has
deservedly held the entire confidence, respect and high re¬
gard of the people of his county and section. Nor was Mr.
James' popularity confined to his own county and section,
but extended throughout the entire State, and as an evi-
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
253
dence of his growing popularity, in 1892, he was chosen a
Presidential Elector at large from the State of Georgia by
the Democratic party to which he has always belonged, and
in ninety clays thereafter, he made one hundred and two
speeches in the State, covering almost every nook and cor¬
ner, his consecutive appointments, sometimes, being from
100 to 300 miles apart. He is eloquent, logical and a ready
debater and frequently met in joint debate the opponents of
his party. He was appointed United States District Attor¬
ney, by President "Cleveland, on April 3d, 1893. As the
legal representative of the Government, the sole responsi¬
bility devolved upon him of grappling with and suppressing
the gigantic organization in North Georgia, known as the
"White Caps." In this great task he was ably assisted by
the Assistant District Attorneys, Messrs. Rucker and Bell,
and the entire Internal Revenue force located in Atlanta.
JOSEPH s. JAMES.
Lawyers of great ability, who rank among the best in the
State, were employed for the defendants, and the nature of
the cases being wholly new, it required the greatest skill
and ingenuity to draft the bills of indictment and to manage
the cases so that they would stand the test of the techni¬
calities of the law. To this effort Mr. James devoted him¬
self, spending weeks, and at times whole nights, in his office
perfecting bills upon which the worst of the organization
were put on trial. They were convicted and his bills were
sustained by the Supreme Court of the United States. Mr.
James enjoys the reputation, all things considered, of having
made within the last two years the best record of any Dis¬
trict Attorney in any of the districts in the United States
since his appointment.
Mr. James is public spirited. He has contributed largely
to churches, public schools and many charitable institutions.
He is a great believer in the development of the resources of
his State and to that end he is bending every energy at pres¬
ent, having already located several important manufacturing
enterprises in his town and section. He always has the cour¬
age of his convictions and never fears to firmly assert them,
and when he is a friend to a person, he is a friend in need
and deed. Col. James has three daughters, Marguerite
Odessa, Eunice Latitia and Lois Cleveland. He is a member
of the Odd Fellows and affiliates with the Methodist Church
South, but entertains very liberal views towards all denomi¬
nations. He takes a broad and conservative view in all mat¬
ters pertaining to church and state.
He is a son of Stephen James, who, with his three sons,
fought valiantly in the late Civil War. Those in the ranks
were George W., who died at Front Royal, Va., and was a
member of the Seventh Georgia Regiment, John M.. a mem¬
ber of the Twenty-First Georgia Regiment, First Lieutenant
of Company "A," and who lost his right leg at Chancellors-
ville, Va., and Wm. A., who belonged to an Alabama Reg¬
iment. The bravery of these gentlemen is acknowledged by
their comrades and all who know their history. In his home
life Mr. James is a kind and affectionate husband and father
He and his family are perfectly devoted and attached to each
other.
Perhaps the crowning glory of his life is summed up in
what he has done to aid young men and ladies in Georgia
who have appealed to him for assistance. He has a big
heart and true sympathy for every one who is trying to
press his way to the front in life. No man in Georgia, ac¬
cording to his means, has done more for the encouragement
of those who are struggling in the battle of life to win a
place for themselves in the estimation of the world. Mr.
James always listens patiently to the appeals so frequently
made to him, and in almost every instance, renders valuable
assistance to each person. His regard for the struggling
young manhood of his State, in an effort to rise, is his
strongest trait of character. Hundreds of young men and
women in Georgia would gladly endorse what is said in this
paragraph, and this is contributed by a young man who
has often received encouragement and material aid at his
hands.
Dr. R. R. KinE,
Atlanta, Gc.
Dr. Rufus R. Kime was born near Clarkesville, Tenn., Feb¬
ruary 11 th, 1857, being the second son of Dr. John Kime.
His mother was the eldest daughter of Robert R. Morrison
and sister of Rev. H. C. Morrison, D. D., of Atlanta. The
subject of this sketch, when very young, was taken to Ken¬
tucky, where his mother died a few years later, and his
father moved to Indiana, where he received a literary edu¬
cation in the common schools of the State, the Owensville
High School and the State University at Bloomington. He
married Miss Hope Davidson October 18th, 1883, the eldest
daughter of ex-Senator Jasper N. Davidson, of Indiana. He
pursued the study of medicine under his father, attending
medical lectures at the university, Louisville, Ky.; gradu¬
ated from the University of Michigan in the medical and
surgical department in 1880 ; has taken post graduate courses
254
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
at Louisville, Chicago and New York. Dr. Kime practiced
his profession eight years in Union and five years in Peters¬
burg, performing the first successful operation for strangu¬
lated hernia in the county in which he lived. He also served
as president of the county medical society, secretary of the
board of health, was an honorary member of two adjoining
county societies, and member of the State association. The
Dr. r. r. kime.
rigorous climate and exposure due to an extensive practice
rendered a change of climate necessary, so he sought a
Southern field, and located in Atlanta, after spending a win¬
ter in New York, preparing for gynecological and surgical
work. For two years his work in Atlanta was confined to
gynecology and obstetrics exclusively. He soon became
identified with the regular medical profession, and was lec¬
turer on gynecology and adjunct to the chair of obstetrics for
three years in the Southern Medical College, now serving as
president of Atlanta Obstetrical Society, president of the
Atlanta Society of Medicine, president of the Hospital Staff
of the Exposition, and vice-president of the Tri-State Medi¬
cal Association of Georgia, Alabama and Tennessee. He is
a member of the above-named societies, also of the Georgia
State Medical, Mississippi Valley Medical, American Medical
Associations, and the Southern Surgical and Gynecological
Association.
H. 1. KIMBALL (Deceased),
Formerly of Atlanta, Ga.
H. I. Kimball was a potent factor in Atlanta's prosperity.
Much of his life was devoted to her upbuilding and welfare.
He was the son of a poor carriage-maker, and was reared to
follow the same trade. He was born in Oxford County,
Me., in 1832, and died April 28th, 1895. Becoming dis¬
satisfied with the narrow scope of opportunity in his native-
town, he left home at the age of nineteen years and went to
New Haven, Conn., where a better position was offered in a
large carriage manufactory. He labored unceasingly, and
soon was made manager of one of the most extensive fac¬
tories in New England. But, although performing his
alloted tasks perfectly, nature had prepared him for higher
things, and determined that he should rise to positions that
would allow executive ability and open for the world's
betterment the gates of his great, noble heart. He lived in
Boston for a short while, and then was called to Chicago, in
1866, to accept a responsible position with George Pullman.
Being assigned the duty of building street car lines in the
Southern cities, he made an extended tour through the
South, visiting Atlanta among other places. He was fasci¬
nated with the thrift and enterprise here visible, and
predicted a brilliant future for this section and city. He
assumed the management of the southern branch of the
Pullman Car Company, located in Atlanta; for the next
twenty years we see evidences of his labor in behalf of
progress. It was largely through his instrumentality that
the State Capitol was removed to Atlanta ; that the opera
House was erected, and the Union Depot became a reality.
He decided the wholesale section of the city by having
the railroad tracks laid in their present position at the rear
of Alabama street, and encouraged the building of many
additional railroads.
At one time he was president of nine distinct railroads.
His activity secured the State bonds that enabled the
Brunswick & Macon Railroad to be built. In the Chicago
fire of 1871 he suffered severe loss that " threw a damper"
h. i KIMBALL.
over his spirit for almost two years. Adversity greatly
affects an ambitious man. Mr. Kimball always believed that
the South was the best locality for the manufacture of
cotton, and strenuously urged the erection and operation of
the Atlanta cotton mills. He also organized the Peters
Park Investment Company, and capitalized it at $200,000,
and raised the Kimball House twice to completion. Mr.
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
255
Kimball was a popular man, and having once formed a
purpose, its consummation was inevitable. He was per¬
severing, industrious, with personal judgment, coolness of
decision, and the courage of his convictions. He was a
Methodist, and a Republican.
He married the daughter of Mr. George Cook, of Boston,
and left as his successors his wife and three children : Laura,
the wife of Mr. Covall, of Boston; Mae, a charming young
lady, and Hannibal I. Kimball, a rising young business man
of Chicago.
ERNEST C. KONTZ.
Atlanta, Ga.
Ernest C. Kontz, lawyer, Atlanta, Ga., was raised in At¬
lanta, and received his primary education at her public
schools. He was afterwards employed for two years in the
large wholesale house of John Silvey & Co., where he re¬
ceived valuable business training. In 1880 he began a four
years' course at Neel's Kirkwood Military Academy, where
ERNEST C. KONTZ.
under strict discipline of a graduate of the United States
Military Academy, he was prepared for college, entering the
University of Georgia in the fall of 1884; here he was An-
niversarian of the Phi Kappa Literary society, by election of
its membership, 1887; was president of his class, 1887; and
was public speaker at both his Junior and Senior years as
the reward of his scholarship. He graduated from the Lit¬
erary department, 1887. In 1888 he took a course of law
lectures under Professor John B. Minor, at the University of
Virginia. In 1889 he graduated from the law department
of the University of Georgia.
Within a few months after his admission to the bar, which
occurred in 1889, he was appointed sole counsel for the Pull¬
man Palace Car Company for Georgia and South Carolina.
In 1890 he was, without more than the expression of a
willingness to serve, elected over a strong opponent, Recorder
of the City of Atlanta. As Recorder he tried about 12,000
cases. Of these only 1 1 were appealed ; he was never reversed,
and in one particularly hard fought case, involving large
property rights, which was twice carried to the Supreme
Court, he was both times sustained.
He has a large law clientage, and takes an active interest
in all movements for the moral and intellectual advancement
of the community ; is a member of the Board of Directors of
the Young Men's Library Association, and is the Superin¬
tendent of one of the largest and most flourishing Sunday
Schools of the city, as an adjunct to which is run a large
free day school.
His parents were both Germans, and Judge Kontz highly
honors the sturdy people of his ancestry, but himself born
in this country and having a large acquaintance throughout
the State, and having traveled extensively throughout the
various sections, has broad views of our country. In a liter¬
ary address delivered by him on the subject "Georgia," he
said: "Oh, proud Georgia, mother of soldiers, scholars,
grand men and noble women, seated on your everlasting
hills clothed in the rich drapery of forest and of plain;
decked in your rich, rude jewels, and with lap well filled with
amaranth of immortality, sheaves and choicest gifts for your
children; in one hand cities, the other outstretched in be¬
nevolent deeds and ever ready for the protection of your
people ; your feet resting at the sea mid orange blossoms,
emblems of your worth, your tresses bound with mountain
laurel, fit emblems of your virtue and your glorious achiev-
ments ; palms strew your pathway ; with your sisters go on
in your majesty while the nations wondering watch your sure
and steady march to new victories and to greater glory."
These sentiments illustrate his love both of state and of the
indissoluble union.
He is careful, thorough, scholarly, is himself his severest
critic, and has the promise of a successful career.
Capt. L. J. LAIRD,
Atlanta, Ga.
Capt. L. J. Laird, the subject of this sketch, was born in
Eufaula, Ala., February 7th, 1843. His father, who bore
the same initials, was a prominent merchant and planter—
one of the old regime, with broad acres and plenty of hands
to work them. Capt. Laird, at an early age, was placed
under the skillful tutorage of Prof. John Newton of Knox
Hill, Fla., but, the war coming on, he left the school when a
little more than seventeen years of age, and joined the army
of the Southern Confederacy, serving, when able, until the
close of the struggle. A single incident, told by Gen. Al-
pheus Baker, in whose brigade he served, will be sufficient
to illustrate his ardor and efficiency as a soldier. It occurred
at the battle of New Hope Church, which was fought on the
27th day of May, 1864. According to the statement of the
General, an attack was made by the Federals, on the 24th,
on Gen. Henry D. Clayton's brigade, and after an hour's
hard fighting, in which a great deal of artillery was used, on
256
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
the Federal side, the Federals were repulsed. On the 25th
there was great quiet on that line, but on the night of the
26th Gen. Baker was notified that the Federals were estab¬
lishing a battery in his front, to which the 37th Alabama was
principally exposed. He immediately wrote to Gen. A. I'.
Stewart, telling him that the battery was being established
fe'-
f*
Capt. t. J. LAIRD.
about four hundred yards distant, and that his command
would be obliged to suffer when the firing began, as his
troops were armed with Belgian rifles, which carried balls
only three hundred yards. He further told Gen. Stewart
that if he would send him artillery he (Gen. Baker) would
blow the battery out of the ground at daylight next morn¬
ing. To his surprise and vexation, Gen. Stewart wrote back
that he could not supply the artillery, but he felt sure Gen.
Baker would hold his position, as he occupied a very im¬
portant part of the line.
The morning of the 27th dawned amid great apprehen¬
sion and uneasiness on the part of General Baker and his
command, but it was two o'clock in the afternoon when a
smoke was seen to puff up from the battery, and a terrific
fire of grape and solid shot struck the 37th Alabama. It
was very destructive, and in a few minutes, ninety-seven
were killed and wounded, some with heads and some with
arms shot off. General Baker knew that he could not reach
them with his Belgian rifles, but he remembered that he
had a few Enfield rifles in his command and he immediately
ordered every soldier who had one to come forward. Only
nineteen responded, and the General, knowing it to be a
most desperate undertaking, called for a volunteer officer to
lead the nineteen in the fight, when a mere boy, Capt. L. J.
Laird by name, and the original of the picture before us,
came forward. He did lead them into the jaws of death
and right into the fire of the grape-shot, but in a few min¬
utes he had silenced the battery and saved the brigade, re¬
ceiving a most desperate wound on the head from a cannon
ball, which disabled him for more than a year. It was but
a natural impulse for every man in the command to return
grateful thanks to this young hero for his services in their
behalf, and to this day every survivor feels it a privilege to
clasp his hand, when they meet, as a father would that of
his boy, and to applaud the name when it is mentioned in
his hearing. The truth is, when told, that Capt. L. J. Laird
is as brave a soldier as ever unsheathed a sword in any
cause, and the wonder is that he has not received more
notice at the hands of the historian. At the close of the
war he was captain of Company 1J of the 54th Alabama
Regiment. After the war he married Miss Annie E. Cody,
the daughter of Rev. Edmond Cody, and the union has
been blest with three sons anil three daughters. He com¬
menced business in his native town, Eufaula, but in 1872
removed to Newnan, Ga., where he engaged in the ware¬
house and cotton business, f or a time, his firm did well,
but the panic which followed, 187swept away his gains,
and forced him to begin life anew. He accepted the situa¬
tion like a soldier, and after somewhat retrieving his fortune,
removed to Atlanta in 1881, and went into the life insurance
business.
DANIEL HOWARD LIVERMORE,
Atlanta, Ga.
Daniel Howard Livermore, at present a representative
citizen of Atlanta, Ga., belongs to a lineage of great an¬
tiquity and eminence. The family was great in the time of
DANIEL HOWARD I.IVKRMORE.
King Alfred, 880 A. I)., when he divided his kingdom into
parishes; and the line was known for a considerable time
anterior to even English Alfred. Eight coats of arms were
granted to them in England.
The present representative of the blood was born Sep¬
tember 28th, 1868, at Sangerfield, Oneida Co., N. \. His
father, Daniel Livermore, was an honored citizen of Central
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
257
New York, a man of wealth, and closely identified with
church and State.
Daniel Howard Livermore graduated with honors and
received also diplomas for business and banking courses in
Rochester Business University, N. Y., and immediately
became connected with the First National Bank of Water-
ville, N. Y., of which his father was a controller.
In 1890 Mr. Livermore removed to Calhoun, Ga., and
established the Bank of Calhoun, of which he is still presi¬
dent, owning a majority of stock. He located in Atlanta in
1894, purchased a beautiful residence here, and became
vice-president of the State Savings Bank, with a large block
of stock. He is also connected with other important enter¬
prises in Atlanta, and meets with marked success in all of
them.
Socially Mr. Livermore is very popular, being an admired
member of the Capital City Club and of the Young Men's
Driving Club, while his wife, who was Miss Helen Locke
Hale, is also a favorite everywhere. Mrs. Livermore is
directly descended from the Lockes, of Charter Court,
England, to which family belonged John Locke, philosopher.
The coat of arms which this branch of the family bears was
granted by Henry VIII.: Per fesse az. and or,—in chief
three falcons volant of the second ; crest, a hand ppr. hold¬
ing up cushion or.
SIQMUND LANDAUER,
Atlanta, Ga.
Sigmund Landauer was born May 29th, 1844, in Germany.
At the age of thirteen years he was apprenticed to learn the
jewelry trade, at which he worked for about ten years. He
came to Georgia in 1865 and to Atlanta in 1876. He mar-
SIGMDND LANDAUER.
vied his first wife in 1871, who died in 1885, and remarried
in 1888, having four children. He has been connected with
the Southern Agricultural Works since 1876 in various ca-
17
pacities, and in 1892 bought a controlling interest and be¬
came president of the company.
Judge JOSEPH HENRY LUMPKIN,
Atlanta, Ga.
Judge Joseph Henry Lumpkin, Judge of the Superior
Court of the Atlanta Circuit, was born in Athens, Ga., and
is the grandson and namesake of the distinguished first Chief
Justice of the Supreme Court of that State. He was educated
atthe University of Georgia, where he graduated with the high¬
est honors of his class. After graduating he moved to Atlanta
and read law and was admitted to the bar. Sometime after¬
ward he was appointed to the position of assistant reporter
JUDGE JOSEPH HENRY LUMPKIN.
of the Supreme Court, and upon the resignation of the re¬
porter in 188j he succeeded him. He held the position of
reporter until 1888, when he resigned, and returned to the
more active practice of law. In September, 1893, he was
appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of the Atlanta Cir¬
cuit to succeed Hon. Marshall J. Clarke, who had resigned.
Later he was elected by the Legislature to fill the unexpired
term. He now presides on the bench of this circuit.
Wfl. ABRAM LOVE, M. D.
Atlanta, Ga.
Dr. Love was born in Camden, S. C., May 16th, 1824.
His father, Wm. Love, Esq., was a descendant of a Scotch
family that settled in Maryland in the 1 7th century, mem¬
bers of which removed to South Carolina previous to the
Revolutionary war, and for gallant service in the said war
were awarded large grants of land in that State.
Dr. Love's maternal grandmother, Sarah King, of King's
Mountain, N. C., married Abram Childers, of English ances¬
try, a family of colonial days. Dr. Love, an only child, left
an orphan by the death of his father, at the age of nine
months, was reared by his grandmother Childers. Educated
258
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
under the care of this grandmother in his native town and
vicinity, he early chose medicine as his profession. After
due preparation, in a drug store, and under private precep¬
tors, he entered the medical department of the University of
Pennsylvania in 1844, remaining in Philadelphia through¬
out his medical course. In 1845 he was graduated from the
Warrington Obstetrical Institute, served his time in the Ly-
ing-in-Charity and Nurse Society, attended lectures in the
Locust Street Summer School, and finally, was graduated
from the Medical Department of the University of Pennsyl¬
vania, April 3d, 1846, since which time he has been a suc¬
cessful practitioner in the State of Georgia. January 1 Ith,
1849, he was married to Marion Louisa, daughter of Hon.
Abner Darden, in Warren County, Georgia.
During the late Civil War, Dr. Love served first on the
field and later in the hospital department, on the medical
staff of the Confederate army. In 1866 he became a mem¬
ber of the Medical Association of Georgia, served later as its
Vice-President, and is now one of its most active members.
In 1875 he became a member of the American Medical
Association, and in the Ninth International Medical Con¬
gress, held in Washington City, he served as Vice-President
of the section on physiology.
In 1871, Dr. Love, on a day's notice, was called to the
chair of physiology and pathological anatomy in the Atlanta
Medical College, which position he still holds, and, as
senior member, is also president of the Faculty.
In the Masonic field Dr. Love has been, for nearly half a
century, a very zealous worker. He is General Grand Prin¬
cipal Conductor of the work of the General Grand Council
of the United States; one of the Vice-Presidents of the Ma-
Masonic bodies, he is Grand Representative of the Grand
Lodges of Alabama and of New York ; of the Grand Chap¬
ter of Alabama, and of the Grand Councils of Ohio, South
Carolina, and Vermont. He is one of the oldest Knights
Templar in the State; he is a thirty-second degree Ancient
and Accepted Scottish Rite Mason of the Southern Jurisdic¬
tion—in a word Dr. Love is now considered the Masonic
Patriarch of Georgia.
THOS. H. HORGAN,
Atlanta, Ga.
Thos. H. Morgan came to Atlanta in February, 1879.
He began the study of architecture at Knoxville, Tenn., in
1875, pursuing his studies there, in St. Louis and the larger
THOS. H MORGAN.
eastern cities. Upon coming to Atlanta he entered the
office of Parkins & Bruce as assistant, and on the first of
January, 1882, formed a co-partnership with A. C. Bruce
under the name of Bruce & Morgan, which has continued
with uninterrupted success. Mr. Morgan has brought to his
profession a mind well stored with architectural knowledge
and a quick artistic sympathy with the high ideals of his
art. He is a fellow of the American Institute of Architects
and justly ranks among the leading lights of his profession.
WILLlAfl C. MASSEY,
Atlanta, Ga.
Captain William Calhoun Massey, commanding Company
K, Fifth Regiment Infantry, Georgia Volunteers, is a native
of Madison, Morgan Co., Ga. He came to Atlanta, an in¬
fant, in 1871, and has resided there almost continuously
since. His father, Nathan Massey, was a prominent and
wealth)- planter in Morgan County before the war, as was
his grandfather also. His great-grandfather was a Revolu¬
tionary officer, serving in North Carolina. Through his
mother lie is directly descended from the Calhouns, of South
Carolina, the name in Scotland being Colquhoun.
sonic Veterans' Association of the United States, and he
was a Vice-President of the World's* Masonic Congress, held
at Chicago during the World's Fair. As a representative of
other State Grand Masonic bodies near his own State Grand
Wll, ABRAM LOVE, M. D.
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
259
He attended the public schools of Atlanta, leaving the
High School shortly before graduation to engage in farming
and fruit growing. He represented Fulton County at the State
Agricultural Convention in 1885, being the youngest delegate
present. He taught himself Graham system of shorthand in
1888, in order to make stenographic reporting his profes¬
sion, and filled a number of responsible positions as amanuen¬
sis, taking, in the meantime, a finishing course at a business
college. He has reported numerous trials, investigations
and conventions, among the latter being the Georgia
Bankers' Association, Southern Wholesale Grocers and State
Dental Society. He also assisted in reporting the O. R. C.
Convention, the largest ever held in the South. The
stenographers in this work gained much commendation for
the skill displayed, the copy of each day's session being
handed the printers shortly after adjournment.
He enlisted in the State volunteer forces in 1891 ; was
elected captain of Company K while a member of the
Governor's Horse Guard, the celebrated cavalry troop of
Atlanta which has been victorious in so many tilts and
shooting contests. He is the first captain of Company K,
which is the newest company of Georgia volunteers. This
company is composed of selected material, many of the best
families of the State and of the South being represented
therein, and the standard regarding conduct is so high that
it is an honor to be a member. The strictest discipline is
observed .cheerfully by the men, as well as the greatest
courtesy. The company has made a record in camp for
promptness efficiency and soldierly conduct of which it
WILLIAM C. MASSEY.
may well be proud, and which is very creditable to its com¬
mander and his able assistants, Lieutenants S. H. Askew, jr.,
and Chas. P. Maury, and First Sergeant Chas. M. Pendleton.
This company takes greatest pride in being practical, and in
conforming as nearly as possible to the regulations,
Colonel JOHN M1LLEDGE,
Atlanta, Qa.
Among the gallant heroes who have distinguished them¬
selves, in peace as well as war, stands Colonel Milledge, the
State Librarian. He comes of distinguished ancestors, and
is the son of John Milledge, the lawyer and statesman. Col.
Milledge graduated from the Georgia Military Institute in
CoLONEr. JOHN MILLEDGE.
1857 with the rank of captain. At the opening of the war
he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the First Georgia
Regulars, and in 1862 he commanded a battery of artillery
in Nelson's battalion in the army of Northern Virginia. He
came to Atlanta, in 1866, and soon won his way to the
hearts of the people. He was appointed State Librarian by
Gov. Gordon, and has filled the position with signal ability.
He called to order and presided over the first meeting of
the Fulton County Confederate Veterans' Association, and
has since been an active and useful member.
A short time since he composed a stirring song " The
Bugle Call," which has taken like wildfire wherever it
has been heard. Col. Milledge organized and for a num¬
ber of years commanded the Governor's Horse Guard,
one of the finest cavalry companies in the south, to which
this song was dedicated.
Mrs. JOHN niLLEDGE,
Atlanta, Ga.
Mrs. Milledge was a Virginian by birth, her maiden name
being Fanny Conway Robinson. She was the adopted
daughter of "her cousin, John Thompson Brown, who was
in command of the artillery corps at Richmond, in which
Col. Milledge commanded a battery. They were married in
July, 1865.
When she took charge of the Ladies' Memorial Associa¬
tion in 1884, at Atlanta, there was not a dollar in the
260
ATLANTA HOMES AND PEOPLE.
treasury. The headboards of the graves in Oakland Ceme¬
tery were fast rotting away, the only means of marking the
MRS. JOHN MIU.KW.K
locations of many thousand dead Confederate soldiers. Mrs.
Milledge immediately went to work, and, through her leader¬
ship and magnificent management, she raised enough money
to place marble headstones at every spot where wooden ones
had been, and two slabs with the names and commands of
the others whose graves could not be located. She then
addressed herself to the building of a monument to the un¬
known dead, and the lion was selected. When the lion was
finished, and she unveiled it with scarcely enough strength
to pull the cord, just as the slanting rays of the setting sun
brought out the beautiful white figure of the lion, she felt
that her work was finished.
Mrs. Milledge died April 25th, 1895, and her funeral was
the most noted occasion in the records of the State to her
many honored women. The Governor, the J udges of the Su¬
preme Court and Statehouse officials were honorary pall¬
bearers, and the military of the city attended as a special
escort.
Mr. C. W. MOTES,
Atlanta, Ga.
Mr. C. \V. Motes is Atlanta's most distinguished artist
photographer. His reputation is not local, as he is known
throughout the Union. His work has been reproduced as
art studies in every photographic magazine in this country
and several in Europe. He has exhibited his work in com¬
petition with the best photographers in the world at the
National Photographic conventions, and has been awarded
many prizes for superiority.
TO THE UNKNOWN CONFKnHRATK DKAD.
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
Mr. Motes is a native of Union-
town, Ala. His parents were not
wealthy, but noted for their integrity
and industry. At an early age he em¬
barked in the study and practice of
the ambrotype art, exhibiting from
the outset a capability that fore¬
shadowed his future success. In
1859, he established a handsome
and well equipped gallery in
Athens, Ga., where he had great
success, being highly appreciated
in that cultured community as a
gentleman and an artist. A thor¬
ough Southerner in politics, at
the commencement of the war, he
did not hesitate to stake fortune
and life on the issues of the im¬
pending struggle. He promptly
went to the front in the famous
Troup Artillery, the first com¬
pany to leave Athens. In every
engagement of that gallant com¬
pany, he was conspicuous for cour¬
age and undaunted bravery. lie
served his country faithfully until
the struggle was ended. Return¬
ing to Atlanta, his reputation at once placed him in
the first rank as a most thorough and skillful photo¬
grapher.
His portraits of distinguished men and women, and his
photographs of children speak volumes for the artist. As
MR. c. w. MOTES.
a husband and a father he is thoughtful and tender to the
highest degree, and is well known, not only as an artist,
but as a useful and patriotic citizen.
MRS. Mir.LEUGK'S GRAVE.
nr. G. L. NORRflAN (Architect),
Atlanta, Ga.
Mr. Norrman's Autobiography:
"I was born in Sweden in about the same manner as all
other Swedes. Nothing of any note happened at the event.
Everything went along in much the same manner as the day
before.
"The only sensation that my coming into this world
created was a little stir among some old aunts and other
lady friends of the family, who found it difficult to decide
whom I looked like, but they finally came to the conclusion
that I resembled my great-grandmother. I suppose that
they came to this decision on account of my being bald-
headed, wrinkled in the face, and of a very unsettled dispo¬
sition.
" A very charming young lady solicited my picture for
this volume, and assured me that it would be a most excel¬
lent means for securing business, and she told me that the
public was not only interested in my appearance, but was
greatly interested in knowing all about me, and the pub¬
lishers were interested fifteen dollars' worth. So, in giving
an account of myself, 1 thought I would be very explicit,
and would begin with the beginning.
" Nothing of any moment has occurred since. I have
been engaged in my profession for many years. I hope that
the public will pardon me for not stating how long, as I am
still a bachelor, and hope that if my picture does not bring
me any business it will call the young ladies' attention to
262
■1 TLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
the opportunity of securing a most exemplary husband, and
if they knew how long I had been in business they might
not be so greatly interested.
" At any rate, I have been in business long enough to
have had considerable experience, and if any one is inter-
G. L. NORRMAN.
ested in one way or another, let me know, and I'll give a
more detailed account of myself."
H. T. PHILLIPS,
Atlanta, Ga.
The music house of Phillips & Crew Co. is one of the larg¬
est and most successful in the South. The Phillips & Crew
H. T. PHILLIPS.
Co. was incorporated some thirty years ago, it being the
outgrowth of the firm of Phillips & Crew, which was estab¬
lished in 1865. The likeness herewith given is an excellent
one of Mr. H. T. Phillips, the President of the Company.
He was born in New York State and has resided in the
South fully two score years. No man in Atlanta stands
higher in business circles than he. Mr. B. B. Crew, the
Treasurer of the Company, is a gentleman of unexceptional
ability as a financier, and is thoroughly familiar with every
detail connected with the music business. Mr. R. B. Toy,
the Secretary of the Company, is a finely equipped man of
affairs and in this department of trade knows no superior.
The stock they carry is large and well chosen, embracing
everything found in the most extensive music establishment.
On the second floor is an elegantly arranged music hall,
where concerts, lectures and recitals are given. The com¬
pany is well officered and carries on a successful business.
WILLIAM F. PATTILLO,
Atlanta, Ga.
William F. Pattillo, general agent of the southern depart¬
ment of the Hamburg-Bremen Fire Insurance Company of
Hamburg, Germany, was born in Harris Co., Ga., in 1846.
Being reared on a farm, he was early trained to regular
labor of every sort known to farm life, and his educational
advantages were limited to such as could be found in the
county schools. He entered the Georgia Military Institute
at Marietta in February, 1864; but went into the Confeder¬
ate service within three months after, with a battalion of
Georgia Cadets, Company B, and remained continuously in
service until the surrender. He was paroled in Augusta,
and returning home in the spring of 1865, cultivated a crop,
going to school in the fall. He also made crops in 1866-67,
going to school each autumn. In 1868 he came to Atlanta
and entered service as clerk in the office of his uncle, W. P.
WIIJ.IAM P. PATTILLO.
Pattillo, insurance agent, being admitted to partnership with
him in 1875 under the firm name of \V. P. & \V. F. Pattillo,
insurance agents. By mutual agreement they separated in-
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
J. K. OHL, Atlanta, Ga.
Assistant Editor Atlanta Constitution.
Dr. f. b. McRAE, Atlanta, Ga.
264
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
terests in 1889, W. F. Pattillo taking the general agency
alone of the Hamburg-Bremen Fire Insurance Company,
which position he still holds, enjoying the fullest confidence
of the company's management, both in Germany and
America, and being held in high esteem by the insurance
fraternity as a conservative, capable underwriter. Through
his influence largely his company occupies a prominent
position throughout the South. He is a man of high
character, and a prominent citizen. His opinions are sought
and respected by the people of his community. He is an
official layman in the Methodist church, and has been iden¬
tified for years with the educational interests of his com¬
munity as school trustee and member of the county board of
education. He, with his interesting family, a wife and five
children, resides at their pretty home in Decatur. Such a
man and family gives character and strength to any com¬
munity.
THOMAS SPENCER POWELL, fl. D. (Deceased.)
Atlanta, Ga.
Thomas Spencer Powell is a native of Brunswick County,
Va., and is of Welsh descent. His father, Capt. M. D.
Powell, while a college student married Miss Sarah Harwell,
THOMAS SPENCER POWELL. M.D. (Deceased.)
of Brunswick County. The subject of this sketch was the
only child of this union. The collegiate education which
began at Oakland Academy, in his native county, under the
able director, Prof. J. D. Atkinson, was completed with dis¬
tinguished honors at Lawrenceville Male Institute, then in
charge of the celebrated Prof. Brown, of Williams and Mary
College. His father early observing his son's talent and in¬
clination for the study of medicine, educated him for a phy¬
sician. He placed him under the tuition of Dr. Benjamin
Hicks, of Lawrenceville, Va., an eminent physician, and after
this preparatory training, he attended two courses at the
medical department of the University of Pennsylvania
where he graduated with distinction. Soon after, Dr. Powell
went to Sparta, Ga., where his promptness and energy soon
won a large and lucrative practice. In 1847 he was happily
married to Miss Julia L. Bass, a lovely and highly accom¬
plished young lady, daughter of Dr. Larkin Bass. Dr.
Powell having been elected to the chair of Obstetrics in the
Atlanta Medical College, he came to that city in 1858. In
addition to those duties he had a large and lucrative practice
in the city. Dr. Powell has also made a wide reputation
as a lecturer, having on numerous occasions delivered ad¬
dresses of pronounced literary ability. He has also contri¬
buted many valuable papers to medical literature which have
been published in book and pamphlet form, and was the
founder and senior editor of the Southern Medical Record.
In 1879 Dr. Powell, with some of his professional associates
founded the Southern Medical College, and has been presi¬
dent of it since its organization, which in a few years has
taken a prominent place in the ranks of medical schools.
The College was soon found to be inadequate and the large,
handsome structure was built opposite the Grady Hospital,
and is now thoroughly equipped for medical education. Dr.
Powell was the first projector of a clinical school in Atlanta,
and with the help of his associates established the Ivy Street
Hospital, which has been of most material benefit to the city.
Dr. Powell was remarried in 1882 to Mrs. Jennie Miller, of
Virginia, a lady of rare beauty and mental attainments.
[Dr. Powell's recent death was universally lamented. He
was a man entirely respected and beloved wherever known ]
JOHN n. PORTEOUS,
Atlanta, Ga.
John Murray Porteous, who is one of the brightest insur¬
ance men of the South, was born in Edinburgh, Scotland,
and received a classical education, at the historical Royal
High School there. Seeking a broader field for his labors,
he came to America, in 1872, and at once commenced a
successful mercantile career. Having taken out a policy in
one of the old line companies, his thoughts were directed
to their plan of operation, and he soon concluded that he
could perfect a system that would not only be an improve¬
ment, but a distinct departure in life insurance. With this
end in view he severed his connection with mercantile pur¬
suits, and entering the insurance field came to Atlanta, and
appeared as one of the organizers of the Atlanta Mutual
Insurance Company, and the management and secretaryship
of the corporation was placed in his hands. The success of
the company shows the wisdom of the choice, as the com¬
bination policy, which is the result of Mr. Porteous' long
study, has revolutionized the business 111 the South. It is a
plan that must commend itself to the careful consideration
and liberal recognition of intelligent men and women, and
is a step in advance of the ordinary plans commonly accepted
as the perfection of life insurance. The work of Mr. Por-
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
265
teous' company has been highly spoken of, and he has re¬
ceived numberless testimonials as to the merit of his special
JOHN MURRAY FORTEOUS.
labors in this direction. Mr. Porteous was married, on
May 2d, 1893, to Miss Mary Donaldson, of St. Andrews,
Scotland.
G. F. PAYNE,
Atlanta, Ga.
George Frederick Payne, Ph.G., M.D., F.C.S., was born
in Macon, Ga., April 7th, 1853. After being taught to
read and write by his mother he entered a private school at
the age of eight years. His vacations were spent as a clerk
in the drug store of his father. He availed himself of every
advantage afforded by his native city in his studies in
chemistry and pharmacy, until his twentieth year. By this
time he had become quite a skillful pharmacist. In 1873 he
entered the School of Mines, Columbia College, New York
city, to continue his medical studies. During 1873 and
1874 he devoted himself to this work, and passed success¬
fully the courses required. In 1875 he graduated in the
New York College of Pharmacy, and in this year returned
to Macon and entered the drug business with his father,
establishing a chemical laboratory for analytical wor^: at the
same time. Shortly after this he became a partner. In
1884, upon the death of his father, he bought the entire
business and conducted it most successfully. In 1890 he
represented Georgia in the revision of the United States
Pharmacopoeia, and in the same year secured the appoint¬
ment as State Chemist of Georgia, which he still holds. In
1891, upon the request of the Georgia Pharmaceutical
Association, he was appointed a member of the State
Board of Pharmacy by the Governor for five years. In
1891 he graduated at the Atlanta Medical College. In
1893 he was elected vice-president of the Georgia Pharma¬
ceutical Association. Dr. Payne also served as director of
the agricultural and horticultural exhibit of the State of
Georgia at the Cotton States and International Exposition.
In putting up the fruits for this exhibit he has made a
special study of preserving fluids, which will be of much
value. He is considered one of the best authorities in the
United States on the subject of fertilizers and fertilizing
material, doing more work of this kind in his laboratory
than is probably done in any other laboratory in the
country. He has recently had charge of some of the most
important scientific work of the official chemists of the
United States. Dr. Payne is an expert handler of fire¬
arms. A record of twenty odd handsome first prizes show
his skill with the shotgun, rifle and pistol. He has also won
first prizes in horseback riding and in tournaments. He is
one of the few persons who can write really well with either
hand with equal facility.
Dr. Payne's grandfather came of the well-known English
Payne family. Being a younger son he came to this country
and settled in Charleston, S. C, where he met and married
a German lady (Sharden-Weaver), who had fled to this
country to avoid the religious persecutions in her own. She
is said to have founded the Orphans' Home at Charles¬
ton, which is yet in existence. Dr. Payne's father entered
the drug business at an early age, being regularly appren¬
ticed in English style. On reaching the age of twenty-one
his rich bachelor employer offered to make him his sole heir
if he would remain with him. This he refused, saying "that
he would wait for no dead man's shoes."
His employer lived to a very ripe old age and finally died
in Boston, Mass., after having lost his property in specula-
G. F. PAYNE
tions. Leaving Charleston in 1840, Dr. Payne's father
settled in Macon, Ga., the same year, and in a few years
built the first three-story brick store in the place. From
1840 to 1890 (fifty years) the drug business was carried on
successfully in Macon by father and son, until press of
266
ATLANTA, BOMBS AND PEOPLE.
duties caused the son's removal to Atlanta, the capital of
the State.
On his mother's side Dr. Payne is a great-great-great-
grandson of General Cleveland of the Revolutionary War
(the hero of King's Mountain), and a direct descendant of
the Wingfields who were identified with the early history of
the State.
Dr. Payne is a member of the American Pharmaceutical
Association, the Georgia Medical Society, the American
Chemical Society, the Association of Official Agricultural
Chemists and the London Chemical Society. lie served
as a judge upon two of the juries of awards of the Cotton
States and International Exposition.
In 1884 Dr. Payne married Anna Ruby Nichols, daughter
of Captain J. H. Nichols, of Nacoochee Valley, Ga.
W. E. RAGAN,
Atlanta, Qa.
Mr. Willis E. Ragan is another of the many self-made
men of Atlanta who have contributed to make her the great
city that she is.
He was born and spent his early boyhood days in Lee
County, Georgia, where his parents resided. His father was a
W. R KAGAN.
very successful planter, but the war of secession and the eman¬
cipation of slavery left him in such an impoverished condi¬
tion he was only able to give his son an academic education,
followed with a business course at Bryant, Stratton & Sad¬
dler's Business College, of Baltimore, Md., which proved to
be the architect of his fortunes. After graduating there, his
battle for fortune began.
He came to Atlanta when only a mere boy, and obtained
a position as assistant bookkeeper with what was then a
small drygoods house, M. C. & J. F. Riser. At the end of
two months he was promoted to head bookkeeper and cashier
of the establishment, which position he filled most satisfac-
factorily for about five years, when his employers, in recog¬
nition of his remarkable business qualifications, and the
faithful and efficient services of their young bookkeeper, ad¬
mitted him as a co-partner in the firm of M. C. & J. F.
Riser & Co., which was one of the most successful mercan¬
tile houses in the South up to the time of its dissolution
in 1891.
In 1892, Mr. Ragan was one of the main promoters in
organizing the Everett, Ridley, Ragan Company, of Atlanta,
Ga., wholesale dealers and jobbers of foreign and domestic
drygoods, notions, boots and shoes, now doing the largest
and most successful business of its kind in Georgia. He is
financial director and credit man of his company, in which
capacity he has contributed very largely towards gaining for
it the present high standing it enjoys in the commercial
world.
Mr. Ragan was married on April 26th, 1882, to Miss Anna
Jackson, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. James Jackson, of New
Orleans, La. Three bright, beautiful boys came to bless
their home and lives—Willis E., Jr., James Jackson and
Ralph Ragan. In August, 1892, when the summer sun was
shining brightest in our Southern skies, a cloud as black as
midnight entered this happy home—the hand of death
claimed the faithful wife and devoted mother.
Mr. Ragan is well known all over his native State, and
stands very high both socially and in a business way. His
able and sagacious financial management of every under¬
taking he has engaged in has won for him the admiration
and confidence of many of the large capitalists of the great
Eastern cities. In politics he takes no active part, nor has
he any personal aspirations, but has very strong and decided
convictions as to what constitutes good government and leg¬
islation that would subserve the best interests of his coun¬
try. He is man of attractive, gracious manner, has a hand¬
some, prepossessing face and an impressive personnel; is
most agreeable in conversation, evincing large experience
and culture.
Dr. DUNBAR ROY,
Atlanta, Ga.
Dr. Roy is a native Atlantian, having been born there
November 21, 1866. He completed a course in the public
schools and afterwards graduated from Richmond College in
1886, with the degree of B. A. In 18S9 he received the de¬
gree of M. D. from the University of Virginia, and spent the
following eighteen months in the Charity Hospital in New
York city, and while here he was assistant to the Nose and
Throat department of the New York Polyclinic. He then re¬
turned to Atlanta and practiced fourteen months in the spe¬
cial treatment of the eye, ear, nose and throat.
Dr. Roy next went to Europe, spending a year there, and
being made assistant in the Royal Eye Hospital of Leipsic.
He also studied in Vienna, London and Paris. During his
absence abroad he was elected Professor in the Southern
Medical College, Atlanta, Ga., and upon his return entered
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
2 67
upon his duties in that institution, and also the practice of
his profession in the same city. He has frequently contributed
to the medical journals, and he edits the eye, ear, nose and
throat department of the Atlanta Medical Journal.
Dr. Roy is an honored member of the State Medical Asso¬
ciation, and a yearly contributor to its transactions, and is
DR. DUNBAR ROY
also a member of the American Medical Association. He
has contributed valuable papers upon the following subjects:
"The Necessity for Proper Care of School Children's Eyes;"
"Oiorrhoea, its Significance and Treatment;" "Benign Tu¬
mors of the Larynx."
Dr Roy has a suite of three rooms at the Grand, and is
one of the most prominent members of the Atlanta Society
of Medicine. He is also a member of the Capitol City
Club, Gentlemen's Driving Club, and other social organiza¬
tions.
S. W. ROGERS,
Atlanta, Ga.
The firm of S. W. Rogers & Son, architects, are suc¬
cessors to Isaiah Rogers, who founded the office in Boston,
Mass., in the year 1824. In 1846, Mr. S. W. Rogers be¬
came identified with the office in connection with his father,
and, in 1848, removed the office to Cincinnati, O., in which
place they pursued their profession for a number of years,
meeting with great success. Mr. W. G. Rogers, son of
S. W. Rogers, became identified with the firm in 1885 ; and
during a business trip through the South he was favorably
impressed with the outlook for business in the architectural
line. It was soon decided to move the office to Atlanta,
Ga., which was done in the year 1892. The father and son
located in the Gould Building, where they have been ever
since, steadily increasing their patronage all the time, and
growing in property and popularity, because of their ability
and skill, coupled with an earnest desire to satisfy their
friends and business patrons. From their long experience
and thorough knowledge of the profession, united with
most conscientious dealings and honest endeavor to please,
it has been an easy matter for them to climb to their present
high position among the architects of the South.
Since the year 1846, the following are a small portion of
the buildings designed by this firm : in Boston, the Tremont
House and Tremont Theatre, Merchants' Exchange, Howard
Athenaeum and Cambridge Observatory; in New York,
Astor House, Merchants' Exchange, Bank of America and
Astor Place Opera; elsewhere, Burnet House, Longview
Insane Asylum, Hamilton County Jail, Pike's Opera House,
St. Luke's Episcopal Church (Atlanta), five hotels for
Mobile and New Orleans, Oliver House, Toledo, O., hotels
S. W. ROGERS.
at Dayton, Springfield, Charleston, Frankfort, Nashville,
Louisville, Memphis, countless residences in numberless
cities and towns, ranging in price from $150,000 down, and
a number of public buildings in Atlanta, and vicinity. The
Treasury Building, at Washington, D. C., was done under
the direction of Isaiah Rogers, of this firm, when he was
Supervising Architect of the Treasury.
ROBERT L. RODGERS,
Atlanta, Ga.
Few men can boast of a better ancestral record than Judge
Robert L. Rodgers, of the Atlanta bar. In both lines of de¬
scent he comes from Scotch-Irish stock. He was blessed
with a good father, who, out of his ample means, secured
him excellent educational advantages in his youth. He was
twenty-four years of age when he decided to abandon peda¬
gogics as a profession and devote himself to law. He was
admitted to the bar in 1871, but did not become a regular
practitioner. During the next year he was appointed Judge
of the County Court of Washington County, which position
26S
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
he held three years to the entire satisfaction of everyone.
About the time of his resignation, early in 1880, he came to
Atlanta, where he speedily secured a good practice, making
a specialty of collections, conveyancing and the settlement
ROBERT L. RODGERS.
of trust estates, and is now well established, with good pros¬
pects of still greater success. Judge Rodgers, by his sterling
traits, and by the suavity of his manner, has made a great
number of friends, both in the city and West End, that beau¬
tiful suburban town where he resides and enjoys the pleas¬
ures of a delightful home.
R. n. ROSE,
Atlanta, Ga.
Probably there is no man better known in his section of
the country in the wine and spirit trade than Dr. R. M. Rose.
His many years' experience in this line and his reputation for
upright, square dealing with all, have given him the entire
confidence of the people. When quite a young man, as
quite a number of New Englanders have done, he cast his
fortunes with the Empire State of the South and commenced
the practice of medicine. Later on he engaged in the drug
trade. When war was declared between the States, he en¬
listed in the 10th Georgia Regiment and soon afterwards was
transferred to the medical department at Williams and Mary
College Hospital. By reason of personal injury he was dis¬
charged, but his services were required in preparing medi¬
cines for the army and he continued in that department un¬
til just before the surrender. In 1867 he moved to Atlanta
and established the firm of R. M. Rose & Co., which in 1894
was incorporated under the name of R. M. Rose Co., he be¬
ing president, and his son, Randolph Rose, secretary and
treasurer. Frequently he received samples of wines and
liquors to pass his opinion upon, and he has been called in to
decide differences where an expert was required. He is con¬
sidered by many to be the best posted man in his line ill the
Southern country. The house which he has labored so dil¬
igently and energetically to build up, now enjoys a most en¬
viable reputation, standing among the foremost of our most
solid business institutions. Their motto "Square, honest
dealing to all" has assisted them in receiving orders from ter¬
ritory really out of reach of Atlanta, and many orders are re¬
ceived from far-off States, from physicians and others where
an absolutely pure old whiskey or rare old wine is required.
W VI
R. M. ROSE^
He is also secretary and treasurer of the Mountain Spring
Distilling Co., distillers of pure hand-made Georgia corn
whiskey, it being the finest equipped distillery in the State.
Personally he is regarded highly, being prominent in several
of the secret societies. Many people have been helped by
his charity, which is always given in the quiet, unostenta¬
tious manner that characterizes the man.
Dr. UUSTAVUS GARNETT ROY.
Atlanta, Ga.
Dr. G. G. Roy was born at Essex Co., Va., and is the son
of Dr. A. G. D. Roy, a prominent and successful doctor of
Pennsylvania. His mother was Miss Lucy Carter Garnett,
of Virginia, daughter of the famous general of that name
Dr. G. G. Roy was educated at Richmond College, Ya., at
the University of Virginia and the Jefferson Medical College
of Philadelphia. He began the practice of medicine in
1857. In 1860 he was married to Miss Flora FauntLeRoy,
they having three children. Two of his daughters died in
their sixteenth year, and his son, Dr. Dunbar Roy, of
Atlanta, is his only surviving child. Dr. Roy raised a com¬
pany of infantry at the beginning of the late war, and after
being engaged in eight battles and receiving the rank of
major, he resigned to enter the medical department. He
was on duty in Atlanta from late in 1862 until the city was
evacuated. He was then ordered to Andersonville to or-
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
269
RHODES, SNOOK & HAVERTY FURNITURE CO.,
Atlanta, Ga.
Among the many factors in the building of a great city,
there is none more potent and lasting, nor to which more
importance can be attached, than the commercial status of
the business men. Atlanta, the Gate City of the South,
proudly acknowledges her obligations to her merchants,
among the many of whom, and easily in the fore in their
several lines, stands the great firm of the Rhodes, Snook &
Haverty Furniture Company. The personnel of the above
company, consisting, as it does, of heads of department
thoroughly alive to the needs of the hour, accounts at once
for the wonderful success and public favor they have
achieved in the two years of existence of the present firm.
Push, energy, brains and capital form the combination, and
of such material none but the best results could be expected.
Their immense warerooms and emporium, the cut of which
is shown below, are filled to overflowing with such an assort¬
ment of goods as delights the heart of an intelligent buyer.
The first floors are devoted to the display of office and din¬
ing-room furniture. On the second floor, in the left wing,
is a most elaborate display of chamber suits and bedroom
articles, while in the annex, on the same floor, will be found
undoubtedly the handsomest and most artistic display of
mantels, tiling, grates, etc., to be found in the South.
RHODES, SNOOK £ HAVKRTY FURNITURE CO., ATLANTA, GA,
ganize a hospital for Federal prisoners, and was there when
General Lee surrendered. He was a witness at the memor-
DR. GUSTAVUS GARNETT ROY.
able trial of Captain Wirz at Washington for three months.
Since then he has been successfully practicing his profession
in Atlanta,
270
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE
Their carpet and drapery department in itself is an object
lesson. All the beautiful designs and weaves of the Orient,
than whom there are 110 greater artists, together with the
best of the standard American and English makes, are to be
seen in wonderful array. Every marketable wood and fabric,
every design and finish peculiar to any particular period, from
the Colonial to the present day, and from the ancient Flemish
to the New Holland and the Empire, is arrayed before you,
correct in every detail. Their clientele is not confined to At¬
lanta nor bounded by State lines, as the rapidly increasing
business throughout the South readily shows. They send
competent men to any point, and by the direction of their
talents and abilities soon convert a bare house, from cellar
to garret, into a " thing of beauty and a joy forever."
to the business of the company. Since 1888 the amount
annually collected in premiums has increased from $229,-
862 to $558,407, while the insurance in force has grown
from $6,937,330 to $15,895,633. Mr. Shedden is a bright,
active, clear-headed young man, and if his success in the
past can serve as a criterion, he has a most promising
future.
GEORGE C. SMITH,
Atlanta, Ga.
Born in Granville, Washington County, N. Y., March 4th,
1855, George C. Smith graduated from Adrian College,
GEORGE C. SMITH.
MR. ROBERT F. SHEDDEN,
Atlanta, Ga*
Mr. Robert F. Shedden, is one of the youngest as well as
one of the most successful general agents of the staff of
the Mutual Life. He was born in New York city on June
28th, 1867. His education was received in the city of his
birth. In November, 1S82, he entered the service of the
Mutual Life as a clerk in the actuary's department. After¬
wards he was transferred to the supply department, and
subsequently became secretary to the vice-president, in
which position he remained until 1887, when he entered
upon active agency work as assistant general agent with
Mr. S. C. Benedict, and later associated himself with Mr.
A. T. Cunningham, at Atlanta, Ga., under the firm name of
Cunningham & Shedden.
On January 1st, 1893, he became sole agent for the com¬
pany in Georgia, and in that position he has added materially
MU i UAL, LU<n; INSURANCE CO., OF NI^W YORK,
Adrian, Mich., in June, 1877, and began his business career
the same year as private secretary to the Governor of Mich¬
igan. He held this position until 1SS1,
when he entered railway service as secretary
to H. M. Hoxie, general manager of the
International and Great Northern Railroad
in Texas, but in 1882 we find him secretary
to Capt. R. S. Hayes, first Yice-President of
the Missouri Pacific System, and he con¬
tinued in this position until 18S6, when he
became assistant to the first Yice-President
of the same system. In iSyo he received
the appointment of Assistant General Man¬
ager of this system, and from 1S93 to 1894,
he held, in conjunction with this office, the
position of General Manager of the Kansas
City, Wyandotte & Northwestern Railway.
He was appointed President and General
Manager of the Atlanta & West Point
Railroad in 1S94, and at the same time of
the Western Railway of Alabama. Few
careers can show more rapid promotion than
this. It is a record to be proud of.
Under Mr. Smith's trained hand, the en¬
tire management of the system he is now
A TLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
271
president of, has shown marked improvement. As regards
the freight and passenger service, the people along his line
now boast that they have the best facilities to be found in
the South. Factories are springing up on his line, a direct
result of good transportation; the fruit industries are de¬
veloping, and cities and towns growing up rapidly. The
road holds a commanding position, and President Smith,
who is a practical and thorough railway man, fully under¬
stands and admirably utilizes its every advantage.
W. C. HALE,
Atlanta, Ga.
William Cory Hale was born November 11th, 1858, in
Columbus, Lowndes Co., Miss. His father, Harrison Hale,
moved to Mississippi from Massachusetts in 1840. The
family is of English origin, the progenitors of the branch in
this country having moved to the United States in 1632 and
settled in Massachusetts. Mr. Hale's great-grandfather,
Moses Hale, of Winchendon, Mass., was one of the promi-
w. c. HALE.
nent citizens of the town, and was a soldier in the Revolu¬
tionary War. On hearing of the alarm at Lexington he
raised a company of his townsmen and led them there and
was in service during the war. His mother was Miss Anna
Dayton, whose early life was spent at her father's elegant
home at Basking Ridge, N. J. The old homestead is still
occupied by the Daytons, having been in the family over
one hundred years. A woman of rare mental gifts and a
conscientious Christian, the refining influence of her life and
Christian example had much to do with the future of her
children. She is still living with her son, Moses Hale, at
the advanced age of seventy years.
Mr. Hale's early education was in the schools of Colum¬
bus, Miss., which were excellent. Deprived of the advan¬
tages of a full college course on account of the demoraliza¬
tion and loss of property by his father after the Civil War,
he began work in his father's office at the age of seventeen
years. After several years of practical business experience
and careful training, he removed to Atlanta in 1887, where
he has since resided. He was well fitted both by natural
ability as well as training to enter the financial world, and
soon took a prominent position in the business of the Gate
City. He is president of the State Savings Bank, one of the
leading banks of Atlanta, and is the youngest bank presi¬
dent in the city. He is also president of the'Southern
Mutual Building and Loan Association of Atlanta, which
has one million dollars paid up capital. This company was
organized through Mr. Hale's efforts, and has done much
towards the building up of and aiding in development of the
city, having loaned the money to erect several hundred
homes. He is also vice-president of the Union Loan and
Trust Company, and connected with other prominent insti¬
tutions. Mr. Hale has had great faith in the future of
Atlanta and in the value of city real estate. He is a
large holder of city lots, and considers them among his best
investments. He has wonderful executive ability, and
handles his large business carefully and well.
Mr. Hale was married in 1887 to Miss Lillie Williams,
daughter of Dr. Genry L. Williams, a prominent physician
of Pickens Co., Ala. They have three children, a boy and
two girls. It is in his home life that the best traits of his
character are brought out, and among his wife and children
in their comfortable home all thoughts of business are
banished.
Both Mr. and Mrs. Hale are members of the Presbyterian
Church.
Dr. ARCH AVARY,
Atlanta, Ga.
Dr. Arch Avary, son of Dr. James Corbin and Susan
Frances (Carr) Avary, spent his boyhood in DeKalb County,
Georgia, though he was born on his father's plantation in
the old Avary home, county of Columbia. At fourteen
Arch joined Captain Milton A. Candler's company. Here
history again repeated itself—the grandfathers of the boy-
soldier and the captain, eighty-three years before, having
fought together side by side at King's Mountain. Serving
the period of enlistment under Capt. Candler, he re-enlisted
in Cobb's Legion, cavalry, and served as a private till
Johnson's surrender in North Carolina. He studied medi¬
cine under his father, attended the Atlanta and Southern
Medical Colleges, graduating first in his class from the latter
in 1880. In 1883 he matriculated in Munich, and spent
eleven months in special studies; in 1884-85 he pursued the
same studies in Vienna, and resumed practice in Atlanta in
the summer of 1885. The doctor is a Mason, member of
the Atlanta Society of Medicine, and of the Georgia Medical
Association.
His brothers, Drs. J. C. and Thomas Dabney Carr, Moody
Burt, pharmacist, and Robert Lee, attorney, live in Atlanta.
He has two sisters, Mrs. Clement A. Evans and Mrs. IT D.
Sams. Dr. James Corbin, son of Judge Arch and Sarah
272
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
Avary, was an eminent physician of the class of 1845 Au¬
gusta Medical College ; he was a Mason, legislator and mem¬
ber of the Georgia Medical Association. Dr. and Mrs. Avary
were devoted members of the Methodist Church ; Dr. Avary
died in 1875 at Decatur, Ga., in the practice of his profes¬
sion. Mrs. Avary, with whom her son lives, is a woman of
culture, judgment and determination, combined with delicate
tenderness and utter unselfishness. In her old age her great
force of character is made grandly beautiful by her Christian
spirit. Dr. Arch's great-grandfather was Dr. John Avary,
who came to Georgia from Mecklenburg County, North
Carolina, and was a descendant of Capt. James Avary of
King Philip's war.
The lives of the Avarys and Carrs, of Columbia County,
Georgia, from the war of the Revolution to the Civil War,
are in part the political and military history of the county
for that period. The political mantle of Hon. Arch Avary,
who was made Judge for Columbia County in 1S1 1, member
of the house 1816-17-18-20-21-22-23, Senate 1831-32-
33-34-35-36—37, and was Senator-elect at death in 1841,
fell on his sons, J. C. and A. J. Avery and Major Moody
Burt, who were, in the order named, representatives during
the following three periods : 1849-50, 1882-3-4-5-6, and
1839-40-41-42. In 1855-56 A. J. Avary was in the Sen¬
ate. The two colonels, Thomas and Thomas Dabney Carr,
soldiers of 1776 and 1812 respectively, and Representatives
in the order written during the two periods of- 1789-90 and
1815-16 were the grandfather and father of Mrs. Susan
I
'a* ** W,
'
Dr. A. AVARY.
Frances (Carr) Avary. Col. Thomas Carr was also a Sena¬
tor in 1808.
He was an attorney of great power. His parents were
William and Susannah (Brooks) Carr, of Spottsylvania
County, Virginia, where he was born in 1738. Dr. Avary's
lineal ancestor, Gen. Nathaniel Bacon, fought the representa¬
tives of British oppression one hundred years in advance of
Washington.
GRAHAM STREET,
Atlanta, Ga.
Graham Street was born in Henderson, Texas. He was
graduated from Arkansas College of Batesville, Ark. In
m
GRAHAM STREET.
1883 he became connected with the optical house of A. K.
Hawkes, at that time located in Austin, Texas. He has
been general manager for this firm since 18S7. His efforts
and enterprise have largely contributed to the immense trade
which the Hawkes' glasses have throughout the United
States. Mr. Street now gives his entire time and attention
to the Bloodworth Shoe Company of Atlanta, its business
having increased to such an extent as to monopolize all his
powers.
ALEXANDER W1LLIAHSON STERLING, n. D.,
Atlanta, Ga.
(Honors U. 15. & C. M., Edinburgh. 1). P. H., London.)
Dr. Sterling was born in 1858, in Peebles, Scotland, where
both his father and his mother's father held legal appoint¬
ments. His mother is a sister of the Rev. Alexander Will¬
iamson, of West St. Giles, Edinburgh. Dr. Sterling studied
chiefly in Edinburgh and London, taking his first degree in
1880. He married in 1891 to Miss Nora Brownly, a York¬
shire lady. Dr. Sterling's practice has been chief!}- in Eng¬
land where he held hospital and various other appointments,
among which were resident physician in the Royal National
Hospital for diseases of the chest and throat, Yentrior, Isle
of Wight ; clinical assistant for four years, and resident
house surgeon for one year to the Royal Westminster Eye
Hospital, London; physician to several insurance companies,
&c. For several years before leaving England his chief at¬
tention was paid to his specialty, for which he resigned all
A TLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
other work in 1892, devoting his time entirely to it in Ger¬
many, in London, and in visiting those of Paris, till 1894,
when on visiting the United States, he was appointed in¬
structor to the Post Graduate Medical School and Hospital,
ALEXANDER W. STHRI.ING, M.D.
New York, where he held a clinic and lectured on diseases
of the eye and ear, and also appointed one of the staff of the
Manhattan Hospital for diseases of the eye, ear, throat and
nose, and of the throat, nose and ear department of the
Roosevelt Hospital. After a visit to Atlanta, Dr. Sterling
decided to settle there, which he did in May, 1895.
Rev. GIVEN B. STR1CKLER, D.D., LL.D.,
Atlanta, Ga.
Few men in the Southern Presbyterian Church have come
more rapidly to the front as a great preacher, and have taken
a higher stand than the subject of this sketch.
Dr. Strickler is a native of Virginia, and continued to reside
in that State until he was called to his present pastorate. Upon
completing his collegiate course at Washington College (now
Washington and Lee University), and his theological train¬
ing at Union Theological Seminary, Virginia, he was called
to the pastorate of Tinkling Spring Church in the Valley of
Virginia, where he labored for a number of years to the
great delight and edification of that large and influential
church.
In 1 883 Dr. Strickler accepted the call to his present field
of labor, the Central Presbyterian Church, of Atlanta, Ga.
Under his superior administrative ability, by the blessing of
God, the church has increased greatly in numbers and in¬
fluence, until it ranks to-day second to none in the Southern
Assembly. Dr. Strickler draws large congregations, and his
people are devotedly attached to him.
His preaching is of the highest order. His intense earn¬
estness disarms all criticism, and he never fails to impress his
18
2 73
hearers with the fact that he is master of his subject. He is
a man of superior wisdom, profound learning and firm in his
convictions of truth and duty. As a scholar and theologian
he has no superior. His preaching, while profound, logical
Rev. GrVEN B STRICKLER D.D., LL.D.
and argumentative, is remarkable for its beautiful sim¬
plicity.
Coupled with his great intellectual endowments and dig¬
nified bearing, there is a tender, sympathetic nature within
the man that draws hearts to him. Dr. Strickler has re¬
ceived a number of flattering calls to other churches, and
more recently to professorships in two theological seminaries.
But all these calls he has so far declined.
A. S. SEALS,
Atlanta, Ga.
Alexander S. Seals was born December 29th, 1858, at
Sparta, Hancock County, Ga. His father was Augustus A.
Seals, who was of Scotch-Irish descent, his grandparents
coming direct from the old country. His occupation was
that of a farmer, at which he made a splendid success. His
mother was Susan W. Seals, who was also of Scotch-Irish
descent, and spent all her life in Georgia. In November,
1878, he entered as a clerk for the firm of Charles A. Davis
& Son, Greensboro, Ga., and remained with that firm for
about eight years, and on January 4th, 1887, married Miss
Victoria E. Davis, daughter of Charles A. Davis, Sr., of
Greensboro, Ga. He followed the mercantile life until 1894,
and was a member of the following firms: Copelan, Seals &
Armor, Greensboro, Ga.; Davis Bros. & Seals, Greensboro,
Ga., and Seals, Armor & Co., Greensboro, Ga. In 1893 he
moved to Atlanta, and was elected vice-president and gen¬
eral manager of the Georgia Stove Works, which position he
still occupies. He is also vice-president of the Interstate
Building and Loan Association. He joined the Baptist
A TLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
Church in 1878, and is now a member of the First Baptist
Church of Atlanta. When he left his father's home in
1878 he had only $6, and with this small beginning he has
worked his way up to his present financial standing. He
a. s. seals.
can truthfully say that he has lived that upright life that
would savor of the Golden Rule, trying to do unto others as
he would have them do unto him.
THE " CONSTITUTION " BUILDING,
Atlanta, Ga.
The Constitution was established in 1868 by Col. W. A.
Hemphill, its present business manager, who was a gallant
Confederate veteran, locating in Atlanta immediately after
the war. It took its name from its defense of the constitu¬
tional liberties of the people in the stormy days of recon¬
struction agitation. It at once became the leader of the
constitutional Democrats of the State, and from that day to
this has held the foremost position among the Georgia news¬
papers. Since its establishment it has buried five daily
morning competitors, the death of one of these giving it
Henry Grady, who, full of fire and enthusiasm of youth,
joined the Constitution when the Herald suspended in 1876.
Capt. Evan P. Howell bought an interest in the paper in
1876, having been attorney for the paper. His first work
was to engage Henry Grady, and from that day until the
death of Grady in 1889, the two men were more like brothers
and friends than business partners. About this time Joel
Chandler Harris, who had refugeed from the yellow fever at
Savannah, came to Atlanta, and was engaged by Capt.
Howell for the Constitution, and has been on its editorial
staff ever since ; and it was in the Constitution's columns that
his famous "Uncle Remus" stories and most of his works of
fiction appeared. Mr. Clark Howell, who had served a
journalistic apprenticeship, after graduating from the Uni¬
versity of Georgia in 1883, with the New York Times and
the Philadelphia Press, became night editor of the Constitu¬
tion in 1884, and in 1887-88 served as assistant managing
editor to Mr. Grady, whose time as an orator was in great
demand during those years throughout the country.
On the death of Mr. Grady in 1889, Mr. Clark Howell
succeeded him as managing editor, which position he now
holds. Mr. Frank L. Stanton, a poetic genius of national
reputation, has for several years been on the Constitution''s
staff, associated with Mr. Harris and Mr. Wallace P. Reed,
well known for his excellent literary work throughout the
country. The Constitution's proudest work is that which has
made it a most conspicuous factor in the development of
Atlanta. It was established when the city had but 10,000
inhabitants, and has taken the lead in every public enter¬
prise inaugurated since then. It has been unceasing in its
labor for Atlanta, and it was through its columns that the
Cotton States and International Exposition was first sug¬
gested as a panacea for the depression arising out of the
panic of 1893. It called a public meeting at the Chamber
of Commerce, which received enthusiastic response from the
leading business men of the city, and the result speaks for
itself.
The phenomenal growth of the weekly Constitution has
been the most striking feature of the progress of the paper
since 1885. The weekly edition increased from 10,000 to
25,000 in 1886, and in another two years it had gone be¬
yond 100,000, a circulation covering every State in the
Union, more than 30,000 going north of the Ohio River. It
has a greater circulation in the Southern States than any
paper published in the respective States, and the largest of
any weekly edition of any weekly newspaper published on
this continent.
LEWIS W. THOMAS,
Atlanta, Ga.
Mr. Lewis W. Thomas was born in Centreville, Talbot
County, Ga. His father was a native of Hancock County.
In 1867 he went to California. While there the subject of
this sketch took a full course at the Pacific Methodist College,
Santa Rosa, California. He was graduated with the degree
of A.B. and A.M., carrying off the honors of his class. In
1874 Mr. Thomas took a course of law in the law school of
the University of Georgia, and was admitted to practice in
Athens. He was appointed County Solicitor for Clarke
County, and afterward Solicitor of the City Court of Athens,
which position lie resigned, and removed to Atlanta, in 1881.
Mr. Thomas practiced law with remarkable success in all the
State and Federal Courts of Atlanta, and achieved a very
high reputation.
In 1890 Governor Northen appointed Mr. Thomas Soli¬
citor of the City Court of Atlanta, at the recommendation of
a very large majority of the members of the bar, and Feb¬
ruary 23d, 1892, he assumed the duties of his office. Mr.
Thomas made one of the ablest Solicitors that the City Court
THE ATLANTA "CONSTITUTION" BUILDING.
276
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE
ever had. He is not only a thorough lawyer, a power¬
ful advocate and an indefatigable worker, but he is a true
gentleman in every fibre of his being. No member of
LEWIS W. THOMAS.
the Atlanta bar stands higher than he does in the esti¬
mation of the lawyers and the judges, and of the community
generally.
GEORGE W. TERRY, Jr.,
Atlanta, Ga.
Mr. Terry was born in Atlanta, Ga., November 22d, i860.
He has held positions with the Water Department for fifteen
years, serving as clerk, collector and secretary. He was
his ability, which is shown by his continued election without
opposition.
He is prominent in secret societies, now holding the posi¬
tion of Chief Patriarch of Empire Encampment No. 12,
I. O. O. F.; is an active member of Barnes Eodge, No. 55,
I. (). (). F. ; was identified with the military of the city for
six years, and was treasurer and trustee of the Gate City
Guard for a number of years. He has ihe esteem of his
fellow-citizens, and is well thought of by everybody.
Mr. Terry was married in 1882 to Miss Adele E. Chatham,
of Newberry, S. C. Four children have blessed this union,
two boys and two girls. His home life is a pleasant one,
made so by his cheerful disposition and interesting family.
I lis education only extends as far as the public schools of
Atlanta, but he is a great student, and has increased his
knowledge by close application and hard study.
He believes in Atlanta's future, and is always ready to
lend a helping hand to promote her interests. In the build¬
ing of Atlanta's magnificent new system of water works his
financial ability and knowledge of such matters played a
prominent part in their successful completion.
SAMUEL YOER TUPPER,
Atlanta, Ga.
Samuel Y. Tupper belongs to the prominent South Caro¬
lina family of that name, having been born in Charleston and
passing his early life in that historic old place. He gradu¬
ated from the University of Nashville, Tenn., and soon after
graduation he entered the insurance business as clerk in the
general agency office of his father in Charleston. In 1884
he was appointed special agent of the Southeast department
of the Phenix of Brooklyn, having immediate supervision
GEO. W. TERRY, JR.
elected secretary January 1st, 1888, and now holds that posi¬
tion, to the satisfaction of the people at large and the Board
of Water Commissioners, who have the utmost confidence in
SAMUEL YOER TUrPER.
over Virginia and the Carolinas, a position of much magni¬
tude and trust for so young a man. But he filled it with
eminent satisfaction and success, and in 1891 was called, by
A TLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
the unanimous vote of the Southeastern Tariff Association,
to the secretaryship of that important organization. It was
during his incumbency that the association reached its high¬
est point of efficiency and power, its territory being extended
to cover Louisiana and Virginia.
Mr. Tupper declined a renomination to the position of
secretary of the association in 1894, in order to become man¬
ager of the Southern department of the Queen, then newly
established in Atlanta.
This is, in brief, the business record of a man, who, at the
age of thirty-nine, has run the gamut of his profession, filling
with efficiency and honor almost every position it has to
offer, and achieving, even before he reaches the shadow of
his prime, that rare success for which so many men strive in
vain throughout a long lifetime.
Mr. Tupper is a magnificent underwriter, an entertaining
debater, and in conversation both brilliant and interesting.
In private life he has been as fortunate as successful in pro¬
fessional, and his domestic happiness completes the harmony
and symmetry of an unusual nature and career.
Col. L. N. TRAHMELL,
Atlanta, Ga.
Leander Newton Trammell, chairman of the Railroad
Commission of Georgia, son of Jehu and Elizabeth (Fain)
Trammell, was born in Habersham County, Ga., June 5th,
1830. His paternal grandfather, William Trammell, who
was of Scotch-Irish descent, was born in South Carolina and
married a Miss Lynch. He enlisted and served three years
in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War
under Capt. Daniel Duff and Col. Brandon, and participated
in the siege of Savannah, December, 1778; battle of King's
Mountain, S. C., October 7, 1780, where he lost an arm, and
battle of Cowpens, S. C., January 17, 1781. He died in
Macon County, N. C., December, 1843. Col. Trammell's
father was born in Union District, S. C., and came to Georgia
and settled in Habersham County in 1818, where he soon
attained to great popularity and influence, and was twice
elected to represent the Senatorial district in the General
Assembly. His maternal grandfather, Ebenezer Fain, was
of French extraction, a nephew of Baron Fain, a gallant
member of Bonaparte's staff. Members of the family immi¬
grated from France to this country before the Revolutionary
War and settled in Pennsylvania. Mr. Fain was born in
Chester County, in that State, August 27th, 1762. While
in Washington County, Virginia, in June, 1776, and not
fourteen years of age, he enlisted for three months in the
patriot army, and was stationed at Black Fort and Mont¬
gomery Station, during which he was engaged in two battles
with Indians, in one of which sixteen were killed. While in
Washington County, N. C. (now Tennessee), he served three
months, from June, 1780, as light horseman, under Capt.
Trimble, Col. Robertson's command, joined with other troops
at Gilberttown, and all marched to Pacolet River, S. C.,
where they had a fight, taking a number of prisoners. At
Buffalo Creek, on Broad River, while on duty at night as a
sentinel, he shot John Fenlon, a spy, on whom was found an
express note from Lord Cornwallis to a Tory, Capt. Moore,
urging him to defend his fort until troops could reach him.
The Americans captured the fort, with Capt. Moore and 100
men, and the British reinforcements were intercepted at
Musgrove's Mills and dispersed. At Wofford Iron Works
the patriots were suddenly attacked at night, and after a
desperate struggle were compelled to fall back; but, rally¬
ing, renewed the fight and defeated the enemy. He was
subsequently transferred to Capt. Cunningham's company,
which was attached to Col. Elijah Clarke's Georgia regi¬
ment. Col. Clarke started for Augusta, Ga., but finding the
British occupying that place and Georgia and South Caro¬
lina, he returned to Rutledge's Ford, on the Saluda River,
S. C., where the command was discharged. In September,
1780, he re-enlisted for two months as mounted horseman,
and as a substitute under Capt. Taylor and Col. Sevier, in
pursuit of Col. Ferguson, who was overtaken at King's
COL. L. N. TRAMMELL,
Mountain, S. C., where, October 7, 1780, a battle was fought,
Col. Ferguson was killed and 900 prisoners taken. In this
battle Mr. Fain was wounded in one of his legs. From No¬
vember, 1780, he served with Capt. Gibson and Col. Sevier
against the Indians, who were badly defeated and their
towns destroyed. He continued in the service until April,
1781. In 1783 he moved to South Carolina and settled in
the territory known as " Ninety-six," which comprised what is
now Pickens, Pendleton and Anderson counties. Thence, in
1792, he moved to Buncombe County, North Carolina, and
finally, in i8i8,to Georgia, and settled in Habersham County.
He was married in Jonesborough, Washington County (then
North Carolina, now Tennessee), in June, 1781, to Miss Mary
Black. She died in Gilmer County, Georgia, February nth,
1846. Col. Trammell was reared and worked on the farm
during his boyhood and youth, alternating between farm and
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
school as the necessities of the crop demanded. At the age
of nineteen he entered a boarding-school at Batt Creek (now
Hiawassee College), Tenn., where he remained for fifteen
months. After leaving there he taught school a while, and
then read law under Simpson Reid, at Blairsville, Ga., and in
1856 attended the law school at Lebanon, Tenn. Having
been admitted to the bar, he located at Ringgold, Catoosa
County, Georgia, and entered upon the practice of law as
the junior member of the firm of McConnell & Trammell.
In 1861 he was elected to represent Catoosa County in
the General Assembly, and in 1863 was re-elected without
opposition. In March, 1862, he entered the Confederate
service as quartermaster, with the rank of captain, the duties
of which he performed in all its details with that promptness
and exactitude which is characteristic of him in everything
he does. His fidelity and patriotism elicited from the auditor
in the quartermaster's department a letter complimenting
him upon the evidence shown in his reports for his vigilance
and honesty in the discharge of his duties, saying this was the
only letter of the kind he had had the pleasure of writing.
In 1866 he resumed the practice of law in Calhoun, Gordon
County. He was elected a member of the Constitutional
Convention in 1867-68, in which he did the most valuable
work for the State. He was the recognized leader of the
little band of fourteen dauntless patriots in that convention
known as the " Hancock Democracy," whose unflagging
courage and unrelaxing labor saved and secured to Georgia
the supremacy of the white race—a service which endeared
him to the people and will never be forgotten. At the elec¬
tion next succeeding he was unanimously tendered the
nomination to the State Senate, but declined the honor. In
1870 he was elected to represent the Senatorial district in
the General Assembly, and was elected president of the Sen¬
ate. Gov. Bullock having resigned. Mr. Trammell became,
by right, Governor pro tan. of the State ; but the former
president of the Senate, Mr. Benjamin Conley, claimed the
right and assumed the duties of the office, which came near
precipitating serious consequences. Fortunately the blended
blood of Scotch-Irish conservatism and French chivalric
magnanimity, as represented by Mr. Trammell, interposed
and prevented it. He was strongly urged by leading Dem¬
ocrats throughout the State, and by the General Assembly to
assert his rights, but foreseeing the certain disorder and con¬
fusion, and the possible injury to the highest and best in¬
terests of the State that such a contention would provoke
and prolong, he wisely and patriotically declined to do so.
As President of the Senate he was distinguished for his fair¬
ness, impartiality and parliamentary ability, and in 1873 was
re-elected without opposition, and closed his four years' in¬
cumbency without having an appeal taken from a decision
he had made. He was a Tilden elector in 1876, a member
of the Constitutional Convention in 1877, in which he served
011 the Committee on Revision. He was President of the
State Democratic Convention in 1881, and Chairman of the
Democratic Executive Committee in 1882-83. Speaking of
him as President of the memorable State Convention of 1881
to nominate a governor, Col. Isaac W. Avery, in his History
of Georgia, has this to say: "The Hon. L. N. Trammell
was elected unanimously president of the convention. There
has never been in the history of public conventions a finer
piece of parliamentary presiding than Mr. Trammell's gov¬
ernment of this fiery convention. It must be held in mind
that he was a warm Colquitt supporter, and he had to steer
between the expectations of his friends for that decided
leaning to his own side that an experienced chairman can so
helpfully give, and the proclivity of the opposition to sus¬
pect his fairness and censure his rulings. It was the highest
possible tribute to Mr. Trammell that both sides were satis¬
fied and deemed his action fair. Not only this, but the clash
of parliamentary strategy, and in the turbulence of heated
debate, there were repeatedly two dangerous contingencies
constantly threatening, namely, inextricable confusion in the
order of business, and an ungovernable turmoil. Mr. Tram¬
mell met both these perils with a most masterly skill and
fairness. His solution of parliamentary puzzles was instan¬
taneous and decisive. No man with less available and
thorough knowledge of the law of deliberative bodies could
have been equal to the trying occasion. His intuitions were
like lightning, and as resolute as the edict of an autocrat.
Both sides stood in eager, reckless antagonism and fought
for every advantage. Both sides were determined and com¬
bative, and their spirits drove toward an explosion. Mr.
Trammell held the unruly element with a strong hand and
carried the stormy proceedings for eight long days to an or¬
derly conclusion. It was a splendid triumph of presiding
genius. It was an extraordinary and unequaled piece of tact,
intelligence, firmness and leadership." Prior to his chair¬
manship of the executive committee in 1883, the two-thirds
rule governed the gubernatorial nominating conventions.
Through his wholesome influence this rule was changed, and
since that time nominations have been made by the majority
vote, and the change has proved his wisdom. In October,
1881, Mr. Trammell was appointed railroad commissioner by
Governor Colquitt, re-appointed in 1887 by Governor Gor¬
don, and again in 1893 by Governor Northen; in 1890 he
was made chairman of the commission. Endowed with unus¬
ual mental capacity, keen and strong, a courage of convfction
unappalled by the most powerful antagonisms, an integrity
of character and sincerity of purpose absolutely unassailable,
a deep insight into motives, and common sense and execu¬
tive ability of a high order, he naturally became an almost
unerring judge of public sentiment, and a wise and success¬
ful leader of men, and enabled to exercise a strong and salu¬
tary influence on the legislation of Georgia. Well informed,
patient, diligent and conscientiously just, lie has, in his
present honorable and responsible position, been incalculably
serviceable, because he has won and enjoys the entire and
unreserved confidence of the railway authorities on the one
hand and the people 011 the other. The interest of the peo¬
ple and the development and advancement of Georgia are
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
279
near his heart; for them in the prime of his life he has
worked in the past, and to them his energies and labors are
devoted to-day. Affable, courteous, open-handed, big-hearted
and public-spirited, it excites no wonder that his political
preferment arouses no jealousy and that everybody is his
friend. Mr. Trammell was married in 1856 to Miss Zenobia
J., daughter of Elihu S. Barclay, a union which has been
blessed with an interesting family of eight children: Mary
M., wife of Samuel B. Scott, Atlanta, Ga., Paul B., Dalton,
Ga., Elizabeth V., wife of George L. Morris, Birmingham,
Ala., William J., Marietta, Ga., Alice N., wife of Walter L.
Sessions, Marietta, Ga., Fleta, wife of Frank M. Boston, At¬
lanta, Ga., Margaret Z. and Leander N., Jr. He is a member
of the Masonic fraternity and a prominent member of the
Methodist church.
C. J. VAUOHAN, M.D.,
Atlanta, Ga.
Dr. Vaughan was born September 3d, 1857, in Milton
Co., Ga., and is the son of James J. and Elizabeth E.
Vaughan, natives of North Carolina. Dr. Vaughan left the
farm when quite a youth, coming to Atlanta in 1875. He
c. J. vauohan, M.D.
worked on a salary until 1880, afterwards engaging in the
mercantile business until 1890. He then took up the study
of medicine and in 1891 entered the Atlanta Medical Col-
lege, graduating in 1893. was married in 1885 to Mrs.
Fannie Mullins of Covington, Ga., and now resides on
Houston Street, Atlanta, Ga., where he practices his pro¬
fession.
W. S. WITHAM,
Atlanta, Ga.
W. S. Witham was born April 9th, 1853, at La Grange,
Ga. He was engaged as an errand boy in a straw hat works
in New York city at the age of 14 years, at the salary of
$4.00 per week. After holding every position in the gift
of the firm, he went in business for himself on Broadway,
New York, where he was very successful. He returned to
w. s. witham.
his native State, and is now president of more than a dozen
banks and several boards of trust. He is teacher of the
largest bible class and is a prominent and influential man
throughout the State.
ALEXANDER S. TAYLOR,
Atlanta, Ga.
This gentleman was born in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, in
i860, and a year before attaining his majority he was on
his way to the new world. For six years after his arrival
Alexander S. Taylor.
in America he occupied several positions of trust in Boston
and New York, but in 1886 he decided that the South was
the best field for his efforts and the year following found
A TLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
him forming a co-partnership with Mr. B. 1'. Galphin for a
general dry-goods business at No. 204 Marietta Street, At¬
lanta, Ga. The firm name then, as now, was Taylor &
Galphin, and the house at once started a strictly cash busi¬
ness. Their success was phenomenal from the start and by
1890 the sales had reached the $100,000 mark and have in¬
creased each year since. Such success is bound to bring
imitators and in a few years the dry-goods business was
revolutionized, many other houses adopting the cash
system. The business grew to such proportions that more
room was necessary and in 1893 the commodious buildings
at Nos. 238 and 240 Marietta Street were occupied and the
success of the best arranged dry-goods store in the South
was assured. Much of this is due to Mr. Taylor's practical
knowledge of the business and to the advertising methods
which such knowledge suggests. New ideas are constantly
being formulated and the firm is regarded as leaders in the
retail trade. Personally Mr. Taylor is quiet and unassuming.
He has been an extensive traveler and is known to every
Scotchman in the State; his popularity among his country¬
men having resulted in his selection as Chieftain of the At¬
lanta Caledonian Club. He has strong literary tastes, and
in his rooms at the Kimball House the proclivities of the
student and close reader are discernible. Mr. Taylor keeps
up with the progress of events both at home and abroad
and his foreign tastes are gratified by an occasional visit to
the land of his birth.
Dr. BERNARD WOLFF,
Atlanta, Ga
Bernard Wolff was born in Prince Edward Co., Virginia,
March 27th, 1868, and was the son of Bernard Likens Wolff,
DR. BERNARD WOLFF.
University of Virginia in 1888, and became the assistant
demonstrator of anatomy in the University 1888-1889. He
next spent three years in the hospitals of New York city,
and was connected with the Health Department for one
year. He afterwards studied for a year in Germany and
France, and was then clinical assistant to Dr. P. G. Unna,
the distinguished dermatologist of Hamburg, and later a
private pupil of M. Ernest Besnier, of the St. Louis Hospital,
Paris.
Dr. Wolff settled in Atlanta June, 1893, beginning his
practice as a specialist in skin diseases, and also a lecturer
on the same in Southern Medical College. He is a member
of all the important medical societies, and also a member of
the Scotch-Irish Society and of the Society of Sons of the
Revolution.
October 18, 1894, Dr. Wolff married one of the most
charming belles of Atlanta, Miss Marian Hillyer, daughter
of Judge George and Ellen E. Hillyer. 1 Jr. Wolff is also
editor and proprietor of the Southern Medical Ricord.
who married Miss Eliza Preston Benton McDowell, daughter
of Gov. Jas. McDowell of Virginia. He was educated at
Hampden-Sidney College, Va., graduated as M.I). from the
G. H. TANNER, A n«TA, GA.,
Clerk Superior, City and Criminal Courts.
Mrs. LOLLIE BELLE VVYLIE,
Atlanta, Ga.
Conspicuous among the minstrels of this section is Mrs.
Lollie Belle Wylie. Her pen has already traced a shining
mark across the pages of Southern literature and her beau¬
tiful poems of the heart have been stored away by
countless admirers in the treasure coves ot memory.
This gifted lady is a member of one of the oldest and most
honored families of the South. Her father, Dr. Thomas
Polk Moore, and her grandfather, Dr. John \\ heeler Moore,
were both eminent physicians of this section. They came
from the Edgefield district of South Carolina and were close¬
ly connected with Hamptons, Richardsons, Carringtons and
Mannings, all familiar names in the social and business cir-
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
281
cles of that State. Dr. John Wheeler Moore, who married
his first cousin, was also a cousin of James K. Polk. The
mother of Mrs. Wylie was a daughter of Mr. W. D. Ellis, a
gentleman of rare literary gifts. On the death of her father
Mrs. LOLLIE BELLE WYLIE.
she was left an infant only five months old and to the care
of her maternal grandfather she was entrusted for guidance
and protection As her literary talents in after years began
to unfold she always found in him a friend and counsellor
who never hesitated to advise her wisely and to give her all
needed encouragement. Her maternal grandmother was a
member of the clans of Neil and Mcintosh of Scotland.
At the age of seventeen Miss Moore became the wife of
Mr. Hart Wylie, a son of Mr. James R. Wylie. He was a
young man of noble worth and character. He died ten years
later, leaving a good name as a lasting comfort to his wife
and children, but no estate from which a support for herself
and children could be realized. On the day of her husband's
death her little volume of verses, "The Legend of the Chero¬
kee Rose," was issued from the press. Her little book was
sold by subscription, and after a month had passed she had
not only canceled the debt of its publication, but had a con¬
siderable sum to her credit in the bank. Two weeks after
the death of her husband she was tendered a place on the
editorial staff of the Atlanta Journal, a position she held for
four years, and also for more than eighteen months she
was engaged by Colonel Cockerell to do important work on
the editorial staif of the New York Advertiser.
Mrs. Wylie has also written and set to music the following
songs which have become favorites in many households:
"Dream Bells," "Fadeless Roses," "Thou Art Far Away,"
"The Revelation," "Witch Hart," "Thou Art My Prayer"
and "The Answer." In addition to these she has composed
a number of pieces for the banjo. Mrs. Wylie also plays
both the banjo and guitar delightfully.
As a poetess and journalist, she is well known in the liter¬
ary world of the North and South, and always commands a
large and appreciative circle of readers.
JASPER NEWTON SMITH,
Atlanta, Ga.
Jasper N. Smith was born December 29th, 1833, in Wal¬
ton County, Ga., and is the son of William and Elizabeth
Brady Smith, both natives of Georgia. Mr. Smith was one
of a family of ten boys and two girls. He was educated at
the country school and worked on the farm while a young
boy. After the beginning of the war he entered the Tenth
Georgia Cavalry but was forced to resign in December,
1864, on account of sickness. He married December 24th,
1856, Miss Rebecca Hawke, who died in 1870, leaving six
children. In 1875 Mr. Smith was married to Mrs. Fanny
Jackson, of Gordon County. He has been engaged in dif¬
ferent pursuits, principally as a farmer, merchant and con¬
tractor, and is now proprietor of the hotel, " Bachelors' Do¬
main," a unique hotel of forty-four rooms, each being called
after the States of the Union, instead of being numbered.
JASPER NEWTON SMITH.
He is also owner of the "House that Jack Built," a hand¬
some structure in this city built of the remnants of other
buildings, and inscribed with appropriate mottoes. Mr.
Smith now resides on East Cane street, this city, and is
familiarly known to nearly every resident of Atlanta.
H. SILVERflAN,
Atlanta, Ga.
