Patriotism through Education rganized Education Series How r How The Colored Race Can Help in the Problems Issuing from the War by LEWIS B. MOORE, Ph. D. Dean of Teachers' College and Professor of Psychology and Education in Howard University The Committee on Organized Education of the National Security League, in succession to the Committee on Patriotism through Educa¬ tion, is assisting teachers and others to under¬ stand both the causes of the war and the important issues arising thereafter. This campaign was carried on during the summer of ipi8 in over a hundred normal schools, and later in teachers institutes in many states. Before the end of the year this inspirational presentation was followed by the work in a thousand classes, mostly of adults, where textbooks furnished by the League were used. The textbooks thus distributed free to teachers amounted to thirty tons in weight. This little book is issued with the sanction of Mr. W. F. Bond, State Superintendent of Education of Mississippi. Patriotism Through Education Organized Education Series How The Colored Race Can Help in the Problems Issuing from the War by LEWIS B. MOORE, Ph. D. Dean of Teachers' College and Professor of Psychology and Education in Howard University This pamphlet is intended to be suggestive rather than original. It attempts to show how the Colored people may help in the problems brought on by the war. These problems must be solved by all citizens of whatever color. Each one has his duty to perform. The patriotic citizen wishes to know not how little he can do, but how much. The Colored people of America are among the most patriotic citizens of any nation. In every activity, they have been seeking to do their utmost whether in peace or in war. There have been and are four ways open to them for dis¬ tinctive service: (1) They could FIGHT as they have done, gladly and with entire satisfaction to their commanding officers. (2) They can WORK as they are doing under new eco¬ nomic conditions which the war brought upon us. (3) They-can SAVE the nation's products and thus become the creators of larger wealth for their country. (4) They can LEARN, by attending schools, or if they are too old for that, help others to learn. This pamphlet will help all, we hope, to realize the serious¬ ness of our struggle and the importance of entire consecra¬ tion without stint, to the task with us and before us in the future. NATIONAL SECURITY LEAGUE, Inc. 19 V/est 44th Street New York 1918 How the Negro Has Helped and Can Help in the Problems Issuing from the War Chapter I THE FIGHTING The Negro's Loyalty and his Fight for Democracy The Opinion of the Press Chapter II WORKING To work is honorable Work for the returned soldier Chapter III SAVING Waste less andjise substitutes Why we must save Wheat Saving Wheat by using substitutes We must save Meat We must save Fats We must save Sugar Use Vegetables and Fruits, canned and dried Save Cotton Boys' clubs for work Save Money by buying Bonds and War Saving- Stamps Chapter IV LEARNING The curse of illiteracy Education an asset Chapter V GOVERNMENT Difference between autocracy and our form of government Respect for law the basis of citizenship CHAPTER I The Negro's Loyalty and His Fight for Democracy The government has always felt certain of the patriotism and loyalty of the colored people. In every hour of the nation's peril the colored American has proved to be an asset to his country. From the earliest wars, through every one of the mighty conflicts, loyalty has characterized our colored fellow citizens. In the Revolutionary War, the first martyr that fell on Boston Common at the Boston Massacre, March 5, 1770, was a Negro—Crispus Attucks. He led a party of white and colored men against the British invaders, attacking them with stones, clubs, and clinched fists. During that war 3,000 Negroes were in active service, 775 of whom were under General Washington's personal command on August 24, 1778. It was the Black Legion of San Domingo consisting of 800 blacks and mulattoes that on October 9, 1779, saved the American and French armies from annihilation at the siege of Savannah.. In the War of 1812, 500 Negroes distinguished them¬ selves at the battle of New Orleans, to whom General Jackson said, "I expected much of you for I was not un¬ informed of those qualities which enable you to resist the invading foe. I knew that you could endure hunger and thirst and all the hardships of war. I knew that you loved the land of your nativity and could defend all that was dear to you; but you have surpassed my hopes." In the Spanish-American War, the Colored Tenth and the Colored Twenty-fifth Infantry won honor at San Juan Hill, and at El Caney. No troops in the Santiago