Mr. Harry Silverman was born in Philadelphia under the
shadow of Liberty bell, in the year 1861, just as the first
guns in the great struggle between the States were bursting
fraternal feeling between the two sections. Harry Silverman,
the well known Atlanta cigar dealer, received his early
training and education in the City of Brotherly Love.
282
ATLANTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
He drifted to the South, and the Gate City of the South
to earn his livelihood, and took up residence among those
who had been opposed to the people of his native city in the
bloody contest. But somehow, Harry Silverman has be¬
come identified with the feelings and sentiments of the
South, and there is no more popular citizen within the
bounds of the Southern metropolis.
h. silverman.
He has always been connected with the tobacco business,
and his acute knowledge of the intricacies of the trade is
due to his long training in the art. There is now no man
better known in business circles than Mr. Silverman, nor
more esteemed by his fellow citizens.
A member of the Gate City Guard and other organiza¬
tions, both secret and social, he has become thoroughly
adopted to and by the people with whom he came to live.
He is said to have made a small fortune out of his busi¬
ness at the corner of Peachtree and Edgewood avenue during
the Exposition. Mr. Silverman recently showed his patriot¬
ism and liberality by stating publicly in the Atlanta Journal
that he was in favor of Confederate veterans selling cigar¬
ettes, notwithstanding they are serious competitors.
dr. w. f. westmoreland, atlanta, ga.
SOUTHERN FEMALE COLLEOW, C0LLKGK PARK, OA. VIEW OF nUTLniNf. FROM PAVII.T.TON.
SOUTHERN FEMALE COLLEGE, COLLEGE PARK.
283
SOUTHERN FEHALE COLLEGE,
College Park, Atlanta, Ga.
(By Mrs. Loulie M. Gordon.)
and panic, Professor Cox heroically struggled, founded the
school again, borrowed the necessary money for this purpose,
and labored until he fully re-established the institution. But
the strain told on his overtaxed nature, and resulted in a
tragic death from apoplexy.
THE COLLEGE EQUIPMENT.
The college was removed from La Grange during the sum¬
mer of 1896. In the
new location at College
Park (Atlanta), this
historic school, with its
able and enterprising
management, with its
large and accom¬
plished faculty, its
modern organization,
its magnificent build¬
ings and beautiful
campus, its extensive
equipment and its
prestige, holds in hand
boundless resources of
power and commands
far-reaching prospects
of usefulness and I. F. COX, A. M., President 1857-87.
honor. The opening
session after the removal enrolled over two hundred pupils
from a distance, and two hundred and forty-six music pupils.
In its location the college is most happy. Planted in per¬
haps the most impressive educational building in the South,
on that high, sandy ridge, sixty feet above the level of At¬
lanta and thirteen
hundredfeetabove I
the sea, buoyed by I
an invigorating
climate, swept by
fresh breezes and I
blessed with pure
water, cold and
crystal clear, it is
indeed ideally situ¬
ated for the con¬
stant enjoyment of
that physical vigor y
justly
reckoned in full
equality with men- fjM
as
the essential requi-
site to wholesome CHAS. C. COX, a.m., Ph.D., President since 1887.
minds. Holding its
daily sessions within eight miles of Atlanta, in twenty-five
minutes ride, with almost hourly trains, and at five cent
commutation fares, it is in full contact with the intellectual,
spiritual, social and professional advantages of this enter-
Emerson says that a college is the lengthened shadow of
a man; this institution is the "lengthened shadow" of the
Bacon-Cox family.
In 1843, during the pioneer days of education in Georgia,
when female educa-
MILTON E. BACON, A. M., President 1843-55.
tion was a doubtful
experiment, Milton
E. Bacon, with abili¬
ty and knightly
ardor, espoused the
cause of the fair sex
and established as an
individual enterprise
at La Grange a col¬
lege for the higher
education of women.
He labored for thir¬
teen years and met
with a high degree
of success. Proprie¬
tary interest in the
college passed into
the hands of I. F.
Cox, who acquired all the rights and privileges of the in¬
stitution, and conducted it as a private enterprise for a long
number of years. Then the Bacon and Cox families were
united by marriage between the children. In this romantic
manner the school has been main¬
tained under the control of one family
for over half a century.
- The formal name of the institution
is the Southern Female
College. But it is a de¬
serving tribute to the me¬
mory of I. F. Cox, who
was president of the school
thirty years, and during
the most try¬
ing period of
its history,
that the pub¬
lic gradually
introduced
into usage the
name "Cox's
College" in
recognition
of Professor
Cox's service, until now the college is more generally known
by this title. During the late war, the buildings were seized
for a Confederate hospital and were accidentally burned, the
loss being almost total, but through disasters, reconstruction
SOUTHERN FEMALE COLLEGE, COLLEGE PARK
284
prising city. The material comforts of the splendid build¬
ings, including lights, water, steam, elevator, tower-clock and
every modern convenience are unsurpassed among the col¬
leges of the South. The buildings are surrounded with a park
and arboretum of thirty acres. But it is to the intellectual
and spiritual equipment of the Southern Female College that
one can point with special confidence.
It has a homogeneous management and faculty. At the
head is the Cox fam¬
ily, who have walked
together in com¬
plete and effective
harmony for forty
years. This family,
consisting of four
children of the la¬
mented I. F. Cox,
and two of the honor¬
ed Milton E. Bacon,
is full of the vigor
of youth, and is am¬
bitious to foster this
idol of their sainted
fathers. The descendants are also imbued with the spirit of
their parent, Mrs. I. F. Cox, who for so many years stood as
the pillar in the storms through which the school has passed,
and who won the distinction of being called the "Mother of
the College." With unselfish devotion and lofty enthusiasm,
these children of the Bacon-Cox family dedicate themselves
to the life-work of their parents, so sacredly entrusted to
them and so in accord with their own tastes and purposes.
VIEW IN ARCADE
They were literally born into the work of female education ;
have grown out of the cradle by degrees into professors'
chairs; are teachers by birth, by inheritance, by choice, by
enthusiasm, inspiration, and by complete consecration.
Nearly all of them are graduates of two or three colleges ;
some of them have finished in the best schools of Europe, and
every one of them, without exception, has been accustomed
to spend the vacations in diligent study in the best schools.
I he faculty number thirty-two. They come from prom¬
inent institutions of America and Europe.
I he internal organization of the institution at present is
divided into three main departments, liberal, fine and prac¬
tical arts. The college of liberal arts embraces nine schools,
furnishes among various advantages instruction in eight lan¬
guages, four modern languages being taught by natives,
affords training in ten branches of natural science, offers four
graduate courses and
post graduate work.
The examination
papers of the young
ladies have been
highly complimented
by eminent authori¬
ties, including pro¬
fessors in the Univer¬
sity of Virginia and
Johns Hopkins Uni¬
versity.
THE COLLEGE OF
FIXE ARTS.
This department of
the college has long been famous. It includes piano, organ,
violin, violoncello, double bass, guitar, cornet, voice, har¬
mony, theory, normal music, choral union, history of music,
elocution, penmanship, drawing, crayon, painting.
A special feature of the music department is the ladies'
orchestra, consisting of thirty members. They render in
artistic style difficult selections from the masters. For twen¬
ty-five years they have delighted the critical audiences con-
COLLKGE PARLORS.
gregating to hear them. Their Southern concert tours have
been triumphant ovations. This orchestra furnished music
at the Exposition upon the dedication of the Woman's
Building, and upon Southern Female College Day, in the
Auditorium, November 7th.
The general teaching appliances embrace library and
reading room, museum, laboratory, observatory, objects for
""dagogy, two art studios fitted up with models, forty-five
THE LIBRARY AND READING ROOM.
SOUTHERN FEMALE COLLEGE, COLLEGE PARK.
285
pianos, other musical instruments and apparatus for prac¬
tical arts.
The library and museum are the two most attractive re¬
sorts of the college. In the library there are sections, biog¬
raphy, travel, fiction, Shakespeare, general poetry, English
miscellanies, philosophy, pedagogy, etc. The collection now
includes over five thousand volumes. The tables are covered
with the late numbers of the standard periodicals, while
to the visitor, they gradually "bring a dreamy deafness"—to
quote George Eliot—"which seems to heighten the peace-
fulness of the scene ; they are like a great curtain of sound,
shutting out the world beyond." The electric bells, rung by
the tower clock, announce a change of duty each hour, or
half hour, and the pupils armed with a scratch-book and
pencil, folio or violin box, repair promptly to the lecture
rooms, art studios, music lessons and practice. The buildings
THE COLLEGE ORCHESTRA.
Southern Concert Tours, 1877, 1894. The Atlanta Exposition. The American Medical Association, May 5th. 1896.
rocking-chairs invite the passer-by to loiter and read. Much
attention is paid to courses of reading, more especially to be
carried out in subsequent life.
The museum consists of two divisions: (i) natural history,
including minerology, botany, zoology and geology, and (2)
industrial chemistry. It contains about ten thousand choice
and instructive specimens.
All day long the college is a hive of industry. From
dawn till "dewy eve" forty-five practice pianos are con¬
stantly in use. At first one of the most noticeable features
are all under one shelter, and rain or shine, the school ma¬
chinery moves harmoniously and uniformly.
After supper the boarding students and lady teachers file
out of the dining room into their twilight prayer meeting.
At the twilight meeting all the hundreds of pupils who have
ever attended the college are remembered in prayer. Scat¬
tered over the country, under varying experiences of respon¬
sibility, bereavement, success, trouble and prosperity, they
are borne to the heavenly throne, and help is requested for
their needs.
286
ALBANY, AMERICUS, AUGUSTA.
E. R. JONES.
Albany, Ga.
Mr. Jones was born in Dougherty County near Albany, in
1863. He was educated in the public schools of Albany
and attended the law school at the State University in 1883.
He afterwards read law under the late Judge D. A. Vason,
and was admitted to the bar in 1885. Mr. Jones has made
several memorial day orations and is an able orator, elo¬
quent and persuasive. He was elected to the Legislature in
1892, and at that session led the debates in favor of accept¬
ing the Confederate soldiers' home, making a most eloquent
speech on this question. He was a candidate for re-election
Appomattox. He was quartermaster sergeant of his regi¬
ment and of Dale's and Cook's Brigades during the latter
part of the war. He has never sought office, but has held
in 1894-95, and although there was a strong opposition, the
people knew his record and he was re-elected. He is also
noted for the valuable assistance he gave Hon. B. K. Russell
who was the Democrat nominee in the Second Congressional
District in 1892. Mr. Jones is a staunch Democrat and in
the practice of law he has made an eminent success. He is
a great traveler, having visited nearly every State in the
Union, adding materially to his store of useful information.
THORNTON WHEATLEY,
Americus, Oa.
Thornton Wheatley was born in the town of Northumber¬
land, Penn., August I I, 1840. He came to Georgia at the
age of fourteen in search of health, and soon afterwards
entered business at Americus. He has been closely identi¬
fied with the business of the place ever since. For many
years he has conducted the largest dry goods business in
Americus. He married Miss Julia Kendrick, August 29,
1866, and she died January 15th, 189$, leaving four children.
He entered the Confederate service with the first company
from his county, April 26, 1861, and was present with the
Fourth Georgia Regiment, being absent but twenty-seven
days during the entire war, and surrendered with Lee at
THORNTON WHRATLEY,
many, and is now member in the present Legislature from
Sumter County. He is a Democrat and a member of the
Baptist Church.
T. J. SHERRON,
Augusta, Ga.
The subject of this sketch, Mr. Terrence J. Sherron, one of
the stars of Georgia journalism, was born in Augusta, Ga.,
T. J. SHhRRON.
January 9th, 1862. His father was Peter Sherron, and his
mother, before marriage, Lucy Keenan.
Mr. Sherron is still unmarried and though comparatively
a young man is well advanced in journalistic work, being
editor of the Augusta Evening Herald, a prominent daily
paper, which is prospering under his editorial management.
A THENS, A UG US TA.
287
Miss R. L. WOODBERRY,
Athens, Ga.
Miss Rosa Louise Woodberry is a native of Bunwell
County, South Carolina, but has spent most of her life in
Georgia. She was educated in Georgia, graduating at the
Miss R. L. WOODBERRY.
Augusta High School and at Lucy Cobb Institute, in Athens.
Since that time Miss Woodberry, for the past four years, has
been teaching in her alma mater. Her articles and sketches,
usually of a philosophic and scientific bent, have been fre¬
quently seen and quoted in journals North and South. She
has done a great deal of journalistic work for Georgia dailies,
and was for two or three years on the staff of the Augusta
Chronicle, and during her vacations at home in the summer
is on the staff of the Savannah Press.
A great deal of this busy young woman's time the past
few years has been devoted to extending the Federation of
Woman's Clubs in Georgia. She is the officer of the Fed¬
eration in that State, and is an enthusiastic advocate of
organization of women for study, whether of science, litera¬
ture, art, music or civics, and hopes to see such dubs formed
in every hamlet in the State. She is a member of the
Woman's Press Club of Georgia, and has served as an officer
in that organization.
Miss Woodberry is a close reader of current events, and
has done a great deal to popularize this study among the
young ladies of Lucy Cobb Institute. She has a class that
frequently numbers a hundred, in current topics, civil gov¬
ernment and political economy, and the debates 011 live
topics, mock elections and tariff arguments of her pupils
have frequently attracted the favorable comment of news¬
papers throughout the country.
In 1894 Miss Woodberry was elected to the chair of Nat¬
ural Science in Lucy Cobb Institute, and is probably the
only young woman in the South who has a laboratory of
physical and chemical apparatus and performs the experi¬
ments for her class.
This school is her central object of interest, and to its
former principal, Miss Rutherford, and to its present prin¬
cipal, Mrs. M. A. Lipscomb, Miss Woodberry ascribes "what¬
ever of success has been won." For the inspiration and
encouragement of these two noble women, she says, she
owes her deepest gratitude.
Among her literary successes, one not insignificant was
the winning of a fifty-dollar prize offered by the Augusta
Chronicle on a political economy question ; and that, too,
when there were male competitors for the prize and when
she was just out of her teens.
Miss Woodberry resides in Savannah, with her parents,
during the off-duty months, and is one of a large family of
brothers and sisters. Her father was for years the distin¬
guished bass singer of Charleston and her mother one of
Beaufort's daughters of the old regime.
BOWDRE PHINIZY,
Augusta, Ga.
Bowdre Phinizy, was born in Augusta, Ga., December
27th, 1871. He prepared for college at Professor Webb's
Preparatory School, Billbuckle, Tenn., and graduated from
BOWDRE PHINIZY.
Princeton College, New Jersey in 1892. He studied history
and political economy at Johns Plopkins University, and law
at the University of Virginia, and at the Harvard Law
School. He is now connected with the Augusta Evening
Herald.
A. B. ricNAUGHTON, M.D.,
Augusta, Ga.
Dr. Alexander B. McNaughton was born in Lancaster
County, S. C. His father, W. D. N. McNaughton, was a
scientific machinist, later a Confederate soldier under Col.
288
AUGUSTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
Jno. L. J ones, in the Seventh South Carolina Battalion, and
was instantly killed in battle at Petersburg, Va. His mother
was Louisa J. Ellis, daughter of Dr. Ellis, of Lancaster
L 1
w
A B. McNAUGHTON, M.D.
County, S. C. After leaving school Dr. McNaughton taught
five years and then read medicine under Dr. James K. Chap¬
man, of South Carolina, and took a full course of lectures at
the University of Maryland. He next attended lectures at
the Georgia College of Eclectic Medicine and Surgery,
graduating in March, 1887. He located at Peak, S. C., sell¬
ing drugs and practicing his profession. He remained there
four years, since which time he has been in the active prac¬
tice of medicine and drug business in Augusta, Ga. He
makes a specialty of the diseases of women and children, and
A. B. McNAITOHTON'S SANITARIUM.
has the only private sanitarium in Augusta. It is accessible
by electric cars from every portion of the city. Dr. Mc¬
Naughton can give hundreds of testimonials as to the efficiency
of his treatments. He studied diseases of women under
Prof. W S. Howard, of Baltimore, and obstetrics under Prof.
G. W. Delbridge, of Atlanta, Ga.
CHARLES JOSEPH BAYNE,
Augusta, Ga.
Charles Joseph Bayne was born in Milledgeville, Ga., Sep¬
tember 28th, 1870. The literary talent which he displayed
at an early age was inherited from his father, who shared
first honors with Sidney Lanier, on graduating at old Ogle-
thorp University, and attained considerable prominence as
an educator and a scholar. Mr. Bayne moved to Sanders-
ville at three years of age, and when nine years of age
entered in that city the profession of journalism, which, with
slight intermission, he has pursued ever since.
CHARr.R.S JOSEPH BAYNE
In 1890 he made a tour of Europe, going on foot through
the picturesque scenes of Swizerland and Italy, and extend¬
ing his Bohemian journey as far as Naples. On his return
to America he took a position on the Augusta Chronicle,
where he remained until August, 1895, when he became
managing editor of the Augusta Herald, a position he now
holds.
Hon. WILLIAM HENRY FLEMING,
Augusta, Ga.
William Henry Fleming, lawyer and legislator, was born
in Augusta, Ga., Octobei 18, 1856, son of Porter Fleming,
of Scotch-Irish and English descent and Presbyterian faith,
whose ancestors came to Virginia before the Revolution and
removed early to a farm in Columbia County; thence to
Lincoln County, Ga. The maternal grandmother of Porter
Fleming was Elizabeth Howard, who, according to family
tradition, was a cousin of Thomas Jefferson. The mother of
William Henry Fleming was Catharine B. Moragne, whose
grandfather, Pierre Moragne, a French Huguenot, came to
Charleston before the Revolution, and settled at New Bor¬
deaux, in upper Carolina. He and his three eldest sons
fought under Gen. Pickens in the War of the Revolution.
Catharine B. Moragne's father, as a boy, witnessed one of
AUGUSTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
289
Farleton's raids at Bordeaux; her sister, Mary Moragne
Davis, was a poetess and writer of fiction, and her brother,
John B. Moragne, an officer of the Palmetto Regiment, was
killed in the attack of the American forces on the city of
Mexico, his mother being awarded a medal for her son's
gallantry by the Carolina Legislature. An heirloom in the
family is a diary of Pierre Moragne, giving an account of the
Huguenots leaving France and the voyage across the ocean.
When financial misfortune overtook his father, at the close
of the Civil War, the subject of this sketch labored for
several years on the farm. At the Richmond Academy, of
Augusta, he won a scholarship to the State College of Agri¬
culture and Mechanical Arts, at Athens, in 1872, earning a
small salary as college postmaster and borrowing money
from Alexander H. Stevens to complete his education, which
he afterward repaid with interest. He was an undergraduate
tutor at the State University at Athens, Ga.; was graduated
WmiAM HENRY FLEMING.
in engineering in 1875, and in 1876 was prevented by sick¬
ness from taking the degree of A.M., but was granted it in
1890. In college he was, in 1873, private anniversarian of
the Phi Kappa Society; in 1874 was awarded its junior
debater's medal, and in 1875 won the medal for the best
essay, open to the whole college, including the law class, and
was elected commencement orator for the Phi Kappa So¬
ciety. At college he was Captain of Company A, and for
two years won the battalion prize for the best drilled com¬
pany. In 1876 he began reading law in Augusta with
Judge Shewmake ; was elected Superintendent of the Rich¬
mond County public schools in 1877; resigned in l88oand
was admitted to the bar and has ever since been engaged in
successful law practice. He was elected to the Legislature
in 1888,1890 and 1892, and was strongly backed for Speaker
of the House in 1892. He was Eminent Commander of the
Georgia Commandery Knights Templars No. I, Augusta,
and is a member of the grand body of the State. The ex-
19
alted rule of his life was written by him at nineteen years of
age in these words, taken from the fly leaf of his old scrap
book ; " I will never use the feeble powers which God in
His mercy has given me, to strengthen falsehood and wrong
or to weaken the everlasting principles of truth and right."
This noble aim he has executed. He haswon practical triumphs
of honor and utility in every field, and his career has been
marked by devotion to principle, truth, integrity, reliability,
intellect and patriotism. An address on Confederate Memo¬
rial Day in 1885 drew praise from the editorial pen of George
William Curtis in Harpers Weekly. As chairman of the
Finance Committee in 1893, and other important committees
in three Legislatures, he originated valuable measures—one,
systematizing the recording of liens and transfer of property,
one expediting the trial of criminal cases, and another sys¬
tematizing the financial operations of the public schools. He
has made notable speeches on the soldiers' home bill, State
road lease, higher education, education and labor, industrial
education, and the railroad commission. In addition to his
professional work as a lawyer, he has given much study to
political economy. Chosen President of the Georgia Bar
Association in August, 1894, he delivered the annual address
in October, 1895, on the Ethics of the Bar in relation to the
State.
He was elected to the Legislature for 1894 and 1895, and
was elected Speaker of the House.
He was the author of the registration law of 1894, and the
law reorganizing the Supreme Court, 1895. On April 18th,
1894 Mr. Fleming was seriously injured by being kicked in
the face by a runaway horse. To his marked ability as a
public man Mr. Fleming adds the highest social, moral
and domestic qualities.
JOSEPH EDGERTON WILLET, A.H., H.D., Phar. D., LL.D.,
Professor of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Augusta, Ga.
Born in Macon, Ga., November 17th, 1826. Graduated in
Mercer University, then located in Penfield, Ga., July, }846.
Spent eight months of 1848-49 in the Chemical Laboratory
of Yale College, and in attendance upon other lectures in
science.
Has received literary degrees as follows: 1846, A. B.,
1848, A. M.j Mercer University, Ga.; 1850, M. D., Medical
College of Georgia; 1887, LL.D., Howard College, Ala¬
bama. Was elected to the Professorship of Chemistry, Phys¬
ics and Geology, in Mercer University, July, 1847, and dis¬
charged the duties of the same continuously until June,
1893, when he was compelled to resign by broken health.
July, 1893, was elected to the chair of Chemistry and Phar¬
macy in the Medical Department University of Georgia.
Wrote for the American Journal of Science and for the
journals and newspapers frequent articles on entomology and
other subjects of natural science. A notable article on Indian
Summer in the American Journal of Science contained an
original theory of the same.
THE MEDICAL COIXRGB OF GEORGIA, AUGUSTA, GA.
<Beiug the Medical Department of the University of Georgia )
THE MEDICAL COLLEGE OF GEORGIA.
In 1878, was appointed "local observer" on a United
States National Commission, appointed to study the cotton
worm, and made many observations in the field. The reports
of these were made to the Committee of Export, viz.: Pro¬
fessors Riley, Comstock and Grote, and appeared in the re¬
port published by United States Agricultural Department.
Reported annually for ten to fifteen years on entomology
to the Georgia State Horticultural Society, which report ap¬
pears in the proceedings of the same.
In 1871, wrote for the American Baptist Publication So¬
ciety, a book entitled "Wonders of Insect Life," which book
JOSEPH EDGERTON WII.LET, A.M., M.D., Phar. D., LI,.D.
took the competitive premium of $500 offered by said
society. The beautifully illustrated volume was published
in 1871.
Delivered occasional lectures on agricultural and kindred
subjects before the State Agricultural Society.
Yale College established in 1847 one of the earliest labor¬
atories in the United States. Chemical analysis was almost
unknown, and Professor Willet was for twenty years the only
chemist in Georgia who had performed a chemical analysis.
The same post-graduate course at Yale gave him equal
prominence in physical and geological science among the
scientific men of the State. Member of the American Asso¬
ciation of Science, and of the American Chemical Society.
THE MEDICAL COLLEGE OF GEORGIA,
Augusta, Ga.
(Being the Medical Department of the University of Georgia.)
With one exception this is the oldest medical college in
the South. At the date of its organization there were not
more than ten medical schools in America. When this insti¬
tution was founded in 1828 it was known as " the Medical
Academy of Georgia." The act of the Legislature dated
December 20th, 1828, incorporating this school constituted
the following citizens of the State, a body corporate under
the name and style of the "Trustees of the Medical Academy
of Georgia," viz.: Milton Antony, W. R. Waring, John Car¬
ter, Lewis D. Ford, Ignatius P. Garvin, Benjamin White, Sam¬
uel Boykin, William P. McConnel, W. H. Weems, W. P.
Graham, T. P. Gorman, Alexander Jones, J. J. Boswell,
Thomas Hoxey, James P. Scriven, W. C. Daniel, Richard
Banks, H. Hull, John Dent, T. Hamilton, Tomlison Fort, N.
Crawford, O. C. Foot and John Walker.
The act "authorized the trustees to establish within the
corporate limits of the city of Augusta, a Medical Academy,
for the State of Georgia, on such principle, and under such
rules and regulations and with such professors, instructors
and officers as may be best calculated to perpetuate the same
and promote the improvement of its pupils in the several
branches of the healing art." It was further provided that
"the trustees and faculty should meet annually at the insti¬
tution, and after thorough e>4amination to decide on the
merits of such candidates as may have studied in said insti¬
tution at least one year, and complied with all the conditions
imposed by the Board of Trustees as preliminary to such
examination, and confer the degree of Bachelor of Medicine
on such, as in their judgment, may be found worthy of the
same." The act also provides that the graduates of this
Academy were to be allowed to practice medicine and sur¬
gery as fully as if licensed by the then existing State Board
of Medical Examiners.
The Board of Trustees met in the council chamber in
Augusta, on the 2d of March, 1829, and elected the follow¬
ing faculty of the Medical Academy of Georgia:
Lewis D. Ford, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica, Chem¬
istry and Pharmacy ; Milton Antony, M. D., Professor of
Institutes and Practice of Medicine, and Midwifery and
Diseases of Women and Children; William R. Waring,
M. D., Professor of Anatomy and Surgery.
By an act of the Legislature, dated December, 1829, the
name "Medical Academy of Georgia" was changed to "The
Medical Institute of the State of Georgia," and the trustees
of the institute were empowered " to confer the degree of
Doctor of Medicine upon such applicants, in such manner, at
such times, and under such circumstances as may, to the
said board, seem fit and proper, provided that the degree of
Doctor of Medicine shall in no case be conferred on any per¬
son who shall not have attended two full courses of lectures
in the institute, or one course in some other respectable med¬
ical college or university, and one in the institute in addition
to the usual term of private instruction required by other in¬
stitutions of like kind."
The Board of Trustees met on April 9th, 1832, and en¬
larged the faculty of the Institute, the professors being as
follows: Milton Antony, M. D., Lewis D. Ford, M. D., John
Dent, M. D., Louis A. Dugas, M. D., Paul F. Eve, M. D. and
Joseph A. Eve, M. D.
The first commencement exercises were held April 17th,
1833, at the Institute on the lot now occupied by the Widows'
Home, on lower Green street, in the city of Augusta.
292
THE MEDICAL COLLEGE OF GEORGIA.
The number of students in attendance during the session
was twentv-eight. The address to the graduates was delivered
by Hon. A. B. Long-street, President of the Hoard of Trus¬
tees, who then conferred the degree of Doctor of Medicine
on the following students who had complied with the
requirements for graduation : Isaac Bowen, Edward A. Eve,
Thomas W. Grimes, John W. Borders.
December 20th, 1833, by act of the Legislature, the name
of the Medical Institute of the State of Georgia was
changed to "The Medical College of Georgia." The act of
the Legislature appropriated $10,000 "for the purpose of en¬
abling the Board of Trustees of said institution to procure a
suitable piece, or lot of land, erect thereon such buildings,
and make such other improvements as may be necessary for
the various purposes of a Medical College, and to procure a
suitable library, apparatus, and museum for said institution,
and such other things as may be necessary to the proper
and successful operation of the same." It was further pro¬
vided that fifty lots on the town commons, in Augusta, to be
designated by the City Council, should be sold and the pro¬
ceeds be paid over by the City Council to the Medical Col¬
lege of Georgia. The sale of these lots realized to the Col¬
lege the sum of $5,000. The members of the faculty of the
College subscribed the sum of $10,000 to the enterprise, and
the Trustees of the Richmond Academy donated the elegant
lot on which the college building was erected. In 1833 the
Legislature voted to the College the State's interest in the
Bank of Augusta, valued at $25,000.
With these several sums of money the Trustees erected a
magnificent college building of Grecian architecture, com¬
pleting the structure in 1835. The edifice is divided into an
amphitheatre, museum, library, dissecting rooms, two lecture
rooms and a physiological and biological laboratory.
The laboratory is equipped with all the modern instru¬
ments of research in physiology and biology, and under
Professor Coleman, advanced students are practically trained
in the latest discoveries of modern medicine. The museum
is one of the largest, most varied and most valuable in
America. Many of its specimens were selected by the late
Prof. Louis A. Dugas while traveling through Europe.
The library of the College numbers 5,000 volumes, and is
one of the rarest collections of medical books to be found in
any medical college in the United States.
From 1835 to date, this college has, with the exception
of the period embraced in the late Civil War, when the
members of its faculty were in the medical staff of the Con¬
federate army, continued its honorable, useful career.
In August, 1872, the Trustees of the University of Geor¬
gia, by formal vote, constituted the Medical College of
Georgia, located at .Augusta, the medical department of the
University of Georgia, which relation it still sustains to our
State University. To this college belongs the honor of
having been the first medical school in America to advocate,
and put in practice, the movement for higher medical edu¬
cation in American medical colleges.
Soon after this college was founded its faculty and trus¬
tees, under the leadership of its illustrious founder, Dr. Mil¬
ton Anthony, took steps to remedy the defective educational
system of all American schools. They recognized the short¬
ness of the then terms—four months—as the radical defect in
our American colleges, and at once extended its sessions
from four to six months. Knowing the advantages of pro¬
longed sessions to students, the Medical College of Georgia
felt assured that the medical profession would see the advan¬
tages and uphold the college in its course. In this they were,
however, sadly disappointed, for notwithstanding preceptors
and students professed to approve the advanced position of
the college, but very few students were found who would
willingly attend six months' courses of lectures when other
prominent medical schools would grant them a diploma upon
two courses of four months each. The trustees and faculty
were humiliated to find that from a school numbering several
hundred students at each session, the attendance of students
was so meagre in number as to render the movement a total
failure, former pupils of this college going by hundreds to
colleges requiring only four months' sessions. Although dis¬
couraged over the loss of its students through its adherence
to the cause of higher medical education, this college per¬
sisted for five years in its sessions of six months. Finally
the faculty becoming convinced from this five years' expe¬
rience that they could not effect the needful reformation
without concurrence of other medical schools, on May 19th,
1845, addressed a letter to all medical colleges in America
suggesting and asking a convention of representatives from
each of them to adopt plans for enforcing six months' ses¬
sions in all of these institutions. In compliment to the Uni¬
versity of Pennsylvania, the letter suggested that to that
University should be left the decision as to the time and
place of meeting and the number of delegates from each col¬
lege. Some colleges replied expressing themselves as un¬
willing to make any innovation, others unwilling to commit
themselves failed to even answer the letters sent them. The
Medical College of Georgia fully expected the University of
Pennsylvania to second its efforts in this laudable movement.
In this, however, it was mistaken. Six months after receiv¬
ing the letter of the Medical College of Georgia, the Univer¬
sity of Pennsylvania sent the following answer:
Pllli.AnEl.riUA, Nov. 15th, 1845.
Dear Sir:—Shortly after the reception of yours of May
19th, I informed you of the fact, and of my intention to lay
your communication on the subject of modifying the terms
of admission into the profession of medicine, before the med¬
ical faculty at their first business meeting. Having lately
executed this promise, 1 have now to state that the medical
faculty, after giving it full consideration, have thought it
better for each school to adopt such regulations as might
suit its particular views, than to enter into any general obli¬
gations on the subject, when there exists no competent
power to prevent their violation.
I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
Dr. Lewis D. Ford, W. E. Horner, Dean, &c.
THE MEDICAL COLLEGE OF GEORGIA.
293
After their brave but unsuccessful fight of years for six
months' courses of study the Medical College of Georgia was
at last forced to recede from its advanced position and adopt
the four months' sessions. To make up for this loss as far as
possible the faculty remodeled and improved their courses of
lectures, made more rigid examinations and required higher
qualifications from its graduates.
From this time to the outbreak of the late Civil War the
career of the College was most prosperous as to number of
students in attendance and the high standard of education
required of its graduates. The Faculty of the College was
one of the most renowned in America, and the diploma of
this school was readily accepted in Europe. After the war
closed the Faculty was reorganized, and consisted of the
following distinguished medical teachers :
Louis A. Dugas, M.D., LL. D., Dean and Professor of
Principles and Practice of Surgery.
Louis D. Ford, M.D., LL.D., Professor of Principles and
Practice of Medicine.
Joseph A. Eve, M.D., LL.D., Professor of Obstetrics and
Diseases of Women and Children.
Henry F. Campbell, M.D., Professor of Operative Surgery
and Gynecology.
W. H. Doughty, M.D., Professor of Materia Medica and
Therapeutics.
George W. Rains, M.D., LL.D., Professor of Medical
Chemistry and Pharmacy.
DeSaussure Ford, M.D., Professor of Descriptive and Surg¬
ical Anatomy.
Edward Geddings, M.D., Professor of Physiology and
Pathology.
The Faculty was thus constituted until 1886 when one
after another of the Professors resigned or died—their places
being filled by highly competent teachers. In May, 1893,
the Faculty was reorganized and enlarged. The new Faculty
immediately elevated its standard of medical education,
enlarged its clinical facilities and made several important
additions to its curriculum. The standard of medical educa¬
tion is now as high in this College as in any one in America,
for the last two years twenty-five per cent, of all candidates
for graduation having been rejected. Students are required
to attend three courses of six months each prior to examina¬
tion for graduation. The clinical advantages of this College
equal those of any College in America—the Faculty having
under its sole control three large hospitals, two medical
dispensaries and a large daily out-door clinic, beside numer¬
ous interesting and instructive cases daily drawn from the
large private practice of each of the Professors.
The Faculty is constituted as follows :
Wm. E. Boggs, D.D., LL.D., Chancellor, Athens, Ga.
Geo. W. Rains, M.D., LL.D., Emeritus Professor of
Chemistry.
DeSaussure Ford, A.M., M.D., Professor of the Principles
and Practice of Surgery.
Thos. R. Wright, M.D., Dean, Professor of Operative and
Clinical Surgery.
Wm. H. Doughty, Jr., A.B., M.D., Professor of Anatomy
and Clinical Surgery.
Geo. A. Wilcox, M.D., Professor of Gynecology and
Materia Medica and Therapeutics.
Eugene Foster, M.D., Professor of Principles and Practice
of Medicine and State Medicine.
James M. Hull, M.D., Professor of Ophthalmology, Otol¬
ogy and Laryngology.
Thomas D. Coleman, A.B., M.D., Secretary, Professor of
Physiology and Pathology.
Joseph E. Willett, A.M., M.D., Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of
Chemistry and Pharmacy.
Joseph Eve Allen, M.D., Professor of Obstetrics and
Pediatrics.
DEMONSTRATORS AND ASSISTANTS.
Henry C. Doughty, M.D., Demonstrator of Anatomy and
Assistant to the Chair of Physiology and Pathology.
L. C. Spence, M.D., Demonstrator of Anatomy and As¬
sistant to the Chair of Gynecology.
Wm. Z. Holliday, M.D., Assistant to the Chair of Opera¬
tive and Clinical Surgery.
W. W. Battey, M.D., Assistant to the Chair of Principles
and Practice of Medicine.
C. J. Montgomery, B.S., M.D., Assistant to the Chair of
Anatomy and Clinical Surgery.
Robert C. Eve, M.D., Assistant to the Chair of Obstetrics
and Pediatrics.
The following biographical sketches of the professors will
be interesting to the numerous Alumni of this College.
DeSAUSSURE FORD, A.H., M.D.,
Professor of Principles and Practice of Surgery,
Son of Dr. Lewis D. Ford, born in Augusta, Georgia,
August 14th, 1834. Educated at the Academy of Rich¬
mond Co., Georgia, and Burlington College, New Jersey, and
graduated A.M. at Franklin College, Athens, Ga., (now the
University of Georgia) in 1855. During his vacation in 1854
was his father's assistant during an epidemic of yellow fever
in Augusta. Graduated with first honor in Medicine from
the Medical College of Georgia in March, 1856. Thesis,
Detection of Arsenic. In the summer of 1856 was elected
Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Pennsylvania Medical Col¬
lege in Philadelphia, serving in that position two winters,
after which, with the lamented Professor T. G. Richardson,
of New Orleans, he severed his connection for political rea¬
sons. For two months in the summer of 1856 was one of
the resident surgeons in the Pennsylvania Hospital at Phila¬
delphia. Returning to his native city he soon was elected
Demonstrator of Anatomy and Prosector to the distinguished
surgeon Dr. Louis A. Dugas, Professor of Surgery in the
Medical College of Georgia. The war beginning, he was
sent to Virginia as a medical officer of the Georgia Hospital
294
THE MEDICAL COLLEGE OF GEORGIA.
Association, and soon thereafter received the appointment of
assistant surgeon in the Confederate army—serving in hos¬
pital at Culpepper Court House, Lynchburg, and from thence
was appointed medical director of General Humphrey Mar¬
shall's Brigade; after which did service at Camp Lee near
Richmond, Va., resigned in 1863, but consented to act as
Brigade surgeon for the Georgia Reserve under General Wra.
M. Browne in the Savannah campaign. After the war, and
upon the reorganization of the College he was elected Pro¬
sector to Prof. Dugas and lecturer on Minor Surgery. After
the death of Prof. Newton was elected Professor of Anatomy,
and after the resignation of his father was elected Professor
of Principles and Practice of Medicine but held this position
for a short time, and taking the Chair of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, and upon the death of Prof. Campbell was
elected Professor of Surgery, which Chair he now holds, and
the duties of which he discharges with signal ability. Prof.
Ford is the Nestor of the Faculty. He is a man of scholarly
attainments and is a fluent, graceful, eloquent teacher. The
positions he has held and now holds are : President of the
Academy of Richmond Count)' ; Member of the Commis¬
sioners of the Augusta Orphan Asylum, and its Physician ;
Chief Surgeon of the Georgia Railway Co. ; Chiel Surgeon
of the Augusta Southern Railway Co. ; Local Surgeon -of
the Southern Railway Co. ; Local Surgeon of the South Car¬
olina and Georgia Railway Co. ; ex-pres;dent of the Georgia
Medical Association ; ex-president of the Augusta Medical
Society ; ex-president of the Augusta Bible Society ; ex-
vestryman of St. Paul's Episcopal Church ; Delegate to the
Pan-American Congress ; Member of the National Associa¬
tion of Railway Surgeons ; ex-member of the City Council
of Augusta ; one of the founders of the Southern Surgical
and Gynecological Society ; on two separate occasions he has
filled the position of Dean of the Faculty of the College,
discharging the duties of the position with the faithfulness
and conscientiousness which has ever characterized him in all
official positions to which he has been called. Discovering
pleasure in teaching and lecturing he yet would have resigned
his connection with the College, but his father being one of
its founders, and his step-son Dr. Hull, a Professor, and his
own son an undergraduate, these sentiments have invited
him to remain with his younger and ambitious associates,
until he feels that his usefulness to his Alma Mater, and to
its students, is impotent
He has contributed frequently and ably to the literature of
his profession ; papers from his pen are to be found in the
American Journal of the Medical Sciences, with illustrations;
one of large teratoid tumor of the neck, extirpated success¬
fully; another of remarkable moluscum fibrosa; successful
trepanning for comminuted fracture of frontal bone, with loss
of cerebral substance, and whole of lateral half of bone, in
1861, patient now living; an article on cranial surgery in
Southern Surgical and Gynecological Transactions, Vol. 1,
1888, with successful trepanning over sagittal suture taking
out three buttons for chorea in young girl—recover) ; trepan¬
ning for comminuted fracture of occipital bone, with no lace
ration of membrane, the fragments showing the larger part
of groove for lateral sinus-recovery, the patient living. None
of these cases developed any nervous symptoms. Two cases
of vicarious menstruation reported in same number of
Transactions—patients now living. Has extirpated success¬
fully two-thirds of inferior maxilla; also successful partial
extirpation of half of superior maxilla; successful ligation of
femoral artery ; successful ligation of common carotid artery.
He has a large collection of tumors successfully extirpated ;
also calculi—one of them among the largest ever taken out
through perineum—which was presented to the Pan-Amer¬
ican Medical Congress; many successful laparotomies for
large ovarian tumors, one weighing nineteen pounds, the
patient living. In the Transactions of the Medical Associa¬
tion of Georgia are many articles from Prof. Ford's pen.
One, the treatment of a compound comminuted fracture of
both thighs, from a railroad injury—the man afterwards
becoming a base-ball player; with the discussion of the value
of tar water and quinine in the treatment of surgical wounds
and surgical fever, etc.
THOMAS R. WRIGHT, H.D.,
Professor of Operative and Clinical Surgery, and Dean of Faculty,
Born in Augusta, Ga., July nth, 1855. Graduated
M.D. from the Medical Department of the University of
THOMAS R WRIGHT. M.D
Georgia, March 1st, 187(1. After graduating in Augusta,
he took a post graduate course in New York.
He was elected Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy in
1877. Fleeted Demonstrator several years afterward.
Fleeted Professor of Anatomy 1885. Fleeted Professor of
Operative and Clinical Surgery in 1894 Was for a number
of years Secretary of the Faculty, and in 1894 elected Dean,
which position he now holds.
THE MEDICAL COLLEGE OF GEORGIA.
295
Professor Wright's occupancy of the Chair of Anatomy
for a long number of years afforded him uncommon oppor¬
tunities for qualifying himself for practice of Operative
Surgery for which branch of medicine he has a predilection.
While doing a general practice of medicine he does an ex¬
tensive surgical work, having performed well nigh all of the
capital operations known to modern surgery. Professor
Wright is a careful, conscientious, able teacher, and is in¬
defatigable in his efforts to qualify students for advanced
surgical work. He has contributed several valuable papers
to surgical literature. In addition to his duties as professor
of Clinical and Operative Surgery and Dean of the Faculty,
he is one of the visiting physicians to the City Hospital, and
Lecturer in the Training School for Nurses. As Dean of
the Faculty he is a model executive officer.
W. H. DOUGHTY, Jr., A.B., M.D.,
Professor of Anatomy and Clinical Surgery.
Professor Doughty was born in Augusta, Ga., November
9th, 1856, and is now thirty-nine years of age. His literary
training was received at the University of Georgia, whence
he graduated A.B. in 1875. Returning to his native city
W. H. DOUGHTY, JR., A.B., M.D.
he began the study of medicine in the office of his father.
The father trained the son in the most careful and thorough
manner and entered him as a student at the Medical Depart¬
ment of the University of Georgia at Augusta, whence he
graduated in 1878. After graduating from the Medical
Department of the University of Georgia, Dr. Doughty took
a post graduate course in New York at the College of Physi¬
cians and Surgeons. Returning to Augusta he entered at
once upon a large and lucrative practice. The faculty of his
Alma Mater recognizing in Dr. Doughty a physician of
marked ability, elected him in 1888 professor of Materia
Medica and Therapeutics. He now fills with marked ability
the Chair of Anatomy and Clinical Surgery in the Medical
Department of the University of Georgia. He is peculiarly
gifted as a lecturer and is a favorite with the students.
Dr. Doughty is one of the most skillful, successful surgeons
of the South. While doing work in all departments of
medicine, he is especially partial to surgery. He is particu¬
larly interested in abdominal surgery. In this field he has
few equals and no superiors among his Southern brethern,
as evidenced by the extent and remarkable success of his
abdominal operations. His fame as a surgeon is known all
over Georgia and South Carolina, and from these two States
patients are almost daily sent to him at Augusta for surgical
operations.
Professor Doughty is Surgeon in Charge of the Lamar
Hospital.
EUGENE FOSTER, M.D.,
Professor of Principles and Practice of fledicine and State fledicine.
Born in Augusta, Georgia, April 7th, 1850. After receiv¬
ing an academic education he, in 1868, began the study of
medicine in the office of his brother, Dr. W. H. Foster.
March 1st, 1872, was graduated M.D. from the Medical
College of Georgia, now the Medical Department of the
EUGENE FOSTER, M.D.
University of Georgia. Immediately after graduating at
the Medical College of Georgia he went to New York City
and took a post graduate course at the Medical Department
of the University of New York City. Returning to his
native city, in the winter of 1872, he entered upon practice
of his profession, taking rank with the most prominent
physicians of Augusta. In the early part of his professional
career he took especial interest in epidemic diseases, and in
public health questions. In May, 1880, he was unanimously
elected President of the Board of Health of Augusta, and
has been continuously re-elected to this position without
ever having had an opponent for the office. His experience
in a large and varied practice of medicine in all its branches
296
THE MEDICAL COLLEGE OF GEORGIA.
for twenty-five years, together witli his exceptional experi¬
ence in public health administration afforded him unusual
opportunities to thoroughly qualify himself for the duties of
the Chair of Principles and Practice of Medicine and State
Medicine, which he holds in the College. Professor Foster
is a careful, conscientious teacher, and is unremitting in his
efforts to thoroughly qualify the students of his classes for
the high duties of practice of medicine. He has contributed
largely to the literature of his profession by articles in the
medical press, the " Transactions of the Medical Associa¬
tion of Georgia," " Transactions of the American Public
Health Association" and "Ruck's Reference Hand Book
of the Medical Sciences." In addition to his professorship
in the College, he is President of the Board of Health of
Augusta, member of the Medical Association of Georgia,
member of the American Medical Association, member of
the American Public Health Association, member of the
American Academy of Political and Social Science. Ex-
President of the Richmond Count}' Medical Society, and
Ex-President of the Medical Association of Georgia. He
is one of the visiting physicians to the City Hospital, physi¬
cian in charge of the Contagious Diseases Hospital, lecturer
to the Augusta Training School for Nurses, member of the
Governing Board of the Lamar Hospital, and of the World's
Congress of Medico-Climatology.
THOMAS D. COLEMAN, A.B., M.D.,
Professor of Physiology and Pathology.
Born in Augusta, Ga., January 13th, 1865. His literary
education was received in the Kentucky University located
at Lexington, Ky., from which he graduated A.B. June,
THOMAS D COLEMAN, A.B., M.D.
1885. Upon his return from College he began the study of
Medicine in the office of his father—the late Dr. John S.
Coleman. After a time spent in the study of medicine under
direction of his father, Thomas D. Coleman became a student
at Johns Hopkins University in its Medical Department.
He remained at this noted school for two years, during
which time he filled the position of Assistant in Physiology.
Inasmuch as the Medical Department of Johns Hopkins
University had not then completed its corps of medical
teachers, and the subject of our sketch desired to graduate
in a four years' course of study, he went to New York and
entered the Medical Department of the University of New
York City, from which renowned medical school he gradu¬
ated M.D. April, 1890. During his pupilage at the latter
institution Dr. Coleman held the position of Assistant to the
Chair of Physiology.
Having completed his medical education, Dr. Coleman re¬
turned to his native city and began the practice of medicine,
doing an extensive and select practice. Although a young
man he ranks with the ablest physicians of this city. In
1893 ^r- Coleman was elected to the Chair of Physiology
and Pathology in the Medical Department of the University
of Georgia—the special training which he had received at
Johns Hopkins University and the Medical Department of the
University of New York having richly qualified him for the
duties of the professorship which he holds. His lectures are
models of scientific instruction, and are illustrated by vivisec¬
tions before the class. He is Pathologist of the City
Hospital and the Lamar Hospital, and is one of the visiting
physicians of the City Hospital and Chairman of its Govern¬
ing Board. He is a member of the American Climatological
Association, the American Medical Association, and of the
Medical Association of Georgia. Dr. Coleman is also
Secretary of the Faculty of the Medical Department of the
University of Georgia.
GEORGE A. WILCOX, M.D.,
Professor of Gynecology, flateria fledica and Therapeutics.
George A. Wilcox, born May 29th, 1849, at Augusta,
Georgia; son of Jonathan S. and Sarah J. (Ansley) Wilcox.
Attended the Academy at Augusta, Ga., and the Hopkins
Grammar School at New Haven, Conn., until 18^7. Matric¬
ulated in the University of Virginia in 1867 and 1S68 in the
Collegiate Department, and in the Medical Department the
following years: viz. 1869 and 1870. Then went to New
York City to complete his medical course and graduated
from the University of the City of New York in 1871. Im¬
mediately afterward he received the appointment ot House
Physician to the Hospital for Nervous Diseases (Blackwell's
Island), New York City, and during that and the following
years—1871 and 1872—also received special instruction in
Charity Hospital, Bellevue Hospital and the Woman's Hos¬
pital, New York City. He then returned to Augusta, Ga.,
where he has since pursued the practice ot his profession.
In 1885 he was appointed Demonstrator of Anatomy and
Lecturer on Diseases of the Nervous System in the Medical
Department of the University of Georgia at Augusta, Ga.,
which office he held until 1891. He also has conferred up¬
on him the Honorary Degree of the Medical Department of
THE MEDICAL COLLEGE OF GEORGIA.
29/
the University of Georgia. In 1891 was elected to the chair
of Obstetrics and Gynecology in the University of Georgia
(Augusta), which he occupied until 1893. In 1893 was
elected to the chair of Gynecology and Materia Medica and
Therapeutics in the same University, which chair he oc¬
cupies at the present time. He has been since 1891 one of
GEORGE A.. WILCOX, M.D.
the visiting physicians to the City Hospital, Augusta, Ga.
He is a member of the Medical Association of Georgia, the
Richmond County Medical Society, the Augusta Academy
of Medicine, and a member of the American Medical Asso¬
ciation.
Professor Wilcox is a lecturer of force, clearness and
directness, and has the happy faculty of imparting informa¬
tion to his students in such a manner as to engage their
careful attention. He is an exceptionally gifted gynecolo¬
gist, and almost daily during the college sessions performs
gynecological operations before the class.
JAMES M. HULL, M.D.,
Professor of Ophthalmology, Otology and Laryngology.
Born in Athens, Ga., February 3d, 1859. Graduated
M.D. from Medical Department University of Georgia, March
1st, 1879. After having graduated in medicine Dr. Hull
determined to practice the specialty of Diseases of the Eye,
Ear, and Throat. In order to thoroughly qualify himself in
this field he went abroad to study under the most celebrated
teachers of Europe. After three years' study in London,
Paris, Vienna and Berlin, under Hirschberg, Schweigger,
Weber-Liel, and Frankel of Berlin, Gruber, Politzer,
Schroter, Arlt, Jaeger, Hutchison and Meyer, he returned to
America, locating in Augusta to practice his specialty. He
at once took rank with the ablest specialists in this section,
and has done an extensive practice. A large number of
patients are sent him by physicians in the territory surround¬
ing Augusta. Soon after his return from Europe the Faculty
of the Medical Department of the University of Georgia
elected Dr. Hull to the position of Lecturer on Diseases of
the Eye, Ear and Throat, which position he held for years,
discharging its duties acceptably to the Faculty.
In 1893 Dr. Hull was elected to the chair of Ophthalmo-
l°gy, Otology and Laryngology. The Professor is an ex-
JAMES M. HTTIX, M.D.
ceptionally fine operator in his specialty, and a teacher of
acknowledged ability, lecturing with ease and fluency; he is
one of the most popular professors in the College. In ad¬
dition to his duties as a professor in the College he is one of
the visiting physicians to the City Hospital and consulting
oculist to City Hospital and to the Lamar Hospital, and
lecturer in the Training School for Nurses. Professor Hull
is Chairman of the Governing Board of the Lamar Hospital.
JOSEPH E. ALLEN, H.D.,
Professor of Obstetrics and Pediatrics Medical Department of the University
of Georgia.
Was born October 15th, 1857. Graduated from Medical
Department, University of Georgia, March 1st, 1877. 1° 1878
he was elected lecturer on Diseases of Children, and adjunct
to chair of Obstetrics in 1880, assisting his distinguished
grandfather, Professor Joseph A. Eve, in the duties of his
chair. In 1894 Dr. Allen was elected to the chair of
Obstetrics and Pediatrics, the duties of which position he
discharges most satisfactorily to his brethren of the Faculty,
and the students in attendance upon the College. His lec¬
tures are carefully prepared, are abreast of the most advanced
thought of the day, and so illustrated as to familiarize
students with this important branch of medicine.
Professor Allen enjoyed rare opportunities to perfect him¬
self in the practice of Obstetrics, having for a long number
of years been associated in practice with the renowned Dr.
Joseph A. Eve, his grandfather. Dr. Eve exerted himself
to qualify his grandson to acceptably and worthily succeed
298
COLUMBUS, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
him in the field of Obstetrics, and it is only just to Professor
Allen to say that he is a worthy successor to his renowned
grandfather.
Professor Allen is practically the obstetrician of Augusta,
JOSEPH E. ALLEN. M.D.
being called in consultation with his brethren in almost all
difficult cases of labor.
Professor Allen is President of the Augusta Academy of
Medicine, Obstetrician to the Augusta City Hospital and to
the Lamar Hospital, and one of the lecturers in the Augusta
Training School for Nurses.
G. GUNBY JORDAN,
Columbus, Ga.
A prominent banker and manufacturer of Columbus,
Georgia, was born in Sparta, Hancock County, Georgia,
and received his education at the high school there. At
the age of seventeen he volunteered in the Confederate
army and served as private, to the close of hostilities, in the
celebrated Nelson's Rangers.
In 1866, he was offered and accepted a position in charge
of the office of the wholesale merchandising establishment
of H. C. Mitchell & Co., of Columbus, and in January,
1867, was elected treasurer of the Eagle & Phenix Manufac¬
turing Company, the largest cotton and woolen manufactur¬
ing concern in the Southern States. He served as treasurer
of that corporation for twenty years thereafter. He was
chosen cashier of the Eagle & Phenix Savings Hank, in
1873, and was successively re-elected to that position for
the next thirteen years, declining re-election as an officer of
the Eagle & Phenix Manufacturing Company at the annual
meeting of the stockholders, in 1886, in order to organize
the Georgia Midland and Gulf Railroad Company, he being
made president of the Georgia Midland Construction Com¬
pany. He was then made General Manager of the Georgia
Midland & Gulf Railroad Company in 1889, and during his
incumbency instigated the movement and organized and
secured the charter for the Columbus Southern Railroad,
which was speedily built.
In 1888, he organized the Third National Bank of Colum¬
bus, and in 1889, the Columbus Savings Bank, being elected
president of these institutions and sustaining that relation
to the present time. In July, 1894, Mr. Jordan severed his
connection with railroad matters entirely, in order to accept
the appointment of Railroad Commissioner of the State of
Georgia, an office tendered him, unsolicited, by Governor
Northen.
Mr. Jordan is one of the original founders and a director
of the Mercantile Credit Guarantee Company of New York,
and also a member of the Board of Directors of the Gen¬
eral Fire Extinguisher Company of New York, capitalized
at two million dollars. He was a member of the Special
Commission, created by Act of the Georgia Legislature, for
the purpose of settling the celebrated Western and Atlantic
Railroad Betterments case, which Commission reached a
verdict satisfactory to Georgians and solved questions of
long disturbance.
In 1896, he was unanimously elected President of the
Georgia Bankers' Association. Undeniably Mr. Jordan has
been momentously connected with every movement tending
to the advancement of the interests of Columbus during
the past quarter of a century, and in this connection we
esteem it a pleasure to re-print some well-deserved words
of praise from the Columbus Evening Ledger:
" If it be true that from our mills, our railroads and our
banks, the prosperity of Columbus began, then to G.
G. GUNBY JORDAN.
Gunby Jordan, who has done so much in the develop¬
ment of these great agencies, do the people owe a debt.
Such talents as he possesses would have made him great in
other fields. Had he sought political preferment, the full
COLUMBUS, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
measure of his ambition would have been met. He has
elected to labor, instead, for the good of Columbus. Were
he to be called to his long home, all the people would rise
to praise him, and no pen would be spared in writing his
eulogy."
Mrs. CRAVEN T. OSBURN,
Columbus, Ga.
Mrs. Neila Bacon Osburn was conspicuous in the work of
the Woman's Department at the great Exposition, which
mrs. craven t. osburn.
opened in Atlanta on the 18th of September, 1895. As
Chairman of the Woman's Board for Muscogee County she
for months devoted herself assiduously to the task of having
Columbus represented by an exhibit that would do her
credit, and she succeeded.
Mrs. Osburn's first move in this work was to request the
proprietor of the Enquirer-Sun to donate to the Exposition
fund the proceeds of one edition of the paper, gotten up ex¬
clusively by women. This favor was readily granted, and
she at once proceeded to organize an editorial and business
staff, composed of some of the most prominent and cultured
ladies of Columbus. In this selection Mrs. Osburn displayed
her fine executive ability. As editor-in-chief, with Mrs.
Emily C. MacDougald, city editor, and her corps of bright
reporters, Mrs. Shelby Comption, Mrs. Nina Holstead, and a
staff of indefatigable solicitors, with every department pre¬
sided over by a thoroughly competent chief, she entered
upon the project with characteristic vigor, and the result
was the issuance in the brief period of two weeks of " The
Woman's Edition of the Enquirer-Sun" on the 17th of
March, 1895, which was a model sixteen-page paper, con¬
ceded to be one of the best papers of its kind gotten out in
the South. This was a profitable edition, realizing the
handsome sum of $500. This was a good nucleus and Mrs.
Osburn was inspired to greater efforts. Two appropriations
299
of $300 each were obtained from the City Council, and she
was thus enabled to get up the display for the Columbus
Room, which, as a feature of the Woman's Building, is at¬
tracting so much attention and causing the name of Colum¬
bus to be known far and wide.
Mrs. Osburn was born in Savannah and educated at Wes-
leyan College, Macon. She was married in Albany to Dr.
Craven T. Osburn, formerly of Virginia, who has been a
resident of Columbus for nearly ten years past.
A favorite in the social circles not only of her own city,
but of the State, it is with pride and gratification her numer¬
ous friends and admirers point to her achievement in organ¬
izing and arranging a beautiful and attractive exhibit at the
great Cotton States and International Exposition at Atlanta,
which will keep Columbus in the remembrance of the thou¬
sands of visitors from all parts of the country, as a crown
unto her ability, zeal and patriotism.
Wn. A. WIHBISH,
Columbus, Ga.
Wm. A. Wimbish was born at La Grange, Ga., May 1st, 1859,
of Virginian and English ancestry on his father's side, and
on his mother's a descendant of the distinguished Stanley
family of North Carolina. His father, prior to the war, was
a wealthy planter, afterwards the founder and the president
of the La Grange Banking & Trust Co. The son was pre¬
pared for college under Ex-Governor Northen at Kirkwood
and became a graduate of both the academic and law depart¬
ments of Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va.,
receiving his share of college honors. Admitted to the bar
in 1870 he practiced in La Grange until 1884 and in Atlanta
WM A. WIMBISH.
until 1888, when he removed to Columbus, his present home.
Shortly after removing to Columbus he entered into partner¬
ship with Ex-Attorney-General W. A. Little, with whom he
continued about eighteen months, when he became senior
3°°
GAINESVILLE, GRIFFIN, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
member of the firm of Wimbish, Worrill & McMichael. Mr.
Wimbish never applieci for or held office other than his pres¬
ent position as State's counsel for the Western & Atlantic
R.R., which is professional rather than political. In 1838
the State began the construction of the Western and Atlantic
R.R. from Ross' landing, now Chattanooga, Tenn., to "some
point in Georgia east of the Chattahoochee river," now At¬
lanta. This railroad, which is still the exclusive property of
the State of Georgia, was operated by the State until 1870,
when it was leased to a company for a period of twenty years.
Upon the expiration of this lease in 1890 a new lease was
made for a term of twenty-nine years to the Nashville,
Chattanooga, and St. Louis Ry.,by which company the road
is now operated. Since the first lease, until 1892, there was
no person charged especially with the protection of the State's
interests in this valuable property. In consequence adverse
claims to terminal and outlying properties as well as
serious encroachments upon the road's right of way, were
found to have arisen. In order to ascertain and protect
the State's interests, the General Assembly created the
office now filled by Mr. Wimbish. In his work he has been
eminently successful. Many controversies threatening stub¬
born litigation, have been satisfactorily adjusted. In other
important cases litigation is now pending. In some cases
properties which have been in adverse possession for
nearly fifty years and which had been lost sight of, have
been recovered. Mr. Wimbish represents as its general
counsel one of the largest financial institutions in the
South, and enjoys an extensive corporation and commercial
practice, which extends to the United States Supreme
Court and Court of Appeals as well as the State Courts.
He is probably in receipt of a larger fixed income from
his practice than any lawyer of his age in the State. His
law firm having been recently dissolved by the death of its
junior member the surviving members continue the practice
at Columbus under the name of Wimbish & Worrill.
JAHES S. BOYNTON,
Griffin, Ga.
Among the men who have risen to prominence in Georgia
affairs by force of character and their own exertions, none
hold a higher place to-day in the esteem of the public than
Judge James S. Boynton, who was born in Henry County,
Ga., May 7th, 1833.
As a boy James' ambition inclined towards a military
career, but when he was seventeen years of age the death of
H. W. J. HAM, Editor " The Georgia Cracker " Gainesville, Ga.
JAMES S. BOYNTON.
his father changed the course of his life. His early educa¬
tion was obtained at one of the old field schools, and con¬
sisted only of the rudiments of elementary English branches,
being supplemented in 1852 by a short term at the Hearne
School, located at Cave Spring, Ga. Returning to Henry
County he commenced the study of law under Col. L. T.
Doyal, and so earnest was his application to this work that
in ten weeks he was admitted to the bar of the Superior
Court of that county, and complimented by the presiding
judge on the thoroughness of his preparation.
In 1858 he removed to Jackson, Ga., and formed a part¬
nership with Col. Jas. R. Lyons, and in 18(10 was elected
Ordinary of Butts Count}-.
At the outbreak of the war Judge Boynton enlisted as a
private in the Thirtieth Georgia Regiment, and after seven
months' service was elected Major of the Regiment. In
December, 1862, he was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel and
upon the disabling, by a serious wound, of Col. Mangham
was promoted to Colonel. Being badly wounded at Deca¬
tur, Ga., July 22d, 1S64, Col. Boynton was detained from
active service until January, 18(15, when he rejoined his men
and remained with them until they disbanded.
At the close of the war Judye Boynton went to Griffin,
Ga., where his family had moved in 18(13, and in 1 S(t6 he
was elected County Judge. From i8(x)to 1872 he occupied
the position of Mayor of Griffin with credit to himself and
GRIFFIN, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
301
much benefit to the city. In 1880 Judge Boynton was
elected State Senator, and unanimously chosen President of
that body, and ex-officio Lieutenant-Governor, which office
he held for four years, acting as Governor after the death of
Governor Alexander H. Stephens in 1883. In 1886 Col.
Boynton was elected Judge of the Superior Court, a position
which he filled so much to the satisfaction of everyone (ex¬
cept law-breakers) that he was three times re-elected, re¬
signing much against the wishes of his people in 1893, to
engage in the more lucrative practice of his profession.
The career of Judge Boynton is one which he may well
look back upon with the honest pride of a self-made man,
and should be a source of encouragement to boys dependent
upon their own integrity and exertions for that success in
life which all so greatly covet.
THOnAS C. CRENSHAW, Jr.,
Griffin, Ga.
Thomas C. Crenshaw, Jr., Railroad Commissioner of the
State of Georgia, was born near Manningham in Butler
County, Ala., March the 10th, 1849. He was a grandson of
the late Chancellor Anderson Crenshaw, a distinguished
thomas c. crenshaw, Jr.
jurist of Alabama. His father was a farmer, and a man who
always took an active interest in public affairs, often being
honored by the county.
He first entered Good Hope Academy, where he was pre¬
pared for college. He remained there until 1864, when, at
the age of fifteen, he volunteered and entered the Confederate
army, enlisting in the Alabama State troops. In 1865 he
entered the male High School at Greenville, Ala., where he
remained until the fall of 1866, when he entered the Uni¬
versity of Virginia, remaining there for two years, when he
returned to Butler County, Ala., and engaged in farming.
He resided on his farm near where he was born until 1870,
when he moved to Greenville, Ala., and began the study of
law under Secretary of the Navy, H. A. Herbert. After re¬
maining in Secretary Herbert's office for some two months,
he was appointed Register in Chancery for the Fifth District
Southern Chancery Division of Alabama, receiving the ap¬
pointment some two weeks before reaching his majority. He
therefore had to wait until he reached the age of twenty-one
years before he could qualify as Register in Chancery, which
he did on March the 10th, 1870. Although this office was a
lucrative one, paying some $3,000 a year, he resigned this
position at the end of the year, and early in the year of 1871
moved to La Grange, Ga.
He was in 1874 elected an Alderman for the city of La
Grange, and was re-elected in 1876, and in 1877 was elected
Mayor of La Grange after an exciting contest. He was
elected by a large majority over Dr. Thos. S. Bradfield. He
declined re-election as Mayor. In 1882 he was elected a
Representative in the General Assembly from Troup County,
and re-elected in 1884. He took an active part in the pro¬
ceedings of the Legislature, and was regarded as one of the
leading and most influential members of that body.
After Mr. Crenshaw moved to La Grange, Ga., from Ala¬
bama in 1871, he engaged in the cotton business with an
office at La Grange, Ga., and also one at Opelika, Ala. He
built up a large and lucrative cotton business, which he car¬
ried on until he was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue
in 1885, when he gave up the cotton business, his whole time
being required for the discharge of his duties as Collector of
Internal Revenue.
In March, 1885, he was appointed by President Cleveland
Collector of Internal Revenue for the District of Georgia,
while yet a member of the Legislature. On April the 30th,
1885, he resigned his membership in the General Assembly,
and entered upon the duties of the office of Collector of Inter¬
nal Revenue May 1st, 1885, which position he filled with a
marked degree of efficiency, always keeping his office up to
the highest standard, and administering the office to the
entire satisfaction of the people. Although his resignation
as Collector of Internal Revenue was before the President,
and his office rated as first-class in every particular, on Sep¬
tember 1st, 1889, he was removed from office by Presi¬
dent Harrison because he was a true Democrat, and to gratiiy
the Republicans who desired the office. Immediately after
retiring from this office, he was appointed by President E.
P. Alexander, of the Central Railroad and Banking Company
of Georgia, Assistant Claim Adjuster of that road, which
position he held until 1891, when he was appointed special
agent for this Company. He displayed great ability and
efficiency in the discharge of his duties as special agent
for the entire Central Railroad system, and soon familiarized
himself with all the details in the operation and management
of railroads. He was, on November 5th, 1895, appointed by
Governor W. Y. Atkinson to succeed Hon. G. Gunby Jordan
as a member of the Railroad Commission of the State of
Georgia for a full term of six years. His appointment was
immediately taken up by the Senate and unanimously con-
302
MACON, MADISON, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
firmed, receiving every vote in the Senate—Democrats,
Populists and Republicans. On November 6th, 1895, he
resigned his position as Special Agent for the Central Rail¬
road, and on the following day (November 7th) was sworn
by the Governor Railroad Commissioner for the period of
six years, from October 15th, 1895.
W. H. SCHATZrtAN,
Macon, Ga.
William H. Schatzman, at present the Grand Chancellor
Knights of Pythias of the Grand Domain of Georgia, was
born in the city of Cincinnati, Ohio, June 28th, 1852, and
came of the sturdiest German-American stock. His father
came to this country with General LaFayette and settled in
Cincinnati, and for seventy years lived as one of the most
respected citizens of that city, on the exact spot where his
stakes were first driven. He was one of many sons, and at
an early age was apprenticed at the blacksmith trade. After
reaching manhood he concluded to try his fortune in the
South, and first went to Selma, Ala., but soon after located
in Cartersville with the carriage firm of Gower, Jones & Co.
From there he went to Atlanta, remaining there from the
latter part of 1871 until the latter part of 1872. It was here
that he married, and soon after that event he went to Macon,
first working for Dan Valentino, and afterward for Collins
Carriage Factory. Eleven years ago he began business for
himself, building up a successful business.
He became a Knight of Pythias in 1874, joining Central
City Lodge, and after rapidly going through the chairs was
made a representative to the Grand Lodge in 1878, from
W. H. SCHATZMAN.
which his membership of the Grand Lodge dates. In May,
1895, he was elected Grand Chancellor.
Mr. Schatzman is one of that class of men known as
nature's noblemen. Possessed of brawn and brain, dignify¬
ing his vocation; with large heart, charitable, generous, and
withal possessing a keen sense of humor, he is known in
Macon and the State as the " Village Blacksmith," sur¬
rounded by a large circle of warm personal friends to whom
he is devotedly attached. He is in every way worthy of his
great popularity.
BRIDGES SMITH, Macon, GA.
Mrs. EMMA DeWOLF WALKER,
Hadison, Ga.
Mrs. Emma DeWolf Walker was born at Norwalk, Ohio,
and married Mr. Harry Walker of Rolling Hall, Bradford,
England. She attended school and resided in Toledo,
Mrs. EMMA De WOLF WALKER.
Ohio, until she was sixteen years of age, when she spent
three years in travel and study on the continent. Her mar¬
ried life was spent in England.
Mrs. Walker represented Morgan County, Ga. at the Ex¬
position.
MARIETTA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
JOSEPH M. BROWN,
Marietta, Ga.
Joseph M. Brown, Traffic Manager of the Western &
Atlantic Railroad, was born in Canton, Ga., December 28th,
185 1, and is a son of ex-Governor Brown. He graduated
from Oglethorpe University in 1872 with first honors, and
afterwards studied law at Harvard University. He was ad¬
mitted to the bar at Canton, but never practiced, as his tastes
inclined to railroading. He commenced his career as a
clerk in the freight department of the Western & Atlantic
R.R. Co., in 1877, and successively filled the positions of
conductor, lost car agent, western agent, a clerkship in the
claim agent's office, and finally was appointed claim agent.
I11 1880 he was in charge of the car account department, but
resigned in 1881 to become general freight agent. In 1884
the passenger and freight departments of the company were
consolidated, and Mr. Brown was given full charge of this
important branch of the service. Mr. Brown has been a
JOSEPH M. BROWN.
member of the Rate Committee of the Southern Railway
and Steamship Association for the past thirteen years, and
a member of the Southern Passenger Association since its
formation. He was offered, but declined, the Presidency of
the Atlanta & Plorida Railroad Company, preferring to
remain with the road with which he had so long been identi¬
fied, and as a result he was made Traffic Manager in 1889.
Mr. Brown has for years been a member of the Baptist
Church, and was married to Miss Cora A. McCord, of Au¬
gusta, on February 12th, 1889. Three children, two boys
and a girl, have blessed the union. They make their home
at Marietta on the old homestead of ex-Governor McDonald.
Mr. Brown is strongly inclined to literature, and has written
several meritorious works, prominent among which is an
historical novel entitled " Kennesaw's Bombardment, or
How the Sharpshooters Woke up the Batteries "; but the
work by which he is best known is " The Mountain Cam-
303
paign in Georgia, or War Scenes on the W. & A." This
is an historical work, and, at the time of its publication, was
strongly endorsed by General Sherman, of the Federal
Army, and General Johnson, of the Confederate service, as
the most accurate history of the Atlanta campaign.
On the opposite page is shown the residence of Mr.
Joseph M. Brown, in Marietta, Ga.. one of Atlanta's prettiest
suburbs. In front of the house is a sloping grassy lawn
and grove of magnificent oak and hickory trees, probably
exceeding one hundred years old, covering about four acres.
This was the homestead of Governor Charles J. McDonald,
one of Georgia's most eminent men, and an intimate
friend of Governor Joseph E. Brown, the present owner's
father.
It is worthy of note that Governor Brown here wrote the
letter of acceptance of his first nomination for Governor of
Georgia. The old McDonald mansion was burned by the
P"ederals when Sherman's army started on its march to the
sea. The present structure was built just back of the old
site by the subsequent purchasers who sold to Mr. Brown.
From this commanding hill-top is a splendid view of famous
Kennesaw Mountain and of the surrounding country. Mr.
Brown intends erecting a mansion of the stately and impos¬
ing style so popular in the South before the war. He has
now on the place his own water works, gas and all modern
conveniences. Among the special charms of the home are
his flower and vegetable gardens, vineyards and orchards,
which include almost every variety of fruit grown in upper
Georgia ; blooded horses, cattle and hogs, the latter partic¬
ularly being of the finest strains in America. Adjoining
the homestead is Mr. Brown's farm, where he has brought
common upland to a high degree of culture, raising sixty-
eight bushels of corn per acre, and more wheat to the acre
than any other resident of Cobb county, receiving at the
Cotton States and International Exposition, in 1895, the
second premium for the entire State, besides the premium
for the best ham produced in Georgia. Mr. Brown, his
wife and three children have every reason to be proud of
their beautiful home and its historic surroundings.
JOSEPH S. STEWART,
riarietta, Ga.
Among the young men who have come to the front in
Georgia in this decade in organizing the city systems of pub¬
lic education is Superintendent Joseph S. Stewart, of Marietta,
Georgia.
Mr. Stewart is a native Georgian, having been born in
Oxford, September 23, 1863. Reared in a college town he
had all the advantages that Emory College afforded. He
was graduated in the class of 1883 with distinction.
After graduation he taught in Cavespring for five years.
He next assumed the presidency of Harwood Seminary,
situated in Marietta. He was active in the organization of
the public school system of Marietta and was elected super¬
intendent of the system, which position he now holds.
residence oe mr. joskpii m. rrown, marietta, oa.
MARIETTA, PRATTSBURG, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
3°5
Mr. Stewart has been active in State educational affairs.
He was one of the drafters of the County Institute Law. As
a result of his resolution in the Georgia Teachers' Associa¬
tion, United States History and the History of Georgia were
added to the common school curriculum. He was the author
the city on Peachtree Creek, and held that portion of line
during the entire siege. Only a beardless boy at that time,
how little could he foresee that this small inland town would
become the great metropolis of the splendid new South, and
that he would return to the historical city as the representa-
JOSEPH S. STEWART. HON. JOHN T. PARKER.
Hon. JOHN T. PARKER,
Prattsburg, Ga.
The subject of this sketch was born and
reared in Talbot County, Ga., and is now
fifty years old. Being of humble parentage,
his early educational training was scanty
and, while yet a boy, he was called to the
defense of his country. He volunteered in
the Second Georgia State Troops, attached
to Gen. Johnson's army, and he helped to
contest every step in Sherman's march
through Georgia to Atlanta, participating
in most of the noted battles. His repeated
gallantry on the field of battle won the con¬
fidence and esteem of his officers and the
admiration and respect of his comrades.
The State was his limit, but he often volun¬
teered to meet the enemy outside of the
State. Jn the defense of Atlanta, his com¬
mand was the first to fortify for protection of
20
MARIETTA PUBLIC SCHOOL. MARIETTA, GA
of the resolution establishing a permanent home by the sea
for the Association. In 1894 he organized the State Read¬
ing Circle for teachers and young people. In 1895 he was
elected President of the State Teachers' Association—the
highest honor in the gift of the teachers.
At the Educational Congress, held under the auspices of
the Exposition, he delivered the opening
address. He is a frequent contributor to
the educational journals and is active in
institute work.
tive of the grand old county of Talbot, and the defender of
democracy.
Mr. Parker's first political campaign was for the senator-
ship of the twenty-fourth senatorial district, and his opponent
was the Hon. A. P. Person, one of the most popular men of
the county and State. Mr. Parker was defeated by a small
residence of a. s. clay, marietta, ga.
RESIDENCE OF J. I,. McCUIXOM. MARIETTA, GA.
ROME, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
vote in this campaign, and entered his
second race against Judge T. H. McDowell,
a very popular and gifted man. Here he
led his distinguished opponent by a nice
majority.
While Mr. Parker's academic advantages
were poor, yet, gifted with high natural en¬
dowments and readily mastering the practical
side of life, he has become a successful
financier and legislator; he has accumulated
a large estate, and is one of the heaviest tax¬
payers in his county. He has served as
steward and trustee in the Methodist Church,
and through his largeness of heart and
liberality, he has helped many needy ones.
He numbers his friends by scores, and all
are ready to rise and call him noble and
blessed.
" MUIRDRUM," SUBURBS OF ROME, GA
(Residence of Martin Grahame.)
This beautiful home and grounds com¬
prising some thirty-five acres contains several
fine springs and may be called a natural park.
A recent visitor to Muirdrum writes : " At early morn,
when drops of dew were strung upon the blades of grass
and leaves so thickly that a light breeze could not have
caused them to move under their load of crystal, drowsy
stillness sits in the spring grove. But nature's nap is soon
aroused, for the sunlight touching the drops of dew makes
diamonds of them, and slumbering nature seems all at once
to have opened a thousand eyes. My thoughts instinctively
turn to the poet's beautiful lines :
' There is a temple, one not made with hands,
The vaulted firmament: Far in the woods,
Almost beyond the sound of city chime,
At intervals heard through the breezeless air;
When not the limberest leaf is seen to move,
Save where the linnet lights upon the spray ;
Where not a floweret bends its little stalk,
Save where the bee alights upon the bloom ;
There, rapt in gratitude, in joy, and love,
The man of God will pass the Sabbath-noon ;
Silence his praise.'"
SHORTER COLLEGE FOR YOUNG LADIES,
Rome, Oa.
This famous institution was founded in 1877, by the wis¬
dom and generosity of Col. Alfred Shorter, a wealthy and
philanthropic citizen of Rome. He gave $130,000 for the
buildings, grounds and equipments, to which he afterwards
added $40,000 by bequest
Nowhere in the South are to be found more imposing and
elegant structures than those that adorn the lofty hill on
which the college stands. The grounds are highly improved
RESIDENCE OF MARTIN GRAHAME, " MUIRDRUM," SUBURBS OF ROME, GA.
and the scenery enchanting. Shorter has been appropriate¬
ly called "The Beauty of the Colleges." It has a superb
equipment of every appliance necessary to its several de¬
partments, and its professors are distinguished for their
elegant accomplishments and thorough instruction. The
healthfulness of the College has been phenomenal. In the
eighteen years of its successful history, tradition has it that
not a single death has occurred within the walls of the
institution.
It has enjoyed a liberal patronage, ranging from 200 to
240 pupils per annum, coming from nearly all the Southern
States.
President A. J. BATTLE,
Shorter College, Rome, Ga.
Dr. A. J. Battle, since 1892 President of Shorter College,
has had a career of great success as an educator. He is a
Georgian by birth, a native of Hancock County, but spent
over thirty years of his life in Alabama, having been grad¬
uated from the University of that State. He served several
years as professor of Greek in that institution, and subse¬
quently was president of three of the female colleges ot
that State. In 1872, he returned to Georgia, in obedience
to the unanimous call of the trustees, to assume the presi¬
dency of Mercer University, Macon. Here he remained
seventeen years, graduating in that period hundreds of
young men, many of whom are serving the State and the
South in the. various professions and occupations of life.
In 1891, Dr. Battle was called to the presidency of Shorter
College, in which famous school he has, already, served five
of the best years of his life. He is the author of a number
3°8
SHORTER COLLEGE, ROME.
of lectures and addresses and a work on "The Human
Will," which has elicited commendation from the best
thinkers of the day.
The colleges have been generous to Dr. Battle ; three
President A- J. BATTLE.
Prof. IVY W. DUQQAN,
Shorter College, Rome, Ga.
I'rof. Duggan was born near Warthen, Washington Co.,
Ga., December 22d, 1831. He was educated near his home,
PROF. IVY W DUGGAN,
colleges conferred on him almost simultaneously the de¬
gree of Doctor of Divinity, viz: The University of
Georgia, Columbian University, D. C., and Howard Col¬
lege, Alabama.
The degree of LL.D was conferred on him by Mississippi
College.
and at Sparta, Hancock Co., Ga.; the Board of Trustees of
Mercer University conferred on him the degree of Master of
Arts. For forty years Prof. Duggan has taught almost
constantly, except four years spent in the Confederate army
and four years representing Hancock County in the Georgia
Legislature. For the last four years he has been Professor
of Mathematics and Business Manager in
Shorter College. As a teacher and a finan¬
cier he has been very successful.
In 1855 married Miss Susan F. Rey¬
nolds, who died in 1S69, leaving two sons.
In 1872 he married his present wife, Miss
Salle Cone. They have two daughters.
Prof. Duggan is an active member of the
Washington Baptist Association, Washing¬
ton Co., and for the last twenty years he
has been Clerk of the Association.
SHORTER COLLEGE —FRONT VIEW.
Col. D. B. HAJIILTON,
Rome, Ga.
David Blount Hamilton was born in
Hamilton, Harris Co., Ga., July 30th, 1834.
I lis father was born in Wilkes Co., Ga., and
his mother was Miss Sarah Twiggs Blount,
the daughter of the distinguished Thomas
Blount of Jones County, originally of Vir¬
ginia. His grandfather, George Hamilton,
married Miss Agnes Cooper. His family
came from Scotland (originally English),
and settled in Maryland.
SHORTER COLLEGE— DISTANT VIEW.
3r0
ROME, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
Dr. R. M. HARBIN,
Rome, Ga.
Dr. Harbin was born in Fair Play, S. C., on the loth of
December, 1864. He was graduated from the University
Ilis paternal and maternal ancestors were distinguished in
the Revolutionary war.
He graduated at the State University with distinction, was
admitted to the bar and practiced law in Rome. In 1856,
he married the lovely Miss Martha Harper, the niece and
adopted daughter of Col. Alfred Shorter, of Rome.
As a member of the Whig party he was opposed to se¬
cession ; but after his State went out of the Union his oppo¬
sition ceased. Although exempted from military duty, he
entered the service in Yeiser's legion. On account of ex¬
posure he contracted severe tonsilitis and was discharged
from the service. Two terms he served in
the General Assembly of Georgia, 1875 and
1876, and was a prominent member of the
Constitutional Convention of 1877. He does
not speak often, but when he does he speaks
to the point,—clearly, forcibly and logically,
and always commands attention. He takes
great interest in all educational interests of
the State. He has been a Trustee of the
State University for ten years, and is again
re-appointed. He is President of the Board
of Trustees of Shorter College, Rome, Ga.
He has been engaged in many successful
business enterprises and was a Director of
the Rome and C. R. & C. Railroads. When
the Rome Land Co. sold out all its interests,
he was elected President of the Company
to wind up its business.
He has been for a long time President of
the Etna Furnace Co., and the attorney of
the Company.
Personally he is tall and graceful, a
gentleman of fine address, his conversation
evidencing a well-cultivated mind. Kstaimsw make
of Georgia, in 1885, with the Baccalaureate degree. Having,
already, made the thoughtful and earnest choice of medicine
for a profession, he next entered Bellevue Hospital Medical
College, of New York, and took a three years' course there.
In 1888, he received his degree from Bellevue, and shortly
thereafter entered upon the practice of his profession in
Calhoun, Ga., but removed a little later to Rome, as he
ROMH IRON COMPANY. ROMK, OA.
i highest grade Charcoal Iron for Car Wheels. Chilleil Rolls, Machinery and Malleable
ROME, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
found that he needed a wider field for the exercise of his
talents.
He has been extremely popular and successful in his
practice, and in addition to his professional achievements,
he has had various positions of honor and office offered to
him by his brothers of the profession. He is a member of
the Georgia State Medical Association, and formerly vice-
president of the Tri-State Medical Society of Georgia,
Alabama and Tennessee. Not yet out of the first decade
of his practice, his friends feel justified in predicting, from
the achievements of the past, a brilliant future for this able
practitioner.
EDNA LESLIE BYRI),
Rome, Ga.
Ten years ago this little lady first saw the light among the
mountains of Lumpkin County, in the historic and romantic
old mining town of Dahlonega, Ga.
Her father, Phil Glenn Byrd, is now the editor and pro-
proprietor of the Hustler of Rome, an afternoon and Sunday
paper, which he founded four years ago, and which he has
built into one of the best dailies of Georgia. He is a native
Georgian, descended from one of the best old families of
Virginia. He has recently been elected member of the
Board of Trustees of the Rome public schools, and is also
Lieutenant-Colonel and Aid-de-Camp of Governor Atkinson,
being the first staff officer appointed by him.
Miss Edna's mother was Miss Ella Leslie Reid, daughter
of Mr. and Mrs. Joseph D. Reid, of Philadelphia, Pa., and is
descended, on the mother's side, from one of the oldest and
best-known Quaker families in America, being also a grand-
KDNA I.ESUE BYRD.
niece of Charles Leslie, the celebrated English artist,
member of the Royal Academy of London, and of Miss
Eliza Leslie, the noted English authoress. In Georgia she
is related to the influential families of the Byrds, Glenns,
Browns, "Fates, Reeds and Thompsons. The first five years
of this pretty little hazel-eyed, curly-headed maiden's life
were spent at Halifax, Nova Scotia. For two years past by
studious work she has won first certificates in her grades in
the Rome public schools. In May, 1895, her father gave
her permission to launch the Hustler Kid, a juvenile supple¬
ment to the Sunday Hustler of Rome, and that she is suc¬
cessful is evidenced by the generous compliments bestowed
upon her efforts by the Georgia press. With a talent for
drawing, a love of literature, possessed of a bright mind and
endowed with energy and ambition, Miss Edna Leslie
Byrd has a bright future before her.
MONTGOHERY M. FOLSOM,
Rome, Ga.
As a delineator of backwoods and plantation life in the
South, Montgomery M. Folsom, now associate editor of the
MONTGOMERY M. KOLSOM.
Rome Daily Tribune, has won an enviable reputation. As
an editorial writer he has no superior in the State, possess¬
ing at once a vigor of expression, a delicacy of touch with a
keen insight into human nature that gives a peculiar charm
to all his writings. He has also made a reputation as a poet,
which is not confined to the South nor, for that matter, to
this country, as his productions in verse have frequently
appeared in the leading English periodicals and have been
translated into French and German and have appeared in
the European press.
Mr. Folsom was born on Hahira Plantation, in Southern
Georgia, thirty-eight years ago, and was brought up amid
quaint scenes and surroundings of life in the old South.
His family, impoverished by the war, were unable to give
him the advantages of a liberal education, and consequently
he was forced to draw upon the great reserve fund of nature
and his powers of observation of men and things, to equip
him for his work in life. Twelve years ago he began active
312
ROME, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
newspaper work on the Atlanta Constitution, and since that
time has been connected with several of the leading papers
of the State. He has been a prolific contributor to various
Northern and Western magazines and periodicals, and the
quality and character of his work has attracted much favor¬
able criticism.
He is a man of phenomenal capacity for work, writing
with ease and facility on any and every topic that comes up,
whether in the editorial or news columns or in the literary
of the high class periodicals, and is never at a loss "-for
copy " when called upon in the sanctum or composing room.
He has published but one volume, "Scraps of Song and
Southern Scenes," a volume of prose and poetry which was
issued several years ago and met with a ready sale. He is
now engaged in writing a series of sketches on plantation
life in the old regime which he hopes to issue in book form
some time during the coming winter. He is a man in the
prime of life whose future is full of promise.
GEORGE E. MURPHY,
Rome, Ga.
George E. Murphy, architect and builder, was born in
Oxford County, Maine, in 1850. He was educated in
the common schools of that county and at the Bridgeton
High School. At the age of twenty-two he entered the
building business for himself and has worked continuously
the; oglethorpe i.irht infantry, savannah, ga.
at the same ever since, planning and executing several fine
buildings before he was twenty-five years of age. In 1883,
he came south to Atlanta where he was engaged three
GEORGE E. MURPHY.
years as superintendent of construction of some of the
finest buildings in the State. In 1887, he moved to Rome
and superintended the construction of the Armstrong Hotel,
SAVANNAH, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
and has made that city his residence ever since. Many of
the finest stores and residences there, show his skill as an
architect and builder. Among others may be mentioned
the Masonic Temple annex, the Curry Building, the King
building, the fine dry goods store of Thos. Fahy and other
handsome edifices.
THE OGLETHORPE LIGHT INFANTRY,
Savannah, Ga.
In selecting the Oglethorpe Light Infantry as a subject
for illustration, we are impelled to do so, not because in
drill, morals or discipline they are superior to other kindred
organizations in the volunteer militia of the State, but that
it seems to have represented more fully than any other com¬
pany now in existence the southern volunteer of 1861, bear¬
ing upon its muster roll, as it did, the names of men repre¬
senting every class of people,—the professional man, the
merchant and the mechanic,—all eager to show their love
for the South by laying down their lives if need be for its
protection and the maintenance of its rights. How true and
devoted they were to its cause, the records of many battles
in which they were engaged from Manassas to Appomattox
will show. Wherever the brilliant corps of Longstreet was
engaged there was found the Oglethorpe Light Infantry,
leaving its dead and wounded on the scores of battlefields
in which the corps was engaged. It was the first volunteer
company to offer itself to the Confederate Government for
the war, from this or any State. The company was first
organized in 1856 with Jno. N. Lewis as Captain, being
succeeded by Francis L. Bartow, a brilliant and promising
young lawyer, who at once drew around him the very finest
material in the city for a " crack company," and continued
in command until appointed Colonel of the Eighth Georgia,
upon his arrival in Richmond, and fell while fighting at the
head of his command at the battle of Manassas, he being
in command of a brigade. Of the four war captains of the
company three gave their lives for the cause. Of the sev¬
eral war lieutenants two are now living,—Wm. F. Shellman
and E. L. Law,—the others being killed in battle or have
died from the effects of wounds received in service. From
the overplus of men offered to the original company for the
war was organized the second company, styled Company B,
O. L. I., which was stationed at Fort Pulaski and afterwards
participated in battles at Fort Wagner and all the engage¬
ments of the Atlanta campaign, from Lost Mountain to
Bentonville, and surrendered at Greensboro, N. C., losing
fifty men out of ninety-six composing the original Company
B. For lack of space we cannot give an extended history
of this grand old company by the slight sketch in our power
to give, but will give the names of a few of the survivors
that the readers may the better judge of the kind of men
who fought the battles of the South so gallantly as to make
the world proud of that type of man, even in defeat:
Gen. I. W. Avery, U. S. Commissioner to Venezuela, S. A.;
J. H. Estill, editor and proprietor of the Daily Ncws\ Hon.
Robert Falligant, Judge of the Eastern Circuit Superior
Court; Capt. Daniel G. Purse, Commissioner Savannah
Freight Bureau; Capt. W. L. Rockwell; Capt. W. B. Mell;
Capt. Jno. H. Wright; Lieut. M. Plesina; Lieut. D. C.
Bacon; Lieut. L. Wilson Landershine; 1st Lieut. F. G. Du
Bignon ; Capt. Jordan F. Brook, at present in command;
Major A. L. Bacon; Capt. H. M. Branch; Major W. L.
Shellman, and Bantley Donovan. The Company is at pres¬
ent commanded by Capt. W. S. Rockwell, with U. H. Mc-
Laws, son of Gen. Lafette McLaws, 1st Lieutenant. Under
so able and efficient commanders the Company will maintain
their position as among the first in the State, as well as of
the United States, of our volunteer militia organizations, of
which we as Americans can well be proud.
In closing the sketch we will use the language of another :
"In point of age it must yield precedence to other military
organizations of the State, but viewed in the light of its
brilliant record, its patriotism, its unswerving courage and
untiring devotion to duty, it stands second to none, and
Georgians everywhere in all the length and breadth of this
great commonwealth, have ever accorded the meed of praise
so fairly won, and ever look with pride and satisfaction upon
the name and fame of the heroic Bartow and his gallant
corps, the Oglethorpe Light Infantry."
THE FIRST VOLUNTEER REGIMENT OF GEORGIA,
Savannah, Ga.
Section 1,081 of the code of Georgia of 1861 organized
the volunteer corps of the City of Savannah into a regiment
entitled "The First Volunteer Regiment of the State of
Georgia," embracing as many corps as might choose to
conform to the regimental organization.
In the earlier part of the war, the regiment served in
Savannah and Charleston and along the coast of Georgia
and South Carolina. Several of the companies rendered
very hard service in South Carolina, and Capt. Werner, of
the German volunteers, was killed at Battery Wagner while
his company was on duty there. In the spring of 1864 the
regiment, as a portion of Mercer's brigade, was ordered to
join the army of Gen. Joseph E. Johnson at Dalton, and
served in upper Georgia and Tennessee under the command
of Gens. Johnson and Hood, participating in all of the battles
until the end of the war. Maj.-Gen. W. H. T. Walker, to
whose division Mercer's brigade was attached, was killed
at the battle of Atlanta, and Walker's division was broken
up. The brigade to which the first regiment was attached,
was assigned to the division of Maj.-Gen. Patrick Cleburne,
and remained with his division until he was killed at the
battle of Franklin. The brigade there joined Gen. Joseph
E. Johnson in North Carolina and was surrendered with
his army at Bentonville. Upon the re-organization of the
Georgia Volunteers in 1872 the regiment was again formed.
Upon the opening of the Atlanta Exposition in 1895 the
field and staff and the several companies of the regiment
were present. Several of the companies of the regiment
FIRST VOLUNTEER REGIMENT, SAVANNAH, GA.
Major A. R. LAWTON, 2d Battalion. Major E. W. KAROW ist Battalion,
ist i.li-.t't. and Adjutant WM. o'i) ROCKWHI.I,, 2d Battalion. ist I.ieut. and Adjutant WM. T. dixon, ist Battalion.
Colonel GEORGE a. MERCER. I.ikut.-Col. rETER REILLY.
Capt. and adjr. ROBT. G GAILLARL) Capt. and inspector of Rifle practice WM. N. NICHOLS.
Capt and Commissary JOHN T. RONAN. Capt. and Quartermaster M. A. O'BYRNK.
SAVANNAH, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
3*5
entered the service of the State of Georgia as early as
February, 1861, when they occupied Fort Pulaski under
the orders of Gov. Joseph E. Brown. From that date until
the close of the war they were all engaged in constant and
active service.
Col. GEORGE A. riERCER,
Savannah, Ga.
Colonel George A. Mercer was born in the city of Savannah.
He is the son of General Hugh \V. Mercer, of the Confed¬
erate army, and the great-grandson of General Hugh Mercer,
of the Revolutionary army, who was killed at the battle of
Princeton. Colonel Mercer was educated at Savannah and
entered the sophomore class at Princeton College in 1853,
and was graduated in the class of 1856. He took the law
course at the University of Virginia, and was admitted to
the bar in Savannah in January, 1859. He entered the
war as a corporal in the Republican Blues of Savannah, but
was soon appointed captain and assistant adjutant-general
in the staff department. He served through the entire war,
being captured and paroled in April, 1865. He resumed
practice in Savannah, and has continued to the present in
his profession. He served in the Legislature in 1872-73 and
1873-74, but has not filled or sought any other political
office. He was offered the judgeship of the United States
District Court for Georgia by President Arthur, but declined
it on account of its then limited salary. He was chosen
colonel of the First Volunteer Regiment in 1886, and is
ranking colonel in the State. He has always taken great
interest in all the educational interests of Savannah. Pie was
President of the Board of Trustees of the Savannah Medical
College and of the Young Men's Library Association. He
is President of the Board of Public Education and trustee of
Colonel GEORGE A. MERCER.
Chatham Academy, a director in the Georgia Historical So¬
ciety and a curator of the Telfair Academy of Arts and
Sciences. To all these institutions he has given his active and
earnest support and has aided in the success of each of them.
PALMER HARDWARE COMPANY, SAVANNAH, GA.
316
SAVANNAH, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
THE PALMER HARDWARE COMPANY,
Savannah, Ga.
The Palmer Hardware Company stands as an evidence of
the satisfactory and successful results that can be attained
from modest beginnings, by careful business management
through a gradual and steady, but substantial growth. From
a limited retail business in 1853, begun by Samuel Palmer,
H. W. PALMER.
father of three of the members of the present company, it
has developed into the most successful enterprise of its line
in Savannah, and has reached out and secured a large share
of the hardware business of three States.
Samuel Palmer, the founder of the business, was born in
Little Compton, R. 1., in 1800. He moved South and settled
in Darien in 1818, where he was in business until 1853,
when he came to Savannah and began the hardware business
at 148 Congress street, which store has since that time, with
the exception of a short period, been occupied continuously
by the Palmers. The business was begun under the firm
name of Samuel Palmer & Son, the latter being Mr. Samuel
B. Palmer, who is now president of the Palmer Hardware Co.
Samuel Palmer & Son conducted the business until 1862
when it was discontinued during the war period, and begun
again in 1866 by Samuel B. Palmer, Herbert A. Palmer, and
John H. Deppish under the firm name of Palmer & Deppish,
which was continued until dissolved by the death of Deppish
during the epidemic of 1876. In 1877 the firm name was
changed to Palmer Bros., being then composed of Samuel B.,
Herbert A., and Henry \V. Palmer.
Palmer Brothers' business grew gradually in extent and
importance until 1891 when the Palmer Hardware Co. was
incorporated with a capital stock of $100,000. The present
officers of the company who were elected when it was incor¬
porated and organized, are President, Samuel B. Palmer ;
Vice-President, Herbert A. Palmer; Treasurer, Henry \Y.
Palmer; and Secretary, Armin B. Palmer. Messrs. Samuel
B. Palmer, Herbert A. Palmer and Henry \V. Palmer were
born in Darien in 1828, 1833, and 1852 respectively, prior
to the removal of their father Samuel Palmer to Savannah.
They inherited his business ability, and by careful manage¬
ment were enabled to make the business of the company what
it is to-day. Mr. Armin B. Palmer, secretary of the Com¬
pany, is a son of Vice-President Herbert A. Palmer, and was
born in Savannah in i860. He became a stockholder and
an officer of the company at its organization.
After the organization of the company the business grew
rapidly and the territory covered became wider and wider.
The warehouse facilities were not commensurate with the re¬
quirements of the increasing trade, and the quarters then
occupied were found entirely too small for the successful
conduct of the business. This led in 1893 to the purchase
by the company of a lot at Bay and Jefferson streets, iooby
200 feet, upon which was erected the present magnificent
and spacious warehouse covering 20,000 square feet of
ground, and divided into three sections. The first of these
sections is two stories in height, and its dimensions 100 by
70 feet, the second story thus giving 7,000 additional square
feet of floor space or a total of 27,000. Into this well-
equipped building, designed especially for the storage and
display of every kind and variety of articles of hardware, the
company moved in the latter part of 1893, still retaining the
old stand at 148 Congress street as a retail store.
The new quarters, a cut of which appears on the preceding
page, are designed especially to meet the demand for a rapid
and easy handling of the largest hardware trade. The lower
floor of the first section contains a spacious and convenient
office, enclosed from the rest of the room, in which is con-
S. B. PALMER, President.
tained a large assortment of shelf and builders' hardware of
every description. On entering this room one is reminded
of an extensive hardware exhibit at some exposition, as
everything is arranged in such a manner as to make it easy
of access, and afford opportunity for inspection by any cus-
S A I A NNA //, HOME S A ND PE OPL E.
3i7
tomer. Here also are found sporting goods, the lighter
agricultural implements, and blacksmiths' tools. The second
story of this section provides storage space for wooden ware,
tinware, crockery, rubber belting, packing and mill supplies,
H. A. PALMER, Vice-President,
almost every conceivable variety of these articles being at
hand. The second compartment, as well as the third, are but
one story in height, though the height of the roof above the
ground affords additional storage space. In the second com¬
partment are contained agricultural implements and heavy
hardware of all kinds, while in the third are kept iron pipe,
stoves, ranges, rails, etc. The third compartment is
equipped with two extra large doors furnishing a means of
entrance and exit for large trucks, bringing in goods from
the railroads or carrying them out for shipment.
Thus stocked and equipped for conducting the large busi¬
ness, the warehouse is, besides, within easy access of the
railroad depots, while it is only a few blocks away from the
largest and most convenient steamship wharf property in the
Southern States. This furnishes an additional facility for
the company, enabling it to handle goods directly from the
manufacturer to the retailer, or consumer, thereby lessening
the cost to the latter. The company has a New York office,
at 33 Chambers street, through which orders are given from
the buyer direct to the manufacturer. Shipments are thus
made direct from the manufacturers to the Palmer Hard¬
ware Co., in Savannah, which, by a multiplication of such
facilities for securing and handling goods, is enabled to
supply both the consumer and the retailer at the lowest
market prices.
The completeness of the stock is a feature to which one's
attention is directly attracted on entering the store. There
is nothing in the hardware line that cannot be called for,
and those unfamiliar with the business will see hundreds of
articles the existence of which had never occurred to them.
Railroad and mill supplies, rubber belting and packing con¬
stitute a complete line in themselves, shelf hardware,
builders' materials, cutlery, blacksmiths' implements are
kept in every variety and form, guns, rifles, pistols, ammu¬
nition, fishing tackle and any sort of sporting goods desired
can be furnished in any shape or quantity, while rope, tin¬
ware, wooden ware and crockery form special lines to them¬
selves, the completeness of which is not exceeded in any
wholesale house in the South.
Besides these regular lines in staple and fancy hardware
supplies, the company carries some special lines of goods
as agents for the manufacturers. Among these are the
Fairbanks scales, special brands of dynamite and gun¬
powder, mowing machines, plows, harrows and all manner
of agricultural implements, making it at once a house in
which the merchant, the farmer, the miller, the railroad or
house builder, the blacksmith and the sportsman can find
everything essential to his work without going beyond
its doors.
When the business was begun, in 1853, it was practically
confined to Savannah and the immediate neighborhood, but
its sure growth in extent and importance has carried its
territory far into the interior of Georgia, Florida and South
Carolina. The completeness of the stock and the facilities
for shipping goods enable the company to give its customers
the quickest and most satisfactory service. This prompt
A. B. PALMER, Secretary.
attention to orders, and supplying the trade always with
the best and most substantial goods, has been the secret of
its gradual and steady growth to its present successful
prominence.
Capt. DANIEL G. PURSE.
Savannah, Ga.
No one has stamped his impress upon the development
of his section to a greater degree than Capt. Daniel G.
Purse, President of the Savannah, Ga., Board of Trade. A
man gifted with so keen a foresight, of such broad intel-
SAVANNAH, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
lectuality, masterful and prolific in originating, and abso¬
lutely tireless in advancing enterprises calculated to benefit
his city and section, exhaustive in expedients to foster them,
magnetic, persuasive and logical in presenting his views,
and with an executive ability that is rarely possessed by
those of such fertile genius, it is no wonder that by common
consent his people seek to enlist his directive energy in all
great enterprises affecting the future prosperity of the prin¬
cipal city and sea port of the South Atlantic States.
Capt. Purse inherits much of his father's enterprising
spirit and exhaustive ability. The elder Purse was one of
the principal projectors of the Central Railroad of Georgia,
to whose indomitable spirit it may be safely said the success
of the enterprise was made possible. When an effort was
being made to secure a stock subscription of $500,000 in
the enterprise from the city of Savannah, one of the speakers
at a public meeting said Savannah could not subscribe
Captain d o. Pl'RSB
$5,000. Thomas Purse took the stand ann said Savannah
could not only, but would, subscribe $500,000 (a vast sum
in the '40s for Savannah), and he pledged himself to see
that it would be done. It was raised in stock, and he him¬
self negotiated the loan for nearly half a million dollars
which resulted in the building of the first great system of
Southern railways, and not one dollar of the subscription
was lost to the cit) . As its first superintendent, as alder¬
man, Mayor of his city and as State Senator, the elder Purse
manifested a fidelity to every public trust, second only to
the zeal and ability which were traits of character thai he-
transmitted to the son.
Capt. Purse is a native of Savannah, in his 5f>th year,
but with the energy, vigor and spirit of a man of thirty.
Educated for the law, circumstances beyond his control
forced him into commercial pursuits. The war between the
sections led him to give up his business to enlist in the
army of the Confederacy, and he was serving in the supply
department, with the title of captain, when peace was re¬
stored. Like many others, he returned depleted in purse
tu resume his commercial life, which he conducted with a
success characteristic of the man.
Among some of the enterprises with which he has been
connected (for, in the narrow limit of a newspaper article, all
of them cannot be embraced) the principal ones are the
Tybee Railroad, built from Savannah through twenty miles
of salt marsh, an enterprise that was held by many to be
impracticable, if not impossible, yet he projected and com¬
pleted it, and it has made Tybee Island famous as one of the
most inviting resorts in the South.
The plan of veneering the banks of the railroad through
the marsh with the marsh sod was an experiment unheard
of in railroad construction, and it was not thought possible
to secure an embankment, except at great cost, for piling
protection, that would not be influenced by the winds
and washing tides. The success of the marsh sod, Capt.
Purse's conception, was beyond expectation, and attracted
the widest attention in this country and Europe. Russian
engineers were quick to adopt it in railway construction
through the steppes. As the father was the originator of
the time table for railways, so the son was the inventor of
this economical protection for -railway tracks through semi-
aqueous marshes by a method as simple as it is practical, as
the great storm of August, 1893, has abundantly shown,
although so severe a test was never contemplated.
For years the cities and towns of the South Atlantic and
Gulf States drew their water supply either from muddy and
contaminated streams or surface wells. The water was not
conducive of health, and, in fact, much of the sickness among
the people of the semi-tropics was due to the unsanitary
water they were compelled to drink. The first artesian well
was sunk by him in Savannah under the most adverse cir¬
cumstances and discouraging criticism of the people and of
the press, but a strata of pure water was reached at a dis¬
tance of less than 500 feet, which caused a revolution in
the water supply. Savannah now draws all its water from
a system of wells of this kind, yielding 10,000,000 gallons
daily, exclusive of the many private artesian wells, while
the coast towns and cities of South Carolina, Georgia and
Florida all draw upon the artesian supply to the marked
increase of health.
Prior to the building of the Tybee Railroad, Capt. Purse
had made a reputation as a financier by his management of
one of the banking institutions of the cit}". He took the
presidency when the bank was not only without surplus, but
actually impaired 1 7 per cent., and its stock down to 70, and
brought it to a standard equal to any in the South, which it
has ever since been able to maintain, giving it several years'
service without remuneration. The confidence reposed in
him was well shown bv a special loan of a quarter of a million
dollars he secured for the institution, upon his individual
representations on what others thought would be a fruitless
visit to the Fast, which loan was absolutely necessary to save
SA VANNAH, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
319
the bank, when he first assumed the presidency, in its de¬
pleted condition, from being compelled to go into liquidation,
and the bank, in which confidence had been shaken, under
his administration survived the heavy losses that had fallen
prior to his management, and when he voluntarily resigned,
to connect himself with other enterprises, he left it one of
the most stable institutions of its kind in the South.
As chairman of the Finance Committee of the City Coun¬
cil, he succeeded in funding the city's seven per cent,
bonded indebtedness, in 1877, at five per cent., when some
of the heaviest holders of the city's credit gave him to under¬
stand that there would be no use to ask it. At the instance
of the bondholders and at the request of the Mayor and
City Council, he, in his capacity of Chairman of the Finance
Committee of the City Council, addressed the holders of the
bonds at Baltimore, Charleston, S. C., and at other places,
and when he left the meetings he carried with him in each
instance the written consent of every holder present to funding
the debt.
Probably his greatest and most far-reaching work was that
of planning and conducting what is known as the " Campaign
of Education " for government aid in deepening the harbor
of Savannah. His connection with that movement gave him
national reputation. His communications to the press, to
the governors and legislators of the different States, his
addresses to the commercial bodies of the South, the West
and the North-West, and to the State and National Farmers'
Conventions were able and convincing, and led to the appro¬
priation by the Government of $3,500,000 for harbor im¬
provements, all of which has been appropriated and nearly
all expended, and to-day Savannah has practically a 26-feet
channel from her wharves to the ocean. Capt. Purse deserves
any honor Savannah can bestow upon him for the part he
has performed in the accomplishment of this great work.
Capt. Purse is now serving his fifth term as President
of the Board of Trade, something unexampled in the history
of that organization, in which position he has done much to
advance the interest not only of his own city, but of other
parts of the South Atlantic. Believing in the admission of
raw materials free from the burdens of a tariff tax, the Board
of Trade, at his instance, took early and pronounced action on
the subject and largely influenced like action on the part of
commercial and trade organizations in other parts of the
United States.
Capt. Purse has ever been one of the most pronounced and
zealous advocates of sound money, and the resolutions of the
Board of Trade adopted at different times in advocacy of
sound money have the earmarks of his strong and decisive
methods of thought.
The Savannah Bureau of Freight and Transportation,
organized and operating in the interest of Savannah's com¬
merce and against unjust discriminations affecting all the
South Atlantic ports, is the result of his foresight and labor.
Av first he declined the Commissionership which would have
entailed upon him the action, management and direction of
the bureau. But recently, upon the resignation of the com¬
missioner first elected, he has been called by the unanimous
voice of the directors and shareholders to the vacancy to
meet the demand for a vigorous and aggressive policy on the
part of the bureau in dealing with the embarrassment entailed
upon Savannah's commerce, and that of the ports of Charles¬
ton and Brunswick, by what are considered unjust discrim¬
inations in freight, etc. Far reaching results are expected
to result from Capt. Purse's incumbency of the Commis¬
sionership. In his work he will enlist the hearty co-opera¬
tion of the ports of Charleston and Brunswick. In his
general pacificatory policy in dealing with commercial ques¬
tions he has done much to bring about a friendship and har¬
mony between Savannah and rival ports, and this is practi¬
cally true of the cordial relations now existing between
Charleston and Savannah due in a large measure to the
course pursued by Capt Purse since his accession to the
Presidency of the Board of Trade.
Captain Purse is engaged in formulating plans for the
projection of enterprises that will be of vast importance to
the South, and which will, if possible, make him even more
prominent in the history of Southern development and
progress. That he will succeed, who can doubt ?
We have not attempted to deal with the various local
enterprises in which he has been prominent, such as street
railway construction, the introduction of electric light and
power, or his connection with almost every enterprise calcu¬
lated to foster the growth and prosperity of his city.
At one time extensively interested in rice planting, he has
been in this and other ways closely allied with agricultural
interests and was elected vice-president of the National
Farmers' Alliance, at Sedalia, Mo., in 1891, presiding at its
session at Lincoln, Neb., in 1893, and in Savannah, in 1894,
in the absence of President Smith of Kansas. After
declining an election as president, which was unanimously
tendered him, he was elected the first honorary life member
of that body.
He is prominent in Masonic circles, having taken every
degree up to and inclusive of the Sottish Rite, thirty-second
degree, and for fourteen years has successfully and ably
managed the large property interests of Solomon's Lodge,
No. 1., F. & A. M., the oldest lodge in the United States,
with an uninterrupted history back to the date of its charter
in 1735, with Gen. James Oglethorpe, founder of Georgia,
its first worshipful master.
Captain Purse has a happy family, wife and five sons,
having married Miss Laura Ashby, a Virginia lady, sister
of Col. Henry M. Ashby, of Wheeler's Cavalry, first cousin
of the famous Confederate Cavalry officer, Gen. Turner
Ashby. Their home is on one of the most beautiful boule¬
vards of the City. Those who have experienced its hospi¬
tality know it to be as cordial as the zeal of its owner in the
prosecution of an enterprise is endless and tireless.
The South is quite sure to hear more of him in the era
of material development and progress, upon the threshold
SA VANNAH, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
320
of which it stands, and it will be well to keep an eye on
him. He has a genius for vast and valuable public enter¬
prises of practical utility, and has shown the uncommon
blending of the business capacity to execute, with the
greatest faculty to originate broad and progressive under¬
takings for the public welfare. Such a union is as rare as it
is remarkable, and any community is fortunate in having in
its citizenship a spirit so richly endowed and so willing to
devote his surpassing powers to the public good.
Col. BEVERLY W. WRENN,
Savannah, Ga.
In one thing Beverly W. Wrenn has practiced in his life
that Pauline determination, "this one thing I do." And as
every hour spent in study is an overhand reach for a higher
position in life, so the subject of this sketch has risen by
gradations in the railway service until he now stands as the
trusted representative of the great Plant System of railroad
COL BEVERLY W. WRENN.
and steamship transportation in his official appointment of
Passenger Traffic Manager. This appointment went into
effect on the 1st day of January last, and is the most impor¬
tant official change that has been announced in Southern
railway circles this year. To accept it Mr. Wrenn resigned
the position of General Passenger and Ticket Agent of the
Memphis & Charleston.
The Plant System of railroads is one of the largest in the
South. Its connections extend from Charleston, S. C., to
Tampa on the Gulf Coast of Florida, and from Brunswick
on the Georgia Coast to Montgomery in Alabama, with
smaller feed lines. In addition to these railways Mr. Plant
owns a steamship line from Tampa Bay to Havana, and one
to Jamaica, and owns the Port Tampa Inn, Tampa Bay
Hotel and the Seminole Hotel at Winter Park.
Beverly W. Wrenn was born in Virginia, and his first
work as a boy was with the Southern Express Company at
Richmond. He is forty-seven years of age—the very prime
of a vigorous manhood in both mind and body. After the
war was over he went to the Western & Atlantic as General
Passenger Agent in 1868, and continued with that line until
1884, when he became General Passenger Agent of the
East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia. Last year when the
Southern Railway absorbed the East Tennessee, Col. Wrenn
resigned as General Passenger Agent, but continued with
the Memphis & Charleston as General Passenger and Ticket
Agent.
Mr. Wrenn organized the first sleeping car service from
the West into Florida, and diverted to that now popular
resort for winter a large part of the travel going to the
valleys of Southern California. The importance of his ap¬
pointment is increased from the fact that revenue from the
passenger service is a more important feature with Florida
railroads than with many other of our American railways.
Col. Wrenn is one of the most widely known passenger
men in this country, and competitors who have worked
against him say that his energy is unflagging and his meth¬
ods original, his policies broad and his successes permanent
and positive. With his twenty-six years' experience in this one
line of railway work, and a special mental adaptation for it,
with a keen judgment in selecting men to assist him in the
clerical work, the Plant System must feel the impulse of his
genius and energy, as already the passenger traffic over it
this winter has practically illustrated.
A unique incident in the services of Col. Wrenn was that
while he was telegraph operator in Richmond during the
late Civil War, he received the last telegram sent bv Gen. R.
E. Lee to Jefferson Davis.
Besides his railroad service, he was Secretary' of the North
Georgia Stock and Fair Association while residing in
Atlanta, and was one of the chief promoters of the first tele¬
phone system in Atlanta.
Personally there are few men more companionable. He
is a charm in his home and a capital gentleman in the social
circle. He has three sons, one of whom, B. W. Wrenn, Jr.,
is a successful attorney in Atlanta, Allen R. Wrenn is in the
railway service as an advertising agent, while H. B. Plant
Wrenn is still a student. Col. Wrenn is a member of the
Protestant Episcopal Church ; is a Master Mason, initiated
into the mysteries of the Blue Lodge, the Royal Arch and
the Chapter, and wears the insignia of the Knights Templar
and the robes of the Mystic Shrine. As a club man, he is
a member of the famous Quaint Club of New York, the
Capital City Club of Atlanta, the Mountain City Club of
Chattanooga, the Cumberland Club of Knoxville, etc.
GEORCiE A. HUDSON,
Savannah, Ga.
Among the foremost of the progressive men of Savannah
is Geo. A. Hudson, whose excellent business qualifications
have made him prominent in the commercial interests of the
city. Going there from New \ork in 1865, Mr. Hudson
322
SAVANNAH, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
engaged in the grocery business which he followed success¬
fully for a few years, and in 1870 conceived the idea that
Savannah was an admirable point from which fresh fish
could be shipped safely in ice in large quantities to all parts
of the country. This industry he instituted, and it grew
annually under Mr. Hudson's superb management, until
GEORGE A HUDSON.
to-day his fish shipping is the largest in the South. He has
quite a number of fisheries in the South Atlantic and Guit
from which he draws his supplies. He is also interested in
this line of business in Fulton Fish Market, New York.
Aside from his fish business he is largely interested in the
development, being owner of considerable real estate in that
city. Mr. Hudson is a director in the Chatham Bank, and
has been an important factor in the success of that institu¬
tion since its organization. He is a man of sound business
ideas, always successful in his undertakings, and is popular
and progressive, and has accumulated considerable wealth.
His liberality in the promotion of Savannah's advancement
has always been commended. He was elected in 1895 as a
member of the city council, and was placed on several of its
most important committees. He is fifty years of age, a
man of modern ideas, of the class that aid the rapid growth
of a prosperous community.
B. H. LEVY,
Savannah, Ga.
Mr. Levy was born in the city of Trinebach, Alsace,
November 7th, 1850. He went to Savannah in 1867,
and secured employment as a clerk, continuing in that
position until 1871, when he started a business for
himself in a small store on Jefferson Street. Business
tact and energy soon developed a trade far too great
for the contracted quarters occupied by him, and he
then removed to Congress Street, where, by honorable deal¬
ing, he built up a trade of more than a quarter of a million
annually and a reputation as a sterling business man, second
to none in the State. Mr. Levy now occupies stores 129 to
133 Broughton Street, where he, with his three-quarters of
an acre floor space, finds much needed room for the display
of his goods.
His store is by far the most complete in the city in its
stock of gentlemen's outfittings. Mr. Levy has always been
closely identified with the development of Savannah's busi¬
ness interests, and is at present a director in the Chatham
Bank, president Southern Land Company, vice-president
Merchants' and Mechanics' Land Company and Georgia
State Building and Loan Association. He is also a promi¬
nent member of the F. A. M., Knights of Pythias, the Bnai
Brith Hebrew Benevolent Association and other social and
benevolent societies. He has extensive stores in Waycross
and Brunswick. From the first start in business, Mr. Levy
has always aimed at keeping the best goods obtainable in
the line of clothing and furnishing goods, and his almost
B L LEVY.
phenomenal success can be directly traced to the honorable
and liberal business methods that have always been the rule
of the house from its inception. Mr. Levy married Miss
Mary Dreyfus. They have four children.
A. N. MANUCY.
Savannah, Ga.
A. N. Manucy was born in the city of Savannah, August
16th, 1856. His father was a native of St. Augustine, Fla.,
and his mother of St. Mary's, Ga. They took up their resi¬
lience in the city of Savannah in the year 1S4S.
Mr. Manucy attended the public schools of Savannah
until twelve years old, when he was forced by the death of
his father to become a bread winner in order to assist his
mother and younger brothers and sisters. After occupying
the positions of office boy and city salesman for a number
of years, he entered the wholesale butter and cheese busi-
SAVANNAH, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
323
ness, which he successfully followed until elected to his
present office.
The subject of this sketch has been actively identified
with, and has been a leading spirit in, the local politics of
Savannah and Chatham County for a number of years. He
is a bright and forceful speaker, and has strong influences
with all classes in his native city.
From his earliest manhood Mr. Manucy has been actively
identified with the leading fraternal societies of the land.
He is at present the Grand Master of Georgia of the Inde¬
pendent Order of Odd Fellows, Supreme Representative of
the Great Council of Georgia to the National Body of Red
Men, Past Chancellor of the Knights of Pythias, and Past
Grand Chief of Georgia of the Knights of the Golden
Eagle.
Mr. Manucy is well known throughout the State, is favor¬
ably thought of by the people of Savannah, whose votes
A. N. MANUCY.
have elected him to the responsible office which he now fills,
and has before him bright prospects as a public official.
Mr. Manucy was married September 11, 1879, and has
an interesting family of five children.
GEORGE A. HERCER, Jr.
Savannah, Ga.
The junior member of the well-known law firm of Mercer
& Mercer was born in Savannah, Ga., on the 2d of March,
1868 ; he spent all of his boyhood in his native city, attend¬
ing and graduating from the public schools of that place
with high honors ; he then attended a preparatory school
in Virginia for two years, going therefrom to the University
of Georgia from which institution he graduated high up in
the class of "88"; he studied law in his father's office, and
was admitted to the bar in 1889 and was taken into part¬
nership with his father, Col. Geo. A. Mercer, and has since
been actively engaged in the practice of his profession
He married Miss Mary E. Walter, of Savannah, in 1892.
He is a fluent and easy speaker, and is regarded as one of
the rising young men in his profession. Though young in
years, he has already taken a prominent place in his com-
GEORGE A. MERCER, JR.
munity, and is looked upon as a young man of great
integrity of character and considerable ability. He has
avoided all politics, save to work and vote for the best man
and the best interests of his country, preferring rather to
devote himself to law as his vocation, and literature and
reading as a means of enjoyment.
C. P. ROSSTGNOL, Savannah, Ga.
DANIEL B. LESTER,
Savannah, Ga.
Daniel B. Lester was born June ]8tii, 1851, in Bullock
County, Georgia. He is the eldest son of the late Malcom
B. Lester and of Mary A. Ralston. On the Lester side, he
RESIDENCE Ol' D. B. LESTER, SAVANNAH, GA.
SAVANNAH, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
325
is descended from English ancestry, who came to this country
the early part of last century and settled in Burke County.
Malcom Lester, the father of the subject of this sketch,
was a prosperous farmer in Bullock County, who responded
to the call of his section and enlisted in the Confederate
army where he lost his life. On his mother's side Daniel
B. Lester comes from sturdy Scotch Presbyterians. John
Donaldson, the great-grandfather of this line came to
America in 1773 with his son Robert and settled in Jones
County near Clinton. The latter moved to Scriven County
where he married Miss Irvin and finally settled in Bullock
County and devoted sixty years of his life to the ministry.
At the close of the Civil War Daniel B. Lester found
himself in straitened circumstances, but this only seemed
to nerve him for a determined struggle. He worked upon
the farm and attended the district schools. His idea had
always been to fit himself for the law. In 1868 he became
clerk in a store and, thirsting for more training and knowl-
DANIEL B. LESTER.
edge, he saved up his means and soon was able to enter the
Lookout Mountain Educational Institution under the able
management of Dr. Cecil F. P. Bancroft, now principal of
Philips Academy, Andover, Mass. He here devoted one
year to hard study, and finally came to Savannah where he
secured employment as clerk in a grocery store. Early he
learned that hardest lenson—one not taught in schools, the
value and science of saving money. At the age of twenty-
two he had enough means to go into business for himself.
His success was steady. For nearly twenty years he
pushed his business and it prospered. He learned every¬
thing about his trade. He mastered every detail. He
always believed that the man, who stuck to his business
must succeed. He had a hand in public enterprise and
worked for the city while he improved his own fortunes.
At forty years of age Mr. Lester did a very unusual thing ;
he went into preparation for the practice of law. This only
shows his will and singleness of purpose. His income was
now ample and he took a two years' course at the New York
Law School and a very thorough course of lectures at the
University of the City of New York. The ambition of his
youth, the dream of his life was gratified. The degree of
" LL.B." was conferred upon him June 19th, 1894, the day
after his 43d birthday. He is now member of the firm of
Lester & Beckwith and in the full practice of his profession
and is one of Savannah's most prominent men.
CHARLES GRAHAM,
Proprietor Pulaski House, Savannah, Ga.
HEMAN AVERNELL CHARLTON,
Savannah, Ga.
Heman A. Charlton was born at Savannah, Ga., July 20th
i860. He is the son of Dr. Thos. J. Charlton, who was a
WW
%
HEMAN AVERNELL CHARLTON,
practicing physician of Savannah for over thirty years. His
mother, Julia Catherine Crane, was a native of Savannah.
326
SAVANNAH, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
Mr. Charlton entered business in 1886, and served in dif¬
ferent positions until February, 1890, when he accepted the
position in the Chatham Bank as assistant cashier. He
married Miss Eleanor M. Fleming, daughter of the late
Superintendent of the Plant System. Mr. Charlton is a
graduate of the University of Georgia and possesses a well-
trained mind. He is careful in the performance of his
duties and his past record predicts a brilliant future.
CHARLES STEPHEN ELLIS,
Savannah, Ga.
Charles S. Ellis was born January 10th, 1835, at Wilming¬
ton, N. C. In 1858 he entered the commission business
in Charleston, S. C., and at the beginning of the war en¬
tered the Confederate army and fought until the close.
During 1866-67 he was in business in Wilmington and then
went to Savannah, first as partner in the firm of Peacock,
Hunt & Co., then with Ellis, Holt & Co., and afterwards
with Ellis, Young & Co., where he now is. He was married
in 1883 to Miss Catua A. Buckner.
Mr. Ellis is a type of the Southern business man ; en¬
dowed with a genial presence and kindly disposition he has
attracted the friendship and confidence of his confreres in
every position of life, both commercial and social. He was
CHARGES STEPHEN ELI-IS.
one of the first Directors in the Chatham Bank and has been
generally recognized as one of its most consistent friends.
His services were recognized by his co-Directors when he
was unanimously elected Vice-President, a position worthily
bestowed and as worthily held.
CHARLES FRANCIS PRENDERGAST,
Savannah, Qa.
Charles Francis Prendergast was born July 14th, 1854, at
Savannah, Ga. On the 24th of March, 1875, he entered
the office of J. E. Johnston & Co., Southern Managers at
Savannah of the Home Insurance Company of New York.
He left their service in September, 1886, and entered that
of the Home Insurance Company, at the New York office,
as supervisor of their Southern business. The Northern
climate not agreeing with his health, he resigned, and in Oc¬
tober, 1879, became junior member of the firm of R. H.
CHARLES FRANCIS PRENDERGAST.
Footman & Co., which firm was dissolved in 1890, Mr.
Prendergast succeeding. He represents such well-known
firms as Home Insurance Company of New York, Queen
Insurance Company of America, Phenix Insurance Com¬
pany of Brooklyn, Phoenix Assurance Company of London,
Glens Falls Insurance Company of New York, and Norwich
Union Fire Insurance Society of England.
He is a director in the Chatham Bank; secretary, since
1882, of the Hibernian Society. He takes an active interest
in military matters, being an honorary member of the S. N. G.
Battalion, and pay member of the Georgia Hussars and Sa¬
vannah Cadets.
W. W. CHISHOLM,
Savannah, Qa.
The subject of this sketch, one of the leading and influen¬
tial citizens of Savannah, was born at Columbus, Ga., in
1845. He came to Savannah in 1848, after the death of
his parents, and was reared by his uncle, W. W. Wash, a
planter of high standing, who brought up the nephew under
careful and useful training, enabling him to always under¬
stand the value of labor and earnings. In 1860-61 he
attended the Georgia Military Institute at Marietta, re¬
ceiving a most valuable course and training, which proved
beneficial in after years. Immediately after leaving college
he was detailed by Governor Brown as cadet to drill the
troops then forming for war duty at Big Shanty, Ga. He
served two years of active service in the Confederate army,
returning to Savannah when the war ceased, where he was
elected Lieutenant of the Republican Blues, one of Sa-
SA J'ANXAH, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
vannah's oldest and highly honored military commands. At
nineteen years of age he started in the drayage business a
poor boy ; this vocation he followed earnestly and success¬
fully, until the railroads resumed the transport of freights
in and around the city.
Seeing a future in the cotton factorage business, he em¬
barked in that line, and for more than twenty years con-
W W. CHISHOLM
ducted one of the safest and largest businesses in the State,
retiring in 1893, after accumulating a well earned fortune.
Owing to his excellent business career, as well as his popu¬
larity, he was tendered the Presidency of the Chatham
Bank in 1894, which he accepted, after serving as its Vice-
President, and which is to-day one of the strong finan¬
cial institutions of Georgia, with a large line of local and
savings deposits, a feature of which is the savings deposits
of the working classes. Mr. Chisholm, who for over thirty
years has always been identified with Savannah's progress
and improvement, is a man of high character, kind disposi¬
tion, and a great friend of the humble. He has a wife
and six children who make his life a happy and truly con¬
tented one.
R. F. BURDELL,
Savannah, Cia.
Robert Francis Burdell, cashier of the Chatham Bank,
was born in Columbia, S. C., and is of Colonial descent.
His parents moved to Charleston, S. C., while he was a
child. Here he was reared and educated. After receiving
his preparatory training in the schools of that city, he
entered Charleston College from whence he was graduated
with distinction in 188 1, at the age of nineteen.
Immediately after graduation he entered the rice business
of Dan Talmage's Sons & Co., and went to Savannah, in
1883, to represent this firm. He remained with this house
until January 1st, 1886, when he entered the National Bank
of Savannah, as discount clerk. After filling this position
for a short time, he was advanced to bookkeeper. While in
this latter position he was elected cashier of the Chatham
Dime Savings Bank. After a short period the directors
realized that the scope of the Savings Bank was not broad
enough, and proceeded to organize a general banking busi¬
ness, changing the name to the Chatham Bank, and increas¬
ing the capital stock. The details of the organization of
this new institution were left largely to Mr. Burdell, and
much of the subsequent success of the bank is justly
attributed to his progressive spirit and methods.
Mr. Burdell is ever active in everything that tends to the
advancement of his city and section. It was he who took
the first active steps towards the establishment of a Clearing
House for Savannah, and to his efforts is mainly due the
making of Savannah a " reserve city." For more than two
years he has been at work to secure for his city the office of
Assistant Treasurer of the United States, and everything
now seems to indicate success. His efforts in this under¬
taking received the unanimous endorsement of the Georgia
Bankers' Association at its recent meeting. He has always
taken an active interest in all the deliberations of this Bank'
ers' Association and, although one of its younger members,
is now its 2d Vice-President, an honor worthily bestowed.
Of the banking men in Georgia Mr. Burdell has, perhaps,
the largest personal acquaintance with banks and bankers
in this and neighboring States. He is a member of all the
Savannah Exchanges and of many benevolent societies.
Mr. Burdell has recently received notice that he has been
appointed Consul for the Republic of Mexico, the papers
having been forwarded to our Government for signature.
R. F. BURDELL.
In this position the Mexican Government will be worthily
represented.
His wife, a most accomplished lady, is a daughter of Hon.
W. H. Baker, Superintendent of Education. His scholar-
ship is of the highest character. Possessing a well
328
SAVANNAH, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
disciplined mind, stored with extensive and useful informa¬
tion, he is able at all times to form his judgment quickly
and accurately.
Ambitious, energetic, reliable, courteous and magnetic—
this meritorious young South Carolinian has deservedly won
the esteem and confidence of the people of his adopted home.
They cherish him with pride and gladly extend a cordial
welcome to all of his counterparts remaining in the 1'almetto
State.
JOHN W. FRETWELL,
Savannah, Ga.
John W. Fretwell was born at Fort Valley, Ga., September
ioth, 1847. He entered the army at the age of 14. After
the war he started penniless and without any of the ad¬
vantages which his native ability deserved. By indomitable
energy and conscientious attention to his business he has
built up the largest stationery business in his section. He
john w. fretwell.
was the first promoter of the Chatham Bank, and has given
a great deal of time to its affairs. His judgment and
opinion on matters of finance are always given great weight
as he is recognized as a practical business man of large
experience, true to his friends and fair to every one. Mr.
Fretwell is also a director of several local enterprises, all of
which have been universally successful.
MAX L. BYCK,
Savannah, Ga.
Max L. Byck, one of Georgia's prominent business men,
was born in Savannah, Ga., 1852. His parents were Leh¬
man E. and Bertha Byck, his father being born in Prussia
and his mother in Strausburg, Germany. Commencing
work at the age of sixteen in the dry goods and notion
business, Mr. Byck rose rapidly in the confidence and
esteem of his fellow townsmen and later embarked in the
insurance business which he is still following with marked
success. Bankrupt by the Civil War, Mr. Byck, by pluck and
energy retrieved his fortunes after its close, and now occupies
MAX L. BYCK.
a high position in the social and business circles of Savannah.
He was one of the original promoters of the Chatham Bank
and is largely interested in many local enterprises.
THOMAS BALLANTYNE,
Savannah, Ga.
Mr. Ballantyne is of Scotch descent, and lias a brilliant
record as a soldier and business man. He entered the ser¬
vice of the Second Dragoons, or " Royal Scotch Grays," in
THllMAS BALI ANTYNE
1851, and served throughout the Crimean War. During
the famous charge of this regiment, poetized as the " Charge
of the Six Hundred," at Balaklava Mr. Ballantyne was on
special detail at Crimea to secure additional horses for his
SA I A NNA H, HOME S A NO PE OPL E.
32 9
regiment, and for this reason alone was absent from the
charge, but his service on this occasion was especially com¬
mended. He served with the same regiment at the fall of the
Redan, and after adding new laurels to his record, returned
to England.
Subsequently coming to the United States, he settled in
Savannah, Ga., and in 1868 he engaged with Mr. J. J.
McDonough in business as iron founders and machinists.
His record in this sphere has always been upon the same
high and honorable plane as his military career. With a
kind and genial disposition, he has won many friends among
his fellow men in all walks of life. In business he has been
eminently successful, and is regarded as one of Savannah's
most solid business men. He is one of the first directors of
the Chatham Bank, a position for which he is well qualified
in every respect. He is also a prominent Mason and Knight
Templar, and as such is well known throughout the country.
He has been prominently associated with every charitable
and benevolent enterprise, and is to-day regarded as a strong
type of the true follower of St. Andrew.
Wn. F. McCAULEY,
Savannah, Ga.
William F. McCauley was born at Savannah, Ga., May
16th, 1856, and was raised and educated here. He entered
business at an early age and by careful attention to the
duties assigned him soon won the confidence and esteem of
the public. In 1870 he entered the employ of the Propeller
Towboat Co., only as a clerk, but was soon promoted to the
position of secretary and treasurer, and has exhibited
WILLIAM F. MCCAULEY.
marked ability in this important office. Mr. McCauley was
elected a director of the Chatham Rank in January, 1895,
and while one of its youngest adherents, is considered one of
its most conservative and conscientious advisors. His native
modesty has restrained him from public positions of prom¬
inence which have often been urged upon him, but among
those who know him intimately he is universally admired for
his sterling merit and manly qualities. His future is a
bright one as it is also sure that his past has commended the
love and respect of his fellow citizens.
LEOPOLD ADLER,
Savannah, Ga.
The subject of this sketch was born in Bohemia, June
10th, 1861, his father being Moses Adler and his mother,
before marriage, Rose Fischer, both natives of Bohemia.
Mr. Adler came to this country as a mere lad, and
LEOPOLD ADLER.
entered the employ of A. R. Altmayer & Co., N. Y., in a
humble position, but such was his devotion to duty, careful
observance of details and general business ability that he
soon won the notice of his employers, and he was sent to
their Savannah house in a prominent and confidential posi¬
tion. Soon, thereafter, he was admitted to the firm and
subsequently bought out the interest of Mr. Altmayer.
The business was immediately enlarged on the department
system. The same energy and ability that marked him as
a clerk were exercised as a partner, and the house is now
the largest department house in the South.
Mr. Adler is a public-spirited man, full of enterprise and
local pride. He is genial, kind and charitable, and while he
has worked up from the bottom of the ladder, he has not
failed to exhibit a kindly and considerate disposition toward
all his employees, which evinces the prominent traits of his
character.
POPE BARROW,
Savannah, Ga.
This gentleman was born August 1st, 1S39, in Oglethorpe
County, Ga., and began the practice of law in the fall of
1865. On March 4th, 1867, was married to Sarah Church
Craig, who died December 28th, 1881. On the 24th of
33°
SAVANNAH, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
June, 1884, he was married to Cornelia Augusta Jackson. His
father was David C. Barrow, born July 26th, 1815, in Bald¬
win County, Ga. His mother was Sarah Eliza Pope,
daughter of Middleton Pope, late of Oglethorpe County, Ga.
have brought him honorable position, wealth and fame. He
is a distinguished lawyer, a finished, polished orator, who
sways and controls audiences with a cavalier dash that
dazzles and fascinates. He was educated at the Virginia
pope barrow.
His grandfather was Thomas Barrow, who was born in
Southampton County, Va. His great-grandfather was Thos.
Barrow, born in England, and emigrated to Virginia, where
he lived and died. Mr. Barrow is now a practicing lawyer.
hon. fleming grantxand du bignon.
Military Institute at Lexington, and at the University of
Virginia. He spent more than a year in Europe, after leav¬
ing the University, completing his education, and returned
to Georgia, settling in Savannah, but afterwards removed to
Milledgeville, where he was admitted to the bar and began
the practice of the law. He was Judge of Baldwin County,
and elected also from that county to the State Legislature.
In 1882 he was elected, without opposition, to the State
Senate, and later returned to Savannah, where he was
elected Solicitor-General of the Eastern judicial circuit. He
became a famous prosecutor of offenders against the law,
without being a respecter of persons. He was again elected
to the State Senate in 1888, and was unanimously elected
its president. He has always taken an active part in politics;
has represented his party in State and National conventions;
was chairman of the Georgia delegation in 1892, when Mr.
Cleveland was nominated ; has since been an ardent sup¬
porter of his administration, and is mentioned as a probable
future member of the United States Senate.
E/1ILE A. GRADOT,
Savannah, Ga.
Mr. Emile A. Gradot, the present Deputy Clerk of the
Superior Court of Chatham County, was born in New York
City, August 9th, 1854. He may well be called a native of
Savannah, Ga., however, as his parents moved there from
the Empire State when he was but a month old. His
parents, who have lived in the Forest City since that
time, and who have taken a prominent stand in the com¬
munity, are well known to the older citizens of the city and
county.
Hon. FLEMING GRANTLAND DU BIGNOIN,
Savannah, Ga.
Mr. Du Bignon was born July 25th, 1853, at Wood-
ville, Baldwin County, Ga. He comes of historic, talented
parentage, and has inherited and cultivated powers which
aug. w. schwarz,
Emii A Schwarz's Son, Furniture and Carpets 127 Broughton St , Savannah, Ga.
SAVANNAH, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
young estell, savannah, ga.
t. b. blackshear, savannah, ga.
332
SAVANNAH, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
Mr. Gradot has held various positions in the community
and was appointed Deputy Clerk of the Superior Court in
1889, and has held that position ever since. He makes an
able official, is an affable and courteous young gentleman,
.... '
emii.e a. gradot.
and is uniformly polite and obliging to all with whom he
has to deal. Not only that, but he is popular, and knows
how to make friends and keep them. He has taken some
part in the politics of the city and county, though not
actively, and is satisfied to aid his friends and to work in
their interests without ever being on the lookout for reward.
Mr. Gradot is a prominent member of the Knights of
Pythias, Odd Fellows, Red Men and several other prominent
organizations. He is well known in Savannah and has
many friends.
Hon. J. F. B. BECKWITH,
Savannah, Ga.
Hon. J. F. B. Beckwith, Collector of the Port of Savannah,
was born August 25th, 1858. He was commissioned Col¬
lector of Customs by President Cleveland, January 29th,
1894, and is the youngest collector in the customs service.
He is a son of the late Right Rev. John W. Beckwith,
Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Diocese of Georgia, one
of the ablest divines in the Episcopal church. Mr. Beck¬
with is a lawyer by profession, having been a member of
the bar for sixteen years, and is now a member of the firm
of Lester & Beckwith, attorneys, in this City. He began
practice in Atlanta, in 1881, after a course in the law school
of the University of Virginia. In 1892, with the election
of President Cleveland, he became a candidate for the col-
lectorship of the port, to which he was appointed after one
of the longest and most vigorous campaigns known in
Georgia, in which he had the endorsement of nearly the
entire legislature, the leading men of the State, and was
backed by a petition with over 5,000 signatures. Mr. Beck¬
with is a member of the Sanitary Commission of Savannah-
One of his acts, as a member of this board, was the secur¬
ing, through the State Department, of the special consular
reports from the principal cities of Europe, on the systems
of house drainage, which have formed so valuable a part
of the consular documents bearing upon the sanitary condi¬
tions of this country compared with those of European
cities.
Mr. Beckwith is a public-spirited citizen and takes an
active interest in all enterprises that tend to the development
of the State and the South. He is a leading spirit in social
organizations. He i-; Worshipful Master of Landrum
Lodge, No. 48, F. & A. M., one of the leading Masonic
lodges in the South. Mr. Beckwith married Miss Gertrude
hon. j. f. b beckwith
Harwood, in 1889, at Bloomington, Ills., the home of Vice-
President Stevenson, whose friendship he enjoys. He is an
orator of force and ability and a successful pleader at the
bar.
JOHN NICHOLSON, Esq.,
5avannah, Ga.
Mr. John Nicholson, the subject of this sketch, was born
in Scotland in 1827, came to this country in 1851, landing
in New York; moved to Savannah in 1853, since which
time he has carried on the business of plumber and gas
fitter; by his thoroughness and strict attention to every de¬
tail of his business he has secured a financial standing,
second to none in his line of business. Mr. Nicholson
married Matilda Hall, from New Jersey, who died April 23,
1892, leaving two children—Mary, a daughter who married
11. T. Moore, and a son, John, Jr., who is an attorney and
counselor-at-law in Savannah ; one son was drowned at
Savannah at the age of 2 1 years. During the war Mr.
Nicholson was in the Engineers' Department of the Con-
SA VAXNAH, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
333
federate service, and also engaged in salt-making. Mr. with Mr. Lester, under the firm name Lester & Ravenel,
Nicholson has always been ready to aid in any good works, and engaged in the practice of law in Savannah.
JOHN NICHOLSON, SR
both public and private, by which the best interests of his
city of adoption would be benefitted, and is well known as
a public spirited citizen.
THOMAS PORCHER RAVENEL,
Savannah, Ga.
Thomas Porcher Ravenel was born at Pinopolis John's,
Berkeley Parish, S. C., October 3d, 1850. He was admitted
to the bar at Savannah in August, 1871, and married Miss
Emily M. Howard. He moved to Darien, Ga., in 1868,
COL. J. H ESTILL,
Editor-in-chief, Savannah Morning News, Savannah, Ga.
wherever it is known. While fully up to the requirements
of "up to date" journalism, with a systematic business de¬
partment, an able editorial corps, a thoroughly organized
THE " MORNING NEWS,"
Savannah, Ga.
Ihe Morning News is the leading commercial journal of
the Southeast, and the medium of information for the
people of a large section of Georgia, Florida and South
Carolina. Its fairness and reliability has made for it friends
THOMAS PORCHER RAVENEL.
and studied law in the office of Hon. W. Robert Gignilliat.
He moved to Savannah in 1870 and entered the office of
Hon. R. E. Lester, and afterwards entered into partnership
E. N. HANCOCK.
Managing Kditor. Savannah Morning News, Savannah, Ga,
telegraphic and general news service, the best equipment in
machinery for making a newspaper, it studiously avoids
that extreme sensationalism which is the bane of many
'THE MORNING NEWS" BUILDING, SAVANNAH, GA.
SA \ ANN AH, TIF TON, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
335
otherwise very excellent newspapers. It has worked itself
to a high plane and its unparalleled success proves that the
people of this great American nation will support a clean
newspaper.
The Morning News, which has had the unbroken confi¬
dence of the public for nearly half a century, is the successor
The Morning News is considered by leading adver¬
tisers as one of the best mediums for addressing people
who have wants to supply, and the means to supply
such wants.
In addition to its city circulation, the Morning News
has readers in every towTn in southern Georgia and
Florida, and on the railroad lines leading out of Savan¬
nah, and along the coast country
H. H. TIFT, and W. O. T FT,
Tifton, Ga.
Nestled in the heart of the fruit-growing section of
Georgia lies the town of Tifton, the commercial centre
of Berrien, Irwin, Worth and Colquitt counties.
Of all the industries in and around this " City of
the Pines," peach - growing probably holds the most
prominent place; the peach orchards in the vicinity
numbering hundreds of thousands of trees, bearing the
choicest varieties of that luscious fruit in the greatest pro¬
fusion.
A good idea of the peach industry of this section
can be had from the accompanying cut of the model
orchard of H. Ii. Tift, while the cut of Mr. W. O.
Tift's residence shows one of the ideal homes of the
place.
No one has done more to advance the interests of
Tifton and its vicinity than the Messrs. Tift, for whom the
town was named, and much of its prosperity is the
result of their labors.
RESIDENCE OP W. O. TIFT TIFTON GA.
W. S. POTTINGER,
Superintendent Job Department, Savannah Morning News, Savannah, Ga.
through purchases and consolidations of the Georgia Gazette,
established in 1763, and has, from its establishment in 1850,
kept fully abreast of every development and improvement
in newspaper making. It was the first paper in the South
to use a steam engine, the first to intro¬
duce an extended telegraph service.
In later years it was the pioneer in
printing a newspaper from stereotype plates,
and among the first to put in type-setting
machines.
Its magnificent building, a picture of
which accompanies this article, is, with the
exception of two rooms, entirely occupied
by the Morning News newspaper, printing,
lithographing and binding departments. The
establishment is thoroughly equipped in
every line with men, material and ma¬
chinery.
The organization is: Col. J. H. Estill,
editor-in-chief; E. N. Hancock, Managing
editor; F. G. Bell, business manager and
treasurer; G. A. Gregory, city editor; W.
S. Pottinger, superintendent job department.
Under these officers are the bookkeeper,
office and mail clerks, reporters, pressmen,
printers, lithographers, engravers, machinists
and other employees, aggregating a total
of 140 men.
336
TIF TON, HUMES AND PEOPLE.
SECTION OF PEACHTREE IN ORCHARD OF H. H. TIFT, TIFTON, GA.
CLYDE SHROPSHIRE,
Paris, France.
Clyde Shropshire was born in Rome, Floyd County, Ga.,
January 22d, 1866, and lived thereuntil 1889, when he went
to Paris, France. His early education was obtained at the
Rome High School and Hearn School at Cave Spring, Ga.,
which was then under the patronage of Mercer University.
He never entered college. At eighteen years of age he
left school and became editor of the Daily Bulletin, the
leading journal of Rome. At the same time he read law,
and at the age of nineteen entered the law and insurance
offices of Hon. Hamilton Yancy. In January, 1886, he
entered the law offices of Dean & Ewing, then the leading
attorneys in Rome, and on May 10th, 1886, was admitted
to the bar after a most creditable examination. He prac¬
ticed law at Rome with signal success for so young a
man, often successfully coping with the oldest and best
lawyers of the Georgia bar. In March, 1889, against the
advice and strong entreaties of family and friends, lie left
Rome to begin his career in Paris, France, the great
metropolis of the world in art and science. Without a
word of French at his command and but little capital, un¬
known to anyone in France or Europe, except his brother
who was at that time traveling in Europe, he left home,
with the prediction made on every hand that his return
would be only a question of a very short time.
To prevent the young man from this seemingly rash act,
cables were sent to his brother to the effect that he " cable
Clyde at New York not to come to Paris, but to remain
in New York until he, his brother arrived." This was done,
but the order was disregarded. The young man was de¬
termined, and the very day he sailed from
New York his brother sailed from France,
and the two crossed in mid-ocean. It was
a struggle at first for so young and in¬
experienced a man alone in the great city
of Paris ; but perseverance won, and within
three years from the time he landed in
Paris Clyde Shropshire had established one
of the largest and best equipped law offices
in Europe.
In 1893, when the Democrats came into
power again, he was appointed United
States Vice Consul-General at Paris, one of
the best positions in the United States
Consulate service, and one of honor and re¬
sponsibility.
This position he still holds, and at the
same time enjoys the fruit of a large law
practice from his international law offices,
though he himself is not, by reason of
his official duties, at the present time in
active practice.
Mr. Clyde Shropshire, though not having
reached his thirtieth year, is considered one
of the best of the very few international lawyers, not only
by the legal profession in America, but by the French bar,
this reputation having been earned by hard work, actual
experience and a close application to questions of interna¬
tional law.
His opinion is sought every day on questions of inter¬
national law.
His knowledge of law and past experience abroad make
him one of the best officers in the service of the Govern¬
ment abroad.
CI.YDE SHROPSHIRE
SA I'ANNAH, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
337
SAVANNAH BREWING CO.
Savannah, Qa.
The Savannan Brewing Co. is one of the successful indus¬
tries of Savannah; its product is recognized both at home
The old quotation that " A prophet has no honor
in his own country" has been entirely exploded by
this company as the brands sold by them are preferred
above all others. Their "Pale Cabinet," "Champagne"
W. W. STARR, Manager.
G. L. FUCHS, Brewmaster.
and elsewhere as the very best on account of its purity and
superior excellence.
and "Wurzburger" are intimately acquainted with all
lovers of fine beer.
tM&k MfiS
SAVANNAH BREWERY. SAVANNAH, GA,
CAPITOL OF ALABAMA.
THE STATE OF ALABAMA.
productive, a small portion, comparatively, requiring fertiliza¬
tion. The principal crops are corn and cotton, diversified
with small grain and provisions, which flourish with as little
cultivation as anywhere on the earth; while iron and coal
abound in such inexhaustible quantities that they
have brought the State prominently to the front in
mining and minerals during the past few years.
The climate is superb; not subject to the
extremes of heat and cold, the thermometer rarely
rising in summer beyond 95 degrees. Within the
State is almost every variety of soil, from the sandy
land to the rich alluvial whereon can be grown al¬
most every product known to the agriculturist.
Navigable streams are abundant throughout the
State, while railroads penetrate almost every neigh¬
borhood, furnishing all the transportation demanded
by trade.
During 1895 the valuation of property amounted
to $241,338,024 ; the tax rate was six mills and the
amount of taxes was $1,328,817. The acreage of
corn has largely increased, and the yield during
1895 was unprecedented. The acreage of cotton
has increased from 2,300,000 to 2,76 1,000 acres, and
the yield from 699,000 to 915,000 bales in the last
two years. The production of pig-iron has in¬
creased from 77,000 tons to more than r,000,000
tons per annum. The number of blast furnaces
has increased from 15 to 52, and the capital invested
from $3,000,000 to 16,500,000. The output of coal
has grown from 340,000 tons to 6,000,000 tons, and
the capital invested from $2,870,000 to $10,000,000.
The railroad mileage has been enlarged from 1,726
to 3,261 miles. Sawmills have increased from a
number not counted, the record being so small, to
more than 200, with an annual cut of 300,000,000
feet.
Gov. Oates says that, " recognizing the inevitable
logic of the situation, cotton manufacturers are
coming to the cotton fields." He claims that the
facilities for cotton manufacturing in Alabama can¬
not be excelled, and are rarely equalled, while the
facilities for reaching the markets of the world
furnish a great point in their favor. Raw material of
all kinds is abundant and close at hand. Alabama cotton and
iron manufacturers can easily meet the competition of the
world in the Central and South American markets and
make themselves felt in Europe. Some of the factories
there, now in operation, are earning over 30 per cent, divi¬
dends per annum, the advantage of the mill at the field
being $5 a bale as compared with the East, and even more
Admitted to the Union in 1819, Alabama is one of the
richest of all her Southern sisters in natural resources,
boundless wealth lying buried under her soil. Her Gover¬
nor invites the immigrant and home-seeker to come and
assist in developing this wealth and share its blessings in
common with her people. She has an area of 52,880 square
miles, or 33,440,000 acres, of which 51,540 square miles are
settled very sparsely, with room for many more, having a
population of only a little over 1,600,000.
Alabama has always occupied a leading position as an
agricultural State, the soil in general being fertile and highly
34°
ALABAMA.
than that with foreign countries, which of itself affords a
fair margin of profit.
To encourage their coming, the legislature of Alabama,
during the session of 1893, passed a law authorizing cities,
counties and towns to exempt manufacturing investments
for the first five years.
Alabama claims to have the cheapest fuel in the United
States; so cheap and abundant as to discourage the use of
water-power.
While she stands prominently in the front rank in mineral
wealth and is one of the few States where all the raw material
is found abundantly within her borders, very little has been
printed or published as to her other resources.
The vast forests of hard woods in almost virginal con¬
dition will some day realize large sums to those who invest
in them.
There are superb openings for the making of fine furni¬
ture, railroad cars and kindred things—illimitable oppor¬
tunities for profitable investments. Lands of all kinds
are cheap.
The government is in the hands of the intelligent and
frugal of her people.
Life, liberty and property are secure, being vouchsafed
to all alike.
Tax money is limited to the necessary expenses, the
maximum limit of taxation being 75c. on the $100; by
the counties and cities each it is 50c. on the $100, making
the highest rate possible to be levied $1.75 on the $ioo.
The State now levies 55c., while the cities and counties
vary from 25c. to 50c.
Fair fortune smiles on the State, and her people are look¬
ing forward to greater things than have yet transpired. The
determination of farmers to live at home and within their in¬
comes, thus avoiding debt; the improved methods of cultiva¬
tion have largely contributed in bringing about these
improved conditions.
The continued influx of thrifty, industrious immigrants
is both expected and desired, for it will insure the State's
advancement.
Wffl. C. OATES,
Governor of Alabama.
Wm. Calvin Oates, the present Governor of Alabama, was
born in Pike (now Bullock) County, Alabama, November
30th, 1835, and is descended from Welsh and French an¬
cestors, who emigrated to America before the revolution,
taking active part in our war for independence. He lived
on a farm until at the age of eighteen; went to the
academy schools, and became a laborer at house-building
and painting, and afterward became a teacher in a country
school.
He read law in 1858, and, after passing a rigid exami¬
nation, was admitted to the bar, editing meanwhile a
Democratic weekly newspaper.
In [861 he raised a volunteer company of young men,
which afterward became a part of the famed " Fifteenth
Alabama Infantry," in which he served as Captain and
Colonel.
He was wounded many times, losing an arm in his
twenty-seventh battle near Richmond.
He remained in the army until peace, when he returned
to the practice of his profession, at which he realized
wm. c. oates.
wealth. He has held many positions of great honor, being
elected to the Legislature, the Constitutional Convention,
and to Congress for six terms.
He was later elected Governor of Alabama, which posi¬
tion he now holds, and is a candidate for the United
States Senate, with large chances for his election.
Gov. Oates is of commanding presence, has a full, round
voice, great physical and intellectual vitality, and is recog¬
nized as an able, pure man.
C. P. ROGERS, Sr.,
Letohatchie, Ala.
Capt. C. P. Rogers, Sr., of Lowndes Co., Ala., is one of the
most prominent pioneer civil engineers of the State of Ala¬
bama, and has contributed as much to the development of
the State as any m m in its borders. For forty-three years
he has been prominently connected with the public works
ALABAMA.
34'
and railroads of the State from the mountains to the sea
and especially those radiating from Montgomery, Ala.
C. P. ROGERS, SR.
His home is at Letohatchie, Ala., on the Mobile & Mont¬
gomery Railroad.
He was born in Petersburg, Virginia. His father removed
to Columbus, Ga., where he went to school and finished his
education at Princeton, New Jersey. Adopting the profes¬
sion of a civil engineer he was engaged as resident engineer
on the Mobile & Montgomery Railroad, and at the age of
twenty-five was elected chief engineer of the Opelika & Ox¬
ford Railroad, which he was constructing when the Civil
War began.
He at once resigned his position, and on the 8th of July,
1861, went as a private soldier in the Montgomery True
Blues to Pensacola, Fla.
On the reorganization of the Company he joined the 37th
Alabama Infantry, Col. James F. Dowdell, and served with
that command until the surrender.
Capt. Rogers' first wife was a Miss N. A. Sanderson, of
Lowndes County, Ala., by whom he had three sons and four
daughters.
His second wife was Miss Eliza B. Carman, of Brooklyn,
New York.
In 1886 Capt. Rogers was elected to the Legislature
of Alabama from Lowndes County, and is now a member
of that body.
THE STATE OF ARKANSAS.
The display of products made by the people of this State
at the Atlanta Exposition was sufficient to enlighten visitors
who witnessed its great extent as to the unlimited variety of
which her soil is capable.
Arkansas occupies a somewhat central position among the
States of the Union, and possesses some great advantages,
having the Missouri River on the north, the Mississippi on
the east, on the south bounded by Louisiana and Texas, and
on the west by Texas and the Indian Territory. It con¬
tains 53,850 square miles, or 34,464,000 acres. Its surface
is varied, the Ozark Mountains cross it from northeast to
southwest, with outlying spurs and subordinate ranges, in¬
cluding the Black Hills in the north, the Ouachita Hills in
the south and the Cane Hills in the northwest. To the
south are broad prairie districts, and the remainder of the
State is diversified between hills and beautiful, fertile valleys.
The entire State is rich in timber, including vast forests of
pine, oak, pecan, hickory, locust, walnut, cypress, cedar and
others. While it has no seacoast, it is well provided with
navigable streams, the great Mississippi, which Mr. Calhoun
called "an inland sea," extending along its entire border, in
its tortuous course, for more than four hundred miles. One
of the largest affluents of this stream is the Arkansas River,
which rises in the Rocky Mountains, traverses the centre of the
State, generally in a southwesterly direction, about fifteen
hundred miles, and is navigable from its mouth into the In¬
dian Territory. The Red River, also navigable, rises in New
Mexico and flows through the southwest part of the State,
furnishing great commercial facilities. In the Ozark Moun¬
tains of Missouri rises the St. Francis River, which is, for a
short distance, the boundary separating Missouri, and which
empties into the Mississippi just above Helena, crossing the
northeast corner of the State. White River rises in the north¬
west corner of the State, runs into Missouri, and then returns
and takes a crooked course through the State, generally in a
southeast direction, emptying into the Mississippi a few miles
above the Arkansas. The Black River is a tributary of the
St. Francis, navigable for about one hundred miles; the
Spring River is another less important affluent. There are
other streams, such as the Wachita, which is navigable more
than three hundred miles; the Little Missouri, Sabine,
Bayou Boef, etc.
In the northern part of the State are rich mineral deposits.
Coal exists in twelve counties watered by the Arkansas
River, the mineral being a high grade semi-anthracite and is
believed to cover an area of 12,000 square miles, the veins
varying from one foot to nine in thickness, and is found from
fifty to sixty feet below the surface. There is also cannel
and bituminous coal in abundance; iron ore of excellent
quality is plentiful ; zinc ore is more abundant than in any
other State except New Jersey. Lead ore, frequently
bearing silver, is found in different portions of the State ;
gold has been found in others, and it is claimed that
Arkansas contains more gypsum than all the other States in
CAPITOL, OF ARKANSAS.
ARK ANSA S.
343
the Union. Besides the minerals already named there are
extensive beds of lignite, millstone and grindstone, porce¬
lain clay, mineral ochres, granite and other building stones.
Among the natural objects of curiosity and importance are
the numerous mineral and medicinal springs which are
visited annually by thousands of people in search of health.
Some of them discharge 15,000 barrels of water per hour,
and are in constant action at a temperature of sixty
degrees.
The soil varies with the varying characteristics of the
geological and surface conditions; the river bottoms along
the banks, varying from thirty to one hundred miles in
width, are, of course, the most valuable in an agricultural
view, being capable of producing luxuriantly tobacco, corn,
cotton, sweet potatoes, grapes, peaches, melons and many
other fruits. Any of the cereals grow readily; there are
many varieties of native grasses, and though cotton is the
staple product of the State, the crop of hay is not far
behind it in importance. Game yet abounds in the forests
and prairies, including deer, bear, wild turkey, prairie
chickens and quail ; the streams abound in fish and, taking
all together, Arkansas is a wonderful State.
Her territory was a portion of the Louisiana purchase
from France under Napoleon ; she was admitted into the
Union in 1836; her wonderful natural resources are but
beginning to be developed, but her people are thrifty and
are rapidly pushing to the front rank. His Excellency,
James L. Clarke, the present governor, says an encouraging
item in its industrial history is the recent establishment
of four mining companies with a combined capital of
$2,110,000; her coals are rapidly taking a front rank, being
furnished to territory supplied by the mines of other
States, her anthracites commanding a price very little lower
than the best Pennsylvania anthracites. She will rapidly
become a manufacturing State.
GOV. CLARKE, OF ARKANSAS.
THE STATE OF FLORIDA.
Being the most southern of the United States, forming a
large cape extending southward into the Atlantic Ocean, it
has eastern, southern and western sea-coasts measuring more
than a thousand miles. It was ceded by Spain to Great
Britain in 1763 and then its territory extended as far west
as the Mississippi River, including portions of the present
States of Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana. Florida makes
the southern boundary of the State of Georgia and a portion
of Alabama, from which it is separated by the river Perdido.
On the south-east it is separated from the Bahamas by what
are known as the Straits of Florida and towards the south it
reaches out to within 110 miles of Cuba, Havana being about
that distance from Key West. Its length from the Perdido
River to Cape Sable is 700 miles, and it contains an area of
59,268 square miles. While the Peninsula proper terminates
on the south at Cape Sable, there is a remarkable chain of
rocky islets called Florida Keys beginning at Cape Florida
on the eastern snore and extending 200 miles, ending in a
cluster of sand-heaped rocks known as the Tortugas. South
of the bank on which these Keys rise and separated from
them by a navigable channel is a long, narrow and dangerous
coral ridge called the Florida Reef, and this reef is washed
on the south by the constant current of the mysterious Gulf
stream. Key West (a nautical corruption of Cayo Hueso,
or Bone Key) is the most important of these Keys, taking its
name, it has been supposed because of the large number of
bones found on the island by the Spaniards, thought to be
those of the aboriginal inhabitants. From having been long
the haunt of smugglers and pirates this island is now a busy
and thriving place, the theatre of great tobacco and other
industries, and one of the most important naval stations
owned by the United States on account of its commanding
situation at the entrance of the most frequented passage into
the Gulf of Mexico, as also its nearness to Havana, Kingston
CAPITOL OK FLORIDA.
FLORIDA.
345
and other important
ports of the West
Indies belonging to
European powers.
Florida's chief
river is the St.
John's, which runs
almost due north
300 miles, emptying
into the Atlantic
Ocean. It is navi¬
gable for more than
100 miles and it
has always been one
of the mysteries
where all this fresh
water can come
from, rising there
on that tongue of
land surrounded on
all sides by salt
water. Florida has
ever been remark¬
able for her subter¬
ranean streams of
fresh water which
are not paralleled elsewhere on the American continent.
There is a wonderful spring situated twelve miles from
Tallahassee which has been sounded and found to be over
1,100 feet deep. The outflow forms a beautiful lake, trans¬
parent and cold as ice in even the hottest summer weather.
The geological structure of the State is very remarkable,
much of its surface seeming a mere crust through the open¬
ings of which underground lakes and rivers force their way.
Notwithstanding her great extent of sea-coast, Florida
has very few good harbors, much of her coast being dan¬
gerous. Her principal cities are Jacksonville, Pensacola,
Tallahassee, and St. Augustine.
The various attempts to colonize Florida preceded those
of the French in Canada, the English in Virginia, or the
Spaniards in Mexico. St. Augustine is the oldest settle¬
ment founded by Europeans, not only of the United States,
but of North America, and still shows traces of Spanish
occupation more than two centuries ago ; remains of roads
and fortifications having been found between the Suwanee
and Chattahoochee. Years before the invasion of Mexico
by Cortez, the mainland of Florida was discovered by
Ponce de Leon, and, in 1512, he erected a stone cross in
sign of ownership by Spain. The place of his original
landing has always been located a few miles north of
St. Augustine.
In 1819, a treaty for the cession of Florida to the
United States was concluded at Washington, and reluctantly
ratified by the King of Spain in 1821. In July of the
same year General Jackson took possession, by appointment,
E MINING IN FLORIDA.
and immigration flowed in rapidly from the Southern
States, the Bahamas and the North Atlantic States, and
was only checked by the stubborn resistance of the warlike
nation of Seminole Indians, who resented the invasion of
their hunting grounds by the whites. For seven long years
the Seminole war raged, the Indians successfully defying
and defeating every effort to subdue them until Osceola,
their chieftain, was captured by treachery, in 1842, and
that ended the conflict. The little remnant of Indians were
then removed to a reservation beyond the Mississippi, and
Florida was admitted into the Union in the year 1845.
Governor WILLIAM D. BLOXHAM.
(From the Valusia County Record.)
William D. Rloxham will be inaugurated in January as
the next Governor of Florida.
The fact that his name heads the Democratic ticket in
this State will insure a glorious victory at the October elec¬
tion for Democracy, for every candidate on that ticket.
When we say a glorious victory we do not mean simply the
crushing of all opposition, but a majority never before
given a ticket in this State. His very name will electrify
the Democracy of Florida from the Perdido to the coral
reefs of Key West, from Fernandina's snowy beach to the
waters of the Gulf.
Bloxham's election to the executive chair means a great
deal for Florida and her people. It means an assured era
of prosperity, it means immigration, it means a renewal of
activity in the State's industrial march, in the development
THE OLD OAK IN THE GROUNDS OF TAMPA BAY HOTEL.
SHORE ROAD UNDER SHADING PALMS, FLORIDA.
FLORIDA.
34 7
of her grand and infinite resources; it means peace and
prosperity to her people, encouragement to the great capital
at work and seeking investments in our Southland. It was
during his former administration that the greatest blessing
was bestowed upon the State in the millions upon millions
of money that came within her borders from capitalists
Governor Wm. D. BLOXHAM.
North, resulting in practically a transformation of the fairest,
richest in natural resources, most charming in the sisterhood
of States of this great Union.
In the past it has been our proud pleasure to give to this
patriot of the red hills of Leon a loyal and unfaltering sup¬
port in the great work he was doing for our people. It was
the Record's pleasure to first, over six months ago, call for
his nomination for governor at the convention just closed.
This call was seconded by the press of the State, and the
call became a unanimous one from the Democracy of
Florida.
A man tender in feeling, always gentlemanly in manner,
patriotic in sentiment, honest in his convictions, always
loyal to his people, fighting their battles and their cause,
his administration will be for the people, of the people and
by the people.
In speaking of the nomination the daily Florida Citizen
says: " Hon. \V. D. Bloxham, the Democratic nominee for
Governor, is about sixty years of age. He was born in
Leon county, and has always made that part of the State his
home. He is the only man that has ever held the office of
Governor more than one term since Florida was made a State,
the only one that has received three nominations for the office
of Governor, and the only one that has held an office directly
from the people after having served as Governor. He was a
graduate of William and Mary College, in Virginia, was
member of the State Legislature in 1861, was a captain in
the Confederate army, was a presidential elector in 1868, was
Lieutenant-Governor in 1872, was a member of the State
Democratic Executive Committee in 1876, was Secretary of
State from 1876 to 1880, was Governor from 1880 to 1884,
was appointed Minister of the United States to Bolivia in
1886, was Surveyor General of Florida from 1886 to 1890,
was elected State Comptroller in 1890 and again in 1892 and
now holds that office. A career in the public service like
this may well be rounded out by the unusual distinction now
bestowed upon Mr. Bloxham by an appreciative people, in
view of the fact that he has no ambition for any higher
position.
To repeated urgings by his friends that he should
become the candidate of his party for Congressman and
United States Senator, he has invariably replied that a resi¬
dence in the Washington climate would be fatal to his
health."
H. CROHWELL GIBBONS,
Jacksonville, Fla.
Judge H. Cromwell Gibbons was born January 21, 1868,
at Middletown, Conn., and received his education at Yale
H. CROMWEI.I. GIBBONS.
University, where he took a special course. He commenced
the practice of law at Jacksonville in 1890. He married the
daughter of Capt. Francis Sallee, Bertha N. Sallee, a grand¬
daughter of Gen. Hopkins of Confederate fame. He enjoys
34«
JACKSONVILLE, SVWANEE, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
a large civil and chancery practice in the State and United
States Courts. Since coming of age he has been promi¬
nently connected with State politics ; has been Secretary of
nearly all the State Democratic and congressional conven¬
tions, and has been christened " The Young Colt of the
Democracy," Senator Call being known as the " Old War
Horse."
In 1892 he was elected Judge of the municipal
court by a handsome majority, holding the office until 1895.
During his administration, some of the most important
criminal cases came before him ; particularly the celebrated
Marvin case, which was chronicled in all the leading dailies
throughout the country.
He was the youngest judge in the State, and his adminis¬
tration was noted for the vigorous manner in which all
classes of criminals were dealt with. Since retiring from
the bench he has given his time and attention to his prac¬
tice, which is as large as that of many of the leading attor¬
neys connected with the bar.
BENJAdlN H. HOPKINS,
Jacksonville, Fla.
Benjamin H. Hopkins was born August 23, 1851, at St.
Augustine, Fla. He took a business course at Eastman's
College, Poughkeepsie, N. V., and from there went to New
York as a bookkeeper. He returned to Florida in 1870,
married and has an interesting family of wife, girl and boy.
SUWANEE SPRINGS,
Suwanee, Fla.
Comparatively few persons among the thousands who have
listened to " Way Down Upon de Swanee Ribber," know
exactly where the stream is to be found. It is a considerable
stream which takes a circuitous course through Northwest
Florida, finding an outlet in the Gulf of Mexico. The
Suwanee, like its banks, is a piece of bright, unsophisticated
nature. No murky manufacturer's smoke obscures the
brightness of its sunlight; its environs are the tangled wood¬
land, groves of moss-covered oaks and stately pines; pure
pleasure resort and a sanitarium, the benefits of which have
been tried for years with wonderful effect in the treatment
of rheumatism, nervous dyspepsia, liver, kidney, bladder,
skin and blood diseases, malaria, etc.
The spring, located about two hundred yards from the
hotel, and immediately on the banks of the river, consists of
He started the Hopkins Baggage transfer, and from that
naturally drifted into the transportation business. For a
number of years he was the passenger representative of the
E. T. V. & G. R'y in Florida, and in May, 1889, accepted a
similar position with the Louisville and Nashville R'y, which
position he now fills.
BENJAMIN H. HOPKINS.
attractions for those seeking
respite from city toil. The
artist is free from intrusion;
the sportsman with his gun
and angler with his rod and line find diversion and recre¬
ation. Here also are all boating appliances and for rides
and drives a well equipped livery.
The Springs resort fronts the river at one of the most
beautiful points on the main line of the Savannah, Florida
and Western Railway. While a delightful spot for rest and
recreation, the establishment has built its main fame on the
rare curative properties of the spring water. It is at once a
lUWANNEC.
SUII'ANEE, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
349
several bodies of crystal water, rushing out of the ground at
a high rate of speed, forming a large basin duly walled in
and finding an outlet in the Suwanee River. The several
sources of which the spring is made up boil out at the rate
of 4S.OOO gallons per minute, and exhale a strong sulphurated
s>dor. An unvarying temperature of 74 degrees Fahrenheit
enables persons to bathe in the spring both winter and sum¬
mer. Bath houses of the most approved form afford the
visitor an enjoyable plunge in the waters.
A remarkable feature of this wonderful spring is its purify¬
ing effect on the surrounding atmosphere, in which it is said
that no disease germs can live. This fact, coupled with the
proximity of great forests of health-giving pines, makes the
vicinity of beautiful Suwanee a natural sanitarium. Testi¬
monials are abundant as to the virtues of
the spring in healing the diseases enume¬
rated. Persons, especially those suffering
from rheumatism, who could not move
without assistance, have thrown away their
crutches and returned completely cured.
History tells us that Ponce de Leon,
after his voyage to this, a then newly
discovered but unexplored country, re¬
turned to old Spain with a marvelous story
of a "Spring of Perpetual Youth." He
said, his biographers declare, that on the
coast of what we now call Florida he had
seen Indians who, still hale and hearty, had
attained the extraordinary age of one
hundred and fifty years; that when he,
incredulous, expressed doubt, they urged
him to penetrate with them to the interior
of the country, where they would show to
him a spring, which bubbled from the
ground, and whose waters were so potent
that they secured to those who laved in, and drank of
them, complete rejuvenation and longevity, such as no
other mortals could enjoy. De Leon was convinced that
these statements were true, and never wavered in his belief
to the hour of his death, and regarded this wonderful spring
as an actual existing physical entity; and it is recorded that
he believed it would be discovered and its virtues enjoyed by
future generations.
There cannot be much doubt that the Suwanee Springs
are the waters spoken of to Ponce de Leon by the aborigines.
Suwanee is by no means solely a Mecca for chronic or
invalids in embryo, but is found a most charming and at¬
tractive resort for the tourist, " wholly on pleasure bent,"
and ennui is overcome by many and varied indoor and out¬
door amusements and pastimes, among which may be enume¬
rated the grand plunge and swimming pool, whose waters
add zest to even robust existence. Beautiful drives afford
enjoyment to young and old, and every provision, in fact,
is made to render a long or short sojourn at Suwanee a
pleasant reminiscence of life in the Sunny South.
Suwanee's location very materially assists the triumphs of
its waters, the restful quiet of its forests, the sighing of its
pines, the soft exhilarating Gulf breezes stamp it as nature's
camping ground, where turmoil ends and peace assumes her
regal sway. Health beams from every leaf and contentment
smiles in every flower.
To the healing virtues of the spring, fully attested by
sufferers, and also by many eminent physicians, is added the
attraction of an imposing hotel, one of the handsomest of
the many superb establishments for which Florida is noted.
A fine park surrounds the building, and shaded by magnifi¬
cent oak trees are a number of graceful cottages, designed
for those who prefer the seclusion of a separate roof. The
appointments of the hotel are of the latest design, and every
convenience has been provided for the guest. The interior
fittings are of Florida pine, with hard oil finish, which brings
out beautifully the grain of the wood. The building is
surrounded on all sides by spacious verandas, pleasantly
suggestive of coolness and shade.
CAPITOL OF LOUISIANA
THE STATE OF LOUISIANA.
This most peculiar, in many respects, of all the Southern
States, was admitted to the Union on the thirteenth day of
April, 1812. It is about the size of North Carolina, contain¬
ing 45,500 square miles of land. There are 1,060 square
miles of land-locked bays, 1,700 of inland lakes and 540 of
river surface. It is bounded on the North by Arkansas, on
the East by Mississippi, on the South by the Gulf of Mexico,
and on the West by Texas. Louisiana offers perhaps the
only instance to be found on the continent where the most
elevated portions of her surface are the banks of the rivers.
The average elevation is only seventy-five feet, and no portion
is much over 400 feet above sea level. The Mississippi is
said to flow on a ridge formed by its own deposits. The
declivity of the land on the east side of the river toward Lake
Ponchartrain shows that the earth which the Mississippi
deposited, formed, in the course of time, the island on which
the city of New Orleans now stands. Each of her great rivers
flows through a belt of alluvial soil, varying in width from ten
to fifty miles and these lands furnish a soil of wonderful
fertility, especially adapted to the raising of rice, cotton and
sugar. The deltas are famous for sweet potatoes, buckwheat,
barley and figs. On the islands off the coast is produced the
famous sea island cotton to a limited extent. In the extreme
southern portion of the State oranges and other tropical
fruits were abundant until the recent freeze, which reached
farther down with more destructive effects than the oldest
inhabitant recalls.
The many events in the career of Louisiana form a wonder¬
fully interesting chapter in the history of the world. It is
not confined to the area now embraced within her boundaries
but comprehends the story of the persistent attempt of
France to found an empire in the New World, which would
extend from the mouth of the St. Lawrence across the great
lakes to the mouth of the Mississippi River. The Louisiana
of the seventeenth century extended from the Alleghanies
to the Rocky Mountains and from the Rio Grande and the
Gulf to the almost then unknown regions which now con¬
stitute British America. It was taken possession of by La
Salle in the name of Louis XIV., and for him all that vast
domain was called Louisiana. The chief town till 1702 was
Biloxi. New Orleans was founded by Bienville in 1718 and
developed at once into great importance, as about this time
an engineer by the name of Panger invented a process for
removing the bar at one of the passes by a system said to be
quite like that so successfully adopted later by Capt. Eads.
There was a contention lasting a long while between New
Orleans and Natchez as to which should be the colonial
capital, but the seat of government became permanent at
New Orleans in 1722. In the year 1718, on the 6th of
September, the charter of the Western or Mississippi Com¬
pany was registered in the Parliament of Paris. The exclu¬
sive commerce of Louisiana was granted it for a quarter of a
century and a monopoly of the beaver trade of Canada
together with other extraordinary privileges, and it entered
at once on its new domains. This Western Company pos¬
sessed and controlled Louisiana about fourteen years when,
finding the principality of small value, surrendered it in
January, 1732.
In 1 763 occurred an event which left a deep impression
on the people and history of Louisiana. On the third of
November of that year France, by a secret treaty, ceded to
GOV. FOSTER. OF LOUISIANA.
Spain all that portion of Louisiana which lay west of the
Mississippi, together with the City of New Orleans and the
island on which it stood. The war between England, France
and Spain was terminated by the treaty of Paris in February,
1 764. By the terms of this treaty the boundary between
the French and English possessions in North America was
fixed by a line drawn along the middle of the Mississippi,
from its source to the River Iberville, and from thence by a
line in the middle of that stream and lakes Maurepas and
Ponchartrain to the sea. The French inhabitants were
astonished and indignant at this secret and unauthorized
352
NEW ORLEANS, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
transfer of their allegiance to Spain, and some of them were
so rash as to organize an open resistance, ordering away the
new Spanish Governor. It was not until 1769 a large
Spanish force arrived and reduced the province to actual
possession. There was little growth or progress until the
administration of Baron de Carondelet, but under his
management, from 1792 to 1797, marked improvements
were made. On the first of October, 1800, another treaty
was concluded between France and Spain by which the
latter surrendered and restored the province of Louisiana,
France receiving formal possession in November, 1803. But
France did not retain it long. Napoleon Bonaparte had
wrested it from Spain. He had no fancy for conquest in
this direction, and sold it at once to the United States, pos¬
session being given in December, 1803. It cost the United
States $12,000,000, besides $3,700,000 for French spoliation
claims. Congress established the territory of Orleans in
1804. The rest of the immense purchase was at first erected
into the district of Louisiana; then, in 1805, into the territory
of Louisiana, and, in 1812, into the territory of Missouri.
Dr. EDMOND SOUCHON,
New Orleans, La.
Dr. Souchon was born in Opelousas, St. Landry parish,
La., 011 December 1st, 1841. He was raised in St. Martins¬
ville, La., up to the age of twelve, when his family moved to
Dr edmond souchon.
Mobile, Ala., then to New Orleans. These moves were due
to the failing health of the head of the family, bringing the
resources of the family to a very low ebb. It was at that time
that young Souchon, who had been taken from a private
school and placed in the public schools, began to sell papers
in the early morning before school hours and again in the
afternoon after school was out. He thus contributed to the
family s support. This lasted for over two years, when the
father's health improved, and with it comtort returned to the
family.
Edmond was then sent to Paris, where he met most of the
relatives of his father and mother, both French; both
families counted and still count a number of officers in the
French army. Finishing his college course he had just
begun medicine when the Civil War broke out, stopping the
monthly remittances and throwing him on his own resources.
This lasted five years, studying and working for a living, but
he survived the severe ordeal, successfully standing the com¬
petitive examination for the internship of the hospitals of
Paris, being the fourth on a list of 350 applicants.
The death of Dr. Souchon's father compelled him to
return to New Orleans sooner than he had anticipated, to see
to the wants of his aged mother.
Upon coming to New Orleans he graduated from the
University of Louisiana in March, 1867. He then became
Dr. Richardson's prosector, that is, he made all the dis¬
sections necessary for Dr. Richardson's lectures on anatomy.
Later he became the doctor's chief of clinic at the Charity
Hospital and also assisted him in his operations in private
practice.
In 1869 Dr. Souchon married Miss Corinne Lavie, allied
to the old Creole families of the Sabatier, Mazureau and
Grima. His practice has constantly increased and he now
fills the chair of Professor of Anatomy and clinical surgery
in the medical department of Tulane University of Louisiana.
A. flcDERMOTT,
New Orleans, La-
The subject of this sketch is well-known throughout the
South, and particularly in New Orleans, where he has resided
and practiced his profession with success for nearly thirty
years.
When eighteen years of age, Mr. McDermott entered the
service of the celebrated Dr. Douglas Bey in his laboratory
at Rochester, N. Y., and by his aptitude and strict integrity
and earnestness, he soon became one of Dr. Bey's most
trusted students.