campaign showed more courage than these. In the great world war the Negro troops fought the battle for democracy. Nearly 350,000 served in .our armies here or abroad. They consisted of those who volunteered and those who entered under the selective draft. About 1,200 were commissioned officers. Their record for obedience, for aptitude and for bravery is praised by all who came in contact with them. Secretary Baker, as quoted in "Crisis," June 1918, page 59, said: "During the weeks which I spent with our troops in France, I had abundant occasion to meet and inspect and talk with the men of a considerable number of our colored organizations on the Western fr6nt. 3 "I should hesitate to pick out one feature more than an¬ other which impressed me most strikingly in the American Expeditionary Force, but certainly the spirit pervading the ranks of our colored soldiers there, is not least among the inspiring recollections which I have of my visit to the American Expeditionary Force. The sanitary condi¬ tion of the camps seemed to be noticeably excellent; the men with whom I talked told me that their food was plentiful and palatable; and their officers told me that their work was a credit to their organizations. "I have come back with an increased pride in these units. (Signed) "Newton D. Baker, Secretary of War." The Opinion of the Press The following quotations show the esteem in which the Negro soldier is held: "The throngs who packed the streets of Columbia to see the soldiers parade on Washington's Birthday applauded the colored men in olive-drab as much as anybody else— and that would not have been done, if any ill-will were felt toward them, or if their conduct had not been excel¬ lent. A member of the News staff was present recently at a competitive shooting contest between picked teams from all the regiments and there noted the unexceptional bearing of the colored men, several of whom were doing capital shooting. Incidentally, it was learned that they are the best singers in camp, as is to be expected, for the race has been singing for ages. The quiet and good order of these soldiers is very noticeable." (Editorial in Green¬ ville, S. C., News.) "The war spirit of the Southern Negro had ample demonstration in Charlotte in the enthusiastic farewell given by the colored population to the outgoing recruits from Camp Greene. As the enlisted men marched through the streets they were accompanied by cheering throngs of colored women, men, and children, carrying flags and filling the air with shoutings of patriotism. It was a scene that proved the Negro's recognition of his responsi¬ bility in the war, and the cheering crowds that attended the recruits through the streets gave ample evidence to the loyalty of the colored people to their country at war." (Charlotte, N. C., Observer, from "Southern Workman," October 1918, page 479.) "One regiment of Negroes in the American Army (num¬ ber deleted by censor) has had its baptism of fire on the fighting fields of France, and acquitted itself so well that the French commander of the sector has cited the whole 4 regiment as worthy of receiving the war cross." (New¬ port News, Va., Times-Herald, from "Southern Work¬ man," September 1918, page 427.) That the Southern Negro is making a good soldier, falling easily into army routine and actually enjoying army discipline, is in the information brought back from Camp Dodge, Des Moines, Iowa, by Colonel Rush S.Wells. The Negro draftees,' said Colonel Wells, 'are showing up well and will make excellent soldiers. Coming from the South were many Negroes whose lives had been spent on the farms, but they have little appearance of farmers now. Their shoulders have squared back; they have a direct gaze; they carry themselves as soldiers. They are soldiers.' Alabama has reason to be proud of the colored men she sent to Camp Dodge." (Birming¬ ham Age-Herald, from "Southern Workman," July 1918, page 329.) QUESTIONS In what wars has the Negro fought? How has the Negro shown his loyalty to the United States ? How many Negroes were there in the United States Army recently? How do you know that the Negro made a good and brave soldier? CHAPTER II Working The Colored troops have fought well. Fighting for worthy ends is a noble sacrifice. The fighter gives up all, perhaps life itself, to save his country; but another service is equally important—WORK! WORK! WORK! Work as they fought. They did their duty. Do yours. The liberty of mankind was at stake. Civilization had been outraged. Law had been disregarded. Right had been trampled under foot. Might had been enthroned. The soldiers fought to set things right; to give the world a new chance. Our Government in a remarkably short time raised an enormous army of 5,000,000 soldiers and in the face of submarine dangers 2,000,000 were transported overseas. These brave boys of ours, of all races and colors from American soil, gave a good account of themselves. The results of the War are being felt however and will be felt for years to come. Europe has been racked by war, pesti¬ lence, and famine, and there is danger of civil war and 5 anarchy. Thousands of American soldiers will be re¬ quired to keep order, and it will be many weary months before the last one returns home. A year and a half was required to get them to Europe, and it may be longer before all are again upon American soil. Not until the soldiers are at home and have been discharged, free to return to their homes will the war be really over. They are still serving. Sliall we cease to serve ? They are still working for us. Shall we refuse to work for them? The labor which they would do if at home must be done by those of us who remained at home. As many things must be produced as though they were laboring by our sides. That means that we must work harder, doing their work and our own. There are fewer workers than usual in America, and they must: Build the necessary buildings, Mine coal and iron, Keep the railroads going, Plant and harvest the crops, Make the clothes, Care for the animals. They will do their part when they return, but they must not find us idlers. In this great struggle there is no Special Place of Honor. Every place is honorable that makes its contri¬ bution to the Great End. Every one is a slacker who con¬ sents to be idle when he might be working. Every ounce of cotton which is lost because of willing idleness is a dis¬ grace to someone. In the shipyards Negroes were employed by the thou¬ sands. Many of them have gained golden opinions from our nation and foreign governments for their great ser¬ vices. They did not stop their work at the stroke of the clock. They realized that in the struggle for liberty every ounce of strength that one has must be devoted to the cause. Charles Knight, a Negro workman at Spar¬ rows Points, Md., beat the world's record in driving 48,753 quarter inch rivets in the hull of a steel ship. The Government showed its appreciation for this unusual task by sending him a present of $125. Many men like Charles Knight are doing their best. Some, however, when wages are high, are tempted to work fewer hours than in the past. We must all remember that unless workers devote full time and full energy to their tasks, whether in machine shops, steel mills, coal mines, rail¬ roads or on the farm, they are false to those who risked their lives to defeat a government that delighted to 6 slaughter helpless infants and weeping women, and hoped to enslave the world. Democracy to be safe must be efficient. The worker without pride in his work is not an honor but a disgrace to a free nation. The citizen who is un¬ willing to work is a citizen only by mistake. If you wish to win honor for your race, whatever race it is, work and be proud of working. The French say "Genius is a long patience." Make a Place for the War Cripple The man who has given an arm or a leg or more than these for your freedom and for your country should not be regarded as useless. Cripples, while unable to do certain kinds of work, can generally become self-support¬ ing, if they have a chance. Before the war it was found, in Belgium, Holland, and other lands, that trade schools could re-educate men hurt in industrial accidents. In these schools the man who had lost the use of a leg was trained for a trade at which he could work while seated. The man lacking an arm was prepared for a trade in which two legs and the sound arm were sufficient. It was found that as there was demand for skilled labor, it was entirely prac¬ ticable to place at steady work men trained wisely in selected trades. In the French city of Lyons, where there happened to be a capable instructor from one of the Belgian trade schools, many cripples were re-edu¬ cated. France, England, and Italy followed the example, establishing schools which soon convinced the crippled soldier that it was not necessary for him to eke out a living in an enterprise of a makeshift character, but that he was able to work at a trade where the wage standard was high, the demand for labor constantly in¬ creasing, and the employment steady and not dependent upon the seasonal changes from winter to summer and back again. The trades actually being taught to war cripples in the European countries and Canada, New Zealand, and Australia are many and varied. They in¬ clude: Shoemaking, saddlery, harness-making, leather- working, box-making, wood carving, tailoring, tinsmith- ing, blacksmithing, locksmithing, paint