In 1866, Dr. Bey conceived the idea of opening a branch
of his business in the South, and he selected New Orleans as
the appropriate site. His next care was to find a man
entirely capable and trustworthy to superintend the business,
and his choice fell upon Mr. McDermott, who assumed
charge, and conducted it with utmost success. In 1871 he
bought out Dr. Bey's interest, and has since owned and
controlled it alone, building it up gradually to its present
important proportions, until now he is the largest and most
reliable manufacturer of surgical appliances in the entire
South. His business is situated in a central and beautiful
locality on St. Charles Street, corner of La Fayette Square,
and is one of the most interesting manufacturing enterprises
of New Orleans. He has in his employ the most expert work¬
men to be found, and personally superintends the construe-
NEW ORLEANS, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
353
tion and application of each instrument. Mr. McDermott's
fine business ability, his earnestness and force of character,
his uprightness and integrity, have won for him the regard
A. McDERMOTT.
ot all his fellow-citizens, and the success which these qualities
have brought to him makes him a noble example for the
youth of the country.
Dr. E. S. LEWIS,
New Orleans, La.
Dr. Ernest S. Lewis was born in New Orleans on the 24th
of September, 1840; received his collegiate and medical
education in New Orleans. Upon graduating in medicine in
dr. e. s. lewis.
1861 was elected Assistant House Surgeon of Charity Hos¬
pital and subsequently acting House Surgeon. Went into
the Confederate Army in 1862 ; received his commission as
23
full Surgeon and was assigned to Third Georgia Cavalry;
subsequently was Brigade Surgeon of Crew's Brigade. At
the close of the war he was acting Medical Director of
Wheeler's Corps. Returning home he engaged in practice;
married; had nine children; was elected Professor Materia
Medica in Tulane Medical College in 1874. In 1876 was
elected Professor of Midwifery and Diseases of Women which
position he still holds. He is also Vice-President of the
Board of Administrators of Charity Hospital (the Governor
being ex-officio President). He is also President of the
Southern Surgical and Gynecological Association.
WALTER H. COOK, New Orleans, La.
EDWIN H. McFALL,
New Orleans, La.
The subject of this brief sketch was born September 6th,
1861, in Washington County, East Tennessee. His father,
Dr. David M. McFall, was surgeon of the famous Twentieth
Tennessee Regiment. His mother was Miss Harriet Green
Edwin attended school at Washington College until about
the age of 12, when his father removed to Nashville, Tenn.,
and his education was continued in the city public schools
until 1878 when he inaugurated the Telephone Exchange,
and conducted it successfully until 1883. He was then
called to Memphis and associated with Gen. Sam Carnes in
rehabilitating and establishing on a successful basis the
Telephone Exchange of that city. His efficiency in all the
ramifications of the electrical profession was such as to se¬
cure constant promotion and in 1884 he was called to New
Orleans and rebuilt the Telephone Exchange there for the
Great Southern Telephone and Telegraph Company, be¬
coming chief electrician, which position he filled until 1890,
when he was appointed to the same position in the New
Orleans Eire Underwriters' Association. In 1891 he em¬
barked in the electrical supply and motor business, and in
1892 opened with Manion & Co. an electrical supply and
354
NEW ORLEANS, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
motor department, which was purchased by the Southern
Electrical Manufacturing and Supply Co. in 1893, becoming
manager of its sales department, and continuing so until
January, 1895, when he was appointed General Manager and
EDWIN H. McFAT.L.
Electrician for the National Automatic Fire Alarm Co. of
Louisiana, which position he still holds.
Mr. McFall is yet a young man, fully abreast with his pro¬
fession and thoroughly alive to whatever improvements are
possible in the almost unexplored field of electricity. He
inspires and deserves the confidence of his associates and
the business public, and will continue for years to come in
the line of promotion.
In 1883 he married Miss Minnie L. Bukowitz, of Mem¬
phis, who continues to grace his home and inspire his am¬
bition.
H. J. MALOCHEE,
New Orleans, La.
Among the self-made men of New Orleans, the subject
of the present sketch is certainly one of the best examples
of what will power, ambition and intelligence can do. Born
in February, 1866, Henry J. Malochee was reared by parents
of French extraction who were, however, thoroughly
American, both by birth and education. The Civil War
which brought so much misery to a large number of Southern
families, did not spare his parents, and when the time came
to educate young Henry, it was only through the greatest
privations that his father was able to give him as much as a
high-school course.
From early childhood he demonstrated great aptitude for
the mechanical arts, and when, at the age of fifteen, it was
necessary for him to start in life, although every effort was
used to dissuade him, he selected the machine shop as the
place to earn a livelihood. For nearly three years he was
an apprentice, but he saw that if the goal of his ambition
was ever to be reached, it was through higher education.
Through the kind offices of President Johnston, of Tulane
University, he entered the service of that institution as
instructor in drawing, with the privilege of taking a course.
During the next four years the student ploughed his way
through the thorough course of that college, providing for
himself with the small salary he received as instructor.
Graduating with honor, he was employed by the New
Orleans agent of the Edison and Sprague Electric Com¬
panies. Within that year this agent, Mr. Wm. Oswald, was
elected general manager of the Southern Electrical Manu¬
facturing and Supply Co., and, having recognized Mr.
Malochee's worth, he offered him the position of Superin¬
tendent of Construction in the new Company. This position
he held three years, until June 1893, when he resigned to
enter the field of consulting engineering. During the next
two years he practiced his profession, superintending among
other work the construction of the entire equipment of the
New Orleans Railroad Co. The work of reconstruction being
completed, the directors of the latter company elected him
H. J MALOCHEE.
General Superintendent, a position which he now fills with
great credit to himself.
Mr. Malochee is a constant visitor to the various clubs to
which he belongs and a great favorite both there and 11
society. He is a thoroughly successful man, and as stated
above, a good example of what can be accomplished by well
directed ambition and perseverance.
Dr. 1SADORE DYER,
New Orleans, La.
Dr. Isadore Dyer in a short space of time has identified
himself with the interests of New Orleans. Although a
native of Texas, he has adopted Louisiana as his domicile.
NEW ORLEANS, HOMES AND PEOPLE
355
Graduating from Yale in 1887, he studied medicine at the
University of Virginia, and later at Tulane University, in
New Orleans, from which he was graduated. After a year
of post-graduate study, he began practice in Galveston, Texas,
but after a few months returned to New York to take up the
study of a specialty. This was consummated in the appoint¬
ment to the position of House Surgeon in the New York
MORRIS B. DePASS,
New Orleans, La.
Dr. ISADORH DYER.
This gentleman was born in the City of New Orleans, La.,
September 22d, 1868, of Hebrew and Christian parentage,
and is the oldest son of Phoenix DePass and Eugenia Bar-
nett. He got his early education from public and private
schools of his town and part of his higher education at
Tulane University where he took up a special course in
pharmacy ; but before finishing he decided to take up the
study of architecture. Determining to reach the top of the
ladder, he started at the bottom by going to work at the bench
and practical work shop and on the building itself. After
two years at that sort of work he took draughting in the
office of Lewis H. Lambert, where he devoted all his spare
time to construction and higher mathematics ; designing came
to him naturally.
After some years in connection with Mr. Lambert, Mr.
DePass went into the employ of Sully & Toledano, and,
taking advantage of their large practice, soon laid up large
store of architectural knowledge.
Mr. DePass believes in the architect and engineer work-
ing together in harmony, and that the architect himself
should possess a certain amount of "architectural-engineer¬
ing." To this end he determined to qualify himself, and
secured a position with John H. Murphy's Iron, Copper, and
Brass Works, and then learned all that could be in boiler,
pumps, steam and electrical engines; and studied exten-
Skin and Cancer Hospital, in which capacity Dr. Dyer served
for eighteen months. Consequent upon this, he continued
his studies in London and Paris, teaching for a time in the
New York Post-graduate School as assistant to Dr. Geo. T.
Elliot, finally coming to New Orleans in 1892 to accept the
lectureship on skin diseases in the Medical Department of
Tulane. The following year, he was elected to the Pro¬
fessorship on the same branch in the New Orleans Polyclinic,
of which he has recently been made Secretary. Dr. Dyer
has identified himself with the movement in the State directed
towards a systematic control of leprosy, and enjoys the
distinction of being the first President of the State Board of
Control of the Leper's Home. He is Dermatologist to the
Charity Hospital, Consulting Dermatologist to the Eye, Ear,
Nose and Throat Hospital, and one of the originators of the
New Orleans Sanitarium, of which he has been the Secretary
and Treasurer since its beginning. Dr. Dyer is a member of
the Parish and State Medical Societies, an active member of
the New York Medico-Legal Society, and an honorary mem¬
ber of the Mississippi State Medical Society. He has con¬
tributed numerous articles to the literature of the specialty
which he practices exclusively, both in the periodicals and in
the text-books. The forthcoming American Text-book of
Medicine and the American Text-book of Skin Diseases,
etc., will contain several articles on various subjects notably
those on "leprosy."
Dr. Dyer was born in 1865.
morris n Df.PASS.
sively iron construction ; after four years thus employed, he
formed a partnership with W. C. Behan. After three years
with Mr. Behan he assumed the business in his own name.
Mr. DePass is fast reaching the "key-note " in fame and
in the favor of the people of his own and adjoining towns;
and as he is quite a young man, there is much in store for
him.
356
NEW ORLEANS, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
FRED. L. JOUBERT,
New Orleans, La.
Fred. L. Joubert, M.E., of New Orleans, La., was born on
the 14th of September, 1868, and is the second son of Leon
Joubert, Esq., well-known retired capitalist of this city. He
spent the earliest part of his life at college, four years being
spent at Jefferson College, St. James, La., and three years at
Tulane University, where he followed the manual training
FRED L. JOUBERT.
course. Having a special desire to be an engineer, Tulane
at that time not having sufficiently developed this special
branch, he entered the Stevens Institute of Technology,
Hoboken, N. J., where he received his degree of mechanical
engineer in 1891.
Due to the fact that the predominating industry of Loui¬
siana is the sugar industry he immediately entered this field,
making of it a specialty. After a short course of sugar
analysis which he followed under the tutorship of Prof. W
C. Stubbs, at the Louisiana Sugar Experiment Station, he
entered the shops of John H. Murphy, manufacturer of sugar
machinery, where he held the position of designer, and
giving personal supervision to the shops in general. In the
beginning of the year 1895 he branched out for himself and
carried on a business of contracting engineering for sugar
house machinery. He is at present of the firm of Payne &
Joubert, contracting and supervising mechanical engineers,
for all class of sugar house machinery, Mr. Payne being until
then superintendent of construction for John H. Murphy's
Iron Works. Having both been connected previously in their
business due to the fact that both were in the same shops,
and holding the most responsible positions in different but
dependent branches of their business, tends to suit them
more particularly to the business they are at present carrying
on. Their offices are at present located in the New Orleans
National Bank Building, New Orleans.
Mr. W. E. Payne, his partner in business, is a thorough
mechanic, having been thirty-five years in the business,
fifteen years of which have been spent exclusively in the
sugar machinery business, and has a very large acquaintance
throughout the State of Louisiana.
They represent the leading manufacturers of sugar
machinery throughout the country and are prepared to equip
complete sugar houses, with the latest improved machinery
in every department.
Hon. LLOYD POSEY,
New Orleans, La. „
Opportunities make some men while others create op¬
portunities ; to the latter class belongs, in the strictest sense,
the subject of this sketch.
Born at Opelousas, La, February 22d, 1851, too late to
participate in the stirring events of the war which gave to
many their opportunities ready made, he sought to achieve
for himself, rather than bask in the reflected light of others.
The fourth in line, he is lineally descended from General
Thomas Posey, the intimate associate of President Madison,
by whom he was appointed Governor of the Great North¬
west Territory, serving as such until the admission of Indiana
as a State when he was chosen first Governor of that mighty
Commonwealth. Every generation of his family has pro¬
duced men of distinction and several of national reputation,
and his own is destined to prove no exception.
At the age of twenty he graduated with brilliant credit
Hon. LLOYD POSEY
from that sturdy old institution of learning, St. Charles
College, Grand Coteau, La., under the supervision of the
Jesuit brothers.
It was to the writer that almost immediately thereafter he
first made known his desire to enter the legal profession and
was advised to secure the advantages of a regular course at
the Law Department of the State University, rather than
NEIV ORLEANS, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
35 7
rely upon the meager opportunities to be had in the office of
a practicing lawyer in a provincial town. Graduating from
the University at New Orleans, he was immediately admitted
to the bar and began the practice in that city where he at
once took an exalted rank among the members of this honor¬
able profession and was readily recognized as a careful and
conservative adviser as well as a brilliant and logical
advocate.
To the serious detriment of his business and professional
interests, he, in 1888, accepted the nomination at the hands
of his party for State Senator for the Fifth District of New
Orleans, and after a spirited contest was elected to that posi¬
tion. In the legislative as well as the judicial forum his
ability became at once conspicuous ; he was assigned positions
on many of the more important committees of that body,
was Chairman of the State Printing Board, a position of
peculiar responsibility, and one requiring consummate tact
and executive ability of a high order.
In none of these did he disappoint the expectations and
hopes of his friends, but after four years' experience he
recognized, as many another has done, that the path to
fortune and that to fame seldom run parallel, and that his
duty to himself and family impelled him to return to more
lucrative fields.
He left the Senate as he left the University, with no blot
or stigma on his career, carrying with him the increased
admiration of his friends and the manly approval of his
political opponents, as well.
In December, 1884, he married Mathilda Marie, eldest
daughter of Frederic Cook, Esq., of New York City. Mrs.
and Mr. Posey are the proud possessors of as interesting and
intelligent a family of' children as can be found in any land.
Mr. Posey is an active member of the New Orleans Law
Association, several of the most prominent clubs, the Cham¬
ber of Commerce and is identified with every public move¬
ment having for its object the improvement of his adopted
city ; always contributing liberally toward any enterprise of
public utility.
On the Law of Corporations he is a recognized authority
and is employed as the legal adviser of a number of prom¬
inent joint stock enterprises of the city, among which may
be mentioned, The Union Coal Co., Delta Real Estate and
Land Co., Wood & Co., Incorporated, Contractors and Rail¬
road Builders, The Gulf Timber Land Co. and others. In
closely contested and desperately fought contests in the
State and Federal tribunals he successfully copes with that
Nestor of the New Orleans bar, Hon. Thos. J. Semmes, and
other legal giants, whose years of experience in the practice
outnumber those of his entire life.
His merit has been crowned with success in a financial
point of view as well, his earnings are invested in good pay¬
ing real estate in and about the city that will eventually
render him comparatively independent. He is an ardent
sportsman and maintains a shooting and fishing lodge across
the lake, where he frequently retires accompanied by a few
select friends for a day's vacation among the feathered and
finny denizens of that paradise of sportsmen.
Col. J. C. ANDREWS,
New Orleans, La.
This gentleman began his railroad career as general
baggage agent at the Union Depot in Chattanooga, Tenn.,
during the year 1868. In 1870 he resigned the position, and
for a short while was in Alabama, engaged in the lumber
business. In 1871 he returned to his first love and became
ticket agent of the Memphis & Charleston railroad, with
office in Atlanta, but the same year he went with the Selma,
Rome & Dalton (Blue Mountain route) as traveling pas¬
senger agent, remaining with that line until February, 1873,
when the road was placed in the hands of a receiver, and
the Kennesaw route, via Atlanta, was established. This line
COL. J. C ANDREWS.
was composed of the Western & Atlantic, East Tennessee,
Virginia & Georgia, and Norfolk & Western, with which
he remained as passenger agent until 1875, when he resigned
to accept the position of Southern passenger agent of the
Atlanta & Charlotte Air Line, and remained with it until
1877, when he again returned to the service of the East
Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia as general southern agent
of the Virginia & Tennessee Air Line. He was still here
when that system was absorbed by the Southern Railway,
which Company continued him in the same position.
Col. Andrews has made as many friends as any man in
the United States, and he never gets tired of serving them.
He is earnest, honest, truthful, diligent in business, and has
always taken a pride in making " his word as good as his
bond." He stands deservedly high in railroad circles, and
has an acquaintance co-extensive with this broad land.
He is on the military staff of Gov. Foster of Louisiana,
with rank as Lieutenant Colonel, and resides in New
Orleans.
35^
NEW ORLEANS, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
Dr. R. MATAS,
New Orleans, La.
Dr. Rudolph Matas, distinguished in the South as a
surgeon and for a wide range of contributions to the litera-
Dr. r. matas
ture of his vocation, is now Professor of Surgery in the
medical department of Tulane University, of Louisiana,
New Orleans.
Col. P. F. PESCUD.
New Orleans, La.
Col. Peter F. Pescud was born in Raleigh, N. C., on the
21 st of September, 1850. He went to New Orleans from
North Carolina in 1883, and since that period he has occu¬
pied a distinguished position in the community in the
insurance business as agent for several of the most prominent
and prosperous insurance companies of the United States
and Europe, and as a citizen he has devoted himself largely
to the best interests of the city in connection with its public
affairs. Before going to New Orleans Col. Pescud, who had
acquired a knowledge of the insurance business in the office
of his father in Raleigh, was special Southern agent of the
Commercial Union Insurance Company of London. He
took part in military affairs, was captain of the Raleigh Light
Infantry and served as Assistant Adjutant General on the
staffs of Gov. Vance and Gov. Jarvis, of North Carolina.
In New Orleans Col. Pescud went first in the insurance
business in partnership with the late Mr. P. A. Barker.
When that gentleman died Mr. Pescud continued the busi¬
ness, which is now carried on by him alone.
Col. Pescud took a leading part in organizing the paid
fire department system of the Sixth District of New Or¬
leans, which, by its economy, efficiency and discipline, led
to the subsequent adoption of the paid system for the whole
city. He was not opposed to the volunteer system member¬
ship per se, but he believed that the paid system was the
better of the two, and, therefore, he was among the first and
the most zealous of the underwriters in advocacy of the
general change. He served for some time as one of the
Board of Fire Commissioners of the Sixth District, but the
press of private business compelled him to resign that posi¬
tion, and he is now one of the Police Board of the city.
At one time he was a member of the Audubon Park Com¬
mission, but he resigned that position when he went on the
Police Board. He is also at present chairman of the
executive committee of the Fire Insurance Patrol.
Col. Pescud resides in a beautiful home on St. Charles
Avenue, in the Sixth District, where his natural affability
anil social tastes develop into the elegant hospitality for
which his home is well known in society. His demeanor is
always dignified and courteous, as befits a man of descent
"'om Revolutionary ancestors; his manners and his tact
col. p. f pescud
render him a favorite in social and business circles. He is a
member of most of the prominent clubs of the city.
Col. Pescud married Miss Maggie Maginnis, a daughter of
the late Mr. A. A. Maginnis, and a sister of Mr. Ambrose
Maginnis of New Orleans.
Col. Pescud is a member of the District of Columbia So¬
ciety of the Sons of the American Revolution, a branch of
the same general society as that to which belongs the
Louisiana Society of the Sons of the American Revolution.
CHARLES JANVIER,
New Orleans, La.
Mr. Janvier has long served the Sun Mutual Insurance
Company, of New Orleans, in various capacities. He was
Secretary when the company sustained a severe loss in the
death of Mr. Finley, the President, and was elected to the
vacancy thus created and in the performance of his new duties
he has, even thus earl)-, demonstrated the wisdom of the
directors of the company in calling him to the presidency.
360
NEW ORLEANS. HOMES AND PEOPLE.
Mr. Janvier is devoted to his profession, full of energy,
alert and active, while possessing a degree of tact and intelli¬
gence that is seldom found in one of his age.
The Sun Mutual conducts a very large agency business,
but it is particularly ambitious to control Southern business,
studio is a conspicuous figure on Canal Street and deserves
the prominence it has attained. His exhibit at the Atlanta
CHARGES JANVIEK
and, being the largest company in the South, and equal in
point of affording indemnity to property owners to any com¬
pany, it is but natural that agents should feel especially
fortunate in representing it.
In New Orleans the Sun enjoys a large patronage, getting
about as much of the choice business as it cares to carry, and
its officers are always to be found foremost in any movement
looking to the betterment of the conditions of underwriting
in that or any other field.
When the merits of the Sun Mutual from the many stand¬
points they present are considered, the great popularity which
it enjoys everywhere is made apparent.
G. MOSES,
New Orleans, La.
Gus. Moses is one of the pioneers of photography in the
South. His studio has been established in New Orleans over
half a century. He has kept abreast with his profession.
The business was founded by his father, he being one of the
first daguerreans in the South.
During the war between the States Mr. G. Moses served
gallantly in the Confederate army, attaining the rank of
captain.
During a period of two years he lived in St. Louis, but
was never satisfied until he returned to his native city where
he has since continued to reside.
He has associated his son with him in his business,
which is thus perpetuated to the third generation. His
GITS. MOSFs.
and Cotton States Exposition was most creditable, attracting
much attention.
T. C. HILLS,
New Orleans, La.
T. C. Hills, proprietor and manager of the artificial limh
department of the McDermott establishment, 516 St. Charles
Street, is one of the most expert artisans in this line. He
was a year and a half with the leading firm in Chicago, and
was ten years with McDermott before starting 011 his own
account. To the business he applies not only this expe¬
rience, but great mechanical skill and close attention to the
details of his work. ICverv case is studied, and the limb ad-
LIVERPOOL AND LONDON AND GLOBE INSURANCE COMPANY.
Company's Building at New Orleans, La.
Assets in United States, $8,670,434.06. Over $68,000,000 paid for Losses in the United States.
Strong, Liberal, Prompt. .... Agencies throughout the World.
362
NEW ORLEANS, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
justed to suit the peculiarities of each case, and 110 time or
pains are spared to make every limb as perfect as possible.
The improvements introduced by him are many, and one
in particular deserves special mention. This is the patent
ball-bearing side joint for artificial legs in cases of amputa¬
tion below the knee. His specialty is the ball-bearing knee
joint, and his improved rubber foot. The specialties are
described better than they can be in this limited space,
in the illustrated catalogue which he uses and which will be
sent to anyone desiring it.
ROBERT BLRAKLEV.
President of the Commercial Club, and Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce,
New Orleans, La.
R. J. B. OSBORNE,
New Orleans, La.
Robert J. Bricknell Osborne is the founder and proprietor
of the new Turkish bath in New Orleans. He is one of the
youngest among the thoughtful, energetic men of the city.
Possessed of a keen sense of the importance of the work in
which he is engaged, he has been established only a little
over six years, and during that brief period has to a remark¬
able degree brought into prominence an institution of city
life, for the promotion of personal health, that till then was
known to but a small number who had had opportunities for
travel. Mr. Osborne has manifested a constantly sustained
determination to bring its purposes and possibilities to the
knowledge of those who were unacquainted with the Turkish
bath. He has often been heard to say that he considers it
something of a misfortune that the processes which go to
make up this treatment could not have given it a better name
than that of "bath," because the mere washing or bathing of
the bod)' is not its purpose, but only incidental to the ac¬
complishment of improved blood circulation, the removal of
the impurities contained in the system, and the tonic effect
on the nervous system.
Early in life he realized the importance of the Turkish
bath for these reasons, and so, while he had in " starting
out " in life, intended to devote himself to the study and
practice of medicine, he soon became attached to the idea of
directing his efforts exclusively to the preservation of health
for the individual, rather than the cure of his sickness, and so
directed his studies towards a thorough comprehension of the
principles and best methods of administering the Turkish
bath.
Mr. Osborne's birthplace is in the celebrated County of
Devonshire, England, amid some of its most renowned
scenery, and inspiring historical associations. With the
evening sun, the shadows of one of England's most lovely,
most impressive and artistic cathedrals fell on the home of
his childhood in the beautifully situated city of Exeter.
On his first visit to the United States of America, Mr.
Osborne came to New York City; there, and in New York
State and in Philadelphia he spent nearly five years in
colleges and sanitariums in the study of Medicine, Hydro¬
pathy, Diatetics, Chemistry and Biology, the better to equip
himself for the work in which he had planned to engage
himself.
He chose this city in which to establish an institution for
the one most essential reason likely to most largely and suc¬
cessfully concern the results to be attained. It was then the
largest city in America without a completely equipped,
accurately administered, modern Turkish bath. Neither of
the athletic clubs up to that time had entertained the notion
of connecting the Turkish bath to their gymnasiums, but
which have both since done so much towards popularizing
this important principle. Having visited most of the large
cities in a tour of observation of the facilities they possessed
for Turkish baths, it seemed to him that New Orleans was
conspicuous in its attractions to him. Space only permits us
to add that the results attained in New Orleans in these few
NE I J' ORLEANS, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
363
years, demonstrates the soundness of his reasoning, and that
the whole community, or at least that large and important
portion of it, the well-to-do and intelligent class, show by
their patronage how hearty is their appreciation of what he
has done.
There can now be no doubt that the great work which he
so modestly began is destined to become a factor of vast
importance in the preservation of the health of all those
whose lives are of a confined and sedentary nature and whose
active life in the open sunshine is far too limited, and whose
blood circulation would be so torpid but for this one link in
the chain of conditions, and whose nervous system would be
so overwrought, that life would be a burden scarce worth
living without the Turkish bath.
Mr. Osborne has just completed a very beautiful Turkish
bath exclusively for ladies, and which is under the personal
direction of Mrs. Osborne whose gentle attentions and sym¬
pathies are widely known throughout the city, and there is
no doubt that the fact that the demand for extended and
completer appointments has come from the ladies in far
greater proportion even than from the gentlemen is due to
Mrs. Osborne. Now New Orleans possesses what but few
of the large cities of the country can boast of, a separate
Turkish batli for both ladies and gentlemen, perfect in every
department.
Each establishment includes accessory departments for all
forms of medicated baths, electricity, massage, and well
trained, skillful manicurists, chiropodists and hair-dressers.
FRANK RODER,
New Orleans, La.
Frank Roder was born at Hildesheim, Hanover, Germany,
March 10th, 1831. He is the son of Henry Roder, who
prank rodbr.
came to America in 1832, and was a merchant in New Or¬
leans until he died in 1855. His mother, Elizabeth Enne-
moser, died in 1870. Mr. Frank Roder served as vice-
president of the Metropolitan Bank for ten years, and was
elected president in March, 1895. He married Miss Theresa
Worth, and they have five living children, three sons and
two daughters.
Mr. Roder went to Germany in 1839 and attended school
and college there, returning about 1845.
jas. T. hayden,
President Whitney National Bank, New Orleans, ha..
JOHN R. FELL,
New Orleans, La
John R. Fell, the senior member of the firm of Fell &
Johnson, served four years in the Confederate service, first
from April, 1861, in active service, and from that time until
john r. fell.
the close of the war in the Auditor's Department at Rich¬
mond. He first represented in 1865, in connection with his
364
NEW ORLEANS, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
father, the Phoenix Insurance Company of Brooklyn, and later
the Imperial and Northern, from the time those companies
first entered the United States. He succeeded to the agency
of the three companies on the death of his father in 1882.
In 1889, he accepted the agency of the old Penn Mutual Life
Insurance Company of Philadelphia. In the latter part of
1893 he formed a partnership, with Mr. Harry K. Johnson, in
the fire insurance business under the firm name of Fell &
Johnson, which has proven to be a very happy one. It now
does a large business and is second to none in the confidence
and esteem of the people.
GEORGE R. FINLAY,
New Orleans, La.
Among those who guide the mercantile, commercial and
social affairs of New Orleans, none occupy a higher place in
the good-will and esteem of the people than the gentleman
whose name heads this item.
The name of Finlay has been at the head of the wholesale
drug business of New Orleans and the Southwest for nearly
half a century, and for more than half that time Mr. George
R. Finlay has been the senior partner and directing spirit in
the largest establishments in that line. The business estab¬
lished long before the war is now conducted under the widely
known firm name of Finlay, Dicks & Co., who occupy the
same extensive premises corner Magazine and Gravier
GEORGE R PI NT. AY.
Streets, New Orleans, as those used by their predecessors for
so many years.
Finlay, Dicks & Co. are the largest importers of drugs and
chemicals in the Southern States, and in their laboratory,
which is conceded to be the most complete and extensive in
the South or West, are manufactured some of our best known
medicinal preparations, as well as a full line of chemical and
pharmaceutical compounds.
Mr. Finlay is esteemed as a man of rare financial ability
and has been selected by his co-laborers to fill many posi¬
tions of trust and responsibility. For many years he has been
a Director in the Germania National Bank, the Sun Mutual
Insurance Co,, and other corporations, to the success of
which he has contributed.
Mr. Finlay is a favorite socially, his frank and cordial
bearing making him a welcome addition to the best society
of the Crescent City.
JOSEPH h. DeGRANGE,
New Orleans, La.
This gentleman has been an active worker in so many of
the leading enterprises of New Orleans, his native city, that
his name is regarded by his fellow citizens as a guarantee of
PJHHI ' ■. mmm
JOSEPH H. OFG RANGE.
success for any undertaking which has been approved, and
receives a share of his personal attention.
For more than a quarter of a century Mr. DeGrange has
been connected with the street railway system of the Cres¬
cent City, and the efficiency of the service on the lines of
the Canal and Claiborne Railroad Company has been
largely due to his care and supervision. The tact and ability
shown by him in the management of the Company was
recognized by the stockholders when they elected him
President.
Much of the popularity and success, in New Orleans, of
that " Poor Man's Friend," the building anil loan business is
due to Mr. DeGr.mge and his associates, in the People's
Homestead Association, the first corporation of that class
established in the city. Mr. DeGrange was elected Treasurer
at the organization of the People's and has given his time
and services ever since, thus helping in the building of many
houses,and the successful liquidating of several series of stock.
Mr. DeGrange is one of a coterie of brainy men, to whom
is due the elegant and scholarly carnival displays, which have
NEW ORLEANS, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
365
held the admiration and wonder of the American continent,
rivaling those of Rome herself.
He was an active fireman in the old volunteer department,
and ever prominent in its affairs, and is now President of the
Board of Fire Commissioners.
He is a director in the Bank of Commerce, Secretary and
Treasurer of the National Automatic Fire Alarm Co.,
President of the New Orleans Improvement Co., a member
of the Chamber of Commerce, and President of the Shake¬
speare Society.
Mr. DeGrange is as popular socially as he is successful
commercially, enjoying the respect and esteem of all classes
of his fellow citizens.
WILLI AH ALFRED KELLOND.
New Orleans, La.
Mr. Kellond, assistant general passenger agent, Illinois
Central and Yazoo & Mississippi Valley Railroad, with
headquarters at New Orleans, in charge of passenger depart¬
ment south of the Ohio River.
Mr. Kellond entered the services of the Grand Trunk
Railway at Montreal, Canada, March 9th, 1870, and con¬
tinued with that line until October, 1880, during which time
he was in the auditing department four years, timekeeper
and chief clerk in the mechanical department six years and
a half.
For the next ten years Mr. Kellond was with the Louis
ville & Nashville Railroad, with headquarters at Louisville,
Ky., successively as chief clerk in the law department, chief
clerk in the general manager's office, assistant to general
manager and assistant to vice-president.
November 1st, 1890, Mr. Kellond went to Chicago with
Mr. J. T. Harnahan, second vice-president of the Illinois
Central Railroad, and remained in charge of his office until
appointed to his present position July 8th, 1895.
Mr. Kellond was born in Montreal, Canada, of English
parents, in April, 1855, and was married in his native city in
November, 1875. He has six sons and one daughter.
He served in the Canadian militia, including cadet service,
for ten years. At the time of his discharge he was sergeant
in the Fifth Royal Fusiliers, now the Royal Scots of Canada.
He became an American citizen at Louisville, Ky., in
1886. Mr. Kellond is an accomplished railroad man, having
WM. ALFRED KELLOND.
filled many positions to which he has been assigned with
rare tact and ability, his genial and courteous bearing make
him a general favorite with all who have the pleasure of his
acquaintance.
THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI.
Among the historic States of the South this one stands
forth prominently for many causes and reasons. She was
the seventh State admitted to the Union, December 10th,
1817, after the adoption of the Federal Constitution, but on
account of her rich farming lands, which have always
been best adapted to the growth of cotton, and the stirring
activity and commercial importance of her river towns, she
early became the focus of attention for immigrants from
nearly all the other States. Remote sections contributed
men who became famous, and made her famous. Before the
war between the States, when cotton was considered king,
her weight and importance as a social and political factor
was very potent, and her public men stood high in the coun¬
cils of the country. There was something in her conditions
or surroundings that strangely affected immigrants from
distant States. No matter where they came from, they soon
lost the bias of their former belongings and became Missis-
sippians. S. S. Prentiss was from the State of Maine, and
was a grown man when he reached her borders, yet where
can one look to find a more typical citizen of the South.
He in a manner chose his birthplace. Gen. Quitman was
from Ohio; Jefferson Davis from Kentucky; Reuben Davis
was from Tennessee, and many of her eminent lawyers and
statesmen came from other States, but how soon and how
essentially they became embued with that something that
distinguished them as Mississippians. It would require
large space to give even a brief mention of her historic men
who have left their impress on her civilization. It was a
CAPITOL, OF MISSISSIPPI.
MISSISSIPPI.
367
land of orators. Prentiss was, of course, most conspicuous,
but he had many very able and eloquent contemporaries.
Except in the Mississippi bottom, the surface of the State
is hilly or undulating; few of the ridges rise as high as four
hundred feet, the usual elevation being from thirty to one
hundred and twenty feet above the minor water courses.
The Mississippi bottom comprises an elliptical area extending
north from Vicksburg to the Tennessee line, and embracing
on the east the valley of the Yazoo and Tallahatchie Rivers.
It is more than fifty miles wide in its central portion and
liable to inundation. East of this the country is generally
hilly, with occasional tracts of level prairie. Mississippi has
over eighty miles of coast on the Gulf of Mexico, the prin¬
cipal harbors being Pascagoula, Biloxi, Mississippi City and
Shieldsborough. Save in the Mississippi bottom, where
malarial fevers occur in summer, the State is generally
healthy. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple crops.
Wheat and other small grain are grown in the North, rice
and sugar cane in the South. All the fruits of temperate
climates grow here in perfection. Game of many kinds yet
abounds, while oysters and fish are abundant. Cotton and
lumber are the chief exports of the State. The coasting and
river trade is large and is usually directed to Mobile and
New Orleans—by the Tombigbee to the former, and down
the Mississippi to the latter. The State is richly endowed
with schools, colleges and Universities, and great pride is
manifested in them by her citizens.
Gov. Stone said he believed that the disastrous panic
through which his people have passed, and 5-cent cotton,
have been blessings in disguise to the population, throwing
them to a large extent on their own resources and forcing
them to assert their manhood; learning that one of the
great secrets of success is to " live at home and board at the
same place," and in pursuance of this wise policy have
moved their corn cribs and smoke houses from St. Louis and
Chicago to their own farms.
Gov. Stone also insisted that another sign of prosperity is
found in the interest his people are beginning to take in the
establishment of cotton mills. His State has hitherto paid
little attention to this, but now there is a strong current in
favor of manufacturing, and he is confident before the new
century begins there will be the hum of looms and spindles
throughout the State of Mississippi.
The people are rapidly liberating themselves from the
cruel thraldom in which they have long been held by "King
Cotton." New farming industries and new uses for the land
are forcing themselves upon the public and private attention.
Many sturdy, thrifty western people are being attracted
thither by the advantages of her soil and climate, and the
native population, under the lead of a few pioneers, are
rapidly drifting away from the fatal habit of exclusive
cotton raising. They are tired of carrying their eggs all in
one basket. Fruit farms, berry fields and truck farming
along the longitudinal lines of railroads running through the
State have, in the last ten years, assumed such importance
that an ante-bellum citizen would be simply amazed at re¬
sults. One small community, of one hundred inhabitants,
on one of these lines of road, during 1895, shipped as many
as five carloads of luscious strawberries daily during a season
of six weeks, and many of these berries were picked by the
young ladies of the best families. From another small town,
during the summer of 1895, were shipped to northern
markets, tomatoes, peas, cucumbers, beans and the various
garden products, amounting to more than thirty carloads a
day, so that in a month they earned and got $350,000 in
cash, coming in just at the time that the cotton planters
needed money most. The manner in which these new
methods bring money into the State at all seasons is one of
its advantages of more moment than those who live nearer
the financial centres can easily imagine or appreciate. The
old Mississippi idea was to raise nothing but cotton and
from its sale buy everything they needed beside. They are
gradually adopting what has been called the "Plymouth
plan," which can be best described as " growing the neces¬
saries of life, and selling the surplus, if there be any." And
while these farmers to-day are paying tribute to the truth of
the Yankee idea, the Yankees are in turn paying tribute for
their surplus, which grows larger and more abundant each
year.
Mississippi is especially rich in the item of timber. The
American people, when this subject is mentioned, have been
in the habit of thinking only of such States as Maine,
Michigan, Minnesota and Washington, but this State is a
grand store-house of valuable timber. That portion of her
territory covered by forests is just four times the size of the
State of Massachusetts, or more than twenty-one million
acres. One queries how this can be true of the King of the
Cotton States, since that royal grade implies a vast farming
area. It is because Mississippi is larger than Pennsylvania
by a thousand square miles, and nine times larger than the
State of Massachusetts.
The old song of " Westward ho ! the star of empire takes
her way," is already being changed to " Southward ho ! "
and the next ten years will witness such a transformation in
these comparatively thinly populated Southern States that
the wonder will be why it was postponed so long.
The wealth which labor brings will assist in making it
respectable, until the truth of " Poor Richard's " maxim will
be recognized throughout the South :
" He who by the soil would thrive,
Must either hold the plough or drive ! "
J. R. McINTOSH,
rieridian, Miss.
J. R. Mcintosh, the son of John and Nancy Roberts Mc¬
intosh, was born in Chatham County, North Carolina,
November 30th, 1837. His father was a successful planter
and banker of Okolona, Miss., where his mother still lives.
He was of the class of i860 at the University of Mississippi,
and on December 20th of that year he married Miss Kittie
368
MERIDIAN, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
M. Buchanan, of Okolona, Miss. Almost immediately
thereafter he went to live upon his plantation, and upon the
beginning of the Civil War entered the Confederate army
as second Lieutenant in Company H, Twenty-fourth Missis¬
sippi Regiment, being afterwards appointed Adjutant. He
was wounded and captured by the Federals at the battle of
Franklin. Mr. Mcintosh has never been a politician, but
J R Mcl NTOSH
recognizing his ability to help his country in a public posi¬
tion, his constituents elected him to the State Legislature
from Chatham County in 1872-73.
He moved to Meridian in 1884, and formed a partner¬
ship with Judge Thos. H. Wood, who is now upon the
Supreme Court bench.
He has been engaged as attorney in some of the most
important cases of the South. In the defense of "Dick"
Haws, at Birmingham, Ala., he made an able and effec¬
tive speech for two days; this case is as well known as
that of Col. Hobgood, the " pal " of the notorious Eugene
Branch, train robber, whom he defended in two trials for
murder, which he won, and which is now a part of history,
familiar to all.
Mr. Mcintosh has a family of two sons and three
daughters.
One of the sons, Dr. Wm. Mcintosh, is now a practicing
physician in St. Louis; the other, Mr. John Mcintosh, is
his law partner.
His oldest daughter is the wife of Mr. R. P. Williams,
prominent lawyer of St. Louis. Another daughter, Miss
Lovena, was sponsor for the Confederate veterans of Missis¬
sippi, at the re-union in Texas. The other, Miss Annie, is
a school girl, and will graduate in the central school of
Meridian during the year 1896.
Occupying a leading position in the State of his adoption,
Mr. Mcintosh is well known to the bench and bar of the
South.
WILLI AH DONALD CAHERON,
Heridian, Miss
William Donald Cameron was born April ^th, 1846, in
Lauderdale County, Miss. He was raised on a farm, and
when not at school, worked. He entered the Confederate
army in 1863, and served in the western army until the
close of the war, and returning home worked until 1867,
going to school one year and then returning to farming. In
1 869 he was employed as a bookkeeper, and served as such
until 1871, when he was chosen deputy chancery clerk. He
was married to Margaret May, of Holmes County, Miss.,
March 18th, 1884, and they have two children. He has al¬
ways been a stalwart Democrat, and took an active part for
his party in the days of re-construction. He was elected
clerk of the Circuit Court of his county in 1875, ar|d has
been re-elected to the same position for five consecutive
WIT.LIAM DONALD CAMERON.
terms of four years each, and has just been re-nominated for
another. He is a Knight Templar and Shrine Mason, Grand
Chancellor of the Grand Domain of Mississippi, Knights of
Pythias, and holds a commission as Colonel and aid-de¬
camp on the staff of Gen. J. R. Carnahan, U. R. K. of P.,
and is commander of Walthall Camp, No. 25.
E. H. DIAL,
Heridian, Hiss.
E. IT Dial, Mayor of Meridian, was oorn .n Sumpter
County, Ala., May 7th, 1S53. He came to Meridian in
1865, and went to the State University at Oxford when
eighteen years old, graduating from that institution in 1876.
Afterwards he studied law and returned to Meridian; formed
a partnership with Mr. S. A. Witherspoon, under the name
of Dial & Witherspoon, which continued until 1888, when
it was dissolved, and since that time Mr. Dial has been alone,
establishing a good practice. He is quite prominent,
politically, and is now chairman of the Democratic Executive
MERIDIAN, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
369
Committee of his county. In the fall of 1892 he was elected
Mayor of Meridian, a position of great honor and trust. In
his administration he has shown firmness and ability that
have won commendation from all.
EDWIN J. MARTIN,
rieridian, I*liss.
One of Mississippi's most progressive, public-spirited and
highly-esteemed citizens is Mr. Edwin J. Martin, President
of the Progress Manufacturing Company.
Born in Clark County, Miss., September 16th, 1851, he
passed his boyhood days amid rural scenes, attending the
district schools, until he earned enough money by his own
labor to take a two years' course at the Mississippi College
at Clinton. He then taught school for a year, and after¬
wards engaged in farming for nine years, three miles from
Meridian, also learning, meantime, the trade of a machinist.
In 1882 Mr. Martin was appointed Assistant Postmaster
of Meridian, a position which he held for four years. But in
1886 he became one of that body of able and wise men who
organized the Progress Manufacturing Company, starting
with a capital of $16,000, and now valued at $75,000. Mr.
Martin was elected one of the directors from the start, and
soon became president and general manager. In the man¬
agement of this large business, and in its gigantic strides
towards prosperity, his marvelous ability, tact and power
have been fully shown. He is pointed to with pride by the
people of his native county as the self-made man, who, in
helping himself to success, has helped so many others to the
same. He also holds the important and honorable offices of
president of the City Council of Meridian, chairman of nu¬
merous responsible committees, and County Treasurer. In his
private life Mr. Martin has been very happy; he was married
November 4th, 1871, to Mary V. McLemore, at Marion,
Miss. The eldest daughter of this couple, Miss Lou Ella,
married J. D. Fontich, an employ^ of the Progress Company.
EDWIN J. MARTIN.
Two sons, P. L. and E. M. Martin, are students in the A. &
M. College. Leon, another son, is employed in the shops of
the Progress Company, while Mary V., Robert E,, and Hugh
S. are children.
24
CAPITOL OF NORTH CAROLINA.
THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA.
Instead of being the first of the American colonies, in point
of time, to establish a permanent settlement, North Carolina
came very near being the last. Repeated efforts had been
made by Sir Walter Raleigh to establish settlements along
this coast; but one after another disappeared, leaving no
trace. All the territory south of the southern boundary of
Virginia to the Gulf had been granted by Charles II., in
1663 and 1665, to a company of English noblemen called
the lords proprietors, with full powers of colonization and
government. In this territory, which was known for a long
time by the name Carolina, a new form of colonial govern¬
ment was established, called the proprietary government,
consisting of a governor appointed by these noblemen, a
legislative assembly elected by the freeholders, and a council
of twelve, six appointed by the governor and six by the
assembly. Colonists were invited and attracted to these
" plantations " by liberal grants of land and a guarantee of
full religious liberty and exemption from taxation, except
with consent of the legislature. These terms were so favor¬
able and so much in contrast with conditions existing in
some of the other colonies, notably in Virginia, where tithes
were rigorously exacted to "support" the "Established"
Church, dissent punished as if it were a crime, and laws
enacted which admitted the only alternatives of conformity
or exile, that the new colony soon received a large accession
of Quakers and other dissenters who have ever been im¬
patient of religious dictation. In the year 1669 the first
legislative assembly met and a remarkably liberal govern¬
ment was successfully organized. The celebrated philoso¬
pher, John Locke, at the request of the " lords proprietors,"
during the next year or two, attempted to found or form a
new system of government, called the "Fundamental Con¬
stitutions," but this and several subsequent attempts were so
stoutly resisted as absurd and tyrannous that they were
abandoned. So strong was the spirit of liberty engrafted
in the hearts of these sturdy pioneers that they deposed and
exiled one of their governors for extortion, and imprisoned
another for infringing upon guaranteed rights, carrying on the
government two years by themselves. In 1729 the proprie¬
tary was displaced by the royal authority, but the form of
government remained unchanged. It was not until this date
that the territory, till then known as Carolina, was divided
into two colonies, making North and South Carolina.
The population at this time was only about 13,000, and
mainly along the seaboard region, within fifty miles of the
coast. But now a great tide of immigration set in upon the
interior and midland country from the older settlements of
Virginia and Pennsylvania, and from the continent of Europe
and the British islands, so that in less than forty years the
population numbered some 300,000. At the commence¬
ment of the Revolutionary War a continuous chain of settle¬
ments had formed from the seacoast to the mountains.
These newcomers were Presbyterians, Moravians, Lutherans,
Huguenots and Quakers, devoted to liberty and impatient of
tyranny and privilege. They had not been attracted alone
by the " flesh pots " and fertility of the land, but by its lib¬
eral and popular form of government, and particularly as to
freedom relating to religion. When attempts were made,
which occurred frequently, in violation of guaranteed rights,
to establish the English Church and collect rates, they were
everywhere and always met with the most stubborn resistance.
Extortion, practiced by the officers of the Crown, led to
open resistance, insurrection and open war, in 1771, cul¬
minating in the Battle of Alamance, in which the inhabitants
were defeated by Gov. Tryon. And thus, by one thing and
another, a spirit of suspicion and resentment was kept alive
in the colony and their watchfulness never slumbered.
This spirit found formal expression in the famous Meck¬
lenburg resolutions in May, 1775, antedating and perhaps
suggesting, the general Declaration of Independence made
in July, 1776, at Philadelphia. The resolutions declared that
" all laws and commissions by authority of King and Par¬
liament " are annulled and vacated, and a new government
was organized for the county, recognizing only the authority
of the Provincial Congress. North Carolina was the first of
all the colonies to instruct its delegates to the Continental
Congress to vote for formal independence of the British
Crown. During the closing years of the struggle its terri¬
tory became the theatre of conflict. The defeat and capture
of an important detachment of Lord Cornwallis' army under
Ferguson, at King's Mountain, in 1780, by a sudden gathering
of untrained backwoodsmen and hunters from the mountain
settlements, checked the victorious march of the British
forces, and a similar gathering of the yeomanry from all the
surrounding region, at the battle of Guilford Court House,
in 1781, contributed largely to give the victory of Cornwallis
there the character of a defeat, and compelled his speedy
retreat to the coast, and ultimately to Yorktown, where he
surrendered.
When the Federal Union was formed, North Carolina,
having had abundant experience of usurpation and bad gov¬
ernment, did not make haste to enter the new compact, but
moved with slow and cautious steps, and was one of the very
last of the colonies to adopt the constitution which was
submitted.
At the breaking out of the war between the States, in
1861, North Carolina was very averse to secession, and
sought by every means to avert the conflict, remaining un¬
moved after all the surrounding States had adopted ordinances
of secession, and was forced into the struggle last of all the
372
RALEIGH, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
Southern States, and when there was only left a choice of
sides. But when she did at last take her position, she con¬
tributed more largely to the commissary supplies of the
Confederacy, and also sent into the field a larger number of
troops, and lost more men in battle, than any other Southern
State. Her soldiers had a conspicuous share in all the
battles from Bull Run to Petersburg.
Since the war closed, though it left her utterly bankrupt,
North Carolina at once entered upon a career of prosperity
unexampled in all her previous history. Her population has
increased more rapidly, the area of land under cultivation
has been enlarged, agriculture improved in its methods and
results, and her industries extended and diversified to a
degree never before deemed possible.
During the last ten or fifteen years much attention and
large capital have been attracted to the western portions of
the State, on account of its delightful climate, which is said
to resemble favored portions of France and Italy, and very
favorable to human health. The average annual and mean
temperature is 590 ; for the eastern region it is 61 for the
middle, 58° ; and for the mountainous region, 520. During
winters of unusual severity, when the thermometer indicated
30° and 40° below zero in portions of the West and in New
England, io° above zero was reached but once since the
Weather Bureau records have been kept. Some of the
mountains are very high, Mitchell's Peak in the Black Moun¬
tains reaching the magnificent altitude of 6,688 feet, being
400 feet higher than Mount Washington in New Hampshire.
It is the highest point on the continent east of the Missis¬
sippi River.
Gov. ELIAS CARR,
Raleigh, N. C.
Governor Elias Carr was born in Eastern Carolina in 1838.
His ancestors were also for many generations to the manor
born. Among them were Col. Jonas Jonston, of Revolution¬
ary fame, and the Hon. Richard Hines, the distinguished
member of Congress from the Edgecombe district. As a
lad, he attended the famous school of William Bingham, at
The Oaks, in Orange County, and there conned his earliest
lessons with many of those who in later years attained great
distinction in politics and war. Subsequently he completed
his education at the University of North Carolina and Vir¬
ginia. With the exception of the time spent in the Confederate
army, his life has been pre-eminently that of the agricultur¬
ist, managing large private interests in Edgecombe, his native
county. He was one of the first to observe the pernicious
effects of recent legislation upon the agricultural interests of
the country. Connecting himself with the first Planters'
Clubs, he passed on to active participation in the Farmers'
Alliance; was its first County President and for two terms
filled the office of President of the State Alliance. He was
a delegate from North Carolina to the National Farmers'
Convention at St. Paul, in 1886, and in 1892 was appointed
Commissioner to the World's Fair. He has never sought
office, and has always manifested rather an aversion than
liking for public life; yet, after the second ballot in the
State Convention of 1892, it became evident that he was the
only man upon whom the warring elements of that body
could unite. He was nominated without an effort of his
own, and in the Fall was elected by over 30,000 plurality.
-m m.
M9r *
Gov EUAS CARR, North Carolina.
Since 1892 he has been Governor of North Carolina, and has
served his State with marked zeal and ability. Knowing
the wants of the people so well, he has directed his energy
toward accomplishing the most good for the greatest num¬
ber, and has given the people an administration both wise
and economical. The last two years of office have been
years of political agitation and changes, yet the people
have felt that, as far as the State is concerned, she is safe, as
her laws were administered fairly and without fear or favor
and her business managed with skill and ability.
JOHN H. WINDER,
Raleigh, N. C.
John H. Winder was born at Raleigh, N. C., on August
23d, 1862. He received the advantages of good schools and
completed his education at the Virginia Military Institute in
July, 1880.
In the same year he began his railroad career by entering
the service of the Raleigh & Gaston Railroad Company as a
clerk. He was made paymaster and inspector of agencies in
FALICLA ND, WINS TON,
HOMES AND PEOPLE.
373
1881, being then but nineteen years old. This position he
held until 1883, when he resigned in order to go into busi¬
ness as a railroad contractor, continuing this business with
marked success until 1889.
In 1889 he again entered active railway service as super¬
intendent of the Seaboard & Roanoke Railroad, with head-
JOHN H. WINDER.
quarters at Portsmouth, Va. So satisfactory were his
services in this capacity that, in 1891, he was made super¬
intendent of the Georgia, Carolina & Northern Railway and
general agent of the Seaboard Air Line, with headquarters
at Atlanta, Ga. In the discharge of the difficult and delicate
duties of these combined offices, his brilliant abilities were
first made fully manifest by the phenomenal success and
popularity which the Seaboard Air Line attained throughout
the territory under his jurisdiction.
The management were not slow to recognize his value,
and emphasized their appreciation by appointing him, in
May, 1894, to the position he later occupied—that of general
manager of the entire line.
Success such as this comes to few men of Mr. Winder's
years. It argues the possession not only of great practical
knowledge and ability of the highest order, but also of very
unusual capacity to influence and control men. It is in the
latter particular, perhaps, that Mr. Winder is most remark¬
able. His is a most attractive personality.
To the graces and refinement inherited from gentle an¬
cestry, he adds a handsome and powerful physique, a
commanding presence, and a happy combination of all those
elements of character which make up the indefinable quality
of personal magnetism. He is essentially a manly man.
Sincere and honorable, decided and absolutely fearless in
personal and official conduct, true to his friends through all
the vicissitudes of fortune, with a warm heart and a rare
cordiality and charm of manner, he inspires and retains the
admiration and affection of all classes of men.
With his experience in railroad affairs and his great gifts
of mind and person, it is not difficult to see for him con¬
tinued success in his chosen field, and honors greater than
those he has already honestly earned and worthily won.
nrs. SALLIE S. COTTEN,
Falkland, N. C.
Mrs. Sallie S. Cotten was born June 13th, 1846, at Law-
renceville, Va., and is the daughter of Thomas J. and Susan
Sims Southall. Mrs. Cotten married Robert R. Cotten, of
larboro, N. C., in March, 1866, and several years later
moved to Falkland, N. C. They have six children. Mrs.
Cotten was appointed as a Lady Manager for the World's
Columbian Exposition, and served in that capacity on the
MRS. SALLIE S. COTTEN.
National Board and on the board of North Carolina mana¬
gers. She read a very interesting paper before the Woman's
Congress of the Atlanta Exposition on "The True Relation
Between Woman and a Government."
BROWN BROS.,
Winston, N. C.
Brown Bros. Co. are the pioneers of the tobacco industry
in the Southern States.
They commenced operations in Mocksville, N. C., in 1867,
as a firm, though they manufactured tobacco on a small
scale before and during the first years of the war, and ten
years later removed to Winston, N. C. They were the first
to go into the tobacco manufacturing business on an ex¬
tensive scale. They built the first brick building used ex¬
clusively for the manufacture of tobacco in North Carolina.
That building has been added to from time to time, as their
business increased, until it has reached the enormous pro¬
portions as represented in these engravings. Prior to their
venture in this line, the tobacco manufacturing business was
BROWN BROS. TOBACCO WORKS (TOBACCO LEAF DEPARTMENT), WINSTON, N. C.
WINSTON, CHARLOTTE, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
BROWN BROS. TOBACCO WORKS (ROLUNG DEPARTMENT), WINSTON, N. C.
in a very crude state. No steam was used, consequently the
small tobacco factories then in operation could only manu¬
facture tobacco in the warm weather, and had to depend
upon nature to bring the tobacco in condition to be properly
worked and get the result for which this Piedmont section
of North Carolina has become so famous for its fine chew¬
ing tobacco. Brown Bros, have long since discovered that
the tobacco sold in the Winston market, and grown in the
adjoining counties, was most desirable for fine chewing and
smoking tobacco, owing to its fine color, flavor and excellent
staple. The firm was first known under the name of Brown
Bros., who were the original founders, and continued busi¬
ness until 1889, when W. F. Brown, son of W. L. Brown,
was admitted as a member of the firm. In 1893 Mr. R. D.
Brown died and W. L. and M. F. bought out the interest of
his heirs and were incorporated under the present name.
Brown Bros. Co. employ 600 hands, and make an annual
output of two million pounds. The product of the factory is
plug, twist and navy smoking and cigarettes, medium to fine
grades, and granulated smoking tobacco. Perhaps the most
favored brands are the " Long Horn " and "Top." All the
partners give personal attention to the business, and, with
efficient superintendents throughout, everything is done in
order.
as a practical machinist, working during vacation in the
Bessemer Steel Works of John A. Griswold, in Troy. He
afterward connected himself with the Bethlehem, Pa., Iron
Works, where he had a wide experience in every variety of
mechanical construction, becoming finally head of the draft-
D. A. TOMPKINS,
Charlotte, N. C.
D. A. Tompkins, Esq., of Charlotte, N. C., is a native of
Edgefield County, S. C., and is forty-three years old. As a
young man, he spent two years at the South Carolina College
and went thence to the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, at
Troy, N. Y., to develop a talent for mechanics. He took a
full course at that institution in mechanical engineering and
ing department and master mechanic of the leading branch
of the works. During his connection with the Bethlehem
Iron Works, he was sent by the company to Germany to
superintend the erection of a large rolling mill plant, the
plans for which he had assisted in making. In 1881 he be¬
came connected with the Westinghouse Machine Company
and came to Charlotte as its agent.
The greatest work of his life was the organization of the
376
WINSTON-SALEM, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
Southern Oil Company and the construction of a line of
eight cotton-seed oil mills from North Carolina to Texas.
Latterly he has devoted much attention to the cotton milling
interest, and is President of the Atherton Mill at Charlotte;
the Chester and Catawba Mills, of Chester, S. C. ; and is the
engineer and a director of other mills at other points. He is
a Trustee of the Agricultural and Mechanical College at
Raleigh ; a member of the Board of Visitors of the Due
West, S. C., Female College; Vice-President of the Loan
and Savings Bank of Charlotte, and a Director of the Sea¬
board Air Line. His life has been an eminent success, and
it is not too much to say that, in all that pertains to indus¬
trial and mechanical affairs, he is the ablest man in the
South.
JUNIUS B. WHITAKER, Jr.,
Winston-Salem, N. C.
Junius B. Whitaker was born at Goldsboro, N. C., Sep¬
tember 3d, 1851, and was married April 25th, 1871, to Miss
Sallie A. Jones. Being a practical printer, he served in every
capacity, from devil to editor, and is now resident editor and
manager of the Twin City Daily Sentinel and Western Sentinel,
weekly. He has taken deep interest in public education,
served on school boards, and was chairman of the County
Board of Education of his native county.
SCENIC ATTRACTIONS OF NORTH CAROLINA.
" The world was all before them, where to choose
Their place of rest, and Providence their guide.
They, hand in hand, with wand'ring steps and slow,
Through Eden took their solitary way."
Thus sang the glorious Milton in the closing lines of his
immortal poem, and so it seems that at the very dawn of
creation the first human pair became travelers only a few
days after they were brought into existence.
The habit formed thus early in the history of the race has
never been eradicated, but has been steadily growing upon
the human family until, in this last decade of the nineteenth
century, we may be said to be living in an age of almost
universal travel, when day after day tens of thousands of
people from every portion of our country are passing and
repassing each other, wandering to and fro up and down the
earth in search of health, recreation and pleasure.
From the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from the Great Lakes
to the Gulf, the voice of the restless multitude is crying,
" Where shall we go that we may the most surely find the
blessings we seek ?" and from every corner of the Old
World thousands of hands, eager to get a clutch upon the
American dollar, are beckoning the health and pleasure
seekers to their respective localities.
Thousands in years gone by have " cast their bread upon
the troubled waters " of the broad Atlantic, and filled these
eager beckoning hands with gold ; then, after a few weeks
of hurrying here and there, they have returned to their
homes, worn and weary, their minds filled with confused
memories of streets and buildings, and their hearts full of
disappointment.
No doubt thousands will continue to follow in the same
path with the same result, but it is gradually beginning to
dawn upon the consciousness of the American people that
there are within their own domains empires of health and
kingdoms of beauty, unrivalled in any portion of the globe,
and that a quiet season among these glories of Nature is far
more beneficial to the tired mind and body than the hurrying
scurrying nightmare of the average " European tour."
Among the various resorts in the United States which
may be visited, for health, for sport, or for scenic beauties,
there are none which surpass the mountain region of Western
North Carolina, a region known in romance as "The Land
of the Sky," and in reality as the land of the moonshiner.
The State of North Carolina is in itself an empire in
extent, and several of the smaller States of the Union might
be hidden away in its fifty per cent, of primeval forest.
It also has the distinction of being the cradle of American
Independence, as what is known as the " Mecklenburg Dec¬
laration," in which a single county declared itself free and
independent of Great Britain, was signed some weeks before
the National Declaration at Philadelphia.
Within the limits of this single State are vast forests of
most valuable timber, minerals of almost every description,
inexhaustible beds of marble of various hues, besides many
gems and precious stones of great beauty and worth.
Its climate seems to have been cut into blocks to suit
every taste except that of the Esquimaux, while its scenery
varies from the low-lying sea coast, and the famous Dismal
Swamp, to mountains that lift their summits seven thousand
feet into the clouds.
With all this variety of resource and physical charac¬
teristics, the most captions home-seeker could hardly fail to
find an acceptable dwelling place within the boundaries of
junius b. whitaker, tr-
SCENIC ATTRACTIONS OF NORTH CAROLINA.
377
this great State, but the health-seeker, the sportsman and
the devotee of nature will naturally turn their faces toward
the western portion, with its invigorating atmosphere, its
many varieties of game and fish, and the untold beauties to
be found among its towering mountains, its crystal rivers
and its tumbling cataracts.
As an all-the-year-round resort, this section has not its
equal in the broad universe, and it has in recent years come
into much prominence and popularity. This has been
brought about in a great measure by the splendid facilities
which the Southern Railway has provided for reaching the
most attractive points of this picturesque region, and the
superior accommodations furnished the traveler when he
has reached his destination.
The Southern Railway is one of the most extensive and
perfect organizations of the country, formed by the purchase
or lease of many roads of various degrees of importance,
putting them in first-class condition, equipping them with
up-to-date appliances, and consolidating the whole into one
grand system whose five thousand miles of rail penetrate
eight States south of the Potomac and Ohio rivers, and east
of the Mississippi.
The center of this Nature's sanatarium and " Garden of
the Gods" is the charming city of Asheville, and from
whatever direction you desire to approach it, a branch of
the great Southern Railway system will bear you to your
destination.
Let us take for a starting point the nation's capital, where
perchance we have been lingering for a few days, now
wandering in admiration through the broad smooth streets
of the beautiful city, anon watching the ceaseless flow of
the Potomac's peaceful waters, and again, listening to the no
less ceaseless flow of talk in the halls of Congress.
Three trains of the Southern Railway leave Washington
daily for the South, but as we are desiring all the luxuries
of travel which modern railroads can furnish, naturally we
select the Washington and Southwestern Vestibule Limited,
which carries Uncle Sam's fast mail from New York to New
Orleans. Here we find a superb train of Pullman drawing-
room sleepers, and taking our seats amid luxurious sur¬
roundings in the car destined for Asheville, we are off for
the Mecca of our desires.
Slowly the train pulls across the Long Bridge, over which
hundreds of thousands of soldiers marched during our " late
unpleasantness," and presently we pass through the historic
city of Alexandria, where may still be seen the old
church, wherein the " Father of His Country" was wont to
worship. And now the train speeds on over the " sacred
soil " of Old Virginia, the mother of Presidents.
Crossing the Rappahannock we come presently to the
little town of Brandy Station. The peculiar name attracts
our attention and we look from the window to see nothing
but a depot to justify a christening of any kind, yet the
student of war will tell us that, in the fields and woods
hardby, the greatest purely cavalry battle in the world's
history was fought. Still on rolls the train over its smooth
road-bed, through Charlottesville, Lynchburg, Danville and
Greensboro, N. C., until we finally reach Salisbury, where
" Where mountains lift their summits seven thousand feet above the clouds "
378
SCENIC ATTRACTIONS OF NORTH CAROLINA.
our car is switched off for the Asheville branch, while
the rest of the train speeds on its way to Charlotte, Spar¬
tanburg, Greenville and Atlanta.
From Salisbury our train is headed toward the mountains,
and now begins one of the most picturesque and delightful
rides on the American continent.
Gliding over a smooth and well-ballasted roadbed, we
pass now through a fertile valley, to wind a moment later
around the sides of one of the rugged foothills of the moun¬
tains. Then we roll across a substantial bridge, and look
with dizzy brain down into a yawning chasm that reminds
us of the "bottomless pit," while a little further on, perhaps,
we hug the rocky wall of a mighty precipice, towering
hundreds of feet above us, from the brink of which a
crystal cascade leaps to earth so close to the train that,
through the open window, we feel its wet breath upon our
cheek.
At length we reach Old Fort, and the train comes to a
standstill. We look ahead and think surely here our rail¬
road journey must end, for a towering mountain rises
directly across our path, seeming to bar all further progress.
But no ! another engine is coupling to our train and we are
preparing to climb that seemingly impassable barrier, over
one of the most stupenduous triumphs of modern railroad
engineering.
There is but one heavier grade than this in all America,
and, as we look at the towering summit, we wonder at the
audacity of those who dared to attempt to pass the mighty
barrier.
And now we are off, moving slowly but surely onward and
upward, winding in and out along the uneven sides of the
mountain, the pilot engine turning its nose this way and
that, like an imprisoned rat seeking an outlet from his con¬
finement. At Round Knob another brief halt is made, and
the two engines stand, like a pair of giant steeds taking
breath for the final tug.
And now the battle royal of the climb begins. The train
creeps onward and upward over the iron track, which twists,
and turns, and doubles upon itself, like a huge serpent
writhing in the agonies of death. So tortuous has been the
ascent that from one point we look down upon a terrace of
roadbeds and see where the train has already passed the line
of vision fourteen different times.
At last, as if discouraged with climbing, and determined
to bore its way to liberty, the train enters tht dark arch of a
tunnel, and when we emerge again into the light we have
passed beneath one of the ridge poles of the continent, which
separates the waters which flow into the Atlantic from those
which make their way to the Gulf of Mexico.
This final climb from Round Knob to the tunnel is a ride
which no one who has taken it will ever forget, and many
people who come to Asheville over the other branches of
the Southern, hearing of its wonderful beauties, make an ex¬
cursion to Round Knob simply for the purpose of enjoying
this zigzag ride up the mountain, and it is doubtful if any¬
one has ever regretted taking this excursion.
Leaving the tunnel through which we have passed beneath
the crest of the mountain, the road begins a gradual descent.
"Where down the wooded slopes the crystal streams come tumbling."
380
SCENIC ATTRACTIONS OF NORTH CAROLINA.
'The 'Land of the Sky' and the home of the moonshiner."
and presently the Swannanoa, loveliest river of the mountains,
bursts upon our view.
We have left the rugged grandeur of the cliffs, knobs and
chasms behind us, but, as we follow the windings of that
beautiful river, the eye is greeted with a quick succession of
views, each vieing with the other in their wonderful perfec¬
tion of pastoral loveliness.
Just where the current of the Swannanoa pours itself into
the historic French Broad, we turn our gaze to the right,
and there upon a noble eminence we see a massive pile of
architectural beauty and grandeur which for a moment con¬
fuses our brain and makes us think we must have mistaken
our reckoning and wandered into the vicinity of one of the
palaces of the Czar of All the Russias.
But we soon learn that instead of being the palace of
Czar, Emperor or King, it is the mansion of a true American
citizen, who has chosen in this matchless corner of his own
great country to spend his millions in establishing the grandest
private estate in the world.
To give any adequate account of the conception and
carrying out of this grand project would require a volume,
and then the reader would have but a feeble idea of its
proportions.
Suffice it to say, then, that over four years of time and
six millions of dollars have been expended in constructing
this architectural miracle and transforming the one hundred
and eighty square miles of ground which surround it into a
wonderland of beauty and use.
Some idea of the benefit which the construction of this
magnificent estate has been, aside from the added attraction
it lends to this charming resort, can be gathered from the
fact that, during the four years which the work occupied,
about fifteen thousand dollars a week in wages were dis¬
tributed among the citizens of Asheville.
While we have been contemplating with wonder and ad¬
miration the beautiful and magnificent structure upon the
hill, the train has rolled into the depot and we find ourselves
in the very center of the " Land of the Sky," the grandest
and most picturesque portion of that great chain which
under the various names of Green, White, Adirondack's,
Allegheny, or Blue Ridge mountains, stretch across the
North American continent from the Dominion of Canada
almost to the Gulf of Mexico.
Standing in the charming city of Asheville, and looking
at the great circle of distant mountains that surround us,
the city seems built upon the floor of an immense basin, and
SCENIC ATTRACTIONS OF NORTH CAROLINA.
it is hard to realize that we are nearly two thousand five
hundred feet above the sea level, until we remember that
of those surrounding peaks, forty-three rise to a height of
over six thousand feet above sea level, exceeding the altitude
of Mount Washington, over eighty are above five thousand
feet, while those which pierce the clouds at over four
thousand feet are too numerous to catalogue.
The city of Asheville, nestling thus among the everlasting
hills, is a prosperous town of some fifteen thousand inhabi¬
tants and is up to date in every particular.
Its business blocks and churches are substantial buildings,
and its private residences models of taste and beauty.
Its school system ranks among the finest in the South,
and the school buildings are modern brick structures with
all the improved educational conveniences and sanitary
appliances.
The streets are paved largely in asphalt, lighted by
electricity, and traversed by a fine system of electric rail¬
ways.
The two leading hotels, the Battery Park and the Kenil-
worth Inn, are among the most elegant hostelries of the
world, and contain every modern appliance for the comfort
and pleasure of guests.
The Battery Park Hotel is so named because it is located
on a bold eminence where the Confederate battery of artil¬
lery was planted for the defense of the town.
The view from its broad porches or beautiful grounds is a
magnificent one indeed, sweeping the entire surrounding
country, until obstructed by the distant mountains.
38I
The Kenilworth Inn is built upon the southern slope of
Beaumont Mountain, just within the limits of Asheville, and
directly at the station of Biltmore. The hotel park com¬
prises 160 acres of well shaded grounds, through which
flows the classic Swannanoa River, while only the station of
Biltmore lies between this park and the famous estate of
George Vanderbilt.
Aside from these two palatial hostelries, the tourist of
less exacting requirements or more moderate means can
find abundant good hotel, boarding-house or private accom¬
modations.
The citizens of Asheville are energetic, cultured and
hospitable, proud of their city and its magnificent surround¬
ings, and always ready to contribute to the entertainment
and pleasure of the " stranger within their gates."
The Asheville plateau has most appropriately been called
" Nature's sanatarium," for in no one spot upon the globe
are all the hygienic conditions combined in greater perfection.
With a beauty and variety of scenery that will keep the
most sluggish mind from stagnation; with a climate devoid
of the irritating extremes of heat and cold; with an atmos¬
phere as exhilarating as Mumm's Extra Dry; with springs of
pure water that gush from crevices in the rock or boil up
from the virgin soil of the mountain side at every turn; with
breezes that make a miasma an impossibility, and drainage
that makes malaria unknown, surely the health seeker may
well turn his steps in this direction, with confidence and hope.
Let us look at a few statistics regarding the comparative
death rate of this locality from pulmonary consumption.
"Where the road winds through the valley of the French Broad, keeping close to the water's edge for the entire distance."
382
SCENIC ATTRACTIONS OF NORTH CAROLINA.
"Here we stand and look down upon the clouds that float in fleecy billows "beneath our feet."
According to the figures published in the disease charts
of the United States, the death rate from pulmonary-
troubles in northern New England averaged two hundred
and fifty out of every thousand ; in Minnesota and Cali¬
fornia, one hundred and fifty; in Kentucky and Western
Tennessee, over one hundred ; while the average number in
Western North Carolina was but thirty, and even this small
number was largely made up of those who had come there
with well developed cases of consumption, too late to be
benefitted by the climatic cure. The city of Asheville is
situated on an isothermal line which, beginning just south
of San Francisco, Cal., passes north of Salt Lake City, Utah,
south of St. Louis, through Lisbon and Madrid, Marseilles,
Rome, Naples and south of Constantinople.
The mean temperature of the city for a period of twenty
years has been fifty-nine degrees, just one-half a degree
from the average of the entire Western Hemisphere.
There is occasionally a little snow in winter, but it never
lasts more than a few days, and the air is so dry that in the
coldest weather there is none of that piercing quality which
attends the same degree of temperature in the North. The
average winter temperature of Asheville is several degrees
above that of Geneva, Switzerland, and Turin, Italy, and
fourteen degrees warmer than that of Davos in the Swiss
Alps, where thousands of patients are sent each year for
pulmonary troubles by Continental physicians.
The humidity here is very slight, and while there is some
rainy weather, there are very few days even in winter when
the sun does not shine a part of the day.
But while there are abundant reasons for those in feeble
health to seek this favored region, the attractions for the
robust are still more numerous, and the sportsman and
scientist, the poet and the painter, the student of queer
types of humanity, and the devotee of social pleasure, will
all find abundant opportunities for enjoyment suited to their
individual tastes, along the dashing streams, among the
rugged mountains, in the outlying cabins, and the great hotels.
These latter are well filled, both winter and summer, with
people of wealth and fashion from all sections of the
country, and are alive with all the gaiety of Saratoga and
Newport.
We have come to this "Garden of the Gods" from Wash¬
ington on the Southwestern Vestibule Limited, and have
noted the elegant appointments of the "Palaces on wheels"
which compose that popular train, but from whatever direc¬
tion the tourist may wish to come, some branch of the great
Southern Railway will bring him with equal elegance and
comfort to his destination. There is a perfectly appointed
through car service not only between New York, Asheville
and Hot Springs, but between Louisville, Cincinnati and
Asheville, and Asheville, Savannah and Jacksonville. Then
by a few convenient changes of cars one may make a selec¬
tion between several different routes.
From Washington, instead of coming the route we have
taken, he can come via Lynchburg, Bristol, Morristown and
Hot Springs.
From Cincinnati and Louisville he can come via Knox-
ville, Morristown and Hot Springs, or Chattanooga, Atlanta,
SCENIC A TTRAC TIONS OF NOR Til CA ROLINA.
383
Spartanburg, and Hendersonville. From New Orleans he
can come via Birmingham, Morristown and Hot Springs, or
Atlanta, Spartanburg and Hendersonville. From Knox-
ville he can go via Morristown and Hot Springs, or Blue
Ridge, Murphy or Webster.
From Augusta, Columbia or Charlotte, he can come via
Salisbury or Spartanburg. There are many other routes
which may be outlined had we the requisite space.
In fact it is doubtful if there is another place in the
country which has such a number of convenient combina¬
tions by which it can be reached, and each one of them is
picturesque in the highest degree.
Most people, however, will doubtless prefer to take the
most direct route to Asheville, and afterwards make side
trips over the most attractive branches.
But having arrived in the city, our next business is to se¬
lect a hotel and establish a headquarters from which to
direct our future movements.
Desiring the best always, we shall, of course, select either
the Battery Bark or the Kenilworth Inn, and it will be safe
to toss " heads or tails " for a choice between the two.
There is a gray-headed, side-whiskered story which has
been limping about the country for many years, to the
effect that a man being asked by a friend which of two
hotels in a certain town he had better patronize, replied :
" I do not feel safe in advising you in the matter, but this
much I will say, that whichever one you go to you will wish
you had gone to the other."
If you should ask the writer to choose between the
Battery Bark and the Kenilworth Inn, he would change the
above reply to one as follows:
" I do not care to make a selection for you, but this much
I will say, that whichever one of these hotels you go to,
you will congratulate yourself upon your choice."
Having tossed up our coin and located ourselves in the
hotel of its selection, we spend the remainder of the after¬
noon and evening in getting familiar with our surroundings,
and making the acquaintance ox our fellow guests.
After listening to the sweet music of an excellent orches¬
tra, and perhaps watching for a while the gay throng as it
" trips the light fantastic toe," we retire for a night of
peaceful and profound slumber, lulled by a hundred sopo¬
rific influences that would send Insomnia herself off upon an
extended excursion to the " Land of Nod."
The visitor to Asheville can occupy several days, or even
weeks of his time most pleasantly among the interesting
scenes of the city and its immediate vicinity.
He can sit for hours each day without tiring, upon the
broad verandas of the hotel, looking out upon the circling
cyclorama of the distant mountains, watching the play of
light and shadow upon their towering summits and
sloping sides, as the shifting clouds float across the sky above
them.
In one direction the eye rests upon the sharp symmetrical
cone which crowns the summit of Mount Pisgah, and
beyond a long line of peaks more than six thousand feet
high which mark the range of the Balsam Mountains.
Down toward the north the eye follows the valley, until
384
SCENIC ATTRACTIONS OF NORTH CAROLINA.
"Or catching the 'speckled beauties' in the crystal streams that abound on every side.'
far away in the misty distance we see the Great Smokies
lifting their heads into the hazy heavens.
To the northeast lies the Swannanoa Valley, with its ribbon
of liquid silver running through it, while on either side the
guardian mountains rise and recede in graceful terraces, on
one side forming the unrivalled Black Mountain chain, and
on the other the graceful Swannanoa Mountains.
Far in the distance, between the two ranges the plow¬
share of nature has cut the notch of the Swannanoa Gap,
through which the railroad over which we have come first
penetrated western North Carolina.
To the south the mountains withdraw to a distance, leav¬
ing a broad stretch of open country dotted with fertile farms
over which the eye ranges with delight, until far away in
the distance the vista is closed by the hazy curtain of the
Blue Ridge, along the South Carolina border.
To the west the historic French Broad winds through its
narrow valley, now dashing over huge boulders that break
its current into foaming rapids, and again spreading out into
broad stretches of placid water that flow calmly on towards
the Tennessee.
Thus the eye of the enraptured visitor sweeps the distant
circle of vision, wondering at the everchanging scene of
beauty and grandeur, and he may well exclaim that surely
there is no other place upon the face of the earth where one
can view such a delightful panorama of varied scenery from
the veranda of an elegant and fashionable hotel.
The mind of the beholder is awed and lifted above all
thought of human affairs by the wonderful spectacle, until
as he closes the circuit of vision, his eye rests upon the
noble proportions and graceful outlines of the Vanderbilt
mansion, that stands upon its noble eminence, like a gem of
art set by man in the surrounding wreath of nature's glo¬
rious handiwork.
By the time the visitor has thoroughly taken in the view
from his single point of observation, he will begin to realize
in some slight measure the possibilities of this wonderful
region, and the invigorating atmosphere will soon stir both
mind and body to action.
Several days will no doubt be spent wandering through
the streets of the city, getting the views from the vantage
ground of such eminence as Beau Catcher and Beaumont
Mountain, and contemplating the wonderful transformations
which have been wrought in the broad domain of the
Vanderbilt estate.
Then there are miles of adjoining territory where on
horseback or in carriages one may ride for hours over
smooth, winding roads, catching charming views that shift
and change with every rod of the journey.
Here the sportsman may find his paradise, hunting bear,
deer, wild turkeys and quail, in the mountains, fields or
forests, or catching the " speckled beauties " in the crystal
streams that abound on every side.
So famous has this region become among sportsmen, that
the Southern Railway has inaugurated a special service of
hunting cars which can be chartered by private parties by
the day, week, or month, but the hunter or fisherman who
cannot aspire to the luxury of private cars will find no lack
SCENf C AT TRA C TIONS OF NOR TH CA ROLINA.
385
of opportunities for gratifying his sportsmanlike propensities.
Some years ago the writer was making a tramping tour
through this mountain country, and stopped one night at a
little log cabin that nestled in a cove beside a stream that
came dashing down the mountain 111 a succession of beauti¬
ful cascades.
Mine host had been a mighty hunter in his day, and as
we sat in the evening beside a huge log fire (which was
very comfortable notwithstanding it was August), he told
marvelous tales of how, in the olden days, he had slaughtered
the bears, wolves and wildcats that were wont to play havoc
with the small stock of himself and neighbors.
He finally informed me that there were still some wolves
and wildcats in the mountains, and offered, if I wished, to
take me hunting for them next day.
I thanked him kindly for his offer, but as I had lost
neither wolves nor wildcats, I did not think it worth while to
spend my time hunting these dangerous " varmints."
To the student of uncommon types of humanity, the
dwellers in these mountain nooks that lie away from the
railroads and main lines of wagon travel present rare oppor¬
tunities of study, and the tourist who does not object to
roughing it would find a visit to some of them exceedingly
interesting.
Much has been written about this picturesque people, but
most of the writers have made their observations from the
outside, and from various standpoints of interest or preju¬
dice which has given an unnatural bias to their conclusions,
the romancer having idealized, the humorist having bur¬
lesqued, and the moralist having slandered them.
Among these dwellers in the mountain fastnesses are still
many moonshiners, a peculiar character who has no proto¬
type in any other part of the known world.
One of the most marked characteristics of these Knights
of the Still is an unbounded hospitality towards every one
except the revenue officers, and they frequently give even
them a warm reception.
During my extended tramp in the mountains I was invited
to spend a month with one of these manipulators of contra¬
band corn-juice, and was on the point of accepting the
invitation, thinking it would afford a good opportunity for
studying the business and the lives of those engaged in it,
from the inside; but when I learned that my generous
friend's home consisted of a two-roomed log cabin, and that
25
'Where the crystal Catawba rushes ouward lo the sea,"
SCENIC ATTRACTIONS OF NORTH CAROLINA.
' Where the iron track twists, and turns, and doubles upon itself, like a huge serpent writhing in the agonies of death."
there were thirteen in the family, I was constrained to
decline with thanks.
The opportunity of studying these untamed denizens of
the mountains in their present primitive simplicity will be
denied to the coming generation, for the conditions of their
existence are rapidly changing.
The whistle of the locomotive echoing through the sur¬
rounding forest, the tramp of the prospector in search of
the wealth that lies hidden in the bosom of the mountains,
and above all the more frequent and successful raids
of the revenue officers, resulting in the moonshiner's
occasional visits to the city for trial and punishment, is
giving to this isolated people views of an outside civiliza¬
tion which must eventually change the whole current of
their lives.
But let us turn our attention from these rugged and
angular specimens of humanity to some of the attractions
of scenery to be found on every side.
In general characteristics the mountains of Western North
Carolina present a striking contrast to the steep, barren
piles of rock which compose most of the mountains of equal
altitude in other parts of the world.
Here most of even the loftiest peaks have the appearance
of symmetrical mounds, from whose rich soil springs a mas¬
sive growth of the finest timber.
In summer these undulating forests are one vast rolling
sea of deepest green, but after the frost has kissed them in
the fall, they gradually change until they are gorgeous with
all the colors of the rainbow.
Gazing upon this mass of many-hued foliage, painted by
the breath of Autumn, the admirer of Nature's artistic
touches might well exclaim :
" I love the grand forest, 'tis Nature's cathedral,
And the spirit of worship dwells peacefully there.
The chorus of birds sing their anthem of praises.
While each whispering zephyr seems breathing a prayer.
But I love best to wander amid its deep shadows.
When the summer is gone and the year's growing old,
And the glorious arches above me are frescoed
In colors of purple and crimson and gold.
But, while the bright hues of the sweetgum and maple,
The oak and the beech in their beauty combine,
The eye loves to catch an occasional glimpse of
The evergreen freshness of hemlock and pine ;
For the soul feels a thrill of still deeper devotion,
To sec, when the bleak winds of Autumn grow cold,
The emerald tints of the spring-time, still blending,
With the glory of purple and crimson and gold."
Among these symmetrical mountains there are here and
there mighty precipices whose bare walls of rock rise hun¬
dreds of feet towards the clouds, and whose summits from
one point of view would seem to be utterly inaccessible.
Two notable examples of these formations are found in
Caesar's Head, which takes its name from the resemblance
which its rocky face is supposed to bear to the great Roman
soldier, arid Whiteside Mountain, which from one direction
presents a solid, almost perpendicular wall of rock 1,800
feet in height. Vet even the summit of famous old White-
388
SCENIC ATTRACTIONS
OF NORTH CAROLINA.
side is easily reached from another direction, while Caesar s
Head is crowned by an elegant and fashionable hotel.
In a little basin formed by the surrounding peaks of
Whiteside, Fodderstack, Satulah and Callasaja Mountains,
lies the little town of Highlands, N. C., which from its
unique location and romantic surroundings cannot justly be
ignored in any article purporting to desciibe the "Scenic
beauties of North Carolina."
Situated on a little plateau, four thousand feet above the
level of the sea, and surrounded by peaks that rise a
thousand feet higher, it enjoys the distinction of
being the highest incorporated town east of the Rocky
Mountains.
This charming gem of the mountains might well be called
the Tourist's Hermitage, as it is thirty miles from the two
nearest railroad stations, Walhalla, S. C., upon one side, and
Webster, N. C., upon the other, while Franklin, N. C., the
county seat, and the nearest town, is more than twenty
miles away.
The town contains a population of about five hundred,
and is a popular summer resort for many aristocratic
families from Athens, Augusta, Savannah, Charleston and
various points in Florida, who desire the quiet and home¬
like comfort which is to be found here in its greatest per¬
fection.
From Walhalla, on the third division of the Eastern
system of the Southern Railway, daily hacks traverse the
winding mountain road to Highlands, and there is tele¬
phone communication between the two places.
The views to be had in the vicinity of Highlands, con¬
sidering their easy accessibility, are unexcelled in any part
of this mountain region, and one of the grandest is the sun¬
rise from Satulah Mountain.
In order to get this glorious view it is not necessary as in
the case of most of the higher peaks, to make a journey of
from one to three days, with a wagon-load of camp equip¬
age, and spend the night upon the mountain, with the
chance of encountering one of the terrible storms common
to these elevated regions.
We simply select a pleasant morning, and rising just be¬
fore daybreak, we fortify ourselves with a substantial lunch,
and, leaving the hotel, walk a few hundred yards along a
smooth and gently sloping wagon road until we reacli
Satulah Gap, when turning to the left we take the well-worn
path that leads up the mountain peak.
Half an hour of no very difficult climbing brings us to the
summit, and we stand upon an immense rock, with nothing
to obstruct our view in any direction. Daylight has crept
over the distant mountain walls and sperad itself across the
surrounding landscape. But the mists of early morning still
obscure the valleys, and lie like drifted snow along the
mountain sides, so that standing here, we look down upon
the clouds that float in fleecy billows beneath our feet.
Presently, away to the Fast, where the white line joins
the blue of the horizon, the God of Day, like a great red
ball of fire, rises slowly into view. Upward, and still up¬
ward, along the sapphire pavement of the sky mounts the
golden chariot of the morn, and presently, through little
rifts in the sea-foam covering we catch faint glimpses of
the emerald depths that lie beneath. A little longer we
look, and the combined force of sun and wind tears the
fleecy covering to tatters, and the ragged patches, like great
white birds, go flying through the valleys until they finally
dissolve and disappear, and the transformation is complete.
And now a scene of beauty and grandeur bursts upon the
view which can find few parallels in all the mountain regions
of the globe.
Looking down the steep side of the mountain upon which
we are standing, and sweeping the range of vision along the
valley to the Fast, towards Walhalla, the eye rests upon half
a dozen scattered hamlets. To the left, over the peculiar
shaped summit of Fodderstack, the chalky precipice of
Whiteside looms into view, presenting to our gaze the
greatest single surface of perpendicular rock upon the con¬
tinent.
To the north, toward Asheville, and thence westward to
the line of Tennessee, we behold the Great Smokey, the
Nantahala, the Black and the Balsam ranges, lying terrace
upon terrace, rising higher and higher as they recede, until
in the dim distance their summits blend in an almost indis¬
tinguishable line with the blue of heaven.
Looking upon these immense piles of green and azure, it
seems as if at some time in the misty past the earth's sur¬
face must have been a molten mass, tossed by some fierce
internal tempest into innumerable waves of varying shape
and size which, suddenly cooling, were crystalized into
mighty mountains of amethyst and emerald.
It seems as if we could never tire of gazing upon the
fairy scene spread out before us, but finally we turn and
wend our way down the mountain, reaching the hotel in
time to join our friends at breakfast. Surely there are few
places in the world where such a gorgeous spectacle can be
witnessed in so brief a space of time, and with so little
labor.
During a two weeks' stay at Highlands, the writer made
seven trips to the summit of Satulah Mountain, one of them
being by moonlight, and spent one night upon its summit.
Then we can go by carriage or on horseback to the top of
Whiteside, and from the brink of that mighty precipice look
down into beautiful Wrhiteside cove, dotted with its fertile
farms, or make short trips to half a dozen cataracts, anyone
of which in many parts of the country would be considered
worth going miles to see.
But if one does not care to go so far from the busy world,
he can find abundant opportunities for climbing lofty peaks
in the vicinity of Asheville, though it will take far more
time and labor than that required to reach the summit of
Satulah.
To those, however, who for any reason do not wish to
incur the toil necessary for a trip to any of the loftier
SCENIC ATTRACTIONS OF NORTH CAROLINA
389
mountain peaks, as Mount Pisgah for instance, there are
along the various branches of the Southern Railway, which
radiate from Asheville, many places of interest which they
can visit.
If he has come in from any other direction than Salis¬
bury, he will find a trip to Round Knob, and a more or less
prolonged stay at its comfortable hotel, exceedingly enjoy¬
able. For rugged grandeur the scenery in this vicinity can
hardly be surpassed at any point along the lines of the great
Southern Railway system, and even those who have already
passed over this branch would do well to return and give its
beauties a more leisurely inspection.
To those who are interested in the means by which the
genius and skill of man have overcome the obstructions
which Nature has placed in the path of progress, a careful
study of the grade by which this branch of the road climbs
from Old Fort to the tunnel beneath the summit of Round
Knob will be of intense interest; and when they have com¬
pleted that study they will wonder at the audacity of the
mind that dared to conceive and undertake such an enter¬
prise. The men or corporations, who conceive and carry such
daring feats of engineering to a successful issue, are no less
benefactors of the race than the great scientists whose dis¬
coveries ameliorate the condition of humanity, or the philan¬
thropist who spends his wealth in establishing institutions
of charity or learning; for they thereby facilitate the means
of communication and transportation, thus binding sections,
countries and peoples together in the bands of com¬
merce, which in these days are far stronger than the ties of
kinship.
The man who makes it possible to save an hour in the
transportation of an article from him who has it and does
not need it, to him who needs it but has it not, is far more
a conservator of the commonweal than a thousand Coxey's
armies. But few, perhaps, of the tourists who pass this way,
or who linger for a while among the wild beauties of this
particular spot, will stop to consider the above stated facts.
They will look for a moment with wonder perhaps at the
twistings and turnings of the iron road that corkscrews its
way to the top of the mountain, and then turn their atten-
" Here the rond sweeps in graceful curves following the windings of the mountain stream.
SCENIC ATTRACTIONS OF NORTH CAROLINA.
' Where nature seems to have built a huge dam of mountains directly across the river's course."
tion to enjoying themselves, each after his own peculiar
fashion.
Some will wander about seeking to get views of the many
cataracts that leap from the neighboring precipices, while
others will prefer to angle for fish in the streams formed by
them a little further down. Some will shoulder their guns
and start off through the forest in search of game, while
others will wander about with no other purpose than to see
and think.
A few, perhaps, upon whose faces disease has placed its
mark, and who have come here to rest and recuperate, will
sit comfortably on the broad verandas of the hotel, while
the roses are being painted on their cheeks by the health-
giving breezes that play hide and seek among the nooks and
corners of the charming landscape.
It would be a fastidious taste, indeed, which could not
find something to gratify it at this resort.
On another branch of the Southern Railway that lies
between Asheville and Spartanburg, S. C., there are three
popular resorts where the tourist can find both health and
pleasure.
Hendersonville is a thriving mountain town from which
not many years ago the traveler was wont to stage it to
Asheville. Much attention was attracted to this town a few
years ago, while the yellow fever was raging in Brunswick,
Ga., by reason of its having several trainloads of refugees
from the afflicted city brought within its borders.
The gallant little city stood the test, however, not a single
case developing there, a fact which added much to the repu¬
tation of the place as a health resort, and in summer a
goodly company of visitors may always be found here, happy
in the enjoyment of its many advantages.
Another place on this branch of the Southern Railway,
which presents many special attractions, especially to the
invalid, is the little village of Tryon, forty miles south of
Asheville.
The population is composed largely of health-seekers who
have come from all parts of the country to get the benefit of
the especially favorable conditions to be found here.
About the north and west of the village there is a horse¬
shoe of mountains rising in an almost perpendicular wall
from 1,500 to 2,000 feet in height, thus effectually shielding
it from the cold and disagreeable winds, while on the south
the open country gives the sun full opportunity to exercise
its health-giving influence upon the climate.
The desirability of this climate, especially for those who
seek a quiet winter resort in the mountains, away from the
gaiety and whirl of the more fashionable places, such as
Asheville and Hot Springs, will be appreciated when it is
known that, with ail altitude of over one thousand five hun¬
dred feet, snow is a rarity, and the thermometer seldom
goes much below the freezing point.
There are many beautiful roads where one may drive or
ride for hours, and good liveries are at hand ready to pro¬
vide the necessary accommodations. There are also among
the neighboring mountains tempting fields for tramping,
where one is sure to constantly stumble upon gems of
beauty that escape those who depend upon railroads and
SCENIC ATTRACTIONS OF NORTH CAROLINA.
horses as a means of transportation for sight-seeing. In
fact, no one who is healthy and vigorous should visit the
mountains without doing a goodly amount of tramping, for
it is only by this means that one can get anything like
an adequate idea of the untold variety of attractions to be
found in this wonderland of beauty. Even the weakly and
the partial invalid will be astonished at the great amount of
walking and climbing they will be able to do when sustained
by the stimulating atmosphere of this "Land of the Sky."
The Oak Hall Hotel, at Tryon, famous for its home-like
air, is located in a beautiful park only one hundred and
fifty yards from the depot. It occupies a commanding site,
and from it the eye catches a sweeping view of the valley
and the mountain range beyond.
The little mountain hamlet itself contains the home of a
refined and cultured class of people, and a musical and
dramatic club of uncommon talent has been formed here,
which gives frequent and most enjoyable entertainments for
the pleasure of visiting guests.
For those visitors to this wonderful mountain region who
desire to spend a portion of their vacation away from points
touched by the railroad, there are many localities where the
scenic beauties and grandeur excel even those which can be
reached directly by rail.
Of Highlands, with its cyclorama of wonderful views we
have already spoken, but no one can appreciate its beauties
without beholding them.
From Greenville, S. C., we can take a stage which, after a
most delightful ride, will land us at Caesar's Head, where we
391
may enjoy the society of the large number of cultured
Southerners who yearly visit this popular resort, while at
the same time we may make an interesting study of one of
ihe most unique and peculiar rock formations upon the
continent.
I cannot guarantee that this huge bust which the chisel
of Nature has carved from the solid granite and set upon a
pedestal hundreds of feet in height, will strike every be¬
holder as an enlarged facsimile of some plaster cast of the
great Caesar's profile which he may have seen, for most of
these pretended likenesses are in a large degree fanciful.
In this case, however, the similarity to a gigantic human
profile is exceedingly striking, and at all events no one who
beholds this sphinx of the mountains as he approaches it,
or who once catches the majestic view from its towering
summit, will ever forget the experience or regret the time
and trouble it has cost them.
If we wish to locate for a season where we can sit or stand
on our hotel veranda and " view the landscape o'er " from a
more elevated position than any we have heretofore men¬
tioned, there is yet opportunity for us to gratify our desire.
To Hickory, N. C., we may travel with all the luxury of
Pullman cars, and there make close connection with the
Chester and Lenoir Narrow Gauge Railroad. After a
twenty-mile ride over this road directly toward the Blue Ridge
Mountains to Lenoir, we take a stage or livery for a four
hours' drive over a good turnpike to the summit of the ridge.
For a considerable distance this road runs through the
romantic Yadkin River Valley, following the course of the
Where the beautiful Nantahala flows for a little distance calm and peacefully in a smooth broad channel "
392
SCENIC ATTRACTIONS
OF NORTH CAROLINA.
stream to its very source, and a short distance beyond, at
the very summit of the ridge we pass the famous precipice
of Blowing Rock, only a few steps from the Green Park
Hotel, whose foundations straddle this ridge pole of the
continent.
Standing in the grounds of this hotel, four thousand five
hundred feet above the level of the sea, one may throw a
stone to the head spring of the Yadkin or Great Pee Dee
River on the south, or to the New River Spring, the source
of the great Kanawha on the north. Yet the waters of these
springs which bubble from the ground so near together flow
in opposite directions, one finding its way through many
windings to the Atlantic, while the other, through still more
numerous and tortuous meanderings finally reaches the Mis¬
sissippi and the Gulf.
Here on this backbone of the Blue Ridge range, over
four thousand feet above the Nation's Capital from which
we started, we stand and look at the not far distant peaks
which tower above any other mountains east of the Rockies.
Grandfather Mountain, Hawk's Bill and Mount Mitchell are
in full view, the latter, king of the eastern ranges, piercing
the clouds at an elevation of nearly eight thousand feet. It
was while exploring this mountain alone that Professor
Mitchell lost his life, his body being found several days
afterwards by a party which went in search of him. Prof.
Mitchell was one of the most famous scientists and mountain
climbers of the country, and this mountain was named in
honor of him.
Although we are upon the very summit of the mountain
range, there are many good roads winding in and out along
the sides of the ridge where we may drive for miles at full
trot, looking at an ever-changing panorama of loveliness and
grandeur.
If we wish to visit one of the neighboring peaks, guides
and conveyances are always at hand, and the trip is one
long to be remembered.
In leaving this perch among the clouds we will prefer to
take a different route from the one by which we came, so
we take a twenty-mile drive over the beautiful turnpike to
Linnville, where we will doubtless linger for a while, then
taking the daily stage route to Cranberry, we board a train
and strike the open world again on the Southern Railway,
between Chattanooga and Bristol, Tenn.
There are two trips by rail which no one who visits
Asheville can afford to miss. One of these is over the spur
of the Southern Railway, running from Asheville to Murphy,
a distance of one hundred and twenty miles, through one of
the most rugged and picturesque sections of this vast
mountain region.
The building of this road was one of the wonders of
modern railroad engineering, as there were great difficulties
encountered and obstacles to be overcome at almost every
mile of its progress. Now climbing with many a twist and
turn the rugged sides of the Balsam Mountains, or piercing
some spur of them with a tunnel, while a little farther on it
ploughs its way through an immense cut whose lofty walls
are of solid marble.
Again it winds along the banks of the beautiful Nanta-
hala, which at one point flows calmly and peacefully in a
broad smooth channel and at another dashes through a
narrow gorge so deep that the sun never kisses the silver
waters as they tumble on towards the next broad sweep,
where they slacken their pace again to gather fresh energy
for another dash.
Along the entire line of this road the scenery is grand
and romantic to the last degree, presenting a succession of
beautiful views which follow each other with kaleidoscopic
rapidity. Here a shimmering sheet of purest water leaps
from the brink of a towering precipice, and dashes itself in
silver spray upon the rocks beneath ; and again we are shut
in by rough bare walls that almost seem to join their arch¬
ing crests hundreds of feet above our heads.
Now we spin along a shelf-like ledge chiseled in the
rocky mountain side, and anon wind through a narrow
valley where towering summits cast eternal shadows o'er the
iron road, while down the wooded slope on either side the
crystal streams come tumbling as if in mad haste to water
the fertile plains beyond the mountains, or lend their feeble
aid to bear across the seas the commerce of nations.
And ever and anon throughout this fairylike journey we
find ourselves perched upon some vantage ground of vision,
from which we see in the distance mountains piled upon
mountains, as if at some period in the past Nature had been
playing battledore and shuttlecock with huge fragments of
the universe.
With all these scenic attractions which woo the delighted
traveler, the country along this route is also a veritable
paradise for sportsmen. The streams which abound on
every hand are alive with trout, ready to show their
speckled beauty as they leap from the rushing waters to
seize the tempting fly of the fisherman, while the bear, deer
and wild turkey invite the hunter through the shades of the
adjacent forests.
Nor is the country along this line of scenic loveliness
devoid of commercial value, as it abounds in various min¬
erals, while the results of the primitive gold washing of the
natives have demonstrated that with modern scientific ap¬
pliances the yellow metal could be taken out with a large
margin of profit.
As we near Murphy the road passes over vast beds of
marble of various shades and degrees of fineness, which dip
to unknown depths and stretch away into Georgia and
Tennessee, containing in their immense storehouses material
enough to rebuild in solid stone all the cities of the universe
should they by chance be destroyed.
On the line of the road, at the foot of the Balsam Moun¬
tains, thirty miles from Asheville, is the town of YVaynes-
ville, named in honor of the Revolutionary hero, " Mad
Anthony " Wayne.
Waynesville is a prosperous and progressive young city,
394
SCENIC ATTRACTIONS OF NORTH CAROLINA.
where fine schools and churches invite the settler to make a
home within its limits, and where the bar-room is conspic¬
uous by its absence. It is the commercial centre of the
famous Richland Valley, a region of remarkable fertility,
and although nestling at the foot of the mountains it enjoys
the distinction of being the highest railroad town east of
Colorado, having an elevation of 2,645 feet above the level
of the sea, and this, too, with the sea scarcely more than a
day's journey away.
Another ride which 110 visitor to this section can afford to
miss, is that down the French Broad, from Asheville to Hot
Springs. It is a ride of scarcely forty miles, yet nowhere
upon the face of the globe is so much picturesque beaut)'
crowded into so short a distance of railroad travel.
Several years ago, before the railroads had thrown their
iron net-work about this section, the writer went over the
same route, down by stage, and returning on horseback. In
each instance the journey was one of toil and discomfort,
and every muscle of the entire anatomy was sore and
aching for many days after it was completed ; yet even under
those circumstances it was a trip which compensated for all
the trials which it entailed. What must it be then to those
who make it with all the comfort and luxury of modern
travel, when they can take a sleeper at New York, and
never leave it until they reach Hot Springs, making the
most picturesque portion of the trip by daylight.
Leaving Asheville, with its magnificent hotels, its lordly
Vanderbilt estate, and its distant view of circling moun¬
tains, the train winds through the valley of the French
Broad, keeping close to the water's edge for the entire
distance.
But there is no monotony in this continuous river view, as
we follow the twistings and turnings of the silver stream
that during so many ages has been cutting its way through
the wild gorges of the mountains.
Now as some huge notch in the great wall widens the
valley, the river spreads out into a broad smooth sheet of
water from whose unruffled surface the rocks, and trees, and
clouds are mirrored. A little farther on the shaggy
mountain sides become more neighborly, and the hastening
river swirls and foams about the mighty boulders which the
ages have tossed into its channel.
" Along1 the entire line of this road the scenery is grand and romantic to the last degree."
SCENIC ATTRACTIONS OF NORTH CAROLINA.
395
As we approach Hot Springs the towering peaks seem to
be gathering their scattered forces for one last grand effort
to bar the progress of the subtle enemy that is cutting them
asunder, and looking ahead we see where nature seems to
have thrown a huge dam of mountains directly across the
river's course. But, a few moments later, our train turns its
head around a jutting promontory, and we see the river,
with one sweeping curve evade the mighty barrier, and go
leaping and laughing into the Hot Springs Valley. Here it
dances merrily through the fertile fields until six miles
further on it passes the point where Paint Rock stands
like a grim sentinel guarding the boundary line of Ten¬
nessee.
This rock is in itself one of the most impressive natural
monuments in the world. Rising from the river level, al¬
most perpendicularly several hundred feet, its rough and
weather-beaten face is covered with Indian hieroglyphics,
said to be vestiges of an indelible paint with which the
aborigines coated the surface of the rock, long ages before
the white man invaded their domain.
Gladly we would linger for weeks, or even months, at
Hot Springs, visiting the interesting scenes which cluster
about it, and enjoying the beneficial effects of its health-
giving waters, which rival those at Ems and Wiesbaden,
Germany, or the famous hot springs of Arkansas.
The bathing facilities here are unrivaled, and the effi¬
ciency of the baths in stubborn cases of rheumatism and gout
is truly wonderful. But neither of these diseases is racking
our rejuvenated systems, and the term of our vacation is
drawing to a close, so with reluctant hearts we turn our
backs upon the mountains and set our sun-tanned faces
homeward, where we shall shortly meet and compare notes
with the weary wanderers who will be telling the oft told
tale of their trip to Europe.
We have not walked through the aisles of the great
cathedrals that crown the hills of Rome, or been harrassed
by the hoard of hungry beggars that throng her streets.
We have not driven through the boulevards of Paris, or
breathed the deadly infection of the gambling hell of Monte
Carlo. We have not seen the crumbling ruins of feudal
castles, or .groped our way with lying guides through
gloomy dungeons where tyranny was wont to torture
patriots; nor have we had the privilege of going into
hysterics of rapture over the fading works of old masters
which we neither appreciated nor understood.
All. these things and many more have we missed, but we
have returned invigorated in mind and body from one of
the grandest trips it is possible for man to take.
We have wandered with reverent thoughts through
Nature's great cathedrals, and listened to the organ of the
winds playing its grand anthem in the mountain storm, or
whispering its soothing lullaby in the evening zephyrs. We
have seen an hundred towering castles, formed of Nature's
matchless masonry, which will last until earth itself shall
crumble into dust. We have seen a thousand pictures of
mountain, vale and waterfalls, all perfect in every detail,
and painted by the Great Master Artist of the Universe.
Their colors are fadeless as the sunlight, and their glory will
linger in our memory as the years roll by : "A thing of
beauty and a joy for ever."
CAPITOI, ()!•• SOUTH CAROLINA.
THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
This, long known as the Palmetto State, once formed a
portion of that vast territory of the New World claimed by
the Spaniards under the name of Florida, and by the
French, under that of New France; in other words it com¬
prised the southern or lower portion of what was once
styled Carolina. The first attempt to settle this section oc¬
curred in 1562, when Admiral Coligny obtained from
Charles IX., of France, permission to plant a colony of
Protestants on the coast of Florida. An expedition was
fitted out at the expense of the Crown, and placed under
the command of John Ribault. Something induced them
to change their plans and, entering Port Royal, they landed
on Lemon Island, where they erected a pillar, and afterwards
a fort, which they named in honor of the King, Arx
Carolina. Leaving a sufficient number, as he supposed, to
garrison the fort, Ribault returned to France. Two years
later a second expedition was sent out under one of
Ribault's men, but on landing at Port Royal they found not
a trace of the former. This colony likewise met with
disaster, being massacred by the Spaniards from Florida.
It was not until a century afterwards that a permanent
settlement was made by the English, who now begun to
assert their claim to a large territory in the Southern district
of North America. In 1662 a grant was obtained from
Charles II., and in 1667 an expedition sailed from England
under the command of Capt. William Sayle. They reached
Port Royal, where they made a settlement, but a few years
later removed to the west bank of the Ashley, and built a
town which they called, after the English monarch, Charles-
town. Subsequently they again removed to Oyster Point,
the present site of the city.
This State has had a stormy career and furnishes the
historian abundant material. Her statesmen and soldiers
have been able and brave, and while not always winning the
fights they have made, they have ever been slow to sur¬
render when they felt they had the right end of a quarrel.
Strange as it may appear, there is a great similarity in the
tempers exhibited by Massachusetts and South Carolina.
While they have ever been antagonistic in their creeds,
political and social, they have always resembled each other
in their tenacity for " State rights "—the latter not more so
than the former. While South Carolina has come to be re¬
garded, ot late years, as the "hot bed of secession," anyone
who will read the history of the two States, will find that
Massachusetts was constantly threatening to secede for very
similar reasons to those that excited South Carolina—Federal
invasions of her " rights "—the similarity ending with the
actual secession of South Carolina in 1861, leading her
southern sisters in the fierce revolt, which ended only at
Appomattox. Like Massachusetts, she was one of the
original thirteen colonies, and contributed freely of her
might, money and men in proclaiming to the world their
right to be free from English domination during the seven
weary, trying years that ended at Yorktown.
But it is not so much with the old regime that we have
to deal as with the new. A new era has dawned for the
people there, and has brought a complete revolution of
conditions. The cotton spindles and weavers' shuttles now
hum close by the cotton fields, and through their magic
influence cotton may yet be king. A simple incident plainly
told may perhaps best illustrate one of these changed
conditions :
On a beautiful Indian Summer day in the fall of 1895,
while visiting the Atlanta Exposition, my attention was
attracted to a machine standing just outside the Agri¬
cultural Building, which proved to be an enlarged im¬
provement on the old hydraulic ram. The inventor, a
bright-eyed young fellow, stood by it explaining its modus
operandi to a small party of interested listeners. When he
had finished, and the little crowd had passed on, I indulged
my curiosity by asking some questions. He said he was
from South Carolina; the necessity for the invention had
been made apparent to him, and by constant thought and
experiment he had evolved the present machine. He had
patented it, and was now offering the machines for sale,
guaranteeing the performance of all that was promised. He
exhibited a printed circular with well known names ap¬
pended, certifying that the machine was as near perpetual
motion as anything known, a few of the bearings only
requiring a little lubrication once every few weeks. No
engineer, no fuel, no expense; the only thing necessary
being a constant flow of water from some spring, with a few
feet fall, which furnished the motive power necessary to
push large volumes of water hundreds of feet upward and
miles away. I said to him :
" You a South Carolinian and do that sort of thing ? "
He smilingly answered : " Oh, yes ; " and asked me why
it seemed so strange.
I said to him that before the war when we had the
negroes to work for us in the fields, and the young fellows
had nothing to do but devote themselves to problems of
statecraft, the South had usually supplied Presidents and
statesmen to the United States, who had governed the
country and added to its domain, and all this invention had
been the work of what we called the Yankees Now that
the young fellows of the South had taken their places in
the workshops and the fields, if they could show the same
aggressiveness there that their fathers had in political
leadership, the South stood a good chance of regaining all
and more than she had lost in setting the darkies free.
398
SOUTH CAROLINA
It was a pleasant thing to see his smile of confidence and
hear his reassuring reply :
" Why, my dear sir, you don't seem to know that lately
the Southern States have far outstripped the Northern in
the number of applications for new inventions at the Patent
Office at Washington. It's a fact, and you can go home
and rest easy about the young men of the South. They
are awake ; their faces are turned toward the dawn ; they
are not going to 'get left' any more ; and in ten years you'll
find them ' up' in a great many things their daddies never
gave any thought to."
Our talk had attracted others who now came up, and I
left him to explain to them what had been most interesting
and encouraging to me.
Governor John Gary Evans claims that South Carolina is
susceptible of more varied industries than any State in the
Gov. J. O. KVANS, South Carolina
American Union. He mentions the fact with pride that
the State has erected an agricultural and industrial college
for boys on the site of the old homestead of John C.
Calhoun, where agriculture and the mechanic arts are
taught in such a practical, able manner as to assure
future development of the State's resources upon the best
and highest plane. And what is an important feature and
factor in its success is the low price at which living and
tuition are furnished, bringing it within the reach of any
ambitious young man, as the employment furnished the
student by the college management enables him by manual
labor to pay his way. A like industrial college has been
opened for the girls of the State, so that now as good edu¬
cation, and as cheap, can be had there as in any place in
the world. Both institutions are supported liberally by the
State.
The raising of rice, cotton and tobacco continue to be the
chief sources of revenue to the agriculturists, although the
soil is capable of supplying everything from the table to
the barn.
There are many portions of the State especially favorable
to manufacturing on account of the abounding streams
which furnish abundant water power. This has been appre¬
ciated by capitalists, and the increase in the number and
size of cotton mills has been marvelous.
In 1890 there were only 332,784 spindles, and 8,546
looms; now there are in active operation more than 12,000,-
000 spindles. Gov. Evans asserts that there is not a cotton
mill in the State that does not earn from 10 to 25 per cent
dividends. Cotton is handled directly from the farms to the
mills, and this saving of freight on each bale of cotton makes
its manufacture there a most profitable industry. A strike
among the operatives is there, so far, a thing unknown, the
reason the Governor assigns being that "the operatives are
our own people, who love their State and are ever ready to
maintain order and good government." He claims that the
manufacturing section of South Carolina is a winter resort
for Northerners, and a summer resort for Southerners, and
asserts that during the recent panics the mills worked night
and day, not a single " shut down " being recorded. The
manufacturers of cotton mill machinery find it a good thing
to take the stock of these mills in payment for their wares
as they effect a sale and a profitable investment, both at the
same time.
Cotton seed oil mills also abound, the industry having ad¬
vanced and increased the value of cotton as a money crop
almost a cent a pound. In 1895 cotton seed sold there at a
greater price per bushel on the farm than did a bushel of
corn in the West, and during the same year one of the
cotton-seed oil mills declared and paid a div idend of over
40 per cent. Two of them have paid back in two years to
their stockholders 100 per cent, of the capital invested, and
their profits will very soon induce an increase of facilities
for manufacturing until the entire crop of cotton seed pro¬
duced in the State will be worked up there.
Much of the middle section of the State is peculiarly
adapted to the production of fruits of all kinds; the best
grades of tobacco, the most luscious peaches, pears and
melons, which are shipped to meet outside demands which
have never yet been fully supplied. The peaches are con¬
sidered much better than the California product, and bring
a better price at the North, and are much closer to the
market. Innumerable good openings are furnished lor
nurseries and canneries of all kinds.
Tobacco raising has increased to such a degree as to in¬
duce the recent erection of four large factories for its mani-
NEWRY, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
399
pulation, and they are all said to be paying handsome
dividends. The culture of tea has also proven profitable.
Gov. Evans says that 1895 has been a prosperous year for
South Carolina in every sense of the word, so far as nature
could make it; the farmers have been blessed with abundant
crops, and there is enough corn and country-cured hams in
the barns and smoke houses of her citizens to feed the State
for the next two years, and with such a country, climate and
people no human power can stay their progress.
THE COURTENAY HANUFACTURINQ COnPANY,
Newry, Oconee Co., S. C.
The foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains abound in
rivulets, heading to given points, where they form the many
rivers of the upper and middle sections of South Carolina.
It appears, from careful surveys made by experienced engi¬
neers, that of the thirty-six counties of this State, over one-
third have an assured water power wealth, which so far has
been only slightly developed and partially utilized. At
this writing mill investors can secure such properties of from
300 to 10,000 horse power at a ieally nominal outlay. At
many of the larger water powers it is simply a question of
the height of the dam, and the size of the canal to obtain
from 300 to 10,000 horse power. In close proximity
superior granite is found lying open; clay for superior
bricks at hand; an abundance of lumber easily obtained;
no ice in winter and no summer drought to interfere with
the flow of the streams. It is not surprising that these
superior natural advantages should have attracted the atten¬
tion of capitalists and experienced manufacturers. Within
the past decade many cotton mills have been erected, and
are now in successful operation. One of these, The
Courtenay Manufacturing Company, we illustrate.
In April, 1893, the property on Little River in Oconee
county was purchased. It was then a solitude. The pri¬
meval forest of the Indian period covered its hills and
dales. Trees had to be cut down and the land graded to
clear a place large enough for the mill building. To-day a
stately and handsome four-story mill building meets the eye
of the visitor, filled with the newest and most approved
type of machinery, whose humming music may be heard
for miles around. A model village, with a population of
near one thousand souls, having an excellent school for
children open nine months in the year, with Sunday ser¬
vices regularly and fully attended. All this in two years.
The founder of this enterprise, Mr. William A. Courtenay,
formerly of Charleston, S. C., has filled many public sta¬
tions, in all of which, whether as mayor of his city or in
less important offices, his fidelity, energy and sound judg¬
ment have made for him a noble record among the distin¬
guished citizens of his native city and State. He has
devoted himself with great earnestness to the making, at
THE COURTENAY MANUFACTURING COMPANY. NEWRY, OCONtSE CO., S. C.
16,176 Spindles, 54o Looms. Directors: Francis I. Pelzer, Wm. A. Courtenay, R. C, Rhett. Edwin P. Frost, W. R Smith Heyward.
400
COLUMBIA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
Newry, of a model manufacturing town, and in a remarkable
short time has established there one of the most successful
industrial enterprises in the Southern States. It properly
bears his name, and among the exhibits at the Cotton States
and International Exposition, of textile fabrics, none at¬
tracted more attention than the cloths from the Courtenay
Manufacturing Company. Half a mile from the mill on a
beautiful eminence is a spacious mansion with the Blue
Ridge Mountains in full view from its broad piazza. This
is " Innisfallen," the elegant and refined home of Mr.
Courtenay. One may describe the architectural feature of
an imposing structure ; he may write of its elegant interior
finish and adornments ; the spacious room where a large
and well selected library represents the collection of a life
time ; of reception rooms and parlors, but he cannot
describe the generous hospitality, the courtly graces and
gentle spirits that make of " Innisfallen " what the home of
a cultured Christian gentleman must ever be, a place of
gracious restfulness. No one can better invest the substan¬
tial, the practical affairs of life with the charm of sentiment,
and in doing so display a more elegant taste, than in
Courtenay. Here where machinery is doing its labor, he
greets an altar to which he would bring all human energy,
and in the very name of his home makes the spirit of sweet
Innisfallen one of the most beautiful of the lakes of Kil-
larney. How charmingly has Moore sung the praises of
Innisfallen in these lines:
Sweet Innisfallen, fare thee well,
May calm and sunshine long be thine !
How fair thou art, let others tell—
To feel how fair shall long be mine.
Sweet Innisfallen, long shall dwell
In mem'ry's dream that sunny smile
Which o'er thee on that evening fell,
When I first saw thy fairy isle.
Rev. geo. a bi.ackman, Columbia, s. C.
Col. HENRY D. CAPERS,
Columbia, S. C.
The subject of this sketch was born at Columbia, S. C.,
June 2d, 1835. In his boyhood he had the advantage of
good school training, and entered the South Carolina Mili¬
tary Academy in the year 1853. Upon the death of his
father in January, 1855, he resigned his cadetship in the
second class and went to Anderson, S. C., to take charge of
his father's farm. In 1856 he entered the private school of
col henry d. capers.
Dr. Middleton Michel, of Charleston, S. C.. and began the
study of anatomy and physiology, intending to make a
specialty of comparative anatomy and physiology. He
distinguished himself as a close and accurate student and
vivisectionist, taking the Michel medal for a dissection ot
the sympathetic system of nerves. He was a pupil of the
celebrated Brown-Sequard, of Paris, and assisted him in his
vivisections and demonstrations of the nervous system. In
1857 he was appointed prosector to the professor of anatomy
in the Atlanta Medical College, and was in the discharge of
these duties when the tocsin of war sounded, in 1861. He
went to Montgomery to attend the inauguration of President
Davis, and was made marshal to represent South Carolina
on that occasion. Upon the appointment of Hon. C. G.
Meminger of Charleston, S. C., as Secretary of the Treasury,
which occurred immediately after the inauguration of Presi¬
dent Davis, Dr. Capers was appointed his private secretary,
chief clerk and disbursing officer of the Treasury of theCon-
federate States. He was, with Secretary Meminger, the
first officer 011 duty for the Confederate Government, and
continued in this service until the expiration of the provi¬
sional Government.
Upon his resignation the officers of the several depart¬
ments presented him at a public meeting held in Corinthian
Hall, at Richmond, Ya., with an elegant dress sword and a
series of complimentary resolutions on a handsomely en-
COLUMBIA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
401
grossed parchment. Dr. Capers became Major Capers in
the provisional army of the Confederacy, and organized the
Twelfth Georgia Batallion of Artillery. For gallant and
meritorious conduct he was breveted Lieutenant-Colonel of
artillery on the recommendation of Lieutenant-General E.
Kirby Smith. Col. Capers served in the western army at
Fort Wagner in the siege of Charleston, and in Gordon's
division, Evan's Brigade, army of Northern Virginia.
He was severely wounded at the battle of Cold Harbor in
Virginia, June 2d, 1864. The war over Col. Capers devoted
his time to the building up of the waste places of Georgia.
He organized a county fair at Eatonton, Ga., in the track of
Sherman's army while the embers of burnt dwellings and
barns were yet unremoved. Again, in 1872, he organized
an industrial exposition at Savannah, Ga., which was a fore¬
runner of the industrial movements of Georgia. Col. Capers
was admitted to the practice of law at Jones County Superior
Court in 1870, and is a member of the Supreme Court of
Georgia, and of the United States. The degree of A.M.
was conferred upon him by the University of Georgia, in
1869, and Ph. D. by the University of Tennessee, in 1879.
He is an author of no inconsiderable character. His prin¬
cipal works are " Life and Times of C. G. Meminger, Secre¬
tary of the Treasury," a royal octavo which has been most
favorably criticised by leading reviews and journals in the
United States and Europe; "Bellevue," a historical romance,
is justly regarded among the very best literary productions
of our southern authors.
Col. Capers has also written many beautiful poems.
"The Death of the Rose " is a gem that is treasured in the
historical society at Savannah with "Wilde's Summer Rose,"
severally exhaling the fragrance of a gentle nature and a
cultured mind. He is now engaged in preparing a work on
the law of testamentary capacity, designed as a textbook on
medico-legal jurisprudence.
Col. Capers comes from one of the oldest and most
talented families of the South. His father was the great and
good Bishop Wm. Capers, of South Carolina. His grand¬
father was a gentleman of culture who distinguished himself
as an officer in Marion's Legion of partisan Rangers in the
American Revolutionary War Capers Island, near Charles¬
ton, is a part of a grant from George, King of England, to
Wm. Capers, the paternal ancestor of the line to which Col.
Capers belongs. The present Bishop, Ellison Capers, of the
diocese of South Carolina, is a younger brother of the
colonel.
Col. Capers is now in the prime of life, much beloved by
his friends, and in every respect a Christian gentleman to be
admired.
Dr. D. L. BOOZER,
Columbia, 5. C.
Dr. David Luther Boozer, senior partner of the firm of D.
L. Boozer & Sons, dentists and dealers in dental materials,
1515 Main street, Columbia, S. C., was born in Lexington
26
County, S. C., September nth, 1833. His father was a
well-to-do farmer of Lexington. He selected dentistry as
his profession, and studied under Roberts & Gregg, of
Columbia, S. C. He had been a student only six months
when, at the death of Roberts, Gregg offered him the junior
partnership, which he accepted, January, 1861. Then came
the Civil War, in which he did valiant service. Columbia
DR. D X, BOOZER.
was burned and his office destroyed. With his characteristic
energy he secured what instruments he could and resumed
the practice alone, Gregg having died. In 1866 he married
Miss Mattie C. Barre, daughter of a wealthy planter of
Newberry.
By close application and honest dealing he soon won the
respect of all and secured a practice second to none in the
State. He has made many important discoveries and valuable
inventions, none of which he patented, but, with his usual
public spirit, gave all to the profession. He was one of the
most active movers in establishing the State Dental Asso¬
ciation, an organization that has done more than anything
else to elevate the profession.
In 1891 his eldest son, J. William, graduated from the
University of Maryland, Dental Department, and in 1893, J-
Edwin from the same institution. (This is connected with
one of the oldest medical colleges and ranks as one of the
leading dental schools.)
Having three well-equipped offices in the same building,
they decided to divide the work, and each has his specialty
—extracting and artificial dentures, filling teeth and treating
diseases of the oral cavity, crown and bridge work, respec¬
tively.
Dr. Boozer's art and skill in restoring facial expression,
and in producing life-like appearance after loss of the dental
organs, has made for him a widespread reputation.
MEMBERS Ot> THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1S95.
MEMBERS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1895.
404
COLUMBIA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
ERNEST SHULER DREHER, A. M
Columbia, S. C
Ernest Shuler Dreher was born in Lexington County, S.
C., July 25th, 1866. He worked on the farm and attended
the local schools until he was eighteen years old. In 1884
he entered Roanoke College, Salem, Va.,and graduated with
honor in 1888. He was then elected principal of Mount
Tabor School, Newberry County, S. C., a school of more
than a hundred pupils. Having taught this school success¬
fully for one year, he was elected assistant principal of the
Laurel Street school, Columbia, S. C., and so commended
himself by his earnest, painstaking work that on the resigna¬
tion of the principal of that school, in 1892, he was at once
made principal.
He filled this position with such exceptionable ability for
three years that, when a vacancy occurred in the superin-
tendency of the city schools, Mr. Dreher was elected to
this important and responsible position, May 22d, 1895.
His election is an instance of the promotion of an
efficient official. Mr. Dreher is a gentleman of pleasant
E. S DREHER A. M
address, strong intellect, and high character. He has been
quite successful in training and in discipline, governing with
a firm and steady hand, preserving order, and at the same
time winning the respect and affections of his pupils. Ever
since his connection with the city schools he has been held
in the highest esteem by those under him. His pupils
entertained a devotion for him that he rightly appreciated
and always endeavored to retain.
Mr. Dreher, though so young, has attained for himself an
enviable position, and with his sterling worth is sure to rise
higher as the opportunity presents itself. His position as
superintendent of the Columbia City Schools gives him the
opportunity of showing that extensive ability with which
nature has so kindly endowed him.
Mr. Dreher is the youngest of eight living sons, one of
whom is President of Roanoke College, and another is
United States Consul at Guben, Germany.
Dr. A. N. TALI,EY, Columbia, S. C.
Dr. B. W. TAYLOR,
Columbia, S, C.
Benjamin Walter Taylor, of Columbia, S. C., was born in
Columbia on the 28th of February, 1834. His parents were
Benjamin Franklin Taylor, and Sally W. (Coles) Taylor;
Dr. B. W. TAYLOR.
and his grandparents on his father's side, Colonel Thomas
Taylor, of the revolution, and Ann (Wyche) Taylor. The
grandparents were natives of Caroline County, Va., but were
the first settlers on the Congaree, where Columbia now
stands. He is a graduate of the South Carolina College, at
COLUMBIA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
Columbia, of the class of 1855, and of the South Carolina
Medical College, at Charleston, S. C, one of the class of 1858.
After graduation he settled in Columbia, where he has re¬
mained except during the war. On the breaking out of the
Civil War he was made assistant surgeon, and assigned to
Fort Moultrie, where he served until Fort Sumter sur¬
rendered. On the organization of the Hampton Legion he
was selected as their assistant surgeon. He was afterwards
made surgeon and assigned to the Second South Carolina
Cavalry, Hampton's Brigade. The last year of the war he
was promoted from chief surgeon of division to medical
director of Cavalry Corps of Army of Northern Virginia.
He is a member of the South Carolina Medical Association,
was its vice-president in 1875, twice president of the Colum¬
bia Medical Society, and a delegate to the medical congress,
held in Philadelphia, in 1876; a member of the American
Medical Association, also of the Southern Surgical and
Gynecological Association. He is one of the surgeons of
the Columbia Hospital, at Columbia, S. C. He has con¬
tributed several articles to Medical Journal. He is medical
referee for South Carolina of the Mutual Life Insurance Co.,
of New York. He married, in 1865, Anna, daughter of
Nathaniel and Eliza Rhett Heyward, of Beaufort, S. C.
Dr. c. j. ouveros.
same city. He remained there until he accepted a position
as assistant dispensary clerk of Roper Hospital in Charles¬
ton. Brom there he went to Baltimore and, after taking
three courses, he graduated at the University. Having de-
Dr. C. J. OUVEROS,
Columbia, s. C.
Dr. Esidero J. Oliveros, who was a surgeon in the Con¬
federate Army, after its close located in Orangeburg, S. C.,
where in 1866 his son, Dr. Clifford J. Oliveros, the subject
of this sketch, was born. Early in life Dr. Oliveros deter¬
mined to follow medicine as a profession, and for this pur¬
pose he started at the very bottom in the wholesale drug
house of Dr. H. Boer, of Charleston, S. C. From there he
went to the retail drug store of Dr. Chas. F. Pauknin, of the
cided to follow a specialty, he took a special course at the
Presbyterian Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital, under the direc¬
tion of Dr. Julian J. Chisolm. He first located in Asheville,
N. C., where he had worked up a good practice, but feeling
that there was a larger field in his native State, he returned
to Columbia, S. C., where he has settled and is devoting
himself exclusively to the practice of the eye, ear, nose and
throat, at the corner of Plain and Marion streets, where he
has just completed a new residence and office. The latter
is fitted with every modern convenience and appliance
necessary for his profession.
THE CAPITOL OF TENNESSEE.
THE STATE OF TENNESSEE
The early civil and political history of Tennessee presents
an interesting subject of investigation to the student. A
remote settlement of hunters, herdsmen and farmers—sep¬
arated from Virginia and North Carolina by a desert moun¬
tain—not embraced within the ascertained boundaries and
without the jurisdiction of either province; without courts,
laws or protection—-under the unpretending name of the
"Wautauga Association," laid the foundation of the present
State of Tennessee.
The name later chosen was the Washington District—being
the first Territory to honor the "Father of his Country"—but
application was made, after a territorial existence of eight
years, in 1777, for annexation to the province of North
Carolina.
The district government had already organized its
militia and expressed a willingness to become a party in
the War for Independence, then actively beginning; ac¬
knowledging its proportion of indebtedness to the American
Colonies in carrying on the war, and pledging its determina¬
tion of adherence to the glorious cause in which they were
then struggling, and to " contribute to the welfare of our
own or of ages yet to come." It thus became a colonial
appendage of North Carolina from 1777 to 1784, and it was
then ceded by the Mother State to the Congress of the Con¬
federated Provinces, thus being reduced to a condition of
political orphanage. During the four years that ensued,
until 1788, its population attempted to exercise the " divine
right of self-government," and established the " State of
Franklin," passing through a stage of discord, crude and
immature legislation, tumult and disorder, resulting in a final
overthrow of the Commonwealth and the return to its
former North Carolina allegiance, from 1788 to 1790.
On the first day of June, 1796, Tennessee was admitted
into the Union. John Savier was her first Governor.
William Blount, who had been for six years preceding Gov¬
ernor of " The Territory Southwest of the River Ohio," of
which Tennessee had been a part, and William Cocke, were
chosen the first United States Senators. Andrew Jackson
was selected as the Member of Congress from the State
at large.
The entire country now constituting East Tennessee
was embraced in what was then known as Washington
County. All that part now called Middle Tennessee was
then named the Mero District, and extended to the Tennes¬
see River on the west. The Chickasaw and Choctaw Indians
inhabited the territory west of the Tennessee River, and in
1819 the title of these nations to the lands lying between
the Tennessee and Mississippi Rivers was extinguished by
purchase and became a part of the State.
For almost a century Tennessee has been a reservoir and
a distributing point, sending forth from her patriotic and
prolific bosom colonies of people, whose descendants may be
found in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Texas and
numerous other States throughout the great West, and
wherever these people have rested they have enriched those
localities with their enterprise and industry. Many of them
were rarely endowed, and have left their impress upon the
civilization of distant sections. " Old Sam Houston," as he
is yet familiarly and affectionately called in Texas, whose
leave-taking of his native State, where he was ever honored
and idolized, has always been shrouded in the uncertainty of
romance, may be said to have founded the State of Texas,
winning her independence from Santa Anna and the Mexi¬
cans. And notwithstanding this constant outflow of num¬
bers, genius and valor, the State has ever kept well abreast
with the intellectual, material and political advancement and
prominence of her sisters, furnishing three Presidents of the
United States and many statesmen and warriors who have
gained fame and became widely known throughout the
American Union. The valor of her soldiers has been at¬
tested on every field, from King's Mountain to the last stand
made by the Southern Confederacy in North Carolina,
until she has well settled her right and title to the proud
baptismal name of the Volunteer State—the luster of her
escutcheon growing brighter as the decades have filed past
into the history of her imperishable renown.
While it is true that Tennessee has not kept pace with
some of her Southern sisters, during the last ten years, in
her increased wealth and population, a study of the causes
leads to the hope that they will be speedily removed and
the State regain the proud position that her great natural
advantages and her historic renown imperatively and loudly
demand.
Her people are rapidly becoming better educated and
informed, and are certain not to be long satisfied to lag
behind in the race for advancement and wealth. Her great
Centennial Exposition, commemorating her admission to the
sisterhood of States, which is to be held during 1897, will be
the means of giving a new impetus* to her energies and
emphasize anew her untold riches in material and intellectual
possessions and resources, combined with her unequaled
climatic advantages and geographical location. Tennessee
is beginning to understand that great natural advantages
amount to little unless they are appreciated and improved ;
she has seen States poorest in resources become most
prosperous, and is realizing the advantage of the whole¬
some stimulus that has always been furnished by pros¬
pective want.
408
NASHVILLE, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
THE NASHVILLE, CHATTANOOGA & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY.
The history of the construction of the Nashville &
Chattanooga Railroad, which has since developed into the
great system known as the Nashville, Chattanooga & St.
Cumberland Mountain Tunnel.—Mountain Road Overhead.
Louis Railway, is fraught with deep interest, inasmuch as it
was the first railroad that was finished in the State. The
work on it began in 1848, near Nashville, Tenn., and it was
completed in February, 1854, at which time the first train
ran through from Nashville to Chattanooga.
Wise were the councils and keen the sagacity of the men
who first projected the building of this grand highway, for
in all the land there is no other road that surpasses it in the
natural elements that form the basis for those industrial
enterprises that build up the wealth and prosperity and
greatness of a people. Every year attests more and more
the wisdom of those old pioneers in railroad building. The
names of V. K. Stevenson, Godfrey M. Fogg, Jas. C. Jones,
and others will be remembered and honored for many long
generations to come, for they labored against almost insuper¬
able difficulties, in the face of the strongest prejudice, and
the most active opposition, and with the most inadequate
means. But they triumphed in the end, and the road stands
as a monument to their sublime energy, invincible courage,
and indomitable will.
The main line is 151 miles long, and the whole system
covers 902 miles. No other railroad system in the Missis¬
sippi Valley has a greater range in its altitude above the
sea, running "from 306 feet at Hickman, Ky., on the Missis¬
sippi River, to 1,964 feet at Monteagle, Tenn. No other
road in America can show a greater variety of resources
and productions along its line. If everything on earth were
destroyed except what may be found along this road or may
be produced on some part of its various divisions, mankind
would scarcely feel any deprivation.
The opulence of the natural resources, aptitudes and
capabilities of the country contiguous to this line is shown
by the fact that one may grow thirty-three standard,
marketable crops in the fields, an equal number of garden
products, besides nineteen kinds of fruits and berries, and
gather six or more edible nuts in the forests. Every bread-
grain, every vegetable, every fruit—except those that are
tropical—indeed nearly every vegetable, animal or mineral,
that is needed lor man's sustenance, comfort or convenience,
may be found or produced on this line. The stones and
timber for constructing his habitation, the coal and wood for
warming him in winter, petroleum for lighting up his home,
the iron and copper for forging his utensils, the gold from
which to make his money and his ornaments, the textile fabrics
for making his clothing, the animal for domestic purposes,
for working his fields and for supplying his provisions, the
water power for running his factories, many of the herbs
that cure his diseases, are found or may be produced on the
line of this road. If we compare this region with the most
desirable spots on the globe, we shall find that no other
place surpasses, if it equals it, not only for the abundance,
variety and value of its productions, but for its happy and
Rock Cut, South Side Cumberland Mountain.
healthful climate where cold and heat, sunshine and rain are
most beautifully ordered, and where the maladies that afflict
mankind are reduced to a minimum. Tt is a climate where
man may enjoy the highest degree of happiness, work the
The Rock Canal. Approach to Tunnel.—Mountain Road Overhead.
SCENES ALONG THE NASHVILLE, CHATTANOOGA & ST. LOUIS RAII.WAV
O
4-io
NASHVILLE, HOMES AND PEOIJLE.
greatest number of days, and suffer the least disability from
disease or discomfort from the extremes of temperature.
Numerous extensions from time to time have been made
to the original line. Short branches have been constructed
as feeders, and wherever there was a prospect of increasing
the business of the road, lateral lines have been run out
until the system resembles a great octopus with a number
Tennessee River at The Suck.
of legs that stretch out over nearly all that rich agricultural
and mineral district known as Middle Tennessee. A division
also passes through West Tennessee. Another passes into
East Tennessee and runs up that most remarkable of all
valleys in America for its curious topographical and geolog¬
ical features, for the splendor of its scenery and the love¬
liness of its climate, known as the Sequatchie Valley, where
coal and iron ore, timber and building stone, fertile lands
and airy summer heights, where the horizon hastens to kiss
the sky with a warmer blush, are all found within a distance
of four or five miles from the railroad. The branch which
runs to Tracy City attains at Monteagle the greatest eleva¬
tion reached by any road in Tennessee. At Tracy City
this line gives transportation to the output of the greatest
coal mines in Tennessee. The division which runs from
Tullahoma to Bon Air passes through a fruitful and pictur¬
esque country—one that teems with the fatness of the earth,
and displays the most varied landscape and the most striking
beauty of mountain scenery. It also reaches extensive coal
mines.
The Fayetteville and Columbia Division, which leaves
the main line at Decherd, gives railroad facilities to a most
charming country where level stretches of the most fertile
soils are alternated with beautiful symmetrical hills and
ridges that give a beauty to the landscape and a freshness
to the breezes, making it a fit habitation for intelligent
people and a place for ideal homes. From Fayetteville to
Columbia is a typical stock country where all the grasses
and cereals flourish in profuse luxuriance and abundance.
A division leaves this part of the road at Flora, and
passes on to Huntsville in Alabama, which is situated in a
valley so wide, so fertile, so grand and so beautiful in its
surroundings as to arrest the eye of all intelligent travelers.
From Huntsville the road passes on to the Tennessee River
at the head of Hobbs' Island. Here steamboats make con¬
nection with the trains, and carry passengers and freight to
Guntersville, Ala., a distance of twenty miles. This stretch
of the Tennessee River opens to view some of the finest
scenery to be found in any country, resembling in many
particulars that on the Hudson from Irvington to West
Point. Within this distance the river breaks through the
western arm of Sand Mountain. High mountains, deep
valleys, bold headlands, rocky cliffs, deep coves, forest
crowned slopes and rich cornfields are the principal features
in the landscape. The river is about half a mile wide, and
is usually of transparent clearness. It has a velocity not
swift enough to break into cascades, nor sluggish enough to
appear stationary ; but it has a current that may fitly be
described as majestic in its flow and splendid in its beauty,
the water mirroring the sky and the bounding elevations
with an added brilliancy. At Guntersville, mountain heights
rise on every side in all their transcendent gorgeousness and
majestic beauty. They are covered by thick forests and
are deeply eroded by many a dark chasm where the light
of the sun comes late in the day and disappears early. The
railroad climbs the main mountain by many a curve over
high trestles and along giddy heights, often with precipitous
edges. When it reaches the top a broad and almost flat
plateau extends for fifteen or twenty miles, known as Sand
Mountain. On the southeastern side of this mountain the
road descends into the great valley of the Coosa River,
famed even before the settlement of the country by the
Europeans as a populous region and one where the red man
enjoyed his greatest desire in having an abundance of game
in the forest and maize in the field.
The branch leading to Lebanon passes through a portion
of the great Central Limestone Basin, and one that is noted
for its fruitfulness and the rural beauty of its landscapes.
Lookout Mountain from North Side Tennessee River.
The Northwestern Division, extending from Nashville to
Hickman, Ky., passes for the most part through a good
agricultural region. Where the lands are not productive,
there is a compensation in large deposits of iron ore and
phosphates as 011 the Centreville Branch leading from
Dickson to Allen's Creek. No better farming region is to
NASHVILLE, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
411
Base of Lookout Mountain.
be found in Tennessee
than that extending
from the Tennessee
River westward to Hick¬
man, Ky. In Carroll,
Weakley and Obion
Counties particularly
the soils are exceeding¬
ly generous in their
yield, versatile in their
productions and easy of
cultivation. Shortly
after leaving Nashville
on the Northwestern
Division, the road goes
through the great Belle
Meade estate, where
the highest bred race
horses of America are
produced and where one
of the largest dairies in
the country is estab-
of 190 milch cows. At this place is a
ransre a herd of several hundred
lished, consistin
beautiful park where
deer.
The Western & Atlantic Railroad has been leased by
the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railway, and it
traverses a highly picturesque and historic country—a
country of hill and dale, of ridges and mountains, of
dashing streams and broad rivers, of dark forests and open
woodland. It is a region of minerals, consisting of manga¬
nese, iron ores, asbestos, kaolin, marble, tripoli, hydraulic
cement, gold, copper, slates, bauxite and possibly others.
This region is the great battle ground between Gen. Sher¬
man on the one hand and Gen. Johnston on the other, in
which advance and retreat were conducted on the highest
principles of military art and science, making nearly every
station on the line reminiscent of warlike deeds.
Taking the whole system controlled by the Nashville,
Chattanooga & St. Louis Railway, it may be said that the
road has no superior, whether we consider the excellence of
the roadbed, the efficiency of the officers, the ready and quick
dispatch of the business, the elegant equipment, the mag¬
nificent scenery, the interest of the numerous battlefields, the
richness of the country through which it passes, and the
thoroughness with which all the details necessary to the suc¬
cessful management of a great enterprise are carried out.
Life is not endangered by parsimony, nor freight lost or
damaged by inadequate and incompetent service.
Six of the most progressive towns and cities in the South
are served by this line, viz.: Nashville, Chattanooga, At¬
lanta, Huntsville, Rome and Gadsden. All these places are
becoming centres for a varied commerce, and they are des¬
tined to have a rapid growth in population, wealth, manu¬
factures, educational advantages and political influence and
power. Each is the natural focus of a large trade, and all
are situated in regions that have some marked advantages
in natural resources and aptitudes for building up great com¬
mercial and manufacturing interests.
Nothing will better illustrate the growth in railroad trans¬
portation during the last forty years than a comparison of the
Moccasin Bend from Point Lookout.
gross receipts from the main line for the first three years
after it went into operation with the three years ending
June 30, 1892, as shown below:
Gross receipts of the main line from Nashville to Chatta¬
nooga :
Years. Gross Receipts.
1854 $316,090 24
1855 424,720 79
1856 558,559 20
Years. Gross Receipts.
1890 $1,965,133 48
1891 2,192,842 84
1892 2,083,038 60
Total, three years. $1,299,3 70 23
This shows a gain in comparin
years each of 380 per cent.
Total, three years. $6,241,014 97,
the two periods of three
Gen. WILLIAM HICKS JACKSON,
Nashville, Tenn.
The subject of this sketch was born in Paris, Tenn., Octo¬
ber 1st, 1835 ; was educated at the West Tennessee College,
and at West Point, where he graduated in 1856; fought the
Indians for five years with Kit Carson and others; entered
the service of the State in 1861, and served throughout the
Civil War, discharging his duty as a Confederate soldier in
the capacity of commander of cavalry.
He is the son of Dr. Alexander Jackson, a brainy man
who emigrated from Halifax County, Va., to West Tennes¬
see, in 1828. His mother's maiden name was Mary W.
Hurt, also of Halifax County, and she was one of the most
accomplished women of her day, high bred and beautiful.
After the surrender of Gen. Lee, Gen. Jackson returned
home and December 15th, 1868, married Miss Selene Hard¬
ing, the eldest daughter of Gen. W. G. Harding. After
his marriage he applied himself industriously to agricultural
pursuits and was so successful that, when the Bureau of
Agriculture was established, in 1871, he was appointed one
412
NASHVILLE, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
of the six commissioners of agriculture. In organizing the
Bureau he was elected president.
The Resources of Tennessee, a work prepared during his
administration, is one of singular excellence and merit. It
was published in 1874, and was the first authentic publica¬
tion ever made of the grand resources and capabilities of
Tennessee.
Gen. Jackson retired from the Bureau in 1875 and devoted
his best energies to the building up of the greatest breeding
establishment in America. Belle Meade is known all over
the civilized world as the home of the highest bred horses.
Experts from Europe pronounce the horses at this place
as inferior to none in the qualities of endurance and speed
and high conformation. Gen. Jackson spared neither pains
nor expense in securing the best stallions and the highest
bred mares. There are horses now in his stable that money
will scarcely buy.
Having built up this mammoth establishment, at once the
pride and the glory of the South, with his immense organ-
gen. william hicks jackson.
izing capacity, he found leisure enough to devote some of
his time to other interests. He was made president of the
Gas Company, in Nashville, and president of the Nashville
Electric Street Railway Company. The latter company had
been so much crippled for want of funds that it went into
the hands of a receiver and was sold to the company of
which General Jackson is president. Under his able and
judicious management, the securities of the company have
advanced in price until all the original bonds of the com¬
pany are worth nearly their par value, and the interest on
them is paid regularly and promptly. General Jackson's
management of the gas company has been equally as suc¬
cessful.
It would seem with the management of the great estate
of Belle Meade, embracing its dairy of 190 cows, its stable
of nine stallions and 150 brood mares, and its beef cattle,
Shetland ponies and highly bred sheep; with the vast and
complicated interests of the street railroad under his super¬
vision, and with the gas company on his hands, that General
Jackson would have his hands full. Yet he is superintend¬
ing the erection of the grandest building in Nashville for
himself and brother, Justice H. E. Jackson, and is the Chair¬
man of the Executive Committee of the Centennial Expo¬
sition.
General Jackson is a strong man, mentally, physically and
morally. He never does anything by halves. He has the
best of everything—farms, horses, cattle, buildings, street
railroads and gas works. He never rests as long as there is
an improvement to be made. Whatever he puts his hand
to, prospers. He has an intuitive knowledge of men, and
therefore his agents are always the best for accomplishing
the purposes for which he selects them. In the organization
and conduct of the many large enterprises with which his
name is associated, he has acquired the habits of thought
peculiar to all successful men. He goes directly to the point,
and he has all the precision of a martinet, with the power
of a conqueror. Broad, but accurate; diligent, but de¬
liberate; patient but prompt; kind, but firm; fearing
no weight of responsibility, yet not careless of it, he al¬
ways meets and overcomes difficulties. By being always
successful he has acquired a reserve force before which
difficulties vanish. He has a foresight that is rare, dis¬
crimination that is cool, and a candor that is fearless.
Brave, but not rash; frugal, but not parsimonious; possessed
of a high bearing, a gentle courtesy and a commanding in¬
tellect, he feels certain of the high position that he has won,
and is free from the petty jealousies that worry and torment
weak men. His friends admire him for his sincerity of man¬
ners, for his fidelity to principle, and for the sterling qualities
of his head and heart.
Wealth alone floats many men, keeping them on top, but
of all the men whom the writer has ever known, Gen.
Jackson is the least dependent upon wealth for position and
prominence. He values wealth only as a means to an end,
and not as the end itself. He is, unselfishly, the most earnest
friend to the laboring, struggling man, never failing to ex¬
tend to him sympathy and support: He has frequently said
in his public and private addresses that he had rather leave
to his children the legacy of high character than the wealth
of the Indies.
The wealth of Gen. Jackson has never inflated him with
pride and undue vanity. He can be easily approached by
every human being, whether high or low, rich or poor,
white or black. Gen. Jackson possesses a ready and
effective eloquence that is impassioned, argumentative and
rational. His flow of language is easy, his sentences pointed
and strong. His utterances are full of thought and sugges¬
tion, and always compel attention. In warmth of sentiment,
breadth of view, and directness of statement he has few
superiors. His intellectual qualities are of the highest order,
and controlled by a vast fund of common sense.
NASHVILLE, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
He could easily have been a leading lawyer, a great states¬
man or a vigorous commander. As a statesman, he could
have evolved harmony from the most discordant elements,
and could have allayed the wildest storms of passion. As a
lawyer, he could have unraveled the intricacies of the most
complex cases; and, as a general, he could have have roused
the dormant energies and kindled the enthusiasm of his
soldiers, so as to win great victories.
As it is, he is a great central figure wherever he may be,
or in whatever business he may engage. He is a born
leader, fearless, just, incorruptible and invincible. His devo¬
tion to the every-day duties of civil life has taught many
young men where the true field of honor lies. To be a
good citizen, to exhibit the honor that may be found along
the walks of private life, to feel the glorious exaltation that
comes from the consciousness of having discharged the high
and unselfish duties of a citizen, are far prouder achieve¬
ments to him than those which come from the field of battle
or from the arena of politics. In this field of private duty
Gen. Jackson has erected a monument in the hearts of the
people more to be coveted than one erected to a triumphant
and blood-stained warrior.
HENRY WILSON BUTTORFF,
Nashville, Tenn.
Probably no man in the South, and certainly no one in
the State of Tennessee, has won a more commanding posi¬
tion in the business world or has attained a more triumphant
success than Henry Wilson Buttorff, the subject of this
sketch. Born August 18th, 1837, in Cumberland county,
Pennsylvania, of sturdy German parentage, he was thrown
by the death of his father upon his own unaided resources
at the early age of nine.
Nurtured in the hard lap of poverty, he soon exhibited
those traits of character to which he owes his present suc¬
cess in life. Patient under difficulties, unyielding in his
efforts to attain his end, possessed of a strong will acting in
obedience to a sound judgment, looking forward with a cal¬
culating sagacity through years, yet diligent in the perform¬
ance of present duties, thoroughly conscientious, methodical
in his habits, modest yet aggressive, with a lofty integrity
founded on principle; full of thought and energy, with an
invincible tenacity, never yielding to difficulties however
great they might appear, pleasant in address, cheerful in
manner, correct in morals, faithful to all his obligations—
these are the qualities which have made the life of Mr. But¬
torff a complete success and an inspiration to every self-
respecting, moral, industrious and ambitious boy, however
great may be his poverty.
When a youth, Mr. Buttorff worked on a farm in summer
and attended the district school in winter, until the age of
fifteen, when he was apprenticed to learn the trade of tin,
copper and sheet-iron worker, with a stipend of $25 per
annum and board for four years.
413
He came to Nashville, July, 1858, obtained employment
with J. W. Wilson, the leading tinner of the city at that
time, was made foreman Jannary, i860, superintendent July,
1861, introduced galvanized iron cornice work in Nashville
in i860, was admitted as a partner July, 1862, which part¬
nership was dissolved in 1868, owing to a difference of opin¬
ion between Mr. Wilson and himself as to the management
of the business, Mr. Buttorff retiring. In 1869 Mr. Buttorff
established the firm of Phillips, Buttorff & Co., and in 1871
bought out his former partner, Mr. Wilson. The business
of the new firm expanded beyond all expectation, and went
far beyond a jobbing concern, which led to the organization,
in 1881, of the Phillips Buttorff Manufacturing Company,
with a paid-up capital of $250,000.
The capital stock of the company is now $500,000, having
been doubled since the organization, besides paying out
$639>500 'n dividends. The net earnings during its exist¬
ence amount to $1,330,000 on total sales of $8,708,000.
HENRY WILSON BUTTORFF.
A semi-annual dividend of 5 per cent has been regularly
paid to the stockholders notwithstanding the financial strin¬
gency and depression in business during the past few years.
Mr. Buttorff is a skillful manager of men. He has great
reserve force. He knows how to secure the best efforts of
his employees, all of whom are strongly attached to him.
He is eminently just to them. He makes their interests his
interests, and expects and demands a like consideration
on their part. Though exacting the strictest performance
of duty, he is always ready and willing to assist and
encourage the deserving or the unfortunate. He has the
fullest confidence, respect and loyalty of the hundreds
whom he employs, embracing white and black, male and
female. He even looks after their enjoyments, spending
hundreds of dollars every year in annual pic-nics.
Mr. Buttorff occupies a position of which his friends are
justly proud, and which is his by right of conquest. Public-
414
NASHVILLE, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
spirited, genial, companionable, loyal to his friends, trust¬
worthy in every relation of life, a Christian gentleman,
being an honored and consistent member of the Baptist
church, a true and accepted Mason, a member of the
Odd-Fellows, a Knight of Pythias—he is a man among men
—performing his whole duty to his church, to his societies,
to his city, State and country.
Mr. Buttorff was married in Nashville, July, 1865, to Miss
Mary Nokes. He has had eleven children, two boys and
nine girls, all of whom are living, except one.
Hon. JOSEPH BUCKNER KILLEBREW, A.M., Ph.D.
Joseph Buckner Killebrew was born in Montgomery
County, Tenn., May 29th, 1831, son of Bryan Whitfield
and Elizabeth Smith Killebrew.
He comes of historic people. His great-great-grand¬
father, Wm. Whitfield, on the paternal side, was a captain
HON. JOSEPH BUCKNER KILLEBREW, A.M , PH B.
in the Revolutionary War, and his maternal great-grand¬
father was a soldier in the Virginia line, and was wounded at
Guilford Court House, N. C., March I 5th, 1781. His paternal
grandmother, Mary Whitfield, was one of twenty-nine
children, most of whom lived to mature age. Her father
owned a large estate on the Neuse and dying left $10,000
to each of his numerous children. Mr. Killebrew's pro¬
genitors came from England in 1720, and settled in North
Carolina.
He was educated at the University of North Carolina,
graduating with first distinction in 1856; was then elected
to a position among the teachers of his alma mater, which
he declined and returned to Tennessee and read law but only
practical a few months. On Dec. 3d, 1857, he was married to
Miss Mary Catharine Wimberly by whom he has had seven
% children, all living and grown up but one who died in
infancy. He was a successful farmer for ten years and was
then elected agricultural editor of the Nashville Union and
American ; afterwards chief editor of The Rural Sun and
became agent of the Peabody fund and active superinten¬
dent of public instruction for Tennessee in 1872-3. He
canvassed the state in the interest of public schools and so
effective were his speeches and reports, that the law creating
the present system of public instruction was passed in the
winter of 1873. In the meantime a law was passed creating
the Bureau of Agriculture, of which he was one of the
commissioners, and was made secretary. He prepared,
while secretary, a book called " Resources of Tennessee,"
in which was given to the world more information about the
state than any publication ever made. Though almost a
quarter of a century has elapsed since this valuable book
was published it is yet in great demand and a copy can now
only be had at a very advanced price. The law creating
this bureau was modified, in 1875, so as to have only one
commissioner, and Mr. Killebrew held this position for six
successive years. During the ten years he was connected
with the bureau, he published over 10,000 pages of book
matter treating of every material interest in Tennessee.
Among his other works was one on grasses and forest plants
which is a recognized standard everywhere.
Mr. Killebrew was chief of the department of woods and
minerals at the Atlanta Exposition in 1881—the best exhibit
ever made in this country except the one at Chicago. He
was appointed by the superintendent of the Tenth Census to
report on the culture and curing of tobacco in the United
States, and prepared a quarto volume of 300 pages copiously
illustrated, giving a minute account of the tobacco interests
in every State in the Union, and this work is the acknowl¬
edged authority on tobacco throughout the civilized world.
He was one of the editors of the Standard Dictionary
printed in 1894, recognized as the most complete vocabulary
every published in any language.
The University of North Carolina conferred the degrees
of A.M. and Ph.D. upon Mr. Killebrew for merit, and his
contributions to the various journals of the country have
stamped him as a man of great culture and research.
He has lately done a great work in attracting desirable
immigration to his state and section and is destined to
attain great success in this direction in the future owing to
his extensive and accurate knowledge of the country.
While his career has not been crowded with stirring events
it has been truthfully said of him that the sphere of thought
and task of human advancement afford no theme for battle
scenes, but it is strife in that cushioned field of thought
whence no stroke of lance resounds from the helmet of
antagonist to re-echo in the distant times. When the
struggle against darkness is over, arduous as may have been
the labor and fierce the fight, there is left the fact that
there 71 'as darkness, that there is light, and that there are
those who lighted and bore the torches. \\ hile these men
leave no large well-filled cemeteries as warriors do; while
they have not embodied themselves in enduring and
NASHVILLE, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
recorded enactments as statesmen have done ; while their
names and memories are not linked with those stirring
events called dramatic, making themes for song and speech,
they have made light the dark places ; they have builded
in the field of human progress, producing an intenser and
purer civilization than warrior or statesman, and this fabric
is strong and enduring. In this great field of human
endeavor Joseph Buckner Killebrew has reared his own
monument to his lasting honor and that of the people of
Tennessee.
JOHN BERRIEN LINDSLEY, M.D.
John Berrien Lindsley, Secretary and Executive Officer of
the Tennessee State Board of Health and Professor of State
Medicine in the University of Tennessee, was born in
Princeton, New Jersey, Oct. 24, 1822. During the summer
of 1850, Dr. Lindsley, as is shown in the " Historical Ad¬
dress of William K. Bowling, M.D.," got together the group
JOHN BERRIEN LINDSLEY, M.D.
of six physicians which in the October of that year became
the Medical Department of the University of Nashville, with
himself, its youngest member, as dean. This office he held
for six years, the school then numbering 419 matriculates.
In 1855 he became Chancellor of the University of Nash¬
ville. For several years previous to the great revolution of
1861, Dr. Lindsley was at the head of an institution which,
with a scant two thousand dollars income from endowment
funds, maintained two flourishing departments, jointly aggre¬
gating six hundred students in attendance and an income
from tuition fees averaging forty thousand dollars per annum.
There is, perhaps, no parallel in our educational annals. In
1875 the collegiate grounds and buildings, in accordance
with plans suggested by Chancellor Lindsley to B. Sears,
Agent of the Peabody Education Fund, as far back as 1867,
became the great teachers' institution, now known as the
415
Peabody Normal College, University of Nashville. As Su¬
perintendent Leon Trousdale and Prof. William R. Garrett
have published, Dr. Lindsley effected the harmonious com¬
bination of three distinct Boards of Trust on one much-
needed school, which has been and will be of vast benefit to
the entire South. This was a long and quiet work, certainly
of note in educational history. As a sanitarian, Dr. Lindsley
is a pioneer. Always a friend of the masses, familiar with
the growth and progress of the great American and Euro¬
pean cities, he has been keenly alive to the defects in Ten¬
nessee and to the means of remedy. For four years local
Health Officer of Nashville, and for the past eleven Health
Officer of the State of Tennessee, he has devoted time and
energy, with more or less success, to sanitary progress. Espe¬
cially does he advocate wide extension of city limits, twenty-
five to thirty square miles forNashville, Memphis, Chattanooga
and Knoxville; thus giving space for great thoroughfares
and for the creation of small parks within walking distance of
each family. His axiom is," Healthy homes for all the people."
He urges that all cities should now be suburban—no excessive
crowding anywhere, ample air-space for everybody. Eleva¬
tors and rapid transit will cause a revolution in the science
and art of building cities.
To historical researches connected with Tennessee, Dr.
Lindsley has devoted much time. His " Military Annals of
Tennessee—Confederate," is a splendid and unique tribute,
written by actors in the strife and adorned with choice steel
engravings from the burin of H. B. Hall & Sons, New York.
WILLIAM J. MdlURRAY, H.D.
Dr. McMurray's career may be said to have begun with
his entry into the Confederate Army, at the age of 1 7, on
May 17th, 1861. He went from the ranks to the command of
his company, and never was promotion more deserved. The
company was raised by Col. Joel A. Battle, who com¬
manded the Twentieth Tennessee Regiment. Dr. McMurray
was wounded four times during the war. First, in the famous
charge of Breckenridge's division at Murfreesboro he was
wounded in the left breast by a minie ball and left all
night on the battlefield in the dead of winter. The ball
passed between his heart and a Bible, which he carried in
the left breast of his coat. At the battle of Chickamauga he
was wounded in the groin by a piece of shell, and again left
for dead all night on the field. He received the third wound
at Resaca, Ga., a minie ball striking him in the left leg
below the knee. He lost his left arm in front of Atlanta, on
the 5th of August, 1864, and it still lies buried in that his¬
toric soil. His armless sleeve is a silent but eloquent witness
of his dauntless, unyielding courage, and his countrymen
should enshrine him among their heroes. He was never ab¬
sent from the army from the date of his enlistment, except
when disabled by wounds. As soon as they healed he would
be up and fighting again. He served in Kentucky, Tennes¬
see, Mississippi, Louisiana, Georgia, Alabama and North
416
NASHVILLE, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
Carolina, taking part in the battles of Laurel Bridge, Wild
Cat, Fishing Creek, Shiloh, Corinth, Vicksburg, Baton Rouge,
Murfreesboro, Hoover's Gap, Bethpage Bridge, Chicka-
mauga, Rocky Face Gap, Resaca, Dallas, Pine Mountain,
Kennesaw Mountain, Peachtree Creek, and in numberless
forgotten skirmishes. He was usually found on the picket
lines and in places of extreme danger, as his numerous
wounds eloquently avouch. His regiment went out 998 men
strong, was often recruited, and there were only 34 when
surrendered. His company numbered 153, but at the sur¬
render there were only 7. Few records like this can be
found by searching the archives, and the old Twentieth Regi¬
ment deserves the place enshrined for it in the hearts of
Tennesseans.
Going into the army as a boy, Dr. McMurray had very
little opportunity of education of any kind. At its close
he applied himself diligently to study for eighteen months,
WIU.IAM J McMURRAY, M. D.
and graduated with honors in 1867, delivering the valedictory
of the school. He continued study, attending lectures in
the University of Nashville, graduating with high honors in
1869, receiving the unanimous vote of his class for valedic¬
torian. He then entered a successful practice of his profes¬
sion, which has brought him deserved wealth and honors.
He was jail physician for the city and county for eight years;
a member of the city board of health; a member of the
board of aldermen; vice-president of the Nashville Medical
Society, and also member of the State Medical Society.
He is one of the charter members of the Frank Chatham
Bivouac, the first one established in Tennessee; has been
president of the State Association of Confederate Veterans.
He has been active in having bills passed pensioning dis¬
abled Confederate soldiers by the State Legislature, but in
these benefits he has not personally shared. But Dr. Mc-
Murray's greatest efforts and his greatest pride have been in
establishing the Old Confederate Soldiers' Home at the Her¬
mitage, where repose the bones of "Old Hickory" and his
beloved wife. He is its first vice-president and is an active
member of the executive board, and has contributed largely
to its success from his private means, and his time. As a
result Tennessee boasts the possession of the best equipped
Confederate Soldiers' Home on the continent. Dr. Mc¬
Murray at this time holds the position of Surgeon-General
of all the States east of the Mississippi in the Association
of United Confederate Veterans, an honor worthily bestowed
by Gen. Stephen D. Lee, and has just been elected one of
the directors of Tennessee's Centennial, to be held in 1897.
Dr. McMurray married near Nashville in October, 1872,
Miss Fannie May McCampbell, an accomplished, cultured
lady, by whom he has had but one child, Miss Adele Morton
McMurray, who represented the State of Tennessee at the
Birmingham reunion, and is endeared to all who know her
by her gracious qualities of head and heart.
THOHAS MENEES, M.D.,
Nashville, Tenn.
This eminent physician and citizen of Nashville, Tenn.,
was born on Mansker's Creek in Davidson County, Tenn.,
June 26th, 1823. His family is of Scotch descent and the
name was formerly written " McNees." Benjamin Menees,
great-grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was a
Virginian and served with honor in the Revolutionary War.
He was one of Tennessee's pioneers and was a county court
judge as early as 1 791. The Indians in this section were
numerous and hostile and he built a block house for the
protection of his family, in which he died in 1811.
James Menees, his son and the grandfather of Dr. Thos.
Menees, was a member of Col. Jno. Donelson's celebrated
party of emigrants who came down the Tennessee River
and up the Cumberland to Nashville, in the year 1779. He
married Miss Rebecca Williams, who died when their only
child Benj. William Menees, the father of Dr. Thos. Menees,
was an infant. Upon arriving at man's estate, Benj. W.
Menees served under Jackson in the Creek war and in the
war with England in 1812-14. He married Miss Elizabeth
Harrison, a highly educated woman who devoted her life to
her children, and it is to her influence that Dr. Menees owes
what he has been and is, inheriting also his father's sys¬
tematic and business-like habits which have characterized
his entire career. He attended lectures in the medical
department of Transylvania University at Lexington, Ky.,
and took his degree in 1846. Since that time and up to
i860, while never abandoning his profession, so pronounced
and earnest were his political convictions and so powerful
did he become in presenting them from the hustings, that
it seemed impossible for him to keep out of political life,
and he has been phenomenally successful at times, once
cutting down an acknowledged Whig majority of 900, and
carrying the district for the Democratic ticket by 120 votes.
This was for the State Senate in 1857. In 1859, he ran for
NASHVILLE, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
4T7
Congress in the Hermitage District, but the majority was
too large for him to overcome. In l86o, he supported John
C. Breckenridge for President. In 1861, lie was elected as
Representative to the first Confederate Congress, to which
position he was successively re-elected until the surrender
at Appomattox. He then came to Nashville and resumed
THOMAS MKNEES, M.D.
the practice of his profession w ith a generous and abundant
success. In 1873, he was elected to a chair in the medical
department of the University of Nashville and, in 1874, he
was elected dean of the faculty in the combined depart¬
ments of that and the Yanderbilt University, in which
position he served until 1895. He has been invited to and
accepted the chair of obstetrics in the new organization of
the medical department of Vanderbilt University, which he
now fills.
Dr. Menees has been married twice; first in 1853 to
Miss Elizabeth Hooper, an accomplished graduate of the
Columbia Institute, by whom he had four children. His
eldest son Thomas \V. Menees arose to eminence in his
profession and gallantly laid down his life in the yellow
fever epidemic at Memphis, as a volunteer physician in
1878. The second son, Young Hooper Menees, graduated
in medicine from Vanderbilt University, and successfully
practiced to his death in 1883. The youngest son, Dr.
Orville H. Menees, graduated from Vanderbilt University,
engaged for several years in successful practice and was
elected to a chair in the faculty, which position he filled for
years. He died, Feb. 17, 1895.
His second marriage occurred in August, 1868, to Mrs.
Mary Jane Walker, widow of Hiram K. Walker, editor of
the Nashville Republican Banner. She was educated at the
Nashville Female Academy, is thoroughly accomplished,
distinguished for her gracious charities and domestic quali¬
ties. By this second marriage he has only one child, Miss
Elizabeth Menees, who by her many amiable traits, has
become endeared to all who know her.
27
Dr. Menees, though advanced in life, is yet in active,
successful practice. John Randolph, of Roanoke, was
never more tenacious of his rights, and though his head is
a little suggestive of winter, he believes with Dr. Holmes
that,
" We want some fresh garlands
For those we have shed,
And these are white roses
In piace of the red."
E. B. STAHLHAN,
Nashville, Tenn.
E. B. Stahlman has been a prominent citizen of Nashville,
Tenn., for a number of years, and few, if any, of her public
men, not in political station, have taken more interest in
public affairs. With a vigorous mental organism, and the
impulsive ambition of an energetic nature, he was calculated
to make his mark in any department of activity he might
select. He is gifted with a native strength and grasp of
intellect, a force of will, a faculty of close observation, an
intuitive insight into the nature of men and affairs, tact and
address, and an executive ability, which has gained for him
a reputation as one of the most notable and influential men
in Tennessee.
Mr. Stahlman was born in Mecklenburg, Germany,
Sept. 1, 1844; received an elementary education there in a
school of which his father was principal ; came with his
parents to the United States, and for nine years lived in
Virginia. Thrown upon his own resources early in life, he
E B. STAHI.MAN.
began the struggle in the capacity of a laborer, and rose by
regular gradation, step by step, faithfully filling and fulfilling
every duty, until, for years, he has held the most responsible
and lucrative positions in the official management of great
railroad systems. Without collegiate advantages, he has so
availed himself of the use of standard books that all who
41S
NASHVILLE, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
meet him are impressed with the breadth of hi.s information
and his correct and forcible use of the English language.
He has devoted a large part of his life to railway service, be¬
ginning at the bottom and reaching the uppermost rounds
of promotion. Notwithstanding this special application, he
has been a citizen alive to all demands of the times, abreast
with all questions involving society.
Mr. Stahlman has frequently been called before the Inter¬
state Commerce Commission, and has always made notably
able presentations of his cases. He is justly regarded as an
able representative of Southern railroad interests, and has
been often selected when those interests were jeopardized.
Mr. Stahlman is genial, warm-hearted and charitable. He
has enduring friendships, and is regarded as one of the most
remarkable men in Tennessee.
Major HIRAM F. CUMMINS,
Nashville, Tenn.
The subject of this sketch was born in Paris, Ky., in 1817.
His father was John Cummins, of Antrim, Ireland, and
his mother's maiden name was Jane Hared, who was a Mary-
lander by birth. After their marriage they emigrated to
Kentucky, where their son Hiram was born and educated.
W hile still a young man Mr. Cummins, animated by a desire
to study the wonder¬
ful resources of the
great West, took a trip
up the Missouri River
to Fort Leavenworth
and to Council Bluffs.
Near the last-named
point is now the great
city of Omaha. These
places, at the time of
his visit, were on the
utmost verge of civili¬
zation. Fort Leaven¬
worth was only a mili¬
tary post, where sol¬
diers were stationed
to guard the advance
settlements from the
d e p r e <1 a t i o 11 s of
hostile Indians.
While at this place he became interested in the fur trade,
and established a trading post with the Potawatama Indians,
which business not only proved profitable but pleasant.
After a time he went farther West, keeping in the vanguard
of civilization, and traded with the Sioux Indians. During
this period all that vast region west of the Missouri River
was known as the Indian Territory.
In 1845 he returned to the States and settled in Paris,
Tenn., where he married Miss F.liza Stevens, and for a num¬
ber of years edited with ability the Paris Sentinel,
In 1858 Isham G. Harris, the then Governor of Tennes¬
see, appointed him Railroad Commissioner, the duties of
which office he performed with singular ability and fidelity.
His wife having died some years before this date, he married
his second wife, Miss Susan Courts, the daughter of Jennings
H. Courts, of Henry County, Tenn. This lady is highly
educated and has rich endowment of body and mind. She
yet lives to add a mellow glow to the declining days of Major
Cummins' life. She is blessed with the love and veneration
of her husband and children.
In 1861 Mr. Cummins represented Henry County in the
Legislature, and took an active part in the stirring events
which followed the convening of that body. In 1863 he
joined the Confederate Army and was appointed on the staff
of General Lyon with the rank of Major.
Major Cummins remained in West Tennessee until 1875,
when he received from Gov. James D. Porter the appoint¬
ment in charge of the State Prison. After the expiration
of the term for which he was appointed, Governor Porter,
then president of the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis
Railway, knowing and recognizing his fidelity to duty, gave
him a responsible position in the railway service, which posi¬
tion he held until failing health compelled his retirement
from active business.
No man in Tennessee has established a higher character
for integrity and honor than Major Cummins. He stands
without a single blot upon his name. He never prostituted
his public positions to the accumulation of money. He was
absolutely incorruptible, and would repel with scorn any
suggestion that did not carry with it official integrity.
Always trustworthy, he gathered around him friends of
sterling worth, to whom he was devotedly attached, and to
whom he was always true and faithful. A strong Democrat
by instinct, inclination and principle, he fought the political
battles of his party with a courage and manliness that won
success. As a strong political factor in the State, his power
has long been recognized. In his prime, he had great
organizing capacity, and 110 political opponent, however
great his strength, could afford to despise the keen thrusts
and steady blows of Major Cummins. He always pre¬
ferred to put his friends forward, and rarely asked anything
for himself. 1 le had the unquestioning confidence of his
political friends and the respect of his political foes.
His statements about political conditions were always
sagacious and were received and acted upon. He is a man
of dauntless courage, with high conceptions of duty and deep
convictions, and, what is more, he has the courage of his
convictions.
He is a man of broad patriotism, and believes it to be the
duty of everyone holding a public office to do what is best
for the State or the county which he represents.
This trait of his character was illustrated when he brought
such influence to bear upon the lessees of the penitentiary
that the price <>t the lease was advanced from $30,000
per annum, the amount paid by the lessees when he had
Major HIKAM F. CUMMINS.
NASHVILLE, HO.
charge of the penitentiary, to $75,000 per annum when lie
went out of office. The amount was subsequently increased
to $101,000. Major Cummins is respected of all men, and
now, in his declining years, he receives and enjoys the most
ardent affection and sympathy of his children and friends.
JOHN A. PITTS,
Nashville, Tenn.
One of the brightest men as well as one of the most able
and successful lawyers in the State of Tennessee is the Hon.
John A. Pitts, the subject of this sketch. He was born in
Wayne County, Tennessee, near Waynesboro, June 3d, 1849.
His father, John Fletcher Pitts, was a native of Halifax
County, North Carolina, where he was born August 12th,
1822. He was educated for the profession of medicine, but
his health failing he was compelled to abandon his profession
for the occupation of a farmer. Emigrating to Tennessee
about 1845, he married Miss Emarintha M. Montague in
Wayne County, July 18th, 1848. I11 1851 he moved to the
County of Hardin, where he resided until his death in 1894.
He valiantly espoused the cause of the Southern Confed¬
eracy, being a member of Company F, Ninth Tennessee
Cavalry — Biffle's regiment'—and terminated his military
career only with the collapse of the cause for which he drew
his sword. Upon his return home he found his property
wasted, and had virtually to begin life anew. He was elected
Justice of the Peace and Chairman of the County Court,
which latter position he held for several terms, during all the
while keeping up his agricultural pursuits.
The mother of John A. Pitts was born in Maury County,
Tennessee, May 7th, 1820, and was a most estimable woman,
royal in her manner and presence, and noble in her princi¬
ples and conduct. Her genealogy is traceable to Drogo de
Montague, born about 1040, who was the trusted companion
and intimate friend of Robert, Earl of Mortmain, a favorite
brother of William, Duke of Normandy, the leader of the
Norman Conquest. This long genealogy is printed in book
form and embraces many members of the royal family of
England. Mrs. Pitts died April, 1895, leaving five children,
of whom John A. is the eldest.
When eight years of age Mr. Pitt was sent to a "blab
school," the peculiarity of which was that every scholar was
required to con over his lessons in a tone sufficiently loud to
be heard by the teacher. He afterwards attended the male
academy at W^aynesboro, and in i860 entered the Masonic
Academy at Clifton, but his studies were interrupted by the
military operations on the Tennessee River, which broke up
the work of the academy. When the academy reopened in
1866 Mr. Pitts again entered as a student and graduated in
1868. The succeeding fall he was made the principal of the
academy from which he was graduated, a very high and
deserved compliment. He taught for a year and a-half, in
the meantime preparing himself to enter the Law Depart¬
ment of Cumberland University at Lebanon, Tenn., from
which institution he was graduated in 1871,
MES AND PEOPLE. 4I9
Mr. Pitts at once settled down to the practice of his pro¬
fession at Savannah, the county seat of Hardin County,
Tennessee. He rode the circuit of from four to eight coun¬
ties, and became a very prominent and successful practi¬
tioner. Indeed, his success was a surprise both to himself and
his friends; but this success was the result of his great in¬
dustry and a conscientious performance of his duty to his
clients. He studied his cases thoroughly, and hunted up the
evidence, so as to know just what he could rely upon. His
arguments were always sound and forcible. His statement
of facts was so perspicuous that the court and jury could
not only understand what he wished to say, but could not
possibly misunderstand it. However tangled the case might
seem to be, under his elucidation everything became as clear
as light. His speeches are remarkable for their terseness,
logical force, and graphic description. As an expounder of
the law, he has few equals. His language in simplicity and
JOHN A. PITTS.
force, clearness and elegance, very much resembles that em¬
ployed by Justice Tenterden, of the English Bench, in his
famous decisions.
Mr. Pitts ignores politics. The law was and is his mis¬
tress, and he devotes himself exclusively to it. He is a
thorough lawyer by taste, inclination and habits of thought.
He has often been made Special Judge, Special Chancellor,
and Special Justice of the Supreme Court, and his decisions
command the respect of the bar for their strength of argu¬
ment, precision of statement and justness of conclusion.
His practice being extended over a very wide territory,
he determined, in 1884, to leave Savannah and go to Jack¬
son, Tennessee, where he could enjoy railroad facilities and
a larger local practice. He there formed a partnership with
Stokely D. Hays. In 1886 M. H. Meeks, his present part¬
ner, joined the firm, which took the name of Pitts, Hays &
Meeks. During his stay in Jackson he attended the courts
in ten or twelve counties, besides being a regular attendant
420
NASHVILLE, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
upon the sessions of the Supreme Court in Nashville and
Jackson, and the Federal Courts in both these places and at
Memphis.
In 1886 he organized the Second National Bank at Jack¬
son, and was its president until he resigned, in 1888, at
which time he left Jackson. This bank is now one of the
most prosperous financial institutions in the city, and was
successful from the beginning.
In 1888 Mr. Pitts and his partner, Mr. Meeks, came to
Nashville and formed the partnership which still exists. It
is a most successful firm, anil enjoys and deserves the highest
confidence among litigants and the business community.
In 1890 Mr. Pitts organized the People's Hank, of Clifton,
and was made president, which position he still holds.
In his domestic life, Mr. Pitts has been singularly fortu¬
nate. He married, Nov. 5th, 1872, Miss Milessa kllen
Ricketts, the daughter of a prosperous merchant at Clifton.
His wife was his classmate and sweetheart in his school-boy
days, and she still lives to bless his home and to fill it with
the benignity and affection of a loving heart and the faith¬
ful and devoted companionship of a true wife. She is the
mother of three worthy children, the eldest of whom is hap¬
pily married, and the youngest a most promising lad of
fourteen years of age.
Want of space prevents any extended notice of the many
admirable papers and eloquent addresses delivered by Mr.
Pitts on various occasions. It is sufficient to say that his
addresses exhibit an intellect at once comprehensive, acute
and vigorous. He has a well-trained mind, so quick and
delicate that he sees his way clearly through the most com¬
plicated relations and the most intricate complexities of his
subject. He has the faculty of making every subject trans¬
parent to his hearers, and in this lies his great strength before
a judge or jury. His sagacity is keen, and he rarely fails to
take the wisest course in the conduct of his cases.
Mr. Pitts has a judicial mind, and when not employed as
an advocate, it acts with the impartiality of the judge, dis¬
carding all prejudice and sympathy, throwing aside all irrele¬
vant matter or side issues and deciding in strict accordance
with the law and the evidence, or the equities of the case,
so as to award substantial justice to the litigants.
Mr. Pitts has great moral courage, and does not hesitate
when asked to express his opinion freely upon all public
questions. He is a man of an enlightened public spirit, and
keeps abreast with every movement calculated to advance
the material development, mental growth and moral eleva¬
tion of his native State. Mr. Pitts is scarcely yet in his
prime, and his friends confidently predict for him a career
of great usefulness and honor in the future.
Hajor A. W. WILLS,
Nashville, Tenn.
Major A. \Y. Wills, Commissioner General of the Ten¬
nessee Centennial, was born April 30th, 1841, near Phila¬
delphia, Pa. After finishing his education, he commenced
the study of law in Philadelphia, and was thus engaged
when the war broke out, and with the patriotism then so
prevalent he volunteered in the service of his country with
three of his four brothers. After active service of a year
in the cavalry, he was assigned to staff duty and received
the appointment of captain and assistant quartermaster.
For several years he was Depot Ouartermaster at Nashville,
Tenn., and his vouchers and disbursements covered millions
of dollars.
When the war closed, at the request of Major General
Geo. H. Thomas, commanding the armies of the Southwest,
and on whose staff he was then serving, he continued in the
army and took charge of the location and purchase of all
national cemetery lands in the Southwest, and constructed
the national cemeteries at Corinth, Miss., and Pittsburg
Landing, Tenn.
He was brevetted major and lieutenant colonel for meritor¬
ious services and for bravery in the battles of Antietam and
Maj a. \v. wii.i.s.
Nashville. He resigned from the army Jan. 1st, 1868, and
spent part of that year in Washington with two of his
principal clerks settling his various and immense accounts
with the Government. lie received and holds a certificate
of non-indebtedness from every department of the Govern¬
ment, although some $70,000,000 passed through his hands
while on duty as Depot Ouartermaster at Nashville and
elsewhere. His force consisted of 52 clerks and from
5,000 to 0,ooo employees. He was the youngest Army
Quartermaster in the United States Army.
Gen. Thomas was exceedingly anxious for his transfer to
the regular army, but the Major had sufficient war experience
and preferred to re-enter civil life. After closing his
accounts with the Government, he returned South, having
formed an attachment for the Southern country, because of
the mildness of the climate, his health being better in the
South than in the North, and in September, i86q, married
NASHVILLE, HO.