brush-making, printing, basket-making, gardening, general farming and poultry raising, toy-making, bookbinding, cigar making, and the manufacture of wooden legs and arms. Some of the most successful work has been done in connection with agriculture courses teaching the opera¬ tion and repairing of agricultural machinery. The benefV cent principle of nature which causes the remaining mem¬ bers or senses to become more facile when others are lost is at the basis of all this re-education. A man who has been very skillfully right-handed, in many cases be¬ comes much more expert with his left hand after losing his right; and pupils become deft with what at first seemed a hopelessly clumsy member. In France it has been found that very badly disabled agricultural workers can still find their best chance on the farm. Those who have lost limbs are fitted with special appliances for farm work. Artificial legs are made with extra large feet so as not to sink in the soft ground; arm stumps are fitted with devices to hold the reigns of a horse, with a hook to hold a plow handle, or with a grip to turn a cream- separator. From the viewpoint of national economy it is important to keep on the land every skilled agricultural worker; and when a man knows his job, he can easily be fitted with appliances so that he can work at it when he has had sufficient training with his new devices. The fact that so many men with similar physical mis¬ fortunes have been successful and are now holding good jobs at attractive wages, proves that almost every cripple can become a useful and productive member of society after proper re-education. These crippled men are actually independent, since they meet the demands in the standard trades where they have before them not one or a dozen possible jobs, but actually thousands. The artificial limb which can be used for walking, or one which will hold a knife, fork, a tool, a hook or some instrument useful in trade or daily life must be simple, and not liable to get out of order. In many cases it is wiser to use the old-fashioned "peg and bucket" leg rather than the artificial limb which looks better, but must be used with care. The training of a cripple takes a longer time than the training of one not crippled. Our returned crippled soldiers and sailors will be trained by the Government, as the President on June 27, 1918, signed the "Voca¬ tional Rehabilitation Act" which provides for this train¬ ing. When the disabled man is re-educated for a skilled trade and is suited in a good job, his pension is in no wise affected thereby; he receives his pension in addition. The first job for a man returned from the front is easy to secure. The employer is patriotic and anxious to help; but after a few years the holding of a job will depend upon the man's industry and knack. Thus he will have -6- to compete with uninjured men. He can do so, if well trained, for he will compete with them in work which he can do as efficiently as they. One development of the war probably will be that industrial cripples will be re-educated exactly as war cripples are now taught. Thus a community will not have the burden of supporting industrial cripples. It will only need to re-educate them. As an example of what can be taught to crippled men, the Red Cross Institute, in one of the largest American cities, has decided upon six trades as subjects of instruc¬ tion : (1) The manufacture of artificial limbs, (2) Oxy-acety- lene welding, (3) Mechanical training, (4) Monotype casting in printing establishments, (5) Motion picture operating, (6) Jewelry work. This list of six occupa¬ tions shows the variety open to the war crippled. A man who has lost both arms now runs one of the busiest newsstands in New York City. A man who lost two legs, one arm and four fingers of the remaining hand is a flourishing business man in a Western State. A man who had been a laborer and had become the boss of a gang when he lost one arm at the shoulder and the other just below the elbow is now able to obtain employ¬ ment and to successfully supervise a gang of unskilled laborers. On account of ignorance, many employers have been prejudiced against cripples. They should be told the facts, and industry and adaptability will prove to the employer that it is economically wise for him to employ capable cripples. The Red Cross Institute referred to above, has in its files 862 names of firms which are willing to co-operate in this work. It has found 1,203 kinds of jobs for which cripples who have lost one or both legs may be made competent, and 278 kinds of jobs adapted to cripples who have lost one or both arms. The Director declares it exceptional to find an employer who declines to receive the crippled workman on the basis