Miss Elenora Willauer of Nashville, Tenn., a grand-niece
of Anthony Van Leer, one of the original iron manufac¬
turers of the South.
Soon afterwards he located in Nashville and commenced
the practice of law, devoting, however, his attention almost
exclusively to the prosecution of Government property
claims. Major Wills has always enjoyed the confidence of
the people of his adopted city, and at one time they pre¬
vailed upon him to make the race for Mayor as the people's
candidate, non-political. He has always manifested great
public spirit and been called upon from time to time to hold
positions of trust and confidence.
He is deeply interested in the welfare and progress of
the city and State, and connected with several manufacturing-
enterprises. He has lent a helping hand to other new cities
in the South, and taken an active part in their progress.
He was appointed Postmaster at Nashville, Tenn., under
the Harrison administration, and respecting his work in
connection with that position, we quote from the Xashvillc
Banner, a Democratic paper, of Oct. 7th, 1891 : " It is but
just to Postmaster Wills to say that Nashville has never had
a Postmaster who has given more earnest labor or closer
attention to the discharge of the duties of the office, and
none who has secured greater improvements in the postal
service here." Again from the same paper, "This city- has
produced few postmasters as competent and capable as
Major Wills, who is a genius in his way. Not a detail but
what is at his finger's ends. Everything is orderly, pro¬
gressive and moves like clock work. What Postmaster
James was to the East, Major Wills is to the South."
Directly after his appointment as postmaster he visited
the prominent cities in the North and East to study what
excellencies the best post offices presented and adopted these
for the benefit of the patrons in his Nashville office. And
again, at the instance of the Post Office Department, he
took a trip to Europe and spent three days in the London
Post Office, and upon his return organized plans in accord¬
ance with the benefits found in the London Post Office,
applying the same to the Nashville office. It can be said
of him that he never made an application to the Post Office
Department at Washington for any service or improvement
looking to the interests of his patrons, that it was not
granted him. He retired from the office receiving the
praises of all the people of Nashville, for his splendid man¬
agement of the Nashville Post Office. Since his retirement
from the position of postmaster he has had charge of the
Chamber of Commerce, and under his management, this
body is one of the most progressive institutions in the
entire Southern country.
Major Wills received the appointment of Director General
of the Tennessee Centennial Exposition in its incipiency
and had much to do with the success of that great enter¬
prise. He and his associates kept it alive, doing constant
work, and brought it to a point where it enlisted the sym¬
pathy, support and influence of the most enterprising, active
MES AND PEOPLE. 42[
and progressive men of Nashville. Upon a reorganization
of the Exposition Company, Major Wills received the
appointment of Commissioner General, one of the most
responsible positions connected with the enterprise and one
well fitted to his indomitable energy and genius for work.
Judge JOHN WOODARD.
Nashville, Tenn.,
Is the oldest of eleven children born to Thomas and Win-
nifred Woodard, in Robertson County, Tenn., July 3d, 1825.
His grandparents were natives of North Carolina and emi¬
grated to 1 ennessee, locating in Robertson County at an
early day.
The subject of this sketch acquired a limited education
in the log-cabin schools of that county, and at the age of
eighteen became a clerk in a dry goods store at Adairsville,
Ky. In the spring of 1845 he was sent East, to Philadel-
Judge JOHN WOODARD.
phia, to buy a stock of goods for the firm, making the trip
by stage and steamboat via Louisville, Pittsburg, Wheeling,
Harpers' Ferry and Baltimore. He successfully completed
his purchases and returned by the way of Alexandria,
Mount Vernon, Richmond and through old North Carolina
to visit the home of his ancestors. He bought a farm in
1847, and in the fall of 1849 he moved to Springfield and
began the study of law, being admitted to the bar in 1851.
He was elected Judge and financial agent of the county in
1855, and continued in said office for several years. In the
fall of 1859 he was elected to the State Legislature on the
Whig ticket. This was the Legislature that had to pass
upon the measure relating to the secession of Tennessee.
He opposed secession in all its various forms, believing it
would be disastrous to every interest of the State and South,
and was firmly of opinion that the remedy for all our ills,
real or imaginary, was in the Union and not out of it; but
after Sumter was fired on a majority of the members voted
THE TENNESSEE INDUSTRIAL, SCHOOL (HOYS' MAIN BUILDING), NEAR NASHVILLE, TENN.
NASHVILLE, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
for secession, and the
fortunes of Tennessee
were cast with the
Confederacy. Judge
Woodard remained a
firm adherent of the
Union throughout the
war, but took no ac¬
tive part, remaining
at home and attending
to his business as best
he could. In 1867,
during the stormy re¬
construction times, his
fellow - citizens again
called upon him to
represent them in the
Legislature, and he
was elected. It was
this Legislature that
sent Brownlow to the
United States Senate,
Judge Woodard voting
against him. In
1872 he organized the
Springfield National Bank and became its president. He
was also engaged in the wholesale liquor business, running
the celebrated "Silver Spring" and "Belle of Tennessee"
distilleries. In 1880 he was again elected to the Legislature
on the State Credit platform, and strongly advocated Ten¬
nessee paying her debts in full without scaling. He was
never defeated for an office.
In the fall of 1881 he removed with his family to Nash¬
ville, where he yet resides.
Judge Woodard has been twice married: In 1845 to Miss
Caroline Woodard, and in 1864 to Miss Julia E. Porter, who
still lives to grace his elegant home and cheer his afternoon
of life. He is a well preserved man, of strong- opinions and
convictions; is a 32d degree Scottish-rite Mason, a Knight
of Pythias and Odd-Fellow, but does not belong to any
church
THK TENNESSEE INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL (GIRLS' MAIN BUILDING) NEAR NASHVILLE, TENN.
The Tennessee Industrial School was conceived by Judge
John C. Ferriss, who labored faithfully for a period of four¬
teen years for its establishment. He traveled over the State
of Tennessee at his own expense, urging its great necessity.
THE TENNESSEE INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL,
Near Nashville.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS.
His Excellency, Gov. Peter Turney.
W. S. Morgan Secretary of State.
James A. Harris, .... Comptroller.
E. B. Craig Treasurer.
T J. Latham, Memphis, Tetui.
William Gettys Athens, Term.
S. J. Kirkpatrick, .... Jonesboro, Tout.
William Sanford, .... Covington, Torn.
P. P. Pickard, Wavcrly, Tenn.
L. T. Baxter, . . ... Nashville, Tenn.
J. M. Head, Xashvi/le, Tenn.
Judge JOHN C. FERRISS.
lecturing in every town and hamlet, impressing the people
alike with his eloquence, his earnestness and his candor.
His efforts were not in vain, so far as many of the people
were concerned, but the means for the erection of buildings,
etc., did not materialize. During the year 1882 a son of
Col. E. W. Cole received a down' from his father and was
424
NASHVILLE, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
about to be married and enter the business world. At this
juncture the young man fell under the wheels of a moving
railroad train and his young life was ended. His father and
mother were overwhelmed with bitter disappointment and
excessive grief. After the outer lining of this unfortunate
col. e. w. cole.
storm-cloud had passed, Col. E. \V. Cole and his generous,
great-hearted wife summoned Judge John C. Ferriss to their
side, and then and there it was decided that the portion
previously allotted to their young son, now gone forever(
should be given to the poor and wayward and helpless chil-
Hon. j. m. head.
dren of Tennessee. The land was purchased, improvements
made, and the school for a time was named the Randall Cole
School, and was, during this time, supported by Col. E. W.
Cole.
The second chapter of the school's existence and increased
usefulness peeped over the horizon (hiring the legislative
session of 1887, at which time the ninety-two acres of land,
with all the improvements, were tendered to the State of
Tennessee by that already great benefactor, Col. E. W. Cole.
He also thought that, for the good of the school and its
future usefulness, the name should be changed, and asked
that the name Randall Cole School be erased, and that it be
named for the State he loved, The Tennessee Industrial
School.
Much trouble was encountered before the matter was fully
settled ; but, finally, the Eegislature accepted the gift and
received the new-born State institution with pride and
thanksgiving.
All honor is due to Colonel and Mrs. E. W. Cole. They
helped the children and made it possible for the State of
Tennessee to do a good and great work.
Mr. James M. Head, the president of the Board of Direc¬
tors, is a man of wonderful executive ability, always generous
prof. w. c. kn.vlngton.
and kind to the boys and girls of the school, full of love for
this, his special work. He has devoted much time and given
of his private means freely for the children's benefit.
The Superintendent, Mr. \Y. C. Kilvington, is full of
energy, and knows how to hold the reins and get the best
out of every life with which he has to deal. He commenced
his work for the school, in 1S86, with nothing, and has
gradually worked his way from one boy and an old gray
mule to five hundred happy and contented children and one
of the best equipped institutions of the kind anywhere to be
found.
Hon. M. BURNS,
Nashville, Tenn.
Michael Burns has long been a prominent figure in the
commercial, political and social life of Nashville. He was
born in the County Sligo, Ireland, in t813 ; left an orphan
at the age of 15; emigrated to Quebec, Canada, in 1831,
NASHVILLE, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
425
and came to Nashville: in 1836. Up to the breaking out of
the Civil War in icS6i he had been a successful merchant in
the saddlery, saddlery hardware and leather business, by
which he amassed a handsome estate, keeping- good faith
with every person who had dealings with him, and discharg¬
ing every trust in a manner to extort the good will and good
word of all men.
He was chosen director in the Nashville & Northwestern
Railroad Co. in 1853, and was made its vice-president in
1861. In 1864 he was elected its president, in which capac¬
ity he served until 1868. He was afterwards made presi¬
dent of the N. & C. R.R. Co. ; has been director in the Bank
of Tennessee, and the Union Bank, and in 1870 was elected
president of the First National Bank of Nashville; in fact
has been connected with banks and other prominent institu¬
tions as director and president for more than forty years,
filling many other prominent positions of public trust, in-
Hon. m. burns.
eluding two terms in the State Senate. While Mr. Burns
has always been a quiet man, unobtrusive and modest, he
has yet exerted great influence on men and events.
His intimacy with Andrew Johnson and Abraham Lin¬
coln, both of whom esteemed him most highly, is something
he recalls with pride, and dwells 011 with pleasure. Mr.
Lincoln would sit and talk with him four or five hours at a
time, forgetting his public cares and for the time laying
aside the burdens with which he was usually absorbed.
Mr. Burns' intimacy with Andrew Johnson extended over
thirty years, lasting until Mr. Johnson's death. They were
both self-made men, genuine Democrats, and possessed to
the full each other's confidence.
Mr. Burns was married to Miss Margaret Gillian, March
14th, 1842, and she remained his faithful helpmate, friend
and wife for over forty years, dying September 1st, 1885. To
her companionship, suggestions and assistance he attributes
much of his success of every kind in life, and now in the
evening of his days her name is one that he never utters
without a thrill of reg/et that she could not have continued
with him to his sun's final setting. She became his partner
and sympathizer in everything, even quitting the church in
which she had been reared, to go with him to his. Together
they reared an upright family of men and women, noted for
sterling integrity and worth.
Mr. Burns still resides in the city of Nashville, enjoying
in a quiet way his well-earned wealth, and one of the com¬
pliments which may be truly paid him is that he has no
deaf ear to turn towards his fellow-men who have been less
fortunate in the struggle for existence.
T. B. DALLAS,
Nashville, Tenn.
Trevanion Barlow Dallas was born in Washington, District
Columbia, September 1 ith, 1843, and is the youngest son
of Commodore Alexander James Dallas, United States Navy,
who fired the first gun in the war of 1812 in the action with
the Little Belt. After attaining the highest rank then known
in the naval service, he died in 1844 whilst in command of
the Pacific Squadron. Commodore Dallas'father was Alex¬
ander James Dallas, an eminent lawyer of Philadelphia and
Secretary of the Treasury during Madison's administration,
and his younger brother, George Mifflin Dallas, was Minister
to Russia, and afterwards to England, and also Vice-Presi¬
dent of the United States.
Mr. Dallas' mother was Miss Willis, of Fredericksburg,
Va., the great-granddaughter of Colonel Fielding Lewis and
Betty Washington, only sister of George Washington.
He was educated principally in Virginia, and at the first
call to arms in 1861, went to Florida and joined the troops
under command of General Chase, before the formation of
the Confederate States; and, with this command, took
possession of Forts Barrancas and McRae at Pensacola.
Though all his father's relatives were from Pennsylvania and
in sympathy with the North (his brother being an officer in
the United States army and a nephew of General George
Meade, of Gettysburg fame), his Southern education and
affiliation with his mother's people made him an ardent
sympathizer with the South.
After General Braxton Bragg took command in Pensacola,
a mere boy and without military influence in the South, he
enlisted in the army as a private, though offered a commis¬
sion in the United States army. He was of the special
detail who participated in the bloody night attack on Billy
Wilson's Zouaves on Santa Rosa Island, and, with his regi¬
ment, he was engaged in the battle of Shiloh. After this
engagement he was commissioned a lieutenant of artillery
and served throughout the war, principally on staff duty,
participating in nearly all the battles in which the Army of
Tennessee was engaged, and surrendered with that army, as
captain of artillery, at Greensboro, N. C.
At the close of the war he went to France on the invita¬
tion of his aunt, Princess Murat, who had married Prince
426
NASHVILLE, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
PHCENIX COTTON HILLS, Nashville, Tenn.
ate-!. a,8B88 sssei[l|
JACKSOM
OTHrniii'V
RtCJSTEPED TRAOt MARf
sVafiVasss fil
ssasssss;c-
IMPS
ftllllllipnuuuttflmim
lAJV"'-
Wide Sheetings. THE DALLAS MFG. CO. Of Huntsville, Ala.
These Mills received Gold Medals at the Cotton States and International Exposition
Achille Murat, eldest son of the King of Naples and
Caroline Bonaparte, and enjoyed the social pleasures of
t. b. dalus.
Paris under peculiarly fortunate circumstances, his aunt
having been welcomed by Louis Napoleon as a member of
the Imperial family. Whilst in Europe he served as
volunteer aide de camp in the Prussian Army during the
war of 1866, between Prussia and Austria.
Having very limited personal means, and longing for
independence in that respect, and to "do something," he
abandoned the luxuries of the French Capital and returned
to the United States, and after a short experience in the
banking business, in New York and Virginia, he came to
Nashville, in 1869, and became a member of the wholesale
dry goods firm of Hugh Douglas &: Company. Afterwards,
with the aid of local capital and influence, he organized a
stock company, and built and equipped " Mill A " of the
Nashville Cotton Mills, and subsequently acquired by pur¬
chase " Mill B."
In i8yi, he organized, built and equipped, with the aid
of New York and New England capital, The Dallas
Manufacturing Company's large cotton mill at Hunts¬
ville, Ala., and is now treasurer and general manager
of the three mills. With additions contemplated in
Huntsville, the three mills under his management will
have 70,000 spindles and 2,200 looms, representing an
expenditure of over $1,500,000. His office and residence
are in Nashville.
NASHVILLE, HOMES AXD PEOPLE.
JESSE FRENCH,
Nashville, Tenn.
Jesse French was born in Devonshire, England, July 23d,
1846. His father, Jacob French, came to this country when
a lad, learned the printer's profession, settled in Nashville in
1856, connecting himself with the Southern Methodist Pub¬
lishing House. He had, when young, formed a devoted
attachment to a young girl in his native city, and, when he
had attained to manhood here, returned, married there, and
lived some years, during which several children were born,
Jesse being one of the number.
From the day his father and mother landed in Nashville,
Jesse French has scarcely spent an idle hour, passing as a
youth through the various positions of an apprentice to the
printing business, afterward clerk in the post office, during
which time he saved enough money to go to college for a
short period ; then became Assistant Secretary of State, in
which position he was very efficient, retaining it for several
years. In 1872 he married Miss Carrie Lumsden, and em¬
barked in the music business in a small way. In 1876 he
became a member of the firm of Dorman, French & Smith,
and afterward of R. Dorman & Co. During the next few
years he bought Dorman's interest; afterward purchased the
only other leading music house, J. A. McClure, and then, to
use his own expressive phrase, "pushed business for all it
was worth." In 1887 the great music house of the Jesse
French Piano & Organ Co. was established, and Mr. French
became the President, which position he yet holds. He is
JESSE FRENCH.
also stockholder and director in the Starr Piano Co., is a
bank director, and holds responsible positions in other public
institutions. The career of Mr. French should be a great
RESIDENCE OF T. B DALLAS, NASHVILLE, TENN.
NASHVILLE, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
428
encouragement to all hoys who begin life in an humble
way. His integrity has never been questioned, and his
success is nothing but the result of persistent, intelligently-
devised effort.
Rev. W. J. ELLIS,
Nashville, Tenn.
Rev. W. J. Ellis was the third son of Dr. Iddo Ellis, whose
progenitors reached back to Oliver Cromwell; Ralph Phelps,
an ancestor, being a descendant of one of Oliver's secreta¬
ries. The Rev. Davenport Phelps, grandfather to Wm. J.
Ellis, graduated from Dartmouth College in 1775, and im¬
mediately enlisted in the army with a commission in Colonel
Bradley's regiment. In later years (1803) was confirmed a
minister of the Episcopal church, and was a missionary in
New York and Canada in the early days of the church in
the New World. Large grants of land had been given to
this gentleman by King George the Third, in the territory
now comprising the State of New York, covering the sites
of what are now Rochester and Buffalo, but he held them in
such slight esteem that they reverted. The Rev. \V. J. Ellis
was born in Geneva, N. Y., December 31st, 18 16. During
his infancy his parents removed to Georgia and settled in
Putnam County, nine miles from Edenton. Here his youth
was passed. He attended school at Union Academy, and
was taught, among others, by William H. Seward, of New
York, who thus began a career as a country schoolmaster,
which was to culminate in the position of Secretary of State
under Lincoln. In 1830 Dr. Ellis removed to Macon, and
there the son continued his studies, and attended the Theo¬
logical Seminary in Alexandria, Va., until he had completed
his course.
He was ordained deacon in 1845, and was assigned to
Albany, Ga., to engage in missionary work, and in the fol¬
lowing year was admitted to the priesthood. In 1847 'le
took charge of the Parish of St. Johns in the Wilderness,
Russell County, Ala., dividing his labors between that point
and Eufaula. In 1849 he took charge of the church at
Cahaba. Thence he was called in November of that vear
to Apalachicola, Ela, at which place he was married to Miss
Emma L. Rogers in April, 1850. The year 1851 found him
again at Eufaula, where he remained until he moved to
Kansas in the spring of 1857, residing most of the time
while in that State at Lecompton. He was an ardent
secessionist and in i860 he left Kansas and became the
rector of the church at Tallahassee, Ma., officiating there
in that capacity until the close of the war, when he
accepted a call to St. Stephen's church, Edgefield, Tenn.
Subsequently Mr. Ellis accepted the charge of Christ church,
Nashville, the largest and most influential parish in the city.
For many years Mr. I^llis filled the position of spiritual
teacher to the large and intelligent congregation which wor¬
shipped within the walls of Christ church. Not only with
honor to himself, but to the entire satisfaction of his hearers,
endearing himself to them by the manliness, gentleness and
simplicity of his personal character as strongly as he com¬
manded their admiration by his high intellectual ability.
Time, however, as it passed, had brought to Mr. Ellis, with
increased power of thought, a widening of mental outlook.
Some of the doctrines which bound him to the church, and to
the faith or creed by it professed, had become oppressive, and
his native honesty and sincerity forbade his any longer giving
allegiance to beliefs which he had outgrown. With him the
voice of duty was the voice of God, and the sense of its
obligations, paramount to all other considerations, and after
mature deliberation Mr. Ellis decided to withdraw from the
Episcopal church. Having once come to a full understand¬
ing with himself that it was simple manliness and honesty,
and for his soul's health so to do, no outside consideration
was allowed to interfere with the following of the dictates of
his conscience. A weaker soul might have hesitated before
taking the step which would result in the severing of so
many ties of friendship, and the closing to him of the hope
of distinction or fame in the ranks of the church, which had
always been so dear to him, and whose imposing ritual ap¬
pealed so strongly to his aesthetic nature, but with him there
could be 110 compromise with conscience, once convinced of
the righteousness of the way, that course alone must be
pursued. Impelled in each step lie took by that "power
within which makes for righteousness," he followed the path
boldly, leaving the result to Providence.
It was his intense conscientiousness, his thorough detes¬
tation of hypocrisy and his exquisite sensitiveness that
actuated him to sunder the ties which bound him to the
Episcopacy, but he did not take the final step abruptly.
For some time previous, events had been transpiring that
made the course proper, and feeling that at last he could no
longer, in honor, remain within the ranks of the Episcopal
Church, he resigned his position therein, intending from
that time forth to act up to the dictates of his own con¬
science and minister to his fellow men according to the
faith which was in him uncontrolled and untrammelled.
After his severance with the Episcopacy, Mr. Ellis preached
to a congregation of some 150 members in McClure's Hall
in Nashville, an independent body of worshipers of the true
Christ, calling themselves the Liberal Christian Church.
Many others, unchartered members of the Christian faith,
here gathered to listen to his sermons, and by those who
heard him they can never be forgotten. From the depths
of his own soul, from its sorrows, its struggles, and its dis¬
appointments, he spoke to the hearts of his listeners in tones
of infinite pit}' ami love. From many a burdened heart he
lifted, by his words of courage and cheer, the weight of its
misgivings; to many a doubting soul he brought conviction
of the truth that an honest life, with clean hands and a pure
heart, outweighed all belief in stated creeds or acceptance
of theological dogma. To these lessons his own pure life
brought conviction, and many of those who then heard him
gladly, when his freed soul had shaken off its shackles and
found itself at liberty to proclaim its sublime message, still
REV. WM. J. ELLIS.
43°
NASHVILLE, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
rise up and call him blessed. Not long was he spared to
carry on this noble work, his health, for some time failing,
at last gave way, and on the 22d of April, 1884, he laid
down his burden of life and went home carrying his sheaves
with him ; leaving behind the memory of a good man, a
true and honest Christian, a noble benefactor and friend of
humanity. The remains were removed from Georgia, where
he had died, to Nashville, where, according to his own
request, he might be laid by the side of his beloved daughter
Lucy, over whose grave he had himself performed the
funeral ceremonies some years previous. All arrangements
had been made by Mr. Ellis for his own obsequies and he
had left written directions for the carrying out of same. As
though being dead he still would speak to those he had left
behind, not in defense or palliation, but in justification of
the course he had so bravely pursued in life, he had written
these words at the end of the service he had devised:
" This service is a protest against all dogma and for a
religion which Adler, Emerson and Buddha could alike join
in ; I deem it my imperative duty to let my last act be for
the truth, and as an assertion that my past course has been
the true one."
A clause from his will, made some years previously, still
further shows forth the character of the man : " I give to
my children my earnest charge that they above all things
try to have the mind of Christ, that they seek not to be
rich or popular, or to have a good time of it, but to be good
and to do good, to be pure-minded and large-hearted, and
to realize Wordsworth's character of the ' Happy Warrior'."
This poem was read at Mr. Ellis's request at the grave as
embodying his ideal of a true life and of its fitting ending
"in confidence of heaven's applause." During the lowering
of the body into the grave this prayer, written by the
deceased, was read according to still further instructions:
"Inasmuch as it has pleased Almighty God, in His wise
providence, to release from his mortal body the soul of our
brother, we therefore commit it to the ground, earth to
earth, ashes to ashes, dust to dust. May peace and joy and
useful service be his among the bright robed inhabitants of
the spirit land." Accompanying the requests as above
carried out were these words :
"I request the above for my funeral services because it is
a good sermon, much needed in these times, and because it
embodies what has been the governing aim of my whole
life. It gladdens my heart to know that it has been my
great aim to be true to my highest possible perceptions of
truth and duty."
Gen. JAHES E. RAINS,
Nashville, Tenn.
James Edwards Rains was born April 10th, 1833, in
Wilson County, Tennessee, and fell at the head of his brigade
at the battle of Murfreesboro, Uec. 31st, 1862. In this brief
period he attained a degree of distinction which few men
attain in a lifetime.
Ruskin says, when a great man dies a monument should
be erected to his mother. The statement may need to be
modified ; but it is certain that no sketch of a man's
life is complete without a brief outline of his parents, if
not of the line of antecedents from which he springs. His
father, Rev. John Rains, was a man of integrity, spirit and
fervor; he had the courage of his convictions, and showed
in his life that hardihood and pioneer spirit which gave
stamina to succeeding generations. His mother, Lucinda
Cartright, was a strong character, but of a gentler type. She
was the embodiment of all womanly virtues; pure, unselfish
gentle and true ; a type of Longfellow's Puritan maiden,
" I'riscilla." It was these virtues of his mother, combined
with his father's fire and determination, which made James
E. Rains the man that he was.
Circumstances early forced Gen. Rains to rely upon him¬
self, and while others of his age were enjoying advantages
of school, he was at work supporting himself and assisting in
the support of younger members of his father's family, but
the sacred thirst for knowledge caused him to leave the bench
and by his own efforts, when he had scarcely passed twenty-
one years of age, he bore away from Yale College a diploma
ranking second to none in his class. He returned to Ten¬
nessee, taking charge soon after of an academy, at the same
time pursuing the study of law. In 1854 he entered the
practice of the profession, and in a few months he was made
City Attorney.
During the time he held this office he was also asso¬
ciate editor of The Banner, a daily paper published in
Nashville. It was at this time he met and married Miss
Ida Yeatman, one of the oldest and most highly esteemed
families in the State. In i860 he was elected Attorney-
General for the district, which office he held at the outbreak
of the war. Upon the issue of the call for troops he enlisted
as a private, and was made lieutenant, captain. Colonel of the
Eleventh Tennessee, all in quick succession. In the summer
of 1862 he was commissioned Brigadier-General, and it was
in the discharge of that office, when only twenty-nine years
of age, that he fell.
He was fervent and enthusiastic in his temperament, en¬
tering with his whole soul upon whatever he undertook ; he
was talented, and felt in even* fibre of his frame the spur of
high ambition. He was unselfish and chivalrous. He was
courageous under all circumstances. A dutiful and devoted
son, an affectionate husband and father. Young as he was
these qualities had given him great strength of character,
and indicated a future of honor in civil life. His career as a
soldier was one of uninterrupted success, and there is little
doubt but for his untimely taking off he would have attained
even greater promotion. He met his fate in the first great
conflict in which he participated, though he had borne well
his part in several minor engagements, at the Battles of Wild
Cat and Barboursville.
In battle Jim Rains was on fire with enthusiasm, and
the gaudium ccrtaminis glowed in every feature of his face.
GEN. JAS. E. RAINS, NASHVILLK, TENN.
43 2
NASHVILLE, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
He has often been compared in his daring and bravery to
Napoleon's great General, Murat.
It might be well to embody in this sketch a quotation from
a Nashville paper, published at the time of his death :
" The brigade of the lamented Rains won immortal honors.
Nothing appeared to stop them as, with shouts of victory, they
pursued the fleeing host. In the thickest of the fight, ahead
of his brigade, cap in hand, waving it cheerily to his men,
was seen our General. ' Forward, my brave boys ! forward !'
were his last words, and with them perished as brave a soldier,
as perfect a gentleman and as true a patriot as ever drew
breath in a righteous cause. Lamented, brave general, thy
loss is as a jewel torn from a royal diadem, as a star blotted
out from the heavens. We can but weep, we can but
mourn thy fate. We will plant evergreens around thy last
resting place, and as the soldier passes the hallowed spot, he
will tread lightly upon the earth in which thy sacred dust
reposes."
Gen. Rains was married June 22, 1S58, to Ida, daughter
of Henry T. Yeatman, of Nashville, Tenn. They had one
child, Laura Yeatman, who is now Mrs. L. J. Ellis, and re¬
sides at Famvood, N. J. Mrs. Ellis visited New Haven, with
her husband, to meet her father's classmates recently, and in
recognition of that visit the}- sent her a silver salver which
bore the inscription: "To Mrs. L. J. Ellis; a tribute
of respect and affection for her father, the Hon. James E.
Rains, class of 1854, Yale College, from his classmates."
which, with their great tomes of literature, belong to the peo¬
ple called Methodists. It is like the Psalmist's figure, "There
shall be a handful of corn in the earth upon the top of the
mountain, the fruit thereof shall shake like Lebanon." A
church must not only be a propagandist and evangelist, but
a pastor and teacher, that it may conserve the fruits of its
labors. Hence the necessity for a literature peculiarly its
own, and the church which ignores this fact will fail finally.
d. m. smith.
METHODIST PUBLISHING SOCIETY,
Nashville, Tenn.
Methodism has ever been a publisher and the patron and
friend of learning. Its founder, John Wesley, took the ini¬
tiative in the great literary enterprises which have so distin-
j. d. barber.
guished his followers, by printing his sermons and selling
them as tracts. From this small beginning have resulted
the publishing houses, distributed over the civilized world,
That was a thoughtful observation: "Allow me to make the
songs of a nation and I care not who makes the laws." It
is equally true that no formulated creed or ecclesiastical
polity can preserve and perpetuate a church which has no
literature of its own, and exposes its communicants to the
designs of its enterprising neighbors. It is like exposing a
patch of popcorn to the pollen of the giant variety growing
by its side. The latter will so impress the former that a
hybrid will be the result. Recognizing the great underlying
truth in this direction, Methodism has ever had its literature,
and has been a publisher. The publishing house of the
Methodist Episcopal Church, South, was located in Nash¬
ville, Tenn., in the year 1855, in obedience to the order of
the General Conference, which was held in Columbus, Ga.,
the year previous. "The object of this institution shall be
to advance the cause of Christianity, by distributing relig¬
ious knowledge and useful literary and scientific information,
in the form ot books, tracts and periodicals." It is under
the control of a general book agent and an assistant general
book agent, called the Rook Agents of the Methodist Epis¬
copal Church, South. These execute their office under the
direction of a committee of thirteen men, called the Book
Committee. The following gentlemen have held the position
of general book agents since 1854, namely: E. Stevenson,
J. C. Evans, F. A. Owen, J. B. McFerrin, A. H. Redford
and J. I). Barbee. The office of assistant book agent having
been created bv the General Conference, May, 1890, D. M.
THE METHODIST PUBLISHING HOUSE, NASHVILLE. TENN.
434
NASHVILLE, CHA TTANOOGA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
Smith, business manager, successor to L. D. Palmer, who
had occupied the same position ten consecutive years, was
elected to fill the place, and re-elected to the same office
May, 1894. The business of the establishment is now car¬
ried on under the style and firm name of Barbee & Smith,
Agents. During the late war the publishing house was
seized by the United States army, and occupied and used by
it for two years, no compensation having been awarded to the
church for the use of its property. The claim has been
presented to Congress from time to time, and it now begins
to appear probable that an appropriation will be made for
the relief of the book agents of the Methodist Episcopal
Church, South, at no distant day. At another time in the
history of the house it became heavily involved in debt, and
was seriously imperiled. Some thought that it would have
to go into liquidation, but at that juncture a scheme was
devised for its relief. Nathaniel Baxter, Jr., who was a
lawyer, capitalist and wise financier, proposed to mortgage
the property, and to issue bonds upon it for the amount of
the debt. His proposal was adopted by the Book Committee,
of which he was a member. The bonds were readily placed
and the indebtedness soon floated, and the house entered
upon a career of prosperity, which soon delivered it from
its embarrassment. This publishing house is an eleemosy¬
nary institution, all its produce being appropriated to the
MOUNTAIN CITY CI,UB, Chattanooga, Tenn.
use and benefit of superannuated and worn out traveling
preachers, and the widows and orphans of deceased pastors.
The book agents paid out twenty thousand dollars in this
direction for the year 1895, the largest single appropriation
ever made.
THE SOUTHERN EXPRESS COMPANY,
Chattanooga, Tenn.
The Southern Express Company's General Office Build¬
ing, at the intersection of Market Street and Georgia
Avenue, Chattanooga, Tenn., is herewith presented.
This is thought to be one of the best lighted and venti¬
lated office buildings in the South. It was built by the
Southern Express Company, in 1893, for the accommoda¬
tion of the accounting, traffic and supply departments.
The Southern Express Company was organized, in i860,
by Mr. II. B. Plant, who is still President. Its chief execu¬
tive officer is Mr. M. J. O'Brien, Vice-President and General
Manager. He has been in the service of the institution
since its organization.
The Company has thus been in business thirty-five years,
and is among the oldest, and one of the most progressive
express companies in America.
The Southern Express Company and the Adams Express
Company having special traffic relations with respect to
rates, way-billing, etc., they are enabled to forward matter
through just the same as if the matter had been carried by one
organization, and charge the same as if the service had been
performed by one company, and without detention for re-
billing, etc. These two companies constitute the largest
express system under one through-billing arrangement in
the world.
The Southern Express Company also makes close con¬
nections with all the other principal express companies in
the country, whereby matter is taken for all points access¬
ible by express in the United States, Canada, Mexico,
Europe, etc. These exceptionally advantageous facilities
are a very great convenience to the general public, especially
to shippers, by whom they are highly appreciated.
The business of the Southern Express Company consists
in receiving and forwarding freight of all descriptions,
including merchandise, produce, etc. ; also money, bonds,
jewelry, bullion, coin and valuables of all descriptions. All
of this matter is forwarded 011 the fastest passenger trains,
in charge of special messengers carefully selected for the
purpose.
The Company also makes collections, with or without
goods ; take deeds and mortgages to be recorded and then
returned to the owner. Pawned articles may be redeemed
through this Company by sending the pawn tickets with
the money. Holders of baggage checks can turn over their
checks to the Express Company, and send for theirbaggage
wherever it may be and have it shipped to any desired address.
Orders for goods to be returned by express are carried
free by this Company when enclosed in government stamped
THE SOUTHERN EXPRESS COMPANY BUILDING, CHATTANOOGA, TENN.
CHA TTANOOGA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
envelopes. They are promptly delivered, and the goods
called for and returned on fast trains.
The Company carries samples of merchandise, printed
matter, cuttings, plants, etc., and many other ar¬
ticles cheaper than they can be sent in the registered mail.
From this Company may be obtained money orders col¬
lectible anywhere in the United States, Canada and in
H. B. PLANT, President Southern Express Company.
Havana. They can be obtained at all reasonable hours of
the day, and no written application required. A receipt
is given, and if the order is lost the amount can be
refunded.
Among the earliest and most active and potent agencies
in the encouragement of the development of fruit and
vegetables in the South has been the Southern Express
Company.
The Company now operates upon about 24,000 miles of
first-class railroads, and has 3,000 offices. Through rates
are made not only between all points reached by the
Southern Express Company, but to and from all principal
points North reached by the Adams and other express
companies, with which the Southern Express Company has
intimate traffic relations, and service is performed in through
cars or through trunks, and on through way-bills, thus
making such service a unit from the point of origin to
destination.
The popularity of the Southern Express Company,
and the patronage accorded it by merchants and others,
attest the appreciation which the Company has so well
merited.
The Assistant General Manager, Mr. T. W. Eeary, has
his office in Chattanooga; C. T. Campbell, Superintendent
Central Division, Chattanooga; W. W. Ilulbert, Superin¬
tendent Georgia Division, Atlanta, Ga.; Col. II. Dempsey,
Superintendent Augusta Division, Augusta, Ga.; O. M.
Sadler, Superintendent Piedmont Division, Charlotte, N. C,;
W. J. Crosswell, Superintendent Atlantic Division, Wilming¬
ton, N. C.; V. Spalding, Superintendent Eastern Division,
Roanoke, Va.; H. C. Fisher, Superintendent Southern
Division, Nashville, Tenn.; G. W. Agee, Superintendent
Western Division, Memphis, Tenn.; C. L. Myers, Superin¬
tendent Florida Division, Jacksonville, Fla.; C. A. Pardue
Superintendent, New Orleans, La.; Mark J. O'Brien, Assist¬
ant Superintendent Central Division, Chattanooga.
Z. C. PATTEN,
Chattanooga, Tenn.
Z. C. Patten, a prominent citizen of Chattanooga, was born
in northern New York, May 3d, 1840. The family was one of
prominence even in Revolutionary times, Mr. Patten's grand¬
father, for whom he was named, Col. Zeboim Carter, also
being a distinguished officer in the War of 1812. Mr. Patten
was educated at Lowville Academy and entered the Union
Army when very young, being discharged for severe wounds
received in the service. In 1864 he came to Chattanooga,
and for more than thirty years has been one of the most
prominent and useful citizens of that city. Mr. Patten first
entered the book and stationery business with Thomas H.
Payne, as Patten & Payne. Their capital was small to begin
with, but the young men had pluck and energy, and in ten
years built up the largest wholesale book business in their
section. In 1875 Mr. Patten withdrew from that business
and purchased the Chattanooga Daily and Weekly Times,
which he conducted successfully for a time, finally disposing
of that to enter the medicine business. As the president of
Z. C. PATTEN.
the Chattanooga Medicine Co., manufacturers of McElrees
Wine of Cardui and Thedford's Black-Draught, Mr. Patten
is best known to the business world. This company, with
its extensive laboratories located at the base of Lookout
Mountain, is one of the most successful enterprises of the
South. Mr. Patten has been the manager from the incipieiicv
CHATTANOOGA VIEWS.
No. r—Sunset KSek. No. 2—Bloody Pond (Chicamauga Battlefield.) No. 3 Gate to Federal Cemetery.
No 4—High Bluff. No. 5—Roper's Rock. No 6-Lulah Falls (115 feet high.)
No. i—Lookout Mountain, from Tennessee River.
No. 4—Prom Point Lookout (Moccasin IJend).
CHATTANOOGA VIEWS.
No. 2 Umbrella Rock on Point Lookout.
No. 5—Chattanooga, from Point Lookout.
No. 3 Point Hotel and Battlefield.
No. 6—Lookout Inn (on top of Lookout Mountain).
CHATTANOOGA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
439
of the business, and its rapid development is a fine tribute
to his ability.
As president of the Glenview Land Co., Mr. Patten also
controls one of the finest properties on Lookout Mountain.
He is an active member of the Chamber of Commerce and
is prominent in all movements calculated to benefit Chatta¬
nooga and the South.
A J. SIGNA.IGO, Chattanooga, Tenn.
flaj. THOMAS J. DEHENT,
Chattanooga, Tenn.
Thomas J. Dement was born in Washington, D. C., Fourth
of July, 1838; enlisted in Confederate Army, April, 1861 ;
served through the war; came to Tennessee, 1866; resided
maj. THOMAS. J. DEMENT.
at Athens, Tenn., sixteen years; removed to Chattanooga,
1882. Was appointed Postmaster of Chattanooga, June
26th, 1893; confirmed by the Senate, October 10th, 1893.
Has always been an active Democrat; was chairman of the
McMinn County Democratic Executive Committee for four
years, during which time the Democrats carried this strong
Republican county by his organization of the party. He was
later made chairman of the Democratic party in Hamilton
County and again, through good organization, caused a
Democratic triumph in that Republican stronghold.
He was married in 1870, and has three children.
THE CHATTANOOGA NEWS,
Chattanooga, Tenn.
The paper bearing the above caption was established July
4th, 1888, and, from a small beginning, to-day occupies the
position of the leading paper of Chattanooga and East
Tennessee. It is an eight-page paper, and when occasion
demands prints a greater number of pages. The dedication
of the Chickamauga National Park, September 18th, 19th,
20th and 21st, was commemorated by the publication of a
handsome edition of twenty-odd pages, with an appropriate
J. B. POUND, Proprietor.
illuminated cover, which was greatly admired. Several other
large editions were printed during dedication week, showing
that the Nczvs is capable of representing Chattanooga and
the South.
The finest mechanical equipment is used to perfect the
Nczvs. The first pefecting press used in East Tennessee was
installed in the Nczvs office. A battery of Mergenthaler
Linotype machines daily manufacture the type used, and
electricity furnishes the power.
The Nczvs is recognized as the city, county and State
organ of the Democratic party, and receives the official pat¬
ronage of the city, county and State.
The proprietor of the Nczvs is Mr. J. B. Pound, who was
born in South Georgia and began his newspaper career in
Macon, establishing the Evening Nczvs of that city. In 18S8
he removed- to Chattanooga, and, with several associates,
whose interests he has since acquired, established the Nczvs.
THE "EVENING NEWS,' CHATTANOOGA, TENN.
CHA TTANOOGA, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
441
In 1892 Mr. Pound, with Mr. R. H. Hart, assistant man¬
ager of the News, purchased the Knoxviile (Tenn.) Evening
Sentinel. Mr. Hart managed that property, removing to
Knoxviile. The Sentinel was immediately improved and
made a paying property, and in June of this year Messrs.
The Tradesman, which is closely allied to the Times, is a
semi-monthly trade journal—one of the leading trade jour¬
nals in the United States, under the management of Hon.
George W. Ochs, the present Mayor of the city of Chatta¬
nooga.
R. H. HART, Assistant Manager.
Pound and Hart bought the Knoxviile Morning Tribune, and
completely revolutionized that well-known publication.
In the business arrangements following the acquirement of
the Tribune, Mr. Hart sold his interest to Mr. Pound and
removed to Chattanooga, and assumed the management of
the News. Mr. Pound removed to Knoxviile, and is man¬
ager of the Tribune and Sentinel, the former a morning, and
the latter an evening paper. He owns and controls the
Chattanooga News and the two Knoxviile papers.
The Kevtis, Tribune and Sentinel are Democratic papers,
and in their politics, as well as business enterprise, reflect the
principles and abilities of their managers.
"CHATTANOOGA TIHES,"
Chattanooga, Tenn.
The Chattanooga Times Building: erected 1892. One of
the handsomest business blocks in the Southern States.
This newspaper was established by Ivirby & Gamble, Dec.
15, 1869; purchased by Adolph S. Ochs, July 1, 1878.
The Chattanooga Times—daily, Sunday and semi-weekly—
is the only daily morning paper at Chattanooga and the lead¬
ing paper in East Tennessee, North Georgia, North Alabama
and Western North Carolina. The Semi-Weekly Tunes is
an innovation in Southern journalism—an eight-page news¬
paper, printed twice a week, for $1.00 a year. Adolph S.
Ochs is publisher and proprietor; J. E. MacGowan, chief
editorial writer, and Lapsley G. Walker, managing editor.
The Times, with its auxiliary departments of printing and
binding, gives employment to 150 people. It is one of the
best equipped printing offices in the Southern States.
HOUSTOUN R. HARPER,
Chattanooga, Tenn.
Houstoun Richardson Harper, city editor of the Chatta¬
nooga News since January 1st, 1890, is a member of one of
Georgia's most honored and distinguished families. The
patrician name of Houstoun has been conspicuous in the
English army and navy for several centuries.
The records show that during the reign of King Malcolm
IV. (1153-1165) a grant of land was made to Sir Hugo
I'advinan, who came from Normandy to Scotland. A town
built on the estate was called "Hughs-town," afterwards
corrupted into "Hous-toun." In Prim's History of Eng¬
land (1298) mention is made of Sir Finley de Houstoun, who
subscribed to the King's bond of submission. The fifth
baronet in line, Sir Patrick Houstoun, and his wife, Lady Ann
Houstoun, came to America in I 732 with Oglethorpe, and the
first named was president of King George's Council for the
Colony of Georgia. Their oldest son was the second child
born in the new colony. Their third son, John Houstoun,
was twice Governor of Georgia and a member of the Con¬
tinental Congress. The monument to Sir Patrick and Lady
Ann Houstoun is one of the landmarks in the beautiful Bona-
venture Cemetery at Savannah. In the line of descent, the
HOUSTOUN RICHARDSON HARPER.
surviving Patrick Houstoun resides in Tallahassee, Fla., and
at present is Adjutant-General on the staff of Governor
Mitchell, of Florida. The Harpers were a prominent Vir¬
ginia family, and the Richardsons are from Culpepper Court
House, Va. Mr. Harper was born in Rome, Ga. His father,
Col. C. M. Harper, was the adopted son of his uncle, Col.
THE "CHATTANOOGA TIMES," CHATTANOOGA, TENN.
FAYETTEVILLE, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
443
Alfred Shorter, who built and endowed Shorter College,
Rome, Ga., at a cost of $200,000. Donald Harper, brother
of the subject of this sketch, resides in Paris, France, and is
a partner in the American and International Law Offices, 32
Avenue de l'Opera. He is entering- upon a brilliant career.
The third brother, Alfred Shorter Harper, is associate editor
of the Rome Tribune. Houstoun Harper graduated from
Mercer University, Macon, Ga., in the full A.B. course in
1887, taking a high stand. The other brothers graduated
from the University of Georgia. It was with the first issue of
the Rome Tribune, established Oct. 1st, 1887, by Col. John
Temple Graves, that Houstoun Harper began his newspaper
career.
While in college he had written sundry articles for
the Macon Telegraph, Macon News, Atlanta Constitution,
Savannah News, and other papers. He went to Chatta¬
nooga, Oct. 16th, 1889, to work on the Times, but, Jan. 1st,
accepted the position of city editor of the Neus, which he
has held ever since. During the summer of 1889, while the
Paris Exposition was in progress, he made a European trip.
In the spring of 1893 he visited San Francisco, Yosemite
Valley, Denver, Salt Lake City, etc., being present in the
latter city when the great Mormon Temple was dedicated.
For three summers past Mr. Harper has occupied the unique
position of social director of the famous Lookout (Mountain)
Inn. The balls and social entertainments under his manage¬
ment are celebrated throughout the South. It is probable
that he knows more society and business people than any
young man in the South.
To know Mr. Harper is to like him and become his
admiring friend, for his geniality and courteous manners
and brilliant intellectual gifts make him a most interesting
gentleman.
signed to the command of Gen. E. Kirby Smith; served
during the campaigns of 1862, and was then transferred to
the army under General Braxton Bragg. On September
23d, 1863, 'n a fight near Winchester, with infantry and cav¬
alry, by the disabling of his horse and being slightly
wounded himself, he was captured and taken prisoner to
Nashville. After being detained here about three weeks he
was sent to Camp Chase and thence to Johnson's Island,
where he remained until October, 1864, being then paroled
and sent to Richmond.
At the expiration of his parole, in January, 1865, he was
again assigned to duty with General Smith and General
Magruder, and served with that army until the surrender
to General Canby.
On returning home Colonel Holman adopted the profession
of the law, married Miss Elizabeth C. Kimbrough, who
JAMES H. HOLMAN,
FayetteviHe, Tenn.
Col. James H. Holman was born in Lincoln County, Tenn.,
March 7th, 1836. He received a common-school education,
entered Union University at Murfreesboro, studied there
until February 27th, 1857, when he was commissioned by
President Pierce as second lieutenant in First United States
Infantry, his commission being signed by Hon. Jefferson
Davis, then Secretary of War. He served under General
Twiggs, in Texas, and on the frontier, until 1861, when
Sumter was bombarded, and Lincoln called for troops, when
he dropped his resignation into the Washington post office,
crossed the Potomac, and, being in Federal uniform, was
arrested in Virginia, but immediately released; was commis¬
sioned first lieutenant by the Confederate authorities in Mont¬
gomery, and on reaching Tennessee was elected lieutenant
colonel of Turney's regiment then just organized and about
starting for Virginia. He served with this regiment a year;
was in the campaign of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston in the
Valley of Virginia and on the Peninsula, and was then as¬
cot JAMES H. HOLMAN.
proved an ideal helpmate; succeeded in his profession and
filled with credit many honorable positions.
In 1878, by the appointment of Governor Porter, he at¬
tended the Paris International Exposition as a commissioner
from Tennessee, visited the principal points of interest
in England, France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria and
Germany.
Colonel Holman is now a member of the American
Institute of Civics, an organization devoted to the in¬
culcation and propagation of good citizenship and good
government.
Colonel Holman began life poor; resolved never to go in
debt; never to spend money until he had first made it; never
contracted an obligation unless he knew he could meet it;
trusted nothing to what is called "luck," and kept out of all
speculations unless he could afford to lose the amount in¬
volved. On these lines he has won his fight, and is now
living at ease in his library, which is one of the best private
libraries in Tennessee.
No. i-CHARLHS W. DABNEY, Jr., Ph. D (Goettineren), LI, I)., President of the University. No. a.—CHARLES E. VANDERFORD, Professor of Agriculture.
No. 3.—"WILLIAM W. CARSON, C. E., M. E. (Washington and Lee University), Professor of Civil Engineering. No. 4.—IiENRY H. INGERSOLLi Dean of the Law Department.
No. 5.—JOHN B. HENNEMAN, M. A. (University of Virginia); Ph. D. (Berlin), Professor of English and Herman.
No. 6 THOMAS W. JORDAN, A. M. (University of Virginia), Dean of the College, Professor of the Latin Language and Literature.
No. 7.—THOMAS C. KARNS, A. M. (University of Tennessee), Principal of the Teachers' Department, and Professor of Philosophy and Pedagogics.
No. 8.—COOPER D. SCHMITT, M. A. (University of Virginia), Professor of Mathematics. No. g — GEO. I,v ROY BROWN, Captain Eleventh Infantry, U. S. A., Commandant and Professor of Military Science and Tactics.
No. 10—CHARLES A. PERKINS, Ph. D. (Johns I-Iopkiiis University), Professor of Physics and Electrical Engineering. No. rx.—GEORGE E. MELLEN, A. M., Ph. D. (Leipzig), Professor of Greek and French.
No. 12.—CHARLES E. WAIT, C. E-. M. E. (University of Virginia) ; I'll. D. (University of Missouri) ; F. C. S., Professor of General and Analytical Chemistry and Metallurgy.
KNOX VJLLE,
THE UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE,
Knoxville, Tenn.
With the beginning of organized society in the " Terri¬
tory South of the Ohio," higher education was provided for
by the patriot founders of Tennessee. Blount College was
chartered in 1794. In 1807, under act of Congress pro¬
viding for the establishment of two colleges in Tennessee,
East Tennessee College was chartered, and immediately
thereafter the franchise and property of Blount College was
transferred to it. Seventy years ago East Tennessee College
was located upon its present site, a lofty elevation, still
known as Barbara Hill in honor of a daughter of Governor
Blount. In 1840, by act of the General Assembly, the
name of the college was changed to East Tennessee Uni¬
versity. In 1869 this university, by act of the General
Assembly, received in trust the proceeds of the public
lands donated by the Land Grant Act of July 2, 1862. In
1879 the name of the institution was again changed, by act
of the General Assembly, to the University of Tennessee,
and by laws of that Assembly the university was connected
intimately with the State system of public education. In
1887 the General Assembly gave to the Agricultural Ex¬
periment Station, a department of the university which had
been established in 1883, the appropriation made by the
United States in the so-called " Hatch Experiment Station
Act." In 1891 the General Assembly assented to the grants
of money made to the Colleges of Agriculture and Mechanic
Arts under the "New Morrill Act" of Congress, approved
Aug. 30, 1890, and pledged the whole appropriation to the
University of Tennessee, in accordance with the contract
made with it in 1869. The Board of Trustees hold a charter
from the State dating from 1807. Limited to thirty mem¬
bers, chosen from the different Congressional districts of the
State, the Trustees serve for life, or until removal from the
State or resignation. The Governor, the Secretary of State
and the Superintendent of Public Instruction are ex-officio
members; the President of the University is also President
of the Board of Trustees.
The University of Tennessee owes its existence chiefly to
the bounty of the General Government, the largest part of
its income being derived from the proceeds of the sales of
public lands granted to the several States by the act of 1862,
and from appropriations made by the acts supplementary
thereto. The organization of the College of Agriculture,
Mechanical Arts and Sciences is designed to meet the re¬
quirements of the laws which provided the foundation, and the
courses, academical and university, are so arranged as to
complete the work of the common schools as carried on
through the secondary and high schools of the State.
The academic department provides the following courses
of study: 1. Literary.—2. Scientific.—3. Agriculture. 4.
S AND PEOPLE. 445
Civil Engineering.—5. Mechanical and Electrical Engineer¬
ing.—6. Mining Engineering. For the teaching of the
courses there are fourteen schools: I. Latin.—II. Greek and
French.—III. English and German.—IV. Philosophy and
History.—V. Civil Engineering.—VI. Mathematics.—VII.
Physics and Electrical Engineering.—VIII. Mechanical
Engineering and Drawing. — IX. Mechanic Arts. — X.
General and Analytical Chemistry and Metallurgy.—
XI. Agriculture and Horticulture.—XII. Botany.—XIII.
Zoology.—XIV. Military Science and Tactics. The Uni¬
versity departments provide courses for the graduate degrees
of M. A., M. S. and Ph. D.; also professional courses leading
to the degrees of C. E., Min. E. and Mech. E., and elective
courses for special students.
The Professional Departments of the University are: I. A
Department of Law.—2. A Department of Medicine.—3.
A Department of Dentistry. A separate faculty has charge
of each department. In the several schools and depart¬
ments are forty-eight professors and instructors, aided by
lecturers, instructors, fellows and assistants.
The Industrial Department of Knoxville College is the
colored department of the University of Tennessee. The
president of the University and the professors of Agricul¬
ture and of Mechanic Arts have immediate charge of the
course of study, the equipment, and the methods of study
pursued by those who hold State scholarships in the college,
which is a department of the university, like any other.
Tuition in the University of Tennessee is free to students
from every State in the Union. The only requirements are
that the applicant shall supply evidence of proper age (fif¬
teen years for males and seventeen years for females), of
character and preparation. Lodgings on the university
grounds are for men only. It is necessary for women to
lodge in families; but one of the university buildings is set
aside for their exclusive use while they are at the university.
This building is provided with a parlor, study hall, literary
society hall, etc.
Located upon Barbara Hill, a beautiful campus of forty
acres, in the suburban town of West Knoxville, about a half
mile from the custom-house in the city proper, eleven hun¬
dred feet above sea-level, the buildings of the university
command a view of the valley of the Tennessee River from
the Smoky Mountains to the Cumberland. Unsurpassed for
the beauty of its situation, the healthfulness of its surround¬
ings, the many attractions presented by this university should
bring to it annually many hundreds of young men and
women to avail themselves of the advantages offered by its
numerous schools of literature, science and arts.
The illustration herewith presents, as a centre-piece, one
of more than a score of equally attractive views upon the
campus.
•SVX3J. ilO lOXIdVD HII.T,
L
THE STATE OF TEXAS.
This immense empire, controlled by a governor and legis¬
lative machinery, much the same as her smaller and older
sisters, has a history and origin different from them all.
To read about its conformation, size, character and the
various features upon which people are in the habit of con¬
sulting the cyclopedias, gives one a very poor idea of what
Texas really is. It is necessary to positively travel over its
vast area in order to approximately appreciate its immensity.
It is located in the extreme southwestern portion of the
United States, between the twenty-sixth and thirty-sixth
parallels of north latitude, and the ninety-fourth and one
hundred and sixth meridians of longitude, and is bounded
by the Gulf of Mexico on the southeast ; by Louisiana and
Arkansas on the east; by Arkansas and the Indian Territory
on the north, the latter extending north of its northern
prolongation (called the pan-handle) ; by New Mexico on
the west and north of its western prolongation (called the
Trans-Pecos region); and by Mexico on the southwest. Its
area is 262,290 square miles, but these figures include the
2,510 square miles of water surface, made up of lakes,
rivers and bays. This is almost nine per cent, of the entire
area of the United States and territories. Of course, there¬
fore, it is very much the largest State in the Union, being
six times larger than the State of New York, and seven
times as large as Ohio. It is 100,000 square miles larger
than all the Eastern and Middle States, including Delaware
and Maryland. Compared to the countries of Europe, it
has 34,000 square miles more than the Austrian empire,
62,000 more than the German empire and almost 70,000
square miles more than France. It has an area of over
13,000 square miles larger than the following States all put
together: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts,
Rhode Island, Connecticut, Delaware, New Jersey, Maryland
Virginia, New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio.
In topography it might be likened to a great water-shed,
its lower edges beginning eleven feet above tide-water on
the south and gradually ascending in altitude toward the
north and northwest, until an elevation is reached of over
4,000 feet, and to mountains reaching a height of 6,000
feet. There is no cause of complaint about drainage.
It has been often asserted, by those who know something
of its vast resources, that if a great wall were built about it,
cutting its inhabitants completely off from the outside
world, so that they would be thrown entirely upon their
own efforts, everything known or used in our present civil¬
ization could be grown or produced within its borders.
In 1897 Texas will have been a State in the American
Union half a century, and there are intimations of a purpose
among her public-spirited men to properly celebrate her
semi-centennial. Until something of this kind is done, by
which large numbers of people, through invitation and the
inducements of low rates of transportation, are induced to
congregate on her soil and travel over her vast domains,
they will never be made fully to understand the extent
of what she has to offer the thousands who are seeking
homes.
Gov. Culberson, in a recent letter, sends greeting to the
people of the United States, and says that Texas offers
more inducements for residence and more substantial evi¬
dences of growth than any State of the Union.
In 1850 Texas ranked twenty-fifth among the other States,
with a population of 212,592. In 1890 it rose to the sev-
Gov. CULBERSON.
enth rank, with a population of 2,235,523; 78.10 per cent,
of which was white and 27.84 negro, these being located
especially on the coast and near Louisiana.
Texas ranked first among the other cotton-producing
States; last year's crop with 3,007,823 bales was just one-
third of the whole, and more than Georgia and Mississippi,
the next largest producing States, put together The same
can be said of cattle, sheep, etc.
44-8
TEXAS.
COURT HOUSE, DALLAS, TEX.
The assessed valuation of property in the State was in
1880 $211,778,538; in 1890 it reached $695,842,320; in
1894, $865,120,989, and in 1895 it is nearer $900,000,000.
The per capita valuation increased from $201.27 in 1880 to
$311.27 in 1890, the average for the United States being
$387.62.
The number of business houses in the State is 16,875.
Texas produces annually over 75,000,000 bushels of corn,
6,000,000 bushels of wheat, 15,000,000 bushels of oats and
has 4,334,551 sheep.
Texas has not less than 20,000,000 acres of mineral land.
The most abundant metallic product is copper. There are
vast coal measures, and the deposits of iron ore, found in
several distinct localities, are the richest in the world. Silver
and lead are abundant, with bismuth, potters' and fire clays,
granite, marble, limestone and onyx, roofing slate, grind¬
stones, soapstone, feldspar, alum, antimony, arsenic, mineral
oils and paint earth, marls, etc. The bringing of this wealth
of resources into utilization will play an important part in
the advancement of the State along the highway of material
prosperity in time to come.
The development of the lignite beds in the State has
greatly stimulated industry. Cotton and woolen mills are
being erected.
Texas led in 1895 'n cotton oil mills development, and
throughout the State there is evidence there was much atten¬
tion paid to small industries. No State in the union is to¬
day more prosperous, and none has a brighter future.
The early history of Texas during her struggles for inde¬
pendence is replete with deeds of heroism. Perhaps no country
in early infancy has been subjected to such acts of tyranny,
endured them so heroically, fought so desperately and so
bravely, winning her right to be free, and so exultantly
and triumphantly waved her omen of independence.
TEX A S,
449
So intimately is the name of Sam Houston associated with
Texas during her early struggles, and so inseparably are the
names associated up to the time of her annexation, that to
mention one is to necessarily imply the other.
Born in the year 1793, in the beautiful valley of the
Shenandoah, between the Alleghany and the Blue Ridge
Mountains, in Rockbridge County, Va., he inherited a strong
and vigorous mind and body. After the death of his father,
he, at the age of seventeen, with his brave and noble mother
and several brothers, crossed the frontier and made their
homestead on the banks of the Tennessee River, in the
State of Tennessee. He was what might be termed a head¬
strong boy, and quitting the school and store at which he had
been successively placed, took up and made his abode with
the Indians across the river from his people. He became
one of them, studying their nature and learning their traits.
The Indians became firmly attached to him, whose part he
ever upheld, both on the battle-field and in the highest
councils of our nation. We next hear of him as a school¬
teacher; then followed his first military career, when, at the
age of twenty-one, he won renown and an exalted position
.and the everlasting friendship of the hero of New Orleans,
Andrew Jackson. He next studied law, and began his prac¬
tice in the beautiful town of Lebanon, Tenn. At the age
of twenty-five he was elected District Attorney, the city of
Nashville being in his district. Next he was elected mem¬
ber of Congress and then Governor of Tennessee.
Shortly after he had taken the seat of Governor, there
transpired an event, the cause of which the world has never
known. Seemingly without premonition or warning, he re¬
signed his office of Governor, vacated the gubernatorial
chair, left the State and a wife to whom he had been recently
wedded, and went into exile among the remnants of his old
Cherokee friends in Arkansas. Surmises only account for
this action. The one, the most authentic, perhaps, is that
his wife confessed to him that he had never possessed her
love, and that his worldly position actuated her in marrying
him. To a man of his exalted temperament, this was suf¬
ficient, and, without a word of explanation of his conduct,
he left, preferring that the odium, if any, should be heaped
on his shoulders, rather than on hers. The veil has ever
since been drawn over this event; let us not attempt to draw
it aside. Received with open arms by his old Cherokee
friends, he was elected a member of their tribe, and con¬
tinued to live with them for upwards of three years. Hear¬
ing of the oppression of the Texans, he determined to cast
COMMERCE STREET, DALLAS. TEX.
29
45°
TEXAS.
his lot with them. I lis military achievements, statesman¬
ship and diplomacy in connection with Texas have been the
themes about which poets have sung and orators extolled,
and his name has become a byword of reverence and love,
whether uttered by those then loving Texas as their mother
MISSION SAN JOSE DE AGUAVO, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS.
State, or afterwards adopting her as such. Immediately on
his arrival in the new country, he was heralded as her
savior, and, by his brilliant achievements at San Jacinto, he
justified the wisdom of the confidence so instantly reposed
in him. It was at this time that the dictator cf Mexico,
Santa Anna, chagrined at previous repulses of his army, and
jealous of the prosperity of Texas, began his oppression
and subjugation.
Heading his armies himself, he came to subjugate or
die. The people, already on the verge of insurrection,
were, by the last firebrand of infamy, forced to arise as a
single man and throw off the yoke of the dictator, or die in
the effort, when, by an1 edict emanating from Santa Anna's
cruei heart, it was declared that the possession of more
than one firearm for every twenty families would be pro¬
hibited. In a country subject to frequent and instantaneous
depredations and invasions by cruel savages, that this fire¬
brand had its resulting effect is not to be wondered at.
The Alamo was a fort situated at San Antonio De I?exar
and held, at this time, by Gen. Travis, with a force of one
hundred and eighty-three men. Upon this post Santa
Anna hurled his vast army. Re-enforcements did not
appear, and Travis' fought to the last. It was then and
there that occurred the most cruel massacre that the civil¬
ized world has ever known. The entire garrison, with theex
ception of one woman and one child were murdered. The
blood curdling effect, for the time being, of this cruel mas¬
sacre was, perhaps, what Santa Anna desired, but its after
effects caused men to fi<rht as men never fought before;
'twas the cry of " remember the Alamo " that urged to
victory Houston's band at San Jacinto.
Houston, just before the massacre of the Alamo, had
been elected commander-in-chief, and Stephen F. Austin
had resigned. He was on his way to relieve Gen. Travis
when news of the fall of the fort was imparted to him.
Shortly afterwards Col. Fannin, who occupied a fort at
Goliad, was ordered by Houston to retreat, but failed to
obey the order until he had been surrounded by Mexicans.
Then determining to fight he gave battle, and his army con¬
sisting of about five hundred men were almost totally
annihilated. Houston received the news of this last defeat
at the head of four hundred men. Consternation reigned
in every quarter; such overwhelming numbers, such cruel
massacres excited terror to the few followers of Houston.
Here Houston's wonderful knowledge of human nature pre¬
vented the complete demoralization of his army. The news
of the fall of the fort was brought by a Mexican named
Kerr. Houston gave it as his opinion that the report was
.false, and that Kerr was a spy. In this manner was the
moral effect of such news prevented of its demoralizing
effect. Santa Anna, flushed with the victory, rapidly pur¬
sued his march toward Harrisburg, having learned of the
transfer of the seat of government to this place. By a fortu¬
nate accident he effected a crossing of the Brazos River a
month earlier than Houston anticipated. Houston, having
satisfied himself as to the movements of Santa Anna, began
concentrating his forces and manoeuvring for the bloody
field of San Jacinto. Without attempting to describe the
manoeuvres of the two armies, suffice it to say that on the
morning of the eve of thr yreat battle, the two armies con¬
fronted each other. The one under the command of the
brave but cruel Mexican, consisted of eighteen hundred
men, comprising cavalry, infantry and artillery, all finely
armed, clad, drilled and disciplined; the other under the
command of the brave but magnanimous Texan, consisted of
seven hundred and eighty-three men, all told, sixty of whom
TEXAS.
45i
were mounted, and comprised the cavalry, and two small
field guns comprising the artillery, all poorly clad and armed
and half famished for food.
Houston having gained his position by forced marches,
his men were entirely without food for a day and a half
;
ill
■
■
H m
MILITARY TOWER, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS.
before the engagement. Houston, despairing of ever receiv¬
ing aid, was chagrined to see the ranks of the enemy aug¬
mented by a force of five hundred men on this eventful
morning. Again, to prevent the demoralization of his small
army, who already trembled at the thought of Goliad and
Alamo, he told them that this force was a part of Santa
Anna's original army, and that he, Santa Anna, was march¬
ing them in view in order to intimidate the Texans. Hous¬
ton's first order on that morning was that three trusty men
be sent under the heroic Deaf Smith to a bridge six miles
distant, with orders to hew it away and burn it. The battle¬
field, surrounded as it was by bayous and morasses, this
bridge furnished the only way of escape for the army. How
determined Houston was in his own mind that he should be
victorious! This bridge was the only means of escape for
his army should he be conquered. At three o'clock, under
cover of the two six-pound cannon, the charge was ordered,
and such a charge it was! At this moment Deaf Smith
rode in front of the men and cried, "I have cut Vincent's
bridge; now fight for your lives, and remember the Alamo,
remember Goliad ! " The army faltered for a moment, and
then rang out along the lines, " Remember the Alamo!
Remember Goliad!" Never were men so determined.
The centre, under the immediate command of Houston,
charged within forty yards of the enemy s fortifications,
without firing a gun. Then each man selecting a human
target, there rang out the first fire of Houston s men. Cov¬
ered by the smoke, they rushed on to the fortifications,
muskets were turned into clubs, and a hand-to-hand combat
ensued; bowie knives flashed when muskets were broken.
Complete demoralization took possession of Santa Anna s
army, and they were literally hewn down and slaughtered.
Many ran and at-tempted to cross at the bridge and escape.
Arrriving there, hotly pursued, they were literally pushed
into the miry bayou, and great numbers killed and drowned.
The entire army was either killed or captured. Over five
hundred of the Mexicans perished on that day. Houston
lost seven men and fifty wounded. No adequate description
can be given of the battle. The charge was like a lightning
flash in swiftness, and carried everything before it like an
avalanche. Such a victory is unparalleled in the world's his¬
tory. Houston, at the first fire of the enemy, received a
wound, shattering the ankle. At the same time his gallant
horse was wounded in the body, but was urged on by
Houston, who everywhere encouraged his men. Finally,
after victory was won, he, overcome with loss of blood
and fatigue, reclined under a spreading oak. It was
here, on the following morning, Santa Anna, who had
been captured in the garb of a common soldier, was
brought to him; 'twas here Houston displayed that
magnanimity, showing a soul possessed only by a great
and noble man. Cruel as Santa Anna had proved him¬
self, he was treated in a manner suited to his position.
Begging for mercy, he was asked what mercy he had shown
at the Alamo and Goliad, and still mercy was granted him.
To a man with a heart, what a torture must have been these
words ! With men carrying in their minds the memory of
Goliad and the Alamo, it was no easy matter for Houston to
prevent the assassination of Santa Anna. By this kind and
generous treatment, the conquered Mexican learned to love
and admire his conqueror.
By this battle, Texas won her independence and Houston's
THE ALAMO, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS.
fame reached its highest pinnacle. Perhaps, the effects of
this battle on the world's history are not duly appreciated.
By it 274,000 square miles of territory yielding the richest
results to the labor of man were thrown open to the world.
452
TEX A S.
STREET SCENE IN SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS.
Houston, after recovering from his dreadful wound received
at San Jacinto, returned to Texas and was elected her first
President by the people; he succeeded Lamar as her Presi¬
dent in the third administration ; during this administration
he freed the country of debt and by wise diplomacy effected
her annexation to the United States. After her annexation
he continued to serve his State in the Senate of the United
States until the year 1859. He then returned to Texas and
was elected Governor, the race being won as an indepen¬
dent candidate without allegiance to party politics. He
was at this time and always prior to this time an ardent
Union man; violently and heroically did he protest
against the secession movement which then agitated the
South. The people aroused to the highest pitch of excite¬
ment elected delegates to a convention to meet in Austin
on January 23d, 1861 ; this convention passed the ordi¬
nance of secession and reassembled on March 4th, 1861,
and passed an ordinance uniting Texas with the new Con¬
federation of Southern States; also requiring all officers to
take the oath of allegiance to the new Confederation.
Houston with all his power and eloquence opposed the
passage of these ordinances and refused to take the oath
of allegiance. During his powerful effort before this Con¬
vention, it is said that on hearing hisses from the As¬
sembly he exclaimed " when the rabble hiss 'tis time for
heroes to tremble." From authentic sources it is said
that Houston refused proffered military aid at this time
from the highest sources to support him in his office, but
seeing the futility of his efforts bowed to the will of the
people and retired to private life. Honorable Edward
Clark, formerly Lieutenant Governor, taking the oath of
allegiance, was declared Governor. Houston then repaired
with his family to Independence and subsequently removed
to Huntsville and passed the balance of his days in peace
surrounded by his loved ones. His second marriage was to
SURRENDER OH SANTA ANNA TO SAM HOUSTON
TEXAS.
453
a good and noble woman and was contracted in Texas after
her independence was won. Houston died in 1863, sur¬
rounded by his wife and family, as true a Christian as he
had proved himself a man.
Houston was a great and noble man. With his indefatig¬
able energy he carried to a successful termination whatever
he undertook. By his God-given magnetism and knowledge
of human nature he swayed men in warfare and in the
councils of nations. There have been men, perhaps, more
accomplished in the science of warfare; there have been
men, perhaps, endowed with greater genius as statesmen ;
there have been men possessing, perhaps, greater tact as
diplomats, but in no other man have those elements which
associated themselves to make the master in warfare, states¬
manship and diplomacy, been blended in such perfect
harmony.
January 9th, 1895, the Houston & Texas Central brought
to Houston a train of seventy-three cars of cotton, 4,000
bales; value, $100,000.
For the season year ending September 1st, 1895, Texas
produced 3,276,000 bales of cotton. Of this amount
Houston's gross receipts were 1,803,592, which shows
Houston to be the largest interior cotton market in the
world.
The cotton crop of Texas for season ending September
1st, 1896, will probably not exceed 1,750,000 bales, due
largely to decrease in acreage planted, as against season
ending September 1st, 1895, but the corn crop is at least
double that of any previous year in the history of the State,
amounting to about 100,000,000 bushels.
Texas extends from the 26th to the 36th parallel of latitude,
and lies between the 94th and 107th degrees of longitude.
It is bounded on the north by Arkansas and Indian Terri¬
tory; on the east by Louisiana; on the south by the Gulf of
Mexico and the Republic of Mexico, and on the west by the
Republic of Mexico and the Territory of New Mexico.
According to the census of 1880, the population was
1,592,598; in 1870 it was 818,579, and in i860 it was only
604,215. The estimated population of the State in 1890
was 2,304,797, and is believed now to be close to the 3,000,-
000 mark.
For the reader to form an idea of the vast area of this
mighty empire, some measurements are given: From Gal¬
veston to Texline on the northwest the distance is 789 miles;
Waskon, on the east, to El Paso, on the west, is 814 miles ;
Orange, on the east, to El Paso, on the west, the distance is
938 miles.
The area of Texas is 274,356 square miles—33,413 square
miles larger than the Austrian Empire, which sustains a
population of 35,904,535. It is 62,265 square miles larger
than the German Empire, whose inhabitants number 41,-
°58,i39- It is 70,365 square miles larger than France,
which sustains within its borders 36,905,788 people; and,
finally, it is more than twice the size of England, Ireland,
Scotland and Wales combined, which supports a population
°f 3I>8i7»Io8. In a word Texas is capable of sustaining
upon her surface, in ease and prosperity, a population of
60,000,000. And no wonder she is an empire capable of
supporting an untold quantity of human life.
The topography of the State is exceptional. Beginning
with a level coast entirely free of rock, the altitude gradually
increases to the northern borders, reaching an elevation of
over 3>5°° feet above the level of the sea. The distance
between the extreme northern and southern points of the
State is 750 miles, and between the eastern and western
over 870 miles. Texas is six times larger than the State of
New York, seven times as large as Ohio, and 100,000 square
miles larger than all the Eastern and Middle States, includ¬
ing Delaware and Maryland. Within this vast territory are
found every known variety of soil, a climate only equaled
by that of Italy, timber and mineral wealth of every de¬
scription, and capacities for agricultural, pastoral and manu¬
facturing development unexcelled by any land under the sun.
THE COAST COUNTRY.
That portion of Texas designated by the preceding title
consists of a strip of country extending from the Gulf of
Mexico fifty to eighty miles inland, and includes the counties
of Orange, Jefferson, Liberty, Chambers, Harris, Galveston,
Brazoria, Fort Bend, Wharton, Matagorda, Calhoun, Jackson,
Victoria, Refugio, Aransas, San Patricio, Nueces and Cam¬
eron. It embraces 21,817 square miles of territory, is covered
with vast herds of cattle, horses and sheep, and is as good
as the best stock-raising region in Texas. Some of the most
fertile soil on the globe is found in this section. The alluvial
bottoms of the Brazos and Colorado, with the adjacent
Oyster Creek and old Caney lands, have some of them been
in cultivation fifty years and are to-day producing as large
crops of sugar and cotton as when first opened. The coun¬
ties of Brazoria, Fort Bend, Wharton and Matagorda can
show as fine sugar plantations as can be found anywhere in
the United States, West Indies or Brazil. The whole of the
coast country is well watered ; all of the large streams of
Texas flow through it, and it is traversed by numerous
creeks and bayous.
Cotton here attains its highest perfection. The prairie
lands in the vicinity of Houston, Galveston and San Antonio
offer unequaled inducements to the market gardener. Vine¬
yards in the neighborhood of these cities yield the owners
good profit; one of those, during 1887, produced 2,000
gallons of wine, shipped 100,000 cuttings to France, and re¬
ceived orders for double the number for the following year.
In consequence of the enormous shipments of livestock out
of and across the State, a ready and profitable market for
the vast quantities of prairie hay harvested along the lines
of the Southern Pacific and Houston & Texas Central com¬
panies is found, and the demand for it at Galveston, Houston,
San Antonio and New Orleans is increasing every year.
The bays and rivers of this coast abound in excellent fish
and oysters, and in winter with ducks and geese. A large
COTTON SCENE REPRODUCED FROM PHOTOGRAPH OF HOUSTON & TF.XAS CENTRAL YARD, IN FRONT OF GRAND CENTRAL DEPOT, HOUSTON, TEXAS.
(Taken at 2 30 v m October 12, 1894. without special preparation.)
THE HOUSTON & TEXAS CENTRAL RAILROAD.
business is done in supplying Houston, Galveston, San
Antonio and the populous towns of Middle and North Texas
with these luxuries.
One great recommendation of this portion of the State
is its accessibility to the market. The lines of the Southern
Pacific Company traverse almost every county, and the
farmer and stock-raiser has choice of four or five different
routes by land or water by which to ship his produce.
CLIMATE AND HEALTH.
Texas enjoys a wonderful variety in her climate as well
as in her products. A large portion of the State is swept
by the gulf breezes which dispense life to vegetation and
health to the inhabitants wherever they reach. The long
summers characteristic of this latitude are by them ren¬
dered not only endurable but enjoyable. So marked is the
influence of the gulf winds on the climate of the State
that the average temperature along the coast for many
miles inward is much lower during the summer months
than it is in the higher latitudes of the north. The same
influence neutralizes the cold of winter, and makes that
season in the southern and southwestern parts of the State
the mildest and most delightful enjoyed by any section of
the Union. The farmers of Texas may be seen either
plowing, sowing or planting every month of the winter,
and herds are grazing and calves and lambs are frisking
over the green prairies at the very time the northern States
are covered with snow and ice.
The norther constitutes an important feature of Texas
climate, but one by no means fraught with such portentous
meaning as people abroad have been taught to believe by
sensational writers. The Texas norther is nothing more
than what is elsewhere known as a cold north wind.
These winds are classed as wet and dry northers, according
as they are accompanied by rain or sleet, or come without
either. The duration of a wet norther is usually about
twenty-four hours. Dry northers last from two to three
days. The dry northers drive away all miasmatic poison
and are considered a very healthy influence.
Away from the bottom lands along the streams and low
places, subject to periodical overflows, there is absolutely
no cause for sickness, and there is every reason why the
State should not only become a health resort, but also be
sought as a refuge by people seeking to escape the rigors
of a winter in the more northern latitudes.
While at the north thousands perish every summer from
sunstroke, there is, perhaps, not a well authenticated case
of sunstroke in Texas. All the western and southwestern
portions of the State, extending between San Antonio and
El Paso, are considered entirely exempt from all climatic
diseases. The Architect of the Universe seems to have
intended this favored region as the one where " death in
consumption's ghastly form " is destined to be put to flight.
There are many native Mexicans now living in the stretch
of country just indicated—some of them over one hundred
455
years of age who have never known what sickness is. The
same has been the experience of many of the oldest Amer¬
ican inhabitants.
THE HOUSTON & TEXAS CENTRAL RAILROAD.
The Houston & Texas Central Railroad is known through¬
out 1 exas and the whole United States as the pioneer railroad
line of Texas. It was founded by men who were part of the
early development of the State, and they gave to the location
of this great line the results of their knowledge of its agricul¬
tural capacities, and the lay of the land affecting the move¬
ment of products toward the proposed line.
They planted this railroad at the head of tide water on
Buffalo Bayou at the city whose name is linked in song and
story with that immortal day at San Jacinto when the Lone
Star of Texas rose resplendent over the ever-glorious field
of San Jacinto—Houston.
Here, where the flow of the Gulf of Mexico rests against
the alluvial deposits from the great prairies on the divide
between the Brazos and the San Jacinto Rivers, was started
in 1853 that great railroad which in every stage of the devel¬
opment of Texas since its first fifty miles was built has de¬
monstrated the wisdom of the route and its hold on the
business of the State. It has the open sea at its base of
operations, the goodly land of Texas on each side to give it
sustenance. The Trinity lies about sixty miles to the east¬
ward, and the Colorado about 100 miles to the westward. It
commands the rich lands of the Brazos for about 160 miles,
and thence almost due north to Denison, making a total
distance from Houston of 338 miles. As it leaves the waters
of the Brazos, the Trinity, which has been on a line almost
parallel to the east, now bears to the westward, and the road
is soon among its tributaries. Then touching the main stream
at Dallas, it continues through a region thus watered, until
it reaches the tributaries of the Red River, near its terminal
point. These contiguous water courses give the drainage
and moisture that ensure growth and constant sustenance to
the crops. The bottoms of the rivers and creeks are subject
to but an occasional overflow, have rich alluvial, while the
uplands of prairie and timber have a great depth of fertile
soil, varying according to the peculiar features of the region,
its elevation and geological foundation. The trade of the
prosperous cities on its line from Houston to Denison, and
its close connections with Galveston have made the crosslines,
which have been built by other interests, feeders to an extent
which more than overcomes competition.
At Austin the Houston & Texas Central connects with
one of the new lines working harmoniously with its system,
the Austin & Northwestern Railroad. This line penetrates
the great county of Williamson, and thence through Burnet
and Llano counties to its present terminus among the Granite
Hills, from where comes the thousands of tons of rock for
the Galveston Jetties.
At Garret, on its main line, 234 miles from Houston,
another of its feeders, the Central Texas & Northwestern
456
THE TEXAS & PACIFIC RAILWAY.
Railway and Fort Worth & New Orleans Railway pour into
its lap the business of those rich counties, which lie between
the main line and the famed city of Fort Worth and the
business which flows f.om and through to the Gulf.
The Lancaster Branch from Hutchins gives to the enter¬
prising town of Lancaster, in Dallas county, an independ¬
ent connection.
The Houston Direct Navigation Company, which carries
out to the Gulf over 400,000 bales of cotton via the Houston
Ship Channel, is one of the principal connections of
Houston.
The lines of the Houston & Texas Central cover the
richest agricultural region of Texas, embracing the timbered
and rolling prairie region from 100 to 700 feet above the
Gulf, resting upon the ' Timber Belt" beds of sandstone and
limestone, which already are quarried to a considerable
extent. The soils are red clay, red sand or mulatto, just
as they are underlaid by sands or clays respectively. On
many of the uplands there is a gray sandy soil, grading
down into a red subsoil, which is especially adapted to the
growth of fruit. This whole area from Houston to the Red
River will compare favorably with any region of the world
in its combination of rich soil.
The traveler cannot see Texas without journeying over
the line of the Houston & Texas Central Railroad. Galves¬
ton is but fifty miles distant upon the Gulf. Houston, Austin,
Piano, McKinney, Corsicana, Ennis, Dallas, Sherman, Deni-
son, Waxahachie and Fort Worth are directly on its lines.
On every side, as its trains course through the land, are to
be seen fields heavy with the reward of the farmer; town
after town evidences the thrift of progress that has followed
its construction and sustains its fortunes.
THE TEXAS & PACIFIC RAILWAY.
Some facts about the Country through which it runs.
The conditions of temperature, rainfall and general humid¬
ity in Texas are largely governed by the proximity to the
Gulf of Mexico, the presence or absence of timber and the
altitude of the various parts of the State. As to the hu¬
midity, it may be said that there are three well-defined
regions, each having some characteristics peculiar to itself.
The forest region, extending from the Louisiana State
line to about the 96th meridian, has a climate greatly resem¬
bling that of the lower Mississippi Valley. Its general
altitude is from tide-water to about 600 feet above. Its
rivers are deep, sluggish and permanent. The rainfall varies
from forty to fifty inches per annum, and springs and small
flowing creeks are numerous. Its climate i., mild and re¬
markably even, with very few sudden changes in tempera¬
ture. The summer heat will sometimes rise to 90° or 95 0
Fahrenheit, but the temperature rarely falls below freezing
point in winter. The heat of the day is tempered by con¬
stant winds from the Gulf and the nights are delightfully
cool and refreshing.
Most of the timber, like white oak, ash, sweetgum, walnut,
sycamore, cypress, loblolly and long-leaf pine, magnolia, etc.,
is of the kind peculiar to a moist climate. In the souther-a
half of the timber region Spanish moss is found on many of
the trees. The palmetto and the various species of ferns
and mosses are found in most forests. The flower gardens
and particularly the rose gardens, are among the finest in
the Southern States. Roses are generally in full bloom
nearly every month in the year. Small fruits, like black¬
berries, raspberries, strawberries and others requiring a moist
atmosphere, grow to perfection. Pears, peaches, nectarines,
apricots, figs, etc., yield remarkably well, ^nd in the southern
part the same may be said of oranges, bananas and other
semi-tropical fruits.
General health is as good as in any timbered country. In
a few localities the prevailing forms of disease are chills and
fever, such as are common to any timbered country placed
under cultivation. Even here they are only common along
the streams, bayous and marshes.
From the 96th meridian to the 103d are large expanses of
open prairie, broken in places by long but narrow strips of
timber, consisting mainly of the various kinds of oak. The
altitudes in this region vary from 400 feet above sea level to
2,500 feet, rising northward and westward. The rainfall
varies from twenty-five inches (west of the 100th meridian)
to forty inches along Trinity River. Owing to the open
character of the country the general evaporation is much
greater, and hence the atmosphere is somewhat dryer than
in the timbered country. The changes in the level of the
country are more abrupt and the drainage more rapid. The
streams, while generally permanent, have steep banks and a
rapid flow. The temperature in midsummer is perhaps a
trifle higher, but as the south winds have unobstructed pas¬
sage the heat is so modified that outdoor work can be per¬
formed at all times without inconvenience, so far as the heat
is concerned. The winters are perhaps a little more severe
than in the timber, as the north winds also meet with no ob¬
structions. These winds seldom last more than a day or two,
and there is nothing about them that reminds one of the
severe winter storms of the Northern States. They have
the effect of clearing the atmosphere, and the general good
health of the people is greatly due to them. The Texas
winter is most severe between the altitudes of 300 and 1,500
feet, say between Mineola and Abilene. West of this the
northers are greatly modified. During a severe winter three
or four inches of snow sometimes fall in Northern Texas,
and in Southern Texas the temperature may fall to freezing
point, but generally vegetable gardens escape serious dam¬
age, and in Northern Texas roses frequently bloom all
winter, sometimes up to February.
The range of products that are grown is much greater
than in Eastern Texas, including as it does all the cereals,
corn, cotton, sorghum, hay and every product common to
the Mississippi Valley and the prairie States generally. All
American fruits are successfully grown. Owing to the drier
SCENES ALONG THE TEXAS & PACIFIC RAILWAY.
45§
FORT WORTH, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
atmosphere the general health of the people is very good.
The average number of deaths to the thousand population,
for some sixty counties, in 1887, amounted to only ten
HURLEY BUILDING, FORT WORTH, TEXAS.
persons, the proportion decreasing westward and northward
with the increase in altitude.
From the 103d meridian westward is what can be properly
called the arid region of Texas. It is a country of vast
prairies, covered with nutritious grasses, sustaining the mil¬
lions of cattle, sheep and horses for which the State is justly
famous. In the eastern part of this division is located the
great Llano Estacado, the mother of all the great rivers of
Texas, and in the western part, jutting out of the great
plains, are the various mountain ranges, grand in scenery
and rich in valuable ores. Out of the mountains spring
numerous small creeks which flow for a few miles and are
then lost in the porous soil of the plains below. The alti¬
tudes in this region vary from 2,500 feet on the Staked I'lain
to 6,000 feet or more among the mountains. All of this
country lies almost due north of Mexico. The south winds
here bring but little moisture, as they come from a country
that is equally dry. Those parts nearest the Gulf of Mexico
receive an annual rainfall of twenty to twenty-five inches.
With the increasing altitude the precipitation decreases. At
Pecos the annual rainfall is about thirteen inches, and at El
Paso about ten inches. This statement applies to the high
tablelands only. The rainfall in the mountains on the side
facing the Gulf is from forty to sixty inches per annum, and
to the rain and snowfall on the mountains in Texas and
New Mexico is due the great quantities of water carried in
the Rio Grande and Pecos Rivers.
The atmosphere is always dryer than in any other part of
Texas, and owing to its greater altitude is more rarified and
cooler. This region is said to be entirely beyond the influence
of the north winds, and while a light fall of snow is expected
every winter, it is considered the most perfect climate in the
State. It certainly is wonderfully effective in healing diseases
of the throat and lungs, and is the Mecca of thousands of
invalids who find relief if not cure. All of this country may
be considered as entirely exempt from climatic diseases of
every kind.
There are many native Mexicans now living in that
portion of the country who have never known what
sickness is, and many of them are over 100 years old. The
same has been the experience of the oldest American resi¬
dents, who carry with them a tradition that no one ever dies
in the Trans-Pecos countries; that when a man has passed
the 11 oth milestone and passed the point of usefulness, he
quietly dries up, and only makes his presence known at meal
time for twenty years more and is then blown away. There
is perhaps no district in America where so many vigorous
old men and women and robust and healthy younger people
can be met with than 011 the prairies and in the valleys of
extreme Western Texas. The death rate of sixteen counties,
having a population of 3 1,065 and an area of 41,353, in 1887,
averaged about nine persons to each thousand inhabitants,
while the natural increase of population was twenty-four
persons to the thousand.
Of the Panhandle region it may be said that the south¬
eastern part has much in common with Central Texas, having
about the same altitudes, soil, rainfall and products. The
western half lies from 3,000 to 4,500 feet above sea level.
While it affords excellent pasturage, it has all the uncertain¬
ties of climate that are common to Western Kansas and
Eastern Colorado. The northern part resembles Western
Kansas in its severe winters and uncertain crops.
SOME VALUABLE FACTS ABOUT FORT WORTH, TEX.
ITS LOCATION.
Fort Worth is situated 011 a rolling plateau, one hundred
and twenty feet above the Trinity river, and is seven hun¬
dred feet above sea level, making it a healthful, beautiful
and desirable place of residence. Its altitude insures it the
cooling gulf breezes which blow unremittingly during the
summer months, tempering the heat and giving it a pleasant
and agreeable climate both in summer and winter. Its rare
atmosphere, pure water, bright, genial and salubrious climate
make it an especially desirable place of residence.
460
FORT WORTH, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
HEALTH.
It is entirely free from miasmatic diseases, and there are
no local causes for disease of any character. Statistics show
it to have the lowest death rate of any city in the United
States, with but one exception. The climate is especially
FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, FORTH WORTH, TEXAS.
favorable for catarrh, asthma and other pulmonary and
bronchial complaints.
Without claiming to be a health resort, it possesses
advantages which commend it to invalids from the more
rigorous climates of the North.
WHAT SUPPORTS IT.
Fort Worth is surrounded by a section of agricultural
country, which for the fertility of its soil and the variety of
its products, is unsurpassed by any country on earth.
All the cereals are grown to perfection, and the yield is
greatly in excess of any other section, with the single
exception of corn, which produces about thirty-five bushels
to the acre, twenty to twenty-five bushels of wheat, sixty to
eighty bushels of rye, oats and barley are an average yield.