of economic value. In the rehabilitation of disabled men an absolute essen¬ tial is co-operation on the part of the public. The com¬ munity must have intelligence regarding the methods, and sympathy with the aims. We must be ready with sym¬ pathy proceeding from the head as well as from the heart. It is a greater kindness to help a cripple to be self-sup¬ porting than to give alms on a public street, or build big asylums to shelter the unfortunate. And, while a position a as a watchman or a doorkeeper, in some cases, may be the best that can be expected, a cripple who has been taught a useful trade can always be sure of a steady employment. The cripple must be encouraged to fight for his inde¬ pendence, rather than to become an object of pity and charity. The work of re-educating disabled soldiers and sailors for self-support has laid hold of the public imagi¬ nation. Its success means a great advance in civilization. Crippled men testify unanimously that the handicap of public opinion has been to them a greater obstacle than the loss of a limb. It is, therefore, the duty of all of us to understand that the cripple, in most every case, can be taught to be useful in a trade, and it is our duty to encourage and assist him wherever possible. Every one should know who are the war cripples in the community, and should endeavor to help find them suitable work. Every one should know what employment is open in the community, and should endeavor to find a war cripple who can take the job. The community at large must help to form public opinion favorable to the employment of the cripple. On every lip must be the words: "Find a job for a war cripple." He wishes a chance, not charity. QUESTIONS Why should every Negro work? Why is all work honorable? What work are you doing? What evidence is there that the Negro is an efficient workman ? Who is Charles Knight? Who is a work slacker? Name the kinds of work which will help? What is a War Cripple? What trades are being taught to war cripples? Does our Government train war cripples? Is the war cripple's pension affected by his extra earnings ? Is it economically wise to employ capable war crip¬ ples? Do you know of a place where an arm cripple could get work? Do you know of a place where a leg cripple could get work? 10 CHAPTER III The Food Problem and Saving "TO AMERICAN NEGROES . . . We must save food, grow great crops of food¬ stuffs,, and substitute other foods for those most easily shipped to out associates . . . and our own soldiers in France, thousands of zuhom are men of your own race. The Food Administration realizes that the Negro people of this Nation can be of the utmost help in food conser¬ vation and food production. Every Negro man, woman, and child can render a definite service by responding to the appeal and instructions of the Food Administration and its representatives. The Negroes have shown them¬ selves loyal and responsive in every National crisis. Their greatest opportunity to exercise this loyalty is to help grow and save food. "HERBERT HOOVER." (The Southern Workman, July 1918, page 355.) This appeal was issued as a call to war-service, but its meaning did not cease when fighting ended. A man's value in the world is measured by what he produces. The labor of the world must supply the needs of the world. Those needs may be spiritual, or they may be physical, and the man who supplies needs in either field is a pro¬ ducer. Both kinds of work are honorable; idleness alone is dishonorable. Mr. Hoover's appeal to the Negroes of America shows them the way to become honored and respected among men. America must for a long time to come be the chief source of food supply for Europe. We could not all fight, but we can all do something to help. Women must keep the home and do the very essential work of the home, and wherever possible help to produce food as well as to save it. It is important to remember three things: (1) If most of us would eat less, we should be the better for it. (2) All waste must be stopped. To waste food when the world is hungry is a sin. (3) Substitutes for some kinds of food must be used, if the world is to be fed. All authorities agree that most of us eat more than is good for us. Nearly every American family wastes much good food. Millions of pounds are thrown away or fed to the pigs, that would be just as well pleased with some¬ thing that humans cannot eat. 44- Why We Must Save Wheat Bread is the staff of life. Bread is made from wheat. In France, thousands of acres which formerly produced millions of bushels of wheat cannot now be expected to furnish a "supply. In 1917, France raised only 40 per cent of the wheat needed for her own citizens instead of 90 per cent as in previous years. In England great lawns and parks, always a delight to visitors and a pride to the English people, have been turned into grain fields. The consumption of wheat has been reduced but the supply of wheat raisecf in England is still much less than is required. Belgium has been so devastated by armies that early in 1918 it was said that "two and one-half millions of her women and children stood in line daily waiting for food to be doled out to them." Under the rules established by the Food Administration 120,000,000 bushels of wheat (6 times our usual export) were sent to the Allies between July 1917 and July 1918; and the flow of wheat to Europe must go on uninter¬ ruptedly. This can be done: (1) By extra effort to produce greater wheat crops. (2) By liberal use of substitutes for wheat, thus saving wheat to be shipped overseas. (3) By each family using only so much as is actually needed. Saving Wheat by Using Substitutes We must use other foods instead of wheat. The Govern¬ ment does not ask any one to go hungry, but to eat wisely of what may be kept at home, and save what must be. sent abroad. Wheat is one of the several cereals, the most important of which are corn, oats, barley, rye, and rice. They have almost the same food value, but wheat makes the whitest and the lightest bread, and is most liked. Corn may be used. Corn is the most abundant substi¬ tute. It is native to the United States and the corn crop is usually at least four times as large as the wheat crop. Corn meal is made in much the same way as wheat flour. The yellow and white meals are the same in food value though made from different kinds of corn. Meal is used more widely in the South than in the North, and is the only one of the substitutes that is really important for Southern people. A new finely ground corn flour has 12 been placed on the market, and some like it very much. Other corn products are hulled corn, hominy of different kinds, and popcorn. Oats may be used. The oats crop is second only to the corn crop of the United States. It is used as oatmeal and rolled oats. "Flour is never made of oats': but oats properly prepared may be used satisfactorily in bread. The demand for the oats product has increased so that the mills ran to their limit last year. Barley and Rye may be used. Barley is one of the first cereals used^by men and has proved a very good sub¬ stitute for wheat. Rye makes excellent bread. Not much barley and rye is grown in the South. More should be grown as a wheat substitute. Rice may be used. Rice is a staple product of food throughout the world. It may be cooked whole, or ground into flour. As flour, mixed with other substitutes for wheat, it makes very acceptable breads and cakes. More rice is being grown in the South and more people are using it. If rice is freely used one does not need so much bread. In China, Japan, and other far eastern countries boiled rice, and not bread, is the staff of life. Other Substitutes. There are other substitutes produced in smaller quantities such as buckwheat, peanut flour, and flours made from the Irish and sweet potatoes, from tapioca, soya beans, and bananas. In some parts of the South the people have long known that they do not need much bread, if they have plenty of potatoes. Why do we not send the corn abroad? There are sev¬ eral reasons why we must send wheat rather than corn abroad: 1. Corn meal does not keep so well as wheat flour. It cannot be shipped across the ocean without danger of spoiling. 2. Corn does not grow well in Northern Europe and the people do not know much about it. They are not accustomed to corn bread and do not know how to cook it, while most of us have been eating some corn bread all our lives. 3. Coal and wood are scarcer and more expensive in Europe than here, and the people cannot afford to use much fire in their cooking. Very often the baker has the only oven in the village, and in many families enough bread for a week, or even two weeks, is baked at one time to save fuel. Corn bread a week old is not good. 13 4. Meat is so expensive in France, Italy, and Belgium that the people eat less of it, and more bread and macaroni than we do. With a little cheese these often form the principal part of the meal. About half of the food of these nations is bread, while less than a third of ours is bread. 