It is the only country on the habitable globe which
grows all the cereals to perfection and also produces cotton
of a fine staple in the same field. All the root crops, fruits
and vegetables thrive in an unprecedented manner. It is
the Utopia of farmer, gardener and fruit raiser. The sec¬
tion tributary to the city is greater in area than all the
Middle States, and it is the natural market for this vast
region, only a small portion of which is yet settled and
being cultivated.
RAILROADS.
Eight trunk lines of railway enter Fort Worth, giving
twelve outlets for trade and commerce. All of these stretch
across the State in several directions. There are four direct
lines to Chicago, three to St. Louis and Galveston, two to
Memphis and New Orleans, three to Denver, one to El Paso
and one to Laredo.
Forty-four passenger trains arrive and depart from the
Union Depot daily, and the rumble of the innumerable
freight trains that come and go is never stilled. It is con¬
ceded to be the railroad centre of the State, and as these
arteries of trade all penetrate the rich country lying around
the city in every direction, it is only a question of time and
the natural growth and development of this vast territory
when Fort Worth will become the largest and most pros¬
perous city in the Southwest.
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
Every branch of trade is represented in Fort Worth.
Nothing is overdone, and in many branches there is room
for more. The handsome dry goods establishments, jewelry
and clothing stores, saddlery stores, grocery stores, music
stores, millinery stores, drug stores, shoe stores, china, hard¬
ware and furniture stores, and other emporiums of trade,
would do credit to larger and more pretentious cities. All
carry good stocks in the latest style and pattern and are
worthy of the patronage that is so generously bestowed
upon them by the people of the city and surrounding
country.
The wholesale trade is also well represented, although
there are several lines without representation, notably, hard¬
ware and boots and shoes. There is some jobbing trade in
both of these, but no houses doing an exclusively wholesale
trade. With such a large field there is ample room for
energy, capital and enterprise to an almost unlimited extent.
MANUFACTORIES.
For a place of its age and size Fort Worth has no reason
to complain of its manufacturing industries, but not a tithe
of the business in this line is done that the location and
surroundings justify. With its unrivalled facilities for trans¬
portation and the vast territory to be supplied, the raw
material found at its very doors, and the extensive market
for the product, Fort Worth must soon be a manufacturing
centre.
The principal enterprises now doing business here are:
The Fort Worth Packing House, with a capacity of one
thousand hogs and five hundred beeves per day, and ample
capital to enlarge its business to meet the growing demands
COURT HOUSE, FORT WORTH, TEXAS.
462 FORT WORTH, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
HIGH SCHOOL BUILDING, FORT WORTH, TEXAS.
of the country. As this is confessedly the live stock centre
of the State, another packing house will soon be needed
and the want will be supplied.
The Texas Brewing Company's plant is the finest in the
South and its product is unexcelled. The pure artesian
water obtainable in unlimited quantities is the best known
for the manufacture of this beverage.
The flouring mills of the city have a capacity of 1,500
barrels of flour per day, and the hum of their machinery is
heard night and day the year round.
The iron works is another active industry which gives
employment to a large number of men and supply the
demand in this line.
There are five ice factories, turning out three hundred
tons of ice daily, "which is shipped to all parts of the State.
Three cigar factories, several mattress factories, a small
furniture factory, broom factory, trunk factories, an establish¬
ment for the manufacture of essences and flavoring extracts,
a candy and cracker factory, carriage factory, blank book
manufactory, a cold storage plant, and numerous other small
industries, do their part in the trade and business of the
city. Yet there is room for more, and men with capital,
energy and push will find here an inviting and profitable
field.
SCII(H)I.S AND CHURCHES.
Fort Worth has reason to be justly proud of its educational
facilities. The public schools are the pride of the city. There
are eleven substantial and commodious school buildings in
the city, generously supported by the taxpayers, giving free
education to the youth of the city. White and black receive
the same advantages, although in separate buildings. An
able and experienced corps of teachers impart information
nine months in the year.
In addition to these, there is the Fort Worth University
anil Polytechnic College, the Fort Worth Business College,
FORT WORTH, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
463
and the Fort Worth Medical College, with able faculties and
generous patronage. Every religious denomination is rep¬
resented, some of them having two or three places of wor¬
ship. The church buildings are large and handsome, costing
from $100,000 down. The pastors are, many of them,
forcible and eloquent pulpit orators.
BANKS.
There are seven National Banks, with a capital and
surplus of $3,197,000. All are substantial and solid
institutions, doing a business which produces handsome
dividends to the stockholders.
HOTELS.
No city in the South has as fine hotels as Fort Worth.
They are large and commodious, the cuisine unexcelled, and
the hosts genial and entertaining.
PUBLIC BUILDINGS.
The stranger is always surprised to find that the finest
Court House in the United States is to be seen in Fort Worth.
It is of Italian Renaissance style of architecture, built of
gray granite quarried in Texas. It is four stories in height
and is 140 by 160 feet in size.
UOyl) RIFIyKS, FORT WORTH, TEXAS.
464
FORT WORTH, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
The Federal Building, nearing completion, is built of red
sandstone, a Texas product; is four stories including base¬
ment, handsomely and elaborately ornamented with rich
carving of the same material as the structure.
The City Hall is a commodious and imposing three-story
structure of white limestone, the auditorium of which has a
seating capacity of nearly three thousand.
The Opera House, Fire Halls and other public buildings
are well built brick structures, which are creditable to the
city.
STREETS AND PUBLIC WORKS.
Fort Worth justly claims the best system of streets of any
city of forty thousand people in this or any other country.
There are eighty-five miles of graded and paved, broad and
smooth streets, fifty-three miles of sewers, fifty-eight miles
of water mains and the finest pumping station in the South,
owned by the city, which also owns an electric light plant
with which the public lighting is done.
Two additional gas and electric light plants supply light
and power for commercial uses.
STREET RAILWAYS.
The street railways, four in number, cover thirty-two
miles of the streets, all well equipped with the latest elec¬
trical devices and fully up to the demands of the times.
BUILDING MATERIAL.
Building material is abundant, cheap and accessible. The
vast pine forests to the southwest are penetrated by four
lines of railway, insuring an abundance of cheap material.
On several lines of railway there are inexhaustible quarries
of limestone and sandstone, both of which are largely used
for construction purposes.
CHEAT FUEL.
Of prime importance to any city is the item of cheap
fuel; in this Fort Worth is peculiarly blessed. Good bitu¬
minous coal for steam purposes is mined within short dis¬
tances from Port Worth and is sold on the market in carload
lots around two dollars and a half per ton. Higher grades
of coal bear correspondingly low prices. This is an incal¬
culable advantage for a manufacturing centre.
Are you looking for a land where you can work outdoors
twelve months in a year, where horses and cattle run fat on
the range through all winter, where cotton, corn, sorghum,
sugar cane, wheat, oats, rye, broom corn, sweet and Irish
potatoes, all vegetables and melons indigenous to North
America, and apples, pears, plums, peaches, apricots, and a
thousand other things that are for man's use and pleasure in
this life, grow side by side on the same farm? Where
droughts are unknown, where the winters are mild and sum¬
mers cool, where snow is not seen for years at a time. Where
churches and schools grace the crest of a thousand hills, and
where your life and property is as safe as any place on the
top of God's green footstool, without exception—then we say
come to Texas. There is no State in this glorious Union
that offers to the industrious and ambitious what Texas
offers There are many more than a hundred counties in
Texas to which every word of the above applies, and there
are tens of thousands of people in Texas who will swear
before a notary public that the foregoing is true and correct.
We only ask investigation.
Fort Worth is the railroad centre of the State.
Fort Worth has the best educational advantages, more
and better church buildings, more miles of paved streets,
more miles of sewers, more miles of water pipe, more miles
of electric street railway than any city of its age and num¬
bers on the continent.
Jay Gould, on being asked "What is the most wonderful
railroad centre in the world ? " replied, without hesitation,
" Fort Worth, Texas."
You can obtain reliable and specific information upon any
matter connected with Texas, by addressing B. B. Paddock,
Secretary Fort Worth Promotive League.
c-o
O
\TLRN Tfl.
THE CAPITOL OF VIRGINIA.
THE STATE OF VIRGINIA.
This State, as every school-child knows, was one of the orig¬
inal thirteen colonies, and named for Elizabeth of England,
the Virgin Oueen. The first permanent English settlement
in America was made within her borders, at Jamestown,
May i 3, 1607. Sir Thomas Gates and Company had ob¬
tained, in April, 1606, a charter from James 1. to plant two
colonies at places not less than 100 miles apart. '1 he London
Company succeeded this one in Kick;, but Crates' Company
had held it long enough to give the world the romantic
adventures of Capt. John Smith. King James gave the Lon¬
don Companv a sea front of 400 miles—all islands within
100 miles of the coast and all the country back from this 400
miles of frontage, " throughout from sea to sea," and to its
colonists all the rights of natural-born Englishmen. Under
this charter Virginia had jurisdiction over this vast domain,
and when one considers the number of States and Territories
that have since been carved out of it, the wonder ceases that
the Old Dominion has always since been called the Mother
of States and Statesmen ! How well she deserves this proud
name; noble old mother!
In 1619 Gov. Vardley organized the first Xorth American
legislative body at James City, a few miles inland from
Jamestown, and the London Company granted the colony a
liberal constitution, the general form of which Virginia has
always since preserved. The first Africans were brought
over, in 1619, by a Dutch man-of-war, and sold into slavery
at Jamestown. In 1624 James I. arbitrarily deprived the
London Company of its charter, and Virginia became a royal
colony, but still was governed by its constitution, the King-
appointing the Governor and Council ; the people electing
the members to the House of Burgesses. The capital con¬
tinued at Jamestown until 1698, when it was removed to
Williamsburg, where William and Mary College had been
established in 1693. In 17)6 Gov. Spotswood crossed the
Blue Ridge, and was, so far as history informs us, the first
white man to enter the great valley. Indian wars followed
as settlers moved westward, but in I 744 Virginia purchased
from the Indians the right to make settlements to the Ohio
River, and built a fort where Pittsburg now stands, which
was captured by the Erench in 1754, inaugurating the long
Erench and Indian war, which was not ended until the Treaty
of Paris, in 1763, which made the Mississippi the western
boundary of Virginia.
In 1 773 the General Assembly of Virginia resolved for
an "inter-colonial committee of correspondence," which
offended Lord Dunmore, the royal governor, and he dis¬
solved it. It wouldn't remain dissolved, but met again in
May, 1774, and protested against the closing of the port of
Boston. Dunmore again dissolved it, but the burgesses, the
members elected by the people, reassembled and passed
resolutions denouncing British taxation and recommending
to the other colonies an annual congress of delegates, lead¬
ing in this as it had in recommending committees of corre¬
spondence.
The leading part she afterwards took in the war with
Great Britain for independence, the supreme and patriotic
efforts and sacrifices made by all her great patriots and peo¬
ple, from "Washington to the humblest private soldier in the
Virginia line," will always remain a proud heritage of the
American who loves his country and the noble liberties and
blessings she helped to found and perpetuate.
The immense territory of Virginia, reaching from the
Atlantic to the Mississippi, and now divided into five large
States, made the other States of the Union apprehensive
of her future domination, and in 1781, to promote
harmony and reassure them of her patriotic purposes, she
offered to cede to the General Government all her terri¬
tory beyond the Ohio. In 1784 she made the cession,
only stipulating, as a condition precedent, that the territory
thus voluntarily given up should, when peopled, be divided
into new States, in which slavery should be forever pro
hibitcd, and that the remainder of her territory—that part
from the Atlantic to the Ohio—should remain inviolably
hers.
The State has now an area of 42,450 square miles; popu¬
lation in 1890, 1,655,980. Her grand old historic capital city,
Richmond, was credited in 1890 with a population of 80,838.
Of course there has been a large increase in the past six
years. She has now 966 manufacturing establishments, with
a direct investment of $16,785,242, while her annual pro¬
ducts reach the handsome sum of $27,792,600. Handsome
residences and massive mercantile structures have arisen
from the ashes of the ruined city in 1865.
Norfolk is one of the most important sea-coast cities of
the South. There are 374 manufacturing establishments
within her borders, in which are directly invested $3,41 7.454>
and the value of her annual products exceeds $5,000,000.
Petersburg is the next largest city in the State, with 271
manufacturing plants, in which are directly invested $3,911,-
249, and the annual output exceeds $7,000,000.
In 1 Sgo Virginia farm land embraced 19,104,951 acres, of
which only 9,1.25,951 acres were under cultivation. The
then value of the farms was stated at $254,490,600, and the
implements and stock $40,000,000 additional.
In 1892 there were 1,703,706 acres planted alone in corn,
from which the yield was 26,000,000 bushels ; 799,069 were
in wheat, yielding 7• 591 >ooo bushels, and 488,535 acres
oats, which yielded 5,472,000 bushels.
RICHMOND, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
467
In 1894 there were 103,003 acres employed in the culti¬
vation of tobacco, yielding 68,599,998 pounds marketed by
farmers that year.
The mineral productions of the State have more than
doubled since the year 1889. A great number of new mines
have been opened, and mining capital now invested is very
much greater than ever before in her history.
Gov. O'Ferrall claims that she can produce all the cereals,
every staple vegetable known to the vegetable kingdom,
nearly every fruit known to American horticulture, and all
in perfect quality. Her tobacco is unsurpassed in com¬
mercial standing; her peanuts unequaled in their richness of
flavor ; her yet primeval forests continue to contribute curled
walnut, tough hickory, soft poplar and durable locust, with
many species of oak and pine, cypress, cedar, hemlock, and
spruce. Her mountains respond to the call for iron, coal,
zinc, lead, copper; while her hills are filled with manganese,
slate, granite, limestone, sandstone, onyx and marble. Her
rivers and bays abound with fish and oysters, and from her
clover-pots, timothy-fields and blue-grass meadows are raised
the Norman and Percheron, the sturdy coach horse and quiet
roadster, the fleet trotter, the swift race horse, •and all-gaited
saddler; the short-horned Durham, beautiful Hereford, meek-
eyed Jersey, soft fleecy merinoes, Southdowns and Cots-
wolds; while from her farmers' sties come the "mudlarks"
from which are manufactured the famous, the justly-cele¬
brated, Smithfield ham, which delights the epicurean palate
wherever known.
Gov. O'Ferrall says: "Well, indeed, could this Old Do¬
minion challenge any one of her sisters in this bonded Union
to present such a combination of wealth-creating resources as
she can display. Where is the State than can so delight the
vision and enrapture the soul? Some have their special
attractions, and in them may excel Virginia; some may sur¬
pass her in some things, but what State can measure up to the
general standard of this historic and time-honored Common¬
wealth ? "
Gov. CHARLES T. O'FERRALL,
Richmond, Va.
The name of Charles T. O'Ferrall, the present Governor
of Virginia, will live long in the history of the Old Com¬
monwealth, for his administration has been characterized by
a degree of vigor and activity which in times of peace has,
perhaps, never before been equalled in the State. To under¬
stand the interest which clusters around his work in the
Executive chair it will be necessary to take a peep at the
Chief Magistrate, whose achievements but reflect his char¬
acter and sterling qualities.
The Governor is a man who throughout life has been
familiar with difficulties and triumphant in removing them.
His energy, courage and perseverance have never yet been
daunted and therein lies the secret of his success. He first
saw the light of day on a farm near Brucetown, in Frederick
County, fifty-five years ago, As his name indicates, he is
of Irish lineage on his father's side, and if the genealogists
mistake not, his ancestors were a brave and prominent race
of men, no little like their worthy scion.- On his maternal
side he is Scotch-Irish, and here, by the way, it may be
said, that like all good and successful men he had a noble
woman for a mother—one ever faithful, tender and kind.
When the lad first came to manhood and was brought face
to face with life, she was always at his side to comfort and
encourage him, and though she has now passed away, the
imprint of her excellent training still shows itself in the
deeds of the son. Governor O'Ferrall's father was the late
John O'Ferrall, of Morgan County (now in West Virginia),
and was a solid and popular man in his day. He served a
number of terms in the Virginia House of Delegates, and
Gov. CHARLES T. O'FERRALL.
at the time of his death was Clerk of the Circuit and County
Courts of his county.
At the tender age of fifteen the Governor was appointed
clerk pro tempore of the Morgan County Court, to succeed
his deceased father. Young as he was, the future statesman
and soldier had already begun to realize the responsibilities
of life and from that time onward he has ever forged ahead.
At seventeen he was elected by the people Clerk of the
Court, for the full term of six years, over an aged com¬
petitor and prominent citizen, but ere he had served half
the term the drum beat of civil strife called him from his
official duties. Morgan County was strongly Union in sen¬
timent, and only about twenty men from the county joined
468
RICHMOND, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
the Confederate army, and onlv two from the little town of
Berkeley Springs. O'Ferrall was one of the latter. Enlist¬
ing as a private in the cavalry service—he has always been
a passionate lover of horses—he arose, step by step, until
he reached the rank of colonel.
At the close of the war, he was in command of all the
Southern cavalry in the Valley of Virginia. His regiment,
in fact, held the last line and had the last fight and captured
the last prisoner on Virginia soil. His command was
engaged in two fights after the surrender of General Lee at
Appomattox, the Colonel refusing to believe that the Con¬
federate forces had really surrendered, although, under a
flag of truce, General Hancock, who was in his front, sent
him word that General Lee had surrendered, and it would
be well for him to follow the example of his great com¬
mander.
In this connection it might be well to allude to the daring
and bravery of Governor O'Ferrall, whose courage during
the war will long be remembered by those in his command,
or who were eye-witnesses. The story of his adventures
would almost read like a romance. During the bloody
struggle he received eight wounds—three from sabre thrusts
and five from bullets and shells. In the cavalry fight at
Upperville, Loudoun County, a minie ball passed through
his left lung, barely missing his heart, and he was left on the
field for dead. The newspapers even announced his death,
but by careful nursing he gradually regained his strength,
fully recovered and in four months' time was again in
the saddle and received his last wound at Fisher's Hill,
in 1864.
Governor O'Ferrall's success in politics has been phenom¬
enal. More than twenty years ago he was elected a
member of the General Assembly from Rockingham County ;
subsequently he was chosen Judge of the County Court, and
in after years he secured six nominations for Congress, always
by acclamation or without formidable opposition, and in
every campaign that followed he was overwhelmingly suc¬
cessful at the polls. His career in the House of Repre¬
sentatives soon made him prominent in that body, and the
part he took in the Force Bill opposition and other important
contests won for him that popularity which subsequently re¬
sulted in his nomination on the first ballot for Governor and
his election by an unprecedented majority. I11 the Forty-
ninth Congress he was chairman of the Committee 011 Mines
and Mining and a member of the Committee on Commerce,
and through three Congresses he was on the Elections Com¬
mittee, of which he was chairman two terms and when his
resignation took effect for him to be inaugurated Governor,
on the first of January, 1894.
Governor O'Ferrall is a man of striking appearance, with
character plainly stamped 011 every feature. He has a
soldierly air and sits a horse with excellent grace. He
would be known among thousands by his long gray hair
and erect carriage. In manner he is easily approachable,
and there is an irresistible magnetism about him which in¬
variably attracts. His memory for remembering names and
faces is quite remarkable, and this, combined with his
affability and fidelity to friends, has done much to win him
his strong line of staunch supporters.
In every political campaign he has been active and un¬
tiring on the stump in behalf of the Democratic party, and
he is, no doubt, personally acquainted with more people in
the State than any man living. As a campaigner, he is
aggressive, indefatigable and strong, and no hardships or
difficulties can weary him.
His prompt action in the strike troubles of 1895 in Vir¬
ginia in maintaining the supremacy of the law and the right
of every man to work when he desired to do so ; his vigorous
policy in clearing the State of gamblers; his determined pur¬
pose to suppress the spirit of lynching; his untiring efforts
to put down book-making and pool-selling on horse-races,
and his success in capturing and bringing to punishment all
violators of law have made his administration one of the
most striking in the history of the State over which he pre¬
sides as Chief Magistrate.
«
n. J. DIMMOCK, Architect,
Richmond, Va.
Captain Dimmock is a native of the State of Virginia, and
has been in the active practice of his profession for thirty
years.
He has designed and supervised the erection of many of
the most important buildings, both public and private,
throughout the State, and enjoys an extensive practice.
He is President of the Southern Chapter of the American
Institute of Architects, and is a Fellow of the Institute. He
M. J. DIMMOCK.
served in the cavalry arm of the service in the Army of
Northern Virginia, and took part in all the important
cavalrv engagements of the late war.
RICHMOND, HOA
HENRY TILGHflAN MELONEY,
Richmond, Va.
Born in Caroline County, State of Maryland, of Ouaker
parentage, in 1842. Both father and mother dying before
reaching middle life, at the age of fourteen he was thrown
largely upon his own resources. At the age of sixteen
5" AND PEOPLE. 469
Franklin Street. This experience of his, to which we make
reference, extends over twenty years. He is a native of the
city, was in the Confederate Army, and was wounded at the
Battle of New Market, and there hangs over the entrance
to one of his offices a strangely disfigured musket that was
knocked off his shoulder by a shell, in the memorable charge
of the V. M. I. Cadets on that occasion.
He studied for his profession in the school of engineering
of the University of Virginia, at Charlottesville. For four
years after that he was with the Tredegar Iron Works there
as a mechanical draughtsman, and also with the Metropol¬
itan Iron Works, of Richmond, and the American Rolled
Nut and Tube Co., of this city. After that he was in the
office of the supervising architect of the United States at
Washington, D. C.; then was attached to the United States
Geological Survey; then practiced his profession in Wash¬
ington for twelve years, and designed quite a number of
CHAS. H READ. JR.
HENRY TILGHMAN MELONEY.
Clerk United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit.
he accepted a position as one of the deputy clerks of the
Circuit Court for Talbot County, Maryland, in which posi¬
tion he served nine years, gaining the place of chief deputy
in that office, and where he received his education and
training as a Court Clerk. He was then appointed Court
Clerk of the Baltimore City Court, served three years,
and immediately thereafter filled the same position in the
Criminal Court of Baltimore City. In 1877 he was appointed
by United States Judge Giles deputy clerk of the United
States Circuit and District Courts for Maryland; and upon
the organization of the new United States Circuit Court of
Appeals, in 1891, he was apppointed by the Court (Mr.
Chief Justice Fuller presiding) the Clerk of the Circuit Court
of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, composed of Maryland,
Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina,
and removed to Richmond, Virginia, where the office of the
Court is located.
CHARLES H. READ, Jr.,
Richmond, Va.
Charles H. Read, Jr., architect, of 12 N. Ninth Street, has
had a long and varied experience of his profession, and, in¬
cidentally of its engineering features, and has displayed his
ability in the construction of a number of the finest build¬
ings of the city, including the new Times building, at Tenth
and Bank Streets, the Planters' National Bank Building, the
Levy & Davis store on Broad Street, the Hawes row of
residences on Fifth Street, and the Strause residence on
prominent public and private buildings. In 1889 he
returned to Richmond and opened an office, and has recently
been elected architect for the entire group of sixteen
buildings for the new Union Theological Seminary, to be
erected near the city.
CHARLES BROADWAY ROUSS.
Charles Broadway Rouss, born in Woodsboro, Frederick
County, Maryland, February 1 ith, 1836, the son of a strug¬
gling farmer; to-day is one of the wealthiest business men
in the United States. Speaking of his parents, he says:
"... From these two plain but peerless lives fell in¬
spiration that drove the plowboy of Runnymeade through
humiliation, through Winchester and Richmond to the
metropolis of America. From the true and touching lessons
that fell from the lips of those two sacred idols was the
inspiration that led the little barefoot of seven (now sixty)
47°
RICHMOND, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
to the head of the representative auction business of the
world, actuated by their solid, sterling, supreme religion,
' do right' . .
At the age of five, he was taken to Runnymeade, Berk¬
eley County, Virginia ; and at ten was sent to the Win¬
chester Academy. At the age of fifteen he became tired
of the monotony of study and left school.
Commencing his business career at the age of fifteen as
clerk in a country store for a salary of one dollar per week
CHARr.ES BROADWAY ROUSS.
Col. ANDREW GLASSELL DICKINSON,
Of Virginia.
There are now in the North many representatives of the
best blood, culture and intellect of the South, and among
these it would be difficult to find a truer exponent of the
noblest Southern spirit than Col. Andrew Glassell Dickin¬
son. Roth sections have united in recognizing his worth
and in bestowing honors upon him ; but the land of his birth,
the land for which he fought so valiantly, will always claim
him for her own.
Col. Dickinson was born at Rowling Green, Caroline
County, Virginia, April 15, 1835. His paternal ancestors
had come to America from Dundee, Scotland, in early
colonial days, and had settled first in New England and
Pennsylvania, spreading from the latter to the Virginian
Colony. The eminent men of this name who figure so
worthily in the early history of the Eastern and Middle
States, as well as in that of the Southern and Western, were
all scions of the same noble blood.
On the maternal side, Col. Dickinson has an equally
honorable lineage, being descended from the celebrated
Magruder family, whose history is so worthily interwoven
with that of Virginia.
Having received his early education at a military school
in his native State, young Andrew Dickinson soon after re¬
moved to Mississippi, and later to Louisiana, where he began
a most successful mercantile career. He was married to
Miss Sue Marshall Coleman, a daughter of Col. Nicholas D.
at the age of eighteen he refused a partnership in a great
firm (because of an innate dislike of co-partnership) and
opened a store of his own, with a capital of $500.
At the age of twenty-four (in 1860-61) he often met and
talked with the two leading merchants of that period—
Claflin and Stewart—and was ambitious to equal or eclipse
them in the magnitude of their business operations. In
1862, Winchester was held by the Federal troops and
Mr. Rouss, following the dictates of his heart, abandoned
his business and fought through the war with Stonewall
Jackson's famous brigade.
March, 1866, found him in New York with nothing but
a tattered Confederate uniform, $1.80 in cash and an un¬
daunted determination to succeed in spite of the incubus of
$1 1,000 of old debts against him.
Spending many of his nights walking the streets for
want of a place to sleep, this man has risen by the force of
his will and courage, to be a many times millionaire, still
directing the details of a large business, though totally
blind and depending upon the reports of his employees for
his knowledge of its progress.
Mr. Rouss has given largely to deserving institutions and
enterprises, his early home, Winchester, having been assisted
by various donations. His latest and greatest benefaction
is his proposition to endow a battle abbey of the South
with a donation of $100,000.
Cor. ANDREW CU.ARSET.L T1TCKTNSON.
Coleman, of Vicksburg, Miss., and grandniece, on her mother's
side of the illustrious Chief Justice Marshall. When the
great conflict between North and South was about to tear
the nation asunder, the young man refused to act precipi¬
tately as to secession. Earnestly hoping for the preservation
of the Union, he yet held stanchly to his allegiance to the
land of his birth ; and when Virginia withdrew from the
RICHMOND, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
47i
Union, he recognized that all hope of a peaceful issue was at
an end, and, immediately raising a company, he offered his
services to the Confederacy.
The editor of La Rcvista Mercantile, in writing of Col.
Dickinson, has most eloquently said :
" When the war broke out, each one sought his flag.
He must needs have been a traitor, who, a son of the South,
did not seek his, when duty pointed it out; and under the
flag of old Virginia young Dickinson enlisted. When the
nation is going to pieces, the heart calls country that marked
out by the cradle and the grave—the place where we first
saw light, and where we have prayed for the memory of
our parents. For that bit of land we fight and for its
glory we die."
The young soldier was quickly promoted to the honor¬
able rank of Assistant Adjutant General upon the staff
of Major-General Magruder, and displayed ability and
valor so marked that at the age of twenty-six he was
placed in command of the Northwestern Division of
General Magruder's military department, the line of the
Rio Grande.
Here he rendered absolutely invaluable service as the
originator and organizer of the great Cotton Bureau of
the Trans-Mississippi Department—an achievement which,
opening an avenue through Mexican ports for the
export of cotton and the import of supplies, munitions of
war and money, enabled the Confederacy to hold out as
long as she did and make her gallant fight against over¬
whelming odds.
Our limited space forbids us here to touch upon the many
romantic and heroic episodes of Col. Dickinson's military
career, or even to relate his successive promotions and
honors, and the stories of the scars he carries. Since the
war he has resided in New York City, and has made his
name as highly regarded in commercial and financial circles
as formerly in military ones. For certain distinguished
services, in connection with commercial relations between
the United States and Spanish America, he has been twice
honorably decorated, receiving, first, at the hands of the
Queen Regent of Spain, the Cross of the Royal Order of
Knighthood of Gavella la Catolica, and later, from the
President of the United States of Venezuela, the decoration
of "The Liberator,'' the highest honor which that coun¬
try bestows, declares its president " upon its distinguished
servants and upon those natives or foreigners who are
worthy of it on account of their extraordinary merits, or
on account of the services which they render humanity, or
the civilization of the people."
This distinguished man has now retired from active busi¬
ness, and, surrounded by a large family and esteemed and
honored by all who know him, he resides in New \ ork City-
still zealous in all philanthropic enterprises and greatly-
sought and admired socially. His life has been a measure¬
less benefit to humanity and his name will live to future
times.
Mrs. ANNE SANFORD GREEN,
Virginia.
Mrs. Green was born in Romney, West Virginia. On her
paternal side she is descended from the Glengary McDonalds,
of Culloden fame, as well as the McGuires. On her mother's
side she is a relative of the Naylors, Armstrongs and Denni-
sons, of Pennsylvania. She was married to James W. Green,
a distinguished lawyer of Culpepper, in 1855. Her first
service was the equipping of a company of Confederate
soldiers, raised through the liberality of her husband. Major
Green died twelve years ago, leaving her a widow with eight
children. Mrs. Green owned and edited the Culpepper Ex¬
ponent, and was the first woman in Virginia to assume such
a responsibility. The Exponent was a pivotal power in Vir¬
ginia and through the South. Mrs. Green is admired for
her courage, independence and political astuteness. She was
President of the Auxiliary Board of Virginia for Columbian
Exposition, and was appoinled by Governor McKinley
Mrs. ANNE SANFORD GREEN.
Regent of the Columbian Liberty Bell, the only colonial
commissioner appointed by the Governor who was present
at the Atlanta Exposition. Her effort has been to raise
funds for a continental hall at Washington. Mrs. Green,
during the war, obtained the release of her father, Col.
Angus McDonald, a distinguished graduate of West Point,
through Col. Hitchcock, a class mate and friend on the
opposite side in the war. Col. McDonald was the only Con¬
federate officer imprisoned and manacled by the Federals.
All her friends appreciate her influence for good and defer
to her judgment. George W. Childs, when discussing with
her a political situation, said : " You ought to have been a
man." Whereupon Mrs. Green replied: "A mother has
use for mind as well as a man." Henry W. Grady was a
warm friend of hers, and once in writing to her said : " If
half of the men of the country had as sound political sense
as you have, Mrs. Green, we would have a much brighter
472
PORTSMOUTH. BOMBS AND PEOPLE.
hope for the country." Mrs. Green's home, Green Lawn,
has ever been open to the visits of such men as Alexander
Stephens, Senator Daniel and other distinguished states¬
men. Mrs. Green is a philanthropist, as was shown in the
exerting of her influence to obtain from President Harrison
his first executive clemency. This was the commutation of
the death sentence of an old family servant. As a mother,
an editor, a friend, a politician and a litterateur it is difficult
to see in which she has shone the brightest.
TMOHAS H. BOWLES,
Virginia.
Born in Virginia, in 1854, Thomas H. Bowles is a genuine
representative of the New South.
Educated in Virginia, his first business venture was made
in Georgia, where he put before the public an invention for
Thomas h. bowles.
rotary railway advertising which showed much ingenuity
and skill.
During a temporary lull in the prosperity of the country,
this invention was withdrawn, and by a happy combination
of circumstances Mr. Bowles went into life insurance. Rep¬
resenting the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York,
in Florida, Mr. Bowles was most successful. In recognition
of his ability, the Mutual Life made him General Agent for
the States of Mississippi and Louisiana, in 1887, one year
after he entered their service. lie established himself in
New Orleans, when he soon came to represent the energy,
the progressiveness and the business perspicuity which char¬
acterizes the men of the New South.
His business methods were marked by the highest integ¬
rity, and unstinted success followed all his efforts.
In 1892 the Mutual Life added to his interests Wisconsin
and Northern Michigan, and Mr. Bowles left New Orleans
for Milwaukee, to establish there a General Agency, whose
greatest rival was the field which he had brought to so high
a state of productiveness, and over which he continues to
exert a most beneficial control.
While Mr. Bowles' interests were going out into other
States, he was not unmindful of Georgia, and continued to
show his confidence in that State by buying and rebuilding
a theatre in Atlanta, Georgia. The New Lyceum is one of
the handsomest small playhouses in the country. It was
opened in April, 1895, and is an honor to the city it adorns.
T. J. ANDERSON,
Portsmouth, Va.
The picture of a successful man is always an object of
interest to the great majority of people. It matters not in
what line of endeavor success may have been attained—
whether in the lists of war, in literature, science, art, or in
commercial pursuits—they like to know something of the
personal appearance of him who has achieved it—who has
carved out for himself a career of honorable usefulness and
distinction, and won a place in the foremost rank of his
chosen vocation. Such a man is Mr. T. J. Anderson,
General Passenger Agent of the Seaboard Air Line.
Mr. Anderson was born in Hanover County, Virginia, but
a little more than thirty-four years ago, and it will thus be
seen that he is still in the full vigor of his early manhood,
and, as he has not yet reached the prime of life, it may
fairly be presumed that he has likewise not yet attained the
zenith of his usefulness or the acme of his business success.
T. J. ANDERSON.
In the days of his early scholastic training he evinced a de¬
cided preference for mathematical studies, and felt great
interest in the laws of mechanics as applied to machinery.
It was not destined, however, that he should devote himself
to scientific pursuits. Before reaching the age of twenty
years he accepted a position in the service of the Norfolk &
Western Railroad, in the agent's office at Norfolk, Ya., and
the choice then made shaped his subsequent career. After
PORTSMOUTH, HOMES AND PEOPLE.
473
holding positions in several departments with the Norfolk &
Western, in May, 1884, he became union ticket agent for
the Seaboard Air Line, the Bay Line Steamers, and the Old
Dominion Line, under the administration of Col. John M.
Robinson.
Thenceforward his advancement was rapid. In 1888 he
became city passenger agent for these lines, and discharged
the duties of the position with eminent satisfaction to all
concerned, until 1892, when he was made passenger agent
of the Seaboard Air Line, with headquarters at Atlanta, Ga.,
and later at Norfolk, Va. This position he filled with con¬
spicuous ability until advanced, in February, 1894, to his
present responsible place.
Mr. Anderson is the ideal general passenger agent. He
has brought to the discharge of the duties of the position,
which he fills with such credit to himself and such useful¬
ness to his company and the traveling public, a thorough
knowledge of its requirements in all of its details, which is
the result of years of experience, of close attention to the
subject, and of keen and searching observation. He is pro¬
gressive in thought, prompt and energetic in action, and
unvaryingly affable and courteous in demeanor.
Mr. Anderson has refused many tempting offers from
other lines, to remain with this great Southern system, which
he has been largely instrumental in building up to its
present elegantly-equipped and magnificent proportions.
Scarcely necessary to add that the subject of our sketch
enjoys the full confidence of his superior officers and the
cordial good will and esteem of his associate employes, or
that his popularity is by no means confined to railway
circles, but that he graces and adorns the domestic sphere
and social life in which he moves.
CHIEF JUSTICES OK THE UNITED STATES.
CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD.
876 Gunnbjorn first sighted Greenland.
877 Ingolf Jarl, of Norway, settled Greenland.
1000 Lief, son of Eric, discovered Helluland.
1435 Columbus born at Genoa, Italy.
1492 Columbus sails from Palos, Spain.
Oct. 12, discovers Guanahani, one of the Bahamas.
Oct. 27, " Cuba.
Dec. 6, " Hayti, or Hispaniola.
1493 Columbus returns to Spain.
Sept. 25, sails on second voyage from Cadiz.
Dec. 8, founds Isabella, in Hispaniola.
1494 Columbus discovers Jamaica.
1496 Columbus returns to Spain.
Tobacco discovered in Hayti.
1497 The Cabots discover the mainland of America.
1498 May 30, third voyage of Columbus.
July 31, discovers Trinidad.
August 1, discovers mainland of South America.
1499 Voyage of Amerigo Vespucci to South America.
1500 Pincon discovers mouth of the Amazon.
Columbus returned to Spain in chains.
April 23, Cabral discovers Brazil.
1501 Cortereal explores coast of North America.
1502 Columbus' last voyage from Spain.
Aug. 14, discovers the Bay of Honduras.
1504 Columbus returns to Spain.
1506 May 20, Columbus dies at Valladolid, aged 59.
1507 The New World named America after Amerigo Vespucci.
1508 River St. Lawrence navigated by Aubert.
1510 First colony planted at Isthmus of Darien.
1512 March 27, Ponce de Leon discovers Florida.
Baracoa, the first town in Cuba, built.
1513 Balboa discovers the Pacific Ocean.
1516 Juan Diaz discovers Rio de la Plata.
1517 Charles V. sends negro slaves to Cuba and Jamaica.
Mexico discovered by Francisco Fernandez.
1518 Grijalva discovers southern portion of Mexico.
1519 March 13, Cortez lands on present site of Vera Cruz.
1520 Magellan discovers Patagonia.
Montezuma dies.
Carolina discovered by De Ayllon.
1521 Cortez takes the city of Mexico.
1522 Bermudas discovered by Juan Bermudez.
1524 Verrazani explores the North American coast.
1525 Invasion of Peru by Pizarro.
1526 Sebastian Cabot explores the La Plata.
1528 Unsuccessful invasion of Florida by De Narvaez.
1531 Pizarro again invades Peru.
1533 Pizarro founds Lima.
1534 Cartier discovers the River St. Lawrence.
1535 Almagro invades Chili.
1537 Cortez discovers California.
*539 Florida invaded by De Soto.
1540 Roberval attempts to colonize New France.
The Amazon explored from Peru to the Atlantic.
1541 Mississippi River discovered by DeSoto.
1542 De Soto is buried in the Mississippi.
1545 Silver mines of Potosi discovered.
1548 Platina discovered in Southern Mexico.
1549 Roberval sails for Canada with a colony.
1562 French Protestants land in Florida with Coligny.
1563 English carry slaves to West Indies.
1565 Spaniards found St. Augustine.
1576 Frobisher seeks a N. W. passage.
1579 First voyage of Sir Humphrey Gilbert.
1583 Second voyage of Sir Humphrey Gilbert.
1584 Sir Walter Raleigh sends two vessels to Virginia.
1585 He attempts to found a colony at Roanoke.
A second expedition under Greenville.
1586 Davis' Straits discovered.
Tobacco introduced into England by Lane.
1587 Raleigh sends out colony under White.
First Indian baptized in Virginia.
1589 Raleigh assigns his rights to the London Co.
1599 Roger Williams born.
1602 Gosnola discovers Cape Cod, May 15.
May 21, he discovers Martha's Vineyard.
1603 Martin Pring visits the coast of Maine.
1605 De Monts founds Port Royal.
1606 Patents issued to Plymouth and London Companies.
1607 First permanent English settlement at Jamestown
Attempt to found colony at mouth of Kennebec.
1608 Quebec founded by Champlain.
Capt. John Smith explores Chesapeake Bay.
He is saved by Pocahontas in Virginia.
1609 Lord Delaware made Governor of Virginia.
Henry Hudson discovers the Hudson River.
1610 Delaware Bay named.
1611 Cattle and hogs brought from England to Virginia.
Lake Champlain discovered.
4 76
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD.
Pocahontas marries John Rolfe.
The Dutch build a fort on Manhattan Island.
Capt. John Smith explores the New England coast.
The Dutch found Fort Orange, now Albany.
Tobacco first cultivated in Virginia.
Baffin's Bay discovered and named for Baffin.
Pocahontas dies in England.
The Dutch settle in New Jersey near the Hudson.
House of Burgesses convenes at Jamestown, Va.
Dec. 11 (N. S.) Pilgrims land at Plymouth Rock.
Slaves sold in Virginia by the Dutch.
Nov. 10 the first white child born in New England.
May 12 first marriage at Plymouth Rock.
Pilgrims make a treaty with Massassoit.
Cotton first cultivated at Jamestown.
374 English colonists massacred by Indians.
A grant of land to Gorges and Mason from St. Lawrence
to Merrimac.
Maine and New Hampshire settled by the English.
New Jersey settled by Swedes and Dutch.
James I. dissolves the London Co.
Swedes settle near the Delaware.
Massachusetts Bay Colony founded.
John Endicott settles at Salem.
Charlestown, Mass., founded.
Boston, Dorchester, Roxbury and Cambridge founded.
John Winthrop first Governor of the Massachusetts Bay
Colony.
First general court held at Boston.
De Vries founds a Dutch colony in Delaware.
Trading posts established in Maryland.
First house built in Connecticut at Windsor.
The Dutch erect a fort at Hartford.
A trading post erected at Windsor.
Leonard Calvert and Lord Baltimore colonize Maryland.
Roger Williams banished from Massachusetts.
Emigration from Massachusetts to Connecticut.
Hartford settled.
Rhode Island at Providence settled by Roger Williams.
First synod at Newton, now Cambridge, Mass.
The Pequod War in Connecticut.
Mrs. Anne Hutchinson banished from Massachusetts.
New Haven founded by Eaton and Davenport.
Harvard College founded.
A general earthquake throughout New England.
First printing-press set up at Cambridge.
Montreal founded.
New Hampshire united with Massachusetts.
First Commencement at Harvard College.
Indian War in New Netherlands.
Union of New England Colonies, May 19.
1643 Swedes from Delaware settle in Pennsylvania.
1644 William Penn born.
Indian war in Virginia.
1645 Clayborne's rebellion in Maryland.
1646 Effort made in Massachusetts to spread the Gospel among
Indians.
1648 First execution for witchcraft in New England.
New London settled.
1650 Harvard College chartered.
Constitution of Maryland passed.
1651 England restricting commerce of the colonies.
1652 First mint established in New England.
1653 North Carolina first colonized by Virginians.
1654 Yale College projected by Mr. Davenport.
1655 Dutch conquer the Swedes of Delaware.
Conquest of Jamaica by the English.
1656 First arrivals of Quakers in Massachusetts.
Their persecution begins.
1659 Four Quakers executed on Boston Common.
1660 Regicides Whalley and Goffre refugees in New Eng¬
land.
English monarchy restored under Charles II.
1663 He grants Carolina to Lord Clarendon.
Cotton Mather born.
1664 He gives from Connecticut to Delaware to his brother,
Duke of York.
New Amsterdam taken—name changed to New York.
All Dutch possessions pass to English.
New Jersey granted to Berkeley and Cateret.
1665 New York city incorporated.
Elizabethtown, N. J., founded.
Allonez explores Lake Superior.
1670 South Carolina colonized—Locke's Model signed.
1672 Charleston, S. C., colonized.
First copyright granted in Massachusetts.
1673 New York retaken bv the Dutch—restored in 1674.
1675 King Phillip's War; Indian War in Virginia.
1676 King Phillip killed—his tribe destroyed.
Bacon's rebellion in Virginia ; Jamestown burned.
New Jersey divided inlo East and West Jersey.
1680 Founding of Charleston, S. C.
1681 Pennsylvania given to William Penn by Charles II.
1682 Penn arrives in America and takes possession.
La Salle takes the West and calls it Louisiana.
1683 First Legislative Assembly in New York.
Roger Williams dies, aged 84.
1685 Andros made Governor of all New England.
1686 First Episcopal parish formed in Boston.
Massachusetts deprived of her charter.
1687 Andros attempts to take Connecticut's charter away.
First printing press set up at Philadelphia.
CHRONOL O GICA L RE CORD.
477
1688 New York and New Jersey united to New England under
Andros.
1689 King William's War. William III. succeeds to throne.
Governor Andros imprisoned in Boston—sent home to Eng¬
land.
War between England and France.
1690 Schenectady burned by French and Indians.
First paper money issued in Massachusetts.
Expedition of Phips against Port Royal, Nova Scotia.
1691 Execution of Leisler and Milborne at New York for treason.
1692 Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies united.
Witchcraft rife at Salem, now Danvers.
William and Mary College, in Virginia, chartered.
1693 Episcopal church established at New York.
William Bradford sets up printing press in New York.
1695 Rice first introduced into Carolina from Africa.
1696 Indian attack on Haverhill.
1697 Close of King William's War; Peace of Ryswick.
1698 First French colony at mouth of the Mississippi.
Earl of Bellamont Governor of New York.
1699 Kidd, the pirate, apprehended at Boston.
1 701 Detroit founded bv the French.
Yale College founded at Saybrook.
Beginning of Queen Anne's War; lasts till 1713.
1702 Episcopal church founded in New Jersey and Rhode Island.
Mobile founded by the French under D'Iberville.
1703 Culture of silk introduced into Carolina.
Twenty-dollar duty laid on imported negroes in Massachu¬
setts.
1704 Deerfield, Mass., destroyed by French and Indians.
Rhode Island taxes foreign vessels.
Maryland passes law against the growth of Popery.
Bartholomew Green starts News Letter at Boston.
1706 Bills of credit issued by Carolina.
Benjamin Franklin born.
1709 Printing press set up at New London, Conn.
1710 First Colonial post office in New York.
German settlements in North Carolina.
Nova Scotia annexed to British Crown.
1711 South Sea Company incorporated.
1712 Free schools founded in Charlestown, Mass.
1713 Tuscaroras join the Five Nations.
Peace of Utrecht—Close of Queen Anne's War.
1714 First schooner built at Cape Ann.
1715 Tuscaroras driven out of North Carolina after three years
war.
John Winthrop born.
1717 Law's Mississippi scheme; exploded, 1720.
Yale College removed to New Haven.
1718 New Orleans founded by the French.
Massachusetts lays tax on English manufactures and ships.
1718
1719
1 720
1721
1722
1724
r725
1726
1727
1728
1729
I73°
*73'
!732
1733
1735
1736
1737
*7 38
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1749
i75°
I7S1
1753
1754
i755
William Penn dies.
First Presbyterian church founded in New York.
Tea first used in New England.
Inoculation for small-pox introduced in New England.
Paper money issued in Pennsylvania.
Vermont first settled from Massachusetts.
Fort Dummer built in Vermont.
William Bradford establishes New York Gazette.
First printing press in Virginia and Maryland.
Another earthquake in New England.
Cotton Mather died.
North and South Carolina divided.
Massacre of French at Fort Rosalie, now Natchez.
Baltimore founded.
The Natchez exterminated by the French.
First printing press at Charleston, S. C.
Fort built at Crown Point.
George Washington born, Pope's Creek, Va.
Tobacco and corn legal tenders in Maryland.
First printing press at Newport, R. I.
Georgia settled by Oglethorpe at Savannah.
Robert Morris born.
First Freemason's lodge in Boston.
John Adams born.
Patrick Henry born.
Earthquake in New Jersey.
John Hancock born.
College founded at Princeton, N. J.
Benedict Arnold born.
Unsuccessful invasion of Florida by Oglethorpe.
Benjamin Franklin establishes The Historical Chronicle.
Unsuccessful invasion of Georgia by the Spanish.
Faneuil Hall erected in Boston.
Thomas Jefferson born.
King George's war, lasts until 1748.
Colonists under Pepperell take Louisburg.
John Jay born.
Mad Anthony Wayne born.
Treaty of Aix; King George's war closed.
Ohio Company obtain a grant of 500,000 acres.
First theatrical performance in Boston.
James Madison born.
Washington's mission to French forts.
Fort Du Quesne began by English; taken and finished by
French.
Washington defeats Jumonville.
Franklin proposes plan of union for the colonies.
Tennessee first settled.
Braddock's defeat; Dieskau's defeat.
French settlements destroyed on the Bay of Fundy.
Battle of Lake George.
4-8 CHRONOLOG
1755 Expedition against Niagara and Crown Point.
Connecticut Gazette begun at New Haven.
1756 War formally declared between France and England.
Aaron Burr born.
Newspaper established at Portsmouth, N. H.
1757 Montcalm takes Fort William Henry—massacre.
Alexander Hamilton born.
1758 Montcalm defeats Abercrombie at Ticonderoga.
English retake Fort Du Quesne, also Louisburg.
Fort Frontenac taken by the English.
James Monroe born.
1759 Quebec taken; Wolfe and Montcalm fall.
1760 All Canada surrenders to Britain.
1761 Earthquake throughout New England, March 12.
1763 Peace of Paris ends the French and English war.
First newspaper established in Georgia.
Pontiac's war; Mackinaw taken ; Detroit besieged.
1764 House of Commons vote to tax American colonies.
1765 Stamp act passed ; repealed March, 1776.
Virginia resolutions against British taxation.
Massachusetts proposes Colonial Congress of Deputies.
Twenty-seven delegates meet at New York—publish dec¬
laration of rights.
Robert Fulton born.
1766 Franklin before the House of Commons relative to Stamp act.
1767 Tea, glass, paper and painters' colors taxed by Britain.
Colonies adopt non-importation measures.
John Quincy Adams born.
Andrew Jackson born.
1768 British troops arrive at Boston.
1769 Dartmouth College incorporated.
American Philosophic Society at Philadelphia.
1770 Boston massacre. Duties removed, except on tea.
1773 Tea thrown overboard at Boston.
William Henry Harrison born.
1774 North Carolina sends delegates to Newbern.
Contributions for Boston's poor by Philadelphia.
Virginia espouses Massachusetts' cause.
" An attack on one, an attack on all."
Georgia patriots capture Governor Wright's powder.
Habersham, of Georgia, arrests the royal governor at his
own table.
General Gage fortifies Boston Neck.
Continental Congress meets at Philadelphia Sept. 4.
Franklin dismissed from the post-office.
*775 Mecklenburg, N. C., Declaration of Independence, May 20.
Provincial Congress of North Carolina assembles at Hills¬
borough.
Royal Governor of North Carolina takes refuge in a British
ship.
Revolutionary War begins. Battle of Lexington, April 19.
iL RECORD.
1775 Ethan Allen takes Ticonderoga, May 10.
Warner takes Crown Point, May 1 2.
Washington elected Commander-in-Chief.
Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17.
Ships of the line and 10,000 troops ordered to America.
Congress raises 10,000 men.
Howe succeeds Gage in command.
Congress fits out a navy of thirteen ships.
Assault of Quebec. Montgomery slain. Arnold wounded.
1776 British evacuate Boston; repulsed at Charleston.
Declaration of Independence, July 4.
Battle of Long Island, Aug. 27.
British land on New York Island, Sept. 15.
Battle of White Plains, Oct. 28.
British take Fort Washington and Fort Lee, Nov. 16.
Battle of Trenton, Dec. 26.
Benj. Franklin sent to Paris.
1777 La Fayette arrives in America with troops.
Battle of Princeton.
Ticonderoga taken by British.
Battle of Bennington ; battle of Brandywine.
First battle of Stillwater. Howe enters Philadelphia.
Battle of Germantown.
Second battle of Stillwater.
Washington at Valley Forge.
Tryon destroys Danbury, Conn.
Battle of Saratoga.
Burgoyne surrenders.
Articles of Confederation adopted by Congress.
British capture Forts Mifflin and Mercer.
Conspiracy to supplant Washington.
Henry Clay born.
1778 France acknowledges American Independence.
Philadelphia evacuated by British.
Battle of Monmouth. Massacre of Wyoming.
French fleet arrives off Sandy Hook.
Unsuccessful invasion of Rhode Island.
Massacre of Cherry Valley.
British take Savannah.
Conciliatory bills pass Parliament.
1779 Norfolk occupied by the British.
British take Stony and Verplanck Points.
Tryon ravage?. Connecticut.
Wayne recaptures Stony Point.
Sullivan ravages the Indian country.
Paul Jones takes the Serapis.
Americans repulsed at Savannah.
War between England and Spain.
Fairfield and Norwalk burned.
I ones captures two frigates off the coast of Scotland.
John Winthrop died.
780
7Sl
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD.
4 79
General Lincoln surrenders Charleston.
French fleet arrives off Newport.
Gates defeated near Camden at Sander's Creek.
Andre captured. Arnold's treason and escape.
Battle of Kings Mountain, Oct. 7.
Gallantry of Francis Marion.
Battle of Monk's Corner, S. C., April 14.
Battle on the Santee River, May 6.
Major Andre hanged, Oct. 2.
Battle of Broad River, Nov. 12.
Battle of Blackstock, Nov. 20.
Benedict Arnold ravages Virginia.
Battle of the Cowpens, Jan. 17.
British posts in Carolina captured.
Battle of Guilford Court House, March 15.
British seize Forts Trumbull and Griswold.
Battle of Eutaw Springs.
Cornwallis besieged at Yorktown.
Cornwallis surrenders, Oct. 19.
Revolt of Pennsylvania troops at Morristown.
Bank of North America established.
House of Commons favors peace.
Martin Van Buren born.
Daniel Webster born.
John C. Calhoun born.
Holland acknowledges American independence.
Colonel John Laurens, of South Carolina, killed in last
revolutionary skirmish.
Preliminaries of peace signed at Paris.
Peace signed with Britain. American army disbands.
British evacuate American ports.
Washington announces peace to the army.
Washington resigns his commission.
John J. Crittenden born.
Peace proclaimed by Congress April 11.
Washington Irving born.
First voyage from China to New York.
Zachary Taylor born.
Treaty with Prussia.
John Adams interviews George III.
Shay's rebellion in Massachusetts.
United States Constitution framed in Philadelphia.
Winfield Scott born.
Permanent settlement at Marietta, Ohio.
Federal Constitution adopted by eleven of the States.
Washington elected President. Inaugurated April 30.
Cincinnati, Ohio, founded.
Indian war; General Harmer defeated in Indiana.
District of Columbia ceded by Virginia and Maryland.
Franklin died—John Tyler born.
Federal Constitution adopted by Rhode Island.
1791
1792
1793
1794
1796
1797
1798
1 799
1804
1807
Vermont admitted to the Union.
St. Clair defeated by the Indians,
Peter Cooper born. James Buchanan born.
Bank of United States Established.
Kentucky admitted. Columbia River explored.
Washington re-elected. Sam Houston born.
Death of John Hancock.
Whisky rebellion in Pennsylvania. End of Indian war.
John Jay's treaty with Great Britain.
Edward Everett born. James K. Polk born.
Tennessee admitted June t.
Washington's farewell address,
Anthony Wavne died.
John Adams elected President.
Washington reappointed Commander-in-Chief.
War with F'rance threatened.
Naval engagements with French vessels.
Death of Washington. Patrick Henry died.
Washington made the Federal capital.
Treaty with France. Millard Filmore born.
Provisional army disbanded. Bancroft born.
Jefferson becomes President. Tripolitan war.
Benedict Arnold died. Farragut born.
Ohio admitted.
Louisiana purchased. Frigate Philadelphia captured.
Tripoli bombarded. The Philadelphia retaken.
Ralph Waldo Emerson born.
Burr and Hamilton duel.
Franklin Pierce born. C. O'Conor born.
Nathaniel Hawthorne born.
Treaty with Tripoli.
Andrew J ackson kills Dickinson.
Expedition to the Columbia River.
Robert Morris died.
Burr's trial for treason ; acquitted.
Frigate Chesapeake attacked by the Leopard.
General Robert E. Lee born.
Louis Agassiz born.
Britain forbids all nations trading with France.
Bonaparte's decree confiscating all vessels obeying.
Steamboat invented by Robert Fulton.
The slave trade abolished.
Salmon P. Chase born.
Andrew Johnson born.
Madison becomes President.
Abraham Lincoln born.
Harrison wins the battle of Tippecanoe.
Charles Sumner born.
Horace Greeley born.
Wendell Phillips born.
Louisiana admitted. War declared with England.
480
I 8 I 2
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1829
1830
1831
CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD.
Surrender of General Hull at Detroit.
Capture of the Guerriere by the Constitution.
Capture of the British brig Frolic.
Heavy earthquakes in West Tennessee.
Reelfoot Lake formed.
Americans defeated at Frenchtown ; take York, N. C.
Besieged in Fort Meigs ; take Fort George.
Repulse British at Sackett's Harbor and Fort Stephenson.
Perry's great victory on Lake Erie.
Battle of the Thames; Tecumseh slain.
Jackson's campaign in Creek country.
Buffalo burned, December 13.
BattLes of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane.
Americans besieged in Fort Erie.
Battle of Bladensburg.
British burn Washington public buildings.
Battle of Plattsburg. British repulsed at Baltimore.
The treasonable Hartford Convention.
Stonington bombarded. McDonough's victory.
Treaty of Ghent. Samuel J. Tilden born.
Jackson's great victory at New Orleans.
Peace proclaimed with England.
War declared with Algiers.
Robert Fulton died.
Indiana admitted. Treaties with Southern Indians.
George H. Thomas born.
Monroe made President. Mississippi admitted.
Seminole War begins. Erie Canal begun.
Jackson seizes Pensacola. Illinois admitted.
Benjamin F. Butler born.
Spain cedes Florida. Alabama admitted.
First steamship for Europe. Cyrus W. Field born.
Maine admitted. Tecumseh Sherman born.
Gas first used for lighting streets in Baltimore.
Missouri admitted. Compromise measures pass.
U. S. Grant born. R. B. Hayes born.
Com. Porter suppresses West India pirates.
Lafayette visits America; calls on Jackson at Nashville.
John Quincy Adams President.
Thomas Jefferson and John Adams die on July 4.
George B. McClellan born.
Andrew Jackson inaugurated seventh President.
Virginia protests against Federal Tariff bill.
Hail falls in Tuscaloosa, Ala., 12 inches deep, May 2.
John Jay dies. Slavery abolished in Mexico.
Separation of Yucatan from Mexico.
Yucatan declares its independence.
Remarkable eclipse of the sun, January 12.
Death of James Monroe.
Free Trade Convention at Philadelphia.
Tariff Convention at New York. Garfield born.
Ravages of cholera in America. Black Hawk's War; his
capture.
Nullification in South Carolina. U. S. Bank vetoed by
Jackson.
John C. Calhoun resigns as Vice-President.
Telegraph invented by Morse.
Jackson removes deposits from U. S. Bank.
Jackson re-inaugurated as President.
Benjamin Harrison Corn.
Remarkable meteoric showers.
The Senate censures J ackson ; resolution expunged later.
Great fire in New York. War with Seminoles,
Texas revolution begins.
Battle of San Jacinto. Arkansas admitted.
James Madison died. Also Aaron Burr.
Burning of Post Office and Patent Office, VVashington.
Michigan admitted. Texas independence recognized.
Grover Cleveland born. Van Buren inaugurated.
Financial distress throughout America.
William Henry Harrison inaugurated President.
Harrison dies, April 4. Great Cabinet difficulties.
Bankrupt Act becomes a law.
Northeastern boundary settled with England.
Treaty surrendering fugitive criminals.
Also for suppressing slave trade.
Dorr's rebellion in Rhode Island.
Texas annexed to U nited States.
James K. Polk made President.
Andrew Jackson dies.
Florida admitted. Iowa admitted.
Mexican War begins. Battles of Palo Alto, Resacca de la
Palma, Monterey; California.
Northwestern boundary settled with Great Britain.
Gen. Kearney occupies Santa Fe.
Battles of Buena Vista, Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, Contreras,
Churubusco, Molina del Rev, Chapultepec, City of Mexico.
Mexico raises $15,000,000 from the clergy.
Battles of San Gabriel and Mesa in California.
Thomas A. Edison born.
Revolt of Mexicans in New Mexico squelched.
Gen. Kearney annexes California.
Gold discovered in California.
Peace with Mexico proclaimed.
Wisconsin admitted.
John Quincy Adams dies in House of Representatives.
Corner-stone of Washington Monument laid.
First California gold to the mint.
Taylor inaugurated; cholera in New York.
James K. Polk dies at Nashville.
Taylor stops expedition to Cuba.
Constitution framed for California.
1832.
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1841
1842
1843
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
CHRONOLOGICA L
RECORD.
1849 Boundary with Mexico settled.
Mason and Dixon's Line laid out.
1850 President Taylor dies ; Filmore succeeds.
Descent of Lopez on Cuba.
California admitted ; omnibus bill passes.
Manuscript of Washington's Farewell Address sells for
$2,300 in New York.
Richmond begins monument to Washington.
John C. Calhoun died at Washington.
Search for Sir John Franklin begins.
Territories of Utah and New Mexico organized.
Fugitive Slave Law passed.
James Fenimore Cooper dies.
1851 Congressional Library destroyed ; 35,000 volumes.
1852 Henry Clay dies at Washington ; Daniel Webster dies.
Fishery dispute with England.
1853 Pierce inaugurated ; World's Fair at New York.
1854 Japanese treaty with United States.
Kansas and Nebraska bill passed.
Missouri compromise repealed.
Capt. Hcllins bombards Greytown.
1855 Troubles begin in Kansas.
1856 Steamer Pacific from Liverpool goes down; no trace.
Rock Island Bridge over Mississippi River completed.
American Transit Co.'s troubles at Panama; 30 killed.
Casey and Cora hung in San Francisco.
Sumner assaulted by Brooks.
Crampton, British Envoy, dismissed from Washington.
Last Island, La., submerged; great loss of life.
1857 Buchanan inaugurated; Mormon Rebellion.
Taney delivers the Dred Scott decision.
Atlantic Cable laying begun ; cable breaks.
Banks suspend specie payments.
1858 Minnesota admitted; Thos. H. Benton dies.
Success of laying Atlantic Cable; great rejoicing.
First message from Victoria to Buchanan.
1859 John Brown takes arsenal at Harper's Ferry.
Is captured, tried, and, with six others, hanged.
Oregon admitted ; Washington Irving died.
1860 Democratic National Convention assembles at Charleston.
Divide: Douglas chosen by one; BrecV.enridge by the
other.
Bell and Everett nominated at Baltimore.
Lincoln nominated at Chicago.
Walker the filibuster shot in Nicarauga.
Prince of Wales visits America.
Abraham Lincoln elected President.
South Carolina secedes Dec. 20; others follow later.
1861 Confederate States' representatives meet at Montgomery.
Adopt Constitution; elect Davis President.
Virginia calls Peace Congress at Washington.
31
1861 Met in February; 21 States; accomplished nothing.
Lincoln inaugurated on March 4.
Fort Sumner falls after two days' fighting; none killed.
Lincoln calls out 75,000 volunteers.
Confederacy calls troops to resist invasion.
Northern troops killed in streets of Baltimore.
Confederate Capital moved to Richmond.
Ellsworth killed at Alexandria on Federal advance.
Confederate defeats in West Virginia.
Hill repulses Butler at Big Bethel, June 10.
Confederate victories at Bull Run and Manassas, July 18
and 21.
Gen. McClellan takes command of the Northern forces.
All Southern ports blockaded.
" Letters of Marque " to privateers by Confederacy.
Mason and Slidell envoys to England.
Taken from Trent by Captain Wilkes; made prisoners.
Afterwards surrendered on England's order.
Kentuckians enlisted by both governments.
1862 Union forces generally successful in the West.
Great victory of " Merrimac " at Hampton Roads.
McClellan's Peninsula campaign.
General Johnston wounded at Seven Pines. Lee succeeds him.
Stonewall Jackson's raid—March to June.
He defeats Fremont, McDowell, Banks and Shields.
" Jeb " Stuart cavalry rides around McClellan's army.
The seven days' battle before Richmond—June 26 to July 1.
Lee's failure to carry Malvern Hill.
McClellan relieved—Halleck succeeds him.
Federals enlist 600,000 men.
Stonewall Jackson defeats Pope and Banks at Cedar Mt.
Second battle of Manassas. Federals defeated.
Pope's army again defeated at Ox Hill, Sept. 1.
McClellan recalled to his command.
Lee's invasion of Maryland. Defeated at South Mt.
Drawn battle at Antietam.
McClellan superseded by Burnside, Nov. 7.
Federal army defeated at Fredericksburg.
Burnside relieved by " Fighting Jo Hooker."
Commodore Foote captures Fort Henry, Feb. 6.
General Grant captures Fort Donelson, Feb. 12.
Battle of Shiloh. Victory and death of General Johnston,
April 6.
Defeat of Beauregard next day.
Surrender of Island No. 10.
Fort Pillow falls. Memphis evacuated.
Farragut occupies New Orleans.
Bragg invades Kentucky. Federal defeat at Munfordville.
Kirby Smith defeats Federals at Richmond, Ky.
Battle of Perryville, October 8.
Bragg retires to Tennessee with supplies.
482
CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD.
1862 Battle of Murfreesboro, Dec. 31; Jan. 2, Bragg retreats. 1864
Defeats of Price and Van Dorn. !865
1863 Lincoln's emancipation proclamation, Jan. 1.
Battle of Chancellorsville, April 29 to May 2.
Stonewall Jackson killed by his own men.
" Better for the South had I fallen," said Lee.
Three days' rioting in New York because of draft.
Hooker succeeded by Meade.
Lee invades Pennsylvania.
Great Gettysburg battle, July 1 to 3.
Confederate loss 36,000 ; Federal 23,000.
Pemberton surrenders Vicksburg to Grant, July 4.
Banks repulsed at Port Hudson.
John Morgan raids Ohio in July.
Battle of Chiekamauga. Thomas saves Federal army.
Chattanooga besieged by Bragg.
Confederate retreat from Missionary Ridge.
Battle of Ringgold, Ga. Cleburne's victory.
Longstreet's unsuccessful attack on Knoxville, Nov. 29. 1866
Confederate defeats in the trans-Mississippi.
Farragut captures Corpus Christi and Galveston.
General Magruder raises blockade of Galveston.
General Bar.ks fails to reduce Louisiana and Texas. 1867
Banks defeated by Taylor at Sabine X Roads.
The Kearsage overcomes the Alabama.
West Virginia admitted. 1868
1864 General Seymour defeated in Florida.
Forrest defeats Grierson and Smith.
Grant made Commander-in-Chief.
General Joseph E. Johnston succeeds Bragg.
Sherman begins the Atlanta campaign May 1.
Battles of Resacca, New Hope Church and Kennesaw. 1869
Johnston wins the name " American Fabius."
Retreats to Atlanta—relieved by Hood.
Siege of Atlanta, July 20-Sept. 2.
Hood abandons Atlanta—burned by Sherman. 1870
Sherman's march to the sea, Nov. 14.
Hood's defeat at Franklin and Nashville.
Retreats to Tupelo ; relieved from command.
Hood's army ordered to report to Gen. Johnston in N. C.
Battle of the Wilderness—" Send in the men." 1871
Battle of Spottsylvania Court House, May 9, 10. 1872
Battle of Cold Harbor, June i-t2.
Battles before Petersburg—summer, fall and winter.
Early threatens Washington.
Captures Martinsburg, Leesburg and Winchester.
Defeats Wallace at Monocacy. 1873
Re-enters Virginia with immense supplies.
Defeats Sheridan's army in the Shenandoah Valley. ^74
Sheridan's brilliant masterstroke.
Abraham Lincoln re-elected President November. 1875
Nevada admitted.
Fall of Fort Fisher, Jan. r5.
Fort Sumter again in Federal possession.
The Hampton Roads Conference in February,
Richmond evacuated, April 2.
Surrender of Lee to Grant, April 9.
Grant's magnanimous terms.
Armistice between Sherman and Johnston, April 18.
Assassination of Lincoln, April 14.
Andrew Johnson succeeds to the Presidency.
Johnston granted same terms as Lee. April 26.
Gen. K.irby Smith surrenders in Texas, May 26.
President Davis arrested, May 11—imprisoned.
Authorities order Gen. Lee's arrest.
Grant protests and threatens resignation.
Thus ends the great Civil War.
Federal total enlistments, 2,800,000 men.
Confederate strength never reached 700,000.
Seceding States adopted Thirteenth Amendment, Dec. 18.
Lincoln's policy of reconstruction set aside.
Local self-government denied by Congress.
Winfield Scott died.
Mr. Peabody gives $2,100,000 for education South.
Nebraska admitted.
Jefferson Davis bailed for $100,00c.
House of Representatives vote to impeach Johnson, Feb. 24
Impeachment fails by one vote, May 26.
James Buchanan dies, June rr.
President's Amnesty for " treason," July 4.
Death of Thaddeus Stevens, Aug. 11.
Grant elected President, Nov. 3.
Pacific Railroad completed, May 8.
French Transatlantic Cable laid, July 24.
Franklin Pierce died, Oct. 8.
George Peabody, the philanthropist, died. Nov. 4.
Gen. R. E. Lee died, Oct. 12, aged 62.
" The greatest gift the hero leaves his race
Is to have been a hero."
Virginia, Georgia, Mississippi and Texas representatives ad¬
mitted to Congress.
Great Fire in Chicago, Oct. 8-11.
Greeley nominated for President. Also Grant.
Geneva award on Alabama claims $15,000,000.
William H. Seward died, Oct. 10.
Grant re-elected, Nov. 5.
Greeley dies, Nov. 29, aged 61.
Salmon P. Chase dies, May 7.
Silver demonetized by Congress.
Death of Filmore, March 8.
Charles Sumner dies, March 11.
Andrew Johnson dies. Negro Civil Rights bill passes.
1876
1&77
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
CHRONOLOGICAL
RECORD.
483
Philadelphia's great Centennial, Jan. 1.
Tilden nominated for President. Also Hayes.
Great labor strikes; much disorder.
Death of Brigham Young.
Many business failures—losses in three months over $500,-
000,000.
Bland Silver bill passes Senate. Vetoed.
Coinage of standard silver dollars resumed February 28th.
June to December—tramps and hard times.
Specie resumption—no demand for coin.
Gold at par—Greenbacks received for customs.
Hancock nominated. Also Garfield.
Garfield elected, Nov. 2.
Feud between Garfield and Conkling.
Conkling resigns his seat in Senate.
Garfield assassinated by Guiteau, July 2.
Garfield dies, Sept. 19.
Guiteau's trial begins, Nov. 14.
Guiteau's conviction of murder in first degree.
Polygamy abolished, March 23.
Guiteau hanged at Washington, June 30.
Thurlow Weed dies, Nov. 22.
Opening of the great Brooklyn Bridge.
Wendell Phillips dies, Feb. 4.
James G. Blaine for President. Also Cleveland.
Cleveland elected, Nov. 4.
Washington Monument completed, Feb. 21.
Death of Gen. Grant, July 23.
" Let the'men keep their horses to plow with,"
Death of General McClellan, Oct. 28.
Thomas A. Hendricks died, Nov. 25.
Bartholdi's Statue of Liberty dedicated.
Death of ex-President Arthur.
American Exhibition opened in London.
Chicago anarchists executed, Nov. 11.
Harrison and Cleveland nominated for President.
General Sheridan dies, Aug. 5.
Harrison elected President, Nov. 5.
Oklahoma free lands opened with bloodshed, April 22.
Johnstown destroyed by water and fire, May 31.
Simon Cameron dies, June 26.
Jefferson Davis dies, Dec. 11, aged 81.
World's Fair bill signed by President.
John C. Fremont dies, July 13.
Geo. Bancroft dies, aged 90.
Tecumseh Sherman dies, aged 71.
Joseph E.Johnston dies, March 21, aged 87.
1892 James G. Blaine resigns as Secretary of State.
John W. Foster succeeds him.
Harrison and Cleveland both renominated.
James B. Weaver nominated by People's Party.
J. G. Whittier dies, aged 84, Sept. 7.
Cleveland elected President, Nov. 8.
1893 Death of ex-President Hayes, Jan. 17.
Benjamin F. Butler dies, aged 74.
Phillips Brooks, a great divine, dies, Jan. 23.
World's Fair formally opened, May 1.
1894 Chinese-Japanese war begun.
Manchester ship canal opened to traffic.
Fire at World's Fair, Chicago; loss about $2,000,000.
Boycott declared by American Railway Union against Pull¬
man Palace Car Company, resulting in stoppage of rail¬
road traffic in the West, affecting nearly 50,000 miles of
railroad.
Oliver Wendell Holmes died, Oct. 7.
Jubal A. Early died, March 2.
James Anthony Froude died, Oct. 20.
Louis Kossuth died, March 20.
Robert Louis Stevenson died, Dec. 3.
Zeb. B. Vance, ex-Governor of North Carolina died, April 14.
1895 Massacre of Armenians by Turks and Kurds, the deaths
estimated to be 30,000. Over 200,000 plundered and
rendered homeless.
Cuban revolution began Feb. 20.
China sues for peace and hostilities cease.
Supreme Court, by a majority of one, declared the income-
tax law unconstitutional.
A monument to Confederate dead erected in Chicago.
The Cotton States and International Exposition at Atlanta
formally opened Sept. 18, closed Dec. 31.
Chickamauga-Chattanooga National Military Park formally
dedicated by a great gathering of veterans.
John S. Blackie, Scotland, died March 2.
Frederick Douglass died, Feb. 20, aged 78.
Alexandre Dumas, fils, died, Nov. 27, aged 68.
Eugene Field, the poet, died Nov. 4, aged 45.
Walter Q. Gresham, died May 28, aged 63.
Thos. Henry Huxley died, June 29, aged 70.
Howell E. Jackson died, Aug. 8, aged 63.
Hugh McCulloch died, May 24, aged 86.
Louis Pasteur died, Sept. 28, aged 73.
Wm. W. Story, sculptor, died in Rome, Oct. 7, aged 76.
Allen G. Thurman died, Dec. 12, aged 82.
1896 Estimated population of the United States, 71,197,652.
NAflES OF PRESIDENTS WITH THE NAMES OF CABINET OFFICERS.
Secretaries of State.
Washington
Adams
Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson .
Edmund Randolph
Timothy Pickering
Timothy Pickering
John Marshall . .
James Madison
! Robert Smith .
James Monroe
John Quincy Adams
Secretaries of Treasury.
Alexander Hamilton
Oliver Wolcott . .
Oliver Wolcott
Samuel Dexter
Samuel Dexter
Albert Gallatin
Albert Gallatin . .
George W. Campbell
Alexander J. Dallas
William H. Crawford
William H. Crawford
J. Q. Adams Hen
Tackson
Clay i Richard Rush
Martin Van Buren . . . ! Samuel D. Ingham
Edward Livingston . . i Louis McLane . .
Louis McLane . . . . ' William J. Duane .
John Forsyth Roger B. Taney . .
Levi Woodbury . .
John Forsyth Levi Woodbury . .
Harrison . . . Daniel Webster .
Tvler Daniel Webster .
" 11 ugh S. Legare .
" Abel P. Upshur .
" John C. Calhoun
! Thomas Ewing
Thomas Ewing
Walter Forward
John C. Spencer .
George M. Bibb .
Polk James Buchanan
Robert J. Walker
Taylor .
Fillmore
Pierce
Buchanan
John M. Clayton
Daniel Webster .
Edward Everett .
William Meredith
Thomas Corwin .
William L. Marcy . . James Guthrie
I Lewis Cass | Howell Cobb
Jeremiah S. Black
William H. Seward
Johnson
William H. Seward
Philip F. Thomas
! John A. Dix . .
Salmon P. Chase
William P. Fessenden
Hugh McCulloch
Hugh McCull ch
Hayes
Garfield
Arthur
Cleveland
Harrison
Cleveland
Hlihu B. Washburne .
Hamilton Fish . . .
1 George S. Boutwell
I William A. Richardsor
Benjamin A, Bristow
Lol M. Morrill . .
William M. Evarts
James G. Blaine . .
F. T. Frelinghuysen
Thomas F. Bayard
James G. Blaine . .
John W. Foster . .
Walter Q Gresbam
John Sherman
William Windom .
Charles J. Folger
Walter Q. Gresham
Hugh McCulloch
Daniel Manning . .
Charles S. Fairchild
William Windom .
Charles Foster . .
John G. Carlisle . .
Secretaries of War.
Henry Knox . .
Timothy Pickering
James McHenry .
James McHenry .
John Marshall
Samuel Dexter .
Roger Griswold .
Henry Dearborn .
William Eustis . . . .
John Armstrong . . . .
James Monroe
William H. Crawford . .
Isaac Shelby
George Graham {ad in.)
John C. Calhoun . . . .
James Barbour . . . .
Peter B. Porter . . . .
John H. Eaton . . . .
Lewis Ca^s
Benj. F. Butler . . . .
Joel R. Poinsett
John Bell ....
John Bell ....
John McLean . .
John C. Spencer .
James M. Borter .
William Wilkins
William L. Marcy
George W. Crawford
Charles M. Conrad .
Jefferson Davis .
John B. Floyd .
Joseph Holt . .
Simon Cameron . .
Edwin M. Stanton ,
Edwin M. Stanton . . .
n. S. Grant {ad in ) . .
Lorenzo Thomas {adin.)
John M. Schofield . . .
John A. Rawkins . . .
William T. Sherman . .
William W. Belknap . .
Alphonso Taft
James Donald Cameron
George W. McCrary . .
Alexander Ramsey . . .
Robert T. Lincoln . . .
Robert T. Lincoln . . .
William C. Kndicott ,
Redfield Proctor . .
Stephen B. Elkins .
Daniel S. Lamont .
Attorneys-General.
Postmasters-General.
Edmund Randolph
William Bradford .
Charles Lee ....
Charles Lee ...
Theophilus Parsons
Samuel Osgood . .
, Timothy Pickering
j Joseph Habersham
I Joseph Habersham
Levi Lincoln . .
Robert Smith . .
John Breckinridge
Ciesar A. Rodney
Ctesar A. Rodney
William Pinkney
Richard Rush . . .
Joseph Habersham
Gideon Granger . .
Secretaries of the Navy.
Secretaries of Interior.
George Cabot . . .
Benjamin Stoddert.
Benjamin Stoddert.
Robert Smith . . .
J. Crowinshield . .
Gideon Granger .
Return J. Meigs, Jr
Paul Hamilton . . .
William Jones . . . .
B. W. Crowninshield .
Richard Rush
William Wirt .
Return J. Meigs, Jr.
John McLean . . .
William Wirt John McLean
B. W. Crowninshield .
Smith Thompson . .
Samuel L. Southard .
Samuel L. Southard .
John McP. Berrien
Roger B. Taney . .
Benj. F. Butler . .
William T. Barry
Amos Kendall . .
John Branch . . .
Levi Woodbury .
Mahlon Dickersou
Benj. F. Butler .
Felix Grundy . .
Henry D. Gilpin .
John J. Crittenden
John J. Crittenden
Hugh S. Legare .
John Nelson . . .
Amos Kendall
John M. Niles
Mahlon Dickerson
James K. Paulding
Francis Granger . . ,
Francis Granger . . .
Charles A. Wickliffe .
John Y. Mason . .
Nathan Clifford . .
Isaac Toucey . . .
Reverdy Johnson .
John J. Crittenden
Cave Johnson
George E. Badger .
George E. Badger .
Abel P. Upshur . .
David Henshaw . .
Thomas W. Gilmer
John Y. Mason . .
George Bancroft . .
John Y. Mason . .
Jacob Collmar . . .
Nathan K. Hall . .
Samuel D. Hubbard
William B. Preston
William A. Graham
John P. Kennedy . .
Caleb Cushing . .
Jeremiah S. Black
Edwin M. Stanton
Edward Bates .
Titian J. Coffey
James Speed . .
James Speed . .
Henry Stanberrv
William M. Evar
James Campbell .
Aaron V. Brown .
Joseph Holt . . .
Horatio King . .
Montgomery Blair
William Dennison
James C. Dobbin
Isaac Toucev . .
Gideon Welles.
William Dennison
Gideon Welles.
Ebene/.er R. Hoar .
AmosT. Ackerman
George II. Williams
Edward Pierrepout .
Alphonso Taft . . .
Charles Devens . .
| John A. J. Cresswell
i Marshall Jewell . .
| James N. Tyner . .
Adolph E. Borie . .
George M. Robeson
; Thomas Ewing.
James A. Pearce.
T.M.T.McKernon.
Ales. H.H. Stuart.
Robt. McClelland.
! Jacob Thompson.
|
Caleb B. Smith.
John P. Usher.
John P. Usher.
1 James Harlan.
; O. H. Browning.
i Jacob D. Cox.
1 C. Delano,
i Zacli. Chandler.
Wayne McYeagh
Benj. II. Brewster
Augustus II. Garland .
William II. M. Miller
Richard Olncy ....
David McK. Key
Horace Mavuard
Thomas L. James .
Timothy O. Howell
Walter Q. Gresham
Frank Hatton . .
William F. Vilas
Don M. Dickinson
John Wauauiaker
Wilson S. Bissell
Richard W. Thompson ,
Nathan Goff, Jr
William H. Hunt . . .
William E. Chandler .
William C. Wliitne\
Benj. F. Tracey . .
Hilary A. Herbert .
S.J. Kirkwood.
Henry M. Teller.
L. Q. C. Lamar.
Wm. F. Vilas
John W. Noble.
3
'C
Cc
►v)
(-)
Ln
i by the Forty-ninth Congress. Jereminh M. Rusk was appointed Secretary of Agriculture by President Harrison, and Julius S.
I7I3
1590
16S5
1769
1540
1633
1627
1660
1565
1733
1842
1720
1832
1730
1835
1850
1785
1699
1630
1634
l620
I67O
iSlg
1716
1755
1852
I85O
I85O
1623
1627
1582
1623
1585
1859
1768
I889
l8l I
I648
1636
1562
1859
1765
1690
1847
17 63
1607
1S45
1607
1745
1S67
STATES AND TERRITORIES, WITH DATE OF SETTLEHENT, POPULATION, AREA, VALUATION, ETC.
French
Bought from Russia
Spanish
French
Spanish
French
Emigrants from Mass.
Swedes and Finns .
English
Spanish
English
Emigrants
French
Spanish
French
Emigrants
Emigrants
Emigrants
French
English
English Catholics . .
English Puritans . .
French
Emigrants
French
French
Emigrants
Emigrants
Emigrants
English
Dutch and Danes . .
Spanish
Dutch
English
Emigrants
Emigrants
Emigrants
Emigrants
Swedes
English
French
Emigrants
Emigrants
Spanish
Spanish
Emigrants
English
Emigrants
English
French
Emigrants
Date of Admission
Territorial Organization.
December 14, 1819
July 27, 1868 . . .
February 24, 186} .
June 15, 1836. . .
September 9, 1850
August 1, 1876 . .
January 9, 1788 . .
December 7, 1787 .
July, 1791 ....
March 3, 1845 . .
January 2, 1788 . .
July 3, 1890 . . .
December 3 1818
June 30, 1834 . . .
December 11, 1816
December 28, 1846
January 29, 1861 .
June I, 1792 . . .
April 30, 1812 . .
March 15, 1820 , .
April 28, 1788 . . .
February 6, 1788 .
January 26, 1837 .
May 11, 1858 . . .
December 10, 1817
August 10, 1821 . .
November 8, 1889 .
March 1, 1867 . .
October 31, 1864 .
June 21, 1788 . . .
December 18, 1787
September 9, 1850
July 26, 1788 . . .
November 2r, 1789
November 2, 1889
January 19, 1803 .
April 22, 1889 . .
February 14, 1859
December 12, 1787
May 29, 1790 . . .
May 23, 1788 . .
November 2, 1889 .
June 1, 1796 . . .
December 29, 1845
September 9, 1850
March 4, 1791 . .
June 25, 1788 . . .
November 11, 1889
June 1 g, 1863 . . .
Ma}- 29, 1848 . .
July 10, i8v9 . . .
Population
When
Admitted.
52,240
92.597
150,000
237,496
59.096
58,680
82.548
84.229
34,620
63,805
81,920
107,206
73,077
76,556
298,269
319,728
378.787
212,267
172,023
75,512
66,586
I3I,769
60,000
40,000
141,885
184,139
340,120
393,751
182,425
4',915
52,465
434,373
68,825
249,033
327,848
77,202
2 I 2 592
S5.339
747,610
442,014
305,391
60,589
1,513,017
38,000
59,620
1,128,179
1,208,130
412,198
746,258
168,493
230,392
39M32
1,837,353
84,385
3.826,351
345,000
2,112,404
1,911,896
1,427,096
1,858,635
1,118,587
66r,o86
1.043,380
2,238,943
2,043,889
1,301,826
1,289,600
2,679,184
132,159
1,058,910
45,761
376,530
1,444,953
153,593
5,997,853
1,617,947
] 82,719
3,672,316
61,834
313,767
5,258,014
345,506
1,151,149
328,808
1,767,518
2,235,523
207,905
332,422
1,655,980
349,39°
762,794
1,680,880
60,705
50,722
577,390
1I3.9I6
52,198
156,591
104",500
4,75o
2,120
7o
59,268
58,000
86,294
55,414
68,991
33,809
55,045
80,891
37,680
39,924
35,ooo
11,124
7,800
56,451
83,531
46,750
65,350
143,776
75,995
112,090
9,491
8,320
121,201
47,000
43,800
75,ooo
39,964
95,274
46,000
1,054
34,000
79,5oo
45,600
274,356
84,476
IO,2I2
38,348
69,994
23,000
53,924
97.S83
Total Assessed
Valuation
197,080,441
No Returns
21,434,767
172,408,497
1,071,102,327
188,911,325
358,913,906
74,134,401
153,307,541
76,926,938
377,366,784
25,581,305
727,416,352
No Returns
782,^72,126
478,318,248
290,593,7"
512,615,506
234,320,780
309,129,101
482,184,824
2,154,134,626
945,450,000
588,531,743
157,518.906
786,343,753
106,392,892
184,770,305
24,663,385
252,722,Ol6
6S8,309,rS7
46,041,010
3,775,325,938
212,697,287
78,394,536
1.778.138,457
No Returns
166.025,731
2,592,841,032
321,764.503
132,182,638
131,592,587
347,510,103
695,842,320
104.758,750
161,551,328
362,422,741
124,795,449
169,927,587
592,890,719
31,431,495
Number
Electoral
Votes
36
Estimated
Population on
Jan. 1, 1896.
Montgomery . .
Sitka
Prescott ....
Little Rock . . .
Sacramento . . .
Denver
Hartford ....
Dover
Washington . .
Tallahassee . . .
Atlanta
Boise City . . .
Springfield . . .
Tahlequah . . .
Indianapolis . .
Des Moines . . .
Topeka
Frankfort....
Baton Rouge .
1 Augusta . . . .
Annapolis . . . ,
Boston
Lansing
St. Paul
Jackson
Jefferson City . . .
Helena
Lincoln
Carson City . . . .
Concord
Trenton
Santa Fe
Albany
Raleigh
Bismarck
Columbus . . . .
Guthrie
Salem
Harrisburg ....
Newport and I rov .
Columbia ....
Pierre
Nashville
Austin
Salt Lake City . .
Montpelier ....
Richmond ....
Olympia
Charleston ....
Madison
Cheyenne
CO
Crs
486
TABLES OF STATISTICS.
PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
George Washington
John Adams ....
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison . . .
James Monroe . . .
John Quincy Adams
Andrew Jackson . .
Martin Van Buren .
William H. Harrison
John Tyler
James K. Polk . . .
Zachary Taylor . .
Millard Fillmore . .
Franklin Pierce . .
James Buchanan . .
Abraham Lincoln
Andrew Johnson . .
Ulysses S. Grant . .
Rutherford B. Hayes
James A. Garfield .
Chester A. Arthur .
Grover Cleveland .
Benjamin Harrison .
Grover Cleveland . .
Westmoreland County, Va . . Virginia . . .
Quincv, Mass Massachusetts
Shadwell, Va Virginia . . .
Port Conway, Va Virginia . . .
Westmoreland County, Va . . Virginia . . .
Q lincy, Mass Massachusetts
i:Union County, N. C .... Tennessee . .
Kinderhook, N. Y New York . .
Berkeley, Va Ohio
Green way, Va Virginia . . .
Mecklenburg County, N. C . . Tennessee . .
Orange County, Va Louisiana . .
Summeihill, N. Y New York . .
Hillsboro, N. H N. Hampshire
Cove Gap, Pa j Pennsylvania .
Larue County, Ky | Illinois . . .
Raleigh, N. C 1 Tennessee . .
Point Pleasant, Ohio I)ist. Coliunbir
Delaware, Ohio ' Ohio
Cuyahoga County, Ohio • • • I Ohio
Fairfield, Vt I New York .
Caldwell, N. J New York . .
North Bend, Ohio I Indiana . . .
Caldwell, N J New York . .
1789
'797
1801
1809
1817
1825
1829
1837
1841
1841
'«45
1849
1850
1*53
1857
1861
1865
1869
I 877
l88l
l88l
1885
1889
^93
57 ! Federal . .
62 j Federal . .
58 -(-Republican
58 i Republican
59 Republican
58 % Republican
62 Democrat .
55 Democrat .
68 | Whig. . -
Democrat. '
Democrat. I
Whig . . . ,
Whig . . .
Democrat.
Democrat.
Republican ;
Republican
Republican
Republican
Republican
Republican
Democrat.
Republican
Democrat .
Vice-Presidents.
John Adams.
Thomas Jefferson.
Aaron Burr and George Clinton.
George Clinton and Elbridge Gerry.
Elbridge Gerry and Daniel D. Tompkins.
John C. Calhoun.
John C. Calhoun and Martin Van Buren.
Richard M. Johnson.
John Tyler.
George M. Dallas.
Millard Fillmore.
William R. King.
J. C. Breckinridge.
Hannibal Hamlin and Andrew Johnson.
Schuyler Colfax and Henry Wilson.
William R. Wheeler.
Chester A. Arthur.
T. A. Hendricks.
Levi P. Morton.
Adlai E. Stevenson.
* Birthplace doubtful.
t The Democratic Partv was formerly known as the Republican party, its founder being" Thomas Jefferson.
X Political parties were disorganized at the time of the election of John Quincy Adams, who claimed to be a Republican, but whose doctrines and practices were most
decidedly Federalists. The opponents to his administration took the name of Democrats, a term first applied to them as a reproach, and elected Andrew Jackson President.