5. We are not giving the wheat to Europe. Our farmers are selling it to the people at a good price. The United States is however loaning much of the money with which stricken lands like Belgium buy our wheat. Surely then we ought to be willing to eat less wheat in order that these people who fought our battles may be fed at the least possible expense. QUESTIONS Why is there a shortage of food? Why is America the practical source of food supply for the Allies? What is conservation? Why and how should we conserve food ? Why is wheat so important? What can we substitute for wheat ? Are other cereals just as wholesome as wheat? Why should I not buy just as much flour as I wish? How can we eliminate waste? WE MUST SAVE MEAT It has been stated that there were about 100,000,000 animals less in Europe at the end of 1917 than there were three years before. This shortage was a serious matter throughout the war, and all of the warring coun¬ tries of Europe were long upon meat rations, which means that only a limited amount of meat might be purchased by any one person. England's meat ration of 2 lbs. per week in November 1917 was later reduced to 1}% lbs. per week. Italy and France had many meatless days. Dur¬ ing July 1917, France had two meatless days a week, and later three days a week. The prices of meat became very high, some selling at a dollar a pound. Even horse meat commanded a high price. The United States relieved the condition to some ex¬ tent, because she was able to send large quantities of bacon and ham to Europe. But the need will exist for years and we must raise more animals. If we kill more than usual, and do not raise more than usual, we shall soon face a meat shortage, and be unable to send meat abroad or to keep the prices reasonable at home. 14 Substitutes for meat. There is a common belief that meat is absolutely necessary for health. This is not true, for thousands of men do hard ^vork, and never touch meat. The truth is, it is eaten chiefly because of its pleasant flavor. The old idea that it is especially "strengthening" has no foundation. Meat contains a sub¬ stance called protein which is necessary for our bodies but some other foods contain this also. These foods will give just as much strength as meat, and our bodies can obtain from them the required amount of protein. All scientists agree that the people of the United States eat too much meat. Eating too much meat causes rheu¬ matism and kidney trouble. Cheese, fish, milk, nuts, eggs, dried beans, dried peas, and cereals can supply the pro¬ tein that is needed. But the Government does not wish us to go without meat, or even almost without meat, as do millions of strong men and women in Eastern Coun¬ tries. Certainly no one of us needs meat more than once a day. Fish may be used. Fish in many parts of the South is easily supplied in unlimited quantities, as there are about seventy kinds of salt-water and about thirty kinds of fresh-water fish used for food. We should learn to value it more and more, and substitute it more often for pork and beans. Instead of eating fish on Friday only, it should be eaten several days each week, either fresh, dried, or canned. It is equally nutritious in all forms. Eggs may be used. Eggs have always been regarded as a most valuable food, not only for the protein, but for the mineral salts and other chemicals they contain, and they may be eaten instead of meat. Eggs make the eating of meat unnecessary. Poultry may be used. Poultry too, may be substituted for beef, mutton and pork. There should be an effort, therefore, to raise more poultry. Every yard is large enough for a few chickens. Cheese. This is one of the best foods from the stand¬ point. of food value. It has not been appreciated in America, and has been eaten largely for its flavor. It has great food value as it contains protein, fat, and mineral salts. Its use is strongly advised by the best scientists. Milk. Milk should be very largely taken, since it is very valuable as food. Nuts. Nuts, which we scarcely think of as food, have high food value. A most important nut in our country the ordinary peanut (or goober). A bag of peanuts is good investment, as a substantial food. 15 Indigestion sometimes follows the eating of peanuts and cheese. This is because they are such substantial foods that it is common to eat quantities too large for easy digestion. Peas and Beans. Peas and beans are among the vegeta¬ bles which can be substituted for meat. Remember then that meat can be saved if we: 1. Choose small cuts to avoid waste, and use all, even bones and trimmings. 2. Fry out the fat of poultry and meat for drippings. 3. Save little bits for a flavor in soups, for meat pies, croquettes, gravies, etc. 4. Eat more fish. 5. Help increase the production of poultry and eggs. 6. Use more cereals, peas, beans, and cheese which contain protein. QUESTIONS What is a substitute? Why should we use substitutes? What are substitutes for meat? Why is there a shortage of meat in Europe? Why should we use more fish, eggs, poultry, cheese, milk, nuts, peas and beans? WE MUST SAVE FATS We are told to save fats. Fats are a very concentrated food giving much energy to a small quantity. They are also used for the lubrication of machinery, and for oint¬ ments. There is a shortage of fats in the world as there are fewer animals to furnish fats. We can overcome this shortage somewhat by care in the use of them: (1) By frying less and boiling more. (2) By saving substitutes for lard. (3) By saving meat drippings. (4) By using butter only on the table. (5) By wasting no soap. All butter, cream, lard, fats of animals, olive-oil, and cottonseed oil should be used with great economy, and nothing should be wasted. QUESTIONS What are substitutes for butter and lard? Why is there a shortage of fats ? How can we save fats? 16 WE MUST SAVE SUGAR Sugar must be saved. This is a pleasant food, and be¬ cause it is so pleasant one is tempted to eat more than is needed. Formerly the average American ate two or three times as much as the average European. We need some sugar, but it should not be wasted. If sugar is wasted by individuals or by families, those abroad will lack the fuel necessary for their bodies. The world is suffering now from a shortage of sugar because: (1) Less beet-sugar is being grown. (2) Some of the cane sugar is inaccessible owing to the scarcity of shipping for that purpose. The sugar industry of Europe was started by Napoleon in the early part of the nineteenth century. Before the great war, much of the sugar crop of the world was sup¬ plied by Europe. In 1914, Belgium, Germany, Austria- Hungary, and Russia were growing more than enough sugar for their own needs. Before the war, England grew no sugar at all, but Germany and Austria furnished her 54 per cent, of what was needed. In the United States the beet-sugar industry was started in 1863, and has grown rapidly since 1867. We now produce more beet than cane sugar. How to Save Sugar (1) Do not put too much sugar in your cup of tea, coffee, or cocoa. Stir it well, and leave none in the cup. (2) Use molasses or corn syrup for cooking. (3) Sweeten cereals with dates, raisins, etc. (4) Make cake without frostings. (5) Cook dried fruits long and well, and little sugar is required. (6) Cut down the use of candies and sweet drinks. (7)' Use no more than one and one-half to two ounces of sugar a day for each person. Eat more mo¬ lasses and honey. QUESTIONS What are substitutes for sugar? Why is there a sugar shortage? How can we save sugar ? 17 FRUITS AND VEGETABLES MUST BE CANNED AND DRIED Fruits and vegetables are necessary to health because they supply to the body some things not found in other foods. Since they contain the materials which serve both for fuel and body building, they may be used in large quantities in place of those foods that must be saved. When fruits and vegetables are scarce, do not waste any part of them. No skins should be removed from fruits, unless absolutely necessary. Tough lettuce leaves, radish tops, the outer leaves of cabbage, and cress may be used as greens or chopped fine in soups. When fruits and vegetables are abundant, the chief problem is to know which of them are the best substitutes for the foods that you wish to save. For instance, the sugar in oranges, apples, plums, bananas, pineapples, berries, or melons takes the place of cane sugar. Green peas and lima beans can be used in place of beef, mutton, and pork to provide body building material. The cooking of dried fruits and vegetables is very im¬ portant. This may require 24 hours or longer. Fruits, such as apples, peaches and apricots, should be soaked over night and then cooked slowly, with little water, until the skins are tender. If fruits are to be used in place of sugar, the more they are cooked the sweeter they will be. We should use at least a pound a day of fruits and vegetables for each member of the family. Two medium- sized potatoes, one medium-sized apple, ten string beans and one large piece of celery should make up a pound. Let us all then save Wheat by using more potatoes; save Meat by using more beans and peas, save Sugar by using more fruit, including berries and melons. Canning and drying. Nothing is more essential than the determination to save food-stuffs by canning and dry¬ ing. Every family should learn how to make apple- butter and peach-butter. Every summer millions of pounds of fruits and vegetables go to waste. Save them for winter. In addition to canning, a great many vegetables may be dried without very great inconvenience in any community. Such vegetables as asparagus, peas, cabbage, carrots, gar¬ den beans, string beans, lima beans, and tomatoes, and fruits such as cherries, plums, peaches, apricots, quinces, and apples are easily dried. Some of these may be dried in the sun while others are better dried over the stove. 18 Jp>