COMflERClAL RATIO OF SILVER TO GOLD.
The importance of the silver question at this time induced the publishers to present the following table of the ratio of values of Silver to Gold,
from the year 1687 to 1892, inclusive.
Year.
Ratio.
Year.
Ratio.
Year.
Ratio.
Year.
Ratio.
Year.
Ratio.
Year.
Ratio.
Year.
Ratio
Year.
Ratio.
Year.
Ratio.
1687
14.94
I710
15-22
1733
15.18
1756
14.94
1779
14.80
1802
15.26
1825
15-70
1848
15.85
1S71
15-57
I6S8
'4 94
1711
15-29
1734
15-39
1757
14.87
1780
14.72
1803
15-41
1826
15-76
1849
15-78
1872
15-63
1689
15.02
1712
15-31
1735
I5-4I
1758
14.85
1781
14.78
1804
15-41
1827
15-74
1850
15.70
1873
I5-92
1690
15.02
1713
15-24
1736
15-18
1759
14.15
1782
14.42
1805
15-79
1828
I5-78
1851
15-46
1874
16.17
1691
14 98
1714
15-13
1737
15.02
1760
14.14
1783
14.48
1806
15-52
1829
15-7S
1S52
15-59
1S75
16-59
1692
14.92
1715
1511
1738
14.91
1761
14-54
1784
14.70
1807
15-43
1830
15.82
1853
15-33
1S76
17.S8
1693
14-»3
1716
15 09
1739
14.91
1762
15.27
1785
14.92
1808
16.08
1S31
15-72
1854
!5-33
1S77
17.22
1694
H 87
1717
15-13
1740
14.94
1763
14.99
1786
14.96
1809
15-96
1832
15-73
1S55
I5-3S
1S7S
17-94
1695
15.02
1718
15-11
1741
14.92
1764
H.70
1787
14.92
1S10
15-77
1833
15-93
IS56
I5-3S
1879
18.40
1696
15.00
1719
15.09
1742
14.85
1765
14-83
1788
14.65
1811
15-53
1834
■5-73
1S57
15-27
1SS0
iS.os
1697
15.20
1720
15.04
1743
14.85
1766
14.80
1789
14.75
1812
16.11
1835
15.80
1858
I5-38
18S1
1S.16
1698
I5-07
1721
15-05
1744
14.87
1767
14-85
1790
15.04
1813
16.25
1836
15-72
1859
15-19
1882
18.19
1699
>4-94
1722
15-17
1745
14-98
1768
14.80
1791
15.05
1814
15.04
1837
15-83
1S60
1529
1SS3
18.64
1700
14.81
1723
15.20
1746
15-13
1769
14.72
1792
15.17
1815
15-26
1838
15-85
1861
15-50
1SS4
18.57
1701
I5-07
1724
15-11
1747
15.26
'77°
14.62
1793
15.00
1816
15.28
1839
15.62
1862
15-35
1SS5
19.41
1702
15-52
1725
15-11
1748
15-11
1771
14.66
1794
15.37
1817
15.11
1840
15-62
1S6 3
■5-37
1S86
20.78
'703
15-I7
1726
15-15
1749
14.80
1772
14-52
1795
15.55
1818
15-35
1841
15-70
1864
15-37
1887
21.13
1704
15.22
1727
15-24
I750
14-55
■773
14.62
1796
■5.65
1819
15-33
1842
15-87
1S65
15-44
1888
21.99
I705
15.11
1728
15-11
1751
14-39
1774
14.62
1797
15.41
1820
15-62
1843
15-93
1S66
15-43
1SS9
22.09
1706
15-27
1729
14.92
1752
14-54
1775
14.72
1798
15-59
1821
15.95
1844
15-85
1S67
15-57
1S90
19.76
1707
15-44
I73<J
14.81
1753
'4-54
1776
14-55
1799
15-74
1822
15.80
1845
15.92
1S6S
15-59
1891
20.92
1708
15-11
17V
14 94
1754
14.48
1777
14-54
1800
■ 5-68
1S23
15.84
1S46
15.90
1869
15.60
1892
23-72
1709
15-31
1732
'5°9
1755
14.68
1778
14.68
1801
15.46
1824
15.82
1847
15.80
1870
15-57
EXHIBIT OF NATIONAL GROWTH BY DECADES.
1850.
1860.
1S70.
18S0.
1890.
Population
Assessed Valuation of propertv ....
23,191,876
$6,024,666,909
$3,271,575,426
$1 019,106,616
1,439,691
204,320,000
31,443,321
$ 1 2,084,560,005
$6,645,045,007
$ 1,8^5,861,676
2-379,396
365,320,01m
39,SiS,449
$11,343,189,385
$7,410,243,089
3,385.860,354
1,448,945
494,314,186
5o,i55.7S3
$16,902,993,543
$10,197,096,776
$5,369,579.19!
1,314,402
953,049,105
62,622,250
$24,249,589,804
Tonnage of United Slates Vessels in Foreign Trade ....
Cotton Consumed in American Mills, in pounds
928 062
i,675,o7S,923
Notk.—Owing- to the delay in the compilation of the Census Returns, Ihe Values of Farms and of the Products of Manufactures for 1890 could not be prepared for
TABLES OF STATISTICS.
487
ABSTRACT OF CENSUS RETURNS OF MANUFACTURES FRO VI 1850 TO i890, INCLUSIVE, SHOWING THE GROWTH OF
MANUFACTURES IN THE UNITED STATES.
Census
Year.
No. of
Establishments.
Capital
Invested,
Average Number of Persons Hmployed.
Total Wages Paid
During the Year.
Value of
Raw Materials.
Value of
Finished Product.
Males. | Females
Total.
1850 . . .
i860 . . .
1870 . . .
1880 . . .
123,029
140,433
252,148
253,852
#5^3,245,351
1,009.855,715
2,118,208,769
2,790,272,606
732,157 225,922
1,040,349 270,897
I,6l5,598 323,770
2,019,035 531,639
958,0/9
1,3",246
1,839,368
2,550,674
$236,759,464
378,878,966
775,584,343
947,953,795
$555,174,320
1,031,605,092
2,488,427,242
3,396,823,549
$1,019,109,616
1,885,861,676
4,232,325,442
5,369,579,191
1890 —No census returns as late as September. 1893, for census year 1890.
Gross Receipts of the United
States from March, 1789, to
June 30, 1891.
Customs .... $6,75 r,086,380.39
Int. Revenue . . 4,111,760,797.61
Direct Tax . . . 28,131,990.32
Public Lands . . 280,505,641.52
Miscellaneous 690,871,302.70
Dividends . . . 9.720,036.29
Interest .... 485,22445
Premiums . . . 204,259,220.83
Receipts
from Loans and
Treasury Notes 13,259,392,976.59
Total
Receipts :
1892 . . .
. $25,336,213,670.70
4.937,784 24
Gross Expenditures of the
United States from March 4,
1789, to June 30, 1891.
War . . .
Navy . .
Indians .
Pensions .
Premiums
Interest .
Public Debt .
Miscellaneous
Total . . .
14,777,863,340 62
1,207,598,476.37
264,471,240.16
1,373,889,938.50
125,698,013.65
682,075,770.18
11,807,130,532.43
2,368,549,295-48
^24,607,276,607.39
Expenditures :
1892 $345,023,330-58
THE ARMIES OF THE WORLD ON THEIR PRESENT
PEACE FOOTING.
United States . . .
. . . 26,000
Sweden and Norwav . .
• 57,ooo
Great Britain . . .
. . . 210,000
Switzerland
. 126,000
France
■ • ■ 555>000
Greece
26,000
Germany
. . . 492,000
Roumania
36,000
Russia
. . . 800,000
Servia
18,000
Austria
. . . 323,000
Bulgaria
29,000
Italy
. . . 255,000
Turkey
. 160,000
Spain
. . . 145,000
Japan
60,000
Portugal
. . . 26,000
India
. f45,ooo
Belgium
. . . 48,000
Persia
25,000
Holland
. . . 29,000
South America . . .
89,000
Denmark
. . . 17,000
WARS OF THE UNITED STATES.
u. s.
Wars.
From
To
Troops
Engaged.
Revolutionary War
Apr. 19,
1775
Apr. 11, 1783
309,781
Northwestern Indian Wars . . .
Sept. 19,
1790
Aug. 3, 1795
8,983
War with France
J«iy 9,
1798
Sept. 30, i8co
*4,593
War with Tripoli
June 10,
1801
June 4,1805
*3,330
Creek Indian War
July 27,
Aug. 9, 1814
13,781
War of 1812
June 18,
1812
Feb. 17, 1815
576,622
Seminole Indian War
Nov. 20,
1817
Oct. 31, 1818
7,9' 1
Black Hawk War
Apr. 21,
1831
Sept. 31, 1832
6,465
War with Cherokees
1836
Sept., 1837
9,494
Creek Indian War
May 5,
1836
Sept. 30, 1837
13,418
Florida Indian War
Dec. 23,
1835
Aug. 14, 1843
41,122
Aroostook Disturbance
1838
Aug. 13, 1839
1,500
War with Mexico
Apr. 24,
1846
fuly 4, 1848
112,230
Apache, Navajo and Utah War .
1849
July, 1855
2,561
Seminole Indian War . . . .
1856
July, 1858
2,687
Civil War
Apr.,
1861
July, 1865
2,772,408
* Naval Forces.
The total approximated cost of these wars was about
$6,700,000,000. The number of United States sailors and
soldiers killed, died of wounds, disease or other cause inci¬
dent to the service, and whose deaths followed within a
month of the close of hostilities, about 600,000.
STATEMENT OF OUTSTANDING PRINCIPAL OF THE PUBLIC
DEBT OF THE UNITED STATES
On the 1st of January of each year from 1791 to 1843,
inclusive, and on the 1st of July of each year
from 1843 to 1891, inclusive.
Year.
Amount.
Year.
Amount.
Jan.1,1791 . . .
$75,463,476.52
Jan. 1, 1843 . .
$20,201,226.27
1792 . . .
77,227,924.66
July 1, 1843 . .
32,742,922.00
1793 • ■ •
80,358,634.04
1844 • ■
1845 . .
23,461,652.50
1794 . . .
78,427,404.77
15,925,303-01
1795 ■ • ■
80,747,587-39
1846 . .
15,550,202.97
1796 . . .
83,762,172.07
1847 . .
38,826,534.77
1797 . . .
82,064,479.33
79,228,529.12
1848 . .
47,044,862.23
1798 . . .
1849 • •
63,061,858.69
1799 . . .
78,408,669.77
1850 . .
63,452,773-55
1800 . . .
82,976,294.35
1851 . .
68,304,796.02
1801 . . .
83,038,050.80
1852 . .
66,199,341-71
1802 . . .
80,712,632.25
1853 ■ •
59,803,117.70
1803 . . .
77,054,686.40
1854 . .
42,242,222.42
1804 . . .
86,427,120.88
1855 - •
35,586,956.56
1805 . . .
82,312,150.50
1856 . .
31,932,537-90
1806 . . .
75,723,270.66
1857. .
28,699,831.85
1807 . . .
69,218,398.64
1858. .
44,911,881.03
1808 . . .
65,196,317-97
1859 - •
58,496,837.88
§4,842,287.88
1809 . . .
57,023,192.09
i860 . .
1S10 . . .
53,173,217.52
1861 . .
90,580,873-72
1811 . . .
48,005,587.76
1862 . .
524,176,412.13
1812 . . .
45,209,737.90
1863 . .
1,119,772,138.63
1,815,784,370.57
1813 . . .
55,962,827.57
1864 . .
1814 . . .
81,487,846.24
1865 . .
2,680,647,869.74
1815 . . .
99,833,660.15
1866 . .
2,773,236,173-69
1816 . . .
127,334,933-74
1867 . .
2,678,126,103.87
2,611,687,851.19
1817 . . .
123,491,965-16
1868 . .
1818 . . .
103,466,633.83
1869 . .
2,588,452,213.94
1819 . . .
95,529,648.28
1870 . .
2,480,672,427.81
1820 . . .
91,015,566.15
89,987,427.66
1871 . .
2,353,211,332.32
1821 . . .
1872 . .
2,253,251,328.7s
1822 . . .
93,546,676.9s
1873 . .
*2,234,482,993.20
1823 . . .
90,875,877.28
1874 . .
*2,251,690,468.43
*2,232,284,531.95
1824 . . .
90,269,777.77
1S75 . .
1825 . . .
83,788,432-71
1876 . .
*2,180,395,067.15
1826 . . .
81,054,059,99
1877 . .
*2,205,301,392.10
1827 . . .
73,987,357-20
1878 . .
*2,256,205,892.53
1828 . . .
67,475,043-87
1879 - -
*2,349,567,482.04
1829 . . .
58,421,413.67
1880 . .
*2,120,415,370.63
1830 . . .
48,565,406.50
I881 . .
*2,069,013,569.58
1831 . . .
39,123,191.68
1882 . .
*1,918,312,994.03
1832 . . .
24,322,235.18
18S3. .
'x"i,884,171,728.07
1833 • ■ ■
7,001,698.83
1884 . .
*1,830,528,923.57
1834 . . .
4,760,082.08
1885 . .
11,876,424,275.14
1835 ■ ■ •
37.733-05
1886 . .
11,756,445,205.78
1836 . . .
37>5I3-°5
1887 . .
fl,688,229,591.63
1837 . . .
336,957-83
1888 . .
+ 1,705,992,320.58
1838. . .
3,308,124.07
1889 . .
ti,640,673,340.23
1839 . . .
10,435,221.14
1890 . .
11,585,821,048.73
1840 . . .
3,573,343-82
1891 . .
+ 1,560,472,784.61
1841 . . .
5,250,875,54
1892 . .
1,588,464,144.63
1842 . . .
13,594,480.73
* In the amount here stated as the outstanding principal of the public debt are
included the certificates of deposit outstanding 011 the 30th of June issued under act
of June 8. 1872, for which a like amount in United States notes was 011 special deposit in
the Treasury for their redemption, and added to the cash balauee in the Treasury.
These certificates, as a matter of accounts, are treated as a part of the public debt, but
being offset by notes held on deposit for their redemption should properly be deducted
from the principal of the public debt in making comparison with former years.
t Exclusive of gold, silver, currency certificates, and Treasury Notes of 1890, held
in the Treasury's cash, and including $64,623,512 bonds issued to the several Pacific
railroads.
488
T. I liL I: S OF S TA TIS TICS.
IMMIGRANTS INTO THE UNITED STATES SINCE 1820 TO
1892, INCLUSIVE.
Note.—Prior to 1820 110 statistics of immigration were officially kept.
Year
Immi¬
Year
Immi¬
Year |
Immi¬
Year
Immi-
Year
Immi¬
grants.
grants.
grants.
grants.
grants.
1S20
S,385
1835
45.374
1S50
369,980
1S65
247.453
1879
■177,826
1821
9,12?
1836
72,242
1851
379.466
1866
167,757
1880
457.257
1S22
6,91 I
1837
79,340
1852;
371,603
1867
298,967
1881
669,431
1823
6,354
1838
38,914
1853
368,645
IJ-6S
282, [89
1S82
788,992
1824
7'912
1839
68,069
1854
427,833
1869
352,768
r 883
603,322
182 s
10,199
1840
84,066
1855
200,877
1870
387,203
1884
518,592
1826
10,837
1841
80,289
1856
195,857
1871
321,350
1885
395,346
1827
18,875
1842
104,565
IS57
246,945
1872
404,806
1886
334,203
1828
27,382
1843
52,496
1858 |
119.501
■873
459.803
1887
490,109
1829
22,520
1844
78,615
1859
118,616
1874
313,339
1888
547.889
1S30
23,322
IS45
"4,371
i860
150,237
1875
227,498
1889
444,427
1831
22,633
1846
154,416
1861
89,724
1876
169,986
189(3
455.3°2
1832
60,482
1847
234,968
1862]
89,007
1877
. UI-857
1891
56o,.V9
1833
58,640
1848
226,527
1863
174,524
1878
138,469
1892
623,084
!S34
65,365
1849 297,024
1864
195,195
umber of alien
uto the United
EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS.
PUBLIC SCHOOL STATISTICS I'OR CENSUS YEAR 1890.
Pupils enrolled in public schools 12,722,481
Average daily attendance 8,153,635
Number of teachers 363,922
Total school expenditures 1140,506,715
Note.—The Romau Catholic parochial schools in the United States number 3,482 ;
pupils, 695,000.
THEOLOGICAL SCHOOL STATISTICS FOR 1890.
Number of schools 145
Number of professors 738
Number of students 7,o53
LAW SCHOOL blAlISriCS H'R 1890.
Number of schools 54
Number of teachers 406
Number of students 5,252
MEDICAL SCHOOL STATISTICS FOR 1890.
Number of schools 118
Number of teachers 2,585
Number of students 16,530
STATISTICS OF UNIVERSITIES* AND COLLEGES FOR 189I.
Numb:r of colleges 430
Number of teachers S472
Number of students 124,684
STATISTICS OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF PENNSYLVANIA FOR 1892.
Number of schools 23,436
Number of teachers 25,339
Number of pupils 977*528
Cost of tuition $ 7,766,657 16
Total cost of schools for 1892 14,329,140 46
CIRCULATING NOTES OF THE UNITED STATES.
OUTSTANDING AT THE CLOSE OF EACH FISCAL YEAR FROM 1862.
IS62
$51,105,235 0J
^96,620,OOO 00
1863
3,3*4,000 00
387,646 589 00
1864
7*9.037 50
447,3r^.203 10
I865
472,603 50
431,066,427 99
1866
272,162 75
400.780,305 8s
1867
208,432 53
371,783.597 00
1868
143,912 00
356,ooo'ooo co
I869
'23.739 25
356,000,000 00
I87O
106,256 00
356,000,000 oo
1871
96,50,5 50
356,000,000 00
1872
*>8,296 25
357.5"0'000 'JO
1873
79-9^7 50
356,000,000 CO
1874
76,732 50
381.999,073 0.,
1875
70,107 50
375 771.580 00
1876
66,917 50
369,772,284 00
1877
63,962 50
359.764 332 00
I878
+346,681,016 00
1879
346,681,016 00
1880
60,975 00
346,681,016 00
l88l
60,535 00
346,681.016 00
1882
59,695 00
346 68 r 016 00
1883
5« 9^5 00
346.681,016 00
I884
58,440 00
3.16.6X1,016 00
1885
57.95o 00
346.681,016 00
1886
57,4-15 00
346,681,016 00
1887
57 130 00
346,681,016 00
1888
56,*07 50
346,681.016 00
1S89
56,442 50
^46,681,016 00
I89O
56,032 50
Vt6.6Si.rji6 00
1891
55.647 50
346,681,016 00
I892
*1
the Kuropean
sc-nse Hie sch.x
except
on, are not of the high grade
11
1S78, act passe
\ to prevent de-
tion unknown.
$20,192,4^6 1
22,324,283
25,033,12s ;
27,008,87s ;
28,474,623 (
32,727,008 1
32,114,637 :
39,878,684 ,
40,582 874 ;
40.855,*35 :
44,799-365 <
45,91 2.003 ;
42,129,424
34,446.595 ;
20,403,137 ,
'6,5-17,768 ;
15,842,610
i.S,59fJ.892 '
15,481,891 <
15,423,186
15.376,629
15.355.999 1
15,340.1 >4
411,223,045 00
470,413,523 70
456,572,160 25
428,061,343 96
400,466,652 52
388,871,820 47
388,238,376 6i
395-9^4.94° 48
396,679,380 06
39S.444.131 52
4r>".'879,332 94
427,987,808 84
417,971,111 69
404,285,796 89
3H0 231,431 84
363,291,08; 27
362,585,090 11
36^.33^,883 70
36^,2^3,442 65
362.163.S97 10
362,116,630 1,j
362,095,455 64
36.'.070,080 21
392,068,4W) 85
362,061.048 70
362,036,405 65
362,030,087 30
362.oj4.497 8"
41^,248,698 43
s or colleges in the United .States, with but one
lat will entitle them to be called universities,
ruction of U. S. notes. Amount now iu circula-
GOLD, SILVER AND CURRENCY CERTIFICATES OUTSTAND¬
ING AT THE CLOSE OF EACH FISCAL YEAR.
FROn 1866.
Fiscal Year.
Gold Certifi¬
Silver Certifi¬
Currency Certifi¬
Total.
cates.
cates.
cates.
1866 . . .
f 10,947,860
$IO, 947,860
1867 . , .
18,773.580
18,773,580
1868 . . .
17,678,640
17,678,640
1869 . . .
33,086,180
33,086,180
1870 . . .
34,547,120
34,547,120
1871 . . .
19,886,300
19,886,300
1872 . . .
■\2 086,300
32,086,300
1873 . . .
^9,460,000
$31,810,000
71,270,000
1874 . . .
22,825, IOO
58,990,000
81,815,10c
•87s . . ,
21,796, 300
59,045,000
80,841,300
.876 . . ,
28,681,400
33,140,000
61,821,400
1877 . . .
41,572,600
53,980 OOO
95,552,600
1878 , . .
44,367,(XX-,
$1,850,410.
46,245,000
92,462,410
1879 . . .
15,413,7™
2,539,950
29.33°, ooo
47,283,650
1880 . . .
8,004,600
12,374,270
14,275,000 !
34,653,870
1881 . . .
5,782,920
51,166 530
11,615,000
68,564,450
1882 . . .
5.037,120
66,096,710
13 360,000
84,493,830
1883 . . .
82,378,640
88,616,831
13,180,000
184,175,471
1884 . . .
98,392,660
120,891,691
12,230,000
231,514.351
1885 . . .
140,323.140
139,901,646
29,285,000
309.509.786
1886 . . .
131,174,245
121,486,817
"5,977,675
18,110,000
265,261,920
1887 . . .
145,543,150
9,020,000
276,049,967
1888 . . ,
142,023,150
229,491,772
14,865,000
386,379,922
1889 . . .
154,048,552
262,629,746
17,195,000
433,873,298
1890 . . .
157,542,979
301,539,751
12,390,000 :
471,472,730
1891 . . .
152,461,429
314,715,185
23,780,000 j
490.956,614
Note.—Gold coin in circulation in 1892, $408,568,824.
Silver coin in circulation in 1892, $120,111,116, of which
amount but $56,817,462 were standard silver dollars.
The earliest scale of wages is that fixed by the Emperor
Diocletian, A. D. 303, for the whole Roman Empire, viz.:
WAGES DAILY WITHOUT FOOD (UNITED STATES COIN).
Shepherd .
Ass Driver
Baker . .
20 cts.
Laborer . .
Mason . .
Carpenter
. 20 cts.
. 40 "
. 40 44
Painter . .
Smith . . .
Stonecutter .
A table of waives prepared for the year 1S25 shows the
following scale of wages in England, France and United
States:
i Ensland. France. United States.
Carpenter, by day . .
Mason, "
Machinist, " . .
Cotton spinner, by d:u
Woolen spinner, "
Weaver, "
*Fann laborer, bv inov
* Housemaid, by week.
$0 96
£0 60
$1 44
I oS
72
I 60
1 08
84
I 32
96
84
I 20
90
ss
i oS
72
4S
90
6 4S
4 80
9 12
72
45
1 20
f During the gold fever at San Francisco, daily wages
were as follows :
Hricklayer $10 00 Tailor $4 00
Stoiircnller 10 00 Hatter 7 00
plasterer 9 00 Watchmaker 8 00
Cilazier 5 00 . Carpenter 10 00
* With food,
t 1849 to 1853.
TABLES OF STATISTICS.
The following table presents the average weekly wages
paid in 1892 in several industries, both in the United States
and Great Britain:
Agr. implements
Boots and shoes
Bricks
Building ....
Carpets ....
Carriages ....
Clothing ....
Cottons ....
Food
Furniture . . .
Glass
?9 00
10 00
7 00
12 00
4 5o
12 00
9 00
4 50
9 00
9 00
15 00
$8 90
6 00
4 00
8 50
7 25
4 00
5 00
S 25
8 75
Hats . . .
Hosiery
Linen . .
Liquor . .
Machines .
Melals . .
Printing .
Printworks
Stone . .
Woolens .
Worsted .
United
States.
Great
Britain
$12 00
$9 00
4 75
4 85
4 50
4 00
12 00
15 00
11 75
8 00
10 00
9 24
10 00
7 24
8 00
5 48
15 00
10 24
5 00
5 48
5 00
5 00
This includes all classes of workers in the above named
industries.
Note.—The foregoing table is for the whole United States
and not for a single State. The efforts heretofore made by
statisticians to compare wages throughout Great Britain with
wages paid in a; single State of the Union could not, of
course, present the real condition of wages in the United
States as a whole and were calculated to mislead.
To show the fallacy of comparing wages paid in a single
State of the Union with wages paid in Great Britain, the
following table of weekly wages (compiled in 1870, when
wages were nominally high) is presented. It represents
wages paid in eight States of the Union.
»
i
,s
>•
J
i
1
■5
1
s
£
£
&
►4
s
3
Blacksmith .
$16 32
$17 28
$16 32
$14 40
$16 80
$19 44
$16 32
$24 CO
Cabinetmaker
15 84
16 32
16 32
12 00
16 32
16 32
15 60
23 80
Carpenter . .
14 40
19 44
17 76
12 00
18 24
22 56
16 32
24 00
Cooper . . .
15 12
18 72
15 60
15 12
18 00
l8 OO
15 12
22 32
Stonecutter .
20 l6
23 52
22 56
19 44
25 20
24 OO
20 88
26 40
Tailor ....
15 84
14 64
14 88
12 00
15 36
16 80
14 40
22 32
Farm laborer
9 12
9 60
10 08
9 84
7 68
10 08
9 60
14 OO
NOTE.—The difference in wages paid in different sections
of the Union is so apparent that comment is unnecessary.
ARMY STATISTICS.
The wars of 100 years down to 1892, involved an expendi¬
ture of $15,500,000,000, and the loss of life amounted to
4,500,000 combatants who were either killed in action, died
of wounds or died of disease contracted in the line of
military duty.
The war between England and France, 1 793_I^I5> cos':
$6,250,000, and 1,900,000 lives. The war between the
States, North and South, of the United States, 1861-1865,
cost $3,700,000,000; since swelled by pensions and other
contingent expenses to more than $6,000,000,000. The
loss of life resulting from that war has been estimated as
high as 656,000, though the actual loss at the immediate
close of the war, for the Union Army, which suffered the
most by reason of its being a larger body and fighting 011
the offensive, was but 280,420. During this war the ord¬
nance department served out 7.892 cannons, 4,022,000 rifles,
2,360,000 equipments, 12,000 tons of powder, 42,000 tons
lead, and 1,022,000,000 rounds of cartridge. The following
table, marked Exhibit A, though not including all the terri¬
tory furnishing troops under the several calls of President
Lincoln, nor including that body of soldiers known as U. S.
Regulars, furnishes a comprehensive view of the sacrifices
made by all the important States in the Union, besides
showing at a glance that "disease kills more than the bullet
or sword."
The number of men actually sworn into service was
2,656.553> or reduced to a three-years' standard, 2,129,041;
but in this number are included 186,017 colored troops which
were so apportioned among the States that reliable data
relative to the States and Territories from which they were
obtained is not to be had. One peculiarity in the mortality
of colored troops is the disproportion in the number killed
and died of wounds to the number carried off by disease.
But 2,997 died in action or of wounds, whilst 26,301 died of
disease. About I in 7 of colored troops died of disease as
against I in 15 of white troops. The column of pensioners
is from the official report of June 30, 1891, and this number
(by recent legislation) will largely increase. If all pensioners
are truthful the service must have been severe and the
Southern climate very deadly.
exhibit a
State.
Soldiers
Furnished.
Killed
or Died
of
Wounds
Died of
Disease.
Total.
No. of
Pen¬
sioners.
Maine
71,745
2,871
5,544
8,415
17,610
New Hampshire
34,605
i,66r
2,530
4,191
7.707
Vermont
35,256
1,902
2,998
4,900
8,566
Massachusetts
151,785
6,029
7,904
13,933
25.951
Rhode Island
23,7"
479
1,073
1,549
2,889
Connecticut
52,270
1,962
3,309
5,2"
8.713
New York
455,568
H>445
17.407
31,852
60,325
New Jersey
79 5"
1.694
2,966
4.660
13 375
Pennsylvania
366 326
10 284
11,090
21 374
63,986
Delaware
13,651
310
214
524
1,764
Maryland
49,73°
718
S63
1,581
7,s67
West Virginia
3°, 003
1,137
J.W
2,274
9,787
District of Columbia ....
16,872
55
244
299
6,132
Ohio
317,133
".237
14,398
25,635
75,498
Indiana
19^,147
5,817
13,392
19,209
85,704
Illinois
258,217
8,908
19,934
28,842
49-9'1
Michigan
90,119
3,927
8,449
12,426
34,447
Wisconsin
96,118
3,'s,8
6,986
10 804
20,969
Minnesota
25034
60S
1,676
2,284
10,873
Iowa
75,86o
3,444
8,642
12,086
28,430
Missouri
108 773
2,365
7,346
9.711
33,135
Kentucky
78, -4"
I 884
1,226
5,245
7,129
21,441
Kausas
20,097
2,194
3,42o
29,421
* Does not include troops furnished by Territories and States iu rebellion or that
furnished Union troops.
Note.—The total number of deaths in all branches of the
service was 280,420, of which number the cavalry lost
38,203, artillery, 15,954. infantry 226,263. These figures
represent only those officers and men who died in the service,
49°
TABLES OF
ST A TJSTICS.
and does not include the many thousands who were dis¬
charged for disability and died afterwards. I lie total
number of pensioners in 1892 was 345,125. 1 he total
disbursements for pensions from I 86 I to 1892, inclusive, was
$1,418,348,312. In 1892 more than $141,000,000 was
disbursed.
So much has been said about men having enlisted for the
sake of the bounty money, that the matter has received
official attention, and the following exhibit made public :
1,156,868 men received $100 each ; 10,606, $200; 396,709,
$300; 158,509, $400, and 738,372 men received 110 bounty
money
Of the number of Federals enlisted, there w ere 602,953
available and present for duty March I, 1865. It is next to
impossible to determine the number of men available and
present for duty in the Confederate Army at that date; but
the armies surrendered by Generals Lee, Johnston, I liomp-
son, Taylor and Smith in the following months of April,
May and June did not number quite 140,000 all told.
EXHIBIT OF MONEY IN CIRCULATION AS PER U. S.
TREASURER'S REPORT.
Year.
Amount of money
Amount in
Population
Money
Circula¬
in United States.
.circulation.
capita
tion ptr
enpita.
i860
$442 102,477
#435.407.252
31,443.321
$14 06
#13 85
1S6 r
452,005,767
448,405,767
32,064,000
14 09
13
98
1S62
358,452,079
334 697.744
32 704 OOO
IO
96
IO
23
1S63
674,867,283
595.394.038
33 365,000
20
23
17
«4
1864
705,588,067
669,641,478
33,046.000
20
72
19
67
1865
770,129,755
714,702,995
34.748,000
22
l6
20
57
1866
754.327.254
673,468,244
34,469 000
21
27
18
99
1867
728,200,612
661,992,069
36.211,000
20
I
18
28
1868
7[6,553>578
6S0, 103 66l
36,973,000
:9
38
18
39
1869
715,351.180
664,452,891
37'756,ooo
18
95
17
60
1870
722,868,461
675.212 794
3^588.371
l8
73
17
50
1871
741.812,174
715,889 005
39 555.0. 0
18
75
18
10
1872
762,721,565
738.309 549
40,596,000
18
70
18
19
1873
774.445.6io
751 8S1.809
41,677,000
18
58
18
04
1874
806,024.781
776.083,031
42.796,000
18
83
18
13
1875
798,273.509
754.IOI 947
43,951.000
18
16
17
16
1876
790,683,284
727.609,388
45,137 000
7
52
16
12
1877
763.053,847
722.314,883
46,353.000
l6 46
15
5«
1878
791,253,576
729 132.634
47,598.ocx")
16
62
15
32
1879
1.051.521,541
818,631,793
48,866 000
21
52
16
75
1S80
1,205,929,197
973,382,228
50,155.783
24
04
19
41
1881
1,406,541,823
J, I 14,238,1 19
51,316,000
27
4i
21
71
1882
1,480,531,719
1,174,290,419
52,495,000
28
20
22
37
1883
1,643,489,816
1,230,305,696
53.693.ofxj
30
60
22
9i
J 884
1,'05.454.189
1,243,925.969
54,9 j 1,000
.V
06
22
65
1885
1,817,658,336
1,292,568,615
56,148,000
32
37
23
02
1886
1,808,559,694
1,252,700,525
57,404,000
31
5o
21
82
1887
1,900,442,672
i..V7,539.'43
58,680.000
32
39
22
45
1888
2,062,955 949
1.372,170,870
59.974.ooo
34
39
22
88
1889
2,075,350.711
1,380.361 649
61.289,0m
33
86
22
52
1890
2,144,226,159
1,429,251,270
62,622 250
34
24
22
82
1891
2,195.224,075
1,497,440,707
63 975,000
34
3i
2 3
4'
1892
2,371,179,501
1 601,347,187
65,500,. 00
36
21
24
44
Note.—The difference
between the amou
it of money in
he c
nintiy ;n:d
the
amount in circulation represents the money in the Treasury.
This exhibit does not include $829,992,500 seven-thirty
treasury notes of 1864 and 1865, which supplied the place
of money, and much of which was actually used as money.
It includes, since 1878, $346,688,016 United States notes,
when, as a matter of fact, the amount of such notes outstand¬
ing is unknown. The possibility is that many million.; of
these jiotes have been destroyed by various means, and con¬
sequently form no portion of the circulating medium.
From 1861 to 1866 the population of the States in rebel¬
lion did not share in the circulating money of the United
States in the per capita circulation as given in the above
exhibit for those years, and is therefore calculated to mis¬
lead.
The per capita circulation, according to unbiased author¬
ities, is not more than $18.00. In 1865 it was $60.00. The
above exhibit shows that the United States Treasury has, on
an average, about $1 1.00 locked up for every $23.00 of per
capita circulation.
PRODUCT OF GOLD AND SILVER IN THE UNITED STATES
FROil 1792-1844, AND ANNUALLY SINCE.
Years.
Gold.
Silver.
Total.
April 1, 1792—Julv 31, 1834
#14.000,000
Insignificant
Sl4,000,000
Julv 31 1834—Dec. 31, 1844
7 500,000
1250,000
7,750,000
1845
1,008,327
50.000
I 058,327
1846
I-I39.357
50,000
I,l89,357
■847
889,085
50,000
939,085
i8.|8
10 000,000
50 000
10,050,000
1849
40 000,000
50.000
40,050,000
1850
50 000,000
50,000
50,050,000
1851
55,000,000
50,000
5 ,050,000
1852
60,000,000
50,000
60,050.000
1853
65.000,000
50.000
65,050,000
1854
60.000.000
50,000
60,050,000
1855
55,000 000
50.000
55i°50'000
1856
55,000 000
50,000
SS-OS0-000
1857
55,000 000
50,000
55'°50'000
1858
50,000.000
500,000
50 500.000
1859
50,000,000
100,000
50,100,000
i860
46,000,000
150.000
46,150.000
186 r
43,000.000
2 0^0,000
45,000.000
1862
39,200 000
4,500,000
43,700.000
1863
40,000.000
8,500,000
48,500,000
1864
46,100,000
11,000.000
57,100,000
'865
53,225 000
11,250.000
64.475,000
l866
53.500,000
10,000.000
63,500,000
1867
51,725,000
1 3.500,000
65.225,000
1868
48 000,000
12.000,000
60,000.000
1869
49.500 000
12.000,000
61,500,000
1970
50,000.000
16.000.000
66,000,000
I87I
43,500.000
25,000,000
66,500,000
1872
36,000,000
28,750,000
64,750,000
1^73
36,000 000
35.750,000
71,750,000
33.500,000
37,500,000
70.S00.000
1875
33,400,000
V,700,000
65,100,000
I876
^9 900,000
800.000
78,700,000
I877
46,900,000
39,800,000
S6,700,000
51,200,000
45,200,000
96,400,000
i«s79
38,900,000
40 800,000
79.700,000
36,000,000
^9,200,000
75,200,000
1SS i
34 703,000
4^,,(XX) 000
77,700,000
32,500,000
46,800.000
79.300,000
■2,0.000,000
46,200.000
76,200,000
30,800,000
48,800,000
79,600,000
51,800,000
51,600.000
83,400,000
VS. 000,000
51,000,000
$6,000,000
1887
33,000,000
5 v 350,000
S6,350,000
18S8
33,175.om
59,195,000
92,370,000
I889
32,800,000
64 646,000
97,446,000
32,845,000
70,464,000
io}, ^09,000
1891
33 175,000
75,416 565
>08,591,565
Total
1,904,881,769
1,073,171,565
2,678,053,334
Coined bv U. S Mints . . .
1.53'.999.915
623 746,536
2,155,746,451
Excess of home production
over coinage
339.706,854
374,008,464
713.715,318
Minor coinage less than teu cents not included.
TABLES OF S'TA 1VS7VCS.
ANNUAL EXHIBIT OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS,
By decades from 1844 to 1893, as showing the growth of
commercial enterprise in the United States.
About one-third of the value of exports is represented
by raw cotton. About 23 per cent, of the imports came
from Great Britain, 11 from Germany, 16% from the
West Indies, 10 from Brazil, 9 from France, 2,% from Mexico,
and the balance from 2 to l/i of 1 per cent, scattering. In a
total carrying trade of merchandise transported, valued at
$1,844,392,840, and representing the carrying trade of the
United States, less than 12 per cent, was carried in Ameri¬
can vessels—a decline of more than 63 per cent, since 1856.
EXHIBIT OF SOriE AVERAGE EXPORT PRICES OF SOME
STAPLE UNITED STATES PRODUCTS.
Year.
Corn,
per bushel.
Flour,
per bbl.
Cotton,
per pound.
Tobacco Leaf,
per pound.
1855
$0.89
$9-05
fo.o87/io
#0.07
i860
.72
5-92
,IO*/l0
. 10 .
1870
-93
6.00
.23 '/■>
.11
1880
.54
5-38
. I I V2
• 072/3
1890
•-19
4.66
.I02/lO
.o8B/io
1891
• 57
4.82
.10
.o87/]o
1892
■ 55
4.96
.oS'/io
.08+/,0
The price of flour per barrel to American consumers has
averaged not less than one dollar more than the export price,
a result of competition abroad ; the United States producing
but about one-fourth of the world's wheat product. France,
all things considered, produces more bushels ot wheat per
capita than any other nation. The world's wheat crop will
average about 2,200,000,00O bushels in a good growing
season, and the wheat crop in the United States from
478,860,000 to 500,000,000 bushels.
JUSTICES OF THE U. S. SUPREME COURT.
John Jay, N. Y. . . .
John Rutledge, S. C. .
Wm. Cushing, Mass. .
James Wilson, Pa . . .
John Blair, Va . . . .
Robt. H. Harrison, Md.
James Iredell, N. C . .
Thomas Johnson, Md -
William Paterson, N. J
John Rutledge, S. C.
Samuel Chase, Md . .
O. Ellsworth, Conn.
B. Washington, Va . .
Alfred Moore, N. C . .
John Marshall, Va.
William Johnson, S. C.
B. Livingstone, N. Y .
Thomas Todd, Ky . .
Joseph Story, Mass . .
Gabiiel Duval, Md . .
Smith Thompson, N. Y
Robert Trimble, Ky. .
John McLean, Ohio. .
Henry Baldwin, Pa . .
James M. Wayne, Ga .
Roger B. Taney, Md.
Philip P. Barbour, Va.
John Catron, Tenn . .
Note.—Names in smai.
17S9-1795
1789-1791
17S9-1S10
1789-1798
1789-1796
17891790
1790-1799
1791-1793
1793-1806
1795-1795
1796-1811
1796 1800
1798-1829
1799-1804
1801-1835
1804-1834
i 1806-1823
1807-1826
1811-1845
1 Si 1-1836
1823-1843
1826 1828
1829-1861
1830-1844
1S35-1S67
1836-1864
1836-1841
1837-1865
John McKinley, Ala . .
Peter V. Daniel, Va. . .
Samuel Nelson, N. Y . .
Levi Woodbury, N. H. .
Robert C. Grier, Pa . . .
Benj. R. Curtis, Mass . .
John A. Campbell, Ala .
Nathan Clifford, Maine .
Noah H. Swayne, Ohio .
Samuel F. Miller, Iowa .
David Davis. Ill
Stephen J Field, Cal . .
Salmon P Chase, Ohio
William Strong, Pa . . .
Joseph P. Bradley, N. J.
Ward Hunt, N. Y. . . .
Morrison R. Waite, o.
John M. Harlan, Ky . .
William B. Woods, Ga .
Stanley Matthews, o.
Horace Gray. Mass . . .
Samuel Blatchford, N.Y
L. Q C. Lamar, Miss . .
M. w. Fuller, 111 . . .
David J. Brewer, Kan . .
Henry B. Brown, Mich .
Geo. Shiras, Jr., Pa . . .
1837
1841
1845
1845
1846
1851
1852
i860
1872
1851
1S70
1857
1853 1861
1858-1881
1861-1881
1862.1890
1862-1877
1863
1864 1873
1870-1880
1S70
1872-1882
1874-1888
1877
1880
1882
1888
1893
1893
1890
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PART FIRST.
OFFICIAL HISTORY OF THE EXPOSITION.
Accident, The Electric Fountain,
Admissions, Chapter XV., ....
Admissions, Total Paid, ....
Agricultural Exhibits, ....
Architecture, ......
Argentine Republic Appropriation, The,
Attendance, Compared with Whole Population,
By Days, .....
Distribution by Zones,
Geographical Distribution of, .
Auditing Accounts, .....
Awards, Chapter XIV., ....
Board of, Report of Highest, .
Foreign Countries,
Report of Commission of,
The Atlanta System of, .
The Geographical Distribution of,
Brazil, Defeat of Appropriation, .
Commissioners, .....
Commissioners, Negro Exhibit, .
State of Alabama, ....
State of Arkansas, ....
State of California, ....
State of Connecticut,
State of Florida, ....
State of Georgia, ....
State of Illinois, ....
State of Louisiana, ....
State of Massachusetts, .
State of New York,
State of Pennsylvania,
State of South Carolina, .
Commissions, State, .....
Committee, Executive, ....
Finance, .....
On Grounds and Buildings,
Woman's Department,
The First, .....
Concessions, Department of,
Official Description of the System, .
Receipts from, .
Congresses, The Colored, ....
Congressional Action, ....
Construction Period, The, ....
Costa Rica Exhibit, .
Departments, Chiefs of,
PAGE
PAGE
33
Departments, Organization of, .
37
87
Diaz, President, Letter to, ....
. 114
88
Directors, ......
18
80
Directors, Board of, .
• 38
34
Education, ......
79
49
Engineering, Landscape, ....
34
72
Events, Summary of, ....
109
87
Exercises, Opening, Touching the Button
(by President
71
Cleveland), ....
• I09
71
Exercises, The Opening, Chapter XVII.,
93
32
Exhibits, ......
73
83
All Departments by States,
77
74
European, .....
50
86
In the Art Building,
. 78
84
In the Woman's Department, .
. . . 78
83
Manufactures and Liberal Arts,
79
86
Of Electrical Apparatus,
■ 77
49
Of Liberal Arts, ....
. 78
38
Of Machinery, ....
• 77
57
Financial Expedients, ....
30
81
Fine Arts, ......
77
82
Foreign Countries, Work In,
■ 49
82
Forestry, ......
80
81
Georgia Exhibits, The, ....
43
82
Government Appropriations,
■ 25
81
Government Exhibit, Board of Management,
81
81
Illumination, Decorative, ....
34
82
Introduction, ......
S
81
Liberty Bell, The,
■ "5
81
Live Stock, ......
81
81
Machinery, ......
34
81
Managers, Board of Women,
51
81
Manufactures and Liberal Arts, .
. 78
38
Meeting, The Exposition, ....
15
38
Meeting, The First, .....
15
38
Midway Heights, Chapter XVI.,
. . . 89
51
Minerals, ......
80
15
Negro Exhibit, The, Chapter X.,
57
39
Negro Exhibit, The, .....
80
40
Ode, The Dedicatory, ....
94
42
Officers, ...••••
62
Temporary, .....
17
23
Organization, Permanent, ....
17
29
Origin of the Exposition, ....
13
50
38
Passing Show, The, Chapter XVIII., .
109
Preface, ...•>••
494
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
PAGE
Promotion, Preliminary,
19
Speech, Pres. Collier's Introduction of President Cleveland,
120
Public Comfort, Department of,
. . • • 65
President Collier, .......
95
Publicity and Promotion, .
43
Colonel Albert Cox (Georgia Day), ....
129
Rates, Transportation,
■ 69
Hon. William H. Fleming (Georgia Day),
129
Special Days, Atlanta,
• 134
Gov. Greenhalge (Massachusetts Day),
I27
Blue and Gray,
111
General Guttierrez, Governor San Luis Potosi, .
114
Brooklyn, ....
131
Gov. Hastings (Pennsylvania Day),
I25
Chicago, ....
123
Rev. Howard Henderson (Ohio Day),
136
Cincinnati, ....
■ i36
VV. A. Hemphill (Blue and Gray Day),
112
Connecticut, ....
. 116
President H. N. Higginbotham (Chicago Day),
I25
Georgia, ....
128
Kvan P. Howell (Blue and Gray Day),
1 r3
Illinois, .....
122
Address in Behalf of City, Mayor Porter King,
100
Louisiana, ....
• 13°
President Seth Low (New York Day),
!33
Manhattan, ....
■ 132
Mr. St. Clair McKelway (Brooklyn Day),
!3i
Maryland, ....
137
Gov. Mckinley (Blue and Gray Day),
112
Massachusetts,
. 127
Representative Murray (Colored), . . . .
27
New Jersey, ....
. 131
Gov. O'Ferrall (Virginia Day), . . . .
117
New York (Manhattan), .
. 132
Hon. Emory Speer, ......
IOI
Nicaragua Canal,
• 135
Dr. W. C. Stubbs (Louisiana Day), .
130
Ohio, .....
• i35
Mayor Strong (New York Day), .
132
Pennsylvania,
• 125
Mayor Swift (Chicago Day), . ... .
123
President's, ■
118
Mrs. Thompson, .......
96
South Carolina,
• f34
Senator Tillman (South Carolina Day),
134
Virginia, ....
• 117
Hon. W. H. Venable (Georgia Day),
128
Speech, Gov. Altgeld (Illinois Day), .
122
Booker T. Washington. "The Negro Orator,'' .
98
Address of Welcome, Mr. Geo.
Brown for Gov.
Subscription, The First, .......
17
Atkinson, ....
99
Transportation, ........
66
Mayor Caldwell (Cincinnati Day),
. 136
Transportation, Department of, ......
79
President Cleveland,
1 20
Tribute to Grady, Mrs. W. H. Felton (Georgia Day), .
129
General Cogswell, .
26
Woman's Building, Laying Cornerstone, . . . .
54
Gov. Coffin (Connecticut Day),
, 116
Woman's Department, The, ......
5i
PART
5EC0ND.
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.
PAGE
PAGE
Adair, Forest, .....
• 155
Barrow, Pope, ........
329
Adler, Leopold, ....
• 329
Battle, Dr. A. J., ......
3°7
Adler, Max, .....
I 89
Bayne. Charles J., .......
288
Allen, Dr. James E., .
. 297
Beck, J. Frank, .......
217
Allen, E. D.,
181
Beckwith, Hon. J. F. B.,
332
Allen, J. H.,
. 147
Bell, Dr. W. J.,
2(2
Allen, William W., ....
. 178
Bell, Walter S„ •
206
Amorous, Martin F., .
. 150
Bennett, B. F., .......
215
Anderson, '1'. J.,
. 472
Black, William H., .......
J5°
Andrews, Colonel J. C.,
• 357
Blodgett, Edwin F., .......
214
Angier, Mrs. Hugh, ....
. 166
Bloxham, Gov. W. 1)., ...
345
Atkinson, Gov. W. Y.,
. 197
Boozer, Dr. 1). I,., .
401
Atkinson, Mrs. W. Y.,
199
Bowles, Thomas H., .
476
Avary, Dr. Arch, ....
. 271
Boyd, Captain Isaac S., .....
238
Avery, Gen. I. W., ...
206
Boyton, Judge James S., ......
300
Avery, Mrs. Rachel Foster,
169
Branan, J. C. A., ......
214
Bray, Wellborn M., .......
216
Balantyne, Thomas, .
3 2 8
Bringhurst, R. R., .......
i75
Barritt, Madame, ...
. 171
Briscoe, Alexander C., .....
2I5
TABLE OF
CONTENTS.
495
Brown, Joseph Emerson, .
Brown, Joseph M.,
Brown, Julius L.,
Bruce, A. C.,
Bullock, Rufus Brown,
Burdell, R. F., .
Burns, Hon. M.,
Bush, Fred. D.,
Buttorf?, Henry Wilson,
Byck, Max L., .
Byrd, Edna Leslie,
Cabaniss, H. H.,
Cameron William D.,
Campbell, Dr. William Edward,
Candler, John S.,
Capers, Colonel H. D.,
Carlisle, Mrs. Isaac B.,
Carr, Gov. Elias,
Chamberlin, Edward Payson,
Chappell, Isabel Norton Culver,
Charlton, H. A.,
Childs, Dr. Julius Arthur, .
Chisholm, W. W.,
Clarke, Gov. J. L.,
Clay, Henry,
Cleveland, Miss Cynthia Eloise
Cobb, Thomas R. R.,
Cofield, Craig, .
Cole, Colonel E. W„
Coleman, Thomas D.,
Collier, Hon. Charles A., .
Cooper, Walter G.,
Cotten, Mrs. Sallie S.,
Couper, James M.,
Crawford, Dr. J. M., .
Crenshaw, Thomas. Jr.,
Culberson, Governor,
Cummins, Major Hiram F.,
Cutten, Mrs. Z. Adams,
Dallas, T. B.,
Dargan, Milton,
DeBelle, Miss Elizabeth Hart, .
De Grange, Joseph H.,
Dement, Major Thomas J.,
De Pass, Morris B., .
Dial, E. H.,
Dickey, John R.,
Dickinson, Colonel Andrew Glassell,
Dimmock, M. J.,
Dodge, Charles F,,
Dodge, Hon. R. P., >
Dorsey, W. H., .
Dougherty, Daniel O.,
Doughty, Dr. W. H.,
208 Dreher, Ernest S., ....... 404
303 DuBigtion, Hon. Fleming G., ...... 330
211 Duggan, Prof. I. W., . 308
219 Dunlap, Hon. Samuel C., ...... . 228
150 Dyer, Dr. Isadore, ........ 354
327
424
216 Earnest, Dr. John G., ...... 229
413 Edgar, H. T., . . , . . . . . .227
328 Egleston, Thomas, ........ 228
311 Eisenhower, Alfred Sellers, ...... 172
Ellis, Charles S., ....... 326
Ellis, Rev. William J., ...... 428
143 English, J. W., ......... 156
368
225
219 Felder, Edmund A., ....... 149
400 Fell, John R., ......... 363
183 Ferris, Judge John C., ...... 423
372 Field, James P., ........ 231
147 Finlay, George R., ....... 364
176 Fitzgerald, Mr. and Mrs. James M., . . . . .190
325 Fleming, Hon. William H., ...... 288
226 Folsorn, Montgomery M., . . . . . . .311
326 Ford, Dr. DeSaussure, ....... 293
343 Foster, Dr. Eugene, ........ 295
179 Frazee, John M., . . . . . . . .183
180 French, Jesse, . . . . . . . . .427
220 Fretwell, John W., ........ 328
223 Fuller, Olin C., ........ 232
424
296
143 Garrett, Miss Mary S., ...... 175
146 Gaston, Dr. James McF., ....... 236
373 Gee, Captain John A., ....... 235
222 Gibbons, Judge H. C., . . . . . . 347
220 Glenn, Hon. William C., ...... 234
301 Gordon, Miss Loulie M., . . . . . . .165
447 Grady, Henry W., ........ 232
418 Gradot, Emile A., ....... 330
222 Grant, W D., ......... 144
Gregory, Mrs. Mary Rogers, . . . . . .229
Green, Mrs. Anne Sanford, . . . . . 471
Griffith, Mrs. B. H., ........ 241
225
226
364 Hale, William C., 271
439 Hamilton, Col. D. B., ...... 308
355 Hammond, Miss Josephine Grover, . . . . -179
368 Harbin, Dr. R. N., . . . . . . . . 310
235 Hardeman, Hon. Robert U., ..... 201
470 Harman, Charles E., . . . . • . 151
468 Harper, Houston R., 441
244 Harrison, George W., . . . . . . .152
155 Hart, R. H., ......... 441
20^ Hawkes, A. K., ........ 246
151 Head, Hon. J. M., ........ 424
295 Hemphill, William Arnold, ...... 14J
496
TABLE OF
CONTENTS.
pagi<:
Hemphill, Mrs. W. A.„ „ . . . * . .168
Hicks, Thomas L., 173
Hill, B. H., Jr., . , c < .... 239
Hill, Charles 1) • 237
Hills, Lucius l'erry, .... . . 245
Hills, T. C., 360
Hillyer, Judge George, ....... 247
Ilobbs, Dr. Arthur G., ....... 240
Holbrook. Mrs. Eason, ....... 182
Hollister, Mrs. Lillian M., . . . . • . <85
Holman, James H., . . . . . . . . 443
Holmes, Dr. J. B. S., 231
Hopkins, Benj. H., ........ 348
Horr, R. Courtland, . . . . . . . .170
Houston, Governor Sam, ....... 449
Houston. Washington J., . . . . . . . 245
Howell, Clark, . . . . . . . . 153
Howell, Mrs. Clark, . . . . . . . .168
Howell, Evan P., . . . . . . - '53
Hubbard, Dr. Thomas Virgil, ...... 247
Hudson, George A., ....... 320
Hudson, W. T., . . . . . . . .251
Hulbert, Captain W. W., ....... 244
Hull, Dr. James M., ........ 297
Hurt, Dr. C. D., ........ 238
Hurt, Joel, . . 237
Inman, Samuel Martin, . . . > . . .154
Jackson, Gen. William Hicks, . . . . . .411
James, Joseph S., . . . . ■ • • -252
Janvier, Charles, . . . . • • • -35®
Johnson, Judge Richard, ....... 204
Jones, E. R., ......... 286
Jones, John S., . . . . . • • • - 187
Jordan, G. Gunby, ........ 298
Joiner, Captain W. R., ....... 251
Jubert, Ered. L., ....... 356
Kell, John Mcintosh, ....... 204
Kellogg, Dr. John Harvey, ...... 186
Kellond, William Alfred, ....... 365
Kendrick, G. W., Jr., . . . . . .174
Kendrick, John R., . . . . . ■ • '73
K,illebrew, Hon. Joseph Buckner, . . . . • 4'4
Kilvington, Prof. W. C., ...... 424
Kimball, H.I.,. . . . . . • • - 254
Kime, Dr. R. R., . . . . . . . -253
King, Hon. Porter, . . . . . . . - LS4
Kinnev, Mis. Sarah T., . . . . . . .188
Knowles, Clarence, . . . . . . . .156
Kont/., Anton I,., J45
Kontz, Ernest C., ....... 255
PAGE
Laird, Captain L. J., . . . . . . . . 255
Landauer, Sigmund, ........ 257
Lester, Daniel B., ....... . 323
Levy, B. H., 322
Lewis, Dr. K. S., ....... 353
Lewis, J. R., ......... 145
I.indsley, Dr. John Berrien, . . . . . .415
Livermore, Daniel Howard, ...... 256
Love, Dr. William Abram, ...... 257
Lowry, Robert J., ........ 157
Lowry, Mrs. Robert J., ....... 166
Lumpkin, Judge Joseph Henry, ...... 257
Mc.Cauley, William I1'., ....... 329
McDermott, A., ........ 352
McFall, Edwin H., ........ 353
Mcintosh, J. R., ........ 367
McMurray, Dr. William J., ..... 415
McNaughton, Dr. A. B., ...... 287
Malochee, H. J., . . . . . . . . 354
Manucy, A. N., ........ 322
Martin, Edwin J., ....... 369
Massey, William C,, ........ 258
Matas, Dr. R., ......... 358
Meloney, Henry Tilghman, ...... 469
Menees, Dr. Thomas, ....... 416
Mercer, Colonel George A., ...... 315
Mercer, George A., Jr., . . . . , . 323
Milledge, Colonel John, ....... 259
Milledge, Mrs. John, ....... 259
Moerlein, Mrs. Carrie, . . . . . . .184
Morgan, Thomas H., ....... 258
Moses, G., ......... 360
Motes, C. W., ......... 260
Murphy, George E., . . . . . . . .312
Mustin, Mrs. Emilie P., 175
Neal, T. B., ......... 157
Nesbitt, Robert Taylor, ....... 202
Nicholson, John, ........ 332
Norrman, G. L., ........ 261
Northrup, Mrs. Mary Stewart, ...... 188
Oates, Gov. William C., ....... 34°
O'Donoghue, Mrs. Marion Adele Longfellow, . . . 181
O'Ferrall, Gov. Charles T., ...... 467
Oglesby, J. G., . . . . . . . . 15®
Ohl, Mrs. J. K., 167
Oliveros, Dr. C. J., . . . . . . ■ 4°5
Ormsby, Mrs. Mary Louise Frost, . . . . . 176
Osborne, R. J. B., ........ 362
Osburn, Mrs. Craven T., ....... 299
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
497
PAGE
Palmer, A. B., . . -316
Palmer, H. A., ........ 316
Palmer, H. W., ^6
Palmer, Samuel, . . . . . . . .316
Palmer, Samuel B., . . . . . . . .316
Parker, Hon. John T. 305
Patten, Z. C , . 436
Pattillo, William F., 262
Patton, Edward W.,
Payne, Dr. G. F., 265
Pescud, Col. P. F., 358
Phillips, H. T., ........ 262
Phinizy, Bowdre, 287
Pitts, John A., .
Plant, H. B., . 434
Porteous, John M., 264
Posey, Hon. Lloyd, 356
Pound, J. B., . . . . . . . . 333
Powell, Miss Ella M., ....... 224
Powell, Dr. Thomas Spencer, . . . . . .264
Prendergast, Charles F., . . . . . .326
Purse, Captain D. G., 317
Smithere, Elias Primrose,
Souchon, Dr. Edmund,
Spalding, Eugene C.,
Stahlman, E. B.,
Sterling, Dr. A. W.,
Stewart, Joseph S.,
Street, Graham,
Strickler, Dr. Given
PAGE
171
352
1S9
4i7
272
3°3
272
273
Taylor, Alexander S., ...... 279
Taylor, Dr. B. W., ........ 404
Terrell, J. M., ......... 201
Terry, George W., Jr., ....... 276
Thomas, Lewis W., . . . . . . . -274
Thompson, Mrs. Joseph, ....... 165
Tift, H. H., 33H
Tift, W. O., 335
Tompkins, D. A., . . . . . . . 375
Trammell, Col. L. N., ....... 277
Tupper, Samuel Y., ........ 276
Tyler, E. L., 145
Ragan, Willis E., ........ 266
Rains, Gen. James E., ...... 430
Ravenel, Thomas P., ....... 333
Read, Charles H., Jr., ....... 469
Reed, Oliver K., . . . . . . . 177
Rice, Hon. F. P., . . . . . . -158
Rice, Mrs. F. P., . . . . . . • .241
Rich, E , 160
Roder, Frank, . 363
Rodgers, Judge R. L., 267
Rodgers, S. W., ........ 267
Rogers, C. P., Sr., 34°
Rose, R. M., ........ 268
Rouss, Charles Broadway, 469
Roy, Dr. Dunbar, ........ 266
Roy, Dr. Gustavus G., . . . . • • 268
Ryan, Thomas J., ........ 193
Sayre, John C., . . . . • • • .170
Schatzman, W. H., 302
Seals, A. S., 273
Selz, Thomas A., . . . . • • • .182
Shaw, Mrs. Alice J., ■ T92
Sheddon, Robert F., . . . . •- • • .270
Sherron, T. J., . . . . . • • • • 286
Shropshire, Clyde, 33^
Shropshire, Ralph Freeman, . . . . . .192
Silverman, Harry, . . . . • • ■ .281
Smith, Alex. W., 160
Smith, George C., 27°
Smith, Jasper N., . . . . . . • .281
33
Vaughn, Dr. C. J., . . . . . . . 279
Virden, John, . . . . . . . . .170
Walker, Mrs. Emma DeWolf, ...... 303
Warwick, Charles Franklin, . . . . . .177
Watterson, Henry, . . . . . . . .191
Weeks, Frank B., ........ 189
West', Colonel A. J., . . . . . . . . 161
West, Miss Bina M., ........ 185
Wheatley, Thornton, . . . . . . . .286
Whittaker, Junius B., Jr., 376
Wilcox, Dr. George A., ...... 296
Wilkins, Grant, . . . . . . . 147
Willett, Dr. Joseph E., ...... 289
Wills, Major A. W., ........ 420
Wilson, Dr. Henry Lumpkin, 148
Wilson, Mrs. Henry L., ...... 167
Winibish, William A., 299
Winder, John H., ........ 372
Witham, W. S., ........ 279
Wolff, Dr. Bernard, ........ 280
Woodard, Judge John, . . . . • • .421
Woodberry, Miss Rosa L., ...... 287
Woodson, Stewart Floyd, . . . . . • 159
Woodward, Colonel Park, 205
Wrenn, Beverly W., ........ 320
Wrenn, Mrs. B. W., - • ■ 168
Wright, Dr. Thomas R., 294
Wylie, James R., ........ 149
Wylie, Mrs. Lollie Belle, 280
Yeates, W. S., 203
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
HISTORICAL AND MISCELLANEOUS SKETCHES AND STATISTICS.
PAGE
PAGE
Alabama, The State of—History, ....
• 339
Louisiana, The State of—History,
• 351
Alamo, The Siege of, ......
• 45°
Arkansas, The State of—History, ....
• 34i
Manufactures, Census Returns of,
. 486
Army Statistics, ........
Medical College of Georgia, The,
291
Armies of the World, Statistics, .....
• 487
Methodist Publishing Society, ....
• 432
Atlanta Journal, The, ......
• 247
Mississippi, The State of—History,
• 365
Atlanta National Bank, ......
. 207
Morning News, The Savannah,
• 333
Muirdrum, Residence of Martin Grahame, .
• 3°7
Board of Women Managers, .....
■ 165
Brown Brothers Company, .....
• 373
Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway, .
. 408
National Growth by Decades, ....
. 486
Chattanooga News, The, ......
• 439
North Carolina, The State of—History,
■ 37'
Chattanooga Times, .......
• 44i
North Carolina, Scenic Attractions of,
■ 376
Chronological Record, ......
• 475
Circulation Notes of the U. S., .
. 488
Oglethorpe Light Infantry, The,
- 3:3
Coast Country, The (Texas) .....
• 453
Commercial Ratio, Silver and Cold, ....
. 486
Palmer Hardware Company, The,
• 3l6
Constitution, The Atlanta, ......
• 274
Presidents, Names of, with Cabinet Officers,
. 484
Courtenay Manufacturing Company, .
• 399
Public Debt of United States, ....
• 487
Dallas Manufacturing Company, . . . .
426
Rhodes, Snook & Haverty Furniture Company, .
269
Educational Statistics, ......
. 488
San Jacinto, Battle of, ....
• 45°
Exhibit of States and Territories (Statistics),
■ 485
Savannah Brewing Company, ....
• 337
Exposition Commissioners and Visitors,
169
Shorter College, Rome, Ga., ....
• 3°7
South Carolina, The State of—History,
■ 397
Financial Exhibit, United States Treasury, .
• 49°
Southern Female College, .....
• 283
Financial Statistics, United States, . . . .
• 487
Southern Express Company, ....
• 434
First Volunteer Regiment of Georgia, The
• 313
Southern Railway, ......
• 377-394
Fiscal Report from 1866, ......
. 488
Suwanee Springs, Fla., .....
• 348
Florida, The State of—History, .....
• 343
Fort Worth, ........
Tennessee Industrial School, The,
• 423
Franklin Printing and Publishing Company,
• 251
Tennessee, The State of—History,
• 4°7
Texas, The State of—History, ....
■ 447
Georgia, The State of—History, . . . .
• *95
Tradesman, The, ......
• 44i
Gold and Silver, Annual Product in United States,
• 49°
Texas and Pacific Railway, ....
• 456
Hotel Aragon, ........
University of Tennessee, The, ....
• 445
Houston and Texas Central Railway, .
• 455
Immigration Statistics, ......
Virginia, The State of—History,
. 466
Imports and Exports, ......
• 491
Wages, Scale of, Statistical, ....
488
Justices Supreme Court United States,
• 491
Wars of United States (Chronological),
• 487
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.
PART FIRST.
OFFICIAL HISTORY OF THE EXPOSITION.
PAGE
Administration Building, ....... 30
Agricultural Building, . . . . . . .18
Architectural Details, Fine Arts Building, 33
Architectural Details, Woman's Building, . . . -52
Auditorium and Administration Buildings, ... 5
Auditorium, Front Entrance, . . . . . .32
Battle Scarred Cabin, . . . . . .61
Bridge over Chattahoochee River, near West Point, . . 21
Costa Rica Building, ....... 49
Cotton Press (Old Time Screw),...... 28
Electric Building, ........ 8
Fine Arts Building, ........ 10
Fine Arts Building, Side View, ...... 45
Fine Arts and Government Buildings, from Grand Plaza, . 16
Fire Building, . . . . . . . . .27
Fountain on Grand Plaza, ....... 59
Georgia Manufacturers' Building, . . . . .12
Government Building, from M. and L. A. Building, . . 65
Grand Plaza, from Dome of Government Building, . . 20
Grounds, North End, Clara Meer, ..... 37
Grounds, View of, from Wheel, ..... 46
Group, Fine Arts Building, Bell Tower, and Government
Building, . . . . • • • • 51
Interiors : Fine Arts, Manufactures and Liberal Arts, . . 36
Lucy Cobb Institute Room, 79
Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, . . 19
Negro Building, . . . ■ • • -57
Machinery Building, 9
Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, .... 6
Midway Heights and Wheel, ...... 89
Mining and Forestry Building, 7
Miscellaneous Group and Chimes, 43
PAGE
Negro Building, . . . , . , , -25
Nighc Views: Detail Machinery Hall, . .40
Electric and Transportation Buildings, . 15
Electricity Building, . . . . . .112
Electric Fountain, ....... 39
Electric Fountain and Moon, . . .44
Electric Tower and Bridge Over Lake, . .118
Grounds, General, . . . . . .17
Machinery Hall, ....... 95
Woman's Building, ....... 55
Palace of Fine Arts, . . . . . . .22
Plant System Building, ....... 69
Southern Railway Building, ...... 67
State Buildings: Alabama, . . . . -77
California and Machinery Hall, . . 81
Georgia, ........ 29
Georgia, Interior, ....... 74
Georgia, Interior, 76
New York, Massachusetts and Illinois, ... 14
Pennsylvania, . . . . . . -75
Pennsylvania on Liberty Bell Day, . . . .114
Terraces, Looking Towards Fine Arts Building, ... 26
Transportation Building, . . . . . . 11
Typical Scenes: Confederate Relics, . . . . .126
Confederate Relics Hall, . . . .107
Japanese Village, . . . . . .90
Native Groups, ....... 138
Old Plantation, Midway, .... 91
Shooting the Chutes, . . . . . • 91
United States Government Building, ..... 23
Water Mill, Old Fashioned, ...... 35
Woman's Building, ........ 53
PART SECOND.
PORTRAITS.
Adair, Forest, .
Adler, Leopold, .
Adler, Max,
Allen, E. D., .
Allen, Dr. James E.,
Allen, J. H.,
Allen, Wm. W.,
PAGE
PAGE
• 155
Amorous, Martin F., .
. 150
• 329
Anderson, T. J.,
• 472
190
Andrews, Colonel J. C.,
• 357
182
Angier, Mrs. Hugh, ......
. 166
298
Annis, C. J., . . . .
. 244
■ 147
Armstrong, Dr. W. S., . , .
208
■ '78
Atkinson, Governor W. Y.,
198
5°°
INDEX
TO ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
Atkinson, Mrs. W. Y., ....... 200
A vary, Dr. Arch, . . . . . . • .272
Avery, Colonel I. W., ....... 2°6
Avery, Mrs. Rachel Foster, . . . . • !59
Bacon, D. C., • • ■ 213
Bacon, Milton E., ........ 283
Ballantyne, Thomas, . . . . . . • • 32^
Barbee, J. B., . . . . . . . • • 432
Barnes, J. J.. • • • • • • • - .220
Barrow, Pope, ......... 33°
Barritt, Madame, . . . . . . - 17 9
Battle, Dr. A. J., ....... 3°^
Bayne, Charles J., ....... 288
Beck, J. Frank, . . . • - - - ■ .217
Beckwith, Hon. J. F. B., . . . ■ 332
Bell, Frank, . . . . . . ■ • - 213
Bell, Mrs. Frank, . . . . . . ■ • 2I3
Bell, Dr. W. J., 214
Bell, Walter S., ........ 207
Bennett, B. F., . • 2i5
Blackman, Rev. George A., ...... 400
Blackshear, T. B., . . . . . . . 331
Bleakley, Robert, . . . . . . . . 362
Black, William H., . . . . . . . .150
Blodgett, Edwin F., . . . . . . . .215
Bloxham, Gov. W. D., ....... 347
Boozer, Dr. D. L., ........ 401
Bowles, Thomas H., ........ 472
Boyd, Isaac S., ........ 238
Boynton, Judge James S., ....... 300
Branan, J. C. A., . . . . . . . .214
Bray, Wellborn M., . . . . . . . .216
Briscoe, Alexander C., . . . . . . .215
Bringhurst, R. R., . . . . - . 175
Brown, E. L., . . . . . . . . . 243
Brown, Gov. Joseph E., . . . . . .210
Brown, Joseph M., ........ 303
Brown, Julius L., . . . . . . . .211
Bruce, A. C., . . . . . . . .219
Bullock, Rufus Brown, . . . . . . -151
Burdell, R. F., . . . . . . . . 327
Burns, Hon. M., . . . . . . . -425
Bush, Fred. D., . . . . . . . .216
Buttorff, Henry Wilson, ....... 413
Byck, Max L., ......... 328
Byrd, Edna Leslie, . . . . . . . -311
Cabaniss, H. H., . . . . . . . .144
Callahan, L. J., . . . . . . . .219
Cameron, William D., ....... 368
Campbell, Dr. William Edward, ...... 225
Candler, John S., . . . . . . .219
Capers, Colonel H. D., . . . . . . . 400
Carlisle, Mrs. Isaac B., 183
Carr, Gov. Elias, . . . . . . . -372
Case, M. L., - • • . . . . 230
PAGE
Chamberlin, Edward Payson, ...... 148
Chappell, Isabel Norton Culver, . . . . . .176
Charlton, Heman A., ....... 325
Childs, Dr. Julius Arthur, ....... 226
Chisholm, W. W., ........ 327
Clarke, Gov. J. L., . . . . . . . 343
Clay, Henry, . . . . . . . . 179
Cleveland, Miss Cynthia Kloise, . . . . . .180
Cobb, Thomas R. R., ....... 220
Cole, Colonel E. W., ........ 424
Coleman, Dr. Thomas I)., ....... 296
Cofie'id, Craig, . . . . . . . . .224
Colcord, J. T., ......... 213
Collier, Hon. Charles A., . ...... 141
Colville, Fulton, ........ 163
Cook, Walter H., ........ 353
Cooper, Walter G., ........ 146
Cosgrove, W. L., ........ 163
Gotten, Mrs. Sallie S., . . . . . . . 373
Couper, Major James M., ....... 222
Cox, Charles C., ....... 283
Cox, 1. F., . . . . . . . . . 283
Crawford, Dr. J. M., ........ 220
Crenshaw, Thomas C., Jr., ...... 301
Culberson, Governor, ....... 447
Cummins, Major Hiram F., ..... 418
Cutten, Mrs. Z. Adams, ....... 222
Dallas, T. B., . . . . . . . . 426
Dargan, Milton, . . . . . . . .226
DeBelle, Miss Elizabeth Hart, . . . . . .226
DeGrange, Joseph H., ....... 364
Dement, Major Thomas J., ...... 439
DePass, Morris B., 355
Dial, E. H., 369
Dickey, John R., ........ 225
Dickinson, Colonel Andrew Glassell, ..... 470
Dickson, Mrs. W. M., . . . . . . .169
Dimmock, M. J., . . . . . • • 468
Dodge, Charles F., ....... 244
Dodge, Hon. R. P., 155
Dodson,W. A., ........ 230
Dorsey, W. H., 2°5
Dougherty, Daniel O., ....... 151
Doughty, Dr. W. H., . . . . . . . ■ 295
Dreher, E. S., 4°4
DuBignon, Fleming G., ....... 330
Duggan, Prof. I. W., ....... 308
Dunlap, Hon. Samuel C., . . . . . . 228
Dyer, Dr. Isadore, 355
Earnest, Dr. J. G., ........ 229
Edgar, H. T., . . . . . . • • .227
Egleston, Thomas, ........ 229
Eisenhower, Alfred Sellers, . . . . • ■ I72
Ellis, Charles Stephen, ....... 32®
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.
Ellis, Rev. William J.,
English, J. W., .
Estell, Young, .
Estill, Colonel J. H., .
Evans, Governor J. G..
PAGE
429
156
33i
333
Felder, Edmund A., ........ 149
Fell, John R., . 363
Ferris, Judge John C., 423
Field, J. P., ........ 232
Finlay, George R., ....... 364
Fitzgerald, James M., ....... 191
Fitzgerald, Mrs. James M., ...... 191
Fleming, Hon. William H., ...... 289
Folsom, Montgomery M., . . . . . . -311
Foster, Dr. Eugene, ........ 295
Foster, Governor, . . . . . . . -351
Frazee, John N., ........ 184
French, Jesse, ......... 427
Fretwell, John W 328
Fuchs, G. L., . . . . . . . . 337
Fuller, Olin C., . . . . . . . . -232
Garrett, Mrs. MaryS., ....... 175
Gash, W. D., 230
Gaston, Dr. James McF., ....... 236
Gee, Captain John, ........ 236
Gibbons, Judge H. C., . . . . . . . 347
Glenn, G. R., ......... 201
Glenn, William C., ........ 235
Gordon, Mrs. Loulie M., ....... 165
Gracey, Mr., 243
Gradot, Emile A., ........ 332
Grady, Henry W., 233
Graham, Charles, 325
Grant, W. D., • • • M4
Green, Mrs. Anne Sanford, . . . • • • 471
Gregory, Mrs. Mary Rogers, ...... 229
Griffith, Mrs. B. H., . . . . ■ • -241
Guttierrez, Hon. Carlos Diaz, ...... 193
Hagan, Mrs. Hugh, .....•■ 237
Hale, W. C., . 271
Ham, H. W. J., 320
Hamilton, Colonel D. B., . • ■ • • ■ • 3ID
Hammond, Miss Josephine Grover, 180
Hancock, E. N., 333
Harbin, Dr. R. N.,
Hardeman, Hon. R. U., 201
Harman, Charles E., . . • ■ • • • I52
Harper, Houston R., 441
Harralson, Phil. H., . . • ■ • • • *^3
Harrison, George W., . . • • • • • rS2
Hart, R. H., -44*
Hawkes, A. K., ....•••• 246
Hayden, James C.,
Head, Hon. J. M.,
Hemphill, William A.,
Hemphill, Mrs. William A..
Hicks, Thomas I,.,
Hill, B. H.,
Hill, Charles D.,
Hills, Lucius Perry, !
Hills, T. C.,
Hillyer, Judge George,
Hobbs, Dr. Arthur G.,
Holbrook, Mrs. Eason,
Hollister, Mrs. Lillian M.,
Holman, Col. James H.,
Holmes, Dr. J. B. S.,
Hopkins, Benj. H.,
Horr, R. Courtland,
Horton, T. E.,
Houston, Washington J.,
Howell, Clark,
Howell, Mrs. Clark,
Howell, Evan P.,
Hubbard, Dr. Thos. V.,
Hudson, George A.,
Hudson, W. T.,
Hughes, F. M.,
Hulbert, Capt. W. W.,
Hull, Dr. Jas. M., .
Hurt, Dr. C. D.,
Hurt, Joel,
Inman, Samuel Martin,
Jackson, General Wm. Hicks,
James, Jos. S.,
Janvier, Chas.,
Johnson, Judge Richard, .
Johnson, Oliver,
Jones, E. R.,
Jones, John S.,
Jordan, G. Gunby,
Joubert, Fred. L.,
Joyner, Capt. W. R.,
Kell, John Mcintosh,
Kellogg, Dr. John Harvey,
Kellond, Wm. A.,
Kendrick, G. W., Jr.,
Kendrick, John R.,
Killebrew, Hon. Jos. Buckner,
Kilvington, Prof. W. C.,
Kimball, H. I.,
Kime, Dr. R. R.,
King, Hon. Porter,
Kinney, Mrs. S. T.,
502
INDEX TO IL.LUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
Knowles, Clarence, . . . . • • • 15^)
Kontz, A. L., . . . . . . • 145
Kontz, Ernest C., . . . . . • • • z55
PAGE
Norrman, G. L., ........ 262
Northen, Gov. W. J., . . . . . . . 162
Northrup, Mrs. Mary S., ...... 189
Laird, Captain L. J., . . . . . • ■ ■ 256
Landauer, Sigmond, . . . . . . • -257
Lanier, Mrs. W. C., ....... 169
Lester, Daniel B., ....... 325
Levy, B. L., 332
Lewis, J. R., . . . . . • . • . 14C
Lewis, Dr. E. S., 253
Liebman, I. W., . . . . . . .162
Lindsley, Dr. John B., . . . . . . ■ 4'5
Livermore, Daniel Howard, ...... 256
Love, Dr. William Abram, . . . . . -258
Lowry, Robert J., . . . . . . 157
Lowry, Mrs. Robert J., . . . . . -156
Lumpkin, Judge Joseph H., . . . . 257
McCauley, William F., . . . . . . .329
McClure, Hon. A. K., . . . . . . .170
McDermott, A., ........ 353
McDonough, J. J., 331
McFall, Edwin H., ........ 354
Mcintosh, J. R., ........ 368
McMurray, Dr. William J., ...... 416
McNaughton, Dr. A. B., ....... 288
McRae, Dr. F. B., . . . . . . . 263
Malochee, H. J., . . . . . . . . 354
Manucy, A. N., ........ 323
Marshall, W. T., . . . . . . . .184
Martin, E. J., . . . . . . . . 369
Massey, William C., ....... 259
Matas, Dr. R., ........ 358
Meloney, Henry Tilghman, ...... 469
Menees, Dr. Thomas, . . . . . . .417
Mercer, Colonel George A., ...... 315
Mercer, George A., Jr., ....... 322
Mims, Livingston, . . . . . . . .161
Milledge, Colonel John, ....... 259
Milledge, Mrs. John, ....... 260
Moerlein, Mrs. Carrie, . . . . . . . 184
Morgan, Thomas A., . . . . . . .258
Morton, Mrs. L. P., . . . . . . . .184
Moses, Gus, ......... 360
Motes, C. W., . . . . . . . . .261
Murphey, George E., . . . . . . 312
Mustin, Mrs. Emilie P., . . . . . 175
Myers. Hon. Herman, . . . . „ . -331
Neal, T. B., . . . . . . . . 157
Nelms, John W., M.D., ....... 162
Nesbitt, Robert '1'., ........ 203
Nicholson, John, ........ 333
Oates, Gov. William C., 340
O'Donoghue, Mrs. Marion Adele Longfellow, . . 181
O'Ferrall, Gov. Charles T., ...... 467
Oglesby, J. G., . . • • • • • • • 158
Ohl, J. K 263
Obi, Mrs. J. K., 167
Oliveros, Dr. C. J., . . . . . . . • 405
Ormsby, Mrs. Mary Louise Frost, . . . . .176
Osborne, R. J. B., ........ 262
Osburn, Mrs, Craven T., ...... 299
Palmer, A. B., . . . . . . . . . 317
Palmer, H. A., ........ 317
Palmer, H. F^. W., ........ 161
Palmer, H. W., ........ 316
Palmer, S. B., ........ 316
Parker, Hon. John T., ....... 305
Parks, J. S., ......... 249
Patten, Z. C, . . . . . . . - 436
Pattillo, William F., ....... 262
Patton, E. W., ......... 185
Patton, Edward W7., . . . . . . . .172
Payne, G. F. . . . . . . . . 265
Pescud, Col. P. F., . . . . . . . 358
Phillips, H. T., ........ 262
Phinizy, Bowdre, ........ 287
Pitts, John A., ........ 419
Plant, H. B., ........ 436
Porteous, John M., ........ 265
Posey, Hon. Lloyd. ........ 356
Pottinger, W. S., 335
Pound, J. B., 439
Powell, Miss Ella M., 224
Powell, Dr. Thomas S., ...... 264
Prendergast, Charles F., ....... 326
Purse, Captain D. G., ....... 318
Ragan, W. E., ........ 266
Rains, Gen. James E., ...... 431
Ravenel, Thomas Porcher, ...... 333
Read, Charles H., Jr., ....... 47°
Reed, Oliver K., . . . . . . • J77
Rice, Hon. Frank P., . . . . . . ■ '5®
Rice, Mrs. Frank P., ....... 243
Rich, E , 160
Richardson, F. H., ........ 248
Ruder, Frank, ......... 3^3
Rodgers, judge R. L., ....... 268
Rogers, C. P., Sr., ......•• 341
Rogers, S. W., 267
Rose, R. M., ........ 268
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.
503
PAGE
Rossignol, C. P., . . . . . . . 323
Rouss, Charles Broadway, ....... 470
Roy, Dr. Dunbar, ........ 267
Roy, Dr. Gustavus G., ....... 269
Ryan, Thomas J., ........ 193
Sayre, John C.,
Schatzman, W. H.,
Schwarz, August W.,
Seals, A. S.,
Selz, Thomas A.,
Shaw, Mrs. Alice J., .
Sherron, T. J., .
Shropshire, Clyde.
Shropshire, Ralph Freeman
Signaigo, A. J.,
Silverman, Harry,
Slaton, Major W. F.,
Smith, Alex. W.,
Smith, Bridges, .
Smith, D. M.,
Smith, George C.,
Smith, Hoke,
Smith, Jasper N.,
Smithers, Elias Primrose,
Souchon, Dr. Edmond,
Spalding, Eugene C.,
Spalding, J. J., .
Stahlman, E. B.,
Starr, W. W., .
Sterling, Dr. A. W., .
Stewart, Prof. Joseph S.,
Street, Graham,
Strickler, Dr. Given B.,
Stocker, Miss C.,
170
302
33°
274
182
192
286
336
192
439
282
263
160
3°2
432
270
248
281
171
352
i59
162
417
337
273
3°5
272
273
263
Terry, George W., Jr.,
Thomas, Lewis W., .
Thompson, Mrs. Joseph,
Tompkins, D. A.,
Trammell, Col. L. N.,
Tupper, Samuel Y.,
Tyler, E. L., .
Vaughan, Dr. C. J., .
Venable, W. H.,
Virden, John,
Talley, Dr. A. N., ....... 4°4
Tanner, G. H., 28°
Taylor, Alexander S., . . . . • • 279
Taylor, Dr. B. W., 4°4
Terrell, J. M., 202
Walker, Mrs. Emma DeWolf,
Warwick, Hon. Charles Franklin
Watterson, Henry,
Weeks, Frank B.,
West, Colonel A. J., .
West, Miss Bina M., .
Westmoreland, Dr. W. F.,
Wheatley, Thornton, .
Whitaker, Junius B., Jr.,
Wilcox, Dr. George A.,
Wilkins, Grant,
Willet, Dr. Joseph E.,
Wills, Major A. W., .
Wilson, Dr. Henry Lumpkin,
Wilson, Mrs. Henry L.,
Wimbish, William A.,
Winder, John H.,
Witham, W. S.,
Wolff, Dr. Bernard, .
Woodard, Judge John,
Woodberry, Miss Rosa I
Woodson, Stewart Floyd,
Woodward, Colonel Park,
Wrenn, Beverly W., .
Wrenn, Mrs. B. W., .
Wright, Dr. Thomas R.,
Wylie, James R.,
Wylie, Mrs. Lollie Belle,
Yeates, W. S.,
MISCELLANEOUS.
Architectural Detail, Southern Railway Building Frieze.
Atlanta National Bank, Interior,
Atlanta National Bank, Exterior,
Atlanta Views: Brookwood, . . . •
Chamberlin, Johnson & Company's Store,
Custom House and Post Office,
Peachtree Street, .
Washington Street, .
Brown Bros. Co. Tobacco Factory,
PAGE
PAGE
193
Capitols : State of Alabama,
• • -338
208
State of Arkansas, ....
• 342
207
State of Georgia, ....
. 194
218
State of Florida, ....
• 344
223
State of Louisiana, ....
• 35°
227
State of Mississippi,
• 365
209
State of North Carolina, .
• 37°
209
State of South Carolina, .
■ 396
State of Tennessee, ....
406
374-5
State of Texas, ....
■ 44(>
5°4
INDEX TO J ILLUSTRATIONS.
l'AGK
Capitol: State of Virginia, 4^5
" Chattanooga News " Building, ...••■ 44°
" Chattanooga Times" Building, . 442
Chattanooga Views, 437"®
Chief Justices of the United States, . 474
Constitutional Convention of South Carolina, Members of, 402~3
"Constitution" Building, The, . . . . • 275
Confederate Monument, .... ■ 26°
Courtenay Manufacturing Company, Mills, . • ■ 399
Cumberland Mountain Tunnel, ...... 4°®
Dallas, Texas: Commerce Street, ..... 449
Court House, ........ 44®
Dallas Manufacturing Co., ...... 42^
" Fair Alabama," ........ 339
First Volunteer Regiment, Officers, . . . • 3r4
Franklin Printing and Publishing Company, . . .250
Fort Worth, Texas : City Hall, ...... 459
Court House, ...... 461
First Baptist Church, 460
High School Building, ...... 462
Hurley Building, ....... 458
Llovd Rifles, ........ 463
Graduate Costume, " S. F. C.," ...... 283
Grave of Mrs. Milledge, . . . . . . .261
Hotel Aragon, ......... 242
Houston, Texas: View of H. & T. C. Railway Yard, . 454
Liberty Bell, . . . . . . . . 171
Liverpool, London and Globe Insurance Co.'s Building, . 361
Lookout Mountain, Base of, . . . . . .411
Lookout Mountain, from Tennessee River, . . . .410
Marietta Public School, . . . . . . . 305
Medical College of Georgia, The, ..... 290
Methodist Publishing House, ...... 433
Moccasin Bend, . . . . . . . .411
" Morning News" Building, The, Savannah, . . 334
Mountain City Club, Chattanooga, Tenn., .... 434
Mutual Life Insurance Company's Office, .... 270
rAOF.
Phoenix Cotton Mills, 42^
Phosphate Mining in Florida, 34S
Residences: |. Frank Beck, .217
Joseph M. Brown, 3°4
Julius L. Brown, 212
A. S. Clay, 306
A. H. Cox, • 239
T. B. Dallas 427
Martin Grahame, " Muirdrum," .... 307
W. I). Grant, . H4
S. M. Inman, 241
J). B. I,ester, 324
|. L. McCullom, ....... 306
Hon. F. P. Rice, 240
W. O. Tift, - 335
Dr. Henry L. Wilson, Fxterior, . . .221
Interior, . . . . . .221
Rhodes, Snook & Haverty Furniture Co., Building, 269
Rock Cut, Cumberland Mountain, ..... 408
Rome Iron Company, ....... 310
San Antonio, Texas: The Alamo, . . . . 451
Military Tower, . . . . . . 451
Mission DeLa Concepcion, ..... 450
Mission San Juan DeAguaya, .... 450
Street Scene, . . . . . .452
Sanatarium, Dr. A. B. McNaughton, .... 288
Santa Anna, Surrender of, . . . . . .452
Savannah Brewery, . . . . . , 337
Savannah Views, . . . . . . 321
Scenes Along North Carolina & St. Louis Railway. 409
Shore Road, Florida, ....... 346
Shorter College : Distant View, ..... 309
Front View, ........ 308
Side View, ........ 309
Southern Express Company's Building, Chattanooga, . 435
Southern Female College Building, ..... 282
Library and Reading Room, ..... 284
Orchestra, ........ 285
Parlors, ........ 284
View in Arcade, ....... 284
Southern Railway, Sixteen Illustrations, . . . 377-394
Suwanee Springs, Florida, Views of, ... 348-349
N. C. & St. L. Railway, Scenes Along, . . . 408 to 411
North Carolina, Scenic Attractions of (Sixteen Illus¬
trations), 377 to 394
Oglethorpe Light Infantry, The, . . . . . 312
Palmer Hardware Company Building, . . . ■ 31S
Peach Tree, Section of, . , . . . ■ 3 3(>
Tampa Bay Hotel, Old Oak,
• 346
Tennessee Industrial School, The—Boys'
Main Building,
. 422
Tennessee Industrial School, The—Girls'
Alain Building,
■ 423
Tennessee River at the Suck,
410
Texas and Pacific Railway, Scenes Along
■ 457
Tulane University, New Orleans,
• 359
University of Tennessee, Buildings and Faculty